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THORN  DIKE.     Orthopedic  Surgery.  191  Illustrations. 

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By  Charles  Lyman  Greene,  M.  D.,  of  St.  Paul,  Professor  of  the  Theory  and 
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Giving  the  Synonyms,  Definition,  Causes,  Symptoms,  Pathology,  Prognosis, 
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P.  BLAKISTON'S  SON  &  CO.,  PHILADELPHIA 


A   DICTIONARY  of   NEW 

MEDICAL  TERMS 


Being  a  Supplement  to  "Gould's  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Med* 

icine,  Biology,  and  Allied  Sciences."     Consisting   of  571 

double-colunm    pages,   uniform  in    size  and  type 

with  the  "Illustrated."  Containing  upward  of 

38,000  terms,  definitions,  and  tables. 

By  GEORGE  M.  GOULD,  A.M.,  M.D. 

'T^HIS  book  has  been  prepared  upon  the  same  systematic,  practical,  and 
*  comprehensive  plan  which  has  made  Dr.  Gould's  Dictionaries  the 
standard  authority  throughout  the  English-speaking  world,  and  has  re- 
sulted in  a  sale  of  over  268,000  copies.  .  .  .  It  is  not  only  a  supple- 
ment to  Dr.  Gould's,  but  to  all  other  dictionaries,  and  will  be  found  to 
furnish  information  where  others  fail. 


'*  This  work  is  one  that  no  medicml  raider  can  well  dispense  with ;  it  Is  a  sopplement  not  only 
to  Gould's  Dictionary,  bat  to  all  others— of  which  the  name  is  legion.  It  conuins  many  titles  not 
to  be  found  in  even  the  latest  of  the  medical  dictionaries,  and  will  be  found  useful  to  the  pos- 
sessor of  any  of  these.  It  is  of  course  not  a  complete  medical  dictionary ;  it  is  only— and  this  is  all 
that  it  claims  to  be — a  supplemem  to  other  dictionaries,  but  as  such  it  is  worthy  of  all  praise.  The 
user  of  it  can  rely  on  the  definitions,  and  he  will  find  few  words  not  defined.**— JV<rifi^a/  Record^ 
New  York. 


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Morocco,  {5.00;  with  Thumb  Index,  |6.oo;  Half-Russia, 
Thumb  Index,  I7.00,  net. 

The     ''Illustrated''    and    ''Dictionary    of    New    Medical    Terms,'* 

bound  in  One  Volume,  2200  pages,  Octavo. 

Half- Morocco,  $14.00  net. 


P.  BLAKISTON'S  SON  &  CO.,  Philadelphia 


THE  STUDENT'S 

MEDICAL  DICTIONARY 

GOULD 


GOULD'S 
STANDARD  MEDICAL  DICTIONARIES 

CONTAINING  ALL  THE  WORDS  AND  PHRASES  GENERALLY  USED  IN 
MEDICINE  AND  THE  COLLATERAL  SCIENCES.  WITH  THEIR  PROPER 
PRONUNCIATION.  DERIVATION.  AND  DEFINITION.  BASED  UPON 
RECENT  MEDICAL  LITERATURE.    WITH  MANY  USEFUL  TABLES.  ETC. 

By  GEORGE  M.  GOULD,  A.M.,  M.D. 

"Dvu  Gould  has  come  to  be  known         ''His  dictionaries  are  known  the 

BY  THE    MEDICAL    PROFESSION    AS  focUe        WIDE  WORLD  OVER,  AND  HAVE  COME,  IN 

pHnceps  A  builder  of  good   medical      many   places,  to   entirely  supplant 

DICTIONARIES."  THOSE  OF   ALL  OTHER   COMPILERS." 

Over  27^,000  Copies  have  been  Sold 

"The  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Medicine,  Biology,  and 
ALLIED  Sciences" 

Sixth  Edition,  with  additions  and  corrections  and  a  supplement  including  38,000 
additional  words.  Numerous  Illustrations.  Large  Square  Octavo ;  2200  pages, 
double-columned.    Half  Dark  Green  Morocco,  $14.00. 

"A  Dictionary  of  New  Medical  Terms" 

Being  a  Supplement  to  **  The  JUustratcd"  and  unilorm  in  siu,  style  and  type 
with  that  work.  Containing  upwards  of  38,000  words,  and  many  thousand  new 
terms  and  definitions.  Large  Square  Octavo;  571  pages,  double-colunmed.  Full 
Sheep  or  Half  Dark  Green  Morocco,  $5.00 ;  iMi  thumb  index,  $6.00 ;  Half  Russia, 
thumb  indexed.  $7.00. 

This  book  has  been  prepared  apon  the  same  tystematic.  practical,  and  comprehensive  plao 
which  has  made  Dr.  Goald's  dictionaries  the  standard  authonty  throughout  the  EogHsh-spcaJcinf 
world.  It  is  not  only  a  supplement  to  Dr.  Gould's,  but  to  all  other  dictionaries,  furnishing  infor- 
mation where  others  fail. 

"The  Practitioner's  Medical  Dictionary."    illustrated 

Containing  among  other  new  features  many  of  the  Terms  of  the  Basle  Anatom- 
ical  Nomenclature  and  the  Standards  of  Pharmaceutical  Preparations  as  siven  by  the 
Eighth  Decennial  Revision  of  the  U.  S.  Pharmacopoeia.  With  388  lUuttrations. 
Octavo;  xvi  -4-  1043  pages,  double-col tmuied.    Second  £kiition.    Revised. 

In  Preparation, 

*'  The  Student's  Medical  Dictionary."    illustrated 

Eleventh  Edition.  Illustrated.  With  Tables  of  the  Bacilli,  Micrococci,  Leuko> 
mains,  Ptomains,  etc;  Arteries,  Mtiscles,  Nerves,  Ganglia  and  Plexuses;  Mineral 
Springs  of  the  U.  S.,  etc,  and  a  new  table  of  Eponymic  Terms  and  Tests.  Rewritten, 
Enlarged  and  Improved.  Small  Octavo;  840  pages,  double-columned.  Half  Mo- 
rocco, $3*50 ;  with  thumb  index,  $3.00 ;  Full  Flexible  Leather,  Burnished  Edges, 
Roimded  Comers,  thumb  indexed,  $3.50. 

"The  pocket  Pronouncing  Medical  Lexicon" 

y>,ooo  Medical  Words 
Fifth  Edition.  The  system  of  pronunciation  used  in  this  book  is  verv  simple, 
and  the  definitions  are  arranged  in  a  form  most  convenient  for  reference  and  memor- 
izing. Thin  64mo  (6  x  3}  inches);  863  pages.  Containing  many  useful  Tables  and 
Dose  Lists  for  Physicians  and  for  Veterinarians.  Full  Limp  Leather,  Gilt  Edges, 
Rounded  Comers,  1 1.00;  thumb  indexed,  $1.35. 

"  POCKET  Cyclopedia  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  " 

Compiled  under  the  Editorial  Supervision  of  Drs.  George  M.  GotJU)  and  W.  L. 
PvLE.  Containing  many  Practical  Tables,  nimierous  Prescriptions,  Formula  and 
Illustrations.  Thin  64mo;  600  pages.  Uniform  with  Gould's  Pocket  Dictionary. 
Full  Limp  Morocco,  Gilt  Edges,  Rounded  Comers,  $1.00;  thumb  indexed,  $1.25. 

P.  BLAKISTON'S  SON  &  CO.,  PHILADELPHIA 


THE  STUDENT'S 


MEDICAL  DICTIONARY 


INCLUDING  ALL  THE  WORDS  AND  PHRASES  GENERALLY 
USED  IN  MEDICINE.  WITH  THEIR  PROPER  PRO- 
NUNCIATION AND  DEFINITIONS 


BASED   ON    RECENT    MEDICAL    LITERATURE 
BY 

GEORGE  M.  GOULD,  A.M.,  M.D. 

AUTHOK   or   "an   ILLUSTRATKD   OtCnONART  OP    MBDICINB,   BIOLOGY,   AND   ALLIKO  SCIBNCB,"   "jOjOQO 

MBOICAL  WORDS  rKONOUNCRD  AND  DBFINBD  "    "  THB  MBANINQ  AND  THB  MBTMOD  OF  UFS," 

"■OROBBLAND  STUDIBS."   **  BIOCKAPHIC  CUMICS** 


WITH   ELABORATE  TABLES  OF  THE  BACILLI.  MICROCOCCI.   LEUCOMAINS.  PTOMAINS 

ETC;  OF  THE  ARTERIES.  GANGLIA.  MUSCLES.  AND  NERVES;  OF  WEIGHTS 

AND  MEASURES,  ANALYSES  OF  THE  WATERS  OF  THE  MINERAL 

SPRINGS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  ETC..  ETC. 


AND  A  NEW  TABLE  OF  EPONYMIC  TERMS  AND  TESTS 
ELEVENTH  EDITION,  WITH  291  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PHILADELPHIA 

P.   BLAKISTON'S  SON   &  CO. 

IOI2   WALNUT  STREET 
I9IO 


CoprmioHTXD,  1900,  by  P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co 


WM.  p.  FtLL  A  OO, 


life 


PREFACE  TO  ELEVENTH  EDITION. 


This  edition  has  been  enlarged  by  over  a  hundred  pages.  It  contains  a 
new  table  of  eponymic  Terms  and  Tests,  prepared  especially  for  it,  and  a 
large  number  of  illustrations, — a  feature  that  has  proved  so  useful  in  the 
larger  book  that  I  would  secure  its  many  advantages  for  the  student.  Despite 
their  popularity,  the  older  editions  were  unsatis&ctory  to  me,  and,  when 
making  the  tenth  revision,  I  determined  to  replace  them  by  one  that  should 
more  fully  represent  the  recent  rapid  progress  in  medical  science,  and 
that  would  more  adequately  meet  the  orciinary  lexicographic  demands  of  the 
student  and  the  practising  physician. 

The  Illustrated  Medical  Dictionary  issued  in  1894  (the  fifth  edition 
in  1900)  is  more  encyclopedic  than  the  forelying  volume,  has  many  new  and 
large  tables  or  groupings  of  systematized  medical  &cts,  such  as  those  of 
Stains,  Parasites,  Pigments,  Tests,  etc.,  of  too  special  character  to  be  fitting 
in  the  present  book,  and  includes  Biology  and  other  sciences  closely  related 
to  medicine.  Thus  to  the  larger  work  one  is  referred  for  the  more  com- 
plete information  desired  by  the  physician,  the  educated  layman,  the  lawyer^ 
and  the  student  of  the  more  highly  specialized  branches  of  medicine. 

This,  the  Student's  Medical  Dictionary,  is  especially  adapted  to  the 
wants  of  medical  students.  It  can  not  be  used  as  a  substitute  for,  but  rather 
as  an  introduction  to,  "The  Illustrated,'*  or  for  a  brief  suggestion  of  a  more 
extended  or  half-forgotten  definition.  In  it  one  will  find  correct  and  suc- 
cinct definitions  of  all  the  more  common  words  likely  to  be  found  in  the 
usual  text-books,  compends,  lectures,  tables  of  anatomic  &cts,  etc.,  of  those 


PREFACE  TO  ELEVENTH  EDITION. 

engaged  in  the  study  of  medicine,  dentistry,  and  pharmacy,  or  in  the  early 
years  of  practice. 

Much  care  has  been  given  to  the  difficult  subject  of  pronunciation,  and 
what  has  seemed  as  the  most  commendable  method  of  pronouncing  each 
word  has  been  sought,  and  a  simple,  easily  understood  manner  of  expressing 
the  same  has  been  adopted,  that  does  away  with  all  diacritic  marks  and 
bothersome  as  well  as  doubtful  means,  so  that  "he  who  runs  may  read." 

A  vigorous  endeavor  has  been  made  to  keep  the  volume  within  the 
limit  of  a  **  handy'*  size  and  a  low  price,  and  the  cordial  cooperation  of 
both  publisher  and  printer  has  in  this  respect  resulted  in  success. 

I  am  unable  to  express  my  gratitude  to  Dr.  David  Riesman,  who  has 
unreservedly  devoted  to  the  work  a  scholarship  and  a  painstaking  conscien- 
tiousness of  which  every  line  bears  evidence.  I  also  wish  to  acknowledge 
my  indebtedness  to  I>.  Clarence  W.  Lincoln  and  Dr.  Emma  Billstein  for 
valuable  assistance. 

GEORGE  M.  GOULD. 
August^  i^oo. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  GENERAL  MEDICINE. 


ft4    .  .  , 

A.c    .  . 
Abdom. 

Abs.  feb.  .  Absente  febre  . 

Abstr. 
Ad.  .  . 


Ad  lib. 

Admov.     . 
Ad  pond.  ( 

AdT-  . ! 

*f.v:--  { 

Al 

Al.  dieb.  . 
Alt  hor. 


Alv.  ad 
strict., 

Alv. 
deject. 

Anat.     .  . 

Aq 

Aq.  Mtr.  . 

Aq.  bull.  . 

Aq.  com.  . 

Aq.  dest.  . 

Aq.  ferv.  . 

Aq.  font.  . 

Aq.  mar.  . 

Aq.  par.    . 


.  Ad  libiium   .  .  . 

Admoveatur    .  . 
Ad  pondus  omiii- 

um, 
Adversum    .  .  . 
Aggrcdiente 

Tebre, 
Aluminum    .   .  . 
Alterius  diebus  . 
AUerius  horls  .  . 

Alvo  adstricto    . 


At.  wt. 
Av.  .  . 

B. 

Ba.  . 
B.  a.  . 
Bala.  . 
Be.  .  . 
Bl..  .  . 
Bib.  . 
B.  i.  d. 
Biol.  . 
B.  m.  .  . 
Bol.  . 
B.p.  . 
Br.  .  . 
Bull.  . 
B.r.   . 


Cap. 
cc  . 
Cd. 
Ca.  . 
C«L 


ana Of  each. 

Ante  cibum  ....  Before  meals. 
Abdomen The  belly. 

(When  fever  is  ab- 

1     sent. 
Abstractum  ....  Abstract. 
Adde Add. 

f  At  pleasure,  as  de- 

l     sired. 

.  Let  it  be  applied. 

(To  the  weight    of 

(     the  whole. 

.  Against. 

(  While  fever  is  com> 

\     ing  on. 

.  Aluminum. 

.  Every  other  day. 

.  Every  other  hour. 

I  The  bowels   being 

(     confined. 
Ai»s  /i«i«^it^»—    i  The  intestinal  evac- 
AIvi  dejccliones,  |     uations. 

Anatomy. 

Aqua Water. 

Aqua  astricta  .  .  .  Ice. 
Aqua  builiens  .  .  .  Boiling  water. 
Aqua  communis    .  Common  water. 
'      '"  Distilled  water. 

Hot  water. 

Spring  water. 

Ocean  water. 

Pure  water. 

Arsenic. 

Atomic  weight. 

Avoirdupois. 

Boron. 

Barium. 

Sand  bath. 

Balsam. 

Beryllium. 

Bismuth. 

Bibe Drink. 

Bis  in  die Twice  daily. 

Biology. 

Balneum  maris  .  .  Sea- water  bath. 

Bolus A  large  pill. 

Boiling-point. 

Bromin. 

Bulliat Let  it  boil. 

Balneum  vaporis  .  Vapor-bath. 

{Carbon;  Cubic;  a 
Gallon  (Congius); 
Centigrade. 

Calcium. 

Capiat Let  him  take. 

Cubic  centimeter. 

Cadmium. 

Cerium. 

Cclsiot. 


Aqua  destiliata 
Aqua  fervens  . 
Aqua  fontana  . 
Aqua  marina  . 
Aqua  pura    .  . 


.  Balneum  arence, 
,  Balsamum    .  .  . 


Cent. 
Cg.  . 
Cm. 


.'Cras  mane 


C.  m.  a. . 

C.  n.  .  . 
Co.  .  .  . 
Cochl.  . 
Cochl. 

ampl., 
Cochl. 

infant., 
Cochl. 

mag., 
Cochf. 

med., 
CochL 

parv.. 
CoL  .  . 
Colat.  . 
Colet.  . 
Color.  . 
Comp.  . 
Cong.  . 
Cons.  . 
Coq.  .  . 
Cort.  .  . 
Craat.  . 
Crya.  .  . 
Ca.  .  .  . 
Cu.  .  .  . 
ChJ.    .  . 

C,  V.    .  . 


f  Cras  mane  su-       f 
(     mendus,  \ 

.  Cras  nocte   .... 

.  Cochleare 

Cochleare  am-       ( 
plum,  1 

Cochleare  in-        ( 
fantis, 

Cochleare  mag- 
num, 

Cochleare  me- 
dium. 

Cochleare  par- 
vum, 

Cola 

Colatus  .... 

Coletur  ... 

Coloretur  .  .  . 

Compositus . 

Congius     .  .  . 

Conserva  .  .  , 

Coque    .... 

Cortex   .... 

Crastinus  .  .  . 


.  Cuprum 
.  Cujus  .  . 


Cyath.  .  . 
D.  .  .  , 
Decub.  .  . 
De  d.  in  d 
Deg.   .  . 

D«R.     . 


Cras  vespere  . 

Cyathus  .  .  . 
Dosis;  Da  .  . 
Decubitus  .  . 
De  die  in  diem  • 


Deatil.  .  . 

Det.    .  .  . 
Dieb.  alt. . 
••     tert. 

Dil.     .  .  . 

Dilnt.  .  . 

Dim.  .  .  . 

D.inp.  f 

Div.    .  .  . 

Bjnad.  .  . 

Blec.  .  .  . 

Bnem.  .  . 
Bxhib. 
Bxt.    . 


Destilla 

Detur 

Diebus  alterius  . 
"      tertius 

Dilue 

Dilutus 

Dimidius  .... 

Divide  in  partes 
aequales, 

.  Divide 

.  Ejusdem    .... 

.  Electuarium    .  .  | 

[  Exhibeatur  .' 
.  Extractum  . 


Centigrade. 
Centigram. 
To-morrow   mom* 

ing. 
Centimeter. 
To  be  taken  to-mor> 

row  morning. 
To-morrow  night 
Cobalt. 
Spoonful. 

A  tablespoonful. 
A  teaspoonful. 
A  tablespoonful. 
A  dessertspoonful. 

A  teaspoonful. 

Strain. 

Strained. 

Let  it  be  strained. 

Let  it  be  colored. 

Compound. 

A  gallon. 

Keep. 

Boil. 

Bark. 

For  to-morrow. 

Crystal. 

Cesium. 

Copper. 

Of  which. 

To-morrow  even- 
ing. 

A  glassfnl. 

A  dose :  Give. 

Lying  down. 

From  day  to  day. 

Degree. 

Reaction  of  degen- 
eration. 

Distil. 

Let  it  be  giyen. 

Oi\  alternate  days. 

Every  third  day. 

Let  it  be  dissolved. 

Dilute. 

One-half. 

Divide  into  equal 
parts. 

Divide. 

Of  the  same. 

An  electuary ;  Elec- 
tricity. 

Enema. 

Let  it  be  given. 

Extract. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


m  /  Fahrenheit ;    FIuo- 

^ t     rin. 

Far Faradic. 

Fe Fermm Iron. 

/The  fever  contina- 
•  I    ing. 

Fac.  Fiat Make. 

Fillra Filter. 

Fluidus Fluid. 

Flores Flowen. 

Fiat  mistura    .  .  .  Make  a  mixtare. 

Folia Leavea. 

Fiat  potio Make  a  potion. 

Fiat  pilule  ....  Make  piUs. 


Feb.  dur. .  Febre  durante 

F.,  Ft. 
Flit.  . 
Fid.  . 
Flor.  . 
F.m.  . 
Fol.  . 
F.p.   . 

F.pll.    

Oaiv Galvanic. 

Ol Gludnam. 

Om Gram. 

Or Grannm Grain. 

Ott.     .  .  .  Guttae Drops. 

Outtat. .  .  Gututim By  dropa. 

H Hydrogen. 

Hr Hydrargyrum    .  .Mercury. 

Mr. Hectoliter. 

Hm Hectometer. 

"dii:ub., }  ^^^  decubitus .  .  At  bed-Ume. 
H.  a.  .  .  .  Hora  somni     ...  At  bed-time. 

1 lodum lodin. 

lo Indium. 

In  d.   ...  In  die Daily. 

Inf.  ....  Infunde Pour  in. 

Ir Iridium. 

K Kalium Potassium. 

K.-J.,  K.J Knee^erk. 

KI Kiloliter. 

Km Kilometer. 

L Liter. 

Li Lithium. 

Liq Liquor. 

M.       ...  Meridies;  Misce  .  Noon;  Mix. 

Mac.  .  .  .  Macera Macerate. 

Mass.  pit.  Massa  pilularum   .  Pill-mass. 

M.ft Mistura  fiat.  .  .  {  ^^.5^  "**'"*'*  ^ 

^^  /Magnesium;  Milli- 

"^^ I    gram. 

Ml Milliliter. 

Mm Millimeter. 

Mol.  wt Molecular  weight. 

Muc.  .  .  .  Mucilago Mucilage. 

Myg Myriagram. 

Myf. MyriaRter. 

Mym Mvriameter. 

N Nitrogen. 

Na Natrium Sodium. 

N4 Nickel. 

No Numero Number. 

Noct.     .  .  Nocte By  night. 

O Octarius A  pint. 

Ol Oleum Oil. 

O.  m.  .  .     Omni  mane  «...  Every  morning. 


Omo.  bih.,  Omni  bihora 
Omn.  bor.,  Omni  hora 
Omn. 
noct., 

0« 

Ov Ovum 

Os Uncia 


{ Omni  nocte . 


.  Every  two  liours. 
.  Every  hour. 
.  Every  night. 

.  Osmium. 
.  An  egg. 
.Ounce. 


Part,  cq., 
Pb.  .  .  .  . 
P.O.   .  .  . 

P.C.  .  .  . 

Pd 

Phar.     .  . 

Pil 

Pocul.  .  • 
Pond.  .  • 
Pot.  .  .  . 
Pot.  ... 
P.  rat.  ( 
•eut.,  1 
P.  r.  n.  .  . 
Pt.  .  .  .  . 
Pulv. .  .  . 
Q.  d.  .  . 

Q.  1.    ... 
Q.p. 
Q.«. 
Qt.  . 
Q.v. 


Partes  equates 
Plumbum  .  .  . 
Post  cibum  .  . 

PondttS  civile  .  .  i 


Pilula.  . 
Poculum 
Pondere 
Potio  .  . 


Pro  raU  cetatis  .  i 
Pro  re  nata  . 

Pulvis    .  . 
Quater  in  die 

Quantum  libet    .  | 

Quantum  placeat  . 

Quantum  sufficit,  | 

Quantum  vis   .  .  j 


R.    . 

fed.- 

Rb. . 


.  Recipe 
Radix 


R.D. 

Ract. 

Rep. 

8.     . 

8.     .  . 

B.a. 

8b.  . 

8cr. 

Big. 

Bing. 

Bolv. 

8p.,   or     f 
.Spir.,     t 
Ba. 
Bu 
B.v.   .  . 

a  V.  r.  .  I 

8.  V.  t.  .  I 
By 


Rectificatus  .  .  . 
Repetatur     .  .  . 

Semis 

Signs  ..... 
Secundum  artem 

Stibium 

Scrupulum  .  .  . 
Signa.  Signet ur  . 
Singulonim  .  .  . 
Solve 


T: 


Spiritus .... 

Semi,  semissis 
Sumet  .... 
Spiritus  vini  . 
Spiritus  vini 

rectificatus, 
Spiritus  vini 

tenuis, 
Syrupus    .  .  . 


T.  d. 
Tr.,Tlnct., 
Ung.  .  .  . 

Ur 

Vesic.    .  . 
Wt.     .  .  . 

S!-.:::: 

» 

I 


Terindie  .  . 
Tinctura  .  .  . 
Ungucntum  .  . 


Vesicatonim 


Minimum  .  .  . 
Drachma  ... 
Scrupulum  .  . 
Uncia 


Phosphorus,  Pulse, 
Pharmacopeia. 

Equal  paru. 

L?ad. 

After  meals. 

Avoirdupois 
weight. 

Palladium. 

Pharmacopeia. 

Pill. 

A  cup. 

By  weight. 

Potion;  Potassa. 

Precipitate. 

In  proportion  to 
>ge- 

When  required. 

Pint. 

Powder. 

Four  times  a  day. 

According  as  re- 
quired. 

At  will. 

A  sufficient  quanti- 

Quart. 

As  much  as  you 
wish. 

Reaumur's  ther- 
mometer; Reapifw 
at  ion. 

Take. 

Root. 

Rubidium. 

Reaction  of  degen- 
eration. 

Rectified. 

Let  it  be  repeated. 

Half:  Sulphur. 

Label. 

According  to  art. 

Antimony. 

Scruple. 

Let  it  be  labeled. 

Of  each. 

Dissolve. 

Specific  gravity. 

Spirit. 

One-half. 
Let  him  take. 
Alcoholic  spirit. 
Rectified   spirit  of 

wine. 
Dilute      alcohol, 

proof-spirit. 
Syrup. 

Temperature. 
Three  times  a  day. 
Tincture. 
Ointment. 
Urine. 
A  blister. 
Weight. 
Minim. 
Dram. 
Scruple. 
Ounce. 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  OPHTHALMOLOGY. 


Ace Accommodation. 

Ah Hyperopic  Astigmatism. 

Am Myopic  Astigmatism. 

As Astigmatism. 

Ax Axis. 

B.  D Base  (of  prism)  down. 

B.  I "      "       "       in. 

B.  O "      "       •*       out. 


B.  U Base  (of  prism)  up. 

Cyl Cylinder ;  Cylindric  Lena. 

D Diopter. 

B. Emmetropia ;  Emmetropic. 

P Formula. 

H Hyperopia;  Hyperopic;  HorisoataL 

M*.  .'  .*  .'  .'  .'  .'  Myopiat  Myopic. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


mm Millimeter. 

O.  D Octtlas  dexter— Right  Eye. 

O.  8. Oculus  sinister^Left  Eye. 

P.  p Punctum  proximum— Near  Point. 

P.  r. Pnnctum  remotum— Far  Point. 

R.  B Rifl:ht  Eye. 

8ph. SpEeric ;  Spheric  Lens. 


Sym Symmetric. 

V. Vision;  Visual  Acnity ;  Vertical. 

+,  — ,  —    ...  Plus :  Minus ;  Equa\  to. 

m Infinity,  so  ft.  distance. 

C Combined  with.    - 

* Degree. 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  OTOLOGY. 


^  f  Applied  to  or  in  contact  with  An- 

A.  C. Air-conduction. 

A.  D Auris  dextra— Right  Ear. 

A.  B Auris  sinistra— Left  Bar. 

B.  C Bone-conduction. 

c Contact. 

d. Dentes— applied  to  Teeth. 

P Tuning-fork. 

f/. Glabella— applied  to  Forehead. 
Hearing  Power. 

L Left  Ear. 

Applied  to  Mastoid. 

External  Auditory  Meatus. 


Meat.Aud. 

Bxt.;  M.  E 
Meat.  And. 

Int.;  M.  I. 

M.flac.  .  . 


Internal  Auditory  Meatus. 

Membrana    flaccida ;    Shrapnell's 
\     Membrane. 
M.  T.;  Mt.  .  .  Membrana  tympani. 
n  (Complete  Lack  of  Perception  of 

^ t    Solnd. 

ot.ext.ac.  .  .  Otitis  externa  acuta. 


ot.  ext.  chron.  Otitis  externa  chronica, 
ot.  ext.  diff.    .  Otitis  externa  diffusa. 

^^a"***'  *"**' }  ^^^  "«<*^  suppuraUva  acuU. 

**chron*.  *"**'  /  ^^***  "**'^*  suppurativa  chronica. 

Pol.     .'....  Politzer's. 

Pol.  Ac.    .  .  .  Politzer's  Acoumeter. 

R. Right  Ear. 

8 Susumis— a  Whisper. 

/ Applied  to  Temple. 

Tvmp Tympanum. 

«A. Uoique— when  applied  at  all  pointti 

V Voice. 

V Applied  to  Vertex. 

vib Vibration. 

s Applied  to  Zygoma. 

' Foot. 

" Inches. 

-5 Heard,  but  Not  Understood. 

+R Rinn6's  Test  Positive. 

— R Rinn6's  Test  Negative. 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS. 


A,  or  An.    .  .  Anode. 

Anap Ampere. 

A.  C Anodal  Closing. 

A.  C.  C.     ...  Anodal  Closure  Contraction. 
A.  C.  O.    ...  Anodal  Closing  Odor. 
A.  C.  P.     ...  Anodal  Closing  Picture. 
A.  C.  8.     ...  Anodal  Closing  Sound. 

AD Anodal  Duration. 

A.  D.  C.    ...  Anodal  Duration  Contraction. 

A.  M Ampere-meter. 

A.  O Anodal  Opening. 

A.  O.  C    ...  Anodal  Opening  Contraction. 
A.  O.  O.     ...  Anodal  Opening  Odor. 
A.  O.  P.    ...  Anodal  Opening  Picture. 

A.  O.  8.     ...  Anodal  Opening  Sound. 
B. Magnetic  Induction. 

B.  A.  U.    ...  British  Association  Unit. 

C Centigrade:  Current;  Cathode. 

C.  C Cathodal  Closure. 

C.  C.  C Cathodal  Closure  Contraction. 

C.  C  C."  .  .  .  Various  Degrees  of  Contraction. 

C  C.  T.     ...  Cathodal  Closing  Tetanus. 

C.  0. 8.  Units .  Centimeter-gram-second  Units. 

CO Cathodal  Opening. 

C.  O.  C  .  .  .  .  Cathodal  Opening  Contraction. 

C.  8 Current-strength. 

D Duration ;  Density. 

Da.  R Reaction  of  Degeneration. 

B Earth ;  Electromotive  Force. 

B.  M.  D.  P. .  i  Electromotive  Difference  of  Poten- 

B.  M.  P.    ...  Electromotive  Force. 
F.  M Field  Magnet. 

{Horizonul  Intensity  of  the  Earth's 
Magnetism;  One  Unit  of  Self- 
induction. 

H Intensity  of  Magnetic  Force. 

1 Intensity  of  Magnetism. 

Joule. 

Electrostatic  Capacity. 

K. Kathode. 


Kl Klang  fsound). 

K.  C Kathodal  Closing. 

K.  C.  C. .  .  .  .  Kathodal  Closing  Contraction. 

K.  C.  T.    ...  Kathodal  Closing  Tetanus. 

V  n  (Kathodal  Duration  (or  Period  of 

""  " 1    Closure  of  Circuit). 

K.  D.  C.    ...  Kathodal  Duration  Contraction. 

K.  D.  T.    ...  Kathodal  Duration  TeUnus. 

K.  W Kilo-watt. 

r  /Inductance     (Coefficient     oO; 

^ 1     Length. 

M Strength  of  Pole. 

Ma Milliampire. 

Mfd Microfarad. 

O Opening  of  Circuit. 

P.  D Potential  Difference. 

Q Electric  Quantity. 

R Ohmic  Resistance. 

T Time. 

Te Tetanic  Contraction. 

U Unit. 

V Volume;  Velocity. 

V Volt. 

V.  A Voltaic  Alternative. 

V.  M Volt-meter. 

W Work;  Weight;  Watt. 

Z Contraction  (Zuckung). 

T  Tf  Tf        /  Increasing  Strengths  of  Contrac* 
A.  A.  A.    .  .  «j     j.^jj 

m Magnetic  Susceptibility. 

|A Magnetic  Permeability. 

M Ohm. 

p Specific  Resistance. 

Q  ( Megohm  (one-millionth  part  of  an 

1     ohm). 

HIH Battery. 

-f Anode  or  Positive  Pole. 

— Kathode  or  Negative  Pole. 

> Greater  than,  as  K  >  A 

< Less  than. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES  USED  IN  CHEMISTRY. 


Am*  indicmtes  the  rroup  NHf 

Aso-i  diaso-.  ancl  nydfraso-  indicate  compounds 
in  which  nitrogen  atoms  are  linked  in  various 
ways. 

Di-  is  applied  as  a  prefix  to  signify  two. 

Im-  indicates  the  group  NH. 

Ket-  indicates  the  molecule  CO  in  certain  struct n> 
ral  relations. 

Mon-  is  employed  as  a  prefix  to  signify  one. 

Nitro-  indicates  the  group  NOf. 

Pent-  is  applied  as  a  prefix  to  signify  >r^. 

per-  denotes  in  a  rather  vaeue  sense  an  indefinitely 
large  amount  of  the  body  to  which  it  is  pre- 
fixed, or  to  which  it  is  referred. 

Seaqui-  indicates  the  proportion  of  iwo  to  three. 

Sub-  is  employed  in  a  rather  vague  sense  to  indi- 
cate deficiency  of  the  body  to  which  it  is 
prefixed. 

Tetr-  is  applied  as  a  prefix  to  signify ymir. 

Thio-  indicates  sulphur,  especially  replacing  oxy- 
gen. 

Tri-  (sometimes  "  ter^**)  is  applied  as  a  prefix  to 
signify  three. 

-al  indicates  aldehydic  structure. 

-an  is  applied  to  a  class  of  bodies  related  to  the 
starch  and  sugar  group. 

•ana  indicates  a  saturated  hydrocarbon. 

-aac  indicates  an  enzyme,  or  nonorganized  fer- 
ment, e.  g.^  diastase.  This  termination  is  at 
present  restricted  generally  to  enzymes  of 
vegetable  origin,  but  it  should  also  be  used 
with  animal  enzymes—which,  however,  usu- 
ally end  in  "  in/^  It  would  thus  be  better  to 
say  pepsase  and  trypsase,  rather  than  pepsin 
and  trypsin. 

-ata.  A  sumx  to  nouns  in  chemistry  signifying 
any  salt  formed  by  an  acid  acting  on  a  base ; 
e.  g.,  sulphate t  phosphate. 

-ic  denotes  the  higher  of  two  valencies  aasnned  by 
an  clement,  and  incidentally  in  many  cases  a 
larger  amount  of  oxygen. 


-in  is  of  no  precise  significance,  and  is  mostlv  ap« 
plied  to  bodies  the  structure  of  which  is  not 
yet  known. 

-yl,  -ene,  -enyl,  and  -ine  indicate  hydrocarbons. 
According  to  the  American  system  of  orthog- 
raphy, the  only  case  in  which  "  ine**  is  u»^ 
is  as  a  termination  for  a  series  of  hydrocar- 
bons, beginning  with  Ethine,  C|Ht.  Eng- 
lish writers  ana  some  American  chemists  use 
it  to  signify  basic  properties,  regarding  -m  as 
the  proper  term  for  nonbasic  bodies.  They 
thus  distinguish  between  salicin,  which  forms 
no  salts  with  acids,  and  morphin  (which 
under  such  system  is  spelled  "  morphine  "K 
which  does.  It  must  be  noted  that  such 
methods  are  not  in  accordance  wiih  the  ten- 
dency of  modem  chemic  nomenclature,  which 
seeks  to  express  structure,  not  properties. 
The  organic  bases  or  alkaloids  arc  not  all  of 
the  same  type,  and  when  their  structure  is 
elucidated  systematic  names  will  be  found  for 
them.  Until  then  there  is  no  particular  gain 
in  indicating  them  as  a  group. 

•Id  is  similar  to  "  in." 

«ol  indicates  alcoholic  structure,  i.  e  ,  presence  of 
the  group  HO  (hydroxyl),  e.  g.,  alcohol,  gly- 
cerol, phenol. 

-on*  is  applied  to  bodies  related  to  the  starches 
and  sugars.  It  is.  however,  not  used  with 
this  significance  in  "peptone."  which  word 
is  not  formed  according  to  any  established 
system. 

-eae  indicates  a  carbohydrate,  e.  g.,  glucose,  al- 
though it  is  also  occasionally  applied  to  the 
results  of  digestion  of  proleids,  e.g.,  album- 
oae. 

-out  denotes  the  lower  of  two  degrees  of  valency 
assumed  by  an  element  and  incidentally  indi- 
cates, in  many  cases,  a  small  amount  of  oxy- 
gen. 

The  word  tulphonie  indicates  the  group  HSOs. 


SUNDRY  ABBREVIATIONS. 

Am American.  If  nac Masculine. 

Arab Arabic.  MB Middle  English. 

A.  8 Anglo-Saxon.  Mad Medicine ;  Medical. 

Beng Bengalese.  Nag. Negative. 

B.  P.,  Br.  P.  .  British  Pharmacoptiii  --       N.  F National  Formulary. 

B.  Ph.,  Br.  Ph.     "  ••  Oba Obsolete. 

Bret Breton.  O.  D.,  O.  Du.  .  Old  Dutch. 

Celt Celtic.  O.  Fr Old  French. 

Cornp Comparative.  O.  L.  O.    ...  Old  Low  German. 

D.,  Do Dutch.  Ophth Ophthalmology ;  Opbthalmologk. 

Dim Diminutive.  Pen Persian. 

Elcc Klectricity.  Pemv Peruvian. 

Bng. English.  Pg Portuguese. 

P..  rem.  .  .  .  Feminine.  pC Plurah 

Fr French.  priv Privative. 

OaeU Gaelic.      *  Bax Saxon. 

Oer German.  Scnnd Scandinavian. 

O.  Ph German  PharmncopeiA.  Bkt. Sanskrit. 

Or Greek.  8p Spanish. 

Heb Hebrew.  BuperL  ....  Superlative. 

Icel Icelandic.  Barg Surgery ;  Surgical. 

It. Italian.  Taut. Teutonic. 

lev., Javanese.  UnoC Unofficial. 

L.,  or  Lat.  .  .  Latin.  U.  8.  Ph..  U.  8.  P.   .  United  SUtes  Pharmacopeia. 


VALUES  OF  LETTERS  USED   IN  PRONUNCIATION. 
MAT  HEMATIC  MEMORANDA. 

To  reduce  grmms  to  grains,  multiply  by  15^2.  To  reduce  grains  to  grams,  multiply  by  0.0648.  To  reduce 
kilograms  to  pounds,  multiply  by  3.2046.  To  reduce  ounces  to  grams,  multiply  by  26.^9.  To 
reduce  inches  to  meters,  multiply  by  0.0254*  To  reduce  inches  to  centimeters,  multiply  by  s.oo. 
To  reduce  centimeters  to  inches,  multiply  by  0.3037.  To  reduce  pints  to  cubic  centimeters,  multiply 
by  567.936.  To  reduce  liters  to  gallons,  multiply  by  0.22.  To  reduce  gallons  to  liters,  multiply  by 
4.348.  I  grain  —  0.064799  gram,  i  gram  *  154323^  grains,  i  millimeter  —  0.03937  inch. .  i  liter 
*  1.76077  pints.  X  minim  — o.<}i  grain  of  water,  i  Tine  — ^  inch,  i  m —  one-thousandth  of  a  milli- 
meter. I  micron,  or  i  micromillimeter,  or  o.ooi  mm.  i  oz.  {Avoirdupois)  —  28.34054  grams,  i  ox. 
{ Troy)  mm  31.10349  grams,    i  cc.  of  water  at  4^  C.  —  i  gram.    36  in.  (barometer)  —  761.986  millimeters. 


VALUES  OF  LETTERS  USED  IN  PRONUNCIATION. 

In  giving  the  prontmciation,  the  word  has  been  divided  into  syllables  according  to  the 
following  plan :  When  a  vowel  is  long  and  is  followed  by  a  consonant,  the  latter  is  considered 
as  belonging  to  the  succeeding  syllable ;  e.  g".,  pet-r</-le-um.  When  the  vowel  is  short  the 
consonant  is  considered  as  of  the  syllable  containing  the  vowel ;  f.g.,  inan-f]^-u-la^-shun. 

The  vowels  have  then  the  following  values :  a,  e»  i,  o,  u,  when  immediately  followed  by  a 
hyphen  or  at  the  end  of  a  word,  are  long — a  =  ay  in  may ;  e  =  /^  in  feel ;  i  =  t  in  mine  ; 
o  =  <m^  in  flow ;  a  =  ^n^  in  new.  When  followed  by  a  consonant  and  not  marked  with  a 
-  above,  a  =  aincat;  e  =  ^in  met ;  i  =  t  in  sit ;  o  =  ^  in  not ;  n  =  f#  in  but ;  00  z=  00  in 
boot.     Consonants :  ck  =  ckin  cherry ;  g  =  ^  in  get;  j  =y  in  joy ;  n(g)  =  n^  in  gong. 


INDEX  OF  TABLES 

APPEARING  IN  REGULAR  ALPHABETIC  ORDER. 


Adds. 

Anesthetics. 

Arteries. 

Bacteria. 

Baths. 

Batteries,  Electric. 

Breath-sounds. 

Canals. 

Convolutions  of  Brain. 

Craniometric  Points. 

Elements,  Chemic. 

Exanthemata. 

Fissures. 

Foramina. 

Ganglia. 

Laws. 

Leukomains. 

Ligaments. 

Lines  or  Linese. 

Membranes. 

Metric  System. 

Monstrosities. 

Murmurs. 


Muscles. 

Nerves. 

Nuclei. 

Operations,  Eponymlc. 

Pelves. 

Poinu. 

Poisons. 

Positions. 

Pregnancy,  Duration  of. 

Processes. 

Ptomains. 

Rales. 

Reflexes. 

Respiration. 

Signs  and  Symptoms  of  Diseases. 

Sinuses. 

Sutures. 

Triangles. 

Tumors. 

Uniu. 

Veins. 

Weights  and  Measures. 


APPENDIX. 

Mlnenl  Springs  of  the  United  Sute*.  Eponymic  Tenns  and  Tests. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Showing  the  Subjects  Illustrated^  but  Not  the  Number  of  Figures. 


Abdominal :  Course  and  Relations  of  the  Abdom- 
inal Aoru  and  Inferior  Vena  Cava. 

Alimentary :  Scheme  of  the  Digestive  Tract. 

Ankle-Joiot :  Posterior  View  and  Vertical  Sec- 
tion. 

Arteries :  General  Scheme  of. 

Bandages. 

Bones. 

Brain :  Superior  Aspect ;  Inferior  Aspect ;  Medi- 
sectionot;  Lateral  Aspect. 

Bar:  Auditorv  Ossicles;  Osseous  Labyrinth  of; 
Osseous  ana  Membranous  Labyrinth  of ;  Coch- 
lea ;  Membranous  Labyrinth  of. 

Blbow-ioint. 

Bye:  Vertical  Section  of;  Muscles  of;  Posterior 
Hemisphere  of  the  Globe  of;  Relations  of  the 
Eye  and  Lacrimal  Excretory  Apparatus :  Lacri- 
mal and  Meibomian  Glands  and  Adjacent  Organs; 
Iris  and  Choroid ;  Ciliary  Muscle ;  VerticafSec- 
tion  through  the  Upper  Eyelid ;  Section  of  Ciliary 
Body  and  Iris. 

Heart :  Right  Side ;  Left  Side ;  Horizontal  Section 
of  Lung  and  Heart. 

Hamocvtometer. 

Hemoglobinomster :  Goweis* ;  Von  Fleischl's. 

Hernia :  Oblique  Inguinal ;  Direct  Inguinal ;  Fem- 
oral ;  Strangulated  ;  Unstrangulated  ;  Radical 
Operation  for  Inguinal. 

Hip-Joint:  Vertical  Section  of;  LigamenUof. 

Intcatinss :  Stomach  and  Intestines. 

Kidney:  Longitudinal  Section  of:  Relations 
Borne  by  Blood-vessels  to  Tubules  of. 

Knaa-joint :  Vertical  Section  of ;  Anterior  View  of 
Ligaments  of. 


Knot :  Principal  Surgical  Knots. 

Larynx :  Posterior  View  of;  Front  View. 

Ligamenta. 

Lvmphatlca. 

Microscope. 

Motor  Points. 

Musclas. 

Neck :  Vessels  and  Nerves  of. 

Nerves. 

Nose:  Front  View  of  Skeleton  of;  Tiansvetse 
Section  of  the  Nasal  Fossae. 

Pelvis. 

Pharynx :  Opened  Posteriorly,  Showing  Larynx, 
Tongue,  and  Soft  Palate. 

Poaturea. 

Regiona. 

Bhouldar-joint :  Diagrammatic  Section  of  Shoul- 
der; Ligaments  of  the  Scapula  and  Shoulder- 
Joint. 

Bxeleton. 

Spinal  Cord :  Vertebral  Column,  Lateral  Aspect  r 
Transverse  Sections  of  Spinal  Cord  ;  Columns  of ; 
Superior  or  Cervical  Segment  of;  Middle  or 
Dorsal  Portion  of ;  Inferior  Portion  of  Cord  and 
Cauda  Equina. 

Buturea. 

Thorax :  Contents  of ;  Anterior  View. 

Tongue:  Muscles  of;  Under  Surface  of. 

Urinary  Sedimanta. 

Veina :  General  Scheme  of. 

WHat-Joint :  Ligaments  of  the  Anterior  Aspect  of 
Wrist  and  Hand ;  Disposition  of  the  Chief  Syno- 
vial Membranes  of;  Lower  End  of  Radius  and 
Ulna. 


I 


(I 


THE   NEW  STUDENTS' 

MEDICAL  DICTIONARY. 


A  [«,  av,  or  aft ,  without] .  I .  The  Greek  letter 
alpha ^  called  alpha  privative,  equivalent  tQ 
the  prefix  un  or  in.  It  denotes  absence  or 
want  of  the  thing  or  quality  expressed  by 
the  root  of  the  word.     2.  Symbol  of  Argon. 

Aa  \ava,  of  each].  An  abbreviation,  wntten 
21,  used  in  prescriptions  to  denote  repetition 
of  the  same  quantity  for  each  item. 

Ab  [abf  from].  A  Latin  preposition  signi- 
fying/r#iw. 

Abaca  (ay-aJt-oM,  Sp.  pron.  ah-vak-kak'). 
Manilla  hemp.  See  hemp.  Also  Mma 
textiHs^  the  plant  which  produces  it. 

Abadie*B  Sign.  See  Signs  and  Symptomt^ 
TabU  of. 

Abaptiston  {ah-bap-tis' -ton)  [a  priv. ;  ^n- 
TujTo^,  immersed].  A  trephine  so  shaped 
that  penetration  of  the  brain  is  impossible. 

Abarthrosis  {ab-ar-thro' -sis)  [ab^  from;  ar- 
throsis^ a  joint].  Same  as  Diartkrosis^  or 
Abarticulation. 

Abarticular  (ab-ar-tik^-uiar)  [ab^  from; 
articulus^  joint].  Not  connected  with  or  not 
situated  near  a  joint. 

Abarticulation  (abar'tiku-la^shun)  [ab^ 
from;  articulation  joint].  1.  Same  as  Di- 
arthrosis:  sometimes  also  a  synonym  of 
Synarthrosis.     2,  A  luxation. 

Abasia  (ah-ba^-u-ah)  [a  priv. ;  pdaig,  a 
step].  Motor  incoordmation  in  walking. 
Sae  Astasia. 

Abasic  (ah-ba^-sik)  [a  priv. ;  /?d<y/f,  a  step]. 
Pertaining  to.  or  aflfected  with,  abasia. 

Abattoir  {ah-bat-war^)  [Kr.].  A  slaughter- 
house or  establishment  for  the  killing  and 
dressing  of  animals. 

Abaxial  {ab  ak^-seal)  [ab,  from;  axis,  an 
axle].  Not  situated  m  the  line  of  the 
axis. 

Abba's  Catgut  Rings,  rings  composed  of 
eight  or  ten  turns  of  heavy  catgut  in  the  shape 


of  an  oval,  with  inside  diameter  of  two  inches, 
for  use  in  intestinal  anastomosis.  A.  Con- 
denser. See  lUuminaior,  Abbi.  A.  Illumi- 
nator.    See  Illuminator. 

Abdomen  (ab-do'-mm)  [abdere^  to  hide]. 
The  large  inferior  cavity  of  the  trunk,  ex- 
tending from  the  pelvic  cavity  to  the  dia- 
phragm, and  bounded  in  front  and  at  the 
sides  by  the  lower  ribs  and  abdominal  mus- 
cles, and  behind  by  the  vertebral  column, 
the  psoas  and  the-  quadratus  lumborum 
muscles.  It  is  artificially  divided  into  nine 
regions  by  two  circular  lines,  the  upper 
parallel  with  the  cartilages  of  the  ninth  ribs, 
the  lower  with  the  iliac  crests,  and  by  two 
lines  from  the  cartilages  of  the  eighth  rib  to 
the  center  of  Poupart's  ligament.  The 
regions  thus  formed  are,  a^ve,  the  right 
hypochondriac,  the  epigastric,  and  the  left 
hypochondriac ;  in  the  middle,  the  right  lum- 
bar, umbilical,  and  left  lumbar ;  and  below, 
the  right  inguinal,  the  hypogastric,  and  the 
left  inguinal.  A.,  Pendulous,  a  relaxed 
condition  of  the  abdominal  walls  in  which  the 
latter  hang  down  over  the  pubb. 

Abdominid  [ab-dom^ -in-al)  {abdere,  to  hide]. 
Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  the  abdomen. 
A.  Aneurysm.  See  Aneurysm.  A.  Aorta, 
the  part  of  the  aorta  below  the  diaphragm. 
A.  Aponeurosis.  See  Aponeurosis.  A. 
Bandage.  See  A.  Binder.  A.  Binder, 
a  broad  bandage  of  muslin  or  flannel  ap- 
plied to  the  alxlomen  for  making  pressure 
after  delivery  or  after  an  operation.  Some- 
times a  many- tailed  bandage  is  used.  A. 
Brain,  the  solar  plexus.  A.  Breathing.  See 
A.  Respiration.  A.  Compress,  a  form  of 
local  pack,  made  by  forming  folds  of  a  coarse 
linen  towel  of  sufficient  breadth  to  reach  from 
the  ensiform  cartilage  to  the  pubis ;  one  of  the 
folds  is  then  wrung  out  of  cold  water,  applied^ 


» 


ABDOMINO-ANTERIOR 

mad  the  remainder  is  rolled  around  the  body 
so  as  to  retain  it  in  position.  A.  Dropsy, 
ascites.  A.  Gestation.  See  Pregnancy^ 
Extra-uterine.  A.  Hysteria,  an  hysteric 
condition  simulating  peritonitis,  in  which  the 
abdomen  becomes  extremely  painful  to  the 
touchy  swollen,  and  distended  with  gas.  A. 
Line,  the  linea  alba.  A.  Muscles,  the 
internal  and  external  obltques,  the  trans- 
versalis,  rectus,  pyramidalis,  and  quadratus 
lumborum.  A.  Press.  See  Prelum  Abdo- 
minale.  A.  Reflex.  See  Pefiexes,  Table  of, 
A.  Regions.  See  Abdomen,  A.  Respira- 
tion, R.  carried  on  chiefly  by  the  diaphragm 
and  abdominal  muscles.  A.  Ring,  Ex- 
ternal, a  triangular  opening  in  the  iibers  of 
the  aponeurosis  of  the  external  oblique 
muscle  transmitting  the  spermatic  cord  of  the 
male  and  the  round  ligament  of  the  female. 
A.  Ring,  Internal,  an  oral  aperture  in  the 
fascia  transversalts  that  trammits  the  sper- 
matic cord  of  the  male  and  the  round  liga- 
ment of  the  female.  A.  Section.  See  Celi- 
otomy. A.  Surgery,  the  branch  of  surgery 
that  deals  with  the  lesions  of  the  abdom- 
inal ▼iscera  and  the  operations  performed 
upon  them  through  incisions  in  the  abdom- 
inal walls.     A.  Typhus,  Enteric  Fever. 

Abdomino-anterior  {ab-dom' -in-oante' -re- 
or).  Having  the  belly  forward  (used  of  the 
fetus  in  utero). 

Abdomino-genital  iab-dom'-inojen'it-al). 
Relating  to  the  abdomen  and  the  genitalia. 
A.  Nerve,  Inferior,  the  ilio-inguinal  nerve. 
A.  Nerve,  Superior,  the  iliohypogastric 
nerve. 

Abdomino-posterior  {ab-dom'-ino-pos-te'- 
re-or).  Having  the  l)elly  toward  the  mother's 
back  (used  of  Uie  fetus  in  utero). 

Abdomino-scrotal  {abdom'  in  oskro'  tal). 
Relating  to  the  abdomen  and  the  scrotum. 
A.  Muscle,  the  cremaster  muscle. 

Abdomino-thoracic  (abdcm' ■inotho-ras'' 
f>).     Relating  to  the  abdomen  and  thorax. 

^idoVDmO'yt^\C9\{abdom^  ino  ves'  ik-al). 
Relating  to  the  abdomen  and  the  urinary 
bladder.  A.  Pouch,  a  fold  of  the  perito- 
neum in  which  are  comprised  the  urachal 
fossae. 

Abducens  {ab-du'-sem)  [L.,  **  leading 
awav  *'].  A  term  applied  to  certain  muscles, 
or  their  nerves,  that  draw  the  related  part 
from  the  median  line  of  the  body.  Also, 
the  sixth  pair  of  nerves  supplying  the  exter- 
nal recti  of  the  eyes.  A.  oculi,  the  external 
rectus  muscle  of  the  eye. 

Abducent  [ab-du^-smi).     Abducting. 

Abduct  {abdukt')  \abducere\  To  draw 
away  from  the  median  line,  as  to  abduct  a 
limb. 

^ abduk' -shun)  \ab,  from ;  durere. 
The  withdrawal  of  a  part  from 


ABIETITE 

the  axis  of  the  body.  2.  The  recession  or 
separation  from  each  other  of  the  parts  of  a 
fractured  bone. 

Abductor  (abduk^tor).  Same  as  Abducens. 
A.  Auris.     See  AfuscleSy  Table  of. 

Aberrant  (ab-er^-ant)  [<?^,  from;  er rare,  to 
wander].  Deviating  from  the  normal  or 
regular  type,  in  appearance,  structure,  course, 
etc. ,  as  the  aberrant  duct  of  the  testis  or  liver, 
aberrant  arteries,  etc. 

Aberration  (ab-era^-sAun)  [ab,  from ;  errare, 
to  wander].  Deviation  irom  the  normal; 
mental  derangement ;  fetal  malformation  ; 
vicarious  menstruation ;  escape  of  the  fluids 
of  the  body  by  an  unnatural  cnannel.  In  op- 
tics, any  imperfection  of  focalization  or  re- 
fraction of  a  lens.  A.,  Chromatic,  the 
dispersion  arising  from  unequal  refraction  of 
light  of  diflerent  parts  of  the  spectrum.  The 
violet  rays,  being  more  refrangible  than  the 
red  ra3rs,  are  brought  to  a  focus  nearer  the 
lens,  and  the  image  is  surrounded  by  a  halo 
of  colors.  A.,  Mental,  a  degree  of  paranoia 
t^at  may  or  may  not  amount  to  insanity.  A., 
Spheric,  th^  excess  of  refraction  of  the  peri- 
pheral part  of  a  convex  lens  over  the  central 
part,  producing  an  imperfect  focus  and  a 
blurred  image. 

Abies  {ti^-bf-fz)  [L.].  A  genus  of  coniferous 
plants,  including  the  fir,  hemlock,  and  spruce. 
A.  balsamea.  Silver  Kir,  Balsam  Fir,  or  Halm 
of  Gilead,  a  tree  of  the  nat.  ord.  Conifera^ 
from  which  is  derived  the  Terebinthina 
Canadensis.  A.  canadensis.  Hemlock 
Spruce;  bark  of  the  Canadian  Fir-tree.  It 
is  used  as  an  astringent  in  various  local  and 
internal  conditions.  It  yields  Fix  Canaden- 
sis. A.  excelsa,  Norway  Spruce.  It  yields 
Fix  Burgundica.  A.  pectinata,  the  European 
Silver  Fir.  Its  buds  are  resinous,  balsamic, 
and  sudorific.  Unof.  A.  Preparations, 
Extractum  Abietis  Canadensis  Liquidum  (B. 
P.).  Dose  n\,xv-lx  (1-4).  Glycerinum 
Abietis  (B.  P.).  Dose  ij-ij  (4.0-8.0^. 
Geddes'  Fluid- Extract  of  liemlock  BaHc. 
Dose  n^v-x  (0.3-0.6). 

Abietene  [abi'etin)^  ^7^,^.  A  hydrocar- 
bon, obtained  from  the  Pinus  sabiniana^  a 
California  nut  pine.  It  is  an  aromatic,  vola- 
tile liquid,  agreeing  in  composition  with  nor- 
mal heptane.  It  is  extensively  used  as  a 
popular  remedy ;  called,  also,  Erasene.  Unof. 

Abietic,  Abietinic  [ab-i-et^-ik^  ab-i-etin'-ik) 
\^Abies\  Pertaining  to  the  genus  Abies,  as 
Abieiic  Acid,  C^^H^O.  or  CjoHj^^,.  occur- 
ring in  the  resin  of  Abies  excelsa  and  Larix 
europea. 

Abietin  {abi'-et  in)  [Abies'].  A  resinous 
principle  obtained  from  the  turpentine  of 
various  species  of  pine  and  fir.  A.  Anhy* 
drid,  C^^H^O^,  the  main  constituent  of  Pesin. 

Abietite  (ay-ieiU),  C^HjO,.     A  sugar  re- 


ABDOMINAL 


ABDOMINAL 


d 


DiMgnm  of  the  Course  mnd  Relations  of  the  Abdomiiuil  Aorta  and  Inferior  Vena  Cava.-'(^#/<f^it.) 


ABIOGENESIS 


ABRUS 


«embling  mannite,  found  in  the  needles  of  the 
European  Silver  Fir,  Abirs  ptctinata. 

Abiogenesis  {ab-t'O-jen'-es-is)  [a  priv.;  /?/<>c, 
life,  and  genesisX.  The  (theoretic)  produc- 
tion of  living  by  non-living  matter.  The 
older  term  was  Spontaneous  Gentration. 

Abirritant  (ab-ir'-U-anl)  \ab^  from ;  irritare^ 
to  irritate].  I.  Tending  to  diminish  irrita- 
tion; soothing.  2.  Relating  to  diminished 
sensitiveness.  3.  A  remedy  or  agent  that 
allajrs  irritation. 

Abiiritation  (ab-irit-a' -shun)  \ab^  from; 
irritare^  to  irritate].  Diminished  tissue- 
irritability  ;  atony  or  asthenia. 

Ablactation  (abiak-ta^'Shun)  [ab,  from; 
lactare^  to  give  suck].  The  weaning  of  a 
child.     The  end  of  the  suckling  period. 

Ablate  (ab-laie^)  [ab^  from;  latum ^  from 
ferret  to  bear] .     To  remove,  to  cut  off. 

Ablation  (ab-la'-shun)  [ab^  from;  latum, 
from  ferret  to  bear].  Kcmoval  of  a  part, 
as  a  tumor,  by  amputation,  excision,  etc 

Ablatio  retinae  (abla'-skeo  ret-in' -e).  De- 
tachment of  the  retina. 

Ablepharia  (ah-bUfa'-reah)  [a  priv.;  pTJk- 
^apovt  the  eyelid].  The  condition  of  the 
absence  of  the  eyelids. 

Ablepharon  (ahblef -aron)  [a  priv.;  /5Xi- 
^fMv,  the  eyelid] .     Absence  of  the  eyelids. 

AblepharouB  {aAblef-ar-us)  [a  priv.;  pXk- 
fapovt  the  eyelid].     Without  eyelids. 

Ablepsia  (ah-blep^-se-ah)  [a^Aryr/a,  without 
sight].  I.  Blindness.  2.  Dulness  of  per- 
ception. 

Abluent  (ay^lu-ent)  [abluere^  to  wash  away]. 
Detergent  That  which  cleanses  or  washes 
away. 

Ablution  (ab-lu'-shun)  [abluertt  to  wash 
away].  Washing  or  cleansing  the  body. 
Separation  of  chemic  impurities  by  washing. 

Abnormal  (ab-nor'-mal)  [^ab,  away  from; 
norma,  a  law].  Not  normal ;  not  conform- 
able with  nature  or  with  the  general  rule. 

Abnormality  (ab-nor-mat^-it-e)  [ab,  away 
from ;  norma,  a  law].  The  quality  of  being 
abnormal;  a  deformity  or  malformation. 

Abnormity  (a^-i»or'-w«/-/).  Same  as  .^^ii<^- 
mality. 

Abomasum  (ab-o-ma'-sum)  [ab,  away ;  oma- 
sum, paunchj.  The  reed  or  proper  digestive 
stomach  of  ruminatinj;  mammals.  Also 
called  "  fourth,**  or  "  true,"  stomach. 

Aboral  {ab-y-ral)  [ab,  away  from;  os,  the 
mouth].  Opposite  to,  or  remote  from,  the 
mouth. 

Abort  (ab-ort^)  \ab,  from ;  ortus,  from  oriri, 
to  grow].  I.  To  miscarry;  to  expel  the 
fetus  before  it  is  viable.  2.  To  prevent 
the  full  development,  as  of  a  disease.  3. 
To  come  short  of  full  development. 

Abortient  (ab-or'-skent)  [ab,  from;  oriri^ 
to  grow].     Abortive;  abortifadeot. 


Abortifacient  (ab'0r-te-fa'^hent\   \abortm: 

facere,  io  make].  I.  Causing  aoortion.  2. 
A  drug  or  agent  inducing  the  expulsion  of 
the  fetus. 

Abortion  (ab-or^-shun)  [abortus,  a  miscar- 
riage]. The  expulsion  of  the  ovum  before 
the  child  is  viable,  that  is,  occurring  any  time 
before  the  end  of  the  sixth  month.  By 
some  authors  expulsion  of  the  ovum  during 
the  Hrst  three  months  u  termed  abortion; 
from  this  time  to  viability  it  b  termed  imma- 
ture delivery,  or  miscarriage,  and  from  the 
period  of  viability  to  that  of  maturity,  prema- 
ture delivery.  A.,  Accidental.  See  A., 
Spontaneous.  A.,  Artificial,  that  produced 
intentionally.  A.,  Criminal,  when  not  de- 
manded for  therapeutic  reasons.  A.,  Habi- 
tual, repeated  A.  in  successive  pregnancies, 
usually  due  to  S3rphilis.  A.,  Incomplete, 
when  the  membranes  or  the  placenta  is  re- 
tained. A.,  Induced.  See  A.,  Artificiat, 
A.,  Inevitable,  when  the  embryo  or  fetus  is 
dead,  or  when  there  is  an  extensive  detach- 
ment or  rupture  of  the  ovum.  A.,  Misted, 
the  death  of  the  fetus  and  not  followed  within 
two  weeks  by  its  expulsion.  A.,  Sponta- 
neouB,  that  not  induced  by  artificial  means. 

Abortionist  (ab-or'-sAun-ist)  [abortus,  a 
miscarriage].  One  who  criminaHy  produces 
abortions;  especially  one  who  follows  the 
business  of  producing  abortions. 

Abortive  (ab-or'-tiv)  [abortus,  a  miscarriage]. 
Prematurely  bom;  coming  to  an  untimely 
end  ;  incompletely  develo^Ml ;  cutting  short 
the  course  of  a  disease ;  abortifacient 

Abortus  (ab-or'-tus)  [L.  ] .  An  aborted  fetus ; 
abortion. 

AbouUa  (ah-boy-le-ah).     See  Abulia. 

Aboulomania  (ah-boo  lo-ma'-ne-ah).  See 
Abulomania. 

Abrachia  (ah-bra'-ke-aM)  [a  priv. ;  PpaxitJV, 
arm] .     The  condition  of  an  armless  monster. 

Abrachiocephalia  (ah-bra-ke-o-sef-a'  -le-ak) 
[a  priv. ;  jipaxiuv,  ami ;  ice^aXfi,  head]. 
Absence  of  the  bead  and  arms. 

Abrachius  (ah-bra'-ke-us).  A  monster  with* 
out  arms.     See  Abrachia. 

Abrasio  (ab-ra'-u-o)  [I-J-  An  abrasion. 
A.  comec,  a  scraping  oH  of  the  superficial 
epithelium  of  the  cornea. 

Abrasion  (ab-ra'-sAun)  [ab,  from;  radere. 
to  rub].  The  rubbing  off  of  the  cutaneous 
or  mucous  surface  by  an  injury. 

Abrin  {a'-brin).  The  chemic  ferment  or 
poisonous  principle  of  jequirity.  It  has  been 
employed  in  the  study  of  immunity. 

Abrotanum  {ab-rot'-an-um)  [a3p6rovov,  an 
aromatic  plant].  The  plant  called  Soutbera 
Wood,  Artemisia  abrotanum. 

Abrus  (a'brus)  [a/?p6c,  pretty].  Jequirity ; 
Indian  Licorice.  The  seeds  of  A.  precatorius^ 
or  Wild  Licorice.     Its  properties  are  thought 


ABSCESS 

to  be  due  to  the  presence  of  certain  ferments. 
See  Abrin .  Infusions  applied  to  the  conjunc- 
tiva or  to  any  mucous  surface  induce  violent 
purulent  inflammation  with  growth  of  false 
membrane.  It  is  used  in  producing  artifi- 
cial conjunctivitis. 

Abtcesa  (ay-s€s)  [abscessuSj  a  departure  or 
separation].  A  localized  collection  of  pus 
surrounded  by  a  wall  of  Ijrmph.  According 
to  location,  abscesses  are  named  Dorsal^  Hiae, 
Mammary ^  tschio-rectal^  PerityphUtic^  Retro- 
pharyngeal.  Urethral,  etc.  A.,  Alveolar, 
at>scess  in  the  gum  or  alveolus.  A.,  Athero- 
matous, an  area  of  softening  in  the  wall  of  a 
vessel  the  result  of  sclerotic  endarteritis.  A., 
Bursal,  abscess  in  the  bursse.  A.,  Canali- 
cular, mammary  abscess  that  communicates 
with  a  milk  duct  A.,  Chronic,  or  Cold 
Abscess^  one  of  slow  and  apparently  non- in- 
flammatory development,  generally  about  a 
bone,  joint,  or  gland.  It  is  usually  tubercu- 
lous and  contains  cheesy  material.  A.,  Cold. 
See  A.  Chronie,  A.,  Congestive,  the  pus 
appears  at  a  point  distant  from  where  it  is 
ionned.  A.,  Embolic,  formed  at  the  seat 
of  a  septic  embolus.  A.,  Metastatic.  See 
A.  Emboiic.  A.,  Miliary,  a  small  embolic 
abscess.  A.,  Primary,  one  formed  at  the 
seat  of  pyogenic  infection.  A.,  Psoas, 
one  arising  from  disease  of  the  lumbar  or 
lower  dorsal  vertebrae,  the  pus  descending  in 
the  sheath  of  the  psoas  muscle,  and  usually 
pointing  beneath  roupart's  ligament.  A., 
Pyemic.  See  Pyemia.  A.,  Residual, 
one  formed  in  or  about  the  residues  of  former 
inflammation.  A.,  Tuberculous.  Same 
as  A, ,  Chronu. 

Abscissae  (ab-sis'-se)  [ab^  away ;  scindere^  to 
cut].  The  transverse  lines  cuttin'g  vertical 
ones  at  right  angles,  to  show  by  a  diagram 
the  relations  of  two  series  of  facts,  as,  e.  g. , 
the  number  of  |>ulse-beats,  or  the  temperature 
record  in  given  periods  of  time. 

Abscission  {ab-ush^-un)  [ab,  from ;  scindere, 
to  cut] .     Removal  of  a  part  by  cutting. 

Absinthe  (aysin/h).     See  Absinthium, 

Absintbin  (ab-sin^-thin)  [absinthium\  A 
bitter  crystalline  principle  obtainable  from 
wormwood.     .See  Absinthium. 

Absinthism  {ab-sinth'-itm).  A  disease  simi- 
lar to  alcoholism,  the  result  of  the  excessive 
us4*  of  absinthe.  It  is  characterized  by  gen- 
eral muscular  debility  and  mental  disturb- 
ances, that  may  proceed  to  convulsions, 
acute  mania,  or  general  paralysis. 

Absinthium  {ab-sinth'-e-um)  [L.].  Worm- 
wood. The  leaves  and  tops  of  Artemisia  ab- 
sinthium,  A.  contains  a  volatile  oil  and  an  in- 
tensely bitter  principle,  Absinthin^  C^Hj^O^* 
which  is  a  narcotic  poison.  A.  increases 
eardiac  action,  produces  tremor  and  epilepti- 
form convulsions.    Dose  gr.  xx-xl  (1.3-2.6), 


ACACIA 

in  infusion.  It  is  used  as  a  stomachic  tonifr 
Absinthe,  a  French  liquor,  is  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  the  oil  exhibited  with  oils  of  anise, 
marjoram,  and  other  aromatic  oils. 

Absinthol  (ab-sinth^ol),  C,oHi,0.  The  prin- 
cipal constituent  of  oil  of  wormwood;  it  is 
isomeric  with  ordinary  camphor. 

Absorb  (absorb^)  [ab,  from ;  sorbere,  to  suck 
up].  To  suck  up  or  imbibe ;  to  take  within 
one's  self. 

Absorbent  (ab-sor^-bent)  [absorbere,  to  suck 
in].  I.  Absorbing,  capable  of  absorbing. 
2.  An  organ  or  part  that  absorbs.  3.  A  term 
applied  to  the  Lacteais  and  Lymphatics, 
4.  In  materia  medica,  a  drug  or  medicine 
that  produces  absorption  of  diseased  tissue. 
A.  Glands.  See  Lymphatics,  A.  S3rstem, 
the  lacteais  and  lymphatics,  with  their  asso- 
ciated glands. 

Absorptiometer  {ab-sorp-te-om^-et-er)  [ab- 
sorption; fiirpav,  measure].  A  device  for 
measuring  the  thickness  of  the  layer  of  liquid 
that  is  taken  up  between  two  glass  plates  by 
capillary  attraction.  Used  in  conjunction 
with  a  spectro-photometer,  it  serves  as  a 
hematoscope. 

Absorption  (ab-sorp^-shun)  [absorbere,  to 
suck  in].  The  permeation  or  imbibition  of 
one  body  by  another.  A.  Lines  or  Bands, 
dark  lines  of  the  spectrum,  called  Fraun- 
hofer's  lines,  caused  by  the  arrest  orabsoip- 
tion  of  the  ethereal  waves  of  certain  lengths 
and  rapidities,  mainly  by  vapors  of  the  sun's 
atmosphere.  A.,  Interstitial,  the  removal 
by  the  absorbent  system  of  effete  matters. 

Absorptive  (absorp'-tiv)  [absorbere,  to  suck 
in].  Having  the  power  or  function  of  absorb- 
ing. 

Abstergent  {ab-ster^ -jent)  [abs,  from ;  tergere^ 
to  cleanse].  Cleansing,  detergent.  See 
Detergent. 

Abstersive  (ab-ster^-siv)  [abstersivus"].  Ab- 
stergent. 

Abstract  (ay-straht)  [abstrahere,  to  draw 
away].  In  pharmacy,  a  solid  preparation  in 
which  two  parts  of  the  drug  are  represented 
by  one  part  of  the  abstract  (which  is  com- 
pounded with  milk-sugar).  Abstracts  are 
double  the  strength  of  the  fluid  extracts. 

Abterminal  (ab-ter^-min-al)  [ab,itom;  ter- 
minus, end].  ,  Passing  from  tendinous  into 
muscular  tissue  (used  of  electric  currents). 

Abulia  [ahbu'-le-ah)  [a  priv. ;  /SovAi^,  will]. 
Loss  or  defect  of  will-power. 

Abulic  (ah-bu'-lik)  [a  priv.;  /3<w^,  will]. 
Characterized  by  or  affected  with  abulia. 

Abuloroania  (ah-bu-io-ma'-ne-ah)  [a  priv. ; 
^ifvTJj,  will ;  fiavla,  madness].  A  disease  of 
the  mind  characterized  by  imperfect  or  lost 
will-power. 

Acacia  {ahka^-she-ah)  [L.].  I.  A  large 
genus    of   leguminous    trees,    shrubs,   anid 


<j 


¥ 


ACALYPHA 

herbs,  many  of  them  AustraliaQ  or  Africmn. 
A  number  of  the  species  are  medicinal,  and 
some  are  poisonous.  The  bark  is  usually 
very  astringent.  Gum  arabic  is  produced  by 
various  species.  2.  A.  anthelminticm.  See 
Afussanin,  A.  catechu.  See  Catechu.  A. 
lebbek,  A.  nilotua,  A.  vera,  and  A.  vereJk,  are 
among  the  species  that  furnish  gum  arabic. 
3.  Gum  Arabic.  A  nearly  white,  transparent 
gum,  exuding  from  Acacia  Senegal.  Soluble 
in  water.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
mucilage,  and  contains  Arahin,  CjiH^On, 
identical  in  composition  with  cane  sugar.  A., 
MuciUgo,  acacia  34,  water,  to  make  100 
parts ;  incompatible  with  alcoholic  tinctures. 
A.,  Syrup.,  mucilage  25,  syrup,  simp.  75 .  It 
is  used  in  rarious  mixtures  as  a  demulcent 
and  to  suspend  insoluble  powders. 

Acalypha  {ah-kai'-if-ah)  [oxaAv^c*  un- 
reiled].  A  genus  of  euphorbiaceous  plants. 
A.,  Ext.  Liq.  Dose  n\,  x-gj  (0.6-4.0).  A. 
fruticosa,  of  India,  is  useful  in  dyspepsia  and 
diarrhea,  and  is  tonic  and  alterant.*  A.  hisfida 
has  similar  uses.  A,  indica,  a  euphorbiace- 
ous plant,  common  in  India.  The  leaves  are 
expectorant,  emetic,  laxative.  A.,  Succut. 
Dose  for  an  infant  5J  (4.0).  Unof.  A.  vtr- 
ginica,  of  North  America,  is  diuretic  and  ex- 
pectorant. 

Acanthia  lectularia  (ahan^-the-ah  lekchu- 
la'-re-ah)  [L.].     The  common  bedbug. 

Acanthial  (akan^-the-ai)  [atUkvetov,  a  little 
thorn] .     Pertaining  to  the  acanthion. 

Acantnion  {ak-an'-the-on)  [oKavBtov,  a  little 
thorn].  A  point  at  the  base  of  the  nasal 
spine. 

Acanthoma  {ak-an-tho^-mak)  [AimivAi,  a 
spine].  A  localized  excessive  growth  in  any 
part  of  the  prickle-cell  layer  of  the  skin. 

Acanthosis  (ak-an-thi/'sis)  [hxavSa,  thorn]. 
Any  skin  disease  marked  by  abnormalities  in 
the  prickle-cell  layer.  A.  nigricans,  a  gen- 
eral pigmentation  of  the  skin,  with  papillary, 
mole-like  growths ;  a  rare  condition. 

Acardim  (ah-kar^-de-ah)  [a  priv. ;  napdia, 
heart].     Congenital  absence  of  the  heart. 

\cariasis  {ak-ar-i'-as-is)  [a  priv.;  tceipetv,  to 
cut].    See  Mange. 

Acarid,  Acaridan  (aJ^arid,  akar^idan) 
[atutp^y  small,  tiny].     Pertaining  to  Acarus. 

Acarinosis  (ak-arin-y-sts)  [acarus,  a  mite]. 
Any  disease,  as  the  itch,  produced  by  a  mite, 
or  acarid. 

Acarodermatitis  {aJk-ar-o-  der  •  mat  - 1'-  tis\ 
[acarus,  a  mite;  dermatitis'].  Dermatitis 
caused  by  acari,  or  mites. 

Acaroid  (ak^ar-oid )  [Acams,  a  mite].  Mite- 
like. A.  Qum,  Botany  Bay  Gum;  Resina 
Itttea.  An  aromatic  resin  used  in  Australia 
as  a  remedy  for  gastric  troubles,  intestinal 
catarrhs,  diarrheas,  etc.  Dose  grs.  viij-xvj, 
(0.5-1.0),  in  alcoholic  solution.     Unof.     A. 


ACCOMMODATION 

Resin^  Black  Boy  Gum.  The  resin  of  vari- 
ous species  of  Xantkorrkea.  Benzoic  acid  is 
prepared  from  it,  and  it  is  said  to  have  the 
properties  of  storax,  and  balsam  of  Peru. 

Acarus  {ak^-ar-us)  [d  priv.;  luipeiv,  to  cut 
(because  so  small)].  I1ie  mite,  or  tick,  a 
parasite  of  man  and  animals. 

Acataphmsia  (ak-kat-a/a^-te-ak)  [d  priv. ; 
Kord,  after;  ^dotf,  utterance].  A  disorder 
in  the  syntactical  arrangement  of  uttered 
speech,  due  to  some  central  lesion. 

Acathectic  {ak-ak-tkek^-tik)  [dico^ficrdc,  unre 
tained].  A  term  applied  by  Liebermeister, 
to  that  form  of  icterus  caused  by  pathologic 
changes  in  the  liver  cells  through  which  they 
become  unable  to  retain  their  secretion. 

Acaudal,  Acaudate  (ak-kanZ-da/,  cUi-kau/' 
ddt)  [d  priv.;   Cauda,  a  tail].     Tailless. 

Acceleration  (ak-seler-a^-skun)  [accelerare, 
to  hasten].  Quickening,  as  of  the  rate  of 
the  pulse,  or  of  the  respiration. 

Accelerator  {ak-iel' -er-ator)  [L.].  That 
which  accelerates.  A.  Nerves,  nerves  passing 
from  the  medulla  to  the  heart  and  conducting 
stimuli  that  cause  acceleration  of  the  heart's 
action.  A.  Urinse,  a  muscle  of  the  penis  the 
function  of  which  is  to  expel  the  last  drops  in 
urination,  to  expel  the  semen,  and  to  assist 
erection.  The  sphincter  vaginse  is  iti 
analogue  in  the  female. 

Accentuation  (aksentu-a^-skun)  [accentu- 
are].     Increased  loudness  or  distinctness. 

Accessory  {ak'-ses-ore,  or  ak-ses'-o-re)  [ac- 
cessorius] .  A  term  applied  to  certain  glands, 
muscles,  ducts,  nerves,  arteries,  etc.,  that 
are  auxiliary  in  function,  course,  etc.,  to  the 

f>rincipal.  Certain  small  muscles,  as  the 
umbncales,  are  regarded  as  accessory  to 
more  important  muscles. 

Accidental  (ak-se-dent^al)  [accidentalis]. 
I.  Due  to,  or  caused  by,  an  accident.  2. 
Intercurrent ;  having  no  essential  connection 
with  other  conditions  or  symptoms. 

Accipiter  (ak-sif/'iter)  [L.,  a  hawk].  A 
facial  bandage  with  tails  radiating  like  the 
claws  of  a  hawk. 

Acclimatation,  Acclimation,  Acclimatiz- 
ation (akkii-mat-a^'skun,  ak- Urn  a' shun, 
ak-kii-maiiz-a'-shun)  [ad,  to;  clima,  cli- 
mate]. The  process  of  becoming  accus- 
tomed to  the  climate,  soil,  water,  etc.,  of  a 
country  to  which  a  plant,  animal,  person,  or 
a  people  has  removed. 

Accommodation  {akom-oda'  shun)  [accom- 
modare,  to  adjust].  Adaptation  or  adjust- 
ment, particularly  the  adjustment  of  the  eye  for 
different  distances.  A.,  Absolute,  the  ac- 
commodation of  cither  eye  separately.  A., 
Histologic,  the  occurrence  of  changes  in  the 
morphology  and  function  of  cells  following 
changed  conditions.  A. ,  Negative,  th^  con- 
dition of  the  eye  at  rest    A.  of  the  Eye,  that 


ACCOUCHEMENT 

fonction  of  the  ciliary  muscle  and  lens 
whereby  objects  at  different  distances  are 
clearly  seen.  It  depends  upon  the  inherent 
elasticity  of  the  lens,  which  when  the  ciliary 
muscle  of  an  emmetropic  eye  is  at  rest,  is 
adapted  to  the  proper  focalization  of  theoret- 
ically parallel  rays  of  light.  Objects  nearer, 
to  be  clearly  seen,  require  a  greater  refracting 
power  on  the  part  of  the  eye  because  the 
rays  from  such  objects  are  more  divergent. 
This  additional  refracting  power  is  gained  by 
an  increased  an tero* posterior  diameter  of  the 
lens,  brought  about  by  the  contraction  of  the 
ciliary  muscle,  which  occasions  a  loosening 
of  the  suspensory  ligament  and  a  thicken- 
ing of  the  lens  by  its  own  elasticity.  A. 
Pbosphenes,  the  peripheral  light-streak 
seen  in  the  dark  after  the  act  of  accommoda- 
tion. A.,  Range  of,  the  distance  between 
the  nearest  point  of  distinct  vision,  and  the 
most  distant  point. 

Accouchement  (aJkJkoosA-manig^)  [Fr.]. 
The  French  term  for  childbirth.  A.  Fore  J, 
rapid  and  forcible  delivery  with  the  hand. 

Accoucheur  (aJk-Jkoo-sAur^  [Fr.].  A  male 
midwife. 

Accoucheuse  {aJk-Aoo-sAu{r)z^)  [Fr.].  A 
female  midwife. 

Accretion  {ak-re^-shun)  [ad,  to ;  crescere,  to 
increase].  A  term  denoting  the  manner  by 
which  crystalline  and  certain  organic  forms 
increase  their  material  substance.  Also,  the 
adherence   of  parts  normally  separate. 

Accumulator  {aA-u'-mu-la-tor)  [tucumu- 
tare,  to  heap  up].  An  apparatus  to  store 
electricity. 

A.  C.  E.  Mixture.  An  anesthetic  mixture 
composed  of  alcohol  I  part,  chloroform  2 
parts,  ether  3  parts.     See  Antithetic, 

Acentric  {ah'Sen'-trik)  [a  priv. ;  Kivrpov, 
center].  Not  eccentric  ;  not  originating  in, 
or  pertaining  to,  a  nerve  center ;  peripheric. 

Acephalia  (ah  tef-a' -le-ak)  [a  priv.  ;  Ki^TJi, 
head].     The  absence  of  the  head. 

Acephalism  {ah-sef  -al-izm)  [a  priv  ;  KJt^akfi^ 
head].     See  Acephalia. 

Acephalobrachia  (ahscfai-o-bra^kc-ah)  [d 
priv. ;  icr^aX^,  head  ;  ^pa^ifju,  arm].  Ab- 
sence of  the  head  and  arms. 

Acephalobrachius  (ah-sef-ai-o-bra^-ke-us) 
[a;  Kx^a>Jf\  ppaxiuv\,  A  monster  with 
neither  head  nor  arms. 

Acephalocardia  {ah'Sef-al-okar^'dc-ah^  [d 
priv.  ;  JCf^oAif ,  head ;  Mtpdla,  heart].  Absence 
of  the  head  and  heart.  ^ 

Acephalocardtus  {ahse/a/'O-kar^de-us)  [a ; 
Kji^A^;  Kapdia],  A.  monster  with  neither 
head  nor  heart. 

Acephalochiria  {ah-sef-al-o-ki'  -re-ah)  [d 
prfv. ;  ftr^a>^.  head;  ;rWp,  hand].  Absence 
of  the  head  and  hands. 

Acephalocbtms    {ah'se/-al-(hki''rus)     [see 


ACETAL 

AcepkaUchiria\  A  monster  with  neithet 
head  nor  hands. 

Acephalocyst  {ak-sef^ -ai-o-sist)  fd  priv. ; 
KEipaTJj,  head ;  KMrri^^  a  bladder].  The  blad- 
der-worm. A  headless,  sterile  hydatid, 
found  in  the  liver  and  other  organs.  A. 
racemosa,  the  hydatid  mole  of  the  uterus. 

Acephalogaster  {ak-sef-ai-o-gas' -ter)  [tuu^ 
oAdf,  headless;  >a<m^p,  belly].  A  monster 
with  neither  head  nor  stomach. 

Acephalogasteria  (ah'se/al-ogas-ty-re-ak) . 
Absence  of  the  head  and  stomach.  See 
Acephalogaster. 

Acephalopodia  {ah-sef-ai-o-po' -de-ah)  [a 
priv.  ;  K€^?^,  head ;  iroi»f,  foot].  Absence 
of  the  head  and  feet. 

Acephalopodius  {ak-sef-a/'O-piZ-de-us),  A 
monster  with  neither  nead  nor  feet.  See 
Acepkalopodia. 

Acephalorrhachia  (ak-sef-al-or-a^-ke-ak)  [d 
priv.  ;  Kt^'kfj,  head  ;  M;r*c»  spine].  Absence 
of  the  head  and  vertebral  column. 

Acephalostomia  {ak-se/-ai'0-st(/ -me-ak)  [d 
priv.  ;  Kt^yJi,  head  ;  (rrdfia,  mouth].  Ab- 
sence of  the  head,  with  a  mouth -like  opening 
on  the  superior  aspect. 

AcephalostomuB  {ak-se/at-os^to-mus)  [d 
priv.  ;  Keipa>.i} ;  ffrd//a].  A  monster  without 
a  head,  but  with  a  mouth-like  aperture. 

Acephalous  {ak-sef -al-us)  [dxe^oA^,  head- 
less].    Headless. 

Acephalus  {ak-sef-al-us)  [d  priv. ;  Kt^akfft 
head].  I.  A  species  of  omphalositic  mon- 
sters characterized  by  complete  absence  of 
the  head  and  usually  of  the  upper  extremi- 
ties. It  is  the  commonest  condition  among  the 
omphalosites.  2.  A  variety  of  the  foregoing 
species  marked  by  the  highest  form  of  de- 
velopment. The  head  is  absent,  but  there 
is  at  least  one  superior  extremity,  and  the 
thorax  is  generally  fairly  well -developed. 

Acervulus,  or  Acervulus  cerebri  (as-er^- 
vu-ius  sei^-c-bri) .  Concretionary  matter  near 
the  base  of  the  pineal  gland,  consisting  of 
alkaline  phosphates  and  carbonates,  with 
amyloid  matter ;  brain -sand. 

Acescence  {ases^-ens)  [acescere,  to  grov. 
sour].  I.  The  process  of  becoming  sour ; 
the  quality  of  being  somewhat  sour.  2.  A 
disease  of  wines,  whereby  they  become  sour 
owing  to  the  agency  of  Mycoderma  aceti. 

Acetabular  {as-et-ab' -u-lar)  [acetabulum, 
a  cup].     Pertaining  to  the  acetabulum. 

Acetabulum  (as  -  et  -  ab'-  u  -  lum)  [acetabu- 
lum, a  small  cup].  A  cup -shaped  depres- 
sion on  the  outer  aspect  of  the  innominate 
bone  for  the  reception  of  the  head  of  the  femur. 

Acetal  (as^'et'al)[acetum,y\TitgAT\  C,H,^0-. 
Ethidene  diethylate,  a  colorless,  liquid,  with 
an  ethereal  odor,  produced  by  the  imperfect 
oxidation  of  alcohol  under  the  influence  of 
platinimi  black.     It  is  sparingly  soluble  i*" 


1 


» 


ACETALDEHYD 

water;  boils  at  104^ C. ;  sp. gr.  at  20^  is  o. 8304. 
Its  action  is  that  of  a  soporiHc.  Dose  5  j  (4  o) . 

Acetaldehyd  {as-et-al'-de-hld).  The  normal 
aldehyd  ;  ethaldehyd.     See  Aldehyd. 

Acetamid  {as-et^amU ) ,  C,  I  I^NO.  A  while 
crystalline  solid  produced  by  distilling  am- 
monium acetate,  or  l>y  heating  ethyl  acetate 
with  strong  aqueous  ammonia.  It  combines 
with  both  acids  and  metals  to  form  unstable 
compounds. 

Acetanilid  (as-etan^'iMii),  CgH^NO.  Phe- 
nylacetamid.  A  white,  crystalline  solid, 
produced  by  boiling  anilin  and  glacial  acetic 
acid  together  for  several  hours,  the  crystal- 
line mass  being  then  distilled.  It  melts  at 
1 14**  and  boils  at  295**.  It  is  soluble  in  hot 
water,  alcohol,  and  ether.  Under  the  name 
antifehrin  it  is  prescribed  as  an  antip3rretic. 
Dose  gr.  ij-x  (0.13-0.65),  not  exceeding 
gr.  XXX  (2.0)  in  the  24  hours. 

Acetate  (as^-ei-M)  [iuetum,  vinegar].  Any 
salt  of  acetic  acid. 

Acetic  (tts-e'-iik)  [acetum^  vinegar].  Per- 
taining to  acftum  or  vinegar;  sour.  See 
Add,  Acetic,  A.  Fermentation,  the  devel- 
opment of  acetic  acid  by  the  activity  of  the 
Mycoderma  aceti, 

Acetin  (as^-et-in)  [acftum,  vinegar],  CjHj- 
(C,H,0,),.  A  chemic  compound  formed  by 
the  union  of  glycerol  and  acetic  acid. 

Aceto-acetic  Acid.     See  Acid,  Diacetic. 

Acetometer  {as-et-om'-et-er)  \acetum,  vine- 
gar; fikrpov,  measure].  An  instrument  used 
m  the  quantitive  determination  of  acetic  acid. 

Acetone  (aj^-/'/-d»)r/ir^/w«, vinegar],  C,H,0. 
Dimethyl  ketone.  A  colorless,  mobile  liquid, 
of  peculiar  odor  and  burning  taste,  present 
in  crude  wood-spirit ;  it  occurs  in  small 
quantities  in  the  blood  and  in  normal  urine, 
and  in  considerable  quantities  at  times  in  the 
urine  of  diabetic  patients.  It  is  miscible 
with  ether,  alcohol,  and  water. 

Acetonemia  {as-et-ont^'me-ah)  [acetone; 
aifia,  blood].  The  presence  of  acetone  in 
the  blood. 

Acetones  (as'-et-dnt),  A  class  of  compounds 
that  may  be  regarded  as  consisting  of  two 
alcoholic  radicals  united  by  the  group  CO, 
or  as  aldehyds  in  which  hydrogen  of  the 
group  COH  has  been  replaced  by  an  alco- 
holic radicle. 

Acetonitril  (os-ei-o-ni^'tHl),  CH,CN. 
Methyl  cyanid.     It  is  a  colorless  liquid. 

Acetono-resorcin.  A  combination  of  two 
molecules  of  resorcin  and  one  molecule  of 
acetone,  obtained  by  heating  together  15  gm. 
resorcin,  loo  gm.  acetone,  and  50  gro.  con- 
centrated hydrochloric  acid.  It  appears  as 
small,  anhydrous,  prismatic  crystals,  insolu- 
ble in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  or  chloroform, 
tnit  readily  soluble  in  alkalies. 

Acetonuria  {as-et-dHu^reah)  [acetme;  ov- 


ACHEIROUS 

pov,  urine],  llie  presence  of  acetone  in  the 
urine. 

Acetopbenone  Uu  -et-o  -fe^  •  ndn) ,  C,Hj. 
(CO) (CI  I3).  ♦*  Hypnone ;  "  an  hypnotic  and 
antiseptic.  It  results  from  the  action  of  zinc 
methyl  u})on  benzoyl  chlorid  and  crystallizes 
in  large  plates,  melts  at  20.5**,  and  boils  at 
202°.  it  is  without  satisfactory  action. 
Dose  IT\,iv-xv  (0.26-1.0). 

Acetous  (tise^-tus)  [acetum,  vinegar].  Re- 
sembling vinegar ;  pertaining  to,  or  charged 
with  vinegar  or  acetic  acid. 

Acetphenetidin  (tts-et-fe-net^-id-in).  Sec 
Phenacetin. 

Acet-toluide  (asettoi'-ued),  C,H,NH.- 
C^HjO.  Aceto-orthotoluide.  An  antipy- 
retic resembling  acetanilid.  •  The  dose  is  not 
accurately  determined. 

Acetum  {,as'e'-tum)[gen.t  Aceti : pi. ,  Aceta\. 
[L.l.  Vinegar.  An  impure,  dilute  aceuc 
acid  produced  by  acetous  fermentation  of 
wine,  cider,  or  other  fruit-juice.  In  phar- 
macy, a  solution  of  the  active  principles 
of  certain  drugs  in  dilute  acetic  acid. 
A.  aromaticum  ( N.  F.  )  [  **  aromatic 
vinegar**],  a  mixture  of  alcohol,  water,  and 
acetic  acid,  aromatized  with  the  oils  of 
rosemary,  lavender,  juniper,  peppermint, 
cassia,  lemon,  and  cloves.  A.  bntannicum, 
an  aromatic  vinegar  consisting  of  glacial 
acetic  acid  600.0,  camphor  60.0,  oil  of  cloves 
2.0,  oil  of  cinnamon  i.o,  oil  of  lavender  0.5. 

Acetyl  [as'-etH)  [acetum,  vinegar],  C^HjO. 
A  univalent  radicle  supposed  to  exist  in  acetic 
add  and  its  derivatives.  Aldehyd  may  be 
regarded  as  the  hydrid  and  acetic  acid  as  the 
hydrate,  of  acetyl.  A.  Chlorid,  CjH^OCI, 
a  colorless  liquid,  used  as  a  reagent.  A. 
Perozid,  (C,H,0),0,,  a  thick  liquid,  insol- 
uble in  water,  but  reaidily  dissolved  by  ether 
and  alcohol.  It  is  a  powerful  oxidizing 
agent.  It  is  decomposed  in  sunlight  and 
explodes  violently  when  heated. 

Acetylene  {as-eP-il-en)  [acetum,  vinegar], 
C,H,.  A  colorless  gas,  with  a  characteristic, 
unpleasant  odor,  burning  with  a  luminous, 
smoky  flame.  It  is  formed  by  the  imperfect 
combustion  of  illuminating  gas  and  other 
hydrocarbons.  The  acetylene  series  of  hy- 
drocarbons has  the  general  formula,  CoH.q.,. 

Acetylphenylhydrazin  (aset-il-fenilhi' - 
dratin),  CjH.N,H,C,H,0.      See  Pyrodin. 

Ache  {ak)  [A.S.,  acan,  to  ache].  Any 
continuous  or  throbbing  pain. 

Acheilia  {ah-ki^-le-ak)  [a  priv. ;  x'*^-^t  * 
lip].     Th^  congenital  absence  of  lips. 

Acheilous  (ah-ki^-lus)  [a  priv.  ;  x^'^^^*  ^ 
lip].     Without  lips. 

Acheiria  {ahki^-re-ah)  fd  priv. ;  x^'^P*  • 
hand].     The  congenital  absence  of  hands. 

Acheirous  {akki'rus)  [a  priv.  ;  x'^Pt  ■ 
hand].     Affected  with  acheina. 


ACHILIA 

Achilia  (ah-W-U-ak).     See  Acheilia, 

AchilltaL(aJk'i7'y-aA)[AcAt7les,  its  reputed  dis- 
coverer]. Milfoil,  Yarrow.  TheherhA.mt7/f- 

folium.  Its  properties  are  due  to  a  bitter,  aro- 
matic, astringent,  tonic  extractive,  achilUin^ 
and  a  volatile  oil.  It  has  long  been  used  as 
a  vulnerary,  and  has  been  highly  recom- 
mended for  intermittent  and  low  exan- 
themat  his  fevers.  Dose  ,5  i-Oj,  infusion  ad 
lib.;  cf  the  extractive,  3J-iij  (3.0-12.0); 
of  the  %olatile  oil,  gtt.  v-xv  (0.3-1.0).  Unof. 
To  the  genus  Achillea  belong  various  other 
unofficial  medicinal  plants,  as  A.  moschata, 
of  the  Alps,  used  in  preparing  cordials  and  a 
diaphoretic  medicine,  and  A.  ptarmica,  or 
sneezewort,  ?  strong  sialagogue. 

Achillein  (ak-il^-f-in).  An  extractive  from 
Achillea  miilifolium. 

Achilles  Tendon  {ak-il'-H  ten^don).  The 
tendon  of  the  gastrocnemius  and  soleus  mus- 
cles, inserted  into  the  back  of  the  heel. 

Achillodynia  (ak-il-odin^-e-ah)  [Achilles; 
b^i-vT/,  pain].  Pain  referred  to  the  insertion 
of  the  tendo  Achillis. 

Achlorhydria  (a-hlor-hi^-dri-a)  [a  priv.  ; 
;t /4j^f ,  green ;  Mup,  water] .    Absence  of  free 


hydrochloric  acid  from  the  gastric  juice. 

Achloropsia  {ah-klo-rof/ -se-ah)  [a  priv.  ; 
4f^pof,  green  ;  6^'^$",  vision].  Green-blind- 
ness. 

Acholia  (ahkcZ-le-ah)  [a  priv.  ;  x^^*  bile]. 
Absence  of  biliary  secretion. 

Achorion  (a-hy-re-on)  [d\m.o(  &x<^Pf  chaff]. 
A  genus  of  fungous  organisms  including 
several  species  (possibly  modified  forms  of 
Penicillium  glaucum)^  found  in  the  skin, 
especially  the  hair  follicles.  A.  kerato- 
phagus,  the  form  causing  Onychomycosis. 
A.  lebertii,  the  parasite  of  Tinea  tonsurans. 
A.  Schdnleinii,  the  species  occurring  in 
ringworm,  or  Tinea  favosa. 

Achroma  [ah-kro'-mah)  [a  priv.  ;  xP^t^* 
color].  Absence  of  color.  A.,  Congeni- 
tal. See  Albinism.  A.  Cutis.  See  Leu- 
koderma. 

Achromatic  {ah-kro-mat'-ik)  [d  priv.  ; 
XP^fio,  color].  Without  color.  A.  Lens, 
one  the  dispersing  power  of  which  is  exactly 
neutralized  by  another  lens  with  the  same 
curvature  but  having  a  different  refractive 
index. 

Achromatin  (ah-kro^ -mat-in)  [a  priv.  ; 
Xp^uCf  color].  The  groundwork  of  the 
nucleus  of  a  cell ;  it  is  so  called 
because  it  is  not  readily  stained  by  coloring 
agents. 

Achromatism  {ah-kro^-mat-i%m)  [a  priv. ; 
XP^f^t  color].  Absence  of  chromatic  aber- 
ration. 

Achromatopsia  (ah-kro-mat-op^ -se-ah)  [d 
priv.  ;  xp*^f^^*  color ;  *V^,  eyesight].  Color- 
hUiidfiesf;  Daltonitm. 


ACID 

Achromatosis  (ah-kro-mat-f/ -sis)  [d  priv. ; 
Xpi^t^o-t  color].  Any  disease  characterized 
by  deficiency  of  pigmentation  in  the  integu- 
mentary tissues. 

Achromia  {ah-kro^-meah)  [a  priv.  ;  xP^f^^t 
color].     Albinism;  achroma. 

Achromodermia  {ah-kro-mo-der^ -me-ah)  [d 
priv.  ;  XP^M^*  color ;  depfta^  skin].  An  al- 
binotic,  or  colorless  state  of  the  skin. 

Achromotrichia  {ah-kromo-trik* -eah)  [A 
priv.;  xp^^t  color;  ^/)/f,  hair].  Absence 
of  pigment  from  the  hair. 

Achroodextrin  (ah-kroodeks^-trin)  [axpooq, 
colorless;  dexter^  right].  A  reducing  dex- 
trin formed  by  the  action  of  the  diastatic  fer- 
ment of  saliva  upon  starch.  It  is  a  modifica- 
tion of  dextrin  and  may  be  precipitated  by 
alcohol;  it  is  not  converted  into  sugar  by 
ptyalin,  nor  colored  by  iodin. 

Achylia  (ah-ki^ -le-ah)  [d  priv. ;  ;fv^,  juice]. 
Absence  of  chyle. 

Achylosis  (ah-kilo^-sis).     9*yn.  of  Achylia. 

Achylous  (ah-ki^-lus)  [d  priv.;  ;tv^<if»  juice]. 
Deficient  in  chyle. 

Achymosis  {ah-ki-mo'-sis)  [a  priv. ;  xVf^% 
chyme].     Deficient  formation  of  chyme. 

Acicular  (as-ijy -u-lar)  [acus^  a  needle]. 
Needle-like. 

Acid  (as' -id)  [acere,  to  be  sour].  I.  A 
name  applied  to  any  substance  having  a 
sour  taste.  2.  A  compound  of  an  electro^ 
negative  element  with  one  or  more  atoms 
of  hydrogen  which  can  be  replaced  by  elec- 
tro-positive or  basic  atoms.  The  majority 
of  acids  contain  oxygen,  and  are  known  as 
oxyacids ;  those  not  containing  oxygen  are 
termed  hydrogen  acids.  Acids  vary  in  their 
terminations  according  to  the  quantity  of 
oxygen  or  other  electro- negative  constituent. 
Those  having  the  maximum  of  oxygen  end 
in  -ic ;  those  of  a  lower  degree  in  -otis. 
When  there  are  more  than  two  combinations 
the  preposition  hyper-  is  prefixed  to  the  high- 
est, and  hypo-  to  the  lowest.  Acids  that  end 
in  -fV,  as  sulphunV  acid,  form  salts  terminat- 
ing in  'ate;  those  ending  in  -ous  form  salts 
terminating  in  -ite.  A.,  Abietic.  See 
Abietic.  A.,  Abric,  C„H„N,0,  a  crystal- 
lizable  acid,  said  to  exist  in  jequirity.  A., 
Acetic,  an  acid  solution  composed  of  36 
parts  of  absolute  acetic  acid,  C^H^O,,  and  64 
parts  of  water.  It  has  strongly  acid  proper- 
ties. A.,  Acetic,  Dilute,  contains  six  per 
cent,  of  absolute  acid.  Dose  5  i-ij  (4.0-8.0). 
An  impure  form  obtained  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  wood  is  known  as  wood  vine- 
gar, or  pyroligneous  acid.  A.,  Acetic,  Gla- 
cial, the  absolute  acid  occurring  in  crystals 
melting  at  22.5®  C.  It  is  an  escharotic.  A., 
Aconitic,  C,HgO^,  occurs  in  different  plants, 
as  Aconitum  napellus,  sugar  cane,  and  beet- 
roots.    It  crystallizes  in  small  plates,  that 


^ 


I 


ACID 

dissolve  readily  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  water, 
and  melt  at  i86®-7<*.  A.,  Adipic,  C^H^O., 
obtained  by  oxidizing  fats  with  nitric  acid.  It 
crystallizes  in  shining  leaflets,  or  prisms  ;  is 
soluble  in  thirteen  parts  of  cold  water ;  melts 
at  148^.  It  is  dibasic.  A.,  Agaric  or 
Agaricic,  C,fH,o05  4-  H,0,  a  resin  acid 
obtained  from  the  fungus  Polyporns  officinalis, 
growing  on  larch  trees.  The  acid  has  been 
recommended  for  the  checking  of  night- 
sweats.  It  also  checks  the  other  excretions 
and  diminishes  thirst.  It  is  mildly  cathartic. 
Unof.  A.,  Aldepalmittc,  C^HipO,,  the 
chief  component  of  the  butter  of  the  cow. 
A.,  Allozanic,  QH^N^O^,  a  crystalline 
acid,  obtained  by  treating  alloxan  with 
alkalies.  A..  Amido-acetic.  See  Glycin. 
A.,  Amido-benzoic,  C^ H,NO.,  occasionally 
found  in  the  urine.  A.,  Amido-succina- 
mic,  same  as  Asparagin,  A.,  Angelic, 
CjH/),,  a  crystalline  monobasic  acid.  It 
exists  free  along  with  valeric  and  acetic  acids 
in  the  roots  of  Angelica  archcmgelica,  and  as 
butyl  and  amyl  esters  in  Roman  oil  of  cumin. 
It  crystallizes  in  shining  prisms,  melts  at  45°, 
and  boils  at  185°.  It  has  a  peculiar  smell 
and  taste.  A.,  Anisic,  CgH,0,,  obtained  by 
oxidizing  anisol  and  anethol  with  HNO,, 
and  from  aniseed  by  the  action  of  oxidizing 
substances.  A.,  Anticylic,  a  white,  fragrant 
powder  with  pleasant,  acid  taste,  readily 
soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and  glycerol ;  it  is 
used  as  an  antipyretic .  Dose  gr.  j fy  ( .  0006) . 
A.,  Arabic.  See  Arabin.  A.,  Aromatic,  a 
name  applied  to  certain  organic  acids  occur- 
ring in  the  balsams,  resins,  and  other  odori- 
ferous principles.  Also,  in  pharmacy,  a 
dilute  mineral  acid  reinforced  by  aromatic 
substances  in  order  to  modify  its  flavor.  A., 
Arsenic,  and  Arsenous.  See  Arsenic.  A., 
Aspartic,  C^H^NO^,  occurs  in  the  vinasse 
obtained  from  the  beet  root,  and  is  procured 
from  albuminous  bodies  in  various  reactions. 
It  is  prepared  by  boiling  asparagin  with 
alkalies  and  acids,  crystallizes  in  rhombic 
dibasic  prisms,  or  leaflets,  and  dissolves  with 
difficulty  in  water.  A.,  Auric,  Au(()H),, 
gold  trihydroxid.  A..  Benzoic,  C,Hj()„ 
occurs  free  in  some  resins,  chiefly  in  gum 
benzoin,  and  in  coal  tar.  It  crystalli7es  in 
white,  shining  needles,  or  leaflets,  melts  at 
120®,  and  distils  at  250®.  It  volatilizes 
readily,  its  vapor  possessing  a  peculiar 
odor.  A.,  Boracic,  or  Boric.  See  Boron. 
A.,  Butyric,  C^H,Ol,  an  acid  having  a 
viscid  appearance  and  rancid  smell.  It  is 
obtained  commercially  by  the  fermentation 
of  a  mixture  of  sugar  and  butter  or  cheese 
in  the  presence  of  an  alkaline  carbonate,  but 
occurs  in  various  plants,  in  cod-liver  oil,  in 
the  juice  of  meats,  and  in  the  perspiration. 
GMnbined  with  glycerol  as  glyceryl  butyrate. 


ACID 

it  is  essentially  butter.  A.,  Caffeic,  C^H^O^, 
obtained  when  the  tannin  of  coffee  is  boile^l 
with  potassium  hydroxid.  A.,  Camphoric, 
C,oH.fOf ,  a  dibasic  acid,  obtained  by  boiling 
camphor  with  HNO, ;  it  crystallizes  from  hot 
water  in  colorless  leaflets  ;  melts  at  178^,  and 
decomposes  into  water  and  its  anhydrid, 
,CgH,4(CO)|P.  It  is  used  in  night -sweats  of 
phthisis.  Dose  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  A., 
Capric,  C,H,,CO.  OH,  occurs  in  small  quan- 
tity, as  a  glycerid  in  cow's  butter.  It 
crystallizes  in  fine  needles,  melting  at  30® 
C,  and  is  very  insoluble  in  boiling  water. 
A.,  Caproic,  C^H.^O,,  the  sixth  in  the 
series  of  fatty  acids ;  a  clear,  mobile  oil, 
colorless,  inflammable,  and  with  a  very 
acid  and  penetrating  taste.  A.,  Caprylic, 
C^HijCO.OH,  an  acid  combined  with  gly- 
cerol,  forming  a  glycerid  existing  in  various 
animal  fats;  it  is  liquid  at  ordinary  tem- 
peratures. A.,  Carbamic,  H,N.CO.OH, 
carbonic  acid  in  which  NH|  replaces  OH ; 
it  is  not  known  in  the  free  state  ;  its  anmio- 
nium  salt  is  contained  in  commercial  ammo- 
nium carbonate.  The  esters  of  carbamic  acid 
are  called  urethanes.  A.,  Carbazotic.  See^., 
Picric.  A.,  Carbolic,  C,H^OH,  phenol,— 
the  correct  designation  of  this  substance — is 
procured  from  coal  tar  by  fractional  distilla- 
tion. It  has  a  very  peculiar  and  characteristic 
odor,  a  burning  taste,  is  poisonous,  and  has 
antiseptic  pro|>erties.  The  sp.  gr.  at  o^  is 
1 .084 ;  it  crystallizes  in  colorless  rhombic  nee- 
dles that  melt  at  42.2^,  boiling  at  l8o%  and  it 
is  not  decomposed  upon  distillation.  At  ordi- 
nary temperatures  it  dissolves  in  water  with 
difficulty  (I  :  15),  but  is  soluble  in  alcohol, 
ether,  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  glycerol,  in  all 
proportions.  It  unites  with  bases  to  form 
salts,  known  as  Carbolates.  Upon  exposure 
to  light  and  air  it  deliquesces  and  acquires  a 
pinkish  color.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  many  of  the  artificial  coloring  matters, 
e.  g.f  picric  acid.  It  is  a  powerful  antiseptic 
and  germicide.  Internally  it  is  useful  in 
vomiting,  fermentation  in  the  Stomach,  and 
as  an  intestinal  antiseptic ;  locally,  as  a 
caustic.  Dose,  internally,  gr.  >^-ij  (0.03- 
0.13).  A.  Carb.,  Aqua,  contains  10  drams 
of  the  glycerite  to  I  pint  of  water.  Dose  3  j- 
Jss  (4.0-16.0).  A.  Carb.,  Qargarisma, 
grs.  ij-  5  j  (o.  13-32.0)  for  fetid  sore  throat.  A. 
Carb.,  Qlyceritum,  contains  acid  i,  glycerol 
4  paru.  A.  Carb.,  Liquefactum  (B.  P.). 
Dose  n\j-ij  (0.06-0. 13).  A.,  Carb.,  Solu- 
tions, vary  from  I  to  5  per  cent,  in  water. 
A.  Carb.,  Suppos.  cum  Sapone  (B.  P.), 
each  contains  gr.  j  (0.06)  of  carbolic  acid. 
A.  Carb.,  Unguent.,  contains  acid  10, 
ointment  90  parts.  A.  Carbol.,  Injectio 
Hypoderm.,  2-5  per  cent. ,  for  anthrax  and 
erysipelas.       A.,   Carbonic,  CO^    cariioo 


ACID 

dioxid  ;  an  ultimate  product  of  the  combustion 
of  carbon  compounds  ;  a  colorless,  odorless 
gas,  heavier  than  air»  incapable  of  sustain- 
ing respiration.  A.,  Carminic,  C,,H,g0^5, 
a  coloring  matter  found  in  the  buds  of  certain 
plants  and  especially  in  cochineal,  an  insect 
mhabiting  different  varieties  of  cactus.  It  is 
an  amorphous  purple-red  mass,  readily  solu- 
ble in  water  and  alcohol,  and  yields  red  salts 
with  the  alkalies.  A.,  Cmthartic,  or  Cathar- 
tinic,  an  active  principle  from  several  species 
of  Cassia.  A.,  Cerotic,  Cj^Hj^O,,  a  fatty 
add,  existing  in  beeswax  and  in  Chinese 
wax.  A.,  Chloracetic  [chlorin  and  acetic\ 
an  acid,  called  also  monochloracetic  acid, 
produced  by  the  substitution  of  chlorin  for 
the  hydrogen  of  the  radicle  in  acetic  acid. 
It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  caustic.  A., 
Chloric,  HCIO,,  an  acid  known  only  in  its 
compounds  (chlorates)  and  its  aqueous  solu- 
tion. A.,  Cholalic.  See  A,^  Cholic,  A., 
CboHc,  Cj^H^jOj,  Cholalic  Acidy  from  gly- 
cocholic  and  taurocholic  acids;  it  crystal- 
lizes from  hot  water  in  small  anhydrous 
prisms,  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  and  melt- 
ing at  195^.  A.,  Chromic,  strictly  the 
compound  H^CrO^ ;  it  forms  salts  called 
chromates.  In  most  books  the  chromium 
trioxid,  CiO,,  is  called  by  this  name.  It  is 
crystalline  solid ;  escharotic.  A.,  Chryso- 
phanic,  C,5H,q04,  Johnnie  Acid^  exists  in 
the  lichen,  Pamtelia  parieHna^  in  senna 
leaves,  and  in  the  rhubarb  root.  It  crystallizes 
in  golden  yellow  needles  or  prisms,  melting 
at  162*'.  See  Chrysarobin,  A.,  Cinnamic, 
CjHjO,,  occurs  in  Peru  and  Tolu  balsams,  in 
storax,  and  in  some  benzoin  resins.  It  has 
been  used  in  tuberculosis,  both  internally  and 
externally.  Dose  n\j-x  (0.06-0.65)  hypo- 
dermatically.  A.,  Citric,  C^H^O^,  occurs 
free  in  lemons,  black  currants,  bilberry,  beets, 
and  in  various  other  acid  fruits.  It  crystal- 
lizes with  one  molecule  of  water  in  large 
rhombic  prisms,  that  melt  at  100**,  are  color- 
less, inodorous,  and  extremely  sharp  in  taste. 
It  is  refrigerant,  antiseptic,  and  diuretic. 
A..  Cresolsulphuric,  C7H70.SO,.OH,  ex- 
ists in  the  urine  in  small  traces.  A., 
Cresylic.  See  CresoL  A.,  Cyanic,  CONH, 
obtained  by  heating  polymeric  cyanuric  acid. 
A.,  Cyanuric.  See  A.y  Tricyanic,  A., 
Diacetic,  CJI^Oj,  an  acid  present  in  the 
urine  in  certain  stages  of  diabetes  and  other 
diseased  conditions.  A.,  Fatty,  a  mono- 
basic acid  formed  by  the  oxidation  of  a 
primary  alcohol.  The  fatty  acids  have  a , 
general  formula  of  CaH,oO,.  A.,  Fluoric, 
HF,  gaseous  and  soluble  in  water;  a  strong 
escharotic.  A.,  Formic,  CH-Oj,  an  acid 
obtained  from  a  fluid  emitted  by  ants  when 
irritated ;  it  is  also  found  in  stinging  net- 
tles, in  shoots  of  the  pine,  and  in   various 


ACID 

animal  secretions.  It  is  prepared  by  heating 
oxalic  acid  and  glycerol.  It  is  a  colorless, 
mobile  fluid,  with  a  pungent  odor,  and  vesi- 
cates the  skin.  A.,  Oallic,  C^H.O^  occurs 
free  in  nutgalls,  in  tea,  and  in  the  fruit  of 
various  other  plants.  It  is  obtained  from 
ordinary  tannic  acid  by  boiling  it  with  dilute 
acids.  It  crystallizes  in  flne,  silky  needles, 
containing  one  molecule  of  water.  It  dis- 
solves slowly  in  water  and  readily  in  alco- 
hol and  ether ;  has  a  faintly  acid,  astringent 
taste;  melts  near  220°.  It  is  astringent 
and  disinfectant;  useful  in  night  sweats, 
diabetes,  and  chronic  diarrhea.  A.  Oallici, 
Unguent.,  benzoated  lard  90,  gallic  acid 
10.  A.,  Olycocholic,  Cj^H^NO^j,  a  mono- 
basic acid  found  in  bile ;  spanngly  soluble  in 
water,  and  crystallizing  in  minute  needles. 
A.,  Olycuronic,  C^HipO^.  This  acid  has 
been  found  in  urine ;  it  probably  does  not 
exist  there  normally,  but  appears  after  taking 
certain  drugs,  as  benzol,  indol,  nitro-benzol, 
and  the  quinin  derivatives.  A.,  Hippuric, 
CjHgNOj,  Benzoyl  Glycocoll,  occurs  in  con- 
siderable amount  in  the  urine  of  herbivorous 
animals,  sometimes  in  that  of  man.  It 
crystallizes  in  rhombic  prisms,  and  dissolves 
readily  in  hot  water  and  alcohol.  A.,  Hy- 
driodic,  HI,  Acidum  Hydriodicum  ;  a  gase- 
ous acid.  Its  solution  and  a  syrup  prepared 
from  it,  Syrupus  acidi  hydriodici  (U.  S. 
Ph.),  are  used  as  alteratives,  with  the  gen- 
eral eflects  of  iodin.  Dose  of  the  syrup, 
fajj-iv  (4.0-16.0).  A.,  Hydrobromic, 
HBr;  the  dilute  acid,  which  is  the  chief 
form  used,  consists  of  10  parts  acid  and  90 
parts  water.  It  is  a  solvent  for  quinin,  is 
useful  in  hysteria,  congestive  headaches,  and 
neuralgia,  and  is  recommended  as  a  substitute 
for  potassium  and  sodium  bromids.  Dose 
n\^xx-;5ij  (1.3-8.0).  A.,  Hydrochloric, 
Muriatic  Acid^  HCl,  a  liquid  consisting  of 
31.9  per  cent,  by  weight  of  HCl  gas  in  68.1 
per  cent,  of  water.  It  is  colorless,  pungent, 
and  intensely  acid.  A.,  Hydrochloric, 
Dilute,  a  ten  per  cent,  solution  of  absolute 
acid  in  water.  Valuable  as  an  aid  to  diges- 
tion. Dose  n\^iij-x  (0.X9-0.65).  A.,  Hy- 
drocyanic, Dilute,  HCN,  Prussic  Acid, 
a  liquid  consisting  of  two  per  cent,  of  the 
acid  with  98  per  cent,  of  water  and  alcohol. 
It  possesses  an  odor  like  that  of  bitter 
almonds.  Prussic  acid  is  found  in  the  bit- 
ter almond,  the  leaves  of  the  peach,  and  in 
the  cherry  laurel,  from  the  leaves  of  which 
it  is  distilled.  It  is  one  of  the  most  active 
poisons  known,  death  from  complete  as- 
phyxia being  almost  instantaneous.  It  is 
valuable  for  its  sedative  eflects  in  vomiting, 
whooping-cough,  and  spasmodic  affections. 
Dose  TT\j-iij  (0.06-0.2).  A.,  Hydrocyanic, 
Vapor,  I  part  of  dilute  acid  in  4-6  parti 


i 


► 


ACID 

of  water,  wanned,  and  the  Tapor  inhaled  to 
relieTe  irritable  coughs.  A.,  Hydrofluoric, 
HF,  an  aaueous  solution  of  hydrofluoric 
gas,  powerfully  corrosive,  used  for  etching 
on  glass.  A.,  Hydrosulphuric,  H,S,  a 
gas  formed  during  the  putrefaction  of  albu- 
minous substances  ;  it  occurs  in  sulphur  min- 
eral waters,  and  is  produced  by  the  action  of 
mineral  acids  on  metallic  sulphids.  It  has 
the  odor  of  rotten  eggs.  It  is  also  called  Hy- 
drogen Sulphide  Sulphuretted  Hydrogen^  and 
Sulphydru  Acid.  A.,  Hypochlorous, 
HCIO,  an  unstable  compound,  imporunt 
as  a  disinfecting  and  bleaching  agent.  A., 
Hypophosphorous,  H,PO„  its  salts  (hy- 
pophosphites),  also  the  dilute  acid,  and  a 
lynip  prepared  from  it,  are  used  as  remedial 
agents.  (See  Calcii  Hypophosphis^  Ferri 
Hypophosphis^  Sodii  Hypophosphis^  Potassii 
Hypophosphis.)  A.,  Indozylsulphuric,  an 
acid  that,  combined  with  potassium,  occurs 
in  the  urine  asindican.  A.,  Iodic,  HIO,, 
a  monobasic  acid.  Its  solution  (two  per 
cent.)  has  been  recommended  as  an  alter- 
ative by  subcutaneous  injection.  A.,  Lactic, 
HC,H^O,,  a  liquid  conuining  75  percent. 
of  absolute  acid  in  25  per  cent,  of  water, 
produced  in  the  fermentation  of  milk. 
It  is  useful  in  aiding  digestion,  in  dia- 
betes, in  tuberculosis  of  the  larynx,  and  as 
a  solvent  of  false  membrane  in  diphtheria. 
Dose  ^ss- Jss  (2.0-16.0)  in  the  24  hours. 
A.,  LacUc,  Dil.  (B.  P.).  Dose  gss-ij 
(2.0-8.0).  A.,  Linoleic,  C,H,.0,,  occurs 
as  glycerid  in  drjring  oils,  sued  as  linseed  oil, 
hemp  oil,  poppy  oil,  and  nut  oil.  A.,  Malic, 
C^HgOj.  a  bibasic  acid,  occurring  free  or 
in  the  form  of  salts  in  many  plant  juices,  in 
unripe  apples,  in  grapes,  and  in  mountain- 
ash  berries.  It  forms  deliquescent  oystals, 
that  dissolve  readily  in  alcohol,  slightly  in 
ether,  and  melt  at  loo** ;  it  has  a  pleasant  add 
taste.  A.,  Malonic,  C^H^O^,  occurs  in 
the  deposit  found  in  the  vacuum  pans  em- 
ployed in  the  beet- sugar  manufacture ;  it  may 
be  obuined  by  the  oxidation  of  malic  add 
with  chromic  acid.  A.,  Meconic,  C^H^O^,  a 
tribasic  acid,  occurring  in  opium  in  union  with 
morphin.  It  crystallizes  with  3H,0  in  white 
laminae.  A.,  MeUphosphoric,  HPO„  a 
glassy  solid,  freely  soluble  in  cold  water,  and 
converted  by  boiling  into  orthophosphoric 
acid.  It  is  used  as  a  test  for  albumin 
in  the  urine.  A.,  Muriatic.  See  A,^  Hy- 
drochlorie.  A.,  Myronic,  C,oH„NS,0,^  an 
acid  that  occurs  as  a  potassium  salt  in  the 
seeds  of  black  mustard.  A.,  Nitric,  HNO„ 
a  liquid  consisting  of  68  per  cent,  absolute 
add  in  32  per  cent,  of  water.  The  pure 
acid  is  colorless,  fuming,  and  highly  caustic. 
It  is  used  in  cauterization  of  chancres  and 
phagedenic  ulcers  and  as  a  reagent.    A., 


ACID 

Nitric,  Dilute,  contains  10  per  cent,  absolute 
acid.  It  is  used  internally  to  aid  digestion  ; 
to  stimulate  the  hepatic  function,  etc.  Doae 
T!\^iij-xv  (0.2-1.0),  well  diluted.  A.Nitro- 
hydrochloric.  A.,  Nitromuriatic,  Atfua 
A'egia^  a  golden -yellow,  fuming  mixture  of 
4  parts  of  nitric  and  15  of  hydrochloric  acid. 
It  is  a  solvent  of  gold,  and  is  valuable  in  affec- 
tions of  the  liver.  Dose  WVJ^^U  (0.06-0.45J, 
very  dilute.  A.,  Nitrohydrochloric,  Di- 
lute, consists  of  4  parts  nitric  and  18  hydro- 
chloric acid,  and  78  parts  water.  Dose 
n\^v-xx  (0.3-1.3),  well  diluted.  A.  Oleic, 
C.gllg^O,,  an  acid  present  in  many  fats  and 
oils.  It  is  a  colorless  oil,  crystallizing  on 
cooling,  soluble  in  alcohol,  benzol,  and  the 
essential  oils ;  insoluble  in  water.  It  saponi- 
fies when  heated  with  alkaline  bases.  It  is 
used  in  making  the  oleates.  A.,  Organic, 
an  acid  characterized  by  the  presence  of  the 
carboxyl  group,  CO.OH.  A.,  Orthophos- 
phoric, H^PO^,  ordinary  phosphoric  acid,  as 
distinguished  from  metaphosphoric  and  pjrro- 
phosphoric  acids.  A.,  Osnaic,  OSO4,  the 
oxid  of  osmium^  one  of  the  rarer  elements  ; 
it  occurs  as  yellow,  acrid,  burning  crystals, 
yielding  an  intensely  irritating  vapor ;  it  has 
been  recommended  for  hypodermatic  use  in 
sciatica,  strumous  glands,  and  cancer.  It  is 
used  in  histology  as  a  fixing  agent  and  as  a 
stain  for  fat  A.,  Oxalic,  C^H^Oi,  a  colorlesa 
crystalline  solid  obtained  by  treating  sawdust 
with  caustic  soda  and  potaah.  It  occurs  in 
many  plants  chiefly  as  potassium  oxalate  ; 
with  two  parts  of  water  it  crystallizes  in 
fine  transparent  monoclinic  prisms.  It  is 
soluble  in  nine  parts  of  water  at  moderate 
temperature  and  quite  easily  in  alcohol. 
It  has  been  recommended  in  amenorrhea. 
E><»«  8T-  yi-K  (0.032-0.048).  In  large 
doses  it  is  a  violent  poison.  A.,  Palmitic, 
C.fH„0,,  an  acid  existing  as  a  glycerin 
etner  in  palm-oil  and  in  most  of  the 
solid  fats.  A.,  Phosphoric,  H,PO^ 
Orthophosphorie  Acid^  contains  50  per 
cent,  each  of  acid  arid  water;  it  is  ob- 
tained from  bones  or  by  oxidation  of  phos- 
phorus. A.,  Phosphoric,  Dilute,  contains 
10  per  cent,  of  absolute  acid.  It  is  em- 
ployed in  digestive  disturbances,  in  stru- 
mous diseases,  and  to  dissolve  phosphatic 
deposits.  Dose  n\,v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  A., 
Phosphorous,  H,PO,,  a  tribasic  oxyacid 
of  phosphorus,  containing  one  atom  of 
oxygen  less  than  phosphoric  acid.  A., 
Picric,  C,H,(NO,),OH,  Carbittotic  Acid, 
Trinitrophenot^  obtamed  by  the  nitration  of 
phenol.  It  crystallizes  from  hot  water  and 
alcohol  in  yellow  leaflets  or  prisms  which 
possess  a  very  bitter  taste.  It  is  readily 
soluble  in  hot  water,  its  solution  imparting  a 
beautiful  yellow  color  to  silk  and  wool.     I* 


ACID 


ACIDALBUMIN 


if  recommended  as  an  antiperiodic  and  an- 
thelmintic. It  is  used  as  a  test  for  albumin 
and  sugar.  Dose  gr.  v-xv  (0.32-1.0)  per 
dum.  A.,  Prussic.  See  A.y  Hydro- 
cyanic. A.,  Pyrogallic,  C,H,Oj,  pyro- 
gallol,  formed  by  heating  gallic  acid  with 
water  to  210**.  It  forms  white  leaflets 
or  needles,  is  readily  soluble  in  water, 
less  so  in  alcohol  and  ether.  It  is  use- 
ful in  the  treatment  of  certain  skin  dis- 
eases, but  is  poisonous,  and  must  be  used 
with  caution.  A.,  Pyroligneous,  the  crude 
acid  obtained  in  the  destructive  distillation 
of  wood.  It  is  a  clear  liquid  of  reddish- 
brown  color  and  strong  acid  taste,  with  a 
peculiar  penetrating  odor  described  as  em- 
pyreumatic,  due  largely  to  the  furfurol  it 
contuns.  It  contains  from  four  to  seven 
per  cent  of  real  acetic  acid.  A.,  Pyro- 
phosphoric,  the  dihydric  phosphate,  2Hy- 
O.P,0(,  one  of  the  forms  of  phosphoric 
add.  It  is  poisonous.  Its  iron  salt  is  used  in 
medicine.  The  pure  acid  is  a  soft,  glassy  mass. 
A.,  Salicylic,  C^HjO,,  Ortho  -  oxy benzoic 
Acid^  occurs  in  the  buds  of  Spircea  Ulmaria^ 
in  the  oil  of  wintergreen,  and  other  varieties 
of  gaultheria.  It  consists  of  four-sided 
prisms  and  crystallizes  readily  from  hot 
water  in  long  needles.  ^  is  soluble  in  water 
and  in  chloroform,  and  is  antiseptic;  it  is 
used  in  the  treatment  of  acute  articular 
rheumatism  and  myalgia.  Dose  grs.  v-xx 
(0.3-1.3),  not  exceeding  3J  (40),  daily. 
A.,  Sarcolactic,  C,H^O,,  occurs  in  blood 
and  in  muscles,  to  which  it  gives  their  acid 
reaction,  especially  after  the  muscles  have 
been  in  a  state  of  activity.  It  is  also  found 
in  urine  in  phosphorus  poisoning.  A.,  Scle- 
rotinic,  an  acid  found  in  ergot,  of  which  it 
IS  one  of  the  active  principles.  A.,  Stearic, 
C»H„0„  associated  with  palmitic  and  oleic 
aads  as  a  mixed  ether,  in  solid  animal  fats, 
the  tallows.  A.,  Succinic,  C^H^O.,  an  acid 
obtained  in  the  distillation  of  amber,  and 
also  prepared  artificially.  A.,  Sulphanilic, 
C,H^(NH,).SO,H,  obtained  by  heating 
anilin  (I  part)  with  fuming  H^SOf  (2  parts) 
to  180®  until  SO,  appears.  It  crystallizes  in 
rhombic  plates  which  effloresce  in  the  air. 
It  is  used  as  a  reagent.  A.,  Sulphocarbolic, 
CgH^HSO^,  phenyl  bisulphate,  formed  by  the 
union  of  carbolic  and  sulphuric  acids.  Its 
salts,  the  sulphocarbolates,  are  used  in  med- 
icine as  intestinal  antiseptics,  etc.  A., 
Solphuric,  H,SO.,  Oil  of  Vitriol^  a  heavy, 
oily,  corrosive  aad,  consisting  of  not  less 
than  92.5  per  cent,  sulphuric  anhydrid  and 
7.5  per  cent,  of  water.  It  is  used  as  a  reagent 
and  as  a  caustic.  A.,  Sulph.,  Aromatic, 
contains  20  per  cent,  acid,  diluted  with  alco- 
hol and  flavored  with  cinnamon  and  ginger. 
It  is  used  ac  an  astringent  in  diarrhea  and  in 


night-sweats;  also  in  hemoptysis.  Dose 
n\,v-xv  (0.32-1.0).  A.,  Sulph.,  Dilute, 
contains  10  per  cent,  strong  acid  to  90  of 
water.  It  is  used  as  an  astringent.  Dose  TT\^x- 
XV  (0.65-1.0),  well  diluted.  A.,  Sulphur- 
ous, H,SO,,  a  colorless  acid  containing  about 
6.4  per  cent,  of  sulphurous  anhydrid  in  93.6 
per  cent,  of  water.  The  gas,  SO,,  is  a  val- 
uable disinfectant.  The  acid  is  vsed  as  a 
spray  or  lotion  in  diphtheria,  stomatitis,  and 

'  as  a  wash  for  indolent  and  syphilitic  ulcers. 
The  various  hyposulphites  are  mainly  valua- 
ble in  that  they  decompose  and  give  off 
sulphur  dioxid.  Dose  W^v-.r^j  (0.32-4.0). 
A.,  Sulphydric.  See  A.^  Hydrosulphuric. 
A.,  Tannic,  CifHioOg,  Tannin,  slb  astringent 
acid  obtained  from  nutgalls,  and  occurring  in 
yellowish,  scaly  crystals.  It  is  soluble  in 
water  and  alcohol.  It  is  an  antidote  In 
poisoning  by  alkaloids  and  tartar  emetic,  and 
IS  used  as  an  astringent  in  catarrh  of  mucous 
membranes,  and  externally  in  many  skin 
diseases.  Dose  gr.  j-xx  (0.065-1.3).  A., 
Tann.,  Olycerituna,  one  part  tannin  in  four 
of  glycerol.  A.,  Tann.,  Suppositories,  one 
part  of  tannin  to  five  of  butter  of  cacao. 
A.,  Tann.,  Troches,  each  contains  yi 
gr.  (0.032)  of  tannic  acid.  A.,  Tann., 
Unguent,  a  ten  per  cent,  ointment  of  the 
acid  incorporated  with  benzoated  lard.  A., 
Tartaric,  Cj^HinOg,  an  astringent  acid 
widely  distributed  in  the  vegetable  world,  oc- 
curring principally  in  the  juice  of  the  grape, 
from  which  it  deposits  after  fermentation  in 
the  form  of  acid  potassium  tartrate  (argol).  It 
is  chiefly  employed  in  refrigerant  drinks  and 
in  baking  powders ;  20  grains  neutralize  27 
of  potassium  dicarbonate,  22  of  sodium  di- 
carfx>nate,  and  15^  of  ammonium  carbonate. 
Dose  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-1.3).  A.,  Tauro- 
cholic,  Cj^H^jNO^-,  occurs  in  bile ;  it  is  very 
soluble  in  water  and  alcohol  and  crystallizes 
in  fine  needles.  A.,  Trichloracetic,  HC,- 
C1,0„  an  acid  formed  from  acetic  acid,  three 
atoms  of  the  hydrogen  of  which  are  (in  the 
new  acid)  replaced  by  chlorin.  It  is  used  as 
a  reagent  for  the  detection  of  albumin  in  the 
urine,  and  as  a  caustic.  A.,  Uric,  QH.- 
N4O,,  an  acid  found  in  the  urine  of  all  ani- 
mals, especially  man  and  the  camivora — 
rarely  in  the  herbivora — abundantly  in  the 
excrement  of  birds,  reptiles,  and  molluscs. 
It  exists  usually  in  combination  with  the 
metals  of  the  alkaline  group.  It  is  separated 
from  urine  by  adding  hydrochloric  acid  and 
allowing  the  crystals  to  settle.  A.,  Valeric, 
CjHioOjfis  formed  by  oxidizing  normal  amyl 
alcohol.  It  is  a  mobile  liquid  with  caustic 
acid  taste  and  the  pungent  smell  of  old  cheese. 

Acid- Albumin  (as^-id-al-bu'-min).  A  pro- 
teid  acted  upon  or  dissolved  in  the  strongef 
acids,  and  yielding  an  acid  reaction. 


» 


ACIDIFIABLE 

Acidifiable  {asid'-if-iabl )  \acidum,  add ; 
JUri^  to  become].  Capable  of  beconiing  an 
acid,  or  of  becoming  sour. 

Acidification  {as-id-if-ik-a' -ihun)  \addum^ 
acid  ;  facere^  to  make] .  Conversion  into  an 
add  ;  the  process  of  becoming  sour. 

Acidimeter  (as-idim'-ei-er)  [acidum,  add; 
fUrpoVf  a  mea*>ure].  An  instrument  for  per- 
forming acidimetry. 

Acidimetry  (as-id-im' -et-re)  [acidum^  add; 
fiirpoVf  a  measure].  Determination  of  the 
free  add  in  a  solution  by  an  acidimeter,  or 
by  chemic  reactions. 

Acidity  (as-id' -ii-f)  [acidum^  acid].  The 
quality  of  being  acid ;  sourness ;  excess  of 
acid. 

Acidulated  (as-W -u-la-ted)  [acidulare,  to 
make  sour].     Somewhat  sour  or  acid. 

Acidulous  {aS'id^ -u-lus)  [aciduiare^  to  make 
sour].     Moderately  sour. 

Acidum  (o^-iVZ-Mm)  [L.].     Sec  j4cid. 

Acinesia  (as-in-t^  uah)  [a  priv.;  idvrtatc, 
motion].     Motor  paralysis. 

Acinetic  (as-in-et'-ii)  \<udvfrr(K,  motionless]. 
Relating  to,  or  affected  with,  adnesia. 

Aciniform  (as-in^.-i/'Crm)  {^acintis,  a  grape]. 
Grape- like. 

Acinus  (as' -in  us)  {acinus^  a  grape:  //., 
Acini  ].  Any  one  of  the  smallest  lobules  of 
a  compound  gland,  as  an  acinus  of  the  liver. 

Acme  (ak^'tfu)  [a#c//)^,  a  point  j.  The  highest 
point  of  anything.  The  critical  stage  of  a 
disease ;  the  crbis. 

Acmon  (aJk'-mon)  [dx/iwv,  an  anvil].  The 
incus. 

Acne  (aJt^'Pu)  [a;p^,  a  point].  Acm  vul- 
garis;  Varus;  a  common,  usually  chronic, 
mflammatory  disease  of  the  sebaceous 
glands,  occurring  mostly  about  the  face, 
chest,  and  back.  The  lesions  may  be  papu- 
lar, pustular,  or  tubercular.  It  occurs  usually 
between  the  ages  of  puberty  and  twenty- 
four  years,  is  generally  worse  in  winter, 
and  is  associated  with  menstrual  and  gastro- 
intestinal troubles.  The  individual  lesions 
consist  of  minute  pink,  acuminate  papules 
or  pimples,  in  the  center  of  which  is  a  black- 
topped  comedo  {A.  punctata,  A.  papulosa). 
A.,  Adenoid.  See  Lupus^  Disseminated 
Follicular.  A.  adolescentium.  Synonym 
of  A.  vulgaris,  A.  albida.  Synonym  of 
Milium.  A.  artificialis,  that  form  that  dis- 
appears when  the  cause  b  removed.  A. 
atrophica.  Synonjrm  of  A.  varioliformis. 
A.  cachecticorum,  a  form  occurring  in 
starved  or  debilitated  persons  after  long 
wasting  diseases,  as  phthisis.  A.  ciliaris, 
acne  at  the  edges  of  the  eyelids.  A.  dissem- 
inata. Synonym  of  A.  vulgaris.  A.  ery- 
thematosa. Synonym  of  A.  rosacea.  A. 
frontalis.  Sjmonym  of  A.  varioliformis. 
A.  generalis,  acne  that  has  become  general 


ACONITUM 

over  the  surface  of  the  body.  A.  hypertro* 
phica,  a  stage  of  A.  rosacea  in  which  there  is 
a  permanent,  intensely  red,  non-inflammatory, 
nodulated  thickening  of  the  tips  and  sides  of 
the  nose,  expanding  it,  both  laterally  and 
longitudinally.  A.  indurata,  a  variety  of 
A.  vulgaris,  characterized  by  chronic,  livid 
indurations,  the  result  of  extensive  perifolli- 
cular inliltration.  It  is  espedally  seen  in 
strumous  subjects.  A.  keratosa,  a  rare 
form  of  acne  in  which  a  homy  plug  takes 
the  place  of  the  comedo,  and  by  its  presence 
exdtes  inflammation.  A.  mentagra.  See 
Sycosis.  A.  necrotica.  Sjmonym  of  A. 
varioliformis.  A.  papulosa.  See  Acnt. 
A.  picealis.  Tar  Acne  ;  a  form  of  dermatitis 
common  in  flber-dressers  who  work  with  par- 
affin and  in  persons  otherwise  brought  in 
contact  with  tar  or  its  vapor.  It  involves 
chiefly  the  extensor  surfaces  of  the  limbs. 
A.  punctata,  a  variety  of  A.  vulgaris. 
A.  pustulosa,  a  variety  of  A.  vu^aris^ 
characterized  by  abscesses.  A.  rodens. 
Synonym  of  A.  varioliformis.  A.  rosacea. 
Rosacea;  Telangiectasis  faciei;  Naims 
aramus ;  Brandy  Nose;  Whisky  Nost ; 
Spider  Nevus;  Spider  Cancer.  A  chronic, 
hyperemic,  or  inflammatory  affection  of  the 
skin,  situated  usually  upon  the  face,  espe- 
dally the  nose,  cheeks,  forehead,  and  chib. 
A.  scrofiilosa,  a  variety  of  A.  cachectico- 
rum, occurring  in  stnmious  children.  A. 
sebacea.  Synonym  of  Seborrhea.  A.  sim- 
plex, a  variety  of  A.  vulgaris.  A.  sycosi- 
formis.  Same  as  Sycosis  non-parasitica, 
A.  tarsi,  an  inflammatory  affection  of  the 
large  sebaceous  glands  of  the  eye -lashes 
(Meibomian  glands).  A.  varioliformis,  a 
rather  rare  disease,  situated  chiefly  about  the 
forehead,  at  the  junction  with  the  hairy  scalp, 
and  extending  into  the  hair.  The  pustules 
appear  in  groups.  Its  etiology  is  unknown. 
A.  vulgaris.     See  Acne. 

Aconite  {ak'-on-lt).     See  Aconitum. 

Aconitic  Acid  (ak-on-it^ -ik).     See  Acid. 

Aconitum  (ak-onl'-tum)  [L.].  The  root 
of  Aconitum  napellus.  It  possesses  a  bitter, 
pungent  taste,  and  produces  numbness  and 
persistent  tingling  in  the  tongue  and  lips.  It 
IS  very  poisonous.  It  depresses  the  heart, 
respiration,  circulation,  and  paralyzes  the  sen- 
sory nerves.  It  is  antipyretic,  diaphoretic, 
and  diuretic.  The  active  principle  is  Aconi- 
tin.  As  a  diaphoretic  and  depressant  to  the 
circulation,  it  is  highly  beneflcial  in  fevers, 
acute  throat  affections,  and  inflammation  of 
the  respiratory  organs.  Dose  gr.  ss-ij  (0.03- 
0.13).  A.,  Abstractum,  has  double  the 
strength  of  the  powdered  drug,  or  its  fluid  ex- 
tract. Dose  gr.  ^-j  (0.016-0.065).  A. 
Eztractum.  Dose  gr.  j4,-^  (o.oi  1-0.022). 
A.,  Ext.  Fid.,  has  a  streo^  of  one  dro^ 


ACOREA 

to  tbe  grain  of  powdered  drug.  Dose  ni^- 
ij  (0.032-0.13).  A.,  Liniment.  (B.  P.), 
aconite  root,  camphor,  and  rectified  spirit. 
A.,  Tinct.,  contains,  aconite  35,  alcohol  and 
water,  each  q.  s.  to  make  loo  parts.  Dose 
n\,^-iv  (0.032-0.26).  The  following  are 
unofficial :  Aconitina,  Cj,H^NOi,  (acon- 
itum),  an  amorphous  soljd.     Dose  gT-^^- 

.  ^  (0.0003-0.0013).  A.,  Injectio  H)rpo- 
dennica,  one  grain  in  j^  ounce.  Dose  ny- 
iT  (0.065-0.26).  A.  Oleatum,  a  two  per 
cent,  solution  of  aconite  in  oleic  acid.  A., 
Ung.  (B.  P.).  eight  grains  to  the  ounce. 

Kcot^Wl  (ah-kiZ-re-ah)  [a  prir.;  icd/)^,  pupil]. 
Absence  of  the  pupil. 

Acoria  {ah-ko-re' -ah)  \h  priv.;  x<(poc,  satis- 
faction].    A  greedy  or  insatiable  appetite. 

Acormus  {ak-kor* -mus)  [d  priv.;  Kopfid^y  the 
trunk].    A  monster  without  a  trunk  or  body. 

Acorus  (ak^'if-rus)  [a  priv.;  Kdpijt  the 
pupil].     See  Calamus, 

Acoumcter,  Acouometer  (ak-koo' -meter, 
ak'koO'Om' -et-er)  [atioveiVy  to  hear ;  fiirpdv,  a 
measure].  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
acttteness  of  hearing. 

Acoustic  (ak-koos^ 'tik  or  ak-kmvt'tik)  [iiKOva- 
ruedc].  Relating  to  the  ear  or  sense  of  hear- 
ing. A.  Duct,  the  external  meatus  of  the 
car.  A.  Nerve,  the  eighth  cranial  nerve. 
A.  Tetanus,  the  rapidity  of  the  induction 
shocks  in  a  frog's  nerve-muscle  preparation, 
as  measured  by  the  pitch  of  a  vibrating 
rod.  A.  Tubercle,  a  rounded  elevation  on 
either  side  of  the  floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle. 

Acoustics  (oM'koos^-tiks  or  a-kows^ -tiks) 
[oKOvoTiKd^y     The  science  of  sound. 

Acquired  iak-wi'-erd)  lacquarere,  to  ac- 
quire]. Obuined ;  especially  obtained  after 
birth,  not  inherited. 

Acraconttin  {ak-kra-con^-it-in).  See  Pseudo- 
ecniiin. 

Acrania  (ak-kra^-ne-ak)  [d  priv.;  Kpaviov, 
skull].  The  condition  of  a  monster  with 
partial  or  complete  absence  of  the  cranium. 

Acranial  (ak-kra^-ne-a/)  [d  priv.;  Kpaviov, 
skull].     Without  cranium. 

Acraturesis  (ak-krai-ure'-sis)  [oKpdrew, 
tack  of  strength ;  ohprfctc,  micturition]. 
Inability  to  micturate,  from  atony  of  the 
bladder. 

Acrid  (ak^-rid)  [aeer,  acris,  sharp].  Pun- 
gent, irritating. 

Acridin  (ok' -rid-in)  [acer,  acrid],  C^H^N. 
A  substance  produced  by  heating  anilm  and 
salicylic  aldehyd  to  260®  with  ZnQ,.  It 
dissolves  in  dilute  acids  with  a  beautiful  green 
fluorescence,  and  has  a  very  pungent  odor. 

Acritical  [ak-krit^-ik-ai\  [d  priv.;  Kpiat^,  a 
crisis].  Without  a  crisis ;  not  relating  to  a 
crisis. 

Acroseatheaia  {ak-ro-es-tke^-u-ah).  See 
Aer^esiktsia, 


ACROMIOCLAVICULAR 

Acroanesthesia  (ak  -ro-an-es-  ike'  -  %e  -  ak) 
\hKpov,  extremity ;  ainuadrfaiaf  want  of  feel- 
ing].    Anesthesia  of  the  extremities. 

Acroasphyzia  (ak-ro-as/ks'eak)  l&xpov, 
extremity ;  d  priv.;  o^^ig,  pulse].  Asphyxia 
of  the  extremities,  the  so-called  phenomena 
of  Raynaud. 

Acrocephalia  [akro-sef-a' -leak)  {hupw,  a 
point;  ice^Ai^,  the  head].  A  deformity  of 
the  head  in  which  the  vertical  diameter  is 
increased  and  the  top  is  more  or  less  pointed. 

Acrocephalic,  Acrocephalous  (ak-ro-uf- 
al-iky  ak-ro-sef -al-us)  [dxpov,  a  point; 
Kz^TJjy  the  head].  Characterized  by  acro- 
cephalia ;  having  the  top  of  the  head  unusu- 
ally high. 

Acrocinesis  {ak-ro-sin-e' -sis)  [dwpof,  ex- 
treme ;  Kivt^ai^t  movement].  Excessive  mo- 
tility ;  abnormal  freedom  of  movement,  as 
seen  in  certain  cases  of  hysteria. 

Acrocinetic  (ak-ro-sin-et'-ik)[aKpo^,  extreme ; 
Kivt/aiCi  movement].  Characterized  by  acro- 
cinesis. 

Acrodynia  {ak-ro-din' -e-ak)  [dxpoc,  an  ex- 
tremity; bdbvrjy  pain].  Epidemic  erythema; 
a  disease  closely  allied  to  pellagra.  It  is 
characterized  principally  by  pricking  pains  in 
the  palm  and  soles,  hyperesthesia  followed 
by  anesthesia  of  these  parts,  and  an  erythe- 
matous eruption  preceded  by  bullae,  chiefly 
on  the  hands  and  feet.  This  b  followed  by 
exfoliation  and  dark-brown  or  black  pig- 
mentation. 

Acroesthesia  {ak-ro-es-tke^ -u-ak)  [aKpa^, 
extreme;  oZcr^afCt sensation].  Exaggerated 
sensitiveness,  or  sensibility. 

Acrolein  [akro'-U-in)  [o^^,  sharp;  oleum, 
oil],  CjH^O.  Acrylic  aldehyd.  A  volatile 
liquid  derived  from  the  decomposition  of 
glycerol. 

Acromania  (ak-ro-ma' -ne-ak)  fdxpof,  ex- 
treme ;  pjavia^  madness].  Incurable  or  ex- 
treme insanity. 

Acromastitis  (ak-ro-mas-H' -Hi)  [dxpof,  ex- 
treme;  fuuTTdc,  nipple;  His,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  nipple. 

Acromegalia,  Akromegaly  (ak-romeg-a' -le- 
ak, ak-ro-meg' -al-e)  [dxpof ;  ptyiihi,  large]. 
A  disease  characterized  by  an  overgrowfli 
of  the  extremities  and  of  the  face,  including 
the  bony  as  well  as  the  soft  parts.  The 
etiology  is  unknown.  In  a  number  of  cases 
the  pituitary  body  has  been  enlarged ;  dis- 
ease of  the  thyroid  gland  has  also  been  found 
in  some  instances. 

Acromial  (ak-ro' -me-al)  [d/cpof,  Jhe  summit ; 
cifio^,  the  shoulder].  Relating  to  the  acro- 
mion. 

Kztom\0'C\uM\CM\ax  {ak-r</ -me-o-kla-vik' -u- 
lar)  [&Kpo^,  the  summit ;  ot^oc,  the  shoulder ; 
claims,  a  key].  Relating  to  the  acromion 
and  the  clavicle. 


« 


> 


ACPOMTO  HUMERAL 

Acromio-humeral  (ak-ro^-mtohiy-mfral) 
[oKpov,  the  summit ;  ^fw^t  the  shoulder ;  hu- 
mirus^.  Relating  to  the  acromion  and  the 
humerus.     A.  Muscle,  the  deltoid. 

Acromion  {akri/-m€-(m)  [4#[/)w,the  summit ; 
iifto^,  the  snoulder].  The  triangular  shaped 
process  at  the  summit  of  the  scapula. 

Acromio-thoracic  {akr</ -mt'O'tho-ra' -sik) 
\acromion:  Sopa^,  thorax].  Relating  to 
the  shoulder  and  thorax. 

Acromphalus  {ak-rom'-fal-us)  [ix^wv,  ex- 
tremity ;  6^^.<ic,  the  navel].  I.  The  cen- 
ter of  the  umbilicus,  to  which  the  cord  is  at- 
tached. 2.  The  first  stage  of  umbilical  her- 
nia, marked  by  a  pouting  of  the  navel. 

Acronarcotic  {akronar-kot'-ik)  {acer^ 
sharp;  va/>«covv,  to  benumb].  Both  acrid 
and  narcotic. 

Acroneurotis  (ak-ronuro^ -sis)  [hufwv^  an 
extremity  ;  vrvpov,  a  nerve].  Any  neurosis 
manifesting  itself  in  the  extremities. 

Acronyx  (ak'-ro-nix)  [Axpov,  an  extremity; 
6yv^,  a  nail].     The  ingrowing  of  the  nail. 

Acroparalysis  (ak-ro-paral'-isis)  {hnpov^ 
an  extreme ;  wa/xi,  by ;  Tltiv^  to  loose]. 
Paralysis  of  the  extremities. 

Acroparesthesia  {ak-ro- par-ei-the' -  teak) 
[<Upov,  extremity  ;  fropd,  around  ;  aiathfoti^ 
sensation].  Abnormal  6t  perverted  sensation 
in  the  extremities. 

Acropathology  (akro-pathoi' -o-je)  [Aicpov, 
an  extremity  ;  n-d^,  disease  ;  M>y<K,  treat- 
ise].    The  pathology  of  the  extremities. 

Acropathy  \ak-rop' -a-tht)  [dxp^,  an  extrem- 
ity; iroflof,  luffering].  Any  disease  of  the 
extremities. 

Acrophobia  (akro-fo' -beak)  \jkKpov^  a 
height ;  f<}/3oc,  fear].  Morbid  dread  of  be- 
ing at  a  great  height. 

Acrotarsium  {ak-ro'tar^-se-um)  [dxpov,  the 
summit ;  taqtoit^,  the  tarsus].     The  instep. 

Acrotic  (ak-rot'-ik)  [a  priv.;  Kpord^,  a 
itriking].     Relating  to  acrotism. 

Acrotism  (ah'krctnm)  [a  priv.;  k^)6to^, 
a  striking].  Any  defective  beating  of  the 
pulse  ;  failure  of  the  pulse. 

Acrylaldehyd  (ak-ril-al^-dehtd)  [acer, 
sharp  ;  aidehyd\,  C,H^O.  Acrolein^  the  al- 
dehyd  of  the  allyl  series;  a  colorless,  mo- 
bile liquid,  of  a  pungent  odor. 

\ctea,  or  AcUea  iakte^ak)  [oicr^,  the 
elder].  A  genus  of  ranunculaceous  plants 
having  active  medicinal  qualities.  A.  alba, 
the  white  cohosh,  has  much  the  same  quali- 
ties as  A.  spicata.  A.  cimicifuga  is  more 
important.  .  See  CimicifH^a.  A.  racemosa. 
See  Cimicifuga,  A.  rubra,  red  cohosh,  and 
A.  spicata  are  purgative  and  emetic. 

Actinic  (aktin'-ik)  fajcrif »  a  ray].  Refer- 
ring to  those  rays  of  the  sj>ectrum  capable 
of  producing  chemic  changes ;  they  occur  in 
the  violet  and  ultra-violet 


ACUPUNCTURE 

Actinism  (a¥'tinitm)  [a/cr/f,  a  ray].  The 
chemic  quality  of  light. 

Actinomyces  (aktin-o-ml'-sez)  [fl/crif ,  a  ray  ; 
fiVKtfif  fungus].  A  vegetable  parasite, 
the  cause  of  the  disease  actinomycosis.  It 
is  also  called  the  /^ay  hunj^us.  It  prob- 
ably belongs  to  the  Cladothrix  group  of 
Schizomycetes.  As  seen  in  tissues  it  presents 
itself  in  the  form  of  a  rosette  of  hne  fila- 
ments clubbed  at  their  outer  ends;  in  the 
center  are  numerous  coccus-like  bodies,  the 
spores  of  the  organism. 

Actinomycosis  {aktino-mi-co'  sis)  [a/«r<f, . 
ray ;  ^ti'Kfi^,  a  fungus].  A  parasitic,  infectious, 
inoculable  disease  tin>t  observed  in  cattle,  and 
also  occurring  in  man,  and  characterized  by 
the  manifestations  of  chronic  inflammation, 
with  or  without  suppuration,  often  resulting 
in  the  formation  of  granulation  tumors,  espe- 
cially about  the  jaws.  The  disease  \^  due  to 
the  presence  of  a  parasite,  the  ray  fungus ^  or 
actinontyces.  The  disease  is  often  called 
lumpy-jaw^  holdfast ^  or  ivooden  tongue. 

Actinomycotic  (aktin-o-mi-kot^ -fk)  [a«crif, 
*ray  ;  ttvKT}^^  fungus].  Pertaining  to  or  affected 
with  actinomycosis. 

Action  (ak'-shun)  [agrre^  fo  do,  or  perform]. 
A  doing,  a  working;  especially  the  perform- 
ance of  a  function.  A.,  Reflex,  an  in- 
voluntary movement  of  part  of  the  body  re- 
sulting from  an  impression  carried  by  a  sen- 
sory or  afferent  nerve  to  a  center,  and  then 
sent  back  by  an  efferent  nerve  to  the  part, 
usually  at  or  near  the  source  of  irritation. 

Active  (ay-tiz')  [agfre^  to  do  or  perform]. 
I.  Energetic  ;  decisive  ;  as  A.  treatment.  2. 
Due  to  an  intrinsic  force  as  distinguished 
from  passive,  as  A. hyperemia. 

Actual  {ak'chual)  [agere^  to  do].  Real, 
effective.     A.  Cautery.     See  Cautery. 

Actuation  (ak-chu-a'  shun)  [agere^  to  do  or 
perform].  The  mental  function  that  is  ex- 
ercised between  the  impulse  of  volition  and 
its  performance. 

Acuity  (ak'U''i£-e)  [acuitas ;  acuere^  to 
sharpen].  Acuteness  or  clearness,  as  acuity 
of  vision. 

Acumeter  (ak-oo^-met-er)  [oicotV^r,  to  hear; 
fUrpoVf  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  testing 
hearing. 

Acuminate  (ak  -  m^-  min  -  at)  [acuminatust 
pointed,  acute].     Sharp-pointed. 

Acupressure  (ak^  •u-preshar)[afus^ti  needle ; 
pre  mere,  to  press].  An  o|)e  ration  to  stop 
hemorrhage  by  compressing  the  artery  with 
a  needle  inserted  into  the  tissues  upon  either 
side. 

Acupuncture  {ak^ -u-punkchur)  [acns^  a 
needle  ;  pungere,  to  prick].  Puncture  of 
the  skin  or  tissue  by  one  or  more  needles  for 
the  relief  of  pain,  the  exit  of  fluid,  the  coag- 
ulation of  blood  in  an  aneurysm,  etc 


ACUTE 


ADENOMALACIA 


Acute  (oM-a/^)  laat/us,  sharp] .  Sharp,  sharp- 
pointed,  keen;  of  diseases,  having  a  rapid 
onset,  a  short  course,  and  pronounced  sjrmp- 
tofus  and  termination. 

Acttteness  (aA-tU^-ms)  [onv/Mr,  sharp] .  The 
quality  of  being  acute. 

Acutorsion  (ai-M-/or^-x^#f  ^  [acus,  a  needle ; 
torsion],  Tne  twisting  of  an  artery  with 
a  needle  as  a  means  of  controlling  hemor- 
rhage. 

Acyesis  (ak-ti'^-su)  [apriv.;  «c^<C>  preg- 
nane}']. I.  Sterility  of  the  female.  2. 
The  absence  of  pregnancy. 

Ad  [o^,  to].  A  Latm  preposition, tfignifying 
/Ot  toward^  a/,  etc.  Ad  deliquium^  to  faint- 
ing. Ad  libitum^  at  pleasure,  or  according 
to  discretion. 

Adactylism  {ah-ilak' •Hl-itm\  [a  prir. ; 
66MTvkofiy  a  finger].  The  absence  of  the 
digiu. 

Adjictylous  (ah-dak' -til'Ui)  [a  priv.;  6hK- 
rvko^y  Bnger].    Without  fingers  or  toes. 

Adam's  Apple  {ad'-amt  afpl).  See  Po- 
mum  Adami. 

Adansonia  digitata  {ad-an-si/ -ne-ak  dijii- 
a^'tnh).  The  Baobab  tree,  a  native  of 
Africa.  The  bark  is  used  in  the  form  of  an 
infusion,  Jj  to  Oj,  as  a  remedy  for  inter- 
mittent fever.     Unof. 

Addison's  Disease.  Melasma  suprarenale, 
dermatomelasma  suprarenale,  or  cutis  aerea 
('*  bronzed  skin  '*)•  a  disease  of  the  supra- 
renal  capsules,  first  described  by  Addison, 
and  characterized  by  tuberculous  infiltration 
of  the  capsules,  discoloration  of  the  skin, 
progressive  anemia,  and  asthenia,  ending  in 
death  from  exhaustion.  Bronzed  skin  can 
occur  without  disease  of  the  suprarenal  cap- 
sules, and  the  latter  have  been  the  seat  of 
morbid  processes  without  an  accompanying 
change  in  the  skin.  See  Diseases^  Table  of. 
A.  Keloid.    See  Diseases,  Table  of. 

Adducens  (ad-du'-sent)  [adducere,  to  bring 
toward].  An  adductor,  a  term  applied  to 
certain  muscles.  A.  Oculi,  the  internal 
rectus  muscle  of  the  eye. 

Adducent  {ad-du' -setU)  [adducere^  to  bring 
toward].     Performing  adduction. 

Adduction  {ad'duk'-shun)  [adducere,  to 
bring  toward].  Any  movement  whereby  a 
part  is  brought  toward  another  or  toward 
the  median  line  of  the  body. 

Adductor  [ad-duk'-tor)  {adducere^  to  bring 
toward].    Any  muscle  effecting  adduction. 

Adelomorphous  (adel-o-mor^fus)  [dcfj/^of, 
not  evident;  f*op^,  form],  lioi  clearly  de- 
fined ;  not  luving  a  determinate  form  (a  term 
applied  to  certain  cells  in  the  gastric  glands). 

Adenia  (ad-e^-neah)  FaA^v,  gland] .  A  hyper- 
plasia of  the  tissue  of  lymphatic  glands  lead- 
ing to  the  formation  of  tumors.  A.,  Leu- 
kraiic,  adenia  associated  with  a  leukemic 
3 


condition  of  the  blood.  A.,  Simple,  a  syno 
njrm  of  Hodgkin^s  Disease. 

Adeniform  (ad-en' -e-fomi)  Vi6iiv,  gland; 
forma,  resemblance].  Of  the  shape  of  a 
gland ;  gland-like. 

Adenin  (ad'-en-in)  [dc^p,  a  gland — first  dis- 
covered in  the  pancreas],  C5H5N5.  The 
simplest  member  of  the  uric  acid  group  of 
leukomains,  apparently  formed  by  polymeri- 
zatbn  of  hydrocyanic  acid.  It  occurs,  with 
other  bases,  as  a  decomposition  product  of 
nuclein,  and  may  be  obtained  from  all  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  tissues  rich  in  nucleated 
cells.  It  crystallizes  in  leaflets  with  pearly 
luster.  It  exists  abundantly  in  the  liver  and 
urine  of  leukocythemic  patients.  Adenin  is 
not  poisonous. 

Adenitis  (ad'en-i'-tis)  [adiiv,  gland ;  irt^^  in- 
flammation].    Inflammation  of  a  gland. 

Adeno-  [aoijVf  gland].  A  prefix  denoting 
relation  to  glands. 

Adenocarcinoma  (ad-en-o-Jkar-sin-o^-maA) 
Tad^,  gland ;  KapidvoCt  a  cancer].  Adenoma 
blended  with  carcinoma. 

Adenocele  {ad^-en-o-sil,  or  ad-en-o-se^-le) 
[ddi^,  gland;  idjhf,  a  tumor].  A  cyidc 
tumor  containing  adenomatous  elements. 

Adenocystoma  (ad-en-O'siS'to'-mah)  [d(^p, 
gland ;  idfartg,  tumor ;  oma,  tumor].  A  cys- 
tic adenoma. 

Adenofibroma  {ad-en-oft-bry-mah)  [d(^, 
gland;  fbra,  fiber].  A  combination  of 
adenoma  and  fibroma. 

Adenography  (ad-en-og'-rafe)  [adiiv,  a 
gland ;  ypd^iv,  to  write].  A  treatise  on  the 
glandular  system. 

Adenoid  (ad'-en-oid)  [aS^,  gland ;  eldoc, 
resemblance].  Resenibling  a  gland.  A. 
Acne.  See  Lupus,  Disseminated  Follicular, 
A.  Body,  the  prostate  gland.  A.  Disease. 
Synonym  of  Hodgkin^s  Disease.  A.  Tis- 
sue. Lymphadenoid  tissue.  A.  Tumor. 
See  Adenoma.  A.  Vegetations,  a  term 
applied  tp  an  hypertrophy  of  the  adenoid 
tissue  that  normally  exists  in  the  naso-phar- 

.  ynx. 

Adenology  (ad-en-ol'-oje)  [adifv,  gland; 
^TOf,  a  dbcourse].  The  science  of  the 
glandular  system. 

Adenoma  (ad-en-o'-mah)  [adijv,  gland ;  oma, 
tumor].  An  epithelial  ttunor  constructed  after 
the  type  of  a  secreting  gland.  A.  des- 
truens, a  destructive  form  of  adenoma. 
A.,  Malignant,  an  adenomatous  carcinoma. 
A.,  Racemose,  an  adenoma  after  the  tjrpe 
of  a  racemose  gland.  A.  Simplex,  a  tumor- 
like hyperplasia  of  a  gland.  A.,  Tubular, 
an  adenoma  after  the  type  of  a  tubular 
gland. 

Adenomalacia  (ad -  en  -  o-mal-  a'  -  she  -  ak) 
[a^v,  a  gland;  fia^iua,  softening].  Ab 
normal  softening  of  a  gland. 


ft 


ADENOMYOMA 

Adenomyoma  {aJ-tn-o-mi-y-maA)  [acJiTv,  a 
gland ;  fivi,  a  muscle ;  omm,  tumor] .  A  tumor 
composed  of  glandular  and  muscular  tissues. 

Adenomyxoma  {at/  -en-o-  miks  -  </-  mah ) 
\jx6iiv^  a  gland  ;  /<i'^a,  mucus ;  oma^  tumor]. 
A  growth  having  the  characters  of  adenoma 
and  myxoma. 

Adenopathy  (adeH-op^'a-thf)  [adijv,  a  gland ; 
v6Bo^^  disease].     Any  disease  of  a  gland. 

Adenopharyngitis  (ad -en  - o -far-  in -ji'- tis) 
\ii6ijix\  a  gland ;  ^pvy^^  the  throat ;  irt^,  in- 
flammation]. Inflammation  of  the  tonsils 
and  pharynx. 

Adenophthalmia  {aJ  -  en  -off-  thaF-  me  -  a  A) 
[aS^f  gland;  b^ffaXftoc,  the  eye].  Inflam- 
mation of  the  Meibomian  glands. 

Adenosarcoma  (ad-en-o-sar-JkiZ-maA)  [aS^, 
a  gland ;  adpf ,  flesh  ;  oma,  a  tumor  J.  A 
tumor  with  the  characters  of  adenoma  and 
sarcoma. 

Adeps  {ad'-eps)  [L.,  gen.^  Adipis\,  Lard. 
The  fat  obtained  from  the  abdomen  of  the 
hog,  composed  of  38  per  cent,  stearin  and 
margarin,  and  62  per  cent  olein.  It  forms 
70  per  cent,  of  ceratum  and  80  of  unguentuoL 
A.  anserinus,  goose  grease.  A.  benzoi- 
natus,  contains  two  per  cent,  of  benzoin. 
A.  lan«,  lanolin.     A.  lan«  hydrosus,  hy- 

'  drous  wool  fat,  the  purified  fat  of  the  wool 
of  the  sheep.  A.  ovillus,  mutton  suet. 
Adipis,  Oleum,  a  fixed  oil  expressed  from 
lard.  A.  preparatus  (B.  P.),  purifled  fat 
of  the  hog.  Unguentum  Simplex,  con- 
tains white  wax,  benzoated  lard,  and  almond 
oil.     A.  suillus,  hog's  lard  ;^  adeps. 

Adermia  {aA-der^-me-aA)  [a  priv. ;  Sipfia, 
skin].     Absence  of  the  skm. 

Adhesion  (ad-Ae^-sAun)  [adAtrreref  to  stick 
to].  I.  The  attractive  force  between  two 
dissimilar  bodies  that  are  in  contact.  2.  Ab- 
normal union  of  two  surfaces  as  a  result  of 
inflammation,  etc.  A.,  Primary,  called  also 
Healing  by  First  Intention  and  by  Immediate 
Union y  a  method  of  healing  of  wounds  by  the 
production  of  Ijrmph,  followed  by  the  vascu- 
larization and  cicatrization  of  the  exudate. 
A.,  Secondary,  or  Healing  by  Second  Inten- 
tion,  or  by  Granulation^  is  that  mode  of  heal- 
ing attended  by  the  production  of  pus  and  the 
formation  of  granulations.  A.,  Plaster.  See 
Emplastrum. 

Adhesive  (ad-he^-siv)  [adAttrere,  to  adhere]. 
Sticky,  tenacious.  A.  Inflammation,  in- 
flammation accompanied  by  plastic  exuda- 
tion, and  tending  to  the  union  of  apposed 
surfaces.  A.  Plaster.  See  A^esin  and 
Emplastrum, 

Adiantum  [ad-e-an' -turn)  [a  priv. ;  rfiajT^f, 
wettable].  A  genus  of  ferns;  the  maiden- 
hair. A,  caput  us  Veneris  and  A.  peJatum^ 
of  N.  America,  are  serviceable  in  coughs  and 
US  demulcents. 


ADONIS  i€STIVALIS 

Adipic  [ad-if-ik)  [adffs,  lard].  Of  or  be> 
longing  to  fat.     A.  Acid.     See  Acid. 

Adipocere  (ad' -ip-o-sir)  [adeps ^  fat ;  fera^ 
wax].  A  wax-like  substance  formed  by  the 
exposure  of  fleshy  tissue  to  moisture,  with 
the  exclusion  of  air,  /.  ^.,  in  the  earth  or  un- 
der water.  It  consists  of  the  fatty  acids 
in  combination  with  the  alkaline  earths  and 
ammonium.  Human  bodies  in  moist  bunal 
places  often  undergo  this  change. 

Adipoma  (ad-ip-o^ -moA)  [adeps,  fat ;  oma^  a 
tumor:  //.,  Adipomaia\  A  fatty  tumor ^ 
lipoma. 

Adipose  ^d'ipds)  [adeps,  fat].  Fatty.  A* 
Tissue,  fatty  tissue,  which  is  distributed 
extensively  through  the  body.  It  consists 
of  areolar  connective  tissue,  the  cells  of 
which  contain  fat  globules. 

Adiposis  (ad-ip-o* -sis)  [adeps ^  fat].  Cor- 
pulence; fatty  infiltration.  A.  dolorosa, 
a  disease  characterized  by  the  formation  of 
soft  nodules  throughout  the  connective  tissue 
of  the  body,  accompanied  by  neuralgic  pains. 
A.  hepatica,  fatty  degeneration  or  infiltra- 
tion of  the  liver. 

Adipositas  (ad'ip-os'-U-as)  [L.].  Fatness; 
corpulency. 

Adiposity  (ad-ip-os*  U-e),  Fatness;  corpu- 
lency. 

Adipsia  (aA-dip^  -  se-aA)  [a  priv. ;  d/^ 
thirst].     Absence  of  thirst. 

Aditus  (ad' -it  us)  [ad,  to ;  ire,  to  go].  In 
anatomy,  an  entrance.  A.  laryngis,  the 
entrance  to  the  larynx. 

Adjuster  (ad-jus^  ter)  [Yt.,  adjuster,  to  ad- 
just]. I.  He  who  or  that  which  adjusts.  2. 
A  device  formerly  used  for  the  forcible  re- 
duction of  dislocations. 

Adjustment,  Coarse.  The  rack  and  pinion 
for  raising  or  lowering  the  tube  of  a  micro- 
scope a  considerable  distance.  A.,  Fine,  the 
micrometer  screw  generally  at  the  top  of  the 
column  of  a  microscope  for  raising  or  lower- 
ing the  tube  slowly  through  a  short  distance. 

Adjuvant  (af-uvant)  [adjuvare,  to  assist]. 
A  medicine  that  assists  the  action  of  another 
to  which  it  is  added. 

A  dnexa  ((7i/-  neks' -a A )  [tid,  to ;  nectere^  to  join] . 
Adjunct  parts,  as  the  adncxa  of  the  uterus.  A. 
bulbi,  the  appendages  of  the  bulb  of  the  eye. 

Adolescence  (ad-oUs'-ens)  [adolescere,  to 
grow].  Youth ,  or  the  period  between  puberty 
and  maturity,  usually  reckoned  as  extending 
in  males  from  about  14  to  25  years,  and  in 
females   from  12  to  21  years. 

Adonidin  {adon'-id-in)  [Adt^is\  A  glu- 
cosid  derived  from  Adonis  vemalis,  a  plant 
indigenous  in  Kuropc  andAMa.  It  is  recom- 
mended in  canliac  drt^psy.  Dose  gr.  )^-% 
(0.0075-0.015).     Unof. 

Adonis  sstivalis  (ady-nis  es-tri'-a'-lis). 
A  plant  much  used  in  Italy  as  a  cardiAc  tooic^ 


ADRENAL 

Slmltftr  properties  are  possessed  by  A,  ver- 
nalis.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  ny-ij  (0.06-0.13). 
A.,  Tinctura,  dose  n\,x-xxx  (0.65-2.0). 

Adrenml  {ad-r-y-nai)  [ad,  near  to ;  ren,  the 
kidney].  X.  Adjacent  to  the  kidney.  2. 
The  suprarenal  capsule. 

Adrue  (ad-ru'-e).  Antiemetic  root.  The 
root  of  Cyperus  arHculaitis ;  it  is  anthel- 
mintic, aromatic,  stomachic.  Dose  of  the  fld. 
cxl.  gtt.  X  x-xxx  ( 1 . 3-2. )     Unof. 

Advancement  (ad  -  vans  '  -  meni  )  [  Fr . 
avanctr,  to  advance].  The  act  of  bringing 
or  going  forward.  Speciftcally,  an  operation 
to  remedy  strabismus,  generally  in  conjimc- 
tion  with  tenotomy,  whereby  the  opposite 
tendon  from  the  over-acting  one,  having  been 
cut,  is  brought  forward,  so  that,  growing  fast 
in  a  more  advanced  position,  it  shall  have 
more  power  to  act*  upon  the  globe  of  the 
eye. 

Advcntstia  (ad-vtU'tUh' -e-aK)  [adventitius, 
foreign].  The  external  coat  of  a  blood- 
vessel. 

Adynamia  (ah-din-a' -me-aK)  [a  priv. ;  <^- 
vo/uf,  power].  Deficiency  or  loss  of  vital 
or  muscular  power ;  prostration. 

Adynamic  (ah-dinam' -ik)  [a  priv.;  6{}va- 
/uc>  power^.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  adynamia. 

iE-.     See^-. 

^gophony  U-goff^-o-ne),    See  Egophcny, 

JBquator.     See  Equator. 

Act  (a'-er).     See  Air. 

Aerated  (a^-er-a-ted)  [oi^p,  the  atmosphere]. 
Impregnated  or  charged  with  carbon  dioxid 
or  air. 

Aeration  {a-er-a^-shun)  [aijp,  air].  The  pro- 
cess of  supplying  or  charging  with  air  or 
with  some  gas,  such  as  carbon  dioxid ;  the 
state  of  being  supplied  with  air  or.  gas. 

Aerial  (a-f^-re-al).  Pertaining  to  the  air; 
conveyed  by  the  air,  as  A.  conduction  of 
sound  waves. 

Aeriform  (a-e^-re-form)  [afip,  air;  forma, 
form].     Resembling  air  or  gas. 

Aerobic  (a-er-ob' -ik)  [a^p,  air;  /?/oc,  life]. 
Requiring  oxygen  (air)  in  order  to  live. 
A  term  applied  to  those  bacteria  requiring 
free  oxygen.  Those  that  do  not  grow  in 
its  presence  are  called  anaerobic.  Between 
these  extremes  there  are  forms  that  are  able 
to  grow  without  oxygen  under  favorable 
conditions,  though  they  make  use  of  it  when 
present ;  others  that  may  grow  in  its  pres- 
ence, though  flourishing  best  in  its  absence ; 
these  are  called  respectively  y^rw//<i/nv  aero- 
bic or  facultatvve  anaerobic,  in  distinction 
from  those  flrst  mentioned,  which  are  called 
obligatory  aerobic  or  obligatory  anaerobic. 

Acrobiotic  {a-er-o-biof -ik)  \aiip^  air ;  pturi- 
k6c,  pertaining  to  life].  Thriving  only  in  the 
pceseoceof  air. 


AERTERIVERTER 

Aerod}mamic8  (a-er-o-di-nam^-ics)  [a^p^ 
air  ;  ivva/uc,  power].  The  branch  of  phys- 
ics that  deals  with  gases  in  motion. 

Aerography  {a-er-og^-ra-/e)la^p,  air;  ypd^rf, 
a  writing].  The  description  of  the  air  and 
its  qualities. 

Aerology  (a-er-ol^-o-je)  [a^p,  air;  XSyof, 
treatise].  The  science  of  the  air  and  its 
qualities. 

Aerometer  {a'er'Om^-et-er)[a^p,  air ;  /iirpov, 
a  measure].  An  instrument  for  ascertaining 
the  density  of  gases. 

Aerophobia  (a-er-o-// -be-ak)  [a^p,  air; 
^/3oc»  fear].     Dread  of  a  current  of  air. 

Aerophone  [a' -er-o-fon)  \aiip,  air ;  ^cn^, 
sound].  An  instrument  for  increasing  the 
amplitude  of  sound-waves. 

Aerophore  {a'-er-o-fdr)  [di^p,  air;  ^peiv., 
to  carry].  I.  A  device  for  the  inflation  of 
the  lungs  of  a  still-bom  child  with  air.  2. 
A  breathing  apparatus  to  be  used  by  firemen 
and  others,  to  prevent  the  inhalation  of  nox- 
ious gases. 

Aeroplethy  smograph  ia-er-o-pleth  -iz'-mo- 
graf)  [avp,  air ;  irX^Oof ,  fulness ;  ypA^iv,  to 
write].  An  apparatus  for  registering  graph- 
ically the  expired  air ;  the  latter  raises  a  very 
light  and  carefully  equipoised  box  placed 
over  water,  and  this  moves  a  writing-style. 

Aeroscope  [a'-er-o-skdp)  \aiip,  air ;  awwrciv, 
to  observe].  An  instrument  for  estimating 
the  purity  of  the  air. 

Aeroscopy  (a'er-oi^-kO'Pe^\aiip,9^x\  onoireiv, 
to  observe].  The  investigation  of  atmos- 
pheric conditions. 

Aerostatics  (a-er-o-stat^'iJb)  [aiip^  air ;  ora- 
TtKd^,  standing].  The  branch  of  physics  that 
treats  of  the  properties  of  gases  at  rest 

Aerotherapeutics,  Aerotherapy  {a-e-ro- 
ther-a-pu'-tiks,  a-er-o-ther^ -a-pe)  \aiip,  air; 
depanebeiv,  to  heal].  A  mode  of  treating 
disease  by  compressed  or  rarefied  air  or  by 
other  gases. 

Aerothoraz  (a-er-o-tho^-raks)  [aifp,  air; 
66pQ^y  the  chest].     See  Pneumothorax. 

Aerotonometer  {a-er-o-ton-om'-et-er)  [aijp, 
air  ;  r^vdf,  tension  ;  fUrpov,  measure].  An 
instrument  for  estimating  the  tension  of  gases 
in  the  blood. 

Aerourethroscopy  {a-er-o-U're'thros^'ko-pe) 
[avp,  air ;  ovpffipa^  urethra ;  OKoneiv,  to  ex- 
amine]. Urethroscopy  conjoined  with  infla- 
tion of  the  urethra  with  air. 

Aerteriversion  (a-er-ter-iv-er^'sAun)  [a^p, 
air;  rj7p^«v,  to  hold;  vertere,  to  turn].  A 
method  of  arresting  hemorrhage  by  everting 
the  cut  end  of  an  artery,  invaginating  the 
vessel  in  itself,  and  fixing  the  parts  by  a 
needle. 

Aerteriverter  {a-er-ter-iv-er^ -ter)  [aijpy  air; 
Tflpitiv,  to  hold ;  vertere^  to  turn].  An  in- 
strument used  io  performing  aerteriversion. 


I 


¥ 


MKVGO 

JRrugo  {eru'go)  [L.,  gen.  jEmginis],  I. 
Rust  of  a  metal.  2.  Subacetate  of  copper. 
JR,  Ferri,  the  subcarbonate  of  iron.  I&, 
Plumbi,  lead  carbonate,  or  subcarbonate. 

Asculin  (es'-ku'hn).     See  Esculin. 

Asfulus  bippocastanum  (es'-ku-ius  hipo- 
kas-ta^ -nunC)  [L.].  Horse-chestnut.  The 
fruit  of  the  common  "buckeye,"  or  horse- 
chestnut.  It  is  recommended  in  hemorrhoids. 
Dose  gr.  iij  (0.20).     Unof. 

Estates  {fS'ta'-tH)  [L.,//.].  Freckles,  or 
sunburn. 

Asthesio-  (esthe' -uo).  For  all  com- 
pounds of  this  word  see  Estfusuh. 

iksthesis  (es'thy-sis).     See  Esthtns. 

Asthesodic  (es-the-sod' -ik).    See  Estfusodic, 

Astival  (es'Hval).     See  Estival. 

Estivation  (es-tiv-a^'shun).   See  Estivatum, 

M,X9l%  (e^'tas)  [L.].  Age;  a  period  of  life. 
See  Age. 

JBther  {either).     See  Ether, 

JEthyl  (^M'-iT).     See  Ethyl. 

Atiology  {e-te-ol^ -O'Je).     See  Etioicgy. 

Afebrile  (ahfey-rit)  [a  prir.;  fehntis^iewtr' 
ish].     Without  fever. 

Affection  (af-ek^'Shun)  [afieere,  to  affect]. 
Disease. 

Affective  (a/eh^-thA  [afieere,  to  affect]. 
Exciting  emotion.  A.  Faculties,  the  emo- 
tions and  propensities— especially  those  pe- 
culiar to  man.  A.  Insanity,  emotional  or 
impulsive  insanity. 

Afferent  (a/^-er-ent)  \afferens^  carrying  to]. 
Carrying  toward  the  center.  Of  nerves: 
conveying  impulses  toward  the  central  nerv- 
ous system ;  sensory,  centripetal.  Of  blood- 
vessels:  those,  as  the  arteries,  convejring 
blood  to  the  tissues.  Of  lymphatics :  those 
conveying  I]rmph  to  a  lymphatic  gland. 

Afferentia,  or  Vasa  afferentia  (va^-sah  af- 
er-en'-she-ah)  [L.].  I.  The  lymphatic  ves- 
sels. 2.  Any  vessels  carrying  blood  or 
lymph  to  an  organ. 

AfiRliation  {afil-e-a' -shun)  \ad,  to;  filius, 
son].  In  medical  jurisprudence,  the  act  of 
imputing  or  affixing  the  paternity  of  a  child 
in  order  to  provide  for  its  maintenance. 

Affinity  {afin'it-e)  [affinis^  akin  to].  Re- 
lationship. Attraction.  A.,  Chemic,  the 
force,  exerted  at  inappreciable  dbtances, 
that  unites  atoms  of  different  substances. 
A.,  Elective,  the  preference  of  one  substance 
for  another. 

Afflux  (af'-lux)  [affluere,  affluxus^  to  flow 
toward].  The  flow  of  the  blood  or  other 
liquid  to  a  part. 

Affusion  {af-u^'thun)  [njjfundere,  to  pour 
upon] .  The  pouring  of  water  upon  an  object, 
as  upon  the  body  in  fever,  to  reduce  temper- 
ature and  calm  nervous  symptoms. 

African  (af'rikan)  \^Afrtca\  Pertaining 
to  Africa.     A.  Arrow  poison.    See  Str^- 


AGARIC 

phanthus.  A.  Fever.  Synonym  of  Dengue. 
A.  Oum,  gum  arable.  A.  Lethargy,  or 
Nelavan,  a  **  sleeping  sickness"  aflecdog 
negroes  of  the  West  African  coast  Increas- 
ing somnolence  is  the  characteristic  symptom. 
It  is  very  fatal.  Death  from  exhaustion 
follows  in  from  three  to  six  months. 

Afttt  {of  ter)  [A.  S.,<^^,  back].  I.  The 
anus.  The  buttocks.  2.  Next  in  succession. 
A.-Action,  the  negative  variation  in  an  elec- 
tric current  continuing  for  a  short  time  in 
a  tetanized  muscle.  A.-Birth,  the  popular 
designation  of  the  placenta,  cord,  and  mem- 
branes. A.-Brain.  See  Hindbrain  and 
Metencephalon.  A.  -  Cataract,  Cataracta 
Secundaria  ;  an  opacity  of  the  media  of  the 
eye  after  operation  for  cataract  due  to  opaci- 
fication of  the  capsule  or  to  non-absorp- 
tion of  the  remains  of  the  lens-substaoce. 
A.-Hearing,  a  condition  in  which  sounds 
are  heard  after  the  wave-modon  that  pro- 
duces them  has  ceased.  A.-Images,  con- 
tinued retinal  impressions  after  the  stimulus 
of  the  light  or  image  has  ceased  to  act 
K  positive  after-image  is  a  simple  prolonga- 
tion of  the  sensation ;  a  negative  after-image 
is  the  appearance  of  the  image  in  comple- 
mentary colors.  A.-Pains.  See  Pains. 
A. -Perception,  the  perception  of  a  sensa- 
tion after  the  stimulus  has  passed  away.  A.- 
Sensation,  a  sensation  lasting  longer  than 
the  stimulus  producing  it  A.-Taste,  a 
gustatory  sensation  produced  some  time  after 
the  stimulus  has  been  removed. 

Agalactia  {ahgalak' -te-ah)  [d  priv.;  yUKa^ 
milk].  Failure  of  secretion  of  the  milk  after 
childbirth. 

Agar-agar  {a'-gar-a'-gar)  [Ceylon].  A 
kind  of  glue  made  from  certain  sea- weeds, 
such  as  Gracilaria  lichenoides  and  Gigar- 
tina  speciosa,  used  in  medicine  to  make  sup- 
positories, and  in  bacteriologic  studies  m 
the  preparation  of  culture  media. 

Agaric  {ag-ar^-ih).  Touchwood;  Spunk; 
Tinder ;  the  product  of  different  species  of 
BoletuSy  a  genus  of  mushrooms.  Boletus 
laricisy  Polyporus  officinalis — is  the  white  or 
pnrging  agaric.  Agaricin  is  an  impure  al- 
coholic extract,  which  in  doses  of  I-3  grains 
ro.065-o.19)  [U.  S.  Dispensatory]  gr.  ^^-^ 
(0.005-0.01)  [Brunton]  is  valuable  in  the 
night-sweats  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 
Agaric  or  Agaririnic  acid,  in  doses  of  gr. 
tV-J  (0.0038-0.02)  is  also  useful  in  night- 
sweats.  A.,  Ext.  Dose  gr.  iij-vj  (0.19- 
0.39).  A.,Tinct.  Dose  n\iij-xx(o.i9-i.3). 
A.  chirurgorum.  Boletus  chirurgorum,  Sur- 
geon's Agaric,  a  parasitic  fungus  formerly 
used  for  Afoxa.  Soaked  in  solution  of 
potassium  nitrate  it  forms  spunk.  A.  mus- 
carius.  Fly  Agaric,  a  poisonous  mushroom, 
contains  an  Jkaloid,  Mmcarin.     Dose  of 


AGARiaN 

the  alkaloid  gr.  ^-ij  (0.008-0.13).  Mm- 
tarm  Nitrait^  used  hypodennatically.  Dose 
V  tV4  (0.0065-0.048). 

Agancin  {flg-ar'-is-in)  [see  Agaru:\ 
Cj^HjjOg  -f  H,0.  A  white  crystalline  sub- 
stance, the  active  principle  of  Agaricus 
albus.  It  has  proved  useful  in  the  night 
sweats  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  Dose  gr. 
^-T^  (0.0032-0.0065).     Unof. 

Agaster  {oA-gas' -ier)  [a  priv. ;  yaoHjpt  the 
stomach].     One  without  a  stomach. 

Agastric  (ak'gas^'tric)  [a  priv. ;  yaaritp,  the 
stomach].  Without  an  intestinal  canal,  as 
the  tape-wonns. 

Agathm  (ag^athin)  [aycM^,  good],  C,H.- 
(OH).CH.N.N.(CH,).C,Hs.  A  greenUh- 
white,  crystalline  substance,  obtained  by  the 
interaction  of  salicylic  aldebyd  and  alpha- 
methyl-phenyl-hydrazin.  It  is  used  as  an  anti- 
neuralgic  in  doses  of  eight  grains  (0.52)  two 
or  three  times  daily.  Its  action  is  cumula- 
tire.     Unof. 

Agave  (a-ga^'Ve\  {ayavff^  noble].  A  large 
genus  of  amaryllidaceous  plants,  natives  of 
North  America.  A.  americana,  American 
Aloe,  the  leaves  of  a  plant  growing  in 
North  America.  It  is  diuretic  and  antisyph- 
ilitic.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  z  ss-j  (2.0-4.0). 
The  fresh  juice  is  also  similarly  employed. 
The  fermented  juice,  called  pulque^  is  a 
moderately  stimulant  drink,  very  popular  in 
Mexico.     Unof. 

Agenesia,  Agenesis  {ah  -Jen  -e'-se-ah^ 
ah-jtnf -es-is)  [a  priv.;  yiveaig,  generation]. 
Absent  development 

Agenosomus  (ak-jen-o-so^-mus)  [d  priv.; 
ynrdv,  to  beget;  cru/ui,  body].  A  variety 
of  single  autositic  monsters,  of  the  species 
Cehsoma,  in  which  there  is  a  lateral  or  me- 
dian eventration  occupying  principally  the 
lower  portion  of  the  abdomen,  while  the 
genital  and  urinary  organs  are  either  absent 
or  very  rudimentary. 

Ageusia  (ah-gu^'Se-ah)  [a  priv.;  yevai^^ 
taste].     Abolition  of  the  sense  of  taste. 

Agglomerate  (ag-lom'-er-at)  [aggiomerare, 
to  wind  into  a  ball].     Grouped  or  clustered. 

Agglutxnant  {ag-lu' -tin-ant)  [aggiutinare^  to 
paste  to].     See  Aggiutinative. 

Agglutinate  (i^-/i#^-/in-<i/)  [aggluHnare,  to 
paste  to].  To  glue  together ;  to  unite  by 
adhesion. 

Agglutination  iag-lutina' shun)  [aggiuti- 
narft  to  glue  to].     A  joining  together. 

Agglutinative  (ag-lu^-tin-a-tiv)  [ngg/utinare, 
to  glue  upon  or  to].  I.  Favoring  aggluti- 
nation; adhesive.  2.  Any  substance  with 
adhesive  properties,  fitted  to  retain  the  edges 
of  wounds  in  apposition. 

Aggregate  (ag^-rt-gat)  [ad,  to;  gregare,  to 
collect  into  a  flock].     Grouped  into  a  mas» 

Aglobolia  {fih'glo-iuf -U-ah)  [d  priv. ;  globn 


AGRYPNOTIC 

hts,  a  globule].  A  decrease  in  the  quantity 
of  red  blood  corpuscles. 

Aglossia  (ah'glos^ -e-ah)  [a  priv. ;  yTMoaa,  the 
tongue].     Absence  of  the  tongue. 

Aglossus  (ah-gios'-us)  [d  priv.;  yTuHiaaa,  the 
tongue].     A  person  without  a  tongue. 

Agrostology  \ag-mat'ol' -o-je)  fdy/wJf,  a  frac- 
ture ;  A<Jyoc,  discourse].  The  science  or 
study  of  fractures. 

Agroinate  (ag^-min-at)  [a^m^,  a  multitude]. 
Aggregated,  clustered.  A.  Glands.  See 
Gland,  Peyer's. 

Agnail  (ag^-ndl)  [A.  S.,  angnag/l.  '• 
Hangnail.     2.  A  whitlow.     3.  A  com. 

Agnathia  (ag-na' -the-ah)  fd  priv. ;  yv6Bo^,  a 
jaw].  Absence  or  defective  development  of 
the  jaws. 

Agnin  {ag^-nin)  [agnus,  a  lamb],  A  fatty 
substance  derived  from  sheep's  wool. 

Agorophious  (ah-gom'-fe'Us)\a^ny,\  yofi^idg, 
a  tooth].     Without  teeth. 

Agompnosis  (ah-gom-fi/ -sis)  [d  priv. ;  yofi^ioc, 
a  tooth].  I.  Absence  of  the  teeth.  2.  A 
loosening  of  the  teeth. 

Agony  (ag^'O-m)  [^ayuvia,  a  contest  or  strug- 
gle]. Violent  pam ;  extreme  anguish  ;  the 
death-struggle. 

Agoraphobia  (ag-o-ra-fo^ -be-ah)  TayopA,  a 
market-place,  assembly;  ^^,  fear].  A 
morbid  fear  of  open  places  or  spaces. 

Agraromatism  (ah-gram'-at-izm)  fd  priv.  ; 
yp&fifia,  a  word],  A  phenomenon  of  aphasia, 
consisting  in  the  inability  to  form  words  gram- 
matically, or  the  suppression  of  certain  words 
of  a  phrase ;  a  form  of  aphasia. 

Agraphia  {ak-gra' -fe-ah)  [d  priv.  ;  ypd^tv, 
to  write].  Inability  to  express  ideas  by  writ- 
ing. In  some  cases  not  a  single  letter  can  be 
formed  (A,,  Absolute  or  Literal) ;  in  others, 
letters  are  strung  together  in  a  manner  re- 
sembling words,  but  without  meaning  (A,, 
Verbal). 

Agraphic  (ah-gra'-fik)  [d  priv. ;  ypd^tv,  to 
write].     Affected  with  agraphia. 

Agria  {ag^-re-ah)  [dypiof,  wild].  A  pustular 
eruption  ;  malignant  pustule ;  herpes. 

Agriroony  Ug' -rim-o-nt)  [dyprf?,  a  field; 
fibvoc,  alone] .  The  root  of  Agrimonia  eupa* 
toria,  a  mild  astringent.  Dose  of  fid.  ext. 
3ss-ij  (2.0-8.0).     Unof. 

Agriothyniia  {ag-re-o-thi' -me-ah)  [dypirff, 
wild ;   ^//($c,  mind,  will].     Maniacal  fury. 

Agrippa  {ah'grif/ -ah)  [L.].  A  person  bom 
with  the  feet  foremost. 

Agroroania  {ag-ro-ma' -ne-ah)  [dypdc,  a  field ; 
fiavia,  madness].  A  mania  for  living  in  the 
country. 

Agrjrpnia  (ah-grip^ -ne-ah)  [d  priv.;  imvoq, 
sleep].     Loss  of  sleep,  insomnia. 

Agrypnotic  (tf^-^^]^-«<>/'-f>6)  [dpriv.;  ^Trvof, 
sleep].  I.  Preventing  sleep.  2.  A  medicine 
that  prevents  sleep. 


3 


» 


AGUE 

Ague  {a^'^)[acit/$ts,  sharp,  acute ;  Fr., <H^]. 
Malarial  or  intermittent  fever,  characterized 
by  paroxysms,  consbting  of  chill,  ferer,  and 
sweating,  at  regularly  recurring  times,  and 
followed  by  an  interval  or  intermission  the 
length  of  which  determines  the  epithets, 
quotidian,  tertian,  etc.  In  some  cases  there 
is  a  double  paroxysm,  and  hence  called  double 
quotidian,  double  tertian,  etc.  The  duration 
of  each  paroxvsm  varies  from  two  to  twelve 
hours.  See  Afalarial  Fever,  A.,  Aden.  See 
Dengue,  A.,  Brass-founders',  a  disease 
common  among  brass-founders,  characterized 
by  sjrmptoms  somewhat  resembling  an  im- 
perfect attack  of  intermittent  fever,  the  re- 
currence of  the  parox3rsms,  however,  being 
irregular.  The  direct  cause  is  generally 
thought  to  be  the  inhalation  of  the  fumes  of 
deflagrating  zinc  or  "spelter.**  A.,  Brow, 
intermittent  neuralgia  of  the  brow.  A.  Cake, 
chronic  enlargement  of  the  spleen  in  diseases 
of  malarial  origin.  A.,  Catenating,  ague 
associated  with  other  diseases.  A.  Drop. 
See  Fowier^s  So/tu.'nn.  A.,  Dumb,  latent 
ague;  masked  ague;  ague  without  well- 
marked  chill,  and  with  at  most  only  partial 
or  slight  periodicity.  A.,  Latent.  See  A. , 
Durn^.  A.,  Masked.  See  A,,  Dumb.  A. 
Tree,  common  Sassafras.  A.  Weed.  I. 
See  Grindelia.  2.  The  Eupatorium  perfo- 
liatum^  or  thorough- wort. 

Ailsnthus  (tf-/[7if^-MMj)  [Malacca,  Ailanto, 
•*  tree  of  heaven  "].  The  bark  of  A.  glan- 
duiosa,  commonly  known  as  Tree  of  Heaven. 
Its  properties  are  due  to  an  oleoresin  and  a 
volatile  oil.  It  is  a  nauseant  and  drastic 
purgative,  and  an  excellent  anthelmintic 
against  tape-worm.  A.,  Bxt.  Fid.  Dose 
n\,x-3J  (0.65-4.0).  A.,  Tinct.  Dose 
nx'T^i)  (0.65-8.0) 

Ailment  (ar-menfi  [M.E.,  eyie],  A  dls- 
ease  ;  sickness ;  complaint. 

Ainhum  (in^-Mum)  fNegro  word,  meaning  to 
savf].  A  disease  of  Guinea  and  Hindostan, 
peculiar  to  negroes,  in  which  the  little  toes 
are  slowly  and  spontaneously  amputated  at 
about  the  digitoplantar  fold.  The  process  is 
very  slow,  is  unaccompanied  by  any  constitu- 
tional symptoms,  and  its  cause  is  unknown. 
It  sometimes  attacks  the  great  toe. 

Air  [ai^p,  from  A«/v,  to  blow,  or  breathe].  The 
atmosphere.  Atmospheric  air  consists  of  a 
mixture  of  77  parts  by  weight,  or  79.19  by 
volume,  of  nitrogen,  and  23  parts  by  weight. 
or  20.81  by  volume,  of  oxygen,  with  3.7  to 
6. 2  parts  by  volume  of  CO,  in  10,000  parts.  It 
also  contains  traces  of  ammonia,argon, nitrites, 
and  organic  matter.  By  virtue  of  its  oxygen 
it  is  able  to  sustain  respiration.  100  cubic 
inches  weigh  30,935  grains.  The  pressure 
of  the  air  at  sea-level  is  about  14^  pounds 
^m  the  square  inch.     A.,  Alkaline,  free  or 


AL 

volatile  ammonia.  A.,  Axotle,  nhrogeii. 
A.  Bag.  See  A,  CusAion,  A.  Bath« 
therapeutic  exposure  to  air  which  may  be 
heated,  condensed,  or  variously  medicated. 
A.-bed,  an  air-tight,  rubber  mattress,  in- 
flated with  air,  employed  in  conditions  re- 
quiring long  confinement  to  bed.  A.* 
bladder.  See  A. -vesicle,  A.-cell,  an  air* 
sac ;  an  air- vesicle  of  the  lung.  A.,  Comple* 
mental,  the  amount  of  air  that  can  still  be 
inhaled  after  an  ordinary  inspiration.  A. 
Conduction,  a  method  of  testing  the  hear- 
ing-power by  means  of  a  watch  held  at 
varying  distances  from  the  ear,  or  by  the 
employment  of  a  number  of  tuning  forks  of 
varying  pitch.  A. -cure,  the  therapeutic 
employment  of  air.  A.-cushion,  a  oish- 
ion  filled  with  air,  and  usually  made  of  soft 
india-rubber.  A.,  Dephlogisticated,  an 
old  name  for  oxygen.  A. -douche,  the 
inflation  of  the  middle  ear  through  the  nose. 
A.-embolism,  the  entrance  of  free  air  into 
the  blood-vessels  during  life.  A.,  Expired, 
that  driven  from  the  lungs  in  expiration. 
A.,  Fixed,  an  old  name  for  carbon  dioxid. 
A.,  Inspired,  that  taken  into  the  lungs  on 
inspiration.  A.,  Mephitic,  carbon  dioxid. 
A.  Passages,  the  nares,  mouth,  larynx, 
trachea,  and  bronchial  tubes.  A. -pump,  an 
apparatus  for  exhausting  or  compressing  air. 
A.,  Reserve  or  Supplemental,  the  air  that 
can  still  be  exhaled  after  an  ordinary  expira- 
tion. A.,  Residual,  that  remaining  in  the 
lungs  after  the  most  complete  expiration  pos- 
sible. A.-sac.  See  Air-vesicle.  A.,  Sta- 
tionary, that  remaining  in  the  lungs  during 
normal  respiration.  A.,  Supplemental.  5)ee 
A.,  Reserve.  A.-tester,  an  instrument  for 
testing  the  purity  of  the  air.  A.,  Tidal, 
that  taken  in  and  given  out  at  each  respira- 
tion. A. -vesicles,  the  alveoli  of  the  lung, 
the  ultimate  division  of  the  air-passages. 
A.,  Vital,  an  old  name  for  Oxygen. 

Akanthion  (a-kan'-theon) .     See  Acanthion. 

Akatamathesia  {ahkat-am-athe^  zeah)  [o 
priv.;  Knrafi&(h}fsi^^  understanding].  Inabil- 
ity to  understand. 

Akinesia, Akinesia  (ah-kine'seah,  ah  kin- 
e'-sis)  [a  priv.;  Kivr^aiCf  motion].  Absent 
or  imperfect  motion.  A.  Algera,  an 
affection  characterized  by  abstinence  from 
voluntary  movement  on  account  of  pain, 
which  any  active  muscular  eflbrt  causes. 
The  condition  is  probably  a  form  of  neu 
rasthenia. 

Akromegaly  (akro-meg^-a-le).  See  Aero 
megalia. 

Al.  I.  The  Arabic  definite  article,  M/,  pre 
fixed  to  many  words  to  designate  pre-emt 
nence,  etc.,  as  alkali,  alcohol.  2.  Achemic 
suffix  denoting  similarity  to  or  derivation 
from  an  aldehyd,  as  chloral,  butyral,  etc. 


ALA 


ALBUMINOSE 


Aim  {m^-M)  [L.,  a  wing:  pL,  Ala],  A 
wing.  A.  Auri8,  the  pinna  of  the  ear.  A. 
cinerea,  a  triangular  space  of  gray  matter 
in  the  fourth  Tentricle  of  the  brain,  proba- 
bly giving  origin  to  the  pneumogastric 
nerres.  A.  majores.  I.  The  greater  wings 
of  the  sphenoid.  2.  The  external  labia  pu- 
dendi.  A.  minores.  i.  The  lesser  wings  of 
the  sphenoid.  2.  The  labia  minora  pudendi. 
A.  Nasi,  the  lateral  cartilage  of  tne  nose. 
A.  parvs,  the  lesser  wings  of  the  sphenoid. 
A.  Pontis.  See  Ponticulm.  A.  Pulmo- 
num,  the  lobes  of  the  lung.  A.  of  Smcnim, 
the  flat  triangular  surface  of  bone  extending 
outward  from  the  base  of  the  sacrum,  sup- 
porting the  psoas  magnus  muscle.  A.  Ves- 
pertilionis,  the  broad  ligament  of  the  uterus. 
A.  Vulvs,  the  labia  of  the  pudendum. 

Alalim  {ai-a^-U-ah)  [h  priv.;  AoA/d,  talk]. 
Impairment  of  articulation  from  paralysis  of 
the  muscles  of  speech  or  finom  local  laryn- 
geal disease. 

Alantin  (ai-an'-Hn).     Same  as  InuHn. 

Alanthol  iai-an' -thol),  C,eH„0.  Inulol.  An 
aromatic  liquid  obtained  from  elecampane; 
used  like  creosote  in  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 

Alaj  (a^'lar)  [ala,  wingj.  Winglike.  A. 
Ligaments,  lateral  synovial  folds  of  the  lig- 
ament of  the  knee-joint.  A.  Odontoul 
Ligaments,  lateral  ligaments  of  the  odon- 
toid process. 

Alate  (a^'loi)  [aia,  a  wing].     Winged. 

Albedo  (al'ie^do)  [L.,  «*  whiteness '»]. 
Whiteness.  A.  retinje,  retinal  edema.  A. 
unguis,  the  lunula  of  the  nail. 

Albescent  {albes'-ent)  \albescere,  to  become 
white].     Whitish. 

Albicans  {al'-b^AanzS  [a/dicarf,  to  grow 
white].    White;  whitish. 

Albicantia  (albekan' sht^h)  [L.].  Plural 
of  AUfuans, 

Albinism,  Albinismus  {aF-bin-izm,  ai- 
Hn-iz'-mus)  [a/bus,  white].  Congenital 
Achroma ;  Congenital  Leukoderma,  That 
condition  of  the  skin  in  which  there  is  a 
congenital  absence  of  pigment  involving  its 
entire  surface,  including  the  hair  and  the 
choroid  coats  and  irides  of  the  eyes.  It  is 
usually  associated  with  nystagmus,  photo- 
phobia, and  astigmatism. 

Albino  (al-bi'-no)  [Sp.].  A  person  affected 
with  albinism. 

Albinotic  {albin-otf-ik)  [Sp.].  Affected 
with  albinism. 

Albolene  (at^-bo-lin)  [albus,  white;  oleums 
oil].  A  hydrocarbon  oil,  colorless,  tasteless, 
odorless,  used  as  an  application  to  inflamed 
surfaces. 

Alboginea  {al-bu-jin' -e-ah)  T a/bus,  whitej. 
White,  or  whitbh.  A.  oculi,  the  sclerotic 
ooat  of  the  eye.  A.  ovarii,  and  testis,  the 
tunica  albugioca  of  the  ovary  and  testicle. 


Albugineous  {al-bu-jin^-e-us)  [albm,  white]. 
Whitish. 

Albumen  {al-bu^-men)  [albtiSy  white].  The 
white  of  an  egg.     See  Albumin, 

Albumimeter  {al-bu-mim^-et-er)  [albumtn; 
fikrpwy  measure].  An  instrument  for  the 
quantitive  estimation  of  albumin  in  urine. 

Albumin  (al-bu'-min)  \albus^  white].  A 
proteid  substance,  the  cnief  constituent  of 
the  animal  tissues.  Its  molecule  b  highly 
complex.  It  is  soluble  in  water  and  coagu- 
lable  by  heat.  It  contains  the  following 
elements:  Carbon  51.5  to  54.5;  hydrogen 
6.9  to  7.3;  nitrogen  15.2  to  17.0 ;  oxygen 
20.9  to  23.5 ;  sulphur  0.3  to  2.0.  Its  ap- 
proximate formula  is  Cj,H,i,N,gO„S.  Al- 
bumen, white  of  egg,  often  called  albumin, 
is  largely  composed  of  it.  Other  varieties 
are  called  after  their  sources  or  characteristic 
reactions,  as  acid-albumin,  alkali-albumin, 
muscle-,  serum-,  ovum^,  vegetable-albumin, 
etc.  A.,  Blood.  See  Serum-albumin,  A., 
Caseiform,  that  variety  not  coagulated  by 
heat,  but  precipitated  by  acids.  A.,  Circu- 
lating, that  found  in  the  fluids  of  the  bodv. 
A.,  Derived,  a  modification  of  albumm 
resulting  from  the  action  of  certain  chemicals 
upon  native  albumin.  A.,  Muscle-,  a 
variety  found  in  muscle-juice.  A.,  Native, 
any  albumin  occurring  normally  in  the 
tissues.  A.,  Organic,  that  forming  an  inte- 
gral part  of  the  tissue.  A.,  Serum-.  See 
Serum-albumin.  A. ,  Vegetable,  that  found 
in  various  vegetable  juices. 

Albuminate  {al-bu'-min-Ht)  \albus^  white]. 
A  compound  of  albumin  and  certain  bases, 
as  albuminate  of  iron. 

Albuminiferous  (al-bu-min-if -er-us)  [albu- 
min ;  ferre,  to  bear] .     Yielding  albumm. 

Albuminimeter  {al-bu-min-im' -et-er).  See 
Albumimeter, 

Albuminogenous  (al  •  bu  -  min  -  0^-  en  -  us) 
[albumin;  yewav,  to  produce].  Producing 
albumin. 

Albuminoid  {al- bu'-min-oid)  [albumin; 
elSo^f  form].  I.  Resembling  albumin. 
Applied  to  certain  compounds  having  many 
of  the  characteristics  of  albumin.  2.  Any 
nitrogenous  principle  of  the  class  of  which 
normal  albumin  may  be  regarded  as  the  type. 
A.  Disease.     See  Amyloid  Degeneration, 

Album inometer  {al-bu-min-om'-et-er).  See 
Albumimeter. 

Albuminone  {al-bu'-min-dn)  [albumin"], 
A  principle  derived  from  certain  albumi- 
noids; it  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  b  not 
coagulable  by  heat. 

Albuminorrhea  (al-bu-min-or-e^-ah)  [albu- 
min :  })oia,  a  flow].  Excessive  discharge  of 
albumins. 

Albuminose  (al-bu' -min-ds)  [albumin],  I. 
A  product  of  the  digestion  of  fibrin  or  s' 


I 


ALBUMINOUS 

albuminoid  in  rery  dilate  hydrochloric  acid ; 
acid  albumin.  2.  Albumose,  or  one  of  the 
products  of  the  digestion  of  albumin  by  the 
gastric  juice. 

/Ubuminous  (al-bu'-min-us)  [albumin'^ . 
Containing,  or  of  the  nature  of,  albumin. 

Albuminuria  (al-bu-min-u'-re-ak)  [aibu- 
mm;  ovpov,  urine].  The  presence  m  the 
urine  of  albumin,  usually  serum-albumin. 
Albumin  in  the  urine  may  result  from  disease 
of  the  kidneys  or  from  the  admixture  of 
blood  or  pus  to  the  urine.  Its  presence  is 
sometimes  not  accounted  for  by  either  of 
these  causes.  Stt  A. ,  Cyclic,  A.  of  Ado- 
lescence. See  A.,  Cyclic,  A.  Adventi- 
tious. See  A.,  Pseudo-,  A.  Cardiac,  that 
due  to  chronic  valvular  disease.  A.  Cyclic, 
a  condition  also  known  as  physiologic, 
simple,  functional,  or  transient  albuminuria, 
or  the  albuminuria  of  adolescence,  in  which 
a  small  quantity  of  albumin  appears  in  the 
urine,  especially  of  the  young,  at  stated 
times  of  the  day;  hence  the  term  **  cyclic' 
The  nature  of  this  phenomenon  is  not  posi- 
tively known,  but  it  is  probably  the  result 
of  some  changes  in  the  renal  circulation. 
A.,  Dietetic,  that  due  to  the  ingestion  of 
certain  forms  of  food.  A.,  False,  a  mix- 
ture of  albumin  with  the  urine  during  its 
transit  through  the  urinary  passages,  where 
it  may  be  derived  from  blood,  pus,  or  spe- 
cial secretions  that  contain  albumin.  A., 
Febrile,  that  due  to  fever,  or  associated 
with  acute  infectious  diseases,  slight  changes 
occurring  in  the  glomeruli  without  organic 
lesion.  A.,  Functional.  See  A.^  Cyclic, 
A.,  Gouty,  albumin  in  the  urine  of  elderly 
persons,  who  secrete  a  rather  dense  urine 
containing  an  excess  of  urea.  A.,  Intrin- 
sic. See  ^.,  True,  A.,  Mixed,  the  pres- 
ence of  a  true  with  a  pseudo-albuminuria. 
A.,  Nephrogenous,  that  due  to  renal  dis- 
ease. A.,  Neurotic,  that  due  to  nervous 
disorders.  A.,  Paroxysmal.  See  A.^ 
Cyclic.  A.,  Phjrsiolo^c,  the  presence  of 
albumin  in  normal  urine,  without  appreci- 
able coexisting  renal  lesion  or  diseased 
condition  of  the  S3rstem.  A.,  Pseudo-,  A.^ 
Adventitious:  albuminuria  dependent  upon 
the  presence  of  such  fluids  as  blood,  pus, 
lymph,  spermatic  fluid,  or  the  contents  of  an 
abscess  cavity,  in  the  urine.  A.,  Simple. 
See  A.^  Cyclic ,  A.,  Temporary,  that  last- 
ing but  for  a  short  time.  A.,  Transient. 
Sec^.,  Cyclic,  A.,  True,  A.^  Intrinsic; 
that  due  to  the  excretion  of  a  portion  of  the 
albuminous  constituents  of  the  blood  with 
the  water  and  salts  of  the  urine. 

Albuminuric  {al-bumin-ti^'riJk)  [albumin; 
olpov,  urine].  Associated  with,  of  the 
nature  of,  or  affected  by,  albuminuria. 

Albumotc    {al'-bu-mds)    [alhtmin'].      Any 


ALCOHOLATURE 

albuminoid  substance  ranking  among  the  first 
products  of  the  splitting  up  of  proteids  by 
enzymes,  and  intermediate  between  the  food- 
albumins  and  the  typical  peptones.  Accord- 
ing to  Kiihne  there  are  at  least  two  albu- 
moses,  antialbumose  and  hemialbumose.  The 
latter  yields  the  following:  Protalbumose, 
dtuteroaJbumosCf  heteroalbumose,  and  dysal- 
bumose. 

Albumosuria  (albumdsu^  re-ah)  [albu- 
most ;  oifpov,  urine].  The  presence  of  al- 
bumose  in  the  urine. 

Alchemy  (aV-kcm-e)  [Arab.,  of  doubtful 
derivation].  The  supp<»ed  art  of  the  trans- 
mutation of  metals  (into  gold)  and  of  finding 
a  remedy  for  all  diseases. 

Alcohol  ial'-ko-kol)  [Arab.,  al-koh'l,  the  fine 
powder  for  staining  eyelids].  I.  Any  com- 
pound of  an  organic  hydrocarbon  radicle 
with  hydroxyl.  Alcohols  are  classed  as 
monacid  (moti%ioiD\c)t  diacid  (d\BXom\c),  and 
triacid  (triatomic^,  according  to  the  number 
of  hydroxyl  radicles  present  in  the  mole- 
cules. 2.  Ethyl  alcohol,  C,H,0.  A  liquid 
obtained  by  the  distillation  of  fermented 
grain  or  starchy  substance.  It  is  inflamma- 
ble, colorless,  and  posses5ies  a  pungent  odor 
and  burning  taste.  Internally,  it  is  a  cerebral 
excitant  and  cardiac  stimulant ;  in  large  doses 
a  depressant,  narcotic  poison,  producing  mus- 
cular incoordination,  delirium,  and  coma 
It  exists  in  wine,  whisky,  brandy,  beer, 
etc.,  and  gives  to  them  their  stimulant  prop- 
erties. Commercial  alcohol  contains  91 
per  cent,  of  absolute  alcohol,  with  9  per 
cent,  of  water.  It  is  valuable  as  a  cardiac 
stimulant  in  acute  failure  of  the  heart's  action 
and  in  adynamic  conditions.  A.,  Benzyl, 
C^HgO,  obtained  from  benzaldehyd  by  the 
action  of  sodium  amalgam.  A.  deodora- 
tum,  deodorized  alcohol,  containing  93.5  per 
cent,  by  weight  of  ethyl  alcohol  and  7. 5  per 
cent,  of  water.  A.,  Dilute,  composed  of  41 
per  cent,  by  weight,  of  alcohol.  A.,  Ethyl. 
See  Alcohol.  A.,  Methyl,  CH^O  commonly 
known  as  "Wood  Spirit.**  A.,  Phenic, 
Sce^^rti/,  Carbolic.  A.,  Primary,  A., 
Secondary,  A.,  Tertiary,  an  alcohol  pro- 
duced by  the  replacement  of  one,  two,  or 
three  hydrogen  atoms  in  carbinol  by  alkyts. 
A.,  Unsaturated,  those  derived  from  the 
unsaturated  alkylens  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  normal  alcohols  are  obtained  from  their 
hydrocarbons.  In  addition  to  the  general 
character  of  alcohols,  they  are  also  capable 
of  directly  binding  two  additional  affinities. 

Alcoholate  {aP -koholAt)  [see  Alcohol\  I. 
A  chemic  compound,  as  a  salt,  into  which  ao 
alcohol  enters  as  a  definite  constituent.  2.  A 
preparation  made  with  alcohol. 

Alcoholature  (al'-koholatckur)  [  Fr.  al- 
coolature\.    An  alcoholic  tincture. 


ALCOHOLIC  RADICLE 

Alcoholic  Radicle,  the  name  applied  to 
the  hydrocarbon  radicle  that  unites  with 
hydrogen  and  oxygen  to  form  an  alcohol. 

Alcoholica  (alkokol'-ikah)  [see  Aicohoi'\. 
In  pharmacy,  alcoholic  preparations. 

Alcoholimeter  [alko-holim'  U-er).  See  Al- 
cohotomfUr, 

Alcoholism  (al'-Ao-hol-ism)  [see  Alcohol']. 
The  morbid  results  of  excessive  or  prolonged 
use  of  alcoholic  liquors.  The  term  acute  A. 
baa  been  used  as  a  synonym  for  inebriety. 
The  chronic  form  is  associated  with  severe 
disturbances  of  the  digestive  and  nervous 
systems. 

Alcoholization  {al-ko-hol-it-a'  -shun)  [see 
AUokol\  The  art  or  process  of  alcoholizing ; 
the  state  of  being  alcoholized ;  the  product 
of  the  process  of  alcoholizing. 

KlctitkoWzt  (al' -kO'holH)  \^ic^  Alcohol],  I. 
To  impregnate  with  alcohol.  2.  To  convert 
into  an  alcohol. 

Alcoholometer (al-ko-hol-om* -eter)  {alcohol; 
liirpov^  a  measure] .  An  hydrometer  or  other 
instrument  used  in  determining  the  percent- 
age of  alcohol  in  any  liquid. 

Alcoholophilia  (al-ko-holO'/H'-e-ah)  [alco- 
hol; ^iliriv,  to  love  ].  The  appetite  for 
strong  drink  \  a  craving  for  intoxicants. 

Aldehyd  {al^-dc-Ald)  [al,  the  first  syllable  of 
alcohol;  dehyd^  from  dehydratus].  I.  A 
class  of  compounds  intermediate  between  al- 
cohols and  acids,  derived  from  their  corre- 
sponding primary  alcohols  by  the  oxidation 
and  removal  of  two  atoms  of  hydrogen,  and 
converted  into  acids  by  the  addition  of  an 
atom  of  oxygen.  They  conuin  the  group 
COH.  2.  C,H^O.  Alcohol  deprived  of  two 
atoms  of  hydrogen,  or  acetic  aldehyd.  It  is  a 
colorless,  limpid  liquid,  with  a  characteristic 
odor.  A.,  Anisic,  CgH^O,,  results  on  oxidiz- 
ing various  essential  oils  (anise,  fennel,  etc.,) 
with  dilute  HNO,.  A.,  Benzoic,  C,H,0. 
Ben%aldehyd^  the  oil  of  bitter  almonds.  A., 
Cinnamic,  C,HgO,  the  chief  ingredient  of  the 
e«sential  oil  of  cinnamon  and  cassia.  A., 
Formic,  CH,0,  Formaldehyde  is  said  to  be 
microbicidal  and  antiseptic.  See  Formal- 
dfhyd. 

Ale  (<f/)  [A.  S.,  eahtf].  An  alcoholic  bever- 
age brewed  from  malt  and  hops.  It  con- 
uins  from  three  to  seven  per  cent,  of  al- 
cohol. 

Alecithal  (ah-les^-i/h-al)  [a  priv.;  ?£Kt6o^, 
yolk].  A  term  applied  to  certain  ova  having 
the  KKxl-yolk  absent,  or  present  only  in  very 
small  f^uantity. 

Alembic  {alem'Hh)  [Arab.,  a/,  the  ;  hfipi^, 
a  cup].     A  vessel  used  for  distillation. 

Alembroth  {al  em' -broth)  [origin  unknown]. 
An  old  name  for  a  compound  of  the  chlond 
of  ammonium  and  mercury.  Its  solution 
hii  been  iised  as  an  antiseptic 


ALGESTHESIS 

Aleppo  Boil,  Button,  Evil,  Pustule,  or 
Ulcer.     See  Furunculm  orientalis. 

Aletris  {al'-et-ris).  Star  Grass,  Unicom 
Root,  Starwort,  Colic  Root.  The  root  of  A. 
farinosa.  It  is  tonic,  diuretic,  and  anthel- 
mintic, and  was  formerly  a  popular  domestic 
remedy  in  colic,  dropsy,  and  chronic  rheuma- 
tism. Dose  of  fld.  ext.  n\,x-xxx  (0.65-2.0) ; 
of  tincture  (l  in  8  proof  spirit)  g  i-ij  (4.0- 
8.0)  ;  of  aiitrin^  the  extractive,  gr.  X-iv 
(0.016-^.26).  A.  Cordial.  Dose  gj  (4.0) 
three  times  daily.     Unof. 

Aleukemia  (ah-lu-ke^-me-ah)  [u  priv.;  Arvx^, 
white  ;  alfta,  blood].  Deficiency  in  the  pro- 
portion of  white  cells  in  the  blood. 

Aleurometer  {alu-rom'et-er)  [hTievftov^ 
flour  ;  fUTpoVf  a  measure].  An  instrument 
used  for  the  examination  of  crude  gluten  as 
to  its  power  of  distending  under  the  influence 
of  heat,  as  a  means  of  judging  of  the  value 
of  a  flour  for  bread-making. 

Aleuronat  {alu' -ro-nat)  [iXrypov,  flour]. 
A  vegetable  albumin  used  as  a  substitute  for 
bread  in  cases  of  diabetes. 

Aleuroscope  (al-u'-roskbp\  [dXevpov,  flour; 
OKoirelv,  to  view].     See  Aleurometer. 

Alezanderism  (al-eks-an' -der-itm)  [Alexan- 
der, the  Macedonian  King].  The  insanity 
of  conquest. 

Alexia  {al-eks'-e-ah)  [a  priv.;  Ai^^f,  word]. 
Word-blindness.  A  form  of  aphasia,  m 
which  the  patient  is  unable  to  recognise 
written  or  pnnted  characters.  A.,  Musical, 
musical  blindness ;  loss  of  the  ability  to  read 
music. 

Alexin  {aleks'-in)  [AX«^if,  help].  A  defen- 
sive proteid  existing  normally  in  the  blood. 

Alexipharmac,  or  Alezipharmic  (al-ehs-e; 
far'-mak,  or  -mik)  [akk^tiVy  to  repel ;  ^/o//- 
OKOv,  a  poison].  A  medicine  neutralizing  a 
poison. 

Alexipharmacon  {al  -eks-e-  far'  -  mak  -  on) 
[d^^fiv,  to  repel ;  ^pfiaicov,  a  poison] .  Any 
alexipharmac  medicine. 

Alg«  {"^'-jA  S/^^S^y  *  seaweed].  A  group  of 
acotyledonous  plants,  living  mostly  in  the 
water. 

Algaroth  {al' -gar-oth\  [It.,  Algarotii,  the 
Veronese  physician].  Oxychlorid  of  antimony. 

Algesia  {alje' -%e-ah)  [bXyrjat^,  pain].  Pain ; 
suflering. 

Algesimeter  (al-j'es-im'-et-er)  [iXyijat^,  pain  ; 
fiirpoVf  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  de- 
termining the  acuteness  of  the  sense  of  pain. 
A.,  Boas',  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  pad 
and  spring,  used  to  determine  the  relative 
sensitiveness  over  the  epigastrium.  The 
normal  tolerance  is  9  to  10  kilograms. 
In  cases  of  gastric  ulcer,  I  to  2  kilograms. 

Algesthesis,  or  Algssthesis  (al-jes-the'-sis) 
[dAyof,  pain ;  alaOrfot^^  feeling].  The  percep- 
tion of  pain ;  painful  disease. 


i 


> 


AUMENTARY 


ALIMENTARY 


General  Scheme  of  the  Digestive  Tract,  with  the  Glands  Opening:  into  It ;  Together  with  the  Lactcals 
Arising  from  the  Intestine  and  Joining  the  Thoracic  Duct. — {Landau.) 


ALGID 

Algid  {a/^-/tW)  [alguius^  cold].  Cold,  chilly. 
A.  Fever,  a  pernicious  intermittent  fever, 
with  great  coldness  of  the  surface  of  the  body. 
A.  Cholera,  the  cold  stage  of  Asiatic  cholera. 

Algometer  (  al-gom^ -et-tr  )  [iAyoc,  pain ; 
fitrpov^  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  test- 
ing the  sensibility  of  a  part  to  pain. 

Algor  (al^'gor)  [L.].  A  sense  of  chilliness 
or  coldness. 

Alible  {ai'-i-bl)  [aKbiiis,  nutritive].  Nutri- 
tive ;  absorbable  and  assimilable. 

Alienation  (dl  •  yen  -  a'  -  shun)  {alienus, 
strange].     Mental  derangement. 

AUenist  {Al' -yen-ist)  [aiienus,  strange].  One 
who  treats  mental  diseases. 

Aliform  {ai'  -  if-  orm)  [aia^  wing ;  forma^ 
shape].  Wing-shaped.  ^.  Process,  the 
wing  of  the  sphenoid. 

Aliment  {al'-im-ent)  \aHmentumy  from  ali- 
m^tttare,  to  nourish].     Nourishment,  food. 

Alimentary  (al-  im  -  en'  -ta-re)  \alimentum^ 
from  alimentare,  to  nourish].  Nourishing. 
A.  Bolus,  the  food  after  mastication  and  just 
prior  to  swallowing.  A.  Canal,  Duct,  Sys- 
tem, or  Tube,  the  digestive  tube,  from  the 
lips  to  the  anus,  with  its  accessory  glands. 

Alimentation  {al-im-en-ta' -shun)  [alimen- 
tarty  to  nourish].  The  act  of  supplying  with 
food.  A.,  Rectal,  the  nourishing  of  a  pa- 
tient by  the  administration  of  small  quantities 
of  concentrated  food  through  the  rectum. 
There  are  many  formulae  for  these  nutritive 
enemata,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the 
following:  I.  Leube*  s  Pancreatic-meat  Emul- 
sion.— "  For  rectal  alimentation  :  chop  five 
ounces  of  finely-scraped  meat  still  finer,  add 
to  it  one  and  a  half  ounces  of  finely-chopped 
pancreas,  free  from  fat,  and  then  three  ounces 
of  lukewarm  water ;  stir  to  the  consistence  of 
a  thick  pulp.  Give  at  one  time,  care  being 
taken  to  wash  out  the  rectum  with  water 
about  an  hour  before. "  2.  Mayet^s  Formula. 
— "Fresh  ox-pancreas  150  to  200  grams; 
lean  meat  400  to  500  grams.  Bruise  the  pan- 
creas in  a  mortar  with  water  at  a  temperature 
of  37**  C. ,  and  strain  through  a  cloth.  Chop 
the  meat  and  mix  thoroughly  with  the  strained 
fluid,  after  separating  all  the  fat  and  tendinous 
portions.  Add  the  yolk  of  one  egg,  let  stand 
for  two  hours,  and  administer  at  the  same 
temperature,  after  having  cleansed  the  rec- 
tum with  an  injection  of  oil.  This  quantity 
is  sufficient  for  24  hours'  nourishment,  and 
should  be  administered  in  two  doses/'  3. 
Renni€*s  Formula. — ••  Add  to  a  bowl  of  good 
beef-tea  one-half  pound  of  lean ,  raw  beefsteak 
palled  into  shreds.  At  99°  F.  add  one 
dram  of  fresh  pepsin  and  one-half  dram 
of  dilute  HCl.  Place  the  mixture  before  the 
fire  and  let  it  remain  for  four  hours,  stirring 
freqaeolly.  The  heat  must  not  be  too  gn^at, 
or  the  arti6cial  digestive    process  will  be 


ALKALOID 

stopped  altogether.  It  b  better  to  have  the 
mixture  too  cold  than  too  hot.  If  alcohol  is 
to  be  given  it  should  be  added  at  the  last  mo- 
ment. Eggs  may  also  be  added,  but  should  be 
previously  well  beaten."  4.  Peaslee's  Form- 
ula.— "  Crush  or  grind  a  pound  of  beef-mus- 
cle fine ;  then  add  one  pint  of  cold  water ; 
allow  it  to  macerate  40  minutes,  and  then 
gradually  raise  it  to  the  boiling  point ;  allow 
it  to  boil  two  minutes — no  more — and  then 
strain."  5.  Flinfs  Mixture.-^'' WXm  gij, 
whisky  Jss,  to  which  add  half  an  egg." 

Alinasal  (al-in-a' -sal)  {^ala,  a  wing ;  nasus, 
the  nose].  Pertaining  to  the  ala  nasi,  or 
wing  of  the  nose. 

Alisphenoid  (al-is-fe'-noid)  [ala^  a  wing; 
<T^,  a  wedge  ;  tldo^,  form],  I.  Pertaining 
to  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone. 
2.  The  bone  that  in  adult  life  forms  the 
main  portion  of  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphe- 
noid. 

Alkalescence  {al-kales' -ens)  l\Tab.,al'<^alt, 
soda-ash].     Slight  or  commencing  alkalinity. 

Alkalescent  {al^Jda-les'-ent)  [Anh.,  alfalt, 
soda- ash].       Somewhat  alKaline. 

Alkali  (ar-ka-li)  [Arab.,  al-qalt,  soda-ash]. 
The  term  includes  the  hydrated  oxids  of 
the  alkali  metals  ;  these  are  electro-positive, 
are  strong  bases,  uniting  with  acids  to  form 
salts,  turn  red  litmus  blue,  and  saponify  fats. 
A.,  Caustic,  the  solid  hydroxid  of  potassium 
or  sodium.  A.,  Fixed,  potassium  or  sodium 
hydrate.  A.  Metals,  sodium,  potassium, 
lithium,  cesium,  and  rubidium.  A.,  Volatile, 
ammonium  hydrate,  which  is  decomposed  by 
heat  with  the  evolution  of  ammonia. 

Alkali-albumin  {al'  -kali-albu'  -min).  A  de- 
rived albumin;  a  proteid  that  has  been  acted 
ixpon  by  dilute  alkalies  and  yields  an  alkaline 
reaction. 

Alkalimeter  {al-ka-lim'-et-er)  [alkali; 
fiirpoVf  a  measure].  An  instrument  for 
estimating  the  alkali  in  a  substance. 

Alkalimetry  (  alka-lim'-et-re  )  [  alkali ; 
fitrpoVf  a  measure].  The  measurement  of 
the  amount  of  an  alkali  in  a  substance. 

Alkaline  (al'ka-lin)  [alkali].  Having  the 
qualities  of  or  pertaining  to  an  alkali.  A. 
Earths,  the  oxids  of  calcium,  barium,  stron- 
tium, and  magnesium. 

Alkalinity    (al-ka-lin' -i-te)  [alkali\     The 

SLiality  of  being  alkaline, 
kalinuria    (  al-ka-lin-u' -re-ah)     [alkali ; 
ovpov,  urine].     Alkalinity  of  the  urine. 

Alkalization  {al-kali-za'shun\  [alkali]. 
The  act  of  rendering  a  thing  alksiline ;  tne 
state  or  quality  of  being  rendered  alkaline. 

Alkaloid  (al'-ka-loid)  [alkali  \  elSo^,  like- 
ness]. Any  one  of  the  nitrogeneous  com- 
p>ounds  occurring  in  plants  and  resembling 
ammonia  in  being  basic  and  capable  of 
forming  salts  with  acids.     They  are  believed 


i 


ALKANET 


ALLOTRIODONTIA 


to  be  substituted  ammonias.  Several  of 
the  important  alkaloids  are  related  to 
piperidin  and  to  quinolin.  Alkaloids  are, 
as  a  rule,  the  most  active  parts  of 
plants;  many  are  used  in  medicme.  A., 
Animal,  substances  chemically  like  alka- 
loids, formed  in  the  decomposition  of  animal 
tissues.  A.,  Cadaveric,  or  Putrefactive. 
See  Ptomains, 

Alkanet  (  ai^kan-et )  [  Sp. ,  dim.  of  alcaHa^ 
henna].  The  root  of  the  herb,  AikantM 
(Anchusa)  tincioria^  yielding  a  red  dye  that 
is  used  in  staining  wood,  coloring  adulterated 
wines,  and  in  pharmacy  to  give  a  red  color 
to  salves,  etc. 

Alkanna  Red.    See  Aikannin. 

Alkannin  (a^-Aan-in)  [Sp.,  dim.  of  alcaHa, 
henna].  Alkanna  red ;  a  valuable  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  alkanet. 

Alkapton  (at-kap^-toM)  a  yellowish,  resinous, 
nitrogenous  body  occasionally  found  in  urine. 

Alkaptonuria  {al-kaP'ton-u'-re-ak)  [alkap- 
ton; ohpofv^  urine].  The  presence  of  alkapton 
in  the  urine.  It  has  been  found  in  cases  of 
pulmonary  tuberculosis  and  in  other  instances 
m  which  there  were  no  local  lesions  or  general 
disease.  Urine  containing  alkapton  turns 
dark  on  standing  or  on  the  addition  of  an 
alkali. 

Alkarsin  (ai-kar^-sin)  [alcohol;  arsenic]. 
Cadet's  Fuming  Liquid ;  an  extremely  poison- 
ous liquid  containing  cacodyl.  It  is  of  a 
brown  color,  and  on  exposure  to  the  air  ignites 
spontaneously. 

Alkyla  (al'-kih)  [alkali  ].  The  name  ap- 
plied to  the  univalent  alcohol  radicles, 
C,H^  +  , ;  methyl,  ethyl,  etc.,  are  alkyls. 

Alkyl-sulphids  (  al' kU-sul' fids  ).  Thio- 
ethers.  Sulphur  analogues  of  the  ethers. 
They  are  colorless  liquids,  generally  insoluble 
in  water,  and  possessing  a  disagreeable  odor 
resembling  that  of  garlic. 

Allantiasis  {al-an-ti' -as-is)  [aAAdc,a  sausage]. 
Sausage  poisoning,  due  to  the  ingestion  of 
sausages  in  which  putrefactive  changes  have 
taken  place. 

Allantoic  (al-an-lo'-ik)  [aXAof,  a  sausage; 
f2($oc,  resemblance].  Pertaining  to  the  al- 
lantois. 

Allantoid  (al-an^-toid)  [hXka^^  sausage; 
tlSo^t  resemblance].  I.  Resembling  a  sau- 
sage.    2.  Relating  to  the  allantois. 

AlUntoin  (al-an' -to-in)  [aXka^^  a  sausage  ; 
fI<5of,  resemblance],  C^H^N^O,.  A  crys- 
talline substance  occurring  in  traces  in  nor- 
mal urine,  and  prepared  from  uric  acid  by 
oxidation.  Also  the  characteristic  constitu- 
ent of  the  allantoic  fluid,  and  likewise  found 
in  fetal  urine  and  amniotic  fluid. 

Allantois  {al-an'-tois)  [dXAa<',  a  sausage ; 
tUo^t  resemblance]  One  of  the  fetal  mem- 
brsDeSy  derived  m>m  the  mesoblastic  sod 


bypoblastic  layers.  Its  function  is  to  convey 
the  blood-vessels  to  the  chorion.  The  lower 
part  finally  becomes  the  bladder,  the  upper, 
the  urachus. 

AlUntotozicon  (alanto-toks^-ik-on)  [a^dc,a 
sausage ;  to^ik6v.  a  poison].  A  poisonous 
substance,  probably  a  ptomain,  that  develops 
during  the  putrefactive  fermentation  of  sau- 
sage. 

Allesthesis  (alcs-thc^'Se-ah)  [dXAoc,  other ; 
aiodriai^^  feeling].     Same  as  Allochiria. 

Alleviator  (al-c' -ve-a-tor)  [allcvare,  to 
lighten].  A  device  for  raising  or  lifting  a 
sick  person  from  the  bed. 

Alliaceous  (ale-a'-shus)  [allium ,  garlic]. 
Resembling  garlic,  or  pertaining  to  the  same. 

Alliteration  (al  iter-a'-skun)  [ad,  to ;  lilcra, 
letter].  A  form  of  dysphrasia  in  which  the 
patient  arranges  his  words  according  to  the 
sound. 

Allium  {al^-c-um)  [L.].  Garlic.  The  bulb 
of  A.  sa/izmm.  It  contains  a  pungent  volatile 
oil  (allyl  sulphid) ,  that  is  found  also  in  the 
leek  and  the  onion.  The  tubers  are  used 
both  as  a  food  and  as  a  condiment,  and  are 
stimulants  to  digestion.  A.  cepa,  the 
common  onion,  and  A.  pomim,  the  leek, 
have  similar  qualities.  A.,  S3rr.,  contains, 
fresh  garlic  20  gm.,  sugar  80  gm.,  dil.  acetic 
acid,  a  suflident  quantity  to  make  lOO  cc. 
Dose  .2;j-.2;iv  (4.0-16.0). 

AUocheiria,  or  Allochiria  (al-o-ki^ -rc-ah) 
[dAAof,  other ;  x^'^P*  hand].  A  peculiar  dis- 
turbance of  sensation  in  which,  if  one  ex- 
tremity be  pricked,  the  patient  locates  the 
sensation  in  the  corresponding  part  on  the 
other  side. 

Alloches thesis,  Alloch«sthesia  (al-okes- 
ihc^-u-ahy     Same  as  Allochiria, 

AUolalia  (al-o-la^ -U-ah)  [dAAof ,  other ;  Tjikuv^ 
to  speak] .  Any  perversion  of  the  faculty  of 
speech. 

Allopathy  (alop^-a-thc)  [AAAof , other ;  triktec, 
affection].  According  to  Hahnemann,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  term,  that  method  of  the  treat- 
ment of  disease  consisting  in  the  use  of  medi- 
cines the  action  of  which  upon  the  body  in 
health  produces  morbid  phenomena  different 
from  those  of  the  disease  treated.  Opposed 
to  homeopathy. 

Allorrhytbmia  {alorilh^-meah)  \h%Xo(^ 
other ;  pt^fidc^  rhythm].  Variation  in  inter- 
vals of  the  pulse. 

AUotozin  (al'O'toks'-in)  [iAAof,  other ;  ro^i- 
«t<iv,  poison].  Any  substance,  produced  by 
tissue  metamorphosis  within  the  organism, 
that  tends  to  shield  the  body  by  destroying 
microorganisms  or  toxins  that  are  inimical  to 
it. 

Allotriodontia  {ol-ot-re-o-don^-she-ah)  [aXk6' 
rpiof .  strange  ;  o4orf ,  tooth].  I.  The  trans- 
planting of  teeth  from  one  person  to  snoCbsr. 


ALLOTRIOGEUSTIA 


ALOERETIN 


a.  The  existence  of  teeth  in  abnormal  situa- 
tions, as  in  tumors. 

AUotrio|^eu8tia  (al-otrf-ogHs'te-ah)  \hXk6' 
TfHO^^  strange ;  yeifoig,  taste].  Perversion  of 
the  sense  o?  taste ;  abnormality  of  the  a[>i)e- 
tite. 

AUotriophagy  {al-ot-re-of -a-ji)  [aX><Jr/)/of, 
strange ;  ^yelv,  to  eat].  Depraved  or  un- 
natural appetite. 

Allotropic  {ai'O'trop*  u)  [iXXof,  different; 
TpdrroCf  turn].  Characterized  by  allotrop- 
ism. 

Allotropism  {al-o^-ro-pizm)  [4X^,  other  ; 
rpdrro^^  turn].  I.  The  terra  expresses  the 
fiict  of  certain  elements  existing  in  two  or 
more  conditions  with  differences  of  physical 
properties.  Thus  carbon  illustrates  allotro- 
pism by  existing  in  the  forms  of  charcoal, 
plumbago,  and  the  diamond.  2.  Appear- 
ance in  an  unusual  or  abnormal  form. 

Alloxan  (a/-0Jks^-an)  [aUttnioin :  oxa/tc']^ 
C^HjNjO^.  A  crystalline  substance  pro 
duced  by  the  oxidation  of  uric  acid. 

Alloxantin  (al-oks-an^ -tin)  [tillmtoin :  ox- 
aiic],  C^HjN.O,  ^  ,H,0.  A  substance  ob- 
tained by  reducing  alloxan  with  SnCl,,  zinc, 
and  HCl,  or  H,S  in  the  cold.  It  occurs  in 
small,  hard,  colorless  prisms  that  turn  red 
when  treated  with  ammonia. 

Alloy  (aJ-oi*)  [from  the  French  word  aM^  a 
contraction  o{ d  ia  hi'\.  I.  A  compound  of 
two  or  more  metals  by  fusion.  2.  The  least 
valuable  of  two  or  more  metals  that  are  fused 
together. 

Allspice  iawl'-spu).  See  Pimento^  and 
Fhrida  Allipue, 

AUyl  {al'^l)  [allium,  garlick],  CjHs.  A  uni- 
▼alent  alcohol -radicle.  A.  Alcohol,  C3H.- 
HO,  a  colorless,  inflammable  liquiJ,  with 
pungent  odor,  boiling  at  97®  C.  A.  AHe- 
nycC  CjH^O,  a  syn.  of  Acrolein,  A.  Cyanid. 
See  Sinamin,  A.  Mustard  Oil,  CS.N.C,- 
H^,  Allyl  thiocarbimid.  The  principal  con- 
stituent of  ordinary  mustard  oil.  A.  sulphid, 
(C.H(),S,  the  essential  oil  of  garlic.  A. 
thlDcarbimid.  See  A.  Mustard  Oil.  A. 
tribromid,  C,H}Br.,  a  colorless  liquid  used 
as  an  antispasmodic.  Dose,  five  drops 
(0.15).     Unof. 

AUylamin  {al-il^-am-in)  [allium,  garlick ; 
ammonia'\,  NH2(C,Hj).  Ammonia  in  which 
a  hydrogen  atom  is  replaced  by  allyl.  It  is 
a  caustic  liquid. 

Almond  (am'-und)  [ME.,  almontlA.  See 
Amygdala.  A.  Bread,  a  variety  of  bread 
made  from  almond  flour,  for  use  in  diabetes 
as  a  substitute  for  ordinary  bread.  A.-eyed, 
applied  to  the  Mongolian  race  on  account  of 
the  peculiar  elliptical  form  and  slanting 
position  of  the  eyes.  A.  of  the  Ear,  the 
tonsil.  A.  Mixture.  See  Amygdala  Mis- 
tmra,  A.  Oil«  oleum  amygdalae,  the  fixed  oil 


obtained  from  both  the  sweet  and  the  bitter 
almond.  It  is  odorless,  agreeable  to  the 
taste,  and  of  a  yellow  color ;  sp.  gr.  .919 
at  13°  C.  A.  Oil,  Bitter,  oleum  amygdala 
amane.  See  Amygdala.  A.  Paste,  a  magma 
of  bitter  almonds,  alcohol,  white  of  egg,  and 
rose-water,  used  to  soften  the  skin  and  pre- 
vent the  hands  and  lips  from  chapping.  A. 
of  the  Throat,  the  tonsil. 

Alnus  [al'-nus)  [L.].  Alder  Bark.  The 
bark  of  the  American  Alder.  A.  serrulata, 
contains  tannic  acid.  The  decoction  of  bark 
and  leaves  is  astringent,  and  used  as  a 
gargle  and  as  a  lotion  for  wounds  and  ulcers. 
Dose  of  powdered  bark  gr.  x  (0.65). 

Alochia  (nh-l(/-ke-ah)  [a  priv.;  "^oxidf  the 
lochia] .     Absence  of  the  lochia. 

Aloe  (al'-o)  [akdtj,  the  aloe].  The  inspis- 
sated juice  of  several  species  of  aloe,  of 
which  the  A.  socotrinay  A.  barbadensis^  and 
A.  captnsis  are  most  commonly  used.  Its 
properties  are  due  to  a  glucosid,  aloin^ 
Cj^HjgO,.  It  is  a  tonic  astringent,  useful  in 
amenorrhea,  chronic  constipation,  and  atonic 
dyspepsia.  It  is  also  an  emmenagogue  and 
anthelmintic.  Dose  gr.  j-v  (0.065-0.32). 
A.  americana.  See  Agave.  A.,  Decoct., 
Comp.  ( B.  P.).  Dose  gr.  ss-ij  (0.032-0. 13). 
A.,  Enema  (B.  P.),  aloes,  carbonate  of  po- 
tassium, and  mucilage  of  starch.  A.  et  Asa- 
foetidae,  Pil.,  aloes  and  asafetida  ftftgr.  i>^ 
(o.i).  A.  et  Canellae,  Pulv.,  contains 
powdered  bark  of  Canella  alba.  Dose  gr. 
v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  A.  et  Fcrri,  Pil.,  conU^ins 
gr.  j  each  of  aloes,  ferrous  sulphate,  and  aro- 
matic powder,  incorporated  with  confection 
of  roses.  A.  et  Mastich,  Pil.,  «  Lady 
Webster's"  pill,  contains  aloes  gr.  ij  (0.13), 
mastich  and  red  rose  gr.  ss  (0.032).  A. 
et  Myrrh.,  Pil.,  contains  each  aloes  gr. 
ij  (0.13),  myrrh  gr.  j  (0.065),  aromatic  pow- 
der gr.  ss  (0.032),  mixed  with  syrup.  A.  et 
Myrrh.,  Tinct.,  aloes  10,  myrrh  10,  alcohol 
100  parts.  Dose  .!^ss-.!?ij  (2.0-8.0).  A., 
Ext.,  Aquosum,  prepared  by  mixing  aloes 
I  part  with  lo  parts  boiling  water,  straining 
and  evaporating.  Dose  gr.  ss-v  (0.032- 
0.32).  A.,  Hepatic,  dark  liver-colored 
aloes,  mostly  Socotrine  or  Barbadian.  A., 
Pil.,  aloes  and  soap  Aft  gr.  ij  (0.13).  A. 
Purificata,  the  common  drug  purified  by 
solution  in  alcohol  and  evaporation.  Dose 
gr.  j-v  (0.065-0.32).  A.  Socotrin.,  Pil. 
(B.  r.),  contains  socotrine  aloes,  hard  soap, 
oil  of  nutmeg,  and  confection  of  roses.  Dose 
gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65).  A.,  Tinct.,  consists  of 
aloes  10,  glycyrrhiza  10,  dil.  alcohol  loo 
parts.  Dose  sjss-^ij  (2.0-8.0)  A.,  Vin., 
has  aloes  6,  cardamon  I,  ginger  I,  white 
wine  100  parts.     Dose   ^\-z^\v  (4.0-16.0). 

Aloeretin  {al-o-e-re^-tin)  [aX^,  aloes ;  pffT' 
iv/f,  resin] .    A  brown  resin  contained  in  aloes. 


ALOETIC 


ALUM 


Aloetic  {al-o-et^a)  [iA<fe7,  the  aloe].  Con- 
taining or  pertaining  to  aloes. 

Klotthi  (al'O-e'  tin),  l.  Aloeretin.  2.  A  yel- 
low oystalline  principle  obtainable  from  aloes. 

Aloin  la/^'O'tn)  [dA^i/,  the  aloe].  A  bitter 
principle  found  in  aloes.  It  forms  fine 
needles,  possesses  a  very  bitter  taste,  and  acts 
as  a  strong  purgative.  Several  glucosids  of 
this  name  are  described ;  as  Barbaloin, 
Naialoin^  Zanaimn,  Socaloin.  Dose  gr.  ss- 
ij  (0.032-0.13). 

Alopecia  (al-o-pe' -she-aH)  [a/iin-^^,  a  fox]. 
Deficiency  of  hair;  baldness.  It  may  be 
universal  or  partial,  congenital  or  acquired. 
It  follows  a  large  number  of  systemic  affec- 
tions. A.  adnata.  See  /#.,  Congenital.  A. 
areata  ;  Area  celsi ;  Tinea  decalvans ;  For* 
rigo  decalvans ;  Alopecia  circumscripta ; 
that  condition  in  which  suddenly  or  slowly 
one  or  several,  usually  asymmetrically  distri- 
buted, patches  of  baldness  appear  upon  the 
hairy  regioas  of  the  body,  more  often  upon 
the  scalp  and  parts  covered  by  the  beard. 
A.  circumscripta.  See  A.  areata.  A., 
Congenital,  a  rare  form,  seldom  complete, 
due  to  absence  of  hair-bulbs.  A.  fiirfur- 
acea;  Alopecia  pityroides  capillitii ;  Pity- 
riasis  capitis;  Seborrhoca  capillitii;  Pity- 
riasis simplex ;  Dandruff;  a  form  of  bald- 
ness associated  w  ith  a  disorder  of  the  scalp, 
marked  by  hyperemia,  itching,  and  exfolia- 
tion of  dry  or  fatty  scales  from  its  surface. 
It  may  be  acute  or  chronic,  and  produce  a 
dryness,  brittleness,  and  lack  of  luster  in  the 
hair.  A.  localis;  A.  neuritica;  that  form 
occurring  in  one  or  more  patches  at  the 
site  of  an  injury,  or  in  the  course  of  a 
nerve.  A.  neuritica.  See  A.  localis.  A. 
neurotica,  a  name  given  to  baldness '  of 
trophoneurotic  origin.  A.  orbicularis. 
Same  as  A,  circumscripta.  A.  pityroides 
capillitii.  Sec  A.  furfuracea,  A.  pity- 
roides universalis,  a  rapid  and  general  de- 
nudation of  hair  occurring  in  debilitated 
states,  i^eceded  by  abundant  desquamation 
of  fatty  scales.  A.  senilis,  that  occurring  in 
old  age.  A.  simplex,  the  idiopathic  premature 
baldness  of  young  adults.  It  is  most  conmion 
in  males,  and  is  often  associated  with  prema- 
ture grayneas.  A.  S3fphilitica,  that  due  to  sy- 
philis. A.  universalis,  that  in  which  there  is 
a  genera]  falling  out  of  the  hairs  of  the  body. 

Alozanthin  (al-oksan^-thin)^  C,jH,^0,.  A 
yellow  substance  obtained  from  barbaloin  and 
socaloin  by  the  action  of  bichromate  of  po- 
tassium. 

Alpha  {al'-fafC)  [d?.^,  the  first  letter  of  the 
alphabet].  Tne  Greek  letter  a,  used  in  com- 
bination with  many  chemic  terms  to  indicate 
the  first  of  a  series,  as  alpha-naphthol. 

Alphos  {al'-fos)  [aP.^Ct  vitiligo].  I.  An  old 
name  for  leprosy.     2.  Psoriasis. 


Alphosis  (alfo^'Sis)  [oa^,  vitiligo].  Al- 
binism ;  leukoderma. 

Alpinia  (al-pin' e-ah)  [Alpinus,  an  Italian 
botanist  of  the  sixteenth  century] .  A  genus  of 
zingiberaceous  tropical  plants.  A.  offirina- 
rum,  A.  chincnsiSf  and  other  species  furnish 
Galangal. 

Alsace  Gum  (alsas^^gum).     Sec  Dextrin, 

Alstonidin  (alston'-id-in)  [Alston^  a  Scotch 
botanist].  An  amorphous  substance  con- 
tained in  a  variety  of  Dita  bark. 

Alstonin  (al-stc/-nin)  [Alston,  a  Scotch 
botanist].  I.  An  amorphous  substance  con- 
tained in  a  variety  of  Dita  bark.  2.  A 
crystalline  alkaloid,  CfiH^^N^O^,  obtained 
from  Alstonia  Constricta. 

Alter  (awl^'ter).     To  castrate  or  spay. 

Alterant  {awl^terant).  Same  as  Altera- 
tive. 

Alterative  (awl'-terativ)  [alter,  another]. 
A  medicine  that  alters  the  processes  of  nu- 
trition, restoring,  in  some  unknown  way, 
the  normal  functions  of  an  organ,  or  of  the 
system.  The  most  important  alteratives  are 
arsenic,  iodin,  and  the  iodids,  mercury,  and 
gold. 

Alternate  (awl^-ter-nOt)  [altemare,  to  do  by 
turns].  Occurring  successively  in  space  or 
time.     A.,  Hemiplegia.    See  Hemiplegia, 

Alternating  {awl^ -ter-nating)  [altemare,  to 
do  by  turns].  Occurring  successively.  A. 
Currents,  electric  currents,  the  direction  of 
which  is  constantly  changing.  A.  Insanity, 
a  form  of  insanity  in  which  there  are  reg- 
ular cycles  of  exaltation  and  depression. 

Alternation  {awl- ter-na' -shun)  [alternare, 
to  do  by  turns].  Repeated  transition  from 
one  state  to  another. 

Althaus's  Oil.  It  is  made  as  follows: 
Metallic  mercury  i  part,  pure  lanolin  4  parts. 
2  per  cent,  carbolic  oil  5  parts.  It  is  used 
in  the  treatment  of  sjrphilis  in  injections  of 
Vl\v  (0.32)  at  a  dose. 

Althea,  or  Althaea  r<i/-/y(X-a^)[L.].  Marsh- 
mallow.  The  peeled  root  of  A.  ofictnalis, 
a  plant  of  the  mallow  family.  It  consists 
of  about  one-third  of  vegetable  mucus  and 
starch,  together  with  the  alkaloids  Asparagim 
and  Althein  Hatterly  regarded  as  identical). 
Its  decoction  is  employed  as  a  mucilaginous 
drink.  A.,  Syrupus,  contains  four  per 
cent,  althea.  Dose  indefinite.  Asparagin 
possesses  sedative  and  diuretic  properties, 
and  is  useful  in  ascites  and  gout.  liose  gr. 
ij-iij  (0.13-0.19). 

Altitude  [aF'ti-tad)  [altitudo,  height].  The 
elevation  of  a  place  above  the  sea- level. 

Alum  {alburn)  [alum^n,  alum].  Any  one  of 
a  class  of  double  sulphates  formed  by  the 
union  of  one  of  the  sulphates  of  certain  non- 
alkaline  metals  with  a  sulphate  of  some 
alkaline  metal,     "^llie  standard  (or  common 


ALUMEN 


AMASESIS 


oommercial)  alum,  the  official  Alumen^  U. 
S.  P.,  is  the  aluminium-potassium  sulphate, 
AU SOJ,  +  KjSO^  -f  24H,0.  It  is  a  pow- 
ernii  astringent  and  styptic,  and  is  also  ex- 
tensively used  in  the  arts.  A.,  Ammonia, 
is  the  same  as  the  above,  except  that  the 
potassium  is  replaced  by  ammonium.  It  is 
official  in  Great  Britain,  and  is  extensively 
used  on  account  of  its  cheapness.  What 
is  known  as  concentrated  or  patent  alum, 
is  the  nonnal  aluminium  sulphate  (aluminii 
su/phas),  which  is  not  a  true  alum.  A., 
Ammonio-ferric  (Ferri  et  Ammonii  sul- 
phas)^ U.  S.  P.,  b  strongly  styptic,  and  is 
useful  in  leukorrhea.  Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.32- 
0.65).  A.,  Potassio-ferric,  is  similar  to 
the  A.,  anmionio-ferric.  A.,  Soda,  double 
sulphate  of  sodium  and  aluminium,  is  too 
soluble  for  ordinary  uses.  A.  Whey,  a 
preparation  obtained  by  boiling  3  ij  of  alum 
m  a  pint  of  milk,  and  straining.  It  is  used 
as  an  astringent  and  internal  hemostatic,  in 
wineglassful  doses. 

Ahimen  {al-u^-nten)  [L.,  gen,,  A/ummis'], 
See  A/um.  A.  ezaiccatum,  burnt  or  de- 
hydrated alum. 

Alumina  {al-u^min-ah)  [L.],  A1,0,.  Al- 
mninium  oxid ;  the  principal  ingredient  of 
clay,  and  of  many  stones,  earths,  and  min- 
erals. 

Aluminate  (ai-u'-min-at)  [aluminal,  A 
basic  salt  of  alumina. 

Aluminated  Copper.    See  Lapis  divinm, 

Aluminiferous  {al-u-min-if' -er-m)  [a/umen, 
alum ;  /erre,  to  form].     Yielding  alum. 

Aluminium  (al-u-min'-e-um)  [L.].  Al  = 
27.  Quantivalence  il,  iv.  A  silver  white 
metal  distinguished  by  its  low  sp.  gr. , — about 
2.6.  It  is  largely  used  in  the  arts  and  for 
certain  surgical  instruments.  A.  hydrate, 
Al,f  HO)g,  a  tasteless  white  powder,  feebly 
astringent  Dose  gr.  iij-xx  (0.2-1.3).  A. 
and  Potassium  sulphate,  KsA^SO^)^ 
(Alum),  a  valuable  astringent  used  in 
catarrh^  leukorrhea,  gonorrhea.  Dose  gr. 
z-xx  (0.65-1.3).  In  teaspoonful  doses  it  is 
an  emetic  A.  sulphate,  Al,(SO^)3,  <^  ^^^' 
septic  and  astringent  used  as  a  lotion  in  5  per 
cent,  solution.  A.  acetate,  a  disinfectant. 
Uoof. 

Alumlnol,  Alumnol  (al-um-i^'nol,  al-um^- 
n^)  [aluminium^.  An  astringent  and  anti- 
septic sulphur  compound  of  aluminium, 
used  in  gonorrhea,  endometritis,  and  dis- 
eases of  the  ear,  nose,  skin,  etc.     Unof. 

Alum  Root.  The  root  of  Heuchera  ameri- 
eana.  Its  properties  are  due  to  gallic  and 
tannic  acids.  It  is  very  astringent.  Dose 
of  the  fld.  ext.,  gtt  x-xx  (0.65-1.3).  Also 
the  root  of  Geranium  macutatum,  a  mild 
astringeht. 

Alvcgniat's  Pump.  See Ahergniat^s  Pump, 


Alveolar  (al-ve'-o-lar)  [alveolus,  a  small 
hollow].  Pertaining  to  an  alveolus.  A. 
Abscess,  a  gum-boil.  A.  Arch,  the  alveolar 
surface  of  the  jaw.  A.  Artery,  a  branch 
of  the  internal  maxillary  artery.  A.  Border, 
the  margin  of  the  jaws.  A.  Index,  in  crani- 
ometry, the  gnathic  index ;  the  ratio  of  the 
distance  between  the  basion  and  alveolar 
point,  to  the  disunce  between  the  basion 
and  the  nasal  point,  multiplied  by  loo. 
(Sometimes  the  basilar  index  is  called  the 
alveolar  index).  A.  Passages.  The  ultimate 
division  of  the  bronchi,  emptying  into  the 
infundibula.  A.  Points.  See  Craniomet- 
tie  Points.  A.  Process,  the  border  of 
the  superior  maxilla  in  which  the  alveoli  are 
placed.     A.  Sarcoma.     See  Sarcoma. 

Alveolitis  {al-ve-o-li' -tis)  \aiveolus,  a  hollow ; 
(Tic,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  ths 
alveolus  of  a  tooth. 

Alveolodental  (al-ve^-o-lo-den'-tal)  [alveo- 
lus, a  hollow ;  dens,  a  tooth].  Pertaming 
to  the  teeth  and  their  sockets. 

Alveolus  {al'Ve' -o-lus)  [L.].  i.  The  bony 
socket  of  a  tooth.  2.  An  air  cell  of  the 
lung.  A.  of  Qlands,  the  ultimate  sacs  of 
a  racemose  gland.  A.  of  the  Stomach, 
one  of  the  honeycomb-like  depressions  found 
in  the  stomach. 

Alvine  (al'-vin  or  al'-xfin)  [alvus,  belly]. 
Pertaining  to  the  belly.  A.  Concretion, 
an  intestinal  calculus.  A.  Dejections, 
A.  Discharges,  the  feces.  A.  Obstruction. 
Constipation. 

Alvus  [al'-vus)  [L.].  The  belly,  or  its  con- 
tained viscera. 

Alymphia  {ah-limf -e-aK)  [o  priv. ;  lympha^ 
l3rmphj.     A  deficiency  of  lymph. 

Amacrme  {am'-ak-ritC)  fa,  priv.;  fMKp6^^ 
long;  If,  a  fiber].  Appliea  to  nerve-cells  en- 
tirely devoid  of  axis-cvlinder  processes. 

Amadou  {am'-a-dooS  [Ft.,  amadouer,  to 
coaxj].  German  tinder  or  touchwood ;  Bole- 
tus igniarius,  a  fungus  found  on  old  tree- 
trunks,  used  to  stanch  local  hemorrhage,  and 
as  a  dressing  of  wounds,  etc. 

Amalgam  {am-al^-gam)  [nATxiyiia,  a  soft 
mass].  A  combination  of  mercury  with  any 
other  metal. 

Amalgamation  Um-al-gam-a' -shun^  [fid- 
^yfia,  a  soft  mass].  In  metallurgy,  tne  pro- 
cess of  combining  mercury  with  some  other 
metal,  as  practised  in  separating  silver  and 
gold  from  ores. 

Amanitin  {am-an^-it-in)  [aiiavlrcu,  a  kind  of 
fungus].  I.  A  principle  identical  withcho- 
lin,  obtained  from  the  fly  agaric.  2.  A  pois- 
onous glucosid  obtainable  from  various  species 
of  agaric. 

Amara  {am-a^-ra)  [amarus,  bitter].     Bitten 

Amasesis  (ah-mas-e^-sis)  [a  priv. ;  fx&ajjai{^ 
chewing].    Inability  to  chew  the  food. 


^ 


AMASTIA 

Amastia  (ah-mas^-tg-ah)  [a  prir.  ;  fAaar6^^ 
breast].     Absence  of  the  mammae  or  nipples. 

Amativeness  {am^-ai-iv-nes)  [amare,  to 
loTe].     The  sexual  passion. 

Amaurosis  (am-aw-ry-tis)  [afiat*p6eiv,  to 
darken].  Blindness,  especially  that  occurring 
without  demonstrable  lesion  of  the  eye.  A., 
Albuminuric,  that  due  to  renal  disease. 
A.,  Cerebral,  that  due  to  disease  of  the  brain. 
A.,  Congenital,  that  form  existing  from 
birth.  A.,  Diabetic,  that  associate  with 
diabetes.  A.,  Hysteric,  that  associated 
with  hysteria.  A.,  Reflex,  that  resulting 
from  a  reflex  action  upon  the  optic  nerve 
from  some  remote  source  of  irritation.  A. , 
Saburral,  sudden  temporary  blindness  occur- 
ring in  an  attack  of  acute  gastritis.  A., 
Uremic,  that  due  to  uremia. 

Amaurotic  (am-aw-rot^ -ii)  [afjuivp6eiv^  to 
darken].  Relating  to,  or  affected  with 
amaurosis.  A.  Cats-eye,  a  light-reflex 
through  the  pupil  in  suppurative  choroiditis. 

Amazia  (ah-ma' -u-ah)  [a  priv.;  /<<<<i(-,  the 
breast].     Absence  of  the  mammary  gland. 

Amber  (am^'ber).     See  Succinum, 

Ambergris  (am'-ber-gris)  [amber;  Fr.,^7Tf, 
gray].  A  substance  excreted  by  the  sperm 
whale,  Physeter  mturocephalus.  It  is  not 
known  whether  it  is  a  pathologic  product 
or  not.  It  exhales  a  fragrant,  musky  odor 
when  warmed,  and  is  used  in  adynamic 
fevers,  chronic  catarrh,  and  nervous  diseases. 
Dose,   gr.   j-iij    (0.065-0. 19J.     Unof. 

Ambidexter  [am-be-deks' -ter)  \ambo,  both ; 
dexter^  the  right  hand].  An  ambidextrous 
person. 

Ambidextrous  (ambedeks' -trus)  \ambOy 
both  ;  dexter^  the  right  hand].  Able  to  use 
both  hands  equally  well. 

Amblyopia  (am  -  bU -</ -  pe  •  ah)  [afifl?  tf , 
dulled;  ^,  eye].  Dimness  of  vision,  espe- 
cially that  not  due  to  refractive  errors  or 
organic  disease  of  the  eye.  It  may  be  ran- 
genital  or  acquired,  being  due,  in  the  latter 
case,  to  the  use  of  tobacco  (A,  nicotinica),  or 
alcohol,  or  to  other  toxic  influences ;  to  trau- 
matism ;  or  it  may  be  hysteric.  Nyctalopia 
and  hemeralopia  are  other  forms;  it  may 
arise  from  entoptic phenomena,  such  as  musae 
volitantes^  micropsia ,  me^alopsia,  metamor- 
phopsia^  etc.  It  may  take  the  form  of  con- 
tracted fielcb  of  xnsion,  of  color-blindness,  or 
anesthesia  of  the  retina.  A.  exanopsia, 
amblyopia  from  disuse,  or  from  non-use. 

Ambrosia  {am-bn/ -zhe-ah)  [afi^fxtaia,  the 
food  of  the  gods].  A  genus  of  composite - 
flowered  herbs.  A.  artemisia folia,  common 
hog- weed  of  North  America;  stimulant, 
tonic,  antiperiodic,  and  astringent.  A. 
trifida  has  similar  properties.  The  pollen 
of  these  plants  is  by  some  regarded  as  a 
cause  of  bay-fever. 


AMENORRHEA 

Ambulance  (am^-bu-lans)  [ambulare,  to 
walk  about].  In  Europe  the  term  is  applied 
to  the  surgical  staff  and  arrangements  of  an 
army  in  service.  In  the  United  Sutes  the 
word  is  restricted  to  a  vehicle  for  the  trans- 
ference of  the  sick  or  wounded  from  one 
place  to  another. 

Ambulant,  Ambulating,  Ambulatory 
(am' -bu-lat'O-re)  \jwtbulare,  to  walkabout]. 
Relating  to  walking,  or  changing  location ; 
not  conHned  to  bed.  A.  Blister,  a  blister 
that  changes  its  location.  A.  Clinic,  a  clinic 
for  patients  that  can  walk.  A.  Erysipelas, 
erysipelas  that  shifts  from  place  to  place.  A. 
Tumor,  a  pseudo-tumor.  A.  T3fphoid« 
walking  typhoid  ;  enteric  fever  in  which  the 
patient  does  not,  or  will  not,  take  to  his  bed. 

Ambustion  {am-bus' -chun)  \ambustio,  a 
bum].     Abumors«ald. 

Ameba,  Amceba  {am -e'- bah)  [d/iof^,  a 
change].  A  colorless,  single-ceUed,  jelly- 
like, protoplasmic  organism  found  in  sea  and 
fresh  waters,  constantly  undergoing  changes 
of  fonn  and  nourishing  itself  by  englobing 
surrounding  objects.  A.  coli,  the  ameba  of 
dysentery.  This  is  a  protoplasmic  mass,  re- 
sembling the  water  ameba,  20  to  30^  in 
diameter,  and  composed  of  a  nucleus  and  a 
highly  granular  protoplasm  containing  vacu- 
oles. It  is  found  in  large  numbers  in  the 
stools  of  certain  forms  of  dysentery,  in  the 
intestinal  mucous  membrane,  and  at  times  in 
the  so-called  dysenteric  abscess  of  the  liver. 
'Whether  it  is  the  real  cause  of  the  disease  is 
not  definitely  established. 

Amebic  (am-e'-bik)  [auoipij,  a  change]. 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  amebse. 
A.  Dysentery,  dysentery  associated  with 
the  presence  in  the  bowel  of  the  amoeba  coli. 

Ameboid  (am-e'-boid)  [a^oi/iy,  a  change; 
eMof,  resemblance].  Resembling  an  ameba 
in  form  or  in  movement,  as  the  white  blood* 
cells. 

Amelia  {ah-me'le-ah)[a  priv.;  fiih)^,  a  limb]. 
Al)sence  of  the  limbs. 

Amelioration  (am-tlyo-ra' -shun)  \ad,  to; 
melior,  belter].     Improvement. 

Ameloblast  (amel'o-blast)  [Anglo  French, 
amel,  enamel ;  (i>aar6^,  a  germ].  An 
enamel-cell,  one  of  the  cylindric  cells  cover- 
ing the  papilla  of  the  enamel  organ  of  the 
teeth,  and  forming  a  beautifully  regular  epi- 
thelial layer  that  produces  the  enamel. 

Amelus  {am'-elus)  [a  priv. ;  fii/o^,  a  limb]. 
A  monstrosity  without  limbs. 

Amenia  {ah-me'-neah).     See  Amenorrhea. 

Amenorrhea  {ahmen-or-e'ah)  [«  priv.;  ^i-, 
month;  pi tiv,  to  flow].  Abnormal  absence 
of  menstruation.  A.,  Primitive,  is  a  term 
applied  to  those  cases  in  which  the  catamenia 
have  not  appeared  at  the  proper  time,  and 
A.,  Secondary,  to  those  in  which  the  dis- 


AMENORRHEAL 


AMMONIA 


thmrge  has  been  arrested  after  it  has  existed 
during  the  reproductive  period. 


Amenorrheal  (ah-nten'or-€^-al)[a  priv.;  fi^^ 

;  '      1.       Pel 

amenorrhea. 


month ;    />^e/v,     to     flow].      rertaining  to 


Amentia  {ah-m^-shi-ah)  [a  priv.;  mmst 
mind].     Defective  intellect ;  idiocy. 

Ametria  {ah-mei* -re-ak)  [a  priv.;  fi^pa^ 
womb].     Absence  of  the  uterus. 

Ametroroeter  (ak-nut-rom' -eter)  [a  priv.; 
ftirpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument  for 
measuring  ametropia. 

Ametropia  (aA-fmi-r(/'P^-a/i)[a  priv.;  fihpw, 
a  measure;  d^fCt  sight].  Ametropia  exists 
when  an  imperfect  image  is  formed  upon  the 
retina,  due  to  defective  refractive  power  of 
the  media^  or  to  abnormalities  of  form  of  the 
eye.  In  myopia  the  antero- posterior  diam- 
eter is  too  great,  or  the  power  of  the  refractive 
media  is  too  great ;  kypermetropia  (or  hyptr- 
^pia)  is  the  exact  reverse;  astigmatism  is 
due  to  imperfect  curvature  of  the  cornea, 
or  of  the  retina,  or  to  inequality  of  refract- 
ing pow«»r  in  different  parts  of  the  tens  ; 
prtsbyopia  is  due  to  inelasticity  of  the  lens, 
producing  insufficient  accommodation ;  apha- 
kia ^  or  atisence  of  the  lens,  produces  both  in- 
sufficient refracting  power  and  loss  of  accom- 
modation. 

Ametropic  {ah-met-rop' -ik)  [a  priv.;  fihpov, 
a  measure ;  d(/'<c,  si^^ht].  Affected  with  or 
pertaining  to  ametropia. 

Amid  (am^ii/)  [ammonia].  A  chemic  com- 
pound produced  by  the  substitution  of  an 
acid  radicle  for  one  or  more  of  the  hydrog:;n 
atoms  of  ammonia.  The  amids  are  primary, 
secondary,  or  tertiary,  according  as  one,  two, 
or  three  hydrogen  a(oms  have  been  so  re- 
placed. They  arc  white  crystalline  solids, 
often  capable  of  combining  with  both  acids 
and  bases.  A.  Bases.  See  Amins^  Pri- 
mary. 

Amidin  {am^-id-in)  [Fr.,  amidon^  starch]. 
Starch  altered  by  heat  into  a  hor<iy.  transp.i- 
rent  mass ;  soluble  starch  ;  the  part  of  starch 
that  is  soluble  in  water. 

Amidins  (am'-idinij  [ammonia\  Mono- 
acid  bastes  produced  from  the  nitrites  by  heat- 
ing with  ammonium  chlorid.  In  the  free 
condition  they  are  quite  unstable.  They 
contain  the  group  C.NH.NH,, 

Amido-acetic  Acid  (am' -td-o-as-e' -tik  as'- 
id).     See  Utycocoliwnd  Glycin. 

Amido-acid  (am^-id-o-as^-id)  [ammonia; 
a^etum^  vinegar].  An  acid  containing  the 
amido-group,  NH,. 

Amidogen  {am-id^'O-Jen)  [amid ;  ycwav,  to 
produce].  The  h3rpothetic  radicle,  NH,  re- 
ganled  as  an  essential  part  of  all  amids.    See 

.Amid, 

Amido*tilcctnamic  Acid  {am^-ido-suM-sin- 
am^'ik  at^-id).     Same  as  Asparagin, 
4 


Amidulin  {am-id'-u-iin)  [Fr.,  amidtn, 
starch].  Soluble  starch  ;  prepared  by  the 
action  of  H.SO^  on  starch,  thus  removing  the 
starch -cellulose. 

Amimia  {oA-mim'-e-ah)  [a  priv.;  /ufw^,  a 
mimic].  Loss  of  the  power  of  imitation  or 
of  making  gestures. 

Amin  (am' -in)  [ammonia'].  The  Amins  are 
chemic  compounds  produced  by  the  substi- 
tution of  a  basic  atom  or  radicle  for  one  or 
more  of  the  hydrogen  atoms  of  ammonia ;  oi 
basic  derivatives  of  carbon,  containing  ni- 
trogen and  viewed  as  ammonia  derivatives. 
In  deportment  they  bear  some  similarity  to 
ammonia.  The  lower  members  are  gases  with 
amnM>niacal  odor  and  are  readily  soluble  in 
water;  they  differ  from  ammonia  in  their 
combustibility.  The  highest  members  are 
liquids  soluble  in  water ;  only  the  highe.st  are 
sparingly  soluble.  They  are  called  Afon- 
amins,  Diamins,  Triamifis,  etc.,  according 
to  the  number  of  amtdogen  molecules,  NH,, 
substituted  for  H.  A.,  Primary,  an  amin 
in  which  one  hydrogen  atom  is  replaced  by 
a  univalent  alkyl.  A.,  Secondary,  an 
amin  in  which  two  hydrogen  atoms  are  re- 
placed by  univalent  alkyls.  A.,  Tertiary, 
an  amin  in  which  three  hydrogen  atoms  are 
replaced  by  univalent  alkyls. 

Aminol  (am'-in-ol)  [amin].  A  gaseous 
sut)stance  derived  from  the  methylamin  of 
herring-brine  mixed  with  milk  of  lime.  It  is 
disinfectant,  and  it  has  been  used  in  the  puri- 
fication of  sewage. 

Amitosis  (ak-mit-o^-sis)  [a  priv.;  fiiroq^  a 
thread].  Cell  multiplication  by  direct  divi- 
sion, or  simple  cleavage. 

Amitotic  (>th-mitot'-ik)  [a  priv.;  fdro^, 
thread].  Of  the  nature  of,  or  characterized 
by,  amitosis.  A.  Cell  Division,  direct 
cell*  division,  as  distinguished  from  karyo- 
kinesis. 

Ammonemia  (am-o-ne^-mf-nh).  The  sup- 
posed presence  of  ammonium  carbonate  m 
the  blood. 

Ammonia  (amo'-nr-ah)  [from  the  name  of 
Jupiter  Ammon^  from  the  neighborhood  of 
whose  temple  in  Lib. a,  ammonium  chlorid 
was  obtained].  A  colorless,  pungent  gas, 
NHj,  very  soluble  in  water.  The  prepara- 
tions of  ammonium  are  used  as  antacids  and  as 
gastric  and  cardiac  stimulants,  in  headache, 
hysteria,  etc.  It  is  a  stimulant  to  the  heart, 
and,  in  its  elimination  through  the  lungs, 
stimulates  and  liquefies  the  bronchial  secre- 
tion. Ammoniac,  Aqua,  water  of  am- 
monia, a  solution  containing  ten  per  cent,  of 
the  gas  in  water.  Dose  li\,v- ,15  ss  (0.32-2.0), 
well  diluted.  A.,  Aqua  Fortior,  contains 
28  per  cent,  of  the  gas  in  solution.  A., 
Lrinimentum,  aqua  ammonia  35,  cotton- 
seed oil  60,  alcohol  5  per  cent  A.,  Spiritus, 


► 


AMMONIAC 

a  teo  per  cent,  solution  of  aqua  ammonia  in 
alcohol.  Dose  liv,x-  3  j  (o. 65-4.0) ,  diluted. 
A.,  Spiritus,  Aromaticua,  aromatic  spirit 
of  ammonia,  an  alcoholic  solution  of  am- 
monium carbonate,  flavored  with  lemon, 
lavender,  and  pimenta.  Dose  5ss-ij  (2.0- 
8.0). 

Ammonimc  {am-y-nt-ak).  See  Ammonia- 
cum, 

Ammoniacal  (am-c-m^-ak-ai)  [ammoma]. 
Containing  or  relating  to  ammonia. 

Ammoniacum  (am-o-ni^ -ak-um)  [ammoma'] . 
Ammoniac.  A  gum  obtained  from  a  Persian 
plant,  Dorema  ammoniacum.  It  is  a  stimulat- 
mg  expectorant  and  laxative,  resembling  asa- 
fetida,  employed  in  chronic  bronchial  affec- 
tions. Dose  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  A. 
cum  Hydrargyro,  Emplastnim,  ammoniac 
72,  mercury  18  per  cent.,  with  sulphur, 
acetic  acid,  and  oil,  q.  s.  A.,  Emplastnim, 
100  parts  of  ammoniac,  digested  with  140 
parts  of  acetic  acid,  diluted,  strained,  and 
evaporated.  A.,  Emulaum,  a  four  per  cent, 
emulsion  in  water.    Dose  ^ss^j  (16.0-32.0). 

Ammoniameter  {am-o-nt-am^-et-er)  [am- 
monia ;  fitrpov^  a  measure].  An  instrument 
for  testing  the  strength  of  ammonia  solutions. 

Ammonimted  {am-o-ne-a^-ted)  [ammonia"]. 
Combined  with  ammonia. 

Ammonium  (am-o^-nt-um)  [ammonia].  A 
hypothetic  univalent  alkaline  base,  having 
the  composition  NH^.  It  exists  onlr  in  com- 
bination. Ammonii  acetatis,  Liq.,  Spirit 
of  Mindererus,  dilute  acetic  acid  neutrahzed 
with  ammonia.  Dose  Jj-Sj  (4«o-32.o). 
A.  benaoate,  NH^C^HjO^  Dose  gr.  v-xv 
(0.32-1.0).  A.  lm>mid,  NH^Br,  used  in 
epilepsy,  cough,  and  rheumatism.  Dose 
gr.  X- z  ss  (0.65-2.0).  A.  cart>onate,  NH^- 
HCOj.NH^NHjCO,,  a  mixture  of  carbonate 
and  dicarbonate.  It  is  a  stimulant  expector- 
ant and  cardiac  stimulant.  Dose  gr.  v-x 
(0.32-0.65).  A.  chlorid,  NH4CI,  sal  ammo- 
niac, is  used  in  bronchitis,  rheumatism,  and 
liver  disease.  Dose  gr.  j-xx  (0.065-1.3). 
A.  chloridi,  Trochisci,  each  lozenge  con- 
tains gr.  ij  of  the  salt.  A.  fluorid,  used  in 
enlargement  of  the  spleen.  Dose  gr.  J^l 
(0.0027-0.032).  A.  glycyrrhizas.  Unof 
An  expectorant.  A.  iodid,  NH^I.  Dose 
gr.  ij-x  (0.13-0.65).  A.  nitrate,  NH^NO,, 
used  in  preparing  nitrous  oxide.  A.  phos- 
phate, (NH,),HPO^.  Dose  gr.  v-xx 
(0.32-1.3).  A.picras,C,H(NH,)(NO,^A 
1  salt  in  yellow  needles,  of  bitter  taste ;  like 
other  picrates  it  is  explosive,  and  must  be 
handled  with  care.  It  is  antipyretic  and 
antiperiodic,  and  tends  to  correct  gastric  dis- 
turbances. Dose  gr.  v  (o.  32)  in  24  hours.  A. 
sulphate,  (NH,),SO^,  used  in  the  preparation 
of  other  ammonium  salts.  A.  urate,  occurs 
in  alkaline  urine  and  at  times  in  urinary  cal- 


AMPEREMETER 

cull.  A.  valerianate,  NH^CJH^O,,  b 
as  a  sedative  in  hysteria.  Dose  gr. 
(0.065-0.32). 

Ammotherapy  (  am-o-tker* -a-pe  )  [  ififtod 
sand ;  Oepaweieiv,  to  heal].  The  use  of  sand 
baths  in  the  treatment  of  disease. 

Amnesia  (am-m^-si-aA)  [oftvffffld,  foigetful 
ness  ].  Loss  of  memory,  especially  of  the 
ideas  represented  by  words.  A.  Auditory^ 
word-deafness.  A.,  Visual,  word-blindnen. 

Amnesic  (am-ne^-siJk).  Relating  to  amnesia. 
A.  Aphasia.     See  Amnesia. 

Amnio-chorial  (am-ne-o-ko^-re-al)  [hftviw^ 
the  amnion ;  ;t^/EMov,  a  membrane] .  rcrtain 
ing  to  both  amnion  and  chorion. 

Amnion  {am^-ne-on)  [hfipiov^  a  young  lamb] 
I'he  innermost  of  the  fetal  membranes ;  it  u 
continuous  with  the  fetal  epidermis  at  the  um- 
bilicus, forming  a  complete  sheath  for  the 
umbilical  cord  and  a  sac  or  bag  in  which  the 
fetus  is  enclosed.  It  contains  one  or  two 
pints  of  liquor  amnii.  It  is  a  double,  non- 
vascular membrane,  the  inner  layer  or  sac  de- 
rived from  the  epiblast,  the  outer  from  the 
mesoblast.  The  cavity  of  the  inner  folds  is 
called  the  true  amnion,  that  of  the  outer,  the 
/alsf.  A.,  Dropsy  of,  excessive  secretion  of 
liquor  amnii. 

Amnionic  (am-nt-on^-ik)  [afiviov,  a  young 
lamb].     Relating  to  the  amnion. 

Amniorrhea  (am-ne-o-re^-aA)  [amnion,  hoia^ 
a  flow],     llie  discharge  of  the  liquor  amnii. 

Amniotic  (am-nt-ot'-ik)  [anviov,  a  young 
lamb].  Relating  to  the  amnion.  A.  Fluio! 
The  nquor  amnii.     See  Amnion, 

AmcetMi  {ame^-hah).     See  Amcba. 

Amoeboid  iam-e^-boid).     See  Ameboid, 

Amomum  {am-o^-mum)  [d/M^/iov,  an  Eastern 
spice  plant].  A  genus  of  scitaminaceoos 
plants  to  which  the  cardamon  (A.  cardamp- 
mum)  and  Grains  of  Paradise  (A.  granum 
paradisic  belong. 

Amorphia  (ah-mor'-feah)  [  d  priv.;  ftop^^ 
form].     Shapeless  condition. 

Amorphism  {ahmor' fism)  [a  priv.;  fwpf^^ 
a  form].  The  state  of  being  amorphous  or 
without  shape  ;  want  of  crystalline  structure. 

Amorphous  (ah-mor^-fus)  [h  priv.;  ftop^,  a 
form].     Formless,  shapeless,  not  crystalline. 

Ampelotherapy  (  am  -pel-  0  •  tker^  -  a  -pe) 
[h^ne7oq,  a  grape  vine  ;  Otpairei'etv,  to  heal]. 
The  Grape-cure. 

Amperage  {am-pAr^-ahj )  [Ampire,  a  French 
ph3rsicist].  The  number  of  amperes  passing 
m  a  given  circuit. 

Ampere  (am-par^)  [Amph-e,  a  French  physic- 
ist]. A  unit  of  measurement  of  an  electric 
current. 

Amperemeter  (am-par^me^er)  [Ampere* 
furpov,  to  measure].  An  instrument  for  es- 
timating the  current  of  an  electric  circuit  in 
amperes. 


AMPHIARKYOCHROME 

Amphiarkyocbrome  (am-fe-ar  ^ -ke-o-krom) 
[afi^i,  both;  ipicvg^  net;  XP^f^*  color].  A 
term  applied  by  Nissl  to  a  nerve  cell  the 
stainabfe  portion  of  whose  cell  body  is  in  the 
form  of  a  pale  network,  the  nodal  points  of 
which  are  joined  by  an  intensely  staining 
network. 

Amphiarthrosis  {^am-fe-ar-thro^-sis)  [o/^S 
around  ;  hpOpov,  a  joint].  A  form  of  mixed 
articulation  in  which  the  surfaces  of  the  bones 
are  connected  by  broad  discs  of  fibro-cartil- 
age,  or  else  are  covered  with  Bbro-cartilage 
and  connected  by  external  ligaments.  It  is 
dbting^ished  by  limited  flexion  in  every 
direction,  as,  e.g.,  between  the  vertebrae. 

Amphiaster  {am' -fe-as-ter)  [a//^",  around; 
oariip^  a  star].  The  figure  formed  in  indirect 
cell-division  by  the  achromatin  threads  and 
chromatin  granules  united  to  form  the  so- 
called  nuclear  spindle^  together  with  the 
threads  of  cell  protoplasm  radiating  from  a 
rounded  clear  space  at  each  end  of  the  spindle, 
known  as  the  stars  or  suns. 

Amphibia  (amjiy-e-ah)  [a/z^',  both ;  pUt^t 
lifel.  A  class  of  the  VerteSrata^  living  both 
in  the  water  and  upon  the  land,  as  the  frog, 
newt,  etc. 

Amphibious  {amfil/ eus)  [a//^/,  both ;  /?iof, 
life].     Living  both  on  land  and  water. 

Amphiblastic  {am-fe-blas' -tik)  [a//^',  on  both 
sides;  ^hurrd^,  a  germ].  Pertaining  to  that 
form  of  complete  segmentation  that  gives  rise 
to  an  amphiblastula. 

Amphiblastula  (amfe-blas'-tu-lak)  [afju^i,  on 
both  sides  ;  dim.  of  ^kaardg,  a  gcrmj.  The 
mulberry-mass  or  morula-stage  in  the  develop- 
ment of  a  holoblaslic  egg.  It  follows  the 
stage  known  as  amphimorula. 

Amphibolia  {am-f€b</ -U-ah)  [aiK^t^oXia,  un- 
certainty]. The  vacillating  period  of  a  fever 
or  disease. 

Amphibolic  {amfebol' ik)  [afu^ifh?^}^,  un- 
certain]. Uncertain  ;  doubtful.  Applied  to 
a  period  in  the  febrile  process  occurring  be- 
tween the  fastigium  and  the  defervescence, 
and  marked  by  exacerbations  and  remissions. 

Amphicrania {amfekra' -neah)  fa/^^', both ; 
Kpavioi'y  the  skull].  Headache  aniecting  both 
sides  of  the  head. 

Amphicreatin  ^am  -  fe  -  kre' -  at  -  in)  [a/i^/, 
around;  «p^af,  flesh  J,  C,H,^N,0^.  One  of 
the  muscle -leukomams.  It  crystallizes  in 
brilliant  oblique  prisms  of  a  yellowish-white 
color,  and  is  faintly  basic. 

Amphicreatinin  (amfekre-at*  in-in)  [a//^', 
around ;  «p^ac,  flesh],  C^H^jN^O..  A  mem- 
ber of  the  creatinin  group  of  leukomains  de- 
rived from  muscle. 

Amphidlaithroais  (am  -fe  -  di-  at  •  thro'  -  sis) 
[afifi,  both;  didpffpuffic,  articulation].  The 
articulation  of  the  lower  jaw,  as  it  partakes 
of  the  nature  both  of  ginglymus  and  arthrodia. 


AMPULLA 

Amphigony  {am  -fig'  -  o  -  ne)  [afi^l,  on  both 
sides;  ydvoc,  offspring].  The  sexual  pro- 
cess in  its  broadest  sense  ;  gamogenesis. 

Amphimixis  {amfi-miks' -is)  [afn^i,  on  both 
sides  ;  /i!f tf,  mixing] .  The  mingling  of  two 
individuals  or  their  germs ;  sexual  reproduc- 
tion. 

Amphimorula  {am-fe-mor' -U'lah)  [amphi^on 
both  sides ;  morula^  a  mulberry] .  The  mo- 
rula, or  globular  mass  of  cleavage  cells  result- 
ing from  unequal  segmentation,  the  cells  of 
the  hemispheres  being  unlike  in  size. 

Amphistoma  {am-fis' -to-mak)  [a/i^i,  double ; 
aT6iia ,  mouth] .  A  genus  of  trematode  wonns , 
named  from  the  mouth-like  apparatus  at  either 
end .  One  species,  A .  hominis^  has  been  found 
in  the  large  intestine  of  man. 

Amphodiplopia  {amfo-dip-li/'Pe-ak)  [A/x^, 
both ;  (ItTrA^,  double ;  d^^  eye].  Double 
vision  affecting  each  of  the  eyes. 

Amphophile,  Amphophilous  {am'-fo-fll^ 
am-fof'il-us)  rd/<^,  both;  ^lAeiv,  to  love]. 
Readily  stainable  alike  with  acid  and  basic 
dyes. 

Amphoric  {am-for' •ik)\amphora^  a  vase  with 
two  handles].  Resembling  the  sound  pro- 
duced by  blowing  across  the  mouth  of  a 
bottle.  A.  Brea&ing,  breath  sounds  with 
musical  quality  heard  in  diseased  conditions 
of  the  lung,  especially  in  pulmonary  tuber- 
culosis with  cavity-formation.  A.  Reson- 
ance, in  auscultation,  a  metallic  sound  like 
that  of  blowing  into  a  bottle,  caused  by  the 
reverberation  of  sound  in  a  cavity  of  the  lung. 
A.  Respiration.     See  A.  Breathing. 

Amphorophony  {am-for-of -o-ne)  \amphora^ 
a  vase  with  two  handles;  ^cfVJ^,  a  sound]. 
An  amphoric  resonance  or  sound. 

Amphoteric,  Amphoterous  {am-fo-ter'-ik^ 
am-fof-er-us)  [afx^rtpoq^  both  of  two]. 
Double-sided ;  having  the  power  of  alter- 
ing the  color  of  both  red  and  blue  litmus  test 
paper;  a  condition  sometimes  presented  by 
the  urine. 

Amplification  {am-plif-ik-a' -shun)  [ampli- 
ficare^  to  enlarge].  Increase  of  the  visual 
area,  in  microscopy. 

Amplifier  {am' -ple-fi-er)  [amplificare ^  to  en- 
large]. An  apparatus  used  in  microscopy 
for  increasing  the  magnification.  It  consists 
of  a  diverging  lens  or  combination  placed 
between  the  objective  and  the  ocular,  and 
gives  to  the  image-forming  rays  from  the 
objective  an  increased  divergence. 

Amplitude  {am' -pie  tad)  [amplus^  broad]. 
The  range  or  extent,  as  of  vibrations  and 
undulations,  the  pulse  wave,  etc. 

Ampulla  {am-put'-ah)  [L.,  a  Roman  wine 
jugj.  The  trumpet-mouthed  or  dilated  ex- 
tremity of  a  canat  as  of  the  lachrymal  canal, 
the  receptaculum  chyli,  the  Fallopian  tubes, 
mammary  ducts,  semicircular  canus,  vas  de- 


i 


> 


AMPUTATION 

ferens,  etc.  A.  Chyli,  the  receptaculum 
chyli.  A.,  LieberkUhn's,  the  cecal  ter- 
minus of  one  of  the  lacteals  in  the  villi  of 
the  intestines.  A.  of  Rectum,  the  portion 
above  the  perineal  flexure.  A.  of  Vater, 
the  site  of  entrance  of  the  common  bile-duct 
and  pancreatic  duct  into  the  duodenum. 
Amputation  (amjniia'-shun\  [amputarcy  to 
cut  away].  The  removal  of  a  limb  or  any 
projecting  part  of  the  body.  Amputation 
may  be  by  the  knife,  ligature,  or  other  means, 
or  it  may  be  the  resultof  pathologic  processes, 
as  gangrene,  constriction  (f.  g. ,  of  the  cord 
in  Die  fetus).  A.,  Accidental,  the  separa- 
tion of  a  limb  by  some  form  of  accident. 
A.,  Bloodless,  one  in  which  there  is  but 
slight  loss  of  blood,  on  account  of  the 
circulation  being  controlled  by  mechanical 
means.  A.,  Central,  one  in  which  the  scar 
b  situated  at  or  near  tbe  center  of  the  stump. 
A.,  Circular,  that  performed  by  making  a 
tingle  flap,  by  circular  sweeps  of  a  long  knife, 
through  skin  and  muscles,  in  a  direction  ver- 
tical to  the  long  axis  of  the  limb.  A.,  Circular 
Skin  Flap,  a  modification  of  the  circular,  in 
which  the  skin  flap  is  dissected  up,  and  the 
muscles  divided  at  a  higher  level.  A.,  Coat- 
sleeve,  a  modification  of  the  circular,  in 
which  the  cutaneous  flap  is  made  very  long, 
the  end  being  closed  by  being  gathered  to- 
gether by  means  of  a  tape.  A.,  Congenital, 
amputation  of  fetal  portions,  due  to  constric- 
tion by  bands  of  lymph.  A.  in  the 
Contiguity,  amputation  at  a  joint.  A.  in 
the  Continuity,  amputation  of  a  limb  else- 
where than  at  a  joint.  A.,  Consecutive, 
an  amputation  during  the  period  of  suppura- 
tion or  later.  A.,  Cutaneous,  one  in  which 
the  flaps  are  composed  exclusively  of  the  in- 
teguments. A.,  Diclastic,  one  in  which  the 
bone  is  broken  with  an  osteoclast,  and  the 
soft  tissues  divided  by  means  of  an  ^craseur. 
Its  object  is  to  avoid  hemorrhage  and  puru- 
lent infection.  A.,  Double  Flap,  one  in 
which  two  flaps  are  formed  from  the  soft 
tissues.  A.,  Dry.  ^ce  A.,  B/oot/Z^ss.  A., 
Eccentric,  one  in  which  the  scar  is  situated 
away  from  the  center  of  the  stump.  A., 
Elliptical,  one  that  may  be  performed  by  a 
single  sweep,  as  in  the  circular  method ;  the 
wound,  however,  having  an  elliptical  outline, 
on  account  of  the  oblique  direction  of  the 
incision.  A.  of  Expediency,  one  performed 
for  cosmetic  effect.  A.,  Flap,  one  in  which 
one  or  more  flaps  are  made  from  the  soft 
tissues,  the  division  being  made  obliquely. 
A.,  Flapless,  one  in  which,  on  account  of 
destruction  of  the  soft  parts,  flaps  cannot  be 
formed,  the  wound  healing  by  granulation. 
A.,  Qalvano-caustic,  one  in  which  the 
soft  parts  are  divided  with  the  galvano-cau- 
tery  followed  by  division  of  the   bone  by 


AMYELINIC 

the  saw.  A.,  Immediate,  one  done 
within  twelve  hours  after  the  injury, 
during  the  period  of  shock.  A.,  In- 
termediary, or  Intermediate,  one  per- 
formed during  the  period  of  reaction,  and 
before  suppuration.  A.,  Intrauterine.  See 
A.f  Congenital.  A.,  Major,  amputation  of 
an  extremity  above  the  wrist  or  ankle  joint. 
A.,  Mediate.  See  A.^  Intermediary.  A., 
Minor,  amputation  of  a  small  part,  as  a 
finger.  A.,  Mixed,  a  combination  of  the 
circular  and  flap  methods.  A.,  Multiple, 
amputation  of  two  or  more  members  at 
the  same  time.  A.,  Musculo-cutaneous, 
one  in  which  the  flaps  consist  of  skin  and 
muscle.  A.,  Musculo-teg^mentary.  See 
A.^  Musculo- cutaneous.  A.,  Natural.  See 
A.^  Congenital.  A.,  Oblique.  See  A.^ 
Oval.  A.,  Osteoplastic,  one  in  which 
there  is  section  and  apposition  of  portions 
of  bone,  in  addition  to  the  amputation. 
A.,  Oval,  a  modification  of  the  elliptical,  in 
which  the  incision  consists  of  two  reversed 
spirals,  instead  of  the  one  oblique.  A., 
Partial,  l.  One  in  which  but  a  portion  of 
the  extremity  is  removed.  2.  An  incomplete 
congenital  amputation.  A.,  Pathologic, 
one  done  for  tumor  or  other  diseased  condi- 
tion. A.,  Primary,  one  done  after  the 
period  of  shock  and  before  the  occurrence  of 
inflammation.  A.,  Racket,  a  variety  of  the 
oval  amputation,  in  which  there  is  a  single 
longitudinal  incision  continuous  below  with 
a  spiral  incision  on  either  side  of  the  limb. 
A.,  Secondary,  one  performed  during  the 
period  of  suppuration.  A.,  Spontaneous. 
See  A.^  Congenital.  It  also  occurs  in  the 
disease,  ainhum.  A.,  Subperiosteal,  one  in 
the  continuity,  the  cut  end  of  the  bone  t*eing 
covered  by  periosteal  flaps.  A.,  Synchron- 
ous. See  A.^  Multiple.  A.  by  Transfix- 
ion, one  done  by  thrusting  a  long  knife  com- 
pletely through  a  limb,  and  cutting  the  fla|» 
from  within  out. 

Amusia  {ah-mu' -seah)  [a  priv.;  WMitf, 
fiovmif  muse].  Lx)ss  of  the  ability  to  produce 
or  comprehend  music  or  musical  sounds ;  an 
abnormality  as  regards  music  analogous  to 
aphasia  as  regards  the  faculty  of  speech. 
Motor  A.,  the  music  is  understood,  but  there 
is  loss  of  the  power  of  singing  or  of  other- 
wise reproducing  music.  Paramusia,  faulty 
and  imperfect  reproduction  of  music.  Sensory 
A.,  musical  deafness,  or  the  loss  of  the  power 
of  comprehension  of  musical  sounds. 

Amyelencephalia  {ah-mi-el-ensefa'-U-aK) 
[a  priv.;  fitv}6^^  marrow  ;  Kipd^Jj,  the  head}. 
Absence  of  both  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

Amyelia  (aA-mi-e^-leaA)  [a  priv.;  fiV€}.6f^ 
marrow].     Absence  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Amyelinic  (ahmiel-in'-ik)  [a  priv.;  ftvtKi^^ 
maiTow].     Without  myelin. 


AMYELOTROPHY 


AMYLOPSIN 


Amyelotiophy  {ah-wti-el-of-ro-fe)  [a  priv.; 
fiveXdCt  marrow;  rpo^ij,  nourisnnient] . 
Atrophy  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Amyelus  (ah-mi' -ii-us)  [a  priv.;  fivt'kd^, 
marrow].  A  fetal  monstrosity  with  partial 
or  complete  abseoce  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Amygdala  {am-ig^-dal-tth)  {a^vydahj^  al- 
mond]. I*  The  tonsil.  2.  A  small  lobule 
on  the  lower  surface  of  each  cerebellar  hem- 
isphere, projecting  into  the  fourth  ventricle. 
3.  Almond.  The  seeds  of  A.  amara  and 
A.  dulcis^  containing  the  principle  Emulsin. 
The  former  contains  Amygdalin,  The 
expressed  oil  of  the  sweet  almond  is  a 
demulcent,  and  is  useful  in  skin  affections ; 
in  doses  of  Sj-ij  (4-O-S-o)  a  mild  laxa- 
tive. That  of  A.  amara  is  used  in  cos- 
metics. A.  Amarae,  Aqua,  a  I  :  looo  so- 
lution of  the  oil  in  water.  Dose  indefinite. 
A.  Amarae,  Oleum,  a  bitter  volatile  oil, 
containing  3-14  per  cent,  of  hydrocyanic  acid 
and  having  similar  uses.  Dose  nV,X~J  (o«oi^ 
0.065).  A.,  Oleum  expressum,  oil  of 
sweet  almonds.  A.,  Emulsum,  oil  of  sweet 
almonds  6  per  cent ,  sugar,  water,  and  acacia 
q.  5.  Dose  .^^j-Jss.  (4.0-16.0.)  A.,  Pulv. 
Corop.  (B.  P.),  containing  sweet  almonds, 
refined  sugar,  and  gum  acacia.  It  is  used  to 
make  A. ,  EmuUum,  A.,  Sjmipus,  contains 
oil  of  bitter  almonds  3,  sweet  almonds  lo, 
syrup  87  ()er  cent.      It  is  used  as  a  vehicle. 

Amygdalin  {am-ig^^-dal-in)  [a/ivycJd/,^,  al- 
mond], C„H„NO„  -\-  3H,0.  A  glucosid 
formed  in  bitter  almonds,  in  various  plants, 
and  in  the  leaves  of  the  cherry  laurel. 
Under  the  influence  of  emulsin,  contained 
in  the  almond,  it  splits  up  into  glucose  and 
hydrocyanic  acid. 

Amygdaline  {am-i^ -dal-iti)  [a^vycJdAjy,  al- 
mond]. I.  Almond-like.  2.  Pertaining  to 
the  tonsil. 

Amygdalitis  (am-ig-dnli^ -tis)  \a^vy6ahi^  al- 
mond; /rtCf  inflammation].    Tonsillitis. 

Amygdaloid  {amig* -dal-oid)  \afivy6ahi^ 
almond ;  rMoc>  form].  Resembling  an 
almond.  A.  Fossa,  the  depression  for  the 
lodgment  of  the  tonsil.  A.  Tubercle,  a 
projection  of  gray  matter  at  the  end  of  the 
descending  comu  of  the  lateral  ventricle 
of  the  brain.  It  is  attached  to  the  temporal 
lobe,  and  appears  to  be  nearly  isolated  by 
white  substance. 

Amygdalolith  {am-ig-dal' •o-lith)  [a/it/yrfdA^, 
an  almond  ;  Ai<?of,  a  stone].  A  concretion 
or  calculus  found  in  the  tonsil. 

Amygdalopathy  (am-tg-  dal-  op  '-  ath  -  e ) 
\a^tvy6ahi,  an  almond ;  TtaQoq^  a  disease]. 
Any  disease  of  the  tonsils. 

Amygdalotorae  {am-ig^ -dal-o-tdm)  [afivy- 
66ifff  tonsil ;  rkfjvttv^  to  cut].  An  in- 
strument used  in  cutting  the  tonsils. 

Amygdalotomy  {amigdal-ot^ -(hme)   \jiiivy^ 


SdXtf,  a  tonsil;  rifivetv,  to  cut].     Tonsillot- 
omy. 

Amyl  {am^'il)  [d/wAov,  starch].  The  radi- 
cle, C^H.|,  of  amyl  alcohol,  the  fifth  mem- 
ber of  the  series  of  alcohol  radicles,  C. 
H,a^i.  A.  Alcohol.  ^^  Amylic  Ahohol, 
A.  Hydrate.  See  Amylic  AUohoL  A. 
Nitrite,  nitrite  of  amyl,  CjH.jNO,,  a  clear, 
yellowish,  volatile  liquid,  ol  a  penetrating 
odor.  It  produces  vascular  dilatation  and 
stimulates  the  heart's  action,  and  is  useful  in 
angina  pectoris,  respiratory  neuroses,  etc. 
Dose,  intemallyy  ny^  %-)  (0.016-0.065) 
dissolved  in  alcohol ;  by  inhalation^  TT\,  ij-v 
(0.13-0.32).  A.  Valerianate.  See  Apple 
Oil. 

Amylaceous  {am-il-a'-5e-u5)\anv'kov^  starch]. 
Containing  starch  ;  starch-like. 

Amylene  {am'-il-in)  [d/zvAov,  starch],  C^- 
H,0.  A  liquid  hydrocarbon,  having  anes- 
thetic properties.  See  Anesthetic.  A.  Hy- 
drate, CjH„0,  a  tertiary  alcohol  used  as  an 
hypnotic.  Dose  n^^xxx- ^15  j  (2.0-4.0).    Unof. 

Amylic  (am-il'-ik)  [hfivXov^  starch].  Per- 
taining to  amyl.  A.  Alcohol,  Fusel  Oil, 
Potato-starch  Alcohol,  Amyl  Hydrate.  An 
alcohol  having  the  composition  CjHj^O,  pro- 
duced in  the  continued  distillation  of  fer- 
mented grain.  It  was  formerly  used  to 
adulterate  whisky.  It  is  employed  as  a  sol- 
vent and  reagent. 

Amylin  (am'-il-in)  [hfiv^xw^  starch].  The  in- 
soluble wall  of  the  starch  grain. 

Amylogenic  {am-il-ojen' ik)  [A//vAov,  starch ; 
ykvvav^  to  produce].     Starch-producing. 

Amyloid  (am^-il-otd)  [d/ivAov,  starch;  cZcJof, 
form].  Starch-like.  A.  Bodies,  bodies 
resembling  starch  grains,  found  in  the  nervous 
system,  the  prostate,  etc.  They  are  the  result 
of  a  localized  amyloid  degeneration.  A. 
Degeneration,  waxy,  or  lardaceous  degen- 
eration. A  degeneration  characterized  by 
the  formation  of  an  albuminous  substance, 
resembling  starch  in  its  chemic  reactions. 
The  process  affects  primarily  the  connective 
tissue  of  the  blood-vessels  of  various  organs, 
and  is  connected  with  or  due  to  chronic 
suppuration  in  the  body.  Amyloid  substance 
gives  a  brown  color  with  iodin,  a  red  color 
with  gentian-violet,  and  turns  blue  on  being 
treated  with  iodin  and  sulphuric  acid.  A. 
Kidney.     See  Bright' s  Disease. 

Amylolysis  (am-il-ol^ -is-is)  T&fivhiv,  starch  ; 
Ara/c,  solution].  The  digestion  of  starch,  or 
its  conversion  mto  sugar. 

Amylolytic  (am-ila-lit^-ih)  [d/ivXov,  starch  ; 
Aimf,  solution].  Pertaining  to  or  effecting 
the  digestion  of  starch,  as  the  ferments  in 
the  saliva  and  pancreatic  juice,  that  convert 
starch  into  sugar. 

Amylopsin  {am-il-op^ -sin)  [i//vA.ov,  starch; 
6y>«f,  appearance].     A  ferment  found  in  the 


AMYLOSE 


ANAESTHETIC 


pADcremdc  juice*  which  changes  starch  into 
sugar. 

Amyloae  (am^-iZ-is)  [hfivXov,  starch].  Any 
one  of  the  group  of  carbohydrates,  compris- 
ing starch,  glycogen,  dextrin,  inulin,  gum, 
cellulose,  and  tunicin. 

Amyluxn  (<i/w'-/7nw)[L.],  CjHj^Oj.  Starch. 
A.,  Qlyceritum,  contains  starch  lo,  water 
lo,  glycerin  80  per  cent. ;  used  for  externa! 
application.  A.,  Mucilago  (B.  P.),  used  in 
making  enemata.  A.  iodatum,  contains 
starch  95,  iodin  5  per  cent.,  triturated  with 
distilled  water  and  dried.  Dose  3J-Jss 
(4.0-16.0). 

Aroyocardia  (am-i-o-kar^-df-ak)  [a  priv. ; 
/it*(-,  muscle;  tutpSia^  the  heart].  Lack  of 
muscular  power  in  the  heart's  contractions. 

Amyostasia  {am'i'os-ta'-t^-ah)  [apriv.;  fiv^, 
muscle;  ardoic,  standing].  An  abnormal 
trembling  of  the  muscles  while  in  use,  often 
seen  in  locomotor  ataxia. 

Amjrosthenia  {am-i-osihe^'ng-ah)  [a  priv. ; 
^vf,  muscle  ;  odkvoq^  force].  Deficient  mus- 
cular power. 

Ain3rotrophia  {am-io-tro' -fe-ak)  [a  prir. ; 
^tfc, muscle;  rpo^, nourishment].  Atrophy 
of  a  muscle. 

Amyotrophic  iam-i-o-trof'-ik)  [a  priv.;  //t\, 
muscle ;  rpo^^  nourishment].  Character- 
ixed  by  muscular  atrophy.  A.  Lateral 
Sclerosis,  lateral  sclerosis  combined  with 
muscular  atrophy.  The  lesion  is  in  the  pyra- 
midal tracts  and  in  the  ganglion  cells  of  the 
anterior  gray  horns  of  the  spinal  cord.  I'he 
disease  has  a  marked  tendency  to  involve 
the  medulla.  A.  Paralysis,  that  due  to 
muscular  atrophy. 

Anabasis  (an-ab' -its-is)  [aivi^'vciv,  to  go 
up].     The  increasing  stage  of  acute  disease. 

Anat>atic  {an-ab-at^  -ik)  [a\*afia7Ui6^y  ascend- 
ing!. Increasing ;  growing  more  intense ; 
as  the  anabatic  stage  of  a  fever. 

Anabiosis  {an-ab-i-y-sis)  [dva/?/4c/i\  to  come 
to  life  again].  The  reappearance  of  vitality 
in  an  apparently  lifeless  organism. 

Anabolergy  (an-ab-oi'-fr-je)  rafa/?aA>e«y,  to 
throw  up ;  kpyovy  work].  The  force  ex- 
pended or  work  performed  in  anabolism,  or 
m  anabolic  processes. 

Anat>olic  (an-ab-ol' -ik^  Xava^y.'h.iv^  to  throw 
up].  Pertaining  to  or  cnaracterized  by  ana- 
bolism. 

Anabolin  {aH-ab^-o-Zin)  [ava^a77eiVtto  throw 
up].  Any  substance  formed  during  the 
anabolic  process. 

Anabolism  {an-ay-oHuni)  [ava^a''Ojttv^  to 
throw  up].  Synthetic  or  constructive  meta- 
bolism. Activity  and  repair  of  function; 
opposed  to  katabolism. 

Anacamptic  {an-ak-amp^ -tik)  [awi/cri/i7rr«v, 
to  bend  back].  Reflected,  as  sounc}  or  light ; 
pertaining  to  or  causing  a  reflection. 


Anacardium  {an-ak-ar^-de-untS  [avh^  up; 
napdiat  the  heart,  from  its  heart-shaped  seeds]. 
I.  A  genus  of  tropical  trees.  J.  occidentau 
yields  cashew  gum  and  the  cashew  nut.  2. 
The  oil  of  the  pericarp  of  the  cashew  nut, 
known  as  cardol,  and  used  as  an  escharotic. 
It  is  said  to  be  of  value  in  leprosy.  A., 
Tinct.,  I  to  10  of  rectified  spirit.  Dose, 
Ti\.ij-x  (0.13-0.65).  A.,  Unguentum,  one 
part  of  the  tar  to  eight  of  lard  or  vaselin, 
used  as  a  blistering  ointment. 

Anaclasis  ( <?;} -<?i^-/r7i-tj)  [avdicAnmc,  a  break- 
ing off,  or  back].  I.  Reflection  or  refrac- 
tion of  light  or  sound.  2.  A  fracture ;  forci- 
ble flexion  of  a  stiff  joint. 

Anacrotic  {an-ak-rot* -ik)  [av4,  upward  ;  Kp6- 
Toc,  a  stroke].  Relating  to  or  cnaracteriied 
by  anacrotism. 

Anacrotism  [an-ay -ro-titm)  f avd,  upward  ; 
Kp&ro^^  a  stroke].  The  condition  in  which 
there  is  one  or  more  notches  on  the  ascending 
limb  of  the  pulse  curve. 

Anacusia  (an-ak-oy-se-ah)  [av  priv.;  aiuti^ttv^ 
to  hear].     Complete  deafness. 

Anadenia  {an-ad-e^-nf-ah)  [av  priv.;  <i6ff\\ 
gland].     Insufficiency  of  glandular  function. 

Anadicrotic  (an-ah-di-krot' -ik)  [ai'Ot  upward; 
*f/c,  twice  ;  Kpdroc,  a  stroke].  Characteriied 
by  anadicrotism. 

Anadicrotism  (an-ak-di'-kroi-itm)  [ciyS,  up- 
ward ;  <I^c,  twice ;  KpSroc,  a  stroke].  Di- 
erotism  of  the  pulse- wave  occurring  in  the 
upward  stroke. 

Anadidjrmous  (an-ad-id^ -im-us)  [ovd,  up; 
SiSvfwc,  a  twin].  Cleft  upward  into  two, 
while  single  below — said  of  certain  joined 
twins. 

Anadidymus  (an-ad-id^-im-us)  [av<i,  up; 
6i6vfw^^  a  twin].     An  anadidymous  montiter. 

Anadipsia  {an-ah-dip^ -se-ah)  \avh^  intensive ; 
d'f^^  thirst].     Intense  thirst. 

Anaemia  [an-e'-me-ah).     See  Anemia. 

Anaerobia  {an-a-er</'be-ah)  [av  priv.;  Ai^p, 
air;  /3u>c,  life].  Microorganisms  naving  the 
power  of  living  without  free  oxygen.  A., 
Facultative,  applied  to  organisms  normally 
or  usually  living  in  the  presence  of  oxygen, 
but  capable  of  becoming  anaerobic. 

Anaerobic  {an-a-en/ -bik)  [avpriv.;  a^p,  air; 
/?<V)f,  life].  Living  in  the  absence  of  free 
oxygen  or  air.     See  Aerobic. 

Anaerobiosis  (an-a-er-o-bi-(/-sis)  [av  priv,; 
o^p,  air;  /?<o(-,  life].  Life  sustained  in  the 
absence  of  free  oxygen  ;  the  power  of  living 
where  there  is  no  free  oxygen. 

Anaerobiotic,  Anaerobious  (ana-er-o-hi-ot^' 
iJk,  an-aerp^bf-us)[av  priv.;  ai^,  air;  pioc, 
life].  Capable  of  existing  without  free  oxy- 
gen. 

Anjesthesia  {anes-the^-u-ah).  See  Anes 
tkesia. 

Anesthetic  {an-a'thif -ik).    Set  AnistJkOk. 


ANAGRAPH 

Anagraph  {an'-a-graf)  {avaypoi^^  a  writing 
outl.     A  pnysician's  prescription  or  recipe. 

Anakuaia  {an-ak-ot/sis).     See  Anacusia. 

Anal  (a'-nai)  [  anus,  the  fundament].  Per- 
taining to  the  anus. 

Analepaia,  Analepsia  {an  -  al-  ef/-  se  -  ah, 
an-al-ep'-sis)  [avdAj/V^*  a  taking  up]. 
Recovery  of  strength  after  disease. 

Analeptic  {an-al-ep' -Hk\  [dvaXjyTrrf^ttJf,  re- 
storative]. I.  Restorative.  2.  Any  agent 
restoring  health  after  illness. 

Analgen  (an-ai'-jen)  [av  priv.;  dXyof,  pain], 
C^Hj^NjO^.  A  white,  tasteless,  crystalline 
powder,  almost  insoluble  in  water,  soluble 
with  difficulty  in  cold  alcohol,  but  more 
readily  in  hot  alcohol,  and  dilute  acids.  It 
melts  at  406.4°  F.  It  is  employed  as  an 
analgesic,  antineuralgic,  and  antipyretic.  Dose 
gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0). 

Analgeaia  {an-al-je* -te-aK)  [a  priv.;  &A}^, 
pain] .     Insensibility  to  or  absence  of  pain. 

Analgeaic  (an-al-je^ -sikS  [d  priv.;  AAyof, 
pain].  I.  Anodyne;  relieving  pain.  2.  Af- 
fected with  analgesia.  3.  A  remedy  that 
relieves  pain. 

Analgesin  (an-al^-Je-sin),     See  Antipyrin. 

Analgic  {an-al'-jik)  \hv  priv.;  dX>of,  pain]. 
Analgesic. 

Analgine.     S3mon3an  of  Creolin, 

Analogous  {an-al' -o-gus)  \hv6,7^oyGq,  conform- 
able] .  Conformmg  to,  proportionate,  answer- 
ing to. 

Analogue  (an'-al-og)  [ovdAx^yof,  conform- 
able]. A  part  or  organ  having  the  same 
function  as  another,  but  with  a  difference  of 
structure.  The  correlative  term,  homologue, 
denotes  identity  of  structure  with  difference 
of  function.  The  wing  of  the  butterfly  and 
that  of  the  bird  are  analogous,  but  the  wing  of 
a  bird  and  the  arm  of  a  man  arc  homologous. 

Analysis  (an-al^-is-is)  [ava7,beiv,  to  unloose]. 
The  resolution  of  a  compound  body  into  its 
constituent  parts.  A.,  Qasometric,  the 
determination  of  the  constituents  of  gaseous 
compounds,  especially  the  determination  of 
the  amount  of  oxygen  in  samples  of  atmos- 
pheric air.  A.,  Qravimetric,  the  quantita- 
tive determination  by  weight  of  the  elements 
of  a  body.  A.,  Organic,  the  determination 
of  the  elements  of  matter  formed  under  the 
influence  of  life.  The  analysis  of  animal 
and  vegetable  tissues.  A.,  Proximate,  the 
determination  of  the  simpler  compound  into 
which  a  substance  may  be  resolved.  A., 
Qualitative,  the  determination  of  the  nature 
of  the  elements  that  compose  a  body.  A., 
Quantitative,  the  determmation  of  the  pro- 
portionate parts  of  the  various  elements  of  a 
compound.  A.,  Spectral,  the  determination 
of  tne  composition  of  a  body  by  means  of 
the  spectroscope.  A.,  Ultimate,  the  reso- 
lution of  a  compound  into  its  ultimate  ele- 


ANARTHRIA 

ments.  A.,  Volumetric,  the  quantitative 
determination  of  a  constituent  by  volume. 

Analyzer  {an' -al-i-zer)  [avaXhenf,  to  unloose]. 
In  microscopy,  the  Nicol  prism,  which  exhi- 
bits the  properties  of  light  after  polarization. 

Anamirta  {an-am-er^-ta).  A  genus  of  Menis- 
permaceae.  A.  paniculata,  or  Menispermum 
cocculus,  is  the  source  of  Cocculus  indicus. 

Anamnesis  {an-am-ny-sis)  [avafivrfaig,  a 
recalling  to  mind].  I.  The  faculty  of 
memory;  recollection.  2.  That  which  is 
recollected:  information  gained  regarding 
the  past  history  of  a  case  from  the  patient. 

Anamnestic  {an-am-nes' -tik)  [avdfivrftji^,  a 
recalling  to  mind].  I.  Recalling  to  mind. 
2.  Restorative  of  the  memory. 

Anamniotic  {an-am-ne-ot' -ik)  [dv  priv.; 
Qfiviov,  amnion].     Without  an  amnion. 

Anandria  {an-an'-dre-ah)  [dv  priv.;  avijpf 
man].     Lack  of  virility ;  impotence. 

Anapeiratic  {an-ap-i-rat* -ik)  [dvaTre^pdo^af, 
to  do  again].  Due  to  excessive  use  of  cer- 
tain parts,  or  of  certain  muscles,  as  in  writers' 
and  telegraphers'  cramp. 

Anaphases  {an-af-a'-sez)  [di'd,  up ;  0d(r<c»  a 
phase].  The  phenomena  of  karyokinesis 
immediately  preceding  the  formation  of  the 
daughter  stars,  and  up  to  the  formation  of 
the  resting  daughter  nuclei. 

Anaphia  {an-a' -fe-ah)  [dv  priv. ;  d^i^,  touch]. 
Defect  in  the  sense  of  touch. 

Anaphoresis  {an  -  af-or-e^-sis)  [dv  priv.; 
^pieiv,  to  carry].  A  diminution  in  the 
activity  of  the  sweat-glands. 

Anaphrodisia  {an-af-ro-diz' -e-afi)  [dv  priv.; 
' Ai^fjoSlrrf,  Venus].  Absence  or  impairment 
of  sexual  appetite. 

Anaphrodisiac  {an-af-ro-diz'-e-ak)  [dv  priv.; 
' A(pfjo6iT7f,  Venus].  I.  Relating  to,  affected 
by,  or  causing  anaphrodisia.  2.  An  agent 
that  allays  the  sexual  desire. 

Anaplastic  {an-ap-las'-tik)  [dva7rAd(r<7eiv,  to 
buildup].  I.  Relating  to  anaplasty ;  restor- 
ing a  lost  or  defective  part.  2.  An  agent 
that  facilitates  repair. 

Anaplasty  {an' -ap-las-te)  [dvaTr^acxeiv,  to 
build  up].  An  operation  for  the  restoration 
of  lost  parts ;  plastic  surgery. 

Anapnogfraph  {an-ap'-no-graf)  [avairvofj,  res- 
piration ;  ypdf^iv,  to  write] .  An  apparatus 
registering  the  movements  of  inspiration  and 
expiration,  together  with  the  quantity  of  air 
inhaled. 

Anapnoic  (««-«/- w</-i>6)  [dvd,  against;  dn-- 
voia,  want  of  breath].     Relieving  dyspnea. 

Anapophysis  (an-ap-off'-is-is)  [hvd,  back ; 
aird^vai^.  an  offshoot].  An  accessory  process 
of  a  lumbar  or  dorsal  vertebra,  corresponding 
to  the  inferior  tubercle  of  the  transverse  pro- 
cess of  a  typical  dorsal  vertebra. 

Anarthria  (an-ar' -thre-ah)  [dv  priv.;  hpBpov^ 
articulation].     Defective  articulation. 


i 


ANASARCA 


ANDROOYNEITY 


Anasarcm  {an-ah-sar^-koA)  [awi,  through; 
wAp^t  the  flesh].  An  accumulation  of  serum 
in  the  subcutaneous  areolar  tissues  of  the 
body. 

Anasarcous  {anahsar^-kus)  fava,  through ; 
adpf ,  the  flesh].     Affected  witii  anasarca. 

Anaapadiaa  (an-as-pa' -de-as)  \bvii,  up ;  tmi,- 
eiVf  to  draw].  A  urethral  opening  upon  the 
upper  surface  of  the  penis. 

Anastaltic  (an-as-ial'-tik)  [avaffroXriiaif, 
checking,  putting  back].  I.  Strongly  astrin- 
gent.    2.  Centripetal;  aflerent. 

Anastaais  (an-as^-tas-is)  [av^amat^,  a  setting 
up].      Recovery;  convalescence. 

Anastatic  {an-as'tat^'ik)  [avoaTQai^^  a  set- 
ting up].     Tending  to  recovery ;  restorative. 

Anastofe  (anas'-tole)  [diwrroXi^,  retracted]. 
Retraction  ;  shrinking  away,  as  of  the  lips  of 
a  wound. 

Anastomosis  (an-eu-to-nu/ -sis)  \h.vaoro^iUw ^ 
to  bring  to  a  mouth] .  i .  The  intercommunica- 
tion of  blood-vessels.  2.  The  establishment  of  a 
communication  between  two  hollow  parts,  or 
between  two  distinct  portions  of  the  same  or- 
gan. See  A.,  Intestinal.  A.,  Crucial,  an 
arterial  anastomosis  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
thigh,  formed  by  the  anastomotic  branch  of 
the  sciatic,  the  first  perforating,  the  internal 
circumflex,  and  the  transverse  branch  of  the 
external  circumflex  arteries.  A.,  Intestinal, 
an  operation  consisting  in  establishing  a 
communication  between  two  parts  of  the 
intestine. 

Anastomotic  {an-as-to-mot^ -ik)  \avaoTo^iv^ 
to  bring  to  a  mouth].  Pertaining  to  anasto- 
mosis. 

Anastomotica  magna.  See  Arteries,  Table 
of. 

Anatherapeusis  {an-atk-er-ap-u^-sis)  [(;va, 
forward ;  Otpairdfoic^  medical  treatment]. 
Treatment  by  increasing  doses. 

Anatomic  {an-at'Om'-ik)  [atvro^,  anat- 
omy]. Pertaining  to  anatomy.  A.  Tuber- 
cle.    See  Verruca  necrogenica. 

Anatomist  [an-af -om-ist)  [hvamiiux,  anat- 
omy].   One  who  is  skilled  in  anatomy. 

Anatomy  {an-at' -o-me)  [avaroiuaX  The 
science  of  the  structure  of  organs  or  of  organic 
bodies.  A. ,  Applied,  anatomy  as  concerned 
in  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of  pathologic 

.  conditions.  A.,  Comparative,  the  investi- 
gation and  comparison  of  the  anatomy 
of  different  orders  of  animals  or  of  plants, 
one  with  another.  A.,  Descriptive,  a 
study  of  the  separate  and  individual 
portions  of  the  body,  apart  from  their 
relationship  to  surrounding  parts.  A.,  Gross, 
anatomy  dealing  with  the  naked-eye  ap- 
pearance of  tissues.  A.,  Homologic,  the 
study  of  the  correlations  of  the  several  parts 
of  the  body.  A.,  Microscopic,  or  Minute, 
that  studied  under    the    microscope.     A., 


Morbid,  or  Pathologic,  a  study  of  diseased 
structures.  A.,  Physiognomic,  the  study 
of  expressions  depicted  upon  the  exterior  of 
the  body,  especially  upon  the  face.  A^ 
Regional,  a  study  of  limited  parts  or  regions 
of  the  body,  the  divisions  of  which  are  col- 
lectively or  peculiarly  afiected  by  disease, 
injury,  operations,  etc.  A.,  Surgical,  the 
application  of  anatomy  to  surgery.  A.,  To- 
pographic, the  anatomy  of  a  part  in  its  rela- 
tion to  other  parts.  A.,  Veterinary,  the 
anatomy  of  domestic  animals. 

Anatriptic  (an-at-rif/ -tik\  [avdrpii^n^,  a  rob- 
bing]. A  medicine  to  oe  applied  by  rub- 
bing. 

Anaxone  (  an  -  aks'  -  a» )  [dv  priv. ;  axis^ 
axle-tree].  A  neurone  devoid  of  axis- 
cylinder  processes ;  it  is  also  called  amacrint 
cell, 

Anazoturia  {an-as-ot-u^-re-ak)  [dv  priv. ; 
azotuMf  nitrogen  ;  ovpov^  urine].  A  condi- 
tion  of  deficient  excretion  of  nitrogen  in  the 
urine,  the  urea  being  chiefly  diminished. 

Anchusin  (ang*-kusin)  [axowja,  alkanet], 
CmH^Oq.  The  red  coloring  matter  found  \n 
alkanet-root.     See  Alkanet. 

Anchy  loglossia  (ang  -  kil  -  o  •glos'  -e-ak) 
[d}^Kt'^i7,  aloop;  yXoaaa,  tongue].  Tongue- 
tie. 

Anchylosis   (ang-kil-i/ -sis).     See  Ankylosis. 

Anchylostomiasis    {ang-kil-O'Sto-mi'-as-is ) 

S anchy lostomum'].      The    morbid   condition 
epending  upon  the  presence  of  anchylosto- 

mum  duodenale  in  the  intestines. 
Anchy  lostomum    (  ang  -  kil -a*  -to-  mum  ) 

[d)'K(;Aoc,  crooked ;  cr6^  mouth].    A  genus 

of  nematoid  worms  of  which  the  species  A, 

duodenale  is  sometimes  found  in  the  human 

intestine.     It  produces  a  condition  analogous 

to  pernicious  anemia.  See  Parasites^  Animal^ 

Table  of  in  Gould's  Illustrated  Dictionary. 
Ancipital  (an  -  sip^  -it-al)  [anceps,  double] . 

Two-edgea. 
Anconagra   (angkon-a'-grah)    [ayKijv,  the 

elbow ;  hypo,  a  seizure].     Arthritic  pain  at 

the  elbow. 
Anconal,  Anconeal   (ang^-konal,  ang-ko^- 

neal)   \ayKLv,  the  elbow].      Pertaining   to 

the  elbow. 
Anconeus  (angkone^-us)  [dyxui',  the  elbow]. 

See  Muscles  ^  Table  of. 
Ancyroid   ( <j«'  -  sir  -  oid )    \h)  Kvpa ,  anchor ; 

tlAo^,  form].     Shaped  like  an  anchor. 
Androgalactosenua   {an -  dro - galak-lo-te^- 

mf-aA)  [duiyp,  man  ,  ya/a^  milk ;  Cvf^r  loss]. 

The  presence  of  milk  in  the  male  mamma 
Androgy na  ( an  -  dro/  -  in  -ak)  [d v'tfp,  man ; 

ytni/f  woman].     An  hermaphrodite;  a  female 

in  whom  the  genital  organs  are  similar  to 

those  of  the  male. 
Androgyneity  (an  -  droj  -  in-e^  •  it  -  e)    ^avifp, 

man ;  ywif,  woman].     Hermaphroditism. 


ANDROGYNUS 

Androgjmttt  [an-4iro/-in'Us)  \avfip^  man; 
ywij,  woman].  An  hermaphrodite.  A  male 
with  c^nital  organs  similar  to  those  of  the  fe- 
male. 

Andrology  (an-drcl'-o-je)  [ai^p,  man ;  A^yof, 
science].  I.  The  science  of  man,  especially 
of  the  male  sex.  2.  The  science  of  the  dis- 
eases of  the  male  genito-urinary  organs. 

AndromaniJi  (  an-dro-nm' -ne-ah  )  [ai^p,  a 
man  ;  /lovui,  madness] .   Nymphomania. 

Androphobia  {andro-fo^-beah)  [av^p,  man ; 
f6^,  dread].  Fear  or  dislike  of  the  male 
acx. 

Anelectrode  {an-el-ey-irdd)  [dvd,  upward; 
electrode'^.  The  positive  pole  of  a  galvanic 
bauery. 

AnelectrotODic  (an-ei-ek-tro-ton^-ik)  [av 
priv.;  ^XtKXpov,  amber ;  r&vo^f  tension].  Re- 
lating to  anelectrotonus. 

Anelectrotonus  (an-el-tk-trof -o-nus)  [av 
priv.;  i^Xacrpov,  electricity;  r^voCt  tension]. 
The  decreased  irritability  that  is  present  in  a 
nerve  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  anode. 

Anel's  Probe,  or  Sound,  a  Bne  probe  used 
in  operations  upon  the  lacrymal  passages. 
A.  Ssrringe,  a  syringe  used  in  injecting  fluids 
into  Uie  laoymal  passages. 

AnttnitL  (an-g^'mt-ak)  [ovpriv.;  aifia,  blood]. 
Deficiency  of  blood  as  a  whole,  or  deficiency 
of  the  number  of  the  red  corpuscles,  or  of 
the  hemoglobin.  It  may  be  general  or  local. 
Local  anemia,  or  ischemia ,  is  the  result  of 
mechanical  interference  with  the  circulation 
of  the  aifected  part.  General  anemia  is  either 
idiopathic  or  symptomatic.  A.,  C3rtogenic. 
Synonym  of  A.^  Idiopathic.  A.,  Essen- 
tial. Synonym  of  A.^  Idiopathic.  A., 
Idiopathic,  one  in  which  the  lesion  is  in  the 
blood  or  the  blood-making  organs.  A. 
lymphatica.  Synonym  of  HodgkitCs  Dis- 
ease. See  Lymphadenoma.  A.,  Primary. 
See  A.,  Idiopathic.  A.,  Secondary,  or 
Symptomatic,  that  due  to  a  distinct  cause, 
as  hemorrhage,  cancer,  wasting  discharges, 
poisons,  etc. 

Anemic  (an-em^-ik)  [av  priv.;  difia,  blood]. 
Pertaining  to  anemia.  A.  Infarct,  a  wedge- 
shaped  area  of  coagulation -necrosis  occurring 
in  organs  pos!>eising  terminal  arteries.  It  is 
the  result  of  the  sudden  stopping  of  such  an 
artery  by  a  thrombus  or  an  embolus.  A. 
Munnur,  a  murmur  heard  in  anemic  condi- 
tions, soft  and  blowing  in  character,  and 
disappearing  with  the  anemia.  It  is  gener- 
ally heard  over  the  base  of  the  heart.  A. 
Necrosis,  the  coagulation-necrosis  of  tissues 
resulting  from  the  sudden  stoppage  of  the 
supplying  artery. 

Aoemometer  {an  -  em  -  om'-  et  •  er^  [iw/zoc, 
wind;  fiirpoVtm  measure].  An  mstrument 
for  measuring  the  velocity  of  the  wind. 

{ast-em^-p-fu)     [avefUivtip    wind 


ANESTHETIC 

flower].  A  genus  of  ranunculaceoos  heibi, 
most  of  which  have  active  medicinal  and 
poisonous  qualities.     See  Pulsatilla, 

Anemonin  (an-em^ -o-nin)  \avifUivijy  wind- 
flower],  Cj^HijO-.  The  active  principle 
of  the  Anemone.  It  is  given  in  bronchitis, 
asthma,  and  spasmodic  cough.  Dose  gr.  X- 
^  (0.016-0.048)  twice  daily. 

Anencephalia  (an-en-sef-a' -le-ah\  \av  priv.; 
iyxe^aAoc,  brain].     Absence  of  tne  brain. 

Anencephalic  [an-en-sef-al' -ik)  [av  priv;; 
iyidk^ako^^  brain].  Pertaining  to  or  charac- 
terized by  anencephalia. 

Anencephalus  {an-en-se/^-al-us)  [hv  priv.; 
iyKi^.o^,  brain].  A  species  of  single  auto- 
sitic  monsters  in  which  there  is  no  trace  of 
the  brain. 

Anergia  (an-er^-je-ah)  [av  priv.;  kpyov, 
work].     Sluggishness ;  inactivity. 

Anergic  {an-er'-jik)  \av  priv.;  ^pyov,  work]. 
Characterized  by  sluggishness;  as  anergic 
dementia. 

Aneroid  {an^-er-oid)  [d  priv.;  t^p^c*  wet; 
eldof,  form].  Working  without  a  fluid.  A. 
Barometer.     See  Barometer. 

Anerythropsia  ian-erith-rop^-se-ah)  [av 
priv.;  €pv8p6ct  rea;  5V<C>  sight].  Impaired 
color  perception  of  red. 

Anesthesia,  or  Ansesthesia  (an-es-the^-te-ah) 
lavaiaOrfciaf  want  of  feeling].  A  condition 
of  total  or  partial  insensibility,  particularly 
to  touch.  A.,  Central,  due  to  disease  in  the 
nerve  centers.  A.,  Crossed,  anesthesia  on 
one  side  of  the  body,  due  to  a  central  lesion  of 
the  other  side.  A.  dolorosa,  severe  pain  ex- 
perienced after  the  occurrence  of  complete 
motor  and  sensory  paralysis,  a  symptom  ob- 
served in  certain  diseases  of  the  spinal  cord. 
A.,  Local,  that  limited  to  a  part  of  the  body. 
A.,  Muscular,  loss  of  the  muscular  sense. 
A.,  Peripheral,  that  depending  upon 
changes  in  the  peripheral  newes.  A.,  Prim- 
ary, a  temporary  insensibility  to  slight  pain 
occurring  in  the  beginning  of  anesthesia  and 
during  which  minor  operations  can  be  per- 
formed. A.,  Surgical,  that  induced  by  the 
surgeon  by  means  of  anesthetics  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preventing  pain,  producing  relaxation 
of  muscles,  or  for  diagnostic  purposes. 

Anesthetic,  or  Ansesthetic  (an-es-thet^-ih) 
[oM  priv. ;a«T^Mi,  feeling].  I.  Without  feel- 
ing ;  insensible  to  touch  or  pain.  2.  A  sub- 
stance that  produces  insensibility  to  touch  or 
to  pain,  diminished  muscular  action,  and  other 

f>henomena.  Anesthetics  may  be  general, 
ocal,  partial,  and  complete.  A.,  General ; 
the  following  are  the  substances  that  have 
been  used  for  general  anesthesia :  Amylene, 
CjHjQ  {Pcntai)^  a  thin,  colorless,  translu- 
cent liquid ;  action  rapid,  producing  par- 
tial anesthesia.  It  should  not  be  brought 
near  a  flame.     Carbon  Tetrachlorid, 


i 


ANESTHETIC 


ANESTHETIC 


sot  so  irritating  to  the  organs  of  respiration, 
but  far  more  dangerous  than  chloroform. 
Chloral  Hydrate,  action  indirect  and  in- 
complete, and  rarely,  if  ever,  now  used. 
Chloroform,  by  inhalation.  l4irgely  em- 
plo3red  in  general  surgery.  It  seems  to  have 
a  selective  action  upon  the  nervous  system, 
and  also  exercises  a  direct  influence  upon 
the  muscular  tissues  of  the  heart.  It  par- 
alyzes the  vasomotor  system,  and  death 
results  from  cardiac  paralysis.  Chloroform 
should  always  be  administered  freely  mixed 
with  air.  The  Lister  Method ^  also  known 
as  the  Scotch  or  Open  Method oi  administering 
chloroform,  consists  in  pouring  a  small 
amount  of  the  anesthetic  upon  a  common 
towel  arranged  in  a  square  of  six  folds,  and 
holding  this  as  near  to  the  face  as  can  be 
borne  without  inconvenience.  Ethenk 
Chlx>rid,  formerly  called  ethylene  chloride 
Dutch  liquid ^  chloric  ether ^  closely  resembles 
chloroform,  but  is  less  depressant  to  the  heart, 
and  is  considered  safer  than  chloroform. 
Death  results  from  paralysis  of  the  respira- 
tory centers.  Ether,  by  inhalation,  it 
probably  the  safest  known  agent  for  the 
production  of  prolonged  narcosis.  Its  action 
IS  directed  largely  to  the  nervous  system, 
which  becomes  profoundly  affected.  It 
frequently  causes  spasmodic  action  and 
suspension  of  respiration.  Death  results 
from  paralysis  of  respiration.  It  may  be 
administercNd  alone  or  in  combination  with 
nitrous  oxid  gas,  in  which  case  the  patient 
is  more  rapidly  narcotized.  Ethidene 
Chlorid  is  similar  in  its  action  to  chloro- 
form. Patients  take  a  longer  time  to  recover 
consciousness  than  when  chloroform  is  used, 
but  they  experience  fewer  after-effects.  An- 
esthetization occurs  in  from  3  to  5  minutes. 
Hydrobromic  Ether  (bromid  of  ethyl) 
produces  unconsciousness  and  anesthesia  in 
one  minute,  and  complete  muscular  relaxa- 
tion in  two  or  three  minutes.  The  heart's 
action  is  somewhat  weakened.  Return  to 
consciousness  after  withdrawal  of  the  ether 
:s  very  prompt.  Its  use  may  be  followed  by 
vomiting.  According  to  some  observers, 
death  results  from  cai^iac  failure,  while  others 
believe  it  kills  by  direct  action  upon  the  res- 
piratory center.  It  is  best  administered  by 
an  Allis  inhaler,  and  is  of  most  service  in 
minor  surgery  for  short  operations.  N itrous 
Oxid,  by  inhalation,* is  much  used  by  den- 
tists as  an  anesthetic  in  the  extraction  of 
teeth.  The  symptoms  resemble  those  of 
asphyxia  hence  it  is  more  important  to  watch 
the  respiration  than  the  pulse.  It  may  be 
employed  in  minor  surgical  operations. 
There  are  but  few  after-effects,  those  most 
often  observed  being  headache  and  malaise. 
An  Local,  an  ane^hetic  that,  locally  ap- 


plied, produces  absence  of  sensation  in  di« 
organ  or  tissue  so  treated.  Alcohol,  locally, 
removes  sensation  to  pain,  while  tactile  sense 
persists.  Cool  the  alcohol  to  about  10^  below 
the  freezing  point,  by  placing  it  in  ice  and  salt, 
and  place  £be  part  to  be  numbed  in  it.  Car- 
bolic Acid  painted  over  the  skin — its  action, 
however,  is  caustic  Chlorethyl,  in  vapor 
form,  is  useful  in  minor  and  dental  surgery. 
Chlorid  of  Methyl,  CH,C1,  allowing  the 
liquid  chlorid  to  drop  on  the  skin  or  mucoui 
membrane.  Unless  kept  carefully  under  con- 
trol the  vitality  of  the  tissues  may  be  affected 
by  the  substance.  Cocain  is  used  in  subcu- 
taneous injections,  by  painting  over  mucous 
or  cutaneous  surfaces,  or,  in  the  case  of  the  eye, 
by  instillation.  As  a  paint,  a  20  per  cent,  solu- 
tion is  used,  weaker  preparations  being  of  little 
value  over  cutaneous  surfaces ;  several  coats 
are  necessary.  A  10  per  cent,  solution 
should  be  used  on  mucous  surfaces  ;  for  the 
eye  a  2  to  4  per  cent,  solution  will  answer,  and 
this  solution  is  strong  enough  when  cocain  is 
employed  as  a  spray.  Hypodermically, 
li\Jijv  of  a  10  to  20  per  cent,  solution  are 
usually  injected,  and  this  may  be  repeated  two 
or  three  times  during  the  operation.  DisCL- 
PHID  OF  Carbon,  by  spray  or  irrigation,  11 
a  local  anesthetic,  but  has  a  disgusting 
odor  and  is  a  powerful  poison.  Ether, 
in  spray,  is  also  a  local  anesthetic.  The  anes- 
thesia thus  produced  is  confined  to  the  skin, 
and  is  very  transient.  It  may  produce  a 
slough  from  excessive  freezing.  Rhigolene, 
in  spray,  its  use  being  similar  to  that  of 
ether.  A.  Mixtures  contain  combinations 
of  substances  for  producing  anesthesia.  The 
following  are  the  most  important :  A.  C.  E. 
Mixture: —  alcohol,  sp.  gr.  .838,  i  part; 
chloroform,  sp.  gr.  1.497,  2  parts ;  ether,  sp. 
gr.  .735,  3  parto.  Billroth's  : — chloro- 
form 3  parts,  alcohol  and  ether  each  I  . 
part.  LiNHART^s: — alcohol  I,  chloroform 
4.  It  is  administered  similarly  to  chlo- 
roform. Martindale*s  :  —  a  volumetric 
mixture,  the  ingredients  of  which  evaporate 
almost  uniformly  ;  it  consists  of  absolute  al- 
cohol, sp.  gr.  .795.  one  volume;  chlorofonn, 
sp.  gr.  1.498,  two  volumes;  pure  ether,  sp. 
gr.  .720,  three  volumes.  MEPico-CHiRim- 
GiCAL  SociEiY  OF  LoNDON  : — ether  3, 
chloroform  2,  alcohol  I.  Methylene,  or 
Methylene  Bichlorid: — a  mixture  of 
methylic  alcohol  30per  cent., and  chlorofoim 
70  per  cent  The  so-called  •  *  Liquid  of 
Regnauld^^  consisted  of  80  percent,  chloro- 
form, 20  per  cent,  methylic  alcohol.  Methy- 
lene is  not  much  used,  several  deaths  from 
cardiac  paralysis  having  occurred  from  its  em- 
ployment Nussbaum's: — ether  3,  chloro- 
form I,  alcohol  I.  Richardson's: — alcohol 
2,  chlorofoim  2,  ether  3.     San  ford*  s : — the 


ANESTHETIZATION 

to-cmllcd  "Chloramyl/*  is  a  mixture  of 
chloroform  and  amyl  nitrate  in  the  proportion 
of  two  drams  of  the  nitrate  to  the  pound  of 
chloroform.  It  is  a  dangerous  mixture,  both 
drags  depressing  the  heart.  Vienna  Gen- 
eral Hospital  : — ether  9,  chloroform  30, 
mlcohol  9,  Vienna  Mixture  :^ther  3, 
chlorofornd  I .  V on  M  E R  i  ng'  s  :  — chloroform 
one  volume*  dimethylacetal  two  volumes. 
It  is  said  not  to  produce  failure  of  respiration 
or  heart,  nor  lowering  of  the  blood  pres- 
sure. Wachmuth's  :— one-fifth  part  of  oil 
of  turpentine  is  added  to  the  chloroform. 
It  is  said  to  prevent  any  danger  of  heart- 
failure. 

Anesthetization  (an-es- the f-h-a^ -shun)  [av- 
aiatffrroCf  insensible].  The  act  of  placing 
under  the  influence  of  an  anesthetic. 

Anesthetize  (an-es' -thft-H)  [hvaiaBrfro^^  in- 
sensible]. To  put  under  the  influence  of  an 
anesthetic. . 

Anesthetizer  (nn-fs^'thft-i'ter)  [avnla^o^^ 
insensible].  One  who  administers  an  an- 
esthetic. 

Anethol  (an'-ethd)  fAvrf,  up;  oiBtcv^  to 
bum  ;  oltum^  oil],  C,j>H,,0.  The  chief  con- 
stituent of  the  essential  oils  of  anise  and 
fennel.  It  is  employed  in  preparing  the 
Elixir  anethi^  N.  F.,  being  more  fragrant 
and  agreeable  than  the  anise  oil. 

Anethum  {an-e' -thum)  \hvfid(n>^  anise].  Dill ; 
the  dried  fruit  of  Peucedanum  graveoiens^ 
indigenous  to  Southern  Europe.  It  is  aro- 
matic, carminative,  and  stimulant.  A., 
Aqua  (B.  P.).  Dose  .^}-ij  (32.0-64.0). 
A.,  Oleum  (B.P.).  Dose  n\^Hv  (0.065- 
0.26). 

Aneuria  (ah-nu^ -re-ah)  [a  priv.;  vevpov,  a 
nerve].     I-ack  of  nervous  power. 

Aneunc  {ahnu' 'rik)\h  priv.;  veifpop,  a  nerve]. 
Characterized  by  aneuria. 

Aneurysm  (an'-u-rizm)  rai'H>pt;(ruc,  a  widen- 
ing]. A  circumscribed  dilatation  of  the 
walls  of  an  artery.  The  symptoms  of  aneu- 
rysm depend  upon  the  location  of  the  aneu- 
rysmal tumor.  Expansile  pulsation  and  a 
brait  are  important ;  very  significant  are  the 
so-called  pressure-symptoms,  which  vary  with 
the  organ  or  part  pressed  upon.  A.,  Abdo- 
minal, one  of  the  abdominal  aorta.  A., 
AmpuUary,  a  small  saccular  aneurysm ;  it 
is  most  common  in  the  arteries  of  the  brain. 
A.  by  Anastomosis,  a  dilatation  of  a  large 
number  of  vessels — small  arteries,  veins,  and 
capillaries-— the  whole  forming  a  pulsating 
tumor  under  the  skin.  This  form  of  aneurysm 
is  especially  seen  upon  the  scalp.  A.,  Ar- 
terio-venous,  the  simultaneous  rupture  of 
an  artery  and  a  vein,  the  blood  from  both 
beinf;  poured  out  into  the  cellular  tissue  and 
forming  a  false  aneurysm.  A  Varicose  Anen- 
rjsm  it  produced  by  the  mpture  of  an  anea- 


ANGINA 

rysm  into  a  vein.  An  Aneurysmal  Varix 
results  from  the  establishment  of  a  communi- 
cation between  an  artery  and  a  vein,  the 
latter  becoming  dilated  and  pulsating.  A., 
B6rard's,  a  varicose  aneurysm  with  the  sac 
in  the  tissues  immediately  around  the  vein. 
A.,  Cardiac,  an  aneurysm  of  the  heart. 
A.,  Cirsoid,  a  tortuous  lengthening  and 
dilatation  of  a  part  of  an  artery.  A.,  Com- 
pound, one  in  which  one  or  several  of  the 
coats  of  the  artery  are  ruptured  and  the 
others  merely  dilated.  A.,  Consecutive, 
or  Diffused,  follows  rupture  of  all  the  arterial 
coats  with  infiltration  of  surrounding  tissues 
with  blood.  A.,  Dissecting,  one  in  which 
the  blood  forces  its  way  between  the  coats 
of  an  artery.  A.,  Ectatic,  an  expansion 
of  a  portion  of  an  artery  due  to  yielding 
of  all  the  coats.  A.,  Endogenous,  one 
formed  by  disease  of  the  vessel  walls.  A., 
Exogenous,  one  due  to  traumatism.  A., 
False,  or  Spurious,  one  due  to  a  rupture 
of  all  the  coats  of  an  artery,  the  effused  blood 
being  retained  by  the  surrounding  tissues. 
A.,  Fusiform,  a  spindle-shaped  dilatation 
of  the  artery.  A.,  Sacculated,  a  sac-like 
dilatation  of  an  artery  communicating  with 
the  main  arterial  trunk  by  an  opening  that  is 
relatively  small.  A.,  Park's,  a  variety  of 
arterio- venous  aneurysm  in  which  the  arterial 
dilatation  communicates  with  two  contigu- 
ous veins.  A.,  Pott's,  ^zmt  9&  Aneurys- 
mal Varix.  A.,  Rodrigues',  a  varicose 
aneurysm  in  which  the  sac  is  immediately 
contiguous  to  the  artery.  A.,  Spurious. 
See  W.,  False.  A.,  Varicose.  See  A.^ 
ArteriO'Venous. 

Aneurysmal  (an-u-riz' -mat)  \avt{)pMS\ia^  a 
widening] .  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining 
to  an  aneurysm.  A.,  Varix.   See  Aneurysm. 

Angeio-  (an^-je-o).     See  Angio-. 

Angelica  (anjel' -ik-ah)  [L.].  The  seeds 
and  root  of  Angelica  archangelica.  It  is  an 
aromatic  stimulant  and  emmenagogue.  Dose 
of  the  seeds  or  roots,  gr.  xxx-;5  j  (2.0-4.0). 

Angel's  wring  {an'-jehwing).  A  deform- 
ity of  the  scapula  in  which  it  turns  forward 
and  then  backward,  giving  the  shoulder  a 
peculiar  dorsal  bulge. 

Angiectasis  (anje-ek'-tas-is)  [ayytiov^  a 
blood-vessel ;  iKzaotCy  dilatation].  Abnor- 
mal  dilatation   of  a  vessel. 

Angiitis,  or  Angeiitis  (an-je-i^ -lis)  [ayytiw, 
a  vessel ;  <r/c,  inflammation].  Inflammation 
of  a  lymph-vessel  or  a  blood-vessel. 

Angina  (an'-jin-ah  or  an-jV-nah)  \angere^  to 
strangle].  Any  disease  attended  by  a  sense 
of  choking  or  suffocation,  particularly  an 
affection  of  the  fauces  or  pharynx  presenting 
such  symptoms.  A.  acuta  or  simplex, 
simple  sore-throat.  A.  externa.  Synonym 
of  Mumps,     A.   laryngea.     Synonym  of 


< 


ANGINOID 


ANGIOSPASTIC 


Laryngitis,  A.  lingualis.  Smme  as  Glos- 
sitis. A.  Ludovici,  or  A.,  Ludwig't, 
acute  suppurative  inflammation  of  the  con- 
nective tissue  surrounding  the  submaxillary 
glands.  A.  membranacea.  Synonym  of 
Diphtheria.  A.  parotides,  the  mumps,  or 
Parotitis.  A.  pectoris,  a  paroxysmal 
neurosis  with  intense  pain  and  oppression 
about  the  heart.  It  usually  occurs  in  the 
male  after  forty  years  of  age,  and  is  generally 
associated  with  diseased  conditions  of  the 
heart  and  aorta.  There  is  a  sense  of  im- 
pending death,  and  frequently  there  is  a 
fatal  termination.  A.  pectoris  vasomo- 
toria, a  term  given  by  Nothnagel  and  Landois 
to  an  angina  associated  with  vasomotor  dis- 
turbances, coldness  of  the  surface,  etc.  A. , 
Pseudo-,  a  neurosis  occurring  in  anemic 
females,  characterized  by  a  less  grave  set  of 
symptoms  and  never  resulting  mally.  A. 
simplex.  See  A.  acuta.  A.  tonsillans. 
Quinsy.  A.  trachealis,  Croup.  A.  ul- 
cero'membranus.  See  Tonsillitis^  Herpetic. 

Anginoid  {an' -jin-oid)  [onj^/r/,  to  strangle]. 
Resembling  angina. 

Anginose  {an-jin'-ose)  [angercy  to  strangle]. 
Pertaining  to  angina ;  characterised  by  symp- 
toms of  suffocation. 

Angiocholitis  (an-je-o-ko-li'-tis)  {ayyelw^  a 
vessel ;  K0A7,  bile  ;  rrcf,  inflammation].  In- 
flammation of  the  biliary  ducts; 

Angioderma  pigmentosum  (an-jeo-der' - 
mah  pig-men  -to' -sum ) .     See  Atrophoderma. 

Angiogenesis,  Angiogeny  (an-je-o-jen' -es- 
is,  an-je-og'-en-e)  [ayyeiov,  a  vessel ;  yewavj 
to  produce] .    The  development  of  the  vessels. 

Angioglioma  (an-je-o  gii-o^-mah)  [ayyttov,  a 
vcss*I ;  glioma'].  A  glioma  rich  in  blood- 
vcssrls. 

Angiograph  {an'-je-o-gra/)[ayyeiov,  a  vessel ; 
7/M^f  ir,  to  write].  A  variety  of  sphygmograph. 

Angiography  {an-je-og* -ra-fe)  [ajyfiov,  a 
vessel ;  ypo^<,  a  writing].  A  descri))iion  of 
the  vessels ;  angiology. 

Angiokeratoma  [an  -je-o-  ker  -  at  -  o^-mah) 

[ayyuov,  a  vessel ;  nipa^f  horn  ;  b^tny  tumor], 
.ymphangiectasis ;  Telangiectatic  warts;  a 
very  rare  disease  of  the  extremities  charac- 
terized by  warty-looking  growths  that  de- 
velop on  dilated  vessels  in  persons  with 
chilblains,  etc.  Dark  vascular  spots  the  size 
of  pins*  points  or  pins'  heads,  develop  as 
an  attack  of  chilblains  is  subsiding.  The 
disease  is  peculiar  to  childhood. 

Angioleucitis  {anje-o-Zusi'-tis)  [ay^e'tm;  a 
vessel;  /fi'*f<ic,  white;  ir*c,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  lymphatic  vessels. 

Angiolithic  (nn-je-o-lith'-ii)  [a-}yfioi\  a  ves- 
sel ;  hdo^,*.  stone].  A  term  applied  to  neo- 
plasms in  which  crystalline  or  mineral  de- 
poaiu  take  place,  with  hyaline  degeneration 
of  the  coats  of  the  vessels. 


Angiology  {an-je-ol' -o-je)  [ayyuav^  a  vessel ; 
A<iyof,  science].  The  science  of  the  blood- 
vessels and  lymphatics. 

Angiolymphitis  (an-je-o-limf-i'-tis).  Same 
as  Angioleucitis. 

Angiolymphoma  [an-jeolimf-o' -mah)  [oy- 
yeiov,  a  vessel ;  lympha^  lymph ;  6/4a,  tumor]. 
A  tumor  formed  of  lymphatic  vessels. 

Angioma  {an-je-o' -man)  \ayytloVy  a  vessel  ; 
6/io,  a  tumor].  A  tumor  formed  of  blood- 
vessels. A.,  Cavernous,  an  angioma  with 
communicating  blood  spaces,  like  the  caver- 
nous  tissue  of  the  penis.  A.,  Telangiectatic, 
an  angioma  composed  of  dilated  blood-ves* 
sels. 

PiXi%\OTtk9Xz.c\z(an-je-o-mal-a'-se-ah)\ayyttmf^ 
a  vessel ;  fia'Aaxia,  a  softening].  Softening 
of  the  blood-vessels. 

Angiometer  (anjeom'-et-er).  See  Sphyg- 
mograph. 

Angioneurosis  (an  je-o-nu-ro' -sis)  [dyyciov, 
a  vessel;  veipov^  a  nerve].  A  neurosis  of 
the  blood-vessels ;  a  disturbance  of  the  vaso- 
motor  system,  either  of  the  nature  of  a  spasm 
of  the  blood-vessels  (Angiospasm)  or  of 
paralysis  (An^^oparalysis). 

Angioneurotic  (an-je-o-nu-rof  -ik)  [ayyeiov, 
a  vessel ;  ifiyaov,  a  nerve].  Pertaining  to 
angioneurosis.  A.  Edema,  an  acute  circum> 
scribed  swelling  of  the  subcutaneous  or  sub- 
mucous tissues,  probably  due  to  vasomotor 
lesion.  The  disease  often  runs  in  families. 
It  is  at  times  periodic  and  is  associated  with 
colic  and  gastric  disturbances. 

Angioparalysis  (  an  -je-o  -  par  -al'-is-is) 
[ayytlov^  a  vessel;  ro^xi^vcy/f,  paral3rsis]. 
Vasomotor  paralysis. 

Angioparalytic   (  an  -jeo  -  par  -al-it'  -  ih) 

}'ayyeioVy  a  vessel ;  irapd/.i^i^^  paralysis].   Ke- 
ating to  or  characterized  by  angioparal3rsis. 
Angioparesis  (anj'eo par'-es-is)  {ayyeio%\  a 

vessel ;   napeat^,  paresis] .     Partial  paralysis 

of  the  vasomotor  apparatus. 
Angiopathy  (an-jeop'  -athe)  \ayynov^  a  ves- 
sel;   Tath^,  disease].     Any  disease  of  the 

vascular  system. 
Angiorrhezis  (an-je-o-rehs'-is)     [a>')f/ov,  a 

vessel;    /My^if,  a   bursting].     Rupture  of  a 

blood-vessel. 
Angiosarcoma      ( an  -Jeo  •  sar-  ko'  -  mah  ) 

[a^jf/op,  a  vessel ;  ad^f ,  flesh ;  h}ia^  a  tumor]. 

A  vascular  sarcoma. 
Angiosialitis  (an-je-o-si-al-i'-tis)  [ayyeicv,  a 

vessel ;   aia'^jav^  saliva ;    <rrf,  inflammation]. 

Inflammation  of  the  duct  of  a  salivary  gland. 
Angiosis    (an-Je-o'-sis)    [ayyelov^  a   vessel]. 

Any  disease  of  blood-vessels  or  lymphatics. 
Angiospasm  {an'-J^  o-spntm)  [a)7fiav,a  ves- 
sel ;  ffTTnapd^,  a  spasm].    A  vasomotor  spasm. 
Angiospastic  (anjeo-^pas^  tik)    [ayyiimt  a 

vessel ;  CTrcuffid^,  spasm].     Characterised  by 

or  of  Uie  nature  of  angiospasm. 


ANGIOSTENOSIS 


ANHEMATOSIS 


Angiofttenosis  (an-jt-o-sUn-i/ -sis)  layytiav^ 
m  vessel;  ^h««aif ,  a  narrowing].  Narrow- 
ing of  a  vessel. 

Angiotelectasia  (an -je - otel-ek - ta'- te-ah) 
\iiyyt\ovy  a  vessel ;  r^Aof ,  end ;  Iktojov^^  dila- 
tation].    Dilatation  of  the  blood-vessels. 

Angiotomy  (an-Je-ot^-o-mij  [ayyeiov,  a  ves- 
sel ;  To^,  a  cutting].    Incision  into  a  vessel. 

Angle,  Angulus  (ang'-gl  or  ang^-gU'lus) 
[angultiSy  an  angle].  I.  A  comer.  2.  The 
degree  of  divergence  of  two  lines  or  planes 
that  meet  each  other ;  the  space  between  two 
such  lines.  A.  of  Aberration.  See  A.  of 
Deviation.  A.,  Acromial,  that  formed 
between  the  head  of  the  humerus  and  the 
clavicle.  A.,  Alpha.  In  optics,  that  formed 
by  the  intersection  of  the  visual  line  and 
optic  axis.  A.,  Alveolar,  that  formed  be- 
tween a  line  passing  through  a  spot  beneath 
the  nasal  spine  and  the  most  prominent  point 
of  the  lower  edge  of  the  alveolar  process  of 
the  superior  maxilla  and  the  cephalic  hori- 
zontal line.  A.  of  Aperture,  in  optics,  that 
included  between  two  lines  joining  the  op- 
posite points  of  the  periphery  of  a  lens  and 
the  focus.  A.,  Biorbital,  in  optics,  that 
formed  by  the  intersection  of  the  axes  of  the 
orbits.  A.,  Costal.  The  angle  formed  by 
the  meeting  of  ribs  at  the  ensiform  cartilage. 
A.,  Critical,  that  made  by  a  beam  of  light 
passing  from  a  rarer  to  a  denser  medium, 
with  the  perpendicular,  without  being  en- 
tirely reflected.  A.  of  Deviation,  i.  In 
magnetism,  the  angle  traversed  by  the 
ne^le  when  disturbed  by  some  magnetic 
force.  2.  In  optics,  that  formed  by  a  re- 
fracted ray  and  the  prolongation  of  the  inci- 
dent ray.  A.  of  Elevation,  in  optics,  that 
made  by  the  visual  plane  with  its  primary 
position  when  moved  upward  or  downward. 
A.  of  Incidence,  in  optics,  the  angle  at 
which  a  ray  of  light  strikes  a  denser  medium 
and  undergoes  reflexion  or  refraction.  A. 
of  Inclination  Tof  Pelvic  Canal),  in  obstet- 
rics, that  formea  by  the  anterior  wall  of  the 
pelvis  with  the  conjugate  diameter.  A.  of 
inclination  (of  Pelvis),  in  obstetrics,  that 
formed  by  the  pelvis  with  the  general  line 
of  the  trunk,  or  that  formed  by  the  plane  of 
the  inferior  strait  with  the  horizon.  A.  of 
Jaw,  the  junction  of  the  lower  border  of 
the  ramus  of  the  mandible  with  its  posterior 
border.  A.,  Limiting.  See  A.^  Critical. 
A.  of  the  Lips,  those  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  lips  at  each  extremity  of  the  mouth. 
A.,  Louis's,  that  between  the  manubrium 
and  gladiolus  of  the  sternum.  A.,  Lud- 
wig's.  See  A,^  Louis* s.  A..  Meter-,  in 
optics,  Ibe  degree  of  convergence  of  the 
eyes  when  centered  on  an  object  one  meter 
distant  from  each.  A.,  Optic,  that  in- 
doded  between  lines  joining  the  extremities 


of  an  object  and  the  nodal  point.  The  small- 
est is  about  30  seconds.  A.  of  Polarization, 
in  optics,  the  angle  of  reflection  at  which 
light  is  most  completely  polarized.  A. 
of  the  Pubes,  that  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  pubic  bones  at  the  symphysis.  A.  of 
Reflection,  in  optics,  that  which  a  reflected 
ray  of  light  makes  with  a  line  drawn  perpen- 
dicular to  the  point  of  incidence.  A.  of 
Refraction,  in  optics,  that  which  exbts 
between  a  refracted  ray  of  light  and  a  line 
drawn  perpendicular  to  the  point  of  inci- 
dence. A.,  Sacro-vertebral,  that  which 
the  sacrum  forms  with  the  last  lumbar 
vertebra.  A.,  Stemo- clavicular,  that  exist- 
ing between  the  clavicle  and  the  sternum. 
A.,  Subcostal.  See  A. ,  CostaL  A.,  Sub- 
pubic, that  formed  at  the  pubic  arch.  A. 
Visual.  See  A.  Optic.  A.,  Xiphoid,  that 
formed  by  the  sides  of  the  xiphoid  notch. 

Anglesey  Leg  {ang^'gi-seUg)  [so  called  after 
the  Marquis  of  Anglesey].  An  artificial 
limb  formed  from  a  solid  piece  of  wood  hol- 
lowed out  to  receive  the  stump  and  provided 
with  a  steel  joint  at  the  knee.  The  ankle- 
joint  was  made  of  wood,  to  which  motion 
was  communicated  by  strong  cat-gut  strings 
posteriorly  and  a  spiral  spring  anteriorly. 

Angophrasia  [ang-go-fra^ -ze-ah)  \hyx^^'^y  to 
choke;  ^pciaic,  utterance].  A  speech-defect 
consisting  of  a  choking,  drawling  utterance, 
occurring  in  paralytic  dementia. 

Anguillula  {ang-gwil^-u-iah)  [dim.  of  an- 
guilla^  an  eejl.  A  genus  of  parasitic  round 
worms.  A., Stercoralis.  ^^Thread-worms, 

Angular  (ang' -gu-lar)  \angulus^  an  angle]. 
Pertaining  to  an  angle.  A.  Artery,  the  ter- 
minal branch  of  the  facial  artery.  A. 
Gyrus,  or  Convolution,  a  convolution  of 
the  brain.  See  CoftvoiuHons.  A.  Move- 
ment, the  movement  between  two  bones 
that  may  take  place  forward  and  backward, 
or  inward  and  outward.  A.  Processes,  the 
external  and  internal  extremities  of  the 
orbital  arch  of  the  frontal  bone. 

Angulus  (ang^-gU'ius),     [L.].    See  Angle. 

Angustura  (ang-gus-tu' -rah)  [Sp.,  Angos- 
tura^  a  S.  A.  town].  Cusparia  Bark.  The 
bark  of  Galipea  cusparia.  It  is  a  stimulant 
toiiic  and  febrifuge  used  in  malignant  bilious 
fever,  intermittent  fever,  and  dysentery.  In 
large  doses  it  is  emetic.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
n\^x-xxx  (0.65-2.0)  ;  of  the  bark  gr.  x-xl 
(0.65-2.6).  Unof.  Infiis.  Cusparic 
(B.  P.).     Dose  3J-ij  (32.0-64.0). 

Angusturin  (ang-gtis' -tu-rin)  [Sp.,  Angos- 
tura^  a  S.  A.  town].     Synonym  of  Brucin. 

Anhelation  (an-hel-a' -shun)  \anhelare^  to 
pant].     Shortness  of  breath  ;  dyspnea. 

Anhematosis  (an-hem-at-y -sis)  [av  priv.; 
alfiardeiv,  to  make  bloody].  Defective  for 
mation  of  the  blood. 


ANHIDROSIS 


ANISOTROPAL 


Anhidrosis  {an-Aid-n/sis)  [af  prir.;  lSp6ct 
sweat].  Partial  or  complete  absence  of 
sweat  secretion. 

Anhidrotic  {nn- kid-rot' -ik)  [av  priv.;  t6p6^^ 
sweat].  I.  Tending  to  check  sweating.  2. 
An  agent  that  checks  sweating. 

Anhydremia  {an-hi-drc^ -mf-ah)  [av  priv.; 
vdupf  water  ;  atfia,  blood].  The  opposite  of 
hjrdremia.  A  diminution  of  the  watery  con- 
stituents of  the  blood. 

Anhydrid  (an-hi'-drid)  [av  priv.;  W<jp, 
water].  A  chemic  compound,  particularly 
an  aad,  fonned  by  the  withdrawal  of  a  mole- 
cule of  water.  Carbon  dioxid  and  sulphur 
dioxid  are  examples. 

Anhydrous  ian-hi^'drus)  [av  priv.;  v6up^ 
water].  In  cnemistry,  a  term  used  to  denote 
the  absence  of  water. 

Anideus  (an-id'-e-us)  [av  priv.;  ncJof,  form]. 
The  lowest  fonn  of  omphalosite,  in  which 
the  parasitic  fetus  is  reduced  to  a  shapeless 
mass  of  flesh  covered  with  skin. 

Anidrosis  (an-id-ry-sis).     See  AnkUrosis. 

Anidrotic  {an-id-rotf -ik).     See  Anhidrotic. 

Anilid  (an/ -Hid)  [Arab.,  at,  the  ;  «!/,  dark 
blue].  Compounds  fonned  by  the  action  of 
acid  chlorids  or  acid  anhydrids  upon  the  ani- 
lins.     They  are  very  stable  derivatives. 

Anilin  {an'-ii-in)  [Arab.,  «/,  the;  »i/,  dark 
blue],  C^H^N.  Amidobenzene  ;  formed  in 
the  dry  distillation  of  bituminous  coal,  bones, 
indigo,  isatin,  and  other  nitrogenous  sub- 
stances. It  is  lAade  by  reducing  nitrobenzene. 
It  is  a  colorless  liquid  with  a  faint,  peculiar 
odor,  boiling  at  183° ;  its  sp.  gr.  ato^  is  I.- 
036.  When  perfectly  pure  it  solidifies  on 
cooling,  and  melts  at  — 8°.  It  is  slightly  sol- 
uble in  water,  but  dissolves  readily  in  alcohol 
and  ether.  Combined  with  chlorin,  the 
chlorates  and  hypochlorites,  it  yields  the 
various  anilin  dyes.  It  is  used  in  chorea  and 
epilepsy  in  one- half  grain  doses  (0.03).    Unof. 

Anilism  {an'-ilUm)  [anitin'].  An  acute  or 
chronic  disease  produced  in  workmen  in  ani- 
lin factories  by  the  poisonous  fumes.  The 
symptoms  are  debility,  vertigo,  gastro-intesti- 
na]  disturbance,  and  cyanosis. 

Animal (aH''im-al)[anima^x\it  spirit, breath, 
or  life].  An  organism  capable  of  ingesting 
and  digesting  food.  No  sharp  line  of  distinc- 
tion exists  between  the  lowest  anipials  and 
certain  vegetables.  The  higher  animals  are 
distinguished  by  the  power  of  locomotion  and 
the  possession  of  a  nervous  system.  A. 
ChsKoal,  bone-black,  ivory  black,  etc.,  is 
the  product  of  the  calcining  of  bones  in 
closed  vessels.  A.  Chemistry,  that  con- 
cerning itself  with  the  composition  of  animal 
bodies.  A.  Electricity,  electricity  gener- 
ated in  the  body.  A.  Gum,  C„H,(,0,o  -H  2- 
H,0.  A  substance  prepared  from  mucin  by 
Laodwehr,  and  so  named  on  account  of  its 


resemblance  to  the  gum  of  commerce.  It 
occurs  in  many  tissues  of  the  body,  is  soluble 
in  water,  and  in  alkaline  solution  readily  dis- 
solves cupric  oxid,  the  solution  not  being  re- 
duced on  boiling.  It  yields  no  coloration 
with  iodin,  and  is  very  feebly  dextrorotatory. 
A.  Heat,  the  normal  temperature  of  the 
body  in  man— about  98.5®  T.  (37®  C).  A. 
Magnetism,  mesmerism,  hypnotism.  A. 
Starch.    See  Glycogen. 

Animalcule  {animal' -kul)  [animalculum, 
a  minute  animal].  An  animal  organism  sc 
small  as  to  require  the  microscope  for  its  ex- 
amination. 

Anime  {an'-im-e)  [Fr.,  animi^  origin  doubt- 
ful]. A  name  of  various  resins,  especially 
that  of  Hymenaa  courbaril^  a  tree  of  tropical 
America;  sometimes  used  in  plaster,  etc. 
Unof. 

Anion  {an'-eon)  [avhy  up;  iwv,  going].  Id 
electrolysis,  an  electro-negative  element. 

Aniridia  (an-i-rid'e-ah)  [av,  priv.;  J^c,  the 
rainbow].     Absence  or  defect  of  the  iris. 

Anisated  (an^-is-a-ted)  [anisum^  anise]. 
Containing  anise. 

Anise  {an' -is).     See  Anisum. 

Anisic  Acid,  C^H/),.  M ethyl -para-oxy- 
benzoic  acid,  an  oxidation  product  of  anethol. 
It  is  anti«>eptic  and  antipyretic,  and  is  used  in 
the  treatment  of  wounds  and  acute  articu- 
lar rheumatism.  Dose  of  the  sodium  salt  i$ 
grains  (i.o). 

Anisin  (an'-is-in)  [anisum,  anise],  C„H^- 
NfO,.  A  crystalline  alkaloid,  a  derivative 
of  anise. 

Anisocoria  {aniso-ki/-rfa/i)  [or/ffof,  un- 
equal; Kopfi,  pupil].  Inequality  of  the  di- 
ameter of  the  pupils. 

Anisol  {an'-i^-ol)  [tf«/ji/w, anise],  C^H^O. 
Methyl-phenyl  ether,  produced  by  heating 
phenol  with  potassium  and  methyl  iodid  01 
potassium  methyl  sulphate  in  alcoholic 
solution.  It  is  an  ethereal -smelling  liquid, 
lx>iling  at  152° ;  its  sp.  gr.  at  15^  is  0.991. 

Anisomelous  {an-is-om' -el-us)  [avtao^^  un 
equal ;  ^f/oCt  a  limb].  Having  limbs  of  un 
equal  length. 

Anisometropia  (an  -is-o-  met  -  r</  -pe  -  ah\ 
[iwaof ,  unequal ;  fih-pov,  a  measure ;  d»V»  ^* 
eye].  A  diflference  in  the  refraction  of  the 
two  eyes. 

Anisometropic  (an-isomet-rop' -ik)  [dv«7oc, 
unequal  ;  fjirptiv,  a  measure ;  d)^,  the  eye] 
Affected  with  anisometropia. 

Anisopia  (an-is-o' -pe-ah^  [iv/aoc,  unequal  • 
l>i\  eye].  Inequality  of  visual  power  in  th% 
two  eyes. 

Anisosthenic  (an-iso-sthen'-ik)  [hviatu^^  un 
equal;    oHn'dr,   strength].       Not   of    equal 
power ;  used  of  pairs  of  muscles. 

Anisotropal,  Anisotropic,  Anisotropous 
(an-iso'trop' 'oi,    an-is-^'trop' -ik^    an-is-H'" 


ANKLE-JOINT 


ANKLE-JOINT 


Posterior  View  of  the  Ankle-joint  —{Sappey.) 
I.  Posterior  Inferior  tibiofibular  ligament.  2.  Transverse  ligament.  3.  Posterior  fasciculus  of  the  exter- 
nal lateral  ligament.  4,  6.  Internal  lateral  ligament.  5.  External  calcaneo-astragalar  ligament. 
7.  Middle  fasciculus  of  external  lateral  ligament.  8.  Tubercle  on  outer  side  of  groove  for  flexor 
longus  pollicis.  9.  Posterior  tuberosity  of  os  calcis.  10.  Tubercle  on  inner  side  of  groove  for  flexor 
longus  pollicis.  11.  Groove  on  astragalus  for  flexor  longus  pollicis.  xa.  Posterior  calcaneo-astraga- 
lar ngameiit.    IS*  Point  of  insertion  of  tendo  Achillis. 


Vertical  Section  of  Ankle-joint.— (//'^«/^.) 
s.  Tibialis  posticus,    a.  Flexor  longus  digitonira.    3.  Flexor  longus  hallucis.    4.  Astragalus, 
galocalcancan  ligament.    6.  Peroneus  orevis.    7.  Os  calcis.    8.  Peroneus  longus. 


5.  Astr%i 


ANISUM 


ANODAL 


ro-pus)  [hviao^f  unequal ;  rpdiro^,  turning]. 
Not  possessing  the  same  light-refracting 
properties  in  all  directions;  a  term  applied 
to  doubly  refracting  bodies.  In  biology, 
varying  in  irritability  in  different  parts  or 
organs. 

Amsuin  {an^'is-ttm)  [L.].  Anise.  The 
fruit  of  Anisum  pimpitutla.  Its  properties 
are  due  to  a  volatile  oil.  It  is  slightly  stimu- 
lant to  the  heart  action.  It  is  useful  chiefly 
to  liquefy  bronchial  secretions,  and  is  there- 
fore a  favorite  ingredient  in  cough  mixtures. 
Dose  gr.  x-xx  (0.65-1.32).  A.,  Aqua,  oil 
of  anise  I,  water  500  parts.  I>ose  in- 
definite. A.,  Essentia  (B.  P.).  Do8en\,x- 
XX  (o.65>i.3).  A.,  Oleum,  an  ingredient 
in  tinct  opti  camph.  Dose  n\^i-v  (0.065- 
0.32).  A.,  Spiritus,  a  ten  per  cent,  solution 
of  the  oil  in  alcohol.    Dose  3  j-ij  (4.0-8.0). 

Anitrogenous  (ak-ni-troj' -en-us)  [a  priv.; 
nUrogen\     Non-nitrogenous. 

Ankle  {anz'-kl)  [ME.,  ancle\.  The  joint 
between  the  leg  and  the  foot  It  is  a  gin- 
glymus  joint,  with  three  ligaments,  the  ante- 
rior, internal,  and  external.  A-bone,  the 
astragalus.  A.  Clonus,  the  succession  of  a 
number  of  rhythmic  muscular  contractions  in 
the  calf  of  the  leg,  when  the  foot  is  suddenly 
flexed  by  a  pressure  upon  the  sole.  It  is 
a  symptom  of  various  diseases  of  the  spinal 
coni,  especially  those  involving  the  lateral 
pyramidal  tracts.  A. -jerk.  See  A,  Clonus. 
A.-joint.  See  Ankle.  A.  Reflex.  See 
A.  Clonus.  , 

Ankyloblepharon  (ang 'kilo- bUf- ar- on) 
\ayKvknt  a  thong  or  loop ;  P^fapov,  the 
eyelid].  The  adhesion  of  the  ciliary  edges 
of  the  eyelids. 

Ankylochilia  (angkil'O-ki'U'ah)  [ay/ci'Aj/, 
loop ;  x^*^^*  IJp]-     Adhesion  of  the  lips. 

Ankylocolpos  (angktl-o-kol'pds)  [ayKb'ht,  a 
loop ;  K^Xfl-oc,  the  vagina].  Atresia  of  the 
vagina  or  vulva. 

Ankyloglossia,  Ankyloglossum  (ang- kit- o- 
ghs^-e-ah,  ang-kil-oglos' -sum)  [ayici'^jy,  a 
loop;  ■y?Mffoa,  the  tongue].     Tongue-tie. 

Ankylose  (ang^-kU-ds)  [ayKhXti^  a  loop].  To 
be,  or  to  become, consolidated  or  firmly  united. 

Ankylosis  (ang-kil-o^-sis)  [ayidfTjj,  a  loop]. 
Union  of  the  bones  formmg  an  articula- 
tion, resulting  in  a  stiff  joint.  A.,  Ex- 
tracapsular, that  due  to  rigidity  of  the 
parts  external  to  the  joint.  A.,  False,  or 
Spurious,  is  due  to  the  rigidity  of  surround- 
ing parts.  A.,  Intracapsular,  that  due 
to  rigidity  of  the  structures  within  a  joint. 
A.,  True,  or  Bony,  when  the  connecting 
materia]  b  bone.  A.,  Ligamentous,  when 
the  medium  is  fibrous. 

Ankylostoma,  Ankylostomum  {ang-kU- 
osf-to-mah^  ang-kil-os' -to-mum)  [dj'KvAof, 
crooked;   ar6ita^   a  mouth].    A  genus  of 


nematoid  worms,  one  species  of  which,  A, 
duodenaUt  is  found  in  the  human  intestine. 

Ankylostomiasis  (ang-kil-  os-to-  mi'-  as  -  jur^ 
\ayKi}7uo^f  crooked;  ardfuit  a  mouth].  A 
form  of  pernicious  anemia  produced  by  the 
presence  of  the  parasite  Ankylostoma  duodt- 
naU  in  the  human  intestine.  It  is  especially 
prevalent  among  brickmakers  and  other  work- 
men in  Europe.  It  is  called  also  Docb- 
miasis,  Brickmakers*  Anemia,  Tunnel 
Anemia,  Miners'  Cachexia,  Elgyptian  Chlor- 
osb,  etc.  Male  fern  and  thymol  expel  the 
worm. 

Ankylotia  (ang-kil-o^ -she-ah)  [aynwhi^  a 
noose ;  ov^,  ear].     Union  of  the  walls  of  the 

.  meatus  auditorius. 

Annatto  (an-at'-o).     See  Annotto. 

Annectant  {an-ei' -tant)  [ad,  to ;  nectert^  to 
bind].  Linking  or  binding  together.  A« 
Convolutions.    See  CoHvohUwn. 

Annidalin  {an-id'-al-in).  i.  Dithymol 
triiodid.  A  substitute  for  iodoform  and  aris- 
tol.     2.  SeeAristol. 

Annotto  (an-ot^-o)  [native  American].  An> 
natto,  amotto.  A  coloring  matter  obtained 
from  the  pellicles  of  the  seeds  of  Bixa 
orellana.  It  is  used  to  color  plasters,  and 
as  an  artificial  color  for  butter. 

Annuens  (an'-U'enst)  [annufre^  to  nod].  The 
rectus  capitis  anticus  minor  muscle. 

Annular  {an^-u-lar)  [annulus^  a  ring].  Ring> 
like.  A.  Cartilage,  the  cricoid  cartilage. 
A.  Finger,  the  ring  finger.  A.  Ligament, 
the  ligament  surrounding  the  wrist  and  the 
ankle.  A.  Muscle  of  MiUler,  the  areolar 
fibers  of  the  ciliary  muscle.  A.  Process, 
or  Protuberance,  the  pons  varolii.  A.  Re- 
flex (of  macula) ,  a  ring-like  reflection  some- 
times seen  with  the  ophthalmoscope  around 
the  macula. 

Annulus  (an^-u-lus)  [annulus^  a  ring].  A 
ring-shaped  or  circular  opening.  A.  abdo- 
minalis,  the  external  or  internal  abdominal 
rings.  A.  abdominis,  the  inguinal  ring. 
A.  ciliaris,  the  boundary  between  the  iris  and 
choroid.  A.  fibrosus,  the  external  part  of 
the  intervertebral  discs.  A.  membran« 
tjrmpani,  an  incomplete  bony  ring  that  forms 
the  fetal  auditory  process  of  the  temporal  bone. 
A.  osseus,  the  tympanic  plate.  A.  ovalia, 
the  rounded  or  oval  margin  of  the  Foramen 
ovale.  A.  tracheae,  any  tracheal  ring.  A. 
umbilicus,  the  umbilical  ring. 

Anococcygeal  (ano-kok-sif  -e-al)  \anm^ 
the  fundament ;  k6kkv^^  the  coccyx].  Per- 
taining to  the  anus  and  the  coccyx.  A.  Lig- 
ament, a  ligament  that  connects  the  tip  of 
the  coccyx  with  the  external  sphincter  ani 
muscle. 

Anodal  (an'-o-dal)  [awi,  up  ;  066^,  a  way]. 
Relating  to  the  anode ;  electro-positive.  A. 
Opening  Contraction.    See  ContraOim. 


ANODE 


ANTARTHRITIC 


Anode  {an'-dd)  [avd^  up;  o<f<Jf,  a  way].  The 
positive  pole  of  a  galvanic  battery. 

Anodontia  {an-o-don^'ske-ah)  [av  priv.; 
6<5a{^,  tooth].     Absence  of  the  teeth. 

Anodyne  (an^-o-din)  [av  priv.;  bdhvr;,  pain]. 
A  medicine  that  gives  relief  from  pain.  A., 
Hoffmann's.     See  £fAfr. 

Anoesia  {an-o-e' -ze-ah)  [avoTfoia^  a  want  of 
sense].     Want  of  understanding. 

Anoia  (an-oi^-ah)  [hvoia,  idiocy].  Synonym 
of  Idiocy, 

Anomalous  (an-om^ -ai-us)  [dv<j//aXof,  not 
ordinary].  Irregular;  characterized  by  de- 
viation from  the  common  or  normal  order. 

Anomaly  {an-om^-al-f)  [avufiaXia^  irregu- 
larity]. A  marked  deviation  from  the  nor- 
mal ;  an  abnormal  thing  or   occurrence. 

Anonyma  (an-on'-im-ah)  [av  priv.;  bwixa^ 
name].     The  innominate  artery. 

Anonjrmous  (an'on''im-us)[av  priv.;  bwfjM, 
a  name].  Nameless.  A.  Bone.  See  In- 
nominatum. 

Anophthalmia  (an  -  off-  thai' -me  •  ah)  [av 
priv.;  b^Xfidc,  eye].  Congenital  absence 
of  the  eyes.  A.  cyclopica,  a  congenital 
malformation  in  which  the  eye-socket  is  very 
ill-developed  and  the  orbit  rudimentary  or 
altogether  absent. 

Anophthalmus  [an-off-thalf  mus)  [avpriv.; 
o^Xfidg,  eye].  I.  Congenital  absence  of 
the  eyes.     2.  A  person  bom  without  eyes. 

Anopia  (an-(/-pe'ah)  [av  priv.;  i»y»,  the  eye]. 
Absence  of  sight,  especially  that  due  to  de- 
fect of  the  eyes. 

Anorchia  (an-or^-ke-ah).    See  Anarchism. 

Anorchism  (an'-or-kizm)  \av  priv.;  bpxii^ 
the  testicle].    Absence  of  the  testicles. 

Anorexia  (an-or-ch'-sc-ah)  [av  priv.;  dpe^tCt 
appetite].  Absence  of  appetite.  A.  nervosa, 
an  hysteric  affection  occurring  chiefly  in 
young  neurotic  females,  and  characterized 
by  a  great  aversion  to  food. 

Anorthopia  (an-or-tht/'Pe-ah)  [av  priv.; 
hp&6Cf  straight ;  b-^ic,  vision].  I.  A  defect 
in  vision  in  which  straight  lines  do  not  seem 
straight,  and  parallelism  or  symmetry  is  not 
properly  perceived.  2.  Squinting ;  obliquity 
of  vision. 

Anorthosis  (an-or-thc/ -sis)  [av  priv.;  ipfkMn^, 
a  making  straight].  Absence  or  defect  of 
erectility. 

Anosmia  (an-ot^'mc-ah)  [6v  priv.;  oajn^, 
smell].     Absence  of  the  sense  of  smell. 

Anosphrasia  (an-os-fra' -ze-ah)  [av  priv.; 
ha^paola^  smell].  Absence  of  the  sense  of 
smell. 

Anospinal  (a-no-spi'-nal)  [anus,  the  funda- 
ment; spina^  the  backbone].  Relating  to 
the  anus  and  the  spinal  cord.  A.  Center, 
a  center  that  contn^ls  the  anal  sphincters. 
It  is  situated  in  the  lumbar  portion  of  the 
spinal  cord. 
5 


Anotus  (an-o^'tus)  [av  priv.;  ovc,  the  ear]. 
An  earless  monstrosity. 

Anovesical  (a-no-ves^-ik-ai)  [anus^  the  fun- 
dament; vesica f  the  bladder].  Pertaining 
conjointly  to  the  anus  and  urinary  bladder. 

Ansa  (an'-sah)[l..,  a  **  handle.'']  A  loop.  A. 
capitis,  the  zygomatic  arch.  A.,  Haller's, 
the  loop  formed  by  the  nerve  joining  the 
facial  and  glosso-pharyngeal  nerves.  A., 
Henle's.  See  Hcnle's  Loop,  A.  hypo- 
glossi,  a  loop  formed  at  the  side  of  the  neck 
by  the  junction  of  the  descendens  noni  nerve 
with  branches  of  the  second  and  third  cer- 
vical nerves.  A.  sacralis,  a  loop  joining 
the  ganglion  impar  with  the  sympathetic 
trunks  of  the  two  sides.  A.  of  Vieussens, 
a  loop  extending  from  the  third  cervical  gang- 
lion and  surrounding  the  subclavian  artery. 
A.  of  Wrisberg,  the  nerve  joining  the  right 
great  splanchnic  and  right  pneumogastric 
nerves. 

Anserine  (an'-ser-in)  [anur,tL  goose].  Re- 
sembling a  goose.  A.  Disease,  a  wasting 
of  the  muscles  of  the  hands,  rendering  the 
tendons  unduly  prominent,  and  suggesting  the 
appearance  of  a  goose's  foot.  A.  Skin, 
goose-skin. 

Antacid  {ant-as^-id)  [anti^  against ;  acidus^ 
acid].  I.  Neutralizing  acidity.  2.  A  sub- 
stance counteracting  or  neutralizing  acidity. 

Antacidin  (ani-as' -id-in).  Saccharate  of 
lime. 

Antagonism  ian-tag^-on-itm)  [avTayt^viJ^ea- 
dcUf  to  struggle  against].  Opposition;  op- 
posed action,  as  of  two  sets  of  muscles  or  of 
two  remedial  agents. 

Antagonist  {an-tag^-o-nist)  [avrayuvusHKt 
counteracting].  A  term  applied  to  a  drug 
that  neutralizes  the  therapeutic  effects  of 
another.  In  anatomy,  a  muscle  that  acts  in 
opposition  to  another.  A.,  Associated,  a 
name  given  to  that  muscle  of  a  healthy  eye 
that  turns  the  globe  in  the  same  direction  as 
the  affected  muscle  of  the  opposite  eye  would, 
if  normal,  turn  the  eye  to  which  it  belongs. 

Antagonistic  (an-tag-o-nis^-tik)  [kvrayuvus' 
rfj^f  counteracting].     Opposing. 

Antalgic  (ant-ai'-jik)  [avrl^  against ;  AAyof , 
pain].  I.  Relieving  pain.  2.  A  remedy 
that  relieves  pain. 

Antalkaline  {ant-aF-kai-in)  [avri^  against ; 
atkaii].  I.  Neutralizing  alkalies.  2.  An 
agent  neutralizing  alkalies,  as  acids. 

Antaphrodisiac  (ant-af-ro-diz'-e-ak)  [avr/, 
against;  a^podlata^  sexual  desire].  I.  Les- 
sening venereal  desire.  2.  An  agent  that 
lessens  the  venereal  impulse;  an  anaphro- 
disiac. 

Antapoplectic  {ant  -  ap  -  o  -  pick' -  tik)  [avrl, 
against ;  airon^i^^ia,  apoplexy].  Efficient  in 
preventing  or  treating  apoplexy. 

Antartbritic  {ant-ar-thnt'-iJk)  [avrl,  against; 


ANTASTHENIC 


ANTHRACONECROSIS 


6fl9pirtK6^f  goaty].  I.  Relieving  goat  2. 
A  medicine  for  the  relief  of  goat 

Antmsthenic  (ant-aS'then'-iA)  [ovr/,  against ; 
ao6iv€ta,  weakness].  Tending  to  correct 
debility  and  restore  the  strength. 

Antmsthmatic  {ant-az-mat^'U)  [avri^  against; 
iadfia^  short  drawn  breath].  I.  ReUeving 
asthma.  2.  A  medicine  serving  for  the 
relief  of  asthma. 

Antebrachium  lan'/e-^a^'Jkt'um)  [anU^ 
before ;  dra^Aium,  the  arm] .     The  forearm. 

Antecunrature  (an-U-ker^ •vat-char)  [ante^ 
forward;  curvatus^  bent].  A  forward 
corrature. 

Anteflexion  (anU-JUk^-skun)  [ante,  before ; 
yCr^/Wv,  tobend].  A  bending  forward.  A. 
of  Utenis,  a  condition  in  which  the  fundus 
of  the  uterus  is  bent  forward. 

Antemetic  (afU-em-ct^-ik),    See  Antiemetic, 

Ante  mortem  {fln^-te  mor^-tem)  [L.].  Be- 
fore death. 

Antenna  {an-ten^'Ok)  [avnlvtiv^  to  stretch 
oot].  In  oiology,  one  of  the  paired,  articu- 
lated, sensory  appendages  of  the  head  of  an 
arthropod. 

Ante  partum  {an'-U  par' -turn)  [L.].  Be- 
fore delivery. 

Antephialtic  {ant-ef-e-al' -tik)  \avriy  against ; 
i^Xr^c,  nightmare].  Preventive  of  night- 
mare. 

Antepileptic  (ant-ep-U-ep' -tik)  [(ivr/,  against ; 
etrtX^^,  epilepsy].     Relieving  epilepsy. 

Anteprostatic  (ante pros-tat' -ii)  [ante^  be- 
fore; irpocrdrrf^f  one  who  stands  before]. 
Situated  before  the  prostate.  A.  Qlands, 
certain  small  accessory  glands  sometimes 
found  between  Cowper*s  gland  and  the  pros- 
tate. 

Anterior  (an-te' re-or)  [^anterior ,  forward]. 
Situated  before  or  in  front  of;  pertaining  to 
the  part  of  organ  situated  toward  the  ventral 
aspect  of  the  body.  A.  Poliomyelitis,  in- 
flammation of  the  anterior  horns  of  the  spinal 
cord,  giving  rtfte  to  a  characteristic  paralysis, 
common  in  children.  A.  Rotation,  the 
forward  turning  of  the  presenting  part  in 
labor. 

Antero-  (an'te-ro)  [anterior,  before].  A 
prefix  signifying  position  in  front. 

Antero-inferior  (anU-ro-in-fe'-re'Or)  [an- 
terior, forward  ;  inferior,  lower].  Situated 
in  front  and  below. 

Antero-lateral  (ante-ro-laf-erai)  [anter- 
ior, before  ;  iatus,  a  side].  In  front  and  to 
or  on  one  side ;  from  the  front  to  one  side. 

Antero-parietal  {an' tero pari' -etal)  [an- 
terior, before ;  paries,  a  wall].  Anterior 
and  also  parietal.  A.  Area,  the  anterior 
part  of  the  parietal  area  of  the  cranium. 

Antero-posterior  (an'te-  ro  -poste'  •  reor) 
[anterior,  forward ;  posterior,  backward]. 
Extending  from  before  backward. 


Antero-superior  (an'-te-ro-su-pe''re-or)  [am- 
terior,  foTwud;  superior,  upper].  Situated 
in  front  and  above. 

Anteversion  (an-te-ver'-shtm)  [ante,  before  ; 
vertere,  to  turn].  A  turning  forward.  A.  of 
Utenis,  a  tilting  forward  of  the  uterus. 

Antheliz  {anf-heliks  or  an' -  the  -  Hk$\ 
Im^k'Ki^,  the  inner  curvature  of  the  car]. 
The  ridge  surrounding  the  concha  of  the  ex- 
ternal ear  posteriorly. 

Anthelmintic  (an  -  thel-  min'  -  tik)  [ovrf, 
against;  ekfuv^,  a  worm],  z.  Efficaciooa 
against  worms.     2.  A  vermicide. 

Anthemis  (an'-them-is)  [avOefii^,  a  flower]. 
Camomile.  The  flower-heads  of  A.  noditu^ 
the  properties  of  which  are  due  to  a  volatile 
oil,  a  camphor,  and  a  bitter  principle.  It  is 
useful  in  coughs  and  spasmodic  infantile  com- 
plaints, and  is  an  excellent  stomachic  tonic. 
Infusion  of  ziv  to  Oj,  given  in  doses  of 
ij-ij  (32.0-04.0).  No  official  preparations. 
A.,  Extract.  (B.  P.),  dose  gr.  ii-x  (0.13- 
0.65).  A.,  Infus.  (B.  P.),  dose  I'y-iw 
(32.0-128.0).  A.,  Oleum,  the  volatile  oil 
of  camomile.     Dose  ntij*^  (o.  1 3-0. 65). 

Anthemorrhagic  (ant-hem-or-af -ik)  f^yrf, 
against ;  aifta,  blood ;  itayia,  a  buntmg]. 
decking  or  preventing  hemorrhage. 

Anthony's  Fire,  St.  A  popular  name  for 
erysipelas. 

Anthracemia  (an-thras-e'-me-ah)  [&t^pa(,  a 
coal ;  cifia,  blood  J.  Wool-sorter's  disease  ; 
splenic  fever  of  animals ;  a  disease  due  to  the 
presence  in  the  blood  of  the  Bacillus  em- 
thracis. 

Anthracene  (an'-thrasin^  [h^^pa^,  a  coal], 
Ci^H,^.  A  hydrocarbon  formed  from  many 
carbon  compounds  when  they  are  exposed  to 
a  high  heat ;  also  from  coal-tar.  It  crystal- 
lizes in  colorless,  monoclinic  tables,  showing 
a  beautiful  blue  fluorescence ;  dissolves  with 
difficulty  in  alcohol  and  ether,  but  easily  in 
hot  benzene  ;  melts  at  213^  It  is  the  base 
from  which  artificial  alizarin  is  prepared. 

Anthracia  (an'thra''Se'ah)[&wpa^,  a  coal]. 
A  name  for  diseases  characterized  by  the 
fonnation  of  carbuncles.  A.  pestia,  the 
plague.  A.  rubula.  Synonym  of  Fram- 
besia. 

Anthracic  (an' -thrasik)  [h^^pa^,  a  coal]. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  anthrax. 

Anthracin  (an'-thrasin)  [ivdpa^,  a  coal]. 
A  toxic  ptomain  derived  from  pure  cultures 
of  the  bacillus  of  anthrax. 

Anthracoid  (an' -thrak-oid )  [hxSpa^,  coal ; 
£Moc,  form].     Resembling  anthrax. 

Anthracometer  (an-thrak-om''et'er)[&t>dpa^, 
coal ;  fitrpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument 
for  estimating  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxid 
in  the  air. 

Anthraconecrosis  (an-thrak-o-nekro'sis) 
[tiSpa^,  coal;  viKpLtat^,  death].     The  oe- 


ANTHRACOSIS 


ANTICARDIUM 


erotic  transformation  of  a  tissue  into  a  black 
mass,  as  in  dry  gangrene. 

Anthracosis  (anthrak-(/ -sis)  [dv^pof,  car- 
bon;  »^oc,  disease].  "Miner's  Lung.'*  A 
diseased  condition  of  the  lung  produced  by 
the  inhalation  of  coal  dust.  It  is  a  form  of 
pneumonokoniosis . 

Anthraquinone  {an-thra-kwin-dn^)  [di^paf , 
coal ;  Sp.,  quina,  bark],  Cj^HgO,.  A  sub- 
stance produced  by  oxidizing  anthracene 
with  HNO,.  It  sublimes  in  yellow  needles, 
melting  at  277^,  and  is  soluble  in  hot  ben- 
zene and  HNO,. 

Anthrarobin  (an-thra-ro'-bin)^  ^fivS^v  A 
derivative  of  alizarin,  similar  to  chrysarobin. 
It  is  a  yellowish-white  powder,  insoluble  in 
water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and  dilute  alka- 
line solutions.  It  is  useful  in  psoriasis, 
herpes,  pitjrriasis  versicolor.     Unof. 

Anthrax  (an^^thraks)  [di^po^,  a  coal  or  car- 
buncle]. I.  A  carbuncle.  2.  An  acute  in- 
fectious disease  due  to  the  bacillus  anthracis. 
It  is  most  common  in  cattle  and  sheep,  but 
may  occur  in  man.  Infection  in  man  may 
occur  (a)  through  a  wound,  the  resulting 
lesion  being  a  boil  or  carbuncle,  whence  the 
disease  becomes  dbseminated  through  the 
blood,  (b)  Through  the  intestinal  tract  In 
this  case  there  are  marked  local  lesions,  either 
such  as  resemble  the  dermal  boils,  or  a  hem- 
orrhagic infiltration  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane. U)  Through  the  respiratory  tract. 
The  results  are  inflammatory  processes  in  the 
longs  and  pleura.  S3mon3rms:  Milzbrand^ 
Charbotiy  iVoolsorter* s  Disease.  A.,  Symp- 
tomatic.    See  Blackleg. 

Anthropogenesis  (anihro-po-jen^ -es-is)  [dv- 
BpuKoCt  nwio  ;  y^vtat^y  generation].  The  de- 
velopment of  man,  as  a  race  (phylogenesis) 
and  as  an  individual  (ontogenesis). 

Anthropoglot  (an^ -ihro-po-glot)  [4i^p<.wrof, 
man;  yX^ffa,  the  tongue].  Human-tongued, 
as  a  parrot 

Anthropography  (an-thropog^ -ra-fe)  [hydpu- 
Tog,  man ;  ypd^iv,  to  write] .  A  treatise 
upon  the  human  structure  or  organism. 

Anthropoid  (an^-thro-poid)  lHvOpdmog,  a 
man  ;  elSog,  form].     Man-lixe. 

Anthropology  (an-thro-pol' -o-je)  [di^/x.m'Of, 
man;  AA)©^,  discourse].  The  science  of 
man. 

Anthropometalism  (an-thro-po-met' -al-inm) 
[dp^pcm-of, man  ;  M.  E.,#iri^'/a/].  Hypnotism 
or  the  like  condition,  induced  by  looking  at 
a  metallic  disc. 

Anthropometry  (an-thro-pom' -et-re)  fdi^pu- 
irof,  man;  fUrpov,  a  measure].  The  de- 
termination of  the  measurement,  weight, 
strength,  and  proportions  of  the  parts  of  the 
human  body. 

Anthropomorphic  (an  -  thro  -  po  -  mor^  -fik) 
\h\SfHjfKQg^  man  ;  /<o/)^,  form].    Man- like. 


Anthropophagy  (an-thro-poff^-a-Je)  [Mpta^ 
nog,  man;  ^ayeiv,  to  devour].  I.  Canni- 
balism. 2.  Sexual  perversion  leading  to 
rape,  mutilation,  and  cannibalism. 

Anthropophobia  (an  -  tAro  -po  -fo'  -  be  -  ah) 
[Av^p(.wrof,  man ;  ^^og,  fear  J.  A  symptom 
of  mental  disease  consisting  in  fear  of  society. 

Anthropotozin  (an-thro-po-toks^-in)  UtvOpit- 
nog,  man  ;  to^ikAv,  poison].  The  toxic  sub- 
stance supposed  to  be  excreted  by  the  lungs 
of  human  beings. 

Anthydropic  (ant-hi-drop^-ii\  [avri,  against ; 
vdijp,  water].     Effective  against  dropsy. 

Anthypnotic  (anthipnot^-ik)  \avri,  against ; 
vKvog,  sleep].  I.  Preventive  of  sleep.  3. 
An  agent  that  tends  to  induce  wakefulness. 

Anthysteric  (anthis-ter'-ik)  [avri,  against; 
varipa,  the  womb].     Overcoming  hjrsteria. 

Antialbumate  (an  -te-  aP  -bu-  nUU)  [avrl, 
against ;  albumen,  white  of  egg] .  rarapep- 
tone ;  a  product  of  the  imperiect  digestion 
of  albunun.  It  is  changed  by  the  pancreatic 
ferment  into  antipeptone. 

Antialbumin  (an  -te-al-buf  -  min)  \avTi, 
against;  albumen,  white  of  egg].  One  of 
the  products  of  the  action  of  the  digestion  of 
albumin  ;  it  is  probably  one  of  the  preformed 
substances  existing  in  the  proteid  molecule. 

Antialbumose  (an  •  te-al-  bu'  -  mds)  \avrl, 
against;  albumen,  white  of  egg].  One  of 
the  albumoses  produced  by  the  action  of 
pancreatic  juice  on  albumin.  It  resembles 
syntonin  or  acid -albumin,  and  b  convertible 
into  antipeptone. 

Antiaphrodisiac  (an-te-af-ro-dis'-e-ak).  See 
Antaphrodisiac. 

Antiarin  (an' -te-ar-in)  [Javanese,  antiar  or 
antschar],  Cj^Hj^Oj  -f  2H,0.  The  active 
principle  of  Antiaris  toxicaria  or  Upas  antiar, 
the  Javanese  poison-tree.  It  is  intensely 
poisonous  and  is  used  as  an  arrow  poison.  It 
is  a  cardiac  depressant.  Dose  gr.  y^^ 
(0.00065).     Unof. 

Antiarthritic  (an-te-ar-thrtt'-ik).  Syn- 
onym of  Antarthritic. 

Antiasthmatic  (an  -  te  -  a%  -  mat' -  ik).  Syn- 
onym of  Antasthmatic. 

Antibacterial  (an  -  te  -  bak  -  te*-  re  -  al)  {avri^ 
against ;  paitr^ptw,  a  staff,  stick].  Acting 
against  bacteria. 

Antibiotic  (an-te-bi-of -ik)  [awl,  against; 
piog,  life].     Tending  to  destroy  life. 

Antiblenorrhagic  (anteblen-or-af 'ik\  \a.vrl, 
against ;  pXh/vog,  mucus  ;  ftnyviffuii,  to  Durst]. 
Efficient  in  preventing  or  curing  gonorrhea. 

Antibrachial  (an  -  te  •  bra'  -ke-al)  [avW, 
against;  /?/ja;t'ui',  the  arm].  Pertaining  to 
the  forearm. 

Antibrachium  (an  -  te  -  bra' -  ke  -  um)  [avri, 
against ;  ^paxii^f  the  arm].  The  foreann ; 
'    antebrachium. 

Anticardium  Lan-te-kar^-de-um)  [am,  < 


ANTICHIROTONUS 


ANTIMONIC 


against ;  luipiia^  the  heart] .  The  scrobiculus 
cordis,  or  pit  of  the  stomach  ;  the  infraster- 
na]  depression. 

Antichirotonus  (an-te-kirot' -o-nus)  [am, 
against,  ;t'Ip,  hand ;  r^vo^^  tension].  For- 
cible and  steady  inflection  of  the  thumb/ seen 
at  times  in  or  before  attacks  of  epilepsy.  ^ 

Anticholerin  (an  -te-kol'  -er-  in)  {avrl^ 
against ;  x^^9^^  cholera].  A  product  iso- 
lated by  Klebs  from  cultures  of  cholera- 
bacilli.  Immunizing  and  curative  properties 
hare  been  ascribed  to  it. 

Anticipating  {an-tis* -ip-a'ting)  [anticipare^ 
to  take  before].  Occurring  before  the  regu- 
lar or  expected  time,  as  an  anticipating  inter- 
mittent fever,  one  in  which  the  paroxysms 
occur  earlier  on  successive  days. 

Anticlinal  (an  tekli^ -nai )  [avr<,  against; 
«Anviv,  to  slope].  Sloping  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. A.  Vertebra,  in  man,  the  tenth 
thoracic  vertebra,  where  the  thoracic  verte- 
brse  begin  to  assume  the  characters  of  the 
lumbar. 

Anticnemion  (an  -Hk-ne'  -me-  on)  \hvri^ 
against;  la^iifit  leg].  The  shin  or  front  of 
the  leg. 

Anticus  (an-ti'-kus)  [anHcus^  that  in  front]. 
Anterior,  in  front  of. 

Anticylic  Acid.  A  white,  fragrant  powder, 
with  a  pleasant  taste.  It  is  said  to  be  anti- 
pyretic.    Dose  jjj  grain  (0.0006).     Unof. 

Antidinic  (an-te-din^-ik)  [avri,  against; 
<fh«c,  a  whirl].   Curing  or  preventing  vertigo. 

Antidotal  (an-(ed(/ -tal )  [avr/,  against; 
6616^ t  given].  Having  the  nature  of  an 
antidote. 

Antidote  (an'-U-ddt)  \avri^  against ;  «f<M<Jf , 
given].  An  agent  preventing  or  counter- 
acting the  action  of  a  poison.  A.,  Arseni- 
cal, G.  Ph.,  is  prepared  by  dissolving  100 
parts  of  the  hydrated  sulphate  of  iron  in 
250  parts  of  water,  to  which  15  parts  of 
burnt  magnesia  and  250  parts  of  water  are 
added.  A.,  Chemic,  one  that  changes  the 
chemic  nature  of  the  poison  so  that  it  be- 
comes insoluble  or  harmless.  A. ,  Mechani- 
cal, one  that  prevents  absorption  by  holding 
the  poison  in  mechanical  suspension  or  by 
coating  the  stomach.  A.,  Physiologic,  one 
that  counteracts  the  physiologic  effects  of  a 
poison.  A.,  Universal,  a  mixture  of  one 
part  of  dissolved  iron  sulphate  in  two  parts 
of  magnesia  water. 

Antidynamic  (an  -  te  -  di  -  nam^-ik)  [avri^ 
against ;   di'vatu^^  force].     Weakening. 

Antidysenteric  (an-Udis-in-eer^  -ik)  [avri, 
against;  <5MTfvrepia, dysentery].  I.  Service- 
able against  dysentery.  2.  A  remedy  for 
djTsentery. 

Antiemetic  (an-teem-et*  ik)  [ai^/,  against ; 
kfUTixd^^  causing  vomit].  Preventing  emesis  ; ' 
fiplieving  nausea. 


Antifebrin   (an-te-f^b^'rin)    Vivri^    against; 

febris,  a  fever],  CeHs.C^HjO.NH.  The 
proprietary  name  of  acetanilid  or  phenyl > 
acetamid.  A  white,  crystalline  powder 
insoluble  in  water,  freely  soluble  in  alcohol, 
ether,  and  chloroform.  It  is  antip3Tetic  and 
analgesic.  The  drug's  oBicial  name  is  ace- 
tanilidum.     Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.3-0.6). 

Antiferment  ian-tefer^ -ment)  \hvri^  against; 
fermentum,  leaven].  An  agent  that  pre- 
vents fermentation. 

Antifermentative  (an  -  U  -frr  -  men' -ta-tive) 
[(ivT/,  against ;  fermenium,  leaven].  Pre- 
venting fermentation. 

Antigalactic  (an-tt'-gal-ak' -Hk\\avri^  against; 
yh'/xL^  milk].  I.  I^essening  the  secretion  of 
milk.  2.  A  drug  that  lessens  the  secretion 
of  milk. 

Antihelix  (an-tt-he'lik).     See  Anthelix. 

Antihidrotic  (antehidrot'-ik)  [ovr<,  against ; 
Mp4>Cf  sweat],  i.  Diminishing  the  secretion 
of  sweat.  2.  An  agent  lessening  the  secretion 
of  sweat. 

Antihydropin  (anteki'-dro-pin)  [ovri, 
against ;  vSup^  water].  A  crystalline  princi- 
ple obtainable  from  the  common  cockroach* 
Blatta  (Periplaneta)  orientalis^  and  said  to 
be  diuretic.     Dose  gr.  x-xx  (0.6-1.3). 

Antikamnia  (an  -  u  •  kam'  -  ne  -  ah)  \avri^ 
against ;  Kci^vtiv^  to  suflfer  pain].  A  proprie- 
tary remedy  said  to  l»c  composed  of  sodium  bi- 
carbonate, acetanilid,  and  cafTein.  It  b  used 
as  an  analgesic  in  doses  of  gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65). 

Antikol  (an^-tikoiV  A  proprietary  antipy- 
retic  mixture  said  to  contain  acetanilid^ 
sodium  bicarbonate,  and  tartaric  acid. 

Antilemic,  or  Antilcemic,  Antiloimic  (<tif- 
te-le'-mikf  or  an  tfloi'mik)  [am,  against; 
Xoifio^^  the  plague].  K6Rcacious  against  the 
plague  or  other  jicstilence. 

Antileptic  (an-fii-fp'-tik)  [avTL>jp^t^^  a  receiv- 
ing in  return].      Revulsive. 

Antilithic  (iintf-lith'-ik)  \avri^  against; 
A/^,  a  stone]  I.  Eflicacious  against  calco- 
lus.  2.  An  agent  preventing  the  deposit  of 
urinary  sediment. 

Antilcemic.     See  AntiUmic. 

Antiluetic  (nn'te-luft' ik)  [am,  against; 
tues^  the  plague ;  syphilis].  Efficacious 
against  syphilis. 

Antilyssic  (an-te-iis'ik)  [nvri^  against ;  XifC- 
aa,  rabies].  I.  Tending  to  cure  nbics. 
2.   A  remedy  for  rabies. 

Antimiasmatic  (an  femiasma^-ik)  [a»T/, 
against;  fiiaaua,  exhalation].  Preventire 
of  malaria. 

Antimonial  (antem</ne-al)  [antimonhtm, 
antimony].     Containing  antimony. 

Antimonic  {anUmon^  ik)  [antimonium^ 
antimony].  A  term  applied  to  those  com- 
pounds ot  antimony  that  correspond  to  lU 
higher  Q«idi 


ANTIMONIOUS 

Antimonious  {an-te-mo^-mus)  \anHm(m» 
imm,  antimonyj.  A  term  denoting  those 
compounds  of  antimony  that  correspond  to 
its  lower  oxid. 

Antimony  (an' -te-mo-pie)  [antimonium'] .  Sb 
=  122 ;  quantivalence  in  and  v.  A  metallic, 
crystalline  element  possessing  a  bluish -white 
luster.  The  symbol  Sb  is  derived  from  the  old 
name,  s/ih'uw.  Antimony  is  found  native,  as 
the  sulphid,Sb,8|,as  the  oxid,and  is  a  constitu- 
ent of  many  minerals.  It  is  used  commercially 
chiefly  for  making  alloys.  Type-metal,  Britan- 
nia-metal, and  Babbit's  anti-friction  metal  are 
allojTS  of  antimony.  In  medicine  antimonium 
salts  are  used  less  frequently  than  formerly. 
The  salts  are  cardiac  and  arterial  depressants, 
diaphoretic  and  emetic,  and  in  large  doses 
powerful  gastro-intestinal  irritants,  producing 
symptoms  resembling  Asiatic  cholera.  Anti- 
mony has  been  used  as  an  antiphlogistic  in 
sthenic  inflanmiation,  as  a  diaphoretic  and 
expectorant,  and  as  an  emetic.  A.  chlorid, 
SbCls»  the  "  butter  "  of  antimony  ;  a  strong 
canstic.  Unof.  A.,Pilul8eCompo8it8e,Plum- 
mer*s  pills, which  contain  calomel  and  sulphur- 
etted antimony,  9l9l  gr.  ss  (0.032).  A.  tri- 
ozid,  antimonious  acid,  Sb,0,;  soluble  in 
hydrochloric  and  tartaric  acids.  Dose  gr.  j-ij 
(0.065-0.13).  It  is  an  ingredient  of  James' 
powder.  A.  oxy chlorid,  the  '*  powder  of 
algarotb  ;  *'  now  little  used.  A.  pentoxid, 
SbuO^,  anttmonic  acid,  combines  with  bases 
to  form  antimonates.  A.  et  Potassii  tartras 
(A.  tartATatumj  (B.  P.),  aKSbOC^H^O,.- 
H|0,  tartrate  of  antimony  and  potassium, 
"tartar  emetic.'*  Dose  gr.  ^ij-J  (0.004- 
0.016).  A.,  Pulvis,  powder  of  antimony, 
James'  powder,  consists  of  antimonious  oxid 
33,  and  calcium  phosphate  67  parts,  and  is 
diaphoretic ;  in  large  doses,  emetic  and  ca- 
thartic. Dose  gr.  iij-viij  (0.2-0.5).  A.  sul- 
phid,  ShyS,,  black  sulphid  of  antimony. 
Dosegr.  }(-}  f 0.016-0.065).  A.  sulphur- 
atuno,  the  sulphtd  with  a  small  but  in- 
definite amount  of  the  oxid.  Dose  gr.  j-v 
(ao65-o.32).  Syr.  Scillse  Comp.,  Cox's 
hiTe  mixture,  hive  syrup.  Each  f.^j  con- 
t*"**  g*"-  U  ®^  tartar  emetic.  Dose  n\,T- 
f  ij  (0.32-4.0)  cautiously.  A.,  Vinum,  wine 
01  antimony.  Boiling  water  60,  tartar  emetic 
4,  stronger  while  wine  looo  parts.  It  con- 
tains about  2  grains  of  tartar  emetic  to  the 
ounce.     Dose  n\^v-xv  (0.32-1.0). 

Antimycotic  (aH-te-mi-kci^-ik)  [avri^  against; 
/<£«^,  a  fungus].  Destructive  to  microor- 
ganisms. 

Antinarcotic  (an  •  (e  •  nar  -  kot^-  ik\  [avrl^ 
against;  vdpKuotc,  a  benumbing].  Pre- 
venting narcosis. 

Antiacixralg^c  (an  •  /e  •  nu  -  ral^-jik )  \avri^ 
against;  vilpav,  a  nenre;  &^y<Kt  P^]* 
Overcoming  neuralgia. 


ANTIPYRIN 

Antiparasitic  (an'te-par-as-it^-ik)  [avrt^ 
against;  napdatroc,  a  parasite].  I.  De- 
stroying parasites.  2.  An  agent  destroying 
parasites. 

Antipeptone  (an-te-pef/ -t^)  [avr«,  against ; 
t^kirruvy  to  cook,  digest].  A  variety  of  pep- 
tone not  acted  upon  by  trypsin. 

Antiperiodic    ian  -  te  -pe-  re  -  od'-  ik)     \jivTi^ 
against;  mpioSoc,  a  going  round],     i.  Pre- 
venting periodic  attacks  of  a  disease.     2.  A  . 
remedy  against  periodic  disease.      A.  Tinc- 
ture.    See  Warburg*s  Tincture. 

Antiperistalsis  {an-te-per-is-tal' -sis)  \Qvri. 
against ;  Trepc,  around ;  crrdAtr^f ,  compression]. 
Reversed  peristalsis. 

Antiperistaltic  {an-te-per-is-taF -iik)  [avrf, 
against;  9rep/,  around;  ariikai^y  compres* 
sion].     Relating  to  antiperistalsis. 

Antiphlogistic  {an-te-flo-jis'tik)  \a\nl^ 
against;  ^VirfiMi^,  inflammatory  heatj.  I. 
Counteracting  fever.  2.  An  agent  subduing 
or  reducing  inflammation  or  fever.  A.  Treat- 
ment, consists  in  bloodletting,  the  application 
of  cold,  the  administration  of  antipyretics, 
etc. 

Antiplastic  {an-ie-plas' -Hk)  \a.vTi^  against; 
TT^acrriv,  to  form],  i.  Unfavorable  to  gran- 
ulation or  to  the  healing  process.  2.  Aa 
agent  impoverishing  the  blood. 

Antipneumotozin  (an-te-nu-mo-toAs^-in) , 
See  Pneumoioxin, 

Antipodal  Cells  {an-tif -o-dal)  {ovriy  oppo- 
site ;  irdvf,  foot].  A  tenn  applied  to  a  group 
of  four  cells  formed  in  the  lower  end  of  the 
embryo-sac  opposite  to  the  cells  constituting 
the  egg-apparatus. 

Antipraxia  (an-te-praks^-e-ah)  [avri,  against; 
trpdaaeiVf  to  do].  Antagonism  of  functions 
or  of  symptoms. 

Antipruritic  {an-te-pru-rit^-ik)  [avrl,  against ; 
pruritus ^  itching] .  I .  Relieving  the  sensa- 
tion of  itching.  2.  A  drug  that  relieves  the 
sensation  of  itching. 

Antipsoric  (an-te-ps</ -rik)  [avr/,  against; 
V^pa,  the  itch].  Effective  against  itching 
or  the  itch. 

Antipyresis  (an-te-pi-re^ -sis)  \^U  against ; 
irvpioaeiVf  to  be  feverish].  The  reduction 
of  fever  by  means  of  antipyretics. 

Antip3rretic  (an-te-pi-ref -ik)  [avrl,  against ; 
ffvperdf ,  fever].  I .  Cooling  ;  lowering  the 
temp>erature.  2.  An  agent  reducing  tem- 
perature. The  most  important  antipyretic 
agents  are  cold,  diaphoretics,  and  the  newer 
remedies,  many  of  which  are  coal-tar  pro- 
ducts, such  as  antipyrin,  acetanilid,  phena- 
cetin,  etc. 

Antipjrrin  (an-te-pi' rin)  [avr/,  against; 
TTvperd^,  fever],  C„H„NjO.  Phenazon. 
The  scientific  name  is  dimethyl-oxy-chinicin- 
phenyl-dimelhylpyrazolon,  or  dehydrodi- 
methylphenylpyrazin.      An  alkaloidal  pfo- 


ANTIRABIC 


ANTITHERMIN 


duct  of  the  destructive  distillation  of  coal-tar. 
It  may  be  produced  by  heating  acetoacetic 
ester  with  methyl-phenyl-hydrazin.  It  is  a 
grayish  or  reddish-white  crystalline  powder, 
slightly  bitter,  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and 
chloroform,  and  crystallizes  from  ether  in 
shining  leaflets,  melting  at  113°.  It  reduces 
the  temperature,  causes  sweating,  at  times 
vomiting,  peculiar  eruptions,  pruritus,  coryza, 

.  etc.  Not  rarely  a  cyanotic  condition  of  the 
face  and  hands  is  produced.  Antipyrin  is 
incompatible  with  nitrous  compounds.  It 
is  a  powerful  antipjrretic  and  analgesic. 
Dose  gr.  v-xv  (0.3-1.0).  A.  Salicylate. 
See  Salipyrin. 

Antirabic  {an-te-ray -iJi)  lavri,  against; 
radios ,  madness].  Preventing  or  curing 
rabies. 

Antirheumatic  {an  -tfru  mat'  -  ik)  [avr/, 
against;  l>evfMTiK6ct  of  or  pertaining  to  a 
flux].     Preventing  or  curing  rheumatism. 

Antirheumatin  {an-te-ru' 'mat-in).  A  com- 
bination of  sodium  salicylate  and  methylene 
blue.  It  occurs  as  blue  prismatic  crystals 
easily  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  and  tast- 
ing very  much  like  sodium  salicylate.  It 
colors  the  urine  blue  or  green. 

Antirrhinum  (an'tf-ri'-num)  [L.].  A  genus 
of  scrophulanaceous  plants.  A.  /inaria, 
called  also  Linaria  vulgaris^  Toad -flax, 
Ramsted,  Butter-and-Eggs ;  an  herbaceous 
plant  of  Europe  and  North  America ;  diuretic, 
cathartic,  and  irritant;  used  as  a  poultice 
and  fomentation.     Unof. 

Antiscortmtic  {an  -  te  -  skor  - bu'  -  tik\\jxvri^ 
against;  scorbutus^  scurvy].  I.  Effective 
against  scurvy.    3.  A  remedy  useful  in  scurvy. 

Antisepsin  {ante-sep'-sin)  Xavri^  against; 
oil'^iU  putrefaction],  CjH^BrNHCjHjO. 
Asepsin ;  bromated  acetaiiilid ;  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether,  insoluble  in  water.  It  is 
antipyretic,  analgesic,  and  antiseptic.  Dose 
gr.  vj-vij  (0.39-0.45). 

Antisepsis  (  an-te-sef/sis )  [am,  against ; 
in^yr^,  putrefaction].  Exclusion  of  the  germs 
that  cause  putrefaction. 

Antiseptic  {ante-sfp'-tic^  [avrl^  against; 
oipifiQ^  putrefaction].  I.  Having  power  to 
prevent  the  growth  of  the  bacteria  upon  which 
putrefaction  depends.  2.  A  remedy  or  agent 
that  prevents  the  development  of  bacteria. 
The  principal  antiseptics  in  use  are  corrosive 
sublimate,  creolin, carbolic  acid,  iodoform,  thy- 
mol, salicylic  acid,  boric  acid,  etc.  A.  Gauze, 
open  cotton  cloth  charged  with  an  antiseptic. 
A.  Ligature,  catgut  or  other  material  rendered 
aseptic  by  soaking  in  antiseptic  solutions.  A. 
Treatment  of  Wounds  looks  to  thorough 
antisepsis  as  regards  the  wound,  the  instru- 
ments, the  operator's  hands,  the  dressings,  etc. 

Antisepticism  {an  •  te  -  stj/ -  tis  -  itm)  fauri, 
against;  0^<f»  potrefactioQ].    The  theory 


or  systematic  emplo3rment  of  antiseptic 
methods. 

Antisepticixe  {an-te- sep^ -tis-u)  [<ivr/, 
against;  c^tc,  putrefaction].  To  render 
antiseptic ;  to  treat  with  antiseptics. 

Antiseptin  {an-te-sep^-tin)  [avri,  against; 
ffi^tf,  putrefaction].  Zinc  boro-thymo-iodid. 
It  consists  of  85  parts  zinc  sulphate,  2.5  parts 
each  of  zinc  iodid  and  thymol,  and  10  parts 
boric  acid.     It  is  an  antiseptic.     Unof. 

Antiseptol  {an  -  te  •  sep^  -  to/)  lavrt,  against ; 
a^iC,  putrefaction].  Cinchonin  iodosulphate, 
an  odorless  and  fairly  efiiective  substitute  for 
iodoform. 

Antisialagogue  ( ante-si-ai' -a-gog )  {avri^ 
against;  aiaXov^  saliva;  ayuf)'6g,  leading]. 
I.  Preventing  or  checking  salivation.  2.  A 
remedy  that  is  effective  against  salivation. 

Antisialic  {an'te-si-al'-ik^  [avrly  against; 
aiahw,  saliva].  I.  ChecKing  the  flow  of 
saliva.  2.  An  agent  that  checks  the  secre- 
tion of  saliva. 

Antispasmin  {an-te-spat'-min),  A  whitish 
powder,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  narcein- 
sodium  and  sodium  salicylate.  It  is  sedative 
and  h3rpnotic,  and  has  been  used  in  laryngis- 
mus stridulus  and  whooping-cough.  Dose 
gr.  J-iv  (0.01-0.26). 

Antispasmodic  {an-te-spas-mod'-ik)  [avri, 
against;  anao/id^,  a  spasm].  I.  Tending  to 
relieve  spasm.  2.  An  agent  relieving  con- 
vulsions or  spasmodic  pains,  as  the  narcotics, 
the  nitrites,  etc. 

Antispastic  {an-te-spas'-tik)  [avri^  against; 
airaoTucdCf  drawing].  I.  Revulsive;  coun- 
ter-irritant. 2.  Antispasmodic.  3.  A  re- 
vulsive agent. 

Antisudoral  {an-te-su'-dor-al)  [avrly  against ; 
sudor,  sweat].  Checking  the  secretion  of 
sweat. 

Antisyphilitic  {an  -  te  -  sif-  il-W  -  ik)  {avrl, 
against ;  J^/AiVii] .  I.  Effective  against  syph- 
ilis. 2.  A  remedy  used  in  the  treatment  of 
syphilis. 

Antithenar  {an-tith' -en-ar)  \avri,  against; 
Bkvapy  the  hollow  of  the  hand  or  foot].  I. 
Opposite  to  thenar.  2.  A  muscle  that  ex- 
tends the  thumb,  or  opposes  it  to  the  hand  : 
an  antithenar  muscle.  A.  Eminence,  the 
border  of  the  palm  of  the  hand  from  the  base 
of  the  little  flnger  to  the  wrist.  A.  Muscles, 
of  the  toe  and  of  the  thumb;  the  abductor 
pollicis  pedis  and  the  flexor  brevis  polUcis 
manus;  also,  the  first  dorsal  interosseous 
muscle. 

Antithermic  {an-te-ther' -mik)  {hvriy  against ; 
(/^p/ij;,  heat].     Cooling;  antipyretic 

Antithermin  {an-te-ther' -min)  \hvTi^  against ; 
^£p/i7,  heat],  CnHj^OjN,.  Phenylhydrastn- 
levulioic  acid,  a  coal-tar  derivative  used  «i 
an  antipyretic,  analgesic,  and  antisc|itiCi 
Doie  gr.  v  (0.3).    Unof. 


ANTITOXIC 


AORTIC 


Antitozic  ^an-fe-  toks'  -  ik  )  [avri^  against ; 
ro^ut6Vf  poison].  Antidotal ;  counteracting 
poisons. 

Antitoxin  {an  -  te-toks'  -  in)  [avr/,  against ; 
To^ucdv,  poison].  A  counter  poison  or  anti- 
dote elaborated  by  the  body  to  counteract 
the  toxins  of  bacteria.  According  to  some 
authorities,  antitoxins  are,  like  the  toxins, 
bacterial  products.  Antitoxins  are  used  in 
the  treatment  of  certain  infectious  diseases 
and  also  to  confer  immunity  against  these 
diseases. 

Antitragic  {an-te-traf-ik)  [javrl^  opposite  to ; 
rpAyoff  the  tragus].  Pertaining  to  the  an- 
titragos.  A.  Muscle,  a  mere  rudiment  in 
man ;  it  arises  from  the  antitragus,  and  ex- 
tends to  the  Cauda  of  the  helix. 

Antitragus  {an-ti-tra'-gus)  [avrt^  opposite 
to ;  Tfiyoit  the  tragus].  An  eminence  of 
the  external  ear  opposite  the  tragus. 

Antitiope  (  an'-te-trdp  )  [  6vr/,  against ; 
Tphretv,  to  turn] .  Any  organ  set  over  against 
another  to  form  a  symmetric  pair.  Thus,  the 
right  eye  is  on  antitrope  to  the  left. 

Antivenene  (an-te-ven^'in)  [avrl^  against ; 
venenum^  poison].  A  terra  given  to  the 
blood -serum  of  animals  rendered  immune 
against  snake-poison,  on  account  of  its  anti- 
dioCal  properties. 

Antisymotic  (an-te-n-  mot^-ik)  [^vr/,  against ; 
^vftuatff  fermentation].  I.  Preventing  or 
checking  fermentation.  2.  An  agent  pre- 
venting the  process  of  fermentation ;  an  anti- 
ferment. 

Antracele  (an^-tra-ai)  [antrum ^  a  cavity; 
«^%9,  a  tumor].  Dropsy  of  the  antrum ;  an 
accumulation  of  fluid  in  the  maxillary  sinus. 

Antral  (an^-trai)  [antrum^  a  cave].  Relat- 
ing to  an  antrum. 

Antrectomy  {an'trek^-to-me)  [dvrpov, antrum  ; 
Urou^,  exdnon].  Surgical  removal  of  the 
walls  of  the  antrum. 

Antritis  {an-tri'-Hs)  [6.vrpov,  a  cave ;  ih>,  in- 
flammation].    Inflaomiation  of  an  antrum. 

Antrophore  (an'-tro-flr)  [Air/xw,  a  cavity; 
^/>ecv,  to  bear].  A  soluble,  medicated 
bougie. 

Antrotympsnic  {an-tro-Hm-pan'-ik)  {hv- 
Tpfov^  a  cave;  ri'/iiravov,  a  drum].  Relating 
to  the  cavity  of  the  tympanum  and  to  the 
tympanic  antrum. 

Antrum  (an'-trumS  [L.].  A  cavity  or  hoi- 
low  space,  espedally  in  a  bone.  A.  cardia- 
cum,  a  dilatation  of  the  lower  end  of  the 
esophagus.  It  has  been  noted  in  cases  of 
rumination,  and  in  other  conditions.  A.  eth- 
moidale,  the  ethmoidal  sinus.  A.  high- 
morianum,  Antrum  of  Highmore,  a  cavity 
in  the  superior  maxillary  bone.  A.  high- 
moffl  testis.  See  Mediastinum  testis.  A., 
ilaatoid,  the  hollow  space  beneath  the 
loof  of  the  mastoid  process.    A.,  Maxillary. 


See  A,  highmorianum,  A.  pyloricum 
willisii,  the  cavity  of  the  pylorus. 

Anuresis  (an-u-re^-sis)  \av  priv.;  olpov, 
urine].     Anuria. 

Anuretic  {an-u-ret^-ik)  [av  priv.;  c^fMv, 
urine].    Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  anuria. 

Anuria  {an-uf-re-ith)  \6v  priv.;  ovpov,  urinej. 
Suppression  of  the  unne. 

Anuric  (an-uf-rik)  [hv  priv.;  ovpov^  urine]. 
Pertaining  to  anuria. 

Anurous  (an-u'-rus)  [av  priv. ;  ovpA,  a  tail]. 
Without  a  tail. 

Anus  (a'-nus)  [anus^  the  fundament].  The 
extremity  of  the  rectum  ;  the  lower  opening 
of  the  alimentary  canal.  A.,  Artificial,  an 
opening  established  from  the  bowel  to  the  ex- 
terior at  a  point  above  the  normal  anus,  most 
commonly  from  the  colon,  either  in  the  lum- 
bar or  the  iliac  region.  A.,  Fissure  of,  a 
slight  tear  in  the  mucous  membrane  at  the 
anus,  usually  due  to  passage  of  hardened 
feces.  It  is  very  painful.  A.,  Fistula  of, 
fistula  in  ano,  a  sinus  opening  from  the  rec- 
tum into  the  connective  tissue  about  the  rec- 
tum, or  discharging  externally.  A.,  Imper- 
forate, absence  of  the  anus,  the  natural 
opening  being  closed  by  a  membranous  sep- 
tum. 

Anvil  {an^vit).    See  Incus, 

Anydremia,   Anydrsemia  (an-id-re' -me-ak) 

Sav  priv.;  vJo)/),  water;  a</ia,  blood].  A 
eficiency  of  water  in  the  blood. 

Anypnia  (an-ip^-ne-ak)  [av  priv.;  imvo^, 
sleep].     Sleeplessness. 

Aorta  (a-ort'-ak)  [aoprij^  aorta].  The  large 
vessel  arising  from  the  left  ventricle  and  dis- 
tributing by  its  branches  arterial  blood  to 
every  part  of  the  body.  It  ends  by  bifur- 
cating into  the  two  common  iliacs  at  the 
fourth  lumbar  vertebra.  Tke  arck^  that  ex- 
tending from  the  heart  to  the  third  dorsal 
vertebra,  is  divided  into  an  ascending^  a 
transverse^  and  a  descending  part.  The 
tkoracic  portion  extends  to  the  diaphragm; 
the  abdominal  to  the  bifurcation. 

Aortal  {a-orf-al)  [aoprif^  the  aorta].  Re- 
lating to  the  aorta. 

Aortic  {a-orf-ik)  [Aopn^,  the  aorta].  Per- 
taining to  the  aorta.  A.  Arch.  See  Aorta, 
A.  Arches.  %fttArck.  A.  Foramen.  See.<4. 
Opening  of  Diapkragm.  A.  Murmur.  A 
murmur  produced  by  disease  of  the  aortic 
valves.     A.  Opening  of  Diaphragm,  the 

.  aperture  in,  or  really  behind,  the  diaphragm, 
through  which  the  aorta  passes.  A.  Open- 
ing of  Heart,  the  opening  between  the 
heart  and  the  aorta.  A.  Plexus,  the  plexus 
of  sympathetic  nerves,  situated  on  the  front 
and  sides  of  the  aorta,  between  the  ori- 
gins of  the  superior  and  inferior  mesenteric 
arteries.  A.  Sinus,  a  deep  depression  be- 
tween the  leaflets  of  the  aortic  valve  and  th< 


AORTITIS 


APHEMIA 


aoftic  wall.  A.  Valve,  the  three  semilunar 
valves  closing  the  aortic  opening  during  the 
cardiac  diastole. 

Aortitis  (a-ort-i' -tis)  [a«/>n^,  the  aorta ;  «rif , 
inflammation].     Inflammation  of  the  aorta. 

AortomaUcia,  or  Aortomalaxia  (a-ori-o- 
mal-a'-se-ah^  or  -aks'-e-ak)  \aopTij^  aorta ; 
ItaXoKM^  softening].     Softening  of  the  aorU. 

Aortostenosis  {a-ort-o-slfn-*/ -sis)  [aopn^, 
aorta ;  orrv^,  narrow] .  Stenosis  or  narrow- 
ing of  the  aorta. 

Apatropin  (ap-af -ro-pin)  fan-rf,  from  ;  dr/ao- 
"KQ^q^  unchangeable],  Cj^HjiNO..  A  com- 
pound deriv^l  from  atropin  by  the  action  of 
nitric  acid.  It  is  said  to  produce  peculiar 
convulsions. 

Ape  (J/)  [ME.,  ape\.  A  manlike  monkey. 
A.  Fissures,  those  fissures  of  the  human 
brain  that  are  also  found  in  apes.  A. -hand, 
a  peculiar  shape  of  the  hand  produced  by  the 
wasting  of  the  thumb-muscles ;  it  is  seen  in 
some  cases  of  progressive  muscular  atrophy. 

Apellous  (ah'Pel^'Us)  [d  priv.;  ir^AAa,  skin]. 
Skinless. 

Apepsia  (ak-pep^-se-ak)  [d  priv.;  niirretVt  to 
digest].  Cessation  or  al^ience  of  the  digest- 
ive function.  A.,  Hysteric,  condition  of 
apepsia  due  to  hysteria.  It  is  also  called  /fys- 
ieric  Anorexia,  A.  nervosa.  See  Anorexia 
nervosa. 

Apeptic  {nh'Pep'-Hk)  [d  priv. ;  niwretv,  to  di- 
gest].    Aflected  with  apepsia. 

Aperient  (ap-e^'re-ent)  \aperire^  to  open].  I. 
Laxative;  mildly  purgative.  2.  A  mild 
purgative ;  a  laxative. 

Aperistalsis  (ah-per-is'taf -sis)  [d  priv. ; 
irepi,  around  ;  CToi^joiq^  constriction].  Ces- 
sation of  the  peristaltic  movements  of  the  in- 
testine. 

Aperture  (ap^-er-ckar)  [apertura^  an  open- 
ing]. An  opening.  A.,  Angular,  in  the 
microscope,  the  angle  formed  between  a 
luminous  point  placed  in  focus  and  the  most 
divergent  rays  that  are  capable  of  passing 
through  the  entire  sjrstem  of  an  objective. 
A.,  Numeric,  the  capacity  of  an  objective 
for  admitting  rays  from  the  object  and  trans- 
mitting them    to  the  image. 

Apex  {a'-peks)  [apex^  the  extreme  end  of  a 
thing].  The  summit  or  top  of  anything; 
the  point  or  extremity  of  a  cone.  A.  Beat, 
the  impulse  of  the  heart  felt  in  the  fifth  inter- 
costal space,  about  3^  inches  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sternum.  A.  Murmur,  a  murmur 
heard  over  the  apex  of  the  heart.  A.  of  the 
I^ung,  the  upper  extremity  of  the  lung  be- 
hind the  border  of  the  first  rib. 

Aphacia  {ah-fa' -se-ak).     Same  as  Aphakia. 

Aphacic  yakfa'-sik).     Syn.  of  Aphakic, 

Aphakia  (ah-fa^ -je-ah)  [a  priv.;  ^>e<v,  to 
eat].     Inability  to  eat  or  to  swallow. 

Aphakia  [akfa' -ke-ak)   [d  priv.;    fo«tfc»   ^ 


lentil,  the  crystalline  lens].     The  cooditioQ 
of  an  eye  without  the  lens. 
Aphakic    (ah-fa'kik)    [d  priv.;    ^aK&(i,  the 

lens].  Not  possessing  a  crystalline  lens. 
Aphasia  (ah-fa^ -ze-ah)  [d  priv.;  ^<r<c, 
speech].  Partial  or  complete  loss  of  the 
power  of  expressing  ideas  by  means  of  speech 
or  writing.  Aphasia  may  be  either  motor  or 
sensory.  Motor  or  Ataxic  Aphasia  consists 
in  a  loss  of  speech  owing  to  inability  to  exe- 
cute the  various  movements  of  the  mouth 
necessary  to  speech,  the  muscles  not  being 
properly  coordinated,  owing  to  disease  of  the 
cortical  center.  It  is  usually  associated  with 
agraphia,  "  aphasia  of  the  hand,"  inability 
to  write,  and  right-sided  hemiplegia.  Some 
aphasics  can  write,  but  are  unable  to  articu- 
late words  or  sentences ;  this  variety  is  vari- 
ously named  aphemia,  alalia,  or  anarthria, 
according  as  the  impairment  of  speech  is  more 
or  less  marked.  Charcot  supposes  the  center 
for  articulate  language  divided  into  four  sub- 
centers,  a  visual  center  for  words,  an  auditory 
center  for  words,  a  motor  center  of  articulate 
language,  and  a  motor  center  of  written  lan- 
guage. Lesions  of  one  or  more  of  these 
centers  produce  the  characteristic  forms  of 
aphasia,  all  of  which  have  clinical  exempUfi- 
cations.  Sensory  Aphasia,  or  Amnesia  is 
the  loss  of  memory  for  words,  and  may  exist 
alone  or  in  association  with  motor  aphasia. 
Amnesia  appears  clinically  in  three  distinct 
forms:  I.  Simple  loss  of  memory  of  words. 
2.  Word-deafness^  or  inability  to  understand 
spoken  words  (there  is  usually  some  parapha- 
sia connected  with  this  form).  3.  Word- 
blindness^  or  inability  to  understand  written 
or  printed  words.  Paraphasia,  a  form  of 
aphasia  in  which  there  is  inability  to  connect 
ideas  with  the  proper  words  to  express  the 
ideas.  Agrammatism,  a  phenomenon  of 
aphasia  consisting  in  the  inability  to  form 
words  grammatically,  or  the  suppression  of 
certain  words  of  a  phrase.  Ataxaphasia, 
inability  to  arrange  words  synthetically  into 
sentences.  Bradyphasia,  abnormal  slow- 
ness of  speech,  from  pathologic  cause.  Tu« 
multus  sermonis,  a  stuttering  manner  of 
reading,  from  pathologic  cause.  A.,  Con- 
duction, such  as  is  due  to  defect  in  some 
commissural  connection  between  centers. 
A.,  Gibberish,  aphasia  in  which  the  patient 
can  utter  many  words,  but  uses  them  in  such 
a  way  that  they  express  no  meaning. 
Aphasiac  (ah-fa' -te-ak)  [d  priv.;  ^doic, 
speech].  One  who  is  aphasic. 
Aphasic  {ah-fa'-zik)  [d  priv.;  ^atc,  speech]. 

Relating  to  or  affected  with  aphasia. 
Aphemia     {ah-fe^-meah)     [a    priv.;    ^M7, 
voice].       Motor  aphasia  ;  inability  to  articu- 
late words  or  sentences,  from  centric  and  ooC 
from  peripheral  disease.     See  Aphasia, 


APHEMIC 


APOLLINARIS  WATER 


Aphemic  (ah-fem^H)  [a  priv.;  ^foit  ▼oice]. 
KelAtJDg  to  or  affected  with  aphemia. 

Aphonia  {ah-fo^ -ne-ah)  [d  priv.;  ^cn^, 
voice].  Loss  of  speech  due  to  some 
peripheral  lesion,  as  in  clergyman* s  sore 
thrcAt ;  it  may  be  due  to  hysteria. 

Aphonic  {ah-fon^-ik)  [d  priv.;  ^uniii^  voice]. 
Speechless ;  voiceless. 

Aphxmsia  (ah-frtt^-te-ah)  [h  priv.;  ^pd^etv, 
to  otter].  AlMeoce  of  the  power  to  utter 
connected  phrases. 

Aphrodisla  {af-ro  -  dis^-  /  -  ak)  ['Afpodirv, 
Venus] .  Sexual  desire,  especially  when 
morbia,  or  immoderate ;  sexual  congress. 

Aphrodisiac  (a/'ro-dix'-e-ak)  ['A^poiinf, 
Venus].  1.  Stunulating  the  sexual  appetite ; 
erotic.  2.  An  agent  stimulating  the  sexual 
passion. 

Aphtha  [af'thah)  [d^,  an  eruption].  An 
eruption ;  an  ulcer. 

Aphthje  {af'-the)  [d^,  an  eruption].  Also 
oJled  Aphthous  stomatitis.  A  form  of  sto- 
matitis characterized  by  the  presence  of  small 
white  vesicles  in  the  mouth,  occurring  chiefly 
in  children  under  three  years  of  age,  and  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  a  special  microorganism. 
A.,  Bednar's,  two  sjrmmetrically  placed 
ulcers  seen  at.  times  on  the  hard  palate  of 
cachectic  infants,  one  on  either  side  of  the 
mesial  line.  A.,  Cachectic,  aphthae  appear- 
ing beneath  the  tongue,  and  associated  with 
grave  constitutional  symptoms;  Riga's  dis- 
ease. 

Aphthoid  (af'thoid)  [d^,  an  eruption]. 
Resembling  aphthc. 

Aphthongia  {af-thong' -ge-ak)  [d  priv.;  ^y- 
yoc,  a  sound].  A  peculiar  form  of  aphasia 
due  to  spasm  of  the  muscles  supplied  by  the 
^TP^^l^^*^  nerve. 

Aphthous  (a/^'thus)  fd^,  an  eruption]. 
Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  aphthse. 

Apical  (a'-pik-al ) [tf/V-r ,  the  top] .  Pertaining 
to  the  apex. 

Apices  [a'-pis-H)  [L.].     Plural  oi  Apex. 

Apinoid  (ap^-in-otd)  [a  priv.;  Tr/vof,  dirt; 
cMof,  form  J.  Clean  ;  not  foul.  A.  Cancer, 
sdrrfaus ;  so  called  from  its  cleanly  section. 

Apiol  (ai^-e-oi)  [apium,  parsley ;  oleum ^  oil], 
Cj^HjfOi.  A  principle  occurring  in  parsley 
sc«ds  ;  it  crystallizes  in  long  white  needles, 
with  a  slight  parsley  odor ;  melts  at  30°  C. 
(86*»  F.),  and  boiU  at  2940  C.  (572»  F.). 
It  b  used  in  dysmenorrhea  and  in  malaria. 
In  large  doses  it  produces  ringing  in  the  ears 
and  fttjotal  headache.  It  is  also  called 
ParsUy-camphor.  Dose  gr.  x-xv  (0.65-1 .0). 
Unof, 

K^^imctXittX^ah-plas-en'-tat)  [dpriv.;/ibr/i«/a, 
a  cake].     Destitute  of  placenta. 

Aplaaatic  (ah-plan-itf-tk)  [dpriv.;  irAcvdetv, 
to  wander].  Not  wandering;  rectilinear. 
A.  Focus,  that  focus   of  a  lens  the  rays 


from  which  do  not  undergo  spheric  aberra* 
tion  in  their  passage  through  the  lens.  A. 
Lens,  a  lens  corrected  for  aberration  of 
light  and  color ;  a  rectilinear  lens. 

Aplasia  (ah-pia'-se-ah)  [a  priv.;  ir?Aaaetv,  to 
form].  Incomplete  or  defective  develop- 
ment ;  also  termed  agenesis. 

Aplastic  {ah-pias^'tiM)  [d  priv.;  irMaotiv^  to 
form].  I.  Structureless,  formless.  2.  In- 
capable of  forming  new  tissue.  A.  Lymph, 
a  non -fibrinous  material  incapable  of  coagu- 
lation or  organization. 

Apnea (ap-ne'-ah)  [dpriv.;  frvlf<v,to breathe]. 
I.  A  transient  cessation  of  respiration  from 
an  over-abundance  of  oxygen,  as,  ^.  ^. ,  after 
forcible  respiration.     2.  Asphyxia. 

Apneumatosis  (ap  nu-mat'O^-sis)  [d  priv.; 
rvev/idruffiC*  inflation].  Collapse  of  the  air 
cells. 

Apnoea  (ap^ny-ah).    See  Apnea. 

Apoaconitin  (ap-o-ak-on' -ii-in)  [d^r^,  from; 
aconitum,  aconite],  CjjH^jNOi..  An  alka- 
loid prepared  from  aconitin  by  dehydration. 

Apoatropin  (ap-o-af  ro-pin)  [drrd,  from; 
&Tpairoc,  unchangeable],  C„H,,NO..  An 
alkaloid  obtained  by  the  action  of  HNOg  on 
atropin. 

Apochromatic  (ap  -  0  -  kro  -  mat^ -  ik)  [dirtf, 
away ;  xp^f^*  color].  Without  color.  A. 
Lens,  a  lens  of  a  special  variety  of  glass, 
corrected  for  spheric  and  chromatic  aberra- 
tion. 

Apocodein  {ap-o-Jky-de-in)  [and,  from; 
K6Seia,  the  head],  C^H^NO..  An  alka- 
loid prepared  from  codein  by  dehydration.  It 
is  emetic  and  expectorant,  with  other  quali- 
ties much  like  those  of  codein,  and  is  recom- 
mended in  chronic  bronchitis.  The  hydro- 
chlorate  is  generally  used.  Dose  gr.  iij-iv 
(0.2  to  0.25).     Unof. 

Apocynin  {ap-os^-in-in)  [apoeynon^  dog- 
bane]. The  precipitate  from  a  tincture  of 
Apotynum  cannabinum ;  tonic,  alterative, 
and  cathartic.  Dose  gr.  ^-j  (0.016-0.065). 
Unof. 

Apocynum  (ap-os^ -in-um)  [^apocynon,  dog- 
biane].  Canadian  Hemp.  The  root  of 
A.  cannabinum,  the  properties  of  which  are 
due  to  apocynin.  It  is  a  good  expectorant ; 
in  full  doses  it  is  emetic  and  cathartic. 
Dose  gr.  v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  A.,  Eztractum 
fluidum.  Dose  n\,v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  A., 
Tinct.  Dose  n\,v-xl  (0.32-2.6).  Unof 
Another  American  species,  A.  androsemi- 
fblium,  has  similar  properties.     Unof 

Apodia  {ah-po'-de-ah)  [dpriv.;  irwj,  afoot]. 
Absence  of  feet. 

Apolar  (ah'Po^'lar)  [d  priv.;  irdAof,  the  end 
of  an  axis].  Not  possessing  a  pole.  A. 
Cells,  nerve  cells  without  processes. 

Apollinaris  Water  {ap-ol-ina'-ris) .  A  Ger- 
man alkaline  mineral  water,  highly  charged 


APOMORPHIN 


APOTHESIS 


with  carbonic  mcid,  and  largely  used  as  a 
diluent  in  gout,  rheumatism,  etc. 

Apomorphin  {ap-c-mor^'fin)  [ott^,  from; 
Morpheus ^  the  god  of  sleep].  C„H„NO,. 
An  artificial  alksdoid,  derived  from  morphin 
by  the  abstraction  of  a  molecule  of  water, 
llie  kydrochlortUe  is  the  salt  used,  and  is  a 
grayish  crystalline  powder.  It  acts  as  a  centric 
emetic.  Dose  gr.  ^-^  (0.003-0.0065), 
hypodermically,  or  gr.  -f^  (0.0065-0.001) 
by  the  mouth.  It  is  expectorant  in  small 
doses.  A.,  Injectio  hypodermica  (B.  P.). 
A  two-per-cent.  solution.  Apomorphinse 
hydrochloratit,  Syrupus.  Dcse  Jss-j 
(16.0-32.0). 

Aponeurosit  (ap-on-u-ro^ -sis)  [an-d,  from; 
vtvpovt  a  tendon].  A  fibrous,  membranous 
expansion  of  a  tendon  giving  attachment  to 
muscles  or  serving  to  enclose  and  bind  down 
muscles.  Important  are  the  infraspinousy 
enclosing  the  infraspinous  muscle;  that  of 
the  dtltml  muscU^  of  the  external  oblique  or 
abdominal^  of  the  forearm y  of  the  legy  of  the 
transversaliSy  of  the  head^  etc. ,  etc.  A.  of 
Occipito- frontalis  Muscle,  the  aponeur- 
osis that  separates  the  two  slips  of  the  occipito- 
frontalis  muscle.  A.  of  Soft  Palate,  a  thin 
but  firm  fibrous  layer,  attached  above  to  the 
hard  palate,  and  becoming  thinner  toward 
the  free  margin  of  the  velum.  A.,  Sub- 
tcapuljir,  a  thin  membrane  attached  to  the 
entire  circumference  of  the  subscapular  fossa, 
and  affording  attachment  by  its  inner  surface 
to  some  of  the  fibers  of  the  subscapularis 
muscle.  A.,  Supraspinous,  a  thick  and 
dense  membranous  layer  that  completes  the 
osseo-6brous  case  in  which  the  supraspinatus 
muscle  is  contained,  affording  attachment  by 
its  inner  surface  to  some  of  £be  fibers  of  the 
muscle.  A.,  Vertebral,  a  thin  aponeurotic 
lamina  extending  along  the  whole  length  of 
the  back  part  of  the  thoracic  region,  serving 
to  bind  down  the  erector  spins,  and  separat- 
ing it  from  those  muscles  that  connect  the 
spine  to  the  upper  extremity. 

Aponeurositis  {ap-on-u-ro-si^ -Hi)  [oTrovr^pu- 
9<C»  so  aponeurosis;  irv^^  inflanmiation]. 
Inflammation  of  an  aponeurosis. 

Aponeurotic  (aP'onu-rot'-ii)  [airovei'puatCt 
aponeurosis].     Pertaining  to  an  aponeurosis. 

Apophysis  {aP'off'-is-is)  [afl-6,  from ;  f  f^<c. 
growth].  A  process,  outgrowth,  or  swelling 
of  some  part  or  organ,  as  of  a  bone.  A.  len- 
ticularis,  the  orbicular  process  of  the  tem- 
poral bone.  A.  raviana,  the  processus 
gracilis  of  the  malleus. 

Apoplectic  (apo-plek* -tik)  [anon^rj^la^  apo- 
plexy]. Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  apo- 
plexy. A.  Equivalents,  a  name  given  to 
the  premonitory  symptoms  of  apoplexy,  indi- 
cating that  the  brain  is  subject  to  aU^ations 
in  blood-pressure. 


Apoplectiform  (ap-o-plek'-tiformyihifimlfi^* 
ia,  apoplexy;  forma,  form].  Resembling 
apoplexy. 

Apoplexy  [ap'-o-plehs-e)  [oTroir^^^MX,  a  strik- 
ing down].  The  s3rmptom -complex  resulting 
from  hemorrhage,  or  from  the  plugging  of  a 
vessel,  in  the  brain  or  spinal  cord.  The  term 
is  sometimes  also  applied  to  the  bursting  of  a 
vessel  in  the  lungs,  liver,  etc.  A.,  Capillary, 
one  resulting  fix>m  rupture  of  capillaries.  A^ 
Ingravescent,  a  term  applied  to  a  form  of 
apoplexy  in  which  there  is  a  slowly  progres- 
sive loss  of  consciousness  due  to  a  gradual 
leakage  of  blood  from  a  ruptured  vessel  A., 
Pulmonary,  escape  of  blood  into  the  pul- 
monary parenchyma.  A.,  Simple,  the  name 
given  to  those  cases  of  death  from  coma  in 
which  no  cerebral  lesion  is  found.  A., 
Spinal,  rupture  of  a  blood-vessel  of  the 
spinal  cord. 

Aporetin  {ap-o-re^-tin)  [<57r4,  from;  kt^ivn^ 
a  resin] .  A  resinous  substance  found  in 
rhubarb. 

Apositia * (tf^-ni^-^-a^)  [in-rf,  from;  airoct 
food] .     Aversion  to  or  loathing  of  food. 

Apostasia  (ap-oy-tas-u)  Ihirbariurtf,  a  stand- 
ing away  from].  I.  An  abscess.  2.  The 
end  or  the  crisb  of  an  attack  of  disease ; 
termination  by  crisis.     3.  An  exfoliation. 

Aposthia  {ah-pos^^he-ah)  [a  priv.;  irboO^^ 
penis,  prepuce].  Absence  of  the  penis  or 
of  the  prepuce. 

Apo8toii*8  Method.  The  use  of  strong 
electrolytic  or  chemic  galvano-caustic  cur- 
rents in  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the 
female  generative  organs,  especially  uterine 
fibroids. 

Apothecaries'  Weight.  A  system  of 
weights  and  measures  used  in  compounding 
medicines.  The  Troy  pound  of  5760  grains 
is  the  standard.  It  is  subdivided  into  12 
ounces.  The  ounce  is  subdivided  into  eight 
drams,  the  dram  into  three  scruples,  uid 
the  scruple  into  20  grains.  For  fluid  meas- 
ure the  quart  of  32  fluidounces  is  subdivided 
into  two  pints,  the  pint  into  16  fluidounces, 
the  ounce  into  eight  fluidrams,  and  the  flni- 
dram  into  60  minims.  The  following  abbre- 
viations are  used : — 


I,  uneta,  an  ounce  (489 
grains). 
9,  scrupulus,  a  scruple    V),  Kbra,  a  pound. 

(ao  Kniint).  O.,  ociarms,  a  pint. 

S,  drachma,  a  dram  (60    gr.,  ^anttm,  a  grain, 
grains).  as.,  semissis,  one-half. 

5>ce  li'et'x'hts  and  Measures. 
Apothem,    or    Apothema    (ap'-o-them     or 

ap-oth'^em-ah)  [a7r<i,  from;   ^^/m,  a  deposit]. 

A  brown  powder  deposited  from  vegetable 

infusions  or  decoctions  exposed  to  the  air. 
Apothesis  (af^oth' es-is)  [aTro^ffic,  a  putting 

back].  The  reduction  ofa  fracture  or  luxatioa. 


APOTHETER 


APSITHYRIA 


Apotheter  {op-oth'-et-er).  A  navel-string 
repositor  devised  by  Braun,  consbting  of  a 
staff  with  a  sling  attached  in  which  the  pro- 
lapsed funis  is  placed  and  carried  up  into  the 
uterine  cavity. 

Apozem,  or  Apozema  {ap^-o-teiH  or  ap-o%'- 
em-ah)  [a7r«5,  away ;  ^itiv^  to  boil].  A  de- 
coction, especially  one  to  which  medicines 
are  admixed. 

Apparatus  {ap-ar-a' -tus)  [apparatus,  pre- 
pared]. I.  A  collection  of  instruments  or 
devices  used  for  a  special  purpose.  2.  Anat- 
otnically  the  word  is  used  to  designate 
collectively  the  organs  performing  a  certain 
function.  A.  ligamentosus  coUi,  the  oc- 
HpUo-axoid  ligament,  a  broad  band  at  the 
front  surface  of  the  spinal  canal  that  covers 
the  odontoid  process. 

Appendage  (ap-en^-da;)  [appendere,  to 
weigh ;  hang].  Anything  appended,  usually 
something  of  minor  importance.  A.,  Auricu- 
Imr,  the  projecting  part  of  the  cardiac  auricle. 
A.,  Epiploic.  See  Appendix.  A.  of  the 
Eye,  Ihe  eye-lashes,  eye-brows,  lacrymal 
gland,  lacrymal  sac  and  ducts,  and  conjunc- 
tiva. A.,  Ovarian,  the  parovarium.  A.  of 
the  Skin,  the  nails,  hairs,  sebaceous  and 
sweat  glands.  A.,  Uterine,  the  uterine 
ligaments,  the  Fallopian  tubes,  and  the 
ovaries. 

Appendicectomy  {ap-en-dis-ek^ -to-me)  [ap- 
pendix ;  eKTOfiTf,  excbion].  Excision  of  the 
appendix. 

Appendicitis  {ap-en-dis-i'-tis)  [appendix; 
cric,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  ap- 
pendix vermiformis.  A.  obliterans,  an  in- ' 
nammation  characterized  by  the  progressive 
obliteration  of  the  lumen  of  the  appendix,  by 
the  disappearance  of  the  epithelial  lining  and 
glandular  structure.  The  symptoms  are  acute 
attacks  of  brief  duration,  moderate  swelling  at 
the  seat  of  disease,  and  persistence  of  tender- 
ness in  the  region  of  the  appendix  during  the 
int(?rmissions. 

Appendicular  (ap-en-dik^-u-laA  [appendi- 
cular a  small  appendix].  Pertaming  to  the 
appendix  vermiformis.  A.  Colic,  a  spas- 
modic colicky  pain  originating  in  the  ap- 
piendxx. 

Appendix  (ap-en' -diks)  [appendere,  to  hang 
upon  or  to :  pi. ,  Appendices].  An  appendage. 
A.  auricularis,  the  auricular  appendage,  a 
process  of  the  auricles  of  the  heart.  A. 
cerebri,  the  pituitary  body.  A.,  Ensiform. 
See  Xiphoid.  A.  epiploice,  fatty  projec- 
tions of  the  peritoneum  of  the  large  intes- 
tine. A.  vermiformis,  the  small,  blind  gut 
projecting  from  the  cecum.  A.,  Xiphoid. 
See  Xiphmd, 

Apperception  {ap  -  er  -  sep^ -  shun)  [apper- 
cipere^  to  receive].  The  conscious  reception 
or  perception  of  a  sensory  impression ;  the 


power  of  receiving  and  appreciating  senary 
impressions. 

Appetence  (ap^-e-tens)  [appetentia,  appetite]. 
An  appetite  or  desire ;  the  attraction  of  a 
living  tissue  for  those  materials  that  are  ap- 
propriate for  its  nutrition. 

Appetite  {ap'-e-nt)  [appetere,  to  desire]. 
The  desire  for  food ;  also  any  natural  desire ; 
lust.  A.,  Perverted,  that  for  unnatural  and 
undigestible  things,  frequent  in  disease  and 
in  pregnancy. 

Applanate  (ap^-lan-at)[ad,  to ;  planus,  flat]. 
Horizontally  flattened. 

Applanatio,  Applanation  {ap-lan-a' -she-o^ 
ap-lan-a' -shun)  [L.].  A  flattening.  A. 
comeae,  flattening  of  the  entire  surface  of  the 
cornea  from  disease. 

Apple  (af-l)  [AS.,  ceppel,  an  apple].  The 
fruit  of  the  tree,  Pyrus  malus.  A.,  Adam's. 
See  Pomum  adami.  A. -brandy,  an  alco- 
holic spirit  distilled  from  cider ;  cider-brandy. 
A.  Extract.  See  Extractum  ferri  poma- 
tum. A.-eye,  a  synonym  of  Exophthalmos. 
A. -oil,  amyl  valerianate. 

Applicator  (ap' -lik-a-tor)  [L.].  An  instru- 
ment used  in  making  applications. 

Apposition  (ap-o-zish'un)  [apponere,  to 
apply  tol.  The  act  of  fitting  together ;  the 
state  of  being  fitted  together. 

Aprazia  (ah-praks^-e-ah)  [a  priv.;  irpdaoetv, 
to  do].  Soul -blindness  ;  mind-blindness ; 
object-blindness ;  an  aflection  in  which  the 
memory  for  the  uses  of  things  is  lost,  as  well 
as  the  understanding  for  the  signs  by  which 
the  things  are  expressed. 

Aproctia  (ah-prok* -te-ah)  [a  priv.;  irpuicrd^, 
anus].      Absence  of  the  anus. 

Apron  (a'prun)  [ME.,  apem"].  I.  A 
cloth  or  rubber  tovering  to  prevent  the 
clothing  from  becoming  soiled.  2.  The 
omentum.  A.,  Hottentot,  artificially  elong- 
ated labia  minora.  A.  of  Succor,  a  canvas 
appliance  borne  by  two  men,  and  used  for 
the  transportation  of  wounded  persons. 

Aprosexia  (ap-ro-seks'-e-ah)  [a  priv.;  irpo- 
aix^tv,  to  give  heed].  A  mental  disturbance 
consisting  in  inability  to  fix  the  attention  upon 
a  subject.  An  inability  to  think  clearly  and 
to  comprehend  readily  what  is  read  or 
heard ;  a  condition  sometimes  observed  in 
the  course  of  chronic  catarrh  of  the  nose  or 
of  the  nose  and  pharynx. 

Aprosopia  (ap-ro-so^ -pe-ah)  [d  priv.;  irpdau- 
»rov,  the  face].  A  form  of  fetal  monstrosity 
with  partial  or  complete  absence  of  the  face. 

Apselaphesia  {ap-sel-a/y -ze-ah)  [a  priv.; 
\lfrfM<^t/<jig^  touch].     Loss  of  the  tactile  sense. 

Apsithyria,  or  Apsithurea  (ap-sith-V -re-aK 
or  -u'-re-ah)[a  priv.;  ftfhpi^eiv,  to  whisper]. 
Hysteric  aphonia,  in  which  the  patient  not 
only  loses  the  voice,  but  is  also  unable  to 
whuper. 


APSYCHIA 


ARABINOSE 


Aptychia  (ap-sik' -e-oK)  [d  priv.;  i^jdh^ 
spirit].     Unconsciousness;  a  faint  or  swoon. 

Aptyalia,  Aptyalism  {ap-ti-a' -U-ah^  ap-ti'- 
ai-i»m)  [a  priv.;  mvd^t^tiv^  to  spit].  Defi- 
ciency or  absence  of  saliva. 

Apyonin  (ah-pi'-on-in)  [a  priv.;  rrvov^  pus]. 
A  remedy  introduced  as  a  substitute  for  py- 
oktanin  in  ophthalmic  practice.  It  is  said  to 
be  identical  with  yellow  pyoktanin.     Unof. 

Apyretic  {ah-pi-ref -ik)  \a  priv.;  inY>cr(if, 
fever].     Without  fever. 

Apyrezia  {ah-pi-reks' 'e'ah)\a  priv.;  nvpu(x6^^ 
feverish].     Absence  of  fever. 

Apyrezial  (tfA-/i-nrij^-/-<i/)[apriv.;  nvpeicrS^, 
feverish].  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of, 
or  characterized  by,  apyrexia. 

Aqua  (a^-JhvaA)  [L.].  Water.  An  oxid  of 
hjrdrogen,  having  the  composition  H,0.  It  is  a 
solid  below  32^,  a  liquid  between  32^  and 
212^,  vaporizes  at  212^  at  the  sea  level  (bar. 
760  mm.),  giving  off  vapor  of  tension  equal 
to  that  of  the  air.  It  covers  four-fifths  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  but  is  never  pure  in  nature, 
containing  from  a  trace  of  soluble  matter,  in 
rain  water,  to  26  per  cent,  of  soluble  mineral 
salts,  in  the  Dead  Sea.  Water  is  an  essential 
constituent  of  all  animal  and  vegetable  tissues. 
In  the  human  body  it  forms  two  per  cent,  of 
the  enamel  of  the  teeth,  77  per  cent,  of  the 
ligaments,  78  per  cent,  of  the  blood,  and  93 
per  cent,  of  the  urine.  Water  is  a  h^aluable 
antipyretic;  internally,  it  is  diuretic.  It  is 
the  most  useful  of  all  the  solvents.  A. 
buUiens,  boiling  water.  A.  communis, 
common  water.  A.  destiUata,  distilled 
water.  A.  fervens,  hot  water.  A.  fluvialia, 
river-water.  A.  fontana,  well-  or  spring- 
water.  A.  marina,  sea-water.  A.  pluvialis, 
rain-water.  Aqua^  in  pharmacy,  designates 
various  medicated  waters,  as :  A.  ammonic 
Dose  TT\^  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  A.  ammoniie 
fortior,  used  externally.  A.  amygdaiie 
amar«.  Dose  f  3  ij  (8.0).  A.  anethi,  dill- 
water  (Br.  Ph.).  Dose  fissr-f^^ij  (16.0-64.0). 
A.anisi.  Dosef  J  s»-f  J  ij  (16.0-64.0).  A. 
aurantii  florum.  Dose  f.^ss-f.^ij  (16.0- 
64.0).  A.  aurantii  florum  fortior,  triple 
orange  flower  water.  A.  camphore.  Dose 
fj ss-f 3 j  (16.0-32.0).  A.chlori.  Dosef.!5J- 
fziv  ^4.0-16.0).  A.  chloroformi.  E>ose 
fjss-iiij  (16.0-64,0).  A.  cinnamomi. 
Dose  fjw-jij  (16.0-^.0)  A.  creosoti. 
Dose  fgj'.^iv  (40-16.0).  A.  destillata, 
distilled  water.  A.fcBniculi.  Dosef.^j-f.^ij 
(32.0-64,0).  A.fortis.  S^  Acid,  Nitric/ A, 
hydrogenii  diozidi,  used  chiefly  locally.  A. 
lauro-cerasi,  cherry-laurel  water  (Br.  Ph.). 
Dose  n\,  v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  A.  menthe  pi- 
perita. Dose  f|H3ij  (32.0-64.0).  A. 
menthae  viridis.  Dose  fjj-fjij  (32.0- 
64.0).  A.piment«(Br.  Ph.).  Dosef.^ss- 
f^U  (16.0-64.0).    A.rcgia.    SetA.,Mfr»- 


kydrdckloric,  A.  rosae.  Dote  fSJ-fJ^ 
(32.0-64.0).  A.  rose  fortior,  used  for 
making  rose-water.  A.  vit«,  brandy  or 
spirit.  In  anatomy,  A.  labyrinthi,  the 
clear  fluid  existing  in  the  labyrinth  of  the 
ear.     A.  oculi,  aqueous  humor. 

AquacapsuUtis  {a-kwak-kap-suli' -tis)  [aaita, 
water,  capsula ;  irt^,  inflanmiation].  Inflam- 
mation of  the  membrane  of  Descemet ;  serous 
iritis. 

Aqueductus  (ak-we-duk' -tus).  See  Aque- 
duct. 

Aquapuncture  {ak-wak-pungk' -ckUr)  [aqua, 
water ;  punctura^  a  puncture].  Counter- 
irritation  by  means  of  a  very  fine  jet  of  water 
impinging  upon  the  skin  ;  it  is  useful  in  nea* 
ralgic  disorders. 

Aquatic  {a-kwat^-ik)  [aqua,  water].  Per- 
taining to  water.  A.  Cancer.  Sjmonym  of 
Cancrum  oris. 

Aqueduct,  or  Aquaeductus  {ok' -we-dukt,  or 
ak-we-duk^'tus)  [aqua,  water;  ductus,  a 
leading].  A  canal  for  the  passage  of  fluid; 
any  canal.  A.  cerebri,  the  innindibulum. 
A.  cochlec,  aqueduct  of  the  cochlea.  A. 
of  Cotunnius,  the  aqueduct  of  the  vestibule, 
extending  from  the  utricle  to  the  posterior 
wall  of  the  p3rramid  in  the  brain.  A.  Pal- 
lopii,  the  canal  in  the  petrous  portion  of 
the  temporal  bone  through  which  the  facial 
nerve  passes.  A.  Sylvii,  the  aqueduct  of 
Sylvius,  the  passageway  from  the  third  to  the 
fourth  ventricle,  the  iter  a  terti^  ad  quartum 
ventricuium,  A.  vettibuli,  the  aqueduct  of 
the  vestibule  of  the  ear. 

Aqueous  (a'-kwe-us)  {aqua^  water].  Watery. 
A.  Chamber  of  the  Bye,  the  space  between 
the  cornea  and  the  lens ;  the  iris  divides  it 
into  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  chamber.  A. 
Bztract,  a  solid  preparation  of  a  drag  made 
by  evaporation  of  its  aqueous  solution.  A. 
Humor,  the  fluid  filling  the  anterior  chamber 
of  the  eye. 

Aquocapsulitis  {a-kwo-kapsu'li'-tis)  [aqua^ 
wiitt ;  capsula,  a  small  box].     Serous  iritis 

Aquosity  {akwos'-it-e)  \aquositas,  watery] 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  watery. 

Arabic  {ar^ab-ik)  ['A/xi^tit^c,  Arabic].  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Arabia.  A.  Acid.  See 
Arabin.     A.  Gum.     See  Acacia, 

Arabin  (ar^-a^-f m)  ['Apa^/it^f,  Arabic],  (C^- 
H10O5),  4-  H,0.  Arabic  acid.  A  trans- 
parent, glassy,  amorphous  mass,  an  exudate 
from  many  plants.  It  is  soluble  in  water, 
and  is  the  principal  constituent  of  gum  arabic 

Arabinose  (^jr'-^^-m-dj)  [*A/Mi/3<it2c,  Arabic], 
C^HioO}.     One  of  the  glucoses  made  from 

n  arabic  on  boiling  with  dilute  H^SO^. 
ystallizes  in  shining  prisms  that  melt  at 
lOO*' ;  is  slighdy  soluble  in  cold  water,  has 
a  sweet  taste,  and  reduces  Fehling*s  solution, 
but  is  not  fermented  by  yeast. 


ARABITE 


ARCHAMPHIASTER 


Armbite  (tfr'-tf^-i/)  ['Apa^iKdc,  Arabic]  Cj- 
Hi^O}.  A  substance  formed  from  arabinose 
by  the  action  of  sodium  amalgam.  It  crys- 
tallizes from  hot  alcohol  in  shining  needles, 
melting  at  I02*>.  It  has  a  sweet  taste,  but 
does  not  reduce  Fehling's  solution. 

Arachnitis  {^ar-aJk-m'^'/is)  [ap^x^f  ^  spider's 
web ;  iTVQ^  inflammation].  Inflammation  of 
the  arachnoid  membrane  of  the  brain. 

Arachnoid  (ar-aJt^-nM)  [ap^xwft  a  spider's 
web ;  eldo^t  form].  Resembling  a  web.  A. 
Membrane,  the  delicate  membrane  of  th« 
brain  and  cord  between  the  dura  and  pia 
mater.  It  is  separated  from  the  latter  by 
the  subarachnoid  spNice,  and  passes  over  the 
convolutions  without  dipping  down  into  the 
Bssures  between  them. 

Arachnoidal  (ar-ak  -  noid' -  al)  [ap&xvrit  a 
spider's  web;  tlSog^  form].  Pertaining  to 
the  arachnoid. 

Arack  (ar^-aA)  [/nd.'\.  A  spirituous  liquor 
distilled  from  rice,  dates,  palm-sap,  etc. 

Arsometer  {ar-e-om' -et-er) .     See  Areometer, 

Aralia  (<ir-<j^-/^-<i^)  [L.].  A  genus  of  plants, 
Older  Araiiacea,  embracing  several  species, 
having  aromatic,  diaphoretic,  and  resolvent 
properties.  Ginseng,  wild  sarsaparilla,  petty 
morrel,  and  other  plants  esteemed  in  popular 
medicine  belong  here ;  few  have  active 
qualities  of  high  value  in  any  disease.    Unof. 

Aran-Duchenne's  Disease.  See  DiseaseSf 
TabU  of. 

Araneous  {ar-a'-ne-us)  \aranea^  a  spider's 
webl.  Full  of  webs ;  resembling  a  cobweb. 
A.  Membrane,  the  arachnoid. 

Arantius,  Bodies  of.  See  Corpus,  A., 
Canal  of.  Set  Gtna/.  A.,  Duct  of.  See 
Du^.  A.,  Nodules  of.  See  Aran/ius, 
Bodies  of.  A.,  Valves  of.  See  Vahmla 
Arantii,  A.,  Ventricle  of,  a  small  cul- 
de-sac  in  the  medulla  oblongata,  forming  the 
lower  termination  of  the  fourth  ventricle. 

Araroba  {ar-ar-o^'bah)  [Brazil].  Goa  Paiv- 
der.  An  oxidation  product  of  the  resin 
found  deposited  in  the  wood  of  the  trunk  of 
the  A,  andira  of  Brazil.  Its  active  principle 
is  Chrysarobin  or  Chrysophanic  acid.  It  is 
lan^ely  used  In  skin  affections. 

Arbor  (ar'-bor)  [L.].     A  tree.     A  name  for 
the    arbor    vits    of    the    cerebellum.      A. 
vitae,   I.  a  term  applied  to  the  arborescent 
appearance   of  a  section  of  the  cerebellum, 
and    also  to  a  similar    appearance  of  the 
folds  of  the  interior  of  the  cervix  uteri.    2. 
The  Thuja  oecidentaHs. 
Arborescent  {ar-bor-es'-ent)  [arbor,  a  tree], 
Brmnchini  like  a  tree. 
Arborisation    (ar-bor-it-a^ -tion)    Tarbor,    a 
tree].      A    form    of    nerve  termination  in 
which  nerve- fiber  is  brought  into  contact  with 
muscle  fiber  by  means  of  an  expansion. 
Art^Utfai     ^ar^'bu'/m)    \arbu£us,  the    wild 


strawberry  tree] ,  (C„H„07)2H,0.  A  bitter 
glucosid  obtained  from  Uva  urst,  or  bear- 
berry.  It  is  neutral,  cr3rstalUne,  and  resolv- 
able into  glucose  and  hydroquinon.  It  is 
diuretic.  Dose  gr.  xv-xxx  (1.0-2.0).  See 
ik/a  ursi. 

Arbutus  (ar-bu'-tus)  [L.].  A  genus  of  eri- 
caceous  shrubs  and  trees.  A.  menziesii, 
the  madrofio  of  California,  has  an  astringent 
bark,  useful  in  diarrheas.  Unof.  A.  unedo. 
the  European  arbutus;  astringent  and  nar- 
cotic.    A.,  Trailing.    SttEpigaa. 

Arc  (ark)  [arcus,  a  bow].  A,  part  of  the 
circumference  of  a  circle;  a  more  or  less 
curved  passage-way.  A.,  Binauricular, 
a  measurement  from  the  center  of  one 
auditory  meatus  to  the  other,  directly  up- 
ward across  the  top  of  the  head.  A.,  Breg- 
mato-lambdoid,  a  measurement  along  the 
sagitul  suture.  A.,  Naso-bregmatic,  a  line 
measured  from  the  root  of  the  nose  to  the 
bregma.  A.,  Naso-occipital,  measurement 
from  the  root  of  the  nose  to  the  lowest 
occipital  protuberance.  A.,  Reflex,  the  path- 
way for  a  reflex  act,  comprising  the  center, 
the  afferent  and  efferent  nerve. 

Arcanum  (ar-ka'-num)  [arcanum,  a  secret]. 
A  secret  medicine. 

Arcate  {ar^-kat)  [arcafus,  bow -shaped]. 
Bow- shaped  ;   curved ;  arcuate. 

Arch  {arcA)  [arcus,  a  bow].  A  structure 
having  a  curved  outline  resembling  that  of 
an  arc  or  a  bow.  A.,  Aortic,  five  pairs  of 
vascular  arches  existing  in  the  fetus.  A., 
Branchial,  the  cartilaginous  arches  that 
support  the  gills  of  fishes.  In  the  human 
fetus  they  are  also  present.  A.,  Crural, 
Poupart's  ligament  A.,  Femoral,  same 
as  A.,  Crura/.  A.,  Palmar,  the  arch 
formed  by  the  radial  artery  and  ulnar 
arteries  in  the  palm  of  the  hand ;  there 
are  two,  a  superficial  and  a  deep.  A.,  Plan- 
tar, the  arch  made  by  the  external  plantar 
artery.  A.,  Postoral,  arches  in  the  fetus, 
five  in  number,  that  develop  into  the  lower 
jaw  and  throat.  See  A. ,  Branchial.  A.  of 
Pubes,  that  part  of  the  pelvis  formed  by  the 
convergence  of  the  rami  of  the  ischia  and 
pubes  on  each  side.  A.,  Supraorbital,  the 
curved  and  prominent  margin  of  the  frontal 
bone  that  forms  the  upper  boundary  of  the 
orbit.  A.  of  a  Vertebra,  the  part  of  a 
vertebra  formed  of  two  pedicles  and  two 
laminae  and  enclosing  the  spinal  foramen. 
A.,  Zygomatic,  the  arch  formed  by  the 
malar  and  temporal  bones. 

Archameba  (ari-am-e^-bah)  [apx^,  primi- 
tive; hfioi^ify  change].  Haeckel's  hypo- 
thetic progenitor  of  al]  amebae  and  of  all 
higher  forms  of  life. 

Archamphiaster,  or  Archiamphiaster  (^ ri- 
amfe-as^'tert  or  ar-ke-amfe-as'-ter)  [dpx^ 


ARCHANGELICA 


AREA 


first ;  af^t  around  ;  o^rr^p,  star].  In  biol- 
ogy, those  amphiasters  concerned  in  the  pro- 
duction of  the  polar  globules. 

Archangelica  (ark-an-jel'-U-ah  )  [apxay- 
ytXuUiqy  archangel].  A  genus  of  umbellifer- 
ous plants.     See  Angelica, 

Archebiosis  (ar-kt-bi-iZ-sis)  {apx^^  the  be- 
ginning; ^(Of,  life].  Spontaneous  gener- 
ation. 

Archegenesis  {ark-e-jen'-es-u).  The  same 
as  Arcfubiosis, 

Archenteron  (ark-en^-ter-onS  [apx^y  a  begin- 
ning; ivrtpoVf  intestine].  The  embryonic  ali- 
mentary cavity. 

Archetype  (ar^-ke-np)  [apx^ti  a  beginning; 
ri>To(-,  a  type].  In  comparative  anatomy,  an 
ideal  type  or  form  with  which  the  individuals 
or  classes  may  be  compared  A  standard 
type. 

Archiblast  {ar* -ke-hlast)  \jipx^*  first ;  P^^- 
t6^,  germ].  In  embryology,  the  granular 
areola  surrounding  the  germinal  vesicle.  It 
is  composed  of  three  layers,  the  outer,  or 
epibUuty  from  which  the  skin  and  its  adnexa, 
uie  nervous  system,  and  the  terminal  portions 
of  the  alimentary  canal  are  formed ;  the  mid- 
dle, or  nusoblast^  from  which  the  epithelium 
of  the  geni  to- urinary  organs  and  the  smooth 
and  striated  muscle-tissue  are  derived  ;  and 
the  inner,  or  hypoblast,  for  the  development  of 
the  epithelium  of  the  respiratory  tract  and  of 
the  alimentary  canal.  In  pathology,  the  im- 
portant tissues  of  the  body  as  contrasted 
with  the  parablaht,  or  connective  tissues. 

ArchibUstic  {ar-keblas'tik)  \apxh*  first; 
/JAaordf,  germ].  Derived  from  the  archi- 
blast.  The  parenchymatous  tissues  are  re- 
garded as  archiblastic. 

Archiblastoma  {ar-ke-bla$to' -mali)  \a.pxrj, 
first;  ^Xaard^f  gcnn ;  A^a,  a  tumor].  A 
tumor  composed  of  archiblastic  tissue,  such 
as  myoma,  neuroma,  papilloma,  adenoma, 
carcinoma,  etc. 

Archiblastula  (arke-blas^  -tulah)  [apx^l* 
first;  /?Aa(jT<if,  a  germ  or  bud].  In  embry- 
ology, a  ciliated,  vesicular  morula,  resulting 
from  complete  and  regular  yelk-division  and 
by  invagination  forming  the  archigastrula. 

Archicytula  [ar-ke-sit'-u-lah)  r«/u'7»  a  be- 
ginning ;  Kicof ,  a  cell].  A  fertilized  eggcell 
in  which  the  nucleus  is  discernible. 

Archigaster  {ar-ke-gas' -ter)  [a/it'z.  first ; 
yaorrjp,  belly].  The  primitive,  perfectly 
simple  intestine ;  archenteron. 

Archigastrula  (ar-ke-gas'-tru-lah)  [a/jpA 
beginning;  yaarrjp,  belly].  The  gahtnila  as 
it  is  observed  in  the  most  primitive  types  of 
aninial  development ;  called  also  bell  gas- 
trula  from  its  shape. 

Archigenetis  (arkejen'-esis).  See  Ar- 
thtbiosis. 

Archil  (ar^'kil)  [ME. ,  orchell'^.    A  coloring 


matter  similar  to  litmus,  chiefly  obtained  from 
the  lichen,  Roccella  tinctoria;  used  for 
staining  animal  tissues. 

Archimonerula  {ar-ke-mon-er^-u-lah)  [apx^y 
first ;  fiov^piK,  single,  solitary].  In  embry- 
ology, a  special  name  given  by  Haeckel  to  the 
monerula  stage  of  an  egg  undergoing  primi- 
tive and  total  cleavage. 

Arcbimorula  {arkemor' -u-lah)  [apx^i,  first ; 
/idpov,  a  mulberry].  In  embryology,  the 
solid   mass  of   cleavage  cells,  or  mult>erry 

.  mass,  arising  from  the  segmentation  of  an 
archicytula,  and  preceding  the  archiblastula 
and  archigastrula. 

Arcbineuron  {ar^-chenu-r(m)  \apxiji  begin- 
ning ;  neuron^.     See  Neuron ,  2d  definition. 

Archinephrof)  (ar-ke-w/'-ron)  [apx^),  begin- 
ning; ve^pb^,  kidney].  The  primitive  or 
embryonic  stage  of  the  kidney  or  renal  appara- 
tus. 

Arcbistome  (ar^ -kis'tdm)  [apx^j  first ;  orbfia, 
mouth].  The  gastrula  mouth  or  opening 
of  the  archenteron  ;  blastoporus. 

Architis  (ar-ki^Hs)  [apxb^,  anus].  Procti- 
tis ;  infianunation  of  the  anus. 

Arciform  {ar^se-fomt)  [arcus^  bow ;   arch ; 

forma f  form].  Bow-snaped  ;  especially  used 
to  designate  certain  sets  of  fibers  in  the 
medulla  oblongata. 

Arctation  {ark-ta^-shun)  [arctatio ;  arctare^ 
to  draw  close  together].  Contraction  of  an 
opening  or  canal. 

Arctium  (ark^  she-urn)  [L.].  Burdock.  Sec 
Lappa. 

Arcual  {ar^-ku-al)  larcualis,  arched]. 
Arched  ;  bent  or  curved. 

Arcuate  {ar'-kudt)  [arcuatio,  a  bowing]. 
Arched  ;  curved ;  bow-shaped.  A.  Fibers 
of  the  Cerebellum,  associating  fibers  con- 
necting one  lamina  with  anf  ther.  A.  Fibers 
of  the  Cerebrum,  associating  fibers  con- 
necting adjacent  convolutions. 

Arcuation  [arkua'sAun)  [arcuatio,  a  bow- 
ing].    Curvature,  especially  of  a  bone. 

Arcus  (ar^-kui)  [anus,  a  bow].  A  bow  or 
arch.  A.  dentalis,  the  dental  arch.  A. 
senilis,  a  ring  of  fatty  degeneration  seen 
about  the  periphery  of  the  cornea  in  old 
persons.  A.  senilis  lentis,  an  opaque 
ring  in  the  equator  of  the  crystalline  lens ;  it 
sometimes  occurs  in  the  old.  A.  zygomati- 
cus,  the  zygomatic  arch. 

Ardor  {ar^dor)  [ardor,  heat].  Violent  heat, 
burning.  A.  urinse,  burning  pain  in  the  in- 
flamed urethra  during  micturition. 

Area  {a'-re-ah)  [area,  an  open  space].  A 
limited  extent  of  surface.  A.  CelsL  See 
Alopecia  areata.  A.,  Cohnheim*s,  certain 
clear-cut  areas  seen  in  a  transverse  section  of 
muscle -fibers.  A.,  Crural,  a  space  at  the 
base  of  the  brain  included  between  the  pons 
and  chiasm.     A.  germinativa,  or  ewtbryonii 


ARECA  NUT 


ARISTOLOCHIA 


9p^^  tBe  oval  genninating  spot  of  the  embryo. 
A. ,  Motor,  the  convolutioDs  on  either  side 
of  the  rolandic  fissure,  containing  the  centers 
for  Totimtary  motion.  A.  op&ca,  the  opaque 
circle  about  the  A.  ptlluada,  A.  pellucida, 
the  light  central  portion  of  the  A.  germinatwa. 
A.  vasculota,  the  vascular  area  of  the  A. 
opoca, 

Areea  Nut  {ar'-ek-ah).     See  BeteL 

Arecane,  Arekane  {ar^-ek-An)  [MalayJ.  An 
oily  and  volatile  basic  substance  obtainable 
from  areca  nut :  said  to  be  a  purgative  and 
sialagogue,  and  to  slow  the  pulse.     Unof. 

Arecin  (ar'-esin)  [Sp.,  areca^^  C^H^N^O. 
I.  An  organic  buse  isomeric  with  brucin,  de- 
rived from  cinchona  bark.  2.  A  brown- red 
coloring  matter,  obtained  from  areca  nuts ; 
areca  red. 

Areola  {ar-t^-O'lah)  [dim.  of  area^  an  open 
space:  //.,  Areoia\  X.  The  brownish  space 
sorronnding  the  nipple  of  the  female  breast. 
This  b  sometimes  called  Areola  papillaris.  A 
Hcpnd  areola^  surrounding  this,  occurs  during 
pregnancy.  The  pigmentation  about  the 
umbilicus  is  called  the  umbilical  areola,  2. 
Any  interstice  or  minute  space  in  a  tissue. 

Areolar  (ar-e^-o-lar)   [areola,  dim.  of  area, 
an  open  space].  Relatmg  to  or  characterized ' 
by  areolae.  A.  Tissue,  cellular  tissue ;  loose 
connective  tissue. 

Argentamin  (ar-ien-tam^ -in)  \argentum, 
tUver ;  amin\  A  solution  of  silver  phos- 
phate in  ethylendiamin.  It  is  an  antiseptic 
agent  that  does  not  coagulate  albumin. 

Argentation  (ar-jen-ta' -shun)  [argentupt^ 
silver] .    Staining  with  a  preparation  of  silver. 

Argentic  (ar-jen'-HA)  [argenium,  silver]. 
ConUining  silver. 

Argentine  (ar^-jen-tin)  [argentum,  silver]. 
Containing  or  resembling  silver. 

Argentum  (ar-jen'lum)  [L.].  Silver.  Ag= 
108;  quanti  valence,  I;  specific  gravity,  10.4 
to  10.5.  A  malleable  and  ductile  metal  of 
brilliant  white  luster.  It  tarnishes  only  in  the 
presence  of  free  sulphur,  sulphur  gases,  and 
phosphoms.  The  following  salts  are  used  in 
medicine:  A.  cyanidum,  AgCN.  used  in 
the  preparation  of  hydrocyanic  acid.  A. 
iodidam,  Agl,  sometimes  used  internally 
instead  of  A.  nitras.  Dose  gr.  ji^-j  (o.oi6- 
0.065).  A.  nitras,  AgNO,,  nitrate  of 
silver,  argentic  nitrate,  **  lunar  caustic,"  a 
powerful  astringent  and  an  escharotic  of 
moderate  strength.  It  stains  skin  and  other 
tissoes  black.  If  too  long  administered,  it 
leaves  a  slate-colored,  insoluble  deposit  of 
silver  under  the  skin  (Argyn'a).  It  is  used 
in  gastric  catarrh,  in  gastric  ulcer,  in  intestinal 
ulceration,  and  as  an  alterative  in  scleroses  of 
the  nervous  system.  Dosegr.  %-}i  (o.oi- 
0.032).  A.  nitras  dUutum,  the  mitigated 
itic,  or  dilated  stick,  is  jfosed  with  an 


equal  amount  of  potassium  nitrate.  A. 
nitras  fusum,  "  stick  caustic,"  contains  four 
per  cent,  of  silver  chlorid.  It  is  used  locally. 
A.  oxidum,  Ag^O,  explosive  when  treated 
with  ammonia.  Dosegr.  ^-ij  (0.032-0.13). 
A.  vivum,  an  old  name  for  mercury  or 
quicksilver. 

Argilla  {ar-ji^-ah)  [d/jy^XAof,  potter's  clay]. 
White  or  potter's  clay  ;  alumina. 

Argol  (ar^-gol)  [apyd^^  white].  The  impure 
tartar  derived  from  wine. 

Argon  (ar^-goH)  [apy6i,  inactive].  A  new 
element  discovered  in  the  atmosphere  in 
1894  by  Lord  Rayleigh  and  Prof.  Ramsey. 
Its  symbol  is  A ;  the  atomic  weight  has  not 
been  definitely  determined,  but  is  thought  to 
be  19.7.  It  is  soluble  to  the  extent  of  4 
volumes  in  lOO  of  water,  and  condenses  to  a 
colorless  liquid  at  — 128.6°  C.  and  under  a 
pressure  of  33  atmospheres,  the  liquid  having 
a  density  of  1.5.  Argon  may  be  obtained  by 
freeing  air  which  has  been  deprived  of  its 
carbon  dioxid  and  water,  from  oxygen  by 
means  of  red-hot  copper,  and  then  absorbing 
the  nitrogen  by  means  of  metallic  magne- 
sium. The  residual  gas,  the  passage  of  the 
gases  being  repeated  a  number  of  times,  is 
argon.  Chemically,  it  is  the  most  inert  ele- 
ment yet  known. 

Argyll  Robertson  Pupil.  See  Signs  and 
Symptoms^  Table  of^  and  Pupil. 

Argfyria  (ar-Ji'-re-ah)  [argentum,  silver]. 
A  form  of  discoloration  of  the  skin  and  mu- 
cous membranes  produced  by  the  prolonged 
administration  of  silver,  the  granules  of 
silver  being  deposited  in  much  the  same  po- 
sition as  those  of  the  natural  pigment  of  the 
skin. 

Arg3rro8is  (ar-ji-ro^-sis).     Same  as  Argyria, 

Arhinia  {ah-rin' -e-ah)  [a  priv.;  ^V»  nose]. 
Congenital  absence  of  the  nose. 

Arb3rtbmia  (ar-ilh^-me-ah).  See  Arrhyth- 
mia. 

Arica  Bark.  Calisaya  bark  exported  from 
Arica,  Peru.  It  contains  the  alkaloid, 
aricin. 

Aricin  (ar^-is-in)  [^Arica,  in  Peru],  C^H„- 
N,04.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  several 
varieties  of  cinchona  bark. 

Aristol  (ar^'is-tol)  [hpioTo^y  best],  (C,H-- 
CHsOI.CjH^),.  Dithymoliodid.  It  is 
also  called  annidalin,  although  this  is  dithy- 
mol-triiodid.  An  iodin  compound  used  as  a 
substitute  for  iodoform  as  an  antiseptic  dress- 
ing.  It  has  the  advantage  of  being  odor- 
less, and  is  used  either  in  the  powder  form 
or  as  a  6ve  to  ten  per  cent,  ointment  with 
vaselin  or  lanolin. 

Aristolochia  (ar-is-to-iy-ke-ah)  [hptaro^, 
best ;  h)xeta,  the  lochia] .  A  genus  of  exo- 
genous herbs,  many  species  of  which  have 


ARISTOLOCHIN 


ARSENATE 


active  medidnal  qaalities.  A.  clematitis, 
of  Europe,  has  been  iised  as  a  tonic,  stimu- 
lant, and  diaphoretic.  A.  cymbifera,  of  S. 
America,  furnishes  a  part  of  the  drug  called 
Cuaco,  and  is  a  good  tonic  and  stimulant. 
A.  aerpentaria  (see  Serpentaria)  is  at  pres- 
ent more  used  in  medicine  than  any  other 
species. 

Aristolochin  [ar-is-to-lo' -kin)  \a(uaro^^  best ; 
XoxfMf  the  lochia].  A  bitter  principle  found 
in  Virginia  snake-root     See  SerpeiUaria. 

AristoUe*8  Experiment.  The  double  feel- 
ing experienced  by  the  fingers  when  a  single 
pebble  is  placed  between  the  crossed  fingers 
of  one  hand. 

Arithmomania  {ar-Uh-mo-ma^ -ne-ak)  [a/>- 
S^^  a  number;  ftavia,  madness].  An 
insane  anxiety  with  regard  to  the  number  of 
things  that  fill  under  the  obsenration.  Some- 
times it  consists  in  constant  or  uncalled-for 
counting,  either  of  objects  or  in  mere  re- 
peating of  consecutive  numbers. 

Arlt's  Ointment.  An  ointment  containing 
grs.  Tuss  of  belladonna  to  5  j  ji^  of  blue  oint- 
ment. 

Arm  (arm)  [armarf^  to  arm].  I.  That  part  of 
the  upper  extremity  from  the  shoulder  to 
the  wnst  2.  That  pottion  of  the  sund 
connecting  the  body  or  tube  of  a  microscope 
to  the  pillar.  A.  Center,  the  cortical  center 
for  the  movement  of  the  arm  ;  it  is  situated 
in  the  middle  third  of  the  ascending  frontal 
and  ascending  parietal  convolutions. 

Armature  (aP-mat-chAr)  [armaturat  equip- 
ment]. A  mass  of  soft  iron  at  the  extremity 
of  a  magnet.  Also,  the  core  of  iron  around 
which  coils  of  insulated  wire  are  wound. 

Army  Itch  (ar^-tru  itch).  A  distressing, 
chronic  form  of  itch  prevalent  in  the  United 
States  at  the  close  of  the  civil  war.  The 
itching  was  intense.  The  eruption  was  seen 
especially  on  the  arms,  forearms,  chest,  ab- 
domen, and  lower  extremities,  particularly 
on  the  ulnar  side  of  the  forearm  and  inner 
aspect  of  the  thigh.  It  resembled  prurigo 
associated  with  vesicles,  pustules,  and  ec- 
zema. 

Amicm  (ar^-nik-ak)  [L.].  A  genus  of  com- 
posite-flowered plants.  The  name  in  medi- 
cine denotes  the  plant  commonly  known  as 
"  Leopard's  banc,*'^.  moniana.  Both  flowers 
and  roots  are  used  in  medicine.  Its  properties 
are  probably  due  to  an  alkaloid,  trimethylamin^ 
C,HyN.  In  small  doses  it  is  a  cardiac  stimu- 
laint ;  in  larger  doses  a  depressant.  It  is  a 
popular  remedy,  when  locally  applied,  for 
sprains,  bruises,  and  surface  wounds.  A., 
Emplastnim,  contains  extract  of  root  33, 
lead  plaster  67  parts.  A.  Radicis,  Ext. 
Dose  gr.  j-iij  (0.065-0.2).  A.  Rad.,  Ext. 
Fid.  Doie  li\,v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  A.,  Infii- 
•om,  ao  parts  flowers,  100  parts  water.     It 


is  superior  to  the  tincture  for  local  use.  A^ 
Tmct.,  20  per  cent  Dose  n\,v-xxx  (o,  3*- 
2.0).  A.  Rad.,  Tinct.,  10  per  cent  Dose 
ii\^v-xxx  (o. 32-2.0 ).  Amicae  florea,  araica 
flowers.     Amice  radix,  the  root  of  arnica. 

Amicin  (ar* -nii-in)  \amica\,  C^Hj-O^.  A 
brownish,  bitter  glucosid  extracted  uom  the 
flowers  of  Arnica  montana, 

Arnold's  Nerve.  The  auricular  branch  ol 
the  pneumogastric  nerve. 

Aroma  (ar-</'mah)  \hfn^\ia^  spice].  The 
fragrance  or  odor  emanating  from  certain 
vegetable  substances,  especially  those  uaed 
for  food  and  drink. 

Aromatic  (ar-o-m/t/^-iJk)  [ipt^fta,  spice].  I. 
Having  a  spicy  odor.  2.  A  substance  char- 
acterized by  a  fragrant,  spicy  taste  and  odor, 
as  cinnamon,  ginger,  the  essential  oils,  etc 
3.  A  qualification  applied  to  any  car- 
bon compound  originating  from  benzin,  C^- 
H,.  Their  sUbility  is  relatively  great  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  the  fatty  bodies.  A. 
Acids,  those  derived  from  the  benzin  group 
of  hydrocarbons.  A.  Compound,  any  benzyl 
derivative.  A.  Fluid  Extract,  aromatic 
powder  100,  alcohol  sufficient  to  make  loo 
c.c.  A.  Group,  a  series  of  hydrocarbons 
having  the  composition  Ci^H,,.  A.  Pow- 
der. See  Cinnamomum.  A.  Sulphuric 
Acid.  See  Acid,  Sulphuric,  A.  Vinegar, 
any  mixture  of  aromatic  oib  in  vinegar. 
A.  Wine,  a  wine  containing  in  each  100 
parts,  one  part  each  of  lavender,  origanum, 
peppermint,  rosemary,  sage,  and  worm- 
wood. 

Aromln  {ar-tZ-min)  [Apcj^,  spice].  An  al- 
kaloid obtainable  from  urine.  When  heated 
it  emits  a  fragrant  odor. 

Arrack  (ar^-aJk)  [Ind.].  A  liquor  distilled 
from  malted  rice.  Any  alcoholic  liquor  is 
called  arrack  in  the  East 

Arrector  (ar-ek'^or)  [L.,  an  erector].  An 
erector.  A.  pili,  a  fan-like  arrangement  of  a 
layer  of  smooth  muscular  fibers  surrounding 
the  hair  follicle,  the  contraction  of  which 
erects  the  follicle  and  produces  cutis  anserima^ 
or**  goose-skin.*' 

Arrhinia  (ah-rin'-eah).     Same  as  ArhiMia, 

Arrh3rthmia  frtA-h^V-m^-rt^)[apriv.;  /n^fUf, 
rhythm] .     Absence  of  rhjrthm. 

Arrh3rthmic  (ak-ritk'-mik)  [a  priv.;  ^/mSc, 
rh3rthm].     Without  rhythm  ;  irregular. 

Arrow -poison  (ar^'O-poi^-tun).    Sec  Curare, 

Arrowroot  (ar^-o-root)  [ME.,  arow :  ro^e\ 
A  variety  of  starch  derived  from  Mftranta 
arundinacea  of  the  West  Indies.  Southern 
States,  etc.  It  is  a  popular  remedy  for  diar- 
rhea, and  is  widely  used  as  a  food.  Many 
other  starchy  preparations  are  sold  as  arrow- 
root. 

Arsenate,  or  Arseniate  (ar^-scn-at^  or  ar-u^' 
ne-di)  [arsenum^     Any  salt  of  arsenic  add. 


ARSENUM 


ARTERIOTOMY 


Arsenum  (ar-se^'Hum).  As  =  75  ;  qtumti- 
▼Alence  ill,  v.  A  bnttle,  crystalliDe  metml, 
of  a  steel  >gniy  color,  tarnishing  on  exposure 
to  the  air.  Sp.  gr.  5.73.  It  sublimes  at  l8o^ 
C. ,  and  gires  off  a  garlicky  odor.  It  forms 
two  ozids :  arsenous  oxid,  As,0^  and  arsanic 
oxid,  As,Oj.  The  sulphids  are  used  as  pig- 
ments in  the  arts,  rarely  in  medicine. 
Scheele's  green  is  copper  arsenite ;  Schwein- 
furth  and  Paris-green  likewise  contain  arsenic. 
Arsenic  is  also  an  ingredient  of  certain  poisons 
used  against  rcnlents  and  insects.  Tn  medi- 
cine, arsenic  is  used  as  an  alterative  in  ane- 
mias, chronic  malaria,  asthma,  phthisis  pul- 
monalis,  as  a  gastric  sedative,  and  in  chorea. 
Arsenous  Acid,  white  arsenic,  **  ratsbane," 
AsjO^.  Dose  gr.  |V"A  (0.002-0.006).  A., 
Acidi,  Liquor  (Ztf.  arseniH  hydrochloride  B. 
P. ),  a  I  per  cent,  solution  of  the  oxid  In  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  distilled  water.  Dose  li\,i}- 
V  (0.13-0.32).  Ferri  Arsenias,  Fe^As,Og. 
Dose  gr.  A-|  (0.004-0.03).  Liq.  arsenici 
hydrochlor.  (B.  P.).  Dose  TT^ij-v  (0.13- 
0.32).  Potassii  arsenitis,  Liq.  (Liquor 
Arsmitmlist  B.  P.).  FcwUt^s  solution.  It 
contains  A.  acid  I, potass,  bicarbonate  I,  comp. 
tinct  lavander  3,  and  distilled  water  q.  s.  to 
make  1 00  parts.  Dose  n\,ij-x  ^.13-0.65). 
Sodii  arsenias,  Na,H  AsO^.  7  H,0.  Dose  of 
the  dried  salt  gr.^p-jij  (0.0025-0.005).  Sodii 
arseniatis,  Liq.,  Pearson's  solution.  Dose 
iTtij-x  (0.13-0.65).  A.  iodidum,  Asl,.  Dose 
p.  i^  (0.003-0.008).  A.  et  hydrargyri 
lod.,  Liq.,  liquor  of  the  iodid  of  arsenic  and 
mercury.  Donovan's  solution.  It  contains  A. 
iodid  I,  mercuric  iodid  I,  distilled  water  100 
parts.  Dose  n\jij-x  (0.13-0.65).  A.  bro- 
midum,  AsBr,,  is  used  in  diabetes.  Dose  gr. 
^  (o.ooi).  A.  bromidi,  Liq.,  Clemens' 
solution,  a  one  per  cent,  solution  of  the  bromid 
of  arsenic.  Dose  ny-iv  (0.065-0. 26) . 
Arsenical  (ar-sen* -ik'nl)\ar5eniumy  arsenic]. 
Pertaining  to  arsenic. 

Arscnicalism,  Arsenism  (ar-sen^-ih  alixm, 
ar^sfn-itm)  [ancnum,  arsenic].  Chronic 
anenical  poisoning. 

Arsenite    {ar^-sen-U)     [arsenum,    arsenic]. 
Any  salt  of  arsenous  acid. 
Arsenous  {ar-se^-nus)    [arsenum,  arsenic]. 
Containing  arsenic.    A.  Acid.     See  Arsemc, 
Arstns  (ar^-sim)    [antnum^  arsenic].     Pe- 
culiar volatile  arsenical  bases  found  by  Selmi 
to  be  produced  by  the  contact  of  arsenous 
acid  and  albuminous  substances. 
Arsonium  (ar-so^-nf-um)  [arsenum^  arsenic ; 
ammcmkim'^e  AsH..     A  univalent  radical  in 
which  arsenic  replaces  the  nitrogen  of  am- 
noQJum. 

Andact    (ar^'te-fakt)  [arte,  by  tui;  factum, 

made].      In  microscopy  and    histology,   a 

structure  that  has  been  produced  by  mechanic, 

chemic  or  other  artificial  means;  a  stmc- 

6 


ture  or  tissue  that  has  been  changed  from 
its  natural  state. 

Artemisia  (ar-tent-iz' -e-ah)  Vkprtfu^t  the 
goddess  Diana].  A  genus  of  plants  of  the 
order  Composita.  A.  abrotanum.  Southern 
wood,  is  stimulant,  tonic,  and  vermifuge,  and 
is  popularly  used  as  a  vulnerary.  It  is  simi- 
lar in  properties  to  wormwood.  Dose  of  fld. 
ext.  n\,x-xx  (0.65-1.3).  Unof.  A.  absin- 
thium. See  Absinthe,  A.  maritima  aflfords 
pure  wormseed.  A.  vulgaris,  mugwort,  a 
popular  remedy  in  various  diseases. 

Arteria  {ar-te* -re-ah)  \aprtpiQ,,  the  trachea]. 
A  hollow  tube.     See  Artery, 

Arterial  (ar-te^-re-al)  [d//ref>ia,  the  trachea]. 
Pertaining  to  an  artery. 

Arterialization  (ar-te-re-  al-  ig  - « '-  shun) 
[aprepia ,  the  trachea] .  The  process  of  mak  • 
mg  or  becoming  arterial;  the  change  from 
venous  blood  into  arterial. 

Arterin  (ar^-ter-in)  [apTepia,  tracheal. 
Hoppe-Seyler's  term  for  the  arterial  blood- 
pigment  as  contained  in  the  red  corpuscles. 

Arteriocapillary  {ar-  te  -re-o-  kaf/-  il -a-re) 
laprepia,  trachea;  capillus,  a  hair].  Per- 
taining to  arteries  and  capillaries.  A. 
Fibrosis,  a  chronic  inflammatory  process 
characterized  by  an  overgrowth  of  connective 
tissue  in  the  walls  of  the  blood-vessels.  It 
b  also  known  as  arteriocapillary  fibrosis 
of  Gull  and  Sutton. 

Arteriofibrosis  {ar-tere-o-Ji-bro'-sis).  See 
Arteriocapillary  Fibrosis. 

Arteriogram  (ar-te'-re-o-gram) .  See  Sphyg- 
mcgram. 

Arteriography  {ar-te-re-og' -ra-fe)  [apre/im, 
trachea;  ypa^,  a  writing!.  I.  A  descrip- 
tion of  the  arteries.  2.  Ine  graphic  repre- 
sentation of  the  pulse  waves. 

Arteriole  (ar-te^re-dl)  [arteriola"].  A  very 
small  artery.  A.,  Straight,  the  small  blood- 
vessels that  supply  the  medullary  p3rramids 
of  the  kidneys. 

Arteriolog^  (ar-te-re-ol^-o-je)  ^aprepia , 
trachea;  idyoc,  science].  The  science  of 
the  arteries  ;  the  anatomy,  physiology,  and 
pathology  of  the  arteries. 

Arteriomalacia  (ar -te-re-o- mal -a^-se-ah) 
[aprepia,  trachea;  /iaXnx/a,  softness].  Soft- 
ening of  the  wall  of  an  artery. 

Arteriosclerosis  (ar-te-re-o- skle -  ro^- sis) 
[aprepia,  trachea ;  axA^p^,  hard].  A 
chronic  inflammation  of  the  arterial  walls, 
especially  of  the  intima. 

Arteriosclerotic  (ar-te-  re-o  -  shle  -  rot'-  ik) 
[aprep/a,  trachea ;  (7«Xj7p<if,  hard].  Pertain- 
ing to  arteriosclerosis.  A.  Kidney,  a 
kidney  the  seat  of  chronic  interstitial  inflam- 
mation affecting  primarily  the  blood-vessels. 

Arteriosity  (ar-te -re-  os'-  it-e )  [oprep/a, 
trachea].     The  quality  of  being  arterial. 

Arteriotomy  (ar-te -re-of-o- me)  [aprepia^ 


ARTERIES 


ARTERIES 


POSTAUfllCUL*»  *,^ 

OOClF*TAt  A 
EKUANAl  CAAOTiD 

VCHTEQnAL  A 

ANASTTOMOSfS  Af 

^PHAL  CAVA 

IRACHIAL  A. 

CAUDAL  CAVA 
CQIIIAC  AKIS 

ANASTOf^QStS  AT 

CLaow 

lUOlAL  A 
UU*A^  A 
VOWR  * 
DE€P 

SUPErtfl^PAl 
PALMAfl  AflCH 


PALMAfi 

AMAATOMOSiS 


INT     ILIAC  A. 
COMMON  rCMOf^AL 

t>CtP  rcUOML  A 
lyri^FlClAL  FCWOI^AL 


ANASTOMOSIS 
KNtL 


tAANSVE  ISC  rApAL 

FACIAL  A. 
COMMON  CAROTID  A. 
INr,  THVflOlO  A. 
THyAO'O  AXIS 
SUBCLAVIAN   A. 
ARCH  OF   AQRtA 
AXILIA^V  A 
CJRCUMrLEK   AMf£(|lCi 

*>FfcOFUNOA  A. 

BAACHLAt   A 

iNFCRlOn 
PflOfli^JOA  A. 

ANASTOMOTIC* 
MAGNA  A. 

«AD"Al 

RecunncNT  a, 
i^^CunflCNT 

ARTERIES 
INTCH 
osseous  A. 

ULNAR  A 

\flADlAL  A, 

ABDOMiHAL 
AORTA 


OOftSAt 

ARTERIAL 
ANASTOMQSll 


COMMON  »tlAC  A. 
E«T    aiAC  A 


fU^KTAA  ANASTOMOSES 


ASDVt  ARTEfliES 
OOnSAL  ARTEflLAL  ANASTOttOBS 


Scheme  of  Arteries.— (/T/wion.) 


ARTERIOVENOUS 


ARTERIES 


trachea ;  rifiveiv,  to  cut].  The  cutting  or 
opening  of  an  artery  for  the  purpose  of  letting 
blood.  The  temporal  artery  is  generally  se- 
lected. 

Arteriovenous  {ar-te-re-ove'-nus)  [aprepia, 
trachea;  «/^«/r,  vein].  Both  arterial  and  ve- 
nous ;  involving  an  artery  and  a  vein,  as  an 
arteriovenous  aneurysm.  ^ 

Afterioversion  (ar-U-re-o-vn^ -shun)  [apre- 
pia,  trachea;  veriere^  to  turn].  Weber's 
method  of  arresting  hemorrhage  by  turning 
veM^els  inside  out  by  means  of  an  instrument 
en  lied  the  arteriovcrter. 

Arterioverter.     See  Artenoversion. 

Arteritis  {ar  te-ri' -its)  [aprepia,  trachea;  £r*f, 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  an  artery.  A. 
deformans.  See  EndarUriiis^  Chronic.  A. 
Obliterans.     See  Endarteritis  obliterans. 


Axtery  (ar^-tere)  [arteria;  apre/jia,  trachea). 
One  of  the  tube -like  vessels  through  whidi 
the  blood  is  propelled  by  the  heart  to  all 
parts  of  the  body.  Arteries  end  in  arterioles 
and  capillaries. .  They  are  composed  of  three 
coats:  the  outer,  or  tunica  adventitia;  the 
middle,  or  tunica  niedia^  the  muscular  coat : 
the  internal,  or  intima^  composed  of  endo- 
thelial cells,  fibrous  and  elastic  tissue.  A. 
Compressor,  A.  Constrictor,  an  instru- 
ment for  occluding  an  artery  for  the  pur- 
pose of  arresting  or  preventing  hemorrhage. 
A.,  End,  or  A.,  Terminal,  an  arteiy  that 
does  not  anast^ose  with  other  arteries  by 
means  of  large  branches ;  there  is  usually  a 
capillary  anastomosis.  A.  Forceps,  a  for- 
ceps for  catching  or  twisting  an  artery.  A 
table  of  the  arteries  is  appended. 


TABLE  OF  ARTERIES. 


Name. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branchbs. 

Acrom  io-thoracic 
(thoracic  axis). 

Second  branch  of 
first  part  of  axil- 
lary. 

Shoulder,  arm.  upper  an- 
terior part  of  chest,  and 
mammary  gland. 

Acromial,  humeral,  pectoral,  clavi- 
cular. 

Alar  thoracic. 

Second  part  of  ax- 
illary. 

Lymphatic  glands  in  ax- 
illa. 

Anastomotic  <of  ex- 
ternal plantar). 

External  plantar. 

Outer  border  of  foot. 

Anastomoses  with  the  tarsal  and 
metatarsal  branches  of  the  dorsalis 
pedis. 

Amstomotic  (of  in- 
ternal plantar). 

Internal  plantar. 

Inner  side  of  foot. 

Anastomoses  with  internal  tarsal 
branch  of  the  dorsalis  pedis. 

Anastomotica  mag- 
na (of  hrachiah. 

Brachial. 

Elbow. 

Posterior  and  anterior. 

Anastomotica  mag- 
na (of  superficial 
femoral). 

Superficial  femor- 
al  (in  Hunter's 
canal). 

Knee. 

Superficial  and  deep. 

Angular. 

The     termination 
of  the  facial. 

Lacrymal  sac  and  lower 
part  of  orbicularis  pal- 
pebrarum. 

Anastomoses  with  infraorbital. 

Aorta,  abdominal. 

Thoracic  aorta. 

Two  common  iliacs. 

Phrenic  (riKht  and  left),  celiac  axis, 
suprarenal  or  capsular  (ri^ht  and 
left),  superior  mesenteric,  lumbar 
(four  pairs),  renal  (right  and  left), 
spermatic  (right  and  leli),  inferior 
mesenteric,  right  and  left  common 
iliac,  middle  sacral. 

Aorta,  arch. 

Left   ventricle   of 
heart. 

Thoracic  aorta. 

Two  coronary,  innominate,  left  com- 
mon carotid,  left  subclavian. 

Aorta,  primitive. 

That  portion  from 
the  origin  to  the 
point  at   which 
the  first  branch 
is  given  off. 

Aofta.  thoracic. 

Arch  of  aoru. 

Abdominal  aorta. 

Two  or  three  pericardiac,  three 
bronchial,  four  or  five  esophageal, 
twenty  intercostal,  subcostal  (or 
twelfth  dorsal),  diaphragmatic, 
aberrans. 

ARTERIES  ARTERIES 

TABLE  OF  ARTERIES— r«iA*iM«*/l 


Namx. 

OaiGiK. 

DisTRiatnioN. 

BSANCHCS. 

Articalar,    middle 
(ofkDcc). 

PoplitcaL 

Cracial     UgamenU     and 
Joint.       •^ 

ArtkuUr,  snperior 
external     (of 
knee). 

PopliteaL 

Crareus  and  knee. 

ArtkrvUr.  tnperior 

PopIiteaL 

Knee. 

AoricoUr,  poste- 
rior. 

Fifth  branch  of  ex- 
temal  cfrotid. 

Back    of    auricle,   scalp, 
and  part  of  neck. 

Parotid,  muscular,  stylo-  mastoid,  an- 
terior terminal  or  auricular,  and 
posterior  terminal  or  mastoid. 

Axillary. 

Subclavian. 

Brachial     and      seven 
branches. 

Superior  thoracic,  acromio-thoradc, 
long  thoracic,  alar  thoracic,  sob- 
scapular,  anterior  and  posterior 
circumflex. 

BMilar. 

By  confluence  oi 
riKht    and    left 
vertebraL 

Brain. 

Transverac  (or  pontile),  internal  ao- 
ditory,  anterior  cerebellar,  super- 
ior cerebellar,  two  posterior  cere- 
bral. 

BracbiaL 

Axillary. 

Arm  and  forearm. 

Superior  and  inferior  proftinda.  a»> 
astomotica  magna,  nutrient,  mo^ 
cular,  radial  and  ulnar. 

Cardiac. 

Gastric. 

Cardiac  end  of  stomach. 

Carotid,  common. 

Right     si<U,     in- 
nominate ;     l^t 
suUt     arch     of 
aorta. 

External     and     internal 
carotid. 

External  and  internal  carotid. 

Carotid,  external. 

Common  carotid. 

Anterior  part  of  neck,  lace, 
side    of    head,    intecu- 
menu  and  dura  mater. 

Ascending  pharyngeal,  superior  thy 
roid.  lingual.  &c7a],  occlSital.  pos- 
terior auricular,  temporal,  internal 
maxillary. 

Carotid,  internal. 

Common  carotid. 

Greater  part  of  brain,  the 
orbit,  internal  ear,  lore- 
bead,  and  nose. 

Tympanic,  vidian,  arteria  reccpta- 
culi,  pituiurv.  gasserian,  menin- 
geal, ophthalmic,  posterior  com- 
municating, anterior  choroid,  an- 

Carotid,  primitive. 

Sec  Carotid,  com 

wtom. 

Celiac. 

Abdominal  aorta 

Stomach,     duodenum, 
spleen,  pancreas,  liver, 
and  KalM>ladder. 

Gastric,  hepatic,  splenic. 

Central  (of  retina). 

Ophthalmic. 

Retina. 

Cerebellar,      ante- 
rior. 

Basilar. 

Anterior  inferior  surface 
of  cerebellum. 

Cerebellar,  inferior. 

Vertebral. 

Vermiform  process,   and 
conex  of  cerebellum. 

spheral. 

Cerebellar,     sttpe- 
rior. 

Basilar. 

Superior  vermiform  pro- 
cess and  circumference 
of  cerebellum. 

Superior  vermiform  and  hemi- 
spheral. 

Cerebral,  anterior. 

Internal  carotid. 

Anterior  portion  of  cere- 
brum. 

Anterior  communicating,  gmngtionir 
spheral  (or  cortical). 

Cerebral,  middle. 

Interna]  carotid. 

Middle   portion   of  cere- 
brum. 

Ganglionic  (or  centraO,  hemispheral 

(or  cortical). 

Cerebral,  poaterlor. 

Basilar. 

Temporo-sphenoidal   and 
occipital  lobes. 

Ganglionic  (or  central),  and  bcasl- 
spberal  (or  cortical). 

Cervical. 

UteHne. 

Cervix  uteri. 

ARTERIES  ARTERIES 

TABLE  OF  ARTERIES— Gwf/^i^*/. 


Namb. 

Origin. 

DiSTKlBUTlON. 

Bbanchbs. 

Cervical,     ascend- 
inc. 

Inferior  thyroid. 

Deep  muscles  of  neck  and 
spinal  canal.  * 

Muscular,  spinal,  and  phrenic 

Cervical,  deep. 

Superior  intercos- 
tal. 

Deep  muscles  of  neck  and 
spinal  canal. 

Muscular,  anastomotic,  vertebral  (or 
spinal). 

Cervical,    superfi- 
ciaL 

Transverse  cervl- 
caL 

Trapezius,  levator  anguli 
scapulse.  splenius  mus- 
cles, ana  posterior  chain 
of  lymphatic  glands. 

Cervical,  trani- 
verse    (tranaver- 
aalis  colli). 

Thyroid  axis. 

Posterior     cervical     and 
scapular  regions. 

Posterior  scapular  and  superficial 
cervical. 

Circumflex,    ante- 
rior (of  aaniary). 

Axillary. 

Pectoralis  major,  biceps, 
and  shoulder.jolnt. 

Bicipital  and  pectoral. 

Circnnflex.  poste- 
rior (of  axillary). 

AxiUary. 

Deltoid,  teres  minor,  tri- 
ceps, and  shoulder-joint. 

Nutrient,  articular,  acromial,  muscu« 
lar. 

CoUcleft. 

Inferior  mesenter- 
ic. 

Descending  colon. 

CoUc,  middle 

Superior     mesen- 
teric. 

Transverse  colon. 

Colic,  right. 

Superior     mesen- 
teric. 

Ascending  colon. 

Colic,  transverse. 

Colic,  middle. 

Transverse  colon. 

Comes  nervi  phren- 

id.    See  Phrenic, 

superior. 

Communicating. 

Dorsalis  pedis. 

Enters  into  formation  of 
plantar  arch. 

Two  digital. 

Communicating  (or 
perforating). 

Deep  palmar  arch. 

Join    proximal    ends    of 
metacarpal  and  second 
and  third  dorsal  interos- 
seous arteries. 

Communicating, 
anterior. 

Anterior  cerebral. 

Assists    in    formation   of 
anterior  boundary  of 
circle  of  Willis;  sends 
branches  to   caudate 
nucleus. 

Communicating, 
posterior. 

Posterior  cerebral. 

Enters  into  formation  of 
circle  of  Willis ;  uncinate 
convolution    and    optic 
thalamus. 

Uncinate,  middle  thalamic. 

Coronary,  Inferior. 

Facial 

Lower  lip. 

Coronary,  left. 

Left  anterior  sinus 
of  Valsalva. 

Heart. 

Left  auricular,  anterior  Interventric- 
ular, left  marginal,  terminal. 

Coronary,  right. 

Right   anterior 
sinus  of  Valsalva. 

Heart. 

Right  auricular,  preveniricular, 
right  marginal,  posterior  inter- 
ventricular, transverse. 

Coronary,  sufierior. 

Facial. 

Upper  lip. 

Diaphragmatic. 

Thoracic  aorta. 

Diaphragm. 

Digital. 

External  planUr. 

Outer  side  of  the  ad  and 
3d,  4th,  and  5th  toes. 

Digital,  palmar. 

Superficial  palmar 
arch. 

Both  sides  of  little,  ring, 
and  middle  finger,  and 
ulnar    side    of     index 
finger. 

Dorsal  (of  penis). 

Pudic. 

Penis. 

Doraalis  halluds. 

Continuation      of 
dorsalis  pedis. 

Great  and  second  toe. 

ARTERIES  ARTERIES 

TABLE  OF  AKTEKlES^Gm/mmt^, 


Namx. 


Origin. 


DnrmniTTiON. 


Bramchbs. 


DotmUs  pedis. 


Cootinnatloo     of 
I     anterior  tibial. 


Assists  Jto   form    plantar 
arch. 


Tarsal,  metatarsal,  domUs  halhida, 
communicating. 


Epigastric^     deep  i  External  iliac 
(or  inlienor).  < 

Ej^gastric,  soper^ 


Abdominal  waU. 


Cremasteric,  pubic,  mnscnlar, 
neons,  terminaL 


Common  femoraL 


Inguinal  glands,  skin, 
superficial  fascia,  ana 
abdominal  wall. 


Epigastric,     sope-  ■  Internal  mammary, 
rior. 


Abdominal  wall  and 
diaphragm,  liver  and 
peritoneum. 


Phrenic,  xiphoid,  cutaneous,  n 
cular,  hepatic,  and  peritooeaL 


Epiploic 


Right    and     left 
gastro-epiploic. 


Omentum. 


EsopbageaL 


Gastric. 


Esophagus. 


Esophageal. 


Inferior  thsrroid. 


Esophagus. 


Esophageal. 


Left  phrenic. 


Esophagus. 


Esophageal  (4  or  5).  Thoracic  aorta. 


Esophagus. 


Esophageal* 
rior. 


infe- 


Coronary     (of 
stomach). 


Esophagus. 


Facial 


Third  branch  ex- 
ternal carotid. 


Pharynx  and  lace. 


Ascending,  or  inferior  palatine,  ton- 
sillar, glandular,  muscular,  sub* 
mental,  masseteric,  buccal,  inferior 
labial,  inferior  and  superior  coro- 
nary, lateralis  nasi,  angular. 


Femoral,  common. 


C^tinuation      of 
external  iliac. 


Lower  part  of  abdominal 
wall,  upper  part  of  thigh 
and  genitalia. 


Superficial  epigastric,  superficial 
arcumflex  iliac,  superficial  exter- 
nal pudic,  deep  external  pudlc, 
profunda. 


Femoral,     deep. 
Femoral,  profunda. 


Sec  Fewwrai^  pro 


/tmda. 


Common  femoral. 


Muscles  of  thigh. 


External    circumflex,   internal   cir- 
cumflex, and  three  perforating. 


Femoral,    superfi- 
dal. 


Continuation     of 
common  femoral 


Muscles  of  thigh  and  knee- 
joint. 


Muscular,  saphenous,  anastomotica 
magna. 


Gastric    (or    coro- 
nary). 


Celiac  axis. 


Stomach,    livet,     and 
esophagus. 


Esophageal,   cardiac,  gastric, 
hepatic. 


(Castro-duodenal. 


Hepatic. 


Stomach  and  duodenum. 


Right   gastroepiploic  and  superior 
pancreat  ico-d  uodeual . 


Gastro-hepatic. 


See  Coronary,  of 


Stomach. 


HeUcine. 


The  arteries  found  in 
cavernous  tissue,  as  in 
the  testicle,  uterus, 
ovar>',  etc. 


Pudic 


Hemorrhoidal,  in- 
ferior (or  exter- 

nal). 

Hemorrhoidal, !  Internal  iliac,  an- 
middle.  '     terior  division. 


Sphincter  muscle,  levator 
ani. 


Middle  part  of  rectum. 


Hemorrhoidal,  so-  ,  Inferior 

^  perior^ **»^'^j,     _ 

Hepatic.  ,  Celiac  axis. 


mesen-  1  Upper  part  of  rectum. 


Iliac, 


Terminal  branch 
o  f  abdominal 
aorta. 


Liver,  pancreas,  part    of ,  Pancreatic,   subpyloric,    gaatrodno- 
duodenum,  ana  stomach.       denal,  right  and  left  terminal. 

Peritoneal,    subperitoneal,  urctertc^ 
external  and  internal  iliac 


Peritoneum,  subperitoneal 
fat,  ureter,  and  termi- 
nates in  external  and 
internal  iliac. 


ARTERIES  ARTERIES 

TABLE  OF  AKTERlES^ConHnued. 


Name. 

Origin. 

DisTRiBirrioN. 

Branchbs. 

niac,  external. 

Common  iliac. 

Lower  limb. 

Deep  epigastric,  deep  circumflex 
iliac,  muscular,  and  continues  as 
femoral. 

mac,  internal. 

Common  iliac. 

Pelvic  and  generative 
organs,  and  inner  side 
of  thigh. 

Anterior  and  posterior  trunk. 

Iliac,  internal,  an- 
terior trunlc. 

Internal  iliac. 

Pelvic    and   generative 
organs  and  thigh. 

Hypogastric,  superior,  middle,  and 
inferior  vesical,  middle  hemor- 
rhoidal, uterine,  vaginal,  obtura- 
tor, sciatic,  internal  pudic. 

Uiac,  internal,  pos- 
terior trunk. 

Internal  iliac. 

Muscles  of  hip  and  sac- 
rum. 

Ilio-lumbar,    lateral    sacral,  and 
gluteal. 

Innominate. 

Arch  of  aorta. 

Rif^ht  side  of  head   and 
right  arm. 

Right  common  carotid,  rig[ht  subcla- 
vian, occasionally  thyroidea  ima. 

Intercostal,     ante- 
rior. 

Internal   mam- 
mary. 

Intercostal    muscles,  ribs 
(upper  5  or  6),  and  pec- 
toralis  major. 

Intercostal,     ante- 
rior. 

Musculo-phrenic. 

Lower  5  or  6  intercostal 
spaces. 

Intercostal,    supe- 
rior. 

Subclavian. 

Neck  and   upper   part  of 
thorax. 

Deep  cervical,  first  Intercostal,  arte- 
ria aberrans. 

Interosseous,  ante- 
rior. 

Interosseous  (com- 
mon). 

Muscles  of  forearm. 

Interosseous,  com- 
mon. 

Ulnar. 

Interosseous      membrane 
and  deep  muscles  of  the 
forearm. 

Anterior  and  posterior  interosseous. 

Interosseous,   po»- 
terior. 

Ulnar. 

Muscles  of  forearm. 

Labial,  superior. 

See  Coronary,  su 

perior. 

Laryngeal,     supe- 
rior. 

Superior  thyroid. 

Intrinsic  muscles  and  mu- 
cous membrane  of  larynx. 

Lenticulo-striate. 

Middle  cerebral. 

Lenticular    and    caudate 
nuclei. 

Ungual. 

External  carotid. 

Tongue. 

Hyoid,  dorsalis  linguae,  sublingual, 
ranine. 

Mammary,  external 

See  Thoracic,  long. 

Mammary*     inter- 
nal. 

Subclavian. 

Structures  of  thorax. 

Superior  phrenic,  mediastinal  (or 
thymic),  pericardiac,  sternal,  ante- 
rior intercostal,  perforating,  lat- 
eral intercostal,  superior  epigas- 
tric, internal  mammary. 

Maxillary,  external 

See  Facial, 

Maxillary,  internal 
(maxillary  group). 

External  carotid. 

Structures    indicated    by 
names  of  branches. 

Deep  auricular,  tympanic,  middle 
meningeal,  mandibular,  small  men* 
ingeal. 

Maxillary,  internal 
(pterygoid  group). 

External  carotid. 

Structures    indicated    by 
names  of  branches. 

Masseteric,  posterior  deep  temporal, 
internal  and  external  pterygoid, 
buccal,  anterior  deep  temporal. 

Maxillary,  internal 
(sphcno-roaxillary 
group). 

External  carotid. 

Structures    indicated    by 
names  of  branches. 

Posterior  dental  (or  alveolar),  infra- 
orbital, posterior  (or  descending) 
palatine,  vidian,  pterygo-palatine, 
nasal,  or  spheno-palatine. 

Median    (arteria 
comes  nervi  me- 
diani). 

Anterior    interos- 
seous. 

Median  nerve  and  super- 
ficial paln^ar  arch. 

ARTERIES 

TABLE 


ARTERIES 
OF  ARTEKlES^Con/inueJ. 


Nams. 

Origin. 

Distribution.                                Branches. 

Mediastinal,  ante- 
rior (or  thymic). 

Internal  mammary. 

Connective  tissue,  fat  and 
lymphatics,  in  superior 
and  anterior  mediastina, 
thymus  gland. 

Membranes  of  brain. 

Meningeal. 

Ascending  pharyn- 
geal. 

Meningeal. 

Posterior  ethmoi- 
dal. 

Dura  mater. 

Meningeal,     ante- 
rior. 

Internal  carotid. 

Dura  mater. 

Meningeal,  middle 
or  great. 

Internal  maxillary. 

Cranium  and  dura  mater. 

Anterior  and  posterior. 

Meningeal,    poste- 
rior. 

Occipital. 

Dura  mater. 

Meningeal,    poste- 
rior. 

Vertebral. 

Dura  mater. 

Meningeal,  small. 

Internal  maxillary. 

Gasserian  ganglion,  walls 
of  cavernous  sinus,  and 
dura  mater. 

Mesenteric,     infe- 
rior. 

Abdominal  aorta. 

Lower  half  of  large  intes- 
tine. 

Left  colic,  sigmoid,  superior  hemor- 
rhoidal. 

Mesenteric,    supe- 
rior. 

Abdominal  aorta. 

Whole  of  small  intestine 
and  upper  half  of  large. 

Inferior  pancreatico-duodenal,  col- 
ica  media,  colica  dextra,  ilcoKx»lic. 
vasa  intestini  tenuis. 

Mosculo-phrenic. 

Internal  mammary. 

Diaphrann,  fifth  and  sixth 
lower  intercosul  spaces, 
oblique  muscles  of  abdo- 
men. 

Phrenic,  anterior  intercostals,  mus- 
cular. 

Nasal. 

Ophthalmic. 

ments  of  nose. 

Lacrymal,  and  transverse  nasal. 

Oblarator. 

Anterior  division, 
internal  iliac. 

Pelvis  and  thigh. 

Iliac  (or  nutrient),  vesical,  pubic, 
external  and  internal  pelvic. 

Obturator,    exter- 
nal. 

Obturator. 

Muscles  about  obturator 
foramen. 

OccipiUl. 

Fourth  branch  of 
external  carotid. 

Muscles  of  neck,  and  scalp. 

Stemo-mastoid,  posterior  meningeal, 
auricular,  mastoid,  princeps  cervi- 
cis,  communicating,  muscular,  ter- 
minal. 

ric. 

Primitive  aorta. 

Sub9e<)uently  becomes  the 
umbilical. 

Ophthalmic. 

Internal  carotid. 

The  eye,  adjacent  struc- 
tures, portion  of  face. 

Lacrymal,  supraorbiul,  central  ar- 
tery of  retina,  muscular,  ciliary, 
posterior  and  anterior  ethmoidal, 
palpebral,  frontal,  nasal. 

Ovarian. 

Abdominal  aoru. 

Ovary,   ureter.  Fallopian 
tube,  uterus. 

Ureteral,  Fallopian,  uterine,  liga- 
mentous. 

Palatine. 

Ascending  pharyn- 
geal. 

First    branch    of 
fiicial. 

Soft  palcte  and  its  mus- 
cles. 

Palatine,  ascending 
(or  inferior). 

Upper   part  of  phar^'nx, 
palate  and  tonsils. 

Palatine,  tonsillar. 

Palatine,  descend- 
ing. 

Internal  maxillary 

To  soft  and  hard  palate. 

Palmar  arch,  deep. 

Radial  and    com- 
municating     of 
ulna. 

Palm  and  fingers. 

Princeps  poUicis.  radialis  indicia, 
palmar  interosseous  (3),  recurrcm 
carpal,  posterior  perforating. 

ARTERIES  ARTERIES 

TABLE  OF  ARTERIES— Conh'nu^d, 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branches. 

pcTficial. 

Ulnar  and  superfi- 
cialis  volee. 

Palm  and  fingers. 

Digital  (4),  muscular,  cutaneous. 

Pancreatic. 

Hepatic. 

Pancreas. 

Pancreatic. 

Splenic. 

Pancreas. 

Pancreaticoduode- 
nal, inferior. 

Superior     mesen- 
teric. 

Pancreas  and  duodenum. 

Paiicreatico-duode- 
nal,  superior. 

Gastro-d  uodenal . 

Duodenum  and  pancreas. 

Perfomtini?  for  pos- 
terior communi- 
cating). (3). 

Deep  palmar  arch. 

Interosseous  spaces. 

Pharyngeal. 

Pterygo-palatine. 

Roof  of  pharynx. 

Pharyngeal. 

Spheno- palatine. 

Roof  and  contiguous  por- 
tions of  pharynx. 

Pharyngeal,      as- 
cending. 

First   branch    ex- 
ternal carotid. 

Pharynx,  soft  palate,  tym- 
panum, posterior  part  of 
neck,  and  membranes  of 
brain. 

Prevertebral,  pharyngeal,  palatine, 
tympanic,  meningeal. 

Phrenic. 

Ascending    cervi- 
cal. 

Phrenic  nerve. 

Phrenic,     superior 
(or  comes  nervi 
pfarenici). 

Internal  mammary. 

Pleura,  pericardium,  and 
diapnragm. 

PlanUr  arch. 

External    plantar 
artery. 

Anterior  part  of  foot  and 
toes. 

Articular  and  plantar  digital. 

Plantar,  deep. 

Metatarsal. 

Assists   in    formation    of 
plantar  arch. 

Plantar,  external. 

Posterior  tibial. 

Sole  and  toes. 

Muscular,  calcaneal,  cutaneous,  an- 
astomotic, posterior  perforating, 
plantar  arch. 

Plantar,  internal. 

Posterior  tibial. 

Inner  side  of  foot. 

Muscular,  cutaneous,  articular,  an- 
astomotic, superficial  digital. 

Popliteal. 

Continuation  of  fe- 
moral. 

Knee  and  leg. 

Cutaneous,  muscular  (superior  and 
inferior)  or  sural,  articular,  supe- 
rior and  inferior  external,  superior 
and  inferior  internal  and  azygos, 
terminal  (anterior  and  posterior 
tibial). 

Profunda  (or  deep 
lemoral) 

Femoral. 

Thigh. 

External  and  internal  circumflex, 
three  perforating. 

Profunda,  inferior. 

Brachial. 

Triceps,  elbow-joint. 

Profunda,  superior. 

Brachial. 

Humerus,     muscles    and 
skin  of  arm. 

Ascending,  cutaneous,  articular,  nu- 
trient, muscular. 

Plerygo-p  a  1  a  t  i  n  e 
(or  pterygo- phar- 
yngeal). 

Internal  maxillary. 

Pharynx,    Eustachian 
tubes,   and    sphenoidal 
cells. 

Pharyngeal,  Eustachian,  sphenoidal. 

Podic,       external, 
deep  (or  inferior). 

Femoral,  common. 

Skin  of  scrotum  (or  labium 
in  female). 

Pndic,       external, 
soperficial     (or 
toper  ior). 

Common,  femoral. 

Integiiment   above  pubes 
and  external  genitalia. 

Podic,  internal. 

Internal  iliac,  an- 
terior  division. 

(Hsnerative  organs. 

External  (or  inferior)  hemorrhoidal, 
superficial  perineal,  muscular, 
arteries  of  bulb,  crus,  and  dorsal 
of  penis. 

ARTERIES  ARTERIES 

TABLE  OF  AKTEKlES-QmHfUifd. 


Namb. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branchbs. 


Pulmonary. 


Right  ventricle. 


Longt. 


Right  and  left 


Pyloric,  inferior. 


Gastro  •  duodenal 
or  right  gastro- 
epiploic. 


Pyloric  end  of  atomach. 


Pyloric,  superior. 


Hepatic. 


Radial. 


Brachial. 


Pyloric  end  of  stomach. 


Forearm,  wrist,  hand. 


Radial  recurrent,  muscular,  ante- 
rior and  posterior  carpal,  super- 
ficial volar,  metacarptal,  dorsalia 
poUicis,  dorsalis  indicis,  deep  pal- 
mar arch. 


Ranine. 


LinguaL 


Tongue  and  mucous  mem- 
brane of  mouth. 


Renal. 


Abdominal  aorta. 


Kidney. 


Inferior    suprarenal,  capsular, 
teral. 


Sacra  media.    See  I  Sacral,  middle. 


Sacral,  middle. 


Continuation     of 
aorta. 


Sacrum  and  coccyx. 


Scapular,  dorsaL 


Scapular,  posterior. 


Subscapular. 


Muscles    of   infraspinous 
fossa. 


Infrascapular. 


Sciatic. 


Continuation  of 
transverse  cer- 
vical. 


Internal  iliac,  an- 
terior division. 


Muscles 
region. 


of    scapular 


Pelvic  muscles  and  viscera 
and  branches. 


Spermatic. 


Abdominal  aorta. 


Scrotum  and  testis. 


Sphcno-patatine  (or 
naso-palatine). 

SpinaL 


Internal  maxillary, 


Pharynx,    nose,    and 
sphenoidal  cells. 


Supra-spinous  and  infra'«pinoiis, 
subscapular,  muscular. 

Cocc>-geal,  inferior  gluteal,  masco- 
lar,  anastomotic,  articular  cutane- 
ous, comes  nervi  ischiadici,  vesical, 
rectal,  prostatic,  etc. 

Ureteral,  cremasteric,  epldidymal, 
testicular. 

Pharyngeal,  sphenoidal,  nasal,  as- 
cending septal. 


Ascending    cervi- 
cal. 


Spinal  canal. 


Spinal. 


Intercostals. 


Spinal. 


Lateral  sacral. 


Spinal  canal  and  spine. 

Spinal  membranes  and 
muscles  and  skin  over 


Spinal,  anterior. 


Vertebral. 


Spinal  cord. 


Spinal,  lateral. 


Vertebral. 


Spinal,  posterior. 
Splenic. 


Vertebral. 


Vertebrae  and  spinal  canal. 
Spine. 


Celiac  axis. 


Splenic. 


I  Left  phrenic. 


Subclavian. 


Subscapular. 


Right,  innominate. 
/,</"/,  arch  of 
aorta. 


Axillary. 


Spleen,  pancreas,  pari  of 
stomach,  omentum. 

Spleen. 

Neck,  thorax,  arms,  brain, 
meninges,  etc. 


Small  and  large  pancreatic,  left 
gastro-epiploic,  vasa  brevia,  termi- 
nal. 


Vertebral,  thyroid  axis,  internal 
mammary,  superior  intercostal. 


Suprascapular  (or 
transversalis  hu- 
meri). 


Thyroid  axis. 


Subscapularis.  teres  major, 
latiftsimus  dorsi,  scrratus 
mat^nus,  axillary  glands. 

Muscles  of  shoulder. 


Dorsal  and  infrascapular. 


Inferior  sternomastoid.  subclavian, 
nutrient,  suprasternal,  acromial, 
articular,  subscapular,  supraspi- 
nous and  infraspinous. 


ARTERIES  ARTERIES 

TABLE  OF  ARTERlES^Gmh'nu^d. 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branches. 

Temporal* 

External  carotid. 

Forehead,  parotid  gland, 
masseter  muscle,  ear. 

Parotid,  articular,  masseteric,  ante- 
rior auricular,  transverse  facial, 
middle,  anterior  and  posterior 
temporal. 

Temporal,     deep, 
anterior. 

Internal  maxillary. 

Anterior  part  of  temporal 
fossa. 

Termatic. 

Anterior  commu- 
nicating. 

Lamina  cinerea  and  corpus 
callosum. 

Thoracic,  acromial. 

Axillary. 

Muscles  of  shoulder,  arm, 
and  chest. 

Acromial,  humeral,  pectoral,  clavic- 
ular. 

Thoracic,  alar. 

Axillary. 

Axillary  glands. 

Thoracic,  external. 

See  Thoracic,  hng. 

Thoracic,  internal. 

See  Mammary,  in 

temal. 

Thoracic,  long  (ex- 
ternal mammary). 

Axillary. 

Pectoral  muscles,  serratus 
masnus,.  mammary  and 
axillary  glands. 

Thymic. 

Internal  mammary. 

Connective  tissue,  fat  and 
lymphatics  of  mediasti- 
num, and  thymus. 

Thyroid  axis. 

Subclavian. 

Shoulder,   neck,    thorax, 
spine,  cord. 

Inferior  thyroid,  suprascapular,  and 
transverse  cervical. 

Thyroid,  inferior. 

Tb)Toid  axis. 

Larynx,  esophag:us,   and 
muscles  of  neck. 

Muscular,  ascending  cervical,  esoph- 
ageal, tracheal,  and  inferior  laryn- 
geal. 

Thyroid,  superior. 

External  carotid. 

Omohyoid,     sternohyoid, 
sternothyroid,     thyroid 
gland. 

Hyoid,  stemomasjoid.  superior 
iar>'ngeal,  cricothyroid. 

Tbyroidea  ima. 

Innominate    (usu- 
ally). 

Thyroid  body. 

Tihial,  anterior. 

Popliteal. 

Leg. 

Posterior  and  anterior  tibial  recur- 
rent, muscular,  internal  and  exter- 
nal malleolar. 

Tibial,  posterior. 

Popliteal. 

Leg,  heel,  and  foot. 

Peroneal,  muscular,  medullary,  cuta- 
neous, communicating,  malleolar, 
calcanean,  internal  and  external 
plantar. 

ToDsUlar. 

Ascending     pala- 
tine. 

Tonsil    and     Eustachian 
tube. 

Tonsillar. 

Facial. 

Tonsil  and  root  of  tongue. 

Tranyversalis  colli. 

Thyroid  axis. 

Neck  and  scapular  region. 

Superficial  cervical  and  posterior 
scapular. 

Uhiar. 

Brachial. 

Forearm,  wrist,  and  hand. 

Anterior  and  posterior  ulnar  recur- 
rent, common  interosseous,  muscu- 
lar, nutrient,  anterior  and  posterior 
ulnar  carpal,  palmar  arch. 

Uterine. 

Interna]  iliac,  an- 
terior branch. 

Uterus. 

Cervical,  vaginal,  azygos. 

Uterine. 

Ovarian. 

Uterus. 

Vaaa  brevia. 

Splenic. 

Stomach. 

Vertebral. 

Subclavian. 

Neck  and  cerebrum. 

Lateral  spinal,  muscular,  anastomo- 
tic, posterior  meningeal,  posterior 
and  anterior  spinal,  posterior  cere- 
bellar. 

ARTHRAGRA  ARTIAD 

TABLE  OF  ARTEKlES^GmHmuetf, 


Namb. 

Origin. 

DiSTRISimON. 

Bladder,  prostate,  seminal 
vcsicltrs,  and  vagina  (in 
female). 

Vcticml,  inferior. 

Internal  iliac,  an- 
terior division. 

Vesical,  middle. 

Superior  vesical.    •  Bladder. 

Vesical,  superior. 

Internal  iliac,  an-    Bladder, 
terior  division. 

Deferentia,  ureteric,  middle  vesical 
(occasionally). 

Vidian. 

Internal  maxillary. 

Roof  of  pharynx.  Eustach- 
ian tube,  and  tympanum. 

Pharyngeal.  Eustachian,  tympanic 

Vitelline.   SeeOiw. 

phalo'imesenteric. 

Arthrmgra  (ar-tkra'-groA)  [hpdpw^  a  joint; 
dypa,  seizure].     Gout. 

Arthralgia  (ar-tkrai'-te^-ah)  l&fjffpoy,  a  joint ; 
dA/of,  pain].     Neuralgic  pain  in  a  joint 

Arthralgic  {ar-thral' -jik^  [ipOpov,  a  joint; 
i^yoi,  pain].     Relating  to  arthralgia. 

Arthrectomy  (ar-thrfk^-iopu)  [ifj^pov,  a 
joint ;  kisrofiiit  a  cutting  out].  Excision  of  a 
joint. 

Arthritic  (arthrif  ik)  [V'pov,  a  joint].  Re- 
lating to  arthritis  or  to  gout. 

Arthritis  {ar-thri' -tis)  \hpfipov^  a  joint ;  <Tif , 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  a  joint.  A. 
deformans,  chronic  inflammation  of  a  joint 
with  deformity;  rheumatoid  arthritis.  A. 
fungosa,  tuberculous  disease  of  the  joints ; 
white  swelling.  A.,  Oouty,  that  due  to  gout. 
A.  paupcrum.  Synonym  of  Rheumatoid 
Arthritis,  A.,  Proliferating.  See  A.  de- 
formans. A.,  Rheumatoid.  Chronic  rheu- 
matoid arthritis  ;  Osteo-arthritis  ;  Rheumatic 
gout :  Nodular  rheumatism  ;  Arthritis  defor- 
mans ;  a  chronic  joint-aflection  characterixed 
by  inflammatory  overgrowth  of  the  artictilar 
cartilages  and  synovial  membranes,  with  de- 
struction of  those  parts  of  the  cartilages  subject 
to  intraarticular  pressure ;  there  is  progressive 
deformity.  The  nature  of  the  disease  is  im- 
known ;  by  some  it  is  considered  a  trophic 
disorder  consequent  upon  spinal  changes.  It 
occurs  in  the  young,  in  whom  it  is  often  acute, 
and  in  the  old,  in  whom  it  is  of  a  more  mild 
form.  A.,  Urethral,  gonorrheal  rbetmiatism. 
A.  iiritica,  arthritis  due  to  gout. 

Arthritism  (ar^-thritizm)  [ipOpov,  a  joint]. 
Gout  or  the  gouty  diathesis. 

Arthrobacterium  {ar  -  thro-bai  -  te^-  ri-um). 
A  bacteritmi  forming  arthrospores. 

Arthroclasia  (ar-throiia'seah)  [&p0pov,  a 
joint ;  K^deiv,  to  break].  The  breaking  down 
of  ankyloses  in  order  to  produce  free  move- 
ment  of  a  joint. 

Arthrodesis  (ar-throd^es-is)  [&pdpov,  joint ; 
diotjc,  a  binding].  Fixation  of  paralyzed 
joints. 


Arthrodia  (ar-thro^-de-ah)  [&p6ftudia,  a  kind 

of  articulation].     A  form  of  joint  admitting 

of  a  gliding  movement. 
Arthrodynia   (arthro-din^-e-ah)   [dptfpov,  a 

joint ;  aSinftff  pain].     See  Arthralgia. 
Arthrography    {ar-throg' -rafe)   [hfj^pov^  a 

joint ;  ypa^iv,  to  write].     A  description  of 

the  joints. 
Arthrogryposis  (arthro-grip-y-sis)  [hfiBftov, 

a   joint;    yptrnd^^    curved].      i.    Persistent 

contracttuT  of  a  joint.    2.  Tetany  or  tetanilla. 
Arthroneuralgia {ar-thronu-ral^ -ge-ah)  [hp* 

BpoVf  a  joint;  vtvpav^  nerve;   A/}'Of,   pain]. 

Neuralgic  pain  in  a  joint. 
Arthropathy     (ar-throp^ -a-the)     [hpBpav^   a 

joint;  ir<i(^',  disease].    I.  Any  joint-disease. 

2.  A  peculiar  trophic  disease  of  the  joints, 

sometimes  occurring  in  locomotor  ataxia  and 

syringomyelia ;  rarely  in  general  paralysis  of 

the  insane,  and  in  disseminated  sclerosis.     It 

is  also  known  as  Charcot's  joint 
Arthrophyma     (ar-throfi^ -ma)    Uiplfipw,   a 

joint;  ^/<a,   a  swelling].       Swelling  of  a 

joint. 
Arthroplasty   (ar^-thro-plas-te)     [dpA/xw,    a 

joint;  ir  Adffffr<v,  to  form].    The  making  of  an 

artificial  joint. 
Arthropodous   (ar-throp^-o-dus^    [6fi$pov,  a 

joint ;  iroiff,  a  foot].      In  biology,   having 

jointed  legs. 
Arthropyosis    (ar-thro-pi-o^sis)    {hftipw^  a 

joint;    nxHjati^^    suppuration].      Piu-forma- 

tion  in  a  joint. 
Arthrosis  (ar-tkro' -sis)  [Ap0p<^<v,  to  fasten 

by  a  joint].     Articulation  or  Jointing. 
Arthrospore  (ar^-thro-spor)  [(&/)^/M>f,  a  joint ; 

andpoc,  a  seed].     A  permanent  form  assumed 

by  some  bacteria,  chiefly  the  coed.     It  is 

analogous  to  a  spore. 
Arthrotomy      (ar-throt'-o-me\     [hpBpw,     a 

joint ;  rifivetv,  to  cut] .     Incision  of  a  joint. 
Artiad  (ar^-te-ad)  [apruo^^  even].     In  chem- 
istry, a  term  used  to  designate  atoms  havin;^ 

an  even  quantivalence,  as  oxygen,  which  f^ 

bivalent. 


ARTICULAR 


ARTIFICIAL 


ArticttlAT  (ar-HM'U'iar)  [articuiaris^  of  the 
joiiils].  Pertftining  to  an  articulation  or 
joint 

Articalate  {ar-iiJ^ -u-ldt)  [articular^,  to  divide 
in  joints].  Divided  into  joints,  distinct.  A. 
Speech,  the  communication  of  ideas  bj 
spoken  words. 

Articulation  {ar-tik-U'la^-shum)  [articulus^ 
a  joint].  I.  A  joint ;  a  connection  between 
two  or  more  bones,  whether  allowing  move- 
ment between  them  or  not.  The  articulations 
are  divided  into:  (l)  Synarthroses^  immov- 
able, subdivided  into  schindyleses^  or  grooved 
joints,  gomphosest  in  sockets,  as  the  teeth, 
and  smiura,  as  in  the  bones  of  the  skull ;  (2) 
Ih'arthr»ses,  or  movable  joints,  subdivided 
into  the  arthradia,  or  gliding  joints,  the  ^'nF- 
fymns,  or  hinge-like,  the  enarthroses,  or  ball- 
and-socket  joints;  (3)  Amphiarihroses^  or 
those  of  a  mixed  type.  2.  The  enunciation 
of  ^)oken  speech. 

Articalo  mortis,  In  (ar-tiJ^-u-hmor^-Hs) 
[LJ.  At  the  moment  of  death.  In  the  act 
of  dying. 

Artifact  (ar^tefaki)  [arte,  by  art;  factum, 
made].     See  Artefact. 

Artiflcial  {ar-tefish^al)  Tartt/icia/is].  Made 
or  imitated  by  art.  A.  Anus,  an  opening  in 
the  abdomen  or  loin  to  give  exit  to  the  feces. 
A.  Eye,  a  film  of  glass,  celluloid,  rubber, 
etc.,  made  in  imitation  of  the  front  part 
of  the  globe  of  the  eye  and  worn  in  the 
socket  or  over  a  blind  eye  for  cosmetic 
reasons.  A.  Feeding,  the  feeding  of 
an  infant  by  other  means  than  mother*s 
milk.  Various  mixtures  and  foods  are  to  be 
had,  sudi  as  Afetgs*Sf  Rotch*s,  Biedert^s 
Mixtures,  etc.  See  Table  at  end  of  this 
article.  A.  Leech.  See  Leech,  A.  Palate, 
a  mechanical  contrivance  for  suppljring  the 
loss  of  the  whole  or  a  portion  of  the  hxuti  or 
so(t  palate,  or  both.  A.  Pupil,  removal  of  a 
piece  of  the  iris  {iridectomy,  iridodialysis, 
etc),  to  allow  the  light  to  pass  through  the 
opening.  A.  Respiration,  the  aeration  of 
the  blood  by  artificial  means.  A  method  of 
inaucing  the  normal  function  of  respiration 
when  from  any  cause  it  is  temporarily  m  abey- 
ance, as  in  asphyxia  neonatorum,  drowning, 
etc.  Bairn* s  Method:  a  modification  of  Syl- 
vester's method,  the  axilla  itself  being  seized 
so  that  the  traction  b  made  directly  upon  the 
pectoral  muscles.  Byrd's  (//.  L.)  Method: 
the  physician's  hands  are  placed  under  the 
nuddle  portion  of  the  child's  back  with  their 
ulnar  borders  in  contact  and  at  right  angles 
to  the  spine.  With  the  thumbs  extended, 
the  two  extremities  of  the  trunk  are  carried 
forward  by  gentle  but  firm  pressure,  so  that 
they  form  an  angle  of  45  degrees  with  each 
other  in  the  diaphragmatic  region.  Then 
the  angle  is  reversed  by  carrying  backward 


the  shoulders  and  the  nates.  Devfs  Method. 
the  infant  is  grasped  in  the  left  hand,  allow- 
ing the  neck  to  rest  between  the  thumb  and 
forefinger,  the  head  falling  far  over  backward. 
The  upper  portion  of  the  back  and  scapulae 
rest  in  the  palm  of  the  hand,  the  other  three 
fingers  being  inserted  in  the  axilla  of  the 
babe*s  left  arm,  raising  it  upward  and  out- 
ward. The  right  hand  grasps  the  babe's 
knees,  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  body  is 
depressed  to  favor  inspiration.  The  move- 
ment is  reversed  to  favor  expiration,  the  head, 
shoulders,  and  chest  being  brought  forward 
and  the  thighs  pressed  upon  the  abdomen. 
Forest* s  Method:  the  child  is  placed  on  its 
face  and  quick,  firm  pressure  is  made  on 
the  back  ;  then  it  is  placed  in  a  pail  of  hot 
water,  and  the  hands  carried  upward  until 
the  child  is  suspended  by  its  arms,  and 
mouth-to-mouth  insufflation  is  practised;  the 
arms  are  then  lowered  and  the  body  doubled 
forward;  these  movements  are  repeated  at 
the  rate  of  40  per  minute.  HalVs  Method  : 
by  turning  the  body  alternately  upon  the  side 
or  face  to  compress  the  chest,  and  then  upon 
the  back  to  allow  the  lungs  to  expand.  How- 
ard's Method:  by  pressure  upon  the  lower 
ribs  every  few  seconds.  Pacini* s  Method : 
for  resuscitating  asphyxiated  infants.  The 
child  lying  on  its  back,  the  operator  stands  at 
its  head,  and  grasps  the  axillae,  pulling  the 
shoulders  forward  and  upward  to  compress 
the  thorax,  and  allowing  them  to  fall  in  order 
to  expand  the  chest.  Satterthwaite* s  Method : 
pressure  upon  the  abdomen  alternating  with 
relaxation  to  allow  descent  of  the  diaphragm. 
Schrceder's  Method :  the  babe  while  in  a  bath, 
is  supported  by  the  operator  on  the  back,  its 
head,  arms,  and  pelvis  being  allowed  to  fall 
backward ;  a  forceful  expiration  is  then  ef- 
fected by  bending  up  the  babe  over  its  belly, 
thereby  compressing  the  thorax.  Schultte*s 
Method :  the  child  is  seized  from  behind 
with  both  hands,  by  the  shoulders,  in  such  a 
way  that  the  right  index  finger  of  the  oper- 
ator is  in  the  right  axilla  of  the  child  from  be- 
hind forward,  and  the  leA  index  finger  in  the 
left  axilla,  the  thumbs  hanging  loosely  over 
the  clavicles.  The  other  three  fingers  hang 
diagonally  downward  along  the  back  of  the 
thorax.  The  operator  stands  with  his  feet 
apart  and  holds  the  child  as  above,  practically 
hanging  on  the  index  fingers  in  the  first  posi- 
tion, with  the  feet  downward,  the  whole 
weight  resting  on  the  index  fingers  in  the 
axillae,  the  head  being  supported  by  the  ulnar 
borders  of  the  hands.  This  is  the  first  in- 
spiratory position.  At  once  the  operator 
swings  the  child  gently  forward  and  upward. 
When  the  operator's  hands  are  somewhat 
above  the  horizontal  the  child  is  moved  gently, 
so  that  the  lower  end  of  the  body  falls  for 


ARYEPIGLOTTIC 


ASCARIASIS 


ward  toward  its  head.  The  body  is  not 
flung  oyer,  bat  mored  gently  until  the  lower 
end  rests  oo  the  chest  In  this  position 
the  chest  and  upper  end  of  the  abdomen  are 
compressed  tightly.  The  child's  thorax  rests 
on  the  lips  of  the  thumbs  of  the  operator. 
As  a  result  of  this  forcible  expiration  the 
fluids  usually  pour  out  of  the  nose  and  mouth 
of  the  infant.  The  child  is  allowed  to  rest 
in  this  position  (the  first  expiratory  position) 
about  one  or  two  seconds.  The  operator 
gradually  lowers  his  arms,  the  child's  body 
bends  back,  and  he  again  holds  the  infant 
hanging  on  his  index  fingers  with  its  feet 
downward;  this  b  the  second  inspiratory 
position.  These  movements  are  repeated  15 
to  20  times  in  the  minute.  Sylvester's 
Method  consists  chiefly  of  movements  of 
the  arms.  This  method  is  valueless  in 
asphyxia  neonatorum,  owing  to  non-develop- 
ment of  the  pectoral  muscles. 

ARTIFICIAL  FEEDING  OF  INFANTS. 
Taslb  op  Quantity  Rbquirbo. 


a 

.§ 

;f 

1 

JfcO 

Is 

<    L,    «< 

I 

istweek,     .  .  . 

a  hours. 

10 

I  oz. 

lOOZS. 

ad  to  4th  week, . 

a     " 

\\  ozs. 

13J" 

ad  to  3d  month. 

3     " 

3     •' 

18  '• 

3d  to  4th  month, 

3     " 

4     " 

a4   " 

4th  to  sth  month, 

3     *' 

4-4*    '• 

M-rj   •• 

6lh  month, .  . 

3     " 

5     " 

30   " 

Sth  month. .  .  . 

\     ** 

6     " 

36   " 

loth  month,   .  . 

\     " 

8     " 

40   " 

Aryepiglottic  (ar-e-ep-e-glot' -ik).  Same  as 
A  rytenoepiglottU. 

Aiytenoepiglottic  {ar-i-ten- o- ef-e- gUt' -  iJt) 
\kp{)Tcuva^  a  pitcher;  tvSo^y  likeness;  bta^ 
upon;  yTjurrl^^  glottis].  Relating  to  an 
arytenoid  cartilage  and  to  the  epiglottis ;  as 
the  arytenoepiglottic  fold  (or  folds),  con- 
sisting of  a  fold  of  mucous  membrane  that 
extends  from  each  arytenoid  cartilage  to  the 
epiglottis. 

Arytenoid  (ar-i^ •te'nmd)\h(A/rawa^  a  pitcher ; 
ddo^y  likeness].  Resembling  the  mouth  of  a 
pitcher.  A.  Cartilages,  two  cartilages  of 
the  larynx  regulating,  by  the  means  of  the 
attached  muscles,  the  tension  of  the  vocal 
bands.  A.  Glands,  muciparous  glands 
found  in  large  numbers  along  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  ar3rtenoepiglottic  fold  in  front 


of  the  arytenoid  cartilages.  A.  Muscle* 
a  muscle  arising  from  the  posterior  surface 
of  one  arytenoid  cartilage  and  inserted  into 
the  corresponding  parts  of  the  other.  It  is 
composed  of  three  planes  of  fibers,  two 
oblique  and  one  transverse.  It  draws  the 
arytenoid  cartilages  together. 

Aiythmia  (ar-iM^-m^-a^).    ^itt  Arrkytktma, 

Arythmic  Xar-itk' -mik).     See  Arrhythmic. 

Asafetida,  Asafoetids  (as-a-fef -id-ah)  [om, 
gum;  fatida^  stinking].  A  resinous  gum 
obtained  (rom  the  root  of  Ferula  narlkex 
and  F,  scordosoma.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  forms  an  emulsion  with  water. 
Its  properties  are  due  to  allyl  sulphide  C^H,^. 
It  IS  a  powerful  antispasmodic,  stimulant, 
,and  expectorant,  and  is  used  in  hysteria  and 
bronchia]  affections.  Dose  gr.  v-xx  (0.33- 
1.3).  A.,  Tinct.,  strength  20  per  cent  Dose 
3  ss-ij  ^2.0-^.0).  A.,  Bmplsstrum,  asafet- 
ida 35,  lead  plaster  3^,  galbanum  15,  yellow 
wax  15,  alcohol  120  parts.  A.,  Emulsum, 
a  4  per  cent  emulsion.  Dose  Jsa-JU 
(16.0-64.0).  A.,  Enema  (B.  P.),  asafe- 
tida and  distilled  water.  A.  et  Magnest«, 
Mist.,  Dewees's  carminative,  magnesium 
carb.  5,  tinct.  asafGctidse  7,  tinct.  opii  i,  sugar 
10,  distilled  water  sufficient  to  midce  100 
parts.  Dose  s^ss-Jss  ^2.0-16.0).  A., 
Piluls,  contain  each  gr.  iij  (0.19)  of  asafetida 
and  gr.  j  (0.065)  of  soap.  Dose  }-4v.  A. 
et  Aloes,  Pit,  have  gt,  1%  (0.087)  of  each 
ingredient  A.,  Pil.,  Comp.  (B.  P.).  PU. 
galbani  comp.  It  consists  of  asafetida,  gal- 
banum, myrrh,  and  treacle.  Dose  gr.  v-xx 
(0.32-1.3). 

Asaphia  (or-tf^-y^-tfA)  [affd^Mt,  indistinctness] . 
Indistinctness  of  utterance,  especially  that 
due  to  cleft  palate. 

Asaprol  (as'-ap-rol),  CarOH.C„H.SOJ^- 
3Aq.  Calcium-^-naphthol-tf-mono-sulphoQ- 
ate,  a  substance  readily  soluble  in  water  and 
alcohol,  and  recommended  in  asthma,  tonsil- 
litis, and  acute  articular  rheumatism,  in  doses 
of  from  15  to  60  grains  (1.0-4.0). 

Asarol  (as^-ar-dl)  [dcropov,  asarabaoca; 
oleum,  oil],  C,QH,gO.  A  camphor-like  body 
derived  from  asarum. 

Asarum  (as^-ar-um)  [&aapoVf  asarabaccal. 
A  genus  of  aristolochiaceous  plants.  A. 
canadense,  called  wild  ginger,  Canada 
snake-root,  with  other  N.  American  spedea, 
is  used  chiefly  in  domestic  practice.  A. 
canadense  is  a  fragrant,  aromatic  stimnlant 
Dose  of  fld.  ext  TT\,  xv-^ss  (1.0-2.0). 
A.  europKum  has  diaphoretic,  emetic,  par- 
gative,  and  diuretic  qualities,  but  is  now  httla 
used  except  in  veterinary  practice. 

Ascariasis  {ashar-i'^astj)  [auKapt^,  a  species 
of  intestinsil  worm].  The  symptoms  pro- 
duced by  the  presence  of  ascarides  in  the 
gastro-intestinal  canaL 


ASCARICIDE 


ASEXUAL 


Ascaricide  (as-kar^-is-ld)  [hoKapti^  a  species 
of  intestiDal  worm;  caaere,  to  killj.  A 
medicine  that  kills  ascarides. 

Ascaris  (as^'kar-is)  [baKopiq^  a  species  of 
tntestioal  worm :  //. ,  Ascarides] .  A  genus 
of  parasitic  worms  inhabiting  the  intestines  of 
most  animals.  A.  lumbricis  is  found  in  the 
ox,  bog,  and  man.  It  inhabits  the  small  in- 
testine, especially  of  children.  A.  mystaz, 
the  round- worm  of  the  cat,  and  A.  alata  have 
rarely  been  found  in  man.  A.  vennicularis, 
a  synonym  of  Oxyuris  vermicularis. 

Ascending  (asend^-ing)  [ascendtret to  rise]. 
Taking  an  upward  course;  rising  (as parts 
of  the  aorta  and  colon,  and  as  one  ol  the 
▼ease  cavse).  A.  Current,  in  electricity, 
one  going  from  the  periphery  to  a  nerve-cen- 
ter. A.  Degeneration,  a  degeneration  of 
the  nerve- fibers  extending  from  the  periphery 
to  the  center,  or,  in  the  spinal  cord,  from 
below  upward  toward  the  brain.  A.  Para- 
lysia.  See  Paralysis.  A.  Tracts,  the 
centripetal  tracts  of  the  spinal  cord,  carry- 
ing afferent  impulses. 

Ascberson's  Vesicles.  The  peculiar  small 
globules  formed  when  oil  and  an  albuminous 
Suid  are  agitated  together,  and  formerly 
thought  to  be  cells. 

Ascia  [af'se-ah  or  as^-ke-ah)  \a  priv.;  <tjc/o, 
shadow].  Fascia  spiralis;  dolabra  currens ; 
a  spiral  bandage  applied  without  reverses, 
each  turn  of  which  overlaps  the  preceding 
for  about  a  third  of  its  width.  Dolabra 
repfns,  is  the  same  as  the  preceding,  in  which, 
however,  the  spirals  are  formed  more  ob- 
liquely, and  do  not  overlap  each  other,  but  are 
separated  by  a  greater  or  less  interval. 

Ascites  (as-i^'/iz)  [affxlr^f,  a  kind  of  dropsy ; 
from  aoidg,  a  bag].  An  abnormal  collection 
of  serous  fluid  in  the  peritoneal  cavity ;  dropsy 
of  the  peritoneum.  It  b  either  local  in  origin 
or  a  part  of  a  general  dropsy.  The  ascitic 
fluid  IS  usually  clear,  yellow,  and  coagulates 
on  standing.  It  may  be  turbid,  blood-stained, 
and  contain  lymph-particles  or  shreds.  There 
is  a  uniform  enlargement  of  the  abdomen, 
fluctuation,  percussion-dulness.  Its  usual 
cauise  is  cirrhosis  of  the  liver.  A.  adiposus, 
ascites  characterized  by  a  fluid  milky  appear- 
ance due  to  the  presence  in  it  of  numerous 
cells  that  have  undergone  fatty  degeneration 
and  solution.  It  is  seen  in  certain  cases  of 
carcinoma,  tuberculosis,  and  other  chronic  in- 
Bammations  of  the  peritoneum.  A.  chylosus, 
the  presence  of  chyle  in  the  f>eritoneal  cavity. 
It  follows  rupture  of  a  chyle  duct. 

Ascitic  (as'it^-ik)  jTawu'rTf ,  a  kind  of  dropsy]. 
Pertaining  to  or  anected  with  ascites. 

Asdepiadin  {aS'kle'Pi^-ad'in)\aaKhrKi6^\  A 
bitter  glucosid  obtainable  from  various  species 
of  AscUpias,  It  is  poisonous,  and  has  emetic, 
pugative,  and  sudorific  properties.     Unof. 


Asclepias  {as-klc^-pe-as)  [aaithjTn^q'].  Pleu- 
risy Root.  The  root  of  Asclepias  tuberosa. 
A  popular  remedy  in  the  Southern  States  for 
pleurisy.  It  is  diaphoretic,  emetic,  and  ca- 
thartic. The  infusion  recommended  has  a 
strength  of  Jj  of  the  powdered  root  to 
J  xxxij  of  water.  Dose,  a  teacupful  every 
three  or  four  hours.  Also,  A.  curassavica, 
blood  flower,  an  herb  common  to  tropical 
America ;  astringent,  styptic,  and  anthelmintic 
against  the  tape -worm.  A.,  Ext.  fid. 
Dose  ntxx-fjj  (1.3-4.0). 

Asclepin  (eu-kle^-pin)  [oiwcX^iiJf].  i.  A 
poisonous  principle  obtainable  from  asdepia- 
din by  the  separation  of  glucose  froni  the 
latter.  2.  The  precipitate  from  a  tincture  of 
Asclepias  tuberosa  ;  alterative,  evacuant,  tonic, 
sedative.    Dose  grs.  ij-iv  (0.13-0.27).    Unof. 

Ascococcus  {as-io-Jtok^-us)  [oaKdg,  a  leather 
bag ;  k6kko^,  a  kernel].  A  genus  of  the 
family  of  Schizomycetes.  The  ascococci  are 
microorganisms  made  up  of  round  or  ovoid 
cells  united  in  massive  colonies,  and  sur- 
rounded by  tough,  thick,  gelatinous  envelops. 
A.  billrothii,  found  in  putrefled  meat;  its 
natural  habitat  is  the  air ;  it  is  probably  not 
pathogenic. 

Ascospore  (as^-ko^pdr)  [00x6^,  a  bag ;  andpoCt 
seed].    A  spore  produced  by  or  in  an  ascus. 

Ascus  {as^'Jhis)  laaKdg,  a  bag  or  bladder]. 
The  characteristic  spore  case  of  some  fiingi 
and  lichens,  usually  consisting  of  a  single 
terminal  cell  containing  eight  spores. 

Asemasia  (as-em-a^-u^aA)  [a  priv. ;  tnifiaaia^ 
a  signaling].  Absence  ot  the  power  to  com- 
municate either  by  signs  or  language. 

Asepsin  (ah^ep^-sin).     See  Antisepsin, 

Asepsis  (aA-sep^'sis)  [a  priv.;  <t^/c»  putrefac- 
tion] .  Absence  of  pathogenic  microorganisms. 

Aseptic  (ah-sep'-tik)  \a  priv.;  otV'^c*  putre- 
faction]. Free  from  pathogenic  bacteria,  as 
aseptic  wounds.  A.  Surgery,  the  mode 
of  surgical  practice  in  which  everything  that 
is  used  as  well  as  the  wound  is  in  a  germ- 
free  condition. 

Asepticism  {ah-sep^ -tis-izm)  [a  priv.;  (nrrrrd^^ 
septic].  The  doctrine  or  principles  of  asep- 
tic surgery. 

Asepticize  (ah-sep^-Hs'lz)  [a  priv.;  (rrjirrb^, 
septic].    To  render  aseptic. 

Aseptin  (ak-sep^-tin)  [a  priv.;  trtrmd^,  septic]. 
A  secret  preparation  containing  boric  acid, 
used  for  preserving  articles  of  food. 

Aseptol  (ah-sep^'tol)  [a  priv.;(j:77rT<Jf,  septic], 
CgHjSO^.  Sulphocarbolic  acid ;  sozolic  acid. 
A  reddish  liquid,  with  an  odor  of  carbolic 
acid,  recommended  as  a  disinfectant  and 
antiseptic.  It  is  used  externally  (l- 10  per 
cent,  solution),  and  internally  in  about  the 
same  dose  as  carbolic  acid. 

Asexual  (ah-seks' -u-al )  [a  priv. ;  sexus^  sex]. 
Without  sex ;  non-sexuat 


ASH 


ASPIRATOR 


Ath  (asA)  fME.,  ascA"].  I.  The  incorobusti- 
ble  mineral  residue  that  remains  when  a  sub- 
stance is  incinerated.  2.  See  Fraxinus,  A. 
Manna.  See  Fraxinus.  A.,  Prickly.  Sec 
Xanihoxylum. 

Asialia  (as-e-a^-le-ah)  [a  priv.;  a  aXov^  spit- 
tle!. iJefect  or  failure  of  the  secretion  of 
taliTa. 

Asiatic  {a-te-at^'iA)  [Asia].  Pertaining  or 
belonging  to  Asia.  A.  Cholera.  See 
Cholera,  A.  Pill,  a  pill  composed  of  arse- 
nous  acid,  black  pepper,  powdered  licorice, 
and  mucilage. 

Asitia  {ah'sit' -e-ak)  [a  priv.;  <T*rof,  food]. 
The  want  of  food.  Also  a  loathing  for 
food. 

Asomata  (aA-s</-mat-ah)  [a  priv.;  aCt^a^ 
body].  A  species  of  omphalositic  monster 
characterized  by  an  absence  of  the  trunk. 
The  head  is  never  well-formed,  and  the  ves- 
sels run  from  it  to  the  placenta  in  the  mem- 
branes. Beneath  the  head  is  a  sac  in  which 
rudiments  of  body-organs  may  be  found. 
This  is  the   rarest  form   of   omphalosites. 

Aspalaaoma  (as-pal-as-c/'mah)  [aona/a^, 
mole ;  ffo/m,  body].  A  variety  of  single 
autositic  monsters  of  the  species  celosoma,  in 
which  there  is  a  lateral  or  median  eventra- 
tion occupying  principally  the  lower  portion 
of  the  abdomen,  with  the  urinary  apparatus, 
the  genital  apparatus,  and  the  rectum  opening 
externally  by  three  distinct  orifices. 

Asparagin  (as-par^-ag-in)  [a<T?rdpa)Of,  as- 
paragus], C^H^NjOL.I^O,.  An  alkaloid 
found  in  the  seeds  of  many  plants,  in  aspara- 
gus, beet  root,  peas,  and  beans.  It  forms  shin  • 
ing,four-sided,  rhombic  prisms,  readily  soluble 
in  hot  water,  but  not  in  alcohol  or  ether.  It 
is  an  amid  of  aspartic  acid,  and  forms  com- 
pounds with  both  acids  and  bases.  It  is  di- 
uretic. The  hydrargyrate  of  asparagin  has 
been  used  as  an  antisyphilitic,  in  doses  of  \ 
grain  (o.oi)  hypodermically. 

Asparaginic  Acid,  C^H^NC^.  A  dibasic 
aad,  a  decomposition -product  of  asparagin 
and  also  of  proteids  and  gelatin. 

Asparagus  (as-par^-ag-ui)  {iunr&payo^^  as- 
paragus]. The  green  root  ot  Asparagus  ajft- 
cinalis^  a  mild  diuretic.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
gss-j  (2.0-4.0).     Unof. 

Aspartic  Acid  (as-par^tik).    See  AciJ. 

Aspergillus  {as-per-ji^ -us)  ^asptrgere^  to 
scatter].  A  genus  of  fungi.  A.  auri- 
cularis,  a  fungus  found  in  the  wax  of  the 
ear.  A.  fumigatus,  found  in  the  ear,  nose, 
and  tongs.  A.  glaucus,  the  bluish  mold 
found  upon  dried  fruit.  A.  mucoroidea,  a 
species  found  in  tuberculous  or  gangrenous 
lung-tissue. 

Aspergillusmycosis  (as-per-jW  •us-mi-ko' - 
sis).     See  Otomycosis. 

Aspermatic  {aA'Spfr-ma/^-iA)  [d  priv.;  airip- 


fiOt  seed^.  Affected  with  or  relating  to 
aspermatism. 

Aspermatism  (ah'sper'-mat-izm)  [a  priv.; 
an^pfia,  seed].  Defective  secretion  of  semeo 
or  lack  of  formation  of  spermatozoa. 

Aspermous  (ah-spa^-mus)  [a  priv.;  anipfia, 
seed].     Without  seed. 

Aspersion  {as'pcr''xhun)[aspersio^  aspergere^ 
to  sprinkle].  Treatment  of  disease  \xj 
sprinkling  the  body  or  the  affected  part  with 
a  medicinal  agent. 

Asphyctic,  or  Asphyctous  (as/ik'-tik,  as- 

fik^'tMs)  [a  priv.;  rr^r^^/f,  the  pulse].  Af- 
fected with  asphyxia. 

Asphyxia  {asjfiks^ -e-akS  [«  priv. ;  o^i'^t^,  the 
pulse].  Suffocation ;  tne  suspension  of  vital 
phenomena  resulting  when  the  lungs  are  de- 
prived of  oxygen.  The  excess  of  carbon 
dioxid  in  the  blood  at  first  stimulates,  then 
paralyzes  the  respiratory  center  of  the  me- 
dulla. Artificial  respiration  is  therefore  re- 
quired in  cases  of  asphyxia.  A.,  Local, 
that  stage  of  Raynaud's  disease  in  which  the 
affected  parts  are  dusky  red  from  intense 
congestion.  A.  neonatorum,  the  asphyxia 
of  the  new-bom  from  any  cause. 

Asphyxiant  (as-Jiks'-e-ant)  {qo^vkto^^  pulse- 
less]. I.  Producing  asphyxia.  2.  An  agent 
capable  of  producing  asphyxia. 

Asphyxiate  (asJUs^-e-at)  [a  priv.;  tf^v^ecv, 
to  pulsate].     To  produce  or  cause  asphyxia. 

Aspidium  {aspui'-e-um)  \y.\  gen.  A.pidii\ 

1.  A  genus  of  ferns,  known  as  shield  ferns. 

2.  The  rhizome  of  Dryopferis  filix  mas  and 
of  D.  marginaiis^  or  male  fern.  Its  properties 
are  due  to  a  resin  containing  filicilic  acid. 
It  is  valuable  chiefly  against  tape-worm. 
Dose  3  ss- 3^  ss  (2.0-16  o).  A.,  Oleoresina, 
an  etherearextract.  Dose  Jss-j  (2.0-4.0). 
BxtractURi  Pilicis  Liquidum  (B.  P.). 
Dose  lT\^xv-3  j  (1.0-4.0). 

Aspidosamin  {as-pid-os'-am-in).  C„H,.N,Ol. 
A  basic  principle,  from  quebracho  bark.  It 
is  emetic.     Unof. 

Aspidospcrma  {ospido-spfr'maK)  \aim'i^^ 
a  shield ;  OTr^pfia^  a  seed].  A  genus  of  apo- 
cynaceous  trees,  of  which  the  Que&racko  is 
the  most  important. 

Aspidospennin  {as-pido-sper' -min)  [offtrif, 
shield ;  arrfpfja,  seed],  C^H^NjO,.  An 
alkaloid  extracted  from  Quebracho.  {As 
pidosperma  quebracho).  It  has  the  general 
effects  of  quebracho.     Unof. 

Aspiration  (as-pir-a'-shun)  [ad^  to ;  spirart, 
to  breathe].  I.  The  act  of  sucking  up  or 
sucking  in  ;  inspiration,  imbibition.  2.  The 
act  of  using  the  aspirator.  3.  A  method 
of  withdrawing  the  fluids  and  gases  from  a 
cavity.     A.  Pneumonia.     See  Pneumonia, 

Aspirator  (as'pir-a-for)  [ad^  to ;  spirare^  to 
breathe].  An  apparatus  for  withdrawing 
liquids  from  cavities  by  means  of  suction. 


ASPOROGENIC 

Atporogenic  {ahspdro-jen^ -ik)  \h  priv.; 
on6poqt  seed  ;  yn^f ,  producing].  Not  repro- 
ducing by  means  of  spores ;  not  producing 
spores. 

Assault  (ai-awW^  [assa/ire^  to  assail].  An 
attack.  A.,  Criminal,  in  medical  jurispru- 
dence, the  touching  or  attempting  to  touch, 
on  the  part  of  a  male,  any  of  the  sexual 
organs  (the  breasts  included)  of  a  female 
against  her  will,  even  though  they  be  covered 
by  clothing. 

Assideration  (as-id-tr-a^-sAun)  [ady  inten- 
sive ;  sideratioy  an  evil  influence].  In  forensic 
medicine,  infanticide  by  immersing  in  ice- 
water. 

Assimilable  {as-im^-ii-a-bl)  [assimulare,  to 
make  like].  Capable  of  being  assimilated ; 
nutritious. 

Assimilation  {as-im-il-a'-sAun)  [assimuiare^ 
to  make  like].  The  process  of  transforming 
food  into  such  a  nutrient  condition  that  it  is 
taken  up  by  the  circulatory  system,  to  form 
an  integral  part  of  the  economy ;  S3mthetic  or 
constructive  metabolism;  anabolism.  A., 
Mental,  the  mental  reception  of  impressions 
and  their  assignment  by  the  consciousness  to 
their  proper  place.  A.,  Primary,  that  con- 
cerned in  the  conversion  of  food  into  chyle 
and  blood.  A.,  Secondary,  that  relating  to 
the  formation  of  the  organized  tissues  of  the 
body. 

Associated  (as-t/'se-a-ted)  [associatus^ 
united].  Joined.  A.  Movements,  coin- 
cident or  consensual  movements  of  other 
muscles  than  the  leading  one,  and  which 
by  habit  or  unity  of  purpose  are  involun- 
tarily connected  with  its  action.  Both 
eyeballs  move  alike  in  reading,  though  one 
be  a  blind  eye.  Movement  of  the  normal 
arm  will  sometimes  produce  slight  motion  of 
the  opposite  paralyzed  arm.  Uniformity  of 
innervation  is  usually  the  cause  of  these 
movements.  A.  Paralysi^  A.  Spasm,  a 
common  paralysis,  or  spasm,  of  associated 
muscles. 

Assurin  (as^'U-rin) ,  C^^ H^N,P,0^  A  name 
given  by  Thudichum  to  a  complex  substance 
occurring  in  brain-tissue. 

Astasia  (<w-/a'-j^-tfA)[fl  priv.;  ar&sic,  stand- 
ing]. Motor  incoordination  for  standing.  A.- 
Abasia,  a  s3rmptom  consisting  in  inability  to 
stand  or  walk  in  a  normal  manner.  The 
person  affected  seems  to  collapse  when 
attempting  to  walk. 

Asteatosis  (as-U-af-iZ-sis)  [a  priv.;  oriapy 
tallow ;  6Srf^y  fulness].  I.  A  deficiency  or 
absence  of  the  sebaceous  secretion.  2.  Any 
skin  disease  (as  xeroderma^  characterized  by 
scantiness  or  lack  of  the  sebaceous  secretion. 
A.  cutis,  a  condition  of  diminished  sebace- 
ous secretion,  as  the  result  of  which  the  skio 
becomes  dry,  scaly,  and  often  fissured. 
7 


ASTHMA 

Aster  {as^-tar)  [aster,  a  star].  The  slellats 
form  assumed  by  the  mitome  of  the  nucleus 
when  undergoing  karyokinesis. 

As  tenon  (as-te^-re'on)[aaTf]py  star].  A  point 
on  the  skull  corresponding  to  the  junction  of 
the  occipital,  parietal,  and  temporal  bones. 

Asternal  (ah-ster^-nai )  [a  priv.;  arkpvov,  the 
breast-bone].  Not  connected  with  the  ster- 
num. A.  Ribs,  the  five  lower  pairs,  because 
not  joined  directly  to  the  sternum. 

Astemia  (ah-ster^'tu-ah)  [a  priv.;  aripvov, 
the  breast-bone].      Absence  of  the  sternum. 

Asteroid  (as^ -ter-oid)  [aariipf  a  star ;  eMof, 
resemblance].     Shaped  like  a  star. 

Asthenia  (as-then-i^-ak,  as-the' -ne-ak)  \jusBk' 
vtia\  a  pnv.;  aBivo^,  strength].  Absence  of 
strength ;  adynamia. 

Asthenic  (as-then^ -ik)  [a  priv.;  oShoc, 
strength].  Characterized  by  asthenia. 

Asthenometer  {as'theH'om^-et'er)  [aadiveut, 
want  of  strength ;  /iirpov,  a  measure].  An 
instrument  for  detecting  and  measuring  asthe- 
nia ;  especially,  a  device  for  measuring  mus- 
cular asthenopia. 

Asthenopia  {oS'/Aen-iZ-pe-aA)  [a  priv.; 
oBkvo^y  strength ;  ^,  eye] .  Weakness  of 
the  ocular  muscles  or  of  visual  power,  due  to 
errors  of  refraction,  heterophoria,  over-use, 
anemia,  etc.  A.,  Accommodative,  due  to 
h3rperopia,  astigmatism,  or  a  combination  of 
the  two,  producing  strain  of  the  ciliary 
muscle.  A.,  Muscular,  due  to  weakness, 
incoordination  (heterophoria),  or  strain  of  the 
external  ocular  muscles.  A.,  Retinal,  or 
Nervous,  a  rare  variety,  caused  by  retinal 
hjrperesthesia,  anesthesia,  or  other  abnor- 
mality, or  by  general  nervous  affections. 

Asthenopic  (as-then-op^ -ik)  [d  priv.;  aShoCt 
strength;  it^,  eye].  Characterized  by  asthen- 
opia. 

Asthma  {at^-maA)  [iaOfAa,  panting].  A  par- 
oxysmal affection  of  the  bronchial  tubes  char- 
acterized by  dyspnea,  cough,  and  a  feeling  of 
constriction  and  suffocation.  The  disease  is 
probably  a  neurosis,  and  is  due  to  hyperemia 
and  swelling  of  the  bronchial  mucous  mem- 
brane, with  a  peculiar  secretion  of  a  mucin- 
like  substance.  The  attacks  may  be  caused 
by  direct  irritation  of  the  bronchial  mucous 
membrane  or  by  indirect  or  reflex  irritation, 
as  from  the  nose,  the  stomach,  the  uterus. 
When  dependent  upon  disease  of  the  heart, 
the  kidneys,  stomach,  thymus,  etc.,  it  has 
been  designated,  cardiac,  rtna/,  peptic, 
thymic y  etc.  A.,  Bronchial.  See  Asthma, 
A.,  Cardiac,  paroxymal  dyspnea  due  to 
heart-disease.  A.  convulsivum.  S3monym 
of  Bronchial  Asthma,  A.  Crystals,  acicular 
crystals  (Charcot- Leyden  crystals)  contained 
in  the  sputum  of  asthmatic  patients.  They 
are  generally  associated  with  eosinophile  cells. 
A.  dyspepticum,  is  due  to  nervous  reflexes 


ASTHMATIC 


ATAXIA 


through  the  vagus.  A.,  Orinders*.  Same 
as  Fibroid  Phthisis,  A.,  Hay.  See  Hay 
Fever,  A.,  Heberden's,  angina  pectoris. 
A.,  Kopp's,  spasm  of  the  glottis.  A., 
Marine.  See  Beriberi.  A,,  Miller's.  See 
Laryngismus  stridulus.  A.,  Miner's.  See 
Anthracosis,  A.  nervosum.  Synonym  of 
Bronchial  Asthma,  A.,  Renal,  a  paroxy- 
mal  d3rspnea  sometimes  occurring  in  the 
course  ot  Bright' s  disease.  A .,  Spasmodic. 
See  Asthma.  A.,  Th3rmic.  Synonym  of 
Laryngismus  stridulus. 

Asthmatic  (as-mal^-ih)  [oo^/ui,  panting]. 
Relating  to  or  affected  with  asthma. 

Astigmatic  (as-tig-mat'-ik)  [a  priv.;  oriyfia, 
a  point].  Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  as- 
tigmatism. 

Astigmatism  (as-tig^  mat-ism)  [a  priv.; 
ariyfuif  a  point,  because  rays  of  light  from  a 
point  are  never  brought  to  a  point  by  the  re- 
tractive media  of  the  eye].  That  condition 
of  the  eye  in  which  rays  of  light  do  not 
converge  to  a  point  on  the  retina.  It 
is  usually  due  to  inoquality  of  curvature  of 
the  different  meridians  of  the  cornea  (corneal 
A.),  but  may  be  caused  by  imperfections  of  the 
lens  (lenticular  A.),  unequal  contraction  of 
the  ciliary  muscle,  or  may  perhaps  be  due  to 
retinal  imperfection.  It  may  be  acquired  or 
congenital,  and  may  complicate  hyperme- 
tropia  or  myopia,  producing  either  simple 
hypermetropic  A.,  in  which  one  principal 
meridian  is  enunetropic,  the  other  h3rperme- 
tropic;  or  compound  hjrpermetropic  A., 
in  which  both  meridians  are  hypermetropic, 
but  one  more  so  than  the  other.  Complicat- 
ing myopia,  we  may  in  the  same  way  have 
simple  myopic  or  compound  myopic  A. 
In  mixed  A.,  one  principal  meridian  is  my- 
opic, the  other  hypermetropic.  Regular  A. 
is  when  the  two  principal  meridians  are  at 
right  angles  to  each  other.  Irregular  A., 
when  different  parts  of  a  meridian  have  dif- 
ferent refracting  powers. 

Astigmatometer  (astig-matom^et-er)  Fd 
priv.;  eriyfia^  a  point;  fitrpov,  a  measure]. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  degree  of 
astigmatism. 

Astigmometer  {astigmom^et-er).  See  As- 
tigmatometer, 

Astigmometry  (as-tig-mom'-et-re)  [a  priv.; 
ariyfia,  a  point;  fJrpav^  a  measure].  The 
measurement  of  astigmatism. 

A8tragalectomy(aj-/ra^-a/-r/K-/^w^)[o<Trp<i- 
yaXo^,  astragalus ;  kicrofiijy  excision].  Ex- 
cision of  the  astragalus. 

Astragaloscaphoid  (astragaio- ^ka/'oid ) 
[aorpdyaXo^t  astragalus;  OKo^tAr^^,  like  a 
boat].  Relating  to  the  astragalus  and  the 
scaphoid  bone. 

Astragalus  (as-trag^-al-m)  [aaTp&yn7jo^,  a 
dice ;  the  analogous  bones  of  the  sheep  were 


used  by  the  ancients  as  dicel.  I.  The  ankle* 
bone,  upon  which  the  tibia  rests.  2.  A 
genus  of  leguminous  plants  from  some  varie- 
ties of  which  gum  tragacanth  is  derived.  A. 
mollissimus,  Loco  Plant.  The  active  prin* 
ciple  of  this  plant  has  mydriatic  properties. 
Unof. 

Astrapaphobia  (as-trap-a/-o''he-ah)  [dffrpa- 
ir^,  lightning;  ^floc,  fear].  Morbid  fear 
of  lightning. 

Astrokinetic     (astrokinet^-ik)    [harpov,  a 
star ;  luvf/v,  to  move].     Applied  to  the  phe- 
nomena of  motion  as  exhibited  by  the  cen 
trosomes  of  cells. 

Astrostatic  (astro-stat^ik)  [horpov^  a  star; 
laraaBai,  to  stand].  Applied  to  the  resting 
condition  of  the  cen  trosomes  of  cells. 

Asylum  (as-i^-lum)  [asylum^  a  place  of 
refuge].  An  institution  for  the  support,  safe- 
keeping, cure,  or  education  of  those  incapa- 
ble of  caring  fdr  themselves,  such  as  the 
insane,  the  blind,  etc.  A.  Bar.  See  //em^ 
atoma  auris. 

Asymbolia  (ah-sim-ho^-le-ah)  [d  priv.;  oift* 
Po^oVf  symbol].  The  loss  of  all  power  of 
communication,  even  by  signs  or  symbols. 

Asymmetry  (ah-sim^ -et-re)  [dpriv.;  avfifieT' 
piGf  symmetry].  I.  Unlikeness  of  cofre- 
sponding  organs  or  parts  of  op()osite  sides  of 
the  body  that  are  normally  of  the  same  sise, 
etc. ,  f.  g-t  asymmetry  of  the  two  halves  of 
the  skull  or  brain.  2.  The  linking  of  carbon 
atoms  to  four  different  groups ;  the  combina- 
tion of  carbon  atoms  with  different  atoms  or 
atomic  groups. 

Asynergy  (ah-sin^-erje)  [a  priv.;  awepyla^ 
cooperation].  Faulty  coordination  of  the 
different  organs  or  muscles  normally  acting 
in  unison. 

Asynesia  (asin-e^-u-nh)  [dtfwcff/a,  stupidity]. 
Stupidity  ;  loss  or  disorder  of  mental  power. 

Asynodia  (ahsin-o^de-ah)  [a  priv.;  owodia^ 
a  traveling  together].     Impotence. 

Asystole  (ah-sis^to-le)  [d  priv.;  ovcrok^t  a 
shortening].  Imperfect  contraction  of  the 
ventricles  of  the  heart. 

Asystolic  (ah-sistoi'-ik)  [d  priv.;  avcrokif^  a 
shortening].     Characterized  by  asystole. 

Atactic  (af-ak^-tic)  [droirrof ,  irregular].  Ir- 
regular, incoordinate.  Pertaining  to  muscu- 
lar incoordination,  especially  in  aphasia. 

Atavic  (at'-az'ik)  [atm^ns^  a  forefather]. 
Relating  to  or  characterized  by  atavism. 

Atavism  (a/^-ar-izm)  [a/m>us^  a  forefather]. 
A  variety  of  heredity  characterized  by  the 
reappearance  of  a  peculiarity  in  an  individual 
whose  more  or  less  remote  progenitors  pos- 
sessed the  same  peculiarity  but  whose  Imme- 
diate ancestors  did  not  present  it. 

Atavistic  [atin'-is^tik).     .Same  as  Atavie. 

Ataxia  {at-aks'cah)  [dra^ra,  want  of  order]. 
Incoordination   of    muscular   action.     A^ 


ATAXIC 


ATHLETE 


Ccrabellar,  A.,  Cerebral,  A.,  Spinal,  that 
aue  to  disease  of  the  cerebellum,  of  the 
brain,  or  of  the  spinal  cord.  A.,  Bri- 
quet's, an  hysteric  state  marked  by  loss  of 
sensation  in  the  skin  and  in  the  leg-muscles. 
A.  cordis.  See  Delirium  cordis.  A. 
Family.  See  A,^  Hereditary,  A.,  He- 
reditary. See  Friedreich's  Disease.  A., 
Locomotor,  a  synonym  of  tabes  dorsalis, 
or  posterior  spinal  sclerosis,  a  disease  of  the 
posterior  columns  of  the  spinal  cord,  char- 
acterized by  static  and  motor  ataxia,  by  fulgu- 
rant  pains,  girdle-sensation,  the  Robertson 
pnpil.  disturbances  of  sensation  and  of  the 
sphincters,  and  the  loss  of  the  patelllir  reflex. 
A.,  Motor,  inability  to  coordinate  the 
muscles  in  walking.  A.,  Static,  the  failure 
of  muscular  coordination  in  standing  still,  or 
in  6xed  positions  of  the  limbs.  A.,  Ther- 
mal, peculiar  large  and  irregular  fluctuations 
of  the  body-temperature,  due  to  a  condition 
of  incoordination,  or  a  disordered  or  weak- 
ened thermotaxic  mechanism.  This  may 
gire  rise  to  the  so-called  paradoxic  or  hys- 
t€ri£  temperatures^  rising  occasionally  to  lo8® 
or  WQP  ¥.,  without  grave  or  permanent 
injury.  A.,  Vasomotor.  See  Fasomcior 
Ataxia. 

Ataxic  (at-aks^-ic)  [aTo^ia,  want  of  order]. 
I.  Pertaining  to  or  aflected  with  ataxia.  2. 
A  person  afliected  with  ataxia.  A.  Aphasia. 
See  Aphasia.  A.  Fever.  Synonym  of 
Typhus  Fever. 

Ataxophemia  {cU-ais-O'/e^-me-ah)  [ara^ia, 
want  of  order;  ^fu^  to  speak].  Lack  of 
coordination  in  speech. 

Ataxy  (atahs^e).     See  Ataxia. 

Atelectasis  (at-eleh^  tasis)  [areXfK,  imper- 
fect; iKToat^f  expansion].  Imperfect  ex- 
pansion or  collapse  of  the  air-vesicles  of  the 
long.  It  may  be  present  at  birth,  or  may  be 
acquired  from  diseases  of  the  bronchi  or  lungs. 

Atelectatic  (atdektat^-ik)  ^areytq,  imper- 
fect; iKvaatq,  expansion].  ReUuing  to  or 
chancterized  by  atelectasb. 

Ateleocephalous  {at-el-e-  o-  se/^-  al-us) 

San^^,  imperfect ;  Ke^a^,  head].  Having 
be  skull  or  head  more  or  less  incomplete. 

Atelia  (at-el-i' -ah)  [ari'Ktta^  imperfection]. 
Imperfect  development.  The  word  is  com- 
pounded with  others  to  designate  the  part 
aflected,  as  atelocardia^  etc,  imperfect  de- 
velopment of  the  heart,  etc.     Cf.  Asthenia. 

Atelocardia  (atelo-kar^ -deah)  [oreA^f,  im- 
perfect; tsap^Ux,  heart].  An  imperfect  or 
andevcloped  state  of  the  heart. 

Atelochilta  (atet'O-hi^'/e-ah)  [are^j^f,  im- 
perfect; x^^^t  *ip]-  Detective  develop- 
ment of  a  lip. 

Atelochiria  (at-el-o-ki^-reah)  \aTt7Jjq^  im- 
perfect; ;r"P»  hand].  Defecuve  develop- 
lof  the  hand. 


Ateloencephalia  (at- ei-o-en- sef-a^- It •  oK^ 
[flrcAi^f,  incomplete ;  iyid^ahjoev^  brain].  In* 
complete  development  of  the  brain. 

Ateloglossia  {at-el-oglos''e'ah)  [areXi^,  im' 
perfect ;  y'kitaaa^  tongue].  Congenital  defect 
m  the  tongue. 

Atelognathia  (at-el-og-na'-the-ah)  [areAj^Cf 
imperfect ;  yvmo^j  j&^]*  Imperfect  develop- 
ment of  a  jaw,  especially  of  the  lower  jaw. 

AtelomyeUa  {at'el-o-mi-e^'le-ah)  [areXi^, 
imperfect ;  nvekdq^  marrow].  Congenital 
detect  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Atelopodia  (at-el-o-py -de-afC)  [drfAi^,  im- 
perfect; 7ro{»f,  foot].  Defective  develop- 
ment of  the  foot 

Ateloprosopia  {at-el-o-pro-so^'Pe-ah)  [drcAjJf, 
incomplete;  irpdaumoVf  face].  Incomplete 
facial  development. 

Atelorrhachidia  (at-el-o-rak^id^-e-ah) 
[arf  A]^,  imperfect ;  jiaxiQt  spine] .  Imperfect 
aevelopment  of  the  spinal  column,  as  in 
spina  bifida. 

Atelostomia  {at'et'O-sty-me-ah)  [dreXi^,  in- 
complete; ardfM,  mouth].  Incomplete  de- 
velopment of  the  mouth. 

Atheroma  (ath-er-o^ -mah)  [oBfjpri^  gruel; 
6/m,  tumor].  I.  A  sebaceous  cyst  contain- 
ing a  cheesy  material.  2.  The  fatty  de- 
generation of  the  walls  of  the  arteries  in 
arteriosclerosis;  by  common  usage,  the 
word  is  also  applied  to  the  whole  process  of 
arteriosclerosis.  Arterial  atheroma  is  also 
termed  atherosis. 

Atheromasia  {ath-er-o-ma^ -te-ah)  [d^/»7, 
gruel;  bfia^  tumor].  Atheromatous  de- 
generation ;  the  condition  of  atheroma. 

Atheromatous  (cUh-er-y-mat-us)  [oB^p/i, 
gruel;  bfia,  tunior].  Characterized  by  or 
aflected  with  atheroma.  A.  Abscess,  is 
a  collection  of  soft  matter  beneath  the  intima 
resulting  from  chronic  arteritis,  while  an 
A.  Ulcer  is  formed  by  the  abscess  break- 
ing through  the  intima. 

Atherosis  (ath-er-o^ -sis)  [oBifpVt  gruel].  A 
synonym  of  atheroma  (second  definition). 

Athetoid  {ath^  etoid)  [A^of,  unfixed]. 
Pertaining  to  or  aflected  ¥rith  athetosis.  A. 
Spaam,  a  spasm  in  which  the  afliected  member 
performs  athetoid  movements. 

Athetosis  {ath-et-y -sis)  [iOirro^^  unfixed; 
changeable].  A  condition  most  frequently 
occurring  m  children,  and  characterized  by 
continual  slow  change  of  position  of  the 
fingers  and  toes.  It  is  usually  due  to  a  lesion 
of  the  brain.  It  is  also  called  **post-hemi- 
plegic  chorea,"  from  its  occurrence  after 
nemiplegia.  A.,  Double  Congenital.  See 
Paraplegia f  Infantile  Spasmodic. 

Athlete's  Heart  (ath^-Ut )  [oBXelv,  to  contend 
with].  A  slight  incompetency  of  the  aortic 
valves,  a  condition  sometimes  found  in  ath- 
letes. 


ATHREPSIA 


ATROPHIA 


AthrepsU  (ahthrets^ -e-ah)  [a  priv.;  rpifetw, 
to  nourish].     Malnutrition. 

Ath3rmui  loAtki^-me-ah)  [o  priv.;  ^/ioc> 
mind].  I.  Despondenqr.  2.  Loss  of  con- 
sciousness.    3.  Insanity. 

Atlas  ( af-las)  [drAoc,  able].  The  first  of 
the  cervical  vertebrse.  It  articulates  with  the 
occipital  bone  of  the  skull  and  with  the  axis. 

Atlodymus  lat-hd'-im-us)  [hrXa^^  able; 
diSvfioc,  double].  A  monosomic  dual  mon- 
strosity with  two  heads  and  a  single  body. 

Atmograph  {af-mo-graf^  [fl'T'^f*  breath; 
ypd^iVf  to  record].  A  form  of  self-register- 
ing  respirometer. 

Atmometer,  or  Atmidometer  {a/'mom^-^t-er, 
or  atmid'Om'-ft'er)  [Arpc»  vapor ;  fiirpov, 
a  measure].  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
amount  of  water  exhaled  by  evaporation  from 
a  given  surface  in  a  given  time,  in  order  to 
determine  the  humidity  of  the  atmosphere. 

Atmosphere  (af-mos-fir)  [ar/i^c»  ▼•por; 
ofaipa,  a  sphere].  I.  The  air;  the  mixture 
of  gases,  surrounding  the  earth,  to  the  height 
of  about  200  miles.  2.  The  pressure  exerted 
by  the  earth's  atmosphere  at  the  level  of  the 
sea  ;  it  is  about  15  pounds  to  the  square  inch, 
or  I  kilogram  to  t^  square  centimeter. 

Atmospheric  (at-mos^er^-ik)  [flr/«Jf,  vapor; 
a^lpa,  a  sphere],  rertaining  to  the  atmo- 
sphere. A.  Moisture,  the  vapor  of  water 
mingled  wKh  the  atmosphere.  It  varies  in 
quantity  according  to  the  temperature.  A. 
Tension,  the  pressure  of  the  air  per  square 
inch  on  the  surface  of  a  body.  Normally,  at 
the  sea  level,  it  is  about  15  lbs.  per  square 
inch,  or  equal  to  that  of  a  column  of  mercury 
about  30  in.  in  height.  It  decreases  about 
X  in.  or  ^  lb.  per  square  inch  for  every  90 
lect  of  altitude.  Above  10,000  feet,  the  rarity 
of  the  atmosphere  is  usually  noticeable  in 
quickened  breathing  and  pulse-rate. 

Atocia  (at-i/se-ak)  [drocof,  barren].  Sterility 
of  the  female. 

Atom  (at^'Um)  [a  priv.;  rkfivttv^  to  cut].  The 
ultimate  unit  of  an  element ;  that  part  of  a 
substance  incapable  of  further  division,  or  the 
smallest  part  capable  of  entering  into  the  for- 
mation of  a  cnemic  compound,  or  uniting 
wilh  another  to  form  a  molecule — which 
last  is  the  smallest  quantity  of  a  substance 
that  can  exist  free  or  uncombined. 

Atomic  (at-om'-ik)  [a  priv.;  -riavetv,  to  cut]. 
Pertaining  to  atoms.  A.  Heat,  the  specinc 
heat  of  an  atom  of  a  chemic  element  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  an  atom  of  hydrogen.  A. 
Theory,  the  theory  of  Dalton,that  all  matter 
is  composed  of  atoms,  the  weight  of  each 
atom  differing  for  the  different  elements.  A. 
Valence,  Equivalence,  or  the  Atomicity 
of  an  clement,  is  the  saturating  power  of  its 
atom  as  compared  with  that  of  hydrogen.  A. 
Weight,  the  weight  of  an  atom  of  an  element 


as  compared  with  the  weight  of  an  atom  ci 
hydrogen. 

Atomicity  (at-om-is^  i-U)  [a  priv.;  ri/awv,  to 
cut].    Chemic  valence ;  quanti valence. 

Atoroiaation  {a/'0m'i9-a^-tum)  [a  prir.; 
Ti/ivetv,  to  cut].  The  mechanic  process  of 
breaking  up  a  liquid  into  fine  spray. 

Atomiser  (at^-om-i-xer)  [h  priv.;  riftvetv,  to 
cut] .  An  instrument  for  transforming  a  liquid 
into  a  spray. 

Atonic  (aion^-ik)  [arwia^  want  of  tone]. 
Relating  to  or  characterized  by  atony. 

Atony  (at^'O-iu)  [h  priv.;  t6vo^^  tone].  Want 
of  power,  especially  of  muscular  power. 

Atrabiliary  (at-raM-bU^'e-a-re)  [aler,  black; 
MiSf  bile].  Pertaining  to  black  bUe.  A. 
Capsules,  an  old  name  for  the  suprarensl 
capsules. 

Atresia  (ai-re^te-ah)  [h.  priv. ;  rp^tc^  per- 
foration]. Imperforation  of  a  normal  opening 
or  canal,  as  of^  the  anus,  vagina,  meatus  audi- 
torius,  pupil,  etc. 

Atresic  {atre^-tik)  [a  priv. ;  rp^tc,  perfer- 
ationl.     Characterized  b^  atresia. 

Atrichia  (ahtrik' e-ak)  [a  priv. ;  dpi^,  hair]. 
Absence  of  the  hair. 

Atrichosis  {aA-trU-y-su)  [a,  priv.;  fipi^, 
hair].  A  condition  chaiacterisea  by  absoice 
of  hair. 

Atrioventricular  (a-tre-c- ven •  tHJk^-M'lar) 
[atrium^  hall;  ventriadus^  ventricle].  Re- 
lating both  to  the  atrium  (or  auricle)  and 
to  the  ventricle  of  the  heart 

Atrium  (a^-tre-ufH)  \atrium^  the  fore-court  or 
hall].  I.  That  part  of  the  auricle  of  the  heart 
into  which  the  venous  blood  is  poured.  2. 
The  part  of  the  tympanic  cavity  of  the  ear  be- 
low the  head  of  the  malleus.  A.,  Infection, 
the  point  of  entrance  of  the  bacteria  in  an  in- 
fectious disease. 

Atropa  (af-ropah)  ['Arpon-of,  "she  who 
turns  not,'*  undeviating ;  one  of  the  three 
Fates,  who  cut  the  thread  of  life, — in  alluskn 
to  the  poisonous  effects  of  the  plant].  A 
genus  of  the  natural  order  Solanacea.  A. 
belladonna,  the  deadly  nightshade,  from 
which  airopin  is  obtained.     See  Belladon$ut. 

Atrophia  (atra^-fe-ak)  [a  priv.;  rpo^,  nour- 
ishment]. Atrophy.  Diminution  in  size 
of  a  part  from  degeneration  or  shrinkage 
of  its  component  celU.  A.  cordia,  atrophy 
of  the  heart,  following  senile  changes,  or 
occurring  in  cachectic  conditions,  or  as  a  ie> 
suit  of  pressure  exerted  by  mediastinal  tumors, 
etc.  A.  cutis.  Atrophoderma;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  various  changes  in  the  skin  charac- 
terized by  the  diminution  or  disappearance  of 
certain  of  its  elements,  especially  seen  to  ad- 
vanced age.  The  skin  becomes  thin,  loose, 
wrinkled,  and  discolored.  A.  cutis  seniUa, 
Senile  Atrophoderma ;  an  atrophy  of  the  skts 
usually  associated  with  generd  signs  of  seofle 


ATROPHIC 


ATTENUANT 


degeneimtjon.  A.  infantum.  Synonym  of 
Titles  mesfnUrUa,  A.  mesentericm.  S3mo- 
nym  of  Tabes  mtsenierica,  A.  pilorum  pro- 
pria, atrophy  of  the  hair»  either  symptomatic 
or  idiopathic  in  origin.  A.  unguis,  atrophy 
of  the  nails. 

Atrophic  (at-rtZ-Jlk)  [apriv.;  rpoffj^  nourish- 
ment!. Pertaining  to,  or  affected  with  atrophy. 

Atrofmoderma  [at-ro-fthder' -mahS  [a  priv. ; 
rpo^,  nomishment;  iepfM,  the  skin]. 
Atiopby  of  the  skin. 

Atrophy  (fl/'-r^-ySf J  [^arpn^^  want  of  nomish- 
ment]. Diminution  in  the  size  of  a  tissue, 
organ,  or  part,  the  result  of  degeneration  of 
the  cells  or  a  decrease  in  the  size  of  the 
cells.  A.,  Acute  Yellow.  See  /cf^rus 
gravit.  A.,  Brown,  a  form  of  .  atrophy  in 
which  the  normal  pigment  of  the  organ  is 
retained,  and  in  which  there  is  also  frequently 
the  addition  of  new  pigment.  It  occurs  most 
freouently  in  the  heart,  muscles,  and  liver, 
and  is  caused  by  chronic  congestion;  also 
called  pigmented  atrophy.  A.,  Correlated, 
an  atrc»pby  of  certain  portions  of  the  body 
following  the  removal  or  destruction  of  other 
portions.  Thus  amputation  of  an  arm  will 
De  followed  by  an  atrophy  of  the  scapula ;  of 
a  leg,  by  atrophy  of  the  corresponding  os 
innominatum.  A.,  Cniveilhier's.  See 
Diseases^  TabU  of.  A.,  Degenerative,  that 
doe  to  di^eneration  of  the  cells.  A.,  Gray, 
a  degenerative  change  in  the  optic  disc  in 
which  the  latter  assumes  a  grajrish  color.  A., 
Idiopathic  Muscular,  muscular  wasting, 
beginning  in  various  groups  of  muscles,  usn- 
aUy  progressive  in  character,  and  dependent 
on  primary  changes  in  the  muscles  themselves. 
There  is  a  strong  hereditary  predisposition  to 
the  disease.  A. ,  Muscular,  atrophy  affecting 
muscles ;  it  may  be  hereditary  or  acquired, 
idiopathic,  myelopathic,  myopathic,  neuro- 
pathic, primary,  secondary,  simple,  or  pro- 
gressive. A.,  Pigmentary,  A.,  Pigmented, 
•  form  of  atrophy  so  called  from  a  deposit 
of  pigment  (yellow  or  yellowish-brown)  in 
(he  atrophied  cells.  A.,  Progressive 
Moscnlar ;  Chronic  Anterior  Poliomyelitis ; 
Wasting  Palsy.  A  chronic  disease  charac- 
terized by  prc^g^essive  wasting  of  individual 
omscles  or  physiologic  groups  of  muscles, 
and  by  an  associated  and  proportional 
smoont  of  paralysis.  It  is  due  to  a  de- 
generation and  atrophy  of  the  multipolar 
cells  in  the  anterior  gray  horns  of  the  cord, 
with  oooiccutive  degeneration  of  the  anterior 
nerve-roots  and  muscles.  The  right  hand  is 
■nslly  the  part  first  attacked,  and  takes  on 
a  peculiar  claw -like  form  {main  en  griffe). 
The  disease  is  most  frequent  in  males  of  adult 
IHts  and  follows  excessive  muscular  exertion. 
A^  Progressive  Unilateral  Facial,  a  dis- 
ease charaderised  by  progressive  wasting  of 


the  skin,  connective  tissue,  fat,  bone,  and 
more  rarely  the  muscles  of  one  side  of  the 
face.  It  is  most  conmion  in  females;  its 
course  is  slo#  and  generally  progressive.  A., 
Red,  a  form  of  atrophy  due  to  chronic  con- 
gestion, as  seen  in  the  liver  in  mitral  and  tri- 
cuspid valvular  lesions.  A.,  Senile,  the 
physiologic  atrophy  of  advanced  life.  It 
affects  the  lungs,  the  sexual  and  other  organs. 
A.,  Serous,  atrophy  associated  with  an  in- 
filtration of  fluid  into  the  atrophic  tissues. 
A.,  Simple,  that  due  to  a  decrease  in  the 
size  of  individual  cells.  A.,  Trophoneuro- 
tic, that  dependent  upon  abnormality  of  the 
nervous  supply  of  an  organ  or  tissue,  best 
illustrated  in  muscular  atrophy  from  disease 
of  the  anterior  horns  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Atropina,  or  Atropin  {ai-ro-pi'-nak^  or  af-ro- 
pin)  ['Arpoirof ,  one  of  the  Fates  who  cut  the 
thread  of  life  ;  gen.^  Atropina\  C,,H„NO,. 
A  crystalline  alkaloid  derived  from  Atropa 
belladonna.  The  sulphate  is  a  white  powder 
of  bitter  taste  and  neutral  reaction,  and  is 
soluble  in  water.  Atropin  is  a  mydriatic, 
antispasmodic,  and  anodyne  ;  in  small  doses  a 
cardiac,  respiratory,  and  spinal  stimulant,  in 
large  doses  a  paralyzant  of  the  cardiac  and 
respiratory  centers,  the  spinal  cord,  motor 
nerves,  and  involuntary  and  voluntary  mus- 
cles. It  lessens  all  the  secretions  except  the 
urine.  In  full  doses  it  produces  dryness  of 
the  throat,  flushing  of  the  face,  dilatation  of 
the  pupils,  a  rise  of  temperature  and  sometimes 
an  erythematous  rash.  It  is  extensively  used 
in  ophthalmic  practice  to  dilate  the  pupil,  to 
paralyze  acconmiodation,  and  also  in  various 
corneal,  iritic,  and  other  ocular  diseases.  Its 
therapeutic  use  in  general  medicine  is  also 
manifold;  e.  g.^  in  inflammatory  affections 
and  the  pain  of  cerebral  and  spinal  hyper- 
emia, atonic  constipation,  cardiac  failure,  hy- 
persecretions, especially  of  the  sweat,  to  re- 
lieve local  spasms,  as  in  intestinal  and  biliary 
colic,  in  asthma,  whooping  cough,  etc., 
and  as  a  physiologic  antagonist  in  opium 
poisoning.  Dose  of  atropin  sulphate  gr. 
tIo-^  (0.0005-0.001). 

Atropmize  (at' -ropinlt)  ['Ar/ooTrof].  To 
bring  under  the  influence  of,  or  to  treat  with 
atropin. 

Attar  (at'-ar)  [Arab.  Ur^  perfume].  A  general 
name  for  any  of  the  volatile  oils.  A.  of  Rose, 
Oil  of  Rose.  The  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the 
fresh  flowers  of  the  Damascene  rose.  It  comes 
mainly  from  eastern  Roumelia  and  is  gener- 
ally adulterated  with  other  volatile  oiU.  It 
is  used  as  a  perfume. 

Attendant  {at-ten'  -dant)  [at/endere^  to 
attend].  A  non-professional  attach^  of  an 
asylum  or  hospital,  especially  of  an  insane 
asylum. 

Attenuant    (ai-ten'-u-ant)     [allenuare,   to 


ATTENUATING 


AURAL 


make  thin].  A  mediciDe  or  agent  incrcasiDg 
the  fluidity  or  thinne&s  of  the  blood  or  other 
secretion. 

Attenuating  (at-fen^-u-a'ting)  [a/fenttare,  to 
make  thin].     Making  thin. 

Attenuation  {at-Unu-a' -sMmn)  [attemuare, 
to  make  thin].  The  act  of  making  thin ;  a 
thinning,  narrowing »  or  reduction  of  the 
strength  or  size  of  a  substance,  especially  the 
weakening  of  the  pathogenic  yirulence  of 
microorganisms  by  successive  cultivation,  by 
exposure  to  light,  air,  heat,  or  other  agency, 
or  by  passing  through  certain  animals*  so 
that  they  may  be  used  as  a  vaccine  to  confer 
immunity  from  future  attacks  of  the  disease. 
A.,  Sanderson's  Method  of,  the  passing 
of  the  virus  through  the  system  of  another  ani- 
mal (e.  g.,  the  guinea-pig,  in  anthrax),  so 
that  it  becomes  modified  in  virulency. 

Attic  (af-ik)  ['ArrwaJf,  Attic].  Part  of  the 
tympanic  cavity  situated  above  the  atrium. 
A.  bisease,  chronic  suppurative  inflamma- 
tion of  the  attic  of  the  tympanum. 

Attitude  {at^-t'tud)  \attUudo^  aptitude].  See 
Posture,  A.,  Crucifixion,  in  hystero-epi- 
lepsy,  a  rigid  state  of  the  body,  the  arms 
stretched  out  at  right  angles.  A.,  Frozen, 
a  peculiar  stiffness  of  the  gait  characteristic 
of  disease  of  the  spinal  cord,  especially  of 
amyotrophic  lateral  sclerosis.  A.,  Passion- 
ate, the  assumption  of  a  dramatic  or  thea- 
tric expression,  a  position  assumed  by  some 
hjrsteric  patients. 

AttoUens  (at-oi'-ent)  [attoUere^  to  rise  up]. 
Raising.  A.  auris,  a  muscle  raising  the 
extemid  ear. 

Attraction  (atrak^-skun)  [attrahere,  to  draw 
to].  The  tendency  of  one  particle  of  matter 
to  approach  another.  Affinity.  As  existing 
between  masses,  it  is  termed  gravitation, 
while  molecular  attracti4m  or  cohesion  ex- 
presses the  force  aggregating  molecules.  A., 
Chenuc,  the  attraction  of  affinity^  relates  to 
the  attraction  of  atoms  of  one  element  to 
those  of  others,  resulting  in  chemic  com- 
pounds. A.,  Capillary,  the  force  that 
causes  liquids  to  rise  in  fine  tut>es  or  t>etween 
two  closely  approximated  surfaces »  or  on  the 
sides  of  the  containing  vessel.  A.,  Electric, 
the  tendency  of  bodies  toward  each  other 
when  charged  with  opposite  electricities.  A., 
Magnetic,  the  influence  of  a  magnet  upon 
certain  metallic  substances,  chiefly  iron. 

Attrahens  (at^- rah  ens) [attrahens^  drawing]. 
Drawing  forward,  as  Attrahens  aurem,  a 
muscle  drawing  the  ear  forward  and  upward. 

Attrition  {atrish'-un)  [atterere,  to  rub 
against].     Rubbing  or  friction. 

Atypic  {ahtif/-ik)  [a  priv. ;  n'-Trof ,  a  type]. 
Irregular ;  not  conformable  to  the  type.  A. 
Fever,  an  intermittent  fever  with  irrq^ularity 
€i  the  paroxytfli. 


Atypical  {ahtij/ihal).     See  Atypic. 

Audiometer  {aw-de-om^-et-er)  [audire,  to 
hear;  lUrpov^  a  measure].  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  acuteness  of  hearing. 

Audiphone  (aw'-di/dn)  [audire,  to  hear; 
fcn^,  a  sound].  An  instrument  for  improv- 
ing the  power  of  hearing  by  conveying  sounds 
through  the  bones  of  Uie  head  to  the  laby- 
rinth. 

Audition  (aw-dish'-un)  [audire,  to  hear]. 
The  act  of  hearing.  A.  color^e,  color- 
hearing,  a  peculiar  association  between  the 
auditory  and  optic  nerves,  by  which  a  certain 
sound  or  musical  note  will  give  rise  to  a  sub- 
jective sensation  of  color,  the  same  note  in 
the  same  person  being  always  associated  with 
the  same  color. 

Auditory  (auZ-dit-o-re)  [attdire,  to  hear]. 
Pertaining  to  the  act  or  the  organs  of  hear- 
ing. A.  After-Sensations,  the  sensations 
of  sounds  continuing  or  occurring  after  the 
cessation  of  the  stimulus.  A.  Amnesia. 
See  Mind-deafness,  A.  Area,  the  cerebral 
center  for  hearing,  probably  located  in  the 
temporo  sphenoidal  lobe.  A.  Aura,  an  audi- 
tory sensation  preceding  an  attack  of  epilepsy. 
A.  Center,  same  as  A.  Area.  A.  Hairs, 
the  process^  of  the  crista  acustica.  A. 
Meatus  (external  and  internal),  the  external 
and  internal  canals  or  openings  of  the  ear. 
A.  Nerve,  the  eighth  cranial  nerve,  supply- 
ing the  internal  ear;  formerly  the  porti0 
mollis  of  the  seventh  pair  of  cranial  nerves. 
A.  Ossicles,  the  cham  of  small  bones  of 
the  middle  ear.  A.  Pit,  the  depression  in 
the  epiblast  on  both  sides  of  the  embryonic 
after-brain,  destined  to  form  the  labyrinth  of 
the  ear.  A.  Vertigo,  dizziness  due  to  patho- 
logic conditions  of  the  ear.  See  Afinih^t 
Disease. 

Auerbach's  Plexus.  A  nerve-plexus  found 
between  the  circular  and  longitudinal  muscu- 
lar coats  of  the  stomach  and  intestines,  and 
consisting  of  a  network  of  pale  nerve* fibers^ 
at  the  nodal  points  of  which  minute  ganglia 
exist. 

Augnathus  (awgna^-thus)  [at, 'besides; 
yvoOo^,  the  jaw].  A  monster  with  two  lower 
jaws. 

Aula  (aw^-lah)  [avXi^,  a  hall  or  open  court]. 
The  common  mesal  cavity  of  the  cere- 
brum, it  being  also  the  anterior  portion  of 
the  third  ventricle. 

Aura  {av/-rah)  [air/xi,  a  breath].  A  t^reath 
of  wind ;  a  soft  vapor.  The  phenomena 
preceding  an  attack  of  epilepsy.  It  may 
be  motor,  sensory,  vasomotor,  secretory,  or 
psychic.  It  is  also  applied  to  the  symptooi 
preceding  an  attack  of  any  disease  or  par- 
oxysm, as  the  aura  hysterica,  aura  vertigt- 
nosa,  etc. 

Aural  (av/'ral)  lamis,  the  ear].     Reladof 


AURAMIN 


AUSCULTATORY 


to  the  ear  or  to  hearing.  A.  Vertigo.  See 
Miniire^s  Disease, 

Aoratnin  {aw' -ram-in)  [aurum,  gold ; 
arnin].  Yellow  Pyoktanin,  a  yellow  anilin 
color  used  to  some  extent  as  an  antiseptic. 
See  Pyoktanin, 

Aurantia  {aw-ran'-she-ah)  [aurantium,  an 
orange].  An  orange  coal  tar  dye ;  an  am- 
monium salt  of  hexanitro-diphenylamin. 

Aurantin  (aw-ran'-Hn).     See  Heptane, 

Aurantium  (aw-ran'-she-um)  [L.  igen.^Au- 
rantii'].  Orange.  The  fruit  of  Citrus  vul- 
garis and  C.  aurantium.  Both  the  flowers 
and  the  rind  of  the  fruit  are  employed  in 
medicine.  The  volatile  oil  from  the  rind  is 
aromatic  and  a  mild  tonic,  but  is  used  mainly 
as  a  flavor.  A.  amari,  Ext.  Fid.,  bitter 
orange  peel,  alcohol,  and  water.  It  is  used 
as  a  flavor.  Dose  ^ss-j  (2.0-4.0).  A. 
amari,  Tinct.,  bitter  orange  peel  20,  dilute 
alcohol,  q.  5.  ad  loo.  Dose  3  j-ij  (4.0-8.0). 
A.  corticis,  Oleum,  the  volatile  oil  ex- 
pressed from  the  rind  of  the  orange.  Dose 
gtt.  j-v  (0.065-0.32).  A.  dulcis,  Tinct., 
sweet  orange  peel  20,  dilute  alcohol,  q.  s.  ad 
100.  Dose  3  j-ij  (4.0-8.0).  A.,  Elixir,  oil 
of.  orange  I,  sugar  100,  alcohol  and  water, 
q.  s.  ad  300.  A.  flonim,  Aqua,  stronger 
orange  water  and  distilled  water,  of  each, 
ofie  volume.  A.  florum  fortior,  Aqua. 
Water  saturated  with  the  volatile  oil  of  fresh 
orange  flowers.  A.  florum.  Oleum,  *<oil 
of  neroli,*'  a  volatile  oil  distilled  from  fresh 
orange  flowers.  Dose  gtt.  J-v  (0.065-0.32). 
A.  florum,  Syr.,  sugar  85,  orange  flower 
water  suflicient  to  make  100  parts.  A  com- 
'  mon  flavoring  agent.  A.,  Infiis.  (B.  P.). 
Dose  5 j-ij  (32.0-64.0).  A.,  Infus.  Comp. 
(B.  P.).  Dose  3j-ij  (32.0-64.0).  A.  Spt., 
oil  of  orange  5,  deodorized  alcohol  95. 
Dose  according  to  quantity  of  alcohol  desired. 
A.,  Spt.  Comp.,  oil  of  orange  peel  20,  oil 
of  lemon  5,  oil  of  coriander  2,  oil  of  anise  5, 
deodorized  alcohol,  sufllicient  to  make  100 
parts.  A.,  Syr.,  sweet  orange  peel  5,  cal- 
cium phosphate  precip.  I ,  sugar  70,  alcohol 
and  water,  each  a  suflicient  quantity  to  make 
100  parts.  A.,  Tinct.  (B.  P.).  Dose  3  j-ij 
(4.0-8.0).  A.  recentis,  Tinct.  (B.  P.). 
tincture  of  fresh  orange  peel.  Dose  3  j-ij 
(4.0-8.0).  A.,Vinum  (B.  P.),  contains  12 
per  cent,  of  alcohol. 

Auric  (ttw-rik)  [aurum,  gold].  Pertaining 
to  anrum  or  gold.     A.  Acid.     See  Acid. 

Auricle  (avZ-riJk-l)  [auricula ^  the  ear].  I. 
The  expanded  portion  or  pinna  of  the  ear. 
2.  One  of  the  upper  chambers  of  the  heart 
receiving  the  blcKxl  from  the  lungs  (left  A.) 
or  from  the  general  circulation  (right  A.). 

Auricular  (aw-riy-u-iar)  [auricula ^  the 
emr].  I.  Relating  to  the  auricle  of  the 
tm.    2.  Pertaining   to   the  auricles  of  the 


heart,  as  A.  appendix,  3.  Relating  to 
the  auricular  nerve,  arteries,  veins,  etc.  A. 
Finger,  the  little  flnger.  A.  Point,  the 
central  point  of  the  external  auricular  meatus. 

Auricularis  (aw-riJk-u-la'-ris)  [auricula,  the 
ear].  Auricular.  A.  magnua,  a  brandi  of 
the  cervical  plexus  of  nerves. 

Auriculotemporal  (ate>-rf>t'-tt-/tf-/l«r/'-/<»-ra/y 
[auricula,  the  ear;  tempus,  the  temple]. 
Relating  to  the  auricle  and  to  the  temporal 
region.  A.  Nerve,  a  branch  of  the  inferior 
maxillary,  supplying  superflcial  parts  about 
the  auricle  and  the  temple. 

Auriculoventricular  {aw  -  rik'  -  u-  lo-  ven- 
trik'-u-lar)  [auricula,  tne  ear;  ventriculus, 
the  ventricle].  Relating  to  an  auricle  and  a 
ventricle  of  the  heart.  A.  Opening,  the 
opening  between  the  auricles  and  the  ventri- 
cles of  the  heart. 

Auripuncture  {ati/ -re-punJkt-ckOr)  [auris, 
ear ;  punctura,  puncture].  Puncture  of  the 
membrana  tympani. 

Auria  (av/'ris)  [L.].     The  car. 

Auriacope  (att/-ris-kdp)  [auris,  the  ear; 
aiamelv,  to  examine].  An  mstrument  for  ex- 
amining the  ear,  and  especially  the  Eustach- 
ian passage ;  an  otoscope. 

Auriat  i^attZ-rist)  [auris,  the  ear].  A  special- 
ist in  diseases  of  the  ear. 

Aurum  (av/-rum)  [L, :  gen.,  Auri^.  Gold. 
Au  =  196.7;  quantivalence,  III.  A  brilliant 
yellow  metal,  having  a  speciflc  gravity  of  19.3. 
It  is  soluble  in  a  mixture  of  nitric  and  hydro- 
chloric acids.  A.  bromidum,  AuBr,,  is  used 
in  epilepsy  and  migraine.  Dose  gr.  ^^| 
(0.003-0.01).  A.  chloridum.  Dose  gr. 
^fl  A  (0.0012-0.002).  Gold  chlorid  is  also 
used  as  a  stain  for  nerve-tissue.  A.  et  sodii 
chloridum,  the  double  chlorid  of  gold  and 
sodium.  Dose  gr.  jVtV  (o-«>2-0-«>6).  It 
is  used  as  an  alterative  m  chronic  inflamma- 
tions, diabetes,  in  the  treatment  of  the  alcohol 
habit,  etc. 

Auacult,  or  Auscultate  {aws-kuW,  aws'- 
kul-tat)  [auscultare,  to  listen  to].  To  per- 
form or  practise  auscultation ;  to  examine  by 
auscultation. 

Auscultation  (aws-kul-ta'-shun)  [auscultare, 
to  listen  to].  A  method  of  investigation  of 
the  functions  and  condition  of  the  respiratory, 
circulatory,  digestive,  and  other  organs  by 
the  sounds  they  themselves  give  out,  or  that 
are  elicited  by  percussion.  It  is  called  im- 
mediate, when  the  ear  is  directly  applied  to 
the  part,  and  mediate,  if  practised  by  the  aid 
of  the  stethoscope.  Obstetric  auscultation  is 
practised  in  pregnancy  to  detect  or  study 
the  fetal  heart-sounds  or  the  placental  murmur. 
A.-tube,  in  otology,  an  instrument  for  listen- 
ing to  the  forced  passage  of  air  through  the 
ear  of  another. 

AusculUtory  [aws-ku^ -tai-p-re)  {ameuHan^ 


AUTECHOSCOPE 


AUTOSCOPY 


to  listen  to].  Relating  to  auscultation.  A. 
Percussion,  the  practice  of  listening  with 
the  stethoscope  to  the  sounds  produced  by 
percussing  a  part. 

Autechoscope  {aw-tek' -o-skdp^  [ati'iJf,  self; 
flX^%  sound ;  OKtrntiv^  to  inspect].  A  device 
for  enabling  a  person  to  listen  to  sounds  pro- 
duced within  his  own  body. 

Autecious,  or  Autoecious  (aw - te' - shus) 
[ovr^,  self;  oino^t  dwelling].  Applied  to 
parasitic  fungi  that  pass  througn  all  the  stages 
of  their  existence  in  the  same  host 

Autochthon  [aw-tok' -thonS  \avT6yjdijiv ^  sprung 
from  the  land].     An  abonginal  inhabitant 

Autochthonous  (aw-tok^'tkon-u])  [avrdxpijv, 
sprung  from  the  land].  Aboriginal ;  formed 
(as  /.  ^. » a  dotj  in  the  place  where  it  is  found. 

Autocinesis  (aw-to-siM-e^'m)  [avrd^^  self; 
xivifotCt  motion].     Motion  that  is  voluntary. 

Autocinetic  (ttw-to-sin-e{''ik)  [avrdq^  self; 
Kivfjot^f  motion].  Posfessed  of  the  power  of 
spontaneous  motion. 

Autoclave  {aw* -tthklov)  {avri^^  self;  clavis^% 
key].  I.  Self-fastening;  closing  itself.  2. 
An  apparatus  for  sterilizing  objects  by  steam- 
heat  at  high  pressure. 

Autodidact  (<wc/  -  to  -  di  -  dakt)  [aiT^,  self; 
dMlorr^c,  taught].  One  who  is  self-taught  in 
his  profession. 

Autodigestion  (aw-to-di-jes' -ckun)  [otrr^, 
self;  digere,  to  digest].  Digestion  of  an 
organ  by  its  owp  secretion. 

Autogenesis  (auto-jen' -es-is)  \pvT6q^  self; 
^hwif,  production].  Spontaneous  gener- 
ation; self-pixxluction. 

Autogenetic  {aw-to-jen-ef -ik)  [avr<$Ct  self; 
yheatf,  production].  Produced  within  the 
organism. 

Autogenous  (  ow-tof-en-us )  [avr<$Cf  self; 
ykvtoti^^  production].  Pertaining  to  diseases 
or  conditions  self-produced  within  the  body 
and  not  derived  from  external  sources;  ap- 
plied to  poisons  generated  in  the  body  by  its 
mherent  processes.  A.  Hemorrhage,  hem- 
orrhage due  to  causes  residing  within  the 
body;  not  traumatic. 

Autohypnotism  {aw-to-hip' -not-iMm)  [atrr<$Cf 
self;  virvoc,  sleep].  Mental  stupor  induced 
by  dwelling  intensely  upon  some  all-absorbing 
thought 

Autolnfection  {aw-to-in-fek' -  shun)  {ovriiq, 
self;  infectum.  Infection  l>y  virus  originat- 
ing within  the  body  or  transferred  from  one 
part  of  the  body  to  another. 

Autoinoculable  {auhto-in'ok^ -u-la-bl )  [atrr^, 
self;  inocuiare^  to  implant].  Capable  of  t>e- 
ing  inoculated  upon  the  person  already  in- 
fected.    Chancroid  is  autoinoculable. 

Autoinoculation  (  aw  -  to-in-ok-u-la'-  shun  ) 
favn^,  self;  inoculare^  to  implant].  Inocu- 
UtioQ  in  one  part  of  the  body  by  virus  present 
in  another  part ;  self-inoculation. 


Autointoxication  (aw-ioinfois-ika' shun) 
favrcif,  self;  to^ik&v^  a  poison].  Poisoning 
by  faulty  metabolic  products  elaborated  within 
the  body ;  autoinfection. 

Autoldnesis  (awtokine'sis)  [avT6^y  self; 
Kivrfotf^  movement].     Voluntary  movement 

Autoldnetic  (aw-iokin-et^'ik)  [nirrd^^  self; 
KAvriavq,  movement].  Pertaining  to,  or  of  the 
nature  of,  autokinesis. 

Autonaatic  (aw-to-mat'ik)  [nx^n^arlCctv^  to 
act  spontaneously].  Perfonued  without  the 
influence  of  the  win. 

Automatism  (aw-tom^ -ai-izm)  [avroftaristiv^ 
to  act  spontaneously].  The  performance  of 
acts  without  apparent  volition,  as  seen  in  cer- 
tain somnambulists  and  in  some  hjrsteric  and 
epileptic  patients.  A.,  Epileptic.  See  Au- 
tofHottsfn, 

Automaton  {aw-tom^ -at-on)  [aiT^//arof,  spon- 
taneous]. One  who  acts  in  an  involuntary  or 
mechanic  manner. 

Autonomy  {aw  -  ion^  -  o  -  mi)  [avrd^t  self ; 
v6^o^^  law].     Independence. 

Autonomous  (awton-om^us)  [avrSc,  self; 
v6fioCy  law].     Self-ruled ;  mdepcndent 

Autopepsia  (aw-to-pej/ -^e-ak)  [atT^,  self; 
ffknrtiv^  to  digest].     Autodigestion. 

Autophagia  {aw-to-pka'-jeah)  \avr6^^  self; 
^yelVf  to  eat].  Self-consumpUon ;  emaci- 
ation. 

Autophagy  {aw-toff'  -a-je).    .See  Autophagia. 

Autophobia  (aw-to-fi/ be-ah)  [avrd^^  self; 
^;3of,  fear].  A  morbid  dread  of  one's  self, 
or  of  solitude. 

Autophonous  {aw-toff'-on-us)  [avr^,  self ; 
fcn^,  voice].  Having  the  character  of  au- 
tophony. 

Autophony  (tfw-/^'-i?-if/')[avr<Jc,  self;  ^vij^ 
voice].  I.  The  auscultation  of  the  physician's 
own  voice  through  the  patient's  chest.  2.  The 
condition  in  which  one's  own  voice  appears 
changed.  It  may  he  due  to  chronic  in- 
flammation of  the  ear  or  to  other  causes. 

Autophthalmoscopy  [aw  -  toff-  thai  -  mos'- 
^o-pe)  [ovr^f ,  self ;  b^?,fi6^,  the  eye  ;  oko- 
n-elv,  to  see].  Ophthalmoscopy  performed 
upon  one's  own  eye. 

Autoplasty  {oTt/'to-p/as-tf)  [atV6c,  self; 
irMaaetVt  to  form] .  A  metnod  of  repairing 
the  effects  of  a  wound  or  lesion  involving  loss 
of  tissue  by  grafting  or  implanting  fresh 
parts  taken  from  other  portions  of  the  patient's 

Autopsy  (oTt/'top-sf)  [aiT^f,  self;  AY»<f,  a 
seeing].    The  post-mortem  examination. 

Autoscope  (an/ •tO'shop)[avT6^,  self;  aKoireit\ 
to  see].  An  instrument,  e.  ^.,  the  ophthal- 
moscopci  arranged  for  the  examination  of  an 
organ  by  oneself. 

Autoscopy  (awtos^ -ko'Pe)  [oiVrff,  self;  flr«i- 
irr<v,  to  see].  The  examination  of  one's  own 
organs  by  means  of  an  autoscope. 


AUTOSITE 


AXIS 


Autosite  (a7t/'/0'SU)[^avr6ct  self;  mVof,  food]. 
I.  A  monster  capable  of  an  independent 
existence  after  birth.  2.  That  member  of  a 
doable  fetal  monstrosity  that  nourishes  itself  by 
its  own  organs  and  also  the  other  member, 
which  b  called  the  parasite. 

Autositic  (aw-io-sW -ii)  [avrd^^  self;  fftVof, 
food].     Of  the  nature  of  an  autosite. 

Autostethoscope  {aw-to-steth^ -o-skdp)  \avT6qy 
self;  orffio^^  the  breast;  ffWMTcZv,  to  exam- 
ine]. A  stethoscope  so  arranged  that  by  it 
one  may  listen  to  his  own  chest-sounds. 

Autosuggestion  (aw-to-sug-jes^ -ckun)  [a{;r<5f , 
self;  suggestion  an  intimation].  A  term  sug- 
gested by  Page  for  a  peculiar  mental  con- 
dition, often  developing  after  accidents,  espe- 
cially railway  accidents ;  it  is  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  the  hypnotic  state.  In  both  of 
these  conditions  the  mental  spontaneity,  the 
will,  or  the  judgment,  is  more  or  less  sup- 
pressed or  obscured,  and  suggestions  become 
easy.  Thus  the  slightest  traumatic  action 
directed  to  any  member  may  become  the  oc- 
casion of  a  paralysis,  of  a  contracture,  or  of 
an  arthralgia.  It  is  also  called  traumaiic 
suggestion. 

Autotherapy  (aw-to-tker^ -a-pe)  [avrd^,  self; 
^tpaireia,  a  waiting  on].  The  spontaneous 
or  self-cure  of  a  disease. 

Autotoxemia  (oTthto-toks-e^ -me-ah)  [ayr<5f, 
self;  ro^iK&v,  a  poison ;  cufia,  blood].  Toxemia 
from  poisons  derived  from  the  organism  itself. 

Autotoxin  (aw-to-toks^'in)  [avrdg,  self; 
ro^tK6vn  a  poison].  Any  poisonous  product 
of  tissue- raetamorphosb. 

Autotransfusion  (aw  -  to  -  tranz  -fu^-  thun) 
favr^if,  self;  trans/usio,  a  pouring  out  or 
forth].  The  transfer  of  the  blood  to  the 
brain  and  other  central  organs  by  elevating 
the  hips  and  legs,  and  by  the  use  of  elastic 
bandages  compressing  the  limbs. 

Auto  vaccination  (aw  •  to  -  vaks  -  in  •  a^-  sAun) 
[oirrrfr,  self;  vttccinare y  io  vaccinate].  The 
reinsertion  of  fresh-vaccine  lymph  upon  the 
same  person  from  whom  it  is  taken. 

Autumn  Catarrh.  Synonym  of  Hay-fever, 
since  it  occurs  in  August  and  the  fall  of  the 
year. 

Autumnal  (awtum'-nal)  [autumnuSy  au- 
tumn]. Pertaining  to  the  fall  of  the  year. 
A.  Fever.     Synonym  of  Typhoid  Fever. 

Auxiliary  (awks-il'-e-a-re)  [auxilium,  help]. 
Aiding. 

Anxilium  (awks-U'-eum)  [L.,  help].  A 
wheeled  vehicle  or  ambulance  with  couch  and 
mattresses,  for  use  in  the  service  of  fiald  mili- 
tary hospitals. 

Ava  Kava  (ah'-vak  kah^-vak).  See  /Cava- 
Kava. 

Avalanche  Theory.  PflQger's  theory  that 
nerre -energy  gathers  intensity  as  it  passes 
toward  the  muscles. 


Avascular  (ah-vcu' -cul-ar)  [a  priv.;  vasoy 
vessel].  Without  blood;  not  possessing 
blood-vessels. 

Avena  (av-e^-nah)  [L.].  A  genus  of  plants. 
Oat.  A.  farina,  oatmeal.  A.  sativa,  the 
embryo  of  the  seed  of  the  common  oat  plant. 
It  contains  starch,  gluten,  a  ferment  called 
diastase,  and  a  small  amount  of  alkaline 
phosphates,  and  is  a  nutritious  food.  Dose 
of  the  concentrated  tinct.  or  fid.  ext.  Ti\^x- 
zij  (0.65-8.0).  The  pericarp  contains  an 
alkaloid  possessed  of  slight  narcotic  powers. 
Unof. 

Avenin  (av-e^-nin)  [avena ^  the  oat].  I.  A 
precipitate  nude  from  a  tincture  of  avena 
sativa,  or  the  oat.  It  is  a  nerve -stimulant 
and  tonic.  Unof.  2.  A  nitrogenous  princi- 
ple obtained  from  the  oat,  and  nearly  identical 
with  legumin  ;  the  gluten-casein  of  oats. 

Avogac&o,  Law  of.     See  Law, 

Avoirdupois  Weight  (av-or-du-poit' -wOt) 
[Fr.,  avoirdupois,  to  have  some  weight]. 
See  Weights  and  Measures, 

Avulsion  (av-ul^-skun)  [avulsio;  aveliere, 
to  tear  away].  A  tearing  or  wrenching  away 
of  a  part,  as  a  polypus,  a  limb,  etc. 

Axial  (aks^-e-ai)  [axis,  axis].  Pertaining  to 
or  situated  in  an  axis.  A.  Current,  the 
column  of  red  corpuscles  which,  by  reason  of 
the  weight  of  the  cells,  occupies  the  center 
or  axis  of  the  blood-stream.  A.  Hyperme- 
tropia.  See  Hypermetropia.  A.  Stream. 
See  A.  Current. 

Axilemma  (aks-il-em^-ah)  [axis,  axb  ;  ^fifta, 
husk,  skin].  An  elastic  sheath  composed  of 
neurokeratm,  enclosing  the  axis-cylinder  of 
medullated  nerve- fibers. 

Axilla  («^-i7'-tf^)  [L.:  //.,  Axi/Ue],  The 
armpit. 

Axillary  (aks^ -il-a-re)  [axilla,  armpit].  Per- 
taining to  the  axilla.  A.  Artery,  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  subclavian  artery,  extending 
from  the  lower  border  of  the  first  rib  to  the 
insertion  of  the  pectoralis  major  muscle, 
where  it  becomes  the  brachial.  See  Arteriet, 
Table  of.  A.  Glands,  the  lymphatic  glands 
in  the  axilla.  A.  Plexus,  the  brachial  plexus, 
formed  by  the  last  three  cervical  and  the  first 
dorsal  nerves.  A.  Space,  the  irregular  con- 
ical space  of  the  axilla.  A.  Vein,  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  brachial  vein,  corresponding 
with  the  artery  and  terminating  in  the  sub- 
clavian vein. 

Axis  (aks'-is)  [L.  for  axletreel.  I.  An  im- 
aginary line  passing  through  the  center  of  a 
body.  2.  The  second  cervical  vertebra.  3. 
A  short  artery  which  breaks  up  into  several 
branches,  e.  g.  A. ,  Thyroid ;  A. ,  Celiac.  See 
Arteries,  Table  of.  A.,  Basicranial,  in 
craniometry,  a  }ine  drawn  from  the  basion 
to  the  middle  of  the  anterior  border 
of  the    cerebral    surface  of  the    sphenoid 


AXIS-CYLINDER 


AZZLE  TEETH 


I 


bone.  A.,  Basifacial,  in  craniometry,  a 
line  drawn  fix>ra  the  anterior  border  of  the 
cerebral  surface  of  the  sphenoid  to  the 
alveolar  point.  A.,  Binauricular,  in  cranio- 
metry, the  imaginary  line  joining  the  two 
auricular  points.  A.,  Cerebrospinal,  the 
central  nervous  system.  A.,  Frontal  (of 
the  eye),  an  imaginary -line  running  through 
the  eyeball  from  right  to  left,  and  corres- 
ponding with  the  movements  of  elevation 
and  depression  of  the  eyeball.  A.,  Optic. 
I.  The  line  from  the  center  of  the  cornea 
to  the  macula  lutea.  2.  An  imaginary  line 
pissing  from  the  center  of  the  eye-piece  of  a 
microscope  through  the  body,  objective, 
stage,  and  sub-stage,  to  the  mirror.  A., 
Sagittal  (of  the  eye),  an  imaginary  line  run- 
ning through  the  eyeball  from  before  back- 
wai^,  and  conciding  with  the  line  of  vision. 
A.,  Visual,  the  line  from  the  object  through 
the  nodal  point  to  the  macula. 

Axis-cylinder  (aks-is'sil'-in-der)  [axis; 
cy Under],  The  conducting  or  essential  part 
of  a  nerve.  It  is  also  called  the  axis-cylinder 
of  Purkinje.  A.-cylinder  Process,  that  one 
of  the  protoplasmic  processes  of  a  nerve-cell 
which  becomes  an  axis-cylinder. 

Axto-trmction  {aJks  -  is  -  troA^- sAum)  [axis; 
trakfre^  to  draw].  Traction  on  the  fetus  in 
the  axis  of  the  pelvis.  A.-traction  Forceps, 
a  forceps  for  performing  axis-traction. 

Axon,  Axone  (aJks'-dn)  [oxif,  axle-tree],  f. 
The  body-axis.  2.  An  unbranched  nerve- 
cell  process  of  the  second  order. 

Axungim  (aJh -  un^ -je-ak)  [L»  :  gen,,  Ax" 
ungia\     Fat ;  lard ;  adeps. 

Aaalein  {aa^-U'in\     Same  as  RosaniHn, 

Asedarach  {ated' -arak)  fPers.  JsJ//,  free ; 
dirakhty  a  tree].  Pride  of  China,  the  bark 
of  Mtlia  atedaraih^  an  Asiatic  tree  natur- 
alized in  the  southern  U.  S.  It  occurs  in 
curved  pieces  or  quills,  having  a  sweetish  taste. 
A  decoction,  Iss  to  Oj,  is  used  as  an  an- 
thelmintic against  the  round- wonn.  Dose 
?ss-j  (16.0-32.0).  A.,  Ext.  Fid.  Dose  3J 
(4.0).  Unof.  A.,  Tinctura,  i  to  8.  Dose 
gss-ij  (2.0-8.0).     Unof. 

Azerin  (oM^-er-in)  [a  priv.;  ^np^*  ^^fl-  ^ 
ferment  analogous  to  ptyalin  and  found  in 
the  digestive  secretions  of  Drosera  Nepmtkes^ 
and  probably  all  other  insectivorous  plants. 


Axobenxene  {a%-o-hen''%in)  [oMofe,  nitrogen  % 
hentoin"]^  Cj^HipN,.  A  compound  formed 
by  the  action  of  sodium-amalgam  upon  the 
alcoholic  solution  of  nitro-t>enxene.  It  forms 
orange- red,  rhombic  crystals,  readily  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether,  but  sparingly  soluble  in 
water.     It  melts  at  68**,  and  distils  at  293^. 

Aso-compounds.  In  chenustry,  compounds 
intermediate  between  the  nitro-compounds 
and  the  amido-compounds,  and  made  from 
the  former  by  partial  reduction,  or  from  the 
latter  by  partial  oxidation. 

Azo-dyes.  A  well  defined  group  of  the  coal- 
tar  colors,  all  containing  the  diatomic  group 
— N=N — ,  bound  on  either  side  to  a  benzene 
radical.  They  may  be  prepared  by  reduction 
of  the  nitro-compounds  in  alkaline  solutions, 
or  by  acting  on  diazo-compounds  with 
phenols  or  amins  of  the  aromatic  series.  The 
azo-dyes  are  the  amido-derivatives  of  simple 
azo-compounds,  and  are  to  be  distinguished  as 
amidoazo-dyes  and  oxyazo-dyes. 

Asoic  (az'</ik)  fa  priv.;  ^ufi,  life].  Destitute 
of  living  organisms. 

Azolititiin  {at-o-lit^-min)  [a  priv.;  C«J«^»  life ; 
litmus]^  C^H^NO^.  A  deep  olood-red  color- 
ing matter  ot>tained  from  litmus. 

Azoospermia  (ah-to-O'Sper^ -me-ah)  [a  priv.; 
C(*^,  life ;  ffnipfia,  seed].  Absence  of,  or 
deficient  vitality  of,  the  spermatozoa. 

Azote  (ax'd/)  [a  priv.;  C<»>^,  lifej.  A  syno- 
nym of  nitrogen.     Atotic  acid^  nitric  add.  • 

Azotemia  {az-o-te^-me-ak)  [azotes  nitrogen; 
aLfia^  blood].  The  presence  of  nitrogenous 
compounds  m  the  blood ;  uremia. 

Azotized  (az'-oi'Ud\  [atote^  nitrogen]. 
Nitrogenized ;  contaimng  nitrogen. 

Azoturia  (az-o-fu^-re-a/^  [azo/e,  nitrogen; 
ot'pov,  the  urine].  An  increase  of  the  urea 
and  urates  in  the  urine. 

Azygos  (az^igos)  [a  priv.;  Cvy^f,  a  yoke]. 
Applied  to  parts  that  are  single,  not  in  pairs. 
A.  uvulse,  a  small  muscle  of  the  uvula.     A. 
Vein,  a  vein  connecting  the  superior  and  in' . 
fcrior  venae  cavse. 

Azygous  {az'  ig'Us)  [a  priv.;  C«7^f  *  yoke]. 
Not  pairea. 

Az3rmia  {ah-zi' -me-ah)  [a  priv.;  ^ifott  a  fer- 
ment].    Absence  of  ferment. 

Azzle  Teeth  {az' I  tith)[¥..  dial.,tfjia/iMA]. 
A  name  given  to  the  molar  teeth. 


BACTERIA 


B 


Actinomycosis.  Occnrs  in  grains  the  sise 
of  a  poppy-seed ;  composed  of  radiating 
threads.  Stains  with  anilin  dyes ;  is  not  de- 
colorized by  Gram's  method.  Grows  on  egg- 
albumin,  gelatin,  potato,  and  bouillon.  Af/, 
Pg'i  ^^g'  (Sulphur-yellow.)  Anthrax  bac- 
illus. See  Badliuianthracis.  Arthrobac- 
terium  aceti,  De  Bary.  See  Bacillus  aceti, 
Arthrobacterium  chlorinum,  De  Bary. 
See  Bacillus  chlorinus.  Arthrobacterium 
snerismopoedioides,  De  Bary.  See  Bacillus 
merismopadioides,  Arthrobacterium  pas- 
torianum,  De  Bary.  See  Bacillus  pasteu- 
rianus.  Arthrobacterium  viride,  De  Bary. 
See  Bacillus  viridis,  Arthrobacterium 
sopfii.  See  Bacillus  topfii,  Ascobacillus 
citreus,  Unna  and  Tommasoli.  Syn.  Asco- 
coccus  citreus.  On  the  skin,  in  cases  of  ec- 
zema seborrhoeicum.  aer.^  ^*^f'i  fnot.^  chg. 
(lemon-yellow),  npg,  Ascobacterium  ul- 
vina.  Van  Tieghem.  Short  rods  occurring 
in  liquids  containing  decaying  leguminous 
seeds.  Ascococcus  billrothii,  Cohn.  Lobu- 
lated  masses,  producing  a  viscous  fermenta- 
tion of  saccharine  fluids  and  evolving  butyric 
acid  in  solution  of  ammoniimi  tartrate.  Asco- 
coccus johnei,  Cohn.  See  Micrococcus 
botryogenus.  Ascococcus  mesenteroides, 
Cienkowski.  See  Leuconostoc  mesenteroides, 
Ascococcus  vibrans,  Van  Tieghem.  Upon 
water  containing  Beggiatoa;  distinguished 
from  A,  billrothii  by  the  whirling  and  oscil- 
lating of  the  cells.  Bacilli  of  Butyric  Acid 
Fermentation.  See  Bacillus  butyricus^ 
Hueppeand  Prazmowski.  Bacillus  butylicus, 
Fitz.  Bacilli  of  Fermentation  of  Carbo- 
hydrates. See  Bacillus  acidi  lactici^  Hueppe. 
Bacillus  bulyricuSj  Hueppe  and  Prazmowski. 
Bacillus  butylicusy¥\iz.  Bacillus  dysodes^^i. 
Bacillus  polymixa^  Prazmowski.  Bacilli  of 
Guillebeau  (a,  b,  c),  obtained  from  milk  of 
cows  with  mastitis;  give  rise  to  a  peculiar 
fermentation  of  cheese,  (a)  aer. ,  facanaer. , 
mot.,  nliqf. ;  (b)  aer.,  facancur.,ligf.y  mot.; 
(q)  aer.,  nliqf.  Bacillus  aceti,  KQtzing, 
Sommer.  Syn.,  Arthrobacterium  aceti,  De 
Bary.  Bacillus  aceticus,  Flttgge ;  Bacterium 
aceti,  Lanzi.  Micrococcus  aceti  ;  Mycoderma 
aceti,  Pasteur.  Ulvina  aceti,  Kiitring.  Found 
in  air  and  vinegar ;  common.  Large  cylin- 
drical cells  of  varying  size.  Absorbs  oxygen 
from  air  and  oxidizes  alcohol  to  acetic  acid ; 
produces  vinegar ;  may,  by  further  oxidation, 
convert  this  into  carbon  dioxid  and  water. 

^Abbrerlatlona.— «i«r.  «  aerobic,  anaer.  =*  anaerobic,  ehg^.  =  chromogenic.  facanaer.  =  facultative 
anaerobic.  Hqf.  »  liqnefactive.  monom.  =»  roonomorphic.  mot,  <=  motile,  nlia/.  =>  nonliquefac- 
tive.  mnat,  ^k  nonmoiile.  nPg.  =  oonpathogenic.  odl.  -  obligate,  oscl.  =  oscillating,  pg,  °-  pa* 
thmc&ic   pkdn,  «■  photphorescent.   pUom.  =  pleombrphlc.    sap.  =  saprophytic. 


B.  In  chemic  terminology  the  symbol  of  ^^tfff. 

B««     The  chemic  sym^l  of  Barium. 

Babbitt  Metal.     See  Antimony, 

Bacca  {bah^-ha)  [L.J.     Berry. 

BacUlifonn  {bas-il'-tf-orm)  tbacillum,  rod; 
forma,  form].  Havmg  the  shape  or  appear- 
ance of  a  bacillus. 

Bacilluria  (bas-il-u'-re-ah)  [bacillum,  a  rod ; 
oipov,  urine].  The  presence  of  bacilli  in 
the  urine. 

Bacillus  (baS'iF'Us)  [dim.  of  baculum ;  a 
small  Stan:  pt.,  Baculi\  I.  A  genus  of 
the  Sckitomycetes  comprising  the  rod-shaped 
forms  of  bacteria.  2.  An  individual  of  the 
genus  Bacillus.  3.  A  medicated  rod  or 
bougie.  4.  Any  rod-like  body,  or  specifi- 
cally, one  of  the  retinal  rods. 

Bacony  Infiltration  {ba'-kon-e  infil-tra'- 
shun).     Same  as  Amyloid  Degeneration, 

Bacteriemia,  Bacteremia  (bak-4er-i-e^-me- 
ok,  bak-ter-e' -me-ah  )  [^oxrjypwp,  a  little  rod ; 
oXuA,  blood].  The  presence  of  bacteria  in  the 
blood. 

Bacterium  {bak-te' -re-um)  [poKT^ptotf,  a  little 
stick:  //.,  Bacteria'^.  I.  A  synonym  of 
Schi2omyces  or  microorganism.  2.  The 
word  was  formerly  restricted  to  a  genus  of 
schizoroycetous  fungi  established  by  Ehren- 
berg  (1S38)  and  Dujardin  (1841),  charac- 
terized by  short,  linear,  inflexible,  rod-like 
forms,  without  tendency  to  unite  into  chains 
or  filaments.  Morphologically,  bacteria  are 
spheric  (cocci) ;  in  the  form  of  straight  rods 
(bacilli) ;  or  of  twisted  rods  (spirilla).  Bac- 
teria are  either  aerobic  requiring  free  oxy- 
gen, or  anaerobic,  not  requiring  free  oxygen. 
Again,  certain  forms  appear  to  p)ossess  the 
ability  to  flourish  in  either  condition,  and  are 
known  as  facultative  aerobic  or  anaerobic. 
Bacteria  are  either  motile  or  nonmotile ;  they 
may  exist  as  saprophytes,  facultative  par- 
asites, strict,  obligate,  or  true  parasites 
Those  that  produce  pigment  are  known  as 
cbxomogenic  ;  those  that  produce  fermenta- 
tion as  zymogenic ;  those  that  affect  ad- 
versely the  health  of  plants  or  animals  as 
pathogenic.  See  Bacteria,  Table  of,  and 
special  terms  under  appropriate  headings. 

TABLE  OF  BACTERIA.* 
Actinobacter    poljrmorphus.      See    Bac- 
illus  hutyricus,    Ptazmowski.     Actinomy- 
ces bovis,  Harz.     Syn.    Cladothrix   bovis, 
Oadothrix    canis,    Rabe    (?).     Found     in 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


i 


4ur,t  nliqf.^  mot.,  npg.^  pleom.  Bacillus 
aceticus,  FlOgge.  See  Bacillus  aceti^  Kfltz- 
ing.  Bacillus  acidiformans,  Sternberg. 
Obtained  from  the  liver  of  a  yellow  fever 
cadaver,  aer.^facanaer.^  nliqf.^nmot.^  pg. 
Bacillus  acidi  lactici,  Huep[>e.  Syn.,  Bac- 
terium lactis^  Lister.  Found  in  the  air  snd 
in  sour  milk.  aer.  ,facanacr, ,  nliqf. ,  nmot. , 
npg.  Bacillus  actinobacter,  Duclaux. 
Syn.,  Actinobacter  polymorphus.  A  minute 
capsulated  bacillus,  rendering  milk  gelatinous 
and  ropy,  aer.^  nmot.  See  Bacillus  buty- 
ricus,  Prazroowski.  Bacillus  aerogenea, 
I,  l\.  III,  Miller.  Syn.,  Bacterium  aero- 
genes.  Miller.  Helicobacterium  aerogenes^ 
Miller.  Three  small  bacilli  from  the  abmen- 
tary  tract  of  healthy  persons  aer.,  nliqf,, 
mot.,  npg.  See  Bacillus  lactis  aerogenes, 
Escherich.  Bacillus  aerogenes  capsula- 
tus,  Welch  and  Nuttall.  Found  in  the  blood- 
vessels in  a  case  of  thoracic  aneurysm,  an- 
aer.^  nliaf,,  nmot,,  npg.  Bacillus  aero- 
philus,  Liborius.  Obtained  from  the  air. 
iter. ,  liqf. ,  nmot. ,  npg.  Syn. ,  BacUle  aero- 
phile,  rr.  Bacillus  aeruginosum.  See  Ba- 
cillus  pyocyaneus^  Gessard.  Bacillus  albu- 
minis,  Bienstock.  Found  abundantly  in 
feces.  Decomposes  albumin,  hence  its  name. 
aer.,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  albus,  Becker, 
Eisenberg.  The  white  bacillus  of  water. 
aer.,  nliqf,,  mot. ,  npg.  Bacillus  albus  an- 
aerobiescens,  Vaughan.  Found  in  water. 
aer.,  facanaer.,  nliqf.,  nmot.,  npg.  Bacil- 
lus albus  cadaveris.  Strasnnann  and 
Strieker.  Found  in  blood  of  cadaver,  cur. , 
liqf.^  mot,,pg.  Bacillus  albus  putridis, 
De  Bary.  Found  in  water,  aer. ,  liqf. ,  mot. , 
npg.  Bacillus  allantoides,  Klein.  Ob- 
tained from  the  air.  aer.,  mot.,  npg.  Not 
sufficiently  studied.  Bacillus  allii,  Griffiths. 
Syn. ,  Bacterium  allii.  Found  on  surface  of 
decaying  onions,  aer.,  chg.  (green),  npg. 
Bacillus  alvei,  Cheshire  and  Cheyne.  Syn., 
Bacillus  preussii,  Ciesielski.  Bacillus  melit- 
topthorus,  Cohn.  Bacillus  of  foul  brood. 
Obtained  from  bee  larvpe  infected  with  '*  foul 
brood.  *  •  aer. ,  facanaer. ,  liqf. ,  mot. ,  pg.  Also 
pathogenic  for  mice  and  guinea  pigs.  Cf. 
Bacillus  of  Canestrini.  Bacillus  anaero- 
bicus  liquefaciens,  Sternberg.  Obtained 
from  contents  of  intestine  of  yellow  fever 
cadaver,  anaer,,  liqf,,  nmot.  Pathogenesis 
not  determined.  Bacillus  anthracis,  Pol- 
lender  and  Davaine.  Syn. ,  Bacterium  an- 
tkracicum,  Bollinger.  Bacterium  anthracis, 
Zopf.  Bacterium  carbunculare ,  Pollender, 
Brauell,  Delafond,  Davaine.  Afettalacfer 
anthracis,  Trevisan.  Bacille  du  charbon, 
Fr.;  Milzbrand-bacillus,  Ger.  Found  in  the 
blood  of  animals  and  persons  infected  with 
anthrax,  aer.,  facanaer.,  liqf,  nmot,,  pg. 
BaciUut  aqumticut  liqueCicient,  Pokiows- 


ky.  Found  in  river  water  (Kura),  sad 
hydrant  water  (Tiflis).  Bacillus  aquadlia, 
Frankland.  Found  in  well-water  in  the  chalk- 
formations  of  Kent,  Eng.  aer, ,  liqf. ,  met., 
npg.  Bacillus  aquatilis  sulcatus,  I,  II, 
III,  IV,  V,  Weichselbaum.  Found  in  hy- 
drant water  (Vienna) .  aer. ,  facanaer. ,  nliqf.^ 
mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  arborescens,  Frank- 
land.  Found  in  hydrant  water  (Lx>ndon). 
Bacillus  argenteo-pbosphorescens,  I,  II, 
III,  Katz.  Obtained  respectively  from  sea- 
water,  phosphorescent  pieces  of  fish,  and 
cuttle-fish  (Sydney,  N.  S.  W).  aer.,  nliqf, 
mot.  (except  II),  phos.,  npg.  Bacillus  ar- 
genteo  -  phosphorescens  liquefaciens, 
Katz.  Obtained  from  sea-water,  near  Syd- 
ney, N.  S.  W.  aer.,  facanaer.,  liqf,  mat,, 
phos.,  nig.  Bacillus  aurantiacus,  Frank- 
land.  Found  in  well-water,  aer.,  nliqf, 
mot.,  chg.  (orange),  M/^.  Bacillus  aureus, 
Adametz.  Found  in  water ;  also  on  the  skin 
in  cases  of  eczema  seborrhceicum,  Unna  and 
Tommasoli.  aer. ,  nliqf. ,  mot. ,  chg.  (golden 
yellow).  Bacillus  h,  Vignal.  See  Bacillus 
huccalis,  Vignal.  Bacillus  B.,  Hofmann. 
Found  in  the  larvseof  Liparis  monacha.  The 
cause  of  Flacherie,  or  Schlafisucht.  Bacillus 
beribericus,  Lacerda.  Syn.,  Micrococcus 
of  beriberi,  Lacerda;  Neisseria  winkleri. 
Found  by  Lacerda,  Pekelharing  and  Wink- 
ler, in  the  blood  of  persons  affected  with  beri- 
beri. Negative  results  were  obtained  by 
Eykmann  and  Stembeig.  See  Beri -ben. 
Bacillus  berolinensis  indicus,  Clissen. 
Found  in  water  of  the  Spree,  aer.,  nliqf, 
mot.,  r^.(indigo-blue)^ii/f.  Bacillus  bien- 
stockii,  Bienstock.  Found  in  human  feces. 
n^ot,,  pg.  Bacillus  brassicse,  Pommer. 
Found  in  infusions  of  cabbage-leaves,  aer,, 
facanaer.,  liqf,  nmot.,  npg.  Bacillus 
brunneus,  Adametz  and  Weichmann.  Found 
in  water,  aer. ,  facanaer.,  nliqf. ,  nmot, .  npg. 
Bacillus  buccalis,  Vignal.  Syn.,  Bacillus 
ulna,  Vignal.  Bacillus  a,  Vignal ;  Bacillus 
b,  Vignal ;  Bacillus  f  Vignal ;  Bacillus  g, 
Vignal ;  Bacillus  j,  Vigniu.  Bacillus  buc- 
calis  fortuitus,\igan\.  Bacillus  buccalis  mi- 
nutus,  Vignal.  Zeptothrix  buccalis.  Vignal. 
From  the  salivary  secretions  of  healthy  per- 
sons, aer. ,  liqf. ,  npg. ,  chg.  (golden  yellow). 
Bacillus  buccalis  maximus.  Miller. 
Found  in  the  mouth  of  man.  ComnxA. 
Biologic  characters  undetermined.  Bacillus 
buccalis  minutus,  VignaU  See  Bacillus 
buccalis,  Vignal.  Bacillus  butylicus.  Fits. 
Syn.,  Bacille  butylique,  Fr.  See  Bacillus 
butyricus,  Hueppe.  Bacillus  butyricus, 
Botkin,  Hueppe,  Prazmowski.  Obtained 
from  milk,  hydrant  water,  and  well  water, 
old  cheese,  garden  earth,  dust,  etc.  Syn., 
Actinobacter  polymorphus,  Duclaux.  Awey- 
lobacter  Clostridium^  Treci&L    BaciUm  actm^ 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


kuter^  DueUiax.  BaeUlm  amylobacter^  Van 
Tieghem.  Baciilus  Imiylicus,  Fitx.  Bac- 
ierium  mavimla,  Reinke  and  Berthold.  C/os- 
iridium  buiyricumt  Prazmowski.  Micrococ- 
nu  amylavoriiSy  Buirill.  Vibrione  bulyrique^ 
Pasteur.  BaciUos  of  butyric  acid  fermenta- 
Cion ;  Bacillus  of  fire-blight ;  Bacillus  of  pear- 
blight  ;  Micrococcus  of  apple- blight ;  Micro- 
coccus of  pear- blight.  One  of  the  most 
widely  diffused  forms,  exceedingly  important 
and  varied  in  its  powers  of  decomposition.  It 
is  typically  anaerobic  and  the  chief  of  all  the 
ferments  giving  rise  to  butyric  acid  as  a  prim- 
ary product.  It  plays  an  important  part  in 
the  human  economy  and  in  the  destruction 
of  plant  cellulose.  Botkin  regards  the  form 
observed  by  him  as  distinct,  aer,^  anaer.^ 
Hqf.,  mot.^  /f/^.,  pUom.  Bacillus  butyri 
fluorescens,  Lafar.  Occurring  in  every  sam- 
ple of  natural  butter  examined.  .See  Ba-- 
terium  butyri  coUoideum^  Lafar.  Bacillus 
mtloikloros^  Winkler  and  Schrdter.  Bacillus 
batyh  viscosus,  Lafar.  Found  in  butter. 
aer,^  nliqf.^  nt>^.  Bacillus  cadaveris, 
Stembetg  ;  obtamed  from  yellow  fever  cada- 
vers, obi.,  anaer,  (strict),  «/«<?/.. /j^.  Ba- 
cillus canalis  capsulatus,  Mori.  Found 
in  sewer  water.  a/r.,  facanaer.,  »liqf-t 
nmot.,  pg.  (for  mice;  guinea  pigs  and  rab- 
bits immune).  Bacillus  canalis  parvus, 
Mori.  Found  in  sewer  water,  aer,^  nliqf., 
nmat.,  pg.  (for  mice  and  guinea  pigs).  Ba- 
cillus candicans,  Frankland.  Found  in 
soil,  aer.,  nliqf,  nmot.^  npg.  Bacillus 
capsulatus,  Pfeiffer.  Obtained  from  the 
blood  of  a  guinea  pig.  aer.  ^facanaer. ,  nliqf. ,. 
nmoi.y  pg.  (for  white  mice  and  house  mice, 
guinea  pigs,  rabbits  and  pigeons  (septicemia). 
Bacillus  capsulatus  mucosus,  Fasching. 
Found  in  the  nasal  secretions  of  man  in  cases 
of  influenza,  aer.^/acanaer.^  nmot.^nlit/f.^ 
pg.i^Gt  while  mice  and  field  mice),  npg.  (for 
rabbits  and  pigeons).  Bacillus  capsulatus 
stnithii,  ri,  b^  c^  Tbeoliald  Smith.  Syn., Cap- 
sule-bacillus of  Smith.  Found  in  the  intes- 
tines of  swine,  aer. ,  facanmr. ,  nliqf. ,  nmot. , 
npg.  According  to  Smith,  possibly  identical 
with  Bacillus  lactis  aerogen^s,  Escherich. 
Bacillus  carabiformis,  Kaczynsky.  Found 
in  the  stomach  of  meat -fed  dogs,  aer.,  /'V/>* 
mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  carotarum,  A.  Koch. 
Obtained  from  cooked  carrots  and  sugar 
beets,  a^r.y  liqf.^  nmot.,  npg.  Bacillus 
catenula,  Duclaux.  .Syn.,  Tyrolhrix  cate- 
nuia.  Found  in  cheese,  anaer.  (will,  how- 
ever grow  in  air) .  nmot. ,  npg.  Bacillus  cau- 
casscus,  Kern.  Syn. ,  Bacterium  caucasicum. 
tHspora  caucasica,  Kern.  Used  in  the  pre- 
panuion  of  the  peculiar  milk- wine,  "  Kenr.** 
aer. ,  facanaer. ,  nmoi* ,  npg.  Bacillus  caviae 
fortuttus,  Sternberg.  Found  in  exudates  of 
gainea  pig  inoculated  with  liver  from  yellow 


fever  cadaver,  aer.,  facanaer.,  nHqf,  mct.^ 
npg.  Bacillus  cavicida,  Brieger.  See 
Bacillus  cavicidus,  Brieger.  Bacillus  cavi- 
cida havaniensis,  Sternberg.  Obtained 
from  intestine  of  yellow  fever  cadaver. 
aer.,  facanaer.,  nliqf.,  mot.  Bacillus 
cavicidus,  Brieger.  Syn.,  Bacillus  cavi- 
cida. Brieger^s  bacillus.  Obtained  from 
human  feces,  aer.,  facanaer.,  nliqf,  pg, 
(not  for  rabbits  or  mice).  Perhaps  identical 
with  Bacillus  neapolitanus,  Emmerich.  Ba- 
cillus chauvaei,  Bollinger  and  Feser,  Arlo- 
ing,  Cornevin,  and  Thomas.  Syn.,  Bacillus 
of  symptomatic  anthrax.  Bacille  du  charbon 
symtomatique.  Rauschbrandbacillus.  Clos- 
tridium of  symptomatic  anthrax,  Neelsen 
and  Ehlers.  Found  in  tissues  of  cattle  suf- 
fering from  symptomatic  anthrax,  *'  black 
leg,"  or  **  quarter  evil. "  anaer. ,liqf,  mot., 
Pg.  Bacillus  chlorinus,  Engelmann.  Syn., 
Arthrqbacterium  chlorinum,  De  Bary.  Bac- 
terium chlorinum,  Engelmann.  Found  in 
infusions  of  decaying  vegetable  matter,  aer., 
sap.,  chg.  (green),  npg.  Bacillus  cholerje 
asiaticse,  Koch.  See  Spirillum  cholera 
asiatica,  Koch.  Bacillus  cholerse  galli- 
narum,  Flttgge.  See  Bacillus  septiccemia 
hcemorrhagica,  Sternberg.  Bacillus  chro- 
moaroniaticus,  Galtier.  Obtained  from 
the  carcass  of  a  diseased  pig.  aer., 
facanaer,,  liqf.,  mot.,  pg.  (for  rabbits). 
Bacillus  circulans,  Jordan.  Found  in  the 
water  of  Merrimac  River,  aer.,  facanaer., 
liqf.,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  citreus.  See 
Ascobacillus  citreus,  Unna  and  Tommasoli. 
Bacillus  citreus  cadaveris,  Strassmann. 
Found  in  cadaver,  aer. ,  liqf ,  nmot. ,  chg. 
(yellow).  Bacillus  claviformis,  Duclaux. 
Syn.,  Tyrothrix  claviformis,  Duclaux. 
Found  in  fermenting  casein,  anaer.,  pg. 
Bacillus  cloacae,  Jordan.  One  of  the  most 
common  microbes  in  sewage,  aer.,  facan- 
aer., liqf^  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  cceruleus, 
Smith.  Found  in  river  water  (Schuykill). 
aer.,  liqf,  chg.  (blue),  npg.  Bacillus  coli 
communis.  See  Bacillus  neapolitanus, 
Emmerich.  Bacillus  coli  similis,  Stem- 
berg.  Obtained  from  human  liver,  aer., 
facanaer.,  nliqf,  nmot.,  npg.  Bacillus 
constrictus,  Zimmermann.  Found  in  water. 
aer.,  facanaer.,  nliqf,  mot.,  chg.  (cadmium 
yellow),  npg.  Bacillus  coprogenes  fceti- 
dus,  Schottelius.  Obtained  from  intestinal 
contents  of  pigs  dead  of  malignant  erysipelas. 
aer.,  nliqf,  nmot.,  pg.  Bacillus  copro- 
genes parvus.  Obtained  from  human  feces. 
aer.,  nliqf.,  nmot.,pg.  Bacillus  crassus, 
Van  Tieghem.  The  broadest  known  bacte- 
rium, 4  //.  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  crassus 
sputigenus,  Kreibohm.  Syn.,  Bacillus 
sputigenus  crassus.  From  the  sputum  and 
tongue  of   man.     aer.,  nliqf,  nmot.^  pg. 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


» 


Bacillus  cryttalloBut.  Bacillus  cunea- 
tU8.  Syn.»  Bacterium  cunfo/um,  Rivolta. 
Found  io  the  blood  and  viscera  of  horses, 
cattle,  and  dogs  dead  of  septic  processes,  pg. 
Bacillus  cuniculicidus,  Koch.  See  Ba- 
ciiius  septicamia  hemorrhagica,  Stembei^. 
Bacillus  cuniculicida  havaniensis,  Stem- 
berg.  Found  in  viscera  of  yellow  fever  ca- 
davers, aer, ,  /acanacr.,  nliqf. ,  pg.  Bacil- 
lus cuticularis,  Tils.  Found  in  water,  aer. , 
/i^/.f  mof.f  chg.  (yellow),  npg.  Bacillus 
cyaneophosphorescens,  Katz.  Obtained 
from  sea  water  (Australia),  aer. ,  facanaer. ^ 
liq/.t  mo/.,  phos.,  chg".  (greenish),  »pg. 
Bacillus  cyanofuscus,  Beyerinck.  Ob- 
tained from  glue  and  Edam  cheese,  aer., 
ehg.  (green,  changing  to  blue,  brown,  black), 
iiqf.,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  cyanogenus, 
Fuchs.  Hueppe,  Neelsen.  Sjm.,  Bacillus 
lactis  cyanogenus.  Bacillus  syncyanum.  Bac- 
terium cyanogenum,  Fuchs,  Bacterium  syncy- 
anum, Ehrenberg,  Schrdter.  Vibrio  cyano- 
fenus.  Fuchs.  Vibno  syncyanus,  Ehrenberg. 
ladllus  of  blue  milk.  Found  in  milk,  aer., 
nliqf.,  mot.,  chg.  (grayish  blue),  npg.  Ba- 
cillus cystiformis,  Clado.  Found  in  urine 
of  patient  with  cystitis,  aer.,  nliqf.,  mot., 
npg.  Bacillus  delicatulus,  Jordan.  Foimd 
in  hydrant  water  (Lawrence,  Mass.].  aer., 
liqf,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  dentalis  viri- 
dans.  Miller.  Syn.,  Miller's  bacillus. 
Found  in  carious  dentine,  aer.,  facanaer., 
nliqf,  pg.  Bacillus  denitrificans,  Giltay 
and  Abo^on.  Obtained  from  the  soil,  air, 
and  sewage,  aer.,  nliqf,  mot.,  npg.  Cf. 
Bacterium  denitrificans,  Gayon  and  Dupetit. 
Bacillus  devorans,  Zimmermann.  Found 
in  well  water,  aer, ,  facanaer. ,  liqf ,  mot. , 
npg.  Bacillus  diffiisus,  FrankUnd.  Found 
in  the  soil,  aer.,  liqf,  npg.  Bacillus 
diphtherije,  Klebs  and  Ldmer.  Syn. ,  Ba- 
cillus diphtheriticus.  Bacillus  diphtheritidis. 
Micrococcus  diphtheriticus,  Cohn.  Found  in 
diphtheritic  false  membranes,  aer.,  nliqf, 
nmot. ,  facanaer. ,  pg.  Bacillus  diphtherue 
columbarum,  Lbmer.  From  the  pseudo- 
membranes  in  the  mouths  of  pigeons  infected 
with  pigeon  diphtheria,  aer.,  nliqf.,  nmot. , 
pg.  Bacillus  diphtherije  vituloruin, 
I..dffler.  From  the  pseudomembranes  in  the 
mouths  of  calves  infected  with  epidemic 
diphtheria;  culture  experiments  unsuccess- 
ful. Pg.  Rabbits  and  guinea  pigs  immune. 
Bacillus  diphtheriticus,  Bacillus  dipb- 
theridis.  Bacillus  diphtheritis.  See  Ba- 
cillus diphtheria,  Klebs  and  LOffler.  Bacil- 
lus distortus,  Duclaux.  Syn.,  Tyrothrix 
distortus.  Found  in  milk  and  cheese,  aer., 
mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  djrsenteriA,  Chante- 
messe  and  Widal.  Found  in  the  intestinal 
contents  and  viscera  of  dysentery  cadavers. 
4#r.,  nUqf.,  pg.    Bacillus  dysodes,  ZopC 


Syn.,  Bacterium  dysodes.  Found  in  yeast, 
inducing  fermentative  changes  in  bread, 
causing  it  to  smell  disagreeably  and  to  be- 
come greasy  and  unfit  for  use.  Bacillus 
Emmerich.  See  Bacillus  neapolitanus, 
Emmerich.  Bacillus  endocarditidis  cap- 
sule tus,  Weichselbaum.  From  viscera  of 
man  who  died  of  endocarditis  with  thrombi. 
cter.,  nliqf,  pg.  Bacillus  endocarditidis 
griseus,  Weichselbaum.  From  the  heart  in 
a  case  of  endocarditis  recurrens  ulcerosa. 
aer.,  nliqf,  mot.,pg.  Bacillus  enteritidis, 
Gftrtner.  Obtained  from  the  tissues  of  a  cow 
killed  on  account  of  sickness  atteaded  with 
mucous  diarrhea,  and  ftx)m  the  spleen  of  a 
man  who  died  shortly  after  eating  of  the 
flesh  of  this  cow.  aer.,  nliqf,  mot.,  pg. 
Dogs,  cats>  chickens,  and  sparrows  are  im- 
mune. Bacillus  epidermidis,  Bizxozero. 
Syn.,  Leptothrix  epidermidis,  Microsporom 
minutissimum ,  Burchart.  From  the  epider- 
mis between  the  toes,  aer.,  nliqf,  npg. 
Bacillus  epidermidis,  Bordoni-Uflfreduxzi. 
See  Bacillus  of  Scheurlen.  Bacillus  Epsi- 
lon,  von  Miller.  See  Spirillum,  Finkler- 
Prior.  Bacillus  erysipelatos  suis,  Koch, 
Ldffler,  SchUtz,  Pasteur.  Syn.,  Bacillus 
erysipelas  malignum.  Bacillus  minimus.  Ba- 
cillus murisepticus,  fliigge.  Bacillus  septi- 
cus,  Koch.  Bacillus  of  mouse  septicemia. 
Bacillus  of  hog  erysipelas.  First  obtained 
by  Koch  by  injecting  putrefying  flesh  beneath 
the  skin  of  mice,  afterward  by  Ldfller  and 
Schiitz  from  carcasses  of  swine  dead  of 
•*  Rotlauf.*'  aer.,  facanaer.,  nliqf,  pg. 
Bacillus  erysipelatos  leporis,  Koch.  Ba- 
cillus of  erysipelas  in  the  rabbit.  Found  in 
the  erysipelatous  inflammation  in  a  rabbit's 
ear  caused  by  the  injection  of  mouse's  dung. 
Bacillus  erythrosporus,  Eidam,  Cohn,  and 
Miflet  Found  in  putrefying  albuminous 
fluids,  water,  etc.  aer.,  nliqf.,  mot.,  chg. 
(greenish  yellow,  fluorescent),  npg.  Ba- 
cillus ethaceticus,  Frankland.  Cause  of 
fermentation  of  arabinose.  Bacillus  ez 
penumo-enteritide  suis,  E.  Klein,  SchQtz, 
Salmon,  Comil,  Chantemesse,  Selander.  Ba- 
cillus of  hog  cholera.  Foimd  in  the  in- 
testinal contents,  blood,  and  viscera  of 
swine  dead  of  hog  cholera .  aer. ,  facanaer. , 
nliqf,  mot.,  pg.  Bacillus /,  Vignal.  See 
Bacillus  buccalis,  Vignal.  Bacillus  facul- 
tatus,  Sadebeck  and  E.  Frflnkel.  Found  in 
non-malignant  pharyngeal  mycosis.  Bacil- 
lus fioetidus,  Liborius.  Syn.,  Bacterium 
fatidum.  Clostridium  fattidus,  Liborius. 
Obtained  from  soil.  anaer.,  liqf,  mot. 
Bacillus  foBtidus  lactis,  Jensen.  From 
milk,  aer.,  nliqf. ^  np^:.  Bacillus  foeti- 
dus  oz«nje,  Hajek.  Obtained  from  nasal 
secretions  of  patients  with  ozena.  aer., 
facanaer.,  liqf ,  mot, ,  pg.     Bacillus  figu- 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


rsns,  Crookshank.  See  BaciUtu  mesenteri- 
nu  vulgaiui.  Bacillus  figurans,  Vaughan. 
Found  in  water,  aer,^  Ugf-^  mot.,  npg. 
Bacillus  filllbnnis,  Duclaux.  Syn.,  Tyro- 
thrix  filiformis.  Found  in  cheese  and  milk, 
o/r.,  nuft, »  npg.  Bacillus  filiformis,  Tils. 
Found  in  water.  aer.^liqf.^oscL^npg.  Ba- 
cillus fililbnnis  havaniensis,  Sternberg. 
From  the  liver  of  a  yellow  fever  cadaver. 
anaer.^  facanaer,^  nliqf,^  nmot,^  npg.  Ba- 
cillus fitsianus,  Zopf.  See  Baciihu  subtilis^ 
Cohn.  Bacillus  flavescens,  Pohl.  Found 
in  swamp  water,  aer.^  niiqf.,  chg,  (yellow). 
Bacillus  flavocoriaccus,  Eisenberg.  Syn., 
Sulphur  yellow  bacillus  (Adametz).  Found 
in  water,  aer,^  ^li^-^  nmot,,  chg,  (sulphur 
yellow),  it/^.  Bacillus  flavus,  Mac6.  Found 
in  drinking  water,  (ur.^  ^^f'^  ^^^'  (golden 
yellow),  nmct.  Bacillus  fluorescens  au- 
reus, Zimmermann.  Found  in  hydrant 
water  (Chemnitz),  aer.,  ^i^/^t  mof.,  chg, 
(ocher  yellow),  npg.  Bacillus  fluorescens 
loiigU8»  Zimmermann.  Found  in  hydrant 
water  (ChemnitzV  aer,^  nliqf.,  moi.y  chg, 
(grajfish  yellow),  npg.  Bacillus  fluo- 
rescens Uquefaciens,  FlUgge.  Common 
in  water  and  putrefying  infusions,  o/r., 
Hq/.t  m0i,^  chg,  (greenish  yellow),  npg,  Cf. 
BacUlus  visc^uSf  Frankland.  Bacillus 
fluorescens  Uquefaciens  minutissimus, 
Unna  and  Tommasoli.  Found  upon  skin  in 
cases  of  ecxema  seborrhoeicum.  aer.,  faca- 
naer,^  liqf*^  mot.^  chg.  (greenish  yellow), 
npg.  Possibly  identiod  with  the  preceding 
species.  Bacillus  fluorescens  nivalis, 
Schmolck.  Syo.,  BacUlus  nivalis.  Glacier 
badlltts.  Found  in  snow  and  ice  water 
from  Norwegian  glaciers.  aer,,Jiq/.^  mot.^ 
chg.  (bluish  green).  npg.  Bacillus 
fluorescens  nonliquefaciens,  Schiller. 
BaciUtts  fluorescens  putidus,  FlUgge. 
Found  in  water,  o^r.,  nliqf,^  mot,^  chg, 
(greenish),  npg.  Bacillus  fluorescens 
tenuis,  Zimmermann.  Found  in  hydrant 
water  (Chemnitz).  <Mr.,  nliqf,^  nmot,  chg, 
(greenish  yellow),  npg.  Bacillus  foetidus, 
nsset  Syn.,  Bacterium  fctHdum^  Thin. 
Ocstridium  fatidum^  Liborius.  Corpuscles 
brillants.  Found  in  cases  of  fetid  sweating 
feet,  in  the  exudations  of  mice  inoculated 
with  garden  earth,  and  in  cases  of  malig- 
nant edema,  anaer,,  Hqf,,  mof,,  npg.  Ba- 
cillus fcsttdus  lactis,  Jensen.  Found  in 
milk,  acr.,  n/iq/.,  npg.  Resembles  Ba- 
ciUm  mapiUtanus,  Emmerich.  Bacillus 
fulvus,  Zimmermann.  Found  in  hydrant 
water  (Chemnitz^,  aer,^  iiqf.^  nmot,,  chg. 
(gamboge  yellow),  npg.  Bacillus  fuscus. 
Obtained  from  a  putrefying  infusion  of 
maize,  from  the  air,  etc.  Cf.  Bacterium 
hrunneum,  Schrdter.  Bacillus  fuscus 
limbatas.  Scbetbenzuber.     Obtained  from 


rotten  eggs,  aer,,  /acanaer,,  n/iq/,,  mof,^ 
chg,  (brown),  npg.  Bacillus  gallinarum, 
Klein.  Found  in  blood  of  chickens  dead 
from  a  disease  resembling  chicken-cholera. 
aer,f  nliqf,,  nmot.,  pg.  Bacillus  gaso- 
formans,  Eisenberg.  Found  in  water,  aer, , 
facanaer.f  liq/.,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  gay- 
toni,  Cheshire.  The  cause  of  a  disease  of 
honey-bees.  Cf.  Bacillus  ahei,  Cheshire 
and  Cheyne.  Bacillus  geniculatus,  De 
Bary.  Syn.,  Tyrothrix  geniculatus,  Du- 
claux, Bacterium  en  zigzag,  Fr.  Found  in 
the  contents  of  the  stomach.  aer,,nliqf.. 
9nct,,  npg.  Bacillus  gingivje,  Miller, 
Bacillus  gingivje  pyogenes.  Miller.  See 
Bcuterium  gingiva  pyogenes.  Miller.  Found 
in  a  filthy  mouth  and  in  purulent  dental 
pulp,  aer,,  facanaer.,  liqf.,  Pg.  (for  white 
mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits).  Bacillus 
glaucus,  Maschek.  Found  in  water,  aer. , 
liqf,,  nmot,,  chg.  (gray),  npg.  Bacillus 
gllscrogenus.  See  Bacterium  gliscroge- 
num,  Malerba.  Bacillus  glycerinae,  Buch- 
ner.  See  Bacillus  subtilis,  Cohn.  Bacillus 
gracilis,  Zimmermann.  Found  in  hydrant 
water  (Chemnitz),  aer,^  facanaer,,  liqf,, 
oscl, ,  npg.  Bacillus  gracilis  anjerobies- 
cens,  Vaughan.  Found  in  water,  aer,, 
facanaer,,  nliqf,,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  gra- 
cilis cadavens,  Sternberg.  Obtained  from 
human  liver,  aer.,  facanaer. ,  nmot,,  nliqf, 
pg.  Bacillus  granulosus,  Russel.  Found 
in  mud  (Bay  of  .Naples),  aer.,  facanaer., 
liqf,  nmot.  Pathogenesis  not  determined. 
Bacillus  graveolens,  Bordoni  and  Uffre- 
duzzi.  Found  on  epidermis  between  the 
toes  of  man.  aer,,  liqf,  npg.  Bacillus 
guttatus,  Zimmermann.  Found  in  hydrant 
water  (Chemnitz),  aer,,  facanaer,,  liqf, 
mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  halophilus,  Russel. 
Obtained  from  water  and  mud  (Bay  of 
Naples^,  aer.,  liqf,  mot.  Pathogenesis  not 
determmed.  Bacillus  hansenii,  Raspmus- 
sen.  Found  in  various  nutrient  liquids,  aer., 
mot.,  chg.  (chrome  yellow  to  yellowish 
brown).  Bacillus  havaniensis,  Sternberg. 
S)m.,  Micrococcus  havaniensis,  (?)  Sternberg. 
Bacillus  havaniensis  Uquefaciens,  Stem- 
berg.  Obtained  from  the  surface  of  the  body 
of  patients  in  the  hospital  at  Havana,  aer,, 
nliqf,  chg,  (blood-red).  BacUlus  helvolus, 
Zimmermann.  Found  in  hydrant  water 
(Chemnitz),  aer,,  liqf,  mot.  (rotary  only), 
chg,  (Naples  yellow),  npg.  Bacillus 
heminecrobiophUus,  Arloing.  Found  in 
a  caseous  lymphatic  gland  of  a  guinea  pig. 
aer,,  facanaer,,  nliqf,  mot.,  pg.  Bacillus 
hepaticus  fortuitus,  Sternberg.  Obtained 
from  the  exudations  of  a  guinea-pig  inocu- 
lated with  liver  from  a  yellow  fever  patient. 
aer.,  nliqf,  mot.,  npg.  BacUlus  hessu, 
Guiliebeau.     Found  in  cow's  milk,    aer,, 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


» 


Hqf,^  mot.  Pathogenesis  not  determined. 
E(acillu8  hominis  capsuUtus,  Bordoni- 
UfTreduzzi.  Syn.,  Proteus  capsulattu  septicus^ 
Banti.  Proteus  hominis  capsulattis,  Bordoni- 
Uffreduzzi.  Bacillus  of  rag-picker's  disease. 
Obtained  from  persons  dead  from  rag-picker's 
disease,  aer.^nliqf,^  nmot,^  pg.  Bacillus 
nyacinthi  septicus,  Heinz.  Found  in 
diseased  hyacinths,  cter.^  facanaer^  nliqf.^ 
mot,f  npg,  Cf.  Bacterium  kyacinthiy  Wak- 
ker.  Bacillus  hyalinus,  Jordan.  Found 
in  hydrant  water  (Lawrence,  Mass.).  aer.^ 
facanaer.t  iiq/.,  mot.^  npg.  Reduces  nitrates 
rapidly.  Bacillus  hydrophilus  fiiscus, 
SanarelU.  From  the  lymph  of  diseased 
frogs,  aer.f  iiq/.^  mot,,  pg.  Bacillus 
isnplexus,  Zimroermann.  Found  in  hydrant 
water  (Chemnitz),  aer.,  hq/.,  mot.^  npg. 
Bacillus  incanus,  Pohl.  Found  in  swamp 
water,  aer.,  Hqf.t  mot.  Not  sufficiently 
studied.  Bacillus  indicus,  Koch.  Syn., 
Bacillus  indicus  ruber,  Koch.  Micrococcus 
indicus,  Koch.  Found  in  the  intestinal 
contents  of  a  monkey,  a^r. ,  /acanaer. ,  liqf. , 
moi.,  chg,  (brick-red),  pg,  (for  rabbi tsj. 
Bacillus  indigoferus,  Classen.  Found  m 
river  water  (Spree),  cur,,  nliqf,,  mot,,  chg. 
(deep  indigo  blue),  npg.  BacUlus  indigo- 
genus,  AWarez.  Found  in  an  infusion  of 
the  leaves  of  the  indigo  plant  {Indigofera 
tinctoria,  L.).  aer.,mot.,  chg.  (indigo  blue), 
pg.  Bacillus  inflatus,  A.  Koch.  Obtained 
from  the  air.  aer.,  liqf.,  mot.,  npg.  Bacil- 
lus intestinus  motilis,  Sternberg.  From 
the  intestinal  contents  of  yellow  fever  cada- 
vers, aer.,  f acanaer,,  nliqf.,  mot.,  npg. 
Bacillus  inunctus,  Pohl.  Found  in  swamp 
water,  aer.,  f acanaer,,  nliqf.,  mot.  Path- 
ogenesis not  determined.  Bacillus  in- 
visibilis,  Vaughan.  Found  in  water,  aer,, 
f acanaer. ,  nliqf. ,  mot,,  npg.  Bacillus  iodo- 
coccus  vaginatus,  Miller.  See  lodococcus 
vaginatus.  Bacillus  iris,  Frick.  aer,, 
nliqf,  nmot.  (green),  npg.  Bacillus  jan- 
thinus,  Zopf.  Syn.,  Bacterium  janthinus, 
Zopf.     Violet    bacillus,   found     in     sewage 

!  Lawrence,  Mass.).  aer.,  liqf,  mot.,  chg., 
bluish  violet),  npg.  Bacillus  klebsiL 
See  Bacillus  syphilvdis,  Lustgarten.  Bacil- 
lus lacticus,  Pasteur.  See  Bacillus  acidi 
lactici,  Hueppe.  Bacillus  lactis  aero- 
genes,  Eschench  and  Abelous.  Syn., 
Bacillus  aerogenes.  Bacillus  capsalatus. 
Smith.  Bacterium  lactis  aerogenes,  Eschcr- 
ich.  Found  in  the  stomach  and  intestine  of 
healthy  adults,  aer. ,  f acanaer. ,  nliqf ,  npg. 
Bacillus  lactis  albus,  Ldffler.  Found  in 
milk  aer.,  Hqf^  mot,,  npg.  Bacillus 
lactis  cyanogenus.  See  Bacillus  cyano- 
genus,  Hueppe.  Bacillus  lactis  erythro- 
genes,  Hueppe  and  Baginsky.  Syn., 
Badllos  of  ral  milk.      Found  in  milk  and 


the  feces  of  a  child,  cur., liqf,,  nmot.,ckg,^ 
(yellow  and  red),  npg.  Bacillus  lactis 
pituitosi,  Ldffler.  Syn.,  Bacillus  lactis 
viscosus,  Adametz.  Found  in  milk,  aer,, 
nliqf,  npg.  Bacillus  lactis  viscosus, 
Adametz.  Found  in  ropy  milk.  aer., 
nliqf,  nmot.,  npg.  Capsulated.  Bacillus 
latericeus,  Eisenberg.  Found  in  water. 
aer.,  nliqf,  nmot,,  chg.  (brick-red),  np^. 
Bacillus  leiodermos,  Ldffler.  Syn.,  Bacil- 
lus liodermos,  FlQgge.  Bacillus  leporis 
lethalis,  Gibier  and  Sternberg.  From  the 
intestinal  contents  of  yellow  fever  patients. 
aer,,  liqf,  mot.,  pg.  Bacillus  lepr«,  Ar 
mauer  and  Hansen.  Found  in  leproos 
tubercles.  Cannot  be  cultivated  in  ordinary 
media.  Specific  pathogenesis  settled  by  in- 
oculation of  a  condenwed  criminal.  BacUlua 
leptosporus,  L.  Klein.  Obtained  from  the 
air.  aer,,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  lethalis* 
Babes.  Syn.,  Proteus  lethalis.  Obtained 
from  spleen  and  lung  of  patient  dead 
of  septicemia,  aer,,  facancur,,  liqf. ,  mot, ^ 
pg.  Bacillus  limbatus  acidi  lactici, 
Marpmann.  Found  in  cow's  milk,  aer., 
nliqf,  nmot.,  npg.  Bacillus  limoaus, 
Russel.  Obtained  from  mud  (Bay  of 
Naples),  aer.,  liqf.,  mot.  Pathogenesis  not 
determined.  Bacillus  lineola.  See  Bac- 
terium lineola,  Cbhn.  Bacillus  liodermos, 
''^*1BK^-  ^c  Bacillus  leiodermos,  I^dffler. 
Bacillus  liquefaciens,  Eisenbei^.  Found 
in  water,  aer.,  liqf,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus 
liquefaciens  bovis,  Arloiiig.  Syn.,  Pnem- 
mobacillus  liquefaciens  bovis.  From  the 
lungs  of  a  diseased  ox.  aer.,  faccmeur.^ 
liqf.,  nmot.,  pg.  Bacillus  liquefaciens 
communis,  Sternberg.  Obtained  from  the 
feces  of  yellow  fever  patients,  aer,  ,f acanaer, , 
liqf,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  liquefaciens 
magnus,  LUderitz.  Found  m  the  exudates 
of  mice  inoculated  with  garden  earth. 
anaer.,  liqf,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  lique- 
faciens parvus,  LUderitz.  Source  same  as 
last,  anaer.,  liqf,  nmot.,  npg.  Bacillus 
liquidus,  Frankland.  Found  in  river  water 
(Thames).  Common.  aer.,  liqf,  mot,, 
npg.  Bacillus  litoralis,  Russel.  Obtained 
from  mud  (Bay  of  Naples),  aer.,  fa( anaer  , 
liqf.,  mot.  Pathogenesis  not  determined. 
Bacillus  lividus,  Plagge  and  Proskauer. 
Found  in  hydrant  water  (Berlin),  aer., 
fa  c anaer.,  liqf,  mot.,  dig.  (brick -red),  npg. 
Bacillus  lucens,  Van  Tieghem.  Syn., 
Bacterium  lucens.  Van  Tieghem.  Found 
on  the  surface  of  water,  aer. ,  nmot.  Bril- 
liant Bacillus  luteus,  FlOgge.  Syn., 
Bacterium  luteum.  Found  in  superficial 
layers  of  gelatin  plate  culture,  aer.,  nmot., 
nliqf.,  chg,  (yellow),  npg.  Bacillus  luteus 
suis,  Salmon  and  Smith.  Found  in  the 
perivisceral  fluids  of  swine,   air,^  /tj^/I,  mmT, 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


ckg.  (yellow  red).  Smells  like  glue. 
Bacillus  lysss,  Pasteur.  Syn.,  Coccobac- 
Urium  lyisay  Rivolta.  Lissophyton  susfiec- 
tum^  Hallier.  Cf.  Bacterium  sepHcum  sputi- 
^enum^  Fracnkel.  Found  in  saliva  of  hydro- 
phobic palients  and  animals.  Cf.  Bacillus 
stpiicus  sputigenui^  FlUgge.  Bacillus  mai- 
dis,  Cuboni.  From  macerated  com  and  the 
feces  of  i^cllagra  patients,  aer,^  ^^9/'*  wol.^ 
npi^.  Bacillus  malandrise,  Israel.  See 
Bacillus  mallei,  LdfHer.  Bacillus  malarije, 
Klebs  and  Tonunasi-Cnideli.  Bacillus  of  the 
blood.  Obtained  from  the  soil  and  air  of  the 
Campogna,  from  swamps,  from  the  blood  of 
malarial  patients,  etc.  Pathogenesis  disputed. 
Bacillus  mallei,  L6ffler.  Syn.,  Bacillus 
malandria^  Israel.  Found  in  the  nasal  dis- 
charges, nodules,  etc.,  of  animals  with 
gtamlers.  aer.,  facanaer,,  mot.  ^strictly 
par&Mtic),  /^.  (proven  by  inoculation). 
Bacillus  martinez,  Sternberg.  Obtained 
from  the  liver  of  a  yellow  fever  cadaver. 
ofT.,  facana^r.f  nliq/.^  nmot.,  npg.  Bacil- 
lus megatherium,  De  Bary.  Found  on 
the  leaves  of  boiled  cabbage,  aer,,  ^'^» 
mot,^  np)^.  Bacillus  melittopthorus. 
Sec  Bacillus  ahei,  Cheshire  and  Cheyne. 
Bacillus  melochloros,  Winkler  and 
Schr6tier.  Syn.,  Bacillus  butyri fluorescens, 
Lafar.  Obtained  from  the  dejections  of  the 
larva  in  a  wormy  apple,  acr.,  liq/.,  mot., 
chg.  (emerald  green),  pg,  (for  rabbits). 
Bacillus  membranaceus  amethystinus, 
Etsenber^.  Found  in  well  water  (Spalato). 
aer,^  Hqf.,  nmot.^  ckg.  (dark  violet),  npg. 
Bacillus  meningitidis  purulentae,  Nau- 
maon  and  Schftflfer.  Obtained  from  pus 
taketi  from  beneath  the  pia  mater  in  a  ])erson 
dead  of  purulent  meningitis,  cur. ,  facanaer. , 
nliqf,^  mot.,  pg.  Bacillus  merismopce- 
dioides,  2^pf.  Syn„  Artkrobacterium  or 
Bacterium  merismcptdioides,  De  Bary. 
Obtained  from  sewage  mud ;  the  type  of  the 
so-called  «*Ublet-cocci."  Bacillus  me- 
seutericus  fuscus,  FlUgge.  Potato  bacil- 
lus. Obtained  from  the  air,  hay  dust,  water, 
etc.  Common.  aer,,  Hqf^y  mot,,  npg. 
Bacillus  mesentericus  ruber,  Globig. 
Potato  bacillus.  Found  upon  potatoes,  aer. , 
A^y.,  mot ,  chg.  (reddish  yellow,  or  pink), 
npg.  Bacillus  mesentericus  vulgatus, 
Flflggc.  Sjm.,  Bacillus  Jij^urans,  Crook - 
shank.  Proteus  vulgaris.  Potato  bacillus. 
Common.  Found  in  potatoes,  water,  milk, 
intestinal  contents  of  man,  etc.  aer.,  liqf., 
np^.  Bacillus  miniaceus.  See  Bacillus 
ruber.  Bacillus  minimus,  Klebs.  See  Ba- 
cillms  trysipelatos  suis,  Koch,  etc.  Bacillus 
miriabJlis,  Haoser.  Syn.,  Proteus  mira- 
bilis.  Obtained  from  decaying  animal  mat- 
ter, cur, ,  facanaer,,  liqf,,  mot,,  pg.  Bacil- 
lus mollusci,  Domeoico.    Fotimi  in  mol- 


luscum  contagiosum;  resembles  somewhat 
Bacillus  lepra  and  Bacillus  malarice.  Pa- 
thogenesis disputed,  the  disease  being  at- 
tributed by  some  to  psorosperms.  Bacillus 
multipediculosus,  FlUgge.  Found  in  air 
and  water,  aer.,  nliqf.,  nmot,,  npg.  Ba- 
cillus murisepticus,  FlUgge.  See  Bacillus 
trysipelatos  suis,  Koch.  Bacillus  muri- 
septicus pleomorphus,  Karlinski.  Found 
in  purulent  uterine  discharges,  aer.,  faca- 
naer., liq/.,mot.,pg.  Probably  identical  with 
Proteus  vulgaris,  Hauser.  Bacillus  mus- 
coides  Liborius,  FlUgge.  Found  in  soil,  old 
cheese,cow-dung,  etc.  anaer,  ,nliqf. ,  mot,  ^npg. 
Bacillus  mycoides,  FlUgge.  Common  in 
soil  and  water,  aer. ,  nliqf. ,  mot, ,  npg.  Ba- 
cillus mycoides  roseus,  SchoU.  Found  in 
the  soil,  aer.,  liqf.,  chg,  {y^\,  npg.  Ba- 
cillus neapolitanus,  Emmericn.  Syn. ,  Ba- 
cillus coli  communis.  Bacterium  coli  commune, 
Escherich,  Bacterium  neapolitanum.  Colon 
bacillus  of  Escherich.  Bacillus  of  Booker,  a  to 
If.  A  normal  inhabitant  of  the  intestine  of 
man ;  resembles  the  bacillus  of  typhoid  fever, 
differing  from  it  in  producing  gas,  coagulat- 
ing milk,  forming  lactic  acid  in  media  con- 
taining lactose  or  glucose,  in  producing  indol, 
in  being  nonmotile,  and  in  giving  a  visible 
growth  on  potato.  It  is  the  cause  of  certain 
forms  of  suppuration  in  the  peritoneum,  liver, 
pelvis  of  kidney,  urethra,  etc.  aer.,  faca- 
naer, nliqf. ,  nmot. ,  pg.  Bacillus  necro- 
phorus,  Ldffler.  Obtained  from  rabbits  after 
inoculation  in  the  anterior  chamber  of  the 
eye  with  portions  of  condyloma.  aer., 
facanaer,,  nliqf,  pleom.,  pg.  Bacillus 
nodosus  parvus,  Lustgarten.  From  the 
healthy  urethra  of  man.  aer.,  facanaer.^ 
nliqf.,  nmot.,  npg.  Bacillus  cedematis 
aerobicus.  A  new  bacillus  of  malignant  ede- 
ma, Klein.  Found  in  the  exudates  of  guinea 
pigs  after  inoculating  with  garden  earth. 
aer. ,  facanaer. ,  nliqf ,  mot. ,  //.  Bacillus 
oedematis  maligni,  Koch.  .Syn.,  Bacillus 
adematis,  Koch;  Bacillus  septicus,  Pasteur. 
Bacillus  of  gangrene,  Bacillus  of  gangrenous 
septicemia.  Pink  bacillus  of  spreading 
edema,  A.  B.  Harris.  A  widely  scattered 
species,  obtained  from  surface  soil,  dust, 
putrefying  matter,  foul  water,  etc.,  and  from 
the  exudates  produced  by  inoculating  animals 
with  garden  earth,  anaer. ,  liqf ,  mot. ,  pg. 
Bacillus  of  Afanassiew.  See  Bacillus 
tussis  convuhiva.  Bacillus  of  Albuminous 
Decomposition.  .See  Bacillus  putrifcus 
coli.  Bacillus  of  Allantiasis,  MUller, 
Hoppe-Seyler.  5>ee  also  Sarcina  botulina. 
Van  den  Corput.  Cf.  Bacillus  of  choleraic 
diarrhea  from  meat-poisoning,  Klein. 
Found  in  poisonous  sausages,  particularly 
in  *♦  Blunren."  aer.,  liqf,pg*  Bacillus 
of  Alopecia  areata,  Kasauli.      Found  at 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


» 


tscbed  to  the  hain  froin  the  diseased  patches ; 
easily  cultirated.  See  Micrococcus  of  Alo- 
pecia areata,  and  Btuterium  dtcahans.  Ba- 
cillus of  Babes  and  Oprescu.  OlHained 
from  a  case  presenting  symptoms  of  typhus 
fever,  aer.y  facanaer.^  nliqf.^  mot.^  /^. 
Bacillus  of  Belfanti  and  Pascarola. 
Syn.,  Impftetanusbacillus,  Ger.  From  the 
pus  of  wounds  in  a  person  dead  of  teta- 
nus. <ur.f  fiuatuur.y  nliqf.^  nmot,^  f*g. 
Bacillus  of  Beri-beri,  Eykmann.  See 
Baciilus  berihericus,  Lacerda.  Bacillus  of 
Blue  Milk.  See  Bacillus  ryafUfgenus^ 
Hueppe.  Bacillus  of  Blue  or  Green  Pus. 
See  Bacillus  pyocyaneus^  Gessard.  Bacillus 
of  Booker,  a  to  n.  Found  in  alvine  dis- 
charges of  children  suffering  from  cholera 
infantum ;  probably  varieties  of  Bacillus 
Hfapoli/anusy  Emmerich.  Bacillus  of  Bo- 
vet.  Obtained  from  the  intestines  of  a 
woman  dead  of  acute  choleraic  enteritis. 
<ur.  t  nliqf.f  mot. ,  ps;.  Bacillus  of  Braxy. 
See  Bacillus  anihracis,  Pol  lender  and 
Davaine.  Bacillus  of  Bronchitis,  Lum- 
nitzer.  Syn.,  Bacillus  of  Lumnitzer.  From 
the  bronchia]  secretions  in  cases  of  putrid 
bronchitis,  aer.^mot.  Cf.  Micrococcus  of 
bronchitis,  Ficchini.  Bacillus  of  Butyric 
Acid  Fermentation.  See  Bacillus  butyr- 
icusy  Prazmowski.  Bacillus  of  Carcinoma, 
Rappin  and  Scheurlen  and  Domingo-Freire. 
See  Bacillus  of  Scheurlen.  Bacillus  of 
Canestrini.  Found  in  larvse  and  bees  suf- 
fering from  a  malady  common  among  bees  in 
certain  parts  of  Italy,  tf^r.,  lig/.,  mot., 
chg.  (pink),  pg.  Bacillus  of  Canon  and 
Pielicke.  See  Bacillus  of  measles.  Bacil- 
lus of  Cattle  Plague,  Metschnikoflf.  See 
Bacillus  septicctmia  hamorrkagiar,  Stern- 
berg. Bacillus  of  Cazal  and  Vaillard. 
Obtained  from  cheesy  nodules  upon  the  peri- 
toneum and  in  the  pancreas,  acr, ,  facanaer, , 
liqf.,  mot,,  pg.  Bacillus  of  Chancroid, 
thicrey.  Found  in  pustules  developed  upon 
the  arm  from  the  inoculation  of  chancroidal 
Tims;  does  not  grow  in  artificial  cultures. 
Cf.  Micrococcus  ulcens  mollis.  Bacillus 
of  Cheese.  See  Spirillum  tyrogenum, 
Denecke.  Bacillus  of  Chicken  Cholera. 
See  Bacillus  septicctmia  haniorrhagica ,  Stem- 
beiig.  Bacillus  of  Cholera.  See  Spirillum 
cholera  asiaticct,  Koch.  Bacillus  of  Chol- 
eraic Diarrhea  from  Meat  Poisoning, 
Klein.  Found  in  the  blood  and  feces  of 
persons  poisoned  with  tainted  meat.  Cf. 
bacillus  of  allantiasis,  Miiller  and  Hoppe- 
Seyler.  Bacillus  of  Cholera  in  Ducks, 
Comil  and  Toupct.  Obtained  from  the  bliiod 
of  ducks  that  had  died  of  an  epidemic  disease 
characterized  by  choleraic  sym))toms.  aer., 
nliqf.,  nmot.,  pg.  (for  ducks,  but  not  for 
chickens  or  pigeons).     Bacillus  of  Chyl- 


uria,  Wilson.  Found  in  the  coagulom  dk 
chylous  urine .  aer. ,  facanaer. ,  moi.  Bacil- 
lus of  ColomiattL  Obtained  from  cases  of 
conjunctivitis  and  xerotic  masses  in  the  eye. 
aer.,  nliqf.,  nmot.,  npg.  Cf.  Bacillus  of 
xerosis  epithehalis  conjunctivse,  Leber.  Ba- 
cillus of  Conjunctival  Catarrh,  Koch. 
Bacillus  of  conjunctivitis.  Bacillus  of  pink 
eye.  Weeks,  aer.,  nliqf.,  pg.  Resembles 
Bacillus  xerosis.  Bacillus  of  Dantec 
Syn. ,  Bacille  du  rouge  de  monie,  Fr.  Ob- 
tained from  salted  codfish  to  which  it  gives  a 
red  color,  aer.,  liqf.,  mot.,  chg.  (red), ar/if. 
Bacillus  of  Davame's  Septicemia.  See 
Bacillus  septicamiee  hemorrhagica.  Stem- 
berg.  Bacillus  of  Demme.  Obtained 
from  the  contents  of  tumors  and  pustules  and 
from  the  blood  of  patients  suffering  from 
erythema  nodosum,  aer.,  facanaer.,  (?) 
nliqf. ,  pg,  (to  guinea  pigs ;  rabbits,  dogs,  and 
goats  refractory).  Bacillus  of  Diphtheria 
in  Calves.  See  Bacillus  diphtheria  vitu- 
lortim,  Ldffler.  Bacillus  of  Diphtheria  in 
Doves.  See  Bacilbu  diphtheria  colum- 
barum,  Ldffler.  Bacillus  of  Diphtheria  in 
Man.  See  Bacillus  diphtheria,  Klebs  and 
LdfHer.  Bacillus  of  Ddderlein.  See 
Bacillus  vaginalis,  Ddderlein.  Bacillus  of 
Endocarditis.  See  Bacillus  pyogenes  feeti' 
dus,  Fribikel  and  Saenger.  Bacillus  of 
Egyptian  Catarrhal  Conjunctivitis.  See 
Bacillus  of  Kartulis.  Bacillus  of  Ery- 
sipelas in  the  Rabbit,  Koch.  See  BaciUus 
erysipelatos  leporis,  Koch.  Bacillus  of 
False  Hog  Cholera.  See  Bacillus  parvus 
ovatus,  LOffler. ,  Bacillus  of  Falae  Tuber- 
culosis in  Rabbits.  See  Bacillus  of  pseudo- 
tuberculosis in  rabbits,  Malassez  and  Vignal. 
Bacillus  of  Piocca.  Found  in  the  saliva  of 
cats  and  dogs.  aer. ,  facanaer. ,  nliqf. ,  nmot. , 
pg.  (for  rabbits,  guinea  pigs,  rats,  mice). 
Bacillus  of  Foot  Sweat.  See  Bacillus 
fatidus.  Bacillus  saprogenes  No.  II.  and 
Bacillus  graveolens.  Bacillus  of  Foul 
Brood  of  Bees.  See  Bacillus  ahei,  Che- 
shire and  Che3me.  Bacillus  of  Fowl 
Cholera.  See  Bacillus  septicamia  hemor- 
rhagica^ Sternberg.  Bacillus  of  Fried- 
llnder.  See  Bacillus  pneumonia  fried- 
Idnderi.  Bacillus  of  Fulles,  III.  Bacil - 
lus  of  Gangrene.  See  Bacillus  otdematu 
maligni,  Koch,  Bacillus  saprogenes.  III, 
Rosen  bach,  and  Bacillus  of  senile  gangrene. 
Bacillus  of  Gangrenous  Septicemia.  See 
Bacillus  eedematis  maligni,  Koch.  Bacillua 
of  Gessner.  See  Bacterium  tholoideum, 
Gessner.  Bacillus  of  Glanders.  See 
Bacillus  mallei,  LOffler.  Bacillus  of  Green 
Diarrhea  in  Children,  I^esage.  See  Bacil- 
lus of  Lesage.  Bacillus  of  Green  Pus. 
See  Bacillus  pyocyaneus,  Gessard.  Bacil- 
lus of  Grouse  Disease,  Klein.    Obtained 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


from  the  lungs  and  liver  of  grouse  that  had 
died  of  an  epidemic  disease,  aer.^  nliqf.^ 
nmot.y  pg.  (for  mice,  guinea-pigs,  linnets, 
green  hnches,  sparrows ;  chickens,  pigeons, 
and  rabbits  immune).  Bacillus  of  Hay 
Infusions.  See  Bnciiitts  sudft/is fEhrenhtrg. 
Bacillus  heminecrobiophilus,  Arloing. 
Obtained  from  the  callous  lymphatic  glands 
of  a  gui  nea  pig.  a^. ,  facanatr. ,  nliqf. ,  mot. , 
pleom.^  pg.  Bacillus  of  Hog  Cholera, 
Salmon  and  Smith.  See  Bacillus  ex  pneumo- 
enleritide  suis,  Klein.  Bacillus  of  Hog 
Erysipelas.  See  Bacillus  erysipelcUos  suis^ 
Koch,  etc.  Bacillus  of  Horse  Pox,  Dieck- 
erhoff  and  Grawitz.  Syn.,  Bacillus  of  acne 
contagiosa  of  horses.  Obtained  from  the 
pustules  of  horses  suffering  from  acne  con- 
tagiosa, aer.^  nliqf.  ^  pg^  Bacillus  of 
Hydrophobia.  See  Bacillus  lyssce^  Pasteur. 
Bacillus  of  Icterus,  Karlinsky  and  Du- 
camp.  Found  in  the  blood  during  an  attack 
of  infectious  icterus.  Did  not  thrive  on 
ordinary  culture  media.  Bacillus  of  Influ- 
enza, Pfeiffer,  Kitasato,  and  Canon.  Influ- 
enza bacillus.  Found  in  the  purulent  bron- 
chial secretions  and  in  the  blood  of  persons 
solTering  from  epidemic  influenza,  aer.^ 
nmot.^  pg,  Cf.  Micrococcus  influenza^  Letz- 
ericb.  Bacillus  of  Intestinal  Diphtheria 
in  Rabbits,  Ribbert.  Obtained  from  the 
viscera  of  rabbits  dead  of  a  disease  character- 
ized by  a  diphtheritic  inflammation  of  the 
intestinal  mucous  membrane,  aer.^  nliqf. ^ 
nmot.,  (?)  pg.  Bacillus  of  Jefifries.  A 
group  (A,  G,  J,  K,  P,  S,  Z,)  of  bacilli, 
resembling  Bacillus  neapolilanusy  Emmerich, 
and  Bacillus  Icutis  aerogenes^  Escherich. 
Found  in  the  alvine  discharges  of  children 
suffering  from  summer  diarrhea,  anaer.^ 
Hpg.  Bacillus  of  Jequirity  Ophthalmia, 
DeWecker  and  Saltier.  Found  in  cases  of 
jequirity  ophthalmia  and  in  infusions  of 
jequirity  seeds  {Abrus  precatorius)^  the  sup- 
posed source  of  Abrin  aer.^  ^»V/»  mot.^ 
npg.  The  disease  is  now  held  to  be  caused 
by  a  soluble  poison,  jcquiriiin.  Bacillus  of 
Karlinski.  See  Bacillus  muriscpticus  pleo- 
morphus^  Karlinski.  Bacillus  of  Kartulis, 
Koch  and  Kartulis.  Obtained  from  the  con- 
junctiva in  cases  of  Egyptian  catarrhal  con- 
junctivitis, acr.  Pathogenesis  not  well  de- 
termined. Bacillus  of  KoubasofT.  Ob- 
tained from  carcinomatous  growth  in  the 
human  stomach.  aer.^  facanaer.^  nliqf  ^ 
met.,,  pg.  (for  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits).  Cf. 
Bacillus  of  Scheuerlen .  Bacillus  of  Lactic 
Acid  Fermentation.  See  Bacillus  acidi 
lactui^  Hueppe.  Bacillus  of  Laser.  Ob- 
tained from  mice  infected  with  an  epidemic 
disease,  cur.^  facanaer.y  nliqf,  mol.,  pg. 
{for  field-mice,  guinea-pigs,  rabbits  and 
pigeons).      Bacillus    of    Leprosy.      See 


Bacillus  lepra,  Hansen.  Bacillus  of  Let- 
age.  Bacillus  of  green  diarrhea  in  child- 
ren. Obtained  in  the  green  alvine  dis- 
charges of  infants  suffering  from  green  diar- 
rhea, acr.,  nliqf,  mo/.,  pg.  According  to 
Baumgarten  identical  with  Bacillus  fluor- 
escens  non-liquefaciens,  Schiller.  Bacillus 
of  Letzerich.  Obtained  from  the  urine  of 
children  sufliering  from  nephritis  interstitialis 
primaria.  acr.,  liqft  pg.  Bacillus  of 
Liborius.  See  Bacillus  amylobacter,  Praz- 
mowski.  Bacillus  of  Lichen  Ruber,  Laser. 
Found  in  the  lymph  passages  in  cases  of 
lichen  ruber.  Bacillus  of  Lucet.  Ob- 
tained from  chickens  and  turkeys  suffering 
from  an  infectious  form  of  septicemia  char- 
acterized by  dysenteric  dbcharges.  cur., 
facatuur.,  nliqf.,  nmoi.,  pg.  Bacillus  of 
Lumnitzer.  See  Bacillus  of  Bronchitis. 
Bacillus  of  Lupus.  See  Bacillus  tubercu- 
losis, Koch.  Bacillus  of  Lustgarten.  See 
Bacillus  syphilidis,  Lustgarten.  Bacillus 
of  Lymph  in  Pishes,  Oliver  and  Richet. 
Observed  in  the  lymph  of  certain  fishes,  cur. , 
mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  of  Malaria.  See 
Bacillus  malaria,  Klebs  and  Tommasi- 
Crudeli.  Bacillus  of  Malignant  Edema. 
See  Bacillus  adematis  maligni,  Koch.  Ba- 
cillus of  Measles,  Canon  and  Pielicke. 
Syn.,  Bacillus  of  Canon  and  Pielicke. 
Found  in  the  blood  and  in  the  secretions  of 
the  nose  and  conjunctiva  of  persons  with 
measles.  Cf.  Micrococcus  of  measles,  Klebs 
and  Keating.  Bacillus  of  Mouse  Sep- 
ticemia. See  Bacillus  erysipelatos  suis,  Pas- 
teur. Bacillus  of  Necrosis  of  the  Liver 
in  Badgers,  Eberth.  Found  in  the  necrotic 
liver  of  a  badger.  Bacillus  of  Necrosis 
of  the  Liver  in  Guinea  Pigs,  Eberth. 
Found  in  the  necrotic  liver  of  a  guinea-pig. 
Bacillus  of  Nephritis,  Letzerich.  See 
Bacillus  of  Letzerich.  Bacillus  of  Nocard. 
Found  in  the  superficial  abscesses  of  cattle 
suflfering  from  farcy.  cur.,nmot.,pg.  Ba- 
cillus of  Okada.  Obtained  from  the  dust 
between  the  boards  of  a  floor,  aer. ,  facanaer. , 
nliqf.,  nmot.,  pg.  Bacillus  of  Osteomy- 
elitis, Kraske  and  Becker.  Found  in  cases 
of  osteomyelitis.  aer. ,  liqf  (or  in  some 
forms  nliqf  \,  mot.,  pleom.,  pg.  Held  by 
Pasteur  as  identical  with  the  micrococcus 
of  furuncle.  Bacillus  of  Phthisis.  See 
Bacillus  tuberculosis,  Koch.  Bacillus  of 
Pink  Eye,  Weeks.  Sec  Bacillus  of  Con- 
junctival Catarrh,  Koch.  Bacillus  of  Po- 
tato Rot,  Kramer.  Obtained  from  potatoes 
affected  with  wet  rot.  aer.,  liqf,  mot.,  npg. 
Putrefies  the  albuminous  substances  of  po- 
tatoes. Bacillus  of  Pseudotuberculosis 
in  Rabbits,  Eberth,  Malassez,  and  Vignal. 
S3m.,  Bacille  de  la  tuberculose  zoogltique, 
Bacille  de  la  pseudo-tuberculose  da  lapii^ 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


» 


Fr.;  Bacillus  dcr  Pseudo-tuberculose  der 
Kaniochen,  Ger.  Found  in  the  nodular 
deposits  characteristic  of  this  disease.  Ba- 
ciUuB  of  Puerperal  Fever.  See  Bacillus 
puerperalis^  Engel  and  Spillmann.  Bacil- 
lus of  Purpura  Hemorrhagica  of  Babes. 
Obtained  from  the  viscera  of  a  patient  dead 
of  purpura  hacmorrhagica.  a^r.,  facanaer.^ 
liqj^-,  nmoi.f  pg.  Resembles  the  next  two 
forms.  Bacillus  of  Purpura  Hemor- 
rhagica of  Kolb.  Obtained  from  the  vis- 
cera of  patients  dead  of  purpura,  aer,^ 
facanofr.^  nliqf.^  nmot.y  fg.  Bacillus  of 
Purpura  Hemorrhagica  of  Tizzoni  and 
Qiovannini.  Obtain^  from  the  blood  of 
two  children  dead  of  purpura  hacmorrhagica. 
aer. ,  facanaer. ,  nliqf, ,  nmot. ,  pg.  Bacillus 
of  Pyemia,  Beltzow.  Two  forms  found 
in  pyemia,  one  of  which  resembles  Bacillus 
ademcUis  maligniy  Koch.  Bacillus  of 
Rabbit  Septicemia.  See  Bacillus  set- 
ticctmia  hamorrhagicay  Stembci^.  Bacil- 
lus of  Rabies.  See  Bacillus  lyssa^  Pasteur. 
Bacillus  of  Rag-pickers'  Disease.  See 
Bacillus  kominis  capsulatus ^  Bordoni- 
Uffreduzzi.  Bacillus  of  Red  Bread.  See 
Bacillus  prodigiosusy  Ehrenberg.  Bacillus 
of  Red  Milk.  See  Bacillus  lactis  cry- 
tkrogenesy  Hueppe ;  and  Bacillus  prodigio- 
suSf  Ehrenberg.  Bacillus  of  Rheumatism. 
See  Baa'llus  rAcumariAn'lidis,  Kussmaul. 
Bacillus  of  Rhinoscleroma.  See  Ba alius 
rkinosclcromatiSf  Comil  and  Alvarez.  Bacil- 
lus of  Roth,  I,  II.  Obtained  from  old  rags. 
aer. ,  facanaer. ,  nliqf. ,  nmot. ,  pg.  Rcbcm  - 
bles  Bacillus  neapolitanusy  Emmerich  ;  and 
Bacillus  caviciduSy  Burger.  Bacillus  of 
Rouget.  See  Bacillus  erysipclatos  suis^ 
Koch,  etc.  Bacillus  of  Scarlet  Fever, 
Crooke.  Found  in  the  nasal  mucus  and  tis- 
sues of  the  throat  in  a  case  of  anginose  scar- 
let fever,  mot.  Resembles  Bacillus  aedtma- 
tis  malignif  Koch,  and  the  Proteus  of  Mau- 
ser. According  to  Doehle  the  parasite  of  this 
disease  is  a  protozoon.  Cf.  Micrococcus 
scarlcUina.  Bacillus  of  Scheuerlen,  Scheu- 
erlen,  Rapin,  and  Domingo  Freire.  Syn., 
Bacillus  epidermidisy  Bordoni  Uffreduzzi. 
From  cancerous  tissues  and  from  mammary 
epithelium  of  healthy  persons.  According  to 
Mac^  possibly  identical  with  a  variety  of  Ba- 
cillus mcscnterirus  vul^atus^  Flflggc.  acr.^ 
Kqf,y  mot.y  npg.  Bacillus  of  Schimmel- 
busch.  Obtained  from  the  necrotic  tissues 
of  a  case  of  cancrum  oris  or  noma,  aer.^ 
nliqf. ,  pg.  Bacillus  of  Schou.  See  Bacil- 
lus pneumonicus  agilis^  Schou.  Bacillus  of 
Senile  Gangrene,  Tricomi.  Bacillus  of 
gangrene.  Bacillus  of  Tricomi.  Found  in  the 
blood,  in  the  tissues  along  the  line  of  demar- 
cation, in  the  subcutaneous  tissue  and  the 
lymph-spaces  of  the  skin,  and  in  the  ichor- 


ous discharge,  aer.^  liqf,  nmot.^  pg.  CC 
Bacillus  adentatis  maligni^  Koch  and  Bacil- 
lus saprogenesy  III^  Rosenbach.  Bacillus 
of  Sejpticemia  in  Man,  Klein.  Bacillus 
of  Southern  Cattle  Plague,  F.  S.  Bil- 
lings. Syn. ,  Bacillus  of  Texas  fever  in  cat- 
tle. Found  in  the  blood,  viscera,  and  man- 
ure of  cattle  infected  with  cattle  plague  or 
Texas  fever,  and  in  their  discharges  *  also  in 
the  ticks  (Boophilus  batnsy  Curtice)  infecting 
the  cattle.  The  spread  of  the  disease  is 
largely  due  to  the  manure  of  the  cattle  and 
also  indirectly  to  the  ticks,  atr^  nliqf  ^  mot.^ 
pleom^pg.  Smith  and  Kilbom  now  attribute 
this  disease  to  the  psorospenn  Pyrosoma  bige* 
minum.  Bacillus  of  Spontaneous  Rab- 
bit Septicemia,  El)erth.  See  Bacillus  of 
swine  plague,  ^Bx^WUs.  Bacillus  of  Symp* 
tomatic  Anthrax.  See  Bacillus  ckauxHti, 
Bollinger  and  Feser.  Bacillus  of  Swine 
Pest,  Selander.  See  Bacillus  ex  pneumo- 
enteritide  suisy  Klein.  Bacillus  of  Swine 
Plague,  Marseilles,  Reitsch,  and  Tobeit. 
Syn.,  Bacillus  suis,  Dctmers.  Bacillus  of 
spontaneous  rabbit  septicemia;  Bacillus  of 
swine  plague,  Detmers  and  Billings  ;  BadU 
lus  of  ferret  disease.  First  obtained  from 
swine  attacked  by  a  fatal  epidemic  disease 
in  Marseilles,  aer.,  nliqf ,  mot.  pg.  Caneva 
and  others  identify  this  with  the  Bacillus 
of  ferret  disease  and  with  that  of  American 
swine  plague ;  also  with  the  Bacillus  of 
Southern  cattle  plague,  Billings  ;  but  this  lat- 
ter seems  to  be  a  distinct  species.  See  Ba- 
cillus tardigradus.  Bacillus  of  Sjrphilia. 
See  Bacillus  syphilidisy  Lustgarten.  Ba- 
cillus of  Tetanus.  See  Bacillus  tetania 
Nicolaier.  Bacillus  of  Texas  Cattle 
Fever,  F.  S.  Billings.  See  Bacillus  of 
Southern  Cattle  Plague.  Bacillus  of  the 
Blood.  Bacillus  of  the  Lungs  of  Cattle, 
Lttstig.  P^ound  in  the  lungs  of  healthy  and 
diseased  cattle,  aer.yliqf  Bacillus  of  the 
Meconium,  Escherich.  Found  in  the  me- 
conium. Bacillus  of  the  Pneumoenter- 
itis  of  the  Pig.  See  Bacillus  ex  pneum^ 
enteritide  suisy  Klein.  Bacillus  of  the 
Smegma.  Found  in  the  smegma  of 
the  male  and  female  genitals.  Bacillus  of 
Tommasoli.  Found  on  the  hair  in  a 
case  of  sycosis.  Bacillus  of  TricomL 
See  Bacillus  of  senile  gangrefte.  Bacillus 
of  Tuberculosis  of  Vines.  Regarded  bj 
Corvo  as  the  cause  of  the  diseased  conditio* 
of  vines  usually  attributed  to  Phylloxera  v€u- 
tatrixy  Planchon.  Bacillus  of  Ulceratiyt 
Stomatitis  of  Cattle,  Lingard  and  Batt 
P'ound  on  the  skin,  the  mucous  membranes, 
and  in  the  lungs  of  young  cattle.  Cf.  Strep- 
tocyfus  of  eczema  epixooticOy  Schottelius.  Ba- 
cillus of  Ulcus  MoUe,  Kr5fting.  Iden- 
tical with  that  described  by  Ducrey  as  tkc 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


Bacillus  of  Chancroid.  Bacillus  of  Ut- 
padel,  Utpadel  and  Gessner.  Obtained  from 
the  stuffing  of  the  bed  quilts  in  a  military  hos- 
pital (Augsburg),  and  from  the  intestinal 
contents  of  man.  aer,^  nliqf.y  met.,  pg. 
Bacillus  of  Vagus  Pneumonia.  See  Ba- 
ciUus  pmumonicus  agiiis.  Schou.  Bacillus 
of  Verruga  Peruana,  Izquierdo.  Found 
in  the  intercellular  spaces  and  blood-vessels 
in  the  nodules  characteristic  of  Peruvian  wart. 
Bacillus  of  Vignal.  See  Bacillm  buccalis 
mmutut^  Vignal.  Bacillus  of  Whooping 
Cough.  See  Bacillus  tussis  canvulsiva, 
Afanassiew.  Bacillus  of  Xerosis  Epithe- 
lialia  Conjunctivae,  Leber,  Kuschbert, 
FrftnkeUand  Nei«»ser.  Syn.,  Bacillus  xerosis ^ 
Frftnkel  :  Bacillus  of  Colomiatti,  Bacillus  of 
xerosis,  Schreiber.  Found  in  the  white,  fatly 
scales  of  the  conjunctivae  in  cases  of  xeroph- 
thalmia, nmot.  Does  not  grow  on  gelatin  or 
potato.  Pathogenesis  not  fully  determined. 
Bacillus  of  Yellow  Fever.  Found  in  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  small  intestine  in 
two  cases  of  yellow  fever.  Sternberg  has 
found  many  forms  in  the  intestinal  contents 
and  viscera  of  yellow  fever  cadavers,  the  most 
frequent  and  abundant  being  the  Bacillus 
ntapclitanuSy  Emmerich ;  Bacillus  cadaverus, 
Sternberg ;  and  Bacillus  X^  Sternberg.  The 
last  is  held  by  Sternberg  as  being  possibly 
concerned  in  the  etiology  of  yellow  fever. 
Bacillus  of  Yellow  Milk.  See  Bacillus 
synxanlAusy  Ehrenberg  and  SchrSter.  Ba- 
cillus ovatus  minutissimus,  Unna.  Found 
npoQ  the  skin  in  cases  of  eczema  seborrhce- 
icum.  tf^r. ,  fcuanaer. ,  nliqf. ,  npg.  Bacil- 
lus oxytocus  pemiciosus,  Wyssokowitsch. 
Found  in  milk  left  standing  a  long  time, 
orr.,  nliqf.  ^  pg.  Bacillus  panificans, 
Laurent.  Claimed  as  the  active  agent  in 
the  raising  of  bread.  Found  especially  in 
black  bread.  Dunnenberger  considers  it  a 
mere  imptuity  and  not  concerned  in  the  leav- 
ening processes.  Bacillus  parvus  ovatus, 
L5f£r.  Bacillus  of  false  hog  cholera.  Found 
in  the  carcass  of  a  pig  dead  of  a  disease  re- 
•emliling  rougeL  It  resembles  Bacillus  septi- 
(smia  hemorrhagica^  Sternberg.  Bacillus 
pasteurianus,  Hansen.  Syn.,  Bacterium 
pasteurianumy  Micrococcus  pasteurianus. 
Found  in  beer-wort  and  beer,  especially  that 
poor  in  alcohol.  Resembles  Bacillus  acetiy 
Kiitziog  and  Sommer.  Bacillus  pestifer, 
Frankland.  Found  in  the  air.  aer..,  ^'^f-* 
mot.^  npg.  Bacillus  phosphorescens, 
Fitcber.  Syn.,  Bacillus  phosphorescens 
indicHSy  Fischer;  Photobacterium  indicum^ 
Fischer.  Found  in  sea  water  (Gulf  of 
Mexico),  aer. ,  liqf. ,  mot.^  phos. ,  npg.  Ba- 
cillus phosphorescens  gelidus,  Forster. 
.See  Bacillus  phosphoreus,  Cohn.  Bacillus 
phosphorescens    indkus,    Fischer.     See 


Bacillus  phosphorescens y  Fischer.  BaciUuf 
phosphorescens  indigenus,  Fischer. 
Found  in  sea  water  (harbor  of  Kiel)  and 
upon  herring,  aer.^  ^'V/»  fnot.^  phos,  ^  npg. 
Bacillus  phosphoreus,  Cohn.  Syn.,  Mi- 
crococcus phosphoreus,  Cohn ;  Bacterium 
phosphorescens  J  Hermes  ;  Bacillus  phosphores- 
cens gelidus^  Forster.  Found  on  sea  fish, 
raw  and  cooked  (cooked  salmon,  Cohn).  aer. , 
nliqf.  ^  phos.y  npg.  Bacillus  plicatus, 
Zimmerman.  Found  in  hydrant  water 
(Chemnitz),  aer,  liqf ,  nmot. ,  chg.  (grayish 
yellow)  npg.  Bacillus  pneumonia, 
FlUgge.  See  Bacillus  pneumonia  friedldnd- 
eri.  Bacillus  pneumoniae  friedlSnderi. 
Syn.,  Bacillus  pneumonia y  Fliigge;  Diplococ- 
cus  pneumonia  fibrinosa,  FriedlSjider ;  Micro- 
coccus pneumonia  infectiosa,  FriedlJlnder. 
Occasionally  obtained  from  the  exudates  in 
the  pulmonary  alveoli  in  cases  of  croupous 
pneimionia.  aer.,  facanaer.y  nliqf.,  nmot., 
pg.  Bacillus  pneumonicus  agilis,  Schou. 
Syn. ,  Bacillus  of  Schou ;  Bacillus  of  Vagus 
pneumonia.  Obtained  from  rabbits  suffering 
from  pneumonia  induced  by  section  of  the 
vagi.  aer. ,  liqf. ,  mot. ,  pg.  Bacillus  pneu - 
mosepticus,  Babes.  Obtained  from  the 
blood  and  tissues  of  a  person  dead  of  septic 
pneumonia,  aer.,  facanaer.,  nliqf,  nmot.  ^ 
pg.  Bacillus  pol3rm3rxa,  Piazmowski. 
Sjm.,  Claustridium  poly  my xa,  Prazmowski. 
Found  in  infusion  of  potatoes,  lupin  seeds, 
etc.  aer.,  facanaer.,  npg.  Bacillus 
polypiformis,  Liborius.  Found  in  cow 
dung  and  in  the  exudates  of  mice 
inoculated  with  garden  earth.  anaer., 
nliqf,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  preussii,  Ciesi- 
elski.  See  Bacillus  alvei,  Cheshire  and 
Cheyne.  Bacillus  prodigiosus,  Ehren- 
berg. Syn.,  Bacteridium  prodigiosum, 
SchrSter ;  Bacterium  prodigiosum.  Micrococ- 
cus prodigiosus,  Cohn  ;  Micrococcus  imetro- 
phus,  Trevisan  ;  Afonas  prodigiosa,  Ehren- 
berg ;  Palmella  prodigiosa,  Mont ;  Zoogalac- 
tina  imetropa,  Sette.  Frequently  found  upon 
foodstuffs,  boiled  potatoes,  hard-boiled  eggs, 
moist  bread ,  etc.  aer. ,  facanaer. ,  liqf .  mot , 
chg.  (red),  npg.  Acts  as  a  protective  to  rah 
bits  against  anthrax.  Bacillus  pseudce- 
dema,  Liborius.  Syn.,  Bacillus  pseudosep- 
ti^us,  Mac6 ;  Pseudo-mlembacillus,  Ger. 
Obtained  from  the  exudates  of  mice,  after  in- 
oculation with  garden  earth,  anaer.,  liqf, 
pg.  Resembles  Bacillus  adematis  maligni, 
Koch.  Bacillus  pseudopneumonicus, 
Passet  Syn.,  Bacterium  pseudopneumoni- 
cum.  Found  in  pus.  aer.,  nliqf,  nmot., 
Pg.  Resembles  Micrococcus  pneumonia  croup- 
osa,  FriLnkel.  Bacillus  pseudosepticus, 
Mac6.  See  Bacillus  pseudotdema,  Liborius. 
Bacillus  pseudosepticus  of  Mice,  Bien- 
stock.     Syn.,  Bacillus  of pseudosepticemia  of 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


wua.  Foand  in  feces,  o/r.,  fi/ff/-,  nmat.f 
fg.  Found  after  inocoladon,  mostly  in  the 
edematous  fluid  and  not  in  the  blood.  Ba- 
cillus pseudotuberculosis,  Pfeifler.  Ob- 
tained from  the  viscera  of  a  horse  killed  on 
suspicion  of  having  glanders,  aer.^  nliqf.t 
nmof,^  pg.  Bacillus  puerperalis,  Kngel 
and  Spillmann.  Leptothrix  of  puer|)eral 
fever ;  Bacillus  of  puerperal  fever.  Found 
in  two  cases  of  puerperal  sepsis,  pg.  (for 
mice  and  rabbits).  Considered  by  Pasteur  to 
be  identical  with  Bacillus  anthracU.  Bacil- 
lus pulpse  pyogenes,  Miller.  Obtained 
from  gangrenous  tooth-pulp.  aer. ,  facanaer, , 
Hqf.^  pg.  Bacillus  punctatus,  Zimmer- 
mann.  Found  in  hydrant  water  ^Chemnitz). 
aer,^  liqf.y  npg.  Bacillus  putnficus  coli, 
Bienstock.  Found  in  human  feces,  aer,^ 
facamur,,  nliq/,^  mot,^  npg.  Bacillus  pyo- 
cyaneus  a,  Gessard.  Syn.,  Bacillus  aerugi- 
nosiSy  Bacterium  aeruginosum,  Schrflter; 
Micrococcus  pyocyaneus^  Gessard.  Bacillus 
of  blue  or  green  pus.  A  widely  distributed 
form,  found  in  purulent  and  serous  wounds, 
in  perspiration,  and  in  the  viscera  of  human 
cadavers,  aer,^  facancur.^  liqf.^  mot.^  chg.^ 
pg.  Two  pigments,  one  fluorescent  green, 
the  other  blue,  pyocyanin.  Bacjllus  pyo- 
cyaneus  /?,  Ernst.  Found  in  pus  from  ban- 
dages stained  green,  aer,^  ^'qf-*  fnot.y  chg. 
(yellowish  green),  npg.  Bacillus  pyo- 
genes fioetidus,  jPasset.  Syn.,  baciUe  pyo- 
gine  fktide^  Fr.  Obtained  from  an  ischio- 
rectal abscess,  aer. ,  nliqf. ,  mot. ,  pg.  Ba- 
cillus pyogenes  soli,  Bolton.  Obtained 
from  the  exudates  of  a  rat  after  inoculation 
with  garden  earth,  aer.^  facanaer.^  «%/•» 
nmoi.^  npg.  Bacillus  radiatus,  Liideritz. 
Obtained  from  the  exudates  of  mice  and 
guinea-pigs  after  inoculation  with  garden 
earth,  anaer.,  liqf.^  mot.y  npg.  Bacillus 
radiatus  aquatilis,  Zimmermann.  Found 
in  hydrant  water  (Chemnitz),  aer.^  liqf.t 
mct.f  npg.  Bacillus  ramosus,  Eisenberg. 
Syn.,  WurtelhacUlus,  Common  in  soil  and 
water,  aer.y  Hqf.y  npg.  Bacillus  ramo- 
sus liquefaciens.  Obtained  from  the  air. 
aer.^  Hqf.^t  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  reticularis, 
Jordan.  Found  in  hydrant  water  (Lawrence, 
Mass.).  aer.,  liqf.,  mot.,  npg.  Bacillus 
rheumarthritidis,  Kussmaul.  Syn.,  Ba- 
cillus  rheumarthritis.  Micrococcus  rheumnr- 
thritis,  Leyden.  Found  in  the  joint  effu- 
sions in  articular  rheumatism.  Bacillus 
rhinoscleromatis,  Comil  and  Alvarez, 
Von  Frisch,  Paltauf,  Von  Eiselsberg,  Dit- 
trich,  Stepanow,  etc.  Found  in  the  newly- 
formed  tubercles  of  rhinoscleroroa.  aer., 
facanaer.,  nliqf.,  usually  nmot.  (becomes 
motile  on  cultivation),  pg.  Etiologic  rela- 
tions not  established.  Considered  by  many 
at    tdenticai    with     Bacillus     pneumonia 


friedldnderi.  It  is  less  virulent,  gelatin  cul- 
tures more  transparent,  and  the  capsules  more 
persistent.  Bacillus  rosaceum  metal- 
loides,  Dowdeswcll .  Bacillus  rubefaciens. 
Zimmermann.  Found  in  hydrant  water 
(Chemnitz),  aer.,  nliqf.,  mot.,  chg.  (pale 
pinkK  npg.  Bacillus  rubellus,  Okada. 
Found  in  the  exudates  of  guinea-pigs  after 
inoculation  with  street  dust,  an/ier.,  liqf 
mot.,  chg.  (red),  npg.  Bacillus  ruber 
Frank,  Cohn,  and  Becker.  Syn.,  Bacillu 
miniaceus,  Zimmermann.  Bacillus  (or  Bac 
terium)  rosaceum  metalloides,  Dowdeswell. 
The  red  bacillus  of  water.  Found  in  water 
and  on  boiled  rice,  aer.,  liqf.,  mot.,  chg. 
(magenta  red) ,  npg.  Bacillus  ruber  indicus. 
See  Bacillus  indicus, Koch.  Bacillus  rubes* 
cens,  Jordan.  Found  in  sewage  (Lawrence, 
Mass. ) .  aer. ,  nliqf. ,  mot. ,  chg.  (pale  pink), 
npg.  Bacillus  nxbidus,  Eisenberg.  Found 
in  water,  cter.,  liqf,  mot.,  chg.  (brownish 
red))  ^/tr*  (Lustig  describes  a  red  bacillus 
from  river  water  which  he  claims  to  be  dif- 
ferent from  this).  Bacillus  salivarius  sep- 
ticus,  Biondi.     See  Bacillus  septicus  sputi- 

fenus,  Fliigge.  Bacillus  sanguinis  typhi, 
(rannan  and  Cheesman.  Obtained  from  the 
blood  of  typhus- fever  patients,  aer. ,  facanaer., 
nmot.  Bacillus  saprogenes,  I,  11,  III, 
Rosenbach.  Found  in  putrefying  matter  on 
fetid  feet,  the  white  plugs  of  the  pharyngeal 
follicles,  etc.  aer., facanaer., pg.  Bacillus 
scaber,  Duclaux.  Syn.,  Tyrothrix  scaber. 
Found  in  cheese,  aer.,  nliqf.,  mot. ,  (in  early 
stages  becoming  non -motile),  npg.  Bacillus 
schafTeri,  F'reudenreich.  OUained  from 
cheese  and  fermenting  potato  infusion,  aer., 
facanaer.,  nliqf,  mot.,  npg.  Closely  resem- 
bles Bacillus  neapolitanus,  Emmerich.  Bac- 
illus scissus,  Frankland.  Found  in  the 
soil,  aer.,  nliqf,  nmot.,  npg.  Bacillus  sep- 
ticsemise  hsemorrhagicse,  Sternberg.  Bac- 
illus  cholerce  gallinarum,  FlUgge.  Bacillus 
cuniculicida,  Fliigge.  Bacillus  cuniculici- 
dus,  Koch.  Bacterium  septiccemia,  Koch. 
Bacterium  morbilli,  Lanzi.  Coccohacterim 
septica,  Billroth.  Micrococcus  septicus,  Cohn. 
Micrococcus  cholera  gallinarum.  Micrococcus 
gallicidus,  Microsporon  septicus,  Klebs.  Bac- 
illus septicus,  Koch.  See  Bacillus  ery- 
sipelatos  suis,  Koch.  Bacillus  septicus. 
Pasteur.  See  Bacillus  atdematis  maHgni, 
Koch.  Cf.  Proteus  septicus.  Bacillus  sep- 
ticus acuminatus,  Babes.  Obtained  from 
the  umbilical  stump,  blood  and  viscera  of  a 
Ave  days  old  child,  dead  of  septic  infection. 
aer. ,  no  growth  on  gelatin,  pg,  (for  rabbits 
and  guinea-pigs,  not  for  mice).  Bacillus 
septicus  agrigenus,  Nicolaier.  Obtained 
from  manured  garden  soil,  aer.,  nliqf  (?) 
Resembles  Bacillus  septicemia  hamorrka- 
giea^  Sternberg.    Bacillus  septicus  froa 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


8smtuxD.  See  BadDus  sepiicus  spuHy  1, 11, 
Kreibohm.  Bacillus  septicus  keratomal- 
aciae,  Babes.  ObtaiDed  from  the  corneal 
tissues  and  riscera  of  a  child  that  died  of 
septicemia  following  keratomalacia.  aer,^ 
facanaer.y  nliqf.^pg.  (for  rabbits  and  mice, 
slightly  for  birds,  not  for  guinea-pigs).'  Bac- 
illus septicus  sputi,  I,  II,  KreiboKnu  Ob< 
tained  from  human  buccal  secretions.  Does 
not  grow  in  any  known  culture-medium. 
Resembles  Baalim  septicamia  hamorrha- 
gka^  Sternberg.  BaciUus  septicus  sputi- 
genus,  FlUgge.  Syn.,  Bacterium  septicum 
sputif:enHm^  Frlnkel.  Micrococcus  pneu- 
monia crouposa^  Frlnkel.  Micrococcus 
fasteuri^  Sternberg.  Diplococcus  pneumonia ^ 
Weichselbaum.  Streptococcus  lanceolatus 
pasteun\  Garoaleia.  Micrococcus  of  sputum 
septicemia,  FriUikel.  Lancet-shaped  micro- 
cocois,  Talamon.  Pneumococcus  of  Frink- 
el.  Found  both  in  healthy  and. in  pneu- 
monic sputum,  in  the  fibrinous  exudate  of 
croupous  pneumonia,  and  in  the  pus  of 
meningitis,  in  middle-ear  disease,  in  certain 
forms  of  pleurisy,  joint-disease,  and  endo- 
carditis, acr.y  facanaer.y  nmot,^  nliqf.^  pg. 
Held  to  be  the  cause  of  croupous  pneumonia 
in  man,  and  by  some  to  be  identical  with 
Bacillus  lyssae^  Pasteur.  Bacillus  septicus 
ulceris  gangrsenosi,  Babes.  Found  in  the 
blood  and  viscera  of  a  boy  dead  of  septicemia 
following  gangrene  of  the  skin.  aer. ,  liqj. , 
mot.^Pg.  Bacillus  septicus  vesicjs,  Clado. 
Found  in  the  urine  of  a  patient  with  cystitis. 
aer.,  fttcaHaer.^nliqf.^mot.^  pg.  Bacillus 
aeasilist  L.  Klein.  Found  in  the  blood  of 
a  cow  supposed  to  have  died  of  anthrax,  aer.^ 
mot.  (convulsive  jerking),  npg.  Bacillus 
aimilis,  Bienstock.  See  Bacillus  subtilis 
simulnns,  I,  II,  Bienstock.  Bacillus  smar- 
agdinus  fcetidus,  Reimann.  Found  in  the 
nasal  secretions  in  a  case  of  ozena,  aer.^ 
fncanatr. ,  liqf. ,  pg.  Bacillus  smaragdino- 
phosphorescens,  Katz.  Obtained  from  a 
herring  in  fish  market  (Sidney.  N.  S.  W.). 
aer.^  niiaf.,  nmot.^phos.  (emerald  green)  n^. 
Resembles  Photobacterium  phosphorescens^ 
Cohn,  and  Photobacterium  pflUgeriy  Ludwig. 
Bacillus  solidus,  LUderitz.  Found  in  the 
exudates  of  mice  inoculated  with .  garden 
earth,  aer.^  nliqf.,  mot.^  npg.  Bacillus 
spitiiferus,  Unna  Found  upon  the  skin 
in  cases  of  eczema  seborrhceicum.  aer.^ 
nUqf.tchg.  (grayish  yellow),  npg.  Bacillus 
sputigenus  crassus.  See  Bacillus  crassus 
sputigemus,  Kreibohm.  Bacillus  stolonatus, 
Adametz.  Found  in  water,  aer. .  nliqf. ,  mot. , 
n^.  Bacillus  stolonifenis,  Pohl.  Found 
in  swamp  water.  aer.Jiqf.,mot.  Pathogene- 
sis not  determined.  Bacillus  striatus 
albus.  Von  Besser.  Found  in  the  nasal 
•ecretionft  of  healthy  persons,    aer.^  nliqf, ^ 


npg.  Bacillus  striatus  flavus,  Von  Besser. 
(Jccasionally  found  in  nasal  mucus,  cur.^ 
nliqf. y  chg.  (sulphur  yellow),  npg.  Bacillus 
subflavus,  Zimmermann.  Found  in  hydrant 
water  (Chemnitz),  aer. ^  nliqf. ^  mot.^  chg, 
(pale  yellow),  npg.  Bacillus  subtilis, 
Ehrenberg,  Cohn,  Brefeld,  Prazmowski,  and 
Fitz.  Syn.  Bacillus  glycerines ^  Fitz ;  Bacillus 
fitzianusy  Zopf;  Bacterium  subtile,  Zopf; 
Metallacter  subtile,  Pertz;  Vibrio  subtilis, 
Ehrenberg.  DeBary  confines  B.  subtilis  to 
the  form  described  by  Brefeld  and  Prazmow- 
ski. The  relation  of  the  starch  fermentation 
species  of  Fitz  remains  doubtful.  A  com- 
mon form  found  in  the  air,  water,  soil, 
and  on  plants,  aer.,  liqf.,  oscl.,  npg.  Bac- 
illus subtiliformis,  Bienstock.  Syn. ,  Ba- 
cillus subtilis  simulans,  I,  II,  Bienstock. 
Bacillus  similis,  Bienstock.  Found  in  hu- 
man feces,  aef.,  nliqf,  nmot.,  npg.  Bac- 
illus suis,  Detmers.  See  Bacillus  tarUi- 
gradus.  Bacillus  sulfhydrogenus,  Mi- 
quel.  Found  in  water,  aer,,  mot.  Decom- 
poses albumin  with  evolution  of  H,S.  Bac- 
illus sulfureum,  Holschewnikoffand  Rosen- 
heim. Two  forms  found  in  urine  and  in 
mud.  Bacillus  superficialis,  Jordan. 
Common  in  sewage,  aer. ,  liqf ,  mot.  „  npg. 
Bacillua  synxanthus,  Ehrenberg  and 
Schrdter.  Syn.,  Bacillus  xanthogenus,  Fuchs 
and  Ehrenberg.  Bacterium  xanthinum, 
.Schr6ter.  Vibrio  synxanthus,  Ehrenberg. 
Vibrio  xanthogenus,  Fuchs.  Bacillus  of 
yellow  milk.  Found  in  milk  that  has  been 
boiled,  aer.,  mot.,  chg.  (golden  yellow),  npg. 
Precipitates  the  casein;  renders  the  milk 
alkaline.  Bacillus  s}rphilidis,  Lustgarten. 
Syn. ,  Bacillus  syphilis,  I  .ustgarten.  Bacillus 
of  Lustgarten.  Found  in  syphilitic  new 
growths  and  secretions ;  does  not  develop 
in  ordinary  culture  media.  In  staining., 
reaction  seems  to  be  identical  with  that 
of  the  Bacillus  of  the  Smegma.  Doehle 
describes  parasitic  infusoria  as  the  causa- 
tive agents  of  syphilis.  Bacillus  tardi- 
gjadus.  Syn.,  Bacillus  suis,  Detmers. 
Micrococcus  suis,  Burrill.  Found  in  dew, 
water,  and  in  the  fluids  of  pigs  affected  with 
swine  plague,  aer. ,  mot. ,  npg.  Qi.  Bacillus 
of  swine  plague,  Marseilles,  Rietsch  and 
Jobert.  Bacillus  tenuis,  Duclaux.  Sjm., 
Tyrothrix  tenuis,  Duclaux.  Found  in  de- 
composing albuminoid  matter,  cheese,  etc. 
cur.,  facanaer.,  (?)  mot.,  npg.  Used  in 
ripening  certain  French  cheeses.  Bacillus 
tenuis  sputigenus,  Pansini.  Obtained  from 
sputum,  aer.,  nliqf,  nmot.,  pg.  Bacillus 
termo,  Dujardin  and  Ehrenberg.  See  Bac- 
terium termo,  Cohn.  Bacillus  tetani,  Nico- 
laier.  Syn.,  Bacillus  tetani  traumatici, 
Rosenbach.  Bacillus  of  tetanus.  Found  in 
garden  earth  and  in  the  wounds  of  persons 


c 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


^ 


•Qffering  from  teUnos.  Spores  form  at  one 
end  and  give  bacillus  a  drum-stick  appear- 
ance, anaer.^  Ih/'*  f^^-t  Pg-  Bacillus 
tetani  traumatici.  See  the  preceding. 
Bacillus  thalassophilus,  Russel.  Obtain^ 
from  mud  (Bay  of  Naples),  anatr.^  ^'V/» 
mot.  Pathogenesis  not  detennined.  Bacillus 
thermophilus,  Miquel.  Found  in  the  in- 
testinal tract  of  man  and  animals,  in  sewage, 
and  in  the  soil,  aer.^  nmot. ,  npg.  Bacillus 
tremelloides,  Schottelius.  Found  in  hy- 
drant water  (Freiburg),  aer.^  ^'V/-»  ^V- 
^golden  yellow),  npg.  Bacillus  tremulus, 
Koch.  Syn. ,  Metallacter  tremulHS^  Trevisan. 
Found  as  a  surface  pellicle  on  decomposing 
plant  infusions.  Resembles  Bacillus  sudtilis, 
Ehrenberg.  Bacillus  tuberculosis,  Koch. 
Sjm.,  Bacterium  tuberculosis^  Zopf;  Bacte- 
rium tuherculosum.  Bacillus  tuberculin  Bac- 
illus tuber culosus.  Found  in  the  sputum,  in 
tuberculous  oigans,  and  elsewhere  in  persons 
and  animals  anected  with  tuberculosis.  Para- 
sitic, aer.^  facanaer.,  nmot.^pg.  Bacillus 
tuberculosis  gallinarum,  Maffucci.  Ob- 
tained from  cases  of  spontaneous  tuberculosis 
in  fowls.  This  seems  to  be  a  distinct  species, 
characterized  by  its  staining  reactions,  etc., 
its  growth  in  pure  cultures,  and  its  patho- 
genic qualities,  Koch.  Bacillus  tumes* 
cens,  2U>pf.  Sjm.,  Bacterium  tumescens, 
Zopf  Found  upon  beets,  aer.^liqf.^tnot.^ 
nf^.  Bacillus  turgidus,  Duclaux.  Syn., 
lyrothrix  turgidus,  Duclaux.  Found  in 
cheese,  aer.  Produces  alkaline  reaction  (car- 
bonate and  butyrate  of  ammonium)  in  milk. 
Bacillus  tussis  convulsivse,  Afanassiew. 
Sjm.,  Bacillus  of  Afanassiew.  Found  in 
the  sputum  of  persons  affected  with  pertussis. 
aer.^  niiqf.^  mot,^  Pg.  Bacillus  typhi 
abdominalis,  Eberth,  Gaffky,  Klebs,  Ep- 
pinger,  Brautlecht  Syn. ,  Bacillus  typhosus , 
Bacterium  typhosum.  Found  in  water  and 
in  milk,  and  in  the  feces  and  organs  in  typhoid 
fever,  acr.,  fcuanaer.^nliqf.^mot.  Bacillus 
typhi  murium,  Ldjller.  Obtained  from 
mice  affected  with  an  epidemic  disease,  aer.^ 
facanaer. ,  nliqf. ,  mot.  Bacillus  typhosus. 
See  Bacillus  typhi  abdominalis,  Eberth,  etc. 
Bacillus  ubiquitus,  Jordan.  Found  in  air, 
water,  sewage  (Lawrence,  Mass.).  aer.^ 
facanaer.,  nliqf,  nmot.,  npg.  Resembles 
Bacillus  candicans,  Frankland.  Bacillus 
ulna,  Cohn,  and  Prazmowski.  Syn.,  Vibrio 
b,  Ehrenberg.  Bacterium  ulna.  Miller. 
Vibrio  bacillus,  Milller,  Ehrenberg.  Found 
in  egg  albumin,  acr. ,  mot. ,  npg.  Bacillus 
ulna  of  Vignal.  Found  in  saliva  of  healthy 
persons ;  perhaps  identical  with  the  preced- 
mg  form.  aer.,liqf,npg.  Bacillus  ureae, 
Miquel.  Found  in  the  air.  cur.,  facanaer., 
nliqf ,  npg.  Perhaps  identical  with  the  pre- 
cedtng     form.     Bacillus    urec,     Leube. 


Three  vsrieties  found  in  old  urine.  «cr., 
nliqf,  npg..  Converts  urea  into  ammonium 
carbonate.  Bacillus  urocephalus,  Duclaux. 
Syn.,  Tyrothrix  urocephalus,  Duclaux.  One 
of  the  commonest  forms  associated  with  putre- 
faction, of  animal  matter,  aer.,  facanaer.^ 
npg.  Bacillus  vasculosis,  Sternberg.  Ob- 
tained from  the  intestine  and  stomach  of 
yellow -fever  cadavers,  aer.,  liqf,  mot.,  npg. 
Bacillus  vaginalis,  Ddderlein.  Constantly 
found  in  the  normal  vaginal  secretions  of 
adults,  acr.,  facanaer.,  nmot.,  (no  growth 
in  gelatin),  npg.  Bacillus  varicosus  con- 
junctivae, Gombert.  Found  in  the  healthy 
conjunctival  sac  of  man.  aer.,  faccmaer.^ 
nliqf,  mot.,  pg.  Bacillus  venenosus, 
Vaughan.  Found  in  water,  aer.,  facanaer,^ 
nliqf.,  mot. ,  pg.  Bacillus  venenosus  bre* 
vis,  Vaughan.  Found  in  water,  o/r., 
facanaer.,  nliqf,  mot.^pg.  Bacillus  vene- 
nosus invisibilis,  Vaughan.  Found  in 
water,  aer.,  facanaer.,  nliqf.,  mot.,  pg. 
Bacillus  venenosus  liquefaciens, 
Vaughan.  Found  in  water,  aer.,  facanaer.^ 
liqft  mot.,  pg.  Bacillus  ventriculi,  Rac- 
zynssky.  Obtained  from  the  stomach  of 
meat -fed  dogs.  acr..  facanaer.,  nliqf,  mot., 
npg.  Bacillus  vermicularis,  Frankland. 
F'ound  in  river  water,  acr. ,  liqf ,  oscl. ,  npg. 
Bacillus  vermiculosus,  Zimmermann. 
Found  in  water,  aer.,  liqf^  oscl.,  npg.  Bac- 
illus violaceus,  Becker.  Found  in  river 
water,  aer. ,  facanaer. ,  liqf. ,  mot. ,  chg.  (dark 
violet).  Bacillus  violaceus  laurentius, 
Jordan.  Found  in  hydrant  water  (I^wrence, 
Mass.).  aer.,  facanaer.,  liqf,  mot.,  npg. 
Bacillus  virens,  Van  Tieghem.  Syn.,  Spor- 
onema gracile.  Found  in  stagnant  water,  aer., 
mot.,  chg.  (green,  held  by  some  to  be  chloro- 
phyll, but  not  sufficiently  studied),  npg. 
Bacillus  virescens,  Frick.  Found  in  green 
sputum.  aer.,  nliqf.,  mot.,  chg.  (green), 
npg.  Bacillus  virgula,  Duclaux.  Syn., 
Tyrothrix  virgula,  Duclaux.  Found  in 
albuminous  solutions.  aer.,  nmot.,  f»p^. 
Bacillus  virgula.  See  Spirillum  cholera 
asinticce,  Koch.  Bacillus  viridis,  Var* 
Tieghem.  S3m.,  Bacterium  viride.  Van 
Tieghem,  Arthrobacterium  viride,  De  Bary. 
Found  in  water  collected  in  the  hollow  of  a 
polyporous  fungus.  aer.,  chg.  (green). 
Not  thoroughly  investigated.  Bacillus 
viridis  flavus,  Frick.  Syn.,  Bacillus 
viridis  pallescens,  Frick.  aer.,  nliqf,  mot., 
chg.  (yellowish-green),  npg.  Resembles 
Bacillus  virescens,  Frick.  Bacillus  viridis 
pallescens,  Frick.  See  Bacillus  viridis 
jUavtts,  Frick.  Bacillus  viscosus,  Frank- 
land.  Found  in  river  water,  aer.,  liqf* 
mot.,  chg.  (fluorescent  green).  Per- 
haps identical  with  Bacillus  Huoresccns, 
Flflgge.     Bacillus  viscosus,   l,  II,   Van 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


Laer.  Found  in  ropy  milk,  aer.^  nliqf.^ 
m^.  Bacillus  viscosus  cerevisise,  van 
La^.  Found  in  viscous  beer  and  in  milk. 
aer,;  liqf.,ifpg.  Bacillus  viscosus  sac- 
chari,  Kramer.  Found  in  viscous  saccharine 
fluids,  o/r.,  liqf'%  ngp.  Bacillus  vul- 
garis, Hauser;  Syn.,  Proteus  vulgaris, 
Proteus  sulfureus^  HolschenikofT.  Plroteus 
of  liauser.  Commonly  associated  with  putre- 
faction, aer,^  facanaer.^  ^'^/-^  mot,^  pg. 
This  species  is  probably  one  of  those  form- 
erly included  under  Bacterium  termo. 
Bacillus  X,  Sternberg.  Found  in  yellow- 
fever  cadavers.  Sternberg  thinks  it  possible 
that  this  form  is  concerned  in  the  etiology  of 
the  fever,  pg.  (for  rabbits).  Bacillus  xan- 
thogenus,  Fuchs  and  Ehrenberg.  See 
Bacillus  synxanthusy  Ehrenberg.  Bacillus 
xefosis,  Frftnkel.  Syn.  Xerose  bacillus. 
See  Bacillus*  of  xerosis  epithelialis  conjunc- 
tivae, Leber.  Bacillus  zenkeri,  Hauser. 
Sjm.,  Proteus  tenkeri.  Bacille  de  Hauser, 
I-r.  Found  in  putrefying  animal  matter. 
aer. ,  facanaer, ,  nliqf. ,  mot. ,  pg.  Bacillus 
xopfiL  Syn.,  Bacterium  topfii^  Kurth. 
Arikrobacterium  topfii,  De  Bary.  Found  in 
the  intestinal  tract  of  fowls,  aer.^  nliqf.^ 
mot.,  npg.  Bacillus  zumianum,  List. 
Found  in  water,  aer.y  nliqf.^  nmot.^  npg. 
Bacteridium  prodigiosum,  Schrdter.  See 
Bacillus  prodigiosusy  Ehrenberg.  Bac- 
terium aceti,  I^nzi.  See  Bacillus  aceti^ 
Kiltxing.  Bacterium  aerogenes,  Miller. 
See  Bacillus  aerogenes^  II,  Miller.  Bac- 
terium aeruginosum,  Schr5ter.  See  Bacil- 
lus pyocyaneus  a,  Gessard.  Bacterium  allii. 
See  Bacillus  ailii^  Griffiths.  Bacterium 
aathracis,  Zopf.  See  Bacillus  anthracis^ 
Pollender  and  Davaine.  Bacterium  arti- 
culatum,  Ehrenberg.  See  Bacterium  lineola, 
Cohn.  Bacterium  aurantiacum,  Tre- 
Icase;  a  chromogenic  form.  Bacterium 
bacillus,  Pasteur.  See  Bacterium  tcrmo^ 
Davaine.  Bacterium  bninneum,  Schrdter. 
Found  in  a  putrid  infusion  of  Indian  com, 
ckg.  (brown).  Perhaps  identical  with  Bacil- 
lus fuscus^  Zimmerman.  Bacterium  butyri 
colfoideum,  Lafar.  Found  in  every  sample 
of  natural  butter  examined.  Cf.  Bacillus 
butyri  fluorescens,  Lafar.  Bacterium  can- 
didum,  Trelease.  A  chromogenous  form, 
identical  with  Bacillus  mesentericus  fttscus^ 
FlOgge.  Bacterium  capitatum,  Davaine. 
Found  in  an  infusion  of  albuminous  matter. 
a/r.«  mtot.  Bacterium  carbuncolare,  Pol- 
lender,  Brauell,  Delafond,  and  Davaine.  See 
Bacillus  anthracisy  Pollender  and  Davaine. 
Bacterium  carlsbergense,  Hansen.  Found 
in  the  air.  Cf.  Bacterium  kochii^  Hansen. 
Bacterium  catenula,  Dujardin.  Has  been 
ofaaerved  especially  in  putrid  wine  or  putrefy- 
ing blood,  generally  in  albuminous  Ii(|uidi 


in  contact  with  air.  Coze  and  Felts  found 
it  in  typhoid  fever  in  man.  It  resembles 
Bacillus  acidi  lactici^  Dflpridne»  Hueppe. 
Bacterium  caucasicum.  See  Bacilha 
eaucasicus,  Kern.  Bacterium  chlorinum, 
Engelmann.  Pound  in  water,  aer.p  ckg, 
(green^.  Engelmann  holds  this  to  be  chlo« 
rophyll,  as  a  small  amount  of  ox3rgen  is  given 
off,  indicating  the  assimilation  of  carbon. 
Bacterium  coli  commune,  Escherich.  See 
Bacillus  neapolitanus.  Bacterium  com- 
mune, Pasteur.  See  Bacterium  termo, 
Dujardin.  Bacterium  cuneatum,  Rivolta. 
See  Bacillus  cuneatus.  Bacterium  cyano- 
genum,  Fuchs.  See  Bacillus  cyanogenus, 
Hueppe.  Bacterium  denitrificans.  See 
Bacillus  denitrificans.  Bacterium  dysodes, 
Zopf.  See  Bacillus  dysodes.  Bacterium  en- 
chelys,  Ehrenberg.  Found  in  river  water. 
Bacterium  farinaceum,  Wigand.  Found 
in  sour  sponge  or  dough.  Bacterium  fitzia- 
num,  Zopf.  See  Bacillus  subtilis,  Ehrenberg. 
Bacterium  fcetidum.  Thin.  See  Bacillus 
foelidusy  Passet.  Bacterium  fusiforme. 
Warming.  Found  in  sea  water.  Bac- 
terium gingivse  pyogenes.  Miller.  See 
Bacillus  gingiva  pyogenes.  Bacterium 
gliscrogenum,  Malerba.  Syn.  Bacillus 
gliscrogenus.  Found  in  viscid  acid  urine. 
aer.^nliqf.^mot.y  npg.  Bacterium  gris- 
eum.  Warning.  Syn.  Micrococcus  griseus. 
Winder,  a  doubtful  form.  Bacterium 
gummis,  Commes.  The  cause  of  the  gum- 
mous  disease  of  the  fig,  almond,  and  orange 
trees,  and  the  mat  nero  of  vines.  Cf.  Bac- 
terium putredinis,  Davaine.  Bacterium 
gummosum,  Ritsert.  Found  to  produce 
the  viscosity  of  infusions  of  digitalis,  aer. , 
liqf. ,  pleom.  Bacterium  hessii,  Guillebeau. 
One  of  the  two  forms  found  by  Gillebeau  to 
cause  milk  to  become  ropy.  Thrives  best  in 
pasteurized  milk,  aer.^  /;^/,  mot.^  npg.  Cf. 
Micrococcus  freudenreichii.  Bacterium 
hyacinth!,  Wakker.  Found  in  the  bulbs 
and  leaves  of  the  hyacinth  and  causing  the 
"yellows"  of  hyacinths.  Cf  Bacillus 
kyacintki  septicusj  Heinz.  Bacterium 
janthinum,  Zopf.  See  Bacillus  janthinus^ 
Zopf.  Bacterium  kochii,  Hansen.  Found 
in  the  air  of  Carlsberg.  Cf.  Bacterium 
carlsbergense y  Hansen.  Bacterium  lactis. 
Lister.  See  Bacillus  acidi  lactici^  Hueppe. 
Bacterium  lactis  aerogenes,  Escherich. 
See  Bacillus  lactis  aerogenes^  Abelous. 
Bacterium  lineola,  MUller,  Cohn.  Syn. 
Bacterium  punctum^  Rivolta.  Bacterium 
tremulansy  Trevisan.     Bacterium  triloculare, 

Ehrenberjj.  Bacterium  articulatum,  Ehren- 
berg.     Vibrio  lineola    (MUlIer),  Ehrenberg. 

Vibrio  tremulans,  Ehrenberg.  Bacillm 
lineola.  Found  in  well  and  other  water,  in 
infusions,  in  soil  on  vegeUbles,  etc.   aer.,  mc' 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


► 


(tremUmg  and  dmrting  back  mod  forth). 
pifom,^  npg.  Probably  re{>resents  several 
species,  c»r  a  dereloptoeDtal  form  of  a  spiril- 
Imn.  Bacterium  litoreum.  Wanning. 
Found  only  in  sea  water,  aer.^mot.^  np^. 
Bacterium  Incens,  Van  Tieghcro.  See 
BaciUus  Ituens^  Van  T.  Bacterium 
luteum,  Trelease.  See  Bacillus  luttus, 
FlOgge,  Bacterium  maidis,  Cuboni.  See 
Bacillus  musidis^  Cuboni.  Bacterium 
merismopcedioidea,  Zopf.  See  Bacillus 
merismopadioidts^  Tjo^i,  Bacterium  mor- 
bilUt  Lanzi.  Found  in  the  urine  of  persons 
with  measles.  Cf  BaciUus  srpticctmice 
kamorrkagica^  Sternberg.  Bacterium 
navicula,  Reinke  and  Berthold.  See 
Bacillus  butyricus^  Praxmowski.  Bacterium 
neapoUtanum.  See  Bacillus  neapolitanus, 
Emmerich.  Bacterium  oblongum.  Boa- 
troux.  Syn.,  Micrococcus  obUmgus^  Boutroux. 
Found  in  beer ;  the  agent  of  gluconic  fermen- 
tation. Bacterium  of  Butyric  Acid  Fer- 
mentation. See  Bacillus  buiyricus^  Praz- 
mowski.  Bacterium  of  Diphtheria,  Em- 
merich. Found  in  cases  of  diphtheria  in 
man  and  doves.  Bacterium  of  Fire 
Blight.  See  Bacillus  buiyricus^  Prazmow- 
ski.  Bacterium  of  Infectious  Pneu- 
monia in  the  Horse.  See  Streptococcus 
coryug  contagiosa  equorum^  SchOtz.  Bac- 
terium of  Kefir.  See  Bacillus  caucastcus, 
Kern.  Bacterium  of  Pear  Blight..  Cf. 
Bacillus  butyricus,  Prazmowski,  and  Micro- 
coccus nmyUrvorus.  Burrill.  Bacterium  of 
Sheep  Pox.  Found  in  cases  of  sheep  pox, 
or  *•  Schaf  blattem. '  *  Bacterium  of  Variola, 
Cose  and  Feltz.  Found  in  the  vesicles  oif 
mnallpox;  pathogenic  for  rabbits.  Bac- 
terium olese,  Arcangeli.  Said  to  cause  the 
so-called  tuberculosis  (''Maladie  de  la 
loujje ;"  •«  Rogner  " )  of  olives.  Bacterium 
ovatum,  I^bert  .See  Nosema  bombycis^ 
Nigeli.  Bacterium  pasteurianum,  or 
Bacterium  pastorianum.  See  Bacillus 
pateurianus^  Hansen.  Bacterium  perip- 
lanetJe,  Tichomirow.  Found  in  the  com- 
mon cockroach  {Periplamta  orientalis)^  and 
producing  in  it  a  speciHc  disease.  Bac- 
terium pflOgeri,  Ladwig.  See  Photohcu- 
tfrium  pJlBgeri,  Ludwig.  Bacterium 
phosphorescens,  Hermes.  Bacterium 
phosphorescens,  Cohn.  5>ee  Photobacte- 
rium  phosphor escens.  See  Bacillus  phos- 
phoreus,  Cohn.  Bacterium  photome- 
tricum,  Engelmann.  Found  in  water; 
motion  dependent  on  light;  possibly  not  a 
becterium  at  all.  Bacterium  pneumonic, 
Bacterium  pneumoniae  crouposse,  Fried- 
linder.  See  Bacillus  pneumonia  fried- 
Idnderi,  Bacterium  porri,  Tommasi- 
Cmdeli.  Found  in  warts.  Bacterium 
pfodigiotom.     See    BaciUus  prods^iotm^ 


Ehrenbeig.  Bacterium  pseudopncu- 
monicum.  See  Bacillus  psmdopneumom- 
icus^  FlOgge.  Bacterium  punctum, 
Kivolta.  See  Bacterium  lineola  (Mfiller), 
Cohn.  Bacterium  putredinis,  Davaine. 
Found  in  rapidly-decaying  plants.  Cf.  Bac- 
tcrtum  gummisy  Comes.  Bacterium  P3rri* 
furme,  Hansen.  Found  in  the  air.  Bac- 
terium radicicola,  Prazmowski.  Syn., 
Bacillus  radicicola^  Beyemick ;  Rhitobium 
Uguminosarum^  Frank.  Found  in  the  soil, 
particularly  in  the  roots  of  the  Legumincsa^ 
where  it  is  held  to  stimulate  the  cells  to 
unusual  growth,  affect  nitrification,  consti- 
tute the  **  bacteroids  '*  of  Woronin.  and  form 
the  so-called  **  bacteroid  tissue."  Bacte- 
rium rosaceum  metalloides,  Dowde^welt. 
See  Bacillus  ruber,  Frank,  Cbhn.  Bacte- 
rium nibescens,  Lanke&ter.  See  Beggiatoa 
roseopersicina^  Zopf  Bacterium  septi- 
cjemise,  Koch.  See  Bacillus  septicamia 
hamorrhagica,  Sternberg.  Bacterium  sep- 
ticum  sputigenum.  See  Bacillus  scpticus 
sputigenusy  FlOgge.  Bacterium  subtile, 
Buchner.  See  Bacillis  subtilis^  Ehrenbeig. 
Bacterium  sulfiiratum;  Bacterium  sul- 
phuratum.  Warming.  See  Beggiatoa  roseo- 
persicinoy  Zopf.  Bacterium  sulfiireum, 
Rosenheim.  Found  in  wine.  nliqf. 
Evolves  H,S.  Bacterium  ssmcyaneum, 
Ehrenberg,  Schrdter.  .See  Bacillus  cyano;^- 
enusy  Hueppe.  Bacterium  Sjrnzanthum, 
Schr&ter.  See  Bacillus  synxanihus.  Bac- 
terium termo,  Dujardin  and  Ehrenl>efg. 
S)m.,  Bacillus  termo ^  Davaine.  Bacterium 
bacillus^  Pasteur.  Cryptococcus  natans^  Kfltz- 
ing.  Cryptococcus  nebuloms^  Kiitzing.  Micro- 
coccus crcpusculum^  Cohn.  Zooglaea  termo^ 
Monas  termo  ( MQller).  A  collective  species. 
Bacterium  termo,  Vignal.  Found  in  the 
saliva  of  healthy  persons,  aer.^  li^if.,  mc4,y 
^^S-  (yellowish  gray),  npg.  Bacterium 
tholoideum,  Gessner.  Syn.,  Bacillus  of 
Gessner.  Found  in  the  intestinal  contents 
of  healthy  persons.  Resembles  Bacillus  lactis 
curogenesy  Escherich.  pg.  (for  mice  and 
guinea-pigs).  Bacterium  tremulans,  Tre- 
visan.  See  Bacterium  lineola^  Cohn.  Bac- 
terium triloculare,  Ehrenberg.  See  Bac- 
terium lineola y  Cohn.  Bacterium  tuber- 
culosis, Zopf.  Bacterium  tuberculosum, 
Koch.  See  Bacillus  tuberculosis,  Koch. 
Bacterium  tumescens,  Zopf.  See  Bacillus 
tumescensy  Txx^i.  Bacterium  typhosum. 
See  Bacillus  typhi  nbdominalisy  Eberth  and 
Gaffky.  Bacterium  ulna.  See  Bacillus 
ulna,  Cohn.  Bacterium  ulna,  Cohn.  See 
Micrococcus  urea.  Bacterium  urcK,  Jakscb. 
Found  in  ammoniacal  urine,  aer.^  facanaer.^ 
nliaf.  Not  sufficiently  investigated.  Bac- 
terium vermiforme.  Ward.  Found  in  iet- 
mented   ginger-beer.      Bacterium    viola* 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


ceum,  Bergonzini.  S3m.,  Chromobacterium 
violaceum^  Bergonzini.  Found  in  putrefying 
solutions  of  egg-albumen,  chg.  (violet). 
Bacterium  viride.  See  Bacillus  viridis^ 
VanTieghem.  Bacterium  xanthinum.  See 
Bacillus  synxanthus^  Ehrenberg  and  SchrSter. 
Bacterium  zylinum«  A.  J.  Brown.  Found 
in  solutions  of  carbohydrates,  giving  rise  to 
acetic  acid,  and  converting  dextrose  into  glu- 
conic acid,  and  mannitol  into  levulose.  Bac- 
terium zopfii,  Kurth.  See  Bacillus  zopfii. 
Bacteroides,  Woronin.  Microorganisms 
forming  tubercles  in  the  roots  of  leguminous 
plants,  and  assisting  in  the  fixing  of  nitrogen. 
Beggiatoa  alba,  Vaucher.  Syn. ,  Beggiatoa 
punctata^  Trevisan.  Beggiatoa  leptomiti- 
/ormiSf  Meneghi.  Oscillaria  alba^  Vaucher. 
//ygrocrocis  vandelli^  Meneghi.  Next  to 
Cladothrix  the  most  common  bacterium  of 
water,  forming  a  superficial  layer  in  the  mud. 
Beggiatoa  alba,  var.  marina,  Cohn.  Sjm. , 
Beggiatoa  ctrsUdtiiy  Rabenhorst.  See  Beggi- 
atoa marina^  Cohn.  Beggiatoa  arach- 
noidal, Agardh.  Syn.,  Oscillaria  arach- 
noidea^  Agardh.  Oscillaria  versatilis^  Kutz. 
Found  in  swamps  and  sulphur  springs.  Beg- 
giatoa leptomitiformis,  Meneghi  and  Tre- 
visan. Syn..  Oscillaria  leptomitiformis,  Men- 
eghi. Found  in  sulphur  springs.  Beggiatoa 
marina,  Cohn.  Syn.,  Beggiatoa  alba,  var. 
tmarinOy  Cohn.  Beggiatoa  cerstedtii,  Raben- 
horst. Found  in  a  salt  water  aquarium,  form- 
ing a  whitish  slimy  layer  on  dead  fish.  Beg- 
giatoa minima.  Warming.  Found  in  sea 
water ;  gray.  Beggiatoa  mirabilis,  Cohn. 
Found  in  a  salt  water  aquarium  ;  snow  white. 
Beggiatoa  multisepta.  See  Pragmidio- 
thrix  multisepta  y  Engler.  Held  by  Zopf  to 
be  identical  with  Beggiatoa  alba,  Vaucher. 
Beggiatoa  nivea,  Rabenhorst.  Syn.,  Lep- 
tonema  niveum,  Symphiothrix  nivea,  Brug- 
ger.  Found  in  sulphur  springs.  Beggiatoa 
nodosa,  Van  Tieghem.  A  doubtful  form 
characterized  by  nodes  in  tlie  filaments,  which 
differ  from  other  members  of  the  genus  in  the 
absence  of  sulphur  grains  and  of  motion. 
Beggiatoa  cerstedtii,  Rabenhorst.  See 
Beggiatoa  alba,  var.  marina,  Cohn.  Beggi- 
atoa pellucida,  Cohn.  Found  in  a  marine 
aquarium;  sulphur  g^ins  few.  Beggiatoa 
punctata,  Trevisan.  See  Beggiatoa  alba, 
Cohn.  Beggiatoa  roseopersicina,  2^pf. 
Syn. ,  Bacterium  rubescens,  Lankester.  Bac- 
terium sul/uratum  or  Bacterium  sulphur- 
alum.  Warming.  Clathrocystis  roseopersi- 
a'na,  Cohn.  Cohnia  roscopersicina.  Winter, 
KQtzing.  Microhaloa  rosea,  Kutz.  Ophidi- 
omonas  sanguinea,  Ehrenberg.  Pleurococcus 
roseopersi^na,  Rabenhorst.  Peach-colored 
bacterium.  Morphologically  identical  with 
Beggiatoa  alba,  Vaucher.  Forms  rose-colored 
to  nolet  pellicles  on  putrid  matter,   fkodacet 


bacteriopurpurin.  Beggiatoa  tig^na,  Ra> 
benhorst.  Syn.,  Oscillaria  tigrina,  Roemer. 
Found  in  swamps  on  submerged  wood.  Forms 
a  thin  white  layer.  Bienstock*8  Putrefac- 
tive Bacillus.  Bienstock*s  Putrefactive 
Bacillus  from  the  Feces.  See  Bacillus 
putreficus  coli,  Bienstock.  Brieger's  Ba- 
cillus. See  Bacillus  cavicidus,  Brieger. 
Buff  Bacillus  of  Spreading  Edema,  A.  B. 
Harris.  nliqf.,  aer.,  chg.  (buff),  pleom. 
Capsule  Bacillus  of  Loeb.  Obtained  from 
a  case  of  keratomalacia  infantum.  aer.^ 
facanaer.,  nliqf.,  nmot.,  pg.  Resembles 
Bacillus  capsulatus,  Pfeiffer.  Capsule 
Bacillus  of  Ozena,  Marano.  Found  in  the 
nasal  secretions  in  ten  cases  of  ozena.  Re- 
sembles Bacillus  pneumonia  friedldnderi. 
Cf.  Micrococcus  lonvenbergii .  Capsule 
Bacillus  of  Smith.  See  Bacillus  capsu- 
latus smithii.  Cheese  Spirillum.  See 
Spirillum  tyrogenum,  Denecke.  Chromo- 
bacterium violaceum,  Bergonzini.  See 
Bacterium  violaceum,  Bergonzini.  Clado- 
thrix bovis.  See  Actinomyces  bovis,  Harz. 
Cladothrix  canis.  Held  by  Rabe  to  be  very 
like  Actinomyces  bovis.  Cladothrix  dicho- 
toma,  Cohn  and  Zopf.  See  Leptothrix  och- 
racea,  K  Utzing.  Myconostoc gregarium,  Cohn. 
Cladothrix  fcersteri,  Cohn.  Syn.,  Creno- 
thrix  fcersteri,  Streptothrix  foersteri,  Cohn. 
Forms  yellowish  or  grayish  concretions 
in  the  human  lacrymal  ducts.  Cladothrix 
intricata,  Russel.  Obtained  from  sea  mud 
(bay  of  Naples),  cur.,  liqf,  mot.  Clath- 
rocystis roseopersicina,  Cohn.  See  Beg- 
giatoa roseopersicina,  Zx>p{.  Clostridium 
butyricum,  Prazmowski.  See  Bacillus 
butyricus,  Prazmowski.  Clostridium  fceti- 
dum,  Liborius.  See  Bacillus  fcttidus.  Pas- 
set.  Clostridium  of  Symptomatic  An- 
thrax (or  Charbon),  Neelsen  and  Ehlers. 
See  Bacillus  chau:i>cei,  Bollinger  and  Feser. 
Clostridium  polym3rxa,  Prazmowski.  See 
Bacillus  polymyxa,  Prazmowski.  Cocco- 
bacillus  pyogenes  urese,  ROrsing.  See 
Diplococcus  pyogenes  urea.  Coccobacteria 
septica,  Billroth.  The  single  term  under 
which  Billroth  includes  all  putrefactive  bac- 
teria. See  Bacillus  septicamia  hamorrhagi- 
ca.  Coccobacteria  urese,  Rdrsing.  See 
Diplococcus  pyogenes  urea.  Coccobacterium 
lyssse,  Rivolta.  See  Bacillus  lyssa.  Coh- 
nia roseopersicina.  Winter  and  KUtzing. 
See  Beggiatoa  roseopersicina,  Zopf.  Colon 
Bacillus  of  Bscherich.  See  Bacillus  nea- 
politanus.  Comma  Bacillus,  Comma  Ba- 
cillus of  Koch,  Comma-shaped  Bacillus, 
Waten.  See  Spirillum  cholera  asiatica, 
Koch.  Corpuscles  brillants.  See  Bacil- 
lus fcetidus,  Passet.  Coryza  diplococci. 
See  Micrococcus  cereus  aureus,  Schrdter  and 
Winckler.   Crenothrix  fosrsteri,  Cohn.   See 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


> 


Oadoihrix  fiirsteri,  Crenothriz  Idihniana, 
Saccardo  and  Rabenhorst.  %fn.yCrenoihrix 
polyspora,  Cohn.  Hypaothrix  k&hniana^ 
Ltptothrix  kuhniatui.  Found  in  drinking 
water,  to  which  it  imparts  a  disagreeable 
taste.  Crenothrix  polyspora,  Cohn.  See 
Crenothrix  kUkniana^  Saccardo  and  Raben- 
horst. Cryptococcus  alveareus.  See 
Bacillus  alvei,  Cheshire  and  Cheyne. 
Cryptococcus  cUva,  Wedl.  Found  in  the 
stomachs  of  ruminants.  Cryptococcus 
cereviaise,  Robin.  Cryptococcus  fer- 
mentatum.  Kiltzing.  See  Saccharomyces 
cernnsia^  Reess  and  Robin.  Cryptococcus 
glutinis,  Fcrsen.  See  Saccharomyces  glu- 
tints.  Cryptococcus  guttulatus,  Robin. 
See  Saccharomyces  guttulatus,  Cryptococcus 
natans,  Cryptococcus  nebulosus,  Katz- 
ing.  See  Bacterium  termo^  Dujardin  and 
Davaine.  Cryptococcus  of  Yellow  Fever. 
See  C.  xanthogenicusy  Freirc.  Cr3rptococ- 
cus  xanthogenicus,  Domingo  Freire.  Con- 
sidered by  D.  Freire  to  be  the  cause  of  yel- 
low fever.  Cf.  Bacillus  of  Yellow  Fever. 
Denecke*s  Cheese  Bacillus.  See  Spiril- 
lum tyrogenum.  Dengue  Micrococci.  See 
Scheutzia  laughlini.  Detionella  ochracea, 
Saccardo.  See  l^tothrix  ochracea,  KUtz- 
ing.  Diplococcus  albicans  amplus, 
Bumm.  Grayish  white  micrococcus.  Found 
in  mucus  from  the  healthy  vagina,  aer., 
facanaer.^  liqf.y  npg,  Diplococcus  albi- 
cans tardus,  Unna  and  Tommasoli.  Found 
in  eczema,  aer.^  nliq/.^  nmot.  Diplococ- 
cus albicans  tardissimus.  Morphologi- 
cally identical  with  the  gonococcus ;  but 
more  adherent,  forming  small  masses,  aer. , 
nliqf. ,  npg.  D  iplococcus  citreus  conglom  - 
eratus,  Bumm.  Obtained  from  the  air,  in 
dust,  and  from  gonorrheal  pus.  aer.y  faca- 
naer. ,  liqf. ,  chg.  (lemon-yellow),  npg.  Dip- 
lococcus citreus  liquefaciens,  Unna  and 
Tommasoli.  Found  on  the  skin  in  cases  of 
eczema  seborrhneicum.  tf^r.,  liqf.  nmot.^ 
chg.  (lemon  ■  yellow),  npg.  Diplococcus 
coryzae,  Klebs  and  Hajek.  Obtained  from 
the  nasal  secretions  in  cases  of  acute  nasal 
catarrh,  cter.,  nliqf. ^  npg.  Diplococcus 
flavus  liquefaciens  tardus,  Unna  and 
Tommasoli.  Found  on  the  skin  in  cases  of 
eczema  scborrhoeicum.  aer. ,  facanaer. ,  liqf , 
chg.  (chrome-yellow),  npg.  Diplococcus 
fluorescens  foetidus,  Klamann.  Obtained 
from  the  posterior  nares.  aer.^  facanarr.^ 
liqfi  chg.  (grass  green  to  violet),  npg.  Diplo- 
coccus intercellularis  meningitidis,  (iold- 
Schmidt  and  Weichselbaum.  Found  within 
the  cells  of  the  exudate  in  cerebrospinal 
meningitis,  acr.,  nliqf. ^  pg.  Diplococcus 
lacteus  faviformis,  Bumm.  Found  fre- 
quently in  the  vaginal  secretions.  arr., 
nliqf.  t  np^,     Diplococcus    luteus,  Ada- 


mets.  Found  in  water,  aer,^  Hqf^  wui^^ 
r>lf.  (yellow),  if/^.  Diplococcus  of  Gonor- 
rhea. See  Micrococcus  ^onarrhceet,  Neisaer. 
Diplococcus  of  Orchitis,  Hugouneng  and 
Eraud.  Syn.,  Orchiococcus.  Frequently 
found  in  gonorrheal  pus  during  the  first  few 
days,  aer.y  nliqf. ^  pg.  Diplococcus  of 
Ozena,  Loewenberg.  Found  in  the  se- 
cretions in  cases  of  ozena.  Diplococcus  of 
Pemphigus,  Diplococcus  of  Pemphigus 
Acutus,  Demme.  Syn.,  Micrococcus  of 
Demme.  Found  in  the  bulla?  of  pemphigus. 
aer.y  nliqf. y  pg.  Resembles  the  gonococcus. 
Diplococcus  of  Pneumonia  hi  Horses, 
SchUtz.  Obtained  from  the  lungs  of  a  horse 
affected  with  acute  pneumonia,  aer.^  nliqf% 
p^.  Diplococcus  pneumonias  fibrinosae, 
Friedllnder.  )^^t.  Bacillus  pneumonia  fried- 
Idnderi.  Diplococcus  pneumoniae,  Weich- 
selbaum. Syn.,  Pneumococcus  of  Frdnktl, 
See  Bacillus  septicus  sputigenuSy  FlQgge. 
Diplococcus  pyogenes  urese,  RArsing. 
Syn.,  Diplococcus  urecty  Rdrsing.  Cocco- 
bacillus  pyogenes  uretZy  Rdrsing.  Coceo- 
bacterium  urea^  Rdrsing.  Found  in  purulent 
urine.  Cf.  Diplococcus  urea  trtfoliatuSy 
Rdrsing.  Micrococcus  Pyogenes  urea  flaxmsy 
Rdrsing.  Diplococcus  roseus,  Bumm. 
Found  in  the  air.  aer.y  facanaer.  y  liqf.y  chg. 
(pink),  ttpg.  Diplococcus  ure«,  Rdning. 
See  Diplococcus  pyogenes  ureay  Rdrsing. 
Diplococcus  ureae  trifoliatus,  Rdrsing. 
Found  in  purulent  urine.  Cf.  Diplococcus 
pyogenes  urctt^  Rdrsing.  Micrococcus  pyogenes 
urcceflatmsy  Rdrsing.  Dispora  caucasica, 
Kern.  See  Bacillus  caucasicusy  Kern. 
Drumstick  Bacillus.  See  Bacillus  putri- 
ficus  coli.  Epsilon  Bacillus.  See  Spirillum 
finkleri.  Erythroconus  litoralis,  CErstedt. 
See  Sarcina  litoralis.  Peet-sweat  Bacillus. 
See  Bacillus  foetidus^  Bacillus  saprtgettes^ 
II,  and  Bacillus grcn>eolens.  Pinkler- Prior *s 
Bacillus.  See  Spirillum  Fitdtler-Pnor 
Plesh-colored  Bacillus,  Tils,  aer.y  liqf 
nifty  chg.  (pink),  npg.  Flowers  of  Wine. 
See  Saccharomyces  mycoderma,  Reess. 
Pr&nkers  Pneumobacillus.  See  Bacil- 
lus septicus  sputigenuSy  FlUgge.  Frog- 
spawn  Bacterium  of  Sugar  Factories, 
Prog-spawn  fungus.  See  Leuconostoe 
mesenteroides.  Gaffkya  tetragenes,  Sac- 
cardo. See  Micrococcus  tetragenuSy  Gaflky. 
Gas  Forming  Bacillus.  See  Bacillus 
gasoformansy  Eisenbcrg.  Ginger  Beer 
Plant,  Marshall  Ward.  Forms  jelly  like, 
semi-transparent,  yellowish- white,  brain- 
like masses  at  the  lx>ttom  of  the  fermenta- 
tion ;  resembles  Caucasian  kephir  grains ;  it 
is  a  symbiotic  association  of  Saccharomyces 
pyriformis  and  of  Bacterium  vermiforme. 
Glacier  Bacillus.  See  Bacillus  fluarescens 
nivalis,  Schmolck.     Qliococcus,  a  micro- 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


coccus  with  a  slimy  capsule.  Golden  Sta* 
phylococcus.  See  Siaphjilococcus  pyogtnes 
aureus^  Ogston,  Beekcr.  Gray- white  mi- 
crococcus, Bumm.  See  Diplococcus  albicans 
ampius^  Bumm.  Hsematococcus  bovis, 
Babes.  Zimmennann.  Obtained  from  the 
blood  and  viscera  of  cattle  dead  of  an  epi- 
demic, infectious  disease  characterized  by 
hemoglobinuria  (in  Roumania).  atr.^  fa- 
canaer,^  nliqf.y  pg.  Hay  bacillus.  See 
Bacii/ui  mbtiiis,  Ehrenberg.  Helicobscte- 
rium  aerogenes,  Miller.  See  Bacillus 
aerogefus^  III,  Miller.  Helicobacterium 
klebsii,  Escherich.  Found  in  the  intestine 
of  guinea  pigs,  pleom,  Helicomonas, 
Klebs.  Syphilis  fungus.  Cf.  Bacillus 
syphilidis^  Lustgarten.  Hormiscium  cere- 
visue,  Bonard.  Hormiscium  vini.  Hor- 
miscium vini  et  cerevisise,  Bonard.  See 
Saccharomyces  mycoderma.  Hueppe's  Ba- 
cillus of  Butyric  Acid  Fermentation. 
Sec  Bacillus  bulyricus^  Hueppe.  Hygro- 
crocis  vandelU,  Meneghi.  See  Beggialoa 
aiba^  Trevisan.  H3rp«othriz  kiihniana. 
See  Crenethrix  kiihniana.  Influenza-ba- 
cillus. See  Bacillus  of  Influenza^  Pfeiffer. 
lodococcus  vaginatus,  Miller.  Found  in 
andean  mouths ;  gives  peculiar  reaction  with 
iodin,  the  sheath  being  stained  yellow,  the 
cocci  dark  blue.  Koch  s  Bacillus.  Koch's 
Comma  Bacillus,  Commabacillus.  See 
Spirillum  ehoUra  asiatica,  Koch.  Lanceo- 
late Coccus,  Lancet-shaped  Micrococ- 
cus, Talamon.  See  Bacillus  sepHcus  spuH- 
genus,  FlQgge.  Lepra-bacillus.  SeeBacillus 
Upra^  Hansen.  Leptonema  niveum.  See 
Bfggialoa  nivca,  Rabenhorst.  Leptothrix 
buccalis,  Robin.  Syn.^  Leptothrix gigantea. 
Miller.  Leptothrix  pulmonalis,  Rasmussenia 
buccaliSf  Saccardo.  Found  in  the  mouth  of 
man  and  animals.  Falsely  considered  the 
cause  of  dental  caries.  Leptothrix  buccalis 
of  Vignal.  Sec  Bacillus  buccalis  (a),  Vig- 
nal.  Leptothrix  epidermidis.  Syn.,  Ba- 
cillus epidermidis^  Bizzozero.  Microsporon 
minutusimumy  Burchart  Found  on  the  epi- 
dermis between  the  toes,  and  held  by  Bizzo- 
zero to  be  nonpathogenic,  but  by  Boeck  as 
the  cause  of  erythrasma.  Leptothrix  gigan- 
tea,  Miller.  Found  on  the  teeth  of  dogs, 
sheep,  cattle,  and  other  animals  affected 
with  Pyorrhcta  alveolaris.  Some  consider  it 
identical  with  Leptothrix  buccalis,  Robin. 
Leptothrix  hyalina,  Reinsch.  Found  on 
marine  algse.  Leptothrix  innominata, 
Miller.  See  Leptothrix  buccalis,  Robin. 
Leptothrix  kiihniana.  See  Crenothrix 
k&hniana,  Saccardo.  Leptothrix  lacrimalis. 
See  Cladctkrix  foersteri,  Cohn.  Leptothrix 
lanugo.  Kittling.  Found  on  marine  alg« 
near  Heligoland.  Leptothrix  maxima 
boocatiSf  MtUer.      See   Bacillus    buccalis 


maximus.  Miller.  Leptothrix  muralist 
Kiltzing.  See  Leptothrix  parasitica.  Lep- 
tothrix natans.  See  Spharotilus  natans, 
Saccardo.  Leptothrix  ochracea,  Kiltzing. 
Syn.,  Detionella  ochracea,  Saccardo.  Clado- 
thrix  dichotoma,  Zoi^i,  According  to  Zopf, 
this  represents  filaments  of  Cladothrix  stained 
with  oxid  of  iron.  Leptothrix  of  Puer- 
peral Fever,  Leptothrix  puerperalis, 
Fettz.  See  Bacillus  puerperalis,  Engel  and 
Spillman.  Leptothrix  parasitica,  Kiltzing. 
Parasitic  on  fresh- water  algae.  Leptothrix 
pulmonalis.  See  Leptothrix  buccalis,  Robin. 
Leptothrix  pusilla,  Rabenhorst.  Found 
on  fresh-water  algse,  also  in  the  mouth, 
Klebs.  Leptothrix  symplacoides,  Dickie. 
Found  on  marine  algse.  Leptothrix  vagi- 
nalis. Found  in  the  vagina  of  animals  and 
women.  Leptothrix  variabilis,  Saccardo. 
Found  in  saliva  of  healthy  persons.  Leu- 
conostoc  mesenteroides.  Van  Tieghem. 
Syn.,  Ascococcus  mesenteroides,  Cienkowski. 
Frog  spawn  bacterium  of  sugar  factories, 
Frog  spawn  fungus.  A  source  of  great  loss 
to  the  manufacturers  of  beet  sugar,  fre- 
quently and  rapidly  converting  large  quanti- 
ties of  the  beet  juice  into  a  mucilagino-gela- 
tinous  mass.  Liborius's  Bacillus  of 
Butyric  Acid  Fermentation,  Liborius. 
See  Bacillus  butyricus^  Prazmowski.  Lis- 
sophyton  suspectum,  Hal  Her.  See  Ba- 
cillus lyssa,  Pasteur.  Melunella  flexuosa, 
Borg.  See  Spirillum  rugula,  MUller. 
Merismopedia  chondroidea^  With,  Meris- 
mopedia  glauca.  See  Sarctna  rcnis.  Hep- 
worth.  Merismopedia  goodsirii.  See  Sar- 
cina  ventriculi,  Goodsir.  Merismopedia 
hyalina,  Ktitzing.  Sarcina  hyalina,  Kiltz- 
ing. Merismopedia  litoralis,  Rabenhorst. 
Set  Sarcina  litoralis,  CErstedt.  Merismo- 
pedia reitenbachii,  Caspary.  See  Sarcina 
reitenbachii,C9spwry.  Merismopedia  urinae, 
Rabenhorst.  See  Sarcina  urina,  Welcker. 
Merismopedia  ventriculi,  Husem.  See 
Sarcina  ventriculi,  Goodsir.  Merismopedia 
violacea,  Kiltzing.  See  Sarcina  violacea, 
Kiltzing.  Metallacter  anthracis,  Trevisan. 
See  Bacillus  anthracis,  Pollender  and  Da- 
vaine.  Metallacter  tremulus,  Trevisan. 
See  Bacillus  tremulus,  Koch.  Metallacter 
ulna,  Trevisan.  See  Bacillus  ulna,  Cohn. 
Micoderma  cerevisiae,  Trecul.  See  Sac- 
charomyces mycoderma,  Reess.  Micrococcus 
aceti.  See  Bacillus  aceti,  Kiltzing.  Micro- 
coccus acidi  lactici,  Marpmann.  Found  in 
milk ;  resembles  in  its  action  Bacillus  acidi 
lactici,  Hueppe.  aer,,  nliqf.,  nmot.,  npg, 
Cf.  Spharococcus  acidi  lactici^  Marpman. 
Micrococcus  acidi  lactici  liquefaciens, 
Krilger.  Found  in  butter  and  cheese,  aer,, 
facanaer,,  liqf,,  nmot.  Micrococcus  aero- 
genes,  Miller.      Found    in    the    intestinal 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


) 


Inct  of  num.  arr.,  /r^/.,  nm4>f,j  npg. 
Micrococcus  agilis,  AU-Cohen.  Found 
in  drinking  water,  (ur.^  ^'V/»  ff^^-t  »pg' 
A  motile  coccus,  provided  with  a  flagellum; 
described  by  Menge.  Micrococcus  agilis 
citreus,  Menge.  Micrococcus  (Diplo- 
coccus)  albicans  amplus,  Burnm.  Syn. 
Neisseria  albicans.  Frequently  found  in  the 
vaginal  secretions,  aer.^  liqf.^npg.  Micro- 
coccus (Diplococcus)  albicans  tardus, 
Unna  and  Tommasoli.  Found  in  eczema, 
tf/r.,  nliqf.^  nmot.  Micrococcus  albicans 
tardissimus,  Eisenberg,  Bunim.  Found  in 
the  vaginal  secretions  of  pueq)eral  women. 
aer.f  facanaer.^  nliqf.^  nfg.  Micrococcus 
liqueiaciens,  Von  Besser.  Found  in  the 
nasal  secretions  of  healthy  persons,  aer.^ 
facanaer.^  liq/.t  npg.  Micrococcus  albus 
urinse.  See  Micrococcus  urinaibus.  Micro- 
coccus amylovorus,  Burrill  and  Arthur. 
Syn.,  Aficrococms  of  apple  blight.  Bacte- 
rium of  pear  blight.  Produces  fermentation 
in  saccharine  fluids,  aer,,  nliqf. ,  mot. ,  pg. 
(for  apple  and  pear  trees).  Cf.  Ba- 
cillus butyricus^  Prazmowski.  Micro- 
coccus aquatilis,  Bolton.  Found  fre- 
quently in  water.  aer.^  ^li^f-%  npg- 
Micrococcus  arei  cclsii,  Buchner  and 
Sehlen.  Syn.,  Bacterium  decalvans^  Thin. 
Found  on  the  diseased  hairs  in  alopecia  areata. 
Cf.  Bacillus  of  alopecia  areata^  Kasauli, 
and  Micrococcus  of  alopecia  areata^  Robin- 
son. Micrococcus  ascoformans,  Johne. 
See  Micrococcus  botryogenus^  Rabe.  Micro- 
coccus aurantiacus,  Cohn.  Syn.,  Pctiio- 
coccus  aurantiacus.  Found  in  water,  aer.^ 
nliqf. y  chg.  (orange-yellow),  npg.  Micro- 
coccus biskne.  See  Micrococcus  of  Heyden- 
reich.  Micrococcus  blennorrhoeus.  See 
Micrococcus  gonorrhotce^  Neisser.  Micro- 
coccus bombycis,  Cohn,  Bechamp.  Syn., 
Streptococcus  bombycis  ^  Bechamp.  Found  in 
the  intestinal  tract  of  silkworms  and  other 
Lepidoptera  dead  of  the  epidemic  disease 
known  in  France  as  la  flacherie;  etiologic 
relation  demonstrated  by  Pasteur.  Micro- 
coccus botryogenes,  Bollinger,  Rabe.  Syn., 
BoUingera  equi,  Saccardo ;  Ascococcus  joknei^ 
Cohn;  Micrococcus  ascoformans^  Johne; 
Micrococcus  of  myko-desmoids  of  the  horse. 
Found  in  colonies  in  the  connective  tissue  of 
horses  affected  with  "mykodesmoids."  aer.^ 
liqf ,  Pg.  Micrococcus  candicans,  Fliigge. 
Foond  abundantly  in  air  and  water,  aer.^ 
nliqf. ,  npg.  Micrococcus  candidus.  Cohn. 
Foui#  in  water,  aer.^nliqfyupg.  Micro- 
coccus capUlorum.  Found  on  the  scalp 
and  said  to  alter  the  color  of  the  hair,  aer, , 
ekg.  (reddish-yellow).  Micrococcus  car- 
neus,  Zinunermann.  Found  in  water,  aer. , 
nliqf ,  chg.  (red  to  violet) ,  npg.  M icrococ- 
Ctts  cerasinus  siccus,  List.  cur. ,  nliqf. ,  chg. 


(cherry-red),  npg.  Micrococcus  ccreus 
albus,  Passet.  Syn.,  Staphylococcus  cereus 
albuSf  Passet.  Found  in  the  pus  of  acute 
abscesses,  and  by  Tils  in  hydrant  water 
(Freiburg),  aer.,  nliqf,  npg.  Micrococcua 
cereus  aureus,  Schrdter  and  Winkler.  Syn.. 
Staphylococcus  cereus  aureus,  S.  and  \V.  Found 
in  the  thin  secretions  of  coryza.  aer.,  nliqf, 
chg.  (orange -red),  npg.  Micrococcus 
cereus  flavus,  Passet.  Syn.,  Staphyltioccus 
cereus fiax'us,  Passet.  Staphylococcus passetii. 
Found  in  an  acute  abscess,  aer. ,  nhqf ,  chg. 
(lemon- yellow),  npg.  Micrococcus  chlo- 
rinus.  Occurs  in  zooglcea  masses,  aer, ^  chg. 
(greenish-yellow),  npg.  Micrococcus  chol- 
erae  gallinarum,  Pasteur.  See  Bacillus 
septictemiic  htrmorrhagicte,  Sternberg.  Micro- 
coccus cinnabareus,  Fliigge.  Syn. ,  Strep- 
tococcus cinnabareus,  Fliigge.  Found  in  air 
and  water,  aer.,  nliqf,  chg.  (reddish- brown), 
npg.  Micrococcus  citreus.  List.  Sjrn., 
Staphylococcus  citreus.  List.  Found  in  water, 
also  by  Lannelongue  and  Achard  in  the 
seat  of  an  old  osteomyelitis,  aer. ,  nliqf ,  chg. 
(pale-yellow),  npg.  Micrococcus  citreus 
conglomeratus,  Bumm.  See  Diplococcus 
citretts  conglomeratus,  Bumm  ;  Micrococcus 
concentricus,  Zimmermann.  Found  in 
water,  aer.,  nliqf,  sap.,  npg.  Micrococ- 
cus conglomeratus,  Weichselbaum.  Sjm., 
Neissera  conglomerata ,  \V.  Micrococcus 
coronatus,  Fliigge.  Syn.,  Streptococcus 
coronatus,  Fliigge.  Found  in  the  air.  aer., 
liqf,  npg.  Micrococcus  cremoides,  Zim- 
mermann. Found  in  water.  aer.,liqf.,chg. 
(ycliowish-white),  npg.  Micrococcus  cre- 
pusculum,  Cohn.  See  Bacillus  termc, 
Ehrenberg  and  Dujardin.  Micrococcus 
cumulatus  tenuis.  Von  Besser.  Found  in 
abundance  in  the  nasal  mucus  of  man.  aer. , 
facanaer.y  nliqf,  npg.  Micrococcus  cya- 
neus,  Schrdter.  Obtained  from  the  air,  on 
boiled  potatoes.  aer.,  chg  (cobalt  blue, 
altered  to  carmine  by  acids,  restored  by  alka- 
lies). Micrococcus  decalvans,  Schr6ter. 
Syn.,  Bacterium  decalvans,  Saccardo.  Cf. 
Bacillus  of  alopecia  areata,  Kasauli,  Micro- 
coccus arei  celsii,  Buchner  and  Sehlen ;  Micro- 
coccus of  alopecia  areata,  Robinson.  Micro- 
coccus difiluens,  Schrdter.  Found  in  the 
air,  dust,  and  in  excrement;  common,  aer,, 
nliqf,  chg.  (yellow,  with  a  greenish  fluores- 
cence; not  modified  by  acids).  Resembles 
Bacillus  fluorescens putidus,¥\y^ggt.  Micro- 
coccus (Uphtheriticus,  Oertel  .Cohn,  Ldflfter. 
Sjm.,  Streptococcus  articulorum,  LdflDer. 
Found  in  the  false  membranes,  and  in  the 
tissues  of  diphtheria  patients ;  Comil  identi- 
fies this  with  Micrococcus  pyogenes,  Ko&en- 
bach.  aer. ,  nliqf. .  pg.  M  icrococcus  doy- 
enii.  See  Micrococcus  urina  alfms  olearims. 
Doyen.  Micrococcus  endocarditicus.  Syn., 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


Shrepio<o€cui  endocardituus.  Micrococcus 
eodocarditidis  rugatus,  Weichselbaum. 
Fouud  in  a  case  of  ulcenuive  endocarditis. 
aer,,  nliqf.^pg.  Micrococcus  exysipelatis, 
Micrococcus  erysipelatos,  Micrococcus 
erysipclatosus,  Fehleisen.  See  Micrococ- 
nu  pyogenes^  Rosenbach.  Micrococcus 
fermenti.  See  Micrococcus  vinipcrdd. 
Micrococcus  fervidosus,  Adametz.  Found 
in  water,  aer,^  //^/.,  npg.  Micrococcus 
fickii.  Found  in  healthy  and  diseased  eyes. 
Micrococcus  finlayensis,  Sternberg.  Ob- 
tained from  the  viscera  of  a  yellow-fever 
cadaver.  cur.^  /i^/,  chg.  (pale-yellow), 
npg.  Micrococcus  flavus.  See  Micrococ- 
cus jfavtu  liquefacicm^  Flilgge.  Micrococ- 
cus flavus  desidens,  Fliigge.  Found  in 
•ir  and  water,  aer.^  liq/,,  cA^.  (yellowish- 
brown),  n/^.  Micrococcus  flavus  lique-* 
Caciens,  Flagge.  Syn.,  Micrococcus  flavus^ 
Micrococcus  liquefaciens.  Micrococcus  fla- 
vus tardigradus,  Flttgge.  Syn.,  Micrococcus 
tardigradus.  Found  in  the  air  and  water. 
aer.,  nOqf,^  chg.  (dark  olive-green),  npg. 
Micrococcus  f(stidus,Klamann,  Rosenbach. 
Found  in  the  posterior  nares  of  man.  acr. , 
^f">  ^Pi^'  Micrococcus  fervidosus, 
Adametr.  Found  in  water,  o/r.,  nliqf.^ 
npg.  Micrococcus  Ireudenreichii,  Guille- 
beao.  One  of  the  two  forms  found  by 
Gisillebeau  to  produce  ropiness  in  milk, 
tfrr.,  liqf'%  npg,  Cf.  Bacterium  kessii^ 
Gmllebeaa.  Micrococcus  friedlinderi. 
See  Bacillus  pneumonia  friedlAnderi.  Mi- 
crococcus hxlvus,  Cohn.  Syn.,  Staphy- 
U<occus  fulvus.  Pound  in  horse  and  rabbit 
dong,  aer.  nmot.^  nliqf.^  chg.  (rose),  npg. 
Micrococcus  fuscus,  Maschek.  Found 
in  water.  aer.^  nmot.^  %/•!  ^^g-  (sepia- 
brown),  npg.  Micrococcus  gallicidus. 
Sec  Bacillus  sepHcamice  hamorrkagica^ 
Sternberg.  Micrococcus  gelatinosus. 
Found  in  milk,  which  it  causes  to  coagulate 
at  about  22^  C.  Micrococcus  gingivae 
pyogenes.  Miller.  Found  in  the  mouth  of 
I  man  affected  with  alveolar  abscess,  tur. , 
fMcanatr,^  nHqf.yPg.  Micrococcus  gon- 
orrfacsje,Neisser.  Micrococcus  blennorrhoeus^ 
Neisstra  gonorrhaa^  Micrococcus  gonococcus. 
Found  in  gonorrheal  pus.  aer.  No  growth 
OQ  ordinary  gelatin ;  has  been  grown  on  acid 
gelatin  and  human  blood-serum,  pg.  Micro- 
coccus griseus.  Winter.  Sec  Bacterium 
grisewm.  Wanning.  Micrococcus  haema- 
todes.  Babes.  Syn.,  Micrococcus  of  red 
tweal.  Found  in  foul  sweat  from  the  axilla. 
«r.,  chg.  (red),  npg.  Micrococcus  hava- 
oicosis,  Sternberg.  Syn.,  Bacillus  hava- 
mmsiSf  Sternberg.  Obtained  by  Sternberg 
is  hit  investigation  of  yellow  fever,  aer., 
nHqf.^  ckg.  (blood-red).  Only  found  in  the 
presence  of  free  oxygen.     Micrococcus  of 


hepatitis  enzootics  of  hogs.  See 
Micrococcus  porcellorum.  Micrococcus 
imetrophus,  Trevisan.  See  Bacillus  pro- 
digiosus,  Ehrenberg.  Micrococcus  indicus, 
Koch.  See  Bacillus  indicus^  Koch.  Micro- 
coccus influenzae,  Letzerich.  Syn.,  Strep- 
tococcus sei/erti.  Micrococcus  of  influenza, 
Seifert.  See  Bacillus  of  influenuxy  Pfeiffer. 
Micrococcus  insectorum,  Burrill,  Strepto- 
coccus insectorum.  Found  in  the  cecal  ap- 
pendages or  pancreatic  organs  of  the  Chinch 
bug  {Slissus  leukopterus^  ^y)  and  the  higher 
Hemiptera.  Especially  recommended  as  a 
remedy  for  the  Chinch  bug  and  for  Nalticus 
minutus,  so  damaging  to  the  peanut.  Micro- 
coccus intercellularis  meningitidis, 
Neumann  and  Sch&ffer.  Syn.,  Micrococcus 
meningitidis,  Neumann.  Neisseria  Weichsel- 
baumii.  Found  in  the  tissues  of  the  brain 
and  spinal  cord  in  cases  of  cerebro-spinal 
meningitis.  Micrococcus  lacteus  favi- 
formis,  Bumm.  Syn.,  Neisseria  lactea. 
Frequently  found  in  normal  vaginal  mucus. 
aer.,  nliqf.,  npg.  Micrococcus  lactis 
viscosus.  Conn.  Syn.,  Micrococcus  of 
bitter  milk,  Conn.  The  cause  of  the  bitter 
taste  of  milk  and  cream,  aer,,  liq/.^  nmot., 
npg.  Micrococcus  liquefaciens.  See 
Micrococcus  Jlavus  liquefaciens,  Flttgge. 
Micrococcus  Icewenbergii.  Syn.,  Micro- 
coccus of  ozena.  Found  in  the  secretions,  in 
cases  of  ozena,  aer.,  liqf.,pg.  Micrococ- 
cus luteus,  Cohn.  Found  in  water,  the 
superficial  soil,  dust  of  bed-rooms,  moist 
foods,  etc.  aer.,  nliqf.,  chg.  (yellow),  npg. 
Micrococcus  lyssae,  Neisser.  Sjm.,  Neis- 
seria lyssa.  Micrococcus  of  hydrophobia,  Mi- 
crococcus of  rabies,  Fol.  Found  in  the 
spinal  cord  of  rabid  animals.  Comil  and 
Babes  throw  doubt  on  the  culture  experi- 
ments of  Fol.  Micrococcus  major.  Doyen. 
See  Micrococcus  urince  major.  Doyen.  Mi- 
crococcus manfredii.  Syn. ,  Streptococcus 
manfredii.  Micrococcus  of  progressive 
granuloma  formation.  Found  in  the  sputum 
of  two  cases  of  pneumonia  following  measles. 
aer. ,  nliqf. ,  pg.  M  icrococcus  mastobius , 
Nocard,  Mollereau  and  Kitt.  ^yn..  Strep- 
tococcus nocardi.  Micrococcus  of  bovine 
mastitis,  Kitt.  Micrococcus  of  mastitis  in 
cows.  Streptococcus  of  mastitis  in  cows. 
Micrococcus  of  contagious  mammitis.  Mi- 
crococcus of  gangrenous  mastitis  in  sheep, 
Nocard.  Obtained  from  the  milk  of  cows 
and  sheep  aflected  with  mastitis,  aer.,  fac- 
anaer.  The  form  found  in  cattle  is  said  to 
be  nonliquefactive ;  that  of  sheep  liquefies 
both  gelatin  and  blood-serum.  Sternberg 
recognizes  three  distinct  forms  producing 
mastitis.  Micrococcus  meningitidis,  Neu- 
mann. See  Micrococcus  intercellularis  men- 
ingitidis^ Neumann  and  Schlffer.      Micro* 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


coccus  meningitidis  purulentae,  Heyden- 
reich.  Micrococcus  morbillosus.  Syn., 
Streptococcus  morbillosus.  Micrococcus  nm- 
salis,  Hack.  Found  in  the  nssopharyngeal 
space.  <wr.,  mot,^  nliqf.y  npg.  Micro* 
coccus  nitrificans,  Van  Tieghem.  Found 
in  water,  aer.^  npg.  Micrococcus,  II,  of 
Pischel.  Found  in  the  blood  of  two  cases  of 
influenza,  a^r.  ^  facanaer,  ^  liqf.  y  pg.  Mi- 
crococcus oblongus.  See  Bacterium  ob- 
longum^  Boutroux.  Micrococcus  ochroleu- 
cus.  Prove  and  Legrain.  Syn.,  Streptococcus 
ockroleucus.  Found  in  urine.  aer.^  ^i^f"» 
chg.  (sulphur  yellow),  npg.  Micrococcus 
of  Acute  Infectious  Osteomyelitis.  See 
Micrococcus  pyogenes  aureus  ^  Rosenbach. 
Micrococcus  of  Alopecia  areata,  Von 
Sehlen,  Robinson,  Vaillard,  and  Vincent 
Found  on  the  hairs  from  the  diseased  patches, 
o/r.,  liqf.y  pg.  Cf.  Bacillus  of  Alopecia 
areata,  and  Aficrococcus  decahans,  Schrdter. 
Micrococcus  of  Ammoniacal  Urine.  See 
Micrococcus  urece,  Cohn,  and  Micrococcus 
urea  liquefaciensy  Flttgge.  Micrococcus  of 
Apple  Blight.  See  Bacillus  butyricus, 
Botkin,  Prazmowski,  etc.  Micrococcus  of 
Beriberi,  Lacerda.  See  Bacillus  beri- 
bericus^  Lacerda.  Micrococcus  of  Biskra 
Button.  See  Micrococcus  of  Heydenreich. 
Micrococcus  of  Bitter  Milk.  See  Micro- 
coccus lactis  viscosust  Conn.  Micrococcus 
of  Bronchitis,  Picchini.  Three  distinct 
fonns.  aer.^  liqf.  Cf.  Bacillus  of  Lum- 
nitter.  Micrococcus  of  Bovine  Mastitis, 
Kitt.  See  Micrococcus  mastobius^  Nocard, 
Mollereau,  and  Kitt.  Micrococcus  of  Bo- 
vine Pneumonia,  Poels  and  Nolen.  Mi- 
crococcus of  cattle  pneumonia.  Found  in 
the  lungs  of  cattle  suflering  from  infectious 
pleuropneumonia,  aer.^  nliq/.^  pg.  Mi- 
crococcus of  Cerebrospinal  Meningitis. 
See  Micrococcus  intercellularis  meningitidis. 
Neumann  and  SchAfler.  Micrococcus  of 
Chicken  Pox.  See  Staphylococcus  viridis 
flavescensy  Guttmann.  Micrococcus  of 
Contagious  Mammitis.  See  Micrococcus 
mastobius,  Nocard,  Mollereau,  and  Kitt. 
Micrococcus  of  Cow  Pox.  See  Micro- 
coccus variola  et  vacci$uryQo\iU.  Micrococ- 
cus of  Dantec.  Obtained  from  salted  cod- 
fish which  had  turned  red.  aer.y  nliqf.y 
chg.  (yellow,  changing  to  deep  red),  npg. 
Micrococcus  of  Demme.  See  Diplo- 
coccus  of  pemphigus  acutusy  Denune.  Mi- 
crococcus of  Dental  Caries.  See  Lepto- 
thrix  vtilgarisy  Robin ;  Leptothrix  giganteay 
Miller ;  Miller' sepsi Ion  bacillus y  and  Spirillum 
dentiumy  Amt.  Micrococcus  of  Dengue, 
McLaughlin.  See  Sckeuttia  laui^hlini.  Mi- 
crococcus of  Diphtheria.  Streptococcus  ar- 
ticulorum,  Ldffler.  Micrococcus  of  Disse 
and  Taguchi.     Obtained  from  the  blood, 


the  secretions  of  broad  condyloma,  as  well 
as  the  primary  indurations  of  syphilis.  Ed- 
ologic  relations  not  confirmed.  Micro- 
coccus of  Drinking  W^ater.  See  Micro- 
coccus aquatilis^  Bolton.  Micrococcus  of 
Egyptian  Ophthalmia.  See  Micrococcus 
of  trachoma,  Sattler  and  Michel.  Micro* 
coccus  of  Endocarditis.  See  Streptococcus 
endocarditicus  and  Micrococcus  endocardi/icus 
rugatusy  Weichselbaum.  Micrococcus  of 
Erysipelas,  Fehleisen.  See  Micrococcus 
Pyogenes,  Rosenbach.  Micrococcus  of  Foot 
and  Mouth  Disease.  Syn.,  Streptocytus 
of  eczema  epitootica,  Schottelius,  Streptocytus 
aphthicola,  Hallier.  Found  in  the  vesicular 
eruptions  about  the  mouth  and  feet  of  cattle, 
pigs,  and  sheep.  Communicable  to  man.  o/r., 
facanaer.  Pathogenesis  not  fully  settled.  Cf. 
Bcuillus  of  ulcerative  stomatitis  of  cattle.  Mi* 
crococcus  of  Forbes.  Found  in  the  bodies 
of  larvae  of  the  cabbage  butterfly,  Fieris  rapa^ 
affected  with  an  infectious  disease.  Micro* 
coccus  of  Fowl  Cholera.  See  BactUms 
septicamia  hamorrhagica,  Sternberg.  Mi- 
crococcus of  Freire.  See  Cryptococcus 
xanthogenicus.  Micrococcus  of  Furuncle. 
See  Bacillus  osteomyelitidis.  Micrococcus 
of  Gangrenous  Mastitis  in  Sheep,  Mi- 
crococcus of  Gangrenous  Mammitis.  See 
Micrococcus  mastobiuSy  Nocard,  Mollereau, 
and  Kitt.  Micrococcus  of  Gonorrhea.  See 
Micrococcus  gonorrhoea y  Neisser.  Micro* 
coccus  of  Gray  Parrot  Disease.  See  Mi- 
crococcus psittaci,  Eberth  and  Wolff.  Micro* 
coccus  of  Heydenreich.  Syn.  y  Streptococcus 
biskra.  Micrococcus  of  Biskra  Button.  Found 
in  the  tumors  and  ulcers  characteristic  of 
Aleppo  boil  or  Biskra  button,  aer. ,  liqf. ,  pg. 
Micrococcus  of  Hydrophobia.  See  Mi- 
crococcus lyssay  Pasteur.  Micrococcus  of 
Infectious  Osteomyelitis.  See  Micro- 
coccus Pyogenes  auretUy  Rosenbach,  and 
Micrococcus  osteomyelitidis  y  Becker  and 
Kraske.  Micrococcus  of  Influenza,  Seifert, 
Streptococcus  seiferti.  See  Micrococcus  in- 
fluenzay  Leuerich.  Micrococcus  of  Kirch- 
ner.  Obtained  from  the  sputum  of  patients 
suffering  with  influenza,  aer.ypg.  Micro- 
coccus of  Manfiredi  See  Micrococcus 
manfredii.  Micrococcus  of  Mastitis, 
Kitt.  See  Aficrococcus  mastobiuSy  Nocard 
and  Mollereau.  Micrococcus  of  Measles, 
Klebs  and  Keating.  Syn. ,  Streptococcus  mor- 
billosuSy  Aficrococcus  morbillosus.  Found  in 
the  blood  and  exudates  of  persons  aflUcted 
with  measles.  Fliigge  considers  it  unim- 
portant Micrococcus  of  Mykodesmoids 
of  the  Horse.  See  Micrococcus  botrvogenesy 
Rabe.  Micrococcusof  Osteomyelitis.  See 
Micrococcus  pyogenes  aureus  yO^Xasx.  Micro- 
coccus of  Ozena.  See  Aficrococcus  Icewen- 
bergiu      Micrococcus    of   Pear   Blight 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


Bunill.  See  Bacillus  butyricuSf  Prazmowski. 
Micrococcus  of  Pibrine.  See  Nosema 
hombycis,  N&geli.  Micrococcus  of  Pneu- 
monia. See  Bacillus  pneumonia  frudl&nd- 
erii  and  Micrococcus  septicus,  FlUgge.  Mi- 
crococcus of  Progressive  Abscess  For- 
mation in  Rabbits,  Koch.  Found  in  the 
exudates  of  rabbits  inoculated  with  putrefy- 
ing blood,  pg.  Micrococcus  of  Progres- 
sive Granuloma  Formation.  See  Mi- 
crococcus manfredii.  Micrococcus  of 
Progressive  Tissue  Necrosis  in  Mice, 
Koch.  Found  in  the  exudates  of  mice 
inoculated  with  putrid  blood,  pg.  Mi- 
crococcus of  Pyemia  in  Rabbits,  Koch. 
Found  in  the  exudates  of  rabbits  inoculated 
with  putrefying  flesh  infusion,  pg.  Micro- 
coccus of  Rabies,  Fol.  See  Micrococcus 
fyssct^  Neisser.  Micrococcus  of  Red  Sweat. 
See  Micrococcus  hamatodes^  Babes.  Micro- 
coccus of  S.  Le  M.  Moore.  See  Bacillus 
/eg/idus,  Uhonus.  Micrococcus  of  Salvioli. 
See  Bacillus  septicus  sputigenus^  FlUgge. 
Micrococcus  of  Scarlet  Fever,  Pohl  and 
Pincns.  See  Micrococcus  scarlatina.  Mi- 
crococcus of  Septicemia  in  Rabbits, 
Koch.  Syn.,  Streptococcus  KbckiL  Found 
in  the  exudates  of  rabbits  inoculated  with 
putrefying  flesh-infusion,  pg.  Micrococcus 
of  Smallpox.  See  Micrococcus  variola  et 
vaccina^  Cohn.  Micrococcus  of  Sputum 
Septicemia.  .See  Bacillus  septicus  sputi- 
genus,  Fliigge.  Micrococcus  of  Swine 
Plague  or  Hog  Cholera.  See  Bacillus  of 
swine  plague^  Marseilles,  Rietsch,  and  Jobert, 
and  BacUlus ex pneumo-enteritide  suisy  Klein. 
Micrococcus  of  S3rphilis,  Haberkorn  and 
Marcus.  Found  in  the  white  blood  cor- 
puscles in  cases  of  syphilis,  aer. ,  osc. ,  chg. 
(red) .  Micrococcus  of  Trachoma,  Sattler 
and  Michel.  Syn.,  Neisseria  rebellis.  Mi- 
crococcus of  Egyptian  ophthalmia.  Found  in 
the  secretions  and  nodules  of  the  conjunctiva 
in  cases  of  trachoma.  <wr.,  nliqf.y  pg.  Re- 
searches of  Baumgarten  and  Kartulis  go  to 
show  that  this  form  has  no  etiologic  relation 
to  the  diseases  mentioned.  Micrococcus 
of  Vaccinia.  See  Micrococcus  variola  et 
vaccina y  Cohn.  Micrococcus  of  Whoop- 
ing Cough,  I^tzerich.  Found  in  the 
sputum  in  cases  of  whooping  cough. 
See  Bacillus  tussis  convulsiva^  Afanassiew. 
Micrococcus  olearius.  See  Micrococcus 
urina  Jlavus  olearius.  Micrococcus  os- 
teomyelitidis,  Becker.  Syn.,  Micro- 
coccus of  acute  infectious  osteomyelitis. 
See  Micrococcus  pyogenes  aureus ^  Rosenbach. 
Micrococcus  ovalis,  Escherich.  Found  in 
the  meconium  and  feces  of  infants,  aer.^ 
fiuanaer.,  n!iqf,y  npg.  Micrococcus  ova- 
tus.  See  Micrococcus  of  pibrine.  Micro- 
coccus pasteuri,  Sternberg.    See  Bacillus 

9 


septicus  spuHgenusy  Fliigge.  Micrococcus 
petechialis.  Syn.,  Neisseria  petechialis. 
Micrococcus  pfliigeri,  Ludwig.  See  Pho- 
tobacterium  pfliigeri^  Ludwig.  Micrococ- 
cus phosphoreus,  Cohn.  See  Bacillus 
phosphoreusy  Cohn.  Micrococcus  plu- 
mosus,  Br&utigam.  Found  in  water,  aer.^ 
nliqf,  npg.  Micrococcus  pneumonije 
crouposse,  Sternberg.  See  Bacillus  septicus 
sputigenus,  FlUgge.  Micrococcus  pneu- 
moniae infectiosse,  Friedlftnder.  See  Bacil- 
lus pneumonia  friedlSnderii,  Micrococcus 
porcellorum.  Syn. ,  Micrococcus  of  Hepati- 
tis enzootica  of  hogs.  Found  in  hogs  affected 
with  hepatitis  (Russia),  eter. ,  Uqftpg'  Mi- 
crococcus prodigiosus,  Cohn.  See  Bacil- 
lus prodigiosus,  Ehrenberg.  Micrococcus 
pseudocyanus,  Cohn.  Found  in  boiled 
potatoes  exposed  to  air.  aer.y  chg.  (verdigris 
green),  npg.  Micrococcus  psittaci,  Wolf. 
Syn.,  Streptococcus  perniciosus  psiltacorum, 
Eberth  and  Wolf.  Micrococcus  of  gray  parrot 
disease.  The  cause  of  a  disease  of  parrots  re- 
sembling fowl  cholera ;  fatal  to  many  of  the 
Sarrots  imported  from  Guinea  into  Europe, 
f  icrococcus  putridus.  A  form  emitting  a 
fetid  gas  from  gelatin  when  mixed  with  iodo- 
form. Micrococcus  pyocyaneus,  Gessard. 
See  Bacillus pyocyaneus  a,  Gtssaxd.  Micro- 
coccus pyogenes,  Rosenbach.  Syn.,  Strep- 
tococcus  pyogenes.  Streptococcus  erysipelatos. 
Streptococcus  longus^  Von  Lingelsheim.  Mi- 
crococcus erysipelatis  {tos)  (tosus),  Streptococ- 
cus of  pus.  Micrococcus  of  erysipelas, 
F'ehleisen.  Found  in  the  pus  of  acute  ab- 
scesses, and  in  the  skin  in  cases  of  erysipelas. 
aer.y  fcuanaer.^  nliaf.y  pg.  Micrococcus 
pyogenes  albus,  Rosenbach.  Syn.,  Sta- 
phylococcus pyogenes  albus y  Passet.  Staphy- 
lococcus epidermidis  albus,  Welch.  FrequentFy 
found  in  company  with  Micrococcus  pyogenes 
aureus.  The  cause  of  "stitch  abscesses.'* 
aer.,  liqf,  pg.  Micrococcus  pyogenes 
aureus,  Rosenbach.  Syn.,  Staphylococcus 
Pyogenes  aureus.  Micrococcus  of  infectious 
osteomyelitis.  The  species  most  fiequently 
found  in  pus.  Obtained  from  various  sup- 
purations, boils,  anthrax,  osteomyelitis, 
ulcerative  endocarditis,  phlegmon,  etc.  a^r. , 
facanaer.,  liqf,  chg.  (brilliant  golden 
yellow),/^.  Micrococcus  pyogenes  cit- 
reus,  Passet.  Syn.,  Staphylococcus  pyogenes 
citreus,  Passet  Micrococcus  pyogenes  flavus. 
Found  associated  with  the  two  preceding 
forms  first  described  in  acute  abscesses. 
aer.,  facanaer.,  liqft  chg.  (lemon  yel- 
low), pg.  Held  by  some  to  be  but  a 
variety  of  Micrococcus  pyogenes  aureus.  Mi- 
crococcus pyogenes  tenuis,  Rosenbach. 
Syn.,  Micrococcus  rosenbachii.  Found  in 
pus.  Culture  thin,  varnish-like;  pathoge- 
nesis not  settled.     Cf.  Micrococcus  septicus^ 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


I 


FIQgge.  Micrococcus  pyogenes  ureae 
flavus,  R5rsing.  Found  in  purulent  urine. 
Cf.  Diplococcus  Pyogenes  urea^  Rdrsing; 
Diplococcus  urea  trifoliatus^  R6rsing.  Mi- 
crococcus pyosepticus,  Richet.  Syn., 
Staphylococcus  pyosepticus^  Hericourt  and 
Richet.  Obtained  from  a  carcinomatous 
tumor  in  a  dog.  aer.^  ^'Vl/*>  PS'*  resembles 
Micrococcus  pyogenes  albus,  Rosenbach. 
Micrococcus  radiatus,  FIQgge.  Syn., 
Streptococcus  radiatus^  FIQgge.  Found  in 
air  and  water,  aer.,  ^Hf'*  **PS'  Micro- 
coccus rheumarthritidis,  KUssmaul.  See 
Bacillus  rheumarthriiidis^  Kilssmaul.  Mi- 
crococcus rosenbachii.  See  Micrococcus 
Pyogenes  tenuis^  Rosenbach.  Micrococcus 
rosettaceus,  Zimmermann.  Found  in 
water,  aer.y  nliqf.y  npg.  Micrococcus 
roseus,  Eisenberg.  Found  in  the  sputum 
of  a  person  suffering  from  influenza,  aer, , 
facanaer.f  liqf.^,  chg.  (pink),  npg.  Micro- 
coccus roseus,  Bumm.  See  Diplococcus 
rosetiSf  Bumm.  Micrococcus  roseus, 
Maggiora,  FlUgge.  Syn.,  Neisseria  rosea. 
Found  on  the  skm.  aer,,  npg.  Micrococ- 
cus salivarius  pyogenes,  Biondi.  Syn., 
Staphylococcus  salivarius  pyogenes,  Biondi. 
Found  in  an  abscess  produced  in  a  guinea- 
pig  by  inoculation  with  saliva  from  a  child 
affected  with  anginose  scarlatina,  aer., 
^'V/>/^*  Micrococcus  salivarius  septi- 
CU8,  Biondi.  Obtained  from  animals  after 
inoculation  with  saliva  from  a  person  with 
puerperal  septicemia,  aer.,  nliqf.,pg.  Cf. 
Micrococcus  sialosepticus.  Micrococcus 
scarlatinse.  Micrococcus  scarlatinosus, 
Cote  and  Feltz.  Syn.,  Perroncitoa  scarlati- 
nosa. Micrococcus  of  scarlet  fever,  Pohl 
and  Pincus.  Found  in  the  blood,  on  the 
desquamating  skin,  and  on  the  palate  of  scar- 
let fever  patients;  resembles  Micrococcus 
septicus,  Flilgge.  Cf.  Streptococcus  ruhigi- 
nosus,  Edington,  and  Bacillus  of  scarlet  fever, 
Crooke.  Micrococcus  septicus.  Cohn. 
See  Bacillus  septiccemice  Aamorrhagica, 
Sternberg.  Micrococcus  septicus,  Flilgge. 
Syn.,  Streptococcus  septicus,  FlUgge,  and 
Streptococcus  Pyogenes,  Saccardo,  Streptococcus 
pneumonia,  Weichsclbaura.  Found  in  soil. 
aer.,  nliqf,  pg.  Micrococcus  septopy- 
semicus.  ^yn, ,  Streptococcus  septopyamicus. 
Obtained  from  cases  of  phlegmonous  angina 
and  erysipelas  of  the  larynx,  aer.,  **li^ff 
(^.  Resembles  Micrococcus  septicus,  Flilgge. 
Micrococcus  sialosepticus.  Found  in 
the  saliva  in  a  case  of  puerperal  septicemia. 
aer.,  nliqf.,  pg.  Cf.  Micrococcus  salivarius 
septicus,  Biondi.  Micrococcus  subflavus, 
FlUgge,  Neisser.  Syn.,  Neisseria  suhflava. 
Yellowish-white  micrococcus  or  diplococcus, 
Bumm.  Obtained  from  the  lochia  of  puer- 
peral women,  and  from  vaginal  mucus,  o/r., 


liqf.,pg.  Micrococcus suis,  BurrilL  See 
Bacillus  tardigradus.  Micrococcus  tardi- 
gradus.  See  Micrococcus  Jlavus  tardigradus^ 
Flttgge.  Micrococcus  tetragenes.  Micro- 
coccus tetragenus,  Gaffky.  Syn.,  Gaffkya 
tetragenus,  Saccardo.  Obtained  from  a  cavity 
in  the  lung  of  a  person  with  pulmonary  tuber- 
culosis. aer.,facanaer.,  nliqf,  pg.  Micro- 
coccus tetragenus,  Marotta.  Constantly 
found  in  small-pox  vesicles  and  pustules. 
cur.,  liqf,pg.  Produces  vaccinia  in  calves. 
Micrococcus  tetragenus  febris  flav«, 
Finlay.  Syn.,  Micrococcus  tetragenus  versa- 
tilis,  Sternberg.  Obtained  from  the  excre- 
ments of  mosquitoes  which  had  drawn  blood 
from  yellow  fever  patients;  also  from  the 
surface  of  the  body  in  the  same  disease 
(Sternberg),  aer.,  liqf,  chg.  (lemon•yellow^, 
npg.  Micrococcus  tetragenus  mobilis 
ventriculi,  Mendosa.  Found  in  the  con- 
tents of  the  stomach  of  man.  aer.,  nH^f^ 
mot,,  npg.  Micrococcus  tetragenus  suIh 
flavus,  Von  Besser.  Found  in  nasal  mucm. 
aer.,  facanatr.  (no  growth  in  gelatin),  npg. 
Micrococcus  tetragenus  versatliiSv 
Sternberg.  See  Micrococcus  tetragenus  fehris 
JUtvce,  Finlay.  Micrococcus  tozicatua, 
Burrill.  Syn. ,  Micrococcus  variola  et  vaccina^ 
Cohn.  Streptococcus  toxicatus,  BurrilL 
Found  in  the  poison  of  the  poison  ivv,  Bkus 
toxicodendron.  Micrococcus  ulceris  mol- 
lis. See  Bacillus  of  chancroid,  Dncrey. 
Micrococcus  ureae,  Cohn.  Syn.,  Bacterium 
urece,  Cohn.  Streptococcus  urea,  Torula  urea, 
Pasteur.  Found  in  urine,  in  which  it  pro- 
duces  ammoniacal  fermentation.  Micro- 
coccus  ureae,  Pasteur  and  Van  Tieghem. 
Found  in  the  air  and  in  ammoniacal  urine. 
aer.^  facanaer.,  nliqf,  npg.  Possibly  the 
last  two  forms  and  the  Bacterium  urea, 
Taksch,  are  identical.  Micrococcus  ure« 
liquefaciens,  FlUgge.  Syn.,  Streptococcus 
athebius.  Found  in  ammoniacal  urine,  atr,, 
facanaer.,  liqf,  npg.  Micrococcus  urin* 
albus.  Syn.,  Micrococcus  aihus  urina. 
Found  in  the  urine  in  cases  of  pyelonephritis 
and  cystitis.  Micrococcus  urine  albus 
olearius.  Doyen.  Sjm.,  Micrococcus  doyenii. 
Found  under  the  same  circumstances  as  the 
last  form,  aer.,  liqf .  Micrococcus  urinae 
flavus  olearius.  Doyen.  Syn.,  Micrococcus 
olearius.  Found  in  the  urine  of  cystitis, 
with  the  two  preceding  forms,  aer..  Ho f, 
chg.  (golden -yellow).  Micrococcus  urmje 
major,  Doyen.  S)m.,  Aficrococcus  m^ivr. 
Found  in  same  circumstances  as  the  tnree 
preceding  forms.  Micrococcus  versatilis. 
Found  on  the  skin  of  healthy  persons,  alto  in 
the  liver,  spleen  and  kidneys  af^cr  death  from 
yellow  fever.  Not  sufficiently  studied.  Mi- 
crococcus versicolor,  FlUgge.  Found  in 
water,    aer.,   nUqf.,    chg.    (yellow),    npg. 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


MtcfococcuB  viniperda.  Syn . ,  Micrococcus 
fermenH.  Found  in  spoiled  wine.  Micro- 
coccus violaceus,  Cohn.  Found  in  water. 
atr,^  nliq/.,  chg.  (violet),  npg.  Micrococ- 
cus viridis  flavescens,  Guttmann.  Found 
in  the  lymph  of  a  varicella  pustule.  aer,y 
nlixjf.y  npg.  Micrococcus  viscosus,  Pas- 
teur. Found  in  the  disease  of  wine  known 
as  la  graissc.  Micrococcus  viticulosus, 
FlQgge,  Katz.  Found  in  air  and  water,  aer, , 
facanaer.y  nliqf,^  npg.  Micrococcus  xan- 
tbogenicus.  Cryptococcus  xanthogenicus, 
Freire.  Found  in  cases  of  yellow  fever. 
Microhaloa  rosea,  KUtzing.  See  Beggiatoa 
roseopersicina^  Zopf.  Microsporon  minu- 
tissimum,  Burchardt.  See  Bacillus  epider- 
midis^  Bizzozero.  Microsporon  septicum, 
Klebs.  See  Bacillus  sepiicccmia  hamor- 
rkagica,  Sternberg.  Microzyma  bombycis, 
B^champ.  See  Micrococcus  bombycis^  Cohn, 
Beck.  MUkwhite  Micrococcus.  Bumm. 
See  Micrococcus  albicans  tardissinius^  Eisen- 
berg.  Milk  Yeast.  Set  Saccharomyces  lacHs^ 
Adameu.  Miller's  Bacillus.  See  Bacil- 
lus dcntalis  viridans^  Miller,  and  Spirillum 
of  Miller,  Miller's  Bacillus  of  the  Intes- 
tine- See  Bacillus  aerogenes^  /,  //,  ///, 
Miller.  Miller's  Bpsilon  Bacillus.  See 
Epsilon  Bacillus^  Miller.  Milzbrandbacil- 
his.  See  Bacillus  anthracis^  Pollender  and 
Davaine.  Monas  prodigiosa,  Ehrenberg. 
See  Bacillus  prodigiosus^  Ehrenberg.  Mo- 
nas tertno,  MUlIer.  See  Bacillus  termo^ 
Dujardio.  Mycodenna  aceti.  See  Bacillus 
cctti^  Katzing.  Mycoderma  vini,  Pasteur. 
See  Saccharomyces  mycoderma^  Reess.  My- 
conostoc  gregarium,  Cohn.  A  spiral  or 
crumpled  condition  of  a  51amentous  schizo- 
mycctc,  perhaps  Cladothrix  dichotoma^  Cohn. 
Neisseria  albicans.  See  Micrococcus  albi- 
cans ampiuSf  Neisser.  Neisseria  citrea. 
See  Micrococcus  citreus  conglomcra/us tBumm. 
Neisseria  conglomerata.  See  Micrococcus 
c^mglomeratus ,  Weichselbaum.  Neisseria 
gonorrbcea.  See  Micrococcus  gonorrhoea^ 
Neisser.  Neisseria  lactea.  See  Micrococ- 
cus lacUus  faviformisy  Neisser.  Neisseria 
IjTSSJB.  See  Micrococcus  lyssa,  Neisser. 
Neisseria  petechialis.  See  Micrococcus pete- 
chialis,  Neisser.  *  Neisseria  rebellis.  See 
Micrococcus  of  trachoma ^  Sattler.  Neisseria 
rosea.  See  Micrococcus  roseus^  Maggiora. 
Neisseria  subflava.  See  Micrococcus 
tmhfiavuSf  Flilgge.  Neisseria  tardissima. 
Sec  Micrococcus  albicans  tardissimus^  Bumm. 
Neisseria  weichselbaumii.  5%ee  Micrococ- 
cus interceUularis  meningitidis^  Neumann 
and  Schflffer.  Neisseria  winckleri.  See 
Bacillus  beribericus^  Lacerda.  Nitrifying 
Bacillus  of  Winogradsky,  Nitromonas 
of  Winogradsky.  It  is  found  in  the  soil ; 
no  growth  on  onlinsiy  culture  media ;  one 


of  the  very  few  nitrifying  ferments.  Nosema 
bombycis,  N&geli.  Syn.  Micrococcus  ovatus. 
It  is  found  in  the  organs  and  the  blood  of  silk- 
worms suffering  itompibrine.  Ophidomonas 
jenensiSfOphidomonassanguinea,  Ehren- 
berg. See  Beggiatoa  roseopersicina,  Zopf. 
Orchiococcus.  See  Diplococcus  of  Orchi- 
tisy  Hugouneng  and  Eraud.  Oscillaria 
alba,  Vaucher.  See  Beggiatoa  alba,  Trevi- 
san.  Oscillaria  arachnoidea,  Agardh. 
See  Beggiatoa  arachnoidea,  Trevisan.  Os- 
cillaria leptomitiformis,  Meneghi.  See 
Beggiatoa  leptomitiformis,  Trevisan.  Oscil- 
laria tigrina.  See  Beggiatoa  ti^na,  Raben- 
horst.  Oscillaria  versatihs,  Katzing. 
See  Beggiatoa  arachnoidea,  Trevisan.  Pal- 
mella  infusionum,  Ehrenberg.  See  Bacil- 
lus termo,  Duiardin.  Palmella  prodig^osa, 
Mont.  Stt  Bacillus  prod^os%is,Y}\xtxA3itT^. 
Palmellina  capillorum  (Radlkoffer),  Bulh. 
Syn.,  Zooglcea  capillorum,  Bulh.  Found  in 
the  epidermis  of  the  head ;  supposed  to  affect 
the  color  of  the  hair.  Panhystophyton 
ovatum.  Syn.  of  Nosema  bombycis.  Pas- 
set's  Putrefying  Bacillus  of  Pus.  See 
Bacillus  pyogenes  fcetidus,  Passet.  Peach- 
colored  Bacterium,  Lankester.  See  Beg- 
giatoa roseofersicina,  Tjoi^i.  Pediococcua 
acidi  lactici,  Lindner.  Found  in  hay  infusion 
and  in  mash  from  malt  cur. ,  facanaer. ,  nliqf , 
npg.  Pediococcus  albus,  Lindner.  Found 
in  well  water,  cur. ,  liqf ,  npg,  Pediococcus 
aurantiacus,  Cohn.  See  Micrococcus  auran- 
tiacus,  Cohn.  Pediococcus  cerevisise, 
Balcke.  Syn.,  Sarcina  cereznsur,  Lindner. 
Found  in  beer  and  in  the  air  of  breweries. 
aer.,  facanaer.,  nliqf,  npg,  Peroncitoa 
scarlatinosse.  See  Micrococcus  scarlatince, 
PohlPincus.  PfeifTer's  Bacillus.  See 
Bacillus  capsulatus,  Pfeiffer.  Photobacte- 
rium  balticum,  Fischer.  Found  in  the 
waters  of  the  Baltic,  aer.,  liqf,  phos.,  npg, 
Cf.  Bacillus  phosphorescens  indigenus, 
Fischer.  Photobacterium  fischeri,  Katz. 
Found  in  the  waters  of  the  Baltic,  cur., 
^^f'*  P^os.,  npg.  Photobacterium  indi- 
cum,  Fischer.  See  Bacillus  phosphorescens, 
Fischer.  Photobacterium  luminosum, 
Beyerinck.  Found  on  many  of  the  phospho- 
rescent animals,  crustaceous  polyps,  mfusoria, 
of  the  North  Sea.  aer.,  liqf.,  phos,,  npg, 
Photobacterium  pfliigeri,  Ludwig.  Syn., 
Bacterium  pfiUgeri,  Micrococcus  pfliigeri. 
Found  upon  butcher's  meat  and  upon  market 
fish.  The  most  phosphorescent  of  all  light- 
producing  bacteria.  aer,,  liqf,  phos., 
npg,  Photobacterium  phosphorescens, 
Fischer.  See  Bacillus  phosphoreus,  Cohn. 
Photobacterium  phosphorescens,  Cohn. 
S)m.,  Bacterium  phosphorescens.  Pink 
Bacillus  of  Spreading  Edema,  A.  B. 
Harris,     aer,,  nliqf, ^  pleom,,  chg,  (pink), 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


► 


tDg.  Syn.,  Vi^ric  spirillum^  MQUer; 
MtluneUa  spiriUum^  Borg.  Found  in  bog 
wftter.  Spirillum  metschnikovi.  Syn., 
Vibrio  metschnikovi^  Gameleia.  Found  in 
the  intestinal  contents  of  chickens  affected 
with  an  epidemic  infectious  disease  re- 
sembling fowl  cholera.  aer,^  facantur, 
(/),  Hqf,^  mot.^  pg.  Spirillum  naaale. 
Sjrn.,  Vibrio  nasaJe^  Weibel.  Found  in 
nasal  mucus,  aer.^facanaer,^  *t^f/-9  nmot., 
^Pi'  Spirillum  obermeieri,  Conn.  Syn., 
Spirochata  obermeieri.  Spirillum  of  relaps- 
ing fever.  Found  in  the  blood  of  persons 
af^cted  with  relapsing  fever,  tf/r.,  ipw/., 
^efforts  to  cultivate  thus  far  unsuccessful) ,  pg. 
Spirillum  of  Asiatic  cholerm.  Spirillum  of 
cholera.  See  Spirillum  cholera  tisiatica^ 
Koch.  Spirillum  of  Denecke.  See  Spir- 
illum tyrogenum^  Denecke.  Spirillum  of 
Pinkler  and  Prior.  See  Spirillum  finkleri. 
Spirillum  of  Miller.  Syn.,  Miller's  bacil- 
lus. Found  in  carious  teeth,  aer.^  fac- 
anaer.^  liqf.t  mot,^  npg.  Spirillum  of 
Relapsing  Fever.  See  Spirillum  obermeieri, 
Cohn.  Spirillum  of  Smith.  Found  in 
the  intestines  of  swine,  aer.^  nlio/,,  mot., 
t^.  Spirillum  plicatile,  Dujardin.  Syn., 
Spirochete  plieatilis,  Ehrenberg;  Spirulina 
pHaUiUSf  Cohn.  Found  in  water  containing 
decomposing  algae.  Biologic  characters  un- 
determined. Spirillum  rosaceum.  Ob- 
served upon  excrement  in  water,  aer.t  chg, 
(red),  npg.  Spirillum  rosenbergii.  Warm- 
ing. Found  m  brackish  water.  Contains 
renmctive  sulphur  grains,  aer, ,  mot.  Spir- 
illum roseum,  Mac^.  Found  in  a  tube 
culture  of  blennorrhagic  pus.  aer.^  nliqf.^ 
mot.f  chg.  (rose-red|,  n^.  Spirillum 
rubrum,  von  Esmarcbu  Obtained  from  the 
pntref3ring  body  of  a  mouse,  aer.yfaccmaer. , 
nUof.,  mot.f  chg.  (pink),  npg.  Spirillum 
runim,  Perty.  Found  in  dstero  water. 
mer.,  mot.,  chg.  (rose-red),  npg.  Spirillum 
rugula.  Mailer.  Syn.,  Vibrio  rugula. 
Found  in  swamp  water  and  frequently  in  the 
alimentary  canal,  on  the  teeth,  etc.  cur., 
facanaer.,  mot.,  npg.  According  to  Prax- 
mowski  this  species  gives  rise  to  decomposi- 
tion of  cellulose.  Spirillum  sanguineum. 
See  Beggialoa  roseopersicina^  Zopf.  Spir- 
illum saprophiles  a  of  Weibel.  Syn., 
Vibrio  saprophiles  a  of  Weibel.  Found  in 
rotting  hay  infusion  and  in  the  slime  of 
sewers.  aer,,nliqf.,mot.,npg.  Spirillum 
saprophiles  ^  of  WeibeL  Syn..  Vibrio 
sapro^iles  p,  Weibel.  Found  in  rotting  hay 
infusion,  aer.,  nUqf.,  mot.,  npg.  Spiril- 
lum saprophiles  y  of  Weibel.  Sjm., 
Vibrio  saprophiles  y,  Weibel.  Found  in  the 
slime  of  seweis.  aer,,  nHqf.,  mot.,  npg. 
Spirillum  serpens,  MflUer.  Syn.,  Vibrio 
serpem^  Mflller.    Found  in  stagnant  water 


containing  decaying  plants,  etc  Bidogic 
characters  not  determined.  Spirillum 
sputigenum,  Miller.  Common  in  the  neg- 
lected mouths  of  healthy  persons.  Does 
not  grow  on  culture  media.  Spirillum 
tenue,  Ehrenberg.  Found  in  putrefying 
plant  infusions.  Biologic  characters  unde- 
termined. Spirillum  tyrogenum,  Denecke. 
Spirillum  of  Denecke,  Bacillus  of  cheese, 
Denecke*  s  cheese  spirillum.  Found  in  old 
cheese.  aer.,  facanaer.,  liqf.,  mot.,  pg. 
(for  guinea  pigs).  Spirillum  undula,  Cohn, 
MiiUer.  Syn.,  Vtbrio  undula,  Mttiler; 
Vibrio  proUfer,  Ehrenberg.  Found  in  ao- 
oglea  masses  in  swamp  water,  vegetable  in- 
fusions, etc.  aer.,  mot.,  npg.  Spirillum 
violaceum,  W^arming.  Found  in  brackish 
water ;  cell  contents  violet,  with  a  few  sul- 
phur grains.  Spirillum  volutans,  Ehren- 
berg. Syn.,  Vibrio  spirillum,  MQller;  Me- 
lunella  spirillum,  Borg.  Found  in  infusions 
and  in  bog  water.  Biologic  characters  unde- 
termined. Spirochaete  anserina,  Sakha- 
roff.  See  Spirillum  anserum.  Spirochaete 
denticola,  Miller,  or  Spirochaete  dentium, 
Amt.  See  Spirillum  dentium.  Spirochaete 
obermeieri.  See  Spirillum  obermeien\ 
Cohn.  Spirochaete  plicatilis,  Ehrenberg. 
See  Spirillum  plicatile,  Dujardin.  Spiro- 
monas  cohnii.  Warming.  Found  in  foul 
water.  Spiromonas  volubilis,  Pertx. 
Found  in  putrefying  infusions  and  in  bog 
water.  Sporonema  gracile.  See  Bacillus 
virens.  Van  Tieghem.  Staphylococcus 
albus  liquefaciens,  Escherich.  Syn.. 
White  liquefying  staphylococcus.  Found  m 
the  alvine  discharges  of  healthy  infants,  aer. , 
liqf.,  npg.  Staphylococcus  biskrK. 
See  Micrococcus  of  Heydenreich.  Sta- 
phylococcus cereus  albus,  Passet  See 
Micrococcus  cereus  albus,  Passet  Staphy- 
lococcus cereus  aureus,  Schr6ter  and 
Winkler.  See  Micrococcus  cereus  aureus^  S. 
and  W.  Staphylococcus  cereus  flavus, 
Passet.  See  Micrococcus  cereus  flar'us,Vt&- 
set  Staphylococcus  citreus.  See  Micro- 
coccus citreus.  List.  Staphylococcus  epi- 
dermidis  albus,  Welch.  See  Micrococcus 
Pyogenes  albus,  Rosenbach.  Staphylo- 
coccus of  Dengue,  McLaughlin.  See 
Scheutsia  laughlini.  Staphylococcus  of 
pemphigus,  De  Michele.  Obtained  from 
the  skin,  kidney,  and  spleen  of  a  case  of 
pemphigus  chronica.  Staphylococcus  pas- 
setti.  See  Micrococcus  cereus  Jtatms,  Passet 
Staphylococcus  pyogenes  albus,  Rosen- 
bach.  See  Micrococcus  pyogenes  albus, 
Rosenbach.  Staphylococcus  pyogenes 
aureus,  Ogston,  Becker.  See  Micrococ- 
cus pyogenes  cmreus,  Rosenbach.  Sta- 
.phylococcus  pyogenes  citreus,  Passet. 
See  Micrococcus  pyogenes    citrem^   Passet. 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIA 


Suphylococctts  pyosepticus,  Hericoort 
and  Ricbet.  See  Micrococcus  pyoiepHcus^ 
Rjchet.  Staphylococcus  aalivarius  pyo- 
genes, Biondi.  See  Micrococcus  salivarius 
pyogenes^  Biondi.  Staphylococcus  viridis 
fljLvescens,  Guttmann.  Syn.»  Micrococctis 
of  chicken-pox.  Found  in  the  vesicles  of 
▼aricella.  acr. ,  nliqf. ,  chg.  (greenish-yellow), 
npg.  Streptococcus  acidi  lactici,  Groten- 
feldt  Found  in  coagulated  milk  in  Finland. 
anaer,  (not  strictly),  nliqf.,  npg.  Strep- 
tococcus aethebius.  See  Micrococcus  urea 
Haud/aciens,  FlQgge.  Streptococcus  albus, 
Maschek.  Found  in  hydrant  water  (Freiburg). 
aer. ,  iiq/, ,  npg.  Streptococcus  apthicola, 
Hallier.  See  Streptocytus  of  enema  epiuoo- 
tica,  Schottelttts.  Streptococcus  articu- 
kmam,  LOffler.  Syn.,  Micrococcus  of  diph- 
theria. Obtained  from  the  affected  mucous 
membrane  in  cases  of  diphtheria.  Possibly 
a  variety  of  Micrococcus  pyogenes,  pg.  (for 
mice).  Streptococcus  bombycis.  See 
Micrococcus  bombycis^  Cohn.  Streptococ- 
cus brevis,  Von  Lingelsheim.  Obtained 
from  normal  human  saliva,  aer.^facanaer.^ 
nliqf ,  npg.  Streptococcus  cadaveris, 
Sternberg.  Found  in  the  liver  of  a  yellow- 
fever  cadaver,  cur,,  facanacr.,  nliqf  ^  npg, 
Prc^ably  identical  with  the  preceding  species. 
Streptococcus  cinnabareus.  See  Micro- 
coccus cinnabareus^  FlOgge.  Streptococcus 
coU  gracilis,  Escherich.  Found  in  the 
feces  of  healthy  children  living  on  a  meat 
diet,  atr,^  facanaer,y  liqf,  npg.  Strep- 
tococcus conglomeratus,  Kuith.  Ob- 
tained from  cases  of  scarlet  fever,  pg,  (for 
mice).  Streptococcus  coronatus,  FlUgge. 
See  Micrococcus  coronalus,  Flilgge.  Strep- 
tococcus corysK  contagiosae  equorum, 
SchQtz.  Found  in  the  pus  from  affected  l]rm- 
pjiatic  glands  in  horses  suffering  with  the  dis- 
ease known  in  Germany  as  DrOse  des  Pferdes. 
atr,,  facanaer,,  pg,  (for  horses  and  mice), 
npg.  (for  rabbits,  guinea  pigs,  and  pigeons). 
Streptococcus  endocarditicus.  See  Mi- 
crococcus endocardilicus  rugaiusy  Weichsel- 
banm.  Streptococcus  erysipelatis  (ery- 
sipelatos),  Fehleisen.  See  Micrococcus 
pyogenes^  Rosenbach.  Streptococcus  fer- 
mentL  See  Micrococcus  viniperda.  Strep- 
tococcus giganteus  urethrm,  Lustgarten 
and  Manneberg.  Found  in  the  healthy 
hmnan  urethra,  aer,^  npg.  Streptococcus 
bsvaniensis,  Sternberg.  Found  in  the  acid 
vomit  of  a  yellow-fever  patient.  Biologic 
characters  undetermined.  Streptococcus  in- 
sectomm,  Burrill.  See  Micrococcus  insecto- 
rum,  Burrill.  Streptococcus  kochii.  .See 
Micrococcus  of  septuemia  in  rabbils,  Koch. 
Streptococcus  lanceolatus  pasteuri, 
Gamal^ia.  See  Bctcilius  septicus  spuHgenus^ 
FUgge.       Streptococcus     liquefkeiens, 


Sternberg.  Obtained  from  the  intestines  and 
livers  of  yellow-fever  cadavers,  aer. ,  fete- 
anacr,,  liqf.i  npg.  Streptococcus  longus, 
von  Lingelsheim.  See  Micrococcus pyogents^ 
Rosenbach.  Streptococcus  lucae.  See 
Micrococcus  ulceris  mollis.  Streptococcus 
manfredii.  See  Micrococcus  manfredii 
Streptococcus  meningitidis.  See  Micro* 
coccus  intercellularis  meningitidis^  Naumann 
and  Sch&ffer.  Streptococcus  monomor- 
phus,  Bujwid,  Heryng.  Found  in  benign 
pharyngeal  ulcers,  npg.  Streptococcus 
morbillosus.  See  Micrococcus  of  measles. 
Streptococcus  nocardi.  See  Micrococcus 
mastobiuSf  Nocard.  Streptococcus  ochro- 
leukus.  See  Micrococcus  ochroUukuSy  Prove 
and  Legrain.  Streptococcus  of  Bonome. 
Obtained  from  the  exudations  in  the  cerebro- 
spinal meninges  and  from  hemorrhagic  extra- 
vasations in  the  lungs,  in  cases  of  epidemic 
cerebrospinal  meningitis,  pg.  (for  white 
mice  and  rabbits).  Streptococcus  of  gran- 
uloma fungoides,  Rindfleisch  and  Auspetz. 
See  Streptococcus  of  mycosis  fungoides. 
Streptococcus  of  Manneberg.  Obtained 
from  the  urine  in  cases  of  acute  nephritis. 
aer.,  facanaer,,  nliqf, ^  pg,  (for  dogs  and 
rabbits).  Streptococcus  of  Mastitis  in 
Cows.  See  Micrococcus  mastobius,  Nocard 
and  Mollereau.  Streptococcus  of  Myco- 
sis fungoides.  Streptococcus  of  granuloma- 
fungoides,  Rindfleisch  and  Auspetz.  Found 
in  the  capillaries  and  subcutaneous  tissue  in 
the  parts  affected  by  this  disease.  Not  suf- 
ficiently investigated.  Streptococcus  of 
Pus.  See  Micrococcus  septicus,  FlUgge. 
Streptococcus  pemiciosus  pqittacorum, 
Eberth  and  Wolf.  See  Micrococcus  psittaci. 
Wolf.  Streptococcus  pneumoniae,  Weich- 
selbaum.  See  Micrococcus  pyogenes,  Flttgge. 
Streptococcus  putrefaciens.  Micrococ- 
cus of  putrefaction.  Refers  to  any  one  of 
the  many  micrococci  found  in  putrefying  sub- 
stances. Streptococcus  pyogenes,  Rosen- 
bach. See  Micrococcus  Pyogenes,  ^Qstx^ds^, 
Streptococcus  pyogenes,  Saccardo.  See 
Micrococcus  septicus,  Fliigge.  Streptococcus 
P3rogenes  maligni,  Krause  and  Fltlgge. 
Found  in  necrotic  masses  in  a  leukemic 
spleen,  pg.  (for  mice  and  rabbits).  Strep- 
tococcus pyogenes  ure«,  Rdrsing.  Found 
in  purulent  urine.  Cf.  Micrococcus  pyogenes 
ureceflavus,  Rdrsing.  Streptococcus  radi- 
atus.  See  Micrococcus  radiatus,  Flttgge. 
Streptococcus  rubiginosus,  Edington. 
Found  in  cases  of  scarlatina,  npg.  Does 
not  appear  till  late  in  the  disease.  Strep- 
tococcus seiferti.  See  Micrococcus  inftu- 
enMa,  Letzerich.  Streptococcus  septicus^ 
Flflgge.  See  Micrococcus  septicus,  FlUgge. 
Streptococcus  septicus  liquefaciens, 
Babes.     Obtained  from  the  blood  and  viscera 


BACTERIA 


BACTERIOID 


» 


of  a  child  that  died  of  septicemia  following 
scarlatina,  aer.^  ^*9f»t  Pg-  (for  mice  and 
rabbits).  Streptococcus  septopycmicua. 
See  Micrococcus  septopy amicus  ^  Biondi. 
Streptococcus  tozicstus.  See  Micrococcus 
toxicatust  Burrill.  Streptococcus  urese. 
See  Micrococcus  urea^  Cohn.  Streptococ* 
cus  urete  rugosus,  Rdrsing.  Found  in 
urine.  Streptococcus  vermifonnis,  Ma- 
schek.  Foundin  hydrant  water  (Freiburg),  atr, 
liqf, ,  npg,  Streptocytus  of  Ecsema  epixoo- 
tica,  Schottelius.  Syn.,  Streptococcus  apthi- 
^^Af,  Hallier.  Micrococcus  of  foot-and-mouth 
disease.  Found  in  Tesicular  eruptions  about 
the  mouth  and  feet  of  cattle,  pigs,  and  sheep. 
Communicable  to  man.  aer.^  facanaer. 
Pathogenesis  not  fully  settled.  Cf  Bacillus 
of  ulcerative  stomatitis  of  cattle.  Strepto- 
thriz  foersteri,  Cohn.  See  Cladothrix  fctr- 
sterit  Cohn.  Swine  Plague  Schizophyte, 
Detmers.  See  Bacillus  of  swine  plague, 
Marseilles,  Rietsch,  and  Jobert.  Syphilis 
Bacillus.  See  Bacillus  syphilidis^  Lust- 
garten.  Syphilis  Bacillus  of  Eve  and 
Lingard.  Obtained  from  the  blood  and 
diseased  tissues  of  syphilitic  persons  who 
have  not  undergone  mercurial  treatment 
a€r,y  ckg.  (pale  yellow  or  brown).     Patho- 

Cetic  relations  not  settled.  Not  stained  by 
itgarten's  method;  capable  of  develop- 
ment on  blood-serum.  Tetanus  Bacillus. 
See  Bacillm  tetania  Nicolaier.  Thiothriz 
nivea.  See  Begnatoa  ntvea^  Rabenhorst 
Thiothrix  tenuis,  Winogradsky.  Found 
in  sulphur  springs.  Thiothriz  tenuissima, 
Winogradsky.  Found  in  sulphur  springs. 
Torula  cerjevisiie.  See  Saccharomyces  cere- 
visia,  Reess  and  Robin.  Torula  urese, 
Pasteur.  See  Micrococcus  urea,  Cohn. 
Tubercle  bacillus.  See  Bacillus  tubtrcuh- 
sist  Koch.  Typhus  bacillus.  See  Bacillus 
typhi  abdominalisy  Eberth.  T)rTOthriz  cat- 
enula.  T.  claviformis.  T.  distortus.  T. 
fililbnnis.  T.  geniculatus.  T.  scaber.  T. 
tenuis.  T.  turgidus.  T.  urocephalus.  T. 
virgula.  See  the  corresponding  temu 
under  Bacillus,  Ulvina  aceti,  KilUing. 
See  Barillus  accti,  KUtzing.  Urobacillus 
duclauxi,  Miquel.  Found  in  sewage  and 
river  water,  acr,^  facanaer. ^  mot.,  licif. 
Pathogenesis  not  determined.  Urobacillus 
fireudenreichii,  Miquel.  Obtained  from  air, 
dust,  sewage,  aer. ,  li4jf. ,  mot.  Pathogene- 
sis not  determined.  Urobacillus  maddozi, 
Miquel.  Obtained  from  sewage  and  river 
water,  aer. ,  liqf. ,  mot.  Pathogenesis  not 
determined.  Urobacillus  pasteuri,  Miquel. 
Obtained  from  decomposing  urine,  aer.^ 
Hqf,  mot.  Pathogenesb  not  determined. 
Urobacillus  schuUenbergii,  Miquel.  Ob- 
tained from  sewage  and  river  water,  aer.^ 
Hqf^  mot.     Pathogenesis    not  determined. 


Vibrio  aureus,  Weibel.  See  Spirillum 
aureum,  Vitnio  bacillus,  MQller,  Ehrenberg. 
See  Bacillus  ulna^  Cohn.  Vibrio  cholera. 
See  Spirillum  cholera  asiatica,  Koch. 
Vibrio  cyanogenus,  Ehrenberg.  See 
Bacillus  cyanogenus^  Fuchs.  Vibrio  flaves- 
cens,  Weibel.  See  Spirillum  ftavescens^ 
Weibel.  Vibrio  flavus,  Weibel.  See 
Spirillum  Jlavum,  Weibel.  Vibrio  lineola, 
MUlIer  and  Ehrenberg.  See  Bacterium 
lineola^  Cohn.  Vibrio  lingualis.  See 
Spirillum  lingua,  Weibel.  Vibrio  met- 
schnikovi,  Camaleia.  See  Spirillum  met- 
schnihoviy  Gamaleia.  Vibrio  nasalis,  Wei- 
bel. See  Spirillum  mssale,  \^eibe\.  Vibrio 
proteus.  See  Spirillum  finkleri.  Vibrio 
rugula,  MiiUer.  See  Spirillum  rugula, 
MUller.  Vibrio  saprophiles  a,  WeibeL 
See  Spirillum  saprofhiles  a,  Weibel.  Vibrio 
saprophiles  ^,  Weibel.  See  Spirillum 
saprophiles  /?,  Weibel.  Vibrio  saprophiles 
y,  Weibel.  See  Spirillum  saprophiles  y, 
Weibel.  Vibrio  serpens,  MUller.  See 
Spirillum  serpens,  Miiller.  Vibrio  syn* 
cyanus,  Ehrenberg.  See  Bacillus  cyanoge- 
nus, Fuchs.  Vibrio  synzanthus,  Ehren- 
berg. See  Bacillus  synxanthus,  Ehrenberg 
and  SchrOter.  Vibrio  tremulans,  Ehren- 
berg. See  Bacterium  lineola,  Cohn.  Vibrio 
undula,  Miiller.  See  Spirillum  unduU^ 
Miiller.  Vibrio  Xanthogenus,  Fuchs. 
Bacillus  ^nxanthus,  Ehrenberg  and 
Scbrdter.  Violet  Bacillus.  See  Bacillus 
janthinus,  Zopf.  Zoogloea  capiUorum, 
Buhl.  See  Palmellina  capillorum,  Radl- 
kofer.  Zoogloea  termo,  MUller,  Cohn. 
See  Bacillus  termo,  Dujardin.  Zoogloea 
ramigera.  A  tree-like  variety  of  Cladothrix 
dichotoma,  Zoogalactina  imetropa,  Selte. 
See  Bacillus  prodigiosus,  Ehrenberg. 

Bacteriacete  {bakte-rea'-se-e)  [^icn^pMnr,^a 
little  stick].     The  Schixomycetes. 

Bacterial  {bah-te'-real)  [(iaxTr/piov,  a  little 
stick].  Resembling,  of  the  nature  of,  or 
derived  from  bacteria. 

Bactericidal  (bakte-ris-i^-daf)  [^axTiifuov, 
a  little  stick ;  cadere,  to  kill].  Destructive 
to  bacteria. 

Bactericide  (bahte^-ris-ld)  [^KTi,^HOv,  a 
little  stick  ;  r^ft/rr^,  to  kill],  i.  De^ructive 
to  bacteria.  2.  An  agent  that  destroys  bac- 
teria. 

Bacteridium  (bak-ter-id^-e-um)  [^axrifpiov,  a 
little  stick].  According  to  Davaine.  a  genus 
of  Bactenacea  characterized  by  immobility 
of  the  elements  at  all  periods  of  their  exist- 
ence.    The  distinction  does  not  now  obtain. 

Bacterioid  {bak-te^-reotd)  [^^axrfjptav,  a  little 
stick;  eUSii^,  form].  Applied  to  certain 
microorganisms  flourishing  m  and  around  the 
roots  of  leguminous  plants,  assisting  in  the 
accumulation  of  nitrogen,  and  giving  rise  to 


BACTERIOLOGIST 


BALSAM 


tubercles.  They  may  be  cultivated  in  artifi- 
cial media  like  ordinary  bacteria. 

Bmcteriologist  {bak-te-reol^  -o-jist)  {J3aKr^piov, 
a  little  stick;  A^yo^*  science].  One  who 
makes  a  special  study  of  bacteriology. 

Bacteriology  {bak'te-re-ol^ -o-je)  f/Joicn^piov, 
a  little  stick ;  A^yof ,  science].  The  science 
concerned  with  the  study  of  bacteria. 

Bacterioprotein  {bah  -ie-re-o  -pn/-  te  -  in\ 
[/ioMiifptoVf  a  little  stick ;  wporoc,  first].  A 
protein  contained  in  bacteria. 

Bacteriopurpurin  {bak-te-re-o-ptr' 'pu-rin") 
[BoKT^ptoVf  a  little  stick;  purpura ^  purple]. 
A  peach-colored  pigment  found  by  Lankester 
in  the  protonlasm  f^Beggiatoa  roseopersicina. 
It  is  insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  chloroform, 
ammonia,  acetic  and  sulphuric  acids. 

Bacteiioscopic  (bakU're-o-skop^-ii)  f^aic- 
rifpujv,  a  little  stick;  aiooirelVf  to  view]. 
Pertaining  to  bacterioscopy. 

Bacterioscopy  {bak'te're'os^'ko'pe)  [fiaxrii' 
ptaw^  a  little  stick ;  OKtmeiv,  to  view].  The 
microscopic  study  of  bacteria. 

Bacteriotherapy  (bak-te-re  o-ther^ -ap-e)y^aK' 
T^ptov,  a  little  stick;  Bepaireia,  treatment]. 
The  treatment  of  disease  by  the  .introduction 
of  bacteria  into  the  system. 

Bacterium  [bakte^ -re-urn)  [/JoktjJ/jww,  a  little 
stick;  dim.  of  ^oKtripiay  a  stick,  staflf:  //., 
Barteria\.  I.  A  unicellular  vegetable  mi- 
croorganism. The  word  is  a  generic  term 
and  includes  the  groups  bacillus,  coccus,  and 
spirillum.  2.  Formerly,  a  genus  of  fungi 
oiaracteriTed  by  inflexible  linear  filaments. 

Bacteroid  {bak' -ter-oid)  l(}aKrf/ptov,  a  little 
stick ;  elSoCf  form].     Resembling  bacteria. 

Bael  {ba^-e/).     See  Be/a. 

Bag  {ba^)  [AS.,  ba/g].  I.  A  sac.  2.  The 
scrotum.  B.,  Barneses.  A  rubber  bag 
shaped  somewhat  like  a  lyre,  used  for  dilat- 
ing the  cervical  canal.  B.,  Politzer's,  a  soft 
rubber  bag  for  inflating  the  middle  ear.  B.  of 
Waters,  the  fetal  membranes  enclosing  the 
liquor  amnii  and  projecting  through  the  os 
Mieri  early  in  labor.  The  sac  usually  ruptures 
when  the  cervix  is  dilated. 

Bagnio  (^an^-^^)  [It.  .^d*^^].  i.  A  house 
of  prostitution.     2.  A  bath-house. 

Bakera'  Itch.  An  eczematous  aflection  of  the 
hands,  caused  by  the  irritation  of  the  yeast. 
B.  Leg,  knock-knee,  or  genu  valgum.  B. 
Salt,  a  synonym  of  smelling  salts,  or  the  car- 
bonate oif  ammonium;  it  is  sometimes  used 
by  bakers  in  leavening  cakes. 

Balance  (ba/^-am)  [bi/anx,  having  two 
scales].  I.  An  instrument  for  weighing.* 
2.  The  harmonious  adjustment  of  relat^ 
parts. 

Balanie  (bai^-an-ik)  [P^Xavo^^  the  glans 
penis].  Pertaining  to  the  glans  of  the  penb 
or  of  the  clitoris. 

Balanitis  {bai-an'i^'tis)  [/3<iAavoc,  the  glans 


penis ;  <ric»  inflammation].  Inflammation  of 
the  glans  penis. 

Balanoblennorrhea  (bai-an-oblen-o-re^-ah) 
\36.'kavo^,  the  glans ;  p^ivpa,  mucus;  ^>m,  a 
flow].     Gonorrheal  balanitis. 

Balanoplasty  (balan' -o-plas-te)  [  /SdAavof , 
the  glans  penis ;  'KTJiaativ^  to  form].  Plastic 
surgery  of  the  glans  penb. 

Balanopoathitis  (bal-an-o-pos-thi' -tis)  \fi(i- 
?.avo^f  the  glans  penis ;  irdahr^,  prepuce ;  tric^ 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  glans 
penis  and  of  the  prepuce. 

Balantidium  {bai-an-tid^ -e-um)  [pakavridwv^ 
dim.  of  pakdvTioVf  a  bag],  A  genus  of  pro 
tozoa.  B.  coli,  a  protozoan  parasite  that 
inhabits  the  intestine  of  the  pig. 

Balbuties  (bai-bu'-she-H)  [baibuHre,  to  stam- 
mer].    Stammering. 

Baldness  {bawld^-nes)  [ME.,  balde,  bald]. 
Loss  of  hair ;  alopecia. 

Ball  (bawi )  [ M  E. ,  ^a/  ] .  An  object  having 
a  round  or  spheric  shape.  B.-and-Socket 
Joint.  Sec  Diarthrosis  and  Enarihrosis, 
B.  Thrombus.     See  Thrombus. 

Ballottement  (bal-of-man^g)  )  [Fr.,  from 
ballotte^  a  ball].  A  method  of  diagnosticat- 
ing pregnancy  from  the  fourth  to  the  eighth 
month.  A  push  is  given  the  uterus  by  the 
finger  inserted  into  the  vagina,  and  if  the 
fetus  be  present,  it  will  rise  and  fall  again 
like  a  heavy  body  in  water. 

Balm  (bakm)  [balsamum^  a  balsam].  I.  A 
p>opular  s3rnonym  of  balsamum.  2.  Any 
soothing  application  or  ointment.  B.  of 
Oilead.     See  Balsam  ^  Abies ,  and  Melissa. 

Balneography  (bal-ne-og' -ra-fe)  [balneum^  a 
bath;  yp^,  a  writing].  A  treatise  on 
bathing  and  baths. 

Balneology  (bal-ne-o^ - o-je)  [ balneum ^  a 
bath  ;  AiSyof,  science].  The  science  of  baths 
and  their  effects  upon  the  system. 

Balneotherapy  {balne-other^-ape)  [bal- 
neum^ a  bath  ;  SepaTreiaf  treatment].  System- 
atic bathing  for  therapeutic  purposes,  or  the 
treatment  of  disease  by  baths. 

BsAntum  (bal^-ne-um)  [L.].  A  bath.  See 
Ba/A.  B.  arenc,  a  sand-bath.  See  Am- 
motherapy,  B.  lacteum,  a  milk-bath.  B. 
luteum,  a  mud-bath.  B.  pneumaticum, 
an  air-bath. 

Balsam  (bawF-sam)  IpdXcrafwv,  the  resin  of 
the  balsam  tree].  The  resinous,  volatile, 
aromatic  substance,  liquid  or  solid,  obtained 
from  certain  trees  by  natural  exudation  or  by 
artificial  extraction.  Balsams  are  divided 
into  two  classes,  those  with,  and  those  with- 
out benzoic  and  cinnamic  acids.  In  general 
they  are  mixtures  of  various  essential  oils, 
resins,  and  acids.  B.  Apple,  the  plant 
Momordica  balsamifta,  and  its  warty,  gourd- 
like fruit.  It  is  purgative,  but  its  tincture  is 
chiefly  used  in  domestic  medicine  as  a  vul- 


BALSAMATION 


BANDAGE 


neimry.  Unof.  B.  Bog,  a  singular  stone- 
like,  woody,  umbelliferous  plant,  Bolax^  or 
Atorella  gUbaria^  of  the  Falkland  Islands 
and  Patagonia.  Its  aromatic  gum  is  locally 
prized  as  a  vulnerary,  desiccative,  and  anti- 
gonorrheal  remedy.  Unof.  B.,  Canada,  a 
turpentine  gathered  from  the  natural  blisters 
of  the  bark  of  AbUi  balsamum.  It  is  used 
as  a  mounting-medium  by  microscopists. 
B.  of  Copaiba.  See  Copaiba.  B.  of  Fir. 
Same  as  Canada  Balsam.  B.,  Friar's. 
See  Bmunn.  B.  of  Oilead,  the  balm 
of  the  Old  Testament;  an  oleoresin  ob- 
tained from  the  BabamotUndron  giUadense. 
B.  of  Peru,  the  balsam  obtained  from 
Myroxylon  pereira ;  antiseptic,  stimulant  to 
the  circulation,  and  sedative  to  the  nervous 
system,  tonic,  and  expectorant  Applied 
locally,  it  is  useful  in  chronic  inflammatory 
skin-diseases.  Dose  of  the  emubion  Ti\,x- 
XXV  (0.65-1.6).  B.  Root,  a  popular  name 
for  certain  composite-flowered  plants  of  the 
genus  Balsamorrhita.  B.  kookerii^  B. 
macrophylla^  B.  sagittata  are  common  in  the 
Pacific  States  and  abound  in  a  resinous  bal- 
sam. Unof.  B.  of  Toluun,  or  of  Tolu, 
obtained  from  Myroxylon  tohtifera.  Its  pro- 
perties are  due  to  a  volatile  oil,  toltune. 
It  possesses  an  agreeable  odor,  and  is  a  basis 
for  many  cough-mixtures.  It  is  expectorant 
Tinct.  tolutana  contains  lo  per  cent,  of  the 
balsam  in  90  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  Dose 
I1\,x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  Syr.  toluianus.  Dose 
f3j-ij  (4.0-8.0). 

Balsamation  (bawl-sam-a' -shun)  IPdXoafiov, 
the  resin  of  the  balsam  tree].  Embalmment 
with  balsamic  or  aromatic  spices. 

Balsamic  (bawl-sam'-ic)  [fiaXoafiov,  the  resin 
of  the  bfilsam  tree].  Having  the  nature  or 
qualities  of  a  balsam. 

Balsamodendron  (bawl  -  sam-o-den' -dran) . 
See  Myrrh  and  Bdellium. 

Balsamum  (baV  sam-um")  lp6}jaafiov,  bal- 
sam]. A  balsam.  B.  dipterocarpi.  See 
Gurjun  Balsam. 

Balser's  Fat-Necrosis.  See  Diseases^  Table 
of. 

Bamberger's  Fluid.  An  albuminous  mer- 
curic compound  used  in  the  treatment  of 
SjTphilis.  It  is  made  as  follows:  To  loo 
c.c.  of  a  filtered  solution  of  white  of  egg  (con- 
taining 40  C.C.  of  albumin  and  60  c.c.  of 
water)  there  are  added  60  c.c.  of  a  solution 
of  mercuric  chlorid  (containing  5  per  cent., 
or  3  grams,  of  bichlorid  of  mercury)  and  60 
c.c.  of  a  solution  of  sodium  chlorid  (con- 
taining 20  per  cent) ;  finally,  80  grams  of 
distilled  water  are  added,  which  brings  the 
bulk  of  the  solution  up  to  300,  containing 
o.oio  mercuric  chlorid  in  every  cubic  centi- 
meter. 

Bamboo  {bam-boo^)  [E.  Ind.,  bambu\,    A 


popular  name  for  many  tree-like,  woody- 
stemmed  grasses,  especially  those  of  the 
genus  Bambusa.  B.  arundinacea  is  em- 
ployed as  an  alterative,  anthelmintic,  and  de- 
puiative.  Unof.  B.  Brier,  the  root  of  Smiiax 
sarsaparilla^  habitat.  Southern  United  States. 
Its  properties  are  identical  with  those  of 
sarsaparilla.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext  f^ss-u 
(2.0-^.0).     Unof. 

Banana  (banan^-aA)  [Sp.].  The  fruit  of 
the  common  banana,  Jifusa  sapien/um,  said 
to  be  a  valuable  alterative,  and  useful  in 
strumous  afiections.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext 
li\^x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).     Unof. 

Band  {band)  [ME.,  bande].  That  whidi 
binds.  A  stripe.  A  ligament  B.,  Axis, 
the  primitive  streak.  B.,  Belly,  a  flan- 
nel oand  wound  around  the  abdomen.  B.« 
Head,  a  strap  for  securing  a  mirror  to  the 
forehead.  B.,  Homy,  of  Tarinus,  the  fore 
part  of  the  tsnia  semicircularis.  B.,  Moder- 
ator. See  B.^Reirs.  B.,  Reil's,  a  fibro- 
muscular  fillet  that  frequently  extends  across 
the  right  ventricle  of  the  heart ;  it  is  also 
called  the  moderator  band.  B.  of  Remak. 
See  Fiber^  axial;  also  Purkinje^  Axis  Cyl- 
iffder  of.    B.  of  Tarinus.     See  B.,  Homy. 

Bandage  (ban'-dAj)  [Fr.,  bande^  a  strip]. 
Bandages  are  usually  strips  of  muslin  or  otner 
material,  of  varying  widths  and  lengths,  used 
in  surgery  for  the  purpose  of  protecting,  com- 
pressing, etc.,  a  piart,  or  for  the  retention  of 
dressings  and  applications.  A  simple  ban- 
dage or  roller  consists  of  one  piece  ;  a  eom- 
pound,  of  two  or  more  pieces.  Siarck, 
plaster-of- Paris,  silica,  dextrin, tripolith^  etc., 
etc. ,  are  used  for  making  stiff  and  immovable 
dressings  or  bandages.  According  to  their 
direction  bandages  are  classed  as :  I.  CircU' 
lar^  circular  turns  about  the  part.  2.  Figure- 
of  8,  the  turns  crossing  each  other  like  the 
figure  8.  3.  Oblique,  covering  the  part  by  ob- 
lique turns.  4.  Recurrent^  Uie  turns  return- 
ing successively  to  the  point  of  origin.  5. 
Spica,  the  turns  resembling  the  arrangement 
of  the  husks  of  an  ear  of  com.  6.  Spiral^ 
each  turn  covering  one-half  of  the  preceding. 
7.  Spiral  reverse,  the  bandage  is  reversed  m 
order  better  to  adapt  it  to  the  part.  Ban- 
dages are  also  classed  according  to  the  part 
to  which  they  are  applied.  B.,  Oenga'a. 
See  B.,  Theden's.  B.,  Heliodorus's,  the 
T-bandage.  B.,  Hueter's,  a  spica  bandage 
for  the  perineum.  B.,  Tangier's,  a  many- 
tailed  paper  bandage.     B.,  Larrey's,  a  form 

*of  many-tailed  bandage,  the  edges  being 
glued  together.  B.,  Maisonneuve's,  a 
variety  of  plaster-of- Paris  bandage,  formed 
from  cloths  folded,  these  being  supported 
by  other  bandages.  B.,  Recurrent,  is  used 
after  amputations,  to  support  the  flaps  of 
the  stomp.     B.,  Ricbet**,  a  form  of  piaster* 


BANDAGE 


BANDAGE 


Crossed  Bandage  of  Both  Eyea. 


Barton's  Bandage. 


T-Bandage  of  the  Eye. 


The  Six-tailed  Bandage  of  Galen. 


Recurrent  Bandage  of  the  Htaid,—(MouiIm.)  Transverse  Recurrent  Bandage  of  the  Head.- 

{MoulKn.) 


Four-tailed  Bandage  of  the  Head. 


Agnew*s  Bandage.— (^<»M//m.) 


Foor-tatled  Bandage  of  the  Head. 


Gibson*!  Bandage.— (iUbnf/^.) 


BANDAGE 


BANDAGE 


Anterior  Pigure-of-8  Bandage  of  the  Chest 


Sotpentory  and  Compressor  Bandage  of  th« 
Breast. 


Spiral  Bandage  of  the  Chest. 


Spies  Bandage  of  Shoulder. 


Ve1peau*s  Bandage. 


I>essuU*8  Bandage. 


Doable  Spica  Bandage  of  the  GrotaM. 


BANDAGE 


BANDAGE 


Eicht-uiled  Bmndage  of  the  Abdomen.— (AfoMJUpi.)       Aicendinc  Spicm  Bandage  of  the  Groln.—iMouUm.) 


Flfnre-of-8  Bandage  of  the  E\bow.^{MimUm.) 


Spiral  Bandage  of  the  Finger. 


Gantlet  Bandage. 


Spicm  Bandage  of  the  Thumb.^Nffrmit,) 


Ptmigaotlvt  BandAgt* 


BANDAGE 


BANDAGE 


Recurrent  Bandage  of  Stump 


Modified  Figure-of-S  Bandare  of  the 
Lower  Extremity. —{mouIHh.) 


Spica  Bandage  of  the  Fooi.—iMoullm,) 


Spiral  Reverted  Bandage  of  the  Foreann  (or  Lcf^). 


Pigurc-of-S  Bandage  of  Ankle.^{HoruntM,)  Eamarch's  Bandage.— (//bnrtifjr^ 


BANEBERRY 


BAROGRAPH 


of- Paris  bandage  to  which  a  small  amount  of 
gelatin  has  been  added.  B.  of  Scultetus, 
a  compound  bandage,  similar  to  a  spiral 
reverse  in  appearance  and  action,  used  in 
compound  fractures,  so  that  the  short  pieces 
of  which  it  is  composed  may  be  removed 
without  motion  of  the  limb.  T.-Bandages 
bandages  shaped  like  the  letter  T.  B.,  Tnc^ 
den's,  a  form  of  roller  bandage  applied  from 
below  upward  over  a  graduated  compress,  to 
control  hemorrhage  from  a  limb.  (For  a 
more  complete  description  of  bandages,  with 
illustrations,  see  Gould*  s  WustraUd  Die- 
Honary.) 

Baneberry  (ban' -ber-e).     See  Actaa. 

Ban|^,  Bhang,  or  Bangue  (bang).  See 
Cannabis  indica. 

Banian  (ban'yan)  [Ar.,  bnnydn^  a  trader]. 
A  South  Asiatic  fig-tree,  Ficus  bengalensts^ 
remarkable  for  the  development  of  roots  and 
secondary  trunks  from  its  branches.  The 
bark  and  seeds  are  tonic,  diuretic,  and  anti- 
pjretic     Unof. 

Bantingism  (ban'-Hng-izm)  [from  Bantings 
the  name  of  the  inventor].  A  method  for  the 
treatment  of  obesity,  consisting  in  the  absti- 
nence from  saccharine  and  farinaceous  foods. 

Banyan  (^n'-yan).     See  Banian. 

Baobab  Tree.     See  AJansonia  digifaia. 

Baptin  (bap' -tin)  [/^rinrwrtf,  a  dipping]. 
A  purgative  glucosid,  obtainable  from  Bap- 
tisia  tinctoria. 

Baptiaia  (bap-tiz' -e-ak)  [5aflTi<T£C,  a  dipping]. 
Wild  Indigo.  The  root  bark  of  B.  tinctoria 
the  properties  of  which  are  due  to  an  impure 
glucosid,  the  so-called  Baptisin.  It  is  laxative 
and  stimulant  in  moderate  doses ;  emetic  and 
cathartic  in  large  doses,  and  is  used  in 
amenorrhea,  typhus  and  typhoid  fevers,  and 
as  a  local  application  to  indolent  ulcers  and 
gangrenous  sores.  B.,  Extract.  Dose  gr. 
j-x  (0.065-0.65).  B.,  Ext.  Fid.  Dose 
n\,ij-xx  (0.1 3-1 .3).  B.,  Tinct.  Dose 
IT\^v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  Dose  of  the  resin  gr. 
j-v  (0.065-0.32).    All  unof. 

Bapttsin  (bap-tism)  [/JinT^wf,  a  dipping]. 

1.  A  precipitate  from  the  tincture  of  Baptism 
tinctoria;  antiseptic,  purgative,  ecbolic,  re- 
solvent.    Dose  gr.  j-iij  (0.065-0.2).     Unof. 

2.  A  bitter  glucosid  ootainable  from  the 
plant,  Baptisia  tinctoria  ;  it  has  little  medici- 
nal activity. 

Baraquet   (bar-ah-kwef)  [Fr.].      Synonym 

of  Infiuenxa. 

Barba  (bar'^bak)  [L.].     The  beard. 
Barbadoes    Leg    (bar  -  bn' -  ddz  leg).      See 

Elephantiasis  Arabum.      B.   Aloes.      See 

Ahes.     B.  Nut.     See  Purging  Nut. 
Barbaloin  (bar-bal'-o-in)  \ Barbadoes  ;  ciTlStj, 

aloe],  Cj^Hn^Oy.      The  aloin  derived  from 

Barbadoes  aloes. 
Barber's  Itch  (bar'-b^rt  icA),    Tinea  barbse. 


Barberry  (bar'-ber-e).  See  Berberis.  B. 
Gum,  a  commercial  name  of  certain  varie- 
ties of  gum-arabic. 

Bardana  (bar-da' -nah)  [L.].  The  burdock. 
See  Lappa, 

Baregin  (bar-a'-zAin).     See  Glaisin. 

Baresthesiometer  (bar-es-the-u-om'-et-er) 
[/id/wif ,  weight ;  aia(hf<siCt  perception ; 
fitTpoPf  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  esti- 
mating the  sense  of  weight  or  pressure. 

Baric  (ba'-riA)  l^&pog,  weight].  Pertaining 
to  or  containing  barium. 

Barilla  (baril'-ah)  [Fr.,  barilU^  impure 
soda].  The  ashes  obtained  by  burning  vari- 
ous chenopodiaceous  plants  of  the  genera 
Salicornia  and  Salsola.  They  contain 
about  30  per  cent,  of  sodium  carbonate. 

Barium  (ba'reum)  IPdpo^, weight].  Ba  = 
136.8;  quantivalence  1 1.  A  metai  of  the 
group  of  alkaline  earths,  of  pale,  yellow 
color,  characterized  by  a  strong  affinity 
for  oxygen.  The  salts  are  poisonous.  B. 
Carbonate,  BaCO,,  used  in  the  prep>ara- 
tion  of  the  chlorid.  B.  Chlorid,  BaCl,.- 
2H-O,  soluble,  used  as  a  test  for  sulphates, 
which  it  precipitates  as  barium  sulphate, 
and  also  as  a  cardiac  and  vasomotor  stimu- 
lant. Dose  gr.  ss-v  (0.032-0.32).  B.  Hy- 
drate, Ba(0H)2, caustic  baryta;  a  crystalline 
substance,  soluble  in  water,  and  used  as  a 
test  for  sulphates,  which  it  precipitates  as 
barium  sulphate.  B.  lodid,  formerly  used 
as  an  alterative.  Dose  gr.  \  (0.008).  It  is 
employed  in  ointments.  Unof.  B.  Oxid, 
BaO,  baryta.     B.  Sulphate,  BaSO^. 

Bark  (barA)  [ME.,  barAc].  I.  The  cortex 
or  covering  surrounding  the  wood  of  exo- 
genous trees.  2.  A  synonym  of  cinchona 
or  calisaya  bark.  B.,  Peruvian.  See 
Cinchona.  (For  other  barks,  see  the  names 
of  the  plants  or  trees  that  produce  them.) 

Barley  (bar'-le)  [ME.,  barly\  A  cereal  be- 
longing to  the  order  Graminea ;  the  most 
common  variety,  Hordeum  distichon^  is  used 
as  a  food,  and  also  in  the  preparation 
of  malt.  B.  Decoct.  (B.  P.).  Dose  fjj- 
iv  (32.0-128.0).  B.,  Pearl,  is  the  decorti- 
cated g^n,  rounded  and  polished.  B. 
Water,  decoctum  hordei^  a  decoction  consist- 
ing of  two  ounces  of  Pearl  B.  boiled  in  one 
and  one-half  pints  of  water  and  afterward 
strained.  It  is  used  as  a  demulcent  and  food 
in  the  diarrheas  of  children. 

Barnes's  Curve  [Barnes ^  an  English  ob- 
stetrician]. In  obstetrics,  the  segment  of 
a  circle,  having  for  its  center  the  sacral 
promontory,  its  concavity  looking  backward. 
B.'a  Dilators,  graduated  rubber  bags  used 
for  dilating  the  cervix  uteri  in  the  induction 
of  abortion  or  premature  labor. 

Barograph  (bar'-o-gra/)[0dpoc,  weight;  ypd- 
^<v,  to  record].  A  self-registering  barometer. 


BAROMETER 


BASILAR 


Barometer  (bar-om'-et'tr)  [/3dpof,  weight; 
fUrpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  de- 
termining the  weight  and  tension  of  the 
atmosphere.  It  consists  essentially  of  a  glass 
tube  about  36  inches  long,  closed  at  one 
end,  filled  with  mercury,  and  inverted  in  a 
basin  of  mercury.  The  mercury  will  sink 
in  the  tube  until  it  rests  at  a  height  of  about 
30  inches  (760  nmi.)  at  the  sea-level,  the 
height  varying  as  the  atmospheric  pressure 
increases  or  diminishes.  B.,  Aneroid,  a 
metallic  box  from  which  the  air  has  been 
exhausted,  the  tension  being  indicated  by  the 
collapsing  or  bulging  of  the  thin  corrugated 
cover,  which  is  connected  with  a  movable 
index.  B.-niaker*8  Disease,  a  form  of 
chronic  mercurial  poisoning  among  the  work- 
men who  make  barometers.  It  is  due  to  the 
inhalation  of  the  fumes  of  mercury. 

Barometrograph  [har-o-mif -ro-graf).  See 
Biirograph, 

Baroscope  {bar^-o-skdp)  [^&poc,  weight; 
OKtmelv,  to  observe].  An  instrument  used 
for  determining  the  loss  of  weight  of  a  body 
in  air,  compared  with  its  weight  in  a  vacuum. 
A  form  of  baroscope  has  been  invented  by 
Esbach  for  the  quantitative  determination  of 
urea. 

Barosma  {har-ot^-mahj  [ftapoc,  weight ;  wt/ij^, 
smell].  A  plant  of  the  order  Rutacea^ 
native  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  vicinity, 
several  species  of  which  ]rield  the  Buchu  of 
commerce. 

Barosmin  (^flr.<»'-;«i«)[/?<ipoc, weight;  hoftij^ 
smell].  A  precipitate  from  the  tincture  of 
Barosma  crenaia.  Dose  grs.  ij-iij  (0.13- 
0.2).     Unof. 

Bartholin,  Duct  of  (bar^'tho-lin).  An  ex- 
cretory duct  of  the  sublingual  gland  emptying 
into  Wharton's  duct.  B.,  Olands  of,  the 
vulvovaginal  glands,  a  pair  of  glands  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  vagina,  one  on  each 
side,  and  corresponding  to  Cowper's  glands 
in  the  male. 

Barton's  Fracture.    See  Diseases,  Table  of, 

Baruria  {bar-u'-re-ah)  [54pof ,  weight ;  ovpov, 
urine].  The  passage  of  urine  having  a  high 
specinc  gravity;  aho  the  condition  of  the 
body  associated  therewith. 

Baryencephalia  (bar  -e-en-  sef-a^  -  U  -  ah) 
[^ap6c,  heaTj;  hyidk^Xo^,  brain].  Dulness 
of  intellect 

Baryglossia  {bar-e'ghs^'e'ah)\^ap{^^,  heavy; 
y^xMoa,  a  tongue].     Thick,  slow  utterance. 

Barylalia  (bar-e-la'-leah)  [^p^f,  heavy; 
XaXid,  speech].     Thickness  of  speech. 

Bar]rta,  or  Barytes  Uar-i'-tah,  or  bari'-frs) 
[3api»Cf  heavy].  Oxid  of  barium.  See 
Barium. 

Baiythjonia  (bar  -  e  -  Mi-'-  me-aA)  [^3a/>{Y» 
heavy;  dvfibc,  mind].  A  melancholy, 
gloomy,  or  fulleo  state  of  mind. 


Basal  (ba'-sai)  [li&atq,  a  foundation!.  Per- 
taining to  or  located  at  the  base.  B .  uanglia, 
the  optic  thalamus  and  corpus  striatum  of  the 
brain. 

Bascule  Movement  (bas^-Jha/  moor/menf) 
[Vt.y  bascule^  a  swing  J.  The  recoil  of  the 
heart  in  its  systolic  motion. 

Base  {bAs)  \jiaoi^^  a  foundation].  The  low- 
est part  of  a  body  or  the  foundation  upon 
which  anything  rests.  In  chemistry,  an  ele- 
ment or  radicle  that  combines  with  an  acid 
to  form  a  salt  The  electropositive  mole* 
cule  or  radicle  of  a  compound.  In  phar- 
macy, the  most  important  part  of  a  pre- 
scription. 

Basedow's  Disease.  Exophthalmic  Goiter* 
or  Graves'  Disease.  See  Goiter  and  Dis- 
eases, Table  of. 

Basement  (bds^ment)  [Fr.,  bassemefW], 
The  fundamental  portion.  B.  Membrane. 
See  Membrane. 

Bas-fond  (bah/omg))  [Fr.].  The  floor  ot 
lowest  portion  of  the  urinary  bladder. 

Basham's  Mixture.  Liquor  ferri  et  ammo- 
nii  acetatis. 

Basial  (ba'-teal)  [ftaotq,  a  foundation].  Re- 
lating to  a  base,  or  to  the  basion. 

Basic  (ba^'sik)  [^?<io/c,  a  foundation].  Hav- 
ing properties  of  a  base;  i.e.,  capable  of 
neutralizing  acids. 

Basicity  (bas-is^-i/e)  Ifldatc,  foundation].  I. 
The  quality  of  being  basic.  2*  The  com- 
bining power  of  an  acid. 

Basicranial (bas-e-Jh-a^  fteal)[paaic,  founda- 
tion; Kpavlw,  the  skull].  Relating  to  the 
base  of  the  skull.  B.  Axis,  a  line  running 
from  a  point  midway  between  the  occipital 
condyles  through  the  median  plane  to  the 
junction  of  the  ethmoid  and  presphenoid. 

Basifacial  (base'fa^sAal)lpactiJonndmi€m ; 
fades,  face].  Pertaining  to  the  lower  por- 
tion of  the  face.  B.  Axis,  in  craniometry, 
a  line  from  the  anterior  point  of  the  premax- 
ilia  to  the  anterior  point  of  the  basicranial  axis. 

Basihyal  (basehi'  al)  \J^tQ,  foundation  ; 
voti6^,  from  v,  upsilon ;  Mo^,  resemblance]. 
Either  one  of  the  two  bones,  one  on  each 
side,  that  form  the  principal  part  of  the  body 
of  the  hyoid  arch. 

Basihyoid  {bas-e-hi'-oid).     See  Basihyal. 

Basilar  (ba^il-ar)  [f^aot^,  foundation].  Per- 
taining to  the  base.  B.  Artery.  See  Arter- 
ies, Table  of  B.  Membrane,  a  membranous 
division  wall  separating  the  scala  vestibuli 
from  the  scala  tympani,  extending  from  the 
base  to  the  apex  of  the  cochlea,  and  support- 
ing the  organ  of  Corti.  B.  Process,  a 
strong  quadrilateral  plate  of  bone  in  front 
of  the  foramen  magnum.  B.  Suture,  the 
suture  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  hAsilw 
process  of  the  occipital  bone  with  the  pos- 
terior surface  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid. 


BASILATERAL 


BATH 


B«silateral  (baselat^  er-al)  [j^t^^  founda- 
tion ;  iatus,  side] .     Both  basilar  and  lateral. 

Bm%iii&  (basil' -ii)  [SaaihK6i, roytX],  Illus- 
trious ;  eminent  B.  Vein,  a  large  vein  of 
the  arm  on  the  inner  side  of  the  biceps. 

Baailicon  Ointment  {bas-il'-ik-on  oitW- 
rrunt).  Ceratum  resinoe.  Jtconsistsofresin35 
grains,  yellow  wax  15  grams,  lard  50  grams. 

^silysia  (bas-il' -is-is)  [fidat^^  foundation ; 
"Ki-^ir^  a  loosening].  The  breaking  up  of 
the  fetal  skull  in  craniotomy. 

BasiljTSt  (bas'-ii'ist)  [/3aff*f,  foundation; 
Xi'tffc*  A  loosening].  An  instrument  for  use 
ra  perforating  the  cranial  vault  and  breaking 
up  the  liase  of  the  skull. 

Basin  (ba'-sin)  [ME.,  basin].  I.  The  third 
ventricle  of  the  Drain.  2.  The  pelvis.  B.- 
Trap,  a  trap  or  seat  in  the  outlet  of  the  basin 
of  a  water-closet,  placed  there  to  prevent  the 
escape  into  the  apartment  of  noxious  and 
offensive  vapors  and  gases. 

Basinasal  (oas-g-na'-snl)  [^daiq^  foundation ; 
nasus^  the  nose].  Relating  to  the  basion 
and  the  nasion. 

Basloccipital  (bos -e-ok- sip'- it-al)  [i^aiy/f, 
foundation;  occiput^  the  back  of  the  head]. 
A  bone,  separate  in  many  of  the  lower  ver- 
tebrate animals,  forming  the  central  axis  of 
the  skull.  In  adult  human  life,  it  is  the 
basilar  process  of  the  occipital  bone. 

Batioglossus  {bas-e-o-glos' -us )  r/3da<c,  founda- 
tion ;  yAi^aa^  the  tongue].  That  part  of  the 
hyoglo&stts  muscle  that  is  attached  to  the  base 
of  £e  hyoid  bone. 

Basion  (ba'-se-on)  [/3d(r/c,  foundation].  A 
point  located  at  the  middle  of  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  foramen  magnum. 

Basiotribe  {bos' -e-o-tnb)  \3haiiz^  foundation ; 
Tpi^tv,  to  grind  or  crush  J.  An  instrument 
used  for  peribrating  or  crushing  the  fetal  head. 

Basiotfipsy  {bas-t-ot' -rip-st)  [/3d<T/f,  founda- 
tion; rpit^ftVf  to  grind  or  crush].  The 
operation  of  crushing  the  fetal  head. 

Bastrrbinal  (bas-erin' -al )  [^Jdfftc*  founda- 
tion; ^Vf  nose].  ReUiting  to  the  base  of 
the  brain  and  to  the  nose.  Applied  to  a 
cerebral  fissure  located  at  the  base  of  the 
olfactory  lobe. 

Basis  (ba'-sis)  [ji&ot^t  foundation].     Base. 

Basispnenoid  {baS'^-sft'-noiJ)  f/Jdmc,  foun- 
dation; a^,  wedge;  e2(5oc,  ibrm].  The 
lower  part  of  the  sphenoid  bone. 

Basisylvian  {base-si/' -veaH)[^aoi^,  founda- 
tion; Sylvius^  an  anatomist].  Applied  to 
the  transverse  basilar  portion  or  stem  of  the 
Sylrian  fissure. 

Basitemporal  (bas  -  e  -  tern'-  po  -  ral )  [/3a<T<f , 
foondation ;  temporay  the  temples].  Relating 
to  the  base  or  lower  part  of  the  temporal  bone. 

Basivertebral  {J>as  - 1  -  vtr^-  te  -  bral )  [/3d<y<f , 
foondation  ;  vertebra ^  a  joint].     Relating  to 
the  basis  or  centrum  of  a  vertebra. 
10 


Basophile  (bas'-o-fil).     See  BasopHltms, 

Basophilic  {bas-o-fil' -ic)  [/)d<ric,  foundation; 
^ieiv,  to  love].  Combining  readily  with 
bases ;   stain  able  by  means  of  basic  dyes. 

Basophilous  (bas-off' -il-us)  [pdatjg^  founda- 
tion ;  ^ikktiVy  to  fove].  Stained  by  basic 
rather  than  by  acid  dyes. 

Bass-deafness  {bds-t/e/'-nes)lFr,, basse,  fem. 
o(  bas  flow;  ME.,<//ir/].  Deafness  to  certain 
bass-notes,  the  perception  of  the  higher  notes 
being  retained. 

Bassorin  (bas'-o-rin)  [Bassora,  an  Asiatip 
town]  CjIIjqOj,  or  aC^j^Oj.  A  tasteless, 
odorless,  vegetable  mucilage,  insoluble  in  cold 
water,  but  rendered  soluble  by  alkalies ;  it  is 
found  in  gum-tragacanth  (of  Bassora)  and  in 
cherry  and  plum  gums. 

Bast  ibast)  [AS.,  bast,  a  lime-tree].  The 
inner  Dark  of  exogenous  plants.  The  fibrous 
parts  of  the  bark  are  used  in  making  cordage, 
and  have  a  limited  use  in  surgery. 

Bastard  {bas'-tard)  [OF.,  bastard,  son  of  a 
bast,  or  pack-saddle].  I.  An  illegitimate 
child.     2.   Illegitimate. 

Bastards  (bas'tardz)  [see  bastard"].  The 
name  given  to  an  impure  sugar  procured 
by  concentrating  molasses  and  allowing  it  to 
crystallize  slowly  in  molds. 

Basyl  (ba'sii)  [/3da«f,  foundation].  The 
electropositive  constituent  of  a  compound. 

Bateman's  Drops.  The  tinctura  pectoraiis, 
N.  F.;  a  weak  tincture  of  opium,  camphor, 
and  catechu ;  a  popular  remedy  in  coughs. 

Bath  (bath)  [AS.,  bath,  a  bath].  I.  A  bath- 
ing-place  or  room.  2.  The  medium  in  which 
the  body  is  wholly  or  partly  immersed.  As 
therapeutic  agents,  baths  are  classified  ac- 
cording as  water,  vapor,  air,  etc. ,  is  used ; 
according  to  the  temperature,  as  hot,  temper- 
ate, cold,  etc. ;  according  to  the  end  desired, 
as  nutritional,  medicinal,  stimulant,  etc. 
Sf)ecial  forms  of  bath  are  the  moor,  peat, 
mud -slime,  pine-leaf,  herb  (hay,  gentian, 
camomile,  juniper,  marjoram,  etc.),  brine, 
sand,  tan,  bran,  malt,  glue,  soup,  milk,  whey, 
blood,  wine,  guano,  starch,  soap,  acid,  iron, 
sulphur,  carbonic  acid,  compressed  air,  mus- 
tard, electric,  etc.  B.,  Acid,  add  i  %  ounces 
of  nitric  acid  and  I  to  3  ounces  of  hydrochloric 
acid  to  30  gallons  of  wann  water  in  a  wooden 
or  earthenware  vessel,  and  immerse  the  pa- 
tient in  this  for  from  10  to  20  minutes. 
For  a  foot-bath,  add  %  ounce  of  nitric  acid 
and  I  ounce  of  hydrochloric  acid  to  4  gallons 
of  warm  water.  This  is  said  to  be  useful  in 
cases  of  dyspepsia,  with  sluggish  liver  and 
constipation.  B.,  Air,  a  bath  in  which  but 
little  water  is  employed,  the  body  being  ex- 
posed freely  to  the  air.  It  is  employed  in 
those  cases  in  which  there  is  a  tendency 
to  catch  cold  on  slight  exposure.  B., 
Alcohol^   one   in   dilute  alcohol,   used  to 


BATH 


BATH 


reduce  temperature  in  feyer.  B.,  Alkaline, 
add  3  ounces  of  potassium  carbonate,  or  6  of 
sodium  carbonate,  to  25  or  30  gallons  of  hot 
water.  It  is  used  in  chronic  squamous  skin- 
diseases,  chronic  rheumatism,  and  lithemia. 
It  should  be  taken  in  a  wooden,  earthenware, 
or  enameled  tub.  B.,  Bog,  a  bath  made 
by  mixing  bog-earth  (produced  by  the  de- 
composition of  plants  in  the  presence  of 
water  and  found  at  iron  and  sulphur  springs) 
with  warm  water  to  form  a  pulpy  or  mushy 
consistence.  This  is  used  as  a  mud-bath. 
B.,  Borax,  borax,  4  ounces ;  glycerol, 
3  ounces;  water,  30  gallons.  It  is  used 
in  the  same  class  of  cases  as  the  bran- 
bath.  B.,  Bran,  boil  i  pound  of  bran  in 
I  gallon  of  water,  strain,  and  add  30 
gallons  of  water.  This  is  a  soothing  and 
emollient  bath,  and  is  of  service  in  squamous 
and  irritable  conditions  of  the  skin.  B., 
Chemic,  in  chemistry,  an  apparatus  for 
regulating  the  temperature  of  chemic  pro- 
cesses by  surrounding  the  substance  with 
water,  sand,  oil,  or  mercury,  through  which 
the  heat  is  communicated.  B.,  Cold,  a  bath 
of  cold  water,  the  temperature  of  the  latter 
varying  from  32®-70*»  F.  (o**-2i**  C).  It  is 
used  to  reduce  fever  and  as  a  general  stimu- 
lant. B.,  Foot,  a  bath  for  the  feet,  used  as 
a  derivative  agent  in  cases  of  cold,  etc.  B., 
Pull,  one  in  which  the  patient's  body  is 
entirely  covered  by  water,  so  that  his  chin 
just  clears  it.  B.,  Graduated,  one  in  which 
the  temperature  of  the  water  is  gradually 
lowered  by  the  addition  of  cold  or  ice- 
water.  B.,  Herb;  this  is  made  by  using 
the  extract  of  pine-needles,  or  of  some 
aromatic  herbs,  and  is  used  as  a  tonic. 
B.,  Hip.  See  ^.,  Sin.  B..  Hot,  one 
in  which  the  temperature  of  the  water 
ranges  from  104**  to  no®  F*.  (40**-43.3®  C). 
It  acts  upon  the  skin,  producing  free  perspira- 
tion, and  accelerates  the  pulse  and  respira- 
tion. B.,  Hot-air ;  Turkbh  bath.  A  bath  in 
hot  air.  It  is  useful  as  a  diaphoretic,  and  in  ca- 
tarrhal, neuralgic,  and  rheumatic  conditions, 
but  is  contraindicated  in  fatty  degeneration 
of  the  heart.  B.,  Medicated,  a  bath  in  which 
medicinal  substances,  as  mineral  salt,  sulphur, 
ejc,  are  dissolved  or  held  in  suspension. 
B.,  Mercurial,  for  the  treatment  of  syphilis. 
A  bath  in  the  vapor  of  mercury,  usually  pre-* 
pared  by  vaporizing  calomel  over  an  alcohol 
lamp.  B.,  Milk,  a  bath  in  milk,  for  nutri- 
tive purposes.  B.,  Moor,  a  bath  in  water 
mixed  with  the  earth  of  moors.  B.,  Mud, 
a  bath  prepared  by  mixing  well -seasoned 
earths,  containing  more  or  less  mineral  mat- 
ter, with  water  containing  the  same  sub- 
stances. It  is  useful  in  chronic  rheumatism. 
B.,  Mustard,  made  by  enclosing  from  two 
to  four  ounces  of  ordinary  mustard  in  a  piece 


of  muslin  or  thin  linen  and  hanging  it  i« 
about  four  gallons  of  hot  water  until  the 
latter  becomes  yellow,  or  simply  by  adding 
mustard  to  water.  It  is  used  as  a  general 
bath  for  infants  in  collapse,  convulsions,  or 
severe  bronchitis,  the  child  being  left  in  until 
the  skin  becomes  distinctly  reddened.  It  is 
also  used  as  the  foot  or  sitz-bath  in  amenor- 
rhea. B.,  Pack,  or  Sheet,  one  in  which 
the  body  is  wrapped  in  wet  cloths.  B., 
Pine,  prepared  by  adding  a  decoction  of 
pine-needles,  or  some  pine-extract,  to  hot 
water.  It  is  mildly  stimulating,  and  is  em- 
ployed in  hysteria,  gout,  and  rheumatism. 
B.,  Rain,  consists  of  from  four  to  six  three- 
fourths  circles  of  pipes  secured  together  at  a 
distance  of  two  to  tnree  inches.  Each  pipe 
has  three  lines  of  fine  perforations,  from 
which  the  stream  issues  under  pressure, 
striking  the  body  of  the  patient  at  all  points 
with  considerable  force.  B.,  Russian,  a 
vapor-bath,  the  vapor  being  generated  by 
throwing  water  upon  heated  mineral  or 
metallic  substances.  Syn.,  B.^Pa^or,  B., 
Sand,  the  body  of  the  patient  is  placed  in  a 
layer  of  dry  sand  that  has  l>een  heated.  In 
chemistry,  the  immersion  of  a  crucible,  etc., 
containing  a  chemic  compound,  in  a  vessel 
conuining  fine  sand,  the  latter  l>eing  heated 
gradually  to  a  high  temperature.  B.,  Sheet, 
the  application  of  cold  water  to  the  body 
through  the  medium  of  a  wet  sheet  or  towel 
of  fine  or  coarse  texture,  placed  upon  the 
skin.  It  is  used  to  reduce  temperature.  B., 
Shower,  a  douche  in  which  the  water  is 
delivered  against  the  body  from  a  nozzle  with 
numerous  perforations.  B.,  Sits,  one  in 
which  only  the  4}uttocks  and  hips  are  im- 
mersed in  water.  It  is  useful  in  pelvic  in- 
flammations, amenorrhea,  and  retention  of 
urine.  B.,  Slime,  a  bath  in  water  mixed 
with  the  slimy  deposit  of  organic  matter 
found  in  rivers  or  ponds.  B.,  Sponge,  one 
in  which  the  patient's  body  is  rubbed  with  a 
wet  sponge.  It  is  used  to  reduce  tempera- 
ture. B.,  Sulphur,  potassium  sulphid  4  to 
8  ounces  in  30  gallons  of  water ;  a  little  sul- 
phuric acid  may  be  added.  It  is  used  in 
certain  skin  diseases,  scabies,  lead  colic,  and 
lead  palsy.  B.,  Sun,  the  exposure  of  the 
naked  body  to  the  sun's  rays.  B.,  Tepid, 
the  temperature  of  the  water  ranges  from 
85®  to  95«  F.  (29.40-350  C).  It  acts  as  a 
sedative,  cleansing,  and  detergent  agent ;  the 
pulse,  respiration,  excretion,  secretion,  and 
temperature  are  practically  unaflTected.  B.t 
Turkish,  one  in  which  the  l>ather  is  placed 
successively  in  rooms  of  higher  temperature, 
then  shampooed  or  rubbed,  and  finally  stimu- 
lated by  a  douche  of  cold  water.  See  Ba/Jk^ 
Hot-air.  B.,  Vapor.  See  A,  Russian. 
Bm  Warm,  a  bath  in  water  having  a  tern- 


BATOPHOBIA 


BATTERY 


pentore  of  from  90®  to  ich**  F.  (32.2®- 
40**  C).  It  is  used  to  calm  the  nervous 
system,  produce  sleep,  and  allay  reflex  irrita- 
bility. B.,  Water,  a  bath  of  water.  In 
chemistry,  a  bath  of  water  for  immersing 
vessels  containing  substances  that  must  not  be 
heated  above  the  boiling-point  of  water. 

Batophobia  [batofiZ-be-ah)  [/3ar(if,  a 
height;  ^/3oCf  fear].  i.  Acrophobia; 
dread  of  being  at  a  great  height.  2.  Dread 
of  high  objects;  fear  of  passing  near  a 
high  t>uilding,  or  of  going  through  a  deep 
valley. 

Battarism  {bat' -ar-itm)  Ifiarraptafidc,  a 
stattenngl.     Stuttering  or  stammering. 

Battery  {^at'-er-e)  [batteria^  a  beating ;  bat- 


tery]. A  series  of  two  or  more  piacaaof 
apparatus  arranged  to  produce  increased 
effect,  as  battery  of  boilers,  prisms,  lenses, 
galvanic  cells.  It  is  usually  applied  to  a  series 
of  cells  producing  electricity  (voltaic  or  gal- 
vanic battery) ;  also,  frequently  to  a  single 
cell.  B.,  Paradic,  one  giving  a  faradic  cur- 
rent. B.,  Galvanic,  one  giving  a  galvanic 
or  chemic  current.  B.,  Primary,  the  com- 
bination of  a  number  of  primary  cells  so  as 
to  form  a  single  battery.  B.,  Secondary, 
the  combination  of  a  number  of  storage-cells 
to  form  a  single  electric  source.  The  follow- 
ing table  shows  the  materials  used  in  the 
more  important  batteries,  and  the  electro- 
motive force  (E.  M.  F.)  in  volts. 


NAMES,  ELEMENTS.  FLUIDS,  ETC.,  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  BATTERIES. 


Namk  op 

Positive 
Element. 

Negative  Elb- 

MBNT. 

Exciting  Agent. 

Depolarizing 
Agent. 

E.  M.  F. 
IN  Volts. 

Bunsen. 

Zinc. 

Carbon. 

Sulphuric   acid,  di- 
lute. 

Nitric  acid. 

1.75  to  1.96 

Bectz. 

Zinc. 

Copper. 

Zinc     sulphate     in 
plaster-of-Paris. 

Solution  of  «inc  sul- 
phate. 

Copper  sulphate,  in 
plasler-of-Paris. 

1.04 

Callaud. 

Zinc. 

Copper. 

Cupric  sulphate. 

i.o  to  1. 14 

Dantell. 

Zinc. 

Copper. 

Zinc  sulphate. 

Cupric  sulphate. 

I.  to  1. 14 

Edison-La- 
lande. 

Zinc. 

Cupric   oxid    and 
carbon. 

Potassium  hydroxid. 

Cupric  oxid. 

0.75 

Fuller. 

Zinc. 

Carbon. 

Zinc  chlorid. 

Potassium     dichro- 
mate   and    hydro- 
chloric acid. 

1.5 

Gravily.       See 

CallawL 

Gaiffc. 

Zinc. 

Silver. 

Zinc  chlorid. 

Silver  chlorid. 

i.oa 

Grenet. 

Zinc. 

Carbon. 

Sulphuric  acid  and 
potassium   dichro- 
male. 

Chromic  acid. 

2.0 

Grove. 

Zinc. 

Platinum. 

Sulphuric   acid,  di- 
lute. 

Nitric  acid. 

1.04  to  1.97 

Latimer  Clark. 

Zinc. 

Mercury. 

Mercuric  sulphate. 
Ammonium  chlorid. 
Potassium  hydroxid. 

Mercuric  sulphate. 

1.436 

Leclaiich6. 

Zinc. 

Carbon. 

Manganese  dioxid. 
Cupric  oxid. 

1.42 

Lelande  Chai>- 
erone. 

Zinc. 

Copper  or  iron. 

0.98 

Maiscbe. 

Zinc  scraps 
inabalhof 
mercury. 

Platinized  carbon. 

Common  salt   solu- 
tion. 

Sulphuric   acid,  di- 
lute. 

Sulphuric    acid,   di- 
lute. 

Common  salt   solu- 
tion. 

None  separate. 

1-25 

Mari*-Davy. 

Zinc. 

Carbon. 

Mercuric  sulphate. 
Nitric  acid  (strong). 

1.52 

Maynooth. 

Zinc. 

Iron. 

Kiaudet. 

Zinc. 

Carbon. 

Chlorated  lime. 

1.63 

Pofgendorf. 

Zinc. 

Carbon. 

Potassium     dichro- 
mate  and  sulphuric 
acid. 

Chromic  acid. 

1.98 

Schanscbieir. 

Zinc. 

Carbon. 

Mercurial  solution. 

Non**  separate. 

1.56 

Scrivanoff. 

Zinc. 

Silver. 

Potassium  hydroxid. 
Sulphuric  acid,  di- 
lute. 

Silver  chlorid. 

1.5 

Smce. 

Zinc. 

Platinized  silver. 

None. 

0  5  to  i.o 

Walker. 

Zinc. 

Platinized  carbon. 

Sulphuric   acid,  di- 
lute. 

None. 

0.66 

Warren  de  U 
Eoe. 

Zinc. 

Silver. 

Ammonium  chlorid. 

Silver  chlorid. 

1.05 

BATTLEDORE 


BEGGIATOA 


Battledore  [baf-l-ddr)  [ME.,  batyldoure,  a 
bat  for  beating  clothesl.  An  instrument 
shaped  like  a  racket.  B.  Placenta,  one  in 
which  there  is  a  marginal  insertion  of  the  cord. 
Baudelocque's  Diameter  {bf/del-oks).  In 
obstetrics,  the  external  conjugate  diameter 
of  the  pelvis. 

Bauhin,  Valve  of  {b</'hin).     The  ileocecal 
▼alve. 

Baunscheidtism  (bown^'shu-ism)  [named 
from  Baunscheidty  the  inventor].  A  mode 
of  treating  rheumatism  and  chronic  neu- 
ralgias by  counterirritation,  the  latter  being 
produced  by  pricking  the  exterior  of  the  part 
affected  with  fine  needles  dipped  in  oil  of 
mustard,  formic  acid,  or  other  irritant. 
Bavarian  {bak-va' -re-an)  [Bavaria\.  Per- 
taining to  Bavaria.  B.  Dreasing.  5>ee 
B.  Splint.  B.  Splint,  a  variety  of  immov- 
able dressing  in  which  the  plaster  is  applied 
between  two  flannel  cloths. 
Bayberry  (ba^bere)  [}M^.^bay;  bery\  I. 
The  berry  of  the  Laurus  nobilis^  bay,  or 
noble  laurel.  2.  The  wax -myrtle,  Myrcia 
cerifera^  and  its  fruit  See  Myrcia.  3.  The 
pimento,  or  allspice.  B.  Rum  and  B.,  Oil 
of.  See  Myrcia.  B.  Tree,  the  Laurus  no- 
biiis ;  also  Prunus  laurocerasus  ;  commonly 
called  the  laurel  and  the  cherry -laurel. 
Baain  i^ba'-tin).  Synonym  of  Molluscum 
contngiosum, 

Baxin's  Diaease.  See  Diseases^  Table  of. 
Bdellium  (der-eum)  [Htb. ,  b' dolach\  A 
resinous  gum  exuding  from  various  species 
of  Balsa modfndron.  It  resembles  myrrh. 
B.,  Indian,  has  been  recommended  as  an 
emmenagogue. 

Beads,  Rhachitic.  **  Rhachitic  rosary  ;  *' 
the  so-called  "beading  of  the  ribs"  in 
rickets ;  a  succession  of  visible  and  palpable 
swellings  at  the  points  where  the  ribs  join 
their  cartilages. 
Beak  (blk)  [ME.,  betkr],  i.  The  mandibu- 
lar portion  of  a  forceps.  2.  The  lower  end 
of  the  calamus  scriptorius.  3.  The  pad  or 
splenium  of  the  corpus  callosum. 
Beaker  (be'-ker)  [ME..  biker\  A  wide- 
mouthed  glass  vessel  used  in  chemic  labora- 
tories. B.-cell,  the  goblet-cell  found  in 
mucous  membranes. 

Bean  (bin)  [ME.,  bene].     The  seeds  of  sev- 
eral  plants,   mostly    Leguminosaj  especially 
that  of  the  common   bean,  Faba  vulgaris, 
B.  of  St.  Ignatius.     See  Ignatia, 
Bearberry.    See  Ih-a  ursi. 
Bear's-foot.     Leaf-cup.     A  composite-flow- 
ered plant,  Polymnia  m'fdalia  of  N.  America. 
A  popular  remedy   for  enlargement  of  the 
spleen,  or  the  '*  ague-cake  "    of  malarious 
regions. 
Beat  (^/^  \)AT£..,beten\     The  pulsation  of 
the  artenes,  or  the  impulse  of  the  heart. 


Beauperthuy's  Method  (btZ-per-ikwH), 
A  method  of  treating  leprosy  by  bathing 
with  olive  oil,  the  internal  administration 
of  mercuric  chlorid,  abstinence  from  salted 
meats,  and  good  hygiene. 

Beberin  (bt'-ber-in).     See  Nectandra. 

Bechic  {bek'-ik)  [3/;^,  a  coughl.  RelieTing 
cough ;  a  remedy  against  cougli. 

Bechterew's  Nucleus  (bek^ -terUs).  Tha 
accessory  auditory  nucleus. 

Biclard's  Hernia.     See  Diseases^  Table  of, 

Becquerel's  Pills  {bek^-a-rek),  Pilb  con- 
taining quinin,  extract  of  digitalis,  and  col- 
chicum  seeds,  jfor  use  in  gout. 

Bed  (bed)  [AS.,  bedd\  The  couch  or 
support  on  which  the  body  may  rest  in 
sleep ;  usually  a  mattress  of  straw,  hair,  or 
similar  substance.  B.,  Air,  a  mattress  of 
rubber  or  leather  that  can  be  inflated  with 
air.  B.-bug,  an  apterous  insect,  Cimex  Uc- 
tularius^  that  infests  flithy  bedsteads,  and  at 
times  is  parasitic  upon  the  human  body.  B.- 
pan,  a  large  shallow  vessel  for  receiving  the 
alvin^  discharges  of  bedridden  patients. 
B-rest,  an  apparatus  for  propping  up 
patients  in  bed.  B. -ridden,  confined  to 
bed.  B.-sore,  a  sore  produced  on  any  part 
of  the  body  by  prolonged  pressure  against  the 
bed,  or  by  trophic  changes  in  paralyzed  parts. 
B.,  Water,  a  rubber  mattress  containing 
water;  it  is  used  to  prevent  the  formatioo 
of  bed-sores. 

Bedlam  {bed^-lam)  [ME.,  bedlem^  a  corrup- 
tion of  Betklehemy     An  insane  asylum. 

Bedlamism  (bed'-lam-ism)  [see  BedUwt^, 
Insanity. 

Bedlamite  (bed^lam-u)  [see  Bedlam'].  A 
madman ;  an  insane  person. 

Bednar's  Aphthse.  See  Aphth^^  and 
Diseases^  Table  of 

Beef  (bif)  fME.,  befe-].  The  flesh  of 
domestic  catUe.  Good  beef  should  be  of 
red  color,  possess  firm  texture,  and  be 
free  from  unpleasant  smell.  Beef  consists 
of  water  73,  flbrin  15,  gelatin  4,  albumin  3, 
fat  and  other  substances  5  per  cent  B.- 
extract,  the  soluble  fibrin  of  lean  meat  partly 
desiccated.  B. -measles.  See  Cysticereus 
boins.  B.-tea,  the  soluble  extractive  matter 
of  beef,  made  by  steeping  finely -cut  lean 
beef  with  its  weight  of  water,  and  straining. 

Beer  (bir).     See  Malt-liquors, 

Beer's  Cataract  Knife.  A  knife  with  a 
triangular-shaped  blade,  for  making  section 
of  the  cornea  in  the  removal  of  the  crystal- 
line lens. 

Beeswax    {Ux^'Waks").      Cera  flava ;    wax 

secreted   by  bees,  of  which   their  cells  are 

constructed.     It  is  used  in  making  candles. 

ointments,  and  pomades. 

Beet  {bit).     See  Beta. 

Beggiatoa  {bej-e-at-o^ -ok)  [after  the  Itafisa 


BEHENNUT 


BENZENE 


botanist,  J,  Beggiaft\  A  genus  of  bacteria 
founded  by  Trevtsan,  consisting  of  swinging 
or  gliding,  milk-white,  gray,  rosy,  or  violet 
threads.  They  decompose  sulphur  com- 
pounds, and  store  up  sulphur  granules  in 
their  protoplasm.  They  are  found  in  stag* 
nant,  fresh,  or  salt  water,  particularly  in  tliat 
contaminated  with  sewage  or  factory- waste. 
See  Bacteria,  Table  of, 

Behen-nut  (by -hen  nut).  The  seed  of 
M&ringa  pierygosperma,  and  M.  apiera^  trees 
of  tropical  countries.  They  afford  Oil  of 
Beken,  or  OU  of  Btn. 

Bela  (be'-lah)  [Hind.].  The  dried,  half- 
ripe  fruit  of  Aegle  marmeios,  or  Bengal 
quince.  It  is  recommended  as  a  remedy  for 
chronic  diarrhea  and  dysentery.  The  ripe 
fruit  is  slightly  laxative.  Dose  ^ss-j  (2.0- 
4-0).  B.,  Ext.,  Uq.  (B.P.).  l5ose  fg  j-ij 
(4.0-8.0).  Unof. 
Belching  (beUh'-ing)  [ME.,  belchen\  The 
expulsion  of  gas  from  the  stomach ;  eructation. 
Belemnoid  {bel-em'-noid)  [^k'kEfivop,  a  dart ; 
fl(5oC,  form].  I.  Dart-shaped ;  styloid.  2. 
The  styloid  process  of  the  ulna  or  of  the 
temporal  bone. 

Bell  (bel)  [ME.,  bel\  A  hollow,  metallic, 
sounding  instrument.  B.  Gastrula.  See 
Arckigastrula,  B.  Metal,  an  alloy  of  cop- 
per, zinc,  tin,  and  antimony.  B.,  Nerves 
of,  the  external  and  internal  respiratory 
nerves,  1.  e. ,  the  posterior  thoracic  and  phrenic 
nerves.  B.  Sound,  B.  Tympany,  the 
sound  produced  in  pneumothorax  by  strik- 
ing a  coin,  placed  fiat  upon  the  chest,  with 
another  coin.  It  can  be  heard  through 
the  stethoscope  placed  over  the  affected 
side. 

Belladonna  {bel-ah-don'-ah)  \\i.  ^  belladonna^ 
beaodfiil  lady].  Deadly  nightshade.  A 
perennial  plant  of  the  order  Solanac^a^  indi- 
genous to  Southern  Europe  and  Asia,  and  cul- 
tivated in  the  U.  S.  Its  properties  are  due  to 
two  alkaloids,  atropin  and  belladonn in  ^  the  lat- 
ter thought  to  be  identical  with  hyoscyarain. 
Both  leaves  and  root  are  employed.  It  is 
used  as  an  antispasmodic,  as  a  cardiac  and 
respiratory  stimulant,  and  to  check  secretion, 
as  that  of  the  sweat  and  milk.  B.,  Folia, 
the  leaves  of  belladonna.  B.,  Radix, 
the  root  of  belladonna.  The  preparations  of 
the  leaves  are :  B.,  Bxtractum,  Alcoholi- 
cum.  Dose  gr.  ^J  (0.0065-0.032^.  B., 
Tinct.,  15  percent.  Dose  ny-xxx  (0.065- 
2.0).  B.,  Unguent.,  contains  extract  10, 
dilute  alcohol  6,  benzoated  lard  84  parts. 
From  the  root  are  prepared :  B.,  Abstrac- 
turo.  Dose  gfr.  X-j  (0.0065-0.065).  B., 
Bmplastrum,  made  with  resin-plaster.  B., 
Eztractum,  Pluidum.  Dose  Ti\j-v  (0.065- 
0.32).  B.,  Liniroentum,  fluid  extract  95, 
OBi^bor  5*    B.,  Succus  (B.  P.).    Dose 


n\^T-xv  (0.32-1.0).  Atropin  Sulphate,  the 
most  frequently  used  preparation.  Dose  gr. 
yiirriV  (0.00036-0.0008).  Lamellae  At- 
ropine (B.  P.).,  each  containing  of  atro- 
P>n  z^  &^^^  (0.000013)  •  Liq.  Atropinae 
Sulphatis  (B.  P.).  Dose  n\j-vj  (0.065- 
0.40). 

Belladonnin  {bel-ah-don' -in)  [see  Bellas 
donna"],  Cj^HmNO,.  An  alkaloid  found  in 
Belladonna.  It  resembles  atropin,  hyoscya* 
min,  and  hyoscin.  It  occurs  with  atropin, 
and  is  likewise  decomposed  into  tropic  acid 
and  oxy tropin,  CgHijNO,.     See  Belladonna. 

Bellocq's  Canula  (bel'-oks).  An  instrument 
used  in  plugging  the  nares. 

Bell's  Disease.  See  Periencephalitis  and 
Diseases,  Table  of.  B.  Mania.  See  Peri- 
encephalitis and  Diseases,  Table  of.  B. 
Palsy  or  Paralysis.  See  Diseases,  Tabli 
of 

Belly  {bel^-e)  [ME.,  bely\.  See  Abdomen, 
B.-ache.  See  Colic.  B. -bound,  a  vulgai 
term  for  constipated.     B.-button,  the  navel. 

Ben,  or  Benne  Oil  {ben,  or  ben^-e).  Oleum 
balatinum,  is  obtained  by  expression  from 
the  seeds  of  the  several  species  of  Moringia. 
It  is  a  colorless,  odorless  oil,  not  readily 
turning  rancid.  It  is  used  for  extracting 
odors,  and  for  lubricating  clocks  and  light 
machinery. 

Benedikt,  S3mdrome  of.  Paralysis  of  the 
muscles  supplied  by  the  oculomotor  nerve 
of  one  side  and  tremor  and  paresis  of  the 
upper  extremity  of  the  other  side. 

Bengalin  {ben' -gawl-in)  [Hind.,  Bengal], 
A  blue  pigment  derived  from  the  benzene 
colors. 

Benign,  or  Benignant  (be-nln^,  or  be-nig^- 
nant)  [^benignus,  Vmd].  Not  endangering 
health  or  life ;  applied  to  certain  tumors. 

Benzaldehyd  {ben-zal'-de-hld)  [benzoin; 
aldehyd],  C^H^O.  Bitter-almond  oil;  a 
compound  that  results  from  the  oxidation  of 
benzyl  alcohol. 

Benzanalgen,  C„H50C,H..NHCOC,H5N. 
A  derivative  of  chinolin.  It  is  antiseptic, 
antipyretic,  and  antineuralgic,  and  has  the 
power  of  dissolving  uric  acid.  It  is  used  in 
rheumatism,  tabes  dorsalis,  and  chronic  gout. 
Dose  gr.  viiss-xlv  (0.5-3.0). 

Benzanilid  {ben-zan' -il-id)  {benzoin;  an- 
ilinl,  C,3H,|NO.  Benzoyl  anil  id,  prepared 
by  the  action  of  benzoyl  chlorid  on  anilin. 
It  is  used  as  an  antipyretic  in  children,  in 
doses  of  gr.  iij-viij  (0.20-0.50).     Unof. 

Benzene  (ben'-zin)  [benzoin^,  C,H,.  A  hy- 
drocarbon contained  in  coal-tar.  It  is  formed 
by  the  dry  distillation  of  all  benzene  acids. 
It  is  a  mobile,  ethereal -smelling  liquid,  of 
specific  gravity  0.899  •'  o**.  It  solidifies 
about  0°,  melts  at  -f-  6°,  boils  at  80.5®,  and 
bums  with  a  luminous  flame.     It  r^dily 


BENZIMID 


BERBERIS 


dinolTes  resins,  fats,  sulphur,  iodin,  and  phos- 
phorus. Anilin  and  the  anilin-colors  are  de- 
rived from  it.  B.-8ulphonic  Acid,  CgH^.- 
SO,H,  is  prepared  by  boiling  together  equal 
parts  of  benzene  and  H,S04.  ^^  occurs  in 
small  plates,  readily  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
water,  and  which  deliquesce  in  the  air. 

Benzimid  (ben^ -um-ui)  [benzoin;  amu/'], 
C,iH,gN,0,.  A  compound  formed  by  the 
action  of  nydrocyanic  acid  on  hydrid  of 
benzoyl.  It  occurs  also  in  the  resinous  resi- 
due of  the  rectification  of  the  oil  of  bitter 
almonds. 

Benzine   {ben'-nn).     See  Bentinum. 

Benzinum  {ben'ti^-num)  [LJ-  Benzine, 
Petroleum  ether.  A  purified  distillate 
from  American  petroleum,  having  a  spe- 
cific gravity  of  .77  to  .79,  boiling  at  00® 

.  to  90^  C,  colorless,  of  ethereal  odor,  and  a 
slightly  peppermint-like  taste.  It  is  a  valu- 
able solvent  for  oils,  fats,  resins,  caoutchouc, 
and  some  alkaloids.  It  has  been  used  against 
tapeworm.  It  should  be  distinguished  from 
Bentol^  which  is  called  Benzene  by  English 
chemists.  Dose  gtt.  v-x  (0.33-0.66),  on 
sugar  or  in  mucilage. 

Benzoate  (ben^-zthOt)  [bemoin\  Any  salt 
of  benzoic  acid.  B.  of  Naphtol.  See 
Benzonaphtol. 

Benzoated  (ben'-zo-a-ted)  [benzoin"].  Im- 
pregnated with  benzoin  or  with  benzoic  acid. 

Benzoic  (ben-zo^-ik)  [benzoin\  Pertaining 
to  or  derived  from  t>enzoin.  fi.  Acid.  See 
Acid. 

Benzoin  {ben^-zo-in  or  -zoin)  [origin  ob- 
scure]. A  resin  obtained  from  Styrax  ben- 
zoin, a  tree  native  to  Sumatra  and  Siam.  It 
is  a  ketone  alcohol,  C,JI.,0.,  and  may 
be  produced  by  oxidizing  hydrobenzoin  with 
concentrated  HNO,.  It  is  sparingly  soluble 
in  water,  cold  alcohol,  and  ether,  and  crys- 
tallizes in  shining  prisms,  melting  at  134^. 
It  yields  benzoic  and  cinnamic  acids, 
is  antiseptic  and  disinfectant,  and  is  used 
mainly  as  a  stimulant  expectorant  in 
chronic  bronchitis.  Adeps  benzoinatus, 
benzoinated  lard,  contains  2  per  cent,  of  ben- 
zoin. B.,  Tinct.,  20  per  cent,  of  the  resin 
in  alcohol.  Dose  f^ss-j  (2.0-4.0).  B., 
Tinct.  Comp.,  Friar^  Balsam,  benzoin  12, 
aloes  2,  storax  8,  balsam  of  Tolu  4,  alcohol, 
sufficient  to  make  100  parts.  Dose  f  3  ss-ij 
(2.0-8.0). 

Benzol  (ben^zoi)  [benzoin]^  ^^V  ^  ^5^' 
drocarbon  formed  by  the  dry  distillation  of 
organic  substances,  but  in  commerce  chiefly 
derived  from  coal  tar.  It  is  inflammable, 
volatile,  and  a  solvent  for  fats.  It  is  em- 
ployed externally  as  a  parasiticide  ;  internally, 
as  a  pulmonary  antiseptic,  in  influenza,  and 
in  trichiniasis.  Its  vapor  is  used  in  whoop- 
ing-cough.    Dose  gtt  v-x  (0.32-0.65). 


Benzonaphtol  (ben-zo-na/^-tol)  [benzoin ; 
iwfAi,  a  kind  of  asphalt],  CioH.O(C^HjO). 
The  benzoate  of  beta-naphtol,  used  as  an  intes- 
tinal antiseptic  in  typhoid  fever  and  other  intes- 
tinal diseases.     Dose  gr.  ij-viij  (0.13-0.52). 

Benzonitrile  {benzo-ni'-trii)  [benzoin ;  ni- 
truM,  niter],  C^H^N.  A  substance  obtained 
from  benzene-sulphonic  acid  by  distillatioo 
with  potassium  cyanid.  It  is  an  oil  with  an 
odor  resembling  that  of  oil  of  bitter  almonds, 
and  boils  at  191^;  its  specific  gravity  is 
1.023  at  o**. 

Benzosol  (ben'-zo-sc/)  [benzoin],  Cj^H^O,. 
Benzoyl -guaiacol,  a  substitute  for  creasoCe  in 
tuberculous  affections.  It  also  has  antipy- 
retic properties.  Dose  gr.  iv-x  (0.20-^.65). 
B.-eugenol,  C,,H|fO,,  a  derivative  of 
engenol,  used  in  tuberculosis.  B. -guaiacol, 
Cj^HijO,.  benzosol.  It  is  the  benzoate  of 
guaiacol  and  contains  54  per  cent,  of  guaiacol. 
Its  chief  uses  are  as  an  intestinal  antiseptic, 
and  in  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  Dose  gr. 
iij-xij  (0.2-0.75). 

Benzoyl  {ben'  zo-il)  [benzoin],  C,H|0. 
The  radicle  of  benzoic  acid,  of  oil  of 
bitter  almonds,  and  of  an  extensive  series 
of  compounds  derived  from  this  oil,  or  con- 
nected with  it  by  certain  relations.  B.- 
ecgonin,  Cj^Hi^NO^H,  a  substance  inter- 
mediate in  composition  between  cocain  and 
ecgonin.   B.-glycocoU.  ^t  Acid, /Hppuric. 

Benzyl  (ben'-zil)  [benzoin],  C,Hy.  A  uni- 
valent hydrocarbon  radicle  that  does  not 
exist  in  the  free  state,  but  in  combination 
forms  a  considerable  number  of  compounds. 
B.  Alcohol.     See  Alcohol. 

Benzylidene  {benzil' 'idtn)[bentoin],  CjH,. 
A  bivalent  hydrocarbon  radicle  derived  from 
benzoin  compounds. 

B^rard's  Aneurysm.  See  Aneurysm  and 
Diseases,  Table  of. 

B^aud,  Ligament  of  {baroh').  The  liga- 
ment that  suspends  the  pericardium.  B., 
Valve  of,  a  valve  supposed  to  exist  at  the 
bottom  of  the  lacrymaJ  sac  over  the  entrance 
to  the  nasal  duct. 

Berberin(^^-^<'r-iw)[^^r^<riifrt]  |C,9H„N(  >,. 
An  alkaloid  found  in  the  bark  of  Berbrri  . 
and  in  many  other  plants.  It  is  recommended 
as  a  tonic  and  antiperiodic,  and  is  an  ingre- 
dient of  various  lotions  for  mucous  mem- 
branes; it  is  useful  in  nasal  catarrh,  etc 
Dose  gr.  j-x  (0.065-0.65).     Unof. 

Berberis  {ber* -ber-is)  [L.].  Barberry.  The 
root  of  Berberis  vulgaris,  or  common  bar- 
berry. Its  properties  are  due  to  an  alkaloid, 
berberin,  C^HpN(\.  It  is  an  astringent, 
bitter  tonic ;  in  large  doses  a  cathartic.  It  has 
been  used  locally  in  conjunctivitis,  and  inter- 
nally in  malarial  and  typhoid  fevers.  B., 
Eat.,  Fid.  Dose  n^v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  B., 
Tinct.,  contains  20  per  cent,  of  the  root. 


BERGAMOT,  OIL  OF 


BIAURICULAR 


Dose  n\^  x-f  5  j  (0.65-4.0).  Berberin,  the 
alkaloid.  Dose  gr.  j-x  (0.065-0.65).  B. 
Hydrochlorate,  is  used  locally  io  gonor- 
rhea. All  unof.  B,  asiatica,  B.  aquifolium 
(or  Oregon  grape),  and  B.  lycium  are  all 
medicinally  active,  and  have  similar  proper- 
tics  to  those  of  the  common  barberry. 

Bergamot,  Oil  of  {btr^ -gamot)  [Bergamo^ 
m  town  in  Italy],  C,oH«.  A  volatile  oil  de- 
rived from  the  rind  of  the  Citrus  bergamia. 
It  is  used  mainly  as  a  perfume,  and  as  a 
clearing-agent  in  histologic  work. 

Bergeron's  Disease.    See  Diseases^  Table  of. 

Beriberi  {ber' -  e  •  ber* -  e)  [Cingalese,  beri^ 
weakness].  Synonyms:  Kakke^  Panneu- 
ritis epidemica.  An  infectious  disease,  en- 
demic in  various  countries  of  Asia  (Ceylon, 
lndia,China,  Japan)  ,Africa,and  Australia,and 
presenting  the  features  of  a  multiple  neuritis. 
Bad  food  and  defective  hygienic  conditions 
are  predisposing  causes;  the  true  etiologic 
factor  is  probably  a  microorganism.  Various 
types  of  the  disease  have  been  described, 
particularly  an  anasarcous  form  and  an  atro- 
phic form.  The  main  symptoms  are  anesthe- 
sia, paralysis,  wasting  of  the  muscles,  edema, 
changes  in  the  electric  reactions,  dyspnea, 
and  palpitation.  The  mortality  is  variable ; 
often  it  is  very  great.  True  beriberi  has 
been  met  with  in  the  seaport  towns  of  the 
United  States,  introduced  there  by  East  In- 
dian sailors,  and  an  affection  resembling  it 
seems  to  occur  among  certain  fishermen  of 
New  England. 

Bernard's  Granular  Layer.  The  inner  zone 
of  the  cells  lining  the  acini  of  the  pancreas. 
It  is  granular  in  appearance  and  stains  but 
slightly  with  carmin. 

Berry  [ber^-e)  [ME.,  bery\.  An  indehis- 
cent  fruit  with  a  pericarp  that  is  succulent 
throughout,  as  the  grape  and  gooseberry. 

BertUlonage  {ber-til-hn-aih)))  \^BertiHon^  a 
French  criminologist].  A  system  of  care- 
fully-recorded measurements  and  descriptions 
of  criminals,  for  the  purpose  of  future  iden- 
tification, introduced  into  France  by  Bertil- 
lon  and  adopted  by  the  police  of  many  large 
cities  of  the  U.  S. 

Benin,  Bones  of.  The  sphenoidal  turbin- 
ated bones,  partly  closing  the  sphenoidal 
sinu-ses.  B.,  Column  of,  a  cortical  column 
of  the  kidney ;  the  part  separating  the  med- 
ullary pyramids.  B.,  Ligament  of,  the  ilio- 
femoral ligament. 

BerthoUet's  Law.    See  Law. 

Beryllium  {ber-il' -eum)  [/Jv/w^oc,  beryl]. 
A  bivalent  metal  obtained  from  the  beryl, 
whence  its  name ;  it  is  called  also  glucinum. 
See  Elements,  Table  of. 

Bestiality  (besleal'-il-e)  [bestia^  a  beast]. 
Unnatural  intercourse  with  an  animal. 

Bestucheff*8  Mixture  or  Tincture.    The 


ethereal  tincture  of  chlorid  of  iron,  used  in 
erysipelas.  It  is  made  as  follows:  B* 
Tinct.  ferri  chloridi,  I  part;  sp.  aether,  ni- 
trosi,  4  parts.  Mix  and  expose  to  the  rays 
of  the  sun  in  well-closed  bottles  until  the 
brownish  color  disappears.  The  dose  is  from 
one  to  two  teaspoonfuls  every  three  hours. 

Beta  (ba^-tah)  [L.].  I.  The  beet.  2.  The 
second  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  used  in 
chemic  nomenclature,  to  indicate  the  second 
of  two  isomeric  compounds.  B.-naphtol. 
See  NaphtoL 

Betacism  {ba' -tas-izm)  [bela,  p^a,  the 
second  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet].  The 
too-frequent  use  of  the  ^-sound  in  speech,  or 
the  conversion  of  other  sounds  into  it. 

Betain  (be  ta^ -in)  [beta,  a  beet],  CjHjiNO,, 
or  CioHgjNfOf.  Called  also  oxyneunn  and 
lycin.  A  basic  substance  obtained  by  the 
careful  oxidation  of  cholin.  It  occurs 
already  formed  in  the  sugar-beet  (Beta  vul- 
garis) and  crystallizes  from  alcohol  with  one 
molecule  of  water  in  shining  crystals  that 
deliquesce  in  the  air ;  it  has  an  alkaline  re- 
action and  a  sweetish  taste. 

Beta-naphtol  Bismuth.  A  preparation  con- 
taining 80  per  cent,  of  bismuth  oxid  and  20 
per  cent,  of  beta-naphtol.  It  is  a  brown 
powder,  insoluble  in  water  and  decomposed 
into  its  component  parts  in  the  intestine, 
the  beta-naphtol  being  absorbed  and  dis- 
charged with  the  urine,  while  the  bismuth 
is  evacuated  with  the  stools.  It  is  an  intes- 
tinal antiseptic.     Dose  gr.  xv-xlv  (1.0-3.0). 

Betel  (be'-tel)  [E.  Ind.].  A  masticatory  used 
in  the  East.  A  few  grains  of  the  nut  of  the 
Catechu  palm,  Areca  C,  are  rolled  up  with 
a  small  amount  of  quicklime  in  a  leaf  of 
Piper  betel,  and  chewed.  It  is  tonic, 
astringent,  stimulant,  and  aphrodisiac,  and 
seems  to  increase  the  powers  of  endurance. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  f.^HU  (40-12.0).     Unof. 

Betol  (be^tol),  C^^H^O.Q^Hfi^.  Salinaph- 
tol.  Naphthalol.  A  salicylic  ether  of 
naphtol,  used  in  rheumatism  and  cystitis.  It 
resembles  salicylic  acid  in  its  properties 
Dose  gr.  x-xv  (0.65-1.0). 

Betula  (be^-ulah).     See  Birch. 

Betulin  (bet^u-lin)  [betula,  birch],  Cj^H-oO, 
(Hausmann).  Birch-resin,  or  birch -camphor, 
derived  from  the  bark  of  the  while  birch. 

Bezoar  (be'-zoar)  [Pers.,/(i//-2tf^r,  the  be- 
zoar-stone,  a  supposed  antidote  against  poi- 
son]. A  concretion  found  in  the  stomach  or 
intestines  of  some  animals  (especially  rumin- 
ants), formerly  believed  to  be  efHcacious  in 
preventing  the  fatal  effects  of  poison. 

Bhang  (bang).     See  Cannabis  indica, 

Bhel  Ibel).     See  Beta. 

Biauricular  (bi-atv-rik' -u-lar)  [bis,  twice; 
auricula,  the  ear] .  Relating  to  two  auricles, 
or  to  two  corresponding  auricular  points. 


BIBULOUS 


BILICYANIN 


Bibulous  (biy-M-lus)  [bihtrf^  to  drink]. 
Haying  the  property  of  absorbing  moisture, 
as,  B.  Paper. 

Bicarbonate  {bikar' banat )  \bis,  twice ; 
carbo,  a  coal].  Any  salt  of  carbonic  acid 
that  has  two  carbonic  acid  equivalents  for 
one  of  the  base. 

Bicaudal,  Bicaudate  {bi-kaitZ-dal^  bi-katt/- 
dat)  [bicauda/iSf  two-tailed].  Having  two 
tails  or  appendages. 

Biceps  {bi'-seps)  [Ai>,  twice;  caputs  the 
head].  Having  two  heads,  a  term  applied 
to  several  muscles,  as  B.  brachii^  B.  exfen- 
sor,  B.  flexor  cruris. 

Bichat(*^.r^tf^)  Canal  of.  ?^t  Canal.  B., 
Fissure  of.  See  Fissure.  B.,  Foramen 
of.  See  Foramina^  Table  of.  B.,  Tunic 
of,  the  intima  of  the  blood-vessels. 

Bichlorid  (biklo^rid)  [bi^  two;  chlorin\ 
A  salt  containing  two  equivalents  of  chlorin. 

Bichromate  (bikro'-mdt)  [Ai,  two;  chro- 
mium^  A  salt  containing  two  equivalents 
of  chromic  acid. 

BicipiUl  {bi'Sifital)  [^/,  two ;  caput,  the 
head].     Pertaining  to  the  biceps  muscle. 

Biconcave  (bi^kon^-kav).     See  Lens. 

Biconvex  (bikon'-veks).     See  Lens. 

Bicuspid  {bi'kus^'pid)  [bi,  two;  ciispis,  the 
point  of  a  spear].  Havmg  two  cusps,  as  B. 
Teetk.  B.  Valve,  the  mitral  valve  of  the 
heart. 

Bidder's  Ganglia.    See  Ganglia,  Table  of. 

Bidet  (be-det^,  or  -da)  [Fr.  for  pony].  A 
tuboroasin  with  fixed  attachments  for  the 
administering  of  injections ;  also  for  use  as  a 
sitz-bath  or  hip-bath. 

Biedert's  Cream  Mixture.  An  infant's 
food  made  by  mixing  4  oz.  of  cream  with 
12  oz.  of  warm  water,  and  adding  }i  oz.  of 
milk-sugar.  It  contains  I  per  cent,  of  casein, 
2.$  per  cent,  of  fat,  and  3.8  per  cent,  of 
sugar.  As  the  child  grows  older  a  larger 
proportion  of  milk  is  added. 

Biermer's  Change  of  Note.  See  Signs  and 
Svmptoms,  Table  of. 

Biftd  (bi''jtd)[bis,  twice;  findere,  to  cleave]. 
Divided  mto  two  parts ;  cleft,  as  bifid  uvttta. 

Bifocal  (bi'fy-kal)  [bi,  two  ;  /bow,  a  point]. 
Having  a  double  focus.  Applied  to  a  system 
of  lenses  or  spectacle-glasses  with  two  foci, 
chiefly  used  for  the  correction  of  presbyopia, 
when  there  is  at  the  same  time  an  error  of 
refraction  for  distant  vision.  1lie  distance 
lens  is  above  that  for  near  work.  These  are 
sometimes  called  Pantoscopic  lenses^  and  also 
Franklin  spectacles^  because  the  device  was 
first  made  by  Benjamin  Franklin.  They  are 
also  called  Cement  lenses,  because  now  made 
by  cementing  the  lower  segment  to  the  dis- 
tance lens. 

Bifurcate  (bifer'ktU)  [bi,  two;  furca,  a 
fork].     Divided  into  two,  like  a  forik. 


Bifurcation  {bi  -  fer  -  ka' -  shun)  [hifurcatic; 
from  biy  two;  furca,  a  fork].  l>i vision  into 
two  branches,  as  of  the  trachea  or  of  the 
aorta. 

Bigelow's  Ligament.  The  Y-Iit;ament  of 
the  hip-joint ;  iliofemoral  ligament.  B.*8 
Septum,  in  anatomy,  a  layer  of  bard  bony 
tissue  in  the  neck  of  the  thigh-bone. 

Bilateral  {hilai^-era/)  [bi,  two;  latus,  a 
side].  Relating  to  two  sides ;  pertaining  to 
or  aflecting  both  sides  of  the  body.  B. 
Symmetry,  the  symmetry  of  right  and  left 
halves. 

Bilateralism  {bilaf-er-al-izni)  \bi,  two; 
IcUus,  a  side].     Bilateral  symmetry. 

Bile  \bil)  [bili^,  the  bile].  The  substance 
secreted  by  the  liver.  It  is  mucilaginous, 
golden-brown,  and  is  composed  of  biliary 
salts,  cholesterin,  mucus,  and  certain  pig- 
tnents.  The  princl[>al  salts  are  the  sodium 
salts  of  taurocholic  acid  (C^H^NSO,),  and 
glycocholic  acid  (Cj^H^NO,).  The  taste  of 
bile  is  intensely  bitter,  its  reaction  feebly 
alkaline,  and  its  density  from  1026  to  1032. 
It  exercises  a  diastatic  action  on  starch,  emul- 
sifies fats,  and  precipitates  soluble  peptone ; 
it  is  also  the  natural  antiseptic  of  the  intes- 
tines, and  has  an  action  on  the  intestinal  mu- 
cous membrane  through  which  absorption  is 
favored.  Its  composition  varies,  but  accord- 
ing to  Hoppe-Seyler,  in  lOO  parts  bile  there 
are  of — 

llfSJ^nic  mittW. :  ;!!!'.!  }9i.68P«rt«. 

Organic  matter 8.3J  " 

Mucus, t.29  " 

Taurocholate  of  sodium,    .  0.87  ** 

Glycocholate  of  sodium,    .  3.03  " 

Saponified  fat, 1.39  " 

Cholesterin, 0.35  " 

Lecithin 0.53  ** 

Fat, 0.73  •• 

B.  Pigments,  the  coloring-matters  of  the 
bile. 

Bilharsia  (bil'har^-zeaA)[nAm^  after  Theo- 
dor  Bilhart,  a  physician  of  Cairo].  A  genus 
of  trematode  worms,  established  by  Cobbold, 
characterized  by  having  the  sexes  separate. 
B.  haematobia.     See  Distoma. 

Bilharxiosis  {bilharze-y-sis)  [Bilharxia']. 
The  group  of  symptoms  produced  by  the 
presence  m  the  intestine  of  worms  of  the 
genus  Bilkartia. 

Biliary  (bil^-e-a-re)  [bilis,  bile].  Pertaining 
to  the  bile.  B.  Acids,  glycocholic  and  tau- 
rocholic acids.  B.  Colic,  colic  produced  by 
the  passage  of  gall-stones.  B.  Diabetes, 
Hanoi's  disease,  or  hjrpertrophic  cirrhosis  of 
the  liver  with  icterus.  B.  Ducts,  the  hep- 
atic and  cystic  ducts,  and  the  ductus  commu- 
nis choledochus,  together  with  the  small 
ducts  in  the  liver  itself. 

Bilicyanin  {bil-esi^ -an-in)  \JHUst  bOe;  «¥» 


BILIFLAVIN 


BIOMETRY 


mfof,  blue].     Cholecyanin,  choleverdin.     A 
blue  pigment  obtained  from  bilirubin. 
Btlifiavin  (bil-t-fia^-vin)  [/n/is,  bile  ;  flavus^ 
yellow].     A  yellow  coloring-matter  deriva- 
ble from  biliverdin. 

Bilifulvin  {biJ-e/ul'-vin)  [bilis^  bile ;  fulvUSf 
fulvous].  An  impure  form  of  bilirubin  ;  also 
a  yellow  bile-color  from  ox -gall,  not  normally 
present  in  human  bile. 

Bilifuscin  {biif-fus^'in)  [Ai/is,  bile ;  fuscus^ 
brown].  C,-H^N^O^.     A  pigment  occurring 
in  bile  and  in  gall-stones. 
Bilihumin    {bil-e-hu'-min)    [bilis^  bile;  hu- 
mus^ earth].     An  insoluble  residue  left  after 
treating  gall-stones  with  various  solvents. 
B'din  {Jn'-liti)  [hiiiSy  bile].     A  mixture  of  the 
taurocbolate   and    glycocholate  of    sodium, 
forming  a  constituent  of  the  bile. 
Bilineurin  {hil-f-nu'-nn).     Cholin. 
Bilious  {^bii'-ym)  [biliosus^  full  of  bile].       A 
term  popularly  applied  to  disorders  supposed 
to  arise  from  a  too  free  secretion  of  bile.    B. 
Fever,  a  remittent  fever  characterized  by  the 
vomiting  of  bile. 

Biliousness  {hi/^ -yusnes)  [biiiosust  full  of 
bile].  A  popular  name  for  a  condition  char- 
acterized by  anorexia,  constipation,  coated 
tongue,  lassitude,  and  headache,  and  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  an  excessive  secretion  of 
bile. 

Biliprssin  ibil-e-pra'-sin)  \bUiSy  bile ;  irpddov, 
leek ;  irpaaivw;,  leek-green],  CigH^N^O*. 
A  pigment  occurring  in  gall-stones,  ictenc 
urine,  and  bile. 

Bilirubin  (bileru'-bin)  [bt'/is,  bile ;  ruber, 
red],  C,jH|yNjOj.  A  red  coloring- matter, 
the  chief  pigment  of  the  bile,  and  also 
found  in  the  urine  in  jaundice.  It  is  insoluble 
in  water,  and  almost  so  in  ether  and  alcohol, 
but  it  is  readily  soluble  in  alkaline  solutions. 
It  crystallizes  in  rhombic  plates  or  prisms. 
Biliverdin  {bii-iver^-din)  [bilis,  bile ;  viridis, 
green] »  CjjH-jjNjOj.  or  CgH^NO,.  A  green 
pigment,  the  mrst  product  of  the  oxidation  of 
bilirubin.  It  gives  the  characteristic  color 
to  the  bile  of  herbivora,  and  occurs  in  the 
urine  in  jaundice,  and  in  gall-stones. 
BiUroth*s  Mixture.  See  Anesthetic, 
Bimanual  (^/-m/rn^-«-^7/)  [^/,  two;  tnanus, 
a  hand].  With  both  hands ;  two-handed.  B. 
Palpation,  palpation  by  means  of  both 
hands. 

Binary  (bi^-nar-e)  [binus,  a  couple].  In 
chemistry,  compounded  of  two  elements. 
In  anatomy,  separating  into  two  branches.  - 
Binaural  {bin-au/-ral)  [bis,  twice ;  auris, 
car].  Pertaining  to  or  having  two  ears; 
used  for  both  ears.  B.  Stethoscope,  a 
stethoscope  with  two  tubes,  one  for  each  ear. 
Binauricular  {bin-aw-rik'-u-lar)  [bis,  twice ; 
amruula,  the  ear].  Pertaining  or  belong- 
ing to  both  esis. 


Binder  (blnd^-er)  [ME.,  byndere)^.  A  wide 
bandage  about  the  abdomen,  worn  by  women 
after  labor,  or  after  celiotomy,  to  support  the 
abdominal  walls.  B.,  Mammary,  a  sling  or 
suspensory  for  the  mamma. 

Biniodid  (bin-i^-odid).  Having  two  atoms 
of  iodin  in  the  molecule. 

Binocular  {bin-ok^ -u-lar)  [bi,  two  ;  oculus, 
an  eye].  Pertaining  to  both  eyes.  In 
optics,  an  instrument  with  two  eye-pieces 
for  use  with  both  eyes  at  once.  B.  Vision, 
the  faculty  of  using  both  eyes  synchronously 
and  without  diplopia. 

Binozid  (bin-oks^-id)  [bi,  two;  oxid'\. 
See  Dioxtd, 

Bioblast  (bi'-o-b/ast)  [/3/of,  life  ;  pAaardc,  a 
germ].  A  plastidule  or  formative  cell;  a 
corpuscle  that  has  not  yet  become  a  cell. 

Biochemics  (bi  o - kem^ - iks)  [/3iof,  life; 
XTiiuiay  chemistry].  The  chemistry  of  life. 
See  Biochemy, 

Biochemistry  {bio-kem^istre)  [^loc,  life ; 
XVf^f'io-y  chemistry].  The  chemistry  of  the 
living  body,  or  of  life. 

Biochemy  {bi'-o-kem-e)  [/?%,  life ;  xvf^'^^t 
chembtry].  Chemic  force  as  exhibited  in 
living  organisms. 

Biodynamics  (bi-o-di-nam^ -iks)  [/3/of ,  life  ; 
dbvafiiq,  power].  The  dynamics  of  life; 
dynamic  biology. 

Biogenesis  (bi-o-jen'-es-is)  [^ioq,  life; 
yiveaiq,  origin].  I.  The  doctrine  that  living 
things  are  produced  only  from  living  things — 
the  reverse  of  abiogenesis.  2.  Reproduction 
from  living  parents. 

Biogenetic  (bi - o -Jen - et^ - ik)  [/?<of,  life; 
yiveaiq,  origin].  Pertaining  to  biogenesis. 
B.  Law,  the  fact  that  a  certain  tendency 
directs  the  drift  or  trend  of  development  of 
a  being  along  a  line  parallel  with  that  of 
the  series  of  forms  ancestral  to  it.  The 
being  in  the  course  of  its  development 
brieny  recapitulates  that  of  the  ancestral 
series  to  which  it  belongs.  This  is  also 
called  MuUer's  Law. 

Biogeny  (bi-aj'-ene)  [^/of,  life;  yivetrtCf 
origin].  In  biology,  the  evolution  of  or- 
ganic forms,  either  considered  individually 
(ontogeny)  or  tribally  [phytogeny). 

Biologic  [bi-o-tof'ik)  [/3<oc,  life ;  ^yoc, 
science].  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  biology. 

Biologist  {bi-of -o-jist)  [/?^of,  life ;  A^yof , 
science].     One  who  is  a  student  of  biology. 

Biologos  {bi-o-log* -OS)  [;3/oc,  life ;  /Wyof ,  a 
word].  A  designation  proposed  for  the 
intelligent  living  power  displayed  in  cellular 
and  organic  action  and  reaction. 

Biology  (bt-ot^'O-je)  [/?/oc,  life;  X(5yof,  sci- 
ence]. The  science  embracing  the  structure, 
function,  and  organization  of  living  forms. 

Biometry  {bi-om' -et-re)  [/i/of,  life;  fitrpovyti 
mtssure].     Life-measurement;    the  estima- 


BIONDI'S  FLUID 


BISMUTH 


tion  of  the  probable  duration  of  any  given 
life-fonn— in  the  past  or  future. 

Biondi's  Fluid.  A  staining  medium  used 
in  histologic  laboratories.  It  b  a  mixture  of 
orange-G,  methyl-green,  and  acid-fuchsin. 

Bionergy  [bi-on^ -er-jeS  [/3tof,  life;  ipyov^ 
woric].  Life-force;  torce  exercised  in  the 
living  organism. 

fiionomy  [bi-on' -o-me)  [/3tof ,  life ;  v^/iof ,  a 
law].  Dynamic  biology  ;  biodynamics;  the 
science  of  the  laws  of  life. 

Biophagous  {Jfi'Off'-ag-u5)\J^ioq^  life  ;  ^ytlv, 
to  eatl.  Feeding  upon  living  organisms,  or 
upon  living  tissue,  as  insectivorous  plants. 

Biophysiography  [bi-o  fiz-e-og' -ra-fe)  [^/of , 
life  ;  ^i'ffif ,  nature ;  ypa<^iv,  to  write  J.  De- 
scriptive or  structural  biology ;  organography, 
as  distinguished  from  biophysiology. 

Biophysiology  {bi-o-fiz-e-ol'-o-je)  [^<^, 
life;  0('ff<Ct  nature;  A^Jyof,  science].  The 
branch  of  biology  including  organogeny, 
morphology,  and  physiology. 

Bioplasm  (bi' -o-plazm)  [^<of ,  life  ;  irT^ofia^ 
form].  Any  living  matter,  but  especially 
germmal  or  forming  matter;  matter  possess- 
ing reproductive  vitality. 

Bioplast  {bi' -o-plast)  [)3/of,  life;  ffA^crrcJf, 
formed^.  A  mass  or  cell  of  bioplasm  that 
is  a  unit  of  living  matter. 

Biorbital  Ui-or^-bit-al)  [^/,  two;  orbUoy  a 
circle].     Relating  to  both  orbits. 

Bioscope  (bi^'O-skdp)  [j3ioc,  life  ;  onoirelv,  to 
view].  An  instrument  used  in  bioscopy. 

Bioscopy  (bios^ -ko-pe)  [3io^,  life;  OKontiv, 
to  examine].  Examination  of  the  body  to 
ascertain  whether  life  is  present.  B.,  Elec- 
tro-, examination  by  the  aid  of  the  electric 
current.  The  muscular  reaction  is  lost  to  fara- 
dic  stimulation  in  about  two  hours  after  death 
in  the  tongue ;  after  three  or  four  hours  in  the 
extremities ;  after  five  or  six  hours  in  the 
trunk.  The  reaction  to  galvanism  persists 
somewhat  longer. 

Biosis  {bi'-(/sts)  [/3/of,  life!     Life  ;  vitality. 

Biostatics  {bio-stat^-iks)  \pio^y  life;  GTari- 
ic<^,  causing  to  stand].  Static  biology;  the 
science  of  the  determinate  parts  of  biology, 
including  anatomy,  and  the  physics  of  the 
living  body. 

Biotic  (bi'Ot^-ik)  [/3/of,  life].  Pertaining  to 
life  or  to  the  laws  of  animal  and  vegetable 
progress  and  evolution. 

Biotomy  (bi-ot'-ome)  [)3/oc,  life ;  rifiveiVy  to 
cut].     Vivisection. 

Biparasitic  (bi-par-as-it^ik)  [bt\  two  ;  napd- 
aiTo^y  a  parasite].     Parasitic  upon  a  parasite. 

Bipaiietal  {bi-par-i^-et-ai)  [^i,  two;  paries y 
a  wall].  Relating  to  both  parietal  Ixtnes. 
B.  Diameter,  the  distance  from  one  parietal 
eminence  of  the  cranium  to  the  other. 

Biparous  (bip'-ar-us)  [biy  double  ;  parerty  to 
bring  forth].     Producing  two  at  a  birth. 


Bipartite  (bi-par'-nt)  [biy  two ;  parsy  a  part]. 
In  biology,  composed  of  two  parts  or  divi- 
sions. 

Biped  (^i^-/^</)[^/,  two; /^-j, a  foot],  i.  Hav- 
ing two  feet.     2.  An  animal  with  two  feet. 

Bipolar  (bi-p</'lar)  [biy  two ;  poiuSy  a  polej. 
Having  two  poles.  B.  Nerve-cells,  nerve- 
cells  that  have  two  prolongations  of  the 
cell  matter.  They  are  found  chiefly  in  the 
spinal  ganglia. 

Birch  (berch\  [AS. ,  bircel.  Any  tree  of  the 
genus  Betula.  Birch -tar,  or  the  tarry  oil  of 
B,  aibuy  is  useful  in  certain  skin-diseases. 
The  bark  of  B.  Untay  the  American  black 
birch,  yields  a  fragrant  volatile  oil,  identical 
with  that  of  Gaultkeria  procumbensy  for 
which  it  is  extensively  substituted.  B.  Cam- 
phor. Same  as  B.  Hesin.  B.  Resin.  Sec 
Betulin. 

Bird-lime  (berd'-hm).  A  viscous  vegetable 
substance  used  in  Japan  as  a  local  dressing 
for  wounds. 

Bird's  Formula.  The  last  two  figures  of 
the  specific  gravity  of  urine  nearly  represent 
the  number  of  grains  of  solids  to  the  ounce 
contained  in  the  urine.  The  same  two  figures 
multiplied  by  2  ( Trapp's  Factor)  give  the 
parts  per  looo. 

Birth  {berth)  [W£..ybyiih\  I.  The  delivery 
of  a  child;  parturition.  2.  That  which  is 
brought  forth  in  parturition.  B.-mark.  See 
Ntnms  pigmcntosus.  B. -palsy,  any  paralytic 
affection  due  to  an  injury  received  at  birth ; 
less  correctly,  a  congenital  paralytic  aflfection 
due  to  a  lesion  that  existed  in  the  fetal  state. 

Bisacromial  {bis-ak-rtZ-me-al)  [bis,  two; 
acromion].     Relating  to  the  two  acromia. 

Biscara  Button  {bis^karah  but'-un) .  See 
Furunculus  orientalis. 

Bisexual  (bi-seks^-u-al)  p/,two;  sexuSy  sex]. 
Having  the  reproductive  organs  of  botn 
sexes ;  hermaphrodite. 

Bisiliac  (bis-il'-e-ak)  [bisy  two;  i/iacus]. 
Relating  to  the  two  most  distant  points  of 
the  two  iliac  crests. 

Biskra  Boil,  or  Button.  See  Furunculm 
orientalis. 

Bismarck  Brown.  A  brown,  basic  anilin 
dye,  extensively  used  as  a  stain  and  counter- 
stain  in  histology. 

Bismuth,  or  Bismuthum  (^iV-  muthy  bis- 
Mu^-tAum)  [L,.].  Bi:rr2Io;  quantivalence 
I,  III,  V.  A  pinkish-white  crystalline  metal. 
Its  commercial  salts  often  contain  arsenic 
The  insoluble  salts  of  bismuth  are  feebly 
astringent.  The  derivatives  of  bismuth  are 
chiefly  employed  as  astringents  and  sedatives 
to  mucous  membranes  and  as  gastrointestinal 
antiseptics.  The  soluble  salts  are  irritant  in 
large  doses.  B.  et  Ammonii  Citras,  sol- 
uble in  water.  Dose  gr.  j-v  (0.065-0.32). 
B.  et  Ammon.  Citratis,  Liquor  (B.  P.). 


BISMUTHOSIS 


BIZYGOMATIC 


Dose  f  3  ss-j  (2.0-4.0).  B.Carbona8(B.P.), 
(Bi,0,C0,)„H50.  Dosegr.  v-xx  (0.32-1.3). 
B.  Citras,  BiC^HjO^,  soluble  in  water  of 
ammonia.  Dose  gr.  ij-v  (0.13-0.32).  B. 
Oxid  (B.  P.),  BijOj.  Dose  gr.  v-xv 
(0.32-1.0).  B.  Oxychlorid,,  pearl  white. 
Unof .  It  is  used  as  a  cosmetic.  B.,  Pulvis, 
Comp.,  Fe trier's  Snuff,  contains  two  grains 
of  hydrochlorate  of  morphin  in  one  ounce, 
with  bismuth  and  acacia.  It  is  used  in 
the  treatment  of  coryza.  B.  Salicylas, 
BijqHjOjjj.Bip,.  Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.32- 
0.65) ;  an  intestinal  antiseptic.  B.  Sub-< 
carbonas,  (BiO),C03.H,0,  insoluble.  Dose 
gr.  x-.^j  (0.65-4.0);  feebly  astringent  and 
sedative.  B.  Subgallas.  See  Dermatol. 
B.  Subiodid,  BiOI,  used  as  an  antiseptic 
dusting- powder,  like  iodoform.  B.  Subni- 
tms,  BiONO,.  H,0,  the  salt  chiefly  used  in 
medicine  as  a  sedative  astringent  to  the 
gastrointestinal  mucous  membrane.  Dose 
gr.  x-3j  (0.65-4.0).  B.,  Trochisci  (B.  P.), 
each  contains  gr.  ij  (0.13). 

Bismuthosis  {Jbiz-mutk-P  sis).  Chronic  bis- 
muth-poisoning ;  it  may  follow  the  use  of  the 
soluble  salts. 

Bistoury  (bis^ -ioo-re)  [Fr.  bistouri  ] .  A  long, 
slender  knife,  straight  or  curved,  used  in 
surgery. 

Bisulphate  (bisui' fit)  [bi,  two;  sulphur']. 
A  sulphate  in  which  the  base  replaces  but 
one  of  the  two  hydrogen  atoms  of  the  acid. 
Any  acid  sulphate  having  twice  the  amount 
of  acid  contained  in  the  corresponding  nor- 
mal sulphate. 

Bitartrate  {bitar^ -trdt )  \bi,  two ;  rdprofjov, 
tartar].  Any  tartrate  in  which  one  replaceable 
hydrogen  atom  has  been  replaced  by  a  base. 

Bitemporal  (bitem' -por-alS  ^bi,  two;  tem- 
poral the  temples].  Pertaining  to  the  two 
temples. 

Bitter  (bit'er)  [AS.,  bitan,  to  bite].  A  pe- 
culiar, well-known  taste,  of  which  that  of 
quinin  is  an  example  ;  unpalatable.  B.  Al- 
mond, the  nut  of  the  Amygdalum  amarum. 
It  contains  hydrocyanic  acid.  B.  Almond 
Oil,  oleum  amygdalae  amarse.  See  Benzalde- 
kyd.  B.  Apple,  the  fruit  of  the  colocynth, 
a  pargative  remedy.  B.  Blain,  a  West  Indian 
herb,  Vamlellia  diffusa^  employed  in  fevers 
and  in  hepatic  disorders.  Unof.  B.  Bugle- 
weed,  the  herb  Lycopus  europaus,  alterative 
and  tonic.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  f  J  ss-j  (16.0- 
32.0).  Unoi  B.  Cucumber,  colocynth. 
B.  Cup,  a  cup  made  of  quassia  wood.  It 
is  a  tonic.  B.  Purging  Salt,  magnesium 
sulphate.  B.  Root,  the  root  of  Gentiana 
caUsbcei,  a  tonic.  B.  Tincture,  the  tine- 
tura  amara{S.  F.),  prescribed  also  in  the 
German  pharmacy;  it  is  a  tincture  of  gen- 
tian, centaury,  bitter  orange-peel,  orange - 
berries,  and  zedoary;   it  is  known  also  as 


Stomach-drops.  B.  Wine  of  Iron,  a  solu- 
tion of  white  wine,  syrup,  citrate  of  iron,  and 
quinin. 
Bitters  (bit'-ers)  [  AS. ,  bitany  to  bite].  Medi- 
cines characterized  by  a  bitter  taste.  B., 
Aromatic,  medicines  that  unite  the  proper- 
ties of  aromatics  with  those  of  simple  bitters. 
B.,  Simple,  medicines  that  stimulate  the 
gastrointestinal  tract  without  influencing  the 
general  system.  B.,  Styptic,  medicines  . 
that  add  styptic  and  astringent  properties  to 
those  of  bitterness. 

Bittersweet  (bit' -erswit).  See  Dulcamara, 
Bitumen  (^l^-«^-/w^^)  \i.. ^  bitumen\  Min- 
eral pitch  or  oil,  composed  of  various  hydro- 
carbons. In  the  solid  form  it  is  usually 
called  asphalt ;  in  the  liquid  {ormy  petroleum. 
An  intermediate  form  is  known  as  mineral 
tar  or  maltha.  By  distillation,  bitumen 
3rields  benzol,  naphtha,  paraffin,  and  various 


exposing  urea  to  a  high  temperature  for  a  long 
time.  It  is  readily  soluble  in  water  and  in 
alcohol ;  it  crystallizes  with  one  molecule  of 
water  in  the  form  of  warts  and  needles. 
When  anhydrous,  biuret  melts  at  190°  with 
decomposition.  B.  Reaction,  or  Test,  a 
reaction  given  by  proteids  and  by  urea  when 
heated  (when  biuret  is  formed).  It  consists 
in  the  development  of  a  violet  color  when  a 
few  drops  of  a  solution  of  cupric  sulphate 
and  an  excess  of  potassium  or  sodium  hydrate 
are  added  to  the  substance. 

Bivalence  [bri/ -al-ens)  \biy  two ;  valenSy  hav- 
ing power].  In  chemistry,  a  valence  or  satu- 
rating power  double  that  of  the  hydrogen 
atom. 

Bivalent  (bii/ -al-ent)  \biy  two ;  valensy  hav- 
ing power].  In  chemistry,  applied  to  an 
element  of  which  an  atom  can  replace  two 
atoms  of  hydrogen  or  other  univalent  ele- 
ment, or  to  a  radicle  that  has  the  same  valence 
as  such  an  element. 

Bivalve  (bi'-vah)  [bi,  two  ;  valva,  a  valve] 
Having  two  valves  or  shells,  as  a  speculum. 

Biventer  [biven' -ter)  [hi^  two;  venter^  a 
belly].  Having  two  bellies,  as  a  muscle. 
B.  cervicis,  the  inner  portion  of  the  com- 
plexus  muscle.  B.  maxillae,  the  digastricus 
muscle. 

Biventral  {bi-ven'-tral)  [bi^  two  ;  ventrumy 
a  stomach].  Having  two  stomachs ;  having 
two  bellies,  as  the  digastric  muscle. 

Bixin  (biks'-in)  [Bixa,  a  genus  of  plants], 
i\^\\^i\.  An  orange-red  coloring-matter 
found  in  annatto. 

Bizygomatic  (bi-zi-i^omat'ik)  [biy  two; 
Ci'ytJfja,  the  zygomatic  arch].  Relating  to 
the  most  prominent  points  on  the  two  zygo* 
matic  arches. 


BIZZOZERO'S  BLOODPLATES 


BLASTOCYST 


Bissoxero's    Blood-pUtes.      See     Blood- 

BUck  {biak)  [AS.,  dlwc^  Characterized  by 
an  absence  of  color.  The  appearance  of  an 
object  from  the  surface  of  which  none  of  the 
spectrum  colors  are  reflected.  B.  Alder. 
See  Prinos,  B.  Antimony,  antimonium 
tersulphid,  SbS,.  B.  Ash,  the  bark  of 
Fraxtnus  sambuci/olia^  a  mild  tonic  and 
astringent.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  f^ss-j  (2.0- 
4.0^.  Unof.  B.  Blood,  venous  blood.  B. 
Cohosh.  Sec  Cimi^i/i^a.  B. -damp,  carbon 
dioxid  gas,  which  is  found  in  greater  or  less 
quantity  in  all  collieries,  being  given  off  by 
many  coals,  either  mixed  with  hre-darop,  or 
separately,  or  produced  in  various  other  ways, 
as  by  the  exhalations  of  the  miners,  by  6res, 
and  by  explosions  of  fire-damp.  Also  called 
choke-damp.  B.  Death.  See  Plague.  B. 
Disease,  a  disease  of  malarial  origin  and 
pernicious  course,  characterized  by  extreme 
darkening  of  the  skin,  which  may  be  brown 
or  black  in  color.  It  occurs  in  the  Gaio 
Hills  in  Assam.  B.  Draught.  See  Senna. 
B.  Drop.  See  Opium.  B.  Erysipelas.  Syn- 
onym of  Anthrax.  B.  Eye,  livor  (or  sugil- 
latio)  oculi ;  ecchymosis  of  the  tissues  about 
the  eye,  usually  from  injury.  B.  Haw.  See 
Viburnum,  B.-head.  See  Comedo.  B. 
Hellebore.  See  Hellebore,  B.  Jaundice,  an 
excessive  jaundice  arising  from  obstruction 
of  the  gall -ducts.  The  color  of  the  skin 
is  greenish-black.  B.  Lead,  a  form  of  car- 
bon properly  known  as  the  mineral  graphite. 
B.-Leg,  a  febrile,  generally  fatal  disease 
chiefly  affecting  cattle  and  sheep,  which 
is  characterized  by  the  rapid  appearance  of 
irregular  nodules  in  the  skin  and  muscular 
tissues,  that  are  at  first  tense  and  very  painful, 
but  rapidly  become  painless  and  crepitating. 
It  is  caused  by  the  Bacillus  chauvsei,  or  B. 
of  Symptomatic  Anthrax.  It  is  also  called 
Symptomatie  Anthrax.  B.  Measles,  ru- 
beola nigra;  a  grave  or  malignant  form  of 
measles.  B.  Pepper.  See  Piper  nigrum, 
B.  Phthisis,  a  synon3rm  of  Miner's 
Phthisis,  B.  Sickness,  cerebrospinal  fever. 
B.  Snake -root.  See  Cimieifuga,  B. 
Spauld.  See  Black  Ug.  B.  Spit.  See 
Miner's  Phthisis.  B.  Tongue.  I.  A 
name  given  to  a  condition  characterized  by 
the  formation  upon  the  dorsum  of  the  tongue 
of  a  hair  like  deposit  that  passes  through 
various  stages  of  coloration  from  yellow  to 
brown  and  finally  black,  ultimately  disap- 
pearing by  desquamation  as  gradually  as  it 
came.  Repeateid  recurrence  is  the  rule.  It 
is  probably  an  undue  proliferation  of  the  epi- 
thelium, the  result  of  irritation.  2.  A  term 
rlied  to  erysipelatous  glossitis.  B.  Vomit, 
coffee-ground  vomit  of  yellow  fever,  etc. 
B.  Walnut,  the  leaves  of  Juglans  nigra^  a 


tonic,  alterative,  and  deobstment  Dose  ol 
fld.  exL  nv.  xx-xxx  (1.3-2.0).  Unof.  B. 
Wash.  See  Hydrargyrum,  B.  Willow, 
the  buds  of  Salix  nigra ^  a  bitter  tonic  with 
aphrodisiac  properties.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  n\, 
xv-f  zj  (1.0-4.0).     Unof. 

BUckberry  {;blak'bere)  [AS.,  *i^r;  berie, 
berry].  See  Kubus.  B.  Cordial,  the 
cordiale  rubi  ^ructus  (N.F.).  Its  formula  is: 
blackberry  juice,  3  pints ;  cinnamon,  in 
coarse  powder,  2  Troy  oz.;  cloves  and  nut- 
meg, in  coarse  powder,  each  %  Troy  oz.; 
dilute  alcohol,  2  pints  ;  syrup,  3  pints. 

Blackwater-fever.  A  very  fatal  infectious 
disease  occurring  especially  on  the  low 
coasts  of  tropic  Africa,  but  also  in  Sicily, 
Greece,  Central  and  South  America,  Java, 
and  New  Guinea.  The  disease  is  almost  ex- 
clusively confined  to  the  white  race  and  is 
characterized  by  a  chill,  an  irregular  inter- 
mittent or  remittent  fever,  vomiting,  dyspnea, 
jaundice,  and  hemoglobinuria.  An  almost 
invariable  complication  is  nephritis.  Studies 
of  the  blood  have  revealed  the  presence  of  a 
small,  annular,  non-pigmented,  intracellular 
parasite ;  also  forms  having  a  rosette  or  cres- 
cent shape. 

BUdder  (blad'-er)  [AS.,  bladre,  a  blister]. 
I .  A  membranous  sac  serving  for  the  recep- 
tion of  fluids  or  gases.  2.  The  receptacle  for 
the  urine.  B.,  Atony  of,  inability  to  expel 
the  urine,  from  deficient  muscular  power. 
B.,  Catarrh  of.  See  Cystitis.  B.,  Extro- 
phy, or  Extroversion  of,  absence  of  the 
anterior  wall  of  the  bladder,  and  more  or 
less  deficiency  of  the  corresponding  part  of 
the  abdomen.  B.,  Gall-,  the  receptacle 
for  the  bile,  situated  on  the  lower  surface  of 
the  liver.  B.,  Irritable,  a  condition  char- 
acterized by  constant  desire  to  urinate.  B., 
Neck  of,  the  constricted  portion  continuous 
with  the  urethra  in  front.  B.,  Nervous,  a 
condition  in  which  there  is  a  frequent  desire 
to  pass  water,  with  inability  at  the  same  time 
to  perform  the  act  perfectly,  and  consequent 
slight  dribbling  at  its  close.  B.,  Sacculated, 
pouches  formed  between  the  hypertrophied 
muscular  fibers.     B.  Worm.    See  Worm. 

Blancard's  PUls  (blang'kards).  Pills  of 
the  iodid  of  iron. 

Bland  {bland)  [blandus,  mild].  Mild; 
soothing. 

Blastema  (blaste'-mah)  [^TJioryma^  from 
^kaerr6viiv,  to  germinate].  The  formative 
lymph  or  rudimentary  tissue,  from  which,  by 
differentiation,  tissues  and  organs  are  de- 
veloped. 

Blastochyle  {blai^tohil)  [^^^wrrrff,  a  germ; 
;n'^i  juice].  The  colorless  fluid  in  the 
blastodermic  vesicles. 

Blastocyst  (blas'to-sist)  [/JXo^^f .  a  germ ; 
niforti,  a  bladder].    The  germinal  vesicle. 


BLASTODERM 


BLEPHAROSPASM 


BUatodenn  (blas^-tO'derm)  \p^aor6^^  a 
genn;  (f^p/ia,  the  skin].  In  embryology, 
Uie  germinal  membrane  formed  by  the  cells 
of  the  morula,  lying  on  the  internal  surface 
of  the  vitelline  membrane  of  the  impreg- 
nated OTom.  The  whole  hollow  sphere, 
with  its  surrounding  cells,  is  called  the  bias- 
todermu  vesicle^  and  is  formed  about  the 
tenth  day.  The  ectoderm  (or  epiblast)  and 
the  endoderm  [entoderm  or  hypoblast)  layers 
are  simply  due  to  a  proliferation  of  the 
blastodermic  celb  about  the  germinal  area, 
whereby  the  blastoderm  b  doubled,  thus 
forming  these  outer  and  inner  layers.  The 
mesohlast  or  middle  layer  is  developed  after 
the  others,  and  probably  from  the  h3rpoblast. 

Blastodermic  (blas-to-der'-mik)  [/^AooriJc,  a 
germ ;  6kpiM,  the  skin].  Relating  to  the 
blastoderm. 

Blastodisc  {blas^-to-disk)  [/?Aa<Tr($Cf  ^  germ  ; 
6uTKOc,  disc].  A  blastodermic  disc ;  a  mass 
or  disc  capping  one  pole  of  the  yolk. 

Blastogeny  {b/as-tot^-en-e)  [SXdffTo^,  a  germ ; 
yhmt^,  generation  J.  Haeckers  term  for  the 
germ-history  of  an  individual  organism ;  a 
division  of  ontogeny. 

Blastomere  {blas^-to-mir)  [;3Aa<fr4f ,  a  germ ; 
^poc,  a  part].  Any  one  of  the  nucleated 
cells  or  segments  into  which  the  fecundated 
vitellus  divides. 

Blastoneuropore  {blas'to-nu^-ropdr)  [pXaa- 
r6^^  a  germ ;  vevpov,  a  nerve ;  irdpoCt  a 
pore].  In  biology,  the  temporary  aperture 
m  certain  embryos  formed  by  the  coales- 
cence of  the  blastopore  and  neuropore. 

Blastophore  (blas^ -to-fir)  [/3Ao<rr<5f ,  a  germ ; 
^petVf  to  bear].  That  part  of  a  sperm- cell 
that  does  not  become  converted  into  sper- 
matozoa. 

Blastophyllum  {blas-to-fil' -urn)  [/?Ao<rr<$c,  » 
germ;  f(>AAov,  a  leaf].  The  endoderm  or 
ectoderm ;  a  primitive  germ-layer. 

Biattophylpr  {blas-toff^ -il-e)  \p\aoT6^y  a  germ ; 
fvX^y  a  tribe] .  The  tribal  history  of  indi- 
vidual organisms. 

Blastopore  {bias^-to-pbr)  [jiXaard^,  a  germ  ; 
tr6po^^  passage,  pore].  The  small  opening 
leading  into  the  notochordal  canal,  or,  after 
the  canal  has  fused  with  the  yolk-cavity,  lead- 
ing into  the  archenteron.  It  is  situated  at 
the  hind  end  of  the  primitive  axis,  and  is  a 
small  portion  of  the  gastrula  mouth. 

BUstuU  {bias' -tU'lak)  [dim.  of  pXaardCi  a 
germ].     The  blastodermic  vesicle. 

Blsaas  Pill  {bloAs).  A  pill  containing  equal 
parts  iron  sulphate  and  potassium  carbonate ; 
fur  use  in  anemia,  etc. 

Bleach  (bUcA)  [ME.,  blacan,  to  make 
white].  To  make  white  or  pale.  Bleach- 
ing Powder,  chlorinated  lime,  a  mixture  of 
calcium  chlorid  and  calcium  hypochlorite, 
fwiftn'ng  free  chlorin-gas.     It  is  used  as  a 


disinfectant.  Bleaching  Fluid,  eau  de  Jath 
elle,  a  fluid  obtained  by  passing  chlorin-gas 
into  an  emulsion  of  calcium  hydrate. 

Bleacher's  Eczema  {blich'-er%  ek^-zem-ak). 
Eczema  of  the  hands  of  bleachers,  due  to 
the  use  of  hot  water  and  strong  lye. 

Blear  Eye  [blir'-i).  Stc  Blepharitis  ulcerosa. 

Bleb  \,bleb).  See  Bulla. 

Bleeders  (ble'-dert)  [AS.,  blfdan,  to  bleed]. 
A  popular  term  for  those  who  are  subjects 
of  the  hemorrhagic  diathesis.  B/s  Die^ 
ease.     See  Hemophilia. 

Blennorrhagia  [blen'Or-a'-je-ah)  [/3Aiwo, 
mucus;  }}€yv{;vai^  to  burst  forth].  I.  An 
excessive  mucous  discharge.     2.  Gonorrhea. 

Blennorrhagic  (blen-or-a'-jik)  [/3/ivra,  mu- 
cus ;  peyvvvai,  to  burst  forth].  Relating  to 
blennorrhagia. 

Blennorrhea  (blen-ore'-ah)  TpXiwa,  mucus 
/Wetv,  to  flow].     Same  as  Blennorrhagia. 

Blennorrheal  (blen-or-e^-al)  [/3A^wa,  mu 
cus ; /»ee<v,  to  now].  Relating  to  blennor- 
rhea. 

Blepharadenitis  [blef-ar-ad-en-i' tis)  [)3Ai 
i^poVf  the  eyelid ;  aS^u,  a  gland ;  iri^f  in 
flammation].  Inflammation  of  the  Meibo- 
mian glands. 

Blepharitis  {ble/ar-i'-tis)  [^Ai^pov,  the 
eyelid;  <rfc,  inflammation].  Inflammation 
of  the  eyelids.  B.  ciliaris,  or  B.  marg^n- 
alis,  inflammation  of  the  ciliary  or  marginal 
border  of  the  lids.  B.  ulcerosa,  an  ulcera- 
tive inflammation  of  the  eyelids. 

Blepharoadenitis  (blef-ar-o -ad-en- i'-tis). 
See  Blepharadenitis. 

Blepharoadenoma  (blef  -ar-o-ad-en-o^- 
mah)  [pXi^pov,  the  eyelid  ;  ad^v,  a  gland  ; 
6fia,  a  tumor].     An  adenoma  of  the  eyelid. 

Blepharoatheroma  {blef  -ar-o- ath-er -  y- 
mah)  [jfl^^opw,  an  eyelid ;  a^p7,  gruel ;  6/«i, 
tumor].     A  sebaceous  cyst  of  the  eyelid. 

Blepharochromidrosis  (blef-ar-o-kro-mid- 
ro^'Sis)  l^Xi(papov,  the  eyelid  ;  XP^f^t  color ; 
Mp^c,  sweat].  Colored  sweat  of  the  eyelids, 
usually  of  a  bluish  tint. 

Blepharophimosis  {ble/aro-jS-my-sis)  [/?Ai. 
<papWf  the  eyelid ;  (^ifiuoic,  a  shutting  up]. 
Abnormal  smallness  of  the  palpebral  aperture. 

Blepharoplasty  {blef -ar-o-plas-te)  [p?^<l>ap(w, 
the  eyelid;  irXdaaeiv^toiorm].  An  operation 
for  the  restoration  of  any  part  of  the  eyelid. 

Blepharoplegia  (ble/ar-o-ple'-je-ah)  [(iUt^- 
pov,  the  eyelid ;  irhfy^,  a  stroke].  Paralysis 
of  an  eyelid. 

Blepharoptosis  (blef-ar-opty-sis)  [^A/^ow, 
the  eyelid;  Trrijfftc,  a  fall].  Drooping  of 
the  upper  eyelid. 

Blepharorrhaphy(^/^ar-<?r'-a-/')[/3X^^poM, 
the  eyelid;  ^7^,  a  seam].  The  stitching 
together  of  a  portion  of  the  edges  of  the  lids. 

Blepharospasm  [blef -ar-o-spatm)[^^pov, 
the  eyelid;  anaa/td^f  a  spasm].     Spasm  of 


BLEPHAROSTAT 


BLOODLETTING 


iSbe  ofbicularis  palpebrarum  muscle ;  exces- 
sive winking. 

BlepharosUt  (bUf -arostat)  [fl'kk^pw^  the 
eyelid;  lardvaif  to  cause  to  stand].  An 
instrument  for  holding  the  eyelids  apart  whilst 
performing  operations  upon  the  eyes  or  lids. 

Blepharostenosis  [bUfar-o-ste-no' -sis)  [/3^- 
^/x>f,  the  eyelid ;  crrfitiCf  narrow].  Diminu- 
tion of  the  space  between  the  eyelids. 

Blepharosynechia  {i>Uf-  ar-o-sin  •  ek  -  i'-ak) 
[^%k^apov^  the  eyelid;  owi^rm,  a  holding 
together] .  The  aidhesion  or  growing  together 
of  the  eyelids. 

Blepharotomy  [bUf-ar-ot' -o-nu)  lii>J<^pov, 
the  eyelid;  Tifiveiv,  to  cut],.  Incision  into 
the  eyelid. 

Blessed  Thistle  (bigs' ^d  tkW -l).  See  Cen- 
taurea  bentdida. 

Blind  (blind)  [AS. ,  blind\  Without  sight ; 
deprived  of  sight.  B.  Spot,  that  part  of  the 
fundus  of  the  eye  where  the  optic  nerve  enters. 

Blindness  (blind' -nes)  [AS.,  bnnd\  Want 
of  vision.  B.,  Color-,  imperfect  color-per- 
ception. Thb  condition  is  found  in  about 
4  per  cent,  of  persons,  is  more  frequent  in 
men  than  in  women,  and  is  probably  due  to 
non -exercise  of  the  color-sense.  Complete 
Color- B.  is  very  rare,  the  different  colors 
probably  appearing  as  different  intensities  or 
shades  of  white  light.  In  Partial  Color- B. 
defective  perception  of  red  is  the  most  fre- 
quent, green,  blue,  and  yellow,  respectively, 
being  next  in  order.  Tests  for  Color-B. 
usually  consist  in  matching  and  classifying 
colored  yams.  B.,  Cortical,  blindness  due 
to  lesion  of  the  cortical  center  of  vision. 
B.,  Day-,  ^it^  Nyctalopia.  B.,  Mind-.  See 
B. ,  PsyckU.  B.,  Moon-,  a  rare  condition  of 
retinal  anesthesia  said  to  be  due  to  exposure 
of  the  eyes  to  the  moon's  rays  in  sleeping. 
B.,  Night-.  St^  Hemeralopia.  B.,  Object-. 
See  Apraxia.  B.,  Psychic,  loss  of  conscious 
visual  sensation  from  destruction  of  the  cere- 
bral visual  center ;  there  is  sight  but  not  re- 
cognition. B.,  Snow-,  photophobia  and  con- 
junctivitis due  to  exposure  of  the  eyes  to  the 
glare  of  sunlight  upon  snow.  B.,  Word-. 
See  Aphasia. 

Blister  (blis'ter)  [ME.,  blister,  a  vesicle]. 
A  vesicle  resulting  from  the  exudation  of 
serous  fluid  between  the  epidermis  and  true 
skin.  Also  the  agent  by  which  the  blister  is 
produced.  B.,  Ply-,  a  blister  of  cantharides. 
See  Cantharis.  B.,  Plying,  a  blister  that 
remains  long  enough  to  produce  redness  of 
the  skin  and  not  vesication. 

Blistering  (blis'-ter-ing\  [ME.,  ^/«//r,  a  vesi- 
cle]. Forming  a  vesicle  upon  the  skin.  B. 
Collodion,  a  solution  of  cantharidin  in  collo- 
dion. B.  Liquid.  Same  as  B.  Collodi<m. 
B.  Paper,  paper  saturated  with  cantharides ; 
used  for  producing  vesication. 


Blood  (blud)  [AS.,  bl6d\  The  fluid  thai 
circulates  through  the  heart,  arteries,  and 
veins,  supplying  nutritive  material  to  all  parts 
of  the  body.  In  the  human  being  the  blood 
of  the  arteries  is  bright-red  and  dichroic ;  that 
of  the  veins  dark  -red  and  monochroic.  Blood 
consists  of  plasma  and  corpuscular  elements^ 
the  latter  being  the  red  corpuscles,  the  white 
corpuscles,  and  the  blood-plaques.  In  a 
cubic  millimeter  there  are  about  5,000,000 
red  and  10,000  white  coq)uscles.  The  red 
color  of  the  blood  is  due  to  the  hemoglobin 
contained  in  the  red  corpuscles.  The  total 
amount  of  blood  is  estimated  at  ^  of  the 
body-weight  When  exposed  to  the  air  it 
coagulates,  forming  a  red  clot  and  a  yellow- 
ish fluid  called  serum.  Healthy  blood  con- 
sists of  78  per  cent  of  water,  and  22  per 
cent,  solids.  B. -Casts,  tube-casts  to  which 
red  blood-corpuscles  are  attached.  B.-Cor* 
puscles.  Red,  circular,  biconcave  discs  float- 
ing in  the  blood.  Red  corpuscles  are  circu- 
lar in  mammals  (except  the  camel),  and 
elliptical  in  birds  and  reptiles.  In  man  they 
are  about  i^k^  inch  (7  //)  in  diameter  and 
TTivv  ^^^^  thick.  Colorless  corpuscles  are 
about  one-third  larger  in  diameter,  ^^tz  ">^^ 
(10  fj).  They  exhibit  movements  similar  to 
those  of  the  ameba.  B.-crasis,  the  mixture 
of  the  constituents  of  the  blood.  When  the 
blood-crasis  is  diseased  or  disordered,  the 
condition  is  known  as  dyscrasia.  B.-crys- 
tals,  crystals  of  hematoidin.  B.,  Defibri- 
nated,  blood  from  which  the  fibrin  has  been 
removed  by  agitating  it  with  twigs.  B.-dis- 
ease,  a  synonym  of  Dyscrasia.  B.-fluke. 
See  Bilharzia  kematobia.  B.-islands,  a 
term  applied  to  the  groups  of  corpuscles  de- 
veloped during  the  first  days  of  embryonic 
life,  within  the  large  branched  cells  of  the 
mesoblast  B.-pUque.  Stt  B.-plaielets.  B.- 
plasma,  the  liquor  sanguinis,  or  fluid  part 
of  the  blood.  B.-plate.  See  B.  platelets, 
B.-platelets,  circular  or  oval,  light-graj 
bodies  found  in  the  blood.  They  are  (nxn  I 
to  1.3  //  in  size,  and  number  from  18,000  to 
300,000  in  the  cubic  millimeter.  Their  func- 
tion is  not  definitely  known  ;  they  are  an  im- 
portant factor  in  thrombosis.  B.-poisoning, 
a  morbid  state  due  to  the  circulation  of  bac- 
teria or  their  products,  or  both,  in  the  blood,  as 
the  result  of  a  local  infection.  B.-presture« 
the  tension  of  the  blood  in  the  arteries.  B.* 
root.  See  Sanguinaria,  B. -tumor.  See 
Hematoma. 

Bloodless  (blud' Us)  [AS.,  biddy  With- 
out  blood.  B.  Operations,  surgical  opera- 
tions, such  as  ampuutions,  in  which  the 
member  is  so  bandaged  by  compresses  and 
elastic  bands  that  the  blood  is  expelled  and 
kept  horn  the  part  to  be  operated  upon. 

Bloodletting    (blud-Uf -img)     [AS..  kMi 


BONES 


BONES 


Atlas,  Superior  Surface. 

Tubercle  of  anterior  arch.     a.  Articular  facet 

for  odontoid  process  of  axis.    3.  Posterior  arch 

and  posterior  tubercle.  4.  Groove  for  vertebral 

artery  and  first  cervical  nerve.    5.  Transverse 

grocess.    6.  Foramen  for  vertebral  artery.    7. 
uperior  articular  process.     8.  Tubercle  for 
attachment  of  transverse  ligament. 


Axis,  Lateral  Aspect. 
I.  Bodv.  a.  Odontoid  process.  3.  Facet  for  articiv 
lating  with  anterior  arch  of  atlas.  4.  Lamina. 
5.  Spinous  process.  6.  Transverse  process. 
7.  Superior  articular  process.  8.  Inferiof 
articular  process. 


Axis,  Posterosuperior  View. 
,  Posterior  surface  of  body.    2.  Odontoid  process. 
3.  3.  Superior  articular  processes.    4,  4.  Infe- 
rior articular  processes.    5,5.  Transverse  pro- 
"*—■*■     6.  Spinous  process. 


Atlas  and  Axis,  Anterior  Surface. 
I,  X.  Lateral  masses  of  atlas,  a,  a.  Anterior  arch 
of  atlas,  including  odontoid  process  of  axis. 
3.  Tubercle  of  anterior  arch.  4i  4-  Transverse 
processes  of  atlas.  5,  5.  Inferior  articular  pro- 
cesses of  atlas.  6,  6.  Superior  articular  pro- 
cesses of  atlas.  7,  7.  Inferior  articular  pro- 
cesses. 8,  8.  Transverse  processes.  9.  Ante- 
rior surface  of  body  of  axis.  xo.  Apex  of 
odontoid  process. 


Seventh  Cervical  Vertebra.  Posterosuperior  View. 
1.  Body,    a,  a.  Transverse  processes.    3,  3.  Ante- 
or  costal  roots  of  transverse  pi 
Foramina  for  vertebral  artenc 


rior  or  costal  roots  of  transverse 

4,  4.    Foramina  for  vertebral  artei  „.  „ 

Sapcrior  articular  processes.     6,  6.    Inferior 


rocesses. 
ies.    5,  5. 


arttcalar  processes.    7, 7.  Laminae. 
jmiceat.    9.  Spinal  foramen. 


8.  Spinous 


Dorsal  Vertebra,  Anterosuperior  View. 
Anterior  surface,  a.  Vertebral  foramen.  3. 
Spinous  process.  4,  4.  Transverse  processes. 
5,  *.  Articular  surfaces  for  tubercles  of  ribs. 
6. 6.  Superior  articular  processes.  7, 7.  Pedi* 
clet. 


BONES 


First  Donal  Vertebra.  Lateral  View. 
I.  Superior  surface  of  body.  2, 2.  Semilunar  pro- 
cesses. 3-  Articular  facet  for  head  of  first  nb. 
4.  Demifacet  for  head  of  second  rib.  5.  Supe- 
rior articular  process.  6,  6.  Inferior  articular 
Krocesscs.  7.  Transverse  process.  8.  Articu- 
ir  facet  for  tubercle  of  first  rib.  9.  Spinous 
process. 


Twelfth  E>orsa1  Vertebra,  Lateral  View. 
I.  Articular  facet  for  head  of  twelfth  rib,  a.  Trans- 
verse process.  3.  Superior  and  posterior  tuber- 
cle of  transverse  process.  4.  Inferior  and  pos- 
terior tubercle.  5.  Inferior  and  anterior 
tubercle.  6.  Superior  articular  process.  7,  7. 
Inferior  articular  processes.    8.  Spinous  pro- 


Sacrum,  Posterior  Aspect, 
i  I,  I,  I.  Spinous  processes  of  sacral  vertebrae, 
a,  a.  Sacral  ^oove.  3,  3,  3.  3.  Posterior  sacral 
foramina.  4,  4,  4,  4.  Articular  processes, 
united.  5.  5,  5,  5.  Transverse  processes,  t,  6. 
Crfbiform  fossa.  7.7.  Auricular  surface,  b.  S. 
Superior  articular  processes  of  first  sacral  ver- 
tebra. 9.  Superior  oritice  of  sacral  caruil.  10. 
Groove  representing  inferior  orifice.  11,  11. 
Comua.    13.  Apex. 


Eleventh  Dorsal  Vertebra.  Lateral  View. 
Articular  facet  for  head  of  eleventh  rib.  a. 
Transverse  process.  3.  Superior  tubercle  o: 
transverse  process.  4.  Ii.fcrior  ard  interior 
tubercle.  5.  Inferior  and  postericr  tuberc'e. 
6.  Superior  articular  process.  7.  Infer. oc 
articular  process.    8.  Spinous  process. 


Lumbar  Vertebra,  Poslerosuperior  View. 
I,  I.  Anterior  surface  of  body,    a,  a.   Transverse 
processes.    3.  Spinous  process.    4.  4.  Superior 
articular  processes.     5.  5.    Inferior  articular 


processes. 


,^%h.    ^ 


Sacrum,  Anterior  Aspect. 
X,  X,  I,  I.  Bodies  of  sacral  vertebrae,  with  tran»> 
verse  lines  of  union,  a,  2,  2.  2.  Anterior  sacral 
foramina.  3.  Base.  4.  Auricular  surface  of 
lateral  aspect,  p.  Its  inferior  portion.  6.  Ar- 
ticular surface  of  base.  7.  Notch  for  formation 
of  last  lumbar  intervertebral  foramen.  ». 
Superior  articular  process  of  first  sacral  verte- 
bra. 9.  Apex  of  sacrum.  10.  Comu.  tx.  Notdi 
for  transmission  of  fifth  sacral  nerve 


BONt:s 


BONES 


X.  Base,  a,  a.  Cor- 
noa.  3.  Second 
coccygeal  ver- 
tebra. 4.  Third 
coccygeal  verte- 
bra. 5.  Fourth 
coccygeal  ver- 
tebra. 6.  Fifth 
coccygeal  ver- 
tebra. 


Coccyx,  Ante- 
rior Aspect. 


Parietal,  Temporal,  and  Sphenoid  Bones;  Posterior  Aspect. 
Body  of  sphenoid  bone.  2,  2.  Sphenoid  and  temporal  bones.  3. 3. 
Parietal  bones.  4,  4-  Mastoid  processes.  5.  5.  Jugular  foss«. 
6  6.  Notches  entering  into  formation  of  sphenoid  fissures.  7, 7. 
Sphenoparietal  sutures.  8, 8.  Sphenotemporal  sutures.  9, 9.  Ton- 
poroparieUl  sutures. 


Occipital  Bone ;   Postero- 

inferior  View. 
X.    Basilar    process,      a. 
Foramen  magnum. 

f,  3.  Posterior  condy- 
old  foramina.  4. 
Crest.  5.  External 
occipital  protuber- 
ance. 6, 6.  Condyles. 
7»  7«    Ju«ilar    pro- 


V*rTtrhral    Coltiinii, 
i^atcral  Aspect. 

h^.  Cervical  vertebrae.  8-19. 
Dorsal  vertebrae.  20-24. 
Lumbar  vertebrae.  A.  A. 
Spinous  processes.  B,  B. 
Articular  facets  of  trans- 
verse processes  of  first  ten 
dorsal  vertebrae.  C.  Auri- 
cular surface  of  sacrum.  D. 
Foramina  in  transverse  pro- 
of cervical  verttbne. 
II 


.  8.  Jugular 


Nasal  Bones,  External  Aspect 
.  The  two  nasal  bones,     a, 

2.  Superior  extremity.    3, 

3.  Inferior  border.  4*  4-  In- 
ternal border.  5*  St  5«  S- 
Extemal  border. 


BONES 


BONES 


Base  of  Skull. 
Median  suture  of  inlatine  vault.  3.  Inferior  orifice  of  anterior  palatine  canal.  3,  3.  Inferior  openinci 
of  posterior  palatine  canals.  4.  Posterior  border  of  palatine  vault ;  posterior  nasal  spine.  5.  Poste- 
rior border  ot  nasal  septum.  6.  Hamular  process  of  internal  pterygoid  plate  of  sphenoid  bone.  7.  In- 
ternal pterygoid  plate.  8.  External  pterygoid  plate.  9.  Scaphoid  fossa,  xo.  Oval  or  inferior  maxillary 
foramen.  11.  Foramen  spinosum.  12.  Foramen  lacerum  medium.  13.  Zygomatic  arch.  14.  Spheno- 
occipital suture,  i^.  Glenoid  cavity.  16.  External  auditory  canal.  17.  Mastoid  process.  18.  18. 
Styloid  process  and:  stylomastoid  foramen.  19.  Inferior  orifice  of  carotid  canal.  20.  Foramen  lace- 
rum posterius.  31,  31.  Occipital  condyles.  33.  Basilar  process.  33.  Foramen  magnum.  24.  Exter- 
nal occipital  crest.    35,  35.  Inferior  curved  lines  of  occipital  bone. 


The  Orbiul  Cavities. 
Anterior  opening  of  the 
fossa.  3.  Anterior  extremity 
of  inferior  turbinated  bone. 
3.  Malar  bone.  4,  4.  Orbital 
cavities.  5.  Lacrimal  canal. 
6.  Os  planum  of  ethmoid.  7. 
Optic  foramen.  8.  Sphenoid 
fissure.  9.  Sphenomaxillary 
fissure.  10.  Great  wing  of 
sphenoid,  xi.  Squamous  por- 
tion of  temporal.  la.  An- 
tero-inferior  angle  of  parie- 
tal. X3.  Portion  of  frontal 
entering  into  formation  of 
temporal  fossa.  14.  Mastoid 
process.    15.  Styloid  process. 


BONES 


BONES 


Clavicle,  Inferior  Aspect. 
Longitudinal  depression  for  insertion  of  sub- 
clavius  muscle.  2.  Rough  impression  for  at- 
tachment of  costoclavicular  ligament.  3,  3. 
For  attachment  of  coracoclavicular  ligaments. 
4,4.  Posterior  border.  5,5.  Anterior  border. 
6.  Facet  for  articulation  with  sternum.  7. 
Facet  for  articulation  with  acromion. 


Thorax,  Anterior  View. 
Manubrium  stemi.  2.  Gladiolus.  3.  Ensiform 
cartilare  or  xiphoid  appendix.  4.  Circumfer- 
ence of  apex  of  thorax.  5.  Circumference  of 
base.  6.  First  rib.  7.  Second  rib.  8,  8.  Third, 
fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh  ribs.  9.  Eighth, 
ninth,  and  tenth  ribs.  10.  Eleventh  and  twelfth 
ribs.    II,  IX.  Costal  cartilages. 


Ribs  of  Left  Side, 
Posterior  Aspect. 
1-12.  Anterior  ex- 
tremities of  twelve 
ribs  of  left  side. 
13, 13.  Internal  sur- 
face. 14,  I4>  Ex- 
ternal surface.  15. 
Head  of  first  rib. 
16.  Head  of  second 
rib.  17.  Head  of 
third  rib.  18.  18. 
Heads  of  ribs  from 
fourth  to  ninth, 
i^.  Head  of  tenth 
rib.  20,  20.  Heads 
of  eleventh  and 
twelfth  ribs.  21,21. 
'Necks  of  ribs.  22. 
Tubercle  of  first 
rib.  3%.  Articular 
facet  of  tubercle  of 
second  rib.  24,  24. 
Articular  facets  of 
tubercles  of  ribs 
from  third  to  ninth. 
25.  Articular  facet 
for  tubercle  of  tenth 
rib.  26,  26.  Angles 
of  ribs. 


Scapula,  Postero-extemal  Aspect. 
I.  Supraspinous  fossa.  2.  Infraspinous 
fossa.  3.  Superior  or  coracoid 
border.  4.  Coracoid  or  supra- 
scapular notch.  5.  Axillary  or 
external  border.  6.  Anterior  angle 
and  glenoid  cavity.  7.  Inferior 
angle.  8.  Rou^h  impression  for 
long  head  of  triceps.  9.  Internal 
or  spinal  or  vertebral  border.  10. 
Spine.  XX.  Smooth  surface  over 
wnich  trapezius  muscle  glides.  X2. 
Acromion.  13.  Base  of  spine.  14. 
Coracoid  proccM. 


BONES 


BONES 


Bonei  of  Cafw 
put,  Doraal 
Aspect. 
R.  Inferior  ex- 
tremity of  rm- 
dtus.  U.  In- 
ferior extrem- 
ity of  ulna. 
F.  Intennic- 
ular  fibro- 
cmrtilftce.  S. 
Scaphoid.  L. 
Semilunar. 
C.  Cuneiform. 
P.  Pisiform. 
T.Trapezium. 
T.  Trapezoid. 
M.  Os  maff« 
num.  U.  Unci- 
form.  The 
numbers  upon 
these  bones  indicate  the  number  of  others  with 
which  each  articulates,  i,  a,  t.  i,  <.  Proximal 
extremities  of  first,  second,  thlra  fourth,  and 
fifth  metacarpal  bonca. 


Foot,  PlanUr  Aspect. 
Inferior  surface  of  calcaneum.  a.  Inner  tuber- 
osity. 3.  Outer  tuberosity.  ^.  Angular  depres- 
sion between  these  tuberosities,  k.  Inferior 
portion  of  head  of  astragalus.  6.  Plantar  sur- 
face of  cuboid,  for  attachment  of  inferior 
calcaneocuboid  ligament.  7.  Tuberosity  of 
cuboid.  8.  Scaphoid.  9.  Tuberosity  of  sca- 
phoid. 10.  Inferior  portion  of  internal  cunei- 
form. II.  Apex  of  middle  cuneiform.  la. 
Apex  of  internal  cuneiform.  13,  14,  1^,  16,  17. 
First,  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  meta- 
tarsal bones.  18.  Tuberosity  of  fifth  metatar- 
sal bone.  19.  Two  sesamoid  bones,  ao.  First 
phalanx  of  great  toe.  ai.  Last  phalanx  of 
great  toe.  aa.  n.  First  phalanges  of  remain- 
ing toes.  a3.  aj.  Second  and  third  phalanges 
oi  these  toes. 


Hand.  Palmar  Surface. 
Scaphoid,  a.  Semilunar.  3.  Cuneiform.  4^ 
Pisiform.  5.  Trapezium.  6.  Groove  for  tendon 
of  flexor  carpi  radialis.  7.  Trapezoid.  8.  Os 
magnum.  9.  Unciform.  10,  10.  Metacarpal 
bones.  11,  11.  First  phalanges  of  fingers.  la. 
la.  Second  phalanges.  13, 13.  Third  phalanges. 
M*  First  phalanx  of  thumb.    15.  Second  poal- 


4  a^  U 

Median  Section  of  Pelvis,  Plane  and  Axis  of  Supe- 
rior Strait. 
I.  Sacrovertebral  angle,  a,  a.  Median  section  of 
sacrum,  v  Median  section  of  coccyx.  4. 
Junction  of  sacrum  and  coccyx.  ^.  5.  Sacral 
canal.  6.  Median  section  of  svmpnysis  puhia. 
7.   Anteroposterior  or  sacropubic  diameter  ol 

rlvic  inlet.  6.  Prolongation  of  this  diameter. 
Line  perpendicular  to  this  diameter  at  its 
middle.  9.  Anteroposterior  or  coccipubic  di- 
ameter of  pelvic  outlet.  10.  Horizontal  line 
passing  through  inferior  margin  of  symphysis 
pubis.  II.  Line  perpendicular  to  last.  la. 
Arc  of  angle  between  these  two. 


BONES 


BONES 


Humerus,  Anterior  Aspect. 
I.  Diaphysis.  a.  Humeral  head. 
3.  Anatomic  neck.  4.  Greater 
or  external  tuberosity.  5. 
Lesser  or  anterior  tuberosity. 
6.  Bicipital  groove.  7.  Ridge 
for  attachment  of  coraco- 
brachialis  muscle.  8.  Ante- 
rior border  of  shaft.  9.  Ex- 
ternal surface.  10.  Orifice  of 
nutrient  canal.  11.  Lrcsser 
or  radial  head.  12.  Trochlea. 
13.  External  condyle  or  epi- 
condyle.  14.  Internal  con- 
dyle or  epitrochlea.  15.  In- 
ferior portion  of  external 
border.  x6.  Inferior  portion 
of  internal  border.  27.  Coro- 
noid  fossa. 


Radius  and  Ulna,  Anterior 
Aspect. 
X.  Anterior  surface  of  body   of 
ulna.      2.    Greater   sigmoid 
cavity «      3.    Lesser  sigmoid 
cavity.     4.    Olecranon.      5. 
Coronoid  process.    6.  Orifice 
(X  of   nutrient  canal.    7.  Inter- 

osseous space.  8.  Head  of 
ulna.  9.  Styloid  process. 
10.  Body  of  radius,  xi.  Head. 
X2.  Neck.  13.  Bicipital  tu- 
berosity. X4.  Ridge  for  in- 
sertion of  pronator  radii 
teres.  X5.  Inferior  extremity 
of  radius.  x6.  Styloid  pro- 
cess. 


Femur,  Posterior  Aspect. 
X,  I.   Linea  aspera.     3,  2. 

External  division.   3. 

Internal  division.    4, 

4.  Inferior  divisions. 

5.  Head.  6.  Depres- 
sion for  attachment 
of  round  ligament. 
7.  Neck.  8.  Great 
trochanter.  9.  Digi- 
tal or  trochanteric 
fossa.  10.  Lesser  tro- 
chanter. II.  Outer 
condyle.  12.  Inner 
condyle.  13.  Inter- 
condyloid  notch.  14. 
Outer  tuberosity.  15. 
Inner  tuberosity. 


Tibia 


and    Fibula,    Anterior 
Aspect. 

Shaft  of  tibia.  2.  Internal 
tuberosity.  3.  External  tu- 
berosity. 4.  Spine.  5.  Tuber- 
cle. 6.  Crest.  7.  Inferior 
extremity.  8.  Internal  mal- 
leolus. 9.  Shaft  of  fibula. 
10.  Superior  extremitv.  11. 
Inferior  extremity  ana  exter- 
nal malleolus. 


BONES 


BONES 


Right  Innominate  Bone,  External  Aspect. 


t,  I.  Sopcrior  border,  or  crest,  a.  Anterior  superior  iliac  spine,  t.  Posterior  superior  iliac  spine.  4i  4. 4* 
Superior  curved  line,  s,  k.  Inferior  carved  line.  6.  Surface  Between  inferior  curved  line  and  aceta- 
bulum. 7.  Anterior  infenor  iliac  spine.  8.  Anterior  interspinous  notch.  9.  Posterior  inferior  iliac 
spine.  10.  Posterior  interspinous  notch.  11.  Spine  of  ischium.  12.  Great  sacrosciatic  notch,  it. 
Acetabulum.  14.  Fundus  of  aceubulum.  1$,  15.  Circumference  of  aceubulum.  16.  Cotyloid  notch. 
17.  Spine  of  pubes.  18.  Horirontal  branch  of  pubes.  19.  Descending  branch  of  pubes.  so,  so. 
Ischium,    ai.  Groove  for  tendon  of  obturator  eztemus  muscle,    aa.  Obturator  foramen. 


Pelvis,  Anterosuperior  View,  Superior  Strait, 
t,  I.  Internal  iliac  fossae,  a,  a.  Iliac  crests.  3.  3.  Anterior  superior  iliac  spines.  4, 4.  Anterior  inferior 
Iliac  spines.  5,  5.  Iliopectineal  eminences.  6,  6.  Horizontal  branches  of  pubes.  7,  7.  Bodies  and 
symphysis  of  pubes.  8.  8.  Acetabula.  9,  9.  Tuberosities  of  ischia.  10.  10.  Ascending  rami  of 
ischium.  II,  II.  Descending  rami  of  pubes.  12.  12.  Spines  of  ischia.  13,  13.  PosteriorwaU  of  pelvic 
cavity.    14, 14.  Sacro-iliac  symphyses.    15.  Sacrovertebral  angle.    16, 16.  Superior  strait. 


BLUE 


BONE 


letaml.  The  ardfidal  abstractioo  of  Uood 
from  the  body.  B.,  General,  venesection  or 
phlebotomy.  B.,  Local  or  Topic,  the  re> 
moval  of  a  small  quantity  of  blood  by  cup- 
ping, leeching,  or  scarification. 

Blue  (^/^u)  [ME.,  blew].  One  of  the  colors 
of  the  spectrum.  B.-baby,  a  child  with 
congenital  cyanosis.  B.-bottle.  See  Oit- 
iaurea.  B.  Blindness,  defective  color-per- 
ception for  blue.  B.  Cohosh.  See  Gm/o- 
phyllum.  B.  Disease,  cyanosis  of  the  new- 
born, usually  due  to  congenital  disease  of  the 
heart.  B.  Flag.  See  Iris.  B.  Gentian, 
the  root  of  Gentiana  catesbai^  tonic  and 
stomachic.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  n\,x-xl  (0.65- 
2.65).  Unof.  B.  Gum  Tree.  See  Eu- 
calyplus,  B.  Cardinal  Fldwcr.  Synonjrm 
of  Lobflia  syphilitica.  B.  Edema,  a  puffed 
and  bluish  appearance  of  the  limb  sometimes 
seen  in  hysteric  paraljrsis.  B.  Mass.  See 
Hydrargyrum.  B.,  Methylene,  ^t  Afethy- 
Ifru  Blue.  B.  Ointment.  See  Hydrargy- 
rum. B.  Pill.  See  Hydrargyrum.  B., 
Prussian,  ferric  ferrocyanid,  Fe^Fe(C3N5)y 
B.  Stick.  Same  as  B.  Stom.  B.  Stone, 
copper  sulphate.  B.,  Tumbull*s,  ferrous 
ferrocyanid,  FesFej(C,N,)^.  B.  Vitriol, 
copper  sulphate. 

Blunt -hook  {Jpluni'-hook).  An  obstetric  in- 
strument, used  mainly  in  embryotomy. 

Boas's  Reagent.  A  reagent  for  detecting  the 
presence  of  hydrochloric  acid  in  the  gastric 
juice.  It  consists  of  resorcin  5,  sugar  3,  di- 
lute alcohol  100  parts. 

Bochdalek's  Ganglion.   See  Ganglia^  Table 

Body  {bod'e)  [AS.,  bodig\  I.  The  animal 
frame  with  its  organs.  Also  a  cadaver  or 
corpse.  2.  The  important  and  largest  part 
of  an  organ,  as  the  body  of  the  uterus.  See 
also  Corpus  and  Corpora,  B.  Louse.  See 
Pediculus. 

Boil  {boil)  [ME.,  boiU\.  A  furuncle;  a  lo- 
calized inflammation  ot  the  skin  and  subcu- 
taneous connective  tissue  attended  by  the 
formation  of  pus.  See  Furunculus.  B., 
Aleppo,  or  B.,  Delhi,  a  peculiar  ulcerative 
mffectioo  endemic  in  India,  due  to  a  specific 
microorganism. 

Boiled  Oil.  Linseed  oil  that  has  been  heated 
to  a  high  temperature  (130**  C.  and  upward), 
while  a  current  of  air  is  passed  through  or 
over  the  oil,  and  the  temperature  increased  ■ 
until  the  oil  begins  to  efTervesce  from  evolu- 
tion of  products  of  decomposition. 

Boiler-makers'  Deafness.    See  Deafness. 

Boiling  (boil^'ing)  [ME.,  boilen^  to  stir]. 
The  vaporization  of  a  liquid  when  it  gives  off 
vapor  having  the  same  tension  as  the  sur- 
rounding air. 

Boldo  [bol'-do).  See  Boldus.  B.-glucine, 
an  aromaUc  glucosid  obtained  from  Peumus 


bddo  and  other  species.  It  is  an  hypnotic  in 
doses  of  gr.  xx-zj  (1.3-4.0).     Unof. 

Boldus  (bol'-dus)  [L.].  Boldo.  The 
leaves  and  stems  of  an  evergreen,  Peumus 
boldOf  native  to  Chili,  sometimes  used  in 
anemia  and  general  debility  as  a  substitute 
for  quinin.  It  contains  a  bitter  alkaloid, 
Boldin,  an  h3rpnotic  in  doses  of  gr.  iij  (0.2). 
B.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  Ti\j-iv  (0.065-0.26). 
B.,  Tinct.,  contains  20  per  cent,  of  the  drug. 
Dose  IT\^v-viij  (o.  3  2-0. 52). 

Bole  (bdl)  l^d^,  a  clod  of  earth].  A 
translucent,  soft  variety  of  clay  formerly  much 
used  in  medicine,  internally  as  an  astringent, 
externally  as  an  absorbent.  Several  varie- 
ties are  used,  as  the  Armenian  bole^  the 
Lemniany  and  the  French  bole. 

Boletus  (bo-W-lus)  [/?wA*rw,  a  kind  of  mush- 
room]. A  genus  of  fimgi,  some  species  of 
which  are  edible,  while  others  are  highly 
poisonous. 

Bolus  (bo^-lus)  [L.].  I.  A  large  pill.  2. 
The  rounded  mass  of  food  prepared  by  the 
mouth  for  swallowing.     3.  See  Bole. 

Bone  (bon)  [AS.,  ban,  a  bone].  A  hard  tis- 
sue that  constitutes  the  framework  or  skele- 
ton of  the  body.  Bone  usually  consists  of  a 
compact  outer  mass  covered  with  periosteum, 
surrounding  a  reticulated  inner  structure  that 
encloses  a  central  cavity  filled  with  marrow. 
A  transverse  section  of  a  long  bone  shows 
bone- tissue  to  be  composed  of  a  number  of 
nearly  circular  zones,  each  having  a  central 
tube,  the  Haversian  canal,  through  which  the 
blood  circulates.  Surrounding  the  Haver- 
sian canal  are  concentrically  arranged 
laminae,  or  layers  of  bone,  between  which  are 
found  irregular  spaces  called  lacunae,  con- 
taining bone  corpuscles  and  communicating 
with  the  Haversian  canal  and  each  other  by 
means  of  canaliculi,  through  which  the  nu- 
trition is  conveyed  to  all  parts  of  the  bone. 
B.  Ash,  the  calcic  phosphate  remaining 
after  bones  have  been  incinerated.  B.  Car- 
tilage. See  Ostein.  B.,  Collar,  the  clav- 
icle. B.-conduction,  the  transmission  of 
sound-waves  to  the  auditory  nerve  by  means 
of  sonorous  vibrations  communicated  to  the 
bones  of  the  skull.  B.-cyst,  a  tumor  dis- 
tending and  thinning  bone,  and  filled  with 
serum  or  bloody  fluid ;  in  rare  cases  bone- 
cysts  contain  hydatids.  B.,  Epipteric  [f  ti, 
upon ;  TTTep&iff  a  wing] ,  a  small  Wormian 
bone  sometimes  found  between  the  great 
wing  of  the  sphenoid  and  the  anterior  infe- 
rior angle  of  the  parietal  bone.  B.,  Flat,  a 
bone  more  or  less  in  the  form  of  a  plate. 
B.-gelatin.  See  Gelatin.  B.,  Long,  one 
consisting  of  a  narrow  shaft  and  two  ex- 
panded ends.  B.,  Rider's,  an  ossification 
of  the  lower  tendon  of  the  adductor  longus 
or  magnus  from  pressure.     B.,  Sesamoid. 


BONESET 


BOVININE 


See  Sesamoid,  B.,  Short,  one  the  three 
dimensions  of  which  are  approximately  equal. 
B.,  Wormian,  small  bones  in  the  sutures 
of  the  skull. 

Boneset.    See  Eupatorium. 

Bonnet's  Capsule.    See  TenmCs  CapsuU, 

Boot,  Tunod*8.    ^e  Junod* s  Booi, 

Boracic  Acid  (boras^-iA  as'-id).  See  Acid^ 
Boric t  and  Boron. 

Borate  (bo^-rM)  [Ar.,  Mrtf^,  borax].  Any 
salt  of  boric  add. 

Borax  (do^-raJks).     See  Boron. 

Borborygmus  {bor-borig' -mus)  [fiop^fwy' 
fji6^,  a  rumbling] .   A  rumbling  of  the  bowels. 

Boric  Acid  (bo^-rik  as'-id).     See  Boron. 

Borneo  Camphor  (bor^-ne-o  kam'-fir).  See 
BomeoL 

Bomeol  (bor^-ne-ol)  [Bomeo\  Cj^HigO. 
Borneo  Camphor ;  a  substance  that  occurs  in 
Dryobalanops  camphor<gy  a  tree  growing  in 
Borneo  and  Sumatra.  It  is  artificially  pre- 
pared by  treating  the  alcoholic  solution  of 
conmion  camphor  with  sodium. 

Boroglyccrid  {bo-ro-glis' -er-id).  A  mixture 
of  boric  acid,  62  parts,  with  glycerol,  92 
parts.     It  is  antiseptic.     Unof. 

Boron  (b</'roh)\^Kx. ,  buraq^  borax].  B  ^=  ll; 
quantivalence  III,  v.  A  non-metallic  ele- 
ment occurring  in  two  allotropic  fonns — as  a 
powder  and  as  a  crystalline  substance.  It  is 
the  base  of  boric  acid  and  of  the  mineral 
borax.  Boracic,  or,  more  properly,  Boric 
Acid,  H,BO,,  a  crystalline  substance,  found 
native  in  the  volcanic  lagoons  of  Tuscany.  It 
occurs  in  white,  transparent  crystals,  soluble 
in  water  and  alcohol ;  it  is  antiseptic.  Dose 
gr.  v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  Unguent.  Acidi  Borici 
(B.  P.),  contains  hard  paraffin  2,  soft  paraffin 
4,  boric  acid  I.  It  is  used  as  an  antiseptic 
and  in  dermatology.  Borax,  Na,B,0,,- 
IoH,0,  sodium  biborate,  occurs  as  white, 
transparent  crystals,  soluble  in  water,  alcohol, 
and  glycerol.  It  is  used  as  an  antiseptic. 
Dose  gr.  v-xl  (0.32-2.6).  Glycerinum 
Boracis  fB.  P.),  contains  borax,  glycerol, 
and  distilled  water;  it  is  used  as  a  local 
application.  Mel  Boracis  (B.  P.),  borax 
honey,  contains  borax,  clarined  honey,  and 
glycerol  (about  i  in  7) ;  it  is  used  as  a  local 
application. 

Bosselated  {bos'-e!a-ted\  [ME., bos\  Cov- 
ered with  bosses  or  small  nodules. 

Bot  {bof)  \boius^  a  belly  worm].  The  larva 
of  certain  species  of  flies  of  the  genus  CEstrus^ 
which  are  conveyed  into  the  stomach  of  man, 
where  they  hatch.  Also  the  thread-worm, 
Oxyuris  vermicularis. 

Botal,  or  Botallo,  Duct  of.  See  Duct.  B., 
Foramen  of.    See  Foramina^  Table  of. 

Botalismus  (bot-al-iz^-mus).  See  Botulis- 
mus. 

Botany  (bot'-an-e)  l^crdvrf,  an  herb].     The 


science  of  plants  —  their  classification  and 
structure. 

Bothriocephalus  (bolA-re-o-se/^-al-us)  [0o^ 
piwt  a  pit ;  lufa^,  a  head].  A  genus  of 
tapeworms.  B.  latus,  the  fish  tapeworm, 
a  common  parasite  of  man  in  certam  Euro- 
pean localities.  It  may  reach  twenty-five 
feet  in  length,  with  a  breadth  of  three-fourths 
of  an  inch.  It  is  also  oilled  Ttrnia  laU 
and  Dibotkrium  latum. 

Botryoid  {bot^-re-oid)  [^brpv^,  a  cluster ; 
eI<5oc,  likeness].  Resembling  in  shape  a 
bunch  of  grapes. 

B5ttcher's  Cells.  Small  cells  in  the  cochlea, 
occurring  in  a  single  layer  on  the  basilar  mem- 
brane. B.'s  Crystals,  peculiar  microscopic 
crystals  formed  by  adding  a  drop  of  a  one 
per  cent,  solution  of  phosphate  of  ammonia 
to  a  drop  of  prostatic  secretion.  They  are 
composed  of  a  phosphate  formed  from  a  base 
that  exists  in  prostatic  fluid,  and  that  is  sup- 
posed to  impart  to  it  its  pecoJiar  odor. 

Bdttger's  Test.  A  test  for  sugar  in  the 
urine.  The  urine  is  alkalinized  with  sodium 
hydrate,  a  little  bismuth  subnitrate  is  added, 
and  the  urine  boiled.  A  black  color,  due  to 
the  reduction  of  the  bismuth,  will  be  produced 
if  sugar  is  present.  Albumin,  if  present, 
must  previously  be  removed. 

Botulism,  Botulismus  {bot^-u-Ktm^  bot-m- 
IW-mus)  [botuluSf  a  sausage].  Sausage- 
poisoning. 

Bougie  (boo-zhe')  [Fr.,  a  candle].  A  slen- 
der, cylindric  instrument  made  of  waxed  silk, 
catgut,  etc.,  for  introduction  into  the  urethra 
or  other  passage,  for  the  purpose  of  dilatation, 
exploration,  etc.  B.  il  boule.  See  B., 
Bulbous.  B.,  Armed,  a  bougie  with  a  piece 
of  silver  nitrate  or  other  caustic  attached  to 
its  extremity.  B.,  Bulbous,  a  bougie  with 
a  bulbous  tip.  B.,  Filiform,  a  wl^ebooe 
or  other  bougie  of  very  small  diameter. 

Bouillon  iboo-e-yonigV)  [Fr.].  I.  A  broth 
made  by  boiling  meat,  usually  beef,  in  water. 
2.  A  liquid  nutritive  medium  for  the  culture 
of  microorganisms  prepared  from  finely 
chopped  beef  or  l)ecf-extract. 

Bourdin's  Paste.  A  mixture  of  nitric  add 
with  flowers  of  sulphur;  it  is  used  as  ao 
escharotic 

Bourdonnement  (boor-dun-monigV)  [Fr., 
bourdonner,  to  bu%t\.  Any  buzzing  sound. 
The  murmur  that  is  heard  when  the  stetho- 
scope is  applied  to  any  part  of  the  body.  It 
is  thought  to  result  from  contraction  of  the 
muscular  fibrillze. 

Bovine  {by-vin)  [bttrnnust  of  an  ox].  Ox- 
like.  B.  Heart,  the  immensely  hypertro- 
phied  heart  of  aortic  valvular  disease. 

Bovinine  {bo'-innin)  [bos  {gen.  botns),  an 
ox].  A  proprietary  preparation  of  beef  used 
as  a  food  for  invalids  and  convaleicenti. 


BRAIN 


BRAIN 


Superior  Aspect,  or  Convexity^ 
of  the  Brain. 

X,  I.  Fissure  of  Rolando.  2,  3. 
Ascending  frontal  convolu- 
tion. 3,  3.  Ascending  and 
superior  parietal  convolu- 
tions. 4,  4.  First  frontal 
convolution.  5,  5.  Second 
frontal.  6,6.  Third  frontal. 
7,  7.  First  occipital.  8,  8. 
Second  occipital.  9,  9. 
Third  occipital.  10.  Ante- 
rior extremity  of  corpus 
callosum.  11.  Posterior  ex- 
tremity. 


16 


Inferior  Aspect  of  the  Brain. 

X.  Anterior  extremity  of  corpus 
callocum.  a.  Optic  chiasm. 
x.  Tuber  cinereum  and 
tnfundibulum.  4.  Corpora 
albicantia,  or  mamillaria. 
5.  Pons  varolii.  6.  Third 
nerve.  7.  Aqueduct  of  Syl- 
vius. 8.  Testes.  10.  Infe- 
rior surface  of  frontal  lobe. 
If,  IX.  Convolution  of  the 
fissure  of  Sylvius.  12.  Ol- 
factory nerve.  13,  13.  Third 
convolution  of  inferior  sur- 
face of  frontal  lobe.  14, 14. 
Fourth  convolution.  15,15.  19 
Third  convolution  of  ex- 
ternal surface  of  frontal 
lobe.  16.  16.  External 
border  of    posterior  lobe. 

17.  Sphenoid     extremity. 

18.  Occipital  extremity.  19. 
Hippocampal  convolution. 
20.  External  convolution 
of  posterior  lobe.  21.  Mid- 
dle convolution  22.  Inter- 
nal convolution.  23.  Gyma 
foraicatus. 


BRAIN 


BRAIN 


Medisectton  of  Brain,  Showing  Important  Sinuses. — {ffoU^n.) 
Falx  cerelMi.  2,  a.  Its  convex  border,  with  the  great  longitudinal  sinus.  3.  Its  concave  border.  4, 4. 
Inferior  longitudinal  sinus.  5.  Base  of  falx  cerebri.  6.  Straight  sinus.  7.  Apex  of  falx  cerebri.  H. 
Right  half  of  the  tentorium,  seen  from  below.  9.  Right  lateral  sinus.  10.  Superior  petrosal  sinus. 
II.  Inferior  petrosal  sinus.  la.  Posterior  occipital  sinus.  13.  Falx  cerebelli.  M*  Optic  nerve.  15. 
Motor  oculi.  16.  Pathetic.  17.  Trigeminus.  18.  Abducens.  19.  Facial  and  auditory  nerves,  aa 
Glossopharyngeal,  pneumogastric,  and  spinal  accessory  nerves,  ai.  H>-poglossal  nerve,  aa.  First 
cervical  nerve.    33.  Second  cervical  nerve.    24.  Upper  extremity  of  ligamentum  denticulatnm. 


BOVISTA 


BRANCIIIiB 


Boviata  (bo-vis^ -tah)  [L.].  i.  A  genus  of 
fuogi  closely  allied  to  Lycoperdon  ;  some  of 
the  species  are  edible.  2.  The  Lycoperdon 
borisU,  a  fungus  or  puff-ball.  When  dry  it 
is  a  good  styptic,  and  its  tincture  has  been 
used  for  nervous  diseases. 

Bowels  {b<nx/-elz)  [|OF.,  bod^  from  L.  botelluSy 
a  sausage].     The  intestines. 

Bow-leg  [ME.,  bowe\.  An  arching  out- 
ward of  the  lower  limbs.     See  Genu  varum. 

Bowman's  Capsule.  The  expanded  portion 
forming  the  beginning  of  a  uriniferous  tubule. 
B.  Discs,  the  products  of  a  breaking  up 
of  muscle-Bbers  in  the  direction  of  the  trans- 
Terse  striations.  B.  Glands,  glands  found 
in  the  olfactory  mucous  membrane.  B.  Mem- 
brane, a  thin,  homogeneous  membrane  rep- 
resenting the  uppermost  layer  of  the  btroma 
of  the  cornea,  with  which  it  is  intimately  con- 
nected. B.  Muscle.  See  MitscUs^  Table 
of.  B.  Probe,  a  probe  used  in  dilating 
strictures  of  the  lacrymal  duct. 

Boyle's  Law.     See  Law. 

Bozeman's  Catheter.  A  double-current 
catheter. 

Brachia  (bra'-ke-ah).     Plural  of  Brachium. 

Brachial  (bra'-ke-ai)  [bmchtum^  the  arm]. 
Pertaining  to  the  arm.  B.  Artery,  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  axillary  artery,  extending 
along  the  inner  side  of  the  arm.  See 
ArUrits^TabUof.  B.  Glands,  the  lymphatic 
glands  of  the  arm.  B.  Plexus,  the  plexus  of 
the  fifth,  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  cervical 
and  the  first  dorsal  nerves.  B.  Veins,  the 
▼eins  of  the  arm  that  accompany  the  brachial 
artery. 

Brachialgia  (brakeai'-jeah)  [3f)dxi<jv,  the 
arm ;  d?.yo^,  pain].  Pain  or  neuralgia  in  the 
arm  or  in  the  brachial  plexus. 

Brachinin  {brak' -in-in^  [Ppaxi'C,  short].  A 
substance  obtained  from  the  l)ombardier 
beetle,  Brachinus  crepitans^  of  Europe.  It 
is  said  to  be  efficacious  against  rheumatism. 
Unof. 

Brachiocephalic  (bra-ke-o-sef-al^-ik)  [f^pa- 
Xu^t  the  arm  ;  Kt^X^^  head].  Pertaining  to 
the  arm  and  the  head.  B.  Artery  and 
Vein,  the  innominate  artery  and  vein. 

Brachiocubital  (bra-ke-o-lku^-bit-al)  [ppa- 
;ftwv,  the  arm ;  cubitus^  foreann].  Relating 
to  the  arm  and  forearm  ;  as  the  brachiocubi- 
tal ligament. 

Brachium  (bra^-ke-um)  [hrachium,  ppaxnov^ 
the  arm].  The  arm,  especially  the  upper 
arm.  B.  cerebri  or  B.  of  Optic  Lobes,  the 
bands  connecting  the  nates  and  testes  with 
the  optic  thalamus.  B.  cerebelli,  the  pe- 
duncles of  the  cerebellum.  B.  pontis,  the 
brachium  of  the  pons,  being  also  the  middle 
peduncle  of  the  cerebellum. 

Brach-Romberg  Symptom.  See  Signs 
iSymftoms^  Table  of , 


Brachycardia  [brake-kar*  de-aK).  Same  as 
Bradycardia. 

Brachycephalic  {brak-e-sefal' -ik)  [^ppaxi^c* 
short ;  Ke<pa/J/,  a  head],  i .  Applied  to  skulls 
of  an  egg- like  shape,  with  the  larger  end  be- 
hind. 2.  Having  a  skull  the  transverse  diam- 
eter of  which  is  more  than  eight-tenths  of  the 
long  diameter. 

Brachycephalous  {brake-sef  -al-  us)  [ppaxif^, 
short ;  /c£9aX^,  a  head] .     Brachycepnalic. 

Brachymetropia  {brak  -  e  -  met  -  ro'-pe  -  a  A) 
ll3fxix'vCt  short ;  fiiTpoVf  a  measure ;  wVi  the 
eye].     See  Myopia. 

Bradycardia  {brad-e-kar' -de  ah)  \fipa6{}^^ 
slow ;  Kaf)6ia,  the  heart].  Slowness  of  the 
heart-beat. 

Brady esthesia  {brad-e-es-the'-ze-ah)  \flpa6i^q^ 
slow;  oxoQrtOLq^  perception].  Dulness  of 
perception. 

Bradylalia  (brad-e-la^ -le-ak)  [  ^oacltf ,  slow ; 
Aa'XtlVy  to  talk].     A  slowness  of  utterance. 

Brad3rpepsia  {brad-e  pep'-se-ah)  [/?^«dvf, 
slow;  Trirffi^,  digestion].     Slow  digestion. 

Bradyphasia  {brad -  e  •  fa' •  ze  •  ah)  \flpa6\)^^ 
slow  ;  0d<T«f ,  speech].      Bradylalia. 

Bradyphrasia  {bradefra' -ze-ah)  r/?p«<J6f, 
slow ;  ^paaiq^  utterance].  Slowness  of  speech. 

Braidism  (brdd'-izm)  [Braid^  the  originator]. 
The  hypnotic  state  produced  by  fixation  of 
the  eyes  upon  a  shining  object ;  described  by 
James  Braid  in  1 842. 

Brain  {brdn)  [AS.,  bragen].  That  part 
of  the  central  nervous  system  contained 
in  the  cranial  cavity,  and  consisting  of  the 
cerebrum,  the  cerebellum,  the  pons,  and  the 
medulla  oblongata.  B.,  Abdominal,  the 
solar  plexus.  B.,  After-.  See  Metenceph- 
alon.  B.-axis,  that  portion  of  the  brain- 
substance  including  the  island  of  Reil,  the 
basal  ganglia,  the  crura,  pons,  medulla,  and 
cerebellum.  B.-bladder,  a  cerebral  vesicle 
of  the  embryo.  B.  Fever.  See  Meningi- 
tis: also  synonym  of  Typhoid  Fever.  B., 
Fore-.  See  Prosencephalon.  B.,  Hind-. 
See  Epencephalon .  B.,  Mid-.  See  Mesen- 
cephalon, B.,  Railway-,  a  condition  ana- 
logous to  railway  spine  and  characterized  by 
cerebral  disturbance.  See  Erichsen's  Dis- 
ease ^  in  Diseases,  Table  of.  B.  Sand,  a  gritty 
mineral  matter  found  in  and  about  the  pineal 
gland,  consisting  mainly  of  calcium  and  mag- 
nesium carbonates  and  phosphates.  B.-tire, 
a  condition  of  brain-exhaustion  due  to  exces- 
sive functional  activity. 

Bran  [bran)  [Breton.  branX  The  epidermis oi 
outer  covering  of  the  seeds  of  most  cereals. 
B.  Bath.  See  Bath.  B.  Dressing,  a 
dressing  formerly  used  for  compound  fracture 
of  the  leg.  The  leg  was  placed  in  a  fracturo 
box  and  surrounded  with  clean  bran. 

Branchiae  (brang'-ke-e)  [ppdyxia,  gills] 
The  gills  of  fishes. 


BRANCHIAL 


BREATH-SOUNDS 


Branchial  (brang^-ke-ai)  [^pdyxia^  gHU]. 
Pertaining  to  the  branchix.  B.  Arches. 
See  Arches,  B.  Openinga.  See  67<f//j, 
yiseeral. 

Branchiogenous  (brangke-oyenus)  [^^y- 
XMf  gills;  yewav,  to  produce].  Produced 
or  developed  from  a  branchial  cleft 

Brandy  {iran'-de).     See  Spiritus. 

Braaaica  (bras' 'ik-ah\  [AS.,  brassica^  cab- 
bagej.  A  genus  of  plants,  Nat.  Order, 
Cruafera^  including  the  common  cabbage. 

Brawn  (bramn)  [OF.,  braon,  a  piece  of 
flesh].  The  flesh  of  a  muscle;  well-devel- 
oped muscles. 

Brawny  ^rtntrn'-e)  [OF.,  braoHy  a  piece  of 
flesh].  Fleshy ;  muscular.  B.  Induration, 
pathologic  hardening  and  thickening  of  the 
tissues. 

Brayera  (bra-ye'rah)  [ Fr. ,  brayfr"].  Kousso, 
Cusso,  Koso.  The  female  flowers  of  B,  an- 
theimintua^  containing  tannic  acid,  a  volatile 
oil,  and  a  crystalline  principle,  Koussin, 
C„H,gO,y  It  is  valuable  as  an  anthelmintic 
against  tapeworm.  In  large  doses  it  produces 
natisea  and  emesis.  Dose  3  ij-^^  ss  (8.0- 
16.0),  in  infusion  of  boiling  water.  Cusso, 
Ext..  Fid.,  dose  f  3  ij-f  J  j  (8.0-32.0).  In- 
fiiaum  Cuaso  (6.  P.).  Dose  f^iv-viij 
(128.0-256.0). 

Bread  (bred )  [  AS. ,  bredd  ] .  A  mi  xturc  of  flour 
and  water  rendered  porous  by  carbon  dioxid, 
and  baked.  The  flour  may  be  of  wheat,  com, 
oat,  or  rye.  The  carbon  dioxid  may  be  intro- 
duced by  decomposing  an  alkaline  carbonate 
(sodium  or  potassiimi),  by  an  acid  (**  cream 
of  tartar'*),  or    by   fermenting   the    starch 


with  yeast.  B.,  Brown,  a  kind  of  bread 
made  from  a  mixture  of  com,  rye,  and 
wheatflour.  B.,  Graham,  made  from 
unbolted  wheat-flour;  it  contains  more 
gluten,  diastase,  and  mineral  phosphates 
than  ordinary  bread.  B.  Poultice,  a  poultice 
made  with  bread-cmmbs.  B.,  White,  bread 
made  from  bolted  wheat-flour,  and  there- 
fore deficient  in  diastase,  gluten,  and  mineral 
phosphates.  Other  kinds,  such  as  r>'e  (or 
black),  com,  bran,  barley,  etc.,  indicate  their 
composition  by  their  name.  B. -paste,  a  cul- 
ture-medium for  bacteria  and  molds.  Stale, 
coarse  bread  is  dried,  ground  to  powder  and 
made  into  a  paste  with  water. 

Break  (brak )  [AS. ,  brecan\  In  electricity,  to 
open  the  circuit  of  a  battery.  B.-bone 
Fever.  See  Dengue.  B.  Shock,  a  term 
sometimes  employed  in  electrotherapeutics 
for  the  physiologic  shock  produced  on  the 
opening  or  breaking  of  an  electric  circuit. 

Brcastl^ri'j/)  [ME.,  bresi,  the  breast].  1 .  The 
anterior  part  of  the  chest.  2.  1  he  mamma. 
B.-bone,  the  sternum.  B.,  Broken,  ab- 
scess of  the  mammary  gland.  B.,  Chicken, 
Pectus  carinatum^  a  deformity  marked  by 
prominence  of  the  sternal  portion  of  the 
chest.  B.,  Gathered,  mammary  abscess. 
B.  Pang,  angina  pectoris.  B.,  Pigeon. 
Same  as  B.^  Chicken,  B.  Pump,  a  suction - 
apparatus  for  removing  the  milk  from  the 
breast. 

Breath  (breth)  [AS.,  brath^.  The  air  ex- 
haled from  the  lungs.  B.-aounda,  the 
respiratory  sounds  heard  upon  auscultation. 
A  Table  of  Breath-sounds  is  given. 


TABLE  OF  BREATH-SOUNDS  IN  HEALTH  AND  DISEASE. 

{Altered  and  enlarged  from  J.  K,  Fowler.) 


Vari- 

BTV  OF 
Br BATH- 
ING. 

Period. 

Pitch. 

QUALTTV. 

Inter- 
val. 

None. 

DlJRATION. 

Inten- 
sity. 

Where 
Heard. 

Condition 

IN    WHICH 

Heard. 

Vesica- 
lar. 

I.  Inspira- 
tion. 

a.  Expira- 
tion. 

Low. 
Lower. 

Vesicular. 
Blowing. 

Shorter 
than  inspi- 
ration or 
absent. 

Variable. 

Faint  or 
absent. 

Over  the 

lungs, 
in  health. 

In  health. 

Bron- 
chial. 

I.  Inspira- 
tion, 
a.  Expira- 
tion. 

High. 
Higher. 

Tracheal. 
Tracheal. 

Dis- 
tinct. 

Eaual  to 
or  longer 
than  inspi- 
ration. 

Variable. 
Greater. 

In  keaUh. 
in  regions- of 
seventh   cer- 
vical  spine. 

In  dis^asir. 
over  areas  of 
consolidation 

In  health ; 
pulntonarv 
tuberculosis, 
lobar  pneu- 
monia, large 

pleuritic 
effusions,  tho- 
racic aneu- 
rysm, medi- 
astinal 
tamora. 

BREATHING  BRIGHT'S  DISEASE 

TABLE  OF  BREATH-SOUNDS  IN  HEALTH  AND  DISEASE.— G^n/ww*^*/. 


Varibty 

OF 

Breath- 
ing* 

Period. 

Pitch. 

Quality. 

Inter- 
val. 

Duration. 

Inten- 
sity. 

Where 
Heard. 

Condition 

IN  WHICH 

Heard. 

Broncho- 
vesicu- 
lar. 

I.  Inspira- 
tion. 

a.  Expira- 
tion. 

Higher 
than  in 
vesicular 
breathing 
Higher 
than  in 
vesicular 
breathing 

More  or 

less 
tracheal. 

More  or 

less 
tracheal. 

Slight. 

About 

equal  to 

inspiration. 

Variable. 
Greater. 

In  health, 
an/.,over  ster- 
nal portion  of 
iniraclavic. 
region;  post.. 
upper  part  of 
interscapular 
region.    In 
disease,  over 
slight  con- 
solidation. 

In  health ; 
pneumonia, 

pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 

Am- 
phoric. 

I.  Inspira- 
tion. 

a.  Expira- 
tion. 

Low. 
Lower. 

Hollow  and 

metallic. 

Both  char- 

Dis- 
tinct. 

Longer 
than  inspi- 
ration. 

Variable. 
Greater. 

Over  a  large 
cavity  com- 
municating 
with  an  open 
bronchus. 

Pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 

acters  more 
marked. 

Cavem- 
oos. 

X.  Inspira- 
tion. 

a.  Expira- 
tion. 

Low. 
Lower. 

Blowing 
and  hollow. 
Both  char- 
acters more 
marked. 

Dis- 
tinct. 

Longer 
than  inspi- 
ration. 

Variable. 
Greater. 

Over  a  cavity 
communicat- 
ing with  an 
open  bron- 
chus. 

Pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 

Tabular. 

I.  Inspira- 
tion. 

a.  Expira- 
tion. 

Higher 

than  in 

bronchial 

breathing 

Higher. 

Laryngeal 
or  whimng. 

Laryngeal 
or  whimng. 

Dis- 
tinct. 

Equal  to 
or  longer 
than  inspi- 
ration. 

Variable. 
Greater. 

Over 

consolidated 

areas. 

Lobar 
pneumonia, 
pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 

Breatbins^  {brith'-ing)  [AS.,  brath\  Sec 
Respiration.  B.,  Abdominal,  breathing  in 
which  the  abdominal  walls  move  decidedly 
and  in  which  the  diaphragm  is  actively  en- 
gaged. B.,  Interrupted,  Wavy,  or  Cog- 
iR^eel,  a  broken  or  interrupted  inspiratory 
sound  produced  by  nervousness,  irregular 
contraction  of  the  muscles  of  respiration,  or 
irregular  expansion  of  the  lung  from  disease. 
B.,  Mouth,  habittial  respiration  through  the 
mouth.  B.,  Puerile,  the  breathing  nor- 
mally heard  in  children,  and  heard  in  adults 
when  the  respiratory  murmur  is  exaggerated. 
B.,  Suppressed,  entire  absence  of  breath- 
sounds,  as  in  pleuritic  effusion  and  certain 
solid  conditions  of  the  lung.  B.,  Tho- 
racic, respiration  in  which  the  thoracic  walls 
src  actively  moved. 

Breech  (brtch)  [ME. ,  breech\  The  buttocks. 
B.  Presentation,  presentation  of  the  but- 
tocks of  the  child  at  the  os  uteri  during 
labor. 

Bregenin  (brej^-en-in)  [Low  Gtr.^bregenf 
brain  1,  C^H^NOj.  A  name  given  by 
Thudjcbum  to  a  viscous  principle,  soluble 
in  and  crystalltxable  from  alcohol,  by  means 
of  which  it  hat  been  extracted  from  brain- 


tissue.  It  is  fusible  like  a  fat,  but  b  mis- 
cible  with  water. 

Bregma  (breg^-mah)  [^ptyfia,  the  sinciput]. 
The  part  of  the  skull  corresponding  to  the  an- 
terior fontanel. 

Bregmatic  ibreg-mat^'ik)  [ppiyfjM,  the  sin- 
ciput].    Relating  to  the  bregma. 

Bnck-dastDtposit  (brik^  Just depos^'i/).  A 
reddish  sediment  in  the  urine  consisting  of 
urates. 

Bricklayers'  Itch  ibrik' -la-erz  itch).  Eczema 
due  to  irritation  of  lime-mortar. 

Brickmakers*  Anemia.  See  Anchylosto- 
fniasis,  , 

Bridle  {bH^-dl)  [AS.,  brideir  A  band  or 
filament  stretching  across  the  lumen  of  a 
passage,  or  from  side  to  side  of  an  ulcer,  scar, 
abscess,  etc.  B.  Stricture,  a  stricture  due  to 
the  presence  of  a  delicate  band  stretched 
across  the  lumen  of  the  urethra. 

Bright's  Disease  (br^ts  dis-it^)  [Bright^  an 
English  physician] .  A  term  applied  to  any 
disease  of  the  kidney  associatcKl  with  albu- 
minuria. Acute  Bright's  Disease,  an  acute 
inflammation  of  the  kidney ;  it  may  be  paren- 
chymatous, interstitial,  or  diffuse.  Chronic 
Bright's  Disease,  a  chronic  inflammation 


BRIM 


BRONCHIECTASIS 


of  the  kidney,  affecting  the  parenchyma,  the 
connective  tissue,  or  both.  Amyloid  degen- 
eration is  also  considered  a  chronic  form  of 
Bright's  disease. 

Brim  (Mm)  [ME.,  ^rtm].  An  edge  or  mar- 
gin, as  the  brim  of  the  pelvis. 

Briquet's  Ataxia.     See  Dismasts,  Table  of. 

Brisement  {brH-monKgY)  [Fr.].  A  crush- 
ing; the  forcible  breaking  up  of  structures 
causing  ankylosis  of  a  joint. 

Bristle-cell  [AS.,  byrst^  a  bristle].  Any 
one  of  the  ciliated  cells  at  the  terminations 
of  the  auditory  nerve-filaments. 

British  {brit^-Uh)  [AS.,  Bryttiscy  Britons, 
the  original  inhabitants  of  Britain].  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Great  Britain.  B.  Gum.  See 
Dextrin. 

Broad  (brod)  [AS. ,  brdd\  Wide,  extensive. 
B.  Ligament.  See  Ligament.  B.  Tape- 
worm.   See  Bothrioeephalus  lotus. 

Broca's  Area.  The  speech-center  in  the 
fix>ntal  convolution.  B.  Auricular  Point, 
the  center  of  the  external  auditory  meatus. 
B.  Convolution,  the  third  left  frontal  con- 
volution ;  the  center  for  voluntary  speech. 
B.  Fissure.     See  Fissures,  Table  of. 

Brodie's  Abscess.  See  Diseases^  Table  of. 
B.  Disease.  Same  as  Brodie's  Knee.  B. 
Joint.  See  Diseases,  Table  of.  B.  Knee. 
See  Diseases,  Table  of. 

Brokaw  Ring  [brok'-aw  ring).  A  ring  used 
in  intestinal  anastomosis,  made  of  segments 
of  rubber  drainage-tubing  and  threaded  with 
catgut  strands. 

Bromal  (brumal)  [^pu^o^,  a  stench  ;  aide- 
hyd'\,  CBr,.CHO.  Tribromaldehyd,  analo- 
gous to  chloral,  and  produced  by  the  action 
of  bromin  on  alcohol.  It  is  a  colorless,  oily 
fluid,  of  a  penetrating  odor,  and  sharp,  bum- 

•ing  taste,  boiling  at  I72**-I73**;  it  has  bean 
used  in  medicine,  having  properties  similar 
to  those  of  chloral.  B.  Hydrate,  CBr,.- 
CHO  -f  H,0,  a  fluid  of  oily  consistence, 
having  a  structure  similar  to  that  of  chloral 
hydrate,  but  more  irritating  and  narcotic  than 
the  latter.  It  is  used  as  an  hypnotic  and  in 
epilepsy.     Dose  gr.  j-v  (0.065-0.32).   Unof. 

Bromamid  {bro' -mam-id)  [^Pft/bfio^,  a  stench ; 
amid"].  A  bromin  compound  of  the  anilin 
group  with  the  formula,  C^HjBrjNH.HBr. 
It  contains  75  per  cent,  of  bromin,  and  is 
used  as  an  antipyretic  in  10  or  15 -grain  doses 
(0.65-1.0). 

Bromate  {bro'-mdt)  [f3p€)fio^,  a  stench].  A 
salt  of  bromic  acid. 

Bromid  (bro^-mid)  [,?/)«/iof,  a  stench].  A 
salt  of  hydrobromic  acid ;  those  of  calcium, 
iron,  ammonium,  potassium,  and  sodium  are 
used  in  medicine.  They  allay  nervous  ex- 
citement, and  are  employed  as  sedatives.  B. 
of  Ethyl.     See  Ethyl  bromid,  under  Bromin. 

Bromidrofis   {bro-mid-nZ-sis)  [ppitfto^,  a 


stench  ;  iSp^c,  sweat].  Osmidrosis  ;  an  af- 
fection of  the  sweat  glands  in  which  the 
sweat  has  an  offensive  odor. 

Bromin,  Bromum  {bro^-min,  or  -mum) 
l^pu/w^,  a  stench].  Br  =  80;  quanti- 
valence  I.  A  reddish-brown  liquid,  which, 
at  ordinary  temperatures,  gives  off  a  heavy, 
suffocating  vapor.  It  is  a  very  active  es- 
charotic,  and  internally  a  violent  poison. 
It  is  used  as  an  escharotic  and  disinfectant. 
The  salts  of  bromin  are  cerebrospinal  and 
cardiac  depressants,  and  are  employed  as 
sedatives,  particularly  in  epilepsy,  eclampsia, 
spasmodic  affections,  insomnia,  hysteria,  mi- 
graine, etc.  The  salts  of  the  alkailine  metals 
are  those  most  commonly  used.  Ammonii 
bromidum,  NH^Br.  Dose  gr.  v-xx  (0.32- 
1.3).  Calcii  bromidum,  Ca Br,.  Dose  gr. 
v-.^j  (0.32-4.0).  Ethyl  bromid,  CjHjBr, 
useful  in  spasmodic  coughs.  Dose  f^^-^S) 
(0.65-4.0).  Feni  bromidi,  S3rr.,  contains 
ten  per  cent,  of  the  salt.  Dose  f  3  ss-j  (2.0- 
4.0).  Lithii  bromidum,  Li  Br.  Dose  gr.  t- 
XX  (0.32-1.3).  Nickel  bromidum.  Sec 
Nickel.  Potassii  bromidum,  KBr.  Dose 
gr.  v-^j  (0.32-4.0).  Sodii  bromidum, 
NaBr.  'Dose  gr.  v-3  j  (0.32-4.0).  Strontii 
bromidum,  SrBr,.  Dose  gr.  xv-xx  (1.0- 
1.3).  Zinci  bromidum,  ZnBr,.  Dose  gr. 
ss-ij  (0.032-0.13). 

Brominism,  Bromism  (bro^-min-izm,  bn/- 
mizm)  [^pufioi^,  a  stench].  Certain  peculiar 
phenomena  produced  by  the  prolonged  ad- 
ministration of  the  bromids.  The  roo»t 
marked  symptoms  are  headache,  coldness 
of  the  extremities,  feebleness  of  the  heart's 
action,  somnolence,  apathy,  anesthesia  of  the 
soft  palate  and  pharjnx,  pallor  of  the  skin, 
and  a  peculiar  eruption  of  acne  which  is  one 
of  the  earliest  and  most  constant  symptoms. 
There  is  also  anorexia  and  at  times  loss  of 
sexual  power  and  atrophy  of  the  testes  or 
mammse. 

Bromoform  {bry-moform)[3piJfto^,  a  stench; 

forma,  form],  CHBr,.  A  oromid  having  a 
structure  like  that  of  chloroform,  CHCI, ;  it 
is  sedative  and  anesthetic  and  is  used  in 
whooping-cough,  and  in  seasickness,  in  doses 
of  gtt.  ij-v  (0.13-0.32J.     Unof. 

Bromum.     See  Brontm. 

Bronchial  (brong^-keal)  (.^.f>^;  r^,  the  wind- 
pipe]. Relating  to  the  bronchi.  B.  Arteries. 
See  Arteries,  Table  of  B.  Fluke.  Sec 
Distoma  ritii^eri.  B.  Glands,  the  chain  of 
lymphatic  glands  running  l)eside  the  bronchi. 

Bronchiectasis  ( brortj;- ke-ek'-tas  ii)  [ . ^(*ix)  - 
X^K,  the  windpipe  ;  iKrnctr,  dilatation].  Dil- 
atation of  the  walls  of  the  bronchi.  It  occurs 
in  chronic  bronchitis,  in  fibroid  pneumonia, 
and  tuberculosis  of  the  lung.  It  may  in- 
volve a  tube  uniformly,  producing  the  cylin- 
dric  form ;  or  it  may  occur  irregularly  in  sacs 


BRONCHIOLE 


BROW 


or  pockets, — the  sacculated  form .  The  char- 
acteristic symptom  of  bronchiectasis  is  par- 
oxysmal coughing,  with  the  expectoration  of 
large  quantities  of  mucopunilent,  often  fetid, 
matter.  Cavernous  breathing  may  be  heard 
over  the  dilated  tubes. 

Bronchiole  (brong^-kf-ol)  [dim.  ot bronchus]. 
One  of  the  smallest  subdivisions  of  the  bronchi. 

Bronchiolitis  (bron-ke-o-ti'-tis)  [broncAio/us, 
a  little  bronchus;  /nf,  inflammation].  In- 
flammation of  the  bronchioles.  B.  exuda- 
tiva, an  inflammation  of  the  bronchioles, 
with  exudation,  a  condition  by  some  held  to 
be  the  cause  of  bronchial  asthma. 

Bronchitic  ( brong-kit^-ik)  [^pdyxoc,  the  wind- 
pipe]. Relating  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or 
affected  with,  bronchitis. 

Bronchitis  [brong-ki^-tis)  [iip6yxoq,  the  wind- 
pipe; <rfc,  inflammation].  Inflammation 
of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  bronchial 
tubes.  B.,  Acute,  is  due  to  exposure  to 
cold,  to  the  inhalation  of  irritant  vapors,  to 
certain  infectious  agents,  etc.  It  is  charac- 
terized by  fever,  cough,  substernal  pain,  and 
by  dry  r&les  in  the  early,  and  moist  rftles  in 
the  later  stages.  B.,  Capillary,  an  acute 
bronchitis  of  the  finer  bronchioles;  it  is 
generally  the  result  of  a  downward  extension 
of  an  acute  bronchitis.  Children  are  most 
frequently  affected.  Dyspnea,  nervous  de- 
pression, and  cyanosis  are  prominent  symp- 
toms. Catarrhal  pneumonia  is  a  common  com- 
plication. B.,  Catarrhal,  a  form  attended 
with  profuse  mucopurulent  discharges.  B., 
Chronic,  a  form  of  bronchitis  usually  occur- 
ring in  middle  or  advanced  life,  characterized 
by  cough  and  by  dry  and  moist  r&les.  It  may 
be  due  to  repeated  attacks  of  acute  bronchitis, 
to  gout,  rheumatism ,  or  tuberculosis,  or  it  may 
be  secondary  to  cardiac  and  renal  disease.  B., 
Croupous,  Fibrinous,  or  Plastic,  a  rare  va- 
riety attended  with  the  expectoration  of  casts 
of  th*  hronchial  tubes,  containing  Charcot- 
Leyden  crystals  and  eosinophile  cells,  after 
a  paroxysm  of  dyspnea  and  violent  coughing. 
B.,  Dry,  that  unattended  by  expectoration. 
B.,  Mechanic,  or  Potter's,  a  form  caused  by 
the  inhalation  of  dust,  etc.  B.,  Potter's.  See 
B.,  Mfckanic.  B.,  Putrid,  or  Fetid,  a 
variety  of  chronic  bronchitis  characterized  by 
the  dbcharge  of  a  copious,  half-liquid,  ex- 
tremely offensive  sputum.  B.,  Summer, 
hay -fever. 

Bronchocele  (brong' -ko-sll^  or  -se'-U')  [/l/x^y- 
;fof,  the  windpipe;  «c^A)7,  a  tumor].  Keally 
a  tumor  of  a  bronchus,  buf  generally  signify- 
ing goiter. 

Bronchocephalitis  {brong  -ko-sef-  al-i'-  Hs) . 
Synonym  oi  Whooping-cough, 

BronchoUth    (brong' -ko-lith)   [/^/xJyjtof.  ^^ 
windpipe;   Aiooc,  a  stone].     A  calculus  or 
concretion  ibnsed  to  s  bronchial  tube. 
la 


'^xonz\iOTDyzo9S%{brtmg'ko-mi-ko''5i5)\fip6y' 
;toc»  the  windpipe;  /n)«7f ,  a  fungus].  The 
growth  or  presence  of  fungi  in  a  bronchial 
tube. 

Bronchopathy  {brong-kop' -a-the)  \fip^yx^y 
the  windpipe ;  7rdft)f,  disease] .  Any  disease 
of  a  bronchus. 

Bronchophony  [brong-koff'-o-ne)  \flp6yxfK^ 
the  windpipe;  ^vif^  the  voice].  The  reson- 
ance of  the  voice  within  the  bronchi  as  heard 
on  ausculting  the  chest.  It  is  normally  pres- 
ent over  the  lower  cervical  spines,  in  the 
upper  interscapular  region,  and  over  the 
sternal  portion  of  the  infraclavicular  regions. 
The  most  frequent  pathologic  cause  is  con- 
solidation of  the  lung.  B.,  Whispered, 
bronchophony  elicited  by  causing  the  patient 
to  whisper. 

Bronchoplasty  {brong* -ko-plas-te)  [pp^yx^^t 
the  trachea;  7r^(T<T£/v,  toform].  The  closure 
of  a  tracheal  or  bronchial  fistula  by  operation. 

Bronchopneumonia  {brong-  ho  -  nu-mo'-m- 
ah)  [iip6yxo^*  the  windpipe;  irvevfiuv,  the 
lung).  Lobular  pneumonia,  a  term  applied 
to  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  which,  begin- 
ning in  the  bronchi,  finally  involves  the 
parenchyma  of  the  lungs.  This  disease  is 
most  frequently  encountered  in  children,  but 
may  occur  in  old  age,  and  may  be  a  simple 
catarrhal  or  a  tuberculous  process. 

Bronchorrhagia  {brong-kor-a'-je-ah)  [Ppoy- 
X(K*  the  bronchus  ;  prfyv'wat,  to  burst  forth]. 
Hemorrhage  from  the  bronchial  tubes. 

Bronchorrhea  {brong -hor-e* -ah)  lftp6yx(Kt 
the  bronchus ;  phiv,  to  flow].  A  form  of 
bronchitis  attended  with  profuse  expectora- 
tion. 

Bronchotome  (brong* -ko-f dm)  [^p6yxfKy  the 
windpipe  ;  rkjiveiv,  to  cut].  An  instrument 
for  cutting  the  larynx  or  trachea  in  the  opera- 
tion of  bronchotomy. 

Bronchotomy  {brong- koi*-o-me\  \J^p^yx^% 
bronchus;  rffiveiv^  to  cut].  Incision  into 
the  larynx,  trachea,  or  bronchus. 

Bronchotracheal  {brong  -  ho  -  tra*  -  he  -  a/) 
[jipoyX^^i  the  bronchus ;  r/ia;ffm,  the  wind- 

f)ipe].  Relating  to  a  bronchus  (or  to  both 
>ronchi)  and  to  the  trachea. 

Bronchovesicular  {brong  -  ho-ves  -  ik*-u-lar) 
\fip6yx'^^j  the  bronchus;  vcsicula^  a  vesicle]. 
Both  bronchial  and  ve-icular.  See  Breath- 
Sounds  y  Table  of. 

Bronchus  {brong* -hits)  [(ip6yx*Ki  bronchus]. 
One  of  the  primary  divisions  of  the  trachea 

Bronzed  (bronui)  [bronzium^  bronze]. 
Tanned ;  of  a  bronzed  color.  B.  Skin,  a 
symptom  of  Addison's  Disease.  B.-skin 
Disease.  See  AddUons  Disease ^  Diseases^ 
Table  of. 

Broom  (broom).     See  Scoparius. 

Broth  (brothV     See  Bouillon. 

Brow   (brow)    [AS.,  bru\.     The  forehead' 


BROWN 


BUBO 


Bit  upper  anterior  portion  of  the  head.  B.- 
Ague,  neuralgia  of  the  first  division  of  the 
fifUi  cranial  nerve,  generally  due  to  malaria. 
B.-pang.  Synonym  of  Hemicrania.  B. 
Presentation,  presentation  of  the  fetal  brow 
in  labor. 

Brown  {brown)  [AS.,  bruH\  Having  a 
dark  color  inclining  toward  red  or  yellow. 
B.  Atrophy,  an  atrophy  of  a  tissue  associ- 
ated with  a  deposit  therein  of  a  brown  or 
yellow  pigment.  B.,  Bismarck.  See  Bis- 
marck Brcwn.  B.  Induration  of  Lung/ 
a  state  of  the  lung  due  to  long-continued 
congestion,  usually  arising  from  valvular  heart 
disease.  It  is  characterized  by  an  increase  in 
connective  tissue  and  an  excess  of  pigment. 
B.  Mixture.  Mistura  glycyrrhizse  composita. 
B.  Ointment,  the  unguentum  fuscum,  N.F.; 
called  also  unguentum  matris,  or  **  mother's 
salve. ' '  It  b  composed  of  **  brown  plaster ' ' 
two  parts,  oil  one  part,  suet  one  part.  B. 
Plaster,  the  emplastrum  fuscum  camphor- 
atum,  N.  F.;  called  also  emplastrum  matris 
camphoratum,  or  ''camphorated  mother's 
plaster;"  official  in  German  pharmacy.  It 
IS  made  of  red  ox  id  of  lead  thirty  parts, 
oil  of  olives  sixty  parts,  yellow  wax  fifteen 
parts,  camphor  one  part. 

Brownian  Movement.  An  oscillatory  move- 
ment observed  under  the  microscope  in  very 
fine  granules,  drops,  etc.,  when  suspended  in 
a  liquid.  The  movement  b  not  locomotion, 
and  is  to  be  distinguished  from  that  of  the 
self-motility  of  living  microorganisms.  Its 
cause  is  not  definitely  known,  but  it  may  be 
due  to  heat,  light,  electricity,  osmosis,  etc. 

Brown-Sequard*8  Disease.  5>ee  Diseases^ 
TabU  of.  B.  Paralysis.  See  Diseases, 
Table  tf. 

Bnicin  {brte^-sin)  [Brucea^  a  genus  of  shrubs], 
CgH^N,0^.  A  poisonous  aukaloid  found  m 
Strychnos  nux  vomica  and  in  Strychnos  Igna- 
tius. It  crystallizes  in  prisms  containing 
4H,0,  and  melts  at  178^.  Its  taste  is  ex- 
ceedingly bitter  and  acrid.  Its  action  on  the 
animal  economy  is  similar  to  but  much  less 
powerful  than  that  of  strychnin. 

Bruit  (brue')  [Fr.,  a  noise  or  report].  An 
adventitious  sound  heard  on  auscultation.  B . , 
Aneurysmal.  The  blowing  murmur  heard 
over  an  aneurysm.  B.  d'airain,  the  ringing 
note  heard  through  the  stethoscope  applied  to 
the  chest  wall  when  a  coin  is  struck  against 
another  pressed  against  the  surface  of  the  chest 
on  the  opposite  side.  It  is  pathognomonic  of 
a  collection  of  gas  in  the  pleural  cavity.  B. 
de  clap6tement,  a  splashing  sound  often 
heard  in  cases  of  well-marked  dilatation  of 
the  stomach  when  pre^isure  is  made  upon  the 
abdominal  walls.  B.  de  cuir  neuf,  the 
creaking  sound,  like  that  of  new  leather, 
■ometimet    heard    in    pericarditis.     B.  de 


diable,  a  humming,  rushing  sound  heard  in 
the  veins  in  anemia.  B.  de  galop,  a  can- 
tering rhythm  of  the  heart  sounds,  in  which 
owing  to  a  reduplication  of  the  second  sound, 
three  sounds  are  heard.  It  occurs  most  fre- 
quently in  mitral  stenosis.  B.  de  pot  f€U, 
The  cracked-pot  sound.  B.  de  rappel,  a 
sound  resembling  the  double  beat  upon  a 
drum.  B.  de  soufflet,  the  bellows-murmur. 
B.,  Placental,  the  uterine  souffle,  a  blowing 
sound  heard  over  the  uterus  in  pregnancy. 

Brunner's  Glands.     See  Glands. 

Brunonian  Movement.  See  Brownian 
Movement.  B.  Theory,  Brownbm  ;  a  doc- 
trine, taught  by  Dr.  J.  Brown  (1735-88),  that 
both  physiologic  and  pathologic  phenomena 
are  due  to  variations  in  a  natural  stimulus, 
its  excess  causing  sthenic  and  its  deficiency 
producing  asthenic  diseases. 

Brush  (brush)  [OF.,  broce"].  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  collection  of  some 
flexible  material  fastened  to  a  handle.  In 
medicine,  various  forms  of  brush  are  em- 
ployed,  as  the  acid  brush,  of  glass  threads ; 
the  electric  brush,  an  electrode  in  the  form  of 
a  brush;  the  laryngeal  brush;  the  nasal, 
pharyngeal,  and  stomach  brush.  B.-bum, 
the  injury  produced  by  violent  friction,  and 
the  resulting  heat ;  it  often  resembles  a  burn 
or  scald. 

Bryce's  Test.  A  test  to  determine  if 
systemic  infection  has  taken  place  after  vac- 
cination. It  consbts  in  repeating  the  in- 
oculation during  the  evolution  of  the  vaccine 
disease.  If  systemic  infection  has  occurred, 
the  second  inoculation  will  mature  rapidly, 
so  as  to  overtake  the  first. 

Bryonia  {bri-y-ne  aA)  IBpvuvla,  bryooyj. 
Bryony.  The  root  of  B.  alba  and  B.  dto- 
ica  ;  indigenous  to  Europe.  Its  properties  are 
due  to  an  intensely  bitter  glucosid,  bryomn, 
CfgH^OiM  which  is  a  strong  irritant  when  ap- 
plied to  the  skin  or  mucous  membrane,  often 
producing  vesication.  It  b  used  in  pleurisy, 
pleuropneumonia,  rheumatic  fever,  and  colds. 
Ektte  of  the  powdered  root  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65- 
2.0).  B.,  Infiisum  (unof.),  has  a  strength 
of  I  to  16.  Dose  f.^  ss-ij  (16.0-64.0).  B., 
Tinct.,  a  10  per  cent  solution  of  the  root 
in  alcohol.      Dose  fj  j-iJ  (40-8-6). 

Bryonin  {bri'-o-nin)  f/Jpwi.rt'ta,  bryony].  See 
Bryonia. 

Sryony  (bri^-o-ne).     Set  Bryonia. 

Bubo  (bu^'bo)  [^^6v,  the  groin].  Inftam- 
mation  and  swelling  of  a  lymphatic  gland, 

{>articular1y  of  the  groin,  and  usually  fol- 
owing  chancroid,  gonorrhea,  or  syphilitic 
infection.  B.,  Indolent,  one  which  has  no 
tendency  to  break  down ;  a  syphilitic  bubo. 
B.,  Parotid.  Set  Parotitis.  B.,  Pestilential, 
that  associated  with  the  plague.  B.,  Prim- 
ary, a  slight  adenitb  of  the  groin  doe  lo 


BUBON  D  EMBLfiE 


BULLA 


mechADic  irriutioo  or  other  cmuse;  ibr- 
merlj  supposed  to  be  due  to  syphilis  without 
1  chancre  hmTing  preceded.  B^  Ssrmpa- 
thetic,  one  caused  by  irritation,  friction, 
injury,  etc.,  and  not  arising  from  an  infec- 
tiotts  disease.  B.,  SjrphilHic,  that  due  to 
syphilis.  B.,  Venereal,  that  due  to  Tenereal 
disease. 

Babon  d'embl6e  [Fr.].  See  Bttbo^  Prim^ 
•ry. 

Bubonic  {buhon'-ik)  \}ov^(w^  the  groin]. 
Relating  to  a  bubo.  B.  Plague.  Syno- 
nym of  the  Plagiu. 

Bubonocele  {bu  -  hon' -  o  -  at)  [^/Suv,  the 
groin  ;  jo^A?,  tumor].  Inguinal  hernia  when 
5ie  gut  does  not  extend  beyond  the  inguinal 
canal. 

Buccal  {buk^-al)  [btuca,  the  cheek].  Per- 
taining to  the  cheek. 

Buccinator  {btiJk' sm-a-tor^ll^.^  a  trumpeter]. 
The  thin,  flat  muscle  of  the  cheek. 
Buccula  {buk'U'lak)  PL.,  dim.  of  bM£ca,i!tit 
check].  The  fleshy  fold  seen  beneath  the 
chin,  and  forming  what  is  called  a  double 
chin. 

Buchu  (bu'-ku)  [natire  African].  The  leaves 
of  sereral  species  of  Barosma^  yielding  a  vol- 
atile oil,  to  which  its  properties  are  probably 
due,  and  a  bitter  extractive,  barosmin.  Dose 
gr.  }-v  (0.065-0. 32) .  It  causes  a  sensation  of 
glowing  warmth  over  the  body,  stimulates  the 
appetite,  and  increases  the  circulation.  It  is 
useful  in  cystitis  and  other  affections  of  the 
genitourinary  mucous  membrane.  Dose  of 
the  leaves,  gr.  xv-xxx  (1.0-2.0).  B.,  Ext., 
Fid.  Dose  r\x~lTi]  fo.65-4.0).  B.,  In- 
fusum  (unot),  l-io.  Dose  f^ss-ij 
(16.0-64.0).  B.,Inlu8um  (B.  P.).  Dose 
f  .^j-iv  (32.0-128.0).  B.,  Tinctura  (B.  P.). 
liosc  f3J-ij  (4.0-8.0). 
Buck's    Fascia.    The    superficial    perineal 

fascia. 
Buckbean  {buy  bin).     Bog-bean.    The  rhi- 
xoine  o{  Sfenyanth^s  trifoliaia^  tonic,  antiscor- 
butic, and  emmenagogue.  It  has  been  recom- 
mended as  a  vermifuge,  and  has  been  used 
to  functional  amenonhea.    Dose  of  fld.  ext., 
m^v-xxx  (o.  32-2  o) .     Unof. 
Backcye  Bark  (buk^-i  bark).     The  bark  of 
^'£iculus  glabra  f  astringent  and  tonic,  used  in 
rectal  irritation,  prolapsus,  and  various  uterine 
derangements.     Dose  of  fld.  ext.   gtt  iij-v 
(o  2-0.32).     Unof. 
Buckthorn  (buk^ -thorn).  See  Frangula,  B., 

CJitlfbrnJJU  See  Cascara  sagrada. 
Bvddmff  (buying)  [ME.,  buddenX.  In 
biolo^,  a  form  of  reproduction  or  cell- divi- 
sion, occurring  among  the  polyps  and  infu- 
>orian»,  in  which  a  bud  is  given  off  by  the 
parent  and  comes  to  resemble  the  latter.  The 
cess  is  also  called  gemmation. 

Cost  (buf'-t  kbt),     A  grayish  or  buff- 


colored  crust  or  layer  sometimes  seen  upon  s 
blood-clot,  after  phlebotomy,  and  once  looked 
upon  as  a  sign  of  inflammation.  It  is  caused 
by  the  partial  subsidence  of  the  red  blood- 


Buhl's  Disease.     See  Diseases^  Table  of. 

Bulb  {bulb)  [/3oA^c,  a  bulb].  I.  An  oval  or 
circular  expansion  of  a  cylinder  or  tube.  2. 
The  medulla  oblongata.  B.  of  a  Hair,  the 
swelling  at  the  root  of  a  hair.  B.,  Olfactory, 
.one  of  the  two  bulbs,  of  the  olfactory  nerve 
situated  on  either  side  of  the  longitudinal  fi.« 
sure  upon  the  under  surface  of  each  aijterioi 
lobe  of  the  cerebrmn.  B.  of  Urethra,  the 
posterior  expanded  part  of  the  corpus  spongi- 
osum penis.  B.  of  the  Vagina,  a  small 
body  of  erectile  tissue  on  each  side  of  the 
vestibule  of  the  vagina,  homologous  to  the 
bulb  of  the  urethra  of  the  male.  B.  of  Vena 
Jugularis,  the  dilatation  at  the  termination 
of  the  external  jugular  vein. 

Bulbar  {bul'bar)  \^XM.  a  bulb].  Bulbous. 
Pertaining  to  the  medulla.  B.  Disease,  or 
Paralysis,  a  term  applied  to  the  progressive 
and  symmetric  paralysis  of  the  muscles  of 
the  mouth,  tongue,  pharynx,  and  some- 
times those  of  the  larynx.  This  paral3rsb  is 
due  to  a  disease  of  the  motor  nuclei  in  the 
medulla  oblongata ;  an  acute  and  a  chronic 
form  are  met  with.  The  acute  form  is  due  to 
hemorrhage  or  softening  ;  the  chronic  to  de- 
generation. The  disease  is  also  called  labio 
glossolaryngeal  paralysis.  There  b  also  a 
pseudobultwr  paraljrsis,  due  to  symmetric 
lesions  of  the  motor  cerebral  cortex. 

Bulbi  vestibuli  {bul*  bi  ves-tiy  u-li)  PL,]. 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  'glands  of 
Bartholin. 

Bulbocavemosus  {bul-  bo  •  kav  -  em  -  o^-  ms) 
[/3oA^,  a  bulb ;  cavema,  a  cavern].  The 
accelerator  urinx  muscle,  corresponding  to  the 
sphincter  vaginx  of  the  female. 

Bulbourethral  {bul-ho-ure' thral)  [/SoA^f, 
a  bulb ;  oifp^pat  the  urethra].  Relating  to 
the  bulb  of  the  urethra. 

Bulbous  [/3oX/3oc»  a  bulb].  Tertninating  in  a 
bulb.     B.  Urethra.     See  Urethra. 

Bulesis  (bu'le^-sis)  [Sov'hjotq,  the  will].  The 
will,  or  an  act  of  the  will. 

Bulimia  (^M-/i>ri^-^-a^)  [/3av,  increase ;  ^/i<Jc, 
hunger].  Excessive,  morbid  hunger;  it 
sometimes  occurs  in  idiots  and  insane  per- 
sons, and  it  is  also  a  symptom  of  diabetes 
mellitus  and  of  certain  cerebral  lesions. 

Bulimic   (bu-lim^-ik)  [/Jov,  increase ;  Ai^cic*     ^ 
hunger].      Pertaining  to    or  affected   with 
bulimia. 

Bulla  {bull' ah)  [bulla,  a  bubble] .  A  bleb  or 
blister,  consisting  of  a  portion  of  the  epider- 
mis detached  fh>m  the  skin  by  the  infiltra- 
tion beneath  it  of  watery  fluid,  the  result 
of   a   liquefaction-necrosis.     B.  ethmoid- 


BULLET  FORCEPS 


BUTYROID 


I 


alls,  a  rouDded  projecdoD  into  the  middle 
meatus  of  the  nose,  due  to  an  enlarged  ethmoid 
cell.  B.  ossea,  the  inflated  or  dilated  part 
of  the  bony  external  meatus  of  the  ear. 

BuUet  Forceps.  A  forceps  for  extracting 
bullets. 

Bullous  (buIFus)  [buiia,  a  blister].  Marked 
by  bullae ;  of  the  nature  of  a  bulla. 

Bundle  (bun^rdl)  [AS. ,  bindan^  to  bind].  In 
biology,  a  fascicular  grouping  of  elementary 
tissues,  as  nerve-flbers  br  muscle-fibers. 

dunion  {bun'-yun)  [origin  uncertain!.  A 
swelling  of  a  bursa  of  the  foot,  especially  of 
the  great  toe. 

Bunsen  Burner.  See  Burner,  B.  Cell. 
See  Batteries,  Table  of. 

Buphthalmia  (boofthaFme-oM),  or  Buph- 
thalmos  (boof-thal' -mos)[^ov^t  ox ;  o^ddkfibg, 
eye].    See  Keratoglobm, 

Burdach,  Column  of.  The  posteroexternal 
column  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Burdock  (ber^-dok).     See  Lappa. 

Buret,  or  Burette  {buret')  [Fr.].  A  grad- 
uated tube  designed  for  measuring  small 
quantities  of  a  reagent  It  is  usually  held 
vertically  in  a  stand  and  b  provided  with  a 
stopcock. 

Burgundy  Pitch.    See  Pix. 

Bum[ME.,^^rw^w,tobum].  I.  To  become 
inflamed.  2.  To  be  charreid  or  scorched.  3. 
To  have  the  sensation  of  heat.  4.  An  injury 
caused  by  Are  or  dry  heat.  5.  A  disease  in 
vegetables.  6.  In  chemistry,  to  oxygenize. 
7.   In  surgery,  to  cauterize. 

Burner  [ME.,  bemen^  to  bum].  A  common 
name  for  a  lamp  or  heating  apparatus  used  in 
laboratories  for  chemic  and  pharmaceutic 
purposes.  B.,  Argand,  uses  gas  or  oil,  and 
contains  an  inner  tube  for  supplying  the 
flame  with  air.  B.,  Bunsen,  a  form  in 
which,  before  ignition,  the  gas  is  mixed 
with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  air  to  produce 
complete  oxidation. 

Bums,  Ligament  of.  The  falciform  pro- 
cess of  the  fascia  lata. 

Burrowing  {bur'-oinff)  [ME.,  borwgh,  a 
lurking- place].  The  term  given  to  the  pass- 
age of  pus  through  the  tissues,  after  the  for- 
mation of  an  abscess. 

Bursa  {bur'-sah)  [^j^rja,  a  purse].  A  small 
sac  interposed  between  parts  that  move  upon 
one  another.  B.  Phamygea,  a  blind  pouch 
projecting  upward  from  the  pharynx  toward 
the  occipital  booe.     B.,  Popliteal,  a  buna 


situated  in  the  popliteal  space  l>etween  the  ten- 
don of  the  semimembranosus  and  the  tendon 
of  the  inner  head  of  the  gastrocnemius,  where 
they  rub  against  each  other.  B.,  Prepatel- 
lar, a  bursa  situated  over  the  patella  and  the 
upper  part  of  the  patellar  ligament.  B., 
Synovial,  found  between  tendons  and  booy 
surfaces. 

Bursitis  [bur-si' -tis)  {bursa,  a  purse ;  <r<f ,  in- 
flanmiationl.     Inflammation  of  a  bursa. 

Butter  of  Cacao.     See  Theobroma. 

Butterin  (but'-er-in)  \butyrum,  butter].  An 
artificial  substitute  for  butter,  made  prin- 
cipally of  beef-fat. 

Buttocks  (buf-uks)  [dim.  of  5m//,  an  end]. 
The  nates.  The  fleshy  part  of  the  body  pos- 
terior to  the  hip-joints,  formed  by  the  masses 
of  the  glutei  muscles. 

Button  (bufun)  [ME.,  baton] .  See  Furun - 
cuius  orientalis.  6.,Amboyna.  See /><?«•- 
besia.  B.,  Belly,  the  navel.  B.,  Biskrm. 
See  Furunculus  orientalis.  B.-bush,  the 
bark  of  Cephalanthus  occidentalism  a  tonic, 
febrifuge,  and  diuretic.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
f3ss-j  (2.0-^.0).  Unof.  B.,  Corrigan*s, 
a  steel  button-shaped  cautery-iron,  introduced 
by  Sir  J.  C.  Corrigan  (1802-80).  B.-bole 
Mitral,  an  advanced  degree  of  constriction  of 
the  mitral  orifice  of  the  heart.  B. -makers' 
Chorea.  See  Chorea.  B.,  Murphy,  a  device 
used  in  gastroenterostomy  or  intestinal  anas- 
tomosis. B.-snakeroot,  the  root  of  Liatris 
spicata,  and  of  Eryngium  yuccafoHum ;  a 
stimulant,  tonic,  diuretic,  and  emmenagogue. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.   f3ss-j  (2.0-4.0).     Unof. 

Butyl  {bu'-til)  {butyrum,  butter],  C^FL.  A 
hydrocarbon  alcohol  radicle.  B.  Chloral. 
See  Chloral  butylicum.  B. -chloral  Hy- 
drate.    Siee  Chloral  butylicum. 

Butylamin  (bu-til' -am-in)  [butyrum,  butter : 
amin"],  C^H,NH,.  A  substance  contained  in 
cod-liver  oil,  possessing  diuretic  and  diapho- 
retic properties. 

Butylene  (bu'til-m)  [butyrum,  butterj. 
C4Hg.  A  hydrocarbon  belonging  to  the  olehn 
series.  It  exists  in  three  isomeric  forms,  all 
of  which  are  gases  at  ordinary  temperatures. 

Butyrin  (bu'tirin)  [butyrum,  butter],  C,Hj- 
(C^H^O,),.  A  constant  constituent  of  butter, 
together  with  olein,  stearin,  and  other  glycer- 
ids.  It  is  a  neutral,  yellowish,  liquid  fat, 
having  a  sharp,  bitter  taste. 

Butyroid  (bu'-ttr-oid)  [butyrum,  butter]. 
Buttery  ;  having  the  consistence  of  batter. 


CAFFEA 


C.     I.  The  chemic  sjrmbol  of  Carbon.     2. 
The  abbreviation  of  Centigrade. 
Caballine   Aloes    {kab'-al-in  aF-ds).      An 
inferior  quality  of  aloes,  known  also  as  fetid, 
or  horse  aloes. 

Cabbage  (Jtad^a/).  See  Brassica.  C.  Rose. 
See  ^0sa  centtfolia,  C,  Skunk,  a  fetid 
plant  of  N.  America,  Symplocarpm  fceiidus. 
Its  tincture  and  Buid  extract  are  prescribed  as 
antispasmodic  and  antasthmatic. 

Cacao  {kak  -  a'-  o).  See  Theobroma,  C. 
Butter,  oleum  theobromas,  is  obtained  from 
seeds  or  nibs  of  Theobroma  cacao.  It  is  a 
pore  white  fat,  with  a  pleasant  odor  and 
taste  ;  it  fuses  at  86*>  F.  (30**  C.) ;  its  speci- 
fic gravity  is  from  .945  to  .952.  It  is  used  in 
cosmetics  and  for  pharmaceutic  preparations. 
5>ee  also  Theobroma. 

Cachectic  (kak-ek^-iic)  [Mucd^^  bad ;  Ifif,  a 
habit].     Characterized  by  cachexia. 

Cachet  {kash-a^)  [Fr  ].  A  pharmaceutic 
preparation  consisting  of  two  concave  pieces 
of  wafer,  varying  in  size  from  ^  io  ly^ 
inches  in  diameter,  round  or  oblong  m  shape, 
in  one  of  which  the  powder  to  be  adminis- 
tered is  placed,  and  the  other,  having  previ- 
ously been  moistened,  is  then  laid  over  the 
powder  and  the  two  margins  are  pressed  to- 
gether, when  they  adhere  and  completely  en- 
close the  powder. 

Cachexia  {kak-eks' -e-ah)  [/caffdf,  bad;  e^^c*  a 
habit].  A  depraved  condition  of  general 
nutrition,  due  to  some  serious  disease,  as 
syphilis,  tuberculosis,  carcinoma,  etc.  C, 
Lymphatic.  .Synonjrm  of  HodgkitCs  Dis- 
ease. C,  Pachydermic.  See  Myxedema. 
C.  strumipriva,  the  condition  allied  to,  if  not 
identical  with,  myxedema,  following  the  ex- 
tirpation of  the  thyroid  gland.  C.  thyreo- 
priva.  Sec  Myxedema.  C.  virginum.  See 
Chlcrosis. 

Cacodyl  (kak'odil).     See  Kakodyl. 

Cacoplastic  (kakoplas^  tik)  [xaicrff,  bad; 
jrXaoT^f,  formed].  Characterized  by  a  low 
degree  of  organization. 

Cacosmia,  or  Kakosmia  (kak-ot^-meah) 
[«ca4c<ic»  foul;  ha^y  smell].  A  disgusting 
smell. 

Cacotrophy  {kak-of-ro-fe)  [icoK<5f,  bad; 
rpi^iv,  to  nourish].  Disordered  or  defective 
nutrition. 

Cactina  (hakti^-nah)  [«<iicrof,  a  prickly 
plant].  A  proprietary  preparation  said  to  be 
a  proximate  principle  derived  from  night- 
blooming  cereus  (Ceretts  grandijlora  and  C. 
nuxicana).  It  is  a  cardiac  stimulant,  recom- 
mended as  a  substitute  for  digitalis.     Unof. 

Cmctus  Qrandiflorut,   Cereus  grandijhrus^ 


Night'blooming  Cereus.  The  preparations  of 
cactus  are  stimulant  to  the  spinal  cord,  the 
vasomotor  center,  and  the  cardiac  ganglia. 
They  have  been  used  as  substitutes  for  digi- 
tolis.  C.  G.,  Tinct.  Dose  n\,xv-xx  (l.o- 
1.3).  C.  G.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  Ti\^v-x 
(0.32-0.65). 

Cacumen  (kak-u'-men)  [L. :  //. ,  Cacu- 
mina\  I.  The  top,  as  of  a  plant.  2.  The 
culmen  of  the  vermis  superior  of  the  cere- 
bellum. 

Cadaver  {kad-at/er)  [cadere,  to  fall].  The 
dead  body,  especially  that  of  a  human  being. 

Cadaveric  {kad-cnZ-er-ik)  [cadere^  to  fall]. 
Pertaining  to  the  cadaver.  C.  Alkaloids, 
ptomains.  C.  Ecch3rmo8es,  C.  Lividity, 
certain  postmortem  stains,  closely  resembling 
in  their  general  appearance  the  effects  of 
bruises  or  contusions.  They  occur  on  the 
lowest  and  most  dependent  parts  of  the  body. 
C.  Spasm,  the  early,  at  times  instantaneous, 
appearance  of  rigor  mortis,  seen  after  death 
from  certain  causes.  It  is  also  called  instan- 
taneous rigor  and  tetanic  rigidity. 

Cadaverin  (kadai/ erin)  [cadere^  to  fall], 
CjHj^N,.  A  ptomain,  occurring  very  fre- 
quently m  decomposing  animal  tissues.  It  is 
obtained  from  human  hearts,  lungs,  livers, 
etc. ,  after  three  days'  decomposition  at  ordin- 
ary temperature, — ^also  from  horseflesh,  from 
putrid  mussel,  from  herring,  and  haddock. 
It  is  a  constant  product  of  the  growth  of 
the  comma-bacillus.  It  is  a  thick,  clear, 
syrupy  liquid,  having  an  exceedingly  un- 
pleasant odor. 

Cade  {had)  [a  Languedoc  name].  Scejuni- 
perns.  C,  Oil  of  {oleum  cadinum)^  a  tarry 
oil  from  the  wood  o{  Juniperus  communis  ;  it 
is  used  in  the  treatment  of  skin  diseases. 

Cadmium  (kad^-me-um)  [Kadfiia^  calamin]. 
Cd=  112;  quanti valence  ii .  Sp.  gr.  8.60- 
8.69.  A  bluish- white  metal  resembling  zinc 
in  its  general  properties.  In  its  physiologic 
action  it  is  escharotic  and  astringent ;  inter- 
nally, in  large  doses,  it  produces  emesis  and 
violent  gastritis.  C.  iodidum,  Cdl„  used  as 
an  ointment,  I  to  8  of  lard.  C.  sulphas, 
CdS04.4H,0,  an  astringent  in  gonorrhea  and 
in  corneal  opacities;  used  in  a  lotion  in 
strength  of  gr.  }i  or  4  to  ,^j  of  water,  or  as 
an  ointment  I  to  40  of  fresh  lard. 

C«cal  {se^-kai).     See  Cecal. 

Csecitis  {se-si'-tis).     See  Cecitis. 

Cscum  (se^-hum).     See  Cecum. 

Cesarean  Operation  (sesar^e-an).  See 
Cesarean. 

Cssium  (se^-se-um).     See  Cesium. 

Cafifea  (ha/^-e-ah)  [L.].     The  seeds  of  C. 


CAFFEIC  ACID 


CALCIUM 


» 


araUca,  The  dried  and  roasted  seeds  are 
almost  universally  used  in  infusion  as  a  bev- 
erage, forming  a  cerebral  stimulant  and 
stomachic  tonic.  They  are  valuable  in  pro- 
moting digestion  and  allaying  hunger  and 
fatigue.  The  properties  are  due  to  an  alkaloid, 
Caffein,  CgH,,N/VH,(),  identical  with 
Thtin.  See  Tea  and  Caffein,  Dose  of  the 
alkaloid  gr.  j-v  fo.065-0.32).  C.  citrate. 
Dose  gr.  j-v  (0.065-0.32).  C.  valerianas, 
fop  nervous  vomiting  in  hysteria.  Dose  gr. 
j-iv  (0.065-0.26).  Ext.  Caffe«  Viridia 
Pld.,  is  intended  as  a  substitute  for  the  Fluid 
Extract  of  Guarana.  Unof.  Dose  f^ss-ij 
(2.0-8.0).  See  Guarana,  Injectio  Oaf. 
hypodermatica,  one  grain  of  caffein  in 
three  minims.     Dose  WVJ-vj  (0.065-0  39). 

Caffeic  Acid  (kafe'-ik),  C,H,a.  A  crystal- 
line  acid  substance  found  in  coffee. 

Caffein  ikaf-e-in)  [caffea^  coffee],  C,H,^^- 
O,  -f  H,0.  An  alkaloid  found  in  the 
leaves  and  beans  of  the  coffee-tree,  in  tea,  in 
Paraguay  tea,  and  in  guarana,  the  roasted 
pulp  of  the  fruit  of  Paullinia  sorbilis.  It 
occurs  in  long,  silky  needles,  slightly  soluble 
in  cold  water  and  alcohol,  with  a  feebly  bitter 
taste.  It  is  a  cerebrospinal,  circulatory,  and 
renal  stimulant.  See  Caffea.  C.  citrate. 
Dose  gr.  j-v  (0.065-0.32).  Sodium  and 
Caffein  benaoate,  and  Siodium  and  Caffein 
salicylate  are  used  hypodermically.  Dose 
gr.  iii-v  (0.2-0.32). 

Caffeinism  (kaf-e' -in-izm)  [cafea^  coffecj. 
Chronic  coffee-poisoning ;  a  train  of  morbid 
sjrmptoms  due  to  excess  in  the  use  of  coffee. 

Caiaaon  Disease  {ka^-son  dizfz).  Diverts 
disease  or  tunnel  disease,  a  morbid  condition 
due  to  increased  atmospheric  pressure,  some- 
times occurring  in  divers,  caisson -workers, 
etc.  Paraplegia,  hemiplegia,  anesthesia,  or 
apoplectic  attacks  are  common,  coming  on 
only  aAer  return  to  the  normal  atmosphere. 
The  nature  of  the  lesion  is  obscure. 

Cajeput  Oil  (kaffpui  oii)  [Malay, ««  white 
wood  ;  **  oUum^  oil].  A  volatile  oil  distilled 
from  the  leaves  of  Leukadendron  cajufmti. 
It  resembles  oil  of  turpentine.  It  is  used  in 
flatulent  colic,  hysteria,  cutaneous  disorders, 
and  toothache.  Dose  fivj-v  (0.065-0.32). 
C,  Spiritus  (B.P.),  contains  2  per  cent  of 
the  oil.     Dose  fjss-j  (2.0-4.0). 

Cajuputol  (kaj upu'-toi)  [Malay,  Cajuputi^ 
"white  wood*'].  The  more  limpid  part  of  oil 
of  cajuput ;  it  is  found  also  in  some  other 
fragrant  volatile  oils. 

Calabar  Bean  (kal'aharbin).  See  Physos- 
tigma, 

Calabarin  (kal- ah'-ar-in)\Calabar\.  An 
alkaloid  from  Calabar  bean. 

Calamin  {kai^amin)  [ro/fimiiftf,  a  corruption 
oi  cadmia\  Native  zinc  carbonate.  Cala- 
mina    pneparata,    the    prepared    calamin, 


washed  and  pulverized,  is  used  mainly  as  an 
external  exsiccant  and  astringent.  Ungucn- 
turn  calamine,  Turner's  cerate.     Unof. 

Calamus  {ka/'-am  us)  [L.,  a  reed].  Sweet 
flag.  'Ilie  rhizome  of  A<orus  calamus.  It 
contains  a  volatile  oil  and  acorin,  a  bitter 
nitrogenous  principle.  The  root  is  an  aro- 
matic, stomachic  tonic,  and  a  common  ingre- 
dient of  many  popular  **  bitters."  C,  Draco, 
a  species  of  rattan -palm  that  affords  a  part 
of  the  so-called  Dragon's  Blood  of  com- 
merce.  C,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  l^^xv-f^j 
(1.0-4.0).  C.  scriptorius  (a  writing  pen 
or  reed).  The  groove  on  the  floor  of  the 
fourth  ventricle,  at  the  end  of  which  is  the 
ventricle  of  Arantius. 

Calcaneum  [kalka'neum)  [L.,  the  heel]. 
The  OS  calcis,  or  heel -bone. 

Calcareous  (kai  ka'-reus)  [calx,  limestone]. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of  lime- 
stone.    C.  Infiltration.     See  Infiltration. 

Calcarine  (kaF-kar-en)  [calcar^  a  spur]. 
Spur-shaped;  relating  to  the  hippocampus 
minor.     C.  Fissure.     See  Fissure, 

Calcic  (kal'sik)  [calx^  lime].  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  lime. 

Calcicosis  {kal-sik-ysis)  [calx,  lime].  Mar- 
ble-cutter's phthisis ;  a  chronic  inflammation 
of  the  lung  due  to  the  inhalation  of  marble- 
dust. 

Calcification  {kal-sif-ik-a' -shun^  \calx^  lime ; 

fiercy  to  become].  The  deposit  of  calcareous 
matter  within  the  tissues  of  the  body.  C, 
Mttastatic,  that  resulting  from  an  excess  of 
lime-salts  in  the  blood,  as  occurs  in  the  rapid 
breaking  down  of  bones  from  osteomalacia. 

Calcine  {kal'sin  or  kal-sin')  [cala'nare^  to 
calcine].  To  separate  the  inorganic  elements 
of  a  substance  by  subjecting  it  to  an  intense 
heat 

Calcium  (kay-se-um)  [calx,  lime].  Ca  =  40; 
quantivalence  II.  A  brilliant,  silver- white 
metal,  the  basis  of  limestone,  characterized  hf 
strong  affinity  for  oxygen,  and  isolate  with 
great  difficulty.  It  is  best  known  in  the  form 
of  calcium  oxid^  quicklime;  C.  hydratt^ 
slaked  lime;  and  C,  carbonate,  limestone 
or  chalk.  C.  benxoas,  C'a(C\H^O,)2,  used 
in  nephritis  and  albuminuria  of  pregnancy. 
Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65).  C.  bromidum, 
used  as  a  sedative.  Dose  gr.  xx-xxx  (13- 
2.0).  C.  chloridum,  C'aCi,,  soluble  in 
water;  used  internally  to  increase  the  coagu- 
lability of  the  blood.  I>ose  gr.  x-xx  (0.65- 
1.3).  C.chlorid.,Liq.,  (B.P.).  Doscn\,xT-l 
(1.0-3. 2).  Calcis,  Liquor,  lime-water,  con- 
tains about  I  >^  parts  of  lime  in  1 000  of  water. 
Dose  f^ss-ij  (16.0-64.0).  Calcis,  Liq., 
Saccharatus  (B.  P.).  Dose  ntx^-fji 
( 1.0-4.0).  Calcis,  Syr.,  saccharated  syrup  of 
lime,  contains  5  per  cent  lime,  30  per  cent, 
sugar,  65  per  cent,  water.     It  is  the  antidots 


CALCULOUS 


CALUMBA 


10  poisoning  by  ph«no1  or  oxalic  add.  Dose 
3  SS-4J  (2.0-^.0).  Calx,  CaO,  calcium  oxid, 
qnjdL&ne. 

Calculous  (kal^'ku'lMs)  [calmlMSf  a  stone]. 
Of  the  nature  of  a  calciiliis. 
Calculus  (kcW'ktt-his)  [dim.  of  catx^ 
chalk].  A  calcareous  or  stone-like  con- 
cretion fbond  in  the  body,  particalarly  in 
cavities.  C,  Arthritic,  a  goaty  concretion. 
C,  Biliary,  a  gall-stone.  C.,  Bronchial,  a 
concretion  in  an  air-passage.  C,  Cutane- 
ous. See  MiHum.  C,  Dental,  tartar  on 
the  teeth  or  gums.  C,  Fusible,  a  urinary 
calculus  composed  of  phosphates  of  ammo- 
nium, calcium,  and  magnesium.  C,  Lacteal, 
or  Mammary,  a  calcareous  nodule  some- 
times obstructing  the  lactiferous  ducts.  C, 
Mulberry,  the  oxalate-oMtme  variety,  resem- 
bling a  mulberry  in  shape  and  color.  C, 
Nasal,  one  found  in  the  nasal  cavities.  C, 
Prostatic,  one  in  the  prostate  gland.  C, 
Renal,  a  calculus  found  in  the  kidney.  C, 
Salivary,  one  formed  in  the  ducts  of  the  sali- 
vary glands.  C,  Uterine,  an  intrauterine 
concretion ;  a  womb-stone ;  formed  mainly  by 
calcareous  degeneration  of  a  tumor.  C, 
Vesical,  a  calculus  found  in  the  urinary 
bladder. 
Calendula  {kalen^ 'dulah\  \cahnday  the 
first  day  of  the  month].  Mangold.  The  flow- 
ering plant  known  as  the  garden -marigold.  C. 
officinalis.  C,  Tinct.,  conuins  20  per  cent. 
of  the  leaves  and  stems.  It  is  used  as  a  local 
application  to  wounds,  bruises,  and  ulcers, 
and  has  been  vaunted  as  a  cure  for  car- 
cinoma. 

Calendulin  {kal-en' -du-lin)  [calenda^  the  first 
day  of  the  month].  An  amorphous  principle 
obtainable  from  calendula. 

Calenture  {Aa/^  en-far)  fSp.,  calentura^ 
heat;  L.,  caiere^io  be  hot  J.  I.  A  tropical 
remittent  fever  with  delirium;  formerly,  a 
supposed  fever  of  this  kind  that  attacked 
mariners,  leading  them  to  leap  into  the  sea. 
3.   Sunstroke. 

Calf  {half)  ricel.,>til^.  The  thick,  fleshy 
part  of  the  back  of  the  leg,  formed  by  the 
gastrocnemius  and  soleus  muscles. 

Calilbmia  Buckthorn.  See  Cascara  sagrada. 

Calipers  {kaif -ip-ert)  [corruption  of  caliber]. 
Compasses  with  curved  legs. 

Calisaya  (kal  is-a'-yah)  [South  America]. 
Cinchona  bark,  especially  that  of  Cinchona 
calisaya.     See  Cinchona, 

Calisthenics,  or  Callisthenics  (kal-isthen'- 
fi>r).^«a2A^, beautiful;  <rt?Hwc, strength].  The 
practice  of  various  rh3rthmic  movements  of  the 
Cody,  intended  to  develop  the  muscles  and 
produce  gracefulness  of  carriage ;  light  gym- 
nastics, especially  designed  for  the  use  of 
girls  and  voung  women. 

O^lx  [ka^'lix)  [L.].    A  cup;  especially  one 


of  the  cup-like  divisions  of  the  pelvis  of  the 
kidney  into  which  the  pjnramids  project. 

Callosal  (kal-y-sal)  (callosus,  hard].  Per- 
taining to  the  corpus  callosum. 

CallosiUs  (kalos'-itas).     See  Callosity. 

Callosity  (cal-os^-itA  [callus^  hardness]. 
Callositas,  Tylosis,  Tyloma,  Keratoma.  A 
hard,  thickened  patch  on  the  skin  produced 
by  excessive  accumulation  of  thehoray  layers. 

Callosomarginal  (kal-o-so-mar^-jin-al)  [cal- 

*  losus,  hard;  margo^  margin].  Relating  to 
the  callosal  and  marginal  %jn  of  the  brain. 

Callosum  {kcU-o' -sum).  Same  as  Corpus 
callosum. 

Callous  (kay-us)  [callosust  hard].  Hard; 
tough,  like  callus. 

CaUus  (kaF-us)  [L.].  I.  Acallosity;  hard- 
ened and  thickened  skin.  2.  The  new 
growth  of  incomplete  osseous  tissue  that 
surrounds  the  ends  of  a  fractured  bone  during 
the  process  of  repair.  C,  Permanent,  the 
permanent  bond  of  bony  union  after  reab- 
sorption  of  the  C.  Provisional,  or  cartilage- 
like, plastic  material  first  thrown  out.  C.  of 
Skin,  induration  and  thickening  of  the  skin. 

Calmative  (kah^-mativ)  [F.,  calme^  still]. 
Calming;  sedative. 

Calomel  {kal'o-mel)  [ica^f,  fair;  ukloq, 
black].     See  Hydrargyrum. 

Calor  (ka'lor)  [L.].  i.  Heat.  2.  Moder- 
ate fever-heat ;  less  than  fencer  and  ardor, 
C.  animalis,  animal  heat.  C.  febrilis,  fever- 
heat.  C.  fervens,  boiling  heat.  C.  innatus, 
natural  or  normal  heat.  C.  intemus,  inward 
fever;  fever  not  appreciable  on  the  surface 
of  the  body.  C.  mordax,  C.  mordicans, 
biting  or  pungent  heat.  C.  nativus, 
native  or  animal  heat ;  blood-heat ;  normal 
heat. 

Calorie  {kaFore)  [Fr.].     See  Cahry. 

Calorifacient  (kalor-t/-a'  -she-ent)  [color, 
heat;  fa  cere  ^  to  make].  Heat -producing 
(applied  to  certain  foods). 

Calorimeter  (kal-or-im^-eter)  [ralor,  heat; 
filrpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  amount  of  heat  that  bodies 
produce  or  absorb. 

Calorimetry  (hal-or-im'-ef-re)  [calor^  heat; 
fUTpov,  a  measure].  The  estimation  of  the 
heat-units  by  the  calorimeter. 

Calory  (ha/^-or-e)  [Fr.,  Calorie'^.  A  heat- 
unit  ;  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise 
the  temperature  of  one  kilogram  of  water 
one  degree  Centigrade. 

Calumba  (kal-um^ -bah)  [native  Mozambique, 
ialumb"].  Columbo.  The  root  of  C /a/^tv- 
rhiza,  native  to  South  Africa  and  parts  of  the 
E.  Indies.  It  is  an  excellent  example  of  a 
simple  bitter,  and  contains  a  bitter  principle, 
calumbin,  CjjH^O,,  of  which  the  dose  is 
gr.  j-iij  (0.065-0.2).  It  is  not  astringent,  and 
may  be  prescribed  with  salts  of  iron.    It  b  use- 


CALVARIA 


CANAL 


» 


fill  in  atonic  dyspepsia,  and  as  a  mild,  appeti- 
zing tonic  in  convalescence.  C,  Ext.  ( B.  P. ). 
Dose  gr.  ij-x  (0.13-0.65).  C,  Ext.  Fid. 
Dose  n\,v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  C,  Infus.  (B. 
P.).  Dose  fJHJ  (32.0-64.0).  C.Tinct., 
contains  ten  per  cent,  of  C.  Dose  (^  ss-ij 
(2.0-8.0). 

Calvaria,  Calvarium  (kal-va'-re-ah,  kal-va'- 
re-am)  tca/va,  the  scalp].  The  upper  part 
of  the  skull. 

Calvitiet  {kalvish'-e-lt)  [cahms,  bald]. 
Baldness. 

Calx  (kalks)  [l.,].  1.  The  heel.  2.  The 
oxid  of  calcium,  CaO.  See  Calcium.  C. 
chlorau  (U.  S.  P.),  C.  chlorinata  (B.  P.), 
chlorinated  lime.  C.  tulphurata  (U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.),  consists  largely  of  calcium  sulphid; 
used  externally  and  internally  in  skin  dis- 
eases.    Dose  j\j  grain  (0.006). 

Cambodia,  CamlMgia  (kam-bi/je-ah)  [Cam- 
bcja^  or  Cambodia^  in  Siam].  Cfamboge.  A 
resinous  gum  from  Carcinia  hamburiiy  a  tree 
native  to  Southern  Asia.  Its  properties  are 
due  to  gambogic  acid.  It  is  a  drastic,  hy- 
dragogue  cathartic,  decidedly  diuretic.  C., 
Pil.  Comp.  (B.  P.),  contains  gamboge,  Bar- 
badoes  aloes,  hard  soap,  compound  powder 
of  cinnamon,  and  syrup.  Dose  gr.  v-x  (o.  32- 
0.65).  It  is  also  omcially  a  constituent  of 
Pil.  Cathartic.  Comp.  See  Colocynth.  Dose 
gr.ij-v  (0.13-0.32). 

Camera  {Jiam' -er-ak)  [miUipay  an  arched  roof 
or  chamber].  A  box  or  chamber.  In  optics, 
the  chamber  or  dark-box  of  the  apparatus 
used  for  photography.  C.  lucida,  an  optic 
device  for  superimposing  or  combining  two 
fields  of  view  in  one  eye,  invented  by  the 
chemist,  Wollaston. 

Camisole  {kam-isdl')  [Fr.].  The  straight- 
iacket,  formerly  used  for  the  restraint  of  vio- 
lently insane  persons. 

Camomile,  or  Chamomile  (kam' -o-mul). 
See  Anthemis  and  Matricaria. 

Camp  Fever.    Synonym  of  Typhus  Fever. 

Camphenes  (kam'ftnt)  [camphor'].  The 
volatile  oils  or  hydrocarbons  having  the  gen- 
eral formula  C,oH,^  isomeric  with  oil  of  tur- 
pentine. Many  camphenes  exist  ready- 
formed  in  plants,  as  oil  of  cloves,  etc.  They 
are  liquid  at  ordinary  temperatures. 

Campho-phenique  {kamfofcnik')  [Fr.]. 
A  proprietary  preparation  combining  camphor 
and  phenol ;  it  is  recommended  as  an  anti- 
septic and  local  stimulant.     Unof. 

Camphor  (kam' -for)  [camphora^  camphor], 
Cj^Hj^O.  A  solid,  volatile  oil  obtained  from 
Cinnamomum  camphora^  a  tree  indigenous  to 
Eastern  Asia.  It  yields  camphoric  and  cam- 
phonic  acids,  also  C.  C)rmol  when  exposed  to 
a  high  heat  in  close  vessels.  It  is  antispas- 
modic, anodyne,  diaphoretic,  and  stimu- 
lant    Applied  locally,  it  is  rubefacient.   It  is 


used  in  cholera,  vomiting,  the  t3rphoid  state, 
headache,  diarrhea  with  pain,  etc.,  cardiac 
depression,  and  affections  re<|ttiring  an  anti- 
spasmodic. C,  Aqua,  consists  of  camphor 
8,  alcohol  5,  distilled  water  sufficient  to  make 
loooparts.  Dose  f  5  j-iv  (4.0-16.0).  C.Ball, 
an  English  preparation  used  as  an  application 
to  chapped  skin.  Its  composition  is  sperma- 
ceti 4,  white  wax  12,  oil  of  almonds  5  ;  melt 
in  a  water  bath,  and  add  fiowers  of  camphor 
4.  Dissolve  and  when  nearly  cold  pour  into 
boxes  or  mould  in  gallipots.  C,  Borneo. 
See  Bomeol,  C,  Carbolated,  a  mixture 
of  2^  parts  of  camphor  with  one  each  of 
phenol  and  alcohol ;  it  is  a  good  antiseptic 
dressing  for  wounds.  C,  Ceratum,  consists 
of  camphor  liniment  3,  olive  oil  12,  simple 
cerate  85.  It  is  used  for  itching  skin-afiec- 
tions.  C,  Chloral,  a  fluid  prepared  by  mixing 
equal  parts  of  camphor  and  chloral.  It  is  an 
excellent  solvent  for  many  alkaloids,  and 
is  used  externally  as  a  sedative  application. 
C.-ice,  the  ceratum  camphora  compositum^ 
N.  F.  C,  Linimentum,  has  camphor  20, 
cottonseed  oil  80  parts.  C,  Lmiment. 
Comp.  (B.  P.), contains  camphor  and  oil  of 
lavender  dissolved  in  rectified  spirit,  and 
strong  solution  of  ammonia  added.  C, 
Monobromated,  CoH,jBrO,  camphor  in 
which  one  atom  of  hvdrogen  has  been  re- 
placed by  an  atom  of  bromin.  It  resembles 
the  bromids  in  therapeutic  action.  Dose  gr. 
j-x  (0.065-0.65).  C.  salicylate,  pre- 
pared by  heating  together  14  parts  of  cam- 
phor with  II  of  salicylic  acid.  It  is  used 
as  an  ointment.  C,  Spt.,  contains  cam- 
phor 10,  alcohol  70,  water  20  parts. 
Dose  n\ v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  C,  Tinct.,  Comp. 
(B.  P.),  contains  opium,  benzoic  acid,  cam- 
phor, oil  of  anise,  and  proof  spirit.  Dose 
nv^xv-f;5j  (1.0-4.0).  C,  Tinct.,  Rubini*s. 
Unof.  A  saturated  solution  of  camphor  in 
alcohol.     Dose  n\,ij-v  (o.  1 3-0. 32). 

Camphorated  (cam' -for- a  ted)  [camphora^ 
camphor].     Containing  camphor. 

Camphoric  Acid  (kam-for'-ih).     See  Acid. 

Campimeter  (kam pirn' -et-er).  Sec  Per- 
imeter, 

Canada  (kan'-a  dah)  [Sp.].  A  British  pos- 
session in  North  America.  C.  Balsam, 
the  oleoresin  of  Ah'es  baisamea  used  as  a 
mounting  medium  in  microscopy.  C.  Hemp. 
See  Apotynum. 

Canadol  (kan'-adol ) .  A  transparent  volatile 
liquid  resembling  benzene  in  smell.  It  b 
a  local  anesthetic  used  in  minor  surgical  oper- 
ations.    Unof. 

Canal,  or  Canalis  (kan-al\  or  kana'-Hs) 
\cannalis\,  A  tubular  channel  or  passage. 
C.,  Abdominal.  .See  C,  Inguinal.  C., 
Alcock's,  a  strong  sheath  of  the  obturatof 
layer  of  the  pelvic  fascia  containing  the  in- 


CANAL 


CANAL 


temal  pudic  artery.      C,  Alimentary,  the 
whole  digestive  tube  from  the  mouth  to  the 
anas.       C.,  Alisphenoid,  in    comparative 
anatomy,  a  canal  in  the  alisphenoid  bone, 
opening  anteriorly  into  the  foramen  rotun- 
dum,  and  transmitting  ttie   external  carotid 
artery.    C,  Alveolar,  Anterior,  one  located 
in  the  superior  maxilla ;   it  transmits  the  an- 
terior superior  dental  nerve.      C,  Alveolar, 
Iziferior,  the  inferior  dental  canal.       C, 
Alveolar,  Median,  one  located  in  the  supe- 
rior maxilla   and  transmitting  the    middle 
superior  dental  nerve.     C,  Alveolar,  Pos- 
terior, one  situated  in  the  superior  maxilla  ; 
it  transmits  the    posterior  superior    dental 
nerve.     C,  Alveolodental.    See  C,  Deti' 
tal,      C,  Arachnoid,  a  space  formed   be- 
neath the  arachnoid  membrane  of  the  brain ; 
it  transmits  the  venae  magnse  Galeni.     C. 
of    Arantius,  the   ductus    venosus.       C, 
Archinephric,    the  duct   of   the    archine- 
pbron  or  primitive  kidney.      C,  Arterial. 
See  Ductus  arteriosus.     C.,  Atrial,  the  cav- 
ity of  the  atrium.    C,  Auditory,  External, 
that  from  the  auricle  to  the  tympanic  mem- 
brane.     C,  Auditory,  Internal,  that  be- 
ginning on  the    posterior   surface    of    the 
petrous   bone,  and  extending   outward  and 
backward  for  a  distance  of  about  four  lines  ; 
it  transmits  the  auditory  and  facial  nerves, 
and  the  auditory  artery.   C,  Auricular,     i. 
See  C,  Auditory  f  ExtemaL      2.  The  con- 
striction between  the  auricular  and  ventric- 
ular portions  of  the  fetal  heart.    C,  Avant, 
the  anterior   portion   of  the  male   urethra. 
C,   Bartholin's,   the  duct  of   Bartholin's 
gland.       C,   Bernard's,  a    supplementary 
duct  of   the  pancreas.      Also   called   San- 
torini*s  canal.   C,  Bichat's.  See  C^AracA- 
nifid,     C,  Biliary.     See  C,  Hepatic,     C, 
Blastoporic.     See  C,  Neurenieric.   C.  of 
Bone,  a  canaliculus  of  bone.     C,  Braun's. 
Sec  C ,  Neurenteric.    C,  Braune's,  the  con- 
tinuous passage  formed  by  the  uterine  cavity 
and  the  vagina  during  labor,  after  full  dilata- 
tion of  the  OS  uteri.    C,  BreschA's.  See  C 
of  the  Diploe.      C,  BuUular.      See  C   of 
Petit.     C,  Caroticot3mipanic,  two  or  three 
short  canals  extending  from  the  carotid  canal 
to  the  tympanum ;  they  transmit  branches  of 
the  carotid  plexus.     C,  Carotid,  one  in  the 
petrous  portion  of   the   temporal   bone;    it 
transmits  the  internal  carotid  artery.      C. 
of   Cartilage,  the  canals  in  ossifying  car- 
tilage,  during  its  vascularization    intended 
to    receive  prolongations  of  the  osteogenetic 
layer   of    the    periosteum.       They   radiate 
in    all  directions  from  the  center  of  ossifi- 
cation.    C,  Central  fof  the  modiolus), 
ft  canal  running  from  tne  base  to  the  apex 
of    the  cochlea.      C,  Central  (of   spinal 
cord),  the  small  canal  that  extends  through 


the  center  of  the  spinal  cord  from  the  conut 
medullaris  to  the  lower  part  of  the  fourth 
ventricle.  It  represents  the  embryonic  ecto- 
dermal canal.  C,  Cerebrospinal.  I.  The 
neural  or  craniovertebral  canal  formed  by 
the  skull  and  the  spine,  and  containing  the 
brain  and  spinal  marrow.  2.  The  primitive 
continuous  cavity  of  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord,  not  infrequently  more  or  less  exten- 
sively obliterated  in  the  latter,  but  in  the 
former  modified  in  the  form  of  the  several 
ventricles  and  other  cavities.  C,  Cervical. 
See  C.  of  Cervix  Uteri.  C,  Cervicouterine. 
See  C,  Uterine.  C.  of  Cervix  Uteri,  that 
portion  of  the  uterine  canal  that  extends  be- 
tween the  internal  and  external  os.  C.  of 
Chorda  T3rmpani,  a  small  canal  in  the 
temporal  bone,  between  its  squamous  and 
petrous  portions,  parallel  with  the  Glaserian 
fissure;  it  transmits  the  chorda  tympani 
nerve.  C,  Ciliary.  See  C.  of  Fontana.  C. 
of  Cloquet.  See  C,  Hyaloid.  C,  Cochlear, 
the  spiral  and  snail-like  cavity  of  the  cochlea, 
28  to  30  mm.  long.  The  base  is  turned  in- 
ward toward  the  internal  auditory  meatus,  and 
the  apex  outward  toward  the  tympanum. 
C,  Connecting,  the  arched  or  coiled  portion 
of  a  uriniferous  tubule,  joining  with  a  collect- 
ing tubule.  C.  of  Corti,  the  triangular 
canal  formed  by  the  pillars  of  Corti,  the  base 
of  which  corresponds  to  the  membrana 
basilaris.  It  extends  over  the  entire  length 
of  the  lamina  spiralis.  C.  of  Cotunnius. 
See  Aqueduct  of  Cotunnius.  C,  Cranio- 
vertebral. See  C,  Cerebrospinal ^  and  C, 
Neural.  C,  Crural.  S>ee  C.  ^  Femoral,  C. 
of  Cu  vier,  the  ductus  venosus.  C,  Cystic, 
the  cystic  duct.  C,  Deferent,  the  vas 
deferens.  C,  Demicircular.  ^eC,  Semi- 
circular, C,  Dental,  Anterior,  one  extend- 
ing into  the  facial  portion  of  the  superior 
maxilla;  it  transmits  the  anterior  dental 
vessels  and  nerves.  C,  Dental,  Inferior, 
the  dental  canal  of  the  inferior  maxilla;  it 
transmits  the  inferior  dental  nerve  and 
vessels.  C,  Dental,  Posterior,  two  canals 
in  the  superior  maxilla.  They  transmit  the 
superior  posterior  dental  vessels  and  nerves 
C,  Dentinal,  the  minute  canals  in  dentine, 
extending  approximately  at  right  angles  to 
the  surface  of  a  tooth  from  the  pulp-cavity,  in- 
to which  they  open,  to  the  cementum  and 
enamel.  C,  Digestive.  See  C. ,  Alimentary. 
C.  of  Diploe,  canals  in  the  diploe  of  the 
cranium  transmitting  Breschet's  veins.  C, 
Bjaculatory.  See  Ducty  Ejaculatory.  C.  of 
Epidid3miis,  a  convoluted  tube,  about  20  feet 
long  when  straightened,  forming  the  epididy- 
mis and  continuous  with  the  vas  deferens.  C, 
Ethmoidal,  Anterior,  one  between  the  eth- 
moid and  frontal  bones  ;  it  transmits  the  nasal 
branch  of  the  ophthalmic  nerve,  and  the  an- 


CANAL 


CANAL 


» 


terior  ethmoidal  vessels.  C,  Ethmoidal, 
Posterior.  See  C,  Orbital y  Posterior ,  In- 
tfmal,  C,  Eustachian,  one  in  the  petrous 
portion  of  the  temporal  bone,  containing  a 
portion  of  the  Eustachian  tube.  C,  Facial, 
the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius ;  it  transmits  the 
facial  nenre.  C,  Fallopian.  See  C.  Facial. 
C,  Femoral,  l.  The  inner  compartment  of 
the  sheath  of  the  femoral  vessels  behind  Pou- 
part*s  ligament.  2.  ^xt  C.^  Hunter's.  C.  of 
Perrein,  a  triangular  channel,  supposed  to  ex- 
ist between  the  free  edges  of  the  eyelids  when 
they  are  closed,  and  to  serve  for  conducting 
the  tears  toward  the  puncta  lacrymalia 
during  sleep.  C.  of  Fontana,  a  series  of 
small  spaces  formed  by  the  interlacing  of  the 
connective-tissue  fibers  of  the  framework  of 
the  peripheral  processes  of  the  iris,  situated  in 
the  angle  of  the  anterior  chamber,  and 
serving  as  a  medium  for  the  transudation  of 
the  aqueous  humor  from  the  posterior  to  the 
anterior  chamber  of  the  eye.  They  are  also 
called  C.  of  Hcvius^  C,  Ciliary ^  and  Fon- 
tana" s  Spaces,  C,  Galactophorous,  the 
lactiferous  tubules  of  the  mammary  gland.  C. 
of  Oirtner,  in  the  female,  the  remains  of  the 
main  portion  of  the  Wolffian  duct  of  the  em- 
bryo ;  it  is  a  tube  extending  transversely  along 
the  broad  ligament,  and  is  the  homologue  of 
the  vas deferens.  C,  Genital,  in  comparative 
anatomy,  any  canal  designed  for  copulation  or 
for  the  discharge  of  ova.  C.  of  Guidi.  See 
C,  Vidian .  C.  of  Havers.  Set  C.^  Haver- 
sian. C,  Haversian,  canals  in  the  compact 
substance  of  bone  forming  a  wide-meshed 
network,  and  establishing  communication  be- 
tween the  medullary  cavity  and  the  surface  of 
the  bone.  Their  average  diameter  is  ^^ 
inch,  and  they  are  lined  by  a  continuation  of 
the  endosteum  ;  they  transmit  blood-vessels, 
lymph- vessels,  and  nerves.  C,  Hemal,  the 
ventral  of  the  two  canals  of  which,  according 
to  R.  Owen,  the  vertebrate  animal  is  com- 
posed. It  contains  the  heart  and  the  other 
viscera,  while  the  neural  canal  encloses  the 
central  nervous  system.  C.  of  Henle,  a 
portion  of  the  nriniferous  tubules.  C,  He- 
patic. 1.  The  excretory  duct  of  the  liver.  2. 
The  radicles  of  the  hepatic  duct.  C,  Her- 
nialfOne  transmitting  a  hernia.  C,  of  Hovius. 
Sec  C,  of  Fontana.  C.  of  Huguier.  See 
C.  of  the  Chorda  Tympani.  C,  Hunter's, 
a  triangular  canal  formed  in  the  adductor 
magnus  muscle  of  the  thigh  ;  it  transmits  the 
femoral  artery  and  vein  and  internal  saphen- 
ous nerve.  C.  of  Huschke,  one  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  tubercles  of  the  annulus 
tympanicus.  This  is  generally  obliterated 
sifter  the  fifth  year,  but  may  persist  through 
life.  C,  Hjraloid,  a  canal  running  antero- 
posteriorly  through  the  vitreous  body,  through 
which  in  the  fetus  the  hysloid  sitery  passes. 


to  ramify  on  the  posterior  surfsce  of  the  oystal- 
line  lens.  C,  Incisor,  s  canal  that  opens 
into  the  mouth  by  an  aperture  just  behind  the 
incisor  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  ;  it  is  formed 
by  a  groove  on  the  adjoining  surfaces  of  the 
superior  maxillar,  and  has  two  branches  that 
open  into  the  nasal  fossse.  C,  Infraorbital,  a 
small  canal  running  obliquely  through  the 
bony  floor  of  the  orbit ;  it  transmits  the  in- 
fraorbital artery  and  nen*e.  C,  Inguinal. 
s  canal  about  one  and  one-half  inches  long, 
running  obliquely  downward  and  inward 
from  the  internal  to  the  external  abdominal 
ring,  and  constituting  the  channel  throogb 
which  an  inguinal  hernia  descends ;  it  trans- 
mits the  spermatic  cord  in  the  male,  and  the 
round  ligament  of  the  uterus  in  the  female. 
C,  Intestinal,  that  portion  of  the  alimentary 
canal  that  is  included  between  the  pylorus 
and  the  anus.  C,  Intralobular,  Biliary, 
the  radicles  of  the  bile-ducts,  forming  a  fine 
network  in  and  around  the  hepatic  cells,  and 
communicating  with  vacuoles  in  the  cells. 
C.  of  Jacobson.  ^>tt  C ,  Tympanic.  C.  of 
Kowalevsky.  See  C,  Neurenteric.  C, 
Lacrymal.  I .  The  bony  canal  that  lodges 
the  nasal  duct.  2.  One  of  the  lacrymal 
canaliculi.  C.  of  Loewenberg,  that  portion 
of  the  cochlear  canal  that  is  situated  above 
the  membrane  of  Corti.  C,  Malar,  one  in 
the  malar  bone  transmitting  the  malar  division 
of  the  temporomalar  branch  of  the  superior 
maxillary  nerve.  C,  Maxillary.  See  C,  Den- 
tal. C,  Median,  i .  The  central  canal  of  the 
spinal  cord.  2.  The  aqueduct  of  Sylvius. 
C.,  Medullary,  i .  1  he  hollow  cavity  of  a 
long  bone,  containing  the  marrow.  2.  See 
C,  Vertebral,  3.  The  central  canal  of  the 
spinal  cord.  4.  An  Haversian  canal.  5.  In 
embryology,  the  medullary  tube.  C,  Med- 
ullary, Cerebrospinal,  the  central  canal 
of  the  spinal  cord.  C,  Membranous,  of 
the  Cochlea,  a  canal  in  the  cochlea,  follow- 
ing the  turns  of  the  lamina  spiralis;  it  is 
bounded  bv  the  basilar  membrane,  the  mem- 
brane of  Reissner,  and  the  wall  of  the  coch- 
lea. C,  Membranous,  Semicircular.  .Sec 
C,  Semicircnlar,  C.  of  Modiolus,  the 
spirsl  canal  of  the  cochlea.  C,  Mjrelonal, 
the  central  canal  of  the  spinal  cord.  C^ 
Nasal.  I.  See  C,  Lacrymal.  2  An  occa- 
sional canal  found  in  the  posterior  portion  of 
the  nasal  bone ;  it  transmits  the  nasal  nerves. 
C,  Nasolacrymal.  See  C,  Lacrynntl. 
C,  Nasopalatine.  See  C,  /ncisor.  C, 
Neural.  See  C,  Vertebral.  C,  Neuren- 
teric,  of  Kowalevsky,  sUo  called  blasto- 
poric  canal,  in  the  embryo,  a  passage  leading 
from  the  posterior  part  of  the  medullary  tube 
into  the  archenteron.  C,  Neurocentral. 
See  C ,  Vertebral.  C.  of  Nuck,  a  pooch  of 
peritoneom  which,  io  the  female  fetus,  de- 


CANAL 


CANAL 


scends  for  a  short  distance  aloDg  the  round 
ligament  of  the  atenis  into  the  inguinal  canal ; 
it  is  the  analogue  of  the  processus  vaginalis 
io  the  male.    It  somelimes  persists  after  birth. 
Cm  Nutritive.     Sec    C,    Kavfrsian.      C, 
Obstetric.     See  C,  Parturient.     C,  Obtu- 
rator, a  canal  in  the  ilium  transmitting  the 
obturator  nerve  and  vessels.     C,  Olfactory, 
ID  the  embryo,  the  nasal  fossje  at  an  early 
period    of    develofimenL      C,   Omphalo- 
mesenteric,  in   the   embryo,  a  canal   that 
connects  the  cavity  of  the  intestine  with  the 
umbtlical    vesicle.     C,   Orbital,    Anterior 
Internal.    *:^ie^  C.^  Ethmoidal  ^Anterior.    C, 
Orbital,  Posterior  Internal,  the  posterior  of 
two  canals  formed  by  the  ethmoid  bone  and 
the  orbital  plate  of  the  frontal  bone.     It  trans- 
mits the  posterior  ethmoidal  vessels.  C.,PaU- 
tine,  Accessory  Posterior,  one  or  two  canals 
in  the  horizontal  plate  of  the  palate  bone,  near 
the  groove  entering  into  the  formation  of  the 
pi>»terior  palatine  canal.     C,  Palatine,  An- 
terior, formed  by  the  union  of  the  incisive 
canals ;  it  opent  on  the  palate  behind  the  in- 
cisor teeth.      C,  Palatine,   Descending. 
See     C,     PaLUomaxUlary.     C,    Palatine, 
External,  Small,  a  small  canal  in  the  P3rra- 
midal  process  of  the  palate  bone,  close  to  its 
connection    with    the  horizontal   plate.       It 
transmits  the  external   palatine   nerve.     C, 
Palatine,  Posterior.     See  C,   Palatomax- 
itiary,     C,    Palatine,   Smaller.     See    C., 
Palatitu^  Posterior.     C.,   Palatine,   Supe- 
rior, one  formed  by  the  palate  bone  and  the 
superior  maxilla,  transmitting  the  large  pala- 
un<  nerve  and   blood-vessels.     C,  Palato- 
maxillary, one  formed  by  the  outer  surface 
of  the  palate  bone  and  the  adjoining  surface 
of   the    superior   maxilla.     It   transmits   the 
Ur^   palatine  nerve  and  blood-vessel.     C, 
Parturient,  the  channel  through  which  the 
lietu»  passes  in  parturition,  comprising  the  cav- 
ity formed  by  the  uterus  and  vagina  consid- 
ere<i  as  a  single  canal.     C,  Pelvic,  the  canal 
of  the  pelvis  from  the  superior  to  the  inferior 
strait.     C,  Perivascular,  the  lymph  spaces 
aboot  the  blood- vess<*ls.    C.  of  Petit,  a  space, 
intersected     by    namerous    fine   interiadng 
iif>erH.  existing  l»etwecn  the  anterior  and  pos- 
terior laminae  of  the  suspensory  ligament  of 
the    crystalline   lens.     It  extends   from  the 
periphery  of  the  lens,  nearly  to  the  apices  of 
the  ciliary  processes,  and  transmits  the  secre- 
tH-^i     from   the  posterior  chamber.     C,  Pe- 
trodiAStoid,  a  small  canal,  not  always  pres- 
rt2i«  ufoated  at  the  angle  of  union  between 
itic  mastoid  and  petrous  bones.    It  transmits  a 
4^taJl  vein  from  tne  middle  fossa  of  the  skull  to 
the  »xansTerse  sinus.    C.,Petro8al,  two  canals 
■»  'be;  upper  surfiure  of  the  petrous  portion  of 
tbe  temporal  bone,  transmitting  the  large  and 
Mperficsal  petrosal  oerres.     C,  Plas- 


matic, an  Haversian  canal.  C,  Pore.  See 
C. ,  Porous,  C,  Porous ,  a  canal  in  the  ovule, 
supposed  to  serve  for  the  entrance  of  the 
spermatozoids  in  fecundation.  C,  Portal, 
the  space  in  the  capsule  of  Glisson  of  the 
liver,  in  which  the  portal  vein,  hepatic 
artery,  and  bile-duct  lie.  C,  Primi- 
tive, the  neural  canal  of  the  embryo. 
C,  Pseudostomatous,  the  processes  of 
branched  cells  that  extend  from  a  subepi- 
thelial or  endothelial  layer  to  the  free  surface, 
their  free  ends  forming  the  pseudostomata. 
C,  Pte^goid.  See  C,  Vidian.  C,  Ptery- 
gopalatine, one  .formed  by  the  root  of  the 
internal  pterygoid  plate  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
and  the  sphenoidal  process  of  the  palate 
bone.  It  transmits  the  pterygopalatine  ves- 
sels and  nerve.  C,  Pulmoaortic.  See 
Ductus  arteriosus.  C.  of  Recklinghausen, 
minute  channels  supposed  to  exist  in  all 
connective  tissue,  which  are  directly  continu- 
oos  with  the  lymphatic  vessels,  and  hence 
may  be  said  to  form  their  origin.  C.  of 
Reissner.  See  C,  Membranous ^  of  tfu 
Cochlea.  C.  of  Rivinus,  the  duct  of  the 
sublingual  gland.  C.  of  Rosenthal.  See 
C,  Spiral^  of  the  Modiolus.  C,  Sacculo- 
cochlear,  one  connecting  the  sacculus 
and  the  cochlea.  C,  Sacculoutricular, 
one  connecting  the  sacculus  and  the 
utricle.  C,  Sacral,  the  continuation  of 
the  vertebral  canal  in  the  sacrum.  C.  of 
Schlemm,  an  irregular  space  or  plexiform 
series  of  spaces  occupjring  the  sclerocomeal 
region  of  the  eye  ;  it  is  regarded  by  some  as 
a  venous  sinus,  by  others  as  a  lymph -chan- 
nel. C,  Semicircular,  bony  canals  of  the 
labyrinth  of  the  internal  ear.  They  are  three 
in  number,  the  external,  superior,  and  pos- 
terior, and  contain  the  membranous  semicircu- 
lar canals.  C,  Semicircular,  Anterior. 
See  C,  Semicircular^  Superior.  C,  Semi- 
circular, Anterior  Vertical.  See  C,  Semi- 
circular^ Superior.  C,  Semicircular,  Ex- 
ternal, that  one  of  the  semicircular  canals  of 
the  labyrinth  having  its  plane  horizontal  and 
its  convexity  directed  backward.  C,  Semi- 
circular, Frontal.  See  C,  Semicircular^ 
Superior.  C,  Semicircular,  Horizontal. 
See  C.y  Semicircular ^  External.  C,  Semi- 
circular, Inferior.  See  C,  Semicircular y 
Posterior.  C,  Semicircular,  Inner.  5^ee 
C,  Semicircular,  Posterior.  C,  Semi- 
circular, Internal.  See  C,  Semicircular ^ 
Posterior.  C,  Semicircular,  Lateral.  See 
C,  Semicircular y  External.  C,  Semi- 
circular, Osseous.  See  C,  Semicircular. 
C,  Semicircular,  Posterior,  that  one  of 
the  semicircular  canals  having;  its  convexity 
directed  backward,  and  its  plane  almost 
parallel  to  the  posterior  wall  of  the  pyramid. 
C,  Semicircular.  Posterior  Vertical.  See 


CANAL 


CANXRUM 


I 


C,  Semitirctdar^  Posterior,  C,  Semicir- 
cular, Sagittal.  See  C,  SemiHrcular, 
Posterior.  C,  Semicircular,  Superior, 
that  one  of  the  semicircular  canals  having  its 
convexity  directed  toward  the  upper  surface 
of  the  pyramid.  C,  Seminal,  the  seminif- 
erous tubules.  C,  Serous,  any  minute 
canal  connected  with  the  lymph-vessels  and 
supposed  to  be  filled  with  lymph.  C, 
SheathiiuTf  the  communication  between  the 
cavity  of  the  tunica  vaginalis  of  the  testicle 
and  the  general  peritoneal  cavity.  It  soon 
closes  in  man,  leaving  the  tunica  vaginalis  a 
closed  sac.  C,  Spermatic,  i.  The  vas 
deferens.  2.  The  inguinal  canal  in  the 
male.  C,  Sphenopalatine.  See  C, 
Pterygopalatine.  C,  Spinal.  See  C,  Ve ru- 
bral. C,  Spiral,  of  the  Cochlea,  one  that 
runs  spirally  around  the  modiolus,  taking  two 
turns  and  a  half,  diminishing  in  size  from  the 
base  to  the  apex,  and  terminating  in  the  cu- 
pola. C,  Spiral,  of  the  Modiolus,  a  small 
canal  winding  around  the  modiolus  at  the 
base  of  the  lamina  spiralis.  C,  Spiroid,  of 
the  Temporal  Bone.  See  C,  Fallopian. 
C.  of  Steno,  the  duct  of  the  parotid  gland. 
C.  of  Stilling.  See  C,  Hyaloid^  i%A  C, 
Central,  of  Spinal  Cord.  C,  Suborbital.  See 
C  Infraortntal.  C,  Supraorbital,  one  at 
the  upper  margin  of  the  orbit.  It  transmits 
the  supraorbital  artery  and  nerve.  C,  Tem- 
poral. See  C.y  Z-ygomaticotemporal .  C, 
Temporomalar.  See  C,  Zygomaticotem- 
poral. C,  Thoracic,  the  thoracic  duct. 
C,  Tympanic,  one  that  opens  on  the  lower 
surface  of  the  petrous  bone,  between  the 
carotid  canal  and  the  groove  for  the  internal 
jugular  vein.  It  transmits  Jacobson's  nerve. 
C,  Uterine,  the  cavity  of  the  uterus,  includ- 
ing the  body  and  neck.  C,  Uterocervical, 
the  cavity  of  the  cervix  uteri.  C,  Utero- 
vaginal. 1.  The  common  canal  formed  by 
the  uterus  and  vagina.  2.  In  embryology, 
the  duct  of  MUller.  C,  Vaginal,  the  canal 
of  the  vagina.  C,  Vascular.  Sec  C,  Hav- 
ersian. C,  Vector,  the  oviduct.  C,  Ven- 
ous, the  ductus  venosus.  C,  Vertebral,  tlie 
canal  formed  by  the  vertebrae.  It  contains 
the  spinal  cord  and  its  membranes.  C, 
Vidian,  a  canal  of  the  sphenoid  bone  at  the 
base  of  the  internal  pterygoid  plate,  opening 
anteriorly  into  the  sphenomaxillary  fossa,  and 
posteriorly  into  the  foramen  lacerum.  It  trans- 
mits the  vidian  nerve  and  vessels.  C,  Vul- 
var, the  vestibule  of  the  vagina.  C,  Vulvo- 
uterine,  the  vagina.  C,  Vulvovaginal,  i. 
The  vagina  and  the  vulva  considered  as  a 
single  canal.  2.  The  orifice  of  the  hymen. 
C.  of  Wirsung,  the  pancreatic  duct.  C.  of 
Wolff.  See  Wolffian  Duct.  C.  Zygomatic. 
Sec  C,  Zygomaticotemporal.  C,  Zygomati- 
cofacial.    See  C,  Malar.    C,  Zygomati- 


cotemporal, the  temporal  canal  of  the  malar 
bone,  running  from  its  orbital  to  its  temporal 
surface.  It  transmits  a  branch  of  the  supe- 
rior maxillary  nerve. 

Canalicular  (kan-al-ik'u  lar)  [canaJis,  a 
channel].     Canal-shaped. 

Canaliculus  (kan-al-ik' -ulus)  PL.],  l.  A 
small  canal ;  especially  that  leuling  from  the 
punctum  to  the  lacrymal  sac  of  the  eye.  2. 
Any  one  of  the  minute  canals  opening  into 
the  lacunsc  of  bone. 

Canalization  (>&a/f^/i2<7^-i^M;f)  [canalis,  a 
canal].  I.  The  formation  of  canals,  as  in 
tissues  etc.  2.  A  system  of  wound-drainage 
without  tubes. 

Cancellous  (kan'sel-us)  [camellia  lattice- 
work]. Resembling  lattice-work,  as  the 
tissue  in  the  articular  ends  of  long  htones. 

Cancer  (kan'-ser).  See  Carcinoma.  C. 
aquaticus.  Synonym  of  Stomatitis,  Gan- 
grenous. C. -bandage,  a  crab- shaped  band- 
age ;  a  split  cloth  of  eight  tails.  C.-cell,  an 
epithelial  cell  of  peculiar  distorted  shape, 
found  in  the  interior  of  canccr-nests.  It  is  an 
ordinary  epithelial  cell  altered  in  outline  by 
pressure,  C,  Clay-pipe,  ^e  C. ,  Smokers*. 
C,  Colloid,  one  containing  colloid  material. 
C,  Encephaloid.  See  C. ,  Sofi.  C.  en 
cuirasse,  disseminated  cancer  of  the  skin  of 
the  thorax.  C,  Hard,  one  containing  an  ex- 
cess of  tibrous  tissue.  C-juice,  the  milky 
fluid  yielded  by  the  cut  surface  of  a  can- 
cer on  scraping.  C,  Medullary.  Sec  C, 
Sy?.  C,  Melanotic,  a  pigmented  form.  C. , 
Scirrhous.  SeeC,/A7n/.  C,  Smokers*, 
epithelioma  of  the  lip  due  to  the  irritation  of  a 
pipe.  C,  Soft,  one  in  which  the  cells  pre- 
dominate, the  connective  tissue  being  very 
small  in  amount. 

Cancerin  [kan'  -serin)\/ancer,  a  crab].  The 
name  given  to  a  ptomain  obtained  frx5m  the 
urine  in  cases  of  carcinoma  of  the  uterus.  It 
is  a  white  substance  crystallizing  in  fine 
needles  and  soluble  in  alkaline  solutions.  lt& 
formula  is  C^l  ljN< ),. 

Cancerous  (kan'-ser  us)  [cancer,  a  cral)]. 
Having  the  qualities  of  a  cancer ;  malignant. 

Canceromyces  (kan  - ser  •  o-  mi'-  sex).  See 
C/adosporium  cancerogenes. 

Cancroid  (kani^-hoid)  [cancer,  a  crab]. 
Cancer-like.  C.  Corpuscles,  the  pearly 
bodies  of  squamous  epithelioma.  C.  Ulcer. 
See  Rodent  Vher. 

Cancroin  {kan'-kro-in)  [cancer,  a  crab].  A 
substance  (said  to  be  identical  with  neurin), 
introduced  by  Adamkiewicz  as  a  material  for 
hypodermic  injection  in  cases  of  malignant 
di^fase,  it  being  regarded  by  him  as  an  alexin 
destructive  of  cancer- tissue. 

Cancrum  (kang'-krum)  [cancer,  a  crab], 
A  cancer  or  rapidly  spreading  ulcer.  C.  oris, 
canker  of  the  mouth,  gangrenous  stomatitis 


CANE  SUGAR 


CANTHARIS 


Doma»  gangrenous  ulceration  of  the  mouth. 
It  is  a  disease  of  childhood  between  the  ages 
of  one  and  Bve,  characterized  by  the  forma- 
tion of  foul,  deep  ulcers  of  the  buccal  surfaces 
of  the  cheeks  or  lips.  There  b  but  slight 
pain,  bat  the  prostration  is  great,  and  death 
usually  results  from  exhaustion  or  blood- 
poisoning.  The  disease  is  bacterial,  poor 
hygienic  surroundings  and  a  debilitated  sys- 
tem being  predisposing  causes. 
Cane  Sugar.  See  Saccharum. 
CaneUa  {kan-elf-ah)  [dim.  of  Canna^  a  reed]. 
"Ilie  bark  of  C.  alba  deprived  of  its  corky 
layer  and  dried.  It  is  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies  and  b  an  aromatic  tonic  and  bitter 
stomachic.  Dose  of  the  powdered  bark,  gr. 
xv-xxx  (1.0-2.0).  It  is  official  in  the  B.  P. 
Canine  {Jta^-fAn)  \caniSy  a  dog] .  Partaking 
of  the  nature  of,  relating  to,  or  resembling  a 
dog,  or  the  sharp  tearing-teeth  of  mammals, 
located  between  the  incisors  and  the  molars. 
C.  Appetite,  bulimia.  C.  Eminence,  a 
prominence  on  the  outer  side  of  the  upper 
maxillary  bone.  C.  Fossa.  See  Fossa.  C. 
Laugh,  a  sardonic  smile  or  grin.  C.  Mad- 
ness, ratnes,  hydrophobia.  C.  Muscle,  the 
levator  anguli  oris.  C.  Teeth,  dentes  canini ; 
cynodontes ;  dentes  laniarii ;  dents  angulaires ; 
cuspidati ;  conoides ;  eye-teeth.  The  cuspid 
tectn  next  to  the  lateral  incisors ;  so  caned 
from  their  resemblance  to  a  dc^'s  teeth. 

Cviities  {kanish' -e-ti)  [Lat.J.  Poliosis; 
hoariness ;  blanching  of  the  hair. 

Canker  [kaf^-ker)  {cancer^  a  crab].  An 
ulceration  of  the  mouth,  or  any  ulcerous 
or  gangrenous  sore ;  cancrum  oris ;  in  far- 
riery, a  fetid  abscess  of  the  horse*s  foot. 
See  Cancrum  oris.  C.-rash.  Synonym 
of  ScarUt  Fever. 

Csnrt^  {Jtan'-ahk)  [nhwa^  a  cane].  A  genus 
tX  large-leaved  marantaceous  plants.  C. 
tndica,  has  an  acrid  and  stimulant  root ;  it 
is  alterative,  diuretic,  and  diaphoretic. 
Unof.  The  rhizome  of  C.  speciosa  affords 
canna-starch,  a  substitute  for  arrow-root. 

Cannabene  {kan^ -ab-ln).     See  Cannabis. 

Cannabin.     See  Cannabis. 

Cannabinin  {kan  -  ab^-  in  -  in)  [^cannabis, 
bonp].  A  volatile  alkaloid  from  cannabis 
tndica. 

Cannabinon,  Cannabinone  {kan-ay-in-dn) 
[cannabis t  hemp^.  An  amorphous  bitter 
resmoid  from  Indian  hemp,  used  as  an  hyp- 
notic. Dose  1  to  3  grains  (0.065-0.2).  Unof. 

C^smaCbi^ikan^-ab'is)  [L.].  Hemp.  Indian 
hemp.  The  Howering  tops  of  C  sativa^  of 
which  there  are  two  varieties,  C.  indica  and 
C.  amuricana^  the  former  being  the  more 
potent  They  contain  a  resin,  cannabin,  and 
a  volatile  oil,  from  which  are  obtained  can- 
oabene,  C|gHj(^,  a  light  hydrocarbon,  and 
bjndrid  of   cannabene,  a   crystalline  body. 


It  is  antispasmodic,  narcotic,  and  aphrodisiac 
In  large  doses  it  produces  mental  exaltation, 
intoxication,  and  a  sensation  of  double  con- 
sciousness. It  is  used  in  migraine,  in  para- 
lysis agitans,  in  spasm  of  the  bladder,  in  sexual 
impotence,  in  whooping-cough,  in  asthma, 
and  in  other  spasmodic  affections.  Bang^ 
Bhangs  Gunjah,  Churrus^  and  Hashish  are 
the  various  Indian  names  by  which  the  drug 
is  known.  C.  indica,  Ext.,  dose  gr.  ^-j 
(0.01-0.065).  C.  ind.,  Ext.,  Fid.,  an  alco- 
holic preparation.  Dose  nyj-v  (0.065-0. 32). 
C.  ind.,  Tinct.,  contains  20  per  cent,  of 
the  drug.  Dose  n\,xx-f  3  j  (1.3-4.0).  Can- 
nabin Tannate.  Dose  as  an  hypnotic  gr. 
v-x  (0.32-0.65). 

Cannula  (kan'-u-lah)  [dim.  of  canna^  a 
tube].  A  tube  used  for  withdrawing  fluids 
from  the  body.  It  is  generally  fitted  with  a 
pointed  rod  for  puncturing  the  integument. 

Canquoin*s  Paste.  A  paste  of  flour,  water, 
and  zinc  chlorid ;  it  is  a  powerful  escharotic. 

Cantani's  Diet.  An  exclusive  meat -diet  in 
diabetes. 

Cantering  Rhythm  {kan'-tering  rithm). 
See  Bruit  de  Galop. 

Canthal  {kan' -thai)  [icai^,  a  canthus]. 
Relating  to  a  canthus. 

Cantharidal  (kan-thar* -id-al)  [/cai^ap/c,  a 
blistering  fly].  Relating  to  or  containing 
cantharides. 

Cantharides  (kanthar^-tdH).  Plural  of 
Cantharis. 

Cantharidin  [kanthar* -id-in)  r#tav(9ap/f ,  a  blis- 
tering fly],  C,oH|,04.  The  bitter  principle 
contained  in  Spanish  flies  and  other  insects  ; 
it  crystallizes  in  prisms  or  leaflets,  and  melts 
at  218^.  It  has  an  extremely  bitter  taste, 
and  produces  blisters  on  the  skin.  See 
Cantharis. 

Cantharis  {kan' -thar-is)  [KavSapig,  a  blister- 
ing fly:  //.,  Cantharides'].  Spanish  fly. 
The  dried  body  of  a  species  of  beetle,  C. 
Vfsicatoria  (nat.  ord.  Coleoptera).  It  contains 
a  powerful  poisonous  principle,  cantharidin, 
CjqHj^O^.  Locally  applied,  cantharis  is  a  rube- 
facient and  vesicant ;  internally  it  is  an  irri- 
tant, causing  pain  and  vomiting.  In  toxic  doses 
it  produces  severe  gastroenteritis,  strangury, 
and  priapism.  It  is  used  as  an  external 
counterirritant  in  the  form  of  "blisters." 
Internally  it  is  employed  as  a  stimulant  to  the 
genitourinary  mucous  membrane,  especially 
in  cystitis,  atony  of  the  bladder,  amenorrhea, 
etc.;  also  in  skin  diseases.  C,  Acetum  (B. 
P. ) ,  of  the  strength  of  I  to  8.  C,  Ceratum, 
cantharides  35,  yellow  wax  20,  resin  20,  lard 
35  parts,  alcohol  q.  s.  C,  Ext.,  Ceratum, 
cantharides  30,  resin  15,  yellow  wax  35,  lard 
35,  alcohol  q.  s.  C,  Charta,  cantharides  I, 
Canada  turpentine  I,  olive  oil  4,  spermaceti 
3,  white  wax  8,  water   10  parts,  spread  on 


CANTHECTOMY 


CAPSULAR 


» 


Mpo'.  Charta  epispastica  (B.  P.),  blister- 
ing-paper  (white-wax,  spermaceti,  olive  oil, 
resin,  Canada  balsam,  cantharides,  distilleid 
water^.  C.  cum  collodio,  cantharides  60, 
flexible  collodion  85,  chloroform  q.  s.  Em- 
plastrum  picit  cum  cantharide,  warming 
plaster,  Burgundy  pitch  92,  cerat.  canthar. 
8  parts.  Bmplastrum  calefacient  (B.  P.), 
cantharides,  expressed  oil  of  nutmeg,  yellow 
wax,  resin,  resm-plaster,  soap-plaster,  boiling 
water.  C,  Emplattrum  (B.  P.), cantharides, 
yellow  wax,  prepared  suet,  prepared  lard, 
resin.  C,  Liniment.,  cantharides  15  parts, 
oil  of  turpentine  q.  s.  ad  100.  C,  Tmct., 
contains  5  per  cent,  of  the  drug.  Dose  3-X0 
drops  (0.09-0.3^.  C,  Unguent.  (B.  P,), 
cantharides,  yellow  wax,  olive  oil. 

Canthectomy  {kanthek' to-me)  [icai'^,  can- 
thus  ;  eKTOfifj^  a  cutting  out].  Excision  of  a 
canthus. 

Canthitit  (kan-thi^-tis)  [icaW^c»  canthus; 
iTt^,  inflammation] .  Inflammation  of  a  can- 
thus. 

Canthoplasty  {Jkan'-iho  pltuu)  [Kai^d^^  can- 
thus  ;  nTuaaeuv^  to  form].  An  operation  for 
increasing  the  size  of  the  palpebral  Assure  by 
cutting  the  outer  canthus. 

Canthorraphy  (kanthor^-a-fe)  [Kav06q^  can- 
thus;  ^a^,  a  seam].  An  operation  to  re- 
duce the  size  of  the  palpeoral  Assure  by 
suture  of  the  canthus. 

Canthotomy  {kan-that* -o-me)  [«cai^,  can- 
thus  ;  TOfiif^K  cutting].  Surgical  division  of 
a  canthus. 

Canthus  (kan'-thus)  ^Kai'tid^^  canthus].  The 
angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  eyelids. 

Canula  (kan^'U-itth),     See  Cannula, 

Caoutchouc  (ko(/-ckuk)  [S.  American].  In- 
dia-rubber. The  chief  substance  contained 
in  the  milky  juice  that  exudes  upon  incision 
of  a  number  of  tropic  trees  belonging  to 
the  natural  orders  Eupharbiacea,  Ariocar- 
pacea^  aod  Apo<yna(ea.  The  juice  is  a  vege- 
table emulsion,  the  caoutchouc  being  sus- 
pended in  it  in  the  form  of  minute  transparent 
globules.  When  pure,  caoutchouc  is  nearly 
white,  soft,  elastic,  and  glutinous ;  it  swells 
up  in  water  without  dissolving ;  the  best  sol- 
vents are  carbon  disulphid  and  chloroform.  It 
melts  at  about  150^  C,  and  decomposes  at 
200OC. 

Capacity  (kapas'ite)  [capacUas,  capacity]. 
The  power  of  holding  or  containing  ;  mental 
or  physical  ability.  C,  Vital,  the  toul 
amount  of  air  that  can  be  expelled  by  the 
most  forcible  expiration  after  the  deepest  in- 
spiration. 

Capillarity  {iap-ilar'-itf)  [capilius^  a  hair]. 
Capillary  attraction :  the  force  that  causes 
fluids  to  rise  in  fine  tubes  or  bores. 

Capillary  (kap' -il-a-re)  \capillus^  a  hair].  1. 
Hair-like :  relating  to  a  hair,  or  to  a  hau--like 


filament,  or  to  a  tube  with  a  hair  like  bore. 
2.  A  minute  blood-vessel  connecting  the 
smallest  ramifications  of  the  arteries  with 
those  of  the  veins.  C.  Attraction.  See  Cap- 
illarity, C.  Bronchitis.  See  Bronchitis, 
C.  Fissure,  C.  Fracture,  a  linear  fracture, 
without  displacement.  C.  Nevus.  See 
Navus  vascularis.  C.  Pulse,  pulsation  of 
the  capillaries  sometimes  seen  in  aortic  re- 
gurgitation. C.  Vessels,  the  capillaries. 
Capillaries,  Meigs's,  branching  capillaries 
discovered  by  A.  V.  Meigs  in  the  human 
heart. 

Capital  {kap^-it-a!)  [caput,  the  head  J.  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  head,  or  to  the  summit  of  a 
body  or  object  2.  Of  great  importance,  as 
a  capital  operation  in  surgery. 

Capitelluro  {kapit  el' urn)  [dim.  of  caM"]. 
The  rounded,  external  surface  of  the  lower 
end  of  the  humerus. 

Capitulum  {kapit'-uluni)\capitulum,  a  small 
head].  A  little  head.  C.  of  Santorini, 
a  small  elevation  on  the  apex  of  the  arytenoid 
cartilage  corresponding  in  position  to  the  pos- 
terior extremity  of  the  vocal  band. 

Capric  Acid  (kap'-rik  as' id).     See  Acid. 

Caprin  (kap'riu )  [caper,  a  goat] .  An  oiJy  and 
flavoring  constituent  of  butler ;  glycerol  cap- 
rate. 

Caproic  Acid  {kapr</ik  as'  id).    See  Acid. 

Caprone  {kap'-ron)  [caper,  a  goat],  C, , H„(  >. 
Caproic  ketone ;  a  clear,  volatile  oil  found  in 
butter,  and  forming  the  larger  part  of  the  oil 
of  rue. 

Caproylamin  (kaproil'am-in)  \caper,  a 
goat;  <7w//i],  CgHijN.  Ilexylamin.  A  pto 
main  formed  in  the  putrefaction  of  yeast. 

Caprylic  Acid  (kap-ril'ic  as'  id).    See  Acid. 

Capsicin  {kap'sis-in),  C\H,/),.  The  active 
principle  of  Cayenne  pep|>cr.  It  is  a  thick, 
yellowish- red  substance. 

Capsicol  {iap'-sikol)  [capsicum;  oleum, 
oil].  A  red  oil  obttunublc  from  the  oleo- 
resm  of  capsicum. 

Capsicum  {kap' -sik-um)  [capsa,  a  box]. 
Cayenne  pepper.  The  fruit  of  6'.  fastii^i- 
atum,  native  to  tropic  Africa  and  America. 
Its  odor  and  hot  taste  are  due  to  a  vola- 
tile oil,  capsicin,  CgHj/),,  which  is  irri 
tant  to  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes.  In- 
ternally, it  is  a  stomachic,  tonic,  diuretic,  and 
aphrodisiac.  It  is  useful  in  atonic  dyspejisia, 
flatulent  colic,  and  in  intermittent  fever.  C 
Emplastrum,  prepuired  fmm  the  olcorcsin 
and  resin  plaster.  C,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  n\,v- 
f|5j  (0.32-4.0).  C,  Linimentum.  i  in  10, 
for  chest-aflections,  rheumatism,  etc.  C, 
Oleoresin,  Ethereal.  I>ose  n\j-v  (0.065 - 
0.32).  C,  Tinct.,  contains  5  per  cent,  of 
capsicum.     I)o*»e  n^x-fgj  (0.65-4.0). 

Capsitis  (kapsi'tis).     Same  as  Capsulitis. 

Capsular    [kap'sular)    [capsula,    a    small 


CAPSULE 


CARBOLIZE 


box].    Pertaining  to  a  capsule.  C.  Cataimct, 
an  opacity  of  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline 
lens.    C  Hemiplegia,  a  hemiplegia  due  to 
a  lesion  in  the  internal  capsule. 
Capsule  (kap^-sUl)  [dim.  of  capsa,  a  chest]. 
A  receptacle  or  bag.    In  pharmacy,  a  small, 
spheroidal  shell  composed  of  glycerol   and 
gelatin,  divided  so  that  the  parts  fit  together 
Uke  a   box    and    cover.     It   is    useid    for 
the  administration  of  nauseous  medicines.  C, 
Atrabiliary.      See   C,    Sufrarenal,      C, 
Bonnet's,  the  posterior  portion  of  the  sheath 
of  the  eyeball.     C,  Bqwman's,  the  cov- 
ering  of   the    tufl    of   vesseb    of  a  renal 
glomerulus.     It  is  the  beginning  of  the  urin- 
iferous  tubule.     C,  External,  a  layer  of 
white  nerve-fibers  forming  part  of  the  exter- 
nal boundary  of  the  lenticular  nucleus.     C. 
of  Olisson,  the  connective-tissue  sheath  of 
the  hepatic  artery,  portal  vein,  and  bile-duct. 
C^   Internal,  a  layer    of   nerve-fibers  on 
the  outer  side  of  the  optic  thalamus  and  cau- 
date nucleus,  which  it  separates  from  the  len- 
ticular nucleus,  and  containing  the  continu- 
ation upward  of  the  cms  cerebri.     C.  of  the 
Lens,  a  transparent,  structureless  membrane 
enclosing  the  lens  of  the  eye.      C,  Malpi- 
ghian,  the  commencement  of  the  uriniferous 
tubules.      See  C,  Bowman* s.     C,  Muel- 
ler's.   See  C.t  Bowman's.     C,  Suprarenal, 
the  ductless,  glandular  body  at  the  apex  of 
each  kidney.     C.  of  Tenon,  the  tunica  vag- 
inalis of  the  eye. 

Capaulitis  (kap-su-W -Hs)  [capmla^  a  small 
box;  iriq^  inflammation].  Infianmiation  of 
the  capsule  of  the  lens,  or  of  the  fibrous  cap- 
mle  of  the  eyel>all. 

Capsulolent icular    (kap-mlo-Un-tikf -u-lar) 
Xcafsula^  a  little  box;   leniicula^  a  lentilj. 
Keiating  to  the  lens  and  to  its  capsule. 
Capsulotome   (kap^-su-lo-tdm).    See   Cysio- 
torn*. 

Capsulotomy  (kap-su-lotf -o-me)  [capsula^  a 
capsule;  r^/ive<v,  to  cut].     The  operation  of 
rupturing  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens 
in  cataract  operations. 
Captation  {kap-ia' -shun)  [capiare^  to  desire]. 
The  first  or  opening  stage  of  the  hypnotic 
trance. 
Capuron,  Cardinal  Points  of.    See  Pelvis. 
Caput  {kap^'Ut)  [L.].     The  head;   also  the 
duef  part  or  beginning  of  an  organ.     C. 
colt,  the  head  of  the  colon.     C.  comu  pos- 
tanoris.     Same  as  C  gelatinosum,     C.  gal- 
tina^inis.     See  Verumontanum,    C.  gelat- 
inosum,   the  name  given  to  the  translucent 
graj  matter  covering  the  dorsomesal  periph- 
ery of  the  dorsal  horn  of  the  spinal  cord.    It 
u  a  peculiar,  striated  substance  composed  of 
nomerous  closely  crowded  cellular  elements, 
in  part  connective- tissue  cells,  in  part  nerve- 
eelLk     C  medttss,  the  peculiar  plexus  of 


veins  surrounding  the  umbilicus  in  periportal 
cirrhosis  of  the  liver.  It  represents  collateral 
paths  for  the  return  of  the  venous  blood  from 
the  abdominal  viscera.  C.  obstipum.  Syn- 
onym of  Wry-neck,  C.  quadratum,  the  rec- 
tangular head  of  rickets,  flattened  upon  the 
top  and  at  the  sides,  widi  projecting  occiput 
and  prominent  frontal  bosses.  C.  succeda- 
neum,  a  tumor  composed  of  a  serosanguineous 
infiltration  of  the  connective  tissue  situated 
upon  the  presenting  part  of  the  fetus. 

Caramel  (kar'-am-el)  [Fr.,  burnt  sugar]. 
Cane-sugar  deprived  of  two  molecules  of 
water.     It  is  a  viscid,  brown-colored  liquid. 

Caraghen  ika'-ra-ghen),     Irish  moss. 

Caraway  {Jkar^'ah-wa),     5)ee  Carum. 

Carbamic  Acid  {kar-bam'-ik  as' -id).  See 
Acid. 

Carbamid  (kar^-bam-id)  fcarbo,  a  coal ; 
amid'i,  CH^NjO.     Urea. 

Carbinol  (car'-binoi)  [carbo,  a  coal].  Me- 
thyl alcohol,  CH,OH.  Also  a  generic  term 
for  the  alcohols  formed  by  substituting  hydro- 
carbon radicles  for  the  hydrogen  in  the  methyl 
radicle  of  carbinol. 

Carbazotic  Acid  (>^r-^<»-^-i>&).  See  Acid, 
Picric. 

Carbo  (Jkar'-bo)  [L.].  A  coal;  charcoal. 
C.  animalis,  animal-charcoal;  bone-black; 
it  is  used  in  pharmacy  and  in  manufacturing 
chemistry  largely  as  a  decolorizing  agent  and 
as  a  filter.  C.  ligni,  wood-charcoal;  an 
absorbent,  disinfectant,  and  deodorizer,  used 
in  poulticing  wounds  and  dressing  ulcers.  It 
is  used  internally  in  gastrointestinal  irritation. 

Carbohydrate  (kar-bo-hi'-droi)  [carbo,  coal ; 
vd(jp,  water].  An  organic  substance  contain- 
ing six  carbon  atoms  or  some  multiple  of  six, 
and  hydrogen  and  oxygen  in  the  proportion 
in  which  they  form  water ;  that  is,  twice  as 
many  hydrogen  as  oxygen  atoms.  The  car- 
bohydrates form  a  large  class  of  organic 
compounds,  and  may  be  arranged  into  three 
groups:  the  glucoses  {monoses);  the  disac- 
charids,  or  sugars;  and  the  polysaccharids. 
The  glucoses  are  the  aldehyd  derivatives  or 
ketone-derivatives  of  the  hexahydric  alco- 
hols, into  which  they  may  be  converted  by 
the  absorption  of  two  hydrogen  atoms.  They 
are  mostly  crystalline  substances,  very  soluble 
in  water,  but  dissolving  with  difficulty  in 
alcohol.  They  possess  a  sweet  taste.  The 
disaccharids  and  polysaccharids  are  ethereal 
anhydrids  of  the  glucoses.  All  of  them  may 
be  converted  into  the  glucoses  by  hydrolytic 
decomposition.  The  disaccharids  are  ether- 
like anhydrids  of  the  hexoses. 

Carbolic  {kar-bof -ik)  [carbo,  a  coal ;  oleum, 
oil].  Containing  or  derived  from  coal-tar 
oil.     C.  Acid.     See  Acid,  Carbolic. 

Carbolize  ikar' -bol-lz)  [carbo,  a  coal ;  oleum, 
oil].     To  mipregnate  with  carbolic  acid. 


CARBON 


CARDIAC 


» 


Carbon  {kar'-bon)  \carbo^  charcoal].  Char- 
coal. C  =  12  ;  quantivalence  II,  IV.  A 
notunetallic  element  occurring  in  the  various 
forms  of  diamond,  graphite  or  **  black  lead," 
charcoal,  and  lamp-black.  It  is  the  central  or 
characteristic  element  of  organic  compounds. 
Carbo  animalis  purificat.,  purified  animal 
charcoal.  Dose  gr.  xx-jj  (1.3-4.0).  C, 
Cataplatma(B. P.), charcoal-poultice;  wood- 
charcoal  I,  bread-crumb  I,  linseed-meal  3, 
boiling  water  20  parts.  C.  diozid,  the  acid, 
gaseous  product,  having  the  composition  of 
CO,,  commonly  known  as  "  caibonic  acid 
gas,"  or  carbonic  acid.  It  is  a  colorless  gas, 
having  a  sp.  gr.  of  1.52,  soluble  in  cold  water, 
and  possessing  a  pungent  smell  and  an  acid 
taste.  Inhaled,  it  destroys  animal  life  by 
asphyxiation.  C.  disulphid,  bisulphid  of 
carbon,  CS,,  a  colorless,  transparent  liquid 
of  offensive  odor,  highly  inflaomiable,  very 
poisonous.  It  is  used  as  a  solvent  for 
caoutchouc  and  as  a  reagent.  C.  monoxid, 
CO,  carbonic  oxid,  a  colorless,  tasteless, 
and  inodorous  gas,  one  of  the  products 
of  imperfect  combustion.  It  is  actively 
poisonous.  C.  nitrid,  CN,  cyanogen.  C. 
tetrachlorid,  CCl^,  anesthetic,  used  in  asthma 
by  inhalation.  Unof.  C.  oxysulphid,  a  body, 
COS,  formed  by  conducting  sulphur-vapor 
and  carbon  monoxid  through  red-hot  tubes ; 
it  is  a  colorless  gas,  with  a  faint  and  peculiar 
odor.  It  unites  readily  with  air,  forming  an 
explosive  mixture,  and  is  soluble  in  an  equal 
volume  of  water.  It  is  present  in  the  waters 
of  some  mineral  springs. 

Carbonate  \carbo^  a  coal] .  A  salt  of  car- 
bon dioxid. 

Carbonemia  (karbon-e' -me-ah)  [carbon^ 
charcoal ;  cki^y  the  blood].  An  accumula- 
tion of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  blood. 

Carbonic  Acid  [kar-bon'-ik  as' -id).  Sec 
Carbon  dioxid. 

Carbonization  (karbonit-a' -shun)  \carbo^ 
coal].  The  process  of  decomposing  organic 
substances  by  heat  without  air,  until  the  vola- 
tile products  are  driven  off*  and  the  carbon 
remains. 

Carbonyl  [kar^-bonU^  [carbo,  charcoal].  A 
hypothetic  organic  radicle  having  the  formula 
CO. 

Carbozyhemoglobin  (kar-boks-yhrm-ogiy- 
bin)  [carboy  coal ;  &f  re,  sharp ;  aifia,  blood]. 
The  compound  of  carbon  monoxid  and 
hemoglobm,  formed  when  CO  is  present  in 
the  blood.  The  carbon  monoxid  displaces 
the  oxygen  and  checks  the  respiratory  func- 
tion of  the  red  corpuscles. 

Carboxyl  (kar-boks'il)  [carbo,  charcoal; 
6^iy,  sharp].  The  group,  CO. OH,  charac- 
teristic of  toe  organic  acids.  The  hydrogen 
of  this  can  be  replaced  by  metals,  forming 
salts. 


Carbuncle  (kar'-bung-kl)  [carbo,  a  Irrt 
coal].  A  hard,  circumscribe<l,  deep  seated, 
painful,  suppurative  inflammation  of  the  sob* 
cutaneous  tissue.  It  diflers  from  a  boil  io 
having  greater  size,  a  flat  top,  and  several 
points  of  suppuration.  It  b  erroneously 
called  anthrax. 

Carcinoma  (kar  -  sin  -  </-  mak)  [Kopnivofia ; 
KopKivo^,  a  crab;  6/m,  tumor].  A  noalignant 
epithelial  tumor  composed  of  a  connective^ 
tissue  stroma,  surrounding  groups  or  nests  of 
epithelial  cells.  Three  varieties  are  generally 
described — the  squamous,  the  cylindric,  and 
the  glandular.  C.,  Colloid,  affects  chiefly 
the  alimentary  canal,  uterus,  etc. ;  the  deli- 
cate connective-tissue  stroma  is  filled  with 
colloid  matter,  the  result  of  a  colloid  degen- 
eration of  the  epithelial  cells.  In  some 
cases  the  degeneration  is  mucoid,  instead  of 
colloid.  C,  Cylindric,  one  in  which  the 
cells  tend  to  assume  a  cylindric  or  columnar 
shape.  This  shape  is  best  seen  in  the  cetb 
nearest  the  periphery  of  the  nests.  C,  En- 
cephaloid,  is  of  rapid  growth,  with  a  small 
amount  of  stroma,  large  alveoli,  and  greater 
amount  of  cells  and  blood-vessels.  C, 
Glandular,  a  carcinoma  in  which  the  cells 
are  of  the  glandular  or  secreting  type.  C, 
Squamous,  one  derived  from  squamous 
epithelium ;  the  cells  are  cuboidal  in  shape. 

Carcinomatous  (kar-sin'O'-mat-us)  [itap«i w>c, 
a  crab].  Relating  to  or  affected  with  car- 
cinoma. 

Carcinosis  (kar-sin-o'-sis)  ficapft/vof,  a  orab]. 
I.  A  carcinomatous  cachexia;  a  tendency  to 
the  development  of  malignant  disease.  2.  A 
form  of  carcinoma,  usually  fatal,  beginning 
generally  in  the  uterus  or  the  stomMrh  and 
spreading  to  the  peritoneum.  C,  Acute, 
rapidly  faul  carcinosis.  C. ,  Miliary,  one  in 
which  there  are  many  secondary  nodules  the 
size  of  miliary  tubercles. 

Cardamomum  ^t<ir-</rtm-</-iwww)[L.1.  Car- 
damom. The  fruit  of  C.  eUttaria,  cultivated 
in  Malabar.  Its  properties  are  due  to  a  vola- 
tile oil,  C|qH,,.  It  is  an  aromatic,  carmina- 
tive stomachic,  used  as  an  ingredient  of  sev. 
eral  "  bitters."  It  is  useful  when  combined 
with  purgatives  to  prevent  ^ping.  C. ,  In- 
fusum.  Unof.  Dose  fjij  (040).  C, 
Tinct.,  15  per  cent,  strength.  Dose  f^^j-v 
(4.0-^.0).  C,  Tinct.,  Comp.,  cardamom 
20,  cinnamon  20,  caraway  10,  cochineal  $, 
glycerol  60,  dilute  alcohol,  q.  s.  ad  looo 
parts.     Dose  fj  j-ij  (40-^.  o^. 

Cardia (kar'-dcaJt )  [MpSia, the  heart] .  The 
heart.  C.  of  the  Stomach,  the  esophageal 
orifice  of  the  stomach. 

Cardiac  (kar'-deak)  [mpSia,  the  heart].  Per^ 
taining  to  the  heart  or  to  the  cardia  of  the 
stomach.  C.  Cycle,  the  period  indodcd 
between  the  beginning  of  one  heart-beat  sad 


CARDIALGIA 


CARNAL 


the  beginning  of  another.  C.  Dropsy,  a 
dropsical  effusion  due  to  heart-disease  with 
loss  of  compensation.  C.  Ganglia,  ganglia 
lying  in  the  grooves  and  substance  of  the  heart 
'— the  principal  ones  are  Remak's  and  Bid- 
der's, the  first  on  the  surface  of  the  sinus 
▼enosus,  and  the  latter  (two)  at  the  auriculo- 
▼entricular  groove.  C.  Impulse,  the  eleva- 
tion caused  by  the  movement  of  the  heart, 
usually  seen  in  the  fifth  left  intercostal  space. 
C.  Murmurs.  See  Murmurs.  C.  Orifice, 
of  the  stomach,  the  esophageal  orifice.  C. 
Passion,  pain  in  the  heart  or  the  stomach. 
C.  Plexus.  See  Piexus.  C.  Rhythm,  the 
term  given  to  the  normal  regularity  in  the 
force  and  volume  of  the  individual  heart- 
beats. 
Cardialgia  ikar-de-ai^ -Je-ah)  [xa^rf/a,  heart ; 
iXyaCt  pain].  Pain  in  the  region  of  the  heart, 
usually  due  to  gaseous  distention  of  the 
stomach ;  heart- bum. 
Cardinal  {Jkar* -din-al)  [cardo,  a  hinge].  Im- 
portant ;  preeminent.  C.  Flower,  a  common 
name  for  several  species  of  Lobelia^  chiefly 
Z.  cardinalis.  C.  Points  of  Capuron.  See 
Pelvis.  C.  Veins,  the  venous  trunks  which, 
in  the  embryonic  stage,  form  the  primitive 
jugular  veins. 

Canliocele   (kar^-de-o-sil)    [xa/xfia,    heart; 
KfiXri*  tumor].     Hernial   protrusion  of   the 
heart 
Cardiocentesis  (kar-de-o-sen-te^ -sis)  [luipdla, 
heart;  <civn7<Tic,  puncture].     Puncture  of  one 
of  the  chambers  of  the  heart  to  relieve  en- 
gorgement. 
Cardiodynia  (Aar-de-o-din^-e-ah)   [Kapdla^ 
heart;  oS'wri^  pain].     Pain  in  or  about  the 
heart. 
Cardiogram  {kar'-de-o-gram)  [xapdm,  heart ; 
ypdfifutt  a  writing].     The   tracing   made  of 
the  cardiac  impulse  by  the  cardiograph. 
Cardiograph  Utar' -de-o-graf)  [xapduz,  heart ; 
ypd^iv,  to  wnte].     An  instrument  for  regis- 
tering graphically  the  modifications  of  the 
pulsions  of  the  heart. 
Cardioinhibitory  {kar-de  -o-in-  hW-  it-  o  -  re) 
ritapSia^  the  heart;   inkiiere^  to  restrain]. 
Inhibiting  or  diminishing  the  heart's  action. 
The  C.  fibers  pass  to  the  heart  through  the 
pneumogastric  nerves. 
Cardiomalacia  {kar-de-o-mai-a'-se-ah)  [xap- 
Aia,  heart;  /mXaxia,  softness].     Softening  of 
the  substance  of  the  heart. 
Cardiopathy    ( kar  -de-op^-a-  the)    [nxpJia , 
heart ;  xrdftic,  disease].     Any  disease  of  the 
heart. 
Car diopericarditia  {kar-  de  -  o  -per  -  e  -  kar  -  di'- 
Hs)  [^Kapdia^  heart ;  Trepi,  around ;  Kopdia^  the 
heart ;  4r<^,  inflammation].     Associated  car- 
ditis and   pericarditis ;   inflammation  of  the 
heart-tissues  and  of  the  pericardium. 
Caoidioplegia    {kar-di-o-ple^ -je-ah)    \nap6ia^ 


heart;  tO^yift  &  stroke].  Paralysis  of  the 
heart 

Cardiopneumatic  {kar-de-o-nu-mat^ -ik)  [mp- 
6ia,  heart;  irvevfia,  the  breath].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  heart  and  respiration.  C.  Move- 
ments, those  movements  of  the  air  in  the 
lungs  thatotre  caused  by  the  pulsations  of  the 
heart  and  larger  vessels. 

Cardiopneumograph  {Jkar  -de-o-  nuf-  mo- 
graf)  iKapdia,  heart ;  irvevfia,  breath ;  yp6- 
^eiVf  to  write].  An  instrument  designed  for 
graphically  recording  cardiopneumatic  move- 
ments. 

Cardiopuncture  {kar-de-o-punk'-char)  [Kop- 
dia,  heart ;  punctura,  a  puncture].  Cardio* 
centesis,  especially  on  lower  animals. 

Cardiovascular  (karde-o-vas^-ku-lar)  [nap- 
dia,  heart ;  vasculum,  a  small  vessel].  Per- 
taining to  the  heart  and  the  blood-vessels. 

Carditis  (kar-di'-iis)  [Kopdia,  the  heart ;  <r/f , 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  heart. 
C,  Internal.     Synonym  of  Endocarditis. 

Cardol  (Jkar^-do/),    See  Anacardium. 

Carduus  {kar^-du-us)  [L.,  a  thistle].  The 
seeds  of  C.  marianus^  St.  Mary's  thistle,  and 
C.  benedictus,  blessed  thistle.  A  decoction 
of  the  former,  ^ij  ad  Oj,  constitutes  an  old 
and  popular  remedy  for  hemoptysis.  The 
latter  is  also  a  popular  cure-all,  used  mainly 
as  a  tonic  bitter.  Dose  of  decoction  f  5  j-f  J  ss 
(4.0-16-0) ;  of  a  tincture,  n\^x-xx  (0.05-1.3). 

Carica  Papaya  (kar'-ik-ahpap-a'-yah).  See 
Papain. 

Caricin  ikar'-is-in).     See  Papain. 

Caries  {ka'-re-H)  [caries,  rottenness].  A 
molecular  death  of  bone,  corresponding  to 
ulceration  in  the  soft  tissues.  C,  Necrotic, 
when  portions  of  the  bone  lie  in  a  suppur- 
ating cavity.  C.  sicca,  a  form  of  tuberculous 
caries  characterized  by  absence  of  suppuration, 
obliteration  of  the  cavity  of  the  joint,  and 
sclerosis  and  concentric  atrophy  of  the  ar- 
ticular extremity  of  the  bone.  C.  of  Spine, 
or  Pott's  Disease,  tuberculous  osteitis  of 
the  bodies  of  the  vertebras  and  intervertebral 
fibrocartilage,  producing  curvature  of  the 
spine.  C.  of  Teeth,  a  chemic  decomposi- 
tion of  the  earthy  part  or  any  portion  of  a 
tooth,  accompanied  by  a  partial  or  complete 
disor^nization  of  the  animal  framework  of 
the  affected  part 

Carious  (ka'-re-us)  [caries ^  rottenness].  Per- 
taining to  or  affected  with  caries. 

Carmidum,  Mayer's.  A  stain  consisting  of 
carminic  acid  I,  alum  lo,  water  200  parts.  It 
is  well  adapted  for  sections  cut  on  the  freez- 
ing microtome. 

Carmin  (kar^-min),  C^H.gO,^,.  A  coloring- 
matter  extracted  from  cochineal. 

Carnal  (iar^-nal)  [camalis,  fleshly].  Per- 
taining to  flesh.  C.  Knowledge,  sexual  in- 
tercoorse. 


CARNAUBA 


CARYOCINESIS 


» 


Canuuba  (kar-na-ci/'hah)  [Brmz.].  The 
root  of  Corypka  cerifera^  a   wax-pntxladDg 

gdm-tree  of  tropic  Americm.  It  is  used  in 
razil  as  an  alteratire  and  resembles  sarsa- 
p^lla  in  its  properties.  Dose  of  the  fld. 
cxt  n\,  xxx-f3  j  (2.0-4.0).     Unof. 

Camification  (kar  -  nif  -  ik  -  of  -  shun)  \caro^ 
flesh  ;  fieri^  to  become].  A  term  indicating 
the  alteration  of  tissue,  especially  the  lung,  to 
a  dense  fleshy  appearance. 

Camin  {kar'nin^  \caro,  flesh],  C^H^N^O,. 
A  leukomain  isolated  from  American  meat- 
extract,  but  not  from  muscle-tissue  itself; 
also  obtained  from  yeast  and  wine. 

Carnivorous  (kar-nn/ ^rus)  \carc^  flesh; 
vorare,  to  devour].     Flesh-eating. 

Caroba  (kar-y-baJk)  [L.].  The  leaflets  of 
Jacaranda  procera  and  of  Cybisiax  anti- 
syphilUua.  It  is  a  popular  Brazilian  remedy 
as  an  emetocathartic,  alteratire,  and  tonic  in 
syphilis  and  in  yaws.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext 
Ti\,xT-f3J  (l.o-4X>).    Unof. 

Carotid  {kar-ci^-id)  [tuipurif;  Kopdetv,  to 
produce  sleep].  I.  The  carotid  artery,  the 
principal  large  artery  00  each  side  of  the 
neck.  See  ArUrirs,  Table  of,  2.  Of  or  re- 
lating to  the  carotid  artery. 

Carpal  (karp^-ai)  [fta/>ir<^,  the  wrist].  Per- 
taining to  the  wrist 

Carphologia  {karfoU/ -je-ah).    See  Carpkol- 

Carphology  {kar-foi^  o-ji)  \Kap^^  chafl*; 
Kkyttv^  to  collect].  The  aimless  picking  at 
the  bedclothes,  seen  in  grave  fevers,  partic- 
ularly in  the  so-called  typhoid  state. 

Carpometacarpal  (kar-po-met-a-kar^-pal) 
[xo^i^C,  carpus;  /<rrd,  between,  among; 
Mpir6(,  carpus].  Relating  to  the  carpus  and 
to  the  metacarpus. 

Carpopedal  {karpthp^dal^  (|«a^<Jf,  car- 
pus ;  pes^  pedis ^  a  foot].  Aflectmg  the  wrists 
or  the  hands  and  feet.  C.  Spasm,  a  spasm 
of  the  hands  and  feet,  or  of  the  thumbs  and 
great  toes,  associated  with  the  laryngismus 
stridulus  oif  children.  C.  Contraction.  See 
Contraction, 

Carposjrma  {kar-po-uf-wuUi)  [<a/wr<Jf,  fruit ; 
Ct'/i7,  ferment] .  A  genus  of  microorganisms 
producing  fermentation. 

Carpus  {karp^'tts)  [#Mipir<if,  the  wrist].  The 
eight  bones  collectively  forming  the  wrist 

Carrageen,  or  Carragheen  {kar^-ag-tn) 
[Carragheen  in  Ireland].  Irish  moss.  See 
Vkandrus. 

Canon  Oil  (kar^-on  oU).     See  Linum, 

Car«weU*s  Grapes.  Pulmonary  tubercles 
when  they  occur  in  a  racemose distribmion  at 
the  extremities  of  several  adjacent  bronchioles. 

Cartilage  {kar^-HI-af)  [cartilage^  gristle]. 
Gristle;  a  white,  semi-opaque,  nonvascular 
connective  tissue  composed  of  a  matrix  con- 
taining nucleated  cells  which  lie  in  cavities  or 


lacunae  of  the  matrix.  When  boiled,  cartil- 
age 3rields  a  substance  called  choodrin. 
C,  Articular,  that  lining  the  articular  tm- 
faces  of  bones.  C. ,  Costal,  that  occupying 
the  interval  between  the  true  ribs  and  the 
sternum  or  adjacent  cartilages.  C,  Bnsi- 
form,  the  third  piece  of  the  sternum.  It 
it  also  called  the  xiphoid  appendix.  C^ 
Epactal,  small  cartilaginous  nodules  on  the 
upper  edge  of  the  alar  cartilages  of  the  nose. 
C,  Hyaline,  is  distinguished  by  a  granular 
or  homogeneous  matrix.  C,  Fibro-,  distin- 
guished by  a  fibrous  matrix.  C.  of  Meckel, 
a  process  from  the  first  branchial  arch,  from 
which  the  internal  lateral  ligament  of  the 
lower  jaw  is  formed.  C,  Reticular,  a 
peculiar  cartilage  found  in  the  auricle  of  the 
ear,  the  epiglottis,  and  Eustachian  tubes.  Its 
peculiarity  consists  in  a  network  of  yellow 
elastic  fiben  pervading  the  matrix  in  all 
directions.  C.  of  Santorini,  a  nodule  at 
the  apex  of  each  arytenoid  cartilage,  the 
cofniculum  laryngis.  C.  of  Weitbrecht, 
the  interarticular  fibrocartilage  that  exists  in 
the  acromioclavicular  articulation.  C.  of 
Wrisberg,  the  cuneiform  cartilages,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  fold  of  membrane  stretching 
from  the  ar3rtenoid  cartilage  to  the  epiglottis. 
C  Yellow.     See  C,  Reticular. 

Cartilaginous  (kar-tit-af-inm)  IcartilagOt 
cartilage] .  Made  up  of  or  resembling  cartil- 
age- 

Canim  (ka'-rum)  [mipoir,  caraway].  Cara- 
way. The  seeds  of  C,  Carui^  indigenous  to 
Europe  and  an  allied  species  native  to  the 
Pacific  coast  of  America.  Its  odor  and 
taste  are  due  to  a  volatile  oil.  It  is  used 
chiefly  as  a  flavor.  C,  Aqua  (B.  P.). 
Dose  f^HJ  (32-O764.0).  C,  Inlttsum« 
unof.,  ^j-ij,  ad  Oj.  Dose  f.^ss-ij  (16.0- 
64.0^.  C,  Oleum.  Dose  li\j-v  (0065- 
0.32). 

Caruncle  (kar^-nng-kl)  [canmcuia^  dim.  of 
caro,  flesh].  A  small,  fleshy  growth.  C, 
Lacryroal,  one  upon  the  conjunctivi^  near 
the  inner  canthus.  C,  Urethral,  a  small, 
bright-red  growth  situated  on  the  posterior 
lip  of  the  meatus  urinarius ;  a  frequent  con- 
dition in  women.  The  caruncle  varies  in 
sixe  from  a  hempseed  to  a  filbert ;  it  is  very 
painful,  especially  during  micturition  and 
coitus,  and  bleeds  readily. 

Carunculse  (kar-ung'-ku-le)  [cartmcula^  a 
caruncle].  The  nymphir.  C.  myrtilbrmes, 
the  projections  of  membrane  near  the  orifice 
of  the  vagina,  thought  to  be  the  remains  of 
the  hjrmen  after  iis  rupture. 

Carvacrol  (karf^-akro/)  [Ital.,  rarw,  cara- 
way;  ixpoct  sharp],  C,qH.,.OH.  A  liquid 
body  occurring  in  tne  oil  of  certain  varieties 
of  satureia. 

Caryocinesis    (kar-e-^tm-e^-sis)  [K&pmtf,  a 


CARYOLYSIS 


CASTANEA 


out    (nucleus) ;     idvrfaiCf    movement].     See 
XaryoJtifUsts. 

Carsrolysis  (kar-e-oi'-is-is)  [napvov,  nucleus ; 
^<v,  to  loose].     The  process  of  the  dissolu- 
tion of  cell-nuclei. 
Ctryomitosis.     See  KaryomitoHs, 
Ca^phyllin  ikar-e-o-fil^-in^  r»^/>vov,  a  nut ; 
^Xkw,  a  leaf],    CjoH^O  or  tLH„0,.   The 
neutral  crystalline  principle  of  cloves. 
Caryophyllut  (^tfr-^-a^^/'-fwJ  [wipwv,  a  nut ; 
fviAov,  a  leaf).     Clove.     The   unexpanded 
flowers   of  Eugenia    caryophyllata^    distin- 
guished by  their  pungent,  spicy  taste.     Its 
properties  are  due  to  a  volatile  oil,  which  is 
antiseptic,  stimulant,  and  irritant.     It  also 
contains  a  crystalline  body,  eugenin,  Q^Hi,- 
0,,  and  a  camphor,  caryophylHn,  CioH,,0. 
It  is  useful  as  a  stomachic,  and  to  prevent 
*' griping"  when  combined  with  purgatives. 
C,  Infu8um(B.  P.).  A  strength  of  i  to  40  is 
recommended.  Dose  f  5  j-ij  (32.0-64.0).  C, 
Oleum,  contains  an  acid  and  a  phenol  com- 
pound.    Dose  Ti\j-iv     (0.065-0.26).     It  is 
used  also  by  microscopists  to  clarify  pre- 
parations and  tissues  for  mounting. 
Caryoplasm  {kar' -e-o-plaxm)  [«cdpvof,  a  nu- 
cleus;    vMofia,    that    which    is    formed]. 
The  plasm  of  a  cell-nucleus ;  nuclear  plasm. 
Casca  Bark  (kas^-kak  bark).     Sassy  bark; 
Ordeal  bark.     The  bark  of  Erythrophlotum 
guimnsi^  a  tree  native  to  Africa.     Its  prop- 
erties are  due  to  an  alkaloid.    It  is  valuable 
in  intermittent  fevers,  and  as  a  heart-tonic ; 
in  over-doses  it  produces  nausea  and  vomit- 
ing.    Erythrophlein,  the  active  alkaloid, 
unof,  b  a  local  anesthetic.     C,  Ext.,  Aq. 
Dose  gr.  j  (0.065).    C.,  Ext.,  Pld.    Dose 
n\,v-xv  (0.32-1.0).     C,  Tinct,,  25  per  cent, 
in  strength.     Dose  X\  x  (0.65).     Unof. 
Cm,WL9X9L{kas-kar'-ah)  fSp.,  **bark"]^  The 
bark.     C.  amarga,  Honduras  bark.      The 
bark  of  a  tree  native  to  Mexico,  much  used 
as   an  alterative  tonic  in  syphilis  and  skin 
affections.     C.  Cordial,  a  trade  preparation. 
Dose  ntxv-fgij  (1.0-8.0).  C,     Ext.,  Fid. 
Dose  f^ss-^;  (2.0-4.0);  of  the  powdered 
extract  gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65).  Unof.    C.  sag- 
rada,   Chittem   bark,    Sacred    bark.      The 
bark  of  Rhamnus  purshiana^  or   California 
Buckthorn.     Its  properties  are  due  to  a  vola- 
tile   oil.     It  is   useful  in  the   treatment   of 
chronic  constipation.     Case,  sagrad.,  Ext. 
(B.  P.).   Dose  gr.  ij-viij  (0.13-0.52).   Case. 
SAf^ad.,  Ext.,  Liquidum  (B.  P.).     Dose 
WLv-^3J  (0.32-4.0). 
CaaCJtfula  {kas-kar-il^-ah)  [Sp.,  dim.  olcasca^ 
bark 3.     The  bark  of  Croton  eluteria^  native 
to  the  Bahama  Islands,  an  aromatic  bitter,  in- 
creasing the  natural  secretions  of  the  diges- 
tive organs.   C,  Infiis.  (B.  P.).    Dosefjj- 
ij    (32.0-64.0).      C,    Tinctura    (B.   P.). 
Doae  f5ssrHJ  (2.0-8.0). 


Catcarillln  {kas-kar-W -irC)  Xcascarilla^  dim. 
of  casca^  bark],  C.HgO,.  The  active  prin- 
ciple of  cascanlla-bark ;  a  white,  crystalline, 
bitter  substance,  scarcely  soluble  in  water. 

Caseation  (ka-ze-a' -shun)  [caseum^  cheese]. 
The  precipitation  of  casein  during  the  coagu- 
lation of  milk.  Also  a  form  of  degeneration 
in  which  the  structure  is  converted  into  a  soft, 
cheese-like  substance. 

Casein  (ka'-u-in)  {caseum^  cheese].  A  de- 
rived albumin,  the  chief  proteid  of  milk, 
precipitated  by  acids  and  by  rennet.  It  is 
closely  allied  to  alkali-albumin,  but  contains 
more  nitrogen  and  a  large  amount  of  phos- 
phorus. It  constitutes  most  of  the  curd  of 
milk.  C.  Sacchaiid,  a  compound  of  dry 
casein  one  part,  cane-sugar  nine  parts,  and 
sodium  bicarbonate  enough  to  render  it 
slightly  alkaline.  It  is  useful  in  preparing 
emulsions  of  oils,  balsams,  terpenes,  resins, 
or  gum-resins.  C. ,  Vegetable,  two  varieties 
have  been  described, — Legumin,  in  peas, 
beans,  etc.,  and  Conglutin,  in  hops  and 
almonds. 

Caseous  (ka'-ze-us)  [casfum^  cheese].  Hav- 
ing the  nature  or  consistency  of  cheese. 

Cassava  (kas-a'-vak)  [Sp.,  casabe].  The 
fecula  of  manioc,  Janipha  nmnihoty  sepa- 
rated from  the  juice.     Unof.     See  Tapioca, 

Casserian  (kas-ef-rc-an).     See  Gasserian, 

Cassia  {cash'-e-ah)  \iuiaia^  a  perfume].  I. 
A  genus  of  leguminous  plants,  several  species 
of  which  afford  senna.  2.  An  old  name, 
still  used  commercially,  for  the  coarser 
varieties  of  cinnamon.  See  Cinnamon, 
C.  Bark,  Cassia  lignea.  See  Cinnamon. 
C.  Buds,  the  immature  fruit  of  Chinese 
cinnamon ;  used  chiefly  as  a  spice.  C. 
marilandica,  of  N.  America,  produces  the 
leaves  called  American  senna,  which  are  less 
active  as  a  cathartic  than  the  true  senna.  C. 
Oil,  a  variety  of  oil  of  cinnnamon,  used  in 
pharmacy  and  in  perfumery.  The  pulp,  C, 
Pulpa  (B.  P.) ,  is  a  mild  laxative.  Dose  %y- 
ij  (4.0-8.0).  C,  Purging,  is  the  fruit  of  a 
tree,  C  fistula^  growing  in  tropic  regions. 

Q,UA\(ka5t\  [M£.,raJ/^w,  to  throw].  I.  A 
mass  of  hbrous  or  plastic  material  that  has 
taken  the  form  of  some  cavity  in  which  it  has 
been  moulded.  From  their  source,  casts  may 
be  classified  as  bronchial,  intestinal,  nasal, 
esophageal,  renal,  trachea],  urethral,  vaginal, 
etc.  Of  these,  the  renal  casts  are  the  most 
important,  by  reason  of  their  significance  in 
diseases  of  the  kidney.  Classed  according 
to  their  constitution,  casts  are  epithelial,  fatty, 
fibrinous,  granular,  hyaline,  mucous,  san- 
guineous, waxy,  etc.  See  Tube-casts.  2. 
Strabismus. 

Castanea  {kasta^-nc-ak\\V.,\  Chestnut. 
The  leaves  of  C.  vesca.  They  contain  tannic 
and  gallic  acids  and  other   principles  the 


CASTOR 


CATARACT 


» 


▼alue  of  which  is  not  known.  They  are  used 
in  infusion  or  decoction  as  m  remedy  for 
whooping-cough.    C,  Est.,  Pld.    Dose  IT\^ 

Y-IX  (0.32-2.6). 

Castor  (ias^'/0r).  See  Castoreum,  C.  Bean 
and  C.  Oil.     See  Rianus. 

Cattoreum  (ioi •to' -re- um)  [icdtrrcjp,  the 
beaver].  Tne  dried  preputial  follicles  and 
their  seaetion,  obtained  from  the  beaver, 
Castor  fiber.  It  is  a  reddish-brown  sub- 
stance with  a  strong  odor.  It  is  antispas- 
modic and  stimulant,  its  action  resembling  that 
of  musk.    C,  Tinct.  Dose  f  3  ss-j  (2u>-4.o]. 

Castration  (ktu-tra' shun)  [castrarf,  to  cut  J. 
Orchectomy ;  the  excision  of  one  or  both 
testicles.  C,  Female,  removal  of  the  ova- 
ries ;  oophorectomy ;  spaying. 

Catabolergy,  or  Katabolerg^  (Jkntay-o/er- 
je)  [mirci,  down ;  /JdXX^iv,  to  throw  ;  ipyov, 
work].  Energy  expended  in  katabolic  pro- 
cesses. 

CaUbolic  {JiotaboVik)  [icara,  down ;  /?dA- 
\iiv^  to  throw].  Of  the  nature  of,  or  per- 
taining to,  catabolism. 

Catabolism  Utat-ab'-olitm)  [xard,  down; 
^dAAe<v,  to  tiirow].  Destructive  metamor- 
phosis ;  disassimilation  ;  physiologic  disinte- 
gration. 

CUtacrotic  (iat-ahkrot'-ik)  [icurd,  down ; 
Kpdro^,  a  striking].  Interrupting  the  line 
of  descent  in  a  sphyg^ogram. 

Catalepsy  (kat' alep-se)  [<air<i,  down  ;  la^- 
/3dve<v,  to  seize!.  A  condition  of  morbid 
sleep,  associated  with  a  loss  of  voluntary 
motion  and  a  peculiar  plastic  rigidity  of  the 
muscles,  by  reason  of  which  they  take  any 
position  in  which  they  are  placed  and  pre- 
serve it  for  an  indefinite  time.  The  condi- 
tion is  associated  with  hysteria,  with  forms 
of  insanity,  and  is  a  stage  of  the  hypnotic 
sleep.  C,  Local,  that  affecting  a  single 
organ  or  group  of  muscles. 

CaUleptic  (kat-alfftik^  [/card,  down  ;  Aa/i- 
pAvetv^  to  seize].  Relating  to,  affected  with, 
or  of  the  nature  of,  catalepsy. 

CataleptUbrm  {iat-ai-ep'-ti/'Orm)  fward, 
down;  Aa/i^^veiv,  to  seize;  format  form]. 
Resembling  catalepsy. 

Catalysis  {kat-ai'-is-is)  [«ira/.iV/v,  to  dis- 
solve]. In  chemistry,  a  reaction  that  ap- 
pears to  take  place  owing  to  the  mere  pres- 
ence of  another  body  that  apparently  under- 
goes no  change. 

Ottalytic  (kat  nlit'ik)  [icaroAf  f/v,  to  dis- 
solve]. I.  Of  the  nature  of,  or  character- 
ized by,  catalysis.  2.  Any  medicine  that  is 
supposed  to  break  down,  destroy,  or  counter- 
act morbid  agencies  exi^iting  within  the 
economy. 

Catamenia  (katamf'ne-ah)  frard,  concern- 
ing, according  to;  /i^v,  month].  The  rec\ir- 
rpnt    moothlv  discharge    of   blood  during 


sexual  life  from  the  genital  canal  of  the 
female. 

Catamenial  (katam-y -ne-al)  [nard,  con- 
cerning ;  ftijv,  a  month].  Pertaining  to  the 
catamenia. 

Cataphoresis  (kat-a/or-e^sis)  [kotA,  down ; 
^pieiv,  to  carry].  The  introduction  of  drugs 
into  the  system  through  the  skin,  by  means 
of  ointments  or  solutions  applied  by  the 
electrode  of  a  battery. 

Cataphoric  (kat-af-or' -ikS  [icard,  down; 
^pieiv,  to  carry].  Passing  or  causing  to 
pass  from  the  anode  to  the  kathode,  through 
a  diaphragm  or  septum. 

Cataplasm  (kat'np-lazm)  [KaranT^aofta,  a 
poultice].     See  Poultice. 

Cataplasms  (katap  laz^mah).  A  poultice. 
C.  fermenti  (B.  P.),  a  mixture  of  beer 
yeast,  wheaten  flour,  water  at  loc®  F.  It  is 
a  stimulant  and  antiseptic  for  indolent  ulcers. 

Cataract  {kat' -ar-akt)  [KarappaxTjf^,  a  water- 
fall]. Partial  or  complete  o|>aciiy  of  the 
crystalline  lens  or  its  capsule.  C.,  Capsular, 
cataract  due  to  opacity  of  the  capsule.  C, 
Cortical,  one  due  to  loss  of  transparency  of 
the  outer,  layers  of  the  lens.  C,  Diat>etic, 
is  associated  with  diabetes.  C,  Discission 
of,  an  operation  preliminary  to  absorption,  or 
extraction  by  suction,  consisting  in  rupturing 
the  capsule,  so  that  the  aqueous  humor  gains 
access  to  the  lens.  C,  Extraction  of, 
removal  of  the  cataraclous  lens  by  surgical 
operation.  C,  Fluid,  the  breaking  up  of 
an  opaque  lens  into  a  milky  fluid.  C, 
Oreen,  a  name  given  to  a  grayish  green 
reflex  seen  in  glaucoma ;  it  is  also  seen  when 
the  pupil  is  dilated  and  the  media  are  not 
completely  tran-^parent.  C,  Hard.  See  C, 
Sent/e.  C.,  Immature,  only  a  part  of  the 
lensjpbstance  is  cataractous.  C,  Incipient, 
one  still  in  its  early  stages.  C,  Lsicteal, 
See  C,  /-/uul.  C,  Lamellar,  one  due  to 
opacity  of  certain  layers  between  the  cortex 
and  nucleus,  the  remaining  layers  being 
transparent.  C,  Lenticular,  one  occurring 
in  the  lens  proper.  C,  Mature,  one  in 
which  the  whole  lens  substance  is  cataractous. 
C,  Morgagnian,  when  an  over-ripe  C. 
shrinks  and  leaves  a  nucleus  floating  in  the 
dissolved  outer  layers.  C,  Polar  (anterior 
or  posterior) ,  the  opacity  b  confined  to  one 
pole  of  the  lens.  C..  Pyramidal,  tbs 
opacity  is  at  the  anterior  pole  and  is  conoid, 
the  apex  extending  forward.  C,  Recur- 
rent Capsular,  or  Secondary,  capsular 
cataract,  appearing  after  the  extraction  of  the 
lens.  C,  Ripe.  See  C,  Mature.  C, 
Senile,  the  cataract  of  old  persons,  the  most 
fretjuent  form,  and  that  understood  when  not 
specified  a<i  *-.  m^mital^  juztntU^  trawmatie^ 
so/i,  etc.  C,  Soft,  is  especially  that  of  the 
^oung  ;  the  lens  matter  is  of  soft  consiKency 


CATARACTOUS 


CATOPTRIC  TEST 


and  milky  appearance.  C,  Unripe.  See 
C,  ImnuUurt,  C,  Zonular.  See  C, 
Lamellar^ 

Cataractoua  (kat-ar-ak* -tus)  \tuiTapii6xni%^  a 
witerfall].  Of  the  nature  of  or  affected  with 
cataract. 

Catarrh  {kat-ahr^^  \KaTapl>kti.v ^  to  flow  down]. 
Inflammation  of  a  mucous  membrane. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  certain  inflam- 
mations of  the  tubules  of  the  kidney  and  the 
iir- vesicles  of  the  lung.  C,  Epidemic. 
"f^^  Influenza.  C,  Gastric,  gastritis.  .  C, 
Intestinal,  enteritis.  C,  Nasal,  coryza. 
C,  Pulmonary,  bronchitis.  C,  Suffocative. 
Sjmonym  of  Bronchitis^  Capillary.  C, 
Uterine,  endometritis.  C,  Venereal. 
Synonym  of  Gonorrhea.  C,  Vesical,  cys- 
titis. 

Catarrhal  (kat-ahr' -at)  iKarappietv,  to  flow 
down].  Of  the  nature  of,  affected  with,  or 
relating  to  catarrh.  C.  Fever.  Synonym  of 
Influenza.  C.  Inflammation,  an  in- 
flammation of  an  archiblastic  surface  char- 
acterized by  proliferation  and  desquamation 
of  the  epithelium. 

CataaUte  or  Katastate  {kat' -as-tat)  [Kar&a- 
raroc,  settling  down].  Any  one  of  a  series 
of  successive  catabolic  substances  or  condi- 
tions, each  one  of  which  is  less  complex, 
more  stable,  and  exhibits  less  functional 
activity  than  its  predecessor. 
Catatonia,  or  Katatonia  {kat-af-y-ne-ah) 
[xttni,  down ;  rivog,  tension].  A  form  of 
insanity  characterized  by  a  patnetic  emotional 
state  and  verbigeration,  combined  with  a 
condition  of  motor  tension. 
Catechin  (fat^-e-ehin)  [catechu] ,  C„H^- 
Oj  -\-  sHjO.  Catechinic  acid,  the  active 
principle  of  catechu.  It  crystallizes  in 
shining  needles  of  a  snow-white,  silky  ap- 
pearance. 

Catechu  {kat'-e-choo)  [E.  Ind.].  An  extract 
prepared  from  the  wood  oi  Acacia  catechu,  a 
native  of  the  East  Indies.  It  contains  50  per 
cent,  of  tannic  acid,  and  hence  is  a  powerful 
astringent  It  is  used  for  the  diarrhea  of 
children  and  as  a  gargle  and  mouth- wash. 
Dose  of  the  powdered  extract  gr.  x-^ss 
Jo. 65-2.0).  C,  Infiisum  (B.  P.).  Dose 
f5j-ias  (32.0-48.0).  C,  Pulv.,  Comp.  (B. 
R).  Contains  catechu,  kino,  and  rhatany. 
Dosegr.  xx-xl  {1.3-2.6).  C.Tinct.,  Com- 
posita,  contains  catechu  12,  cinnamon  8, 
dihate  alcohol  q.  s.  ad  100.  Dose  1l\,x-f^j 
^0.65-4.0).  C,  Trochisci,  each  contains 
one  grain  of  catechu  with  sugar,  tragacanth, 
and  orange-flower  water. 
Catelectrotonut  (iat'el-ei-trot^'O-nus)  [nxrd, 
down;  ^Aeirrpov,  amber;  r(J»^,  tension]. 
The  state  of  increased  irritability  of  a  nerve 
near  the  cathode.  See  Anelectrotonus. 
Catfl^t  {Jkat^-guty  The  intestines  of  a  sheep 


treated  to  make  ligatures.  C,  Carboliaed« 
catgut  rendered  aseptic  by  soaking  in  a  solu- 
tion of  phenol.  C,  Clu-omicized,  treated 
with  chromic  acid.  C.  Plate,  an  appliance 
for  uniting  the  intestinal  edges  in  intestinal 
anastomosis.  It  is  made  of  a  solid  catgut 
sheet ;  is  thin,  large,  and  flat,  and  resembles 
the  Senn  decalcified  bone-plates. 

Catharsis  (kath-ar^-sis)  iKoOaipetv,  to  purge]. 
Purgation. 

Cathartic  {kath-ar^-tik)  [KadaprtK6q,  purg- 
ing]. I.  Purgative.  2.  A  medicine  us^ 
to  produce  evacuations  of  the  bowels.  A 
purgative.  C.  Acid.  See  Senna,  C. 
Pill,  Compound.     See  Colocynth. 

Catheter  {kath'-et-er)  {jcaBtTifp,  a  thing  put 
down].  A  hollow  tube  for  introduction 
into  a  cavity  through  a  narrow  canal.  C, 
Bozeman's,  a  double-current  uterine  cathe- 
ter. C,  Eustachian,  an  instrument  for 
examining  the  E.  tube,  distending,  or  mak- 
ing applications  to  it.  C.  Fever,  S3rstemic 
disturbance  with  fever,  following  the  intro- 
duction of  the  catheter  into  the  urethra. 
C,  Gouley's,  a  solid,  curved-steel  instru- 
ment grooved  on  its  inferior  aspect,  for 
passing  over  a  guide,  through  a  stricture 
into  the  bladder.  C,  Lung,  a  soft-rubber 
tube  that  may  be  passed  down  the  trachea. 
C,  Schrotter*s,  instruments  of  hard  rubber 
and  of  varying  caliber,  somewhat  triangular 
on  section,  used  for  the  dilatation  of  laryn- 
geal strictures.  C,  Self-retaining,,  one 
Uiat  will  hold  itself  within  the  bladder  with- 
out other  appliances  to  assist  it. 

Catheterism,  or  Catheterization  {kath'-et- 
er-izm,  or  kath-et-er-is-a^ -shun)  [KoBeriip,  a 
thing  put  down].  The  introduction  of  a 
catheter. 

Cathodal  (kath^-o-dal)  [icard,  down ;  ud<ic> 
way].     Relating  to  the  cathode. 

Cathode  (itfM'-^)  [xard, down;  <W<Jf,way]. 
The  negative  electrode  or  pole  of  an  electnc 
circuit. 

Cathodic  (kath-od'ik)  [/card,  down;  ii66q, 
way].     Relating  to  the  cathode. 

Cation  {hat^-e-on)  [icnrii,  downward;  livaif 
to  go].  An  electropositive  element;  one 
that  accumulates  at  the  cathode  in  electroly- 
sis.    See  Ion. 

Catling,  or  Catlin  (kat'-ling,  or  iat^-lin) 
[dim.  of  cat].  A  long,  pointed,  two-edged 
Knife  used  in  amputation. 

Catnep,  or  Catnip  (kat^-nep^  or  -nip)  [cor- 
ruption of  catmint].  The  leaves  and  tops 
of  the  herb  Nepeta  cataria,  a  stimulant  and 
tonic ;  a  popular  remedy  for  chlorosis,  hys- 
teria, etc.  Dose  of  fld.  ext  fj  j-ij  (4.0-8.0). 
Unof. 

Catoptric  Test.  The  diagnosis  of  cataract 
by  means  of  the  reflection  of  images  from 
the  cornea  and  lens-capsules. 


CATOPTRICS 


CELIAN 


► 


Catoptrics  ikat-opf -triks)  \%&rwrrpw^  m  mir- 
ror].   The  laws  of  the  reflection  of  light. 

Cauda  (kau/dah)  [L.].  TaU.  C.  ccrcbclli, 
the  ▼ermiform  process.  C.  epididymidis, 
the  inferior  part  of  the  epididymis.  C. 
equina,  a  term  applied  collectively  to  the 
roots  of  the  sacral  and  coccygeal  nerves,  from 
their  resemblance  to  a  horse's  tail. 

Caudad  (kau/-dad)  [cauda,  the  tail ;  ad,  to]. 
Toward  the  tail  br  cauda ;  opposed  to  cepha- 
lad ;  in  man,  downward. 

Caudal  (kau/dai)  [cauda,  the  tail].  Per- 
taining to  a  Cauda,  or  tail. 

Caudate  (JkauZ-da/)  [cauda,  a  tail'].  Having 
or  resembling  a  tail.  C.  Lobe  of  Liver,  a 
small  lobe  of  the  liver.  C.  Nucleus,  the  in- 
traventricular portion  of  the  corpus  striatum. 

Caul  (Jtaw/)  [ME.,ca/U,  a  hood].  I.  A 
portion  or  all  of  the  fetal  membranes  covering 
the  head  and  carried  out  in  advance  of  it  in 
labor.     2.  The  great  omentum. 

Cauliflower  Excrescence.  A  tumor  with  an 
irregular  surface  resembling  the  cauliflower. 

Cauk>phyllum  {Jtaw  -  h  -fil'  •  urn)  [kov^Sc, 
stalk :  fl'U/w,  leaf].  Blue  cohosh,  **  Squaw- 
root  ;  •*  the  rhizome  and  rootlets  of  C.  thai- 
ictroides,  growing  in  Canada  and  the  northern 
U.  S.  It  contains  a  glucosid,  saponin,  and 
two  resins,  one  of  which  is  caulophyllin.  It 
produces  intermittent  contractions  of  the 
gravid  uterus,  and  possesses  diuretic,  emmen- 
agogue,  and  antispasmodic  powers.  There 
are  •no  oflicial  preparations.  Dose  of  the 
powdered  drug  gr.  v-xx  (0.32-1.3);  of 
Caulophyllin,  gr.  ij-v  (0.13-0.32). 

Causaigia  ^tftt'-stf/^-y>-<i^)[MitKr6c,  a  burning ; 
dA/oc,  pain  J.  The  burning  pain  that  is  some- 
times present  in  injuries  of  the  nerves. 

Caustic  (kaws'-tik)  [icoiftv,  tobum].  I.  Very 
irritant ;  burning ;  capable  of  destroying  tis- 
sue. 2.  A  sulMtance  that  destrojrs  tissue. 
C.  Alkali,  a  pure  alkaline  hydrate  or  ox  id. 
C,  Lunar,  argentic  nitrate.  C,  Mitigated, 
argentic  nitrate  made  less  active  by  fusion 
with  potassium  nitrate  or  argentic  chlorid. 
C.  Potash,  potassium  hydrate.  C.  Soda, 
sodium  hydrate. 

Cauterant  (kaw'-ter-afU)  [navriip,  a  burner]. 
I.  Caustic;  escharotic.  2.  A  caustic  sub- 
stance. 

Cauterism  ikav/'ter-ism).  See  Cauteritation, 

Cauterisation  {kaw-ter  i%-af -ihun)  [xovr^- 
pid^ecv,  to  cauterize].  The  application  of  a 
cautery ;  the  eflect  of  such  an  application. 

Cauterise  (>tft9-/'/r-ls)  [xavrifpidCeiv,  to  cau- 
terize]. To  sear  or  bum  with  a  cautery  or  a 
caustic. 

Cautery  (kav/-ter-e)  [xovHjpwv ;  a  branding 
iron].  A  metal  instrument  heated  by  the 
electric  current  or  in  a  flame,  used  to  destroy 
tissue,  or  for  producing  counterirritation.  C, 
Actual,  the  white-hoc  iron.    C,  Button,  so 


iron  heated  in  hot  water.  C,  Oalvanic,  a 
platinum -wire  heated  by  electricity.  C., 
Paquelin's,  or  C,  Thermo-,  a  hollow  plat- 
inum-point kept  at  a  uniform  temperature  by 
a  current  of  benzene  vapor.  C,  Potential, 
or  C,  Virtual,  the  application  of  caustic  sub- 
stances. 

Cava  (ka^'vah)  [L.].     A  vena  cava. 

Caval  (ka^'Vai)\cava,  a  hollow].  Relating 
to  a  vena  cava. 

Cavalry  Bone  {kof'-alre  bdn),  A  bony  de- 
posit in  the  adductor  muscles  of  the  thigh. 

Cavemoma  {kav-cm-i/ 'mah)[cai*et^a ^  a  cav- 
ern ;  hfia,  a  tumor].  A  cavernous  tumor ;  a 
cavernous  angioma. 

Cavernous  {^av^ -cr-nus)  [cairnta^  a  cave]. 
Having  hollow  spaces.  C.  Bodies,  the  cor- 
pora cavernosa  of  the  penis.  C.  Breathing, 
the  breath -sounds  heard  over  a  pulmonary 
cavity.  C.  Groove,  the  carotid  groove.  C. 
Plexus.  See  Plexus.  C.  Sinus,  a  venous 
sinus  situated  at  the  side  of  the  body  of  the 
sphenoid.  C.  Tissue,  erectile  tissue.  C. 
Tumor,  a  cavernous  angioma. 

Cavitary  ikai/ -U-a-re)  [cavitarius^  hollow]. 
Hollow ;  having  or  forming  cavities. 

Cayenne  Pepper  (ki^enpcp'-er).  See  Ca^ 
sicum. 

Casenave's  Lupus.     See  Diseases^  TabU  of, 

Cc,  an  abbreviation  for  cubic  centimeter. 

Cd.,  symbol  for  Cadmium. 

Ce.,  symbol  for  Cerium. 

Cebocephalus  (se-bo  scf -al-us)  [k^3<k^  a 
monkey ;  kt^Xj^,  headl.  A  variety  of  single 
autositic  monsters  of  the  species  cycloceph- 
alus,  in  which  there  is  entire  absence  of  the 
nose,  with,  however,  two  orbital  cavities  and 
two  eyes,  the  interocular  region  being  narrow 
and  perfectly  flat. 

Cedar  (sc^-dar)  [ccdrus,  cedar].  One  of  the 
genus  of  coniferous  trees,  Cedrus,  C,  Oil  of, 
a  transparent  oil  obtained  from  Junipcrus  lir- 
ginianoy  and  used  as  a  clearing  agent  in  his- 
tology and  for  oil -immersion  lenses. 

-cele  {sii)  [x^^Jit  a  tumor].  A  suflix  denoting 
a  tumor. 

Celia  (sy-le-ah)  [noiXia,  the  bellyj.  I.  The 
belly :  the  stomach.  2.  A  ventricle  of  the 
brain. 

Celiac  (sc^-leai)  ^ca/iacus ;  imiASa,  bellyl. 
Abdominal;  pertaming  to  the  belly.  C. 
Artery.  Same  as  C.  Axis.  See  Arterin, 
TabU  of.  C.  Axis,  a  branch  of  the  abdom- 
inal aorta ;  it  divides  into  the  gastric,  hepatic, 
and  splenic  arteries.  See  Arteritis  TabU  of 
C.  Ganglion.  See  Ganf^lion,  Scmihmar. 
C.  Plexus.  A  sympathetic  nerve-plexus 
situated  about  the  origin  of  the  celiac  axis. 

Celialgia  (st-U-ai' -je  ah)  [wXia^  belly; 
^^0^,  pain].     Pain  in  the  abdomen. 

Celian,  Celme  {se'-U-aH,st''UH.)    Same  as 


CELIOTOMY 


CENESTHESIS 


Celiotomy  (te-le-ot* -o-me)  ^KoOda^  belly;  ro^iiiy 
i  cutting].  Surgical  opening  of  the  abdominid 
cavity. 

CeliiUs,  Coeliitis  {se-U-i'-Hs)  [ko<X/ii,  belly ; 
fr<f,  inflammation  J.  Inflammation  of  the 
abdominal  organs. 

Cell  {set)  [celht  a  small,  hollow  cavity],     i. 
A  granular  'mass  of  protoplasm  containing  a 
nucleos.     The  typical  adult  cell  consists  of 
protoplasm  or  cell-contents,  a  nucleus,  and 
within  the  latter,  one  or  more  nucleoli.     The 
cell    may  or   may    not    have  a    cell -wall. 
The  protoplasm  consists  of  two  parts,  the 
spongioplasm    and    the    hyaloplasm.      The 
nucleus  is  made  up  of  a  nuclear  membrane, 
nuclear    fibrils    (chromatin),    and    nuclear 
matrix    (achromatinV      The    nucleolus  is  a 
highly  refracting  body  the  function  of  which 
b  not  known.     2.  A  galvanic  element,  or 
single  member  of  a  galvanic  battery  without 
the  connecting  wire  between  the  metals.    C, 
Air.     See   Air-cell    C,  Ameboid,  a  cell 
capable  of  changing  its  form  and  of  moving 
about  like  an  amel^     C,  Apolar,  a  nerve- 
cell  without  processes.  C,  Beaker.    See  C, 
Goblet,      C.-captule,  a  thick  or  unusually 
strong  cell-wall.     C,  Ciliated,  one  provided 
with  dlia.     C.-cones,  the  cancer-nests  of  a 
squamous  epithelioma — so  called  from  their 
cone-shape.     C.  of  Corti,  any  one  of  the 
hair-cells  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  organ  of 
Coiti.     C,  Cylindric,  a  variety  of  epiSielial 
ceU  shaped  like  a  miniature  cylinder.     C, 
Daughter,  a  cell  originating  from  the  divi- 
sioo  of  the  protoplasm  of  a  mother-cell.     C. 
of  Deiters,  one  of  the  cells  with  fine  pro- 
cesses resting  on  the  basilar  membrane  of  the 
cochlea,  beneath  the  air-cells;  also  a  neuroglia- 
cell.   C.  Demilune,  Giannuzzi's  cells,  granu- 
lar protoplasmic  cells  found  in  mucous  glands, 
lying  between  the  mucous  cells  and  the  base- 
ment-membrane.     C. -doctrine,  the  theory 
that  the  cell  is  the  unit  of  organic  structure, 
and  that  cell-formation  is  the  essential  pro- 
cess of  life  and  its  phenomena.  C,  Endothe- 
lialy  flat  cells  found  on  the  inner  surface  of 
vessels  and  spaces  that  do  not  communicate 
directly  with  the  external  air.     C,  Epider- 
mic, or  Epithelial.    See  EpUhelium.     C, 
Ganglion,  a  large  nerve-cell,  especially  that 
found  in  the  spinal  ganglia.     C.  of  Oian- 
nua^.    See  C,  Demilune.    C,  Oiant,  large 
multtnnclear  cells  occurring  in  tuberculosis 
and  other  infectious  granulomata,  in  bone,  in 
^ant-cell  tumors,  etc.     C. -globulins,  Hal- 
Iibaitoo's  name  for  forms  of  globulin  that 
occur  in  lymph -corpuscles  and  can  be  ex- 
tracted  from  them  by  solutions  of  sodium 
chJorid.     C,  Goblet,  an  epithelial  cell  that 
has   been  bulged  out  like  a  goblet  by  the 
preseoce  of  mucin.    C.-islets,  the  centers  of 
active  growth  in  young  cellular  tissues. 


They  contain  the  stores  of  nutriment  that  are 
gradually  dissolved  and  digested.  C, 
Lymphoid,  a  small,  round,  connective-tissue 
cell  containing  a  relatively  large  nucleus. 
C,  Mother,  a  cell  that  divides  its  proto- 
plasm and  gives  each  part  a  new  cell-wall. 
C.-multiplication,  Cytogenesis,  a  name 
given  to  the  process  of  reproduction  of  cells. 
It  may  be  direct ,  as  when  a  cell  constricts  and 
cuts  off  a  part  of  itself,  or  indirect,  when  the 
division  is  preceded  by  the  cycle  of  nuclear 
changes  known  as  karyokinesis.  C.  -nests, 
a  collection  of  epithelial  cells  closely  packed 
together  and  surrounded  by  a  connective- 
tissue  stroma.  Cell-nests  are  found  in  car- 
cinomata.  C,  Squamous,  a  variety  of  epi- 
thelial cells  found  on  the  surface  of  the  skin 
and  certain  mucous  membranes  and  charac- 
terized by  their  scale-like  flatness.  C,  Vaso- 
factive, or  Vasoformative,  a  cell  that  in 
embryonic  or  very  early  life,  and  probably  in 
certain  neoplasms,  anastomoses  with  other 
similar  cells  so  as  to  form  blood-vessels. 
Celloidin  {sel-oid' -in)  \cella  ;  e«Jof ,  form] .  A 
concentrated  form  of"  collodion  for  use  in 
imbedding  objects  for  histologic  purposes. 
Cellular  (seF-u-lar)  [cella,  cell].  Relating 
to  or  composed  of  cells.  C.  Fathology. 
See  Pathology. 

Cellule  Iser-al)  [cellula,  a  small  cell].  A 
small  cell. 

Cellulitis  (sel'U'lif-tis)  [cellula,  a  small  cell ; 
<nc,  inflammation] .  A  difliise  inflammation 
of  cellular  tissue.  C,  Pelvic.  See  Para- 
metritis. 

Cellulose  (sel^-u-lds]  [cellula,  a  little  cell], 
CjjH^Ojo.  Wood-nber;  lignose,  the  prin- 
cipal mgredient  of  the  cell -membranes  of 
all  plants.  It  is  a  white,  amorphous  mass, 
insoluble  in  most  of  the  usual  solvents. 
Celosoma  (se-lo-so^-mah)  [«a^A^,  hernia; 
acifia,  a  body].  A  species  of  single  auto- 
sitic  monsters  characterized  by  more  or  less 
extensive  body-cleft  with  eventration,  associ- 
ated with  various  anomalies  of  the  extremi- 
ties, of  the  genitourinary  apparatus,  of  the 
intestinal  tract,  and  even  of  the  whole  trunk. 
Celotomy  {se-lof -o-me)  [<cvA;7,  hernia;  rifivetv, 
to  cut].  The  operation  for  strangulated 
hernia  by  incision  of  the  stricture. 
Cement  (se-ment^)  [camentum,  a  rough 
stone].  Any  plastic  material  capable  of  In- 
coming hard  and  of  binding  together  the  ob- 
jects that  are  contiguous  to  it ;  filling-mate- 
rial for  the  teeth ;  the  crusta  petrosa  of  the 
teeth.  C.  Substance,  the  substance  holding 
together  the  endothelial  cells  of  the  intima 
of  blood-vessels. 

Cenesthesis  (sen-es-the^-sis)  [«cd<v^,  common ; 
ala^Tfaic,  feeling].  The  prevailing  conscious 
state  of  feeling,  either  of  depression  or  of 
exaltation,  which  is  the  resultant  of  the  sub- 


CENTAUREA 


CENTROSOME 


i 


conscious  percepCioiis  from  the  whole  or- 
ganism. 

(^ntaurea  {sm-UntZ-rf-oA)  liUvravpov,  ccn- 
Uur] .  A  genus  of  composite- Bowered  herbs. 
C.  benedicu.    See  Cardum. 

Centaury  {sen' -tctuhre)  \centaMria\.  A  popu- 
lar name  for  varions  plants  of  the  genera 
CentaMreiif  Erythraay  Sabbatia^  Chlora^  etc. 
It  is  used  as  a  simple,  bitter  tonic.  Dose 
5  ss-j  in  decoction  several  times  a  day.  Unof . 

Center  (sen'-ter)  [niwpw,  the  center].  I. 
The  middle  point  of  any  surface  or  of  a  oody. 
2.  The  ganglion  or  plexus  whence  issue  the 
nenres  controlling  a  function.  C,  Accel- 
erating, a  center  in  the  medulla  send- 
ing accelerating  fibers  to  the  heart  These 
leave  the  cord  through  the  branches  of  com- 
munication of  the  lower  cervical  and  upper 
six  dorsal  nerves,  passing  thence  into  the 
sympathetic.  C,  Auditory,  a  center  in  the 
fust  temporosphenoidal  convolution,  upon 
each  side.  C,  Broca't.  See  C,  Speech. 
C,  Cardioinhibitory,  in  the  medulla,  effer- 
ent impulses  being  carried  by  the  vagus.  C, 
Ciliospinal,  connected  with  the  dilatation 
of  the  pupil ;  it  is  in  the  lower  cervical  part 
of  the  cord,  and  extends  downward  to  from 
the  1st  to  the  3d  dorsal.  C,  ConvulsionaJ, 
a  hypothetic  center  said  to  lie  in  the  floor  of 
the  4th  ventricle.  C,  Coughing,  in  the  me- 
dulla, above  the  inspiratory  center.  C,  Dia- 
betic, in  the  posterior  part  of  the  anterior  half 
of  the  floor  of  the  4th  ventricle,  in  the  median 
line.  C,  Erection,  is  in  the  lumbar  region 
of  the  spinal  cord,  but  is  controlled  from  the 
medulla.  C.  for  Mastication  and  Sucking, 
in  the  medulla.  C.  for  Secretion  of  Saliva, 
on  the  floor  of  the  4th  ventricle.  C,  Olfac- 
tory, probably  in  the  hippocampal  region  of 
the  temporal  lobe.  C,  Heat-regulating 
or  Temperature,  the  center  for  the  control 
of  body -temperature.  See  Tkermotaxis.  C, 
Leg,  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  ascending 
frontjd  convolution.  C.  of  Ossification,  the 
place  in  bones  at  which  ossification  begins. 
C,  Parturition,  in  the  spinal  cord,  at  the 
level  of  the  1st  and  2d  lumbar  vertebrae.  C, 
Respiratory,  in  the  medulla,  between  the 
nuclei  of  the  vagus  and  accessorius.  C, 
Sneezing,  in  the  medulla.  C,  Spasm,  in  the 
medulla,  at  its  junction  with  the  pons.  C, 
Speech,  in  the  third  left  frontal  convolution 
in  right-handed  people;  probably  the  island 
of  Reil  has  some  influence  also.  C,  Swal- 
lowing, on  the  floor  of  the  4th  ventricle.  C, 
Sweat,  the  dominating  center  is  in  the  me- 
dulla, with  subordinate  centers  in  the  spinal 
cord.  C,  Upper,  for  Dilator  Pupillc,  in 
the  medulla.  C,  Vasodilator,  in  the  me- 
dulla. C,  Vaso-motor,  in  the  medulla.  C. , 
Visual,  in  the  occipital  lobe,  especially  in 
thectmctts. 


Centering  (sen'-ter-ing)  {jUvrpoif,  a  center]. 
In  microscopy,  the  arrangement  of  an  object 
or  an  accessory  so  that  its  center  coincides 
with  the  optic  axis  of  the  microscope.  In 
optics,  having  the  pupil  and  the  optic  center 
of  the  refnu:ting  lens  in  the  same  axis. 

Centesimal  (sentes' -im-ctl)  [centum^  hun- 
dred].    In  the  proportion  of  I  xh  lOO. 

Centigrade  {sen'-te-gr&d)  \centum,  a  hun- 
dred; graduif  a  step].  Abbreviation,  C. 
Having  loo  divisions  or  degrees.  C.  Ther- 
mometer, a  thermometer  with  zero  as  the 
freezing-point  and  loo^  as  the  boiling  point 
of  water.     See  Thermometer. 

Centigram  {sen'tegram)  \centum^  a  hun- 
dred; ypdfiftay  a  small  weight] .  The  hundredth 
part  of  a  gram,  equal  to  o.  15433  Troy  grain. 

Centiliter  {sen' tile-ter)  [centum, a  hundred ; 
Airpa,  a  pound].  The  hundredth  part  of  a 
liter,  equal  to  0.6102  of  a  cubic  inch. 

Centimeter  (sen'-tim-e-ter)  [centum,  a  hun- 
dred ;  fdrpov,  a  measure].  The  hundredth 
part  of  a  meter,  equal  to  0.39371  (or  about  {) 
of  an  inch. 

Centinormal  (sentenor'-mal)  [cen/um^  a 
hundred  ;  norma,  normal].  The  t)^  of  the 
normal ;  applied  to  a  solution  the  y^^  of  the 
strength  of  a  normal  solution. 

Centrad  {sen' -trad)  [centrum,  the  center;  ad, 
to].  Toward  the  center,  or  toward  the 
median  line. 

Central  {sen'tral)  [centrum,  the  center]. 
Relating  to  the  center ;  passing  through  the 
center.  C.  Artery,  an  artery  in  the  optic 
nerve  and  retina;  it  passes  to  the  optic 
papilla  and  then  divides.  See  Arteries, 
Tabic  of.  C.  Ganglia,  the  corpora  striau 
and  thalaroi  optici.  C.  Ligament,  the 
terminal  filum  of  the  spinal  cord.  C.  Lobe, 
the  island  of  Reil. 

Centraphose  (sen'-traf-ds).     See  Pho». 

Centric  (sen' 'trih)[centrum^  a  center] .  Relat- 
ing to  a  center,  especially  to  a  nerve-center. 

Centrifugal  (sen-tri/'-ugai)  [centrum,  cen- 
ter ;  fugere,  to  fly ] .  Receding  from  the  center 
to  the  peri^ery.  C.  Machine,  one  by  which 
tubes  of  liquid  are  rapidly  revolved  for  the 
purpose  of  driving  particles  floating  in  the 
liquid  to  the  distal  ends  of  the  tubes. 

Centrifuge  isen'-trifaj)  [centrum,  the  cen* 
ter;  fugere,K.o  fly].     A  centrifugal  machine. 

Centripetal  {sen-trip' -et-a!)  [centrum,  the 
center;  petere,\o  seek].  Traveling  toward 
the  center  from  the  penphery. 

Centrolecithal  (sen  troies'-ith-al)  [tdvrfiov, 
center;  Ai#a/fef,  yolk].  In  embryology,  hav- 
ing the  food-yolk  located  centrally. 

Centrosome  (sen'-tro-som)  [idhvrpw,  center; 
aijfia,  body].  A  highly  refractive  body  ly- 
ing in  the  protoplasm  of  the  ovum  and  other 
cells,  and  taking  an  active  part  in  cell-divi- 
sion.    It  if  also  known  as  pole-capsule. 


CENTRUM 


CEREBROSCOPY 


Centrum  (sen^-trum)  [L.].  The  center  or 
middle  part;  the  body  of  a  vertebra,  exclu- 
sive of  the  bases  of  the  nearal  arches.  C. 
ovale  majus,  the  large  mass  of  white  mat- 
ter appearing  when  either  of  the  cerebral 
hemispheres  is  cut  down  to  the  level  of  the 
corpus  callosum.  C.  ovale  minus,  the 
white  matter  appearing  when  the  upper  part 
of  a  hemisphere  of  the  brain  is  removed. 
Cephaelia  {sef-a'-el-is).  See  Ipecacuanha. 
Cephalad  (sef'-al-acl)  [kc^oAi^,  head ;  ad^  to]. 
Toward  the  head. 

Cephalalg^  {sef-al-al' ge-ah)  [/ce^oAi^,  head ; 
dA/of,  pain].     Headache. 
Cephalhematoma   (sef-  al-  hem  -at-o'-  mah) 
[xefo^,  head ;  ol^,  blood ;  d/ua,  tumor].  A 
collection  of  blood  beneath  the  pericramum, 
forming  a  tumor-like  swelling. 
Cephalic  {scf-ai^a)   Ue^yj,  head].     Per- 
taining  to  the  head.     C.  Index.   See  Index. 
C.  Version.     See  Version. 
Cephalodynia    (sef-al-O'din'-e-ah)    [xe^i^, 
head ;  b&wti,  P'^^'O'     Rheumatism  affecting 
the  occipitofrontans  muscle,  the  pain  being 
chiefly  experienced  in  the  forehead  or  occiput, 
and  at  times  involving  the  eyeballs. 
Cephalomelus   {sef-cU-om'-el-us)    [ice^Xi^, 
head ;    ^Aof,  a  part].     A   form  of  double 
monster  in  which  there  is  a  supernumerary 
limb  atuched  to  the  head. 
Cephalometer   {sef-al-om'-et-er)    [kz^TJi^ 
head;  fiirpov,  a  measure].     An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  head. 
Cephalopagua   {se/'a/'op^-ag-us)    riuipdX^, 
head;     vayei^,    joined].      A  double  mon- 
strosity having  the  heads  united  at  the  top. 
Cephalorrhachidian   {sef-aUo-rak-id^ -e-an) . 
Same  as  Cerebrospinal, 
Cephalotomy  {sefalof-o-nu)  [«^Aj^,  head ; 
ndi/i^,  section].     The  opening  or  division  of 
the  head  of  the  fetus  to  facilitate  labor. 
Cephalotribe   (sef'aio-trib)    [Ke6a7Jf,   the 
b^d;    rpipeiv,  to  crush].     An  instrument 
for  crushing  the  fetal  head. 
Cephalotripsy    {sef -alo -trip -se)   [iut^')Ji^ 
h^Ml;  rp//3rtv,  to  crush].     The  operation  of 
cmshing   the   fetal   head  when   delivery   is 
otherwise  impossible. 
Cera  {se'-rah)  [L.].     Wax.     A  mixture  of 
cerotic  add,  cerolein,  and  myricin,  gathered 
by  the  honey  bee  from  the  pollen  of  flowers 
and  the  leaves  of  plants.     C.  alba,  white 
wax,   prepared  by  bleaching  yellow  wax. 
It  is  valuable  as  an  ingredient  of  cerates  and 
ointments.     C.  flava,  yellow  wax;  it  pos 
•eases  an  agreeable  balsamic  odor,  and  is  sol 
oble  in  ether,  in  hot  aIcohol,and  in  chloroform, 
Cerasin  {ser^-as-in)    [cerasus,  a  cherry-tree] 
l«  An  ingredient  of  the  gum  of  cherry,  peachy 
and  pltuo   trees,  apparently  identical  with 
baasorin.     2.  A  erode  precipitate  from  tine- 
i  of  choke-cbeny. 


Cerate  {se'-rat)  [cera^  wax].  In  pharmacy, 
an  unctuous  preparation  consisting  of  wax 
mixed  with  oils,  fatty  substances,  or  resins, 
and  of  such  a  consistence  that  at  ordinary 
temperatures  it  can  be  readily  spread  upon 
linen  or  muslin,  and  yet  is  so  firm  that  it  will 
not  melt  or  run  when  applied  to  the  skin. 
C,  Goulard's,  ceratum  plumbi  subacetatis. 
See  Plumbum. 

Cerato-  [ser' -at-o-).     See  Kerato-. 

Cercomonas  (ser-kont'-o-nas)  [Kipicoc,  tail; 
fiov6c,  monad].  A  genus  of  flagellate  infus- 
orians.  C.  intestinalis,  a  protozoon,  occa- 
sionally found  in  the  fecal  discharges  of  pa- 
tients suffering  with  typhoid  fever,  chronic 
diarrhea,  and  cholera.  Its  pathologic  signifi* 
cance  has  not  yet  been  ascertained. 

Cereal  (se^-re-al)  [Ceres,  the  goddess  of  agri- 
culture] .  I .  Relating  to  edible  grains.  2. 
Any  edible  grain. 

Cerebellar  (ser-e-bel^-ar)  [dim.  of  cerebrum']. 
Relating  to  the  cerebellum. 

Cerebellum  (ser-e-bel'-um)  [dim.  of  cere- 
brum']. The  inferior  part  of  the  brain  lying 
below  the  cerebrum  and  above  the  pons  and 
medulla.  It  consists  of  two  lateral  and  a 
middle  lobe. 

Cerebral  (ser^-ebral)  [cerebrum,  the  brain]. 
Relating  to  the  cerelsrum.  C.  Index.  See 
Index.  C.  Pneumonia.  See  Pneumonia. 
C.  Vesicles.  The  embryonic  vesicles  from 
which  the  brain  is  developed. 

Cerebrasthenia  {ser-e-bras-fhe^-ne-ah)  [cere- 
brum, the  brain ;  oaBev^,  without  strength]. 
Cerebral  asthenia ;  cerebral  neurasthenia. 

Cerebration  (ser-e-bra'-shun)  [cerebrum,  the 
brain].  Mental  activity.  C,  Unconscious, 
mental  activity  of  which  the  subject  is  not 
conscious. 

Cerebrin  (ser^-ebrin)  [cerebrum,  the  brain], 
Cj^HjijNO,.  A  nitrogenous  glucosid  obtained 
from  brain-tissue,  nerves,  and  pus-corpuscles. 
It  is  a  light,  colorless,  exceedingly  hygro- 
scopic powder.  The  term  has  also  been 
applied  to  an  organic  extract  of  unknown 
constitution,  derived  from  brain -tissue. 

Cerebritis  (ser-e-bri^-lis)  [cerebrum,  the 
brain  ;  irtc,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of 
the  proper  substance  of  the  cerebrum. 

Cerebromalacia  (ser  -  e-  bro-mal  -  a^-  seah) 
[cerebrum,  the  brain;  fiahiKia,  softness]. 
Softening  of  the  brain -tissue. 

Cerebropathy  (ser-e-brop^-a-lAe)  [cerebrum, 
the  brain ;  ndOoc,  illness].  I.  A  train  of 
symptoms  following  overwork,  and  ap- 
proaching the  character  of  insanity.  2. 
Cerebral  disease  in  general. 

Cerebroscopy  (ser-e-bros'-ko-pe)  [cerebrum, 
the  brain  ;  oKOireiv,  to  inspect].  Investigation 
of  the  condition  of  the  brain  by  inspection, 
especially  ophthalmoscopy,  in  the  diagnosis 
of  brain-disease. 


CEREBROSE 


CHAMBER 


» 


Cerebroae  (ser^-e-brds)  [c^f brum,  the  bimin], 
C,H„0,.  A  crystallized  sugar  isomeric  witn 
glucose,  occurring  in  brain-tissue. 

C^ebrotid  (ser' -e-bro-sU)  Tterfbmm,  the 
brain].  One  of  a  class  of  substances  occur- 
ring in   brain -tissue,   containing    cerebrose, 

Just  as  glucosids  contain  glucose. 

Cerebrospinal  (set-/- bro - spi'- nal )  [ cere- 
bruMf  the  brain ;  spina ,  the  spine].  Per- 
taining to  the  brain  and  spinal  cord.  C. 
Axis.  See  Axu.  C.  Plmd,  the  fluid  be- 
tween the  arachnoid  membrane  and  the  pia- 
mater.  C.  Meniogitis.  See  Fever,  Cere- 
brospinal. C.  System,  the  brain,  spinal 
cord,  and  nerves. 

Cerebrum  (ser^-e-bntm)  [L.J.  The  chief 
portion  of  the  brain,  occupymg  the  whole 
upper  part  of  the  cranium  and  consisting  of 
the  right  and  left  hemispheres. 

Cereus  (se^re-m)  [L.,  "a  wax  candle*'].  A 
genus  of  cactaceous  plants.  C.  grandi- 
iorus.     See  Caetus  grandiftoms, 

Cerevisia  (ser-e-vis'-e-ah)  [L.].  Ale  or 
beer.  C,  Permentum,  beer-yeast  The 
ferment  obtained  in  brewing  beer,  and  pro- 
duced by  saccharomyces  cerevisise. 

Cerin  (se^-rin)  [cera,  wax!.  An  ether  of 
cerotic  acid ;  one  of  the  substances  found  in 
wax. 

Cerium  (se^-re-um)  [named  after  the  planet 
Ceres'].  Ce  =  l40;  quanti valence  II,  IV. 
One  of  the  rarer  metals.  See  Elements, 
Table  of.  C.  oxalas,  Ce,fC:04),.9H,0,  a 
white  granular  powder,  insoluble  in  water  or 
alcohol,  but  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
It  is  useful  in  the  vomiting  of  pregnancy. 
Dose  gr.  j-x,  in  pill  (0.065-0.65).  C.  val- 
erianate has  been  used  in  the  same  class  of 
cases.     Dose  gr.  iss  (o.i). 

Cerotic  Acid  (serot^U).    See  Acid,  CeroHc, 

Cerumen  (ser-tZ-men)  [cera,  wax].  The 
wax  of  the  ear. 

Ceruminous  (seru'-min-us)  [cera,  wax]. 
Pertaining  to  cerumen. 

Ceruse  (sy-rUs)  [cerussa,  white  lead].  I. 
White  lead  :  basic  carbonate  and  hydrate  of 
lead.  2.  A  white  face-powder.  C.  of 
Antimony,  white  oxid  ot  antimony ;  also 
antimonic  acid. 

Cervical  (ser^-vikal)  [cennx,  the  neck]. 
Pertaining  to  the  neck,  or  to  the  cervix 
uteri.  C.  Carcinoma,  carcinoma  of  the 
neck  of  the  womb.  C.  Endometritis.  See 
Endometritis.  C.  Pregnancy,  a  rare  con- 
dition in  which  from  atrophy  of  the  decidual 
membranes  the  impregnated  ovum  is  not 
properly  held  in  place,  and  dropping,  lodges 
in  the  cervical  canal,  where  it  develops  until 
the  uterus  expels  it. 

Cervicitis  {ser-tHsi'-tis)  [cervix,  the  neck ; 
iTu:,  inflammation].  Inffiimmatioo  of  the 
cervix  uteri. 


Cervix  {ser^viks)  [L.].  A  constricted  pof. 
tion  or  neck.  C.  uteri,  the  neck  of  the 
womb.    C.  vesic«e,  the  neck  of  the  bladder. 

Cesarean,  or  Cesarean,  Section  [from 
Casar,  Csesar,  the  Roman  Consul,  whose 
delivery  is  said  to  have  been  eflected  in  this 
way].  Extraction  of  the  fetus  through  an 
incision  made  in  the  abdomen.  C.  S.,  Post- 
mortem, extraction  of  the  child  after  the 
mother*s  death. 

Cestoid,  or  Cestode  (ses^toid,ot  ses^-tbd) 
[Ktor6%,  a  girdle  ;  fZiJof,  likeness].  Shaped 
uke  a  girdle,  or  ribbon ;  applied  to  worms 
of  which  Tcenia  is  a  type. 

Cetacea  (seta' •seah\  \cetus,  a  whale].  An 
order  of  mammals  living  in  the  sea,  as  the 
whale,  dolphin,  etc. 

Cetaceum  {se-ta'se-um)  [k^toc,  a  large  fish]. 
Spermaceti.  *A  fatty  substance  somewhat 
resembling  parafBn  in  its  physical  properties. 
It  is  obtained  from  the  bead  of  the  sperm- 
whale,  Physeter  macrocephalus.  It  is  soluble 
in  ether,  in  chloroform,  and  in  boiling  alco- 
hol, and  is  employed  as  an  emollient  C, 
Ceratum,  contains  spermaceti  10,  white  wax 
35,  olive-oil  55  pans.  C,  Ung.,  (B.  P.), 
contains  spermaceti,  white  wax,  almond-oil, 
and  benxoin. 

Cetraria  (se-tra'-re-ah)  [catra,  a  short  Span- 
ish shield].  I.  A  genus  of  lichens.  2. 
Iceland  moss, — a  lichen,  C.  islandita,  found 
in  Iceland  and  other  northern  countries. 
It  contains  a  form  of  starch,  lichenin,  that 
gelatinizes  when  boiled  with  water.  It  \s  a 
A^ebly  tonic  demulcent,  sometimes  used  in 
pulmonaij  affections.  C.,  Decoct.  (B.  P.), 
contains  five  per  cent  of  the  lichen.  Dose 
r?  U-»^  (64.0-128.0). 

Chagres  Pever.    Sec  Frver, 

Chalaxa  [kala'-utk)  [;t<^sa,  a  hailstone]. 
One  of  the  twisted  cords  binding  the  yolk- 
bag  of  an  egg  to  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
shell ;  or  that  part  of  a  seed  where  its  coats 
unite  with  each  other  and  the  nucleus. 

Chalasion  (Jkala' -te-on)  [xaM^tov,  a  small 
hailstone].  A  tumor  of  the  eyelid  from  re- 
tained secretion  of  the  Meibomian  glands ;  a 
Meibomian  cyst. 

Chalicosis  {JkaliJh-o''Sis)[x6Xi^.  grave!].  A 
disease  of  the  lungs  caused  by  the  inhala- 
tion of  dust  or  sand. 

Chalk  {cAawJt)  [Calx,  limestone].  Carbon- 
ate of  lime.  See  Calcium.  C.  Stone,  gout- 
stone — a  deposit  beneath  the  skin  in  goaty 
patients. 

Chalybeate  {Jkaliy-ed/)  [x^vij^f  iron]- 
Containing  iron. 

Chamber  {cAam'ber)  [camera,  a  cham- 
ber]. A  cavity  or  space.  C.  Anterior 
(of  the  eye),  the  space  between  the  cornea 
and  the  iris.  C.  Posterior  (of  the  eye), 
the  space  between  the  iris   and  the  lens. 


CHAMOMILE 


CHEKAN 


The  chambers  of  the  eye  contain  the  aqueous 
humor. 

Chamomile  (kam^'O-ndl),  See  Anthemis 
and  Matricaria, 

Champagne  (sham-pdn^)  [Fr.].  An  effer- 
▼esccnt  wine  useful  as  a  remedy  for  nausea 
and  vomiting. 

Chancre   (shan^-ker)   [Fr.].     A   term  for- 
merly used  indiscriminately  for  any  primary 
venereal   ulcer,   but   now   generally  applied 
to  the  initial  lesion  of  syphilis  (see  Syphiiis), 
C,  Hard,  Hunterian,  Indurated,  Infect- 
ing, Non -suppurating,  or  True,  the  ulcer 
of  venereal  origin,  that  is  followed  by  con- 
stitutional syphilis.     C,   Non-incubatory, 
Non-infecting,    Simple,  or  Soft,   a  con- 
tagious, suppurating,  non-syphilitic  venereal 
ulcer,  properly  called  chancroid. 
Chancroid  {shang^-kroid)    [^chancre;   eldo^^ 
form].     A  local,  infective  process  transmit- 
ted by  sexual  intercourse,  and  characterized 
by  ulceration,  local  glandular  involvement, 
and  often  suppuration.     It  has  been  variously 
termed  the  soft,  non-indurated,  simple,  or  non- 
syphilitic  chancre.     See  CAancrc.    C,  Pha- 
gedenic, chancroid  with  a  tendency  to  slough. 
C.,  Serpiginous,  a  variety  of  the  last  that 
spreads  superficially  in  curved  lines. 
Change    {cAonJ)     [camhiarc^  to    change]. 
The  word  is  colloquially  used  either  for  the 
establishment  or  the  cessation  of  the  menstrual 
function.     C.  of  Life,  the  menopause. 
Chantreuirt    Method.      In    pelvimetry,   a 
method  of  ascertaining  the  distance  between 
the  tuberosities  of  the  ischia  (li  cm.)  in  esti- 
mating the  size  of  the  pelvic  outlet.     The 
two  thumbs  are  placed  upon  the  tuberosities, 
while  an  assistant  measures  the  distance  be- 
tvrecn  them. 
Chap   (chap)   [ME.,  r^tf//^'«.  to  cleave].     A 
slight  or  superRcial  fissure  of  the  skin,  usu- 
ally upon  the  lips,  hands,  or  nipples. 
Charbon  (shar^bon)   [Fr.   charcoal].      An- 
thrax. 
Charcoal    (char^-kdl)     [ME.,    charrcn,    to 
turn ;  coi^  coal].     Coal   made  by  subjecting 
Wood  to   a  process  of  smothered   combus- 
tion.     See  Carho  animalis  and  Carbo  ligni. 
Charcot's  Disease,  Sclerose  en  plaques.    Dis- 
v»Riinated,  multiple,  or  insular  sclerosis.    See 
JJiseases,    Table  of.     C.'s  Joint,  or  Joint 
Oisease.     See   Arthropathy  and   Diseases^ 
ToAU  of.      C.-Leyden    Crystals,    micro- 
scopic, colorless,  octahedral  or  rhomboidal 
crystals  found  in  semen,  in  the  shed  blood  of 
leukemic  patients,  and  in  the  sputum  of  asth- 
ma   and  croupous   bronchitis.      Chemically, 
the-y  are  the  phosphate  of  an  organic  base. 
C.'s  Method.     See  Hypnotism.     C.-Neu- 
mAnn  Crystals,  C- Robin  Crystals.    See 
C'  f^ydtn  Crystals. 
Qusrlatan  [shar* -lat-an)  [Ital.,  ciarlare,  to 


prattle].'  A  quack  ;  a  pretender  to  medical 
skill ;  an  advertising  doctor. 

Charles's  Law.     See  Law. 

Charpie  (shar^pe)[^carpere,ioi^\\ic\i].  Picked 
or  shredded  lint ;  linen  shreds  for  dressing 
wounds. 

Charta  (kar^-tah)  [^d/orj/f,  pap)er].  A  paper. 
In  pharmacy,  a  strip  of  paper  the  fibers  of 
which  are  impregnated  with  a  medicinal 
substance.  Also  a  wrapper  for  holding 
powders.  C.  emporetica,  porous  or  bibu- 
lous paper.  C.  epispastica,  or  C.  can- 
tharidis,  blistering-paper.  C.  ezploratoria, 
test-paper.     C.  sinapis,  mustard-paper. 

Chartula  (karf-u-lah)  [dim.  of  charta'^.  A 
little  paper,  esp>ecially  a  paper  containmg  a 
single  dose  of  a  medicinal  powder. 

Chasma  {haz'mah)^  or  Chasmua  (kaz^- 
mus)  [x^^l^^t  *  8*P*'*g]'     -A.  yawn. 

Chassaignac*s  Tubercle.  The  carotid  tu- 
bercle. 

Chaulmugra  Oil  (chawl'moog^-rah)\Y..\nA.'\. 
A  fixed  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of 
Gynocardia  odorata,  a  tree  native  to  the  E. 
Indies.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  its 
properties  are  due  to  gynocardic  acid.  It  is 
used  in  leprosy,  in  scaly  eczema,  psoriasis, 
and  syphilitic  skin  affections.  For  external 
use,  I  part  of  the  acid  to  24  of  petroleum. 
Internally,  dose  gtt.  v-x  (0.32-0.65)  of  the 
oil  or  gr.  ss-iij  (0.032-0.2)  of  the  acid,  in 
capsules.     All  unof. 

Check  (chek)  [OF.  eschecy  from  Pers.  shaky  a 
king].  A  sudden  stop.  C. -experiment. 
See  Control.     C.  -ligament.    See  Ligament. 

Checker-berry  Uhek^-er-ber^-e).  A  popular 
name  for  Gaultheria  procumbens. 

Cheek  {chik)  [AS.,  ceAce^  the  cheek].  The 
side  of  the  (ace  ;  it  is  composed  of  fat,  areo- 
lar tissue,  muscles,  etc. 

Cheese  {chi£)  [AS.,  cese^  cheese].  A  food 
prepared  from  the  casein  of  skimmed  or  un- 
skimmed milk. 

Cheesy  (rte^-^)  [AS.,  r«^  cheese].  Of  the 
nature  of  cheese.  C.  Degeneration,  C. 
Necrosis,  caseous  degeneration,  or  casea- 
tion ;  the  conversion  of  the  tissues  into  a 
substance  resembling  cheese.  C.  Tubercle, 
a  tubercle  that  has  undergone  cheesy  ne- 
crosis. 

Cheil-,  or  Cheilo-  {kll-y  or  kil'-o).  For 
words  thus  beginning  see  Chil-y  or  Chilo-. 

Cheiro-  (klr^-o).  For  words  thus  beginning 
see  Chiro', 

Chekan,  or  Cheken  (chek'-en)  [Chilian]. 
I.  The  leaves  of  Eugenia  cheken ^  a  South 
American  shrub.  It  is  diuretic  and  expec- 
torant and  similar  in  action  to  eucalyptus.  It 
is  used  in  chronic  pharyngitis,  laryngitis,  etc. 
Dose  of  the  fluid  extract  f  3  ss-j  (2.0-4.0). 
Unof.  2.  The  crude  resin  obtained  from 
Cannabis  indica. 


CHELIDONIN 


CHILOPLASTV 


» 


nium  majus). 

Chelidonium  Ukel-id-o^ -ne-um)  [;|feAi(fov<ov, 
celandine].  CeUndin.  The  leaves  and 
stems  of  C.  majus^  with  properties  due  to  a 
number  of  alkaloids  and  acids.  It  is  a  drastic 
cathartic,  and  externally  an  irritant,  and  has 
been  used  in  jaundice,  whooping-cough,  and 
catarrhal  pneumonia.  Dose  of  the  plant 
gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0) ;  of  the  juice  H\^v-xx 
F0.32-1.3).     Unof. 

Cnelidoxanthin  (JUlid-oks-an^ -thin)  [x^- 
66vufv,  celandine].  One  of  the  bitter,  crys- 
talline constituents  of  celandin. 

Cheloid  (ky-ioid)  [xn^f  ^  claw;  eldoc, 
form].     Sec  Keloid, 

Chelotomy  (keiat'-o-mij.     Sec  Kelotomy, 

Chemic,  Chemical  (kem'-ik^  kemf-ik-al) 
[xn/^^t  chemistry].  Of  or  pertaining  to 
chemistry. 

Chemiotazit,  Chimiotaxis  (kem^-e-o-taks-ist 
kim' -e-O'taks-is),     Sec  Chcmotaxis. 

Chemistry  (kem'-is-tre)  {r^f^'^a^  chemistry]. 
The  science  of  the  molecular  and  atomic 
structure  of  bodies. 

Chemosis  (ke-m(/'Sis)  [x^fujai^,  a  gaping]. 
Swelling  of  the  conjunctiva. 

Chemotmctic  (ktm-o-tak^-tik)  [x^^ia^  chem- 
istry; rdaativ^  to  arrange].  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  chemotaxts. 

Chemotasis,  Chemiotazis  {kem-o-taks^'is^ 
kem-e-O'taki' -is)  \xfnu\ay  chemistry ;  raaaetv, 
to  order,  arrange].  The  property  of  cellular 
attraction  and  repubion.  It  is  displayed  by 
the  proteid  constituents  of  the  protoplasm  of 
various  species  of  bacteria,  as  well  as  by  pro- 
teids  from  a  great  variety  of  sources.  The 
qualifications  positive  and  negative  are  added 
according  as  the  phenomenon  is  one  of 
attraction  or  repulsion. 

Chemotic  (kemot'-ik)  Tx^fujatc,  a  gaping]. 
Pertaining  to  or  marked  by  chemosis. 

Chemotropitm  (kem-ot'-ro-pitm)  [^v/iewi, 
chemistry ;  rptwrt^,  a  turning].  The  destruc- 
tion of  bacteria  by  phagocytes ;  the  victory 
of  the  phagocytes  over  bacteria,  or  of  bac- 
teria over  phagocytes.  In  biology,  the 
attraction  ot  leukocytes  by  certain  chemic 
substances  held  in  solution  in  the  blood. 
Cf.  Chemotaxis. 

Chenopodium  {ken-opo^-de-um)  [;t^,  a 
goose;  irddtov,  a  little  foot].  American 
Wormseed ;  the  fruit  of  C,  amh-osundts,  or 
anikeimitUuum^  a  plant  native  to  the  United 
States,  with  properties  due  to  a  volatile 
oil,  which  is  the  only  preparation  used.  It 
is  an  efficient  anthelmintic  against  the  round- 
worm.    Dose  of  the  oil  I1\,v-xv  (0.32-1.0). 

Cherry  {chfr^-e)  [Kkpaoo^^  cherry-tree].  The 
bark  ot  the  common  cherry,  Pnmus  sero- 


Hna^  a  mild  bitter  and  tonic,  oootainiiig 
tannin.  Dose  of  fld.  ext  ^Z^i^  (2.0-4.0). 
Prunin,  a  concentrated  extract;  dose  gr. 
j-iij  (0.065-0.2).  See  also  Choke-ckerry  and 
Prunus  virginiana,  C.-laurel,  the  Euro- 
pean evergreen  cherry,  Prunus  laurocera- 
sus.  Water  distilled  from  its  leaves  is  used 
in  the  same  way  as  dilute  hydrocyanic  acid. 
Dose  T!\,xxx-f5J  (2.0-4.0). 

Chest.  See  Tkorax.  C,  Barrel-,  a  peculiar 
formation  of  the  chest  observed  in  cases  of 
long-standing  emphysema  of  the  lungs ;  it  is 
round  like  a  barrel,  and  in  respiration  is  lifted 
vertically  instead  of  being  expanded  laterally. 

Chestnut.     See  Castanea. 

Cheyne-Stokes'  Breathing  or  Respiration. 
See  Signs  and  Symptoms^  Table  of,  C.-S.' 
Nystagmus,  a  variety  of  nystagmus  in  which 
the  oscillations  of  the  eyeball  have  a  rhythmic 
variatk>n  similar  to  the  rhythm  of  Cheyne- 
Stokes*  respiration. 

Chiasm,  Chiasms  (i/^-tfsm,  ki-atf-mak) 
[;t<<^'<*'>  to  make  a  cross,  as  an  X].  The 
optic  commissure. 

Chickahominy    Fever    (  ekik  -  a  -  kom  ^-in-e 

fe'-ver).     See  Fever. 

Chicken  (ckik'-en)  [AS.,  ctcen^  a  chicken]. 
A  domestic  fowl.  C.  Breast,  an  abnor- 
mally prominent  condition  of  the  sternum 
and  of  the  sternal  region  ;  pigeon-breast ;  it 
is  seen  in  rhachitic  persons,  etc.  C.  Choi* 
era.  .See  Ckolera.  C.-fat  Clot,  a  clot  of 
blood  yellowish  in  color,  consisting  largely 
of  fibrin,  and  containing  but  few  red  cells, 
C.-poz.     See  Varicella. 

Chicory  (ckik'-or-e)  [tuxopa,  chicoryl  Ci- 
ckorium  intybus^  a  composite  plant  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  naturalized  and  growing  in  tne 
United  States.  Its  ground  root  is  used  to 
adulterate  coffee. 

Chilblain  {ckil'-blan)  [AS.,  cele,  cold; 
bligen^  a  boil].  Pernio ;  Erythema  pernio. 
A  congestion  and  swelling  of  the  skm,  doe 
to  cold,  and  attended  with  severe  itching  or 
burning ;  vesicles  and  bulla:  may  form,  and 
these  may  lead  to  ulceration. 

Child-bed.  The  popular  term  for  the  puer- 
peral state.  C.-tiNed  Fever,  puerperal  lever, 
C.-birth,  parturition.  C.-crowing,  the 
crowing  sound  of  the  respiration  that  char- 
acterizes laryngismus  stridulus. 

Chili  Saltpeter.     Sodium  nitrate. 

Chill  {ckil)  [AS. ,  die,  chilliness].  A  sensa- 
tion of  cold  accompanied  by  shivering, 
usually  appearing  shortly  after  exposure  to 
cold  or  wet.  It  is  frequently  the  initial 
symptom  of  acute  disorders,  as  pnetusonia, 
etc  It  is  a  prominent  symptom  of  various 
forms  of  malarial  fever. 

Chills  and  Fever.  A  popular  term  for  inter- 
mittent fever. 

Chiloplasty  [ki'loplaste^x^'ikoi^  lip ;  wXko- 


CHIMAPHILA 


CHLORALOSE 


mv,  to  form].     Any  plastic  operation  upon 
the  lip. 

Cbimaphila  (ki-ma/^-il-ah)  [jt'i^,  winter ; 
^'Xoc,  loving].  Pipsissewa,  Vrince's  Pine; 
the  leaves  of  C.  umbellaia^  an  evergreen 
found  in  the  U.  S.,  an  astringent  tonic  and 
excellent  diuretic,  llie  bruised  leaves  are 
used  as  a  rubefacient.  It  is  valuable  in 
dropsy,  in  renal  disease,  and  in  affections 
of  the  urinary  passages.  C,  Decoctum. 
Dose  fjj-iij  (32.0-96.0).  Unof,  C,  Ext., 
Fid.  Dose  fjss-ij  (2.0-8.0). 
Chimiotaxia  [kim-e-o-taks' -is).  See  Chemo- 
tnxis. 

Chimney-aweep's  Cancer.  Epithelioma 
of  the  scrotum,  occurring  among  chimney- 
sweepers. 

Chin  [AS.,  fi«,  chin\  The  mentum;  the 
lower  part  of  the  face,  at  or  near  the  symphy- 
sis of  the  lower  jaw.  C.-jerk.  See  Jaw- 
jerky  and  ReJUxes,  Table  of.  C.  Reflex.  Sec 
Reiexes,  Table  of. 
Chma  {kin'-aky  or  kef-nah)  [Sp.].     Same  as 

Cinchona, 
Chinoidin,  or  Chinoidinum  {kin^oi'-din^  or 
kin-oidin'-um)  [Sp.,  China\.  Quinoidin. 
A  mixture  of  amorphous  alkaloids  obtained 
in  the  manufacture  of  quinin.  It  has  the 
therapeutic  properties  of  quinin.  Dose  gr. 
j-xx  ro.065-1.3). 
ChinoUn   (km^-o-Hn).    See   Cktnolina   and 

Qtiinolin, 
Chinolina    {kin-O'li'-nah)    [cktna,   quinin], 
QHyN.      Chinolin,    Leukolin.      An    alka- 
loidal   derivative  of  quinin  and  cinchonin, 
occurring  also  in  coal-tar.     It  is  an  antiseptic 
and  antipyretic.     It  is  conmionly  used  in  the 
form  of  the  tartrate  because  of  the  deliques- 
cence of  the  other  salts.     Dose  1T\,iij~x  (0.2- 
0.65) ;  of  the  tartrate  gr.  v-xr  (0.32-1.0). 
The  tartrate  is  used  as  a  local  application  to 
the  throat  in  strength  of  i-io.     Unof. 
Chionablepaia    (ki-on-ab-lep^'Se-ak)   lx^6v, 
snow;    ipXeiffia,  without  sight].      Loss  of 
sensibility  of  the  retina  resulting  from  the 
exposure  of  the  eyes  to  reflection  of  the  sun- 
Itgnt  upon  snow. 
Chirata   (ke-raf'tak^  or  che-ra'-tah)  [Hind., 
chirOetAy  a  species  Of  gentian].     Chiretta. 
The  leaves  and  lighter  stems  of  C.  ophelia. 
It  resembles  gentian  in  its  therapeutic  proper- 
ties, and  is  an  excellent  tonic.     It  does  not 
contain  any  tannin.     Dose  of  the  powdered 
plant  gr.  xv-xxx  (1.0-2.0).    C,  Ext.,  Fid., 
m    glycerol   and   alcohol.     Dose  n\^xv-xxx 
(1.0-2.0).     C,  Infiisum  (B.  P.).     Dose,  a 
wineglassful   (64.0).     C,   Tinct.,  ten  per 
cent,  in  strength.     Dose  fjss-ij  (2.0-8.0). 
Chiropodiat  (ki-rop^'0-dist)Yx^'^%  htaA ;  ico{'f , 
woS6Cf  foot].     A  surgeon  or  person  who  pro- 
fessionally treats  diseases  of  the  hands  and 
ifct,  especially  corns,  bunions,  etc. 


Chinirgeon  (kt-rer^-jon)  Ix'tpovpydc,  a  sur- 
geon].    A  surgeon. 

Chirurgia  (ki-rer' -je-ak)  [x^ip,  hand ;  ipyov, 
work] .     Surgery. 

Chittim  Bark  {ckW-im  bark).     See  Cascara 


Chloasma  (kloatf -mak)  [;|fXoaCf<v,  to  be 
pale  green].  Melanoderma;  melasma;  dis- 
colorations.  A  deposit  of  pigment  in  the 
skin,  occiuring  in  patches  of  various  sizes  and 
shapes,  and  of  a  yellow,  brown,  or  black 
color.  C.  hepaticum,  liver-spots ;  a  form 
following  dyspepsia  and  popularly  associated 
with  hepatic  disturbance.  C.  phthisicorum, 
the  brown  patches  upon  the  skin  of  the  fore- 
head or  upper  portions  of  the  cheeks  in  tuber- 
culous patients.  C.  uterinum,  chiefly  located 
on  the  forehead,  temples,  cheeks,  nipples, 
and  median  line  of  abdomen.  They  are 
marked  during  pregnancy,  and  often  during 
menstruation. 

Chloracetic  Acid  (klo-ras-e^-tik).    See  Acid. 

Chloral  (kl^-ral)  [cklorin  ;  aldekyd],  C,CL- 
HO.  A  pungent,  colorless,  mobile  liquid. 
The  name  is  often  misapplied  to  chloral 
hydrate.  C.  butylicum.  Butyl-chloral 
Hydrate  (B.  P.),croton-chloral,C4H5Cl,0,- 
H,0,  a  solid  occurring  in  crystalline  scales, 
*resembline  chloral  hydrate,  but  made  with 
butyl,  C4H,,  as  a  base,  instead  of  ethyl, 
C^Hj.  Its  properties  are  parallel  to  those  of 
chloral,  but  are  much  feebler.  Dose  gr.  v- 
XX  (0.32-1.3),  in  syrup.  Synipus  Butyl- 
chloral,  strength  1-30.  Dose  f^j-iv  (4.0- 
16.0).  Unof.  C.  Hydrate,  a  colorless, 
crystalline  solid  having  the  composition  C,- 
HCl,(HO)„  the  hydrate  of  chloral.  It  is  a 
powerful  hypnotic,  antispuismodic,  and  de- 
pressant to  the  cerebral,  medullary,  and 
spinal  centers,  and,  to  a  limited  extent,  is  an 
anesthetic.  It  is  serviceable  in  fevers  ac- 
companied by  cerebral  excitement,  in  chorea, 
convulsions,  and  in  delirium  tremens,  but 
should  be  uised  with  great  caution.  Dose  gr. 
v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  C,  S}mipu8  (B.  P.). 
Dosefjss-ij  (2.0-8).  C.-urethane.  See 
C/ralium. 

Chloralamid    (klo-raF-am-id)      [ckloral; 

amid'},  CCljCH  ^^mwcHO*     ^^'°"^  ^^^' 

mamidate.      In  doses  of   30  to  45   grains 

f  2 .0-3.0)  it  is  an  hypnotic. 
Cnloralimid  (klo-ral' -im'id)\ckloral ;  imid\ 

CC1..CH.NH.  An  hypnotic  allied  to  chloral, 

soluble  in  alcohol.     The  dose  is  the  same  as 

that  of  chloral  hydrate.     Unof. 
Chloralism    (klo^-ral-ism)    {chloral}.     I. 

Chloral -poisoning,  the  morbid  state  caused 

by  the  injudicious  use  of  chloral.      2.  The 

habit  of  using  chloral. 
Chloralose  (klo^-ral-ds)  {ckloral ;   glucose}. 

Anhydroglycochloral ;    a   product    of    the 


CHLORANEMIA 


CHLOROPHYL 


» 


action  of  anyhdrous  chloral  upon  glucose. 
It  is  used  as  an  hypnotic.  Dose  gr.  iij-xiv 
(0.2-0.9). 

Cbloranemia  (klo-rane^nu-ah).  Synonym 
of  Chiorosis. 

Chloranodyne  (kicr-an^-o-din)  [ckiorin  ; 
av  priv. ;  o&ijvqy  painl.  A  proprietary  rem- 
edy introduced  as  an  miiprovement  on  chlor- 
odjme.  It  contains  morphin  hydrochlorate, 
tinct.  cannab.  ind.,  chloroform,  dilute  hydro- 
cjranif  acid,  and  aromatics.  Dose  for  an 
adult  H\^xv  (l.o).  Unof. 

Chlorate  (kU/rat)  {chlorin\  A  salt  of 
chloric  acid. 

Chloric  (Jk/y-ri/k)  [chUrin].  Pertaining  to 
or  containing  chlonn.  C.  Acid.  See  Aciii. 
C.  Ether.  I.  See  Ethyl  chlorid.  2.  See 
Spiritus  Chloro/ormi. 

Chlorid  (kio'-rid)  [chiorin],  A  binary  com- 
pound, one  of  the  elements  of  which  is 
chlorin.     C.  of  Methyl.     See  Anesthetu, 

Chlorin(itA/-rr>f)  [jt^iJp^f,  green].  Chlorum 
CI  =  35.5  ;  quantivalence  I.  A  greenish-yel- 
low gas,  prepared  by  decomposing  sodium 
chlorid,  NaCl.  It  is  highly  inriutive  to  the 
skin  and  mucous  membranes,  producing  spas- 
modic closure  of  the  glottis.  It  is  a  valuable 
disinfectant.  Chlori,  Aqua,  U.  S.  P.;  C, 
Liquor,  (B.  P.),  chlorin- water,  contains  four 
per  cent,  of  the  gas  in  solution.  It  is  a 
good  antiseptic  wash.  Dose,  internally, 
ii\,x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  Calcis  ChlonnatK, 
Liq.,  (B.  P.),  contains  I  pound  of  the  salt 
per  gallon  of  water.  Calx  Chlorata, 
"chlorid  of  lime,"  a  hypochlorite  of  cal- 
cium containing  free  chlorin ;  a  valual)le 
disinfectant  Dose,  internally,  gr.  iij-vj 
(0.2-0.4).  C.-hunger,  the  condition  of  the 
body  when  chlorin  (usually  in  the  form  of 
conmion  salt)  is  lacking.  Among  the  imme- 
diate results  of  this  deficiency  are  indi- 
festion  and  albuminuria.  C.-vapor  (B. 
^),  used  for  inhalation.  Sodc  Chlo- 
ratje.,  Liq.,  Labarraque's  Solution,  sodium 
carbonate  10,  calx  chlorinata  8,  water  ad 
ICO.  Dose  lT\,x-f  3J  (0,65-4.0),  in  20  parts 
of  water. 

Chlorobrom  {klc/ -ro-brdni)  [chlorin ;  dro- 
mm].  A  solution  each  ounce  of  which  con- 
tains 30  grains  each  of  chloralamid  and 
potassium  bromid.  It  is  hypnotic  and  useful 
in  seasickness. 

Chlorodyne  (klo' -ra-din)  [y^.w/mJc,  green; 
odvvrt^  P^n]-  A  proprietary  remedy  suf)- 
posed  to  contain  chloroform,  ether,  morphin, 
cannabis  indica,  hydrocyanic  acid,  and  cap- 
sicum. It  is  anodyne  and  narcotic.  Dose 
T!\^x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).     Unof. 

Chloroform  {kl(/'ro-form)  [chhroformum^ 
chloroform].  Methyl  terchlorid.CHCl,.  A 
heavy,  colorless  liquid  obtained  by  the  action 
of  chlorinated  lime  on  methyl  alcohol.     The 


commercial  article,  C.  venale,  contains  2  per 
cent,  of  impurities.  Administered  internally  in 
large  doses,  chloroform  produces  narcosis  and 
violent  gastroenteritis.  In  small  doses  it  is 
antispasmodic  and  carminative.  Chloro- 
form has  an  agreeable  odor  and  a  sweetish 
taste.  It  solidifies  in  the  cold,  boils  at  61^, 
and  has  a  specific  gravity  of  1.526.  Ex- 
ternally, it  is  much  employed  as  an  ingre- 
dient of  rubefacient  and  anodyne  liniments. 
Mixed  with  a  large  per  cent,  of  air,  and  in- 
haled, it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  general 
anesthetics,  but  occasionally  (i  :  3000)  causes 
death  by  cardiac  paralysis.  See  Afusthftu. 
Deep  injections  in  the  vicinity  of  the  sciatic 
nerve  are  recommended  in  sciatica.  C, 
Alcoholized,  a  mixture  of  chloroform 
and  alcohol.  C,  Ammoniated,  equal  parti 
of  ammonia  in  alcohol  and  chloroform ;  an- 
tipyretic and  anodyne.  Unof.  C.  Aqua 
(B.  P.).  Dose  f.^ss-ij  (16.0-64.0).  C. 
Emulsum,  chloroform  4,  expressed  oil  of 
almond  6,  tragacanth  1.5,  water  sufficient  to 
make  100  parts.  C.-liniment,  commercial 
chloroform  40,  soap  liniment  60  parts.  C, 
Liniment.,  Comp.,  chloroform  4,  oil  of 
turpentine  4,  tincture  of  opium  2,  tincture  of 
aconite  x  part.  Unof.  C,  Spt.,  pure  chloro- 
form 10,  alcohol  90  poru.  Dose  T!\,x-f;5J 
(0.65-4.0).  Tinct.  Chloroformi  et  Mor- 
phine (B.  P.),  a  substitute  for  chlorodyne. 
Each  dose  of  li\,io  contains  chloroform 
X\\%y  ether  I1\^*.^,  alcohol  n\^i^,  morphin 
hydrochlorate  gr.  ^1,  dilute  hydrocyanic  acid 
n\^^,  oil  of  peppermint  n\^|'p.  fluid  extract 
of  licorice  tt^^l  '4 ,  treacle  and  sjTup  q.  s. 
Tinct.  C.  Comp.  (B.  P.),  chloroform  2, 
alcohol  8,  comp.  tinct.  of  cardamon  lo. 
Dose  nvxx-fgj  (1.3-4.0). 

Chloroformism  {ki(/'ro-/orm-ism)  [chhrc- 
formum^  chloroform].  I.  The  use  of 
chloroform  to  excess  for  its  narcotic  effect. 
2.  The  symptoms  produced  by  this  use  of 
the  drug. 

Chloroma  (kh-r^/mah)  [x^M>^*  yellowish- 
green  ;  d/m,  a  tumor].  *' Green  cancer  "  ; 
a  rare  variety  of  sarcoma,  of  a  greenish  tint, 
usually  seated  upon  the  periosteum  of  the 
bones  of  the  head. 

Chlorophane  {kl</ -ro-fitn)  [^:>xj^,  green; 
^cuveaOaty  to  appear].  A  yellowish-green 
chromophane.     See  Lhromophanes. 

Chlorophyl  {kh'-ro-fi! )  [  ^'/<j^,  green  ; 
oi?>ov,  leaf].  The  green  coloring-matter  of 
plants.  It  decomposes  carlton  dioxid,  setting 
free  oxygen,  and  forming  new  organic  com- 
pounds. This  decoropoAition  takes  place 
only  or  chiefly  in  the  presence  of  sun  light. 
The  chlorophyl  is  contained  in  certain  parts 
of  the  protoplasm  of  the  plant.  It  i*  the  sub- 
stance by  the  agency  of  which  carbohydrates 
are  formed  in  green  plants. 


CHLOROSARCOMA 


CHOLERA 


Chlorotarcoma  {kl0-r<hsar-k</-mah].  See 
Chioroma, 

Chlorosis  (kloro'sii)  [t^wp<JCf  green].  The 
*' green  sickness."  A  form  of  anemia,  most 
common  in  young  women,  and  characterized 

Sf  a  marked  reduction  of  hemoglobin  in  the 
cod,  with  but  a  slight  diminution  of  red 
corpuscles.  In  some  cases  there  is  a  hyper- 
plasia of  the  sexual  organs  and  the  heart  and 
large  blood-vessels.  The  symptoms  are  those 
of  anemia,  a  greenish  color  of  the  skin,  gas- 
tric and  menstrual  disturbances. 
Chlorotic  {klo-rof-ik)  [jt^-'^^'Wi  paleness]. 
I.  Relating  to  chlorosis.  2.  A  person  af- 
fected by  chlorosis. 

Chlorphenol  (klor/e^ -nol)  [;f/wp<Jf,  green  ; 
fMv/f,  purple-red],  Q,H<C1.0H.  Mono- 
chlorphenol ,  a  substance  possessed  of  anti- 
septic properties.  It  is  recommended  for  in- 
halation in  diseases  of  the  respiratory  pas- 
sages. 

Chfonim  (ki</'ntm)  [;t^P<^f»  green].     The 
official  pharmaceutic  name  of  chlorin.     See 
CMorin. 
Q^M9XkMLUto''an'ah)\jX!^vii^9L{\iXiTi'^.     I.  A 
funnel-lilce  opening.     2.   A  name  applied  to 
the  posterior  nasal  oriBces. 
Cbocolats    {chok'-O'lOi)    [Mex.,  chocolati, 
chocolate]       A  dried  paste  prepared   from 
the  powder  of  cacao-seeds  (see  Cacao)  with 
various  mucilaginous  and  amylaceous  ingre- 
dients.    It  b  used  to  prepare  a  beverage,  and 
also  as  a  vehicle,  especially  for  quinin. 
Choked  Disc  {ckdkd  disk).     See  PapUlUis, 
Cholagogue  {kdl'-agog)  [;to^»  Wle ;  aywyrff , 
leading].     I.  Stimulating  the  flow  or  the  se- 
cretion of  bile.     2.  Any  agent  that  promotes 
the  flow  of  bile. 
ChoUlic  Acid  (kol-a^-lik) ,  CjgHj^O^.      A  de- 
composition  product  of  glycocholic  or  tauro- 
cbolic  acid,  obtained  when  the  latter  is  boiled 
with  caustic  potash,  baryta  water,  or  dilute 
mineral   acids.     It  is  dextrorotatory,  and  is 
colored  blue  by  iodin. 
Cholangitis   (kol-an-ji'  -tis)    [;iro^»  Wle; 
hyytiov^  a  vessel;  (r£C»  inflammation].     In- 
flammation of  a  bile-duct 
Cholecystectomy  (kol-e-sis-tek^  io-me)  [;t*>^» 
bil«  ;  KvcrnQy  bladder ;  iicTOfi^,  a  cutting  oflfj. 
Excision  of  the  gall-bladder. 
Cholecy stenterostomy  {Jko/- e-sis'ten-ter-os^' 
fa-rm)  [;to^»  *>**c ;  Kifart^^  a  bladder ;  evrepov^ 
tnlestine;  trrdfia^  a  mouth].     The   artificial 
eatabltshment  of  a  communication   between 
the  gall-bladder  and  the  intestine. 
Cholecystitis   {kol-f'sisti^-tis)   [x^^j,  bile ; 
citfTic*  bladder ;  <ric.  inflammation].    Inflam- 
mation of  the  gall-bladder. 
C1u>iec3rstolithotripsy  {kol-e-  sis -to-  lithot'- 
rip'Se)    [jco^f  bile ;  Kvari^,  a  bladder ;  XiSoc, 
a.  stooe  ;  rplfieiv,  to  crush].     The  crushixig 
of  |^l-stoae$  in  the  gall-bladder. 


Cholecytonhmphy  {Jko/'e'Sis/'Or^'a'/f)rxoXi^ 
bile ;  Kvart^f  bladder ;  JM^t  a  seam].  Suture 
of  the  gall-bladder,  especially  suture  to  the 
abdominal  wall. 

Cholecystostomy  {kol-e-sist-os'-tonu)  [;to^» 
bile;  idxmc,  a  bladder;  ard/M,  mouthj. 
The  establishment  of  an  opening  into  the  gall- 
bladder. 

Cholecystotomy  (kol-e'Sisi-ot^-o-me)  [x^^t 
bile;  Kt>(n-<c,  bladder;  T^/iv«v, to  cut].  In- 
cision of  the  gall-bladder  to  remove  gall 
stones,  etc. 

Choledochus  (kol-ed' -o-kus)  [jfo^i  ^ilc ; 
dixeoOcu,  to  receive].  Receiving  or  holding 
bile.  C,  Ductus  Communis,  the  com- 
mon excretory  duct  of  the  liver  and  gall- 
bladder. 

Choleic  (koZ-y-ik)  1x0^/,  bile].  Pertaining 
to  the  bile. 

Cholelithiasis  (koZ-^/i/A-i^-as-is)  [x^^*  ^i^e » 
"kidoq^  a  stone].  The  presence  of,  or  a  con- 
dition associated  with,  calculi  in  the  gall- 
bladder or  in  a  gall-duct. 

Cholemia  {kol-e^ -me-ah)  \x^y^%  bile ;  ol/io, 
blood].     The  presence  of  bile  in  the  blood. 

Cholera  {kol'erah)^  [;to^/o«»  from  X^^t 
bile].  I.  A  name  given  to  a  number  of  acute 
diseases  characterized  mainly  by  large  dis- 
charges of  fluid  material  from  the  bowels, 
vomiting,  and  collapse.  2.  A  synonym  of 
C.  asioHca.  C.  asiatica,  an  acute,  specific, 
highly  malignant  disease,  existing  in  India 
and  the  tropics  of  Asia  during  the  entire 
year,  and  occasionally  spreading  as  an  epi- 
demic over  large  areas.  It  is  characterized 
by  vomiting,  alvine  discharges  resembling 
flocculent  rice-water,  severe  cramps,  and  col- 
lapse. The  rate  of  mortality  varies  from  10 
to  66  per  cent. ,  the  average  being  over  50  per 
cent.  The  cause  is  the  comma  bacillus  of 
Koch,  which  is  always  found  in  the  rice- 
water  discharges.  The  germs  commonly  gain 
entrance  into  the  system  by  means  of  the  drink- 
ing-water. C,  Bilious,  a  form  of  the  disease 
attended  with  excessive  discharge  of  bile. 
C,  Chicken,  a  very  fatal  epidemic  disease 
of  fowls,  marked  by  tumefaction  of  the  lym- 
phatic glands,  with  inflammation  and  ulcera- 
tion of  the  digestive  organs.  C,  Bnglish. 
See  C.  nostras.  C,  Epidemic.  Synonym 
of  C.  asiatica.  C,  Hog,  an  infectious  dis- 
ease attacking  swine  and  characterized  by  a 
patchy  redness  of  the  skin,  with  inflamma- 
tion and  ulceration  of  the  bowels,  enlarge- 
ment of  the  abdominal  glands,  and  conges- 
tion of  the  lungs.  C.  infantum,  the  **  sum- 
mer complaint"  of  infants  and  young  chil- 
dren ;  an  acute  disease  occurring  in  warm 
weather,  and  characterized  by  pain,  vomiting, 
purgation,  fever,  and  prostration.  The  cause 
of  the  disease  is  probably  microorganismal,  and 
is  favored  by  the  prolonged  action  of  heat,  to* 


CHOLERAIC 


CHOPART*S  AMPUTATION 


i 


gethtr  with  errors  in  diet  and  hygiene.  It  is 
most  common  among  the  poor  and  in  hand- 
fed  babes.  The  disease  is  of  short  duration, 
death  frequently  ensuing  in  from  three  to  five 
days.  C.  morbus,  an  acute  catarrhal  inflam- 
mation of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stom- 
ach and  intestines,  with  pain,  purging,  vomit- 
ing, spasmodic  contractions  of  the  muscles, 
etc.  It  is  a  disease  of  the  heated  term  and 
*  is  very  similar  to  Asiatic  cholera  in  its  symp- 
tomatology. C.  nostras,  same  as  C.  morbus. 
C.  sicca,  a  term  applied  to  those  cases  of 
Asiatic  cholera  in  which  rice-water  liauid  is 
found  in  the  intestines  after  death,  though 
none  had  been  voided  during  life. 

Choleraic  (koi-er-a'ik)  \x**^t^t  choleraj. 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  cholera.  C. 
Diarrhea,  diarrhea  characterized  by  a  pro- 
fuse, exhausting  discharge  of  watery  material. 

Cholerine  (koi'er-m)  [dim.  oi  choUra'^.  A 
mild  form  of  Asiatic  cholera,  or  the  mitial 
stage  of  a  more  severe  form. 

Cholesteatoma  {kol-es-te-at-o' -mah)  [x^'^^% 
bile  (cholesterin) ;  ariap^  fat ;  6/tti,  tumor]. 
A  teratoid  tumor  containing  plates  of  choles- 
terin, epithelial  cells,  hair,  and  other  dermal 
structures,  and  occurring  most  frequently  in 
the  brain. 

Cholesteremia,  Cholesterinemia  (kolet- 
ter-e^'WU-ahf  kol-es-ter-in-e* -me-ah)  \^X^^^% 
bile;  (rrfap,  fat;  ania^  blood].  The  mor- 
bid state  resulting  from  the  retention  of 
cholesterin  in  the  blood.  The  condition  is 
probably  due  to  the  retention  of  the  bile- 
acids. 

Cholesterin  (kol  -  es^  -  ier  -  in)  [x^^-^f  hile; 
arkap,  fat],  C^H^O,  or  Cj^H^^O.  A  monat- 
omic  alcohol,  a  constituent  of  bile,  gall- 
stones, nervous  tissue,  yelk,  and  blood,  and 
sometimes  found  in  foci  of  fatty  degeneration. 
It  is  a  glistening,  white,  crystalline  substance, 
soapy  to  the  touch,  crystallizing  in  fine  nee- 
dles and  rhombic  plates.  It  is  insoluble  in 
water,  soluble  in  hot  alcohol,  ether,  or 
chloroform.  It  is  held  in  solution  in  the  bile 
by  the  bile-salts ;  it  is  levorotatory. 

Choletelin  (koltt^ -el-in)  [;r«>?^,  bile ;  r/^of , 
completion],  C„H,gN,0^.  An  amorphous, 
soluble,  yellow  pigment  derived  from  biliru- 
bin. It  is  the  final  product  of  the  oxidation 
of  bile-pigments.  It  is  readily  soluble  in 
alkalies,  idcohol,  and  chloroform. 

Choleuria  (iol-e-u^-re-ah)  \x°M^  hile  ;  of-pov, 
urine].     The  presence  of  bile  in  the  urine. 

Cholic  (kol^'ik)  [xoyj^  bile].  Pertaining  to 
the  bile.     C.  Acid.    See  Acid. 

Cholin  (kor-in)  [x^'T^^,  bile],  CjH,jNO,.  A 
substance  found  among  the  products  of  the 
decomposition  of  hog*s  bile  and  ox -bile. 
It  is  also  found  in  the  extracts  of  the  supra- 
renals,  and  is  a  product  of  the  decomposition 
of  ledthin. 


Choloidinic  Acid  (kol-oi-Jin' -ik) ,  C,^H||0^ 
A  decomposition  product  of  cholalic  acid. 

Chololith  (kol'  o-iiih)  [;ro7i^,  bile;  Ai/lbf, 
stone].     A  gall-stone. 

Chondral  (kon'drai)  [jt^^fcJpof,  cartilage]. 
Cartilaginous ;  relating  to  or  composed  of 
cartilage. 

Chondnfication  (kon-drif-ik-a' -ihun)  [x^- 
<Jpof,  cartilage;  facerey  to  make].  The 
process  of  being  converted  into  cartilage. 

Chondrin  {kon'-drin)  [^<h^/x)(,  cartilage]. 
A  substance  obtained  from  the  matrix  of 
hyaline  cartilage  by  boiling.  It  resembles 
gelatin  in  general  properties,  but  differs  from 
it  in  not  being  precipitated  by  tannic  acid. 

Chondritis  (kondri' tis)  [;r<i»'<5pof ,  cartilage ; 
iTi^^  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  a 
cartilage. 

Chondroblast  (kon'dro-hlasf)  [r^'^pfK'  car- 
tilage ;  pAoord^t  germ].  A  cell  of  develop- 
ing cartilage. 

Chondrocostal  (kon-dro^koi' -tal)  [;trfi^pof, 
cartilage ;  coUOy  a  rib].  Relating  to  the  ribs 
and  their  cartilages. 

Chondrodendron  {kon-dro-den' -dron)  [;t^f- 
<J/x)f,  cartilage  ;  dtvA/xn'y  a  tree].  A  genus  of 
S.  American  menispermaceous  climbing- 
plants.  C.  glaberrimum  and  C.  tomen- 
tosum  are  among  the  plants  that  furnish 
Pareira  brava. 

Chondrogen  (kon' -dro-jen)  [x^P^%  carti- 
lage; yewtivy  to  produce].  A  substance 
forming  a  part  of  the  tissue  of  imperfectly 
developed  cartilage. 

Chondroma  (kon-dn/-mak)  [x6\^poqy  cartil- 
age;  d/Mi,  tumor].     A  caitilaginous  tumor. 

Chondromalacia  (kon  -  dro  •  mtai -a'se-ak) 
[xMpo^y  cartilage;  fia?MKiay  softening]. 
Softening  of  a  cartilage.  C.  auris.  Saime 
as  Hematoma  auris. 

Chondrosarcoma  (kon  -  dro  -  sar  •  ko^-  mah) 
[;('($ t'dpoc,  cartilage ;  <Td/)f ,  flesh  ;  6^a,  tumor]. 
A  tumor  competed  of  cartilaginous  and  %Mt- 
comatous  tissue. 

Chondrotome  (ion'-dro-tdm)  [4f^v($poc«  cartil- 
age ;  rofi6qy  cutting].  An  instrument  for 
cutting  cartilage. 

Chon(iUx>tomy  (kon  -  drot^-  o  -  me)  [x^'^po^^ 
cartilage;  rifivetv,  to  cut].  The  divi&ion  of 
a  cartilage. 

Chondrus  (kon'-drus)  [x^*^f*^*  •  grain  ;  car- 
tilage]. I.  Irish  Moss.  The  sultttance  of 
the  alga  C.  crisptis  and  C.  mammtilorus. 
These  yield,  on  boiling  with  water,  a  soluble 
colloid  consisting  mainly  of  mucilage.  This 
is  demulcent  and  somewhat  nutrient.  Dose 
indefinite.  Unof.  2.  A  cartilage;  the  ensi- 
form  cartilage. 

Chopart's  Amputation.  An  amputation  of 
the  foot  consisting  of  a  disarticulatioa 
through  the  tarsal  bones,  leaving  only  the 
00  calds  and  the  astragalus. 


CHORDA 


CHOROIDOIRITIS 


Chorda  (kor^-dah)  [  L.  ] .  A  cord ,  tendon,  or 
a  nerve*61ament.  C.  dorsalis.  See  Noto- 
chord.  C.  tendinea,  any  one  of  the  tendi- 
nous strings  connecting  the  papillary  muscles 
of  the  heart  with  the  auriculoventricular 
valves.  C.  tympani.  See  Nerves,  Table  of, 
Chordee  Utor-de*)  \^x^9^U  a  cord].  A  pain- 
lul  curved  erection  of  the  penis  with  concav- 
ity downward.  The  corpus  spongiosum  being 
infiltrated  from  urethral  inflammation,  does 
not  611  with  blood  during  erection,  and  so 
acts  like  a  bow-string. 

Chorea  {Jto-re'-ak)  \xop€ia^   dancing].     St. 
Vitus*s  dance.   A  functional  nervous  disorder, 
usually  occurring  in  youth,  characterized  by 
irregular  and  involuntary  action  of  the  mus- 
cles of  the  extremities,  face,  etc.,  with  gen- 
eral muscular  weakness.     Frequently  a  mi- 
tral s3rstoIic  murmur  b  heard,  often  hemic, 
but  in  a  large  proportion  of  cases  due  to  en- 
docarditis, and  there  seems  to  be  a  close  re- 
lation between  the  two  diseases.  Rheumatism 
often  coexists.     Chorea  may  be  caused  by  a 
number  of  conditions,  among  which  are  fright 
and   reflex  irritation.     It  aflects  girls  about 
three  times  as  frequently  as  boys.    Occasion- 
ally a  form  of  chorea  is  seen  in  the  adult, 
and  may  become  a  serious  complication  of 
pregnancy,  resulting  in  the  death  of  t>oth  fetus 
and  mother.     When  it  occurs  late  in  life  it 
generally  resists    treatment.     C,   Button- 
maker's,  a  form  of  chorea  occurring  in  per- 
sons employed    in    making    buttons.     C, 
Chronic.    See  C ,  Huntington's,    C,  Elec- 
tric.   Ste  Dttbini's  Disease,    C,  Epidemic, 
dancing  mania.      C,  Habit.      See  Spasm, 
C,  Hereditary,   ^t  C.^  Huntington^ s,   C, 
Hysteric.    See  C.  Major,    C,  Hunting- 
ton's, an  hereditary  affection  of  adult  or 
middle  life,  characterized  by  irregular  move- 
ments, disturbance   of  speech,  and   gradual 
dementia.     C.  insaniens,  maniacal  chorea ; 
a  grave    form   of   chorea   usually  seen    in 
women,   and    sissociated   with    mania,   and 
OMially  ending  fatally.     It  may  develop  dur- 
ing;   pregnancy.     C,    Maniacal.     See    C, 
insaniens,      C.   major,  a  form  of  hysteria 
io    which   there   are   continual    regular  os- 
cillatory   movements.     C,    Mimetic,    that 
which  is  caused  by  imitation.     C.   minor, 
simple  chorea.      C,  Posthemiplegic,  C, 
Postparalytic,  a  form  of  involuntary  move- 
ment seen  in  patients  after  an  attack  of  hemi- 
plegia.    C,  School-made,  chorea  resulting 
from  overstimulation  of  children  at  school. 
C.,  Senile,  a  choreiform  afl'ection  coming  on 
in  old  age.  C.,  Sydenham's,  ordinary  chorea. 
Choreic  (kore^ik)  [;tope(a,  dancing].  Rela- 
ting to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  aflected  with, 
chorea. 
Cboteiform  (ko-re'-if-orm)  [;topc^<i»  dancing; 
ftrmat  form].     Resembling  chores. 


Choremania  (ko  -  re  -  ma' -  ne  -  aK)  [xopt^ 
dancing;  fiavia,  madness].  Synonym  of 
Choromania, 

Choriocapillaris  (ko-re-o-kap-il-a'-ris)  [x^' 
pioVf  skin ;  capilluSy  a  hair].  The  network 
of  capillaries  over  the  inner  portion  of  the 
choroid  coat  of  the  eye. 

Chorioid  Uto' -reoid).     See  Choroid. 

Chorioidal  [kore-oid'-al).     See  Choroid, 

Chorioideremia  (ko-re-oui-er-e^-me-ah).  See 
Choroideremia, 

Chorioiditis  (ko'-re-oid-i'-tis).  See  Choroid- 
itis, 

Chorion  (ko'-re-on)  \jxbfiiw,  fetal  membrane]. 
The  outermost  of  the  fetal  membranes, 
formed  from  the  vitelline  membrane,  the 
false  amnion,  and  the  allantois.  The  cho- 
rion lies  between  the  amnion  and  thedeciduae 
(reflexa  and  vera).  C,  Cystic  Degenera- 
tion of,  a  myxoma  of  the  chorion,  producing 
the  so-called  *  *  hydatid  mole . "  1 1  is  character- 
ized by  rapid  increase  in  the  size  of  the 
uterus,  hemorrhage,  often  profuse,  beginning 
during  the  second  month  of  pregnancy,  and 
the  discharge  of  small  cysts,  whitish  in  ap- 
pearance, surrounded  by  bloody  clots.  These 
cysts  vary  in  size  from  a  pin's-head  to  a 
filbert.  C.  leve,  the  membranous  portion  of 
the  chorion.  C,  Shaggy,  or  C.  frondosum, 
the  part  covered  by  villi.  It  helps  to  form 
the  placenta. 

Chorionic  (kore-on' -ik)  [x^P*^ov^  the  cho- 
rion].    Relating  to  the  chorion. 

Chononitis  {ko-re-on-i'-tis).  See  Sclero- 
derma. « 

Choroid  (ko'-roid)  [;^f4p/or,  the  chorion; 
tldoq^  likeness].  The  vascular  tunic  of  the 
eye,  continuous  with  the  iris  in  front  and 
lying  between  the  sclerotic  and  the  retina. 
C.  Plexus,  a  vascular  plexus  in  the  ventricles 
of  the  brain. 

Choroideremia  (koroid-ere' me-ah)  \x6- 
piov,  the  chorion  ;  cMof ,  like  ;  kptffiia,  deso- 
lation].    Absence  of  the  choroid. 

Choroiditis  (ko-roid-i'-tis)  [x^piw^  the  cho- 
rion ;  iri^f  inflammation].  Inflammation  of 
the  choroid  coat  of  the  eye.  It  may  be 
anterior,  the  foci  of  exudation  being  at  the 
periphery  of  the  choroid ;  or  central,  the 
exudate  being  in  the  region  of  the  macula 
hitea;  diffuse  or  disseminated,  characterized 
by  numerous  round  or  irregular  spots  scat< 
tered  over  the  fundus;  exudative  or  non- sup- 
purative, when  there  are  isolated  foci  of  in- 
flammation scattered  over  the  choroid; 
metastatic,  when  due  to  embolism;  and 
suppurative,  when  proceeding  to  suppuration. 
C.  serosa.     Synonym  of  Glaucoma, 

Choroidoiritis  (ko-roid-o-i-ri'-tis)  {x^picfv^ 
the  chorion ;  ttdo^,  like  ;  2p<Ct  the  rainbow ; 
tri^t  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
choroid  and  the  ins. 


CHOROIDORETINITIS 


CHVOSTHK'S  SIGN 


» 


ChofX>!doretiniti8  (Jto-  raid-  o  •  ret-  in  •  i^-  /is) 
[icSpiov,  the  chorion  ;  elSoCt  like ;  retina^  the 
retina;  irtc,  inflammmtionj.  Chotx)iditis 
associated  with  retinitis.  C.,  Ametropic, 
that  caused  by  ametropia. 

Choromania  (koro-ma'-ne-ah)  [x^P^*  » 
dance ;  uavia^  madness].  A  nervous  dis- 
order cnaracterixed  by  dancing  or  other 
rhythmic  movements;  epidemic  chorea; 
dancing  mania. 

Christian  Science  (kris^-te-an  si^-ensS,  An 
alleged  system  of  therapy ;  a  form  of  faith- 
cure. 

thri8titon*8  Formula.  A  formula  for  esti- 
mating the  amount  of  solids  in  the  urine : 
Multiply  the  last  two  figures  of  the  specific 
gravity  expressed  in  four  figures  by  2.33  (or 
by  2,  Trapp ;  or  by  2.2,  Labisck).  Inis 
gives  the  amount  of  solids  in  every  looo 
parts. 

Chromate  (Jkry-mO/)  lxP^/*o»  color].  Any 
salt  of  chromic  acid. 

Chromatic  (kro-mat^-ik)  [xp^f^*  color]. 
Relating  to  or  possessing  color.  C.  Aber- 
ration, a  failure  of  a  lens  to  bring  to  the  focus 
some  of  the  color-ra3rs  into  which  white  light 
has  been  divided,  due  to  the  difference  in  re- 
frangibility  of  rays  of  dtflferent  color.  C. 
Audition,  luminous  sensations  aroused  by 
sound. 

Chromatin  {kra^'mai-in)  [;tP«/'«»  color]. 
The  portion  of  the  protoplasm  of  a  cell  that 
takes  the  stain,  forming  a  delicate  reticular 
netwoik  or  plexus  of  fibrils  permeating  the 
achromatin  of  a  cell.  It  is  also  called 
karyomitome. 

Chromatogenous  {kro'mat-of'-fn-us)[xp*^t^'*^9 
color;  yewov,  to  beget].     Producing  color. 

Chromatopsia  {kro-mat-op' se-ah)  [xp^f^i 
color ;  ^V^,  vision].  A  disorder  of  vision 
in  which  color- impressions  arise  subjectively. 
It  may  be  due  to  disturbance  of  the  optic  cen- 
ters, or  to  drugs,  especially  santonin. 

Chromic  {Jh-PmiJt)  [^/xj;ua,  color].  Per- 
taining to  or  made  from  chromium.  C.  Acid. 
Sce^d^. 

Chromidrosis  {Jiro  -  mid-  ro'-  sis)  ^xp^f^t 
color;  Wp^,  sweat].  A  rare  condition  of 
the  sweat  in  which  it  is  variously  colored,  be- 
ing bluish,  blackish,  reddish,  greenish,  or 
yellowish.  Bl<uk  sweat  (Seborrhaa  nigri- 
cans) occurs  usually  in  hysteric  women,  the 
face  being  most  often  affected.  It  is  associated 
with  chronic  constipation  and  is  due  to  the 
presence  of  indican  in  the  sweat.  Red  sweaty 
kematidrosis^  may  be  due  to  an  exudation  of 
blood  into  the  sweat-glands,  or  to  the  pres- 
ence of  a  microorganism  in  the  sweat 

Chromium  (irt/'meum)  [xP*'*^^*  color]. 
Cr  =  52. 2 ;  quanti valence  ii  and  IV.  One  of 
the  elements  of  the  iron -group.  The  various 
lalto  of  chromium,  especially  toe  derivatives  of 


C.  trioxid  or  chromic  acid,  Cr|0|,  are  much 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  pigments  and  as 
a  caustic.  All  are  poisonous.  Potassium 
dichromate  (bichromate  of  potash),  K,Cr-0^, 
is  used  as  a  caustic,  antemetic,  and  alterative ; 
as  a  preserving  agent  for  animal  tissues,  as  a 
reagent,  and  in  battery -fluids. 

Chromocytometer  (kro  -  mo  -si-  torn'  -et-er) 
Ixp^f^t  color ;  kIto^,  cell ;  fih-pw^  a  meas- 
ure]. An  instrument  for  estimating  the 
proportion  of  hemoglobin  present  in  the 
blood. 

Chromogen  (kr</ -mv-Jen)  [xp^f^^*  color; 
yiveai^,  production].  Any  principle  of  the 
animal  or  vegetable  economy  which  is  sus- 
ceptible, under  suitable  circumstances,  of  be- 
ing changed  into  a  coloring  matter. 

Chfomophane  (krt/ -mo-fan)  [xpi^P^*  color; 
^iveiVy  to  appear].  The  pigment  of  the  in- 
ner segments  of  the  retinal  cones  of  certain 
animals.  There  are  at  least  three  varieties, 
chlorophane,  rhodophane,  xanthophane. 

Chromophile  (kro' -mo-fil).  Same  as  Chr^ 
mophihus. 

Chromophilous  {kro-moff'-ilm)  f;tp6^, 
color ;  ^</«c»  loving].  Readily  stained  ; 
easily  absorbing  color. 

Chromophose  {kro^-mo-fhs).     5>ee  Phase. 

Chromoph3rt08i8  (itro-mo-fi-to*  sis)  [.^po/ia, 
color;  ^vrov,  a  plant],  l.  Any  microscopic 
plant-growth  that  produces  a  discoloration  of 
the  skin  in  which  it  grows ;  any  pigmentary 
skin -disease  caused  by  a  vegetable  parasite. 
2.  A  synonym  of  Tinea  versicolor^  or  Eich* 
stedt^s  Disease, 

Chronic  [iron' -ilk)  [xP^'*^^  time].  Long- 
continued  ;  of  long  duration ;  opposed  to 
acute. 

Chronicity  (kro-nis'-it-e)  r;rp<Jvof,  time]. 
The  state  of  being  chronic  or  long-continued. 

Chronograph  (kry-no-graf)  [xp^x'o^,  lime ; 
ypd^tVt  to  write].  An  instrument  for  graph- 
ically recording  intervals  of  time,  in  phjrsio- 
logic  and  pychophysic  experiments. 

Chryaarobm,  or  Chrysarobinum  (kris-ar- 
y-iin,  or  >ftrM-flr-<>-^i^-«ii«r)J[;^piWof  ,gold^; 
araroba  (nat  East  Ind),  bark  of  a  legumiooos 
tree],  C^H^O^.  A  reduction-product  of 
chrysophanic  acid ;  it  occurs  in  goa- powder 
and  araroba-powder.  It  is  a  yellow -colored 
powder,  the  product  of  the  decay  of  Andira 
araroba,  a  Brazilian  tree.  It  is  a  gastro- 
intestinal irritant;  locally  and  intemally  it  is 
useful  in  psoriasis,  but  stains  the  skin  a  dark 
yellowish-brown  color.  Dose,  intemally,  gr. 
\-\  (0.00S-0.032).  C,  Ung.,  contains  10 
per  cent,  of  the  drug  with  90  per  cent,  ben- 
zoated  lard. 

Chrysophanic  Acid  {kris-o-fsn^-ik).  See 
Acid. 

Chvoatek*8  Sign.  See  Tetany  ;  abo  S^ 
and  Symptoms^  Table  of. 


CHYLE 


CINCHONA 


Chyle  (M)  [x^U^,  juice].  The  milk-white 
flmd  absorbed  by  the  lacteals  during  diges- 
tion. On  standing,  it  separates  into  a  thin, 
jelly-like  clot  and  a  substance  identical  with 
serum.  C. -corpuscle,  any  floating  cell  of 
the  chyle.  These  cells  resemble,  and  are 
probably  identical  with,  the  colorless  blood- 
corpuscles. 

Chylifaction  (i«  -  U  -fak'  -  shuti)  [chyius, 
chyle ;  facerty  to  make].  The  jforming  of 
chyle  from  food. 

Chyliferous  (ki-Hfer-us)  [chyius^  chyle; 
ftrrfy  to  carry].  Containing  or  canning 
chyle. 

Chylification  {ki-U-fik-a'shun)  [x^^J^y 
chyle;  facere^  to  make].  The  process  by 
which  chyle  is  formed,  separated  and  ab- 
sorbed by  the  villi  of  the  small  intestine. 
Chylodochium  (kU'odo'-ke-um)  [xv^* 
chyle ;  doxeiov,  receptacle].  The  receptacu- 
Inm  chyli. 

Chylopoiesis  (kih-pm-e'sis)  [x^T^i*  chyle ; 

iroulVt  to  make].     Chylification. 

Chylopoietic  [kt-lo-pinet^'ik)  [;n'^^f »  chyle ; 

trouiVy  to  make].     Making  or  forming  chyle. 

Chylous  I  ^i-/wj)  [;t«'X6f,  chyle].    Relating  to 

or  resembling  chyle. 

Chyluria  {ki-lu'-re-ah)  [;t*'A(if,  juice;  o^pot^, 
urine].     The  passage  of  chyle  in  the  urine. 
It  is  thought  to  be  caused  by  a  disordered 
condition  of  the  lacteals,  and  is  also  connected 
with   the  presence  in  the  blood  of  Filaria 
sanguinis    hominis,    which    blocks    up    the 
lymph-channels. 
Chyme  (klm  i  [x^fiS^^  juice] .     Food  that  has 
undergone  gastric  digestion  and  has  not  yet 
been  acted  upon  by  the  biliary,  pancreatic, 
and  intestinal  secretions. 
ChynolAcation    {kime fik-a'-shunS    [xVP^^% 
chyme;  facere^  to  make].     The  change  of 
food  into  chyme  by  the  digestive  process. 
Cicatricial  {sikat-ruh^'ol )  [^ciia/rix,  a  scar]. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the   nature   of  a  cica- 
trix .    C.  Defbrtnities,  abnormal  contractions 
caused  by  cicatrices.     C.  Tissue,  a  form  of 
dense  connective  tissue,  seen  in  cicatrices. 
Cicatrix  (sika^'triks)   [L.].     A  scar.     The 
connective-tissue   which  replaces  a  localized 
loss  of  substance.     Its  color  is  usually  whitish 
and  glistening  when  old,  red  or  purple  when 
newly-developed. 
Cicatrisation  (sik-airh-a^-shun)  [cicairixt  a 

scar].  The  process  of  healing. 
Cilia  (st/^-t-aA)  [PI.  of  cilium,  the  eyelid  or 
laahj.  I.  The  eyelashes.  2.  The  locomotor 
and  prehensile  organs  of  certain  microorgan- 
isms. 3.  The  hairUke  appendages  of  cer- 
taiQ  epithelial  cells,  the  function  of  which 
t»  Co  propel  fluid  or  particles. 
Ciliaxy  (ixi^-^tf-r^)  fa/iMm,  an  eyelash].  I. 
Pestatniog  to  the  eyelid  or  eyelash.  2.  Re- 
[  to  ciUsiy  novement    3.  Pertaining  to 


the  C.  Apparatus,  or  the  structure  related  to 
the  mechanism  of  accommodation.  C.Arter<« 
ies,  anterior,  posterior  long,  and  posterior 
short,  branches  of  the  ophthalmic  artery,  sup- 
plying the  recti  muscles,  the  ciliary  appa- 
ratus, and  the  posterior  structures  of  the  eye, 
with  the  exception  of  the  retina.  See  Arte- 
riesy  Table  of,  C.  Body,  the  ciliarv  muscle 
and  processes.  C.  Canal,  the  canal  of  Fon- 
tana.  C.  Ganglion,  the  ganglion  at  the 
apex  of  the  orbit,  supplying  the  ciliary 
muscle  and  iris.  C.  Movement,  movement 
by  means  of  vibratory  cilia.  C.  Muscle, 
the  muscle  of  accommodation,  the  contraction 
of  which  lessens  the  tension  upon  the  sus- 
pensory ligament  of  the  lens.  C.  Nerves, 
branches  of  the  ophthalmic  ganglion  sup- 
plying the  anterior  structures  uf  the  eyeball 
and  the  accommodative  apparatus.  C. 
Neuralgia,  neuralgk  pain  of  the  eye,  brow, 
temple,  etc.  C.  Processes,  circularly  ar- 
ranged choroidal  foldings  continuous  with  the 
iris  in  front.  C.  Region,  the  pericorneal 
or  "  danger-zone,'*  corresponding  to  the 
position  of  the  ciliary  body.  C.  Zone,  the 
ciliary  processes  collectively. 

Ciliated  (sil'-e-a-Ud)  [cUium,  an  eyelash]. 
Having  cilia. 

Ciliospmal  (sii-e-o-spi'-nai)  [d/ium,  an  eye- 
lash; spina,  the  spine].  Relating  to  the 
ciliary  zone  and  the  spine.  C.  Center.  See 
Cen/er. 

Cilium  (sii'eum).     [L.].     See  Cilia. 

Cimex  (si'-meks)  [L.,  a  bug].  A  genus  of 
hemipterous  insects.  C.  lectularius,  the 
common  bed-bug. 

Cimicifuga  (simis-e-fu' -gak)  [cimex,  a  bug ; 
fugare,  to  drive  away].  Black  snake-root. 
Black  cohosh.  The  root  of  C.  racemosa,  ord. 
Raiiunculacese.  A  stomachic,  antispasmodic, 
aphrodisiac,  expectorant,  and  diuretic.  Its 
action  on  the  heart  is  similar  to  that  of  digi- 
talis. It  has  been  used  in  cardiac  diseases, 
functional  impotence,  chorea,  and  ovarian 
neuralgia.  C.,  Ext.,  Fid.  (alcoholic). 
Dose  ny^v-xxx  (0.32-2  o).  C.  Ext.,  Liquid., 
(B.P.).  Dose  n^iij-xxx  (0.2-2.0).  C, 
Tinct.,  20  per  cent,  in  strenjjlh  Dose  n\,xv- 
fjj  (1.0-4.0).  Macrotin.  (unof.),  a 
resmous  extnict.    Dose  jjr  yi-\)  (0.032-0.13). 

Cina  (si^-nak)  [L.].  The  plant  Artemisia 
santonica.     See  Santonica, 

Cinchamidin  (sin-kam'-iil-itt)  [cinehnna ; 
amidiH]^  C,oH„N/).  An  alkaloid  frequently 
present  in  commercial  cinchonidin. 

Cinchona  {sin-ko^-nah)  [from  the  Coun- 
tess Cinchon].  Peruvian  bark.  The  bark  of 
several  varieties  of  cinchona,  a  tree  native  to 
the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Andes,  the  most  valu- 
able being  C.  calisaya.  Other  varieties  are  C. 
succirubra,  red  bark,  C,  condaminea,  pale 
bsrk,  Cpitayenis,  piuya  bark,  and  C  micron' 


CINCHONAMIN 


CIRCULATION 


► 


tha.  Cinchona  bark  contains  21  alkaloids,  of 
which  4,  quinin,  cinchonin,  quinidin,  and  cin- 
chonidin,  are  the  most  important.  Cinchona 
has  the  same  physiologic  action  and  therapeu- 
tic uses  as  its  chief  alkaloid,  quinin.  See 
Qmnin.  It  is  also  an  astringent,  bitter  and 
stomachic  tonic,  stimulating  appetite  and  pro- 
moting digestion,  beneficial  in  atonic  dyspepsia 
and  ad3mamia,  but  especially  useful  in  malarial 
affections.  C,  Decoctum  (B.  P.).  Dose 
f  5HJ  (32.0-64.0).  C,  Ext.  Dose  gr.  j-r 
f 0.065-0. 32).  C,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dosen^x-fSj 
(0.65-4.0).  C,  Ext.,  Liquidum  (B.  P.). 
Dose  n\,  v-x  (0.32-0.65).  C,  Infiisuin, 
bark  6,  arom.  sulph.  acid  x,  water,  93  parts. 
Dose  f3H5J (4-0-32.0).  C,  Infus.  acidom 
(B.P.).  Dose  f5j-ij  (32.0-64.0).  C. 
Tinct.,  20  per  cent,  of  the  bark.  Dose  f  3  ss- 
ij  (2.0-8.0).  C,  Tinct.,  Comp.,  Huxham's 
Tincture,  bark  10,  •bitter-orange  peel  8, 
serpentaria  I,  alcohol  80  parts.  Dose  f  5J~ 
fjss  (4.0-16.0). 

Cinchonamin  (siH-kan'-am-in)  [cituhona ; 
amm'],  C,,H„N,0.  An  alkaloid  of  cuprea 
bark.  It  occurs  in  glistening,  colorless  crys- 
tals that  are  nearly  insoluble  in  water,  and 
but  slightly  soluble  in  ether. 

Cinchonicin  (sinkon^-isin)  [cinchona^ C^- 
H^N,0.  An  artificial  alkaloid  derived  from 
cinchonin. 

Cinchonidin  (siH-kon'-ui'm)^  C,jH-.NjO. 
An  alkaloid  derived  from  cinchona.  It  is  a 
aTstalline  substance  resembling  quinin  in 
general  properties.  C.  Salicylate  (unof.)  has 
decided  antiperiodic  properties.  C.  Sul- 
phate, (C^H,»N,0\H,S(V3H,0.  less  bitter 
than  quinin  and  valuable  as  an  antipyretic. 
Dose  gr.  j-xx  (0.065-1 .3)  or  mure. 

Cinchonin  {sin'-ko-nin)  [cinchona'l^  C,,H„- 
N,0.  An  official  alkaloid  derived  from  cin- 
chona. It  is  a  colorless,  crystalline  body,  simi- 
lar to  quinin  in  therapeutic  effects,  but  less 
active.  C.  Sulph.,  (C„H„N,()),H,SO,.- 
2li,0.  It  is  soluble  with  difficulty  in  water, 
but  soluble  in  acidulated  water.  Dose  gr. 
v-xxx  (0.32-2.0). 

Cinchonism  [siH^'ko-nizm)  [dm^Aona'].  The 
systemic  effect  of  cinchona  or  its  alkaloids 
when  given  in  full  doses.  The  symptoms 
produced  are  a  ringing  in  the  ears  with  deaf- 
ness, headache,  giddiness,  dimness  of  sight, 
and  a  weakening  of  the  heart's  action. 

Cinchonize  (siM^-Jka-nls)  \n'ptcAima].  To 
bring  under  the  influence  ojf  cinchona  or  its 
alkaloids. 

Cincture  (sint^k^-tUr)  [cinctura^  a  girdle]. 
A  belt  or  girdle.  C. -feeling,  a  sensation  as 
if  the  waist  were  encircled  by  a  tight  girdle. 

Cinerea(j«iVr^-a^)  [riwr^wj,  ashen].  The 
gray  substance  of  the  brain,  spinal  cord,  and 
ganglia.  C,  Lamina,  a  thin  layer  of  gray 
sab^ance  extending  backward    above    the 


optic  commissure  from  the  termination  of  t&t 
corpus  callosum  to  the  tuber  dnerenm. 

Cinesia  (sin-e^-se-ah).     See  /Tinrns. 

Cingulum  (sifig^-gulum)  [cingere,  to  gird]. 
I .  A  girdle  or  zone ;  the  waist.  2.  Herpes 
zoster,  or  shingles. 

Cinnabar  (siH^-ab-ar)  [luwdfiapi,  a  pigment]. 
Mercuric  sulphid,  HgS. 

Cinnamene  [sinam'-in).     See  Styrol. 

Cinnamic  (sin-am^ -iJk)  [tuwoftufiov^  cinna- 
mon]. Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  cinna- 
mon.    C.  Acid.    See  Aciti. 

Cinnan^omum,  or  Cinnaoaon  (sm-am-^- 
mum,  or  siM^'am-an)[^Kiw6fiUfiov fdnnuaon^. 
The  inner  bark  of  the  shoots  of  several  species 
of  Cinnamomum^  native  to  Ceylon  and  China, 
the  latter  being  known  in  commerce  under 
the  name  of  cassia.  Its  properties  are  due  to 
a  volatile  oil.  It  is  an  agreeable  carminative 
and  aromatic  stimulant,  used  for  flatulence, 
colic,  enteralgia,  etc.  C,  Aqua,  2  parts 
of  oil  in  1000  of  water.  Dose  f ^Hj 
(32.0-64.0).  C,  Ext.  Aromat.,  Pld.« 
contains  aromatic  powder  10,  alcohol  8 
parts.  I>ose  tiv,x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  C, 
Oleum,  the  volatile  oil.  Dose  gtt.  y~^ 
(0.065-0.32).  C,  Pulv.,  Comp.  (B.  P.), 
cinnamon  bark,  cardamom  seeds,  and  ginger. 
Dose  gr.  iij-x  (0.2-0.65).  C.,  Spt.,  10 
per  cent,  of  the  oil  in  spirit.  Dose  n^^v-xxx 
(0.32-2.0).  C,  Tinct.,  10  per  cent  of  the 
powdered  bark  in  alcohol.  Dose  f^ss-ij 
(2.0-8.0).  Pulvis  aromaticus,  aromatic 
powder,  cinnamon,  AA  35,  cardamom,  not* 
meg,  AA    15.     Dose  gr.   x-xxx  (0.65-2.0). 

Circle  {sir^-kl)  [idpm^y  a  circle].  A  ring; 
a  line,  every  point  of  which  is  equidistant 
from  a  point  called  the  center.  C.  of  Diflb* 
•ion.  See  Diffusion.  C.  of  Haller.  t. 
The  plexus  of  vessels  formed  by  the  short 
ciliary  arteries  upon  the  sclerotic,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  optic  nerve.  2.  The  drculus 
venosus  mammae  situated  beneath  the  areola 
of  the  nipple.  C.  of  WUlis,  the  arterial 
anastomosis  at  the  base  of  the  brain,  formed 
by  the  anterior  communicating  artery  between 
the  anterior  cerebral  arteries,  the  internal 
carotids  and  middle  and  posterior  cerebral 
arteries,  and  the  posterior  communicating 
arteries. 

Circular  Insanity.    5>ee  insanity. 

Circuit  {sir' -kit )  [circnitns^  a  going  round]. 
The  course  of  an  electric  current. 

Circulation  {sir-ku-la' -shun)  [cirnUatio^  a 
drcular  course].  Passage  in  a  drde,  as  the 
C.  of  the  blood.  C,  Collateral,  that 
taking  place  through  branches  and  second- 
ary channels  after  stoppage  of  the  prindpal 
route.  C,  Petal,  that  of  the  fetus,  inclod- 
ing  the  drculation  through  the  placenta 
and  umbilical  cord.  C,  First,  or  Primi- 
tivs,  that  of  the  embryo,  a  dosed  system, 


CIRCUM- 


CLAUSTRUM 


eifiTing  nutriment  uid  oxygen  to  the  em* 
hrfo.    C,  Placental,  the  fetal  circulation. 
C,  Portal,  the  passage  of  the  blood  from 
the  gastrointestinal  tract  and  spleen  through 
the  liver,  and  its  exit  by  the  hepatic  vein.   C., 
Pulmonary,  the  circulation  of  blood  through 
the  langs  by  means  of  the  pulmonary  artery 
and  veins,  for  the  purpose  of  oxygenation  and 
purification.    C,  Second,  the  fetal  circula- 
tion, replacing  the  omphalomesenteric  system. 
C,  SjTStemic,  the  general   circulation,  as 
distinct  from  the  pulmonary  circulation.    C, 
Third,  that  of  the  adult.     C,  Vitelline, 
first,  or  primitive  circulation. 
Circum-  {sty-kum-)  [L.].     A  prefix  mean- 
ing around,  about. 
Circumcision    {sir-kum-sizh' -un)    [circum^ 
aroood ;  cadere^  to  cut].    The  removal  of  the 
foreskin. 
Circumduction  (sir-kum  duk'-shun)  [circum^ 
around:  ducere^  to  lead].     The   movement 
of  a  limb  in  such  a  manner  that  its  distal  part 
describes  a  circle,  the  proximal  end  being 
fixed. 

Circumflex  {sir^-kum-JUks)  [circum^  around  ; 
/lictere^  to  bend].  Winding  around.  The 
name  given  to  a  number  of  arteries,  veins, 
and  nerves,  on  account  of  their  course, 
ircumscribed  (sir^'kum-skribd)  [circum^ 
iround  ;  scriberey  to  write].  Strictly  limited 
r  marked  off;  well  defined  ;  distinct  from 
jrrounding  parts,  as  a  circumscribed  infiam- 
ation  or  tumor. 

'cum  vallate  (sir-kum-val'-dt)  [circum, 
ound ;  vallum^  wall].  Surrounded  by  a 
ill  or  prominence.  C.  Papillae,  certain 
nWx  at  the  base  of  the  tongue. 
hosJB  (sir-y-sis)  [iuf)f)6^y  reddish-yellow  ; 
n  the  color  of  the  cirrhotic  liver], 
ooic  inflammation  of  an  organ  character- 
!  by  an  overgrowth  of  the  connective  tis- 
C,  Atrophic,  a  form  of  cirrhosis  of 
fiver  occurring  in  hard  drinkers,  charac- 
ed  by  great  overgrowth  of  the  intersti- 
substance  with  atrophy  of  the  paren- 
la.  C  Biliary,  a  form  of  cirrhosis  of 
ver  due  tp  chronic  retention  of  bile  from 
continued  obstruction  in  the  bile-ducts. 
r>rpertrophic«  a  form  of  cirrhosis  in 
the  liver  is  permanently  enlarged.  The 
i  is  probably  infectious  and  is  character- 
/  an  overgrowth  of  the  connective  tis- 
ich  has  no  tendency  to  contract.  C, 
•rtaiJy  atrophic  cirrhosis,  so-called  be- 
fae  hyperplasia  of  the  connective  tis- 
r>ws  Che  portal  vessels, 
c  (sif^-ot^-iJk  )  [«/p/Wc»  yellow].  Af- 
wrich,  or  relating  to,  cirrhosis.  C. 
%  chronic  interstitial  nephritis, 
e  {s£r^'S4>'S^/)  [«/xTrff,  a  varix  ;  Ktj'kTf^ 
A  varicose  tumor,  especially  of  the 
ic  oorcL 


Cirsoid  (sir^-sM)  iKipaS^,  a  varix;  eWof, 
form].     Resembling  a  varix,  or  dilated  vein. 

Cirsomphalos  {sir-som^ -fal-os)  [/a^df,  varix ; 
bfi^^dc,  navel].  A 'varicose  condition  of 
the  navel. 

Cistern  {sis^-tem)  [cislcma,  a  vessel ;  recep- 
tacle]. I.  A  reservoir.  2.  Any  dilatation 
of  the  space  between  the  pia  and  arachnoid. 
C.  of  Pequet,  the  receptaculum  chyli. 

Citrate  {^sit^-rat\  [ciirus,  citron-tree].  Any 
salt  of  citric  acid. 

Citric  (sU^-rik)  [citrus,  citron-tree].  Per- 
taining to  or  derived  from  lemons  or  citrons. 
C.  Acid.     See  Acid. 

Citrine  {sii^-rin)  [citrus,  a  lemon].  Yellow ; 
of  a  lemon-color.  C.  Ointment.  See  Hy- 
drargyrum. 

Citrus  (sit^-rus)  [L.].  A  genus  of  auranti- 
aceous  trees.  See  Aurantium,  Bergamot, 
Li/fte,  Lemon. 

Cladosporium  cancerogenes  (^/tf  </-<?- j;;^(/ -r^- 
um  kan-ser-o/ -en-it),  A  fungus  said  to  be  the 
cause  of  carcinoma;  also  termed  canceromyces. 

Cladothrix  [klad^ -otkriks)  [<a<idof ,  branch ; 
(9/91^,  a  hair].  A  genus  of  bacteria  having 
long,  apparently  branching  filaments. 

Clamp  {klamp)  [Ger.,  Klampc\.  An  instru- 
ment for  compressing  the  parts  in  surgical 
operations  to  prevent  hemorrhage,  etc. 

Clap  [klap)  [OF.,  clapoir,  a  venereal  sore]. 
Gonorrhea.  C.-threads,  slimy  threads  con- 
sisting of  mucus  and  pus- cells  in  the  urine  of 
gonorrheal  patients. 

Claret  {klar'-et)  [ciarus,  clear].  A  light 
wine  of  a  red  color. 

Clarify  klar^-if-i)  [ciarus,  clear;  /accrc,  to 
make].  To  free  a  liquid  or  solution  from 
insoluble  substances ;   to  make  clear. 

Clasmatocyte  (ilas  •  mat^  -  o-At)  [likdafia, 
fragment;  kvto^,  cell],  A  form  of  very 
large  connective-tissue  corpuscles  that  tend 
to  break  up  into  granules  or  pieces. 

Clasp  {klasp)  I^ME.,  claspen,  to  grasp  firmly]. 
C. -knife  Rigidity,  a  spastic  condition  of  a 
limb,  as  a  result  of  which  extension  is  com- 
pleted with  a  "spring,"  as  in  a  knife-blade.  It 
is  met  with  in  the  cerebral  palsies  of  children. 

Clathrocys^is  (klaih-ro-sis^-tis  [tikifipa,  a 
trellis  ;  kvoti^,  pouch].  A  genus  of  microor- 
ganisms with  round  or  oval  cells,  forming 
zooglese  in  the  form  of  circular  layers. 

Claudication  (clawdic-a^-shun)  [c/audicare^ 
to  limp].  Lameness.  C,  Intermittent,  a 
spasmodic  lameness  due  to  imperfect  circula* 
tion  in  the  muscles  of  the  lower  limbs. 

Claustrophilia  {klaws-tro-fil^ -e-aH)  [claustra^ 
a  bolt ;  <^i7^lv,  to  love],  A  morbid  dread  of 
an  open  door ;  it  is  noted  in  neurasthenia. 

Claustrophobia  {klawstrofo'-bc-aK)  [clau^ 
dcre,  to  shut ;  i>6p(K,  ^*^*0*  Morbid  distress 
at  being  in  a  room  or  connned  space. 

Claustrum  (klaws'-trum)  [claudere^  to  shut]. 


CLAVICEPS 


CLONUS 


^ 


A  layer  of  gray  matter  in  the  cerebrum  to 
the  outer  side  of  the  lenticular  nucleus. 

juUviceps  (klat/ -is-efs)  [clava^  club ;  cap$it, 
head].  A  genus  of  fungi.  C.  purpurea, 
the  fungus  producing  the  ergot  of  rye. 

Clavicle  (klat/ik-l)  [ciavtoila ;  clavtis,  a 
key].  The  collarbone. 

Clavicular  (kia-vW-u-lar)  [claxmSf  a  key]. 
Relating  to  the  cUvide. 

Clavus  (kia^'Vtts)  [ciavHs^  a  nail,  a  wart,  a 
com].  Com;  a  ti3rperplasia  of  the  homy 
layer  of  the  epidermis,  in  which  there  is  an 
ingrowth  as  well  as  an  outgrowth  of  homy 
substance,  formine  circumscribed  epidermal 
thickenings,  chiefly  about  the  toes.  Coms 
may  be  hard  or  soft,  the  latter  being  situated 
between  the  toes,  where  they  are  softened  by 
maceration.  Both  fomas  are  due  to  pressure 
and  friction.  C.  hjrstericus,  a  local  pain  in 
the  head,  as  if  a  nail  were  being  driven  in. 

Claw  {ilaw)  [AS. ,  clown,  a  claw^.  C.  -hand, 
a  condition  of  the  hand  characterized  by  over- 
extension  of  the  first  phalanges  and  extreme 
flexion  of  the  others.  The  condition  is  a  re- 
sult of  atrophy  of  the  interosseous  muscles, 
with  contraction  of  the  tendons  of  the  com- 
mon extensor  and  long  flexor.  (French, 
main-at-griffe,) 

Clearing  (klir'-ing)  [ciants,  dear].  C. 
Agent,  a  substance  used  in  microscopy  to 
render  tissues  transparent  and  suitable  for 
mounting. 

Cleavage  {klt'vaj)  [AS.,  cUo/an,  to  split 
asunder].  I.  The  linear  clefts  in  the  skin 
indicating  the  general  direction  of  the  fibers. 
They  govern  to  a  certain  extent  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  lesions  in  skin-diseases.  The 
lines  of  cleavage  ran,  for  the  most  part, 
obliquely  to  the  axis  of  the  trank,  sloping  from 
the  spine  downward  and  forward;  in  the 
limbs  they  are  mostly  transverse  to  their 
longitudinal  axis.    2.  A  mode  of  cell-division. 

Cleft  (kiefi)  [led. ,  iiuft,  a  deft].  Divided. 
A  fissure.  C.  Palate,  a  congenital  fissure 
of  the  palate.  C.  Sternum,  congenital 
fissure  of  the  stemum. 

Cleft,  Visceral,  or  Branchial.  The  four  slit- 
like openings  on  each  side  in  the  cervical  re- 
gion in  the  fetus,  sometimes  called  the 
Branchial  openings.  The  slits  close  (in  the 
human  fetus),  except  the  upper,  from  which 
are  developed  the  auditory  meatus,  tympanic 
cavity  and  Eustachian  tube. 

Cleido-  (kit' do)  [/cAff'c  the  davidel.  A 
prefix,  meaning  pertaining  to  the  clavicle. 

Cleptomania  {klfpto-ma'ne-ah).  See  KUp- 
tomania. 

Clergyman's  Sore-Throat.  A  chronic  hy- 
pertrophic form  of  pharyngitis,  with  more  or 
less  enlargement  of  the  tonsils  and  lymph - 
follicles  3[  the  posterior  wall,  due  to  exces- 
sive or  improper  use  of  the  voka. 


Climacteric  (kti-mak-Ur^'ik^  or  kU-maV^ 
Ur-Ut)  [KXtuoKr^p,  the  round  of  a  ladder]. 
A  period  of  the  lifetime  at  which  the  system 
was  believed  to  undergo  marked  changes. 
These  periods  were  thought  to  occur  every 
seven  years.  The  word  is  now  generally  ap- 
plied to  the  menopause.  C.  Age,  puberty ; 
also  in  women  the  time  of  cessation  of  the 
catamenia.  C.  Epoch.  Same  as  C.  Age, 
C,  Grand,  the  63d  year. 

Climatology  (kli-mat-ol'  -o-je)\Kki^^  climate, 
a  clime ;  Xrfyof,  science].  The  sdence  of 
climate. 

Clinic  (klin'-ik^  fx^iviic^,  pertaining  to  a 
bed].  I.  Medical  instraction  eiven  at  the 
bedside,  or  in  the  presence  of  the  patient 
whose  s3rmptoms  are  studied  and  whose  treat- 
ment is  considered.  2.  A  gathering  of  in* 
stractors,  students,  and  patients,  for  the  study 
and  treatment  of  disease. 

Clinical  (klin'-ikal)  [Kktvucd^,  pertaining  to 
a  bed].  Relating  to  bedside-treatment,  or 
to  a  dinic. 

Clinoid  (kli'-noid)  [xX/n;,  a  bed ;  r2f(oc,  like- 
ness]. Resembling  a  bed ;  applied  to  sundry 
bony  stractures  of  the  body,  as  the  clinoid 
processes,  plate,  walls,  etc. 

dliseometer  (klis-e-om* -e-ter)  [kAmkc.  inclin- 
ation; fiirpoVf  a  measure].  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  degree  of  inclination  of  the 
pelvic  axis. 

Clitoridectomy  (ilitor'td'ek^-to-mf)  \iCKttT' 
opiq^  clitoris ;  licrofifi,  excision] .  Kxdsion  of 
the  clitoris. 

Clitoris  (kht^'Oris)  r«?^iropif,  clitoris].  The 
homologue  in  the  female  of  the  penis,  at- 
tached to  the  ischiopubic  rami  by  two  crara  or 
branches,  which  meet  in  front  of  the  pubic 
joint  to  form  the  body,  or  corpus.  It  pos- 
sesses erectility.  C.  Crises,  paroxysms  of 
sexual  excitement  in  women  suffering  from 
tabes. 

Clivus  (kii^-vus)  [L.,  a  slope],  A  slope.  C. 
ossis,  or  C.  of  Blumenbach,  the  slanting 
surface  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone  be- 
tween the  sella  turcica  and  the  basilar  pro- 
cess of  the  occipital  bone. 

C\o9Lcm.  (klo-a'-iah)  [t-^nra.asewcr].  I,  In 
early  fetal  life,  the  common  orifice  of  the  in- 
testine and  the  allantois.  2.  A  fistulous  tract 
in  bone  discharging  pus  from  a  sequestrum. 

Clonic  (klon'-ik)  [/cXoi-of,  commotion].  Ap- 
plied to  convulsive  and  spasmodic  conditions 
of  muscles  characterized  by  alternate  contrac- 
tions and  relaxations. 

•Clonus  (kio'-nus)  [k/Mvo^^  commotion].  A 
series  of  movements  characterized  by  alter- 
nate contractions  and  relaxations;  a  clonic 
spasm.  Involuntary,  reflex,  irregular  con- 
tractions of  muscles  when  put  suddenly  upon 
the  stretch.  According  to  the  part  affected, 
the  phenomenon  is  spoken  of  as  ankU,  f^ 


CLOQUET 

nttuSfOt  wrist  C,  etc.     See  Reflexes,  Table 

Cloquet,  Canal  of.  See  Canals^  Table  of. 
Clostridium  (klostrid^ -e-um)  \KhjaTijp,  a 
spindle].  A  genus  of  bacteria,  differing  from 
bacilli  in  the  fact  that  their  spores  are  formed 
in  enlarged  rods. 
Closure  [W-ziir)  [clausura,  a  closing].  The 
act  o(  completing  or  closing  an  electric  cir- 
cuit. 

Clot  [Jt/o/]  [AS.,  r^/,  a  bar].     A  peculiar 
solidification  of   the   blood,  such  as  takes 
place  when  it  is  shed.      It    is  due  to  the 
formation  of  fibrin  which  entangles  the  blood 
corpuscles  and,  contracting,  squeezes  out  the 
liquid  portion  of  the  blood. 
Cloudy  Swelling.    Parenchymatous  degener- 
ation;  a  swelling  up  of  the  elements  of  a 
tissue,  with  the  formation   in  them  of  fine 
granules  due  to  the  change  of  soluble  albu- 
minates into  insoluble. 
Clove  (ildv).    See  Caryophyllus,     C.-Hitch 
Knot,  a  form  of  double -knot  in  which  two 
successive  loops    are    made    close    to    one 
another  on  the  same  piece  of  cord  or  band- 
age, a  half-twist  being  given  to  the  junction 
of  each  loop  at  the  time  of  making  it. 
Clownism    {klown^-hm)    [Icel.,   klunni^  a 
boorish   fellow].      That   stage    of  hystero- 
epilepsy  in  which  there  is  an  emotional  dis- 
play and  a  remarkable  series  of  contortions, 
liub-foot.      See   Talipes.     C.-hand,  a  de- 
formity of  the  hand  similar  to  that  of  club- 
oot. 

(ubbed  Fingers  (klubdfln^gerz).  Knobbed 
eformity  of  the  finger-tips,  with  curvatiu^ 
f  the  nails  over  the  finger-ends ;  seen  in 
>nie  cases  of  pulmonary  and  cardiac  disease. 
/'ster  (klis^'ier)  \Kkvoritp^  an  injection], 
n  ^ncvns^ 

Agulated  (ko-ag^-u-la-ted)  [coagulare^  to 
rdJeJ.  Clotted  ;  curdled.  C.  Protcids,  a 
ss  o(  proteids  produced  by  heating  solu- 
is  o(  egg-albumin  or  serum-albumin  up 
70**  C.  or  higher.  At  the  body- temperature 
Y  are  readily  converted  into  peptones  by 
action  of  the  gastric  juice  in  an  acid 
lium,  or  of  pancreatic  juice  in  an  alkaline 
[ium. 

rulation   i^ko-ag-u-la' -shuft)   [coagulatio, 
yitlng^'^.      Xhe   formation  of  a  coagulum 
ot,  as  in  blood  or  in  milk. 
ulAtive    i^Jko-ag' -U'la-tiv)    [coagtilare,  to 
e  J.      Causing  or  marked  by  coagulation. 
ecrosis.       See  Necrosis. 
llum     {Jko  '  ag^ -  u  '  Ium)    \coaguIare^  to 
■1.     A  clot.      The  mass  of  fibrin,  enclos- 
d  and  colorless  corpuscles  and  serum, 
arms  from  the  blood  after  the  latter  has 
ira-wn    from  the  body.     Also,  the  curd 
k,  and  the  insoluble  form  of  albumin. 
JkOi)    [MH.,  cole\     C.-tar,  a  by-pro- 


COCAIN 

duct  in  the  manufacture  of  illuminating  gts ; 
it  is  a  black,  viscid  fluid  of  a  characteristic 
and  disagreeable  odor.  The  specific  gravity 
ranges  from  l.iotoi.20.  Its  composition 
is  extremely  complex,  and  its  principal  con- 
stituents are  separated,  one  from  the  other,  by 
means  of  fractional  distillation. 

Coalescence  (ko-al-es^'-ens)  \coalescere,  to 
grow  together].  The  union  of  two  or  more 
parts  or  things. 

Coaptation  {ko-ap-ta' -shun)  [con,  together  ; 
aptare,  to  fit  J.  The  proper  union  or  adjust- 
ment of  the  ends  of  a  fractured  bone,  the  lips 
of  a  Wound,  etc.* 

Coarctate  {ko-ark^-tat)  [coarctare,  to  press 
together].     Crowded  together. 

Coarctation  {koark-ta'  shun)  \coarctare,  to 
put  together].  A  compression  of  the  walls 
of  a  vessel  or  canal,  narrowing  or  closing  the 
lumen ;  reduction  of  the  normal  or  previous 
volume,  as  of  the  pulse ;  shrivelling  and  con- 
sequent detachment,  as  of  the  retina.  A 
stricture. 

Coarse  (kors)  [ME.,  course\  Not  fine; 
gross.  C.  Adjustment.  See  Adjustment. 
C.  Features  of  Disease,  macroscopic  or- 
ganic lesions,  such  as  swelling,  hemorrhage, 
etc. 

Coat  (hot)  [cottuSf  a  tunic].  A  cover,  or  mem- 
brane covering  a  part  or  substance.  C, 
Buffy,  the  upper  fibrinous  layer  of  the  clot 
of  coagulated  blood,  characterized  by  its  pale 
color,  due  to  absence  of  red  corpuscles. 

Cobalt  (ky-bawlt)  [ICobold^  a  German  mytho- 
logic  goblin].  A  tough,  heavy  metal  having 
some  of  the  general  properties  of  iron.  Its 
oxids  have  been  employed  in  medicine,  but 
are  now  very  little  used.  See  Elements, 
7 able  of. 

Coca  (ko'kah).     See  Erythroxylon. 

Cocain  [ko'-kah-in,  or  ko^-kan)  [S.  A.,  coca"], 
C„H2,NO^.  The  chief  .  alkaloid  of  Ery- 
throxylon coca.  It  is  at  first  stimulant  and 
afterward  narcotic,  and  resembles  cafiein  in 
its  action  on  the  nerve -centers,  and  atropin  in 
its  effects  on  the  respiratory  and  circulatory 
organs.  Its  long- continued  use  (cocain-habit) 
is  followed  by  insomnia,  decay  of  moral  and 
intellectual  power,  emaciation,  and  death. 
It  is  a  local  anesthetic  when  applied  to  the 
surface  of  mucous  membranes  or  given  hy- 
podermically.  Applied  to  the  conjunctiva 
of  the  eye  it  causes  also  dilatation  of  the 
pupil  and  paralysis  of  the  function  of  accom- 
modation. Dose  gr.  V^-ij  (0.008-0.13).  C'» 
Ceratum,  i  in  30,  for  bums,  etc.  C.  Citras, 
used  to  stop  toothache.  C.  Hydrochloras, 
CjjH-jNO^Cl,  most  commonly  used  for  local 
anesthesia  in  2-8  per  cent,  solution.  Dose, 
internally,  gr.  ^-ij  (0.008-0.13).  C.  Hy- 
drochlorat.,  Liquor  (B.  P.).  Dose  ti^ij-x 
(0.13-0.65).     Injectio  C.  Hydrochlora|. 


COCAINISM 


COFFEE 


Hypodenn. ;  i  in  20.  C,  Lamellae  (6. 
P.),  each  containing  gr.  j^  (0.00065)  of 
cocain  hydrochlorate.  C.  Oleas,  a  10  per 
cent,  solution  in  oleic  acid,  for  external  use. 
C.  Phenas  or  Carbolas,  a  topic  application 
in  catarrhs  and  in  rheumatism,  used  as  a  five 
to  ten  per  cent,  alcoholic  solution ;  also  in- 
ternally.    Dose,  gr.*  |>|-J  (0.005-0.016). 

Cocainism  (ko-ka'-mnm)  [S.  Amer.,  coca]. 
The  cocain -habit. 

Cocainization  (ko  -  ka  •  in  -  is  -  a'-  shun)  [S. 
Amer.,  coca\.  The  bringing  of  the  system 
or  organ  under  the  influence  of  cocain. 

Coccaceje  {kokkas'  ee)  [wkitoc,  a  kernel]. 
A  group  of  schizomycetous  fungi,  or  bacteria, 
including  as  genera  the  Micrococcus,  Sar- 
cina,  Ascococcus,  and  I^uconostoc. 

Coccidiosis  {kok-sid-i' -O'Sit)  [«c<k«of ,  a  berry ; 
v4<yof,  disease].  The  group  of  symptoms 
produced  by  the  presence  of  coccidia  in  the 
body. 

Coccidium  (kok-sid^-e-unt)  [k^wcoc,  a  berry]. 
A  genus  of  protozoans,  by  some  referred  to 
as  the  so-called  psorosperms  (see  Psora- 
sperm).  C.  ovifbrme  has  been  found  in  in- 
testinal epithelium,  and  in  the  liver  of  man, 
and  often  in  the  liver  of  the  rabbit.  True 
coccidia  are  nonmotile  cell -parasites.  C. 
sarkolytus,  the  name  given  by  Adamkie- 
wicz  to  the  so-called  parasite  of  carcinoma. 

Coccinella  (koksin-cl'-ah).     See  Cochineal, 

Coccobacteria  (kokol>akty-rcah)[K6KKo^ , 
a  kernel ;  p<ucT^ptov,  a  little  rod].  The  rod- 
like  or  spheroidal  bacteria  found  in  putrefy- 
ing liquids,  and  called  C.  septica.  See 
Bacteria,  Table  of, 

Cocculus  indicus  {ko¥'ulus  in'  die  us). 
The  dried  fruit  of  Anamirfa  cocculus.  It  is  an 
active  narcotic  poison.  It  is  employed  as  a 
destroyer  of  vermin.     See  Picrotoxin. 

Coccus  (ko¥us)  [/r<i/ucoc,  a  berry] .  I .  A  genus 
of  insects  containing  C.  cacti ^  the  cochinenl 
insect.  2.  A  spheric  bacterium,  a  micro- 
coccus. 

Coccjrdynia  (kokse-dinf-eah).  J5ee  Coccy- 
godynia. 

CoccjTgeus  {kok-siy -e-us)  [k^wcv^,  cuckoo]. 
One  of  the  pelvic  muscles.  See  Muscles, 
TabUof. 

Coccy  godynia  {koksigodin'  e-ah)  f^Aonf , 
cuckoo;  o<ft' W7,  pain].  Pain  referred  to  the 
region  of  the  coccyx ;  confined  almost  ex- 
clusively to  women  who  have  given  birth  to 
children. 

Coccyx  {koysiks)  [«JK«f .  the  cuckoo  (re- 
sembling the  bill)  ].  The  last  bone  of  the 
spinal  column,  formed  by  the  union  of  four 
rudimentary  vertebrae. 

Cochin  Leg  {ky-chin),  Sjrnonym  of  Ele- 
phantiasis  arabum. 

6>chineal  {koch''inH,oxkochinir)[}Al£.., 
attckaneal}.     The  dried  insects  of  a  species 


of  plant  lice.  Coccus  cacti,  parasitic  upon  a 
cactus  of  Mexico  and  Central  America.  It 
contains  a  rich  red  coloring-matter,  carmin, 
used  mainly  as  a  dyeing  agent.  It  is  thought 
to  l)e  valuable  in  whooping-cough.  Dose  gr. 
•i  (0.02). 

Cochlea  [kok'le-ah)  [Ko^?of,  a  conch-shell]. 
A  cavity  of  the  internal  ear  resembling  a 
snail-shell.  It  describes  two  and  a  half  turns 
about  a  central  pillar  called  the  modiolus  or 
columnella,  forming  the  spiral  canal,  about 
lyi  inches  in  length.     See  also  Ear. 

Cochlear,  or  Cochleare  (kok'lear,  or  kok- 
le-a'-re)  [L.].  A  spoon;  a  spoonful.  C. 
magnum,  a  tablespoon;  C.  medium,  a 
dessert-spoon  ;  C.  minimum,  a  teaspoon. 

Cockroach  {kok'rdch  ).     .See  Blatta. 

Coco  (ko'-ko).  Synonym  of  Yaws.  See 
Franibesia. 

Coco,  or  Cocoa  (ko^ko)  [Port.,  cacao].  See 
Cacao  and  Theohronm. 

Cod  {koii)  [ME.,  cod\  The  Gadus  mor- 
rhua,  a  fish  furnishing  C.-Hver  Oil,  an  oil 
derived  from  the  liver  of  the  Gadus  morrhua, 
and  ranging  in  color  according  to  the  method 
of  its  preparation  from  pale-straw  to  dark- 
brown  ;  its  specific  gravity  is  .923  to  .924  or 
even  .930  at  15°  C.     See  Aforrhua. 

Codein  {ko^-de-in)  [KuActa,  the  popny-hcad], 
C^„H,.NO,H,0.  A  white,  crystalline  alka 
loid  ol  opium  resembling  morphin  in  action, 
but  being  weaker.  It  is  used  in  cough 
and  in  diabetes  mellitus.  Dose  gr.  ss-ij 
(0.032-0.13).  C.  Phosphate,  soluble  in 
water.  It  is  similar  to  morphin  in  action,  but 
less  toxic.  Dose,  hypoderroically,  gr.  ss 
(0.032).  C.  Sulphas,  dose  gr.  *y4>-!4  (o.oi- 
0.016).  C.  Valerianate,  an  antispasmodic 
and  sedative.     Dose  gr.  ^  (0.016). 

Cceliac  (se'-U-ak ).     See  Celiac. 

Coeliotomy  {se-le-ot'-o-me).     See  Celiotomy. 

Ccelom,  Cceloma  (se'-lom,  se-lo'-mak  ).  See 
Celom, 

Ccenesthesis  (sen-es-the'-sis).  See  Cenestke- 
sis. 

Ccenurus  {se-nar''Us)[Koiv6c,  common ;  ot'p4, 
tail].  The  larva  of  Ttmia  camurus  ( Kflchen- 
meister),  producing  the  disease  of  sheep 
called  staggers.  C.  cerebralis,  an  hydatid 
found  mainly  in  the  brain  and  spinal  canal 
of  the  ox  and  sheep  (mostly  in  young  ani- 
mals). Occasionally  it  has  been  discovered 
in  the  muscles  of  man.  It  is  known  to 
be  the  larva  of  the  tapeworm,  tienia 
coenurus. 

Coffee  (kof'-e).  See  Cafea.  C.-ground 
Vomit,  the  material  ejected  by  emesis  in 
gastric  carcinoma  and  other  conditions  that 
give  rise  to  a  slow  hemorrhage  into  the 
stomach.  It  consists  of  blood  changed  by 
the  action  of  the  gastric  juice,  and  mixed 
with  other  contents  of  the  stomach. 


COGWHEEL  BREATHING 


COLLAGEN  . 


leel  Breathing  or  Respiration.    A 

j(  breathing  characterized  by  a  jerky, 
inspiration. 

itation  [ko-habita'-shun)  [con^  to- 
;  habUare^  to  dwell].  The  living 
er  of  a  man  and  woman,  with  or  with- 
;al  marriage;  sexual  connection, 
on  [ko  he'  zhun)  \coh(grere^  to  stick 
er].  The  force  whereby  molecules  of 
adhere  to  each  other;  the  attraction 
regalion. 

eim's  Areas.  See  Area.  C.  Fields. 
ohnheim's  Areas.  C.  Frog.  See 
r^.  C.  Theory,  a  theory  that  all  true 
are  due  to  faulty  embryonal  develop- 

rhe  eml>ryonal  cells  do  not  undergo 
rmal  changes,  are  displaced,  or  are 
lous.  When  the  favorable  condi- 
e  presented  later  in  life  they  take  on 
,  with  the  formation  of  tumors  of  va- 
inds. 

{kt/hosh)  [Am.  Ind  ].  A  name 
>  several  medicinal  plants.  C,  Black. 
nUifuga. 

nl)  [toiligcre,  to  gather  together], 
il  formed  by  winding.  C. -gland. 
'.at gland.  C,  Induction,  rolls  of 
cd  to  produce  an  electric  current 
ction.     C,  Leiter*8.      See  Leiter's 

}t  {koin'tesf).  See  Tympany,  Bell. 
[Jko-ish^ •un)[coiref  to  come  together]. 
.  Coittis. 

jbia  (ko-it-0'/o''be'ah)  [coire,  to 
ogether ;  ^/^,  fear] .  Morbid 
•f  coitus  from  disgust  or  dyspareu- 

W-it-us)   \coire,  to  come  together], 
of  sexual  connection ;  copulation. 
sease  (ko'-ko  Jis-dz^).     A  name  ap- 
the  Fiji   Islands  to  a  disease  resem- 
ws. 

-/ah).  5>ec  /Cola-nut. 
1  {kol' -chis-in)  [«oA;fi#c<Jr,colchicum], 
O..  An  alkaloid  of  colchicum;  it 
t)rownish-yellow,  exceedingly  bitter 
freely  soluble  in  water.  It  is  a  very 
fison.  Its  dose  is  gr.  ^  (0.0032), 
natically. 

m  {koi^'chik-um)  \koXx"^*  colchi- 
Meadow- saffron.  The  conn  and 
C.  autumnale,  the  properties  of 
e  due  to  an  alkaloid,  colchicin.  It 
;tic,  diuretic,  diaphoretic,  and  dras- 
tic. It  is  valuable  in  acute  gout, 
me  forms  of  rheumatism.  Dose  of 
ered  root  gr.  ij-viij  (0.13-0.52),  of 
ered  seeds  gr.  j-v  (0.065-0.32). 
ict.  (B.  P. ).  Dose  gr.  ss-ij  (0.032- 
:.,  Extract.,  Aceticum  (B.  P.). 
iSr-ij  (0.032-0.13).  C.  Rad.,  Ext. 
(»-ij  (0.032-0.13).    C  Rad.,  Est., 


Fid.  Dose  TT\,ij-x  (0.13-0.65).  C.  Rad., 
Vinum,  40  per  cent,  in  strength.  Dose  n\^v- 
XV  (0.32-1.0).  C.  Scm.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose 
n\j-v  (0.065-0.32).  C.  Scm.,  Vinum,  15 
per  cent,  in  strength.  Dose  n\^x-xxx  (0.65- 
2.0).  C.»  Tinct.,  prepared  from  the  seed ; 
strength  15  per  cent.  Dose  n\,x-xxx  (0.65- 
2.0).  C,  Vinum  (B.  P.).  Dose  H\,x-xxx 
(0.65-1.3). 

Cold  {kdld)  [AS.,  cmld\.  I.  The  compara- 
tive want  of  heat.  2.  A  term  used  popu- 
larly for  coryza  and  catarrhal  conditions  of 
the  respiratory  tract.  Cold  is  employed 
largely  in  various  forms  as  a  therapeutic 
agent,  mainly  for  the  purpose  of  lowering 
temperature  and  allaying  irritation  and  in- 
flammation. It  may  be  used  in  the  form  of 
affusion,  that  is,  the  sudden  application  of  a 
considerable  volume  of  cold  water  to  the 
body.  Cold  may  be  used  as  an  anesthetic 
in  baths  -(see  Bath) ;  in  the  form  of 
compresses  applied  over  the  affected  part; 
in  the  form  of  irrigation,  especially  in 
the  treatment  of  bruised  and  injured  mem- 
bers ;  as  a  lotion,  for  the  purpose  of  reliev- 
ing local  heat,  pain,  and  swelling ;  as  an  in- 
jection, in  the  form  of  ice-water,  into  the 
vagina  or  rectum,  for  various  conditions ;  and 
as  the  cold  pack,  which  is  a  valuable  means 
of  reducing  the  body-tempyerature  in  cases  of 
hyperpyrexia.  Cold  may  be  applied  in  the 
dry  form  by  means  of  the  ice-cap  or  bladder, 
an  india-rubber  bag  filled  with  ice,  snow,  or 
a  freezing  mixture.  C.  Abscess.  See 
Abscess,  C.  Cream.  See  Rosa.  C.  Pack. 
See  Pack.     C.  Sore,  herpes  labialis. 

Colectomy  {ko-lek* -to-me)  [/oJAov,  colon; 
ixTOfi^,  cutting  out].  Excision  of  a  portion 
of  the  colon. 

Colic  {kol^-ik)  [nohiiS^^  pertaining  to  the 
colon].  I.  Pertaining  to  the  colon.  2.  A 
severe  griping  pain  in  the  bowels,  due  to 
spasm  of  the  intestinal  walls ;  also  any  severe 
spasmodic  pain  in  the  abdomen.  C,  Bili- 
ary, that  due  to  the  passage  of  a  gall-stone 
through  the  gall  ducts.  C,  Devonshire. 
Synonym  of  C,  Lead.  C,  Hepatic.  See 
C,  Biliary.  C,  Lead,  or  C,  Saturnine, 
Colica  pictonum,  painter's  colic.  Intestinal 
colic  due  to  lead-poisoning.  It  is  character- 
ized by  excruciating  abdominal  pain,  a  hard 
and  retracted  condition  of  the  abdomen, 
slow  pulse,  and  increased  arterial  tension. 
C,  Menstrual,  the  pain  of  menstruation. 
C,  Renal,  due  to  the  presence  of  a  calculus 
in  the  ureter.  C,  Uterine,  colic-like  pains 
experienced  at  the  menstrual  epochs,  often 
coming  on  in  paroxysms. 

Colitis  ( ko-li^tis)  [/c(i?^)v,  the  large  intestine  ; 
/nc»  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
colon. 

CoUa'gen  (kol^-aj'en)lK67Jkay  glue  ;  ytvv&eiv^ 


A 

Nl 


COLLAPSE 


COLOPHONY  RESIN 


> 


to  produce].  A  substance  exbting  in  various 
tissues  of  tiie  body,  especially  bone  and  car- 
tilage ;  it  is  converted  into  gelatin  by  boiling. 

Collapse  ikoiaps')  [coUabere^  to  fall  to- 
gether]. Extreme  depression  and  prostration 
from  failure  of  the  circulation,  as  in  cholera, 
shock,  hemorrhage,  etc.  C.  of  Lung,  re- 
turn of  a  portion  or  the  whole  of  a  lung  to 
its  fetal  or  airless  condition  from  some  me- 
chanic hindrance  to  the  entrance  of  air. 
It  is  characterized  by  dyspnea,  with  more  or 
less  cyanosis,  and  is  mainly  encountered  in 
bronchopneumonia. 

Collapsing  (koi-aps^ -ing)  [coUabrre,  to  fall 
together].  Suddenly  breaking  down.  C. 
Pulse.     See  Corrigan's  Pulse. 

Collar-bone.    The  clavicle. 

Collateral  {kol-at^-er-al)  [con,  together;  iat- 
eralis,  of  the  sidej.  Accessory  or  second- 
ary ;  not  direct  or  immediate. 

Collecting  Tubes  of  the  Kidney.  A  name 
given  to  the  ducts  discharging  into  the  calices 

,  of  the  kidnejTS. 

Colles'  Fascia.  The  deep  layer  of  the 
perineal  fascia.  It  is  attached  to  the  base 
of  the  triangular  ligament,  to  the  anterior 
lips  of  the  rami  of  Uie  pubes  and  ischia  lat- 
erally, and  anteriorly  it  is  continuous  with 
the  dartos  of  the  scrotum.  C.  Fracture. 
See  Diseases,  Table  of.    C.  Law.    See  Law. 

Collidin  (kol'-id-iH)  [ic&Ua,  glue],  CgH,jN. 
A  ptomain,  isomenc  but  not  identical 
with  aldehyd-collidin.  The  ptomain  was 
obtained  from  pancreas  and  gelatin  allowed 
to  putrefy  together  in  water. 

Collier's  Lung.     Synonym  of  Anthracosis. 

Collinsonia  (koi-in-so^-ne-ah)  [tiiitT  Peter 
Coliinson,  an  English  gentleman].  A  genus 
of  labiate  herbs.  C.  canadensis.  Stone- 
root,  heal-all,  a  coarse  plant  with  a  dis- 
agreeable smell ;  it  has  tonic,  diuretic,  and 
diaphoretic  properties.  Dose  gr.  xv-lx 
(1.0-4.0)  in  decoction;  of  the  fluid  extract 
n^x-f  X  j  (0.65-4.0) ;  of  the  tincture  ( I  in  10) 
fzss-ij  (2.0-8.0). 

Colliquation  {koi-ik-vHt'-shun)  [con,  to- 
gether; /i^«/tri',  to  melt].  The  liquefaction 
or  breaking  down  of  a  tissue  or  organ. 

Colliquative  ykolik*  uHi-tiv)  [con,  together  ; 
iiqudie,  to  melt].  Profuse  or  excessive; 
marked  by  excessive  fluid  discharges.  C. 
Diarrhea,  a  profuse  watery  diarrhea. 
C.  Necrosis.  Sec  Necrosis,  Liquefaction. 
C.  Sweat,  a  profuse  clammy  sweat. 

Colliquefaction  (kolikwefak'  shun)  [con, 
together ;  lujuare,  to  melt  J.  A  melting,  or 
fusing  together. 

Collodion  (kol-o'-de-on)  [KoXkodrji^,  glue- 
like].    See  Pyroxylin. 

Colloid  {kol'oid)  \K67Xa,  glue].  I.  A  non- 
dializable  organic  substance.  See  Dialysis. 
2.  A  substance  formed  by  colloid  degenera- 


tion of  epithelium.  See  Degeneration,  3. 
Having  the  nature  of  glue.  4.  In  chemistry, 
amorphous  and  non  crystalline.  C.  Cancer. 
See  Cancer.  C.  Degeneration.  See  De- 
generation. C.  Degeneration  of  the  Skin, 
a  rare  disease,  occurring  chiefly  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  face,  in  the  form  of  .small, 
glistening,  translucent,  flattish  elevations,  and 
yielding  by  pressure  a  small,  jelly-like  mass. 

Colloma  (kol-o^-mah)  [K6'/Jka,  glue;  bfia,  a 
tumor].  A  cystic  tumor  containing  a 
gelatiniform,  substance. 

CoUum  (ko^'Um)  [L.].  The  neck;  espe- 
cially the  anterior  part  of  the  neck.  C.  dis- 
tortum.     Synonym  of  Torticollis. 

Collutory  (kol'-uto-re)  [collutorium,  collttere, 
to  rinse].     A  gargle  or  mouth- wash. 

CoUyrium  (Jhol  ir^-e-um)  [KolAiptov,  an  eye- 
salve].     A  lotion  for  the  eyes. 

Coloboma  (kol-o-by-mah)  [noXo^tv,  to  mo- 
tilatel.  A  congenital  Assure  of  the  iris, 
choroid,  or  eyelids. 

Colocynthis  {kol-o-sin'-this)  [KoXoKmSi^,  col- 
ocynth].  Colocynth.  The  fruit  of  C.  eit- 
rullus,  from  which  the  seeds  and  rind  have 
been  removed.  Its  properties  are  due  to  a 
bitter  glucosid,  colocynthin,  Ci^H^^Og,  the 
dose  of  which  is  gr.  ^^\  (0.003-0.013).  It 
is  a  tonic  and  astringent  purgative,  and  is 
used  mainly  as  an  ingredient  of  compound 
cathartic  pills.  C,  Ext.,  alcoholic.  Dose 
gr.  ss-ij  (0.032-0.13).  C,  Ext..  Comp., 
contains  colocynth  extract  x6,  aloes  50, 
cardamom  6,  resin  of  scammony  14,  soap  14, 
alcohol  10  parts.  Dose  gr.  v-xx  (0.32-I.3). 
C,  Pilula,  Comp.  (B.  P.),  contains  colo- 
cynth, aloes,  scammony,  pota^ium  sulphate 
and  oil  of  cloves.  Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.3a— 
0.65).  Pilule  Catharticse  Comp.,  com- 
pound cathartic  pills;  contain  each,  comp. 
ext.  of  colocynth  gr.  1. 3,  abstract  jalap  gr.  j, 
calomel  gr.  j,  gamboge  gr.  V-  Dose  1-3 
pills.  Pilula  Colocynth.  et  Hsroscyam. 
Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65). 

Coloenteritis  (kol-o-en  -  ter  - 1'  -  tis)  [k6>  ov, 
colon  ;  ivrepov,  an  intestine  ;  lu^,  inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation  of  the  small  and  targe 
intestine.     See  Enterocolitis. 

Colomba,  Colomtx)  (kolom^  bak,  kol-om'- 
bo).     See  Calujftba. 

Colon  (ko^-lon)  [ndhiv,  the  colon].  The 
part  of  the  large  intestine  beginning  at  the 
cecum  and  terminating  at  the  end  of  the 
sigmoid  flexure.  In  the  various  parts  of  its 
course  it  is  known  as  the  ascending  C,  the 
transverse  C,  the  descending  C,  and  the 
sigmoid  flexure. 

Colony  (kol'-one)  [colonia,  a  colony].  A 
collection  or  assemblage,  as  of  microorgan- 
isms in  a  culture. 

Colophony  Resin  (Jkol^o/o-ne)  [«o>of«v,  a 
city  of  Ionia].     Rosin.     The  solid  residue 


COLOR-BLINDNESS 


COLUMNA 


distilling  off  the  volatile  oil  from  crude 
line.    See  Resin. 
blindness.     See  Blindness. 
bearing.    The  excitation  of  the  yisual 
for  color  through  the  auditory  nerve, 
icnsation.   The  perception  of  color ;  it 
Is  on  the  number  of  vibrations  of  the 

aeter  {kuU-or-im^ -et-er)  \color^  color; 
,  measure].  An  instrument  for  deter- 
;  the  quantity  of  coloring  matter  in  a 
e,  as  in  the  blood. 

)my  (ko-hs'-to-me)  [x^Xov,  colon; 
opening].  I.  The  formation  of  an 
d  anus  by  an  opening  into  the  colon. 
f  surgical  operation  upon  the  colon 
lakes  a  permanent  opening  into  it, 
jr  internal  or  external, 
um  (kolas' trum)  [L.].  The  first 
om  the  mother's  breasts  after  the  birth 
child.  It  is  laxative,  and  assists  in 
pulsion  of  the  meconium.  C.  Cor- 
;8,  small  microscopic  bodies  contained 
colostrum.  They  are  the  epithelial 
»f  the  mammary  glands,  full  of  oil- 
».  After  about  the  third  day  these 
)urst  and  set  free  the  fat-globules  be- 
tey  leave  the  gland,  and  in  this  way 
e  milk  is  formed. 

tiy  (ko-lot'-o-me)  [laJ^ov,  colon;  ri^- 
>  cut].     Incision  of  the  colon,  either 
inal,  lateral,  lumbar,  or  iliac,  accord- 
the  region  of  entrance, 
rynter  (kol-pu-rin' -ter)  [K<JA)rof,  va- 
tvpi'vetv,  to    widen].     An    inflatable 
sac  used  for  dilating  the  vagina. 
I   {kol-pi' 'tis)    [k^Atoc,  vagina;    irt^^ 
nation].     Inflammation  of  the  vagina, 
elc  (kol'-pO'Silf  or  •se'-le)  [k^Attoc,  va- 
^V^y  tumor].     Hernia  of  the  vagina. 
ieisis  (kol-po-kli'-sis)  [KiiXn-of ,  vagina ; 
a  closure].     The  surgical  closure  of 
pna. 

/sterectomy  (kol-po  -  his  -  ter  -  ek  '•  to  - 
j^TTOf ,  vagina ;  vcrkpa^  womb  ;  kicrofi^, 
i].  Removal  of  the  uterus  through 
;ina. 

srineorrhaphy  (kol-po  -per -in-e-or'- 

[«<iArrof,    vagina;    perineum;     ^i^. 

Repair  of  a  perineal  laceration  by 

ig  and  in  parf  suturing  the  posterior 

the  vagina. 

tosis  (kolpop-to' -sis)  [wJ^Trof ,  vagina ; 

a  falling].     Prolapse  of  the  vaginal 

haphy  (kol-por'-a-fe)  [*MJX)rof ,  vagina; 
cam].  Suture  of  the  vagina. 
Dt  (koltt'-foot).  The  leaves  of  Tus- 
farfara^  a  demulcent  and  tonic,  some- 
prescribed  for  chronic  cough.  Dose 
:oction  (\\\o  Oj)  a  teacupful ;  of  fid. 
ij-ij  (4.0-8.0).     Unof 


Columbin  (kol-um'-bin).  An  active  princi- 
ple of  Calumba.  It  is  a  colorless  crystalline 
substance  of  excessively  bitter  taste  and  neuN 
tral  reaction. 

Columbo  (kol-um'-bo).     See  Calumbo. 

Columella  (kol-u-mel'-ah)  [L.,  a  little  col- 
umn!. The  modiolus  or  central  axis  of  the 
cochlea  of  the  human  ear.  See  Cochlea  and 
Modiolus. 

Qo\yxain(kol''Um)  [^columna,  a  column].  A 
n&me  given  to  several  parts  of  the  body 
that  furnish  support  to  surrounding  parts, 
or  that  have  the  shape  of  pillars.  C.,  An- 
terior, the  layer  of  white  matter  in  either 
half  of  the  spinal  cord  included  between 
the  anterior  horn  and  nerve-roots,  and 
the  anterior  median  fissure.  C,  An- 
terolateral Ascending.  See  C.  of 
Cowers.  C.  of  Burdach.  See  C.^  Postero- 
external. C.  of  Clarke,  a  column  of  gray 
substance  occupying  the  region  to  the  outer 
and  posterior  side  of  the  central  canal  of  the 
spinal  cord,  at  the  inner  part  of  the  base  of 
the  posterior  comu.  It  contains  fusiform 
cells,  and  is  the  trophic  center  for  the  direct 
cerebellar  tract.  C,  Direct  Cerebellar,  in 
the  spinal  cord,  is  situated  outside  of  the  lat- 
eral pyramidal  tract.  C.  of  Qoll,  the  postero- 
median column  of  the  spinal  conl.  C, 
Qowers',  in  the  spinal  cord,  a  group  of 
fibers  lying  in  front  of  the  direct  cerebKcllar 
tract  and  reaching  around  upon  the  peri- 
phery of  the  anterior  pyramidal  tract.  C, 
Lateral,  the  layer  of  white  matter  in  either 
half  of  the  spinal  cord  included  between  the 
posterior  horn  and  nerve-roots,  and  the  ante- 
rior horn  and  nerve-roots.  C.  of  Morgagni, 
vertical  folds  of  the  rectal  mucous  membrane 
seen  at  the  point  of  union  of  the  latter  with 
the  skin  of  the  anus.  C,  Posterior,  a 
collection  of  white  matter  situated  in  the 
spinal  cord  on  either  side  between  the  poste- 
nor  horns  and  posterior  nerve -roots,  and  the 
posterior  median  fissure.  C,  Posteroex- 
ternal, the  outer  wider  division  of  the  pos- 
terior column  of  the  cord ;  the  column  of 
Burdach.  C,  Posteromedian,  the  median 
division  of  the  posterior  column  of  the  cord ; 
the  column  of  Goll.  C.  of  Spitzka-Lis- 
sauer,  in  the  spinal  cord,  a  group  of  nerve- 
fitters  lying  just  in  front  of  and  just  behind 
the  posterior  horns.  C,  Postero vesicular. 
See  Column  of  Clark.  C.  of  Tiirck,  the  an- 
terior or  direct  pyramidal  tract.  C.  of  the 
External  Ring,  the  free  borders  of  the 
aponeurosis  of  the  external  oblique  muscle, 
forming  the  edges  of  the  external  abdominal 
ring. 

Columna  (kol-um'-nah)  [L.].  A  column  or 
pillar.  C.  Bertini,  that  part  of  the  cortical 
structure  of  the  kidneys  that  separates  the 
sides  of  any  two  pyramids.    Columnae  car^ 


COMA 


COMPOUND 


ne«e,  the  muscular  columns  projecting  from 
the  inner  surface  of  the  yeniriclcs  of  the 
heart 

Coma  (k</-mah)  [Ktifia,  deep  sleep].  Un- 
consciousness from  which  the  patient  cannot 
be  aroused  by  external  ittimulus.  C,  Al- 
coholic, that  due  to  poisoning  by  alcohol. 
C,  Apoplectic,  that  due  to  apoplexy.  C, 
Uremic,  that  due  to  uremia.  C.  Vigil, 
a  comatose  condition  in  which  the  patient 
lies  with  open  eyes,  but  unconscious  and 
delirious.  This  occurs  occasionally  in 
typhoid  and  typhus  fevers  and  in  delirium 
tremens. 

Comatose  (ko^-mat-ds)  [«w/<a,  a  deep  sleep]. 
In  a  coodition  of  coma. 

QoTD!b}i%\\on  {kom-buy -chun)  [comburere,  to 
bom  up].  The  process  of  oxidation,  at- 
tended with  the  liberation  of  heat  and  some- 
times of  light.  It  is  loosely  used  as  a  syno- 
nym of  inflammation. 

Comedo  (kom^-e-do)  [cottuJotti  glutton:  //., 
Comedonesy  Grubs;  Grub- worms;  Black- 
heads. A  chronic  disorder  of  the  sebaceous 
glands  characterized  by  yellowish  or  whitish 
pin-point  and  pin-head -sized  elevations,  con- 
tainmg  in  their  center  exposed  blackish 
points.  They  are  found  usually  on  the  face, 
back  of  the  neck,  chest,  and  back,  and  are 
often  associated  with  acne.  They  occur  as 
a  rule  in  the  young.  Occasionally  a  parasite, 
the  Dcmodtx  foUuulorum^  is  found  in  each 
comedo. 

Comes  (Jke/'tHH)  [L.:  //.,  ComiUs],  A  com- 
panion, as  a  vein  to  an  artery,  or  an  artery 
to  a  nerve. 

Comma-bacillus  (kom'-ahbas-ii^-us).  See 
Bacteria^  Table  of. 

Commensal  (kom-en'-sai)  [cum,  together; 
mensot  table].  In  biology,  the  harmonious 
living  together  of  two  aniinab  or  plants.  One 
of  two  such  organisms. 

Comminuted (kom'  iH-u^ed)[commiHuere, to 
break  in  pieces].  Broken  into  a  number  of 
pieces. 

Commissure,  Commissura  (kom'  -iss-Hr, 
kom-iss-u' -rah)  {cum,  together;  mittere,  to 
send].  That  which  unites  two  parts.  C, 
Anterior  {of  third  vtntricle).  a  rounded  cord 
of  white  fibers  placed  in  front  of  the  anterior 
cmra  of  the  fornix.  C,  Anterior  White 
{of  spinnl  cord),  a  layer  of  fibers  separating 
the  posterior  gray  commissure  from  the  bottom 
of  the  anterior  median  fissure.  C,  Gray  (of 
spinal  cord) ,  the  transverse  band  of  gray  mat- 
ter connecting  the  masses  of  gray  matter  of  the 
two  halves  of  the  spinal  cord.  C.  magna, 
the  corpus  callosum.  C,  Middle,  a  band  of 
soft  gray  matter  connecting  the  optic  thalami. 
C,  Optic,  the  union  and  crossing  of  the  two 
optic  nerves  in  front  of  the  tuber  cinereum. 
C^  Potterior  (rf third  ventricle),  s  flattened 


white  band  connecting  the  optic  thalami  pos- 
terioriy.  C,  Posterior  White  {of  spinal 
cord)y  a  band  of  Hbers  separating  the  gray 
commissure  from  the  bottom  of  the  posterior 
m;^dijn  fissure. 

Commissural  (komi^s-u'-ral)  \cum,  to- 
gether; mittcrc,  to  send].  Having  the  pro- 
perties of  a  commissure  ;  uniting  symmetric 
parts,  as  C.  fibers  of  the  brain. 

Commotio  {komo^-shc-o)  [L.].  A  commo- 
tion or  shock.  C.  cerebri,  concussion  of 
the  brain. 

Commimicans  (homu'-nihans)  [L.].  Com- 
municating.  C.  noni.    Sec  Nerves,  Table  of 

Commutator  {kom' -u-ta-tor)  [commutare,  to 
exchange] .  A  n  instrument  for  automatically 
interrupting  or  reversing  the  flow  of  an  elec- 
tric current. 

Compact  Tissue.  The  external,  hard  part 
of  bone. 

Comparative  Anatomy.     See  Anatomy. 

Compatibility  {koinpatibil*'iie\  [compati, 
to  sufier  with].  Of  medicines,  the  relation 
of  one  substance  to  another,  >o  that  they 
may  be  mixed  without  chemic  change  or 
loss  of  therapeutic  power. 

Compensating  {knin^ 'pen-sating)  Xcompen' 
sare,  to  compensate].  Making  good  a  defici- 
ency. C.  Ocular.  See  Ocular.  C.  Opera- 
tion, in  ophthalmology,  tenotomy  of  the  as- 
sociated antagonist  in  cases  of  diplopia  from 
paresis  of  one  of  the  ocular  muscles. 

Compensation  {kompensa'  shun)  Icompen- 
sare,  to  equalize].  The  act  of  making  good 
a  deficiency ;  the  state  of  counter- balancing 
a  functional  or  structural  defect. 

Compensatory  {kom pen' -sato-re)  [compen- 
sare,  to  equalize].  Making  good  a  deficiency. 
Restoring  the  balance  after  failure  of  one 
organ  or  part  of  an  organ  by  means  of  some 
other  organ  or  part  of  an  organ. 

Complemental,  Complementary  (kompU- 
men^'tal,  kom-ple-men''ta-rt)[cum,  together; 
plere^  to  fill] .  Supplying  a  deficiency.  C. 
Air.  See  Air.  C.  Colors,  a  term  applied 
to  any  two  colors  which  combined  produce 
white  light,  as,  e.g.,  blue  and  yellow. 

Complezus  {kompUks' us)  [complexut,  com- 
plex]. The  totality  of  symptoms,  phenom- 
ena, or  signs  of  a  morbid  condition.  C.  M as« 
cle.     See  Muscles,  Table  of 

Complication  {kom-plika' shun)  [complieare^ 
to  fold  together].  A  disease  occurring  in 
the  course  of  some  other  disease  and  more  or 
less  dependent  upon  it. 

Compos  Mentis  {kotn'pos  men^tis)  [L.]. 
Of  sound  mind. 

Composite  {kom-po^it)  [componere,  to  pot 
together].  I.  Composed  of  distinct  portio«ia» 
2.   In  biology,  belonging  to  the  order  Coq- 

jx»it«. 

Compotmd    (kom' pound,  or  kompamnd') 


COMPRESS 


CONDURANGO  BARK 


[fum,  together;  pomre,  to  put].  I.  To  mix, 
as  drags.  2.  Composed  of  several  parts.  C, 
Cathartic  Pills.  See  Colocynih,  C.  Frac- 
ture.    See  Fracture. 

Compress  (kom^-pres)  [compressus^  pressed 
together].  Folded  cloths,  wet  or  dry,  ap- 
plied firmly  to  the  part  for  relief  of  in- 
Hammation,  or  to  prevent  hemorrhage.  C. 
Graduated,  a  compress  composed  of  folds 
of  a  gradually  increasing  size. 

Compression  {kom-presk' -un)  [compressus^ 
pressed  together].  The  state  of  being  com- 
pressed. C.-atrophy,  atrophy  of  a  part 
from  constant  compression.  C.-myelitis, 
myelitis  due  to  compression  of  the  spinal 
cord. 

Compressor  {kom-pres'-or)  [comprimere,  to 
press  together].  I.  An  instrument  for  com- 
pressing an  artery,  vein,  etc.  2.  The  term 
IS  also  applied  to  muscles  having  a  compres- 
sing function.  C.  sacculi  li^yngis,  the 
inferior  arytenoepiglottideus  muscle.  See 
MmscUs,  Table  of,  C.urethr«.  ^tMus- 
eiesy  TabU  of. 

Conarium  \ko-fut^ -re-ufn)  [njv<i/Miiv;  dim. 
of  Kuvo^f  a  cone].     The  pineal  gland. 

Concave  (kon-koi/)  [cumy  together;  anms, 
hollow].  Hollow;  incurved,  as  the  inner 
surface  of  a  hollow  sphere. 

Concavoconvex  (kon  -  kak'-  vo  •  kon'-  veks) . 
Having  one  surface  concave,  the  other  con- 
vex, the  convexity  exceeding  the  concavity. 

Conceive  {kon-stv')  \coneip€re^  to  take  in]. 
To  become  pregnant. 

Concentration  {kon-sen-hra'  -shunSXcum^  to- 
gether; centrum ^^^  center].  The  act  of 
making  denser,  as  of  a  mixture,  by  evapor- 
ating a  part  of  the  liquid. 

Concentric  (kon-sen'-trik)  [cum^  together; 
(tfUrum^  the  center].  Arranged  in  an  equi- 
distant manner  about  a  center.  C.  Hjrper- 
trophy  of  the  Heart,  increase  in  the  muscu- 
lar texture  of  the  heart,  the  capacity  of  the 
cavities  remaining  unchanged. 

Conception  (kon -sep^- shun)  [concipere,  to 
conceive].  I.  The  fecundation  of  the  ovum 
by  the  spermatozoid.  2.  The  abstract  men- 
tal idea  of  anj^thing ;  the  power  or  act  of 
mentally  conceiving.  C,  Imperative,  a  false 
idea  that  a  person  dwells  upon  and  cannot 
expel  from  his  mind,  even  when  he  knows  it 
to  be  absurd.  It  dominates  his  actions,  and 
b  a  symptom  of  insanity. 

Concha  (kong^-kah)  [«Jy;r«t  »  shell].  A 
shell.  Applied  to  organs  having  some  re- 
semblance to  a  shell,  as  the  patella,  vulva, 
etc.,  and  especially  to C.  auris,  or  the  hollow 
part  of  the  external  ear. 

Concboscope  (kong^  -  ko  -  skdp)  [«$x;t°»  a 
shell;  the  naris ;  awnelVy  to  inspect].  A 
specoluffl  and  mirror  for  inspecting  the  nasal 
cavity. 


Concomitant  (kon-kom^-U-ani)  [concomitari^ 
to  accompany].  Accompan3ring.  C.  Stra- 
bismus. See  Strabismus.  C.  Symptoms, 
symptoms  that  are  not  in  themselves  essen- 
tial to  the  course  of  a  disease,  but  that  may 
occur  in  association  with  the  essential  symp- 
toms. 

Concretion  (Jkon-kri^-shun)  [concretio ;  can- 
crescere,  to  grow  together] .  The  solidification 
or  condensation  of  a  fluid  substance ;  a  cal- 
culus ;  a  union  of  parts  normally  separate,  as 
the  Angers. 

Concussion  {kon  •  kush'-  un)  [conmssio,  a 
violent  shock] .  Shock  ;  the  state  of  being 
shaken;  a  severe  shaking  or  jarring  of  a 
part ;  also,  the  morbid  state  resulting  from 
such  a  jarring.  C.  of  Brain,  a  condition 
produced  by  a  fall  or  blow  on  the  head,  and 
marked  by  unconsciousness,  feeble  pulse, 
cold  skin,  pallor,  at  times  the  involuntary 
discharge  of  feces  and  urine ;  this  is  folbwed 
by  partial  stupor,  vomiting,  and  headache, 

'and  eventually  recovery.  In  severe  cases 
inflammation  of  the  brain  may  follow,  or  a 
condition  of  feeble-mindedness.  C.  of  Spi- 
nal Cord,  a  condition  caused  by  severe 
shock  of  the  spinal  column,  with  or  without 
appreciable  lesion  of  the  cord.  It  leads  to 
functional  disturbances  analogous  to  railway- 
spine. 

Condensed  (kon-densd')  [condensare^  to 
make  thick].  Made  compact ;  reduced  to  a 
denser  form.  C.  Milk,  milk  that  has  had 
most  of  its  watery  elements  evaporated.  Con- 
densed milk  prepared  with  the  addition  of 
cane-sugar  is  a  white  or  yellowish-white  pro- 
duct of  about  the  consistency  of  honey  and 
ranging  in  speciBc  gravity  from  1.25  to  1. 41. 
It  should  be  completely  soluble  in  from  four 
to  Ave  times  its  bulk  of  water,  without  sef>ara- 
tion  of  any  flocculent  residue,  and  then  pos- 
sess the  taste  of  fresh,  sweetened  milk. 
Condensed  milk  prepared  without  the  addi- 
tion of  cane-sugar  is  not  boiled  down  to  the 
same  degree,  and  therefore  remains  liquid. 

Condenser  (kon-den'-ser)  [condensare^  to 
make  dense].  A  lens  or  combination  of 
lenses  used  in  microscopy  for  gathering  and 
concentrating  rays  of  light. 

Conduction  (kon -duk^- shun)  \conductio  : 
conducerfy  to  draw  together].  The  passage 
or  transfer  of  force  or  material  from  one  part 
to  another. 

Conductor  (kon-du¥-tor)\conducerey  to  draw 
together].  I.  A  body  that  transmits  force - 
vibrations,  such  as  those  of  heat  or  electric- 
ity. 2.  A  term  applied  to  the  electrodes  and 
cords  by  which  they  are  joined  to  the  battery. 
3.  An  instrument  serving  as  a  guide  for  the 
surgeon's  knife. 

Condurango  Bark  ikon-du-rang' -go  bark) 
[native  of  S.  Amer.J.     Bark  of  Gonolobui 


CONDY'S  FLUID 


CX)NIUM 


itiragoHus^  or  of  Conglobus  condurango ;  a 
remedy  much  used  in  South  America  as 
an  alterative  in  syphilis.  It  was  introduced 
into  the  United  States  as  a  remedy  for 
carcinoma  of  the  stomach,  but  yielded  un- 
certain results.  It  is  a  stomachic  tonic. 
Dose  of  the  fluid  extract  f^ss-j  (2.0- 
4.0);  of  the  tincture,  f^j-ij  (4.0-8.0). 
Unof. 

Condy's  Fluid.  A  proprietary  disinfecting 
solution  prepared  from  permanganates. 

Condylarthrosis  {kon-dUar-thro^ -sis)  [icrfv- 
(fvAof,  a  knuckle;  ipBpov,  a  joint].  A  form 
of  diarthrosis,  wherein  a  condyle  is  set  in  a 
shallow  and  elliptic  cavity,  and  free  and  va- 
ried movement  of  the  joint  is  possible  ;  con- 
dylar articulation. 

Condyle  (kon'-dii)  [Kdvdvko^,  a  knuckle]. 
Any  rounaed  eminence  such  as  occurs  in  the 
joints  of  many  of  the  bones,  especially  the 
femur,  humerus,  and  lower  jaw. 

Condyloid  (kon'-dU-oid)  [tcMvko^t  a 
knudcle;  eldof,  likeness].  Resembling  or 
pertaining  to  a  condyle. 

Condyloma  (kon-dii-</-mah)  \Kav&i)Xufta^  a 
swelling].  A  wart-like  growth  or  tumor 
usually  near  the  anus  or  pudendum.  C. 
latum,  the  syphilitic  mucous  patch. 

Cone,  Conus  (k^^  ko'-nm)  Uiiivo^,  a  cone]. 
A  solid  body  having  a  circle  for  its  base,  and 
terminating  in  a  point.  C.  of  Light,  the 
triangular  reflection  from  the  normal  mem- 
brana  tympani.  C,  Retinal,  one  of  the  rod- 
like bodies,  which,  with  the  associated  rods, 
form  one  of  the  outer  layers  of  the  retina, 
the  so-called  rod -and -cone  layer. 

Confection  {konfek^shun)  [confectio^  a  pre- 
paration]. In  pharmacy,  a  mass  of  sugar 
and  water,  or  of  honey,  used  as  an  excipient 
with  a  prescribed  medicinal  substance. 

Confinement  (koH'/in'ment)  [cum,  to- 
gether; JifUSf  boundary,  limit].  The  condi- 
tion of  women  during  childbirth. 

Confluent  {kon'-ftuent)  [confiuert,  to  flow 
together].  Running  together.  The  oppo- 
site of  discrete.  In  anatomy,  coalesced  or 
blended ;  applied  to  two  or  more  bones 
originally  separate,  but  subsequently  formed 
into  one. 

Confrontation    (kon  -fntn  -  to'-  shun)    [con- 

frontari,  to  be  contiguous  to] .  The  exami- 
nation of  a  person  by  whom  a  diseased  per- 
son may  have  been  infected  as  a  means  of 
diagnosing  the  disease  in  the  latter. 

Conluaion  {Jton-fu'-thun)  [cum,  together; 
fundere,  to  pour].  Mixing;  confounding. 
C.  Colors,  a  set  of  colors  so  chosen  that 
they  cannot  be  dbtinguished  by  one  who  is 
color-blind.  C.  Letters,  test-type  letters, 
such  as  C.  G.  O.,  or  F.  P.  T.,  liable  to  be 
mistaken  for  each  other. 

Congelation  (kcn-jelaf'skmi)  [congelatioy  a 


freezing].  I.  Freezing;  frost-bite;  intense 
cold  or  Its  efiect  on  the  animal  economy,  or 
any  organ  or  part.  2.  The  chilling  or  be- 
numbing effect  of  any  freezing-mixture  or 
application;  mainly  employed  for  its  local 
anesthetic  effect.     3.  Coagulation. 

Congenital  {konjen'-it-al)  [cum,  together; 
gigni,  to  be  born].     Existing  at  birth. 

Congestion  (kcm-jes^-ckun)  [ccmgerere,  to 
heap  up].  An  abnormal  collection  of  blood 
in  a  part  or  organ.  Congestion  may  be  ac- 
tive or  passive,  atonic  or  inflammatory,  func- 
tional or  hypostatic.  It  is  also  named  from 
the  parts  aflected  ;  the  most  important  varie- 
ties of  morbid  congestion  are  the  cerebral, 
spinal,  pulmonary,  hepatic,  and  renaL 

Congestive  {kon-jes' Hv)  [congerere,  to  heap 
up] .  Marked  by,  due  to,  or  of  the  nature  of 
congestion. 

Congius  (kon^'je-us)  [L.].  A  Roman  meas- 
ure.    A  gallon. 

Conglomerate  ikomglom' -er-dt)  [conghmer^ 
are,  to  heap  upj.  i.  Massed  together ;  ag- 
gregated. 2.  A  mass  of  units  without  order. 
C.  Glands,  acinous  glands. 

Conglutin  (kon  -  glu' -  tin)  [cum,  together; 
ghtitn,  glue].  One  of  the  proteids  f^md  in 
peas,  b^ms,  and  other  kinds  of  pulse. 

Conglutination  (kom-gtu-Hn-a'-skun)  [com- 
ghitinare,  to  glue  together].  The  abnormal 
union  of  two  contiguous  surfaces  or  bodies, 
as  of  two  Angers,  or  of  the  opposed  surfaces 
of  the  pleural  or  pericardial  sac 

Congo-red.  A  r«i  coloring-matter  which  be- 
comes blue  in  the  presence  of  free  HQ. 
It  is  used  in  chemic  investigation  of  the 
gastric  juice. 

Conic,  Conical  (kon'-ik,  kon^'ik-a/)[iujvtM6f^ 
pertaining  to  a  cone].  Cone-shaped.  C. 
Cornea.     See  Keratoglob%ts. 

Coniin  {ko-ni^-in).     See  Conium  and  Conin, 

Conin  (k(/'nin)  [x^f/ov,  hemlock],  C,H|^N. 
A  liquid  alkaloid  which  is  the  active  principle 
of  Conium. 

Conx^miko-ni'-ttm) [ic^vf lov,  hemlock] .  Hem- 
lock. Tne  leaves  and  the  fruit  of  the  spotted 
hemlock,  C.  maculatum.  It  contains  three  al- 
kaloids and  a  volatile  oil.  Its  properties  are 
mainly  due  to  the  alkaloids  coniin,  CgHj^N, 
and  methylconiin,  C^Hj^NCH,.  It  produces 
motor-paralysis,  without  loss  of  sensation  or 
of  consciousness.  Toxic  doses  cause  death 
by  paralysis  of  the  organs  of  respiration.  It 
is  valuable  in  acute  mania,  delirium  tremens, 
tetanus,  blepharospasm,  astluna,  and  whoop- 
ing-cough. C,  Abstract.,  made  from 
conium,  200,  dilute  hydrochloric  add  6, 
sugar  of  milk  and  alcohol  q.  s.  to  make 
100  parts  of  abstract.  Dose  gr.  as-4ij  ( 0.032- 
0.2).  C,  Cataplasms  (B.  P.),  made  from 
the  leaves;  for  external  use.  C*,  Bxt. 
Dose  gr.  ss4j  (ao32-ai3).    C,  Ext.  Pld^ 


CX)NI  VASCULOSI 


CONTAGION 


Dose  n\j-ij  (0.065-0.13).  C,  Pilula, 
Comp.  (B.  P. ),  contains  extract  of  hemlock 
and  ipecac.  Dose  gr.  v-x  (0,32-0.65).  C, 
Succus  (B.  P.),  made  from  the  leaves. 
Dose  TT\,xxx-3ij  (2.o-«.o).  C,  Tinct., 
15  per  cent,  strength.  Dose  TT\^x-f  .:5  j  (0.65- 
40).  C.  Vapor  (B.  P.),  for  inhalations. 
Coniin,  volatile  alkaloid  of  coniom.  Dose 
gr,  i^rnV  (0.001-0.006^.  Unof,  Coniin 
Hydrobrom.,  CH,(C,H^),  recommended 
for  spasmodic  affections.  Dose  gr.  iV-i^ 
(0.002-0.004).  Unof.  All  preparations 
are  uncertain  in  strength. 

Coni  vasculosi.  A  series  of  conic  masses 
of  tubules  that  together  form  the  globus 
major  of  the  epididymis. 

Conjugal     {kon' -ju-gal)     ^cum^     together; 

jugare^  to  yokel.  Pertaimng  to  marriage ; 
connubial.  C.  Diabetes,  diabetes  affecting 
husband  and  wife  together ;  this  is  said  to  be 
not  infrequently  observed. 

Conjugate  (kon^-ju-gSt)  [cumy  together ;  Ju- 
gare^  to  yokel.  Yoked  or  coupled.  C. 
Deviation.  See  Deviation,  C.  Diameter 
(of  the  pelvis).  See  Diameter,  C,  True, 
the  minimum  diameter  of  the  pelvic  inlet. 

Conjunctiva  {kon-junk-ti^'vah)  [conjunctivusj 
connecting].  The  mucous  membrane  cover- 
ing the  anterior  portion  of  the  globe  of  the 
eye,  reflected  upon  the  lids  and  extending  to 
their  free  edges.  Its  parts  are  called  palpe- 
bral and  ocular,  or  bulbar. 

Conjunctivitia  {kon-junk-Hv-i' -tis)  \conjunc- 
tivust  connecting;  ir<f,  inflanunation].  In- 
flammation of  the  conjunctiva.  C,  Acute 
Catarrhal,  the  most  common  form,  usually 
mild,  resulting  from  cold  or  irritation.  C, 
Croupous,  a  variety  associated  with  the  for- 
mation of  a  whitish-gray  membrane  that  is 
easily  removed.  C,  Diphtheric,  a  speciBc 
purulent  inflammation  of  the  conjunctiva,  due 
to  the  Klebs-LOfller  bacillus.  C,  Egyptian, 
See  Trachoma,  C,  Follicular,  a  form  char- 
acterized by  numerous  round,  pinkish  bodies 
found  in  the  retrotarsal  fold.  C,  Gonor- 
rheal, a  severe  fortn  of  purulent  C. ,  caused 
by  infection  with  gonococci.  C,  Phlycten- 
ular, one  characterized  by  the  presence  on  the 
ocular  conjunctiva  of  small  vesicles  surrounded 
by  a  reddened  zone.  C,  Purulent,  one 
characterized  by  a  thick,  creamy  discharge. 

Connective  (kon-ek' -tiv)  [conmctere^  to  con- 
nect].    C.  Tissue.     See  T^sue. 

Conoid,  or  Conoidal  (hZ-noidy  or  ko-noi'-dal) 
[km^,  cone;  eMof,  shape].  Of  a  conic 
shape.    C.  Ligament,  the  lower  and  inner 

?irt  of  the  coracoclavicular  ligament.  C. 
ttbercle,  the  eminence  on  the  inferior  sur- 
face of  the  clavicle  to  which  the  conoid  liga- 
ment is  attached. 

Conquinamin  [kon-krvin' -a-min).  An  alka- 
loid of  Cuprea  bark. 


Consang^uinity  {kon-san-gwin' -it-e)  {cum^  to- 
gether; sanguinis t  oi  hXoQdi'],  The  relation- 
ship arising  from  common  parentage ;  blood- 
relationship. 

Consciousness  {kon'-  shus  •  nes)  [conscius, 
knowing].  The  state  of  being  aware  of  one's 
own  existence,  of  one's  own  mental  states, 
and  of  the  impressions  made  upon  one^s 
senses ;  ability  to  take  cognizance  of  sensa- 
tions. C,  Double,  that  morbid  condition  in 
which  there  are  two  separate  and  alternating 
states  of  mental  consciousness,  in  either  one 
of  which  the  events  that  have  occurred  in  the 
other  state  are  not  remembered  by  the  patient. 

Consensual  {kon-sen'-su-ai^  [consensus^ 
agreement].  Excited  reflexly  by  stimu- 
lation of  another  part,  usually  a  fellow  organ, 
as  the  C.  reaction  of  one  pupil  when  the  iris 
of  the  other  eye  is  stimulated. 

Conservation  (kon-ser-va^-shun)  [conservare^ 
to  keep].  Preservation  without  loss.  C, 
of  Energy.     See  Energy. 

Consolidation  (kon-sol-id'a^shun)  [consoli- 
dare,  to  make  firm].  The  process  ofbecom- 
ing  firm  or  solid,  as  a  lung  in  pneumonia. 

Constant  {kon^-stant)  [constans,  steady]. 
Fixed.  C.  Current,  one  that  goes  continu- 
ously in  one  direction. 

Constipation  (kon-stip-a'-shun)  [constipare, 
to  crush  tightly  together].  A  condition  in 
which  the  bowels  are  evacuated  at  long  in- 
tervals or  with  difliculty. 

Constitution  (kon-stit-u^-shun)  [constituere^ 
to  dispose].  In  chemistry,  the  atomic  or 
molecular  composition  of  a  body.  In  phar- 
macy, the  composition  of  a  substance.  In 
physiology,  the  general  temperament  and 
functionid  condition  of  the  body. 

Constitutional  (kon-sHt-u'-shun-al)  [consti- 
tuere^  to  dispose].  Pertaining  to  the  state 
of  the  constitution.  C.  Diseases,  such  dis- 
eases as  are  inherent,  owing  to  an  abnormal 
structure  of  the  body.  Also,  a  condition  in 
which  the  disease  pervades  the  whole  system. 
General  diseases,  in  contradistinction  to  local. 

Constrictor  (kon-sirik' -tor)  [constringerey  to 
bind  together].  Any  muscle  that  contracts 
or  tightens  any  part  of  the  body.  See  Mhs- 
clesy  Table  of. 

Consumption  {kon-sump^-shun)  [consumere^ 
to  consume  or  wear  away] .  A  wasting  away, 
especially  a  wasting  disease  like  tuberculosis, 
particularly  pulmonary  tuberculosis  or  tuber- 
culosis of  the  bowels. 

Contact  (kon'-iakt)  [coniactusy  a  touching]. 
A  touching.  C.  Breaker,  an  instrument  by 
means  of  which  a  galvanic  circuit  is  broken. 

Contagion  (kon-ta'-jun)  [contagio;  contin- 
gere,  to  toucn].  I.  The  process  by  which  a 
specific  disease  is  communicated  from  one 
fNcrson  to  another,  either  by  direct  contact  or 
by  means  of  an  intermediate  agent.     2.  Also 


CONTAGIOUS 


CONVALLARIN 


tke  specific  germ  or  virus  from  which  a  com- 
municable disease  develops. 
Contagious  (konta''jus)\contaj(ium^ti.  touch- 
ing].     Communicable   or   transmissible    by 
contagion,  or  by  a  specific  contagium. 
Contagium  {kon-ta'-je-um)\\..\    Any  virus 
or  morbific  matter  by  means  of  which  a  com- 
municable disease  is  transmitted  from  the  sick 
to  the  well. 
Contiguity  {kon-tig-u^ -tie)  \cumy  together; 
tangere^  to  touch].     Proximity.    C.,  Ampu- 
tation in  the,  is  performed  at  a  joint,  with- 
out section  of  a  bone. 

Continence  Uton'-H-ntm)  \conUnere^  to 
hold  together].  Self-restraint,  especially  in 
regard  to  the  sexual  passion. 
Continued  {kon-tin'-Ud)  {continuare^  to 
make  continuous].  Persisted  m.  C.  Fever, 
a  fever  that  is  long-continued,  without  inter- 
missions. 

Continuity  (kon-tin-u^-it-e)  [cum^  together ; 
ttnere^  to  hold].  The  state  of  being  con- 
tinuous or  uninterrupted.  C,  Amputation 
in  the,  amputation  in  which  a  bone  is 
divided. 

Contractility  (kontraktil^ -ite)  [contrahere^ 
to  draw  together].  That  property  of  ceruin 
tissues,  especially  muscle,  of  shortening  upon 
the  application  of  a  stimulus. 
Contraction  {kontrak'  shun)  \^contraherey  to 
draw  together].  Approximation  of  the  ele- 
ments of  a  tissue  or  org^an,  thus  diminishing 
its  volume  or  contents.  C,  Anodal,  Clos- 
ing or  Opening,  the  contraction  taking 
place  at  the  anode  on  closing  or  opening  the 
circuit.  C,  Carpopedal,  a  variety  of  tetany 
occurring  in  infants,  and  generally  associated 
with  dentition  or  seat- worms.  There  is  a 
flexing  of  the  fingers,  toes,  elbows,  and  knees, 
and  a  general  tendency  to  convulsions.  C, 
Closing,  muscular  contractions  produced  at 
the  instant  that  the  electric  current  is  closed. 
C,  DupU3rtren*8,  a  contraction  of  the  palmar 
fascia  causing  the  fingers  to  fold  into  the  pwlm. 
C,  Pront-tap,  a  phenomenon  often  observed 
in  cases  with  exaggerated  knee-jerk.  When 
the  foot  is  placed  at  a  right  angle  to  the  leg, 
and  the  muscles  of  the  front  of  the  leg  are 
tapped,  the  foot  is  extended.  See  Reflexes^ 
Table  of.  C,  Hour-glass,  a  contraction 
of  an  organ,  as  the  stomach  or  uterus,  at 
the  middle.  C,  Opening,  the  muscular 
cootraction  produced  by  opening  or  breaking 
the  circuit.  C,  Paradoxic,  a  phenomenon 
that  consists  in  the  contraction  of  a  mus- 
cle, caused  by  the  passive  approximation  of 
its  extremities.  C.-remainder,  the  stage 
of  elastic  after-vibration  or  residual  contrac- 
tion persisting  in  a  muscle  after  withdrawal 
of  the  stimulus.  C.-ring,  the  boundary  line 
between  the  upper  and  lower  segments  of 
the  parturient  uterus. 


Contracture  (kon-trak^ -chur)\cum ^  together, 
trahere^  to  drawl.  Contraction  ;  permanent 
shortening,  as  of  a  muscle ;  distortion  or  de- 
formity due  to  the  shortening  of  a  muscle  or 
of  various  muscles. 

Contraindication  {^kon-trah-in-dik  a'  shun) 
\conira^  against;  induare,  to  point  out]. 
That  modifying  condition  in  which  a  remedy 
or  a  method  of  treatment  i!»  forbidden. 

Contrecoup  {kon^-trkco)  [Kr.].  Counter- 
stroke.  The  transmission  of  a  shock  from 
the  point  struck  to  a  point  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  body  or  the  part. 

Control  ikontrdi^)  [r<7M/r<;,  against;  rotula^tk 
roll].  A  standard  by  which  to  check  ob- 
servations and  insure  the  validity  of  their 
results.  Colloquially,  the  term  is  sometimes 
used  as  a  noun  for  control  animal,  or  control 
experiment.  C.  Animal,  one  used  in  a  con- 
trol experiment.  C.  Experiment,  an  experi- 
ment carried  out  under  normal  or  common 
circumstances  or  conditions,  to  serve  as  a 
standard  whereby  to  test  the  variation  or 
value  of  another  experiment  carried  out 
under  peculiar  or  abnormal  circumstances. 

Contusion  {kon-tu^ -  thun)  [contundfrt^  to 
bruise].  A  bruise  or  injury  inflicted  withcnit 
the  integument  being  broken.  C. -pneumo- 
nia, a  form  of  pneumonia  following  trauma- 
tism. 

Conus  (ki/-nus)  [kuvo^^  a  cone] .  I .  A  cone.  2. 
A  crescentic  patch  of  atrophic  choroid  tissue 
near  the  optic  papilla  in  myopia.  C.  arteri- 
osus, the  cone-shaped  eminence  of  the  right 
ventricle  of  the  heart,  whence  arises  the  pul- 
monary artery.  C.  medullaris,  the  cone- 
like termination  of  the  spinal  curd,  continu- 
ous as  the  filum  terminale.  Coni  vascu- 
losi,  a  series  of  conic  masses  that  together 
form  the  globus  major  of  the  epidic'ymis. 

Convalescence  (kon-vales^ens)  \ann^ifS' 
crre,  to  become  well],  A  term  applied  Xo 
the  restoration  to  health  after  disease. 

Convallamarin  {ktm-valam^ -ar-in)  [tonx*aI' 
iis^  a  valley;  amarus,  bitter],  C^H„0,^ 
A  glucosid  derived  from  ConvaUaria.  See 
Comafiaria  majalis. 

ConvaUaria  {kon-val-a' -re-ah)  [conr^aiiis^  a 
valley].  A  genus  of  liliaceous  plants.  C, 
majalis,  lily  of  the  valley.  All  parts  of 
the  plant  are  used  in  metlicine.  Its  proj^er- 
ties  are  due  to  convallarin,  <^  j«H„0„,  and 
convallamarin,  Cy,H^<)„,  glucosids.  It  is 
a  cathartic  diuretic,  and  cardiac  stimulant. 
C,  Ext.,  soluble  in  water.  l)o»e  gr.  ij-x 
(0.13-0.65).  C,  Ext.,  Fid.,  alcoholic. 
I)ose  n^ij-xj  (o  13-0.7).  C.  Infusum,  pre- 
pared with  three  times  its  weight  of  water. 
Dose  f  .^  ss-i j  ( 1 6 .0-64 .0) .  Convallamarin, 
or  Convallamarinum,  is  soluble  in  water. 
Dose  gr.  X-*J  (^•oi6-o.l3).     All  unof. 

Convallarin    (kon-va/^-ar-in)    IcamfoUis^  a 


CONVECTION 


COPPER 


▼alley],  Cj^H^gO,..  A  crystalline  porgatiTe 
glucosid  derived  Irom  Convaliaria, 

(k>nvection  (kon-vfk^ -shun)  [convehere^  to 
cany  together].  A  transmission  or  canying, 
as  of  heat  or  electricity.  C. -current,  a  cur- 
rent of  a  liquid  or  gas  heated  to  a  tempera- 
ture above  that  of  the  surrounding  medium ; 
it  rises  to  the  surface  because  of  its  lesser 
density  and  thus  the  entire  fluid  or  gas 
acquires  the  same  temperature. 

Convergence  (kon-ver^ -Jens)  [cum,  together ; 
vergerey  to  incline].  Inclination  or  direction 
toward  a  common  point,  center,  or  focus,  as 
of  the  axes  of  vision  upon  the  near-point 
C.-8timulus  Adduction,  the  power  of  ad- 
duction of  the  eyes  provoked  by  taxation  of  the 
gase  upon  an  object  placed  at  the  near-point. 

Mnvergent  {kon-ver^ -Jent)  [cum,  together; 
vergere,  to  incline  J.  Tending  to  a  common 
center.    C.  Strabismus.    See  Strabismus. 

Convex  (kon-vcks')  [convexus,  vaulted]. 
Having  a  surface  approximating  more  or  less 
a  part  of  the  surface  of  a  sphere. 

Convexity  (kon  -  veki^-  U  -  e)  [convcxus,  con- 
vex]. A  surface  rounding  outward;  the 
quality  of  being  convex. 

Convexoconcave  (konveks^-o-kon-kdv).  See 
Lens. 

Convolution  {ion-vchlu^ -shun)  [convohere, 
to  roll  together].  A  fold,  twist,  or  coil  of 
any  organ,  especially  any  one  of  the  promi- 
nent convex  parts  of  the  brain,  separated  from 
each  other  by  depressions  or  sulci.  C,  An- 
gular, the  posterior  part  of  a  convolution 
situated  between  the  intraparietal  Assure  in 
front  and  above,  and  the  horizontal  limb  of 
the  Sylvian  Bssure,  and  the  hinder  part  of  the 
first  part  of  the  first  temporal  Assure  below. 
The  anterior  part  is  called  the  supramarginal 
convolution.  C,  Annectant,  small  con- 
▼olutions  which  connect  the  occipital  with 
the  temporosphenoidal  and  parietal  lobes. 
C,  Anterior  Central,  C,  Ascending 
Frontal,  the  convolution  in  front  of  the 
fissure  of  Rolando.  C,  Ascending  Parie- 
tal, the  convolution  just  behind  the  fissure 
of  Rolando.  C,  Broca's,  the  inferior 
or  third  frontal  convolution.  C,  Forni- 
cate, a  long  convolution  on  the  mesial 
surface  of  the  brain  above  the  corpus  callo- 
tom.  C,  Frontal,  the  convolutions  of  the 
frontal  lobe.  C,  Hippocampal,  the  part  of 
the  fornicate  convolution  that  winds  around 
the  splenium  of  the  corpus  callosum.  C,  In- 
salar,  the  small  convolutions  composing 
the  island  of  Reil.  C,  Marginal,  the  me- 
sial surface  of  the  first  frontal  convolution. 
C.«  Occipital,  the  convolutions  making 
np  the  occipital  lobe.  C.,  Paracentral,  a 
convolution  on  the  mesiafsurface  of  the  brain, 
representing  the  junction  of  the  upper  ends 

Of  the  ascending  frontal  and  ascending  parie- 
15 


tal  convolutions.  C,  Parietal,  the  con- 
volutions of  the  parietal  lobe.  C,  Posterior 
Central.  See  C. ,  Ascending  Parietal.  C, 
Supramarginal.  See  C,  Angular.  C, 
Temporal,  the  convolutions  of  the  tem- 
poral lobe.  C,  Uncinate,  the  hook-like 
termination  of  the  fornicate  convolution. 

Convolvulin  {kon-voF -vu-lin)  [convohere, 
to  roll  together],  Cg,HjJOi,.  ^  glucosid 
derived  from  the  roots  of  Jalap  (Convolvulus 
purga).  It  is  a  gummy  mass,  with  active 
purgative  properties. 

Convulsant  (kon-vul^  sant)  [convellere,  to 
convulse].  A  medicine  that  causes  convul- 
sions. 

Convulsion  (kon  vul' shun)  [convellere,  to 
convulse].  An  involuntary  general  paroxysm 
of  muscular  contraction.  It  is  either  tonic 
(without  relaxation)  or  clonic  (having  alter- 
nate contractions  of  opposite  groups  of  mus- 
cles). C,  Epileptiform,  one  characterized 
by  total  loss  of  consciousness.  C,  Hysteric, 
one  due  to  hysteria.  Consciousness  is  only 
apparently  lost.  C,  Tetanic,  general  tonic 
convulsions  without  loss  of  consciousness. 
C,  Uremic,  one  that  occurs  in  kidney  dis- 
ease due  to  reiw..'!on  in  the  blood  of  matters 
that  should  be  eliminated  by  the  kidney. 

Coordination  (ko-or-din-a' -shun)  \cum,  to- 
gether; ordinare,  io  regulate].  The  har- 
monious activity  and  proper  sequence  of 
operation  of  those  parts  that  cooperate  in 
the  performance  of  any  function. 

Copaiba  (kopa' -e-bah)  [Sp.l.  Balsam  of 
Copaiba.  The  oleoresin  of  Copaifera  offi- 
cinalis, C.  coriacea,  C.  guianensis,  C.  multi- 

juga,  C.  cordifolia,  C.  laxa,  C.  nitida,  C. 
oblongifolia ,  and  C.  langsdorffii,  leguminous 
trees,  native  to  South  America.  It  is  a 
stimulant,  diuretic,  diaphoretic,  and  an  ex- 
pectorant, and  is  much  used  in  gonorrhea. 
C,  Massa,  copaiba  94,  magnesia  6  parts. 
Dose  gr.  x-gj  (0.65-4.0).  C,  Mist., 
Comp.,  Lafayette's  mixture,  unof.,  copaiba 
^  vij,  oil  of  cubebs  3  j ,  glyceritum  vitelli  3  vij ; 
triturate  and  add  syr.  aq.  menth.  piperit. 
J  iiss ;  then  add,  with  constant  stirring,  liq. 
potass.  Jss,  tinct.  cardamom  comp.  zij,  spt. 
aether,  nitrosi,  Jss,  aq.  menth.  pipent.  q.  s. 
to  make  J  viij.  Dose  f 3 j-fj  ss  (4.0-16.0). 
C,  Oleum.  Dose  n\^x-xv  (0.65-1.0).  C, 
Resina,  mainly  copaibic  acid.      Dose  gr. 

J-v  (0.065-0.30). 

Copiopia  (kop'i'O^'pe-ah)  [x^of ,  a  straining ; 
lan^,  eye].  Eye-strain ;  weariness  of  the 
eyes.  C.  hysterica,  a  term  applied  to 
those  symptoms  that  indicate  hyperesthesia 
of  the  fifth  and  optic  nerves. 

Copper  (kop'-er\  [ME.,  coper,  copper].  Cup- 
rum. A  reddish-brown  metal  existing  in 
nature  chiefly  in  the  form  of  copper  pjrrites, 
which  is  a  double  salt  of  coppo*  and  iron 


COPPERAS 


CORN 


tnlphid.  Various  salts  are  used  in  medicine. 
In  toxic  doses  they  are  gastrointestinal  irri- 
tants. In  therapeutic  doses  they  are  used  as 
astringents  in  inflammation  of  mucous  mem- 
branes. They  are  also  employed  as  emetics, 
and,  externally,  as  caustics.  See  ElcmentSy 
Table  of.  C.  AceUte,  Cu(C,H,0,)„  ver- 
digris, used  in  pulmonary  diseases,  and  as 
a  lotion  in  skin -diseases.  Dose  gr.  ■iy\ 
(0.0065-0.016).  C.  Acetoarsenite,  Paris 
Green,  used  as  a  pigment  and  an  insecticide. 
C.  Ammoniate,  unof. ,  ammonium  carbon- 
ate 3,  copper  sulphate  4  parts,  useful  in 
chorea,  hysteria,  etc.  Dose  gr.  »4-j  (o.oi- 
0.065).  C.  Areenite,  a  salt  valuable  in  in- 
testinal diseases.  Dose  gr.  yl*  (0.00065). 
C.  Nitrate  (B.  P.),  Cu(NO,)3H.O,  U  used 
for  the  same  purposes  as  the  sulphate.  C. 
sulphate,  CUSO4. 5(1,0,  soluble  in  water, 
valuable  as  an  emetic,  tonic  and  astringent. 
Dose,  as  an  emetic,  gr.  ij-v  (0.13-0.32),  as 
a  tonic,  gr.  >/^-^  (0.01-0.032).  C. 
Amalgam,  a  metallic  filling-material  com- 
posed of  copper  and  mercury.  C.-nose. 
Sjmonym  of  Acne  rosacea. 

Cc^peras  {kop'-er-cu)  [cupri  roti^  rose  of 
copper  (?)  ].  A  common  ^«une  tor  ferrous 
sulphate. 

Copremia  {kop  -  re'-  me  -  oH)  [K<5irpof ,  dung ; 
oi/io,  blood].  A  form  of  general  blood  pois- 
oning arising  from  chronic  constipation.  The 
symptoms  are  anemia,  sallow  complexion, 
anorexia,  frontal  headache,  vertigo,  nausea, 
flatulence,  thirst,  fetid  breath,  lassitude,  hy- 
pochondriasis, and  irritability  of  temper. 

Coprolalia  {kop-ro-la' -U-ah)  [xtiTrpof ,  filth  ; 
>aX«i,  speech].  The  use  of  filthy  and  offen- 
sive language  as  a  manifestation  of  disease. 

Coprolith  {kop'-  ro  -  lUk)  [/crfn-zjof ,  dung  ; 
Aidoc,  stone].  A  hard  mass  of  fecal  matter 
in  the  bowels. 

Coprophagy  (kop-roff' -a-je)  fiw^pof,  dung; 
foye/v,  to  eat] .  The  eating  ©f  dung,  a  symp- 
tom seen  in  msane  and  hysteric  patients. 

Coprostasis  (kop-ros'-tasis)  [«c<iTpof,  dung; 
ordeiCt  a  standing].  The  accumulation  of 
fecal  matter  in  the  bowel. 

Coptis  (kof^-fis)  [KdrrreiVf  to  cut].  Gold- 
thread. The  root  of  C.  trifolia^  a  simple 
bitter  tonic  resembling  quassia.  It  contains 
copcin,  an  alkaloid  closely  allied  to  berberin. 
Dose  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0^. 

Copulation  (kop'4i'la'-skun)  [copulare^  to 
couple].     The  act  of  sexual  intercourse. 

Cor  {kor)\V.,\  gen.,  conns'].  The  heart.  See 
Heart,  C.  adipoaum,  a  heart  with  a  simple 
excess  of  the  normal  subpericardial  fat.  C. 
tx>vinum.  See  Btnnne  lleart.  C.  villosum, 
hairy  heart ;  the  peculiar  shaggy  api>earance 
presented  liy  the  heart  in  acute  plastic  peri- 
carditis, with  the  deposited  fibrin  existing  in 
km^shr^ 


Coraco-  {kor'ak-o-)  [«c<J/>af.  a  crow].  Per- 
taining to  the  coracoid  process.  C.-Brach« 
ialis.     See  Muscles^  Table  of. 

Coracoid  {kor'-ak-oid)  [«c<ipa^,  a  crow ;  ciA)f, 
likeness].  I.  Having  the  shape  of  a  crow's 
beak.  2.  The  coracoid  process.  C.  Liga* 
ment,  a  triangular  ligament  joining  the  cora- 
coid process  to  the  acromion.  C.  Process, 
a  beak -shaped  process  of  the  scapula. 

Cord  [chorda^  a  string],  i .  Any  string-like 
body.  2.  Used  as  a  synonym  for  the  UntbilicaX 
Cord^  the  vascular,  cord-like  structure  con- 
necting the  placenta  and  fetus.  C,  False 
or  Superior  (vocal),  a  fold  of  mucous  mem- 
brane on  either  side  of  the  middle  line  of  the 
larynx,  inclosing  the  su|)erior  thyroarytenoid 
ligament.  C,  Presentation  of,  descent  of 
the  umbilical  cord  between  the  presenting 
part  and  the  membranes,  at  the  beginning  of 
labor.  C,  Prolapse  of,  descent  of  the  um- 
bilical cord  at  the  rupture  of  the  bag  of 
waters;  incomplete,  if  remaining  in  the 
vagina,  complete,  if  protruding  therefrom. 
C,  Spinal.  See  Spinal  Cord.  C,  True 
Vocal ;  C,  Vocal.     See  I'ocal  Band. 

Cordial  (kor'jal)  [cor,  the  heart].  I.  Per- 
taining to  the  heart ;  exhilarant ;  stimulftnt. 
2.  An  aromatic,  spirituous  stimulant. 

Core  (kor)  [cor,  heart].  The  central  slough 
of  a  boil  or  carbuncle. 

Corectopia  (kor-ek-to^-peah)  [a^/m?,  pupil ; 
iicTo'^ro^,  misplaced].  An  anomalous  positioo 
of  the  pupil  ;  displacement  of  the  pupil. 

Coredialysis  (koredi-al'-ii  is)  [*o//7.  pupil ; 
Aia'/'vtiv,  to  liberate].  The  production  of  an 
artificial  pupil  at  the  ciliary  border  of  the 
iris. 

Corelysis  (kor-el'isis)  \K6prj^  jnipil ;  >»V/f,  a 
loosening].  The  detachment  of  iritic  adhe- 
sions to  the  lens,  or  to  the  cornea. 

Coremorphosis  (kor  -  e  -  mor  -fo'-  sis)  [itApif, 
pupil;  fidp^uan;,  formation].  The  opera- 
tion for  establishing  an  artificial  pupil. 

Coreometer  {kor-eom'-eter)  [h^pii,  pupil; 
fitTftov,  a  measure].  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  pupil  of  tlie  eye. 

Coriander,  or  Coriandruro  {ko-rean' -der, 
ko- re -an' drum)  [«co/Mnnw,  coriander].  Co- 
riander. The  fruit  of  C.  sahi^m,  an  aromatic, 
carminative,  and  stimulant,  used  mainly  to 
give  flavor  to  other  remedies  and  as  a  correc- 
tive to  griping  purgatives.  Dose  gr.  x-xx 
(0.65-1.3).  C,  Oleum,  the  volatile  oiU 
Dose  TT\^  ij-v  (0.13-0.32). 

Corium  [ko'-re-um)  [L.,  leather].  The  deep 
layer  of  the  skin. 

Corm  {korm)  [Kopu6^^  the  trunk  of  a  tree]. 
The  bulbous  underground  part  of  certain 
plants,  as  the  crocus. 

Com  [comu,  horn].  A  local  itiduration  and 
thickening  of  the  skin  from  friction  or  pres- 
sure*    Sec  Clavus,  C.-sUk.    See  Zt0  M(tp^ 


CORNEA 


CORPUSCLE 


C.-smut.  See  UitUago,  C. -starch,  the 
commercial  name  of  a  starch  derived  from 
msuze,  and  extensively  used  as  an  article  of 
food,  especially  for  invalids. 

Cornea  ykor^-nt-ah)  {comeus^  homy].  The 
transparent  anterior  portion  of  the  eyeball, 
its  area  occupying  about  one-sixth  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  globe.  It  is  continuous 
with  the  sclerotic,  and  is  nourished  by  lymph 
from  the  looped  blood-vessels  at  its  periph- 
eral border.  C,  Conic.  See  Keraioglobus. 
C,  Transplantation  of,  the  operation  of  en- 
grafting a  section  of  transparent  cornea  from 
some  animal  into  the  space  of  an  excised 
portion  of  human  cornea. 

Corneal  (kor^-nt-al)  [comeus^  homy].  Re- 
lating to  the  cornea. 

Comeitis  {kortu-i^-HsY     See  KeratUis, 

Corneous  {kor^-ne-us)  \comeuSy  homy]. 
Homy,  or  hora-like.  C.  Tissue,  the  sub- 
stance of  the  nails. 

Comiculum  {kor-nik' -U'tum)  \comicula^  a 
little  horn].  A  small  corau  or  hom-like  pro- 
cess. 

Comification  {kor-nif-ik-a'-shun)  [comeus^ 
homy ;  facere^  to  make].  The  process  of 
hardening  or  making  homy. 

Comu  {kor'-nu)  [L.].  A  hom.  A  name 
applied  to  any  excrescence  resembling  a 
hom.  C.  ammonia,  the  hippocampus  major 
of  the  brain.  C.  cervi,  hartshorn  or  ammo- 
nium hydroxid.  C.  cutaneum,  comu  huma- 
num,  a  hom-like  excrescence  arising  from 
Che  skin. 

Comual  (Jhr^-nu-ai)  {comu^  a  hom].  Re- 
lating to  a  comu.  C.  Myelitis,  myelitis 
affecting  the  anterior  comua  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Comus  (kar^nus)  [L.].  Dogwood.  The 
bark  of  the  root  of  C.  Jlorida,  the  properties 
of  which  are  due  to  a  crystalline  principle, 
comin.  It  is  a  simple  stomachic  bitter  and 
slightly  antiperiodic.  C,  Ext.  Fid.  Dose 
nx-f3J  (0.65-4.0). 

Corona  {ko- ro'-nah )  \corona^  a  garland] .  A 
crown.  C.  glandis,  the  ridge  of  the  glans 
penis.  C.  radiata,  a  radiating  mass  of  white 
nerve-fibers  ascending  from  the  internal 
capsule  to  the  cortex  cerebri.  C.  veneris, 
a  circle  of  syphilitic  blotches  occurring  on 
the  forehead. 

Coronal  (kor-o^-nal)  [corona^  the  crown]. 
Encircling  like  a  crown ;  pertaining  to  the 
crown  of  the  head.     C.  Satare,  the  suture 

Jmning  the  frontal  with  the  two  parietal  bones. 

doronary  {kor^-o-na-re)  [rorona,  a  crown]. 
A  term  applied  to  vessels,  nerves,  or  attach- 
ments that  encircle  a  part  or  organ. 

Coroner  (Jt(»^'^'fur)lcorotM^  a  crown].  An 
officer  who  inquires  by  authority  of  the  law 
into  the  causes  of  sudden  or  violent  deaths. 
C,  Inquest  of,  the  legal  inquiry  before  a  jury 
into  the  cause  of  a  suddeo  or  violent  death. 


Coronoid  {kor^-o-noid)  [corona,  crown  ;  eZ«fof , 
likeness].  Crown-shaped ;  as  the  C.  pro- 
cess of  the  ulna  or  of  the  jaw. 

Corpora  (kor' -por-nh)  [pi.  of  corpus,  a  body]. 
A  general  term  applied  to  certain  parts  of 
the  body  having  a  rounded  or  oval  shape. 
C.  albicantia,  two  white  masses  in  the  in- 
terpeduncular space  at  the  base  of  the  brain, 
the  projections  of  the  anterior  pillars  of  the 
fornix.  C.  geniculata,  two  small  eminences 
projecting  from  the  optic  thalami.  C.  quad- 
rigemina,  the  optic  lobes  of  the  brain,  the 
four  rounded  eminences  situated  under  the 
corpus  callosum.  The  anterior  pair  are  called 
the  nates,  and  the  posterior,  the  testes. 

Corpulency  {kor^-pu-Un-se)  [corpulentus, 
corpulent].     Obesity;  fatness  of  the  body. 

Corpus  (kor'-pm)  [corpus,  a  body  :  //. ,  Cor- 
pora\  A  body;  the  hunuin  body.  C. 
Arantii,  the  fibrous  tubercle  in  the  center  of 
each  segment  of  the  semilunar  valves.  C. 
callosum,  the  broad  band  of  white  matter 
uniting  the  hemispheres  of  the  cerebmm. 
C.  dentatum.  I.  See  Olivary  Body,  2. 
The  central  folded  gray  nucleus  of  the  cere- 
bellum. C.  highmorianum.  See  High- 
more^  Body  of,  C.  fimbriatum,  the  lateral 
thin  edge  of  the  taenia  hippocampi.  C. 
luteum,  the  yellow  body  formed  in  the  ovary 
in  the  site  of  a  Graafian  vesicle  after  the  es- 
cape of  the  ovum.  C.  luteum,  False,  that  re- 
sulting when  pregnancy  does  not  occur,  called 
also  the  C.  L.  of  Menstruation.  C.  luteum, 
True,  that  resulting  when  pregnancy  takes 
place,  called  also  the  C.  L.  of  Pregnancy. 
C.  spongiosum,  the  spongy  part  of  the 
penis  encircling  the  urethra.  C.  striatum, 
a  mass  of  gray  matter  extending  into  the 
lateral  ventricles  of  the  brain  and  composed 
of  the  caudate  and  lenticular  nuclei. 

Corpuscle  {kor^-pus-l)  [dim.  oi  corpus^,  A 
small  body  or  particle.  C,  Bixzozero's. 
See  Blood-platelets,  C,  Red,  of  Blood,  bi- 
concave, non-nucleated  discs,  circular  in  out- 
line, and  containing  red  coloring-matter, 
termed  hemoglobin,  to  which  the  color  of  the 
blood  is  due.  Red  corpuscles  have  been 
divided,  according  to  their  size,  into  normo- 
cytes (normal  in  size),  ipegalocytes  (of  ex- 
cessive size),  microcytes  (abnormally  small), 
and  poikilocytes  (of  irregular  shape  and  size). 
The  red  corpuscles  in  the  blood  of  man  are 
about  7^  in.  in  diameter  and  TrfvT  *"• 
thick,  and  their  number  is  about  five  millions 
to  each  cubic  millimeter  of  blood.  They  con- 
sist of  a  colorless  stroma  infiltrated  with  the 
coloring-matter  (hemoglobin).  C,  White 
or  colorless,  flattened  cells,  about  j^Vr  ^• 
in  diameter,  existing  in  the  ratio  of  I  :  500 
compared  with  red  corpuscles.  Their 
protoplasm  is  granular,  they  have  one  or 
more  nuclei  and  no  cell-walL     They  pos- 


CORPUSCULAR 


COTYLOID 


•ess  contractile  power  and  alter  their  shape 
readily.  The  colorless  corpuscles  are  vari- 
ously designated  as  eosinophile,  basophile, 
neutrophile,  mononuclear,  poljmuclear,  lym- 
phocytes, transitional,  lai^e,  small,  etc.  C. 
of  I>onne.  See  Colastrum-corpuscUs.  C.» 
Malpighian,  of  the  spleen,  a  name  applied 
to  the  lymphoid  nodules  of  the  spleen.  C, 
Malpighian,  of  the  kidney,  the  tuft  of  blood- 
vessels surrounded  by  the  expanded  portion 
of  the  uriniferous  tubule,  the  capsule  of  Bow- 
man. C,  Norm's  Invisible,  colorless, 
transparent,  biconcave  discs  of  the  same  size  as 
the  red  corpuscles,  invisible  in  the  serum  be- 
cause their  color  and  refractive  index  are  the 
same  as  those  of  the  liquor  sanguinis.  C, 
Pacinian,  certain  small  corpuscles  occurring 
in  the  subcutaneous  cellular  tissue  of  the  fin- 
gers and  toes.  They  consist  of  concentric 
iamells  of  connective  tissue  surrounding  the 
termination  of  a  sensory  nerve.  C,  Tactile, 
of  Wagner,  the  small,  oval  bodies  found  in 
the  papillae  of  the  skin  and  enveloped  by  nerve- 
fibers. 

Corpascular  (kor pus^  kular)  [corpHscuium, 
a  little  bodyl.  Relating  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  a  corpuscle. 

Correctant,  or  Corrective  (korek' -tant ^  kor- 
ek'-Hv)  \corrigere^  to  correct].  I.  Modify- 
ing favorably.  2.  A  substance  used  to  naodify 
or  make  more  pleasant  the  action  of  a  purga- 
tive or  other  remedy. 

Corrigan's  Disease.  See  Diseases^  Table  of. 
C.  Pulse,  water-hammer  pulse.  The  jerking 
pulse  of  aortic  regurgitation. 

Corrigent  (kor^-ij-mt).     See  Correctnte. 

Corrosion  {kor-</ -thun)  [cum^  together ;  rth 
dere^  to  gnaw] .  The  process  of  corroding,  or 
the  state  of  being  corroded.  C.-anatomy, 
that  branch  of  anatomy  which  demonstrates 
an  anatomic  specimen  by  means  of  a  corrosive 
process  that  eats  away  those  parts  which  it 
IS  not  desired  to  preserve.  In  some  cases  a 
resisting-substance  is  injected,  so  as  to  pre- 
serve the  vessels  and  ducts  from  corrosion. 
C. -preparation,  one  in  which  the  vessels, 
ducts,  or  cavities  of  organs  are  filled  by  a 
fluid  that  will  harden  and  preserve  the  sha|)e 
of  the  vessel  or  cavity  after  the  organ  itself  is 
corroded  or  digested  or  otherwise  destroyed. 

Corrosive  {kor-t/ sh*)  [cum^  together;  rotiere^ 
to  gnaw].  I.  Eating  away.  2.  A  substance 
that  destroys  organic  tissue  either  by  direct 
chemic  means  or  by  causing  inflammation 
and  suppuration.  C.  Chlorid,  C.  8ub- 
1  mate,  mercuric  chlorid.  See  Hydrargyrum, 

Comigator  {kor*-  u-ga  -  tor)  \corrugere^  to 
wrinkle].  That  which  wrinkles.  See  Mux- 
cies.  Table  of. 

Cortex  (kor^'t,k$)  [L.,  bark],  i.  The  bark 
of  an  exogenous  plant.  2.  The  surface- 
Uyer  of  an  organ.    C.  aurantii,  oraoge-peeL 


C.  cerebri,  the  external  layer  of  gray  mat- 
ter of  the  brain.  C.  renalis,  the  cortical 
substance  of  the  kidney. 

Cortical  (kor^tU-al)  [cortex,  bark].  Per- 
taining to  the  cortex  or  bark,  or  to  the  cortex 
of  the  brain,  or  of  the  kidney.  C.  Epilepsy, 
C.  Paralysis,  such  as  is  due  to  a  lesioo  of 
the  cortical  substance  of  the  brain. 

Coryza  (kor-t^'MoA)  [k^/iuc,  «^pi<a,  the  head]. 
Catarrh  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nasal 
passages  and  adjacent  sinuses,  popularly 
called  «•  cold  in  the  head."     See  ^Aimi/is. 

Co%mvnn{kosap^-HH),C.H,<^^^^^^^ 

A  sulphoderivative  of  acetanilid  ;  it  is  a  whit- 
ish-gray powder  with  a  slightly  saline  taste, 
freely  soluble  in  water.  It  is  used  as  an  anti- 
pyretic instead  of  acetanilid.  Dose  5-8 
grains,  3  times  daily. 

cosmetic  {kos-met^-iM)  rxo<T//i7r<x^,  Kooftitiv, 
to  adorn].  I.  Beautifying.  2.  A  remedy 
designed  to  hide  defects  of  the  skin  or  other 
external  parts.  C.  OperatioD,  a  surgical 
operation  to  give  a  natural  appearance  to  a 
defective  or  unsightly  part 

Cosmolin  (Jkos^-mo'liM),     See  Fetrohi%twt^ 

CosU  i^kos-tah)  [L.].     A  rib. 

CosUl  (kos^'ta/)  [cos/a,  a  rib].  Pertaining 
to  the  rios.  C.  Arch,  the  ardi  of  the  riba. 
C.  Cartilages,  the  12  cartilaginous  exten- 
sions of  the  ribs. 

Costive  {kos^'tiv)  [eomti/are,  to  be  bound]. 
Constipated. 

Costiveness  (kos^-tivness)  [eonstipare,  to  be 
bound].     Constipation. 

Costotome  {kos^-to-tdm)  [eosta,  rib;  To/i6f, 
cutting].  A  strong  knife  or  heavy  sheatt 
with  the  under  blade  in  the  shape  of  a  nook,  for 
cutting  the  cosul  cartilages  in  dissection,  etc 

Goto  {ko^'to)  [Sp.,  a  cubit].  Goto  bark. 
The  bark  of  a  tree  native  to  K[>livia.  It  coo- 
tains  a  bitter  principle,  cotoin,  CLH^O^,  irri- 
tant to  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes.  It  it 
recommended  for  diarrhea  and  zymotic  fevers, 
and  for  the  night-sweats  of  pulmonary  tubercu- 
losis. Dose  of  the  powder,  gr.  j-xv  (ao65> 
l.o);  of  the  flukl  extract,  gtt  v-xv  (0.32-i.ou 
of  the  tincture  (i  in  10),  gtt.  x-xxx  (0.65^ 
2.0)  ;  of  cotoin,  gr.  ss-j  (0.032-0.065). 

Cotton  {ko/^-M)  [Arab,  ^tun,  cotton],    (kjs- 

Sphim,  a  white  fibrous  seed  hair  that  envelops 
e  seeds  of  the  cotton-plant  C,  Absorbent, 
cotton  to  prepared  tnat  it  readily  absorbs 
water.  C.-root.  See  Gotsypinm.  C- 
seed  OU  or  C.*oil,  oleum  gossypii  semints, 
an  oil  obtained  by  pressure  from  the  hulled 
seeds  of  several  species  of  Gostypittm, 

Cotyledon  (kot -  il -  e*  -  d<m)  [lumvlfd^,  • 
•ocket].  Any  one  of  the  enlarged,  vascular 
villi  of  the  chorion  which  project  into  depres- 
sions of  the  deddua  vera. 

Cotyloid  (kH^'ii-^d)  [mihi^  a  a^ ;  t^^ 


COUCH-GRASS 


CRANIECTOMY 


fDrm].  Cup-shape.  C.  Fossa,  or  Cavity, 
the  acetabulunL  C.  Lif^xnent,  a  ligament 
surrounding  the  acetabulum.  C.  Notch,  a 
notch  in  the  anterior  and  lower  border  of  the 
acetabulum. 

Couch-grass  (kawch^-p^tu).  See  Triticum, 
Couching  {kinock' -ing)  [Fr.,  couchir^  to  de- 
press]. The  operation,  now  fallen  into  dis- 
use, of  depressing  a  cataractous  lens  into  the 
▼itreous  chamber,  where  it  was  left  to  be  ab- 
sorbed. 

Cough  (kof\  [ME.,  cough,  a  cough].  A 
sudden,  violent  expubion  of  air  after  deep 
inspiration  and  closure  of  the  glottis.  C, 
Diy,  that  unattended  by  expectoration.  C, 
Ear-,  cough  excited  reflexly  from  some  mor- 
bid condition  of  the  ear.  C,  Moist,  cough 
with  free  expectoration.  C,  Reflex,  cough 
produced  by  irritation  of  a  remote  organ,  as 
C,  Ear,  and  C,  Stomach,  C,  Stomach-. 
See  C, ,  Reflex,  C,  Winter-,  a  short  trou- 
blesome cough  of  old  people  due  to  chronic 
bronchitis,  and  recurring  every  winter. 

Coolomb  \kooUm')  [after  Coulomb,  a  French 
phjTsidst].  The  unit  of  measurement  of 
electric  quantity ;  the  quantity  of  electricity 
that  passes  during  one  second  through  a  con- 
ductor having  a  resistance  of  one  ohm,  with 
one  volt  of  electromotive  force.  The  micro- 
coulomb  is  the  millionth  part  of  this  amount. 

Coumarin  {koo'- mar-in),  C,H^O,.  A  vege- 
table proximate  principle  that  occurs  in  As- 
perula  odorata,  in  the  Tonka  bean,  and  in 
Melilotm  officinalis.  It  conceals  the  odor 
of  iodoform.     Unof. 

Coonterextension  (iown'-ter-eks'ten-skun). 
See  Extension. 

Counterindication  (kovm'-  ter-in-dik-  a- 
tkum).     See  Contraindication, 

Counterirritation  ikown'- ter-ir-it-a- shun) 
[contra,  against;  trritare,  to  irritate].  Su- 
perficial inflammation  produced  artihcially, 
m  order  to  exercise  a  good  eflect  upon  some 
adjacent  or  deep-seated  morbid  process. 

Coonteropening  (koTvn'-  ter-o- pen  -  ing ) 
[contra,  against;  AS.,  o^en,  open].  An 
mcision  mjule  in  an  abscess  or  cavity,  opposite 
to  another,  generally  for  purposes  of  drainage. 

Counterpoison  (koum^-ter-poi-tn)  [contra, 
against ;  potio,  a  drink].  A  poison  given  as 
an  antidote  to  another  poison. 

Cottnterstroke  (kown^ -terstrdk).  See  Con- 
tre-coup. 

Coop  de  soleil  (kothduh-to-iay)  [Fr.].  Sun- 
stroKe. 

Court-plaster  {kdrfplas-ter).  See  Ichthyo- 
coiU, 

C<yrer  {J^uv'-er)  [cum,  together;  operire,  to 
shut].  C. -glass,  in  microscopy,  the  thin 
slip  of  glass  covering  the  object  mounted 
on  the  slide. 

Cowage  (iau^-4/)  [Hind.,  hawitnch,  cow- 


hage].  The  external  hau^  of  the  pod  of 
Mucuna  pruriens,  used  in  medicine  as  a  me- 
chanic vermifuge. 

Cowhage,  Co  witch  (kovZ-dj,  kovZ-ich) .  See 
Mucuna  and  Cowage. 

Cowperitis  (kow-per-i^-tis)  [Cowper,  an  En- 
glish anatomist;  trt^,  inflammation].  In- 
flammation of  the  glands  of  Cowper,  usually 
gonorrheal  in  origin. 

C^w-pock,  a  variety  of  pock  seen  in  the  cow, 
and  thought  to  correspond  with  smallpox  in 
man. 

Coxa  (koks'-ah)  [coxa^  hip].  The  hip- joint 
or  the  hip.  C.  vara,  bending  or  twisting 
of  the  neck  of  the  femur. 

Coxalgia  (ioks'al'-je'ah)[coxa,9i\i\^;  aAyof, 
pain].     Literally  pain  in  the  hip-joint,  but 

.  generally  used  synonymously  with  hip-disease. 

Coxalgic  (ioks-al'-jik)  [coxa,\ht  hip;  AXyof, 
pain].     Relating  to  coxalgia. 

Coxe  8  Hive-mixture.  See  Scilla  and  An- 
timonium. 

Coxitis  {koks-i'-tis)  [coxa,  the  hip ;  iri^,  in- 
flammation].    Inflammation  of  the  hip-joint. 

Coxofemoral  (koks-o-fem'-or-cU)  [coxa,  the 
h\p ;  /emur,  the  thigh-bone].  Relating  to 
the  hip  and  the  femur,  as  the  C.  Joint,  the 
hip-joint. 

Crab- louse  (iray-lows).     See  Pediculus. 

Crab's-eyes  (krabz^-lz).  Flat,  calcareous 
concretions  (Lapides  cancrorum)  derived  from 
the  stomach  of  the  crab;  they  have  been 
used  as  a  means  of  removing  foreign  bodies 
from  the  eye.  Also  a  name  for  the  seeds  of 
Abrus  precaforius. 

Cracked-pot  Sound.  A  peculiar  sound  elic- 
ited by  percussion  over  a  pulmonary  cavity 
communicating  with  a  bronchus. 

Cradle  (kra'-dl)  [AS. .  cradol,  a  cradle].  In 
surgerv,  a  wire  or  wicker-frame  so  arranged 
as  to  keep  the  weight  of  the  bed-clothing 
from  an  injured  part  of  the  body.  It  is  em- 
ployed in  the  treatment  of  fractures,  wounds, 
etc.  C,  Ice-,  the  suspension  over  a  febrile 
patient,  by  means  of  iron  frames,  of  a  num- 
ber of  buckets,  kept  half-filled  with  ice,  and 
enclosed  in  a  light  covering. 

Cramp  {kramp)  [Teut.,  kramp\  A  spas- 
modic tonic  contraction  of  a  muscle,  attended 
with  sharp  pain.  C,  Professional,  spasm 
of  certain  groups  of  muscles,  from  their 
continuous  use  in  diflerent  occupations,  as 
Writer's  C,  Hammerman's  C,  Piano- 
player's  C,  Dancer's  C,  etc. 

Crane's-bill  Root.     See  Geranium, 

Cranial  {kra^-neal )  [Kpaviov,  the  skull] .  Re- 
lating to  the  cranium. 

Craniectomy  (kra  -ne-ek^-to-  me)  [Kpaviov, 
skull ;  kKTOfUf,  a  cutting  out] .  The  surgical 
removal  of  strips  or  pieces  of  the  cranial 
bones.  It  is  performed  in  cases  of  micro- 
cephaly. 


CRANIOCLAST 


CRANIUM 


Cimnioclast  {Jkra'-nf-o-ktasf)  [Kpavlov^  skull ; 
kkUiv,  to  bremk].  A  heavy  forceps  for  crush- 
ing the  fetal  heiul. 

Craniology  (kra  -  m  -  ol'-  o  -je)  \KpavloVf  cra- 
nium ;  Xiyo^^  science].  A  branch  of  anatomy 
comprising  the  study  of  skulls. 

Cramometer  (kra-fu-om^-et-^)  [xpayiov, 
skull ;  fiirpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  dimensions  of  the  skull. 

Craniometric,  Craniometiical  (kra-nro- 
met^'fik^  kra-nt'O-met^ -rik-eU)  [xpovMyv, 
skull;  fdrpovt  a  measure].  Pertaming  to 
craniometry.  C.  Point,  any  one  of  the 
points  of  measurement  used  in  craniometry. 
A  list  of  the  craniometric  points  is  given. 
ACANTHION,  a  point  in  the  median  line  of 
the  skull  at  the  base  of  the  nasal  spine. 
Alveolar  Point,  the  point  between  the  two 
middle  incisors  of  the  upper  jaw.  Antinion, 
that  point  on  the  glabelfum,  and  in  the  median 
line,  that  is  farthest  from  the  inion.  AsTE- 
RION,  the  point  behind  the  ear  where  the 
parietal,  temporal  and  occipital  bones  meet. 
Auricular  Point,  the  center  of  the  orifice 
of  the  external  auditory  meatus.  Basion, 
the  middle  point  of  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  foramen  magnum.  Bregma,  the  point 
where  the  coronal  and  sagittal  sutures  meet 
Dacryon,  or  Dak R YON,  the  point  beside 
the  root  of  the  nose  where  the  frontal, 
lacr3rmal,  and  superior  maxillary  bones 
meet.  Entomion,  the  point  where  the  pari- 
etal notch  of  the  temporal  bone  receives  the 
anterior  extension  of  the  mastoid  angle  of  the 
parietal  bone.  GLABELLA,or  GLABELLUM,the 
point  in  the  median  line  between  the  super- 
ciliary archer,  marked  by  a  swelling,  some- 
times by  a  depression.  Gnathion,  same  as 
Mental  Point.  GoNioN,  the  point  at  the 
angle  of  the  lower  jaw.  Hormion,  the  an- 
terior point  of  the  basilar  portion  of  the 
united  sphenooccipital  bone,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  the  median  line.  In  ION,  the  ex- 
ternal occipital  protuberance.  Jugal  Point, 
the  point  situated  at  the  angle  that  the  poste- 
rior border  of  the  fix>ntar  branch  of  the 
malar  bone  makes  with  the  superior  border 
of  its  zygomatic  branch.  Koronion,  the 
apex  of  the  coronoid  process  of  the  inferior 
maxilla.  Lambda,  the  point  of  meeting  of 
the  sagittal  and  the  lambdoid  sutures.  Malar 
Point,  a  point  situated  on  the  tubercle  on 
the  external  surface  of  the  malar  bone,  or  at 
the  intersection  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  ex- 
ternal extremity  of  the  frontomalar  suture  to 
the  tubercle  at  the  inferior  angle  of  the  malar 
bone  and  a  line  drawn  nearly  horizontally 
from  the  inferior  border  of  the  orbit  over  the 
malar  bone  to  the  superior  border  of  the 
zygomatic  arch.  Maximum  Occipital 
Point,  or  Occipital  Point,  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  aoteropoaterior  diameter  of 


the  skull,  measured  from  the  glabella  in  front 
to  the  most  distant  point  behind.  Mental 
Point,  the  middle  point  of  the  anterior  lip 
of  the  lower  border  of  the  lower  jaw. 
Metopion,  or  Metopic  Point,  a  point  in 
the  middle  line  between  the  two  frontal  emi- 
nences. Nasion,  or  Nasal  Point,  the 
middle  of  the  frontal  suture  at  the  root  of  the 
nose.  Obelion,  the  part  of  the  sagittal  su- 
ture between  the  two  parietal  foramina. 
Occipital  Point.  See  Maximum  Occipi- 
tal Paint.  Ophryon,  the  middle  of  the 
supraorbital  line,  which,  drawn  across  the 
narrowest  part  of  the  forehead,  separates  the 
face  from  the  cranium.  Opisthion,  the 
middle  point  of  the  posterior  border  of  the 
foramen  magnum.  Prosthion,  the  alveo- 
lar point.  Pterion,  the  point  where  the 
frontal,  parietal,  temporal,  and  sphenoid 
bones  come  together.  Rh inion,  the  upper 
median  point  of  the  anterior  nasal  opening. 
Spinal  Point.  Same  as  Subnasal  Point. 
Stephanion,  Inferior,  the  point  where 
the  ridge  for  the  temporal  muscle  intersects 
the  coronal  suture.  Stephanion,  Superior, 
the  point  where  the  coronal  suture  crosses 
the  temporal  ridge.  Subnasal  Point,  the 
middle  of  the  inferior  border  of  the  anterior 
nares  at  the  base  of  the  nasal  spine.  Supra- 
auricular  Point,  the  point  vertically  over 
the  auricular  point  at  the  root  of  the  zygo- 
matic process.  Supranasal  Point.  Same 
as  Ophryon.  Supraorbital  Point.  Same 
as  Ophryon.  Symphysion,  the  median 
point  of  the  outer  border  of  the  alveolus  of 
the  lower  jaw.  Vertex,  the  superior  point 
of  the  skull.  In  obstetrics,  that  conic  portion 
of  the  skull  the  apex  of  which  is  at  the  pos- 
terior fontanel  and  the  base  of  which  is 
forpoed  by  the  bi parietal  and  trachelobreg- 
matic  diameters. 

Crantoxnetry  [kra  •  ne  -  om^ -  et  -  re)  [xpaWov^ 
skull;  fUrpoVf  a  measure].  The  ascertain- 
ment of  the  proportions  and  measurements 
of  skulls. 

Craniotabes  {Ara  -m-O'  ta'-  b€t\  [uptn/ov, 
skull ;  taberey  to  waste  away].  An  Atrophy 
of  the  cranial  bones  occurring  in  infancy, 
with  the  formation  of  small,  shallow,  conic 
pits  in  the  bone-substance.  Craniotabes 
results  from  rhachitis,  syphilis,  or  marasmus. 

Craniotomy  (kra  -  ne  -  at*-  o  •  mi)  [<cpav£ov, 
skull ;  TXi^iiy  a  cutting].  The  operation  of  re- 
ducing the  size  of  the  fetal  head  by  cutting 
or  breaking  it  up,  when  delivery  is  otherwise 
impossible.     C,  Linear.    See  Cranuctomy. 

Craniotjrmpanic  (kra  -nt-o-  tim  -  pan'-  ik) 
[xpav/ov,  the  skull;  tympanum\  Pertaining 
to  the  skull  and  the  tympanum. 

Cranium  {kra' -ne-um)  [icpovcov,  the  skull]. 
The  skull.  The  cavity  that  contains  toe 
brain,  its  membranes  and  vessels. 


CRASSAMENTUM 


CREST 


Cmssamentum  (kras-am-en^ -turn)  [L., 
thickness].     A  clot,  as  of  blood. 

Cravat  (kra-vat^)  [¥x.tcravate].  A  band- 
age of  triangular  shape,  used  as  a  temporary 
dressing  for  a  wound  or  fracture.  The  mid- 
dle b  applied  to  the  injured  part,  and  the 
ends  are  brought  around  and  tied. 

Cream  (krlm)  [cremor^  thick  juice  or  broth]. 
The  rich,  fat  part  of  milk.  C,  Cold.  See 
Rosa,     C.  of  Tartar.     See  Potassium, 

Crease  (kris)  [Celtic],  A  line  made  by  fold- 
ing.     C.,  Gluteofemoral.     See   C,  lUo- 

femoral.  C,  Ileofemoral,  is  the  crease 
that  bounds  the  buttock  below,  correspond- 
ing nearly  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  gluteus 
maximus  muscle.  It  is  of  supposed  signifi- 
cance in  the  diagnosis  of  hip-disease. 

Creasol  (Are^-as-ol)  [icpiag,  flesh  ;  oleum,  oil], 
CgHjqOy  One  of  the  principal  phenols  con- 
tained in  creosote.  It  is  formed  from  guaia- 
cttm-resin,  and  is  found  in  beech  wood-tar. 
It  is  a  colorless,  oily  liquid  of  an  agreeable 
odor  and  a  burning  taste,  boiling  at  220*^  C.  It 
is  very  similar  to  guaiacol. 

Creaaote  [Jkre^-o-sot),     See  Creosote. 

Creatin  (kre^at-in)  [npiaq^  flesh] ,  C^HgNgO,. 
A  neutral  organic  substance  that  occurs  m 
the  animal  oiganism,  especially  in  the  juice  of 
muscles. 

Creatinin  {kre-at^-in-in)  npiac,  flesh],  C^H,- 
N|0.  An  alkaline  substance,  a  normal  con- 
stituent of  urine.  It  crystallizes  in  rhombic 
prisms,  and  is  a  strong  base.  It  is  much  more 
soluble  than  creatin. 

Credo's  Method  {Jkra^-da).  A  method  of 
expelling  the  placenta  by  grasping  the  uterus 
firmly  through  the  abdominal  walls,  kneading 
it  to  excite  contraction,  and  then  pressing 
downward  toward  the  sacrum. 

Creroaster  (Jkre-mas^-ter)  [Kpefidetv,  to  sup- 
port]. The  muscle  that  draws  up  the  testis. 
Sec  Muscles,  Table  of. 

Cremasteric  (kre-mas'ter^-ik)  [KpefiAetv,  to 
Mtpport]>  Pertaining  to  the  cremaster  muscle. 
C.  Reflex.     See  Reflexes,  Table  of 

Cremation  [kre-ma* -shun)  \cremare,\.o\i\iXTi\. 
The  destruction  of  the  body  by  burning,  as 
distinguished  from  interment 

Cremor  (kre'-mor)  [cremor,  broth] .  Cream. 
Any  thick  substance  formed  on  the  surface  of 
a  liquid.    C.  tartari,  cream  of  tartar. 

Crenation  {Jtre-na^-sAun)  [crena^  a  notch]. 
A  notched  or  mulberry-like  appearance  of  the 
red  corpuscles  of  the  blood.  It  is  seen  when 
they  are  exposed  to  the  air  or  strong  saline 
solutions. 

Cretiothrix  (kren'-oth-riks)  [Kpfpni,  a  spring ; 
9p*f,  hair].  A  genus  of  Schizomycetes  the 
filaments  of  which  are  enveloped  in  a  gelatin- 
ous sheath. 

Creolin  (kre'-o-Hn)  [*¥>^af,  flesh;  oleum, 
oil].    A  coal  -tar  product  deprived  of  phenol. 


It  is  an  antiseptic  used  especially  as  a  douche 
in  obstetric  practice.  It  has  also  been  used 
in  a  solution  of  5  :  looo  for  irrigation  of  the 
bowel  in  dysentery  and  enterocolitis. 

Creosote,  or  Creosotum  (kre^-os-dt,  y-tum) 
[Kpiac,  flesh ;  aCt^ecv,  to  preserve].  The  pro- 
duct of  the  distillation  of  wood-tar,  consisting 
of  a  mixture  of  phenol -compounds.  It  is  af 
inflammable  oily  liquid,  differing  in  this 
respect  from  phenol.  It  does  not  coagu- 
late albumin  or  collodion.  Most  of  the 
commercial  creosote  consists  of  phenol  or 
contains  a  large  percentage  of  it.  'It  is 
valuable  for  its  antiseptic,  astringent,  styp- 
tic, anesthetic,  and  escharotic  properties.  It 
is  used  extensively  in  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 
Dose  n\,j-iij  (0.065-0.2).  Beechwood  Creo- 
sote is  best  for  internal  use.  Dosen\^j  (0.065). 
C,  Aqaa,  a  one  per  cent,  solution.  Dose 
f^j-iv  (4.0-16.0).  C,  Mistura  (B.P.). 
Dose  f3J-ij  (4.0-8.0).  C,  Unguentum 
(B.P.),  for  local  application.  C,  Vapor 
(B.P.),  for  inhalation. 

Crepitant  Uerep  ^  -  it  -  ant)  [crepitare,  to 
crackle].  Possessing  the  character  of  crepi- 
tus.   C.RAle.    See  Rale  Mnd  BreatA-souuds. 

Crepitation,  Crepitus  {krep  -it-a^-  shuuy 
krep^-it'us)  [crepitare,  to  crackle].  The 
grating  of  fractured  bones.  The  craclding  of 
the  joints.  The  noise  produced  by  pressure 
upon  tissues  containing  an  abnormal  amount 
of  air  or  gas,  as  in  cellular  emphysema.  Also 
the  sound  heard  at  the  end  of  inspiration  in 
the  first  stage  of  croupous  pneumonia.  It 
closely  resembles  the  sound  produced  by  rub- 
bing the  hair  between  the  hngers  held  close 
to  the  ear.  C,  Redux,  a  crepitant  rille  heard 
in  pneumonia  during  the  stage  of  resolution ; 
usually  the  first  manifestation  of  the  recession 
of  the  disease. 

Crescent  (kres^-ent)  [crescere,  to  grow].  I 
Sickle-shaped,  or  shaped  like  the  new  moon. 
2.  A  name  given  to  one  form  of  the  malarial 
hematozoon.  C.  of  Gianuxzi,  groups  of 
deeply  staining  cells  in  the  acinus  of  a  gland, 
pusned  to  one  side  by  the  secreting  cells,  and 
probably  representing  exhausted  cells.  C. 
Myopic.    See  Myopia,, 

Cresol  (kre^'sol)  [Kpkaq,  flesh;  oleum, 
oil],  C^HgO,.  Cresylic  acid ;  a  body  obtained 
from  the  distillation  of  coal-tar.  It  is 
a  colorless,  caustic  liquid,  with  properties 
similar  to  those  of  phenol,  but  b  superior  as  ' 
an  antiseptic.     Unof. 

Crest  (krest)  [crista,  a  crest],  A  ridge  or 
linear  prominence,  especially  of  bone.  C, 
Frontal,  a  ridge  along  the  middle  Ime  of  the 
internal  surface  of  the  frontal  bone.  C.  of 
Ilium,  the  thickened  and  expanded  upper 
border  of  the  ilium.  C,  Lacrymal,  a 
vertical  ridge  dividing  the  external  surface  of 
the  lacrymal  bone  into  two  parts.     C,  Nasal^ 


CRETA 


CROUP 


t  crest  on  the  internal  border  of  the  nasal 
bone  and  forming  part  of  the  septum  of  the 
nose.  C,  Occipital,  a  vertical  ridge  on 
the  external  surface  of  the  occipital  bone 
extending  from  the  occipital  protuberance 
to  the  foramen  magnum.  C.  of  Pubes, 
a  crest  extending  from  the  spine  to  the  inner 
extremity  of  the  pubes.  C.  of  Tibia,  the 
prominent  border  or  ridge  on  the  front  of  the 
tibia ;  the  shin.  C,  Turbinated,  a  promin- 
ent horizontal  ridge  on  the  internal  siurface  of 
the  palate  bone. 

Creta  (hr^faA)  [L.J.  Chalk.  Native  cal- 
dam  carbonate.  (;.,  Mistura,  consists  of 
C,  pulv.  cretse.  comp.20,  cinnamon^ water  40, 
water  40.  It  is  used  in  diarrhea.  Dose  f  I  ss 
(16.0).  C.  preparata,  chalk  freed  from  im- 
porities  by  washing.  Dose  gr.  v-xx  (0.32- 
1.3).  C,  Pulv.,  Aromat.  (B.  P.).  Dosegr. 
x-3j  (0.65-4.0).  C,  Pulv.,  Comp.,  com- 
pound chalk -powder,  consists  of  C.  prep.  30, 
acacia  ao,  sugar  50.  Dose  gr.  v-^j  (0.32- 
4.0).  C,  Trochiaci,  each  contains  prepared 
chalk  gr.  iv,  acacia  gr.  j,  sugar  gr.  vj,  with  a 
little  nutmeg. 

Cretin  (irv^-Ait)  [Fr.,  ctMm,  a  simple-minded 
person].     A  person  affected  with  cretinism. 

Cretiniam  (kre^-tin-iMm)  [Fr.,  critin^  a  sim- 
ple-minded person].  A  congenital  disease, 
characterixed  by  absence  of  the  thyroid  gland, 
diminutireness  of  size,  thickness  of  neck, 
shortness  of  arms  and  legs,  prominence  of 
abdomen,  large  size  of  face,  thickness  of  lips, 
large  and  protruding  tongue,  and  imbecility 
or  idiocy.  It  occurs  endemically  in  the 
goitrous  districts  of  Switzerland,  and  spo- 
radically in  other  parts  of  Europe  and  in 
America.  Lack  of  the  secretion  of  the  thy- 
roid gland  seems  to  be  the  cause. 

Cretinoid  (kre^ -tin-aid)  [crMn,  a  simple- 
minded  personl.  I.  Resembling  a  cretin; 
resembling  cretinism.  2.  A  person  who  re- 
sembles a  cretin.  C.  State,  the  morbid 
state  presented  by  a  sufferer  from  cretinism ; 
cretinism. 

Cribriform  (kriy -re-form)  [crihrum^  a  sieve ; 
forma^  form].  Perforated  like  a  sieve,  as 
the  cribriform  plate  of  the  ethmoid  bone. 

Crico-  {kri'-ko-)  [xpUoc,  a  ring].  A  prefix 
denoting  connection  with  the  cricoid  cartilage. 

Cricoid  (kri'-koiti)  [Kpixo^^  a  ring;  ki6o^^ 
form].  Ring-shaped.  C.  Cartilage,  the 
ring-shaped  cartilage  of  the  lanmx. 

Cricotb^oid  (kri-co-thi^-roid)  iKpUo^,  a  ring; 
dvpeoetd^,  shield -shaped].  Pertaining  to  the 
cricoid  and  th3rroid  cartilages.  C.  Artery, 
a  small  branch  of  the  superior  thyroid,  cross- 
ing the  cricothyroid  membrane.  C.  Mem- 
brane, a  ligamentous  membrane  that  lies 
between  the  cricoid  and  thyroid  cartilages. 
C.  Muscle.     See  Muscles,  Table  of. 

Critit  {Jkri^'Sis)  [«p^cf ,  a  decisive  point].    A 


turning-point,  as  that  of  a  disease,  fever, 
especially  the  sudden  favorable  termination 
of^  the  acute  symptoms  of  an  infectious 
disease.  C,  Gastric,  attacks  of  intense, 
paroxjrsmal  pain  in  the  abdomen,  often  at- 
tended with  vomiting.  They  occur  in  loco- 
motor ataxia. 

CrisU  (kris^-iah)  [L.],  Crest.  C.  acua- 
tica,  a  yellow  elevation  projecting  into  the 
equator  of  the  ampulla  of  the  ear.  C.  galli, 
cock's  crest,  the  superior  triangular  process 
of  the  ethmoid  bone. 

Crith  (krith)  [upSfj,  barieycom].  The  as- 
sumed unit  of  mass  for  gases.  It  is  the 
weight  of  one  liter  of  hydrogen,  which  is 
.0896  of  a  gram  or  1.37  grains. 

Critical  (krit^-ik-al)  [x^ic,  a  decisive  point]. 
Pertaining  to  a  crisis. 

Crocus  ijkro'-kus)  [KpdKoq,  crocus,  saflfron]. 
Saffron.  The  stigmata  of  the  flowers  of  C. 
sativus.  It  is  an  aromatic  stimulant,  em- 
menagogue,  and  antispasmodic.  C,  Tinct., 
10  per  cent,  in  strength.  Dose  f  .^  j-ij  (4.0- 
8.0J ;  of  the  drug,  gr.  v-xx  (0.32-1.3), 
in  infusion. 

Cross-birth.  Shoulder-presentation,  or  other 
presentation  requiring  version.  C.-eye. 
See  Strabismm.  C. -legged  Progression. 
a  method  of  walking  in  which  one  fool  ge<s 
over  or  in  front  of  the  other. 

Crossed  (krosd)  [crux,  a  cross].  Having 
the  shape  of  a  cross.  Aflecting  alternate 
sides  of  the  body.  C.  Anesthesia.  See 
Anesthesia,  C.  Hemiplegia.  See  C. 
Paralysis.  C.  Paralysis.  See  Paralysis. 
C.  Reflexes,  reflex  movements  on  one  side 
of  the  body  excited  by  stimulation  of  a  part 
on  the  opposite  side. 

Crotchet  (kroch'-et)  \}JiY..,  crochett,  a  little 
hook].  A  hook  used  in  extracting  the  fetus 
after  craniotomy. 

Croton  {Jkr</-t<m)  [Kpdruv,  a  tick].  A  great 
genus  of  euphorbiaceous  plants.  C.  eleu- 
tena,  yields  cascarilla.  C.  tiglium.  See 
Tiglium.  C.  Chloral.  See  Chloral  buty- 
licum.     C.  Oil.     See  Tiglium. 

Croup  {kroop)  [AS.,  inJ/<wf,  to  cry  aloud]. 
Membranous  croup ;  pseudomembranous 
croup ;  true  croup ;  a  disease  of  the  larynx 
and  trachea  of  children,  {)rominent  symp- 
toms of  which  are  a  harsh  **  croupy  *'  cough, 
and  difficulty  in  breathing  ;  it  is  oiften  accom- 
panied by  the  development  of  a  membranous 
deposit  or  exudate  upon  the  parts.  It  is 
usually  caused  by  the  diphtheria-bacillus, 
sometimes  by  other  microorganisms.  C, 
Catarrhal,  a  simple  non-contagious  mflaro- 
mation  of  the  larynx  accompanied  by  the  form- 
ation of  membrane.  C,  False,  a  spasm  of 
the  muscles  of  the  larynx  with  a  slight 
inflammation.     C,   Spasmodic.    See    C* 


CRUCIAL 


CULwDESAC 


Crucial  {kru'-skal)  [crux^  a  cross].  Re- 
sembling or  pertaining  to  a  cross,  as  a  crucial 
incision. 

Crura  (kru'-rah)  [plural  of  cms,  a  leg].  See 
Crus. 

Crural  {kru^-ral)  [crus^  a  leg].  Pertaining 
to  the  thigh.  C.  Arch.  See  Ligament. 
C.  Hernia,  femoral  hernia.  C.  Ruig,  the 
femoral  ring  ;  the  upper  opening  of  the  fem- 
oral canal,  bounded  in  nront  by  Poupart's 
ligament  and  the  deep  crural  arch,  behind  by 
(he  pubis,  internally  by  Gimbemat's  ligament, 
externally  by  a  fibrous  band  separating  it  from 
the  femoral  vein. 

Crureus  (kru'-re-us)  [L.].  One  of  the  mus- 
cles of  the  thigh. 

Crus  (krus)  [L.].  A  leg,  limb,  or  support 
C.  ccrebelli,  any  one  of  the  cerebellar  pe- 
duncles. C.  cerebri,  either  of  the  two 
peduncles  connecting  the  cerebrum  with  the 
pons.  C.  of  the  Diaphragm,  either  of  the 
two  fibromuscular  bands  arising  in  front  of 
the  vertebrae  and  inserted  into  the  central 
tendon  of  the  diaphragm.  C.  of  the 
Penis,  the  corpus  cavemosum. 

Cnisocreatinin  (krH-so-kre-at^-in-in),  CjHg- 
N4O.  A  leukomain,  isolated  from  muscle- 
tissue. 

Crust  (krust\  [crmta].  A  covering,  espe- 
cially a  dried  exudate  on  the  skin. 

Cnista  (krus^-tah)  [L.  a  crust].  The  infe- 
rior portion  of  the  crus  cerebri.  C.  pc- 
trosa,  a  thin  layer  of  bone  covering  the 
fang  of  a  tooth.  C.  phlogistica,  the  yellow- 
ish layer  of  the  upper  stratum  of  a  blood-clot 
coagulating  slowly. 

Crutch-paralysis.  Paralysis  of  an  upper 
extremity  due  to  the  pressure  of  the  crutch- 
head  upon  the  nerves  of  the  axilla,  especially 
the  musculospiral  nerve. 

Cruveilhier's  Disease.    See  Diseases,  Table 

Crypt  {kript)  [itpinrr^,  hidden].  A  small 
sac  or  follicle.  Crypts  of  tlieberkiihn, 
minute  tubular  depressions  of  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  small  intestine. 

Cryptocephalus  {krip-to-sef' -al-us)  [x^wwrr^Jf, 
hidden ;  xe^^,  head].  A  fetal  monster 
with  an  hnperfectly  formed  and  concealed 
bead. 

Cryptophthalmos  (krip-toff-thal* -mos)  [xpwr- 
r^,  hidden;  6^i6aXfi6c,  the  eye].  I.  Con- 
genital union  of  the  eyelids,  usually  over  im- 
perfect eyes.  2.  A  person  who  has  congeni- 
tal onion  of  the  eyelids. 

Cryptopin  (krip^ -to-pin\  [xpV7rT($c,  hidden; 
bmtmi,  opiuroij,  C^H— NO5.  One  of  the  alka- 
loids of  opium,  colorless  and  odorless.  It  is 
said  to  be  anodyne  and  hypnotic,  but  it  is  less 
•afe  than  roorphin.     Dose,  ^  gr.  (0.008). 

Cryptorcbid,  or  Cryptorchis  {krtp-tor^ -kid, 
•Jbs)  [KpvTrrdi,  hidden ;  dpxitt  testicle].     A 


person  with  retained  testicles,  1.  e.,  not  de- 
scended into  the  scrotum. 

Crystal  {kris^-tal)  [xpCxrraAAof,  clear  ice]. 
In  chemistry,  a  substance  that  assumes  a 
definite  geometric  fomk  C.  Charcot-Ley- 
den,  C.  Charcot's,  minute  colorless  crystals 
found  in  the  sputa  of  asthma  and  bronchitis, 
and  in  other  conditions.  They  consist  of 
spermin. 

Crystallin  {kris^ -tal-in)  [x/j^oraAXof,  clear 
ice].     The  globulin  of  the  crystalline  lens. 

Crystalline  {kris'-tal-in  or  -In)  [xpi'ffroA^, 
crystal].  Like  a  crystal.  C.  Lens.  See 
Lens. 

Crystallization  (kris-tal-ik-a'-shunS  [xpixr- 
ra'K}^^,  ice].  The  process  by  wnich  the 
molecules  of  a  substance  arrange  them- 
selves in  geometric  forms  when  passing  from 
a  graseous  or  a  liquid  to  a  solid  state.  C, 
Water  of,  the  water  of  salts  that  cannot  be 
extracted  without  destruction  of  their  crystal- 
line nature. 

Cubeb,  or  Cubeba  (ku'-beb,  or  ku-be^bak) 
[Pers.,  ka-baba,  cubeb].  The  unripe  fruit 
of  C  officinalis,  cultivated  in  Java.  Its 
properties  are  due  to  a  volatile  oil,  C,}H,4, 
and  an  organic  acid.  It  is  an  aromatic 
stimulant,  diuretic  in  small  doses,  and  is 
useful  in  affections  of  the  bladder  and  ure- 
thra. It  is  also  employed  in  catarrh  of  the 
air-passages,  etc.  Dose  gr.  ^-jij  (0.65-8.0). 
C,  Ext.,  Fid.,  alcoholic.  Dose  TT\,v-xxx 
(o.32-2.o\.  COleoresina,  ethereal.  Dose 
T»\,v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  C,  Oleum,  the  volatile 
oil.  Dose  TT\,v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  C,  Tinct., 
10  Dcr  cent,  in  strength.  Dose  n\,x-f3iij 
(0.65-12.0).  C,  Trochisci,  oleoresin  gr. 
^,  oil  of  sassafras  gr.  ^yjy*  ^^^'  ^^  glycjrrrhiza 
gr.  iv,  acacia  gr.  ij,  syr.  of  tolu  q.s.,  in  each 
troche.     Dose  j-iij. 

Cubebic  Kz\A(ku-heb'-ik)  lcubeb\  CigHj^O,. 
A  resinous  acid  body  from  cubebs  ;  actively 
diuretic  and  cathartic.     Unof. 

Cubebin  (ku-beb'-in)  [cubeb],  C,oH,pOj.  An 
odorless  crystalline  substance  obtained  from 
cubebs. 

Cubitus  (ku^'bi'lus)  [cubitus,  the  elbow]. 
The  forearm. 

Cutx>id  {ku^'boid)  [id'po^f  cube;  eWoc,  re- 
semblance]. Resembling  a  cube.  C.  Bone, 
a  bone  of  the  foot  situated  at  the  outer  ante- 
rior part  of  the  tarsus. 

Cuca  {ko(/-kah).     See  Erythroxylon, 

Cucumber,  Squirting.     See  Eiaterium. 

Cuirass  (kweras^)  [Fr.].  A  close-fitting  or 
immovable  bandage  for  the  front  o(  the  chest. 
C.  Cancer,  a  large,  flat,  carcinomatous 
growth  upon  the  front  of  the  chest. 

Cul  de  sac,  or  preferably,  Culdesac  (kul'-de- 
sak)  [Fr.].  A  closed  or  •*  blind"  pouch 
or  sac.  Douglas's  C,  a  pouch  between 
the  anterior  wall  of  the  rectum  and  the 


CULEX 


CURRENT 


po6terior  wall  of  the  atenis,  fonned  by  the  re- 
flexion of  the  peritoneum. 
Culez  (ku'-Uks)  [L.,  m  gnat].  A  mosquito. 
Culture  {kui'-chUr)  [coUre,  to  till].  The 
growth  of  microorganisms  on  artificial  media. 
The  act  of  cultivating  microorganisms  on  arti- 
ficial media.  C,  Hanging-drop,  a  culture 
in  which  the  microorganism  is  inoculated  into 
a  drop  of  fluid  on  a  cover-glass  and  the  latter  is 
inverted  over  a  glass  slide  having  a  central 
concavity.  C.  Media,  certain  substances 
used  for  cultivating  bacteria.  They  are  either 
liquid  or  solid,  bouillon  and  milk  being  the 
important  liquid,  *  and  gelatin,  agar-agar, 
blood-serum,  and  potato,  the  principal  solid 
media.  C,  Plate,  a  culture  of  bacteria  on 
a  medium  spread  upon  a  flat  plate  or  in  a 
double  dish.  C,  Pure,  a  culture  of  a  sin- 
gle microorganism.  C,  Stab,  one  in  which 
Uie  medium  is  inoculated  by  means  of  a  needle 
bearing  the  microorganisms,  and  which  is  in- 
serted deep  down  into  the  medium. 
Cumulative  (ku'-mu-ia-tivS  [cumulare^  to 
heap  up].  Increasing ;  adaing  to.  C.  Ac- 
tion, or  Effect,  the  production  of  a  marked 
and  sudden  resuh,  after  the  administration  of 
a  considerable  number  of  comparatively  in- 
effective doses. 
Cundurango  {kun-duran'-go).    See  Condu- 

rango. 
Cuneate    (ht^-nt-Ai)    \cuneus^    a    wedge]. 
Wedge-shaped. 
CuneUbrm  \kune' -if-orm)  \cune%ts^  a  wedge ; 
forma^  shape].    Wedge-shaped,  cuneate.    C. 
Bones,  three  wedge-shaped  hemes  at  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  tarsus.   C.  Columns.  See 
Coiumm  tf  Burdock. 
Cuneus  (ku^-m-ui)  [L. ,  a  wedge].  A  wedge- 
shaped  convolution  on  the  mesial  aspect  of 
the  occipital  lobe. 

Cuniculus  {htmiJt^-M'/ms)  [L.].  The  bur- 
row of  the  itch-insecL 

Cup  (kup)  [AS.,  fu/^, a  cupT.  I.  To  bleed. 
2.  A  cupping-glass.  C,  i>ry,  a  cup  for 
merely  drawing  the  blood  to  the  surface.  C, 
Pavus,  a  depression  in  a  favus-scale  sur- 
rounding a  hair.  C,  Glaucomatous,  a 
deep  depression  in  the  optic  papilla  seen  in 
cases  of  glaucoma.  C,  Physiologic,  the 
normal  concavity  of  the  optic  papilla.  C, 
Wet,  a  cup  for  abstracting  blood  through  in- 
cisions in  the  skin. 
Cuphosis  (ku-fi/-sii).  See  Kyphosis. 
Cupped  (kupt)  [AS.,  rM/^,  a  cup].  Having 
the  upper  surface  depressed ;  applied  to  the 
coagulum  of  blood  after  phlebotomy.  C. 
Disc,  excavation  of  the  optic  papilla,  nor- 
mally present  in  slight  degree,  but  pathologic 
if  excessive. 

Cupping  (kufi'-ing)  [AS. ,  cuppe,  a  cup].  A 
method  of  blooddenvation  by  means  of  the 
application  of  cupping-glasses  to  the  surface 


of  the  body.  C,  Dry,  a  form  of  counter- 
irritation  in  which  the  blood  b  drawn  to  the 
surface  by  means  of  a  cup.  This  is  used 
mainly  in  inflammatory  affections  of  the  lung. 
C.-giass,  a  small  bell-shaped  glass  capable 
of  holding  three  to  four  ounces,  m  which  the 
air  is  rarefied  either  by  heat  or  exhaustion, 
and  the  glass  applied  to  the  skin,  either  with 
or  ^thout  scarification  of  the  latter.  C^ 
Wet,  with  the  abstraction  of  blood  after 
scarification. 

Cuprum  (ku'prum)  [L.].    See  Copper. 

Cura9ao  {kU'ra-$o'\  [Island of  Curafao^  north 
of  Venezuela].  A  cordial  or  elixir  prepared 
from  brandy,  and  flavored,  principally  with 
orange-peel.  It  is  used  as  a  vehicle  for  cer- 
tain medicines. 

CMTWi^otL  (ku'ras-o^-ah).     See  Curasao. 

Curara,  Curare,  Curari  (koo-rak^-mht  koo- 
rah^-ree,  koo-rah'-re)  [S.  Am.].  Woorara. 
A  vegetable  extract  obtained  from  PaulHnia 
curare  and  certain  members  of  the  Strychnos 
family.  It  is  a  powerful  paralyzant  of  the 
motor  nerves  and  of  the  volunUry  muscles. 
Its  active  principle  is  curarin,  C,qH.jN; 
dose  p.  ,to-ito,  hypodermically.  It  is 
used  m  S.  America  and  elsewhere  as  an 
arrow-poison.  Toxic  doses  cause  death  by 
paralysb  of  the  organs  of  respiration.  It  has 
been  reported  effectual  in  cases  of  hydropho- 
bia and  tetanus.  Dose  by  hypodermic  injec- 
tion gr.  -^^  (0.003-0.01 ).  For  hypodermic 
injection  a  solution  of  5  grains  in  60  minims 
is  employed.     Dose  n\,  j-vj  (0.065-0.4). 

Curcuma  (ker'-ku-mah)  [L.].  Turmeric. 
The  rhizome  of  Curcuma  hnga  of  India.  Its 
action  is  similar  to  that  of  ginger.  It  is  em- 
ployed as  a  yellow  dye ;  in  chemistry,  as  a 
test  for  alkalies,  which  turn  it  brown  ;  and  in 
pharmacy,  occasionally,  to  color  ointments 
and  other  preparations. 

Curd  (kcrd)  [ME.,  curd,  curds] .  The  coag- 
ulum of  milk  that  separates  on  tne  addition  of 
rennet  or  an  acid  to  milk. 

Cure  {kUr)  [cura,  care].  The  successful 
treatment  of  a  disease;  also,  a  system  of 
treatment,  as  Fait h- cure,  Mind'Curt,  Grape- 
cure,  Water-cure  (see  Hydropathy),  Uuni^er- 
cure.  Rest-cure,  etc.  C,  Potato,  a  method 
of  treating  foreign  bodies  in  the  alimentary 
tract  by  the  ingestion  of  mashed  potatoes. 
The  body  becomes  imbedded  in  the  potato- 
mass  that  is  formed. 

Curet  or  Curette  {hu-ret^)  [Fr.].  An  instru- 
ment shaped  like  a  spoon  or  scoop,  for  scrap- 
ing away  exuberant  or  dead  tissue. 

Currant- jelly  Clot.  A  soft,  red  clot  seen 
post-mortem  in  the  heart  and  blood-vessels. 

Current  {hur^-ent\  [currcre,  to  run].  A 
term  applied  to  the  transference  of  cjectric 
force,  which  is  likened  to  the  flow  of  a  liquid 
in  a  tube.     C,  After,  a  current  produced  in 


CURSCHMANN'S  SPIRALS 


CYDONIUM 


nervous  or  muscular  tissue  when  a  constant 
current  which  has  been  flowing  through  the 
same  has  been  stopped.  C,  Alternating, 
a  term  applied  to  a  current  which,  by  mealns 
of  an  interrupter,  is  alternately  direct  and  re- 
verse. C,  Ascending,  the  current  formed 
by  placing  the  positive  electrode  upon  the 
periphery  of  a  nerve  and  the  negative  higher 
up  on  the  trunk  of  the  nerve,  or  on  the  sur- 
face over  the  nerve-center  in  the  spinal  cord. 
C,  Battery,  a  galvanic  current.  C,  Cen- 
trifugal, a  descending  current.  C,  Centri- 
petal, an  ascending  current.  C,  Constant, 
See  C,  Continuous,  C,  Continuous,  a 
constant,  uninterrupted  current  in  one  direc- 
tion. C,  Derived,  a  current  drawn  off  by  a 
derivation-wire  from  the  main  current.  C. , 
Descending',  one  passing  through  a  nerve 
centrifugally,  the  anode  being  placed  proxi- 
mally,  the  cathode  distally.  C,  Direct,  a  cur- 
rent constant  in  direction,  in  contradistinction 
to  an  alternating  current.  C,  Faradic,  the 
current  produced  by  an  induction-coil,  or  by  a 
magnetoelectric  machine.  C,  Galvanic,  a 
current  generated  by  the  decomposition  of 
acidulat^  water  by  means  of  metallic  plates. 
C,  Induced.  S^^C.y  Secondary.  C,  Inter- 
rupted, a  current  that  is  alternately  opened 
and  closed.  C,  Labile,  a  current  applied 
while  moving  one  or  both  electrodes  over  the 
surface  treated.  C,  Reversed,  that  pro- 
duced by  changing  the  poles.  C,  Secon- 
dary, momentary  currents  produced  in  a  coil 
of  insulated  wire,  introduced  within  the  Beld 
of  another  coil,  when  the  circuit  is  made  or 
broken  in  die  second  coil.  C,  Stabile,  a 
current  applied  with  both  electrodes  in  a 
fixed  position.  C,  Voltaic,  the  continuous 
current 

Curschmann's  Spirals.  Spiral  threads  of 
mucin  contained  in  the  small,  thick  pel- 
lets that  are  expectorated  during  an  asthmatic 
paroxysm.  They  are  supposed  to  be  casts 
of  the  bronchioles,  and  contain  Charcot- 
Lejrden  crystals  and  eosinophile  cells. 

Curvature  {Jtut^-va/-ar)  Xcuruare^  to  curve]. 
A  bending  or  curving.  C.,  Angular.  See 
SfiondyiUis.  C,  Pott's,  angular  curvature 
of  the  spine,  with  a  posterior  projection. 
C.  of  Spine,  a  bending  of  the  vertebral 
column. 

Cttscamin  (kus^-kam-in).  A  crystalline  sub- 
stance found  in  cinchona. 

Cusp  (kusp)  [cuspis,  a  point].  The  eminence 
OD  the  crown  of  a  tooth. 

Cusso  {Jkuj^'oS,     See  Br  ay  era. 

Cutaneous  (ku-ta'-ne-us)  [rii/tr,  the  skin]. 
Pertaining  to  the  skin.  C.  Emphysema. 
See  Emphysema.  C.  Respiration,  the 
transpiration  of  gases  through  the  skin. 

Cuticle  {M'HJk'7)  [dim.  of  cutis,  the  skin]. 
Tbc  epidermis  or  scarf-skin. 


Cutis  {ku^-iis)  [L.].  The  derma,  or  true 
skin.  C.  anserina.  See  Goose-skin.  C. 
testacea,  a  variety  of  seborrhea  in  which 
the  trunk  and  extensor  surfaces  of  the  ex- 
tremities are  covered  with  large,  thick  plates 
of  greasy,  inspissated  sebiun,  usually  greenish 
or  blackish,  from  accumulation  of  diut  upon 
them.  C.  unctuosa.  Sjmonym  of  Sebor- 
rhea. 

Cutisector  {ku-te'Sek^-tor)[cutisj  skin  ;  sector , 
a  cutter].  An  instrument  for  taking  small 
sections  of  skin  from  the  living  subject. 

Cutol  (ku'-toi).  Aluminum  boricotanni- 
cum.  A  powder,  insoluble  in  water,  used  in 
dermatology. 

Cyanic  (si-an^ih)  [tAavo^,  blue].  Blue  or 
bluish.     C.  Acid.     See  Acid,  Cyanic. 

Cyanid  (si^-an-id )  [«rf>avof ,  blue] .  Any  com- 
pound of  cyanogen  with  a  metal  or  a  radicle. 
Most  of  the  cyanids  are  actively  poisonous. 

Cyanogen  (si'an^'0-jen)l^Kl'avoc,  blue ;  yewav, 
to  produce].  A  radicle  having  the  structure 
CN,  an  acid  compound  of  carbon  and  nitro- 
gen, existing  as  a  colorless,  combustible  gas ; 
it  is  exceedingly  poisonous. 

Cyanosis  (si-an-o^-sis)  [xixivof,  blue].  A 
bluish  discoloration  of  the  skin  from  de- 
ficient oxidation  of  the  blood  caused  by  local 
or  general  circulatory  disturbances.  C, 
Congenital,  blue  disease;  cyanosis  due 
to  a  congenital  lesion  of  the  heart  or  the 
great  vessels. 

Cyclic  (5i''klii)[KVKktK6^t  circular].  Having 
cycles  or  periods  of  exacerbation  or  change ; 
intermittent.  C.  Albuminuria.  See  Albu- 
minuria.     C.  Insanity.     See  Insanity. 

Cyclitis  (si'kli'-tis)  [/ci^icAof ,  a  circle  ;  <r<c, 
inflammation].  Inniunmation  of  the  ciliary 
body,  manifested  by  a  zone  of  congestion  in 
the  sclerotic  coat  surrounding  the  cornea. 
It  may  be  serous,  plastic,  or  suppurative. 
Iridocyclitis,  the  involvement  of  both  iris 
and  ciliary  body  in  the  inflammatory  process. 

Cyclocephalus  (si-klo-sef'-al-us)  [ic6/«Aof,  a 
circle;  tat^akij,  head].  A  species  of  single 
autositic  monsters  characterized  by  a  more 
or  less  complete  absence  of  the  olfactory 
organs,  together  with  an  intimate  union  of 
imperfectly  developed  or  rudimentary  visual 
organs,  situated  in  the  median  line. 

Cycloplegia  (si-klople^-je  ah)\Ki)Kko^^  circle ; 
^^^TT^t  a  stroke].  Paralysis  of  the  ciliary 
muscle  of  the  eye. 

Cyclops  (si^-klops)  [<ri;/cAof ,  circle  ;  &V»,  eye] . 
A  congenital  maJformation  consisting  in  a 
fusion  of  the  two  eyes  into  one. 

Cyclotomy  (siklot^-o-me)  [k{»kAo?,  circle ; 
rofiij,  section].  An  operation  for  the  relief 
of  glaucoma,  consisting  of  an  incision  through 
the  ciliary  body. 

Cydonium  (si-do^ -ne-um)\KvACrvioVy  a  quince]. 
Quince-seed.     The  seeds  of  C.  vu^ris,  em- 


CYESIS 


CYSTOSCOPE 


> 


ployed  mainly  for  the  mucilage  contained  in 
the  covering,  which  consists  of  a  compound 
of  gum  and  glucose.  C,  Mucilage,  quince- 
seeds  2,  macerated  in  water  loo  parts,  is  a 
bland  demulcent,  and  is  used  as  a  hair- dress- 
ing. 

Cyesis  (si-e^-sis)  [Kbjfoic,  pregnancy].  Preg- 
nancy. 

Cyetic  (st-€t^-ik)  [«w7r«<5c,  pregnant].  Re- 
lating to  pregnancy. 

Cylinder  (si/^-in-t/^r)  [ ^{fXivJpof ,  a  cylin- 
der].    See  Lffu. 

Cylindroid  (sii'-in-droid)  [lA^vdpoCt  cylin- 
der ;  tl6o^f  likeness].  A  name  given  to  a 
mucous  cast  frequently  found  in  the  urine  in 
cases  of  mild  irritation  of  the  kidney.  Cylin- 
droids  are  ribbon-like  forms,  usually  of  great 
length,  and  of  about  the  same  diameter  as 
renal  casts.  They  may  assume  various 
shapes.  One  extremity  is  usually  pointed 
and  may  be  drawn  out  into  a  long  tail. 

Cylindroma  [sil-in-dry -mah  )  [lATuvdpo^^  a 
cylinder].  A  myxosarcoma  in  which  Uie 
degeneration  b  confined  to  areas  surrounding 
the  blood-vessels. 

Cynanche  (sin-ang^ -ke)  [icC^v,  a  dog;  ay- 
Xtiv,  to  strangle].  An  old  name  for  any 
acute  affection  of  the  throat,  as  diphtheria, 
croup,  tonsillitis,  etc. ,  in  which  the  patient 
struggles  for  breath  (as  a  pcmting  dog).  C. 
maligna,  a  fatal  form  of  sore-throat.  C. 
suffocativa.  Synonym  of  Croup,  C. 
tonsillaris.     See  Quinsy. 

Cynanthropia  {sin-an-thro'-pe-ah)  [irf'wv, 
dog ;  hy^fKmw:^^  a  man].  A  mania  in  which 
the  patient  believes  himself  a  dog,  and  imi- 
tates the  actions  of  one. 

C3mic  {sin'-ik)  [icwiJttJf,  dog- like].  Pertain- 
ing to  a  dog.  C.  Spasm,  a  contraction  of 
the  facial  muscles  upon  one  side,  so  as  to  ex- 
pose the  teeth  in  the  manner  of  an  angry  dog. 

Cynurenic  Acid  (nn-u-ren' ik)  [ic^,  a 
dog;  wpav^  urine],  CjqHj^NjO^ -f- 2H,0. 
A  crystalline  acid  found  m  dog's  urine. 
It  is  a  decomposition-product  of  proteids. 
On  heating  it  cjmurin  is  evolved. 

Cypripedium  (sip  -  re -pe' -de -urn)  [icW/iMf, 
Venus;  Trdcf «w,  a  slipper].  Lady's  slipper. 
The  roots  of  C  pubescens  and    C.  parvi- 

florum^  American  valerian,  the  properties  of 
which  are  due  to  a  volatile  oil  and  acid.  It 
is  an  antispasmodic  and  stimulant  tonic,  used 
instead  of  valerian,  which  it  resembles.  C, 
Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  n\,x-xxx  (0.65-2.0). 
Unof. 

Cyrtoroeter  (sir-torn^ -et-er)  [icvpr^f,  curved; 
fikxpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument  adapted 
for  measuring  curves.  One  form  b  used  to 
locate  the  fissures  of  the  brain. 

Cyst  {sist)  [lAartq^  a  pouch].  A  cavity  con- 
taining fluid  and  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 
C,  BuxhL  See  Hemaioma,  C,  Cutaneous. 


See  C,  Dermoid.  C,  Daughter,  anyone 
of  the  small  cysts  developed  by  secondary 
growth  from  the  walls  of  a  large  cyst.  C, 
Dentigerous,  one  containing  teeth.  C, 
Dermoid,  a  congenital  cyst  containing  bone, 
hair,  teeth,  etc.  C,  Echinococcus,  a  cyst 
formed  in  various  tissues  and  organs  of  man 
by  the  larva  of  the  Taenia  echinococcus  of  the 
dog,  taken  into  the  stomach.  C,  Extra- 
vasation, a  cyst  formed  by  the  encapsula- 
tion of  a  hemorrhage  into  the  tissues.  C, 
Follicular,  one  due  to  the  occlusion  of  the  duct 
of  a  small  follicle  or  gland.  C,  Hydatid. 
See  C,  Echinococcus.  C,  Meibomian.  See 
Chalanon.  C,  Mucous,  a  retention-cyst 
containing  mucus.  C,  Multilocular,  one 
composed  of  many  separate  compartments. 
C,  Retention,  one  that  is  due  to  the  reten- 
tion of  the  secretion  of  a  gland,  in  conse- 
quence of  closure  of  the  duct,  as  in  mucous  or 
sebaceous  cysts.  C,  Sebaceous,  a  reten- 
tion-cyst of  a  sebaceous  gland.  C,  Soften- 
ing, one  due  to  encapsulation  of  the 
fluid  after  liquefaction-necrosis.  C,  Sub- 
lingual. See  Hanuhs.  C,  Unilocular,  one 
having  but  a  single  cavity. 

Cystadenoma  {sisi-ad-en-o'-mak)  [c{iori(, 
cyst ;  a<^,  gland  ;  d/ia,  a  tumor].  An  ad- 
enoma containing  cysts. 

Cystalgia  hist-al' -je-ah)  [lAari^^  bladder; 
dX)t>f,  pain].     Pain  in  Uie  oladder. 

Csrstic  (sist^'ik)  [Kixrru:,  bladder].  I.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  cyst.  2.  Pertaining 
to  the  urinary  bladder  or  the  gall-bladder. 

Cysticercus  (sis-te-ser'-kus)  [irfxfrif ,  a  blad- 
der ;  icipM^,  a  tail] .  The  embryo  of  a  tape- 
worm when  it  has  reached  the  encysted  stage. 
An  hydatid.  C.  cellulosie,  the  larval  parasite 
inhabiting  the  intermuscular  connective  tissue 
of  the  pig,  producing  the  condition  known 
as  **  measles."  It  b  rarely  found  in  the 
tissues  of  man.  Its  progenitor  is  the  tsenia 
solium. 

Cystin  (sis/^-in)  [nhertCf  bladder],  C,H,N- 
SO,.  A  substance  found  in  the  urine.  It 
occurs  in  regular,  colorless,  six-sided  tables, 
of  very  characteristic  appearance. 

Cystinuria  {sist-in-u' -re-ah)  [ic^'^rif, bladder; 
ohpov^  urine].  The  presence  of  cystin  in  the 
urine. 

Cystitis  (sist-i' -tis)  [/citrnc,  bladder ;  rric,  in- 
flammation].    Inflammation  of  the  bladder. 

Cystitome  {sist^ -iZ-dm).     See  Cystotomu. 

Cystocele  {sisi^o-sii)  r#cwTr<c.  pouch;  «^Af,  a 
tumor].     A  hernia  of  the  bladder. 

Cystoma  {sisto^-mak)  [itixm^,  a  cyst ;  hfta,  a 
tumor].  A  new  growth  made  up  of  cysts; 
a|>plied  especially  to  ovarian  cysts. 

Cystopexy  {sist^-o-peks-e)  [ic(ir«f,  bladder; 
nfj^i^f  fixation  1.  Fixation  of  the  bladder,  an 
operation  for  the  cure  of  cjrstocele. 

Cystoscope    (sisf -^-skip)  [Kucrt^^  bladder; 


CYSTOTOME 


DARWINISM 


aKOKelVf  to  examine].  An  instrument  for  in- 
specting the  interior  of  the  bladder. 

Cystotoxne  (sui^-o-/dm)  [kvotic^  bladder; 
rifivetv,  to  cut].  A  knife  used  in  cystotomy; 
also  a  knife  use'd  in  rupturing  the  capsule  of 
the  lens  in  cataract-operations. 

Cystotomy  (sist-at^-o-mt)  [icwrrif,  bladder; 
roftiff  a  cutting].     Incision  of  the  bladder. 

Cytochrome  {^st^-tthkrdftt)  r/ci/rf*c,  cell;  ;tP^/'<>> 
eolor].  A  terra  applied  by  Nissl  to  nerve- 
cells  deficient  in  cell- protoplasm,  the  nucleus 
not  being  completely  surrounded.  The  nu- 
cleus stains  well  and  is  about  the  size  of  the 
leukocyte-nucleus. 

Cytodc  {,si''tdd)  [ic£^oc,  a  cell ;  c/rJof,  form]. 
The  simplest,  most  primitive  form  of  cell; 
without  nucleus  or  nucleolus. 

Cytogenesis  (si-io-jnt'-es-is)  [*fi»roc,  a  cell ; 
yheatCt  production].  The  formation  or 
genesis  of  the  cell. 

Cytoglobin  {ri-/o  giy-bin)  [«»'rof,  a  cell ; 
glofms,  a  ball].  An  albuminoid,  obtainable 
in  the  form  of  a  white,  soluble  powder.     It 


forms  about  three  percent  of  the  pulp  of  the 
lymphatic  glands. 

Cytometer  {si-torn^ -et-er)  \kvto^^  cell;  fUrpov^ 
a  measure].  A  device  for  counting  cells, 
especially  blood-corpuscles.  See  also  Hemo' 
cytoMtter, 

Cytomitoma  (si-to-mi-to'-mah)  [irfrrof,  cell ; 
iiiTQ^^  a  fiber].  The  fibrillar  part  of  a  cell- 
body.     See  Afitoma, 

Cytoplasm,  or  Cytoplasms  {si'-to-platm^  or 
si-tO'pfaz' -mah)  [icvroc,  cell ;  irAdo/m,  any- 
thing formed],     rrotoplasm. 

Cytoreticulum  (ii-fo-re-tik^-ii-lum)  [irf'rof,  a 
cell;  reticulum^  &  little  net].  Same  as  Cytomi- 
toma. 

Cytosome  (si^-to-sdm)  [irf'rof ,  a  cell ;  ou^, 
a  body].  A  cell -body  as  distinguished  from 
the  nucleus. 

Cytozoon  [si-to-zo'-on)  [«i>rof,  cell ;  Cv©*', 
animal  1 .  A  protoplasmic  cell  -mass,  probably 
parasitic  in  nature,  with  independent  move- 
ment ;  found  by  Gaule  in  dehbrinated  blood 
and  other  structures. 


D.  An  abbreviation  for  dexter^  right ;  dioptry ; 
and  detur^  let  it  be  given. 

Dscrysdenitis,  Dacryoadenitis  (dak-re  ad- 
tn-i'-tis^  dak-re-o-ad-eH't' 'tis)  [ddxptov,  a 
tear ;  aditv^  a  gland ;  vriq^  inflammation].  In- 
flammation of  the  lacrymal  gland. 

Dacryocystitis  (dak-re-o-sis-H^ -tis)  \6aKpwv^ 
tear;  Kl^nCiSsac;  <nc>  inflammation].  In- 
flammation of  the  lacrymal  sac. 

Dscryolith  {dak'-re-o-iith)  [6&KpvoVy  tear ; 
Ai^,  stone].  A  calcareous  concretion  in 
the  lacrymal  passages. 

Dmcryops  (dak' -re-ops)  [cf<ixpvov,  tear;  d^, 
eye].  I.  A  watery  eye.  2.  A  cyst  of  the 
duct  of  a  lacrymal  gland. 

Dacryocystotome  (dak-re-o-sis'-eo'tdm)  [cJoic- 
pVQV^  a  tear;  icboTt^^  a  sac;  to/<j^,  a  cuttmg]. 
An  instrument  for  dividing  strictures  of  the 
lacrymal  passages. 

Dacryocystoblennorrhea  (dak-re-o-sis-to- 
bien-or-e'-ah)  [ddupvw^  a  tear ;  «rfxrr<f ,  a  sac  ; 
^Xkwa^  mucus ;  jioia^  a  flow].  Chronic  in- 
flammation of  the  lacrymal  sac  with  a  muco- 
purulent discharge. 

Dactylitis  (dak-tU-i' -tis)  [rfd«rt;Aof ,  a  finger  ; 
irtc,  inflamnution].  Inflammation  of  a 
flngeror  toe. 

D«emonomama  (de-mo-no-ma' -ne-ah).  See 
Demonomania. 

Dalton-Henry  Law.    See  Law. 

Daltonism  {dal'-ton-izm)  IDaUon,  a  phy- 
sician].    Color-blindness. 

Dam.     See  Rubber-dam. 

Damlana  (dam-e-an'-ah).     The  leaves  of 


Tumera  aphrodisiaca^  found  in  Mexico  and 
Lower  California;  a  stimulant  tonic  and 
aphrodisiac.  It  is  the  basis  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  quack  remedies.  D.,  Ext.  Dose  gr. 
ij-x  (0.13-0.65).  D.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose 
T\x-f.:5j  (0.65-4.0).  Dose  of  the  leaves  Jj 
(32.0)  daily.     All  unof. 

Dammar  (dam'-ar)  [Hind. ,  ddmar^  resin]. 
A  gum  or  resin  produced  by  various  species 
of  Dammara  and  other  trees.  D.,  Tnie,  is 
obtained  from  the  Dammara  orientalist  a 
coniferous  tree,  indigenous  in  the  East  In- 
dies, and  also  from  Dammara  australis^  in 
New  Zealand. 

Dance,  St.  Vitus's.    See  Chorea. 

Dancing  Mania.    See  Choromania. 

Dandelion  (dan'-de-li-on).    See  Taraxacum. 

Dandruff  (dan'-druf)  [Welsh,  ton^  skin; 
drwg^  bad].  The  scurf  or  scales  formed 
upon  the  scalp  in  seborrhea. 

Dandy  (dan' -de)  Fever.    See  Dengue. 

Daphne  (daf'-ne)  [dd^,  the  laurel].  See 
Metereon. 

Darier's  Disease.    See  Diseases^  Table  of. 

Dartos  (dar'-tos)  [<fa/>r<Jf,  flayed].  The 
contractile  musculohbrous  layer  beneath  the 
skin  of  the  scrotum. 

Dartrous  (dar'-trus)  [Fr.,  dartre"].  Of  the 
nature  of  tetter  or  herpes ;  herpetic. 

Darwinism  (dar'-zmn-izm).  The  doctrine 
that  higher  organisms  have  been  developed 
fix)m  lower  forms  by  the  influence  of  natural 
selection,  a  theory  advocated  by  Chsriet 
Darwin. 


DATURA 


DECUSSATION 


t 


Datura  (da-im^-roA)  [Hind.,  tikaiUra^  a  cer- 
tain plant].  A  genus  of  Solanacex,  or 
night-shade  family.  D.  stramonium.  See 
Stramonium. 

Daturin  (da'tu^rin)  [Hind.,  dhatHra^  a  cer- 
tain plant! .  A  poisonous  alkaloid  from  the 
thorn-apple.     See  Atropin. 

Daughter  (dau/'ter).  A  female  child  or 
descendant.  D.-cell.  See  O//.  D.-cyst, 
a  cjrst  formed  within  a  cyst.  D.-nuclei. 
See  Karyokitum,  D.-star,  an  amphiaster. 
See  Karyokintsis, 

Day-blindneas.  See  Nyctalopia;  also 
Hemeralofna, 

Deaf  {def)  [A.S.,  dedf,  deaf].  Lacking  the 
sense  of  hearing ;  in  a  condition  of  impaired 
hearing.  D. -mutism,  the  state  of  being 
both  deaf  and  dumb ;  the  deafness  may  be 
congenital  or  acquired,  and  prevent  the  indi- 
vidual from  learning  to  speak.  D. -mutism, 
H3rsteric,  a  condition  of  deaf-mutism  of 
sudden  development,  due  to  hysteria. 

Deafness  (def-ms)  [AS,,  dedf,  deaf] .  The 
state  of  being  deaf.  Deafness  may  be  due 
to  disease  of  the  external  auditory  canal,  the 
middle  ear,  the  internal  ear,  the  auditory 
nerve,  or  the  brain.  D.,  Boilermakers', 
deafness  resulting  from  working  among 
machinery,  and  characterized  by  inability  to 
hear  ordinary  conversation,  while  hearing- 
power  b  increased  amidst  loud  noise.  D., 
Cerebral,  that  due  to  a  brain -lesion.  D., 
Cortical,  that  due  to  disease  of  the  cortical 
centers  for  hearing ;  it  may  be  absolute,  or 
consist  in  the  inability  to  comprehend  spoken 
language— a  psychic  deafness.  D.,  Word. 
Sjmonym  of  />.,  Psychic. 

Death  {deth)  [AS.,  de6th,  death].  The  ces- 
sation of  life.  D.,  Black,  an  exceedingly 
fatal  epidemic  called  the  *'  Plague,"  which 
occurred  in  Europe  during  the  14th  century, 
and  during  which,  it  is  estimated,  20,000,000 
persons  died.  D.,  Local,  death  of  a  part. 
D.,  Molecular,  death  of  individual  cells ;  ul- 
ceration. D.,  Somatic,  death  of  the  organ- 
ism as  a  whole. 

D6bove's  Membrane.    See  Membrane. 

Deca-  (<iV>K-fl-)[<Ji«i,  tenj.  Ten  ;  prefixed  to 
the  units  of  weight,  capaaty,  and  length  in  the 
metric  system,  it  signifies  a  measure  ten  times 
as  large  as  the  unit.     See  Metric  System, 

Decalcification  (de'kaJsi/'iJk-a^'skun)\de 
priv.;  caljc^  lime;  facere^  to  make].  The 
withdrawal  of  the  lime-salts  of  bone. 

Decalcify  (de-kal'-sifi)  \de  priv. ;  ra/r,  lime ; 
facere^  to  make].  To  remove  lime-salts 
}rom  tissues. 

Decantation  {dekanta'-shun^  [de^  down; 
cantus,  a  side].  The  operation  of  removing 
the  supernatant  fluid  frcHn  a  sediment 

Decapitation  {de-Jtap-it-a^'sAnn)  [de,  6iom; 
f^mt,  head].    The  act  of  beheading,  e^ie- 


dally  as  performed  on  the  fetus  when  othe* 
means  of  delivery  have  failed. 

Decay  {dc-ka')  [dc^  down ;  cadere^  to  fall]. 
I.  Putrefactive  change.  2.  The  ultimate  kata- 
bolic  state ;  decline  of  life,*  of  health,  or  of 
one  or  more  functions. 

Deci-(<i«rj'-tf-)  {decern^  ten].  A  prefix  which, 
joined  to  the  metric  units  of  length,  capacity, 
and  weight,  signifies  a  measure  one-tenth 
as  large   as  the   unit.     See  Metric  System. 

Decidua  (de-sid' -u-aK)  [deciduus,  a  falling 
off].  The  mucous  membrane  which  line^ 
the  uterus  and  surrounds  the  ovum  during 
pregnancy.  D.  reflesa,  that  part  of  the 
decidua  growing  about  the  ovum  and  enclos- 
ing it  as  a  sac.  D.  serotina,  that  part  of 
the  decidua  vera  upon  which  the  ovum  lies, 
and  from  which  the  placenta  is  subsequently 
formed.  D.  vera,  the  thickened,  vascular, 
spongy  mucous  membrane  of  the  gravid 
uterus. 

Deciduoma  {de-sid-u-i/ -mah )  {deciduus^  a 
falling  off;  d/m,  a  tumor].  An  intrauterine 
tumor  containing  decidual  relics,  and  be- 
lieved to  arise  from  some  h3rperplasia  of  a 
retained  portion  of  the  decidua.  By  some  it 
is  considered  a  sarcoma. 

Deciduous  (de-sid^-u-us)  [de,  away,  from ; 
cadere,  to  fall].  Falling  off.  D.  Teeth, 
the  temporary  teeth  or  milk-teeth. 

Declination  (deilin-a^'shun)  [declinare^  to 
decline].     The  dip  of  the  magnetic  needle. 

Decline  (de-khn')  [declinare,  to  bend].  A 
gradual  decrease,  as  of  a  fever ;  a  wasting 
away  of  the  bodily  strength. 

Decoction  (dckoJ^shun)  [decofttere,  to  boil 
down].  A  liquid  preparatioo  obtained  by 
boiling  veeetable  substances  in  water. 

Decoloration  {de-kut-or-a^ -shun)  [decelorare^ 
to  deprive  of  color].     Removal  of  color. 

Decomposition  (de-kom-po-nish' -un)  [decom- 
ponere^  to  decompose].  I.  The  separation  of 
the  component  principles  of  a  body.  2.  Putre- 
factive fermentation. 

Decortication  {de-kor-tik-a' 'shm%)  [<^,  froin ; 
cortex ^  the  banc].  I.  The  stripping  of  the 
bark  or  husk  of  a  plant  2.  Ine  stripping 
off  of  portions  of  the  cortical  substance  of 
the  brain  from  the  summits  of  the  gyri. 

Decubitus  {deku'-bitus)  \decumhere^\a  lie 
down].  I.  The  position  of  a  sick  person 
while  m  bed.  2.  A  bed  sore,  usually  acute 
in  onset  and  due  to  spinal  lesions 

Decussate  {dekus^af)  [dccussatus,  crossed]. 
To  intersect,  to  cross. 

Decussation  (dc-kusa'sMttn)  [decussation  a 
crossing].  A  chiasma  or  X -shaped  crossing, 
especially  of  symmetric  parts,  as  of  nerve- 
fibers  or  nerve-tracts,  or  of  nerve-filaments. 
The  principal  dccus!>ations  are  that  of  the  op- 
tic nerve  and  that  of  the  lateral  pyramidal 
tracts  in  the  medulla. 


DEEP  REFLEXES 


DELIVER 


Detp  Reflexes.  See  Reflexes^  Table  of.  D. 
Water,  water  obtained  from  a  porous  layer 
beneath  the  first  impervious  stratum. 

Defecation  {def-ek-a' -shun)  [defiecare,  to  sep- 
arate from  the  dregs].  The  evacuation  of 
the  bowels. 

Defensive  Proteids.  Those  substances 
formed  in  the  bodies  of  animals  that  render 
them  immune  against  certain  diseases. 

Deferent  (def'-er-eni)  [deferens^  carrying 
away].     Carrying  away  or  down ;  efferent. 

Defervescence  {de-fer-ves' -ens)  [defirvescere^ 
to  cease  boiling].     Disappearance  of  fever. 

Defibrination  {defi-brin-a' '5hun\  [</<?,  from ; 

Jibra^  a  fiber].  The  removal  ot  fibrin  from 
blood  or  lymph. 

Definition  {def-in-ish'-un")  \definiHo;  defin- 
ite, to  bound  by  limits].  In  optics,  the 
power  of  a  magnifying  fens  to  show  clear 
outlines  of  the  object  examined,  free  from 
aberration  or  distortion. 

Deflagration  (def  lag- ra^ -shun)  \de/lagrare, 
to  be  consumed].  A  sudden,  violent  com- 
bustion, such  as  accompanies  the  oxidation  of 
certain  inorganic  substances  by  mixing  them 
with  an  easily  decomposing  salt,  such  as  the 
alkaline  chlorates  and  nitrates. 

Defluviam  capillorum  {de-flu' -ve-um  kap-il- 
or'-um).     Alopecia. 

Defluzion  {de -ftukf  -  shun)  [defluxio;  de, 
down ;  fluere,  to  flow].     A  discharge. 

Deformity,  Anterior.    See  Lordosis, 

Degeneration  (de  -jen  -er-a'-  shun^^  Tdegene- 
rar/,  to  become  base].  I.  A  morbid  process 
consisting  in  the  conversion  of  the  elements 
of  a  tissue  into  some  inert  substance.  2.  A 
term  indicating  imperfect  or  abnormal  devel- 
opment of  the  psychic  faculties.  D.,  Albu- 
minoid. Synonym  of  Z>.,  Amyloid.  D., 
Amyloid.  See  Amyloid.  D.,  Ascending, 
a  trophic  defeneration  of  nerve-fibers  or  tracts 
progressing  from  the  site  of  the  original  lesion 
toward  the  cerebrum.  D.,  Colloid,  the 
change  of  the  protoplasm  of  epithelial  cells 
into  a  substance  that  resembles  mucus,  but  is 
not  precipitated  by  alcohol  or  acetic  acid.  D., 
Descending,  a  degeneration  of  nerve-fibers 
or  tracts  extending  peripherally  from  the 
original  lesion.  D.,  Pat^,  a  change  of  the 
proteids  of  the  tissues  into  fat.  D.,  Hyaline, 
a  degeneration  affecting  particularly  the  con- 
nective tissue  of  the  walls  of  blood-vessels, 
and  giving  rise  to  a  substance  resembling 
amyloid  material  but  lacking  its  reactions. 
See  Amyloid,  D.,  Mucoid,  the  degeneration 
of  tissue  into  a  jelly-like,  transparent  sub- 
stance containing  mucin.  D.,  Myxomatous. 
Synonym  of  /).,  Mucoid.  D.,  Parenchy- 
matous.  See  Cloudy  Swelling,  D.,  Re- 
actions of.  See  ReaetUm.  D.,  Signs  of, 
physical  imperfections,  such  at  asymmetry  of 
^rresponding  partti  adherent  lobules  of  the 


ear,  stammering,  supernumerary  or  deficient 
digits,  etc.,  observed  in  persons  presenting 
psychic  degeneration.  D.,  Waller ian,  the 
degeneration  of  nerve-fibers  and  tracts  after 
separation  from  their  trophic  centers. 

Deglutitio  impedita  (  de  •  glu  -  tish  '-e-o 
im-ped'i'-tah).     Synonym  of  Dysphagia, 

Deglutition  {deg-lu-tish'-un)  [deglutitio,  a 
swallowing].     The  act  of  swallowing. 

Dehiscence  (de-his'-ens)  [de,  off;  hiscere,  to 
gape  or  yawn].    The  act  of  splitting  open. 

Dehydration   {de-hi-dra' -shun)    [de,    away 
from;     tfdop,    water].      The    removal    of  . 
water.  , 

Deiters'  Cells.  I.  Certain  cellular  structures 
between  the  outer  hair-cells  of  the  organ  of 
Corti.  2.  The  neuroglia-cells.  D.  Process, 
the  process  of  a  nerve-cell  that  goes  to  form 
an  axis-cylinder. 

Dejecta  {de-jek^ -tah)  [L.J.     Feces. 

Dejection  (de-jek'-skun)  \d^ectio:  ^<f,down; 

jacere,  to  throw].  The  discharge  of  fecal 
matter ;  the  matter  so  discharged. 

Delamination  (de  -  lam  •  in  -  a'-  shun)  [de, 
away  ;  lamina,  a  plate].  The  splitting  mto 
layers. 

Delhi  Boil  {del'-he  boil).  See  Furunculus 
orientalis, 

Deligation  (del -ig- a' -shun)  [deligoHo,  a 
binding].     Ligation,  as  of  an  artery. 

Deliquescent  (del-ik-wes'-ent )  [deliquescere, 
to  melt  away].  Dissolving.  Applied  espe- 
cially to  salts  that  absorb  moisture  from  the 
air  and  liquefy. 

Deliriant,  Delirifacient  {de-le'-re-ant,  de- 
le-re-fa' -she-ent)  [delirium,  madness ;  y&r^^, 
to  make].     Producing  delirium. 

Delirious  (de-le'-re-us)[delirus,  mad,  raving]. 
Affected  with  delirium. 

Delirium  (de-W-re-um)  [delirium,  madness ; 
de,  out  of ;  lira,  the  furrow].  A  condition  of 
mental  excitement  with  confasion  and  usually 
hallucinations  and  illusions.  D.,  Alcoholic. 
See  D.  tremens.  D.  cordis,  a  violent,  tumul- 
tuous beating  of  the  heart.  D.,  Pebrile,  the 
delirium  of  fever.  D.  of  Grandeur,  a  condi- 
tion in  which  an  individual  has  insanely  exag- 
gerated ideas  of  his  own  importance  or  his 
possessions.  D.  of  Persecution,  that  in 
which  the  patient  imagines  himself  the  object 
of  persecution.  D.,  Toxic,  delirium  caused 
by  poisons.  D.  tremens,  the  delirium  arising 
fix>m  alcoholic  poisoning.  It  is  characterized 
by  constant  tremor,  insomnia,  great  exhaus- 
tion, distressing  illusions,  and  hallucinations. 

Delitescence  (del-it-es'ens)  [delitescere,  to  lie 
hid].  The  sudden  disappearance  of  inflam- 
mation by  resolution. 

Deliver  (de-lvi/-er)  [de,  fi-om ;  liberare,  to 
free].  To  free  from  something,  especially  to 
deliver  a  woman  of  a  child,  or  of  the  after« 
birth.    The  word  is  alto  applied  to  the  pvt 


DELIVERY 


DENTICULATE 


» 


removed,  as  to  deliver  the  placenta  or  a 
tumor. 
Delivery  {de-lh/ -er-e)  [Fr.,  dilivrer ;  delib- 
trare^  to  set  free.  ]  The  act  of  delivering  or 
freeing  from  something,  especially  the  reliev- 
ing of  a  woman  from  the  contents  of  the 
uterus.  Parturition ;  child-birth.  D.,  Post- 
mortem, the  birth  of  a  fetus  after  the  death 
of  the  mother. 

Delomorphous  {dtl-o-mor^-fus^  [^7^,  con- 
spicuous; /m>/9^,  form].  Having  a  conspic- 
uous form.  D.  Cells  of  Rollet,  large,  well- 
deBned  cells,  between  the  membrana  propria 
and  the  chief  cells  of  the  fundus-glands  of 
the  gastric  mucous  membrane.  They  are 
supposed  to  secrete  the  hydrochloric  acid. 
Delphinin,  Delphinium,  Delphinoidin, 
Deiphisin  (del'-fin-itiy  del-fin' -eumy  delfin- 
oid'-tHt  del'fis-in).  See  Staphisagria. 
Deltoid  (del'-toid)  [delta,  the  Greek  letter 
A ;  eldo^y  likeness].  Having  the  shape  of  the 
Greek  letter  delta ;  triangular,  as  the  D. 
Muscle.  See  Muscles,  Table  of. 
Delusion  {de  -  lu'-  zhun)  [de,  from  ;  lusus^ 
play].  A  false  belief,  the  falsity  of  which  is 
apparent,  but  out  of  which  the  person  can- 
not be  reasoned  by  indubitable  evidence. 
Delusional  (de-lu'-zhun-al)  [deludere,  to 
delude].  Of  the  nature  of  a  delusion ; 
characterized  by  delusions.  D.  Stupor. 
See  Insanity,  Confusional. 
Demarcation  (de-mark-a' -shun)  [demarcare, 
to  set  the  bounds  of].  Separation.  D.,  Line 
of,  a  red  line  formmg  at  the  edge  of  a  gan- 
grenous area  and  marking  the  limit  of  the 
process. 
Dement  (de^-ment)  [demens,  insane].  A 
person  suflfering  with  dementia. 
Dementia  {de-men' -sAe-aA)  [de,  away  from  ; 
mens,  mind].  A  form  of  insanity  charac- 
terized by  a  deterioration  or  loss  of  the  intel- 
lectual faculties,  the  reasoning  power,  the 
memory,  and  the  will.  D.,  Paralytic,  gen- 
eral paralysis  of  the  insane.  D.,  Primary, 
that  occurring  independently  of  other  forms 
of  insanity.  D.,  Secondary,  that  follow- 
ing another  form  of  insanity.  D.,  Senile, 
that  due  to  the  degenerations  of  old  age. 
D.,  Terminal,  that  coming  on  toward  the  end 
of  other  forms  of  insanity  or  certain  nervous 
diseases. 

Demi-  [dimidius,  half].  A  preBx  meaning 
half. 
Demilune  Cells  (dem'-e-lUn)  [demitus,  half; 
luna,  moon].  D.  C.  of  Heidenhain,  cres- 
centic  bodies  lying  between  the  cells  and  the 
membrana  propria  of  an  acinus  of  a  salivary 
gland. 

Demodez  {dem' -o-deks)  \pTi^6^%  fat ;  6i}^,  an 
insect].  A  genus  of  parasitic  insects.  D. 
folliculorum,  the  pimple-mite,  a  minute 
parasite  found  in  the  sebaceous  follicles,  par- 


ticularly of  the  face.     It  probably  does  not 
produce  any  symptoms. 

Demography  [de-mog'-ra-fe),  [cJiy/iof,  the 
people  ;  ypd^iv,  to  write].  The  science  of 
peoples  collectively  considered ;  social  sci- 
ence, including  that  of  vital  statistics  and  the 
consideration  of  questions  of  state  medicine. 

DttnonoTn»niai{de-Pt0n-o-ma'-ne-aA)[daifjUjp, 
a  devil ;  fiavia,  madness].  A  form  of  mad> 
ness  in  which  a  p>erson  imagines  himself 
possessed  of  a  devil. 

Demulcent  (de-mul'-sent)  [demuUere,  tc 
soothe].  I.  Soothing ;  allaying  irritation  of 
surfaces,  especially  mucous  membranes.  2. 
A  soothing  substance,  particularly  a  slippery, 
mucilaginous  liquid. 

Denarcotized  {de-nar* -ko-tlzd)  [de  priv.; 
vapiojTucdi,  narcotic].  I.  Deprived  of  nar- 
cotizing qualities.  2.  Of  opium,  deprived 
of  narcotin. 

Dendritic  (den-drif-ik)  [AMpov,  a  tree]. 
Branching  like  a  tree. 

Dengue  (deng'-ga)  [West  Ind.].  Break- 
bone  fever ;  dandy  fever ;  an  acute,  epidemic, 
infectious  disease,  characterized  by  a  febrile 
paroxysm,  severe  pains  in  the  bones,  joints, 
and  muscles,  and,  at  times,  a  cutaneous  erup- 
tion. The  period  of  incubation  is  from  3 
to  5  days ;  the  invasion  is  sudden,  with  high 
fever  (106®  F.),  severe  pains  in  the  muscles, 
bones  and  joints,  the  last  being  swollen  and 
reddened.  After  the  fever  has  lasted  3  or 
4  days  it  subsides,  but  at  the  end  of  from 
2  to  4  days  a  second  paroxysm  accompanied 
with  pain  occurs.  Convalescence  is  slow; 
complications  are  rare. 

Density  (den'-sit-e)  [densifas,  thickness]. 
Closeness;  compactness,  especially  the  de- 
gree of  closeness  of  one  body  compared  with 
an  equal  volume  of  another  taken  as  a  stand- 
ard ;  specific  gravity.  In  electricity,  the 
amount  of  electricity  accumulated  on  a  unit 
of  surface  during  a  given  time. 

Dental  (den' -tat)  [dens,  a  tooth].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  teeth.  D.  Engine,  a  machine 
worked  by  a  treadle  and  possessing  a  flexible 
cable  and  adjustable  arm  and  hand- piece, 
which  afford  great  facility  of  movement  and 
adaptation.  By  means  of  attachments  to  the 
hand-piece,  drills  can  be  operated  at  various 
angles.  D.  Tubuli,  the  minute  wavy  tubes 
occurring  in  the  dentin  of  teeth. 

Dentate  {den' -tat)  [dens,  a  tooth] .  Toothed ; 
having  a  toothed  or  serrated  edge.  D.  Body. 
See  Corpus  dentatum,  D.  Convolution, 
a  convolution  found  in  the  hippocampal  fis- 
sure. D.  Fascia,  the  serrated  free  edge  of 
the  denute  convolution.  D.  Fissure,  the 
hippocampal  fissure. 

Denticulate  (den-tik'-ul&t)  [dentieulus,  a 
small  tooth].  Having  minute  dentations; 
furnished  with  small  teeth  or  notches. 


DENTIFRICE 


DERMATITIS 


Dentifrice  (tien^-tif-ris)  [denStioo^\/riceret 
to  rub].    A  substance  for  cleansing  the  teeth. 

Dentigerous  {den-tif -er-us)  \dens^  a  tooth ; 
frerere,  to  carry].  Bearing  or  containing 
teeth,  as  a  dentigerous  cyst. 

Dentin  {den' -tin)  [dtns^  a  tooth].  A  modi- 
fied osseous  tissue  forming  the  principal  part 
of  a  tooth,  and  consisting,  histologically,  of 
dental  tubuli  and  intertubular  tissue,  chemi- 
cally, of  the  phosphates  of  calcium  and  magne- 
sium, the  carbonate  and  fluorid  of  lime,  and 
organic  matter,  chiefly  gelatin.  The  bony 
structure  of  the  tooth,  lying  under  the  enamel 
of  the  crown  and  the  cement  substance  of  the 
root. 

Dentinal  (dtn'-tin-ai)  [dens^  a  tooth].  Per- 
taining to  or  composed  of  dentin. 

Dentist  (den'-tist)  [dtns,  a  tooth].  One  who 
practises  dentistry. 

Dentistry  (dm' -  tis  •  tre)  \dem,  a  tooth]. 
Dental  surgery,  embracing  everything  per- 
taining to  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the 
teeth. 

Dentition  (den  -  tish' -  un)  \dens^  a  tooth]. 
Teething;  the  cutting  of  the  teeth.  D., 
Primary,  the  cutting  of  the  temporary  or 
milk-teeth.  D.,  Secondary,  the  eruption  of 
the  permanent  teeth. 

Denture  {den'-ckAr)  [dtm,  a  tooth].  The 
entire  set  or  group  of  teeth ;  the  whole  assem- 
blage of  teeth  in  both  jaws ;  a  set,  or  plate, 
of  artificial  teeth. 

Denudation  (den-u-da'-sAun)  [denttdare,  to 
denude].     A  stripping  or  making  bare. 

Denutrition  (d^-nu'trish'-un)  [de,  from; 
Hutriare,  to  nourish].  An  atrophy  and  de- 
generation of  tissue  arising  from  lack  of 
nutrition. 

Deobstruent  (de-ob' -struent)  \de^  iirom;  ob- 
struertt  to  obstruct.]  I.  Removing  obstruc- 
tion. 2.  A  medicine  that  removes  obstruc- 
tion; an  aperient. 

Deodorant  \de-</ 'dor-ant)  [i/f  priv. ;  odorare^ 
to  smell].  X.  Removing  or  concealing  offen- 
sive odors.  2.  A  substance  that  removes  or 
conceals  offensive  odors. 

T>to^oviz^^  {{U-</ -dor-izd)  [//<fpriv.;  odorare^ 
to  smell].     Deprived  of  odor. 

Deorsum  (deor'-sum)  [L.].     Downward. 

Deoxidation  {de-oks-id-af -shun)  [de,  from; 
^xy^en"^.  The  removal  of  the  oxygen  from 
a  chemic  compound. 

Depilatory  {de-pW -at-or-e)  [de,  from  ;  pi/us^ 
the  hair].  I.  Having  the  power  to  remove 
the  hair.  2.  A  substance  used  to  destroy  the 
bair^  usually  a  caustic  alkali. 

Depletion  (de-pW-sAun)  {depUre^  to  empty]. 
1.  The  act  of  diminisning  the  quantity  of 
fluid  in  the  body  or  in  a  part,  especially  by 
bleeding.  2.  The  condition  of  tne  system 
produced  by  the  cxcesfiYC  loss  of  blood  or 
other  fluids* 

26 


Depolarization  {de-po-lar-iz-a'-shun)  [de, 
from  ;  po/us,  pole].  The  neutralization  of 
polarity. 

Depressant  {depres'-ani)  \deprimerey  to  press 
down].  I.  Lowering.  2.  A  medicine  that 
diminishes  functional  activity. 

Depression  {de-preshf -un)  [depresdo ;  depri- 
merty  to  depress].  I.  A  hollow,  or  fossa. 
2.  Inward  displacement  of  a  part,  as  of  the 
skull.  3.  Lowering  of  vital  functions  under 
the  action  of  some  depressing  agent. 

Depressomotor  {de-pres-o-nio' -tor)  \depri- 
mere^  to  depress;  movtre^  to  move].  An 
agent  that  diminishes  the  action  of  the  motor 
apparatus. 

Depressor  (de-pres'-or)  [deprimerg^  to  de- 
press]. I.  A  muscle,  instrument,  or  apparatus 
that  depresses.  2.  A  nerve,  stimulation 
of  which  lowers  the  functional  activity  of  a 
part,  as  the  depressor  nerve  of  the  heart. 

Depurated  (dcp' -u-ra-ted)  [depurare^  to  puri- 
fy].    Purified,  cleansed. 

Depurative  {dep' -u-ra-tiv)  [depurare^  to 
purify].     Purifying  or  cleansing. 

DeR.  A  contraction  and  symbol  of  the  term 
Reaction  of  Degeneration, 

Deradelphus  \der-ad-el' -fus)  {^kpri^  neck ; 
a6ek^y  brother].  A  monocephalic  dual 
monstrosity,  with  fusion  of  the  bodies  above 
the  umbilicus,  and  with  four  lower  extremities, 
and  three  or  four  upper. 

Derbyshire  Neck  (der* -be-ihlrnek).  See 
Goiter. 

Derencephalus  ider-en-sef-al-us)  [c5^p7, 
neck ;  iyKi^?j)v,  Drain] .  A  variety  of  single 
autositic  monsters  of  the  species  anencephalus, 
in  which  the  bones  of  the  cranial  vault  are 
rudimentary,  the  posterior  portion  of  the 
occiput  absent,  and  the  up[)CT  cervical  ver- 
tebrae bifid,  the  brain  resting  in  them. 

Derivation  (der-iv-n'-shun)  [derivare^  to 
turn  a  stream  from  its  banks].  The  drawing 
away  of  blood  or  liquid  exudates  from  a 
diseased  part  by  cre.iting  an  extra  demand  for 
them  in  some  other  part. 

Derivative  (rf<f-/7z/-/?/-»V').  i.  Producing  deri- 
vation.   2.  An  ajjent  that  produces  derivation. 

Derm,  Derma  {der^mah)  [Mpfxa,  the  skin]. 
The  true  skin. 

Dermal  (der'-mal)  [Mpfta^  the  skin].  Per- 
taining to  the  skin. 

Dermalg^ia  (der-mnl'-je-ah).  Se  Dermatalgia, 

Dermatagra  {dermat-a' -grah)  ['^f/>/ia,  skin ; 
Aypfi,  seizure].  See  Peiiaf^ra. 

Dermatalgia  [der-mat-al' -Je-ah)  [Mppa^  skin; 
h'kyo^,  pain].  Pain  in  the  skin  unaccom- 
panied by  any  structural  change,  and  caused 
by  some  nervous  disease  or  reflex  influence. 

Dermatitis  (der-ntat-i' -tis)  [rf^^/w,  skin ;  trtq^ 
inflammation].  An  inflammation  of  the  skin. 
D.  ambustionis,D.  calorica,the  form  due  to 
bums  and  scalds.   D .  congelationis ,  same  as 


DERMATO- 


DETERGENT 


» 


f^stbitf,  D.  contntifonnit.  ErTthema  no- 
dof  um .  D .  exfoliativa,  ao  acute  or  chronic  in- 
flammation of  the  skin,  in  which  the  epidermis 
is  shed  more  or  less  freely  in  large  or  small 
scales.  See  Pityriasis  rubra.  D. gangrenosa, 
sphaceloderma ;  gangrenous  inflammation  of 
the  skin.  D.  herpetfibrmis,  an  inflammatory 
skin-disease  of  an  herpetic  character,  the 
various  lesions  showing  a  tendency  to  group. 
It  is  a  protean  disease,  appearing  as  ery- 
thema, vesicles,  blebs,  and  pustules,  and  is 
associated  with  fever,  itching,  and  burning. 
D.  medicamentosa,  drug-eruptions;  in- 
flammatory eruptions  upon  the  skin  due  to 
the  action  of  certain  drugs  taken  internally. 
D.  papillaris  capillitii,  a  chronic  skin- 
disease,  afliecting  the  nape  of  the  neck  and 
adjacent  parts,  and  characterized  by  minute 
red  papules,  which  occasionally  suppurate, 
and  are  usually  traversed  by  a  hair.  They 
unite  to  form  hard,  white,  or  reddish  keloid- 
looking  elevations,  iTom  which  a  bundle  of 
atrophied  hairs  protrudes.  D.  traumatica, 
that  resulting  from  traumatism.  D.  venen- 
ata, that  pn^uced  by  the  local  action  of  irri- 
tant substances. 

Dermato-  [Mpfta^  skin].  A  prefix,  signifying 
pertaining  to  the  skin. 

Dermatol  (der' -mat-oi)  [6ipfta,  skin],  C.H,- 
(OH),.CO,Bi(OH),.  The  subgaUale  of  bis- 
muth, an  astringent,  antiseptic  powder,  of 
yellow  color,  used  in  affecuons  of  the  skin 
and  mucous  membranes  that  are  associated 
with  excessive  secretion ;  it  is  especially 
recommended  for  diarrhea  in  tuberculosis  and 
typhoid  fever.  Dose  internally,  ^ss-^iss 
(2.0-6.0)  daily. 

Dermatology  {der-mat-ol' -o-je)  [Sipfta,  skin ; 
A^/oc,  science].  The  science  of  diseases  of 
the  skin. 

Dermatol3rsi8 (der-mat-oF-is-is)  [dippa^Mn ; 
A (•<»(-,  a  loosing].  An  hypertrophy  of  the 
skin  and  subcutaneous  tissue,  with  a  tendency 
to  the  formation  of  folds. 

Dermatome  (der'-ma-ldm)  [6kpfia^  skin; 
rifivrtv,  to  cut].  An  instrument  for  incising 
the  skin. 

Dermatomjrcosia  (der-mai-o-mi-kt/sis)  {j^ip- 
pOf  skin ;  pvta;^,  fungus].  Any  skin-disease 
caused  by  a  vegetable  parasite. 

Dermatoplasty  (der^matoplas'te)  \6kppat 
skin  ;  nAoaoetv^  to  form].  An  opmtive  re- 
placement of  destroyed  skin  by  means  of 
flaps  or  skin-grafts. 

Dermatoaclerotis  (aVr-  mat-  o  -  skle  -  ro'-  ju) . 
See  Sclerodtrma. 

Dermatosis  (der-mat-t/sis)  [S^ppa,  skin; 
vdoof,  disease].     Any  disease  of  the  skin. 

Dermic  (d^-miJk)  [6tppa^  the  skin].  Re- 
lating to  the  skin,  or  formed  of  skin. 

Dermis  (der^-misy     The  corium  or  true  skin. 

DenDOgnq>hia  {der-m^'gra/'-t'^k)   {dippa, 


skin ;  >/>^tv,  to  write].  A  condition  of  tha 
skin  in  which  tracings  made  with  the  finger- . 
nail  or  a  blunt  instrument  are  followed  by 
elevations  at  the  points  irritated.  It  is  com- 
mon in    the    condition    termed    vasomotor 


Dermoid  (der^-moid)  [Mppa,  skin;  eltSof, 
form].  Resembling  skin.  D.  C3rst,  a  cyst  con- 
taining elements  ofthe  skin,  as  hair,  teeth,  efc 

Dermoplasty  (der* -mo-plas-te)  [6ippa,  skin ; 
'rr}M<niv,  to  form].     See  Dermatoplasty, 

Dermoskeleton  yder-mo-skel' -et-un)  \jMppa^ 
skin ;  aKtktrdiv^  a  skeleton] .   The  exoskeleton. 

Derodidymus  {der-o-did' -im-us)  [<$i/M7,  neck ; 
6iivuo^^  double].  A  monstrosity  with  a  sin- 
gle body,  two  necks  and  heads,  two  upper 
and  lower  extremities,  with  other  rudimentary 
limbs  occasionally  present 

Descemet's  Membrane.  The  elastic  mem- 
brane lining  the  posterior  surface  of  the  cor- 
nea. 

Descemetitis  {des-em-et-i' -tis).  Inflamma- 
tion of  Descemet's  Membrane;   serous  iritis. 

Descendens  {dt-sen'-dent)  {dtscendtre^  to  go 
down].  Downward.  D.  noni,  a  branch  of 
the  hypoglossal  nerve.    See  Nerves,  Table  of, 

Descend&ig  (de-sen' -ding)  \descenderey  to  go 
down].  Passing  downward.  D.  Current. 
See  Current,  D.  Degeneration.  See  De- 
generation,  D.  Tract,  a  collection  of 
nerve-fibers  conducting  impulses  from  the 
centers  to  the  periphery. 

Deshler's  Salve.  The  compoond  resin 
cerate  of  the  pharmacopeia. 

Desiccant  (des^-ik-ant)  [desieeare,  to  dry 
up].     Dryiiig. 

Desiccation  (da-ika'shun)  [desiecart,  to 
dry  up].    The  process  of  drying. 

De%mobtLCteri9ldeS'mo'baJk-te''re'aA)[6tep6f, 
band ;  poKT^pimf,  a  small  staff].  A  group 
of  bacteria  corresponding  to  the  genus  Badlli. 

Desmography  (des-mog^-ra-fe)  [d€op6^,  a 
ligament ;  yp&^iv,  to  write].  The  descrip- 
tion of  the  ligaments. 

Desmoid  {eUp-moid)  [diapv*  a  bundle;  eldoCt 
likeness].     Fibroos. 

Desmoma  {des-my-maA)  [Aeopd^,  a  band; 
bpa,  tumor].     A  connective- tissue  tumor. 

Despumation  (des-pu-ma'-shun)  [despumare, 
to  skim  froth].  The  purification  of  a  liquid 
by  removal  of  the  scum  or  froth. 

Desquamation  (des-kwam-a^-skun)  [des- 
fuamare,  to  scale  off] .  The  shedding  of  the 
superficial  epithelium,  as  of  the  skin,  ranoous 
membranes,  and  renal  tubules. 

Desquamative  (des-Jhtfam^-at-iv)  [des^ma- 
mare,  to  scale  off].  Characteriiied  by  des- 
quamation. 

Dessert  Spoon.  A  domestic  measure  equal 
toaboutf^ij  (8.0). 

Detergent  (de-ter^'/ent)  [detergert,  to 
cleanse].    Purifying;  cleansing. 


DETERMINATION 


DIACHYLON 


Detennination  (dt'ter-min'af -shun)  \deter^ 
minatict  a  directing].  Of  the  blood,  a  ten> 
dency  to  collect  in  a  part,  as  determination  of 
the  blood  to  the  head. 

Deuter-,  Deutero-  (du^-ter,  du^-ter-oS  [deir- 
rrpo,  second!.  A  Greek  prefix  indicating 
tbie  second  oi  two  similar  substances,  or  con- 
ditions, especially  that  one  which  contains 
more  of  the  substance. 

Deuteroalbumose  (du'/fr-o-a/^-dH-mBs).  A 
form  soluble  in  water  and  not  precipitated 
by  saturation  with  lodium  chlorid  or  mag- 
nesium sulphate,  but  by  ammonium  sulphate. 
Deuteropathy  (du-Ur-op' -a-the)  [deurepof, 
second ;  trd^,  a  disease].  A  disease  that 
is  secondary  to  another. 

Deviation  {de-ve-a^ -shun)  [deviare^  to  de- 
viate]. A  turning  away  from  the  regular 
coarse  or  sUndard.  D.,  Conjugate,  the 
turning  of  eyes  and  head  toward  one  side, 
observed  in  some  lesions  of  the  cerebrum. 

Devitalize  [cU-vi' -tallz)  {de,  from;  vita^ 
life].     To  destroy  vitality. 

Devonshire  Colic  {da/'on-shlr  kol^-ik). 
Lead-colic. 

Devr-point.  The  temperature  at  which  the  air 
is  saturated  with  vapor ;  the  temperature  at 
which  dew  forms. 

Dewees't  Carminative.     See  Asafetida. 

Dexiocardia  {dekse-okar' dtah)  [<Jefiof,  on 
the  right ;  xapSla,  the  heart].  Transposition 
of  the  heart  to  the  right  side  of  the  tlK>rax. 

Dextrad  (deJks^'trad\  [dexter^  right;  ad^  to]. 
Toward  the  right  side. 

Dextran  {deks^-tran)  [dexier,  right],  C^Hj^O.. 
A  stringy,  gummy  substance  formed  m  miUc 
by  the  action  of  cocci,  and  also  occurring  in 
unripe  beet-root. 

Dextrin  {deks'-trin)  [dexter,  right],  C,H^O^. 
A  soluble  carbohydrate  into  which  starch  is 
converted  by  diastase  or  dilute  acids.  It  is 
a  whitish  substance,  turning  the  plane  of 
polarization  to  the  right. 

Dextrocardia  {deks-tro-karf-de-ah),  SeeDex- 

iacardia. 
Dextrogyrate    {deks'trthji' -rat).     Same   as 

I^extrorotatory. 
Dextrorotatory  (deks-tro-ro'-tato-re)    \dex' 

'^''fright;  raiare,  to  whirl].     Turning  the 

rays  of  light  to  the  right. 
Dextrose  (<iirij'-/rdj)  [dexter,  right] ,  C,H„0,. 

Grape-sugar.     A    sugar    belonging    to    the 

glocosegroup,  that  rotates  polamed  light  to 

VJkc  right. 
Dextroversion  (deh-tro-ver' -zhun)   [dexter^ 

right;   vertere,   to  turn].      Version    to    the 

ng^t  aide. 
DiA!>etes  (di-ab-e^-tH)  \6iapfjrrn ;  doi,  through; 

^ivtiv,  to  go].     A  disease  characterized  by 

the  habitual  cfischarge  of  an  excessive  quan- 
tity of  urine ;  used  without  oualification,  the 

word  indicates  diabetC9  mellitus.    D.,  Bil- 


iary. See  Biliary,  D.  decipiens,  dia- 
betes mellitus  in  which  there  is  no  poly- 
uria or  polydipsia.  D.,  Gouty,  a  form 
of  glycosuria  occurring  in  gouty  individuals. 
D.  insipidus,  a  chronic  disease  characterized 
by  the  passage  of  a  large  quantity  of  normal 
urine  of  low  specific  gravity,  associated  with 
intense  thirst.  The  etiology  of  the  disease  is 
obscure — injuries  and  diseases  of  the  brain, 
emotional  disturbances,  syphilis,  acute  infec- 
tious diseases,  and  heredity  have  been  assigned 
as  causes.  The  urine  at  times  contains  inosit, 
whence  the  term  diabetes  inositus  in  contra- 
distinction to  diabetes  mellitus.  D.  mellitus, 
a  nutritional  disease  characterized  by  the 
passage  of  a  large  quantity  of  urine  containing 
sugar;  there  is  intense  thirst,  voracious 
appetite,  progressive  loss  of  flesh  and  strength, 
and  a  tendency  to  a  fatal  termination.  The 
causes  are  not  well  understood — diseases  of 
the  nervous  system,  especially  of  the  medulla, 
intense  mental  strain,  gout,  syphilis,  malaria, 
diseases  of  the  pancreas,  have  been  etiologic 
factors  in  some  cases.  Complications  are  fre- 
quent in  diabetes,  the  most  important  being 
pulmonary  tuberculosis,  furunculosis,  gan- 
grene, cataract,  polyneuritis.  Death,  if  not 
caused  by  one  of  the  complications,  is  gener- 
ally due  to  the  so-called  diabetic  coma.  The 
ultimate  cause  of  the  presence  of  sugar  in 
the  urine  is  believed  to  be  the  incom- 
plete destruction  or  utilization  of  the  sugar 
formed  in  the  sjrstem,  D.,  Pancreatic,  a 
variety  of  glycosuria  associated  with  and 
probably  dependent  upon  disease  of  the 
pancreas.  D.,  Phloridzin-,  that  form  pro- 
duced in  animals  by  the  adminbtration  of 
phloridzin.  D.,  Phosphatic,  a  condition 
characterized  by  polyuria,  polydipsia, 
emaciation,  and  exce.nsive  excretion  of  phos- 
phates in  the  urine. 

Diabetic  (di-ab-et'-ik)  [6i&,  through ;  /Saiv- 
r<v,  to  goj.  !•  Pertaining  to  diabetes.  2.  A 
person  sunering  from  diabetes.  D.  Cataract, 
an  opacity  of  the  crystalline  lens  sometimes 
found  in  association  with  diabetes.  D. 
Coma,  the  coma  caused  by  diabetes  mellitus. 
D.  Gangrene,  a  moist  gangrene  sometimes 
occurring  in  persons  suffering  from  diabetes. 
D.  Sugar,  C^Hj^O,,  the  glucose  present  in 
the  urine  in  diabetes  mellitus.  It  is  identical 
with  grape-sugar.^  D.  Tat>es,  a  peripheral 
neuritis  occurring  in  diabetic  patients,  and 
causing  symptoms  resembling  tabes  dorsalis 
D.  Urine,  urine  containing  sugar. 

Diacetic  Acid  (di-as-e^-tik).     See  Acid. 

Diaceturia  (di-as-et-u'-re-a^  [di,  two; 
aceium,  vinegar ;  ovpov,  urine] .  The  presence 
of  diacetic  acid  in  the  urine. 

Diachylon  (di-ak^-il-on)  [did,  through; 
XvU^t  juice].  Lead-plaster.  Sec  Plum- 
bum. 


DIACID 


DIAPHRAGMATIC 


Diacid  {di-as^-id)  f^i,  two ;  acidus^  acid]. 
Haring  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  replac^le  bj 
a  base. 

Diad  {di^'Od)  [di^  two].  Having  a  quantiv- 
alence  of  two. 

Diagnose  (di-ag-nds^).     See  DiagncstuaU, 

Diagnosis  (di-ag-ny-sis)  [<J<a,  apart;  yv«- 
flrcc*  knowledge].  The  determination  of  the 
nature  of  a  disease.  D.,  DifiTerential,  the 
distinguishing  between  two  diseases  of 
similar  character,  by  comparing  their  symp- 
toms. D.  by  Exclusion,  the  recognition 
of  a  disease  by  excluding  all  other  known 
conditions.  D.,  Pathologic,  the  diagnosis 
of  the  structural  lesions  present  in  a  disease. 
D.,  Physical,  the  determination  of  disease 
by  inspection,  palpation,  percussion,  or  aus- 
cultation. 

Diagnostic  (di •  ag - nos^ - tik)  [d^i,  apart; 
Xvu<T<c,  knowledge].  Serving  as  evidence  in 
diagnosb. 

Diagnosticate,  Diagnose  {di-ag-nos' -tik-iU^ 
di^ag-nds)  [Ad,  apart;  yvoffif,  knowledge]. 
To  make  a  diagnosis. 

Diagnostician  (di-ag-nos-tish^-an)  \6t6., 
through;  yvtwif,  knowledge].  One  skilled 
in  midiing  diagnoses. 

Dialysis  (di-aPis-is)  \jii&^  through;  Xieiv^  to 
loose].  The  separation  of  several  substances 
from  each  other  in  solution  by  taking  advan- 
tage of  their  differing  diffusibility  through 
porous  membranes.  Those  that  pass  through 
readily  are  termed  crystalloids,  Uiose  that  do 
not,  colloids. 

Dialysed  (di'-al-ltd)  [(f/d,  through;  "k^ttv^ 
to  loose].     Separated  by  dialysis. 

Dialyzer  (dtf^al-i-itr)  [diii, through  ;  ?.iew,  to 
loose].  An  apparatus  for  effecting  dialysis ; 
also  tne  porous  septum  or  diaphra^  of  such 
an  apparatus. 

Diamagnetic  {diahmag-net^ -ik)  [d/4,  across ; 
fi&yvrf^j  magnet].  Taking  a  position  at  right 
angles  to  the  lines  of  magnetic  force. 

Diameter  (di-am'-et-er)  [«f«i,  through ;  fih- 
pcvy  a  measure].  A  straight  line  joining  op- 
posite points  of  a  body  or  figure  and  passing 
through  its  center.  D.,  Craniometric,  one 
of  several  lines  connecting  points  on  opposite 
surfaces  of  the  cranium.  Biparietaly  that 
joining  the  parietal  eminences ;  BUempcral^ 
that  joining  the  extremities  of  the  coronal 
suture ;  Occipitofrontal ^  that  joining  the  root 
of  the  nose  and  the  most  prominent  point  of 
the  occiput ;  Occipitomental ^  that  joining  the 
external  occipital  protuberance  and  the  chin ; 
Trachelobregniatic ^  that  joining  the  center  of 
the  anterior  fontanel  and  the  junction  of  the 
neck  and  floor  of  the  mouth.  D.,  Pelvic, 
any  one  of  the  diameters  of  the  pelvis.  The 
most  important  are  the  following:  Antero- 
posterior  (of  pelvic  inlet),  that  which  joins 
the  sacroverteoral  angle  and  the  pubic  sym- 


physis ;  Anteroposterior  (of  pelvic  outlet),  that 
which  joins  the  tip  of  the  coccyx  with  the 
subpubic  ligament;  Conjugate^  the  antero- 
posterior  diatneter  of  the  pelvic  inlet ;  Conju- 
gate, diagonal,  that  connecting  the  sacro- 
vertebral  angle  and  subpubic  ligament; 
Conjugate,  external,  that  connecting  the 
depression  above  the  spine  of  the  first  sacral 
vertebra  and  the  middle  of  the  upper  border 
of  the  symphysis  pubis ;  Conjugate,  true,  that 
connecting  the  sacrovertebial  angle  and  the 
most  prominent  portion  of  the  posterior  aspect 
of  the  symphjrsis  pubis ;  Transverse  (of  pel- 
vic inlet),  that  connecting  the  two  most 
widely  separated  points  of  the  ()elvic  inlet ; 
Transverse  (of  pelvic  outlet),  that  connecting 
the  ischial  tuberosities. 

Diamid  (di'-amid)  [di,  two;  amid^.  A 
double  amid  formed  by  replacing  hydrogen 
in  two  ammonia  molecules  by  an  acid  radicle. 

Diamin  (di^-am-in)  [di^  two;  amin\  An 
amin  formed  by  replacing  hydrogen  m  two 
molecules  of  ammonia  by  a  basic  radicle. 

Diapedesis  (di-ah-pede^-sis)  [At&,  through  ; 
mjddttv,  to  leap] .  The  passage  of  the  t>lood 
through  the  unruptured  vessel  walls. 

Diaphanometer.     Sec  Lactoscope. 

Diaphanoscope  {di-afan' -o-skdp)  [Ao^kiv^, 
translucent ;  aiuyKuv,  to  inspect].  An  instru- 
ment for  illuminating  the  interior  of  a  body- 
cavity  so  as  to  render  the  boundaries  of  the 
cavity  visible  from  the  exterior. 

Diaphoresis  {di-ahfor-e' -sis)  \pth,  a  part ; 
^opietv,  to  carry].  Perspiration,  es}>ecially 
perceptible  perspiration. 

Diaphoretic  {diah-foref-ik^  [ha,  a  part ; 
^pktiv,  to  carry].  I.  Causing  an  increase  of 
perspiration.  2.  A  medicine  that  induces 
diaphoresis. 

Diaphragm  (</*'-<i4-y9-nw)[d«i,  across;  ^p4)  ua^ 
wall].  I.  The  musculomembranous  partitioo 
that  separates  the  thorax  and  abdomen.  It 
is  the  chief  muscle  of  respiration^  2.  A  thin 
septum,  such  as  is  used  in  dial3rsis.  3.  In  a 
microscope,  a  perforated  plate  placed  between 
the  mirror  and  object  to  regulate  the  amount 
of  light  that  is  to  pass  through  the  object. 

Diaphragmatic  {di  -  ah  -frag  -  mat*-  ik)  [rfai, 
across,  ^pdyfia,  a  wall].  Relating  to  the 
diaphragm.  D.  Phenomenon,  Litten*s 
sign ;  in  a  state  of  health  there  can  be  seen  a 
shadow  rising  and  falling  from  the  vertebral 
column  to  the  attachment  of  the  diaphragm 
from  the  seventh  rib  to  the  convexity ;  thb 
movement  can  be  seen  through  the  thoracic 
walls,  and  shows  the  intensity  of  respira- 
tion, and  the  limit  of  the  diaphragm  between 
its  position  on  inspiration  and  that  on  expira- 
tion. The  upper  position  cone^ponds  to  the 
liver-margin  in  the  state  of  rest.  Deviatiofis 
of  the  extent  of  movement  mark  certain 
pathologic  states. 


DIAPHTHERIN 


DIELECTRIC 


Diaphtherin  {diaf'-ther-in)  Idia^eipeiv,  to 
destroy].  Oxychinaseptol ;  a  coal-tar  deriva- 
tive composed  uf  two  molecules  of  oxychinolin 
and  one  of  aseptol.  It  is  a  yellow  powder, 
with  a  phenol-like  odor,  and  is  used  as  an  anti- 
septic in  solutions  varying  in  strength  from  I 
to  50  per  cent 

Diaphysis  (di-af -is-is)  [cJ^i,  between;  fvtiv^ 
to  grow].     The  shaft  ola  long  bone. 

Diapophysis  {di  -  ap  -  off^-  is  -  is)  [Jm,  apart ; 
(iKiy^i^^  an  outgrowth].  The  superior  or 
articular  part  of  a  transverse  process  of  a 
vertebra. 

Diarrhea  (di-ar-e' -ah)  [dm,  through;  ^eev, 
to  flow].  A  condition  chajTacterized  by  in- 
creased frequency  and  lessened  consistency  of 
the  fecal  evacuations.  D.,  Choleraic, 
severe,  acute  diarrhea  with  serous  stools, 
and  accompanied  by  vomiting  and  collapse. 
D.,  Lienteric,  a  form  of  diarrhea  charac- 
terized by  the  passage  of  fluid  stools  con- 
taining masses  of  undigested  food.  D., 
Mucous,  that  characterized  by  the  pres- 
ence of  mucus  in  the  stools.  D.,  Summer, 
an  acute  form  occurring  particularly  in  chil- 
dren during  the  intense  heat  of  summer. 

Diarthrosis  (di-ar-thr(/-sis)  [rftd,  through- 
out ;  &pdpuaig,  articulation].  A  form  of  ar- 
ticulation characterized  by  mobility.  The 
various  forms  are :  Arthrodia,  in  which  the 
bones  glide  upon  plane  surfaces ;  Enarlkro- 
sis,  ball-and-socket  joint,  with  motion  in  all 
directions ;  Ginglymus^  or  hinge-joint,  with 
backward  and  forward  motion  ;  and  D,  rota- 
ioriat  with  pivotal  movement. 

Diastase  (di^-as-tas)  [didaTaat^^  separation]. 
A  nitrogenous  vegetable  ferment  found  m 
malt ;  it  converts  starch  into  glucose. 

Diastasic,  or  Diastatic  (di-as-tas^ -ik^  or 
di-as-tat^ -ik)  [dLaaraav^^  separation].  I.  Per- 
taining to  diastase.    2.  Pertaining  to  diastasis. 

Diastasis  {di-as'-tas-is)  [didaraaiq,  separa- 
tion]. I.  The  separation  of  an  epiphysis 
from  the  body  of  a  bone  without  true  frac- 
ture. 2.  A  dislocation  of  an  amphiarthrotic 
joint. 

Diaster  {di^-as-ter).     See  Karyokifusis. 

Diastole  {di-as' -to-U)  \6uxaro7Ji^  a  drawing 
apart].  The  period  of  dilatation  of  a  cham- 
ber of  the  heart ;  used  alone  it  signifies  D. 
of  the  ventricles. 

Diastolic  (di-as'tol^-ik)  [iJwwyroA^,  a  drawing 
apart].  Pertaining  to  the  diastole  of  the 
heajt 

Piatbermal,  or  Diathermanous  (di-ather^' 
ma/f  di'Oih-er^ -man-tis)  [(J«<i,  through ;  dkp^^ 
beat].  Permeable  by  waves  of  radiant 
beat. 

Diathesis  {di-ath^ -es-is)  [d«i,  through ;  rSk- 
vat^Xo  arrange].  A  state  or  condition  of  the 
body  whereby  it  is  especially  liable  to  cer- 
tain diseases,  such  as  goat,  calculos,  dia- 


betes, etc.  It  may  be  acquired  or  heredi* 
tary.    D.,  Hemorrhagic.    %t^  Hemophilia, 

Diathetic  (di-athei'-ik)  [cJ^d,  through ;  rttik- 
v(u,  to  arrange].     Relating  to  a  diathesis. 

Diatomic  {ai-at-om^-ik)  [dicy  two;  arofwc, 
atom].  I.  Consisting  of  two  atoms.  2. 
Having  two  hydrogen  atoms  replaceable  by 
radicles. 

Diazo-  (di-oM^'o)  [d/f,  two;  azo/um,  nitro- 
gen]. A  prefix  signifying  that  a  compound 
contains  phenyl,  C^H^,  united  with  a  radicle 
consisting  of  two  nitrogen  atoms.  D. -reac- 
tion or  test,  a  urinary  test,  valuable  in  the 
diagnosis  of  enteric  fever.  The  solutions  re- 
quired are  (a)  a  saturated  solution  of  sul- 
phanilic  acid  in  a  5  per  cent,  solution  of 
hydrochloric  acid ;  (^)  a  ^  per  cent,  solution 
of  sodium  nitrite.  Mix  a  and  ^  in  the  pro- 
portion of  40  c.c.  of  a  to  I  c.c.  of  d,  and  to  a 
few  cubic  centimeters  add  an  equal  volume 
of  urine,  and,  after  shaking  well,  allow  a  few 
drops  of  ammonia  to  flow  down  the  side  of  the 
tube.  A  garnet -red  color  at  the  point  of  con- 
tact denotes  the  reaction,  or  a  rose-pink  foam 
after  shaking. 

Dibasic  (di-ba^-sik)  [tJif,  twice ;  /3d<rff ,  base]. 
Of  a  salt,  containing  two  atoms  of  a  mono- 
basic element  or  radicle ;  of  an  acid,  having 
two  replaceable  hydrogen  atoms. 

Dibromid  (di-brom'-id).  A  compound  con- 
sisting of  an  element  or  radicle  and  two 
atoms  of  bromin. 

Dichloracetic  Acid  {di-klar-ase'-Hk),  CH,- 
CljOj.  An  acid  produced  by  the  replace- 
ment of  two  hydrogen  atoms  in  acetic  acid 
by  chlorin.     It  is  a  caustic  liquid. 

Dichlorid  {di-klo* -rid).  A  compound  con- 
sbting  of  an  element  or  radicle  and  two 
atoms  of  chlorin. 

Dichroism  (^/f'->^ro-i5w)  [(J/f,  double ;  ;^p<5«, 
color].  The  state  of  presenting  one  color 
when  seen  by  reflected  light,  and  another 
when  seen  by  transmitted  light. 

Dicinchonin  (di-sin^-kon-in)  [di^^  double; 
cinchima^t  Cjgll^^N^Oj.  An  alkaloid  of 
Cinchona  bark. 

Dicrotic  {di-krot^-ik)  rd<«poroc,  double  beat- 
ing]. Having  a  double  beat.  D.  Pulse. 
See  Dicrotism.  D.  Wave,  the  recoil -wave 
of  the  sphygmographic  tracing,  generated  by 
closiu-e  of  the  aortic  valves. 

Dicrotism  (di^-kro-Hzm)  TdiKporoc,  a  double- 
beat].  A  condition  of  tbe  pulse  in  which 
with  every  wave  there  is  given  to  the  finger 
of  the  examiner  the  sensation  of  two  beats. 
It  is  present  when  the  arterial  tension  is  low. 

Didactic  (di-dak'tik)  [didaKUKdq^  apt  at 
teaching].  Teaching  by  description  and 
theory. 

Dielectric  (di  -  el  -  ek^  -  trik)  \pih^  through; 
^?^KTpov,  amber].  Transmitting  electricity 
by  induction  and  not  by  conduction. 


DIET 


DIGITOXIN 


Diet  {di'-ei)  \6iaira^  a  system  or  mode  of  Iit- 
ing].  The  (bod  taken  regularly  by  an  indi- 
vidual ;  the  food  adapted  to  a  certain  state 
of  the  body,  as  fever-diet,  convalescence -diet 
D.,DiAbetic,  a  diet  mostly  of  meats  and  green 
vegetables^starches  and  sugars  being  excluded. 
D.,  Fever,  a  nutritious,  easily  digestible  liquid 
or  semi-liquid  diet,  usually  with  milk  and 
meat-broths  as  a  basis.  D.,  Gouty,  a  diet 
of  simple  nutritious  food,  avoiding  wines,  fats, 
pastries,  and  much  meat.  D.,  TuffhelVs, 
a  highly  nutritious  diet  including  but  a  small 
amount  of  liquids,  employed  in  Sie  treatment 
of  aneurysm. 

Dietary  {di' -et-a-re)  \piairay  a  system  or  mode 
of  living].  A  svstem  of  food-regulation  in- 
tended to  meet  tne  requirements  of  the  ani- 
mal economy. 

Dietetic  (dift-ef -ik)  [iiaira^  a  system  or 
mode  of  living].     Pertaining  to  diet. 

Diethylamin  (</i-/'M-i/^-ain-i>f )  NC^H».  A 
non-poisonous,  liquid  ptomain  obtamed  from 
putrefying  fish. 

Diethylene-diamin.    See  Piperaun, 

Differential  {dif-er-en'-shal)  [differentia^ 
difference].  Pertaining  to  or  creating  a  differ- 
ence. D.  Diagnosis.  See  Diagnosis.  D. 
Staining,  a  method  of  staining  tubercle-ba- 
cilli, syphilis-bacilli,  etc. ,  founded  upon  the 
fact  that  they  retain  the  color  in  the  presence 
of  certain  reagents  that  decolorize  the  sur- 
rounding tissues. 

Differentiation  {dif-er-enske-a' -shun")  {dif- 
ferentia ^  difference  J .  I.  The  act  or  process  of 
distinguishing  or  making  different.  2.  Chang- 
ing from  general  to  special  characters ;  spe- 
ciidization. 

Diffraction  {difrak' -shun)  [</«,  apart ;  frac- 
tuSf  broken].  The  deflection  or  the  separation 
into  its  component  parts  that  takes  place  in 
a  ray  of  light  when  it  passes  through  a  narrow 
slit  or  aperture.  D.  Orating,  a  strip  of  glass 
closely  ruled  with  fine  lines ;  it  is  often  used 
in  the  spectroscope  in  the  place  of  the  battery 
ofprisms. 

Dimase  (difUs').  Scattered;  not  limited  to  one 
tissue  or  spot ;   opposed  to  localized. 

Diffusible  (difu^-tihl)  [dis,  uwmy ;  fum/ere, 
to  pour].  Spreading  rapidly;  capable  of 
passing  through  a  porous  membrane ;  applied 
to  certain  quickly-acting  stimulants,  usually 
of  transient  effect. 

Diffusion  (^dif-u^-MAun)  \diffundere^Xo  spread] . 
A  spreadmg-out.  D. -circle,  the  imperfect 
image  formed  by  incomplete  focalization,  the 
position  of  the  true  focus  not  having  been 
reached  by  some  of  the  rays  of  light  or  else 
having  been  passed. 

Digastric  (di-j^as^ -triA)  [tf/f,  double ;  yntrrijp, 
belly].   Having  two  bellies,  as  the  D.  Muscle. 

Digestant  {di Jest' ant)  \digfrere^  to  digest]. 
A  substance  that  assists  digestion  of  the  food. 


Digestion  {di-Jes^-ehun)  [digerere,  to  digest]. 
Those  processes  whereby  the  food  taken  intc 
an  organism  is  made  capable  of  being  absorbed 
and  assimilated  by  the  body-tissues.  D., 
Artificial,  digestion  carried  on  outside  of 
the  body.  D.,  Gastric,  digestion  by  the  action 
of  the  gastric  juice.  D.,  Intestinal,  digestion 
by  the  action  of  the  intestinal  juices,  including 
the  action  of  the  bile  and  the  pancreatic  fluid. 
D.,  Pancreatic,  digestion  b^  the  action  of  the 
pancreatic  juice.  D.,  Peptic.  See  />.,  Gas- 
tric, D.,  Primary,  gastrointestinal  digestion. 
D.,  Salivary,  digestion  by  the  saliva.  D., 
Secondary,  tl^e  assimilation  by  the  body- 
celb  of  their  appropriate  pabulum. 

Digestive  (dijes'-tiv)  [digerere^  to  digest]. 

1.  Relating  to  or  favoring  digestion.  2.  An 
agent  that  promotes  digestion.  D.  Tract,  the 
whole  alimentary  canal  fix>m  the  month  to  the 
anus. 

Digit  {di/'it)  [digitus,  finger] .  A  finger  or  toe. 

Digital  (difu-al)  [digitus,  a  finger].  Per- 
taining to  the  fingers  or  toes.  D.  Arteries, 
the  arteries  of  the  hands  and  feet  supplying 
the  digits.  See  Arteries,  Table  of  D.  Com- 
pression, the  stoppage  of  a  flow  of  blood  by 
pressure  with  the  finger.  D.  Examination, 
examination  or  exploration  with  the  finger. 

Digitalin  (dij-ita' -Hn)  [digitalis,  pertaining 
to  the  fingers!  I.  Digitalinum  (0.  S.  P.); 
CjHgO,  (?),  tne  active  principle  of  Digitalis 
purpurea.     Dose  gr.  ^ij^  (0.001-0.002). 

2.  A  precipitate  from  a  tincture  of  Digitalis 
puipurea.     Unof 

Digitalis  (dij-it-a' -lis)  [digitalis,  pertaining  to 
the  fingers].  Foxglove.  The  leaves  of  I), 
purpurea.  It  contams  an  amorphous  complex 
substance,  digitalin,  that  does  not,  however, 
represent  the  full  properties  of  the  leaves.  It 
is  a  powerful  cardiac  stimulant,  strengthening 
the  systole  and  lengthening  the  diastole  of  the 
heart.  It  also  acts  as  a  diuretic ;  in  large  doses 
it  causes  gastric  disturbances.  It  b  employed 
mainly  in  diseases  of  the  heart  when  compen- 
sation is  lost.  D.,  Extrmctum,  l>ose  gr. 
1-1(0.01-0.032).  D.,Eztractum,Pluidum. 
Dose  HV,  i-iij  (0.065-0.2).  D.,  In^soro,  i  % 
parts  of  the  leaves  in  100  parts.  Dose  f  ,^  ss- 
f  J  j  (16.0-32.0).  D.,  Tinctura,  15  parts  of 
the  leaves  in  too  of  diluted  alcohol.  Doae 
Tr\,x-xx  (0.6-1.2). 

Digitation  {dij-ita'-shun)  [digitatus,  having 
digits].  A  hnger-like  process,  or  a  succeaakn 
of  such  processes,  especially  of  a  muscle. 

Digiti  mortui  (difiti  mt^-tui)  [L.]. 
Dead  fingers ;  a  cold  and  white  state  of  tbe 
fingers. 

Digitonin  (dij-it-o'-nin)  [digitalis,  pertain- 
ing to  the  fingers],  C,,Hj,0,^  A  white, 
amorphous  mass  obtained  from  digitalis. 

Digitozin  (dij-it-oks^-in)  [digitahs,  pertain^ 
ing  to  the  fingen ;  rofudv,  poison],  CnHj,- 


DIHYDROCOLLIDIN 


DIPLEGIA 


0|y  or  Cy^Hsfiu'  ^  highly  poisonous  glu- 
cosid  obtained  irom  Digitalis  purpurea. 

N.  A  liquid  substance  isomeric  with  a  pto- 
main  obtained  from  putrid  flesh  and  fish. 

Dihydrocoridin  (tH-M-cfro-Jkor^-ui-m),  Cj^Hiy 
N.  A  substance  isomeric  with  a  ptomain 
(bund  in  cultures  of  the  Bacillus  alUi. 

Dihydiolutidm  (di-ki-dro-  lu'-  Hd-  in)  [d/f , 
double;  iSup,  water;  lu/eus,  yellow], 
C,H|,N.  One  of  the  alkaloidal  bodies  found 
in  cod-liver  oil.  It  is  slightly  poisonous,  in 
small  doses  diminishing  general  sensibility, 
in  large  doses  causing  tremor,  paraljrsis  of  the 
hind  limbs,  and  death. 

Diiodid  (di'i'-(hdid)  [</i,  two ;  iodum^  iodin.] 
A  compound  consisting  of  a  basic  element 
and  two  atoms  of  iodin. 

Dilaceration  (di'las-er-a'-shun)  [dUaceraiio, 
a  tearing  apart].  A  tearing  apart ;  division  of 
a  membranous  cataract  by  a  tearing  operation. 

Dilatation  {di- lot -a' -shun)  [dilatare^  to 
spread  out].  A  spreading  apart;  the  state, 
especially  of  a  hollow  part  or  organ,  of  being 
dilated  or  stretched.  D.  of  Heart,  an  in- 
crease in  the  size  of  one  or  more  of  the  cavi- 
ties of  tbe  heart,  arising  from  a  relaxation  or 
weakening  of  the  heart-muscle.  It  is  asso- 
ciated with  evidences  of  failure  of  circulation, 
resulting  in  congestion  of  the  lungs  and  other 
viscera. 

Dilatator  (di-lat-af -tor).     See  Dilator. 

Dilator  (di-la^-tor)  [dilatare^  to  spread  out]. 
An  instrument  for  stretching  or  enlarging  a 
cavity  or  opening ;  also,  a  dilating  muscle. 
See  Muscles,  TaSu  of, 

DiU  (dil).     See  Anethum, 

Diluent  {dil'-u-ent)  {diluere^  to  wash  away]. 
I.  Diluting.  3.  An  agent  that  dilutes  the 
secretions  of  an  organ. 

Dilution  {di-lu'-skun)  \diluere,  to  wash 
away].  X.  Ihe  process  of  adding  a  neutral 
fluid  to  some  other  fluid  or  substance,  in  order 
to  diminish  the  qualities  of  the  latter.  2.  A 
diluted  substance;  the  result  of  a  diluting 
process. 

Dimethylamin  {di'metk-H^'am-in)  [rJ/f,  two; 
methyl,  amin\,  NC,H,.  A  nontoxic  ptomain 
found  in  putrefying  gelatin,  old  decomposing 
yeast,  etc. 

Dimethylxanthin  {di-nteth-yl-zan'-thin),  C- 
H,(CH,>,N^O,.     Tbeobromin. 

Dimorpnous  {di-mor^'/us)  [dtf*  double; 
fOf)6^,  form].     Existing  in  two  forms. 

Dinitrate  (di'-ni-trdt),  A  compound  result- 
ing from  the  replacement  of  the  hydrogen  of 
two  molecules  of  nitric  acid  by  a  base. 

Dinitrocelluloae  (di'm^tiO'sey -u-lbi).  See 
Pyroxylin. 

Dionin  (di-o'-'nin),  Ethylmorphin  hydro- 
chlorate,  a  soluble  and  efllicient  succedaneum 
for  morphin.    Dose  gr.  ^-i. 


Diopter  {di-op^-ter)  [dui,  through  ;  dilfeoBai, 
to  see}.  The  unit  of  measurement  of  the 
refractive  power  of  an  optic  lens.  It  is  the 
refractive  power  of  a  lens  that  has  a  focal 
distance  of  one  meter. 

Dioptric  {di-op^ -trik)  [d<(i,  through ;  6rj;eadai, 
to  seel.  I.  Pertaining  to  transmitted  and  re- 
fracted light     2.  A  diopter. 

Dioptry  (di-op^-tre).     See  Diopter, 

Dioxid  (di'Oks'-id)  [dtf,  two ;  6^vf,  sharp]. 
A  molecule  containing  two  atoms  of  oxygen. 

Dip.  The  deviation  from  the  horizontal  posi- 
tion shown  by  a  freely-suspended  magnetic 
needle. 

Diphtheria  (di/the^ -re-ah)  [dl^epa,  a  skin 
or  membrane].  An  acute  infectious  disease 
caused  by  the  Klebs-Ldffler  bacillus.  It 
is  characterized  by  the  formation  on  a  mu- 
cous membrane,  most  frequently  that  of  the 
pharynx,  of  a  false  membrane,  grayish  or 
buff  in  color  and  quite  firmly  adherent.  Any 
mucous  membrane,  as  tbe  laryngeal,  nasal, 
conjunctival,  and,  more  rarely,  the  gastroin- 
testinal, vaginal,  and  that  of  the  middle  ear, 
may  be  the  seat  of  the  disease.  The  mem- 
brane may  also  be  formed  on  wounds — 5«r-. 
gical  or  IVound-D.  The  constitutional  symp- 
toms result  from  the  absorption  of  poisons 
elaborated  by  the  bacteria,  the  bacilli  them- 
selves not  being  found  in  the  blood  as  a  rule. 
These  poisons  are  a  nucleoalbumin  and  a 
nuclein,  the  former  producing  the  acute,  the 
latter  the  later  symptoms  of  the  disease. 
The  general  s)rmptoms  are,  in  brief,  fever, 
profound  prostration,  weakness  of  the  heart, 
and  a  rapidly-developing  anemia.  A  fre- 
quent sequel  is  paralysis,  which  may  be  gen- 
eral, but  is  often  confined  to  the  palatal  and 
ocular  muscles.  Diphtheria  is  eminently  a 
disease  of  childhood  and  very  fatal.  Death 
results  from  systemic  poisoning,  from  heart- 
failure,  from  obstruction  to  respiration  by  the 
presence  of  membrane  in  the  air-passages,  or 
from  a  complication,  as  pneumonia.  D.,  Br^- 
tonneau's,  true  diphtheria  of  the  pharynx, 
first  described  by  P.  Br6tonneau  (1826^ 

Diphtheric  [dif-ther' -ik)  \6L^tpa,  a  skin  or 
membrane].     Of  or  pertaining  to  diphtheria. 

Diphtheritic  {difther-it'-ik),  "^te  Diphtheric, 

Diphthongia  (dif-thon^ -je-ah)  [d/f,  double ; 
^yyKj  ■  a  voice].  The  production  of  a 
double  tone  of  the  voice  due  to  incomplete 
unilateral  paralysis  of  the  recurrent  laryngeal 
nerve,  or  to  some  lesion  of  the  vocal  bands 
that  causes  each  to  produce  its  own  sound. 

Diplacusts  (dip'iak-u'-sis)  [d<7rX6oc,  double  ; 
dKouTcCt  hearing].  I.  The  hearing  of  a  tone 
as  higher  by  one  ear  than  by  the  other ; 
called  D.  binauralis.  2.  The  hearing  of 
two  tones  by  one  ear,  when  only  one  tone  is 
produced;  called  D.  uniauralis. 

Diplegia  (di-ple^-Je-ah)  [dtf ,  double ;  vT^rfi* 


DIPLO. 


DISEASE 


stroke].  Paralysis  of  similar  parts  on  the 
two  sides  of  the  body. 

Diplo-  [diirTidof,  double].  A  prefix  signify- 
ing douhU. 

Dipioblastic  {dip  •  lo  -  blas^  -  Hk)  [dtnUo^, 
double ;  phurrd^,  sprout].  Having  two  germ- 
layers. 

Diplococcut  {dip-lO'kok''Ui)  [diirA^ioc,  dou- 
ble; «uk«of,  kernel].  A  micrococcus  that 
occurs  in  groups  of  two. 

Dipioe  {dtf/'lo-e)  [<fi>rXo)^,  a  fold].  The  can- 
cellous bony  tissue  between  the  outer  and 
inner  tables  of  the  skull. 

Diploetic  (^i>  ^-//^-i/tj  [(JitrA4w^,afold].  Re- 
lating to  the  dipioe ;  diploic. 

Diploic  (dip'l(/-ik)  [dmhtfi,  a  fold].  Per- 
taining to  the  dipioe. 

Diplomyelia  {dip-lo-mi-e^-le-ah)  {itnX&o^^ 
double ;  /ivrA^,  marrow].  An  apparent  dou- 
bleness  of  the  spinal  cord,  produced  by  a  lon- 
gitudinal fissure. 

Diplopia  idip'lo' 'pe-iik)  [diirA^,  double; 
5^,  sight].  Double  vision,  one  object  be- 
ing seen  by  the  eye  or  eyes  as  two.  D^ 
Binocular,  the  most  frequent,  is  due  to  a 
derangement  of  the  muscular  balance,  the 
images  of  the  object  being  thereby  thrown 
upon  nonidentical  points  of  the  retinae.  D., 
Crossed,  or  D.,  Heteronymous,  the  result 
of  divergent  strabismus,  the  image  of  the  right 
eye  appearing  upon  the  left  side,  and  that  of 
the  left  eye  upon  the  right  side.  D.,  Di- 
rect, or  D.,  Homonymous,  the  reverse  of 
Crossed  D.,  found  in  convergent  strabismus. 
D.,  Monocular,  diplopia  with  a  single  eye, 
usually  due  to  hysteria,  or  to  double  pupil,  or 
beginning  cataract 

Dipotassic  (di-po-tas^'ik)  [<//,  two;  poias- 
sium\  Containing  two  atoms  of  potassium 
in  a  molecule. 

Dippel's  Animal  Oil.  Oleum  corau  cervi. 
An  oil  obtained  in  distilling  bone  and  deer's 
horn.  It  contains  pyridin  and  lutidin.  It  is 
antispasmodic  and  stimulant     Unof. 

Dippmg  Needle.  A  magnetic  needle  so 
hung  that  it  can  move  freely  in  a  vertical 
plane. 

Dipsomania  (difso-maf  -tu-ah)  [(5/^,  thirst; 
/mvui,  madness].  The  uncontrollable  desire 
for  spirituous  liauors. 

Dipterocarpus  [dip-ter-o-kar^pus)  [iJiTrrepof, 
two-winged;  Kapn6^^  fruit].  A  genus  of 
trees  chiefly  found  in  Southern  Asia,  some  of 
which  furnish  gurjun-balsam. 

Direct  (di-rekf)  [dirfctus,  straight].  In  a 
right  or  straight  line ;  without  the  interposi- 
tion of  some  medium.  D.  Current,  a  gal- 
vanic current.  D.  Image.  See  Image.  D. 
Ophthalmoscopy.  See  Ophthalmoscopy,  D. 
Vision,  the  perception  of  an  object  the  image 
of  which  falls  upon  the  macula. 

Director  [di-rek' -tor)   [dirigere,  to  guide]. 


Anythingthat  guides  or  directs.  D.,  Grooved, 
an  instrument  grooved  to  guide  the  knife  in 
surgical  operations. 

Dis-  [(J<V»  twice].  I.  A  prefix  denoting  tw^ 
or  double,     2.  A  prefix  to  denote  apart  from. 

Disarticulation  (dis-ar-tih-u-ia^ -shun)  [</u, 
apart;  articulum^  a  joint^.  Separation  at  a 
joint ;  amputation  at  a  jomt 

Disassimilation  {dis  aS'sim-il-a^ -shun)  \dis' 
assimilatio'] .  The  process  of  transformation 
of  assimilated  substances  into  waste -products. 

Disc  Uisi)  [discuSf  dioKo^,  a  quoit  or  round 
plate].  A  circular,  plate-like  organ  or  struc- 
ture. D.,  Blood.  See  Bhodcorpuscie.  D., 
Choked.  See  Papillitis.  D.,  Germinal, 
the  small  disc  of  the  blastodermic  membrane, 
in  which  the  first  traces  of  the  embryo  are 
seen.  D.,  Optic,  the  circular  area  ip  the 
retina  that  represents  the  termination  of 
the  optic  nerve. 

Discharge  (dis-charf)  [OF.,  descharger^Xo 
unload].  I.  A  setting  free;  also  that  which 
b  discharged.  2.  A  sudden  setting  free  of 
a  force. 

Discharger  {dis-char^-jer).  An  instrument 
for  setting  fr^  electricity  stored  in  a  Leydeo 
jar  or  other  condenser. 

Discharging  (dis  -  char' -  jimg)  [OF.,  des- 
charger,  to  unload].  Unloading;  flowing 
out,  as  pus,  etc.  D.  Lesion,  a  brain-lesion 
that  causes  sudden  discharges  of  nervous 
motor  impulses. 

Discission  (dis-ish'-un)  [diseissio;  discin- 
dere,  to  tear  or  cut  apart].  An  operation  for 
soft  cataract,  in  which  the  capsule  is  lacerated 
a  number  of  times,  to  allow  the  lens- substance 
to  be  absorbed. 

Discrete  {dis-krit')  [discreftts,  sqiarated]. 
Not  running  together ;  separate. 

Discus  (dis''kus\  [rVicr/cof,  a  disc].  A  disc. 
D.  proligerus,  the  mass  of  cells  of  the  roem- 
brana  granulosa  of  the  Graafian  vciiicle  that 
surround  the  ovum. 

Discutient  (dishu'shenf)  [discu/ere^  to  shake 
apart].  I.  Capable  of  effecting  rcM^lution. 
2.  A  medicine  having  the  power  of  causing 
an  exudation  to  disappear. 

Disdiaclast  (dis  di'ah  hst)  [c(<V«  double; 
6i6,  through  ;  xAdf/v,  to  break  down].  One 
of  the  small  doubly-refractive  elements  in  the 
contractile  discs  of  a  muscle-fiber. 

Disease  (dis-tx^)  [dis,  negative;  ease^  a  state 
of  rest].  A  disturbance  of  function  or  struc- 
ture of  any  organ  or  part  of  the  body.  A 
Table  of  Eponymic  Diseases  is  ara>a>ded. 
D.,  Acute,  a  disease  marked  by  rapid  onset 
and  short  course.  D.,  Bleeders',  synonym 
of  Hemophilia.  D.,  Chronic,  one  that  is 
slow  in  its  course.  D.,  Constitutional,  one 
in  which  a  system  of  organs  or  the  whole 
body  is  involved.  D.,  Focal,  a  tocalixed 
disease.     D.,  Functional,  a  disease  without 


DISENGAGEMENT 


DISTILLATE 


discoverable  organic  lesion.  D . ,  I diopathic, 
one  that  exists  by  itself  without  any  connec- 
tion with  another  disorder ;  one  of  which  the 
cause  is  unknown.  D.,  Intercurrent,  a  dis- 
ease occurring  during  the  progress  of  another 
of  which  it  is  independent.  D.,  Organic, 
one  due  to  structural  changes.  D*,  Para- 
sitic, one  due  to  an  animal  or  vegetal  par- 
asite. D.,  Septic,  one  arising  from  the 
development  of  pyogenic  or  putrefactive 
organisms  within  the  body.  D.,  Specific,  one 
caused  by  the  introduction  of  a  specific  virus 
or  poison  within  the  body ;  also  a  synonjrm 
of  syphilis.  D.,  Venereal,  one  due  to  sex- 
ual intercourse.  D.,  Zjrmotic,  a  disease 
arising  from  the  introduction  and  multiplica- 
tion of  some  living  germ  within  the  body. 
Disengagement  (dis-en-gof  nient)  [Fr.,</(rj- 
engager^  to  disengage] .  Emergence  from  a 
confined  state ;  especially  the  escape  of  the 
head  of  the  fetus  from  the  vaginal  canal. 
Disinfectant  (dis-infek' -tant)  [</»,  neg.; 
inficere^  to  corrupt].  An  agent  that  destroys 
the  germs  of  disease,  fermentation,  and  putre- 
faction. 

Disinfection  {dis  -  in  -  fek^  -  shun)  [</£;,  neg.; 
injicere^  to  corrupt].  The  destroy mg  of  dis- 
ease-germs, especially  by  means  of  chemic 
substances. 

Disintegrate  {dis  •  iV-  te  -grO/)  [</f>,  apart ; 
integer y  the  whole].  To  break  up  or  de- 
compose. 
Dislocation  (dis  -  lo  -  ka' -  shun)  [<//>,  apart; 
locare^  to  place].  The  displacement  of  one 
or  more  bones  of  a  joint,  or  of  any  organ 
from  its  natural  position.  D.,  Complete, 
one  in  which  the  joint  surfaces  are  entirely 
separated.  D.,  Compound,  one  in  which 
the  joint  communicates  with  the  external  air 
through  a  wound.  D.,  Consecutive,  one 
in  which  the  displaced  bone  is  not  in  the 
same  position  as  when  originally  misplaced. 
D.,  Old,  one  in  which  inflammatory  changes 
have  occurred.  D.,  Partial  or  Incomplete, 
one  in  which  the  articulating  surfaces  re- 
main in  partial  contact;  also  called  sub- 
lusuition.  D.,  Pathologic,  one  the  result 
of  disease  in  the  joint  or  of  paralysis  of  the 
controlling  muscles.  D.,  Primitive,  one  in 
which  the  bones  remain  as  originally  dis- 
placed. D.,  Recent,  one  in  which  no  in- 
fUromatory  changes  have  ensued.  D., 
Simple,  one  in  which  there  b  no  communi- 
cai km  with  the  air  through  a  wound.  D., 
Traumatic,  that  due  to  injury. 
Dtsodic  (di'Si/'dik)  [di,  two ;  sodiufft].  Con- 
taining two  atoms  of  sodium  in  the  molecule. 
IHsparate  (dis' -par- at)  [dispar^  unequal]. 
Not  dike;  uneoual  or  unmated.  D.  Points, 
nonideotical  pomts  of  the  two  retinae.  Dip- 
lopia is  produced  when  the  images  of  a  single 
oli^cct  nil  upon  stich  points. 


Dispareunia  (dis-par-oo'-ne-ah).    See  Dys- 
rtunia. 


mpensary  (dis-pens'-ar-e)  [dispensare,  to 
distribute].  A  charitable  institution  where 
medical  treatment  is  given  to  the  poor. 

Dispensatory  (dis-pens' at-or-e)  \dispemator- 
ium^  an  apothecary's  diary].  A  treatise  on 
materia  medica,  and  the  composition,  effects, 
and  preparation  of  medicines. 

Diapersion  (<^t>-/^-j^i^if)  \dispersio  ;  disper- 
sus,  scattered] .  The  act  of  scattering.  In 
physics,  the  separation  of  a  ray  of  light  into 
its  component  parts  by  reflection  or  refraction  ; 
also,  any  scattering  of  light,  as  that  which 
has  passed  through  ground  glass. 

Dispirem  (dispi'-rem)  [dis,  two;  spira,  a 
spiral].  The  two  skeins  of  a  dividing  nucleus 
formed  from  the  nuclear  loops  and  in  devel- 
opment giving  rise  to  the  daughter-nuclei. 

Displacement  (dis-plds'-merU)  [Fr.,  despla- 
cer,  to  displace].  A  putting  out  of  the  nor- 
mal position. 

Dissect  (dis-ekt^)  [dissecare  to  cut  up].  To 
cut  tissues  apart  carefully  and  slowly,  to 
allow  study  of  the  relations  of  a  part. 

Dissection  (dis-ek^-shun).  The  cutting  apart 
of  the  tissues  of  the  body  for  purposes  of  study. 
D.-wound,  a  septic  wound  acquired  during 
dissection. 

Disseminated  (dis-em'-in-a-ted)  [dissemiM- 
are,  to  scatter  seed].  Scattered ;  spread 
over  a  large  area.  D.  Sclerosis,  a  disease 
of  the  central  nervous  system,  in  which  the 
areas  of  sclerosis  are  irregularly  scattered 
throughout  the  cord  and  brain.  Synonyms — 
multiple  or  insular  sclerosis. 

Dissociation  (dis-so-se-a'-shun)  [dis,  apart ; 
sociarf,  to  associate].  Separation,  especially 
the  separation  of  a  complex  compound  into 
simpler  molecules  by  the  action  of  heat.  D.- 
sjrmptom,  anesthesia  to  pain  and  to  heat 
and  cold,  with  preservation  of  tactile  sensi- 
bility and  of  the  muscular  sense ;  it  is  ob- 
served in  syringomyelia. 

Dissolution  (dis-o-Iu'-shun)  \dissolutio ;  dis- 
solvere,  to  set  free].  I.  The  separation  of  a 
body  or  compound  into  its  parts.  2.  Death ; 
decomposition. 

Dissonance  (dis' -o-nans)  [dissononare,  to 
disagree  in  sound].  The  combination  of  such 
tones  as  are  so  different  from  each  other  as 
to  produce  beats. 

Distal  (dis' -tat)  [distare,  tobc  at  a  distance]. 
Extreme ;  at  the  greatest  distance  from  a  cen- 
tral point ;  i>eripheral. 

Distichiasis  (dis-tik-i'-as-is)  [rf/'c,  double; 
^f^XoCf  a  row].  The  condition  in  which  there 
is  a  double  row  of  eyelashes,  the  inner  rub 
bing  against  the  globe.  See  also  Trichiasis 
and  Entropion. 

Distillate  (dis' -til-dt).  The  product  obtained 
by  distillation. 


DISTILLATION 


DOSAGE 


Distillation  {dis-tila' shun)  [desiillaie,  to 
drop  little  by  little].  The  process  of  vapor- 
izing and  collecting  the  vapor  by  condensa- 
tion. It  b  used  mainly  in  purifying  li(iuids 
by  separating  them  from  nonvolatile  sub- 
stances. D.,  Destructive,  the  decomposi- 
tion of  a  substance  in  a  closed  vessel  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  obtain  liquid  products.  D., 
Fractional,  a  method  of  separating  sub- 
stances from  each  other  by  distilling  the  mix- 
ture containing  them  at  a  gradually  increased 
temperature,  the  different  substances  being 
vaporized  and  collected  in  the  order  of  their 
volatility. 

Distoma,  or  Distomum  {du^-Uhmah^  dW- 
to-mum)  [dtf,  double ;  crrd^,  a  mouth].  A 
genus  of  trematode  worms  which  have  an 
oral  as  well  as  a  ventral  sucker. 

Distribution  (dis-trib-u'-shun)  [disiribufre^ 
to  distribute].  The  branching  of  a  nerve  or 
artery,  and  toe  arrangement  of  its  branches 
within  those  parts  that  it  supplies. 

Disulphate  {di-sul' -fat)  \dis^  two;  sul- 
phury, A  sulphate  containmg  one  atom  of 
hydrogen  that  can  be  replaced  by  a  base. 

Disulphid  (dt-sui'-fid)  [dis,  two ;  sulphur]. 


A  compound  of  an  element  or  radicle  with 
two  atoms  of  sulphur. 

DiU  Bark  (di'-iah  )  [L.].  The  baric  of  Al- 
sionia  scholaris^  native  to  the  Philippine 
Islands.  It  b  employed  as  a  tonic  and  anti- 
periodic  in  intermittent  fever.  Dose  of  the 
tincture,  ix  j-ij  (4.0-8.0) ;  of  the  fluid  ex- 
tract, gtt.  ij-v  (0.13-0.32);  of  the  powder, 
gr.  V  (0.32).     Unof. 

Dithiosalicylate  of  Sodium  (di'thto-sa-H^- 
sit'dt).     Sec  Sodium. 

Dithjrmoldiiodid  ( di-  thi-  moi-di-^-  o-did), 
Aristol. 

Dittrich's  Plugs.  Masses  of  granular  mat- 
ter,degenerated  epithelium,  and  crystals  of  the 
fatty  acids  in  the  sputum  of  putrid  bronchitis. 

Diureid  (di-yu' re-id).  A  compound  con- 
taining two  molecules  of  urea. 

Diuresis  {tii-u-re' -sis)  [cTi^,  through  ;  olpietv, 
to  make  water].  Increase  in  the  secretion 
of  urine. 

Diuretic  {di-u-rei^-ik)  [(f«i,  through ;  ovpfetv, 
to  make  water].  I.  Increasing  the  flow  of 
urine.  2.  An  agent  that  increases  the  secre- 
tion of  urine.  D.,  Alterative,  drugs  elimin- 
ated by  the  kidney  and  used  for  their  local 
action  on  the  surfaces  over  which  they  pass. 
D.,  Hjrdragogue,  those  that  increase  the 
flow  of  water  from  the  kidneys.  D.,  Re- 
frigerant, those  that  render  the  urine  less 
irritating  while  not  greatly  increasing  its  flow. 

Dhiretin  (di-u'-retin),  C,H^NaN/).,aH^- 
OHCOONa.  Theobromin  sodiosahcylate. 
It  has  been  found  useful  as  a  diuretic  in 
pleuritic  efiusion  and  cardiac  dropsy.  Dose 
90  gratnt  (6.0)  daily,  in  four  dotes. 


Diumule  (dium'-ill)  [Fr.].  A  fonn  of 
medicinal  tablet  or  capsule  that  contains  the 
maximum  quantity  of  a  toxic  drug  that  may 
be  adminbtered  in  24  hours. 

Divergent  {di-ver' -jent)  [divergere^  to  di- 
verge]. Moving  in  different  diiections  from 
a  common  point.  D.  Strabiamus.  See 
Strabismus^, 

Divers'  Paral3rsi8.     See  Caisson -disfose. 

Diverticulum  (divfr-tik'-ulum)  [divertfrt, 
to  turn].  A  small  pouch  or  sac  springing 
from  a  main  structure.  D.,  Meckel's,  a 
congenital  diverticulum  of  the  ileum,  the 
remains  of  the  omphalomesenteric  duct. 

Divulsion  (di-vut' -shun)  [divulsiot  a  tearing 
apart].     A  tearing  asunder. 

Dot>ed's  Spray,  or  Solution.  Liquor 
sodii  boratis  compositus  (N.  F.);  a  solution 
of  borax,  sodium  bicarbonate,  and  phenol 
in  glycerol  and  water ;  it  b  used  as  a  spray 
for  nasal  and  throat  troubles. 

Dochmiasis  {dokmi' as-is)  \66xfuo^^  crum- 
pled]. The  diseased  condition  caused  by  the 
presence  in  the  body  of  parasites  belonging 
to  the  genus  Dochmius.    Cf  Ankylostomiasis, 

Dochmius  duodenalis  {doJ^-ineus  duo- 
den'-al-is).     See  Anchylostomum  duodenaU. 

Dog's  Bane.     See  Apocynum. 

Dogwood  (dog^-wood).     See  Comus, 

Dolichos.     S^Eime  as  Afuruna, 

Dolichocephalic,  or  Dolichocephalous 
(dcl-ik-o-sef-al' 'ik^  or  -sef''al-us\  [do><^^, 
long;  Kt^iikti^  head].  Longheaaed;  having 
a  relatively  long  anteroposterior  cephalic 
diameter. 

Dolofosus  {do-loro'-sus)  [L.].  Full  of  pain. 

Donda  Ndugu  [African].  Brothef-  ulcer ;  a 
disease  common  on  the  east  coast  of  Africa, 
due  to  some  organism  that  infests  stagnant 
water.  It  aflects  especially  the  leg,  which 
becomes  inflamed  and  swollen,  and  sloughs 
below  the  healthy  tissue. 

Donovan's  Solution.     See  Arsenic. 

Dorsad  (dor* -sad)  [dorsum,  the  back;  ttd^ 
toward].     Toward  the  dorsal  aspect. 

Dorsal  (dor'-sal)  [dorsum^  the  back.]  Per- 
taining to  the  back,  or  to  the  posterior  part  of 
an  organ.  D.  Artery.  See  Artery.  D. 
Decubitus,  recumbency  in  the  Mpine  posi- 
tion.    D.  Refles.    See  Reflexes,  Tabte  of. 

Dorsalis  pedis  {dor-sa'-Us  pe^-dis).  See 
Arteries,  Table  of. 

Dorsispinal  {dor-se-spi'-nal)  [dorrum,  back  ; 
spina,  spine].  Relating  to  the  back  and  the 
spinal  column. 

Dorso-  {dor* -so-)  [dorsum,  btLckl.  A  prefix 
used  to  signify  pertaining  to  the  back. 

Dorsum  (d'<»r'-x«»»)rL.].  l.  The  back,  2. 
Any  part  corresponding  to  the  back ;  as  the 
dorsum  of  the  foot,  hand,  tongue,  penis,  etc. 

Dosa^  {dy-saj)  [66oi(,  m  portion  given]. 
The  detennination  of  the  prcyper  smoont  of 


DOSE 


DRY 


a  medicine  or  other  agent  for  a  given  case  <^ 
condition. 

Dose  {(^ds)  [66aiCi  a  portion].  The  measured 
portion  of  medicine  to  be  taken  at  one  time. 
D.,  Divided,  a  relatively  small  quantity  of  a 
drug  taken  at  short  intervals.  D.,  Lethal, 
a  dose  sufficient  to  kill.  D.,  Maximum, 
the  largest  dose  consistent  with  safety.  D., 
Minimum,  the  smallest  quantity  of  a  medi- 
cine that  will  produce  physiologic  effects. 
Dosimetric  {do-sim-ei'-nk)  [66atq,  a  dose; 
fdrpoVf  a  measure].  Relating  to  or  charac- 
terized by  dosimetry. 

Dosimetry  (do-sim^-et-re)  [*f(5<y/f,  dose;  fiir- 
pnv,  a  measure].  The  accurate  and  system- 
atic measurement  of  a  dose. 
Douche  {doosh)  [Fr.].  A  stream  of  water 
directed  against  a  part,  or  one  used  to  flush  a 
cavity  of  the  body.  D.,  Air,  a  current  of  air 
directed  against  some  organ  for  therapeutic 
purposes. 

Douglas's   Cul-de-sac  or  Pouch.       See 
Pouch.    D.*s  Semilunar  Fold,  a  thin  curved 
margin  that  forms  the  lower  part  of  the  poste- 
rior wall  of  the  sheath  of  the  abdominal  rec- 
tus muscle. 
Dover's  Powder.    See  Opium. 
Doy^re,  Eminence,  Hillock,  Papilla,   or 
Tuft  of  {doyyar).     The  slight  elevation  in 
a  muscular  6ber  corresponding  to  the  entrance 
of  a  nerve- fiber. 
Drachm  (dram).     See  Dram. 
Dracontium   (drakon^-she-um)  [SpaKuv^   a 
dragon].     Skunk  cabbage. 
Dracunculus    {drakun'-kulus)    [dim.    of 
6p6Munf^  a  dragon,  serpent].     A  genus  of 
thread- worms,    belonging     to    the    family 
FiiarUda. 
Draft,   Draught   (draft)   [AS.,  dragon,  to 
draw].     A  quantity  of  liquid  drunk  at  one 
gulp.     D.,  Black,  compound  infusion  of 
senna.      D.,  Effervescing,  one  containing 
sodium  or  potassium  bicarbonate  and  a  vege- 
table acid. 
T>i9i%OTC%  'SiooA  (dragf'Ontblud).     I.  The 
astringent  resin  of  Calamus  ratang  and  C. 
draco,    E.    Indian  rattan  palms.       2.     The 
resin    of  various   species    of  Dracana.     3. 
The  resin  of  Pterocarpus  draco,  a  W.  Indian 
tree.     The  various  kinds  of  dragon's  blood 
are  astringent,  but  are  no  longer  used  inter- 
nally. 
Drain  (dr&n)  [ME.,  drainm,  to  drain].     A 
material  that  tmords  a  channel  of  e^tt  for  the 
discharge  from  a  wound  or  cavity. 
Drainage    (dran'&j)    [ME.,    drainen,    to 
drain].     The  method  of  effecting  the  exit 
of  the  discharges  {lom  a  wound  or  cavities, 
by  means  of  tubes  or  strands  of  fibers,  or  by 
a  free  incision.     D.-tube,  a  rubber  or  glass 
tube  with  perforations  for  draining  wounds  or 
caiitict. 


Dram,  or  Drachm  (dram)  [dpaxfifj,  a  Greek 
weight].  The  eighth  part  of  the  apothe 
caries'  ounce,  equal  to  60  grains  or  3.9 
grams.  Also  the  one-sixteenth  part  of  the 
avoirdupois  ounce,  equal  to  27. 34  grains.  D., 
Fluid,  the  eighth  part  of  a  fluidounce,  equal 
to  60  minims  or  3.9  c.c. 

Drastic  (dras^-tik)  \dpdeiv,  to  draw],  l. 
Severe,  harsh,  powerful.  2.  A  powerful  and 
irritating  purgative. 

Draught  (draft ).     See  Draft. 

Drepanidium  (drep-an-id' -e-um)  [ffjoeirdv^,  a 
sickle].  The  sickle-shaped  young  of  certain 
protozoans.  D.  ranarum,  a  (probably) 
parasitic  cytozoon  of  frogs'  blood. 

Dressing  (dres'-ing)  [ME.,  dressm,  to  make 
straight].  I.  The  application  of  various 
materials  for  protecting  a  wound  and  favor- 
ing its  healing.     2.  The  material  so  applied. 

Drop  [AS.,  dropa,  a  drop].  A  minute  mass 
of  liquid  which  in  falling  or  in  hanging  from 
a  surface,  assumes  the  spheric  form.  D., 
Black,  acetum  opii.  See  Opium.  D.-cul- 
ture,  in  bacteriology,  a  culture  prepared  by 
placing  a  little  of  the  infected  material  in  a 
drop  of  the  cultiu^-medium.  D.,  Hanging. 
See  Hanging  Drop, 

Dropped  Hand.  A  form  of  paralysis  from 
lead-poisoning,  consisting  in  the  inability  to 
contract  the  extensors  of  the  wrist.  D. 
Foot,  extreme  extension  of  the  foot,  espe- 
cially observed  in  alcoholic  neuritis,  and 
dependent  upon  weakness  of  the  flexors  of 
the  foot. 

Dropsical  (drop^ -sik-al)  [wf/xj^,  dropsy].  Af- 
fected with  or  pertaining  to  dropsy. 

Dropsy  (drop^-se)  [ydpcnff,  dropsy].  An  infil- 
tration of  the  tissues  with  diluted  lymph,  or 
the  collection  of  such  lymph  iuvthe  body  cav- 
ities. D.  of  Belly,  ascites.  D.,  Cardiac, 
that  due  to  failure  of  compensation  in  cardiac 
disease.  D.  of  Chest,  hydrothorax.  D. 
of  Peritoneum,  ascites,  bydroperitoneum. 
D.  of  Pericardium,  hydropericardium. 

Drosera  (dros^-er-ah)  \_6po^ep6Q,  covered  with 
dew].  Sundew ;  the  D.  rotundifolia  and  D. 
longifolia  have  been  used  in  pulmonary 
tuberculosis.  It  is  an  antispasmodic,  and  is 
used  in  whooping-cough  and  other  spasmodic 
coughs. 

Drug  [Fr. ,  drogue,  drug].  A  substance  used 
as  a  medicine.  D.,  Antagonistic,  one  that 
neutralizes  the  action  of  another. 

Drum  [ME.,  drumme].  The  tympanum. 
See  Ear,    D.-head,  the  membrana  tympani. 

Drumstick-bacillus.  See  Bacteria,  Table 
of. 

Dry  (dri)  [AS.,  dryge,  dry].  Free  from 
moisture.  I).  Cupping,  cupping  without 
incising  the  skin.  D.  Gangrene.  See 
Gangrene.  D.  Labor,  one  in  which  there 
is  but  a  slight  dischaige  of  liquor  amnii.    D. 


DUBOIS'  ABSCESS 


DUODENUM 


Pleurisy,   pleurisy  without    effusion.      D. 
Wine,  a  wine  containing  little  or  no  sugar. 
Dubois*  Abscess.    See  Diseases,  Table  o/» 
Dubini*s  Disease.    See  Diseases,  Table  of, 
Duboisin    [du  •  bois' -  in)    [after    Dubois,   a 
French  botanist],  C„H„NO|.     An  alkaloid 
from   Duboisia  royoporoides,  identical  with 
hyoscyamin.     It  is  mydriatic,  sedative,  and 
hypnotic.     The  dose  of  the  sulphate,  which 
is  the  salt  generally  used,    is  gr.    jIq— ^ 
(0.00054-0.001^. 

Duchenne*s  Disease  {du-shenMf),  Glosao- 
labiolaryngeal  paralysis. 
Duct,  or  Ductus  [ducere,  to  lead].  A  tube 
or  channel,  especially  one  for  conveying  the 
secretions  of  a  gland.  D.  of  Ba^olin, 
the  larger  and  longer  of  the  sublingual  ducts, 
opening  into  the  mouth  near  to,  or  in  com- 
mon with,  Wharton's  duct.  D.,  Common 
Bile,  a  duct  formed  by  the  union  of  the  cjrs- 
tic  and  hepatic  ducts.  D.  of  Cuvier,  two 
short  transverse  venous  trunks  in  the  fetus, 
one  on  either  side,  opening  into  the  auricle 
of  the  heart.  Each  is  formed  by  the  union 
of  a  superior  vein,  the  primitive  jugular,  and 
an  inferior  vein.  The  right  one  becomes  the 
superior  vena  cava ;  the  left  one  disappears. 
D.,  Cystic,  the  excretory  duct  of  the  gall- 
bladder. D.,  Ejaculatory,  a  duct  fonned 
by  the  union  of  the  vas  deferens  and  the 
duct  of  the  seiliinal  vesicle  and  carrying  the 
semen  into  the  urethra.  D.,  Endolym- 
phatic, a  tubular  process  of  the  membranous 
labyrinth  of  the  ear,  passing  through  the 
aqueduct  of  the  vestibule  into  the  cranial 
cavity,  where  it  terminates  below  the  dura 
mater  in  a  blind  enlargement,  the  sacculuf 
endolympbaticus.  D.,  Oalactopborous, 
one  of  the  milk-ducts  of  the  mammary  gland. 
D.,  Hepatic,  a  duct  formed  at  the  margin 
of  the  transverse  fissure  of  the  liver  by  the 
junction  of  the  right  and  left  hepatic  ducts. 
D.,  LacrjrmaL  See  D. ,  Nasal.  D.,  Lac- 
tiferous. See  />.,  Galactophorous,  D., 
Lymphatic,  Right,  the  vessel  that  receives 
the  lymph  from  the  lymphatics  of  the  right 
arm,  the  right  side  of  the  head  and  neck, 
the  chest,  lung,  and  right  side  of  the  heart, 
and  also  from  the  upper  surface  of  the  liver. 
It  terminates  at  the  junction  of  the  right  sub- 
clavian and  internal  jugular  veins.  D.  of 
MUller,  a  duct  in  the  embryo,  one  on  each 
side,  parallel  to  the  VVolffian  duct  and  ex- 
tending from  the  body-cavity  to  the  cloaca. 
From  them  are  derived  the  oviducts,  uterus, 
and  vagina.  In  the  male  they  atrophy.  D., 
Nasal,  the  duct  that  conveys  the  tears  from 
the  lacrymal  sac  into  the  inferior  meatus  of 
the  nose.  D.,  Prostatic,  any  one  of  the 
ducts  convejring  the  secretion  of  the  prostate 
into  the  urethra.  D.  of  Rivini,  one  of  the 
dncts  of  the  sublingual  salivary  gland.     D., 


Segmental,  a  tube,  on  either  side  of  the 
body  of  the  embryo,  situated  between  the 
visceral  and  parietal  layers  of  the  mesoblast, 
opening  anteriorly  into  the  body-cavity,  and 
posteriorly  into  the  cloaca.  D.,  Spermatic, 
the  vas  deferens.  D.  of  Steno.  See  D,  of 
SUnson,  D.  of  Stenson,  the  duct  of  the 
parotid  gland.  D.,  Thoracic,  a  duct  18  to 
20  inches  long,  beginning  in  the  receptaculum 
chyli,  passing  upward,  and  emptying  into  the 
left  subclavian  vein  at  its  junction  with  the 
left  internal  jugular  vein.  It  receives  all  the 
lymph  and  chyle  not  received  by  the  right 
lymphatic  duct.  D.  of  Wharton,  the  duct 
of  the  submaxillary  sahvary  gland.  D.  of 
Wirsung,  the  main  duct  of  the  pancreas. 
It  empties  into  the  duodenum.  D.,  Wolffian, 
the  duct  of  the  Wolffian  body  of  the  embrjro. 
It  becomes  the  vas  deferens. 

Ductile  [duk^-til)  \diuere,  to  lead].  Capable 
of  being  drawn  out  thin,  as  a  wire  or  thread. 

Ductless  Glands,  llie  spleen,  thyroid  and 
thymus  glands,  suprarenal  capsules,  and  pitot- 
tary  body,  which  have  no  excretory  ducL 

Ductule  {duk'-tul)  \ilmtulus,  a  small  duct]. 
A  small  duct. 

Ductus  (du¥'tus)  [L.].  A  duct  D. 
arteriosus,  a  short  vessel  in  the  fetus 
connecting  the  pulmonary  artery  with  the 
aorta.  D.  auditorius  or  cochlearis,  the 
scala  media  of  the  cochlea.  D.  cuvieri. 
See  Duct  of  Cuiner,  D.  venosus,  a  branch 
of  the  umbilical  vein  in  the  fetus  which  emp- 
ties directly  into  the  ascending  vena  cava. 

Dulcamara  (dulkam  a^-ra)  [duUis,  sweet ; 
amor  us,  bitter].  Bittersweet  The  young 
branches  of  D.  solanum,  containing  an  alka- 
loid, solanin.  In  overdoses  it  causes  nausea, 
emesis,  and  convulsive  muscular  movements, 
and  in  toxic  doses  is  a  narcotic  poison.  It  is 
employed  in  psoriasis  and  similar  skin -dis- 
eases. D.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  Tr\,xxx-f3j 
(2.0.4.0). 

Dulcamarin  {dulkama'rin)  [duAis,  sweet ; 
amarus,  bitter],  C^Hj^O,,.  A  yellow,  amor- 
phous alkaloid  found  in  dulcamara,  with  a 
sweetish  bitter  taste,  sparingly  soluble  in 
water,  freely  so  in  alcohol  and  acetic  acid, 
insoluble  in  ether  and  in  chloroform. 

Dulness  (dul'nes)  [.-VS.,  dol,  dull].  Lack 
of  resonance  on  percussion. 

Dumb  (dum).  Unable  to  utter  articulate 
speech.  D.  Ague,  a  popular  term  for  ague 
or  malaria  marked  by  ol>scure  symptoms. 

Duodenal  {duo-de'-nal,  or  du •  od'- en^al) 
[duodeni,  twelve  eachj.  Relating  to  the 
duodenum. 

Duodenostomy  (du-O'den-os^'to-me)  [du^ 
denum  :  ordfia,  a  mouth].  The  operation  of 
forming  an  opening  into  the  duodenum 
through  the  abdominal  walls. 

Duodenum  [du-o-de'-num,  or  duod'enum) 


DUPUYTREN'S  CONTRACTION 


DYSOSMIA 


Tifuot/tnif  twelve  each ;  so  called  because  it 
ts  about  twelve  finger-breadths  long].  The 
first  part  of  the  sinall  intestine  beginning  at 
the  pylorus.  It  is  from  8  to  lo  inches  long,  b 
the  most  fixed  part  of  the  small  intestine,  con- 
sists of  an  ascending,  descending,  and  trans- 
verse portion,  and  contains  the  openings  of 
the  pancreatic  duct  and  the  common  bile- 
ducts. 

Dupuytren*t  Contraction.  See  Diseasesy 
TabU  of.  D.  Splint,  a  splint  used  in  the 
treatment  of  Pott's  firacture  pi  the  leg. 

Dura,  or  Dura  Mater  {du'-rah  ma'-ter) 
\duru5^  hard  ;  maier^  motner] .  The  fibrous 
membrane  forming  the  outermost  covering 
of  the  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

Dusting-powder.  Any  fine  powder  used  to 
dust  on  the  skin  to  absorb  or  diminish  its  se- 
cretions or  allay  irritation. 

Dutch  Liquid.     See  Ethene  Chlorid. 

Dyad  (di^-ad)  [dwAc,  two],  i.  Having  a 
quantivalence  of  two.  2.  An  element  or 
radicle  having  a  quantivalence  of  two. 

Djmamic  (di-nam'-ik)  [Mwaiii^,  power]. 
Pertaining  to  energy ;  characterized  by  energy 
or  great  force. 

Dynamics  (di-nam^ -iks)  {^Shvofitc,  power]. 
See  Mechanics. 

Dynamo  {di^-nam-d)  [SVvafuc,  power].  A 
machine  in  which  an  electric  current  is  gen- 
erated by  revolving  coils  of  insulated  wire 
through  the  field  of  a  magnet  intensified  by 
the  same  current. 

Dynamograph  {di-nam'^o-graf)  {dhvafm^^ 
power ;  yp6^tv,  to  write] .  An  instrument 
designed  to  measure  and  record  graphically 
muscular  strength. 

Dynamometer  (di-nam-om' -et-er)  [dirvafi^Qy 
power ;  fikrpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument 
for  the  measurement  of  muscular  strength, 
particularly  of  the  hand. 

Dyne  (din)  [dhifofii^y  power].  A  measure  of 
force;  it  is  the  force  that,  when  applied 
to  a  mass  of  one  gram  for  one  second,  will 
give  it  a  velocity  A  one  centimeter  a  second. 

Dys*  r<'k']f  9  prefix  meaning  bad,  difficult, 
painful. 

Dysacousma  (dis-aJk-ootf-mah)  r<^>  pain- 
ful ;  hKOvaia^  hearing].  A  sensation  of  pain 
or  discomfort  caused  oy  loud  or  even  moder- 
ately loud  noises. 

Dysacusia,  or  D3rsacousis  {dis-ak-oo^-Me-ah 
or  'Sis)  [^i^,  hard;  oKowsla^  nearing].  Dif- 
ficulty <tt  h«uing. 

DsrsKSthesia  {dis-es-ihe^-te-ah).  See  Dyses- 
thesia, 

Dysalbtiipose  (dis'ol^'bu-mdt),  A  variety  of 
albuniose,  insoluble  in  hot  or  cold  water  or 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Dysarthria  (dis-ar'-thn-ah)  [(K^c*  difficult; 
ipBpoVf  ariculation].  Impairment  of  aiticula- 

tlOQ. 


Dysarthrosis  (dis-ar-thry-sis)  [<J6f,  bad;  a 
joint].     A  deformed  joint. 

Dysbasia  {dis - ba' - ze •  ah)  [(^{'C,  difficult; 
^<i(T«c,  a  step].  Impairment  of  the  power  of 
walking. 

Dyschromatopsia  (dis  -  kro  -  mat-  ofZ-se-  ah) 
[cK'f,  difficult;  ;tP^/'^»  color ;  6^tf,  vision]. 
Partial  color-blindness. 

Dyscrasia  (dis-kra^-te-ah)  [Sh^^  bad ;  Kpaat^, 
combination].  A  depraved  condition  of  the 
blood  or  system  due  to  general  disease. 

Dysenteric  {dis-en-ter^-ik)  [(M>f,  bad;  hrre- 
fxJVf  the  bowels].  Of  the  nature  of  or  af- 
fected with  dysentery. 

Dysentery  (dis'-en-ter-e)  [<5{»f ,  bad ;  ivrepov, 
the  bowels].  An  inflammation  of  the  large 
intestine,  probably  infectious  in  origin,  and 
characterized  by  pain,  rectal  tenesmus,  and 
the  frequent  passage  of  small  amounts  of 
mucus  and  blood.  Anatomically,  three  varie- 
ties may  be  distinguished:  tbe  catarrhal, 
the  diphtheritic,  and  the  gangrenous.  The 
true  cause  of  dysentery  is  not  definitely 
known,  but  with  many  cases  the  amoeba  coli 
is  intimately  associated,  particularly  in  the 
d)rsentery  of  the  tropics  (amebic  dysentery). 

Dysesthesia  {dis-es-the^-ze-ah)  ft'vf-,  diffi- 
cult; aladrfoig,  sensation].  I.  Dulness  of 
sensation.  2.  Painfulness  of  any  sensation 
not  normally  painful. 

Dysgraphia  {dis-graf -e-ah)  [J{»f,  difficult; 
ypd^tVf  to  wnte] .  Impairment  of  the  power 
of  writing  as  a  result  of  a  brain -lesion. 

Dysidrosis  (dis-id-ry-sis)  [J^f,  bad;  Idpcy- 
aii,  sweatingY     Synonym  of  pompholyx. 

Dyslalia  {dis-Ja^-le-ah)  [tJi^,  difficult ;  hiWv, 
to  talk].  Impairment  of  the  power  of  speak- 
ing, due  to  a  defect  of  the  organs  of  speech. 

DjTSlezia  {dis-leks^-e-ah)  [cJif,  difficult;  Aific, 
reading].     Impairment  of  the  ability  to  read. 

Dyslo^  (dis-l(/ -je-ah)  [c5{;f ,  difficult ;  A^>^, 
speech].  Difficulty  in  the  expression  of  ideas 
b^  speech. 

Dysmenorrhea  (dis-men-or-e' -ah)  Xph^^  dif- 
ficult; frt^,  month;  />^«iv,  to  flow].  Diffi- 
cult or  painful  menstruation.  D.,  Conges- 
tive, a  form  of  painful  menstruation  due  to 
an  intense  congestion  of  the  pelvic  viscera. 
D.,  Inflammatory,  that  due  to  inflamma- 
tion. D.,  Mechanic.  Stt  D,^  Obstructive. 
D.,  Membranous,  a  very  painful  form  char 
acterized  by  the  discharge  of  shreds  of  de- 
cidua.  D.,  Obstructive,  that  due  to  me- 
chanic obstruction  to  the  free  escape  of  the 
menstrual  fluid.  D.,  Ovarian,  that  form  due 
to  disease  of  the  ovaries.  D.,  Spasmodic, 
that  form  due  to  spasmodic  uterine  contraction. 

Dysmimia  ( dis  -  mim^'  e  -  ah)  [rfff,  difficult ; 
fufuia6ai,  to  mimic].  Impairment  of  the 
power  to  use  signs  and  gestures. 

Dysosmia  (dis-tn^'tne-ah)  [(^(^,  ill ;  hofiij^ 
odor].     Impairment  of  the  sense  of  smell. 


DYSPAREUNIA 


EAR 


I 


Djrtpareunim  {dis-par-oc' -ne-ah)  [Sytrtrdpev- 
voc,  ill  mated].  Painful  or  dimcult  copula 
tion. 

Dyspepsia  {dU'pef/'Se-ah')  [cJvf,  difficult 
iriirreiv,  to  digest].  Dbturoed  digestion, 
D.»  Atonic,  a  form  due  to  insufficient  quan- 
tity or  impaired  quality  of  the  gastric  juice, 
or  to  deficient  action  of  the  gastric  muscles 
Df  Catarrhal,  that  form  caused  by  inflam 
mation  of  the  stomach.  D.,  Intestinal^ 
that  due  to  imperfect  digestive  action  of  the 
intestinal  juices,  or  to  lack  of  tone  in  the 
muscular  coat  of  the  bowel.  D.,  Nervous, 
that  form  characterized  by  gastric  pains, 
coming  on  often  when  the  stomach  is  empty 
and  relieved  by  eating,  and  by  various  reflex 
nervous  phenomena,  especially  by  palpitation. 

Dyspeptic  (dispef-Hk)  [<K^,  difficult;  iriTr- 
re/v,  to  digest].  I.  Relating  to  or  affected 
with  dyspepsia.  2.  A  person  suffering  from 
dyspepsia. 

Dyspeptone  {dis - pep^ - tdn)  [<J(y»  difficult; 
iriwreiv,  to  digest].  An  insoluble  and  unas- 
similable  peptone. 

Dysperistalsis  (dis-per-istal^-sis)  [tfif,  pain- 
ful ;  irepi,  around ;  <Tr<iA<Tif,  compression]. 
Painful  or  perverted  peristalsis. 

Dysphagia  (dis/a^-^e-ah)  I'^Ht  iH;  fa>'''»'i 
to  eat].  Diffictdty  m  swallowing,  or  inabil- 
ity to  swallow. 


Dysphasia   {dis-fa' -te-ah)    [<»tf ,  ill ;   ^<y<f, 

speech].     Difficulty  of  speech  depending  on 

a  central  lesion. 
Dysphonia  [dis  -  f</ •  n€  -  ah)  [d»f,  difficult; 

^(.n^/,  voice].     An  impairment  of  the  voice. 
Dysphrasia     {dis  fra' -xeah)     [iJif ,    ill ; 

^pdaic,  speech].     Imperfect  speech,  due  to 

impairment  of  mental  power. 
Dyspnea  {disp-ny  tiA)  [rfif ,  difficult ;  nvieiv, 

to  breathej.     Difficult  or  labored  breathing. 

D.,  Cardiac,  that  due  to  heart-disease.     D., 

Renal,  that  due,to  renal  disease. 
Dyspneic  {disp-nt^ik)  [6if^,  difticult ;  TrvUtv, 

to  breathe].     Affected   with  or   caused  by 

dyspnea. 
Dysspennia  (dissprr^nieah  )  [#U  c.  difficult ; 

airkpfia^  seed].     An  abnormal   condition  of 

the  semen. 
Dystocia  {dis-t(/ -sf-ah)  [<5i*f ,  difficult ;  r6tioq^ 

birth].     Difficult  labor.     D.,  Fetal,  difficult 

labor  due  to  abnormalities  of  position  or  size 

and  shape  of  the  fetus.     D.,  Maternal,  that 

dystocia  the  cause  of  which  resides  in  the 

mother. 
Dystrophic  (dis-tro' -Jic)  [<^if,  difficult ;  r/^//, 

nourishment].     Pertaining  to  dystrophy. 
D3rstrophy  {dis^-tro-fe)  [%,  difficult ;  rpo^^ 

nourishment].     Faulty  nutrition. 
Dysuria  {ditu^ -re-ak)  [*Hc,  difficult ;  ovpav^ 

urine].     Difficult  or  painful  urination. 


E.     Abbreviation  of  Eye  and  Emmetropia. 

Ear  (?r)  [ME.,^^,  ear].  The  organ  of 
hearing,  consisting  of  the  external  ear,  the 
middle  ear  or  tjrmpanum ,  and  the  internal  ear 
or  labyrinth .  The  outer  ear  is  made  up  of  an 
expanded  portion,  the  pinna,  and  the  exter- 
nal auditory  canal.  The  middle  consists  of 
the  tympanum,  with  the  ear  ossicles,  the 
Eustachian  tube,  and  the  mastoid  cells.  The 
tympanum  is  lined  by  mucous  membrane, 
and  communicates  with  the  pharynx  by 
means  of  the  Eustachian  tube.  It  is  divided 
into  three  parts,  the  atrium,  the  attic,  and  the 
antrum.  Its  outer  end  is  closed  by  the 
tympanic  membrane,  from  which  sound  b 
conducted  along  the  ear-ossicles  (the  malleus, 
incus  and  stapes)  to  the  fenestra  ovalis,  which 
conununicates  with  the  vestibule  of  the  in- 
ternal ear.  By  means  of  the  fenestra  rotunda, 
which  b  cl<»ed  by  the  entotympanic  mem- 
brane, it  communicates  with  the  cochlea  of 
the  internal  ear.  The  mastoid  cells,  which 
are  also  part  of  the  tympanum,  are  air-spaces 


in  the  mastoid  process  of  the  temporal  bone. 
The  internal  ear  consists  of  the  bony  and 
membranous  labyrinth,  which  are  separated 
from  each  other  by  a  s()ace  containmg  the 
perilymph.  Each  labyrinth  consists  of  three 
parts :  the  vestibule,  the  semicircular  canals, 
and  the  cochlea.  The  bony  vestibule  com- 
municates with  the  tympanum  by  the  fenestra 
ovalis,  closed  by  the  base  of  the  stapes,  and 
also  with  the  other  parts  of  the  internal  ear. 
The  semicircular  canals  are  three  in  number, 
the  superior,  the  posterior,  and  the  inferior. 
The  cochlea,  so  named  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  snail-shell,  is  a  cylindric  tube  that 
winds  around  a  central  axb.  the  modiolus, 
which  transmits  the  cochlear  nerves  and 
blood-vesseb.  The  cochlear  canal  is  divided 
by  the  spiral  lamina  into  the  scala  vestibuli, 
communicating  with  the  vestibule,  and  the 
scala  tympani,  communicating  with  the  fe- 
nestra rotunda  of  the  tympanum.  The  mem- 
branous lab3rrinth  is  made  up  of  parti 
corresponding  to  the  bony  labyrinth.     Tht 


EAR 


EAR 


I.  Pinna,  or  auricle.  2.  Concha, 
leus.  7.  Manubrium  mallei. 
Superior  semicircular  canal. 

Cochlea.    15.  Internal  auditory  canal.    16.  Facial  nerve, 
branch  of  auditory  nerve.    19.  Cochlear  branch. 


The  Ear. 
3.  External  auditory  canal.    4.  Membrana  tympani.    5.  Incus.    6.  Ma> 
8.  Tensor  tympani.    o.  Tympanic  cavity,    xo.  Eustachian  tube.    11. 
12.  Posterior  semicircular  canal.    13.  External  semicircular  canal.    14. 
17.  Large  petrosal  nerve.    x8.  Vestibular 


Auditory  Ossicles. 
Head  of  Malleus.  2.  Pro- 
cessus brevis.  t.  Pro- 
cessus gracilis.  4. 
Manubrium.  5.  Lone 
process  of  incus.  6. 
Articulation  between 
incus  and  stapes.  7. 
Stapes. 


Osseous  Labyrinth 
of  the  Ear 
(Lamina  spir- 
alis ossea). 

1,2.3.  Semicircular 
canals.  4.  Ves- 
tibule. 5.  Am- 
pulla. 6.  Fovea 
semielliptica. 
7.  Fovea  hemi- 
spherica.  8. 
Cochlea.  9.  Ori- 
gin  of  lamina 
spiralis  ossea. 
ID.  Foramen 
rotundum. 


Osseous  and  Membranous  Labyrinth  of  the  Ear. — {//olden.) 
Vestibular  branch  of  auditory  nerve.    2.  Branch  for  sacculus.    3.  Branch  for  utriculus.    4.  Branch 
for  ampulla  of  membranous  posterior  semicircular  canal.    ^.  Branch  for  ampulla  of  external  canal. 
4.  Branch  for  ampulla  of  superior  canal.    7.  Cochlear  branch  of  auditory  nerve.    8.  Cochlea. 


BAR 


EAR 


) 


I.  ScaU  tympani.    2.  Scala  vestibuli. 


Cochlea. 
3.  Anterior  or  triangular  canal.  4.  Posterior  or  quadrilateral 
canal.'  $,'5.  Spiral  linment.  6.  External  spiral  sulcus.  7.  Membrana  tectoria,  or  membrane  of 
Corti.  8.  Membrana  Msilaris.  9.  Spiral  vessel.  10.  Limbus  laminae  spiralis.  11.  Pillars  of  orgao 
of  Corti.  12.  Branch  of  cochlear  nerve.  13.  Ganglion  spirale.  x^.  Branch  of  cochlear  nerve  betwec^n 
the  lamellae  of  the  lamina  spiralis  ossea.  15.  One  of  the  orifices  by  which  this  branch  penetrates  the 
canal  of  Corti.    16.  Part  of  bony  cochlea.    17, 17.  Lining  periosteum.    iS.  Membrane  of  Reissner. 


Membranous  Labyrinth  of  the  Ear.— (//'o/tf^«.) 
Distribution  of  the  vestibular  branch  of  the  audi- 
tory nerve  to  the  membranous  labyrinth ;  mem- 
branous   vestibule   and    semicircular    canals. 

I.  Vestibular  branch.  3.  Saccular  branch.  3. 
Utricular  branch.  4.  Branch  to  ampulla  of  ex- 
ternal membranous  semicircular  canal.  5. 
Branch  to  ampulla  o»-  superior  membranous 
semicircular  caaal . 


Cochlea  (Lamina  Spiralis  Ossea). 
1,  I,  1.  Surrounding  bony  structure,  a.  Serolin- 
fundibuliform  lamella,  t.  Its  concave  surface. 
4.  Concave  border  in  which  it  terminates.  5. 
Anterior  extremity  of  this  border.  6.  Cupola, 
superior  two-thirds  removed.  7.  Inferior  por- 
tion of  base  of  semiinfundibuliform  lamella.  8, 
8.  Lamina  spiralis  ossea.  9.  Its  origin.  10.  Its 
beak  or  terminal  portion.  11.  11.  Scala  t>-m- 
pani.  13.  Scala  vestibuli.  13.  Internal  auditory 
14.  Fossa  at  the  base  oi  the  aodiolos. 


EAR-WAX 


ECTOPAGUS 


▼esdbule  consists  of  two  small  sacs,  the 
utricle  and  saccule,  which  communicate 
through  the  vestibular  aqueduct,  and  are  lined 
by  an  epithelium,  the  maculam  acustice, 
which  in  places  is  largely  specialized  and  re- 
ceives the  terminations  of  the  vestibular  nerve. 
The  membranous  cochlea,  or  cochlear  duct, 
contains  the  acoustic  organ  of  the  cochlea, 
or  organ  of  Cord,  which  consists  of  a  series 
of  epithelial  arches  formed  by  the  interlocking 
of  the  ends  of  the  pillars  or  rods  of  Corti. 
Upon  the  inner  rods  of  Corti  are  the  inner 
acoustic  hair-cells ;  in  relation  with  the  outer 
rods  are  the  outer  hair-cells.  The  organ  of 
Corti  is  covered  by  the  membrana  tectoria, 
or  Corti *s  membrane. 

Bar-wax.     See  Cerumen. 

Earth  {erth)  [ME.,  erthe,  earth].  A  name 
given  to  various  metallic  oxids  or  silicates, 
not  soluble  in  water  and  not  affected  by  great 
heat.  E.,  Alkaline,  the  oxids  and  hydrates 
of  calcium,  magnesium,  strontium,  barium, 
and  other  metals  of  the  same  group. 

Earthy  Phosphates.    See  Phosphate. 

Eberth's    Bacillus.     See   Bacteria,    Table 

Ebullition  {eb-uUish' -un)  [ebuliiere,  to  boil]. 

Boiling. 
Ebumation  (e-bur-na'-shun)   [ebur,  ivory]. 

An  increase  in  the  density  of  bone  following 

inflammation. 

Ecballium  (ek-bal^-e-umY  See  Elaterium. 
Ecbolic  {ekbol'ik)  \kK^7.ii,  a  throwing  out]. 

1.  Producing  or  accelerating  labor.     2.  Any 
agent  producing  this  effect. 

Eccentric  (ek-sen'-trik)  [e/c,  out;  idvTpotff 
center].  Situated  away  from  the  center. 
E.  Hypertrophy,  hypertrophy  of  a  hollow 
organ,  as  the  heart,  with  dilatation. 

Bcchondroma  (ek-k(m-dr</-mak)  [ex,  out; 
x6vdpoc,  cartilage;  bfM,  tumor].  A  chon- 
droma. 

Bcchymoma  (eh-e-my-mah)  riic;t^/Kj/<a,  a 
bursting  of  a  small  blood-vessel] .  A  tumor- 
like swelling  composed  of  extravasated 
blood. 

Bcchymosss  {eh-e-mtZ-sis)  [ex;^/uj/<a,  a 
bursting  of  a  small  blood-vessel].  An  ex- 
travasation of  blood  into  the  sulx:utaneous 
tissues.  It  is  marked  by  a  purple  coloration 
of  the  skin,  the  color  gradually  changing  to 
brown,  green,  and  yellow. 

Bcchymotic  {ek-emot^ -ik)  rex;t^^uu/ia,  a  burst- 
ing of  a  small  blood-vessel].  Relating  to  or 
resembling  an  ecch3anosis. 

Echinococcus  (eki-nokok^-us)  Vtxivo^y  « 
hedfehog;  /a^/cxoc,  a  berry].  I.  The  scolex 
or  uu^al  stage  of  the   taenia  echinococcus. 

2.  Hydatid. 

Echo  {ek'-o)  [vx^t  *  sound].     A  reverber- 
ated sound.    E.,  Amphoric,  a  vocal  reson- 
ance in  which  the  transoikted  voice  sounds 
17 


as  if  it  were  speaking  into  a  narrow-necked 
bottle. 

Echolalia  {ek-o-la'-leah)  [fJX^* echo '»  ^<aA^, 
talk].  A  meaningless  repetition  by  a  per- 
son of  words  spoken  to  him  by  others. 

Eclampsia  (ek-tam/Z-se-ah)  [exAd/xTrreiv,  to 
shine  or  burst  forth].  An  acute  nervous  af- 
fection, characterized  by  convulsions  with 
loss  of  consciousness.  E.,  Infantile,  a  re- 
flex convulsion  of  childhood.  E.,  Puer- 
peral, a  convulsion  occurring  toward  the  close 
of  pregnancy,  or  after  labor,  believed  to  be 
caused  by  the  irritation  of  the  vasomotor  cen- 
ters by  retained  excrementitious  substances. 

Eclamptic  ( ek-lamfZ -tik  \  [  ktcMfiTrreiVf  to 
shine  or  burst  forth].  Relating  to,  or  of  the 
nature  of,  eclampsia. 

Eclectic  (ek'iek'-tik)  \iiOi£KTiK6^,  selected]. 
A  name  chosen  by  a  school  of  physicians  to 
denote  their  principle  of  selecting  that  which 
is  good  from  all  other  schools. 

Ecraseur  {a-krah-ter')  [Fr.l.  An  instrument 
consisting  of  a  chain  or  wu'e-loop  which  is 
placed  about  a  projecting  part,  and  by  being 
tightened  gradually  cuts  through  the  tissues. 

Ecstasy  {eks^-ta-se)  [iKoraat^y  a  trance].  .  A 
derangement  of  the  nervous  system  charac- 
terized by  an  exalted  visionary  state,  absence 
of  volition,  insensibility  to  surroundings,  a 
radiant  expression,  and  immobility  in  statu- 
esque positions. 

Ecstrophy  {ek^ -stro-fe)  [ex,  out ;  arpk^iv,  to 
turn].  Eversion;  the  turning  inside-out  of 
a  part 

Ectasia,  Ectasis  Uk-ta^-se-ah,  ek'tas-is) 
[iicraatc,  extension].    Detention ;  dilatation. 

Ectatic  \ek-tat''ik)  [iicrafftf ,  extension].  Dis- 
tended or  dilated. 

Ecthyma  (ek-thi' -mah)  \lifB%)iva,  a  pustule]. 
An  inflammatory  skin-disease  attended  with 
an  eruption  of  large,  flat,  superficial  pustules. 
They  vary  in  size  from  a  ten-cent  piece  to  a 
silver  quarter- dollar,  and  are  surrounded  by  a 
distinct  inflammatory  areola.  The  eruption 
appears  as  a  rule  on  the  legs  and  thighs 
where  the  hairs  are  thick ;  it  occurs  in  crops, 
and  may  persist  for  an  indefinite  period. 

Ecto-(^i'-/'tf-)  [i«r4f, without].  A  prefix  signify- 
ing without,  upon  the  outer  side. 

Ectoderm  (^'i&'-/tf-^<r«)[i«cT<Jf, outside;  6ipfia, 
skin].  The  outer  of  the  two  primitive  layers 
of  the  embryo. 

Ectodermal  {ek-to-derm'-ai)  [eicrrff,  outside, 
^ipfia,  skin].  Pertaining  to  or  formed  from 
the  ectoderm. 

-ectomy  [^k,  out  of ;  rkfivhv,  to  cut].  A  suffix , 
meaning  a  cutting  out. 

Ectogenous  {ek-tof -en-us)  [eicrdf  out;  yewov, 
to  produce].  Capable  of  growth  outside  of 
the  body,  applied  especially  to  bacteria  and 
other  parasites. 

Bctopagus  {eh-tof -ag-us)  [^«r^,  out ;  irdp^, 


ECTOPIA 


ELASTIC 


a  fixture].  A  twin  monstrosity  united  laterallj 
the  full  extent  of  the  thorax. 

Ectopia  {ek-i^-pe-oM)  [to-oirof,  displaced]. 
Malpositioo. 

Ectopic  (ek-tof-ik)  [ixroToc,  displaced].  In 
an  abocvmal  position.  E.  Qestationt  ex- 
trauterine gestation. 

Ectoplasm  {ek^ -topiatm)  [eicr^Ct  without; 
ii:'k6aativ,  to  form] .  The  outer,  hyaline,  more 
compact  layer  of  protoplasm  of  a  cell  or  uni- 
cellular organism. 

Ectfomelos  {ek-trom*  elm)  \lKrp»jati^^  abor- 
tion; /ii^,  limb].  A  single  autositic  mon- 
ster characterized  by  the  presence  of  imper- 
fectly-formed limbs. 

Ectropion  Uktry-pt-on)  [e<,  out;  rphmv^ 
CO  turn].  Emersion  of  a  part,  especially  of 
an  eyelid. 

Ectropioniae  Uk-tr</ -pe-on-u)  [ec,  out; 
rphreiv,  to  turn  J.  To  produce  by  operation 
the  condition  of  ectropion. 

Ecsema  {eJ^^u-maA)  utc^hnf,  to  boil  orer]. 
Tetter ;  an  acute  or  chronic,  noncontagious, 
inflammatory  disease  of  the  skin,  character- 
ized by  multiformity  of  lesion,  and  the  pres- 
ence, in  varying  degrees,  of  itching,  infiltra- 
tion, and  discharge.  The  skin  b  reddened, 
the  redness  shading  off  insensibly  into  the 
surrounding  unaffected  parts.  E.  crytbem- 
atoaum,  the  mildest  form  of  eczema,  in 
which  the  skin  is  reddened  and  slightly 
swollen.  E.  fiaaum,  a  form  affecting  the 
hands  and  skin  orer  the  articulations,  and 
characterized  by  the  formation  of  deep,  pain- 
ful cracks  or  fissures.  E.  hypcftrophictim, 
a  form  characterized  by  permanent  hypertro- 
phy of  the  papillae  of  the  skin,  giving  rise  to 
general  or  limited  warty  outgrowths.  E. 
madidana,  E.  rubrum ;  a  form  characterized 
by  Urge,  raw,  weeping  surfaces  studded  with 
red  points.  It  follows  E.  vesiculosum.  E. 
papuloaum,  a  variety  associated  with  the 
Ibrmation  of  minute  papules  of  a  deep-red 
color  and  firm  consistence*  and  accompanied 
by  intense  itching.  E»  puatuloaum,  the 
stage  of  eczema  characterized  by  the  forma- 
tion of  pustules.  E.  mbnim.  See  £.  madi- 
dans.  E.  aeborrhcBicum.  Synonym  of 
seborrhea.  E.  solara,  that  form  due  to  irri- 
tation from  the  rays  of  the  sun.  E.  aquam- 
oaum,  a  Toriety  characterized  by  the  forma- 
tion of  adherent  scales  of  shed  epithelium. 
E.  veaiculoaum,  an  eczema  characterized 
by  the  presence  of  vesicles. 

Bcsematoua  {ek-nm'  atus)  [icCiciv,  to  boil 
over].  Of  the  nature  of  or  uTected  with  ec- 
zema. 

Edema  ie-de^'mah)  [oLdrjfia  :  oiSUtv,  to  swell]. 
An  infiltration  of  serum  in  a  part  E.,  An- 
gioneurotic. 5>ee  An^oneurotic.  E.,  In* 
flammatory,  that  due  to  inflammation.  E., 
Malignant,  an  edematous  inflammation  that 


ocean  at  tinses  alter  serioua  injoriea,  and 
is  characterized  by  its  rapid  spread,  tbe 
speedy  destmctioo  of  tbe  tissue  involved, 
and  the  formation  of  gas.  It  is  doe  to  the 
bacillus  of  malignant  edema.  E.,  Pamleiit, 
a  purulent  infiltratioo  in  which  there  b  a 
great  deal  of  fluid. 

Edema toua  (e-dem' -^xi-tu)  [Mffta^  edema]. 
Characterized  by  edema. 

Efferent  {ef'-er-eni)  {efferem^  carT3ring  from]. 
Carrying  away,  as  £.  nerves,  nerves  conveying 
impidses  away  from  the  central  nervous  S3rs- 
tem ;  of  blood-vessels,  conveying  blood  away 
(rom  the  tissues ;  of  lymphatics,  conveying 
lymph  from  the  lymphatic  glands. 

Efferveacinff  (^-^r-trr'-wi^)  \efferveuere,  to 
boil  up].  Giving  off  gas-buboies ;  foaming. 
E.  Powder.     See  SeidHtt  Powder. 

Effleurage  [ef-^r-atk')  [Fr.].  In  masaage, 
the  stroking  movement 

Effloreacence  (ef -teres' -em)  [ejffhrescert^  to 
bloom].  I.  The  spontaneous  conversion  of 
a  crystalline  substance  into  powder  by  a  loss 
of  its  water  of  crystallization.  2.  The  erup- 
tion of  an  exanthematous  disease. 

EflBuvium  (ef'lu^'Ve'Um'i  [efflmere,  to  flow 
out].  An  odor,  especially  one  that  is  oflRea- 
sive. 

Effualon  (ef-u'-thwC)  [efuttdere,  to  poor 
out].  I.  A  pouring-out,  especially  the  pour- 
ing-out of  blood  or  serum  into  the  cellular 
tissues  or  the  serous  cavities.  2.  The  ef- 
fused fluid. 

Egeata  ie-jes'-tak)  [egeren^  to  cast  out]. 
Tbe  discnarges  of  the  bowels  or  of  other  ex- 

*cretory  orsans. 

K«  (<r)  [ME.,  egfre,  an  egg].  See  Otmm. 
E.-albomin,  white  of  egg,  constituting  about 
60  per  cent  of  the  egg  of  the  domestic  fowl. 

Egc^phony  {e-goff'-o-ne)  [oZ^,  a  wild  goat; 
^undj^  the  voice  J.  A  modification  of  bronch- 
ophony, in  which  the  voice  has  a  bleating 
character  like  that  of  a  kid.  It  is  heard  in 
pleurisy  with  slight  effusion. 

Egyptian  {e-jip^-U-an).  Pertaining  to  Egypt. 
E.  Chloroaia.  See  Anchylostomiasit,  E. 
Ophthalmia.    See  Ophthalmia^  Purulent. 

Ehrlich'a  Anilin-water  Solution,  or  Ehr* 
lich'a  Solution.  A  solution  of  a  basic  ani- 
lin-dye  in  anilin-oil  and  water. 

Eiloid  (i'lmd)  [eO^iv,  to  coil ;  f<«(oc,  form]. 
Having  a  coiled  structure,  as  an  eiloid  tumor. 

Ejaculation  U-Jaku-la^-shun)  {ejaculation  a 
throwing  out].      The  ejection  ot  the  semen. 

Ejaculatory  {e-/dh''U'la-/or'e)  [ejaeulatia,  a 
throwing  out].  Throwing  or  casting  out. 
E.  Duct.    See  Duct. 

Elaatic  (e-las^'tik)  [fX^bviv,  to  urge  for- 
ward]. Returning  to  the  original  form  after 
being  stretched  or  compressed.  E.  Band- 
age, an  India-rubber  bandage  exerting  con- 
tinuous compression  of  a  pan.   E.  Stockings 


ELASTIN 


ELECTROPUNCTURATION 


in  India-rubber  stocking  exerting  continuous 
pressure.  E.  Tissue,  s  variety  of  connec- 
tive tissue  composed  of  yellow  elastic  fibers. 
Elastin  {e-las^-tin)  \k%a,\3Vtw^  to  urge  for- 
ward]. An  albuminoid  substance  forming 
the  l^is  of  elastic  tissue. 
EUterin,  or  Elaterinum  {el-at^-er-in,  el-at- 
er-i'-num)  [fAan^^MOf,  driving  away],  Q^- 
H^O}.  A  neutral  principle  obtained  from 
EcbaUium  elaterium.  It  is  a  powerful  hydra- 
gogue  cathartic.  Dose  gr.  ^  (0.0032).  E., 
Pulv.,  Comp.  (B.  P.),  contains  elaterin  I, 
sugar  of  milk  39  parts.  Dose  gr.  ss-v  (o.  032- 
0.32).  E.,  Trituratio,  elaterin  10,  sugar 
of  milk  90  parts,  thoroughly  mixed.  Dose 
gr.  ss-l  (0.032-0.04). 

Elaterium  (el-at-e^-re-um)  ItXaHipio^,  driv- 
ing away].  The  dried  sediment  itom  the 
juice  of  tne  squirting  cucumber,  EcbaUium 
tlaUrium.  It  is  a  powerful  hydragogue  ca- 
thartic.    Dose  )i  gr.  (0.008). 

Elbow  {ei'bo)  [AS.,  elboga\.  The  region 
corresponding  to  the  Junction  of  the  arm  and 
forearm ;  the  bend  of  the  arm.  B.«jerk.  See 
RefUxeu  Table  of. 

Elder  (el'dery     See  Sambucus, 

Elecampane  {el-e-kam-pdn').    See  Inula, 

Electric  (e-Uk'-triA)  l^Xeicrpw,  amber].  Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  or  produced  by  electricity. 
E.  Chorea.  See  DubinVs  Disease ^  in  Dis- 
eases ^  Table  of. 

Electricity  (el-ek-tris^ite)  [i^Xeicrpw, amber]. 
One  of  the  forces  of  nature  developed  or  gen- 
erated by  chemism,  magnetism,  or  friction. 
E.,  Chemic.  See  E.,  Galvanic,  E.,  Par- 
adic,  that  produced  by  induction.  E., 
Franklinic,  frictional  or  static  electricity. 
E.,  Frictional,  that  produced  by  friction. 
E.,  Galvanic,  that  which  is  generated  by 
chemic  action  in  a  galvanic  cell.  E.,  In- 
ductive, that  produced  in  a  body  by  prox- 
imity to  an  electrified  body.  E.,  Magnetic, 
that  developed  by  bringing  a  conductor  near 
the  poles  of  a  magnet.  E.,  Static,  frictional 
electricity.  E.,  Voltaic.  Galvanic  or  chemic 
electricity. 

Slectrify  (el-eytri/'i)  [i^AwcTpov,  amber; 

fa  cere  ^  to  make].       To  make  electric. 

Electrization  {elek-trit-a^-shun)  [fiXiicrpov^ 
amber].      The  application  of  electricity  to 

the  body. 
Electro-  (el-ek^-tro-)  [fiXticrpw,  amber  J.     A 

prefix  denoting  connection  with  or  relation  to 

electricity. 
Blectrobiology   {el-ek-tro^i-oF-o-je)    [fiTctK- 

Tpav,  amber ;  ^ioc,  life ;  X4yof,  science].  The 

science  of  the  electric  relations  and  laws  of 

organic  beings. 
Electrobioscopj  (el-ek-tro-bi-os' -ko-pe)  [i^Aex- 

rpw,    amber ;  ^ibf ,  life ;  anoiftlv^  to  view] . 

The  test  of  the  existence  of  life  by  means  of 

electricity. 


Electrocautery  {el-ek-tro-kav/ -ter-e).      See 

GcUvcmoccutiery, 
Electrochemistry  {el-  ek-tro-  hem'  -  is  -  tre") 
[i^Acxrpoy,  amber;  x^fteia,  chemistry].     The 
science  treating  of  Uie  chemic  changes  pro- 
duced by  electricity. 

Electrode  (el-ek'-trdd)  [i^Aeicrpov,  amber; 
6ddf,  a  way].  The  pieces  of  metal  or  other 
sul»tance  fastened  to  the  conducting  cords 
of  a  battery  through  which  electricity  is  ap- 
plied to  the  bod^. 

Electrodiagnosis  {el- ek-tro-  di - ag- n o'- sis) 
[^XeKTpotf,  tanher ;  diagnosis^*  Diagnosis  by 
examining  the  reaction  of  the  excitable  tissues 
of  the  body  by  means  of  electric  currents. 

Electrography  {el-ek-trog' -ra-fe).  See  Skic- 
grapky. 

Electrolysis  {el-ek-trol' -is-is)  UiUnxpov^  am- 
ber ;  ViyavZy  solution].  The  dissolution  of  a 
chemic  compound  by  an  electric  current. 

Electrolyte  (el-ek-tro' -hi)  \fiUKrpov^  amber ; 
AvaxCf  solution].  A  substance  decomposed 
by  an  electric  current. 

Electrolytic  {el-ektro' -lit-ik)  [i^Xe<cT/x>v,  am- 
ber; AinrtCy  solution].  Relating  to  electro- 
lysis. 

Electromagnet  {el- ek-tro^  mag-net^  UiUk* 
TfxWf  amber ;  magneQ'  A  mass  of  soft  iron 
surrounded  by  a  coU  of  wire.  A  current 
passing  through  the  wire  will  make  the  iron 
core  magnetic. 

Electromassage  (el-ek-fro-mas-axk^)  JfiJieK- 
rpovy  amber;  mtusage'\.  The  transmission 
of  a  current  of  electricity  through  a  kneading 
instrument 

Electrometer  (el-ek-trom'-et-er)  [fiXeicrpov^ 
electricity ;  /lirpov,  a  measure].  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  electric  force. 

Electromotive  Force  (el-ek-tro-nuZ-liv): 
The  force  which  produces  an  electric  current. 
Symbol,  E.  M.  F. 

Electronegative  {el-ek-tro-neg^ -a-tiv)  \iiktK' 
rpov,  amber;  negare,  to  deny].  Pertaining 
to  the  electric  condition  found  at  the  negative 
pole  of  a  battery. 

Electropathology  (el-  ek  -  tro  -patk  -  ol'-  o  -je) 
[fiXeicrpov,  amber;  trd^,  disease;  X<Jyof, 
science].  The  study  of  morbid  conditions 
by  the  aid  of  electric  irritation. 

Electrophysiology  (el-  ek  -  tro  -fis-e  -  ol'-o-Je) 
\JlXiKrpcv,  amber ;  pkysiology].  The  study 
of  electric  reactions,  properties,  and  relations 
of  organs  and  organic  tissues. 

Electropositive  (el-ek-tro-pos^-it-iv)  [i^^/c- 
Tpovy  amber;  ponere^  to  place].  Pertaining 
to  the  electric  state  which  exists  at  the  posi- 
tive pole  of  a  battery. 

Electropuncturation,  Electropuncture  (el- 
ek-tro-pung-tu-ra' -skun^  -punp-tar)  [Ij^zk- 
Tpov,  amber;  pungere,  to  prick].  The  use 
of  needles  as  electrodes,  which  are  thrust  into 
an  organ  or  tumor. 


ELBCm  JOINT 


ELBOW-JOIXT 


i 


ScrtxMi  <rf  FAhtfm.—fFt 


Suj  inator  I  mis,  €.  Extmsor  carpi  nS 
mli%  kminor.  7.  Extensor  carpi  ulnara. 
8^  Trkei*. 


LifmmenU  of  the  Elbow  from  the  Inner  Side— </>mi 

I.  Anterior  lij^ment.  a.  Internal  condyle.  3.  Head 
of  radius  covered  by  orbicular  lif^ment.  4.  lo- 
tcmal  lateral  ligament.    6.  Olecranon. 


Ligaments  of  the  Elbow  from  the  Onter  Side. 

I.  External  condyle  of  humerus.  2.  Or1>iciilar 
ligament  covering  head  of  radius.  3.  Eztenial 
lateral  ligament,  a.  Interosseous  membrmnc. 
5.  Olccraoon.    6.  Oblique  ligameot. 


ELECTROSTATICS 


ELEMENTS 


Electrostatics  {ei-ek-tro-siat^-iks)  [fikticrpov^ 
amber;  oraruidg^  causing  to  stand].  The 
science  of  static  electricity,  or  that  developed 
by  friction. 

Electroscope  (el-ek'-tro-skop)  [j^Ae/cr/xw,  am- 
ber; GMtmeiv,  to  view].  An  instrument  for 
detecting  the  presence  of  static  electricity 
and  determining  whether  it  is  positive  or 
negative. 

Electrotherapeutics  (//-  gJk-  fro  -  tAer-  ap  -  u^- 
tiks)  [i^A«/cr/9ov,  amber ;  dtpaneia,  treatment] . 
The  science  and  art  of  the  application  of 
electricity  for  therapeutic  purposes. 

Electrotonus  {el-ek'trot^-o-nusy  [riXeicrpoVy 
amber ;  r^vo^^  tension].  The  cnange  of  con- 
dition in  a  nerve  during  the  passage  of  a  cur- 


rent of  electricity.  See  AneUctrotonus  and 
O^Uctrotonus. 

Electuary  {e-Uk' -tu-ar-e)  {eUctuarium^  an 
electuary  J.  A  soft  or  pasty  mass,  consisting 
of  a  medicinal  substance,  with  sugar,  honey, 
water,  etc. 

Eleidin  {e-le'-id-in)  Vthua^  olive-oil].  A 
material  occurring  in  the  form  of  granules  in 
the  stratum  granulosum  of  the  epidermis. 

Element  (el^-em-ent)  {e/emtn/um,  a  first 
principle].  Any  one  of  the  ultimate  parts  of 
which  anything  is  composed,  as  the  cellular 
elements  of  a  tissue.  In  chemistry,  a  body 
that  cannot  be  decomposed  into  simpler  sub- 
stances. The  recognized  elements  now  num- 
ber about  73.     See  Ta6le  of  EUmetUs, 


TABLE  OF  CHEMIC  ELEMENTS. 

Arranged  aJphabeticaUy  from  Funk  and  WagnaU^s  Standard  Dictionary  \copyrighted\, 
{^PubHshed  by  permission.) 


Nams. 


> 

II 

Al 

27.0 

Sb 

iao.o 

A 

As 

19.7 
75.0 

Ba 

137.0 

Bl 

-308.9 

B 

II.O 

Br 

79.95 

Cd 

II3.0 

Ca 

40.0 

C 

12.0 

Ce 

140.3 

Cs 

132.9 

CI 

35.45 

Cr 

52.1 

Co 

59.0 

Cb 

94.0 

Cu 
Er 

X 

F 

19.0 

ofcb; 

m 


$ 


Whbrb  and  how 
Found. 


Aluminum,  .  .  .  . 

Antimony  {stibium), 

Argentnm  {silver). 

Argon, 

Arsenic, 

Aurum  {gold). 

Barium, 

Beryllium  iglucin' 

um). 
Bismuth, 

Boron, 

Bromin, 

Cadmium,    .  .  .  . 

Calcium, 

Carbon 

Cerium 

Ccsinm.     

Chlorin 

Chromium,  .  .  .  . 

Cob.lt.      

ColomDium  {nio-  ) 

btum) J 

Copper  {cuprum)^  • 
Krbtum, 

F'crram  {iron). 
Klnorin, 


2.58 
6.70 


i.5t 
5.71 


3.75 

9.80 
3.6 

3.19 
8.65 

1.6  to  1.8 
3521 
6.7 
1.88 
1.33 1 
7.3 
8.96 

Above  7 
8.9 


637OC.;  1160OF. 
43a**  C;  808°  F. 

— 138.60C. 
Ab*t5ooOC.;93a<>F. 

Above  redness. 

368°  C;  51/*  F. 
Very  high. 
— 7.3OC.;  — 30«>F. 
331OC.;  609®  F. 
Bright  redness. 
Infusible. 
Below  silver. 
26.5«C.;  80OF. 
— 75.6OC.;— 103OF. 
Above  platinum. 
iSoo^C;  2733°  F. 


1054OC.:  1931®  F. 


Ill 
V 

V 

II 

V 
III 
I  or  VII 
II 
II 
IV 
III  or  IV 

I  or  VII 

II  or  VI 

II  or  VIII 

V 

I  or  II 
III 

I  or  VII 


In  many  rocks.  (The 
most  acmndant  metal.) 

Chiefly  as  sulphid,  and  m 
various  metallic  ores. 

Free  in  the  atmosphere. 

Native,  as  sulphid,  and  in 

various  metallic  ores. 

In  barite  and  witherite. 


Native,  as  sulphid,  and 

in  rare  minerals. 
In   borax    and    various 

minerals. 
Mainly  in  sea-water  and 

other  natural  brines. 
In  small  amount  in  zinc 

ores. 
In  limestone,  and  abun- 
dantly in  other  rocks. 
In  coal,  limestone,  and 

all  organic  malter. 
In  cerite  and  other  rare 

minerals. 
In    lepidolite,    pollucite, 

and  mineral  springs. 
In  common  sail  (NaCl), 

and  other  chlorids. 
Mainly   in    chrome*iron 

ore. 
In  many  metallic  ores. 
In  columbite  and  other 

rare  minerals. 
Native,  and  in  many  ores. 
In  rare  minerals,  as  ga- 

dolinite,  etc. 

In   fluorite    (CaFs)   and 
other  minerals. 


ELEMENTS  ELEMENTS 

TABLE  OF  CHEMIC  ELEMENTS.— Gwi/^i*<^. 


Namb. 


tfi 

-Si 

Gd 

156.1 

Ga 
Ge 

69.0 

7a.3 

G\ 

9.0 

Au 

197^ 

H 

In 

1 

1.008 
las^S 

Ir 

'^ 

La 

138.J 

Pb 

J06.95 

U 

7.0a 

Mg 

24.3 

Mo 

55.0 

Ma 

aaS. 

Hg 

aoo.o 

Mo 

96.0 

Nd 

140.5 

Ni 

58x» 

N 

M.03 

Oa 

190.0B 

O 

16.0 

Pd 

106^ 

P 

31.0 

Pt 

195^ 

K 

39.11 

Pr 

143.5 

Rh 

103^ 

Rb 

85.5 

Ra 

101.6 

si 

II 


IP 


gSQ 


$ 


Whbkb  and  how 
Pound. 


Gadolinium,    .  .  . 

GalUum. 

Germanium,    .  .  . 

Gluclnum  {beryl*  \ 

Hum), i 

Gold  (oitrMM),    .  . 

Hydrargyrum 

(mercury). 
Hydrogen,  ,  .  .  . 

Indium 

lodin, 

Iridium 

Iron  i/errmm),    .  . 

Kalinm      {potass- 

hum). 
Lanthanum.    .  .  . 

Lead  OAmm^mm),  . 

Lithiofli, 

Magneaium,    .  .  . 

Manganese,    .  .  . 

Maarium, 

Mercury  {kydrar^ ) 

Molybdenum,     .  • 

Natrium  {sodmm). 
Neodyminm,  .  .  . 

Nickel 

Niobium     {cobrnt- 

bhtm). 
Nitrogen, 

Otmium, 

Oxygen, 

Palladium,  .... 
Pboaphorus,  .  .  . 
Platinum, 

Plumbum  {lead), 
Potaaaium  (kaKum)^ 

Praacodymium, .  • 

Rhodium,     .  •  .  . 

Rubidium,   .... 

Rntheainm,     .  .  , 


5.95 
547 

1.85 
19.3 


0.0J5t 

74 

4.95 

«.4 


6.1 
11.36 
0.585 
1.75 
7.a 

13.596 
8.6 

About  6.5 
8.9 

0.38 1 

i.iil 

ia.t 
1.84 
ai.5 

0.86 

About  6.5 

ia.i 

1.5a 
ia.a6 


30. 1® C;  86<»F. 
900°  C;  165a*' F. 

Above  redness. 
10450  c.;  I9I3**F. 


— JDoPC.f;  ssKPV. 
176°C  ;  348*  F. 
II4<»C.;  238«F. 

19S0PC.;  354a**  F. 
1600^  C;  a9ia®F. 


3a6*>C.;  850PF. 
l8dOC.;  356'F. 
Ab»t43<*^.:8o60F. 
Above  iron. 


-38.8»C.;-38°F. 
Very  high. 


1450PC.;  a64y>F. 


Nearly  infusible. 


1500PC.;  rjyPF. 
44-a"C.;  iif*P. 
i775*C.;3aa5°F. 

6a.5°C.;  144.5'' f. 


aoooP  C. :  36330  F. 
38.5®  C;  101. 50F. 
Nearly  infusible. 


Ill 


III 
IV 


II 
I  or  III 


III 
I  or  VII 


II  or  IV 
II  or  IV 


III 
II  or  IV 

I 

II 
II  or  VII 

II 

I  or  II 

II  or  VI 

III  or  IV 
II  or  VIII 

V 
II  or  VII 
II  or  VI 

II  or  IV 

V 
IlorrV 

I 
lit  or  IV 
II  or  VIII 

I 
II  or  VII 


In  rare  minerals,  as  ga- 

doltnite,  etc. 
In  certain  zinc>blendes. 
In     argyrodite.    a    rare 

mineral. 
In  beryl  and  several  rare 

minerals. 
Generally     free,     rarely 

combined,    in    various 

ores. 


Mainly  in  water  {H|0). 
In  certain  zinc*ores. 
Mainly  in  ashes  of  sea* 

weeds. 
In  iridosmin. 
As  oxid  and  sulphid,  and 

in  nearly  all  rocks. 


In  cerite  and  other  rare 

minerals. 
In     galena     (PbS)     and 

other  ores. 
In  lepidolite.  spodumene, 

ana  some  rare  minerals. 
In  sea-water,  magncsitc, 

and  many  rocks. 
In  pyrolusite,  and  many 

other  minerals. 
In  bed  of  old  river  in  up- 
per Egypt,  in  masrite. 
Native,  ana  in  cmnabar 

(HgS). 
Mainly   as   molybdenite 

(MoSs). 

In  cerite  and  other  rare 

minerals. 
In  many  metallic  orea. 


In  the  atmodphere  and 
ethnic  matter. 

In  iridosmin  and  native 
platinum. 

Free  in  air.  (Forma  one- 
half  the  earth's  crust, 
combined.) 

Native,  and  with  platin- 
um and  gold. 

In  bones,  and  in  apatite 
and  many  minerals. 

Mainly  as  native  plati- 
num in  river  gravel*. 

In  wood-aahes  and  many 
rocks. 

In  cerite  and  other  rare 
minerala. 

With  platinum  and  iri- 
dosmtn. 

In  lepidolite  and  some 
mineral  springs. 

With  platinum  and  iri- 
dosmin. 


ELEMENTARY  ELEPHANTIASIS 

TABLE  OF  CHEMIC  ELEMENTS.— CW/iw^^. 


Namb. 


t/i 

II 

Sm 

1500 

Sc 

44.0 

Se 

79.0 

Si 

a84 

^, 

107.9 
23.05 

Sr 

87.6 

S 

32.06 

Ta 

182.6 

Te 
Tb 

125.0 
i6ao 

TI 

204.18 

Th 

232.6 

To 

170.7 

Sn 

1 19.0 

TI 

48.0 

W 

184.0 

u 

239.6 

V 

5M 

Yb 

173.0 

Yt 

89.x 

Zn 

65.3 

Zr 

90.06 

Sgib 

III 


Whbsb  and  how 
Found. 


Samarium,  •  .  •  . 
Scandium,  .... 
Selenium,  .... 
Silicon, 

Silver  {argenium^ 
Sodium  (MO/rhMi), 

Stannom  (/m). 
Stibium  {amtimonyY 
Strontium,   .... 

Sulphur,    ..... 

Tantalum,    .  .  .  . 

Tellurium 

Terbium 

Thallium, 

Thorium, 

Thulium, 

Tin  {stmmutm)^  .  . 
Titanium,    .  .  .  . 

Tnngaten     (woA  ) 

Uranium, 

Vanadium,  .  .  .  . 

Wolfranlium  {hmg- 

sUn), 
Ytterbium,  .... 

YUrium 

Zinc  {xmcmm),    .  . 

Zirconium,  .... 


45 
248 


10.5 
0.97 


2.5 
2.07 

Above  10 
6.23 

1 1. 19 

11.23 

7.a5 


19.26 
18.69 


5.87 


7.12 
4.15 


2i/>  C. ;  425°  F. 
Above     800O    C; 

954OC.;  1750®  F. 
95.6®  C. ;  204O  F. 


Red  heat. 
114.5®  C;  235^  F. 


455°  C. ;  851O  F. 
239*9°  C.;  561°  F' 
Almost  Infusible. 


233°  C. ;  551°  F. 
Not  fusible. 

Very  high. 
Very  high. 

In     oxyhydric 
flame. 


433OC.:  811.5°  F. 
Above  sulphur. 


Ill 

III 

II  or  VI 

IV 


II 
II  or  VI 


II  or  VI 
III 

I  or  III 

IV 
III 

II  or  IV 

V 

IV  or  VI 
II  or  VI 


III 
III 
II 

IV 


In    samarskite,     cerite, 

and  other  rare  minerals. 
In  gadolinite  and  other 

rare  minerals. 
Mainly  in  sulphur  as  an 

impurity. 
In  quartz  (SiOt).    Most 

abundant  element  after 

oxvgen. 
Native,  and  in  manv  ores. 
In  common  salt  (NaCl) 

and  many  rocks. 


In  celestlte  and  stronti« 

anite. 
Native,    and     in    many 

natural    sulphids    and 

sulphates. 
In   tantalite    and    other 

rare  minerals. 
In  several  rare  minerals. 
In     rare    minerals,     as 

gadolinite,  etc. 
In  pyrites  and    In   flue- 
dust  of  sulphuric-acid 

works. 
In  thoHte  and  other  rare 

minerals. 
In     rare    minerals,    as 

eadolinite,  etc. 
Mainly     in     cassiterite 

(SnOt). 
Widely  diflfiised  in  rocks 

and     clays,     in    small 

amounts. 
Mainly     in     wolframite 

(MnFeW04). 
In  pitch-blende  and  other 

rare  minerals. 
In  vanadinite  and  other 

rare  minerals. 


In    rare     minerals,     as 

gadolinite,  etc. 
In  gadolinite  and  other 

rare  minerals. 
In  ores,  as  oxid,  silicate, 

sulphid,and  carbonate. 
In  zircon  and  other  rare 

minerals. 


*  The  factors  In  the  columns  of  specific  gravities  and  melting-points  naturallv  vary  with  the  form 
which  the  element  takes  (e.  jr.,  in  carbon  the  specific  gravity  varies  as  diamond,  charcoal,  or  lampblack 
la  uken),  but  as  for  as  possible  the  factor  of  the  most  typical  form  is  given. 

t  Of  the  liquid  element.        t  Diamond.        |  Of  the  liquid  at  0°  C.         |  Of  the  liquid  at  — 181°  C. 


Slcmentary  {el-e-men' -ta-re)  [elementum^  a 
first  principle].  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
cbaracten  of  an  element. 

Elemi  (el^-em-e^  [Arab.].  A  resinous  exuda- 
cico  probably  derived  from  the  Canarium 
£cmm$me,  althotigh  its  botanic  source  is  still 
aadetermined.    It  contains  a  crystalline  re- 


sin, elemin  or  amyrin.  Its  action  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  turpentines.  E.,  Unguent. 
(B.  P.),  elemi  and  simple  ointment;  it  is 
used  as  an  application  to  indolent  sores  and 
boils. 

Elephantiasis  (elef-anti'  as  is)  [e/i^,  an 
elephant].     A  chronic  affection  of  the  oita- 


ELEVATOR 


EMETIC 


neoos  and  sobcuUneoiis  tissues,  doe  to 
obstntctioo  of  lymph-vessels,  and  character- 
ised by  eoormous  thickening  of  the  affected 
parts.  The  disease  occurs  in  successive  at- 
tacks accompanied  by  fever,  and  by  swelling 
of  the  affected  parts,  usually  the  lower  ex- 
tremities and  genital  organs;  it  is  endemic  in 
certain  tropical  countries,  and  seems  to  be 
connect^,  in  many  cases,  with  the  presence 
in  the  blood  of  the  FiUria  sanguinis  bominis. 
E.  arabttm.  See  EUphantiasis.  B.  gr«- 
coram.  See  Leprosy,  E.  telmngiectodes, 
elephantiasis  characterised  by  a  great  increase 
in  the  blood-vessels. 

Elevator  {eP -eva'tor)  [eUvare^  to  lift].  I. 
The  same  as  Levator.  See  Muscles^  Table 
of.  2.  An  instrument  for  elevating  or  lifting 
a  part. 

Bliminarion  (e- Urn -in- a'- shun)  [^,  out; 
HmrHt  threshold].  The  process  of  expelling 
or  casting  out,  especially  waste-products. 

Elixir  (el'iks^'ir)  [Arab.,  ei  iksir,  the  phil- 
osopher's stone].  A  sweetened,  aromatic, 
spirituous  preparation,  containing  only  a 
small  amount  of  an  active  ingredient  E. 
axoinaticum  (U.  S.).  Compcmnd  spirit  of 
orange,  1.2,  syrup  37.5,  deodorized  alcohol, 
distilled  water,  each  a  sufficient  quantity  to 
make  100  c.c  It  b  used  as  a  vehicle.  E. 
phoaphori,  spirit  of  phosphorus  21,  oil  of 
anise  0.2,  glycerol  55,  aromatic  elixir  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  to  make  loo  cc. 

Elkoplaaty  (el^koplas-ty).    See  HeUoplasty. 

Elm.    See  Ulmm. 

Elutriation  (elu-tre-a^'skun)  [elutriare^  to 
wash  out].  A  process  whereby  the  coarser 
particles  of  an  insoluble  substance  are  sepa- 
rated from  the  finer  by  decanting  the  fluid 
after  the  coarser  particles  have  setUed. 

Elytritia  {el-it-ri' -Us)  [iAvr^xw,  sheath ;  /rif , 
inflammation].    Inflammation  of  the  vagina. 

Elytroplaatv  {el'-  it  -  ro  -flas  -  te\  [^Xvrpov, 
sheath ;  wXaaceiVn  to  form].  A  plastic  opera- 
tion upon  the  vagina. 


Elytroptoaia    {ot-it-roP'to^'SisS    [kXvrpry, 

J  a  falling].     Prola 
vagina. 


sheath;  irrCtffic,  a  falling]. 


aapse  of  the 


Elytforrhaphy   {el-i/-ror^-a-/e)    [i}.vTpov, 

sheath ;  /m^,  a  seam].  Suture  of  the  vagina] 

wall. 
Emansio  (e-man'seo)    [L.].  A  failing.    E. 

menaium,  delay  in  the  first  appearance  of 

the  menses. 
Embedding  (em-bed' -in^)  [m,  in;  AS.,  bed, 

bed].     The  fixation  of  a  tissue-specimen  in  a 

firm  medium,  in  order  to  keep  it  mtact  during 

the  cutting  of  thin  sections. 
Embole  {em'-bo-le).     See  Emboly. 


Embolic    (em-bor-ik)  [h^,    in;    ;3<U^<v   to 

3      Relating  to 
bolus.' 


throw].     Relating  to  or  caused  by  an  em- 
bolus. 
Bmboliform  (em-bol'-if'^rm)  \h,  in;  /SdA- 


Xetv,  to  throw ;  format  form].  ResemUiog 
an  embolus. 

Emboliam  (em'-bo-Hvn)  [ev,  in  ;  ^XA£tv^ 
to  throw].  The  obstruction  of  a  blood- 
vessel, especially  an  artery,  by  a  fragment 
of  matter  brought  from  another  point.  B., 
Air,  obstruction  of  a  vessel  by  a  bubble  of 
air.  B.,  Pat,  obstruction  of  blood-vessels  by 
globules  of  fist.  E.,  Infective,  embolism 
in  which  the  emboli  contain  microorganisms 
and  cause  metastatic  abscesses.  E.,  Miliary, 
a  condition  in  which  many  small  blood-vessels 
are  the  seats  of  emboli. 

Bmbololalia  {em-bo-lo-la'-le-aA)  Tev,  in; 
p6>Xeiv,  to  throw;  haXiA,  talk].  The  inter- 
calation of  meaningless  words  into  the  speech. 

Bmbolua  (em'-bo-lus)  [ev,  in;  ^oA^exy,  to 
throw].  A  particle  of  fibrin  or  other  mate- 
rial brought  by  the  blood-current  and  form- 
ing an  obstruction  at  its  place  of  lodgment 

Emboly  (em'-bo-le)  [ifilio?^,  insertion].  The 
process  of  invagination  that  gives  nse  to  a 
gastnila  from  a  blastosphere  or  vesicular 
morula. 

Embrocation  (embro-ht^-sAun)  [ifi^pixtiv, 
to  soak  in].  I.  The  application,  especially 
by  rubbing,  of  a  liquid  to  a  part  of  tbie  body. 
2.  The  liquid  so  applied. 

Embryo  (em'-bre-o)  [ev,  within;  ^pvitp,  to 
swell  with].  I.  The  product  of  conception 
up  to  the  fourth  month  of  pregnancy.  2.  The 
fertilized  germ  of  an  animal. 

Embryocardia  (em-bre-o-Jkar^-de-oA)  [«v, 
within ;  ppveev,  to  swell  with ;  itapiia,  the 
heart].  A  condition  in  which  the  heart 
sounds  resemble  those  of  the  fetus,  the  first 
and  second  sounds  being  almost  identical. 

Embryogenetic  {em'bre'0-/eH'et''iA)  [rv, 
within  ;  ppi'etv,  to  swell  with].  Giving  rise 
to  an  embryo. 

Embryology  {em-bre-oF -o-je)  [ev,  within; 
Ppixiv,  to  swell  with ;  A4>^,  science].  The 
science  dealing  with  the  development  of  the 
embryo. 

'B,mhryotk\c(em'bre-on'-ik)[h^  within;  fipittv^ 
to  swell  with].  Pertaining  to  the  embryo. 
E.  Area,  an  opaque  circular  spot  that  forms 
on  the  blastoderm.  E.  Tiaaue.  tissue 
in  the  undifferentiated  state,  consisting  of 
small,  round  cells.    E.  Spot.    See  £.  Area. 

Embryotome  (em'bre-o-tdm)  [fv,  within ; 
ppvecv,  to  swell  with ;  ro/ii^,  section].  An 
instrument  for  performing  embryotomy. 

Embryotomy  {em-bre-ot^-o-me)  [fv,  within; 
pphetv,  to  swell  with  ;  TOfJ;,  section].  The 
cutting  up  of  the  fetus  in  ntero  for  the  pur- 
pose of  reducing  its  size. 

Bmeaia  (em'-es-is)  [kftiuv,  to  vomit].  Vom- 
iting. 

Emetic  (e-met'-ik)  [tfitruobc*  causing  vomit- 
ing]. I.  Having  the  power  to  induce 
vomiting.     2.  An  agent  causing  emesis.  B^ 


EMETIN 


ENAMEL 


Direct,  or  E.  Mechanic,  one  acting  directly 
on  the  nerves  of  the  stomich.  E.,  Indirect,  or 
E.,  Ssratemic,  one  acting  through  the  blood 
upon  the  vomiting  center. 

Emetin  (em^-et-in).    See  Ipecacuanha. 

Emetocathartic  {em  -  et  -  o-katk  -  ar^  -  tik) 
Vt^uci^^  vomiting;  Kaihlpeiv,  to  purge]. 
Having  power  to  induce  vomiting  and 
purgation. 

Eminence  {em^-m-ens)  [eminentiaf  an  emin- 
ence]. A  projecting,  prominent  part  of  an 
organ,  especially  of  a  bone.  E.,  Canine. 
See  Canine,  E.,  Collateral,  a  projection 
in  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain  between 
the  middle  and  posterior  horns.  E.,  Frontal, 
•the  two  eminences  of  the  frontal  bone  above 
the  superciliary  ridges.  E.,  Iliopectineal, 
a  ridge  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  pubic 
bone.  E.,  Nasal,  the  prominence  above 
the  root  of  the  nose  between  the  superciliary 
ridges.  E.,  Parietal,  the  eminence  of  the 
parietal  bone. 

Emissary  Veins  {em^-is-ar-e)  [^,  out ;  mit- 
iere,  to  send].  Small  veins  piercing  the 
skull  and  conveying  blood  outward. 

Emmenagog^e  {em  -  en'  -  ag-og)  [ififta^vaf 
the  menses;  Aycryicletding].  I.  Stimulating 
the  menstrual  flow.  2.  An  agent  that  stimu- 
lates the  menstrua]  flow.  E.,  Direct,  one 
acting  directly  on  the  generative  organs.  E., 
Indirect,  one  acting  by  relieving  an  under- 
lying condition,  as  anemia,  constipation,  etc. 

Emmetropia  (em-et-r</-pe'ah)[kv^  in  ;  fiirpoVf 
measure;  6^,  the  eye].  Normal  or  perfect 
vision.  The  state  of  an  eye  in  which,  when 
accommodation  is  suspended,  parallel  rays  of 
light  are  brought  to  a  focus  upon  the  retina. 

Emmetropic  {em-et-rop'-ik)  Xiv^  in  ;  iihpov, 
measure;  ^,  the  eye].  Characterized  by 
emmetropia. 

Emollient  (e-mol'-yef^)  [emolHre^  to  soften]. 
I.  Softening;  relaxing,  soothing.  2.  A 
substance  used  by  external  application  to  sof- 
ten the  skin ;  or,  internally,  to  soothe  an  irri- 
tated or  inflamed  surface. 

Emotional  {e-mi/ -shun-al)  l^emot^ere,  to  move 
out].  Pertaining  to  the  emotions.  E.,  In- 
sanity, insanity  characterized  by  exaggera- 
tion of  the  emotions  or  feelings. 

Emphjfsema  {em-fit-e' -mah)  [f/x^iii/v,  to 
inflate].  A  condition  in  which  there  is  air 
or  gas  in  normally  airless  tissues  or  an  excess 
of  air  in  tissues  normally  containing  a  certain 
quantity  of  it.  E.,  Atrophic,  senile  emphy- 
sema of  the  lung,  characterized  by  a  diminu- 
tion in  size  of  the  lung.  E.,  Cutaneoua, 
the  presence  of  air  or  gas  in  the  connective 
tissues  beneath  the  skin.  E.,  Oangren- 
ooa.  See  Edema ^  Malignant,  E.,  Hy- 
pertrophic. See  E,^  Pulmonary.  E., 
Interstitial,  the  presence  of  gas  in  the  con- 
nective tissue  of  a  part,  particularly  in  the 


connective  tissue  of  the  lung.  E.,  Pulmon- 
ary, a  condition  of  the  lungs  characterized  by 
a  permanent  dilatation  of  the  alveoli  with 
atrophy  of  the  alveolar  walls  and  the  blood- 
vessels, resulting  in  a  loss  of  the  normal 
elasticity  of  the  lung-tissue.  It  is  associated 
with  dyspnea,  with  hacking  cough,  and  de- 
fective aeration  of  the  blood.  The  chest 
becomes  round  or  barrel -shaped,  the  right  side 
of  the  heart  h3rpertrophies,  the  abdominal 
viscera  are  displaced  downward.  The  causes 
are  a  lessened  resistance  on  the  part  of  the 
lung,  which  may  be  inherited  or  acquired, 
and  a  distending  force,  which  is  usually  ex- 
piratory in  character,  and  consists  in  chronic 
cough,  the  blowing  of  wind-instruments,  or 
other  labor  throwing  a  strain  on  the  respira- 
tory function.  E.,  Substantial,  a  synonym 
of  ^.,  Pulmonary.  E.,  Vesicular,  that  due 
to  dilatation  of  the  air-vesicles. 

Empiric(r»i-/f  r'-f^)  \kimtipiK6^y  experienced] . 
I.  Based  on  practical  observation  and  not 
on  scientific  reasoning.  2.  One  who  in 
practising  medicine  relies  solely  on  experience 
and  not  on  scientific  reasoning ;  a  quack. 

Emplastrum  {em-plcu' -trum)  [^//TrAdaw/v,  to 
plaster  up].     A  plaster. 

Emprosthotonos  {em  -pros  -  thot^  •  o  •  nus) 
[^^irpoo^ev,  forward ;  rdt^,  tension].  Tonic 
muscular  spasm  in  which  the  body  is  bent 
forward. 

Empusa  {em-poo^-zaA)  [^Efitrovffa,  the  name 
of  a  hobgoblin].  A  genus  of  fungi  parasitic 
on  living  insects  and  causing  their  death. 

Empyema  {em-pi-e^-mah)  [h\  in ;  irW, pus]. 
Pus  in  a  cavity,  especially  in  the  pleural  cav- 
ity. E.  necessitatis,  an  empyema  in  which 
the  pus  burrows  between  the  intercostal  spaces 
and  appears  as  a  subcutaneous  tumor.  E., 
Pulsating,  one  whidi  transmits  the  pulsa- 
tions of  the  heart  to  the  chest  wall. 

Emulsify  {e-mul'-se-fy)  [emulgere,  to  milk 
out].     To  make  into  an  emulsion. 

Emulsin  {e-mul'-sin)  [emufgercy  to  milk  out]. 
A  proteid  ferment  contained  in  bitter  almonds. 
It  aids  in  emulsifying  almond-oil,  and  by  its 
action  on  amygdalin  liberates  hydrocyanic 
acid. 

Emulsion  (e-mul'-sAun)  [emulsion  emulsion!. 
A  preparation  consisting  of  a  liquid,  usually 
water,  containing  an  insoluble  substance  in 
suspension. 

Emulsum  {e-mul'-sum)  [L.].  An  emulsion. 
The  following  emulsions  are  official :  E. 
ammoniaci,  E.  amygdalae,  E.  asafoetidse,  E. 
chloroformi. 

Emunctory  {e-munk^ -tor-e)  [emungere,  to 
blow  the  nose,  to  wipe  out].  I.  Excretory; 
removing  waste-products.  2.  An  organ  that 
excretes  waste-materials. 

Enamel  [en-am'-el)  [ME.,  enamailcy  en- 
amel].   The  vitreous  substance  of  the  crown 


ENARTHRODIAL 


ENDOMETRITIS 


of  the  tooth.  B. -column,  B.-fiber,  B.« 
prism,  B.*rod,  mny  one  of  the  minute  six- 
tided  prisms  of  which  the  enamel  of  a  tooth 
is  composed.  B.-orfan,  the  ectodermic 
epithelial  cap  or  process  from  which  the 
enamel  of  a  tooth  is  developed. 

Bnarthrodial  ( en-ar'tArtZ-de-al)  [h^  in ; 
&pdpov,  a  joint].  Having  the  character  of  an 
enarthrosis. 

Bnarthrosis  (en-ar-thn/ -sis)  [rv,  in ;  &pdpov, 
joint].  A  ball-and-socket  joint,  like  that  of 
the  hip. 

Bncanthis  {tn-kan'-this)  [h^  in;  xdt^, 
canthus].  A  new  growth  in  the  inner  canthus 
of  the  eye. 

Bncapsulation  (en-kap-sU'ia^-sMun)  [en^  in ; 
capsuta^  a  capsule].  The  process  of  sur- 
nnmding  a  part  with  a  capsule. 

Bnceph2lic  {en-sef-al' -ii)  [iyKk^ako^^  the 
brain].     Pertaining  to  the  brain. 

Bncephalitis  ( en-sef-ali' -Hs )  [ fyx^^oAoc, 
brain ;  crtf,  inflammation].  Inflammation  oif 
the  biain. 

Bncephalocele  (tnsef -al-o-sil)  [hyKk^dkoi^ 
brain ;  «^A^,  tumor].     Hernia  of  the  brain. 

Bncephaloid  (  ensef -al  aid  )  [exjc^fa^, 
brain;  ti&o^^  like].  I.  Resembling  brain- 
tissue.    2.  Soft  carcinoma.    See  Carcinoma, 

Bncephalomalmcia  (ensef'ai'4himai-a^'se-ak) 
[e/ic/^aXoc,  brain ;  /laAojua,  softening].  Soft- 
ening of  the  brain-substance. 

Bncephalon  (m-se/^-a/on)  [e//ci^of,  the 
brain].    The  orain. 

Bncephalopathy  [en'Sef-aloy -ath-e)  [e/ac^ 
oAoc,  brain;  ird^,  disease].  Any  disease 
of  the  brain. 

Bncephalospinal  (  en  -  sef-  al-  o  -  spi'-  no/) 
[r^ffi^oAof,  the  brain ;  spina,  the  spine].  Per- 
taining to  the  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

Bnchondroma  (tnkon-iry-maA)  \h,  in; 
x6vdpoCt  cartilage;  dfui,  tumor].  A  chon- 
droma. 

Bnchylema  (en-ki'W-mah\  [h,  in;  x^6q, 
iuice].  A  fluid,  granular  sutMtance  filling  the 
interstices  of  the  cell -body  and  the  nucleus. 

Bncysted  ( en  •  sist^-ed )  [ev,  in  ;  Kifort^t  a 
bag].     Enclosed  in  a  cyst,  or  capsule. 

Endarteritis  (endar-ter-i'-iis)  [Mav,  within ; 
apTtipia,  artery;  iric,  inflammation].  In- 
flammation of  the  inner  coat  of  an  artery. 
B.,  Obliterating,  arteritis  obliterans,  a  form 
in  which  the  production  of  new  connective 
tissue  obliterates  the  vessel-lumen. 

Bnd-artery  (endar'-teri)  [AS.,  ende,  end; 
aprrfpia,  artery].  An  artery  that  does  not 
communicate  with  other  arteries.  E.-org an, 
the  terminal  part  of  a  sensory  nerve-fiber. 

Endemic  {en-dem'-H)  [iv^  in ;  6^$to^^  a  peo- 
ple]. Of  a  disease,  found  in  a  certain  place 
more  or  less  constantly. 

Bndermic  (fnder'-mik)  [rv,  in ;  6kpfM,  the 
skin].     Sitnated  on  or  applied  to  the  true 


akin ;  within  the  stdn.  B.  Medication,  a 
method  of  administering  medicines  through 
the  skin  after  removal  of  the  cuticle  by  means 
of  a  blister. 

Bndo-  (end'^o-)  [hfSov,  within].  A  prefix 
meaning  within. 

Bndocardiac,  Endocardial  (m-do-kar^'dt- 
ak,  en-do- kar^'de-ai  )  [Mov,  within ;  KOpSiOf 
the  heart].  Situat^  or  arising  within  the 
heart. 

Endocarditia  {en -do- kar •  di^- tiij  [Mw^ 
within;  KopSia,  the  heart;  trii,  mflamma- 
tion].  Inflammation  of  the  endocardium  or 
lining  membrane  of  the  heart  The  condi- 
tion may  be  acute  or  chronic.  Acute  endo- 
carditis is  either  warty  or  ulcerative,  both 
of  these  being  microorganismal  in  origin. 
The  most  frequent  causes  of  the  acute  ibna 
are  rheumatism  and  the  infectious  fevers. 
The  disease  usually  affects  the  valves  of  the 
left  side  of  the  heart,  and  giv»  rise  to  a 
murmur,  to  fever,  dyspnea,  and  rapid  pulse. 
In  the  ulcerative  form  the  symptoms  resem- 
ble those  of  pyemia  (hectic  fever,  chills, 
sweats,  embolic  processes^.  Chronic  or 
sclerotic  endocarditis  is  either  a  terminal 
process  following  the  acute  forms,  or  is  a 
primary  affection  beginning  insidiously.  The 
latter  is  usually  associated  with  general  arte- 
riosclerosis, and  is  due  to  gout,  rheumatism, 
alcoholism,  syphilis,  and  to  other  obscure 
causes.  Both  the  acute  and  the  chronic  form 
give  rise  to  insufficiency  or  obstruction  of  the 
valvular  orifice,  or  to  both  combined. 

Endocardium   {en-do-Jkar^-de-nm)    [ivAw, 


within;    xapdia,    the    heart], 
membrane  lining  the  interior  of  the  heart. 

Bndocervicltis  {en-do-ser-vis-i'-tis)  [Mov, 
within;  cervix,  neck;  iri^,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
cervix  uteri. 

Bndoderm  ( en^-  do-derm  )  [Mov,  within ; 
6ipfia,  skin].  The  inner  of  the  two  priiiii* 
tive  cell-layers  of  the  embryo.  It  Hoes  the 
cavity  of  the  primitive  intestine  and  its  deriv. 
atives.     Syn.  Hypoblast     See  Blasioderm, 

Endogenous  (en-dof-en-us)  [Mav,  within; 
y^vTKt  producing].  Produced  within.  Ap- 
plied to  spore- formation  or  cell-formation  in- 
side of  a  parent  cell. 

Bndolaryngeal  (en-do-iar-in'-Je-al)  [iwfov, 
within;  kdpvy^,  the  larynx].  Within  the 
larynx. 

Bndolymph  {en^-do/im/")  [h^av,  within; 
fympAa,  water].  The  fniid  of  the  membran- 
ous labyrinth  of  the  ear. 

Endometritis  (en  -  do  -  me  -  tri' -  tis)  [Mmv, 
within;  M^rpa,  the  womb;  rrif,  infuunma- 
tion].  Inflammation  of  the  endometrium. 
B.,  Cervical.  See  Endo^enHciiis,  B.,  Pua<- 
gous,  that  in  which  (he  lining  membrane  b 
hypertrophied,  with  the  formation  of  vascular 


ENDOMETRIUM 


ENTEROLITH 


granulations.  This  is  also  called  hemorriiagic 
endometritis.  E.,  Hemorrhagic.  See  £., 
Fungous,  E.,  Simple,  a  catarrhal  inflam- 
mation of  the  endometrium. 

Endometrium  (en -do- me'- tre •  urn)  [h'dov, 
within ;  fi^pa^  uterus].  The  mucous  mem- 
brane lining  the  uterus. 

Endomysium  (en  -  do  -  mis'-  e  -  um)  [Mov, 
within ;  /<vc,  muscle].  The  connective  tissue 
between  the  fibrils  of  a  muscular  bundle. 

Endoneurium  (en -do- nu'-re-um)  [Mw, 
within ;  vevpov^  a  nerve].  The  delicate  con- 
nective tissue  holding  together  the  fibrils  of 
a  bundle  of  nerves. 

Bndoparasite  (en  -  do -/far'  -as- U)  ^ivdov, 
within ;  napdatroCt  parasite].  A  parasite  liv- 
ing within  its  host. 

Endoscope  (en'-do-skdp)  [Ivdov,  within; 
CKonilVf  to  ot^rve].  An  instrument  for  the 
examination  of  a  body-cavity  through  its  nat- 
ural outiet. 

Endoskeleton  (en-do-skei'  -et-un)  [evdov, 
within ;  anzT^rdv,  a  dry  body].  The  internal 
supporting  structure  of  an  animal. 

Bndiosmometer  (en-dos-mom' -et-er)  \iv6oVy 
within ;  itofd^,  a  thrusting ;  fikrpov,  a  meas- 
ure]. An  instrument  for  measuring  endos- 
mosis. 

Endosmosis  (en-dos-mo'-sis)  \kv6ov,  within; 
itofid^,  impulsion].  The  passage  of  a  liquid 
through  a  porous  septum  from  without  inward. 

Endosmotic  (en-dos-moi'-ik)  [Mov^  within  ; 
itofidct  a  thrusting].  Pertaining  to  endosmo- 
sis. E.  Equivalent,  the  weight  of  distilled 
water  that  passes  into  the  flask  of  the  endos- 
mometer  in  exchange  for  a  known  weight  of 
the  soluble  substance. 

Endospore  (en'-do-spdr)  [Mav^  within ; 
ondpo^,  seed].  A  spore  formed  within  the 
parent-cell. 

Endosteum  (end-os' -te-um)  [Mov^  within; 
herrkov^  bone].  The  vascular  membranous 
layer  of  connective  tissue  lining  the  medul- 
lary cavity  of  bones. 

Endothelial  (en-do-fke'-ie-al)  [ivSov^  within ; 
drj>rj^  nipple].     Pertaining  to  endothelium. 

Endothelioma  (en-do-ihe-le-o'-mah)  [hdov, 
within;  ^Xi^,  a  nipple;  dfM,R  tumor].  A 
variety  of  sarcoma,  formed  by  the  multiplica- 
tion of  the  endothelial  cells  of  lymphatic 
spaces. 

Endothelium  (en-do-ihe'-le-um)  [m^oi/,  with- 
in ;  (hjAfj^  nipple].     See  O//,  Endotheiial. 

Enema  (en'-em-ah^  [ev,  in ;  ikvaiy  to  send]. 
A  rectal  injection  for  therapeutic  or  nutritive 
purposes. 

Energy  (en^-er-ge^  [cv,  in;  *pyov,  work]. 
The  capacity  for  doing  work.  All  forms  of 
energy  are  mutually  convertible  one  into  the 
other,  without  loss,  a  principle  expressed  in 
the  term  **  conservation  of  energy."  E., 
Kinetic,  the  power  of  a  body  in  motion.  E., 


Latent^  E.,  Potential,  the  power  possessed 
by  a  body  at  rest,  by  virtue  of  its  position, 
as  the  potential  E.  of  a  suspended  weight. 

Engorged  (en-gorjd^)  [Fr.,  engorgement^  a 
choking  up].     Congested. 

Engorgement  (en-gorj' -ment\  [Fr. ,  engorge- 
menty  a  choking  up].  Over-distention  of  Uie 
vessels  of  a  part  with  blood. 

Enophthalmos  (en- off -thai' -mos)  \kvy  in; 
b^aXfid^f  the  eye].  Recession  of  the  eye- 
ball into  the  orbit. 

Enostosis  (en  -os-  to'  -  sis)  [cv,  in  ;  barkw^ 
bone].  A  tumor  or  bony  outgrowth  within 
the  medullary  canal  of  a  bone. 

Ensiform  (  en'-sif-orm )  \ensiSy  a  sword ; 
forma^  form].  Shaped  like  a  sword.  E. 
Appendix,  tne  cartilaginous  process  at  the 
lower  extremity  of  the  sternum. 

Ensomphalus  (en  -  som' -  fal  -  us)  [Iv,  in; 
0^//a,  body;  d//^A<$c,  navel].  A  double 
monstrosity,  with  practically  complete  and 
functionating  organs,  but  united  with  a  more 
or  less  superficial  bond. 

Enteralgia  (en-ter-al'-te-ah)  [hrrepovy  intes- 
tine; dX^oc,  pain].     Pain  in  the  bowels. 

Enterectomy  (enter-ek'-tome)  [^vrepw,  in- 
testine ;  tKTo^y  excision].  Excision  of  a 
part  of  the  intestine. 

Enterepiplocele  (en-ter-ep-ip' -lo-sil)  r^rfjpw, 
intestine ;  ii^lrcTMoVy  caul ;  ^Aj7,  nemia]. 
Hernia  in  which  both  bowel  and  omentum 
are  involved. 

Enteric  (en-ter'-ik)  [^vrepov,  intestine].  Per- 
taining to  the  intestmes.  E.  Fever,  typhoid 
fever. 

Enteritis  {en-ter-i' -tis)  [evrepov,  bowel ;  irif , 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  intes- 
tine. 

Entero-  (en'-ter-o-)  llvrepovy  intestine].  A 
prefix  denoting  relation  to  the  intestine. 

Enterocele  (en'-ter-o-s^l)  [hnepovy  bowel; 
K^hiy  tumor].  A  hernia  containing  a  loop 
of  intestine. 

Enterocholecystostomy  ( en-ter-o-ko-le-sis- 
tos'-to-me).     Same  as  Cholecystenterosiomy. 

Enteroclysis  (en  -  ter  -  ok' -  lis  -  is)  [ivre/»v, 
bowel;  iXiai^y  a  drenching].  Injection  of 
a  large  quantity  of  fluid  into  the  rectum  to 
reach  the  small  intestine. 

Enterocolitis  (en-ter-o-ko-W  -Hs)  \lvrtpoVy 
intestine;  k^Aov,  colon;  <r/c,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  small  intestine  and  of  the 
colon. 

Enteroepiplocele  (en-ter-o-e-pip' -lo-sil).  See 
Enterepiplocele. 

Enterogastritis  (en-ter-o-gas-tri' -tis)  [hnt- 
pov,  intestine ;  yatnifPf  stomach ;  iri^,  inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation  of  the  stomach  and 
intestine. 

Enterolith  (en' -ter-o-lith)  [evrepov,  bowel ; 
Xido^y  a  stone].  A  concretion  formed  in  the 
intestines. 


ENTEROPATHY 


EPICYSTOTOMY 


Sntefopathy  (en  -  ter  -  op^  -  ath  -e)  [ivrtpw^ 
bowel ;  friktof ,  disease].  Any  disease  of  the 
intestines. 

EnteropUsty  (en^-ter-o-plas-U)  [bmpov^ 
bowel ;  nXaaaea^  to  form  J.  A  plastic  opera- 
tion upon  the  intestine. 

Enterorrhagim  {mter-or-aj' -e^iik)  \hnzpav^ 
bowel ;  infyvinnu^  to  burst  K»rth].  Intestinal 
hemorrhage. 

Enterorrtuiphy  {en  -  ter-  or^-a-fe)  [brrepov^ 
bowel ;  'pofh*  suture].  Suture  of  the  intes- 
tine. 

Enterottomy  {en-ter-oy-to-me)  {kurtpcv, 
bowel ;  ffrdfta,  mouth].  The  formation  of  an 
artificial  opening  into  the  intestine  through 
the  abdominal  wall. 

Enterotome  (en^-ter-o-tdm)  [hrepov,  bowel ; 
ri/iveiv,  to  cut].  An  instrument  for  cutting 
open  the  intestine. 

Enterotomy  (en-ter-  ot^^o-  me)  f^vre/xw, 
bowel ;  ri/nmtv,  to  cut].  Incision  of  the  in- 
testine. 

Enteroxoon  {en'ter-^uZ-im)  [hntpov^  intes- 
tine ;  Cv>^»  lui  animal].  An  animal  parasite 
oi  the  intestine. 

Enthetic  (en-thtt^'iM)  [hvrSivai,  to  put  in]. 
Introduced;  coming  from  without;  applied 
espe^iallT  to  syphilitic  and  other  specific  con- 
tagious diseases. 

EntobUst  {en' -to-blasf)  [fvr^c,  within ;  Puaa- 
t6c,  a  bud,  germ].  I.  The  nucleolus  of  a 
cell.     2.  The  entoderm. 

Entophyte  {en'to-fU\  [^vr^,  within ;  frr^v, 
a  plant].  A  regetable  parasite  living  within 
the  body  of  iti  host,  as  e,g.^  a  bacterium. 

Entoplmatic  {entopUu' -tik)  \hn^^  within; 
rtXhoctiv^  to  form].  I.  Having  an  endoplast 
or  nucleus.     2.  rertaining  to  the  nucleus. 

Entoptic  {eni'of-tik)  [rvr^,  within  ;  onriiaJf , 
pertaining  to  vision] .  Pertaining  to  the  inter- 
nal parts  of  the  eye.  E.  Phenomena,  visual 
sensations  generated  within  the  eve. 

Entotic  {ent'Ot^'ik)  [ivrrff ,  within ;  o^,  ear]. 
Pertaining  to  the  internal  parts  of  the  ear. 

Entosoon  {en-to-to' -on)  [rvr^c,  within ;  ^(^^ 
an  animal].  An  animal  parasite  living  within 
another  animal. 

Entropion  {en-tn/'pe-m)  [fv,  in ;  rphntv^  to 
turn].  Inversion  of  the  eyelid,  so  that  the 
lashes  rub  against  the  globe  of  the  eye. 

Enucleation  {e-nu/k/ea'-sAnn)  [/,  out  of; 
nucleus,  a  kernel].  The  shelling-out  of  a 
tumor  or  organ  from  its  capsule.  The  exci- 
sion of  the  eyeball. 

Enuresis  {en-u-re^-sis)  [^hovffietv,  to  be  in- 
continent of  urine].  The  involuntary  empty- 
ing of  the  bladder.  E.,  Nocturnal,  that  oc- 
curring at  night,  during  sleep. 

Enxyme  {en'-Mim)  [ev,  in;  Cvfstf^  leaven].  I. 
Any  ferment  formed  within  the  living  organ- 
ism. 2.  A  chemic  ferment,  as  distinguished 
from  organised  ferments,  such  as  the  yeasti. 


Eoein  {y-^hsin)  [9^,  the  dawn],  C^H^^CV 
Tetrabromfluorescein  ;  an  add  dye  produced 
by  the  action  of  bromin  on  fluorescein  sus- 
pended in  glacial  acetic  add.  It  occurs  in 
red  or  yellowish  crystals,  and  is  used  as  a 
stain  in  histology. 

Eosinophile  {e-o-stn^-c-fil)  \eonn,  ftXtiv,  to 
love].  Showing  a  peculiar  a&nity  for  eosin- 
•tain  or  for  add-stains  in  general. 

Epencepbalon  {ep-ensef -al-on)  [firi,  on ; 
i/ncr^oAoc,  brain].  The  after-bniin  or  hind- 
favain ;  the  cerebellum  and  pons  taken  together. 

Epend3rma  {ep- en' -dim -ah)  [eirh«dt;/M,  an 
upper  garment].  The  lining  membrane  of 
the  cerebral  ventricles  and  of  Uie  central  canal 
of  the  spinal  cord. 

Epend3^niti8  {ep-en'^im'^ -tis)  Vtvivivpa,  an 
upper  garment ;  rriCf  inflammation].  Inflam- 
mation of  the  ependyma. 

Ephedra  {ef'-e-drah)  fM,  upon ;  Mpa,  a  seat]. 
A  genus  of  plants  of  the  Gnetaceae.  E.  anti* 
syphilitica,  has  been  used  in  gonorrhea.  Dote 
of  the  fluid  extract,  f  Jj-ij  (4.0-8.0).  E.  vul- 
garis, contains  the  alkaloid  ephedrin,  which 
is  mydriatic. 

Ephelis  {ef -el-is)  [rir/,  on ;  V^%  wart].  A 
freckle. 

Ephemeral  {ef-em' -er-al)  [i^fniptK,  living  a 
day].  Temporary.  Applied  to  fevers  that 
pass  away  in  a  day. 

Ephidrosis  {ef-id-r</ -sis)  [M,  upon ;  ZcfpcNrcc, 
sweating].  Excessive  perspiration.  See  Hy* 
peridrosis. 

Epiblast  (Hf'-e'blasf)  [eiri,  upon ;  piaard^^  a 
sprout].  The  external  or  upper  layer  of  the 
blastoderm ;  called  also  the  eaoderm,  from 
which  are  developed  the  central  nervous  sjrs- 
tem  and  the  epithelium  of  the  sense-organs, 
the  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth  and 
anus,  the  enamel  of  the  teeth,  the  epidermis 
and  its  derivatives  (hair,  nails,  glands,  etc.). 

Epiblastic  {ep-e-blasf -ik)  [e?r/,  upon;  ^Marii^ 
a  sprout] .  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  the 
epiblast 

Epibole,  Epiboly  {ep-iy-cle)  [M,  upon ; 
4dAXe<v,  to  throw].  The  enclosure  ol  the 
large  yolk-mass  of  an  invertebrate  ovum  by 
the  overgrowth  of  cleavage-cells. 

Epicanthus {epe-kan' -thus)  [r?r/,on ;  iuu49bc* 
angle  of  the  eye].  A  fold  of  skin  over  the 
inner  canthus  of  the  eye. 

Epicondyle  {ep-e-kon' -dil)  [firi,  upon;  g6ih- 
di'Aoc,  a  knucKle].  An  eminence  upon  a  bone 
above  its  condyle. 

Epicranium  {ep-e-kra' neum)  [<ir/,  upon; 
KpavioVf  cranium].  The  structures  covering 
the  cranium. 

Epicranius  (ep-e-kra'-ne-us)  [M,  upon ;  icpa- 
Wov,  cranium].  The occipito-frontalis  muscle. 

EpiC3r8totomy  {ep-e-sistot'-^-me)  Friri,  upon ; 
Kvort^,  a  bladder ;  rifivttv^  to  cut].  SupcS' 
pubic  incision  of  the  bladder. 


EHCYTE 


EPIPHYSIS 


Bpicyte  (^-^^ft/)  [tTr/,  upon ;  k{jtoc,  cell]. 
The  cell-wall. 

Epidemic  iep-e-defn' -ik)  [err/,  upon;  tJ^/w)?, 
people].  Of  a  disease,  affecting  large  num- 
bers, or  spreading  over  a  wide  area. 

Epidemiography  (ep-^-dem-e-og^ -ra-fe)  [eir/, 
upon ;  rf^/zof ,  people ;  ypd^iv,  to  write].  A 
description  of  epidemic  diseases. 

Epidemiology  [ep-e-dem-t-cl' -o-je)  fein',  up- 
on; cJ^^ioc,  people;  X^yof,  science].  The 
science  of  epidemic  diseases. 

Epidermatic,  Epidermic  (ep-e'der-maf-ik^ 
'der'-mik)  Vtm^  upon;  dipfta^  skin].  Re- 
lating to  the  epidermis.  E.  Method,  a 
method  of  administering  medicinal  substances 
by  applying  them  to  the  skin. 

Epidennis  {^-e-der^-mu)  [km^  upon  ;  dipfia, 
the  skin].  The  outer  layer  of  the  skin.  The 
scarf-skin,  consisting  of  a  layer  of  homy  cells, 
that  protects  the  true  skin. 

Epididymis  (ep-e-did^'im-is)  [e;r/,  upon; 
Aidvfwi^  the  testes] .  The  small  body  lying 
above  the  testis.  The  superior  end  is  the 
globuf  major,  the  inferior,  the  globus  minor. 

Epididymitis  {ep-e-did-im-i'-tis)  [inidtdvfdqf 
epididymis;  ir<c»  inflammation].  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  epidiidjrmis. 

Epidural  {ep-t-du' -ral)  [in-/,  upon;  durus, 
hard].     Situated  upon  or  over  the  dura. 

Epigastric  (ep-e-gaP-trik)  [knit  upon;  yaar^p, 
belly].  Relating  to  the  epigastrium.  E. 
Reflex.    See  Reflexes^  Table  of. 

Epigastrium  {ep-e-gas' -tre-um)  [^tt/,  upon ; 
yojoriip,  stomach].  The  upper  and  middle 
part  of  the  abdominal  surface  corresponding 
to  the  position  of  the  stomach ;  the  epigastric 
region.     See  Abdomen. 

Epigea,  or  Epigflea  (ep-eje^ -ah^  [iniy  upon  ; 
yoia,  earth].  A  genus  of  trailmg  ericaceous 
plants.  K.  repens,  trailing  arbutus  of  N. 
America;  it  has  diuretic  properties.  See 
Trailing  Arbutus. 

Epiglottic  (ep-e-gld^'ik)  [inly  upon ;  yXurric, 
glottis].     Relating  to  the  epiglottis. 

Epiglottis  (ep-e-g/ot^'is)  [iiri,  upon ;  yXurric, 
glottis].  A  6brocartilaginous  structure  that 
aids  in  preventing  food  and  drink  from  pass- 
ing into  the  larynx. 

Bpignathus  (ep-ig^-na-thus)  [My  upon; 
yvfUh^^  JA^]'  ^  monstrosity  in  which  the 
rudimentary  organs  of  a  twin  are  united  to 
the  superior  maxillary  bone. 

Bpibyal  Bone  iep^-hi'-al)  [cirl,  upon;  hy- 
Ml.  The  stylohyoid  ligament  when  it  is 
osuned. 

BpQation  (ep-H-a^'Shun)  [^,  out  of;  pilus^  a 
hair].     The  extraction  of  hair. 

EpUating  Forceps.  Forceps  for  plucking 
out  hairs. 

Kpilepty  {ep^iltp-si)  [iviTaj^i/z^  a  laying  hold 
of  ] .  A  chronic  nervous  affection  characterized 
bjr  sudden  loss  of  consciousness  with  general 


tonic  and  clonic  convulsions,  the  paroxysms 
lasting  but  a  short  time.  An  epileptic  seizure 
is  often  preceded  by  a  peculiar  sensation,  or 
aura,  and  as  the  patient  falls  he  sometimes 
makes  an  outcry,  the  epileptic  cry.  E., 
Cortical,  E.,  Focal,  or  E.,  Jacksonian, 
spasmodic  contractions  in  certain  groups 
of  muscles,  with  retention  of  consciousness, 
due  to  local  disease  of  the  cortex.  E., 
Masked.  E.  larvata.  In  this,  involuntary 
actions,  often  violent,  replace  the  convulsion. 
E.,  Nocturnal,  epilepsy  in  which  the  attack 
occurs  during  sleep.  E.,  Procursive,  a 
form  in  which  the  patient  runs  rapidly  for- 
ward before  falling.  E.,  Spinal,  paroxysms 
of  clonic  spasm  in  the  lower  extremities 
sometimes  observed  in  the  course  of  spastic 
paraplegia. 

Epileptic  (ep-il-ep^'tik)  [c7riA7V<f>  «  laying 
hold  of].  I.  Pertaining  to  or  like  epilepsy. 
2.  One  affected  with  epilepsy.  E.  Aura, 
E.  Cry.  See  Epilepsy.  E.  Dementia,  the 
dementia  which  is  frequently  the  terminal 
stage  of  epilepsy.  E.  Equivalents,  transi- 
ent psychic  disturbances  replacing  the  typic 
convulsions.  E.  Mania,  mania  following 
or  taking  the  place  of  the  fit. 

Epileptiform  (ep-il-ep^ -Hf-orm)  \itrihr^t^y  a 
laying  hold  of;  fomuiy  form].  Resembling 
an  epileptic  attack. 

Epileptogenous  {ep-il-ep-ioj^-en-us)  rcTri- 
Aj7V><c>  epilepsy;  yeifvav,  to  produce].  Pro- 
ducing epilepsy. 

Epileptoid  (ep-il-ep^-toid)  liirihj^ic,  a  laying 
hold  of;  fMof,  likeness].  Resembling  epilepsy. 

Epimysium  {ep-e-me' -ze-um)  [cn-i,  upon;  /ii>f , 
a  muscle].  The  sheath  of  areolar  tissue  sur- 
rounding a  muscle. 

Epinephrin  (ep-e-nef -rin)  [^jrl,  upon;  vt^p6q^ 
kidney],  Cj^HjjNO^.  The  active  principle 
of  the  suprarenal  capsule. 

Epineurium  (ep-e-nu' -re-um)  [iiri,  upon ; 
veitpov,  a  nerve].  The  connective-tissue 
sheath  of  a  nerve-trunk. 

Epipastic  {ep-e-pas^-tik)  {kmw&aaeiv^  to 
sprinkle].  Having  qualitiesof  dusting-powder. 

Epiphenomenon  {ep-e-fe-nom' -en-on)  [cirt, 
on ;  ^v6pevov,  phenomenon].  An  excep- 
tional sequence  or  unusual  complication  aris- 
ing in  the  course  of  a  disease. 

Epiphora  [ep-if -or-aK)  [irr*,  upon;  ^petv, 
to  bear].  A  persistent  overflow  of  tears,  du« 
to  excessive  secretion  or  to  impeded  outflow. 

Epiphyseal,  or  Epiphysial  {ep-e-fix' -e-al) 
\ki^iy  upon ;  ^\>ttVy  to  growl.  Relating  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  an  epiphysis. 

Epiphyseitis  {ep-ejize-i' -lis)  [W^ic,  an 
epiphysis;  in^y  inflammation].  InflammS' 
tion  of  an  epiph3rsis. 

Epiphysis  (ep-if-is-is)  [km,  upon ;  ^etv,  to 
grow].  A  process  of  bone  attached  for  a 
time  to  another  bone  by  cartilage,  but  in  most 


EPIPHYSITIS 


ERASION 


cases  soon  becoming  consolidated  with  the 
principal  bone.    E.  cerebri,  the  pineal  gland. 

Spiphysitis  (ep-if-is-i' 'tis).  See  Epiphyse- 
iHs, 

Epiphyte  (fP^-t-fUS  [eff/,  upon ;  ^w,  a 
plant] .  A  vegetable  parasite  growing  on  the 
exterior  of  the  body. 

Bpipial  {ep-e-pi^ -ai)  [km,  upon ;  pia  mattr\. 
Upon  the  pia  mater. 

Epiplocele  {ep-ip/ ■lo-sil')  [tmitlMoovt  caul ; 
i^AJ;,  hernia].    A  hernia  containing  omentum. 

Epiploic  {eP'ip-l(/ -ik)  [iTriVAooi',  caul].  Re- 
lating or  twlonging  to  the  omentum.  E. 
Appendages,  small  pouches  of  peritoneum 
filled  with  fat,  found  on  the  colon. 

Epiploon  (ep-ip/ 'l<h<m)  [iKtirAxiv,  to  float 
upon].     The  omentum. 

Episcleral  (ep-eskle^-ral)  [cTi,  upon ;  aKkn- 
p6f ,  hard].  Situated  on  the  outside  of  the 
sclerotic  coat 

Episcleritis  {tp-e-skie-ri^ -fis)  [My  upon; 
OK^pd^f  hard;  trie,  inflammation].  An  in- 
flammation  of  the  subconjunctival  tissues,  or 
of  the  sclera  itself. 

Episiorrhaphy  (fp-u-e-or^-a-fi)  [e/r«T«ov, 
pubes;  /^o^,  seam].  An  operation  for  the 
repair  of  tears  about  the  vulva. 

Episiostenosis  {ep-is-e-O'Sten-y-sis)  [itrioetoy, 
pubes;  arevd^,  narrow].  Contraction  or 
narrowing  of  the  vulva. 

Episiotomy  Up-is-e-ot^ -o-mi)  [kmatvov^  vulva; 
ro/</^,  section].  Incbion  through  the  vulva  in 
childbirth,  to  prevent  rupture  of  the  perineum 
and  to  facilitate  labor. 

Epispadias  (ep-e-spad'-e-as)  [tni,  above; 
(nrdeiv,  to  pierce].  A  condition  in  which  the 
urethra  opens  on  the  upper  part  of  the  penis, 
either  on  the  dorsum  or  on  the  glans. 

Epispastic  {ep-e-spas' -Hk)  [e7ri,upon ;  <yir<wyif, 
a  drawing].  I.  Blistering.  2.  A  substance 
producing  a  blister. 

Bpistaxis  {ep-is-taks' -is)  [hrurrdlieiv,  to  cause 
to  drop],     ilemorrhage  from  the  nose. 

Epistemal  (ep-e-stur^-nal)  [r n-*,  upon ;  arip- 
vw,  the  sternum].     Above  the  stemuuL 

Epithelial  (fp-e-ihe' le-ai)  [iiri,  upon;  thj}Jj^ 
a  nipple],  rertaining  to  or  made  up  of  epi- 
thelmm. 

Epithelioid  [ep-e-the^'U-oid)  [rrr/,  upon; 
Bqyif  nipple;  tldo^,  likeness].  Resembling 
epithelium. 

Epithelioma  {ep-e-tfu-le-y-maA)  [etr/,  upon ; 
6^7X1^,  nipple ;  bfia^  a,  tumor].  Properly,  any 
tumor  in  which  epithelium  forms  the  promi- 
nent element ;  by  usage  the  word  is  restricted 
to  carcinoma  of  the  skin  and  mucous  mem- 
branes. 

Epithelium  (rpe'/Ay-le'um)  [eiri,  upon; 
dijX^f  nipple] .  A  term  applied  to  the  group 
of  cells  that  forms  the  epidermis,  that  lines  all 
canals  having  communication  with  the  exter- 
nal air,  and  that  are  specialized  for  secretion 


in  certain  glands,  as  the  liver,  kidneys,  etc. 
Epithelium  is  divided  according  to  the  shape 
and  arrangement  of  the  cells  into  colunmar, 
cuboidal,  flat,  pavement,  squamous,  stratified, 
tessellated,  and  transitional  epithelium;  ac 
cording  to  function  into  protective  and  glandu- 
lar or  secreting.  E.,  Ciliated,  a  form  in  which 
the  cells  bear  vibratile  filaments  or  cilia  on 
their  free  extremities.  E.,  Transitional,  thaf 
intermediate  between  simple  and  stratified. 

Epitrochlea  (ep-e- trok' -U-ak)  [£ ti ,  upon \ 
Tpoxa^iOf  a  pulley].  The  internal  condyle 
of  the  humerus. 

Epiaoon  (ep-ezo'-on)  [eni,  upon;  Cv"*'*  •" 
animal].  An  animal  parasite  living  upon  the 
exterior  of  the  body. 

Epixootic  (tp-e-xoot^'ik)  [iff/,  upon;  Cv^v, 
animal].  An  epidemic  disease  of  the  lower 
animals. 

Epoophoron  (ep-o-off'-or-on)  [riri,  upon; 
^v,  egg ;  ^peiv,  to  bear].     The  parovarium. 

Epsom  Salt  {rp^-sttm).     See  Magfusium. 

Epulis  {ep'U' '  lis)  [erri,  upon ;  o^?4>,  the 
gums].  A  tumor  of  the  alveolar  processes 
of  the  jaws.  E.,  Malignant,  a  giant-cell 
sarcoma  of  the  jaw. 

Equation  (e-kwa' xHuh)  [aquare^  to  make 
equal].  In  chemistry,  a  collection  of  sym- 
bols so  arranged  as  to  indicate  the  read  ion 
that  will  take  place  if  the  bodies  represented 
by  the  symbols  be  brought  together.  E., 
Personal,  an  allowance  ^r  individual  pecu- 
liarity or  error  in  an  observer's  work. 

Equator  ( e  -  ktva'  -  tor )  [square,  to  make 
equal].  An  imaginary  circle  surrounding  a 
sphere  so  as  to  divide  it  into  equal  halves. 
E.  of  a  Cell,  the  boundary  of  the  plane 
through  which  division  takes  place.  B.  of 
the  Eye,  the  sequator  oculi ;  a  line  joining 
the  four  extremities  of  the  transverse  and 
vertical  axes  of  the  eye. 

Equilibrating  Operation(^ixorV^-r^-r<t/i>r^). 
An  operation  on  the  ocular  muscles  to  equal- 
ize their  action  in  cases  of  squint. 

Equilibration  {ekwilib  ra'  shun)  [(TquUi- 
brare,  to  balance  equally].  The  mainten- 
ance of  equilibrium. 

Equilibrium  {e  -  kTt/il-  ib'  -  rt  •  um)  [trquus^ 
equal;  libra ^  balance].     A  state  of  balance. 

Equinia  (  e-kwin' -e-ah )  [equus,  a  horse]. 
Glanders;  farcy. 

Equivalence,  Equivalency  {e-kuriz^ -al-^ns ^ 
e-quii/ -al-en-se)  [trquus,  equal ;  vaUre.  to  be 
worth].  The  property  possessed  by  an  ele- 
ment or  radicle  of  replacing  another  element 
or  radicle  in  a  compound  body  in  definite 
proportions. 

Equivalent  (e-kwix/-al-ent)  [aqmu,  equal; 
vaUre^  to  be  worth].  Of  equal  valency ; 
having  the  same  value. 

Erasion  (e-ra' -tkun)  [e^  out;  radere^  to 
scrape].     The  act  of  sctmptng. 


ERB'S  PALSY 


ERYSIPELATOUS 


Brb't  Palsy.  A  paralysis  involving  the  del- 
toid, biceps,  brachialis  anlicus,  and  supinator 
loogus ;  often  also  the  supinator  brevis,  and 
at  times  the  infraspinatus ;  rarely  the  sub- 
scapolaris.  It  is  traumatic  in  origin ;  it  may 
occur  during  birth. 

Erectile  [e-rek^-Hl)  \erigere^  to  set  up].  Hav- 
ing the  quality  of  becoming  erect.  E.  Tis- 
sue, a  tissue  consisting  of  a  network  of  ex- 
pansile capillaries  that  under  stimulus  be- 
come engorged  with  blood  and  cause  erection 
of  the  part. 

Erection  {e-rek' -shun)  \erigere,,  to  set  up]. 
The  state  of  being  erect,  as  erection  of  the 
penis  or  clitoris. 

Erector  U-rek'tor)  [erigrr^,  to  erect].  A 
muscle  that  produces,  erection  of  a  part. 
See  MuscUs,  Table  of.  E.  pili,  the  unstriped 
muscular  6bers  causing  the  erection  of  the 
hair  and  the  phenomenon  called  goose-flesh 
or  goose-skin. 

Ereinacausis  {er-e-  mak  -  ait/  -  sis)  [npefia , 
slowly ;  Kovat^,  burning].  Slow  oxidation 
or  gradual  decay,  without  combustion. 
Erethism,  Erethismus  {er'-e-thizm^  ere- 
tkis^-mus)  [tpeOtafiSg^  irriutionl.  An  abnor- 
mal increase  of  nervous  irritability. 

Erethismic  or  Erethistic  (ir-e-thh^-mik^ 
er-t'this' -tik)  [epe6ia/i6^,  irritation].  Relating 
to,  or  affected  with,  erethism. 

Erg  [iftiyoVf  work].  A  unit  of  work, represent- 
ing the  work  done  in  moving  a  body  against 
the  force  of  one  dyne  through  a  space  of 
one  centimeter. 

Ergot,  or  Ergota  [ur' got^  or  urgo^-tah) 
[Fr.,  ergot ^  a  spur].  The  sclerotium  of  the 
CUxvUeps purpurea i  a  fungus  growing  on  rye. 
It  is  a  vasomotor  stimulant  and  cauites  con- 
traction of  the  involuntary  muscles.  It  is  used 
to  control  hemorrhage, -and  to  cause  uterine 
contraction  ;  it  is  also  employed  in  cerebral 
and  spinal  congestion,  in  diabetes  insipidus, 
and  in  night-sweats.  Dose  gr.  x- ,:?  j  (0.65- 
4.0).  E.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  f^ss-fjss  (2.0- 
16.0).  E.,  Ext., — Ergotin.  Dose  gr.  ij-xx 
(0.13-I.3),  hypodermically  gr.  %-y  (0.0x6- 
0.32).  E..  Infus.  (B.  P.).  Dose  fj  j-ij 
(32.0-64.0).  Injectio  ergotinse  hypoder- 
mica  (B.  P.),  ergotin  i,  camphor- water  2. 
Dose  subcutaneously  1T\^iij-x  (0.2-0.65).  ^'i 
Tinctura  (B.  P.).  Dose  n\,x-f3J  (0-65- 
4.0). 

Brg:otin  (ur^-go^n).     See  Ergot. 

Brgotinin  (ur-got^in-in)  \¥t.,  ergot,  a  spur], 
C1JH1JN4O4.     An  alkaloid  from  ergot  of  rye. 

Sf^ottsm  (ur^'got'ism)  [¥r.,  ergot,  a  spur]. 
The  constitutional  effects  following  the  pro- 
longed use  of  ergot,  or  of  grain  containing  the 
ftingua.  claviceps  purpurea.  The  symptoms 
are  of  two  types,  either  a  spasmodic  form 
with  contractions  and  cramps  of  the  muscles, 
or  a  fbnn  cbaracterixed  by  dry  gangrene. 


Erigeron  {er-if -er-oti)  [ffpiyipuv,  groundsel]. 
Fleabane.  The  plant  £.  canadense,  having 
physiologic  actions  like  those  of  oil  of  turpen- 
tine, but  less  irritant  It  contains  oil  of  erigeron^ 
and  is  used  as  a  hemostatic.  E.  bellidifolium 
and  E.  philadelphicum  afford  similar  oils, 
and  have  the  same  properties.  Erigerontis, 
Oleum.     Dose  n\,x-f.^ss  (0.65-2.0).    Unof. 

Eriodictyon  (er-e-o-dii^-te-on)  [ipiov,  wool ; 
diKTvov,  a  net].  Verba  Santa  or  mountain- 
balm.  The  leaves  of  E.  glutinosum,  a  shrub 
of  California,  an  expectorant,  and  an  excipient 
for  quinin,  the  taste  of  which  it  largely  con- 
ceals. E.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  n\,xv-f3J  (1.0- 
4.0)  E.,  Ext.     Dose  gr.  ij-x  (0.13-0.65). 

Erosion  (e-ro^-zhun)  i^odere,  to  eat  out]. 
The  eating  away  of  tissue. 

Erotic  (er-ot^-ik)  [ipu^^  love].  Pertaining  to 
the  sexual  passion. 

Erotomania  (er-ot-o-ma^-ne-ak)  [ipuQ,  love  ; 
fiavia,  madness].  Morbid  exaggeration  of 
the  affections,  usually  toward  the  opposite 
sex. 

Errhine  (er'-in)  [h,  in;  ^'f.  the  nose].  I. 
Causing  discharges  from  the  nose.  2.  A  med- 
icine that  increases  nasal  secretions ;  a  ster- 
nutatory. 

Eructation  (e-ruk-ta^-shun)  [eructare,  to 
belch  J.     Belching. 

Eruption  (e-rup^-shun)  [erumpere,  to  burst 
out].  A  bursting  forth,  especially  applied  to 
the  skin-lesions  of  the  exanthematous  dis- 
eases. 

Eruptive  (e-rup^-tiv)  [erumpere,  to  burst  out]. 
Attended  by  an  eruption,  as  an  eruptive  fever. 

Erysipelas  (er-is-ip'-et-as)  [cptl^p^c*  red ; 
itkTika,  skin].  An  acute  infectious  disease, 
due  to  the  streptococcus  erysipelatosus  (which 
is  probably  identical  with  the  streptococcus 
pyogenes),  and  characterized  by  an  inflamma- 
tion of  the  skin  and  subcutaneous  tissues. 
E.,  ambulans.  See  E.,  IVandering.  E., 
Facial,  erysipelas  of  the  face,  the  most  com- 
mon form.  After  an  initial  chill  the  temper- 
ature rises  very  high ;  there  may  be  vomiting 
and  delirium,  and  the  disease  may  rapidly 
spread  over  a  great  part  of  the  body.  The 
affected  area  is  swollen,  has  a  deep-red  color, 
an  elevated  margin*  and  itches.  E.,  Idio- 
pathic, erysipelas  occurring  without  any 
visible  wound.  E.  migrans.  See  E., 
IVatulering.  E.,  Phlegmonous,  a  form  of 
erysi{>elas  in  which  there  is  pus-formation. 
E.,  Surgical  or  Traumatic,  erysipelas 
occurring  in  the  site  of  a  wound.  E., 
Wandering,  a  form  in  which  the  erysipela- 
tous process  successively  disappears  from  one 
part  of  the  body  to  appear  subsequently  at 
another  part. 

Erysipelatous  (erisipel^ -at-us)  [epv$p6ct 
red ;  iri'/^,  skb].  Of  the  nature  of  or  aif- 
fected  with  erysipelas. 


ERYTHEMA 


ESOPHAGOTOMY 


Ersrthema  (^•tM-<^-jfftf^)[rpud(iivr<ir,  tomake 
rc^].  A  redness  of  the  skin  occorring  in 
patches  of  Tsriable  size  and  shape.  E.  an- 
nolare,  a  fonn  of  E.  multifunne,  in  which 
the  lesions  shrink  and  desquamate  at  the  cen- 
ter, bat  continue  to  extend  at  the  periphery 
by  a  raised  margin.  E.  intertrigo,  intertrigo ; 
a  hyperemia  of  the  skin  occurring  where  the 
folds  of  the  integument  come  in  contact.  The 
epidermis  may  be  abraded.  E.  multifbrme, 
an  acute  inflammatory  skin-disease,  character- 
ixed  by  reddi^  macules,  papules,  or  tubercles, 
usually  appearing  on  the  legs  and  forearms. 
It  is  often  ushered  in  by  gastric  distress  and 
rheumatic  pains.  E.  nodosum,  dermatitis 
contusiformis,  an  inflammatory  disease  char- 
acterized  by  the  formation,  especially  on  the 
tibial  surfaces,  of  rounded,  elevated,  erythe- 
matous nodules.  E.,  Sjrmptomatic,  a  hyper- 
emia of  the  skin  either  diffuse  or  in  nonele- 
▼ated  patches.  It  is  either  idiopathic,  as 
when  arising  from  the  action  of  the  sun,  E. 
solare,  or  due  to  various  poisons,  E.  ven- 
enatum,  or  it  b  symptomatic  of  systemic 
disease  or  gastrointestinal  disorder. 

Erythematous  {er-itk-tm' -at  us)  lepvfkuvetVp 
to  make  red].    Of  the  nature  of  erythema. 

Erythrea  (/r-Uh-ree' -uk)  [ipvBpd^,  red].  A 
genus  of  plants  of  the  GentiaMacea.  E. 
centaurium^  is  the  European  centaury. 

Ersrthremelmlgia  {er-Ukrem-tl-ai^-je-ah), 
See  Erythromflalgia. 

Erythroblast  UrUh^ -rthblast)  [eftvdpSct  red ; 
pXaard^,  genu].  A  rudimentary  red  blood- 
corpuscle. 

Bfjrthrocyte  (eri/h^-ro-iU)  [i/n/Bpd^^  red; 
Kvr6^f  cell].     A  red  blood -corpuscle. 

Erythrodeztrin  {er-iih-ro-deks' -trin)  \ifnfi' 
poc,  red;  dtxter^  right].  A  dextrin  formed 
by  the  action  of  saliva  on  starch.  It  yields  a 
r^  color  with  iodin. 

Erythrogrmnulopse  (er'iih'ro-graH^'U'Us) 
[e/mtfp^f,  red ;  granulum,  a  little  grain].  A 
granular  substance,  found  in  starch-grains, 
coloring  red  with  iodin. 

Brjrthromelali^  (tr-ith'ro-mel'al^'je'oh) 
[ipvOpdt,  red ;  //iAoc,  limb ;  A^^tif,  pain].  An 
affection  of  the  distal  parts  of  the  extremi- 
ties, particularly  the  feet,  characterized  by 
redness  and  neuralgic  pain.  The  disease  is 
very  obstinate ;  its  pathology  is  not  well  un- 
derstood. It  may  be  a  vasomotor  neurosis, 
a  neuritis  of  the  peripheral  nerves,  or  it  may 
be  due  to  changes  in  the  spinal  cord. 

Brythrophlein  (er-ith-ro/^-U'tn)  [ipvffpSc, 
red;  f^oi^,  bark].  A  poisonous  alkaloid 
from  Casca  bark. 

Erythrophletim  {er-Uh-rof -Uum).  Casca 
Bark. 

Brythropsia  (er-Uk-rop^-se-ah)  [kpvdpd^^  red ; 
&^,  vuionl.  An  abnormality  of  vision  in 
which  aU  objects  sppear  red ;  red  vision. 


Erythrozylin  (rri/Jk-rols^-i/tm^  [//n4^, 
red ;  f  ivxw,  wood].     Synonym  of  cocain. 

Erythrozykm  (er-itkroks^tJim)  UpvBp6^, 
n*d  ;  ^i'Aav,  wood :  gen. ,  EryikroxyiA.  Coca, 
Cuca.  The  leaves  of  E.  coca,  a  shrub  in- 
digenous to  the  Andes.  It  contains  an  al- 
kaloid, cocain,  Cj^H^NO^,  to  which  its 
properties  are  mainly  due.  It  is  an  aromatic 
tonic  and  cerebral  stimulant  E.  coca 
(B.  P.).  Dobe  gr-  ij-xv  (0.13-1.0),  Cocae, 
Ejrt.,  FkL  Dose  Ii\,xx-f3j  (1.3-4.O). 
Eztractum  cocas  liquid.  (B.  P.).  Dose 
n\,xx-f ,!?  j  ( 1 . 3-4- o)'     See  Coca, 

Eschar  {cs'-kar)  [kax^pa,  a  scab].  A  slough, 
especially  that  proiduccd  by  the  thermocautery. 
E.,  Neuropathic.    A  bedsore. 

Eschaiotic  {nkarat'-iJk)  [ia xapuruuo^y  i. 
Caustic;  producing  a  slough.  2.  A  sub- 
stance that  produces  an  eschar ;  a  caustic. 

Eserin  (es^-rr-in)  [Escrt,  native  name  of  the 
plant  or  bean].     See  Physostigma. 

Eamarch's  Bandage,  or  Apparatus.  An 
elastic  rubber  bandage  used  upon  a  limb  to  be 
amputated,  in  order  to  drive  the  blood  out  of 
it  by  the  pressure  of  progressive  turns  about 
the  limb  toward  the  trunk.  E.'s  Tubes, 
tubes  on  the  sides  of  which  agar  or  gelatin  has 
been  solidified  in  a  thin  layer,  by  rapid  turn- 
ing of  the  tube  on  ice  or  under  ice -water. 

Esodic  {e-iod'-ik)  [if,  into;  iM^,  ""^Y 
Afferent. 

Esophageal  (e-sof-a/e-al)  [oion^y^,  eso- 
phagus]. Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the 
esophagus. 

Esoph^ismus  (e'So/aJ-uf-mus)  [dUidfdyo^, 
esophagus].  Spasmodic  contraction  of  the 
esophagus. 

Esoiphagitis  {e$of-aj-i' -tis)  [(Hffo^d)^^,  eso- 
phagus; ir<c>  inflanmiation].  Inflammattoo 
of  the  esophagus. 

Esophagocele  {e'iof'-ag-(ha!)  [oS^o^^of, 
esophagus;  «ci^?j?,  hernia].  An  abnormal  dis- 
tention of  a  portion  of  the  esophagus. 

Bsophagomycosis  (e- so/- ag-o-mi-ko^- nr ) 
fo<<To^)t>c,  esophagus;  ^£iu7C,  a  fungus]. 
Disease  of  the  esophagus  caused  by  fungi. 

Esophagoscope  [e-sof-ag' -o-skdp)  [otoofaTOCt 
esophagus;  OKoireiv,  to  view].  An  instru- 
ment for  examining  the  interior  of  the  eso- 
phagus by  artificial  light. 

Esophagospasm  {eso/^'Ogo-s/aMm).  See 
Esophagismus. 

EsophagostexMisis  (f  -  so/-  ag-o-sten  •  </-i/i) 
[(M^o^/oc,  esophagus;  ar/ivjcnf,  constric^ 
tion].     Constriction  of  the  esophagus. 

Esophagostomy  (e  so/-  ag-os^-to-mr)  [0100- 
^>oc*  esophagus  ;  croua,  mouth].  The  for- 
mation of  an  artificial  opening  in  the  esoph- 
agus. 

Esopba^^otomy  {e-sofag-ot'-o-me)  [oioD^^oc, 
esophagus ;  roiiii,  a  cutting].  Opening  of 
the  esophagus  by  an  indsioa. 


ESOPHAGUS 


ETHYLENE 


Esophagus  {e-sof -ag'iu)  [^pen',  fAouv^  to 
cany ;  ^ytiv^  to  eatj.  The  gullet,  a  mus- 
colomembraoous  canal ,  about  nine  inches  in 
length,  extending  from  the  pharynx  to  the 
stomach. 

Esophoria  (es-o-ft/ -re-ah)  [^<t«,  inward; 
^opeiv,  to  bear].     See  Meter ophoria, 

Esotropim  (eso-tro^-pe-ah)  [iaut  inward; 
rpkntiv^  to  turn].    Convergent  strabismus. 

Essence  {es^  ens)  [essentia,  essence].  I. 
That  which  gives  to  anything  its  character  or 
peculiar  quality.  2.  The  peculiar  qualities 
oft  drug  extracted  and  reduced  to  a  small 
coinpas.s.  3.  A  solution  of  an  essential  oil 
in  alcohol. 

Essential    (es-en'-shat)    [essentia,  essence]. 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  essence  of  a  substance. 

2.  Of  diseases,  occurring  without  a  known 
cause.  E.  Oils,  the  volatile  oils,  obtained 
from  aromatic  plants  by  distillation  or  fer- 
mentation. 

Esthesiometer  (es-tkt-te-om^ -eter)  [aiadfiat^, 
sensation;  fiirpov,  a  measure].  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  tactile  sensibility. 

Esthiomene  {es-the-om' -en-e)  [iaOiofiivrf,  eat- 
ing].    Lupus  exedens. 

Estlander'a  Operation.  An  excision  of 
portbns  of  one  or  more  ribs  for  the  relief  of 
empyema. 

But  Mamelloni  (et-aA-maA-me/on-a)  [Ft.], 
A  condition  of  the  stomach  in  chronic  gas- 
tritis in  which  there  is  a  projection  of  small 
elevations  consisting  of  hyperplastic  mucous 
membrane. 

Ethene  (etA^-in).  Same  as  Ethylene,  E. 
Chlorid,  (^H^Cl,.  Dutch  liouid.  An  anes- 
thetic resembling  chloroform,  but  less  danger- 
ous. 

Ether  (e'-ther)  [ather;  aittjp,  the  upper  air], 

1.  The  subtle  fluid  filling  space  and  pene- 
trating all  bodies,  the  medium  of  transmis- 
sion of  light,  heat,  electricity,  and  magnetism. 

2.  A  compound  formed  hypothetically  from 
H,0  by  the  substitution  of  two  alcohol-radi- 
cles for  the  H.     3.  Diethylic  oxid  (C,H4),0, 
a  tbin,  colorless,  volatile,  and  highly  inflam- 
mable liquid,  known  also  as  ethylic  ether  or 
aolphmic  ether,  as  sulphuric  acid  is  used  in 
its  manufacture.     Its  chief  use  is  as  an  anes- 
thetic, U  being  less  dangerous  than  chloroform. 
It  is  also  employed  as  a  cardiac  stimulant  in 
suddeu  heart-failure,  and  as  a  carminative. 
Oose  by  the  mouth  n\,xxx-f3[ss  (2.0^16.0) 
in   ice-water.     E.,   Acetic,  kas    properties 
like  those  of  ethylic  ether.     Dose  TT^x-fji 
(0.65-4.0).     E.   fortior,  contains    94    per 
oenL  of  ethylic  oxid.     Dose  n^  x-f  3  j  (0.65- 
<4.o).     E.,  Hydriodic,  unof.    Dose  for  in- 
halation   n^xv  (i.o).     E.,  Hydrobromic, 
unof.     Dose  n^x-^j  (0.65-4.0).     Spiritua 
arthetit  cotnpotituf .  ^t  Hoffmann' s  Ano- 

X9 


Ethereal  {e-the^-re-al)  [ather,  the  upper  air]. 
I.  Pertaining  to  the  ether.  2.  Made  of 
ether,  as  E.  tinctures.     3.  Volatile. 

Etherization  \e  •  ther  -  iz  -  a' -  shun)  [ather, 
ether].  The  administration  of  ether  to  pro- 
duce anesthesia.  This  is  eflected  by  in- 
halation of  the  vapor. 

Etherise  (e^ther-lz)  [ather,  ether].  To 
administer  ether. 

Ethidene  (eth^-idin)  [ather,  ether],  C,H.. 
Ethylidene ;  a  bivalent  radicle.  E.  Chlorid, 
or  Dichlorid,  a  colorless  fluid,  tasting  and 
smelling  like  chloroform.  It  has  been  used 
as  a  general  anesthetic.     See  Anesthetic. 

EthmocephaluB  (eth-mo-sef -al-us)  [t/fffi6c, 
ethmoid ;  /re^oAi^,  head].  A  variety  of  sin- 
gle autositic  monsters  in  which  there  is  a 
rudimentary  nose  in  the  shape  of  a  pro- 
boscis terminating  anteriorly  in  two  imperfect 
nostrils  or  In  a  single  opening. 

Ethmoid  (eth'-moid)  ff/dfid^,  a  sieve;  elSoc, 
likened].  The  sieve-fike  bone  of  the  nose, 
perforated  for  the  transmission  of  the  olfac- 
tory nerve ;  it  forms  a  part  of  the  base  of  the 
skull. 

Ethmoid  or  Ethmoidal  (eth'-moid,  ethmoi'- 
dal)  [ijdfi6^,  sieve  ;  tUoq,  likeness].  Relat- 
ing to  the  ethmoid  bone. 

Ethnology  (ethnol' -thje)  [IQvoq^  a  nation ; 
A^yof,  science].  The  comparative  study  of 
the  races  of  mankind. 

Ethozycaffein  (eth-oks-e-kaff-e-in),  C,oH,^. 
N4O,.  A  remedy  recommended  in  herpes 
zoster  and  migraine.  Dose  gr.  iv  (0.26). 
Unof. 

Ethyl  (eth'-il)  [aift^p,  ether ;  ^A)7,  material]. 
The  alcohol  •  radicle,  C,!!^.  E.  Alcohol, 
ordinary  alcohol  of  the  nharmacopeia.  See 
Alcohol,  E.  Bromid,  C,H^Br,  Bromethyl ; 
monobromethane.  A  rapid  and  transient  an- 
esthetic. See  Anesthetic,  E.  Bromid,  Liq., 
I  in  200,  used  in  angina  pectoris.  D<^ 
fiss-ij  (16.0-64.0).  Unof.  E.  Carbamate. 
Urethane.  E.  Chlorid,  C,HjCl,  an  anes- 
thetic resembling  chloroform  in  action.  E. 
lodid,  CjHjI,  hydriodic  ether,  used  to  re- 
lieve the  dyspnea  of  bronchitic  asthma  and 
edematous  laryngitis.  Dose  to  be  inhaled, 
n\,v  (0.32),  three  or  four  times  daily.  Unof. 
E.  Oxid.    See  Ether, 

Ethylate  {eth'-il-dt).  A  compound  of  ethylic 
alcohol  in  which  the  H  of  the  hydroxyl  is 
replaced  by  a  base. 

Ethyl-chloral-urethane.    See  Somnal. 

Ethylene  (eth'-il-in)  [aifHjp,  ether;  iXn, 
matter].  Olefiant  gas,  C,H^.  A  colorless, 
poisonous  gas,  which  bums  with  a  bright, 
luminous  flame,  and  when  mixed  with  air  ex- 
plodes violently.  It  is  one  of  the  constituents 
of  illuminating  gas.  E.  Bromid,  a  light, 
brownish-colored  liquid  with  the  formula,  C,- 
H^Br^     It  has  been  used  in  epilepsy.    Dose 


ETHYLENEIMID 


EUTOCIA 


m  Ji^-2  (0.05-0.13).  Unof.  E.  Chlorid, 
E.  BicUorid.  See  Etknu  Cklorui.  E.- 
diamin,  a  non- poisonous  base  isomeric  with 
ethylidene-diamjD. 

Etbylene-imid  {eth''U'Hi'im''id),QjL\^. 
A  nonpoiaonous  bwe  found  in  cholera-cul- 
tures. 

BtbyUdene  {tth-W -id-tn).     See  Ethidftu, 

Ethylidene-diainin  {eth-U'-idin  di'-a-min) 
C,H^,(NII,)^  A  poisonous  ptomain  obtained 
from  decomposing  haddock.  Injections  into 
mice  and  guinea-pigs  produce  hypersecretion 
from  mouth,  nose,  and  eyes,  mydriasis,  exoph- 
thalmos, great  djrspnea,  and  death. 

Ethyl -phenyl -carbamate,  Ethyl-phenyl- 
urethane.     See  Euphcrin. 

Etiologic  {e-te-ol'of -ik)  [olr/a,  a  cause ;  ^xt>c, 
science].     Pertaining  to  etiology. 

Etiology  (eU-ol'-o-je)  fair/a,  a  cause ;  Wj^of, 
science].     The  causauon  of  disease. 

Bucalyptol  [u-kal-if/ -tol)  \(t{}t  well ;  ica?.vw- 
reiv,  to  cover],  C,qH,jO.  A  neutral  principle 
obtained  from  the  volatile  oil  of  Eucalyptus 

f globulus,  and  of  some  other  species  of  Euca- 
jpius.  It  is  used  in  bronchitis  and  malaria, 
and  abo  in  ear-diseases  and  in  urethritis,  and 
externally  in  various  liniments  and  washes. 
Dose  T»^v-x  (0.32-0.65),  in  capsules,  three 
times  daily. 

Eucalyptus  (ukal-if/'tus)  [r^,  well ;  koXI'tT' 
TttVf  to  cover].  The  leaves  of  E.  globulus ^ 
native  to  Australia,  but  now  cultivated  in 
California.  It  contains  a  volatile  oil,  from 
which  eucalyptol  is  obtained.  The  properties 
largely  depend  on  the  volatile  oil.  Eucalyptus 
has  been  used  as  an  antiseptic,  as  a  stimulant 
to  mucous  membranes,  as  an  antispasmodic 
in  asthma,  in  migraine,  and,  with  doubtful 
success,  in  malaria.  E.,  Oleum,  the  vola- 
tile oil.  Dose  n\,v  (0.32)  in  capsules  or  emul- 
sion. E.,  Unguentum  (B.  P.), contains  20 
per  cent  of  E.  Ol. 

Buchlorhydria  (uklorhy  dred)  [rv,  well ; 
X^plt^^  green;  Wup,  water].  The  presence 
of  a  normal  amount  of  hycfrochloric  acid  in 
the  gastric  juice. 

Eugenia  {u-je' -tu-ak)  [after  Prince  En^eney 
of  Savoy].  A  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
mostly  tropical,  among  which  are  E,  ^aryo- 
phylatOy  which  yields  caryophyllus,  and  E, 
pirmnta,  which  produces  pimenta. 

Eugenic  Acid  (u-jen^-ik).     See  Eui^ntol, 

Eugenol  {u^jenol)  [See  Eu^enid\.  C,o- 
H,,()..  Eugenic  Acid;  a  phenol  like  com- 
pound that  occurs  in  cloveoil  and  in  allspice, 
and  is  convertible  into  vanillin.  It  is  used  as 
an  antiseptic,  and  as  a  local  anesthetic  in  den- 
tistry.    Dose  gr.  xv  (1.0)  well  diluted.    Unof. 

Eunuch  {u'-nuk)  [ri'vot',^oc,  guardian  of  the 
couch].  A  male  whose  genital  organs  have 
been  removed  or  mutilated  so  as  to  render 
him  impotent 


Euonjrmin  {u-on' -im-in).  A  precipitate  from 
the  tincture  of  wahoo ;  it  is  tonic,  laxative, 
and  expectorant.  Dose  ^  to  3  grains  (0.032- 
0.2).     Unof. 

Euonjrmus  {u-on' -im-ui)  [riHjriwor,  having  a 
good  name].  Wahoo,  the  bark  of  E.  afrapur- 
pureus^  a  mild  purgative  and  cholagogue. 
E.,  Ext.     Dose  gr.  j-v  (0.065-0.32). 

Eupatorium  (u-pat-o^ -re-urn)  [ft'Tar<ipior, 
agrimony].  I.  A  genus  of  composite -flow- 
ered plants.  The  leaves  and  flowering-tops 
of  E,  pfrfoliatum^  thorough  wort,  or  boneset 
It  is  a  bitter  tonic,  diaphoretic,  and  feeble 
emetic.  Dose  of  the  powder  gr.  xx-xxx 
r  1.3-2.0).  E.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  X\x-i'^\ 
(0.65-4.0). 

Euphorbia  (u/or^be-ah).  A  genus  of  trees, 
shrubs,  and  herbs,  yielding  a  milky  juice. 
E.  reainifera,  of  Africa,  aflbrds  euphorbium. 
E.  corollata,  E.  ipecacuanha,  Ameri- 
can species,  have  been  employed  in  medicine 
on  account  of  their  emetic,  diaphoretic,  and 
expectorant  properties.  E.  pilulifera,  of 
S.  America  and  Australia,  is  used  in  asthma 
and  bronchitis.  Do^  of  the  extract  gr.  j 
(0.065)  I  of  the  fluid  extract  f  3  ss-j  (2.0-4.0)  ; 
of  the  tincture  f^ss-j  (2.0-4  o) 

Euphorbium  {u/or^-be-um).  An  acrid  gum- 
resin  obtained  from  Euphorbia  resinifera. 
It  is  strongly  purgative  and  vesicant,  and  is 
now  mainly  employed  in  veterinary  medicine. 

Euphoria  {u-for'eah)  Ul'<^p(Ky  easily  car- 
ried].    The  sense  of  well-being  ;  health. 

Euphorin  {u'forin)  [ff'^/wc,  easily  car- 
ried ],C,0,H,,.  Phenyl-urethan,a  while  crys- 
talline powder  derived  from  anilin.  It  is  re- 
commended as  an  analgesic  and  antipyretic 
in  neuralgia  and  rheumatism.  I>ose  gr.  ▼-- 
XXX  (0.32-2.0)  daily. 

Euplastic  (u-plas^'tik)  [ff ,  well ;  rr^atrmtv^ 
to  form].  Capable  of  being  transformed  into 
healthy  tissue. 

Eupnea  (ap-ne^-ah)  [n*,  well ;  Ti'htv,  to 
breathe].     Normal  or  easy  respiration. 

Europhen  (u'-ro/m).  Diisobutylorthocre- 
sol  iodid.  An  amorphous  yellow  powder  re- 
commended as  a  substitute  for  iodoform.  It 
is  used  hypodermatically  in  doses  of  gr. 
»^-is3  in  syphilis. 

Eustachian  (usfa'-kt'-an)  [Eustarhio,  an 
Italian  anatomist].  E.  Catheter,  a  catheter 
forintroduction  into  the  Eustachian  tube ;  it  is 
introduced  along  the  floor  of  the  nose.  E. 
Tube,  the  osseocartilaginous  canal  extend- 
ing from  the  tympanum  to  the  pharynx.  B. 
Valve,  a  prolongation  of  the  lining  mem- 
brane of  the  inferior  vena  cava  into  the  right 
auricle  of  the  fetal  heart. 

Euthanasia  {u-thana'-u-ah)  [tx\  well; 
^dvaroc,  death].     An  easy  or  calm  death. 

Eutocia  {uto^zkf-aA)  [rt»,  well;  r<i«of,  child- 
birth],    r^fatural  or  easy  childbirth. 


EVACUANT 


EXANTHEMA 


icuant  {f  -  vak'  -  u  -  an/)  [evaoiare^  to 
pty].  I.  Emptying.  2.  A  medicine 
It  causes  the  emptying  of  an  organ,  es- 
cially  the  bowels ;  a  purgative. 
acuation  (e-vak-u-a^'shun)  [evacuare^  to 
ipty] .  I .  The  act  of  emptying,  especially 
the  Dowels.  2.  That  which  is  evacuated. 
acuator  [e-vak'-u-a-taA  {tvacuare^  to 
ipty].  An  agent  to  i»txiuce  emptying, 
pecially  an  instrument  for  removing  from 
e  bladder  fragments  of  stone  after  litho- 
paxy. 

aporation  {e - vap -or -of- shun)  [e  pri v. : 
'por^  vapor].  The  conversion  of  a  liquid 
10  vapor. 

entration  (e-ven-tra^ -shun)  [e^  out  of; 
'«/^r,  the  belly].  Protrusion  of  the  abdom- 
al  viscera  through  the  abdominal  walls. 
version  (e-ver'-shun)  {eversio,  a  turning 
it].  A  turning  outward. 
risceration  U-vis-er-af'shun)  [e^  out ;  t/w- 
roy  the  bowels].  The  removal  of  the  vis- 
rra.  B»  of  the  Eye,  removal  of  the  entire 
intents  of  the  globe  of  the  eye,  leaving  the 
:lerotic  intact.     E.,  Obstetric,  the  removal 


of  the  abdominal  or  thoracic  viscera  of  the 
fetus  to  facilitate  delivery. 

Evolution  (evo'hi' -shun)  [evolvere,  to  im- 
roll].  The  process  of  unfolding  or  develop- 
ing from  a  simple  to  a  complex,  specialized, 
perfect  form.  E.,  Spontaneous,  a  series 
of  changes  whereby  a  shoulder-presentation 
is  transformed  within  the  pelvis  mto  a  com- 
bined breech-and-shouIder*presentation  and 
delivery  effected  without  artificial  aid. 

Evulsion  {f'Vu/^'sAun)  [evelifre,  to  pluck 
out] .  The  forcible  tearing  or  plucking  away 
of  apart. 

Exacerbation  (eks-as-er-ba^-shun)  [exiuer- 
bare^  to  be  violent].  An  increase  in  the 
symptoms  of  a  disease. 

ISJtMXgm  [eks-aV  jin)  [cf,  out;  dX/oc,  pain], 
CjHpNO.  Methylacetanilid ;  a  benzene  de- 
rivative allied  to  phenacetin.  It  is  an  anal- 
gesic and  antipyretic  in  doses  of  from  one- 
half  to  four  grains  (0.032-0.26).     Unof. 

Exanthema,  or  Exanthem  (eks-an' -them-ah^ 
eks-an' -them)  Ff^di^/ia,  eruption].  I.  An 
eruption  upon  the  skin.  2.  Any  exanthema- 
tous  or  eruptive  fever. 


TABLE  OF 

EXANTHEMATA. 

< 

0  0 

hi 

sis 

•A 
1 

i 

z 

1 

1. 

<  2 
Q 

go 

\i 

erebro- 
n>inal 
Mrnin- 
gilia. 

Un- 
known. 

Sud- 
den. 

ad  to  4th 
day. 

Herpes  labi- 
alls,     pur- 
puric spots, 
dusky  ery- 
thema. 

Herpes    on 
lips ;    pur- 
puric spots 
over  entire 
body. 

Varia- 
ble; 
many 
seque- 
lae. 

Lysis. 

rrjsip^ 

Few 
hours 
to  3  or 
4  days. 

I  to  3 
days. 

Within 
24  hours. 

Bright- red, 
shining 
patches, 
with    well- 
defined 
raised  mar- 
gin. 

4  to  8  days. 

Begins  usu- 
ally      on 
face;   may 
spread    to 
trunk  and 
arms.      In 
the     trau- 
matic form 
begins     at 
the  wound 

Branny    or 
in    large 
flakes. 

I  to  3 
weeks. 

Crisis. 

Meailes. 

10  to  la 
days. 

days. 

4th  day. 

Small,  dark- 
red  maculae 
arranged  in 
crescentic 
form.  Com- 
plete in  24 
hours. 

4  to  5  days. 

Face ;  then 
downward 
over  body. 

Branny.    8- 
II  days. 

a 
weeks. 

Crisis. 
Cr7si7." 

Rdlbela. 

8  to  17 
days. 

24  to 
hours 

Within 
48  hours. 

Rose-colored, 
rounded, 
discrete 
maculs. 

3  days. 

Face    and 
scalp:  then 
downward 
over  body. 

Slightly 
branny. 

4  to  7 
days. 

Scarlet 
Pcvef. 

I  toai 
days. 

itoa 
days. 

Within 
34  hoars. 

Diffuse,  scar- 
let, punc- 
Ute. 

7  to  10  days. 

Neck  .chest.  Scales  or 
&ce:  then    large 
overl)ody.    flakes. 

About  one 
1  week. 

3  to  3 
weeks. 

Lysis. 

EXANTHEMATOUS  EXCRETIN 

TABLE  OF  EXANTHEMATA.— CVwiA«i#^</. 


Typhoid 
Fever. 


5  to  35 
days. 


Typhus 
Fever. 


4  to  la 
days. 


days. 


Usually 
SUh  day; 
may  be 
on  3d  or 
not  till 
7th  day. 

Varicella.   4  to  14    i  to  3  !  Within 

days.     days,    i  a  to  24 

hours. 


6  to  8 
days. 


M  <  << 


7th  day. 


Variola. 


8  to  14 
days. 


days. 


4th  day. 


Si 


Rose-colored, 
lenticular 
spots,  com- 
ing:   on   in 
successive 
crops. 


Dusky  spots 
or  papules, 
or  petechiae 


§2 


^(d 


Each  crop  3 
to  5  days. 
Lasts  10  to 
ao  days  or 
throughout 
the  whole 
course  of 
the  fever. 


Pew  days,  or 
may  last 
throughout 
the  course 
of  the  dis- 
ease. 


Vesicles  ap- 
pearing in 
crops. 


First,  shot- 
like pap- 
ules, then 
vesicles, 
then  umbil- 
icated  pus- 
tules. 


5  to  8  days. 


a  I  to  as  days. 


Abdomen, 
chest,  and 
back. 


Slightly 
bnwny  or 
none. 


Sides    of 
chest   and 
abdomen 
arms, 
back. 


Back,  chest, 
arms. 


Face,   and 
over  body. 


a 


Slightly 
branny. 


3  to  4 
weeks. 


a  to  4 
weeks. 


CrasU.   s-8 
days.  weeks. 


CmsU.    li- 
as days. 


4to5 
weeks. 


5" 


Lysis. 


Crisis. 


Lysis. 


Lysis. 


BxanthematouB  (eks-anthem^-ai-us)  [i^Av- 
dfjfia^  eruption].  Of  the  nature  of  or  char- 
acterized by  exanthema,  or  eruption ;  of  the 
nature  of  an  eruptive  fever. 

Bzarticulation  [ths-ar'tiku-laf -shun)  [ex^ 
out;  articulus^  joint].  I.  Dislocation  of  a 
joint     2.  Amputation  at  a  joint. 

Bzcavation  {ex-kava'-ihun)  {excavare^  to 
hollow  out].  A  hollow  or  cavity.  E.  of 
the  Optic  Nerve,  a  hollowing  or  *'  cup- 
ping'' of  the  optic  disc,  that  maybe  physiolo- 
gic, congenital,  or  pathologic,  the  result  of 
glaucoma,  optic  atrophy,  etc. 

Excentric  (ekssen' -trik)  [ex,  out ;  centrum, 
center].     See  EccetUru, 

Bxcipient  {ekiip^ -e-ent)  [excipere,  to  take 
up].  Any  substance  combined  with  an  active 
drug  to  give  the  latter  an  agreeable  or  con- 
venient form. 

Bxcision  {ek-siik'-un)  [^jrrtfM?,  a  cutting  out]. 
The  cutting  out  of  a  part. 

Bxcitability  (ek-si'tabil^  ite)  [excitare,  to 
rouse].  Ilie  property  of  reacting  to  a  stim- 
ulus. 

^XCiXMnX  (ek'ti^ -tant)  [excitare^io rousti].  I. 
Stimulating.  2.  A  remedy  that  stimulates 
the  activity  of  an  organ. 

Bxcitation  (ek  -  si- ta' -  shun^  [excUare^  to 
rouse].  The  act  of  stimulatmg  or  irritating. 
B.,  Direct,  the  stimulation  of  a  muscle  by 
placing  an  electrode  on  the  muscle  itself.  B., 


Indirect,  the  stimulation  of  a  muscle  throogh 
its  nerve. 

Bxciting  {ek-st^Hng)  [exciiare,  to  rouse]. 
Calling  forth  directly,  as  an  exciting  cause. 

Bxcitomotor  (ek-si-to-m^'tory  Exciting  or 
arousing  motor  function ;  also,  a  drug  or 
agent  that  increases  the  activity  of  the  motor 
nerve  centers. 

Bxcluaion  (eks-klM^-tkun)  [excludere,  to  shot 
out].  A  shutting  out.  B.,  Diagnoeis  by, 
the  reaching  of  a  diagnosis  by  excluding  ooe 
hypothesis  after  another  till  only  one  remaina. 

Bxcoriation  (eks-kore-a^'skun)  [ex^  from  ; 
carium,  the  skin].  Abrasion  of  a  portion  at 
the  skin. 

Bxcrement  {eks'-kre'ment^[exeermere,  to  sep- 
arate].    An  excreted  substance ;  the  feces. 

Bxcrementitiout  (eks-kre-men-Hsh^-ut)  [ex- 
certure,  to  separate ;  to  excrete].  Pertaining 
to  excrement. 

Bxcretcence  (eks-kres^-en$)  [excrescere^  to 
grow  out].  An  abnormal  outgrowth  upon 
the  body. 

ExcxtXai  {ekS'kre^-tak\  [excermere^  to  sepa- 
rate]. The  nattiral  discharges  of  the  body, 
particularly  those  of  the  bowels. 

Bxcrete  (eks-krit^)  [exeemtre,  to  separate!. 
To  remove  from  the  body  useless  sub- 
stances. 

Bxcretin (eh^'kretin),  Cw^m^-  ^ crytlal- 
line  substance  found  m  feces. 


EXCRETION 


EXTENSION 


btion  (eks-kre^-shun)  [excemere,  to  ex- 
t\.  Tlie  discharge  of  waste-products. 
etory  {eks^-kre-to-re)  \excemere^  to  ex- 
;].  Pertaining  to  excretion. 
irsion  {eks-kur^ -shun\  \ex^  out  of ;  cur- 
,  to  run  J.  A  wandenng  from  the  usual 
■sc 

icepbalua    {eks-en-sef -al-us)    \k^^  out; 
^o^oc*  brain].      A  species  of  monsters 
racterized  by  a  malformed  brain,  situated 
lout  the  cranial  cavity. 
[Iteration  {eks-en-ter-a'-skun)  [if,  out; 
rpov,    intestine].     Removal  of  the  intes- 
!S  of  the  fetus,  to  allow  delivery. 
dilation   {eks'fo'ie-af'skun)   [exfoiiare^  to 
d  leaves}.     The  separation  of  bone  or 
er  tissue  m  thin  layers. 
lalation     {exAaZ-a^-skun)    [exhalare,  to 
;athe  out].     The  giving  off  of  matters  in 
:  form  of  vapor. 

lauBtion   (eg-tawif -yun)  \exkaurirey  to 
ar  out].     Loos  of  vital  and  nervous  power 
>m  fatigue  or  protracted  disease. 
bibit  Xfk'tib''it)  \exhibere,  to  give].     To 
minister,  as  a  medicine. 
humation  (ex-hu-ma' -shun)  [exj  out  of; 
tmas^   the  ground].      The  removal  of  a 
trpse  from  the  ground, 
locardiac,  or  ^ocardial  {eks-okar' -de-ak^ 
'  eks'^kar^'de-al)  [if w, out;  ndpdia,  heart], 
riginating  or  situated  outside  of  the  heart. 
K)dic  {eks'Od'-ik)   [Ifw,  out;  6d^,  a  way]. 
ransmitting;  efferent. 

togenetic  (eks-o-jen-tf -lit)  [ifu,  outward ; 
nn>dv,  to  produce].  Due  to  an  external 
ause ;  not  arising  within  the  organism. 
Kogenous  [eksof -eH-m)  [if u,  out ;  ytwav^ 
0  produce] .  Growing  by  accretions  to  the 
mter  surface. 

xomphalos  [eks-om' -fal-os)  [if,  out;    hfi- 
kiX4^,  navel].     Undue  prominence  oif  the 
lavel ;  also,  umbilical  hernia. 
Ixophoria  {eks-o-fo^-re-ak).     See  Meter o- 
phffrin, 

Exophthalmic   (eks-offthaF -mik)  [if,  out; 
o^>^,eye].     Pertaining  to  exophthalmos. 
E.  Goiter.    See  Goiter. 
£xophtbalmoB,    Exophthalmus   (eks-off- 
tka^-mos,  -mus)    [if,  out ;    o^'kfid^^   cyc]« 
Aboonml  prominence  of  the  eyeballs. 
Sxotkeleton  (eki-o-skel' -et-un)  [if<j,  outside ; 
OKiktrhv^  t  dried  body].     The  rigid  outer 
envelop  of  many  of  the  lower  forms  of  life 
for  the  protection  and  attachment  of  organs. 
Exoamotis  (eks-os-mo' -sis)   [if,  out ;  6H7//dc, 
thnat].    Outward  osmosis.     See  Osmosis. 
Bxostotifl  (eksos-to^'Sis)  Tift    out;    oariov, 

booel.    A  bony  outgrowth  from  the  surface 

of  a  Moe. 

Esotropia  {eks-o-tro^-pe-ak).  See  Sirabismus. 
SxpfCtant  [ekspek'-iant)  \expectare,  to  look 

OH  for].  Awaiting  or  expecting.  E.  Treat- 


ment, watching  the  progress  of  a  disease, 
and  not  interfering  unless  warranted  by  special 
symptoms. 

Expectation  of  Life.  The  average  number  of 
years  that  persons  of  a  given  age  live. 

Expectorant  (eks-pek' -to-rant)  \exy  out ;  pec- 
/Mf,  breast],  i.  Promoting  expectoration.  2. 
A  remedy  that  promotes  or  modifies  expecto- 
ration. 

Expectoration  (eks-pek-tor-a' -shun)  [at,  out ; 
pectus ^  breast].  I.  The  ejection  from  the 
mouth  of  material  brought  into  it  from  the 
air-passages.  2.  The  fluid  or  semi-fluid  mat- 
ters from  the  lungs  and  air-passages  expelled 
by  coughing  and  spitting.  E.,  Pnine-juice, 
a  sputum  containing  altered  blood  expectorated 
in  gangrene  and  cancer  of  the  lung,  and  in 
grave  pneumonias  in  the  aged.  E.,  Rusty. 
See  Sputum. 

Expiration  (eks-pi-ra'-shun)  Texpirare,  to 
breathe  out].  The  act  of  breathing  forth,  or 
expelling  air  from  the  lungs. 

Expiratory  (eks-pi^-ra-to-re)  [expirare^  to 
breathe  out].     Relating  to  expiration. 

Exploration  {eks-plo-ra' -skunS  {explorare^  to 
search  out].  The  act  of  exploring ;  investi- 
gation of  a  part  hidden  from  sight  by  means 
of  touch,  by  artificial  light,  etc. 

Exploratory  (eks-plor^ -at-or-e)  XexplorarCy  to 
search  out].  Pertaining  to  exploration.  E. 
Puncture,  the  puncture  of  a  cavity  or  tumor 
and  extraction  therefrom  of  some  of  the  con- 
tents to  learn  their  nature. 

Exploring  Needle.  A  needle  with  a  grooved 
side  to  allow  the  passage  of  fluid  along  it 
after  it  is  plunged  into  a  part  where  fluid  is 
suspected. 

Expression  (eks-presh^-un)  [rxpressus ;  ex- 
primere,  to  press  out].  A  pressing  out.  E. 
of  Fetus  or  Placenta,  assisting  the  expul- 
sion of  fetus  or  placenta  by  pressure  upon  the 
uterus  through  the  abdominal  walls. 

Expulsive  (eks-pul' -siv)  \expeUere^  to  drive 
out].     Forcing  out. 

Exsanguination  [ek-sang gwin-a' -shun)  \ex^ 
out;  sanguis t  blood].  The  act  of  making 
bloodless. 

Exsection  (ek-sek^-skun)  [ex,  out  of ;  secare, 
to  cut].  The  act  of  cutting  a  part  out  from 
its  surroundings. 

Exsiccation  (ek-sik-a^-shun)  [ex,  out ;  siccus^ 
dry].  The  act  of  drying ;  especially  the  de- 
priving of  a  crystalline  substance  of  its  water 
of  crystallization. 

Exstrophy  of  the  Bladder  [ek' -strof-e)  [if, 
out  of;  arpk^iv,  to  turn].  A  congenital 
condition  in  which  the  lower  part  of  the  ab- 
dominal wall,  the  anterior  wall  of  the  blad- 
der, and  usually  the  symphysis  pubis  are 
wanting,  and  the  posterior  wall  of  the  blad- 
der is  pressed  through  the  opening. 

Extension  {eks  -  ten' -  shun)   [extenden^  to 


EXTENSOR 


EYE 


stretch  outl  A  straightening  oat,  especially 
the  miucuJar  movement  bj  which  a  flexed 
limb  is  made  straight.  Countereztension, 
traction  made  on  a  part  in  a  direction  oppo> 
site  to  that  in  which  traction  is  made  by  an- 
other force. 

Extensor  (eks-ten^'sor)  [extefuiere^Xotxiend']. 
That  which  stretches  out  or  extends,  as  E. 
muscles.     See  MuscUs^  Table  of. 

External  (ex-iur^-nai)  [extfrmts^  outward]. 
On  the  exterior,  or  on  the  side  removed  from 
the  center  or  middle  line  of  the  body. 

Extirpation  (eh-ter-pa'-skun^  [extirpare,  to 
root  out].     Complete  removal  of  a  part. 


Extra-  (fiks' trak)  [^'\'     A  prefix  meaning 
electric  current. 


outside,  without,     fe.  Current,  the  induced 


Extraarticular  (eks-trah-ar'tik^'Ular).  Out- 
side' of  the  proper  structures  of  a  joint 

Extracapsular  (eks-trak-ca/Z'Sular),  Out- 
side of  the  capsular  ligament  of  a  joint. 

Extract,  Extractum  {ex'trakt,  -trakf-um) 
[extrahere^  to  extract].  In  pharmacy,  a 
solid  or  semi-solid  preparation,  made  by  ex- 
tracting the  soluble  principles  of  a  drug  with 
water  or  alcohol  and  evaporating  the  solu- 
tion. E.,  Alcoholic,  that  in  which  alcohol 
is  the  solvent.  E.,  Aqueous,  that  prepared 
by  using  water  as  the  solvent  E.  ferri 
pomatum,  N.  F.;  this  is  made  from  iron, 
in  the  form  of  fine,  bright  wire,  I  part ;  ripe 
sour  apples  50  parts ;  water  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity. E.,  Fluid,  a  solution  of  the  solid  prin- 
ciples of  a  vegetable  drug,  of  such  strength 
that  I  gram  of  the  drug  is  fully  represented 
by  one  cubic  centimeter  of  the  fluid  extract 

Extraction  (ex'traJk^-sAun)  [fx/rtufic ;  ex, 
out ;  troMere^  to  draw].  I.  The  act  of  draw- 
ing out.  2.  The  process  of  making  an  ex- 
tract. E.  of  Cataract,  removal  of  a  cata- 
ractous  lens  by  surgical  operation. 

Extractive  {eks-iraJ^-tiv)  [ex,  out ;  trahere, 
to  draw].  Any  organic  substance  that  may  be 
extracted  in  small  amount  from  animal  tissues. 

Extractor  {eki-trak' -tor)  \ex,  out ;  trakere,  to 
draw].  An  instrument  for  extracting  bullets, 
sequestre,  etc. 

Extradural  (eks'trak-di*''ral)  [extra,  out- 
side; durus,  hard].  Situated  outside  of  the 
dura  mater. 

Extramedullary  {eks'trak-me-dul' -ar-e)  [ex- 
tra, without ;  medulla,  marrow.  ]  Situated  or 
occurring  outside  of  the  medulla. 

Extraneous  (eks-tra' -ne-us)  [extraneus,  ex- 
ternal]. Existing  or  belonging  outside  the 
organism. 

Extrapolar  (ekstrahp</-lar)[extra,  without ; 
polus,  a  pole].  Not  lying  in  the  space  be- 
tween the  electrodes  of  a  battery. 

Extrauterine (thstrakyu'-terXn)  [extra, i3M\' 
side;  uterus\  Outside  of  the  uterus.  E. 
Pregnancy.    See  Pregnancy, 


Extravasation  (eJh-^av-as-s^-sJkun)  [exfrm, 
outside ;  vas,  a  vessel].  I.  The  passing  of 
fluid  outside  of  the  cavitr  or  space  normally 
containing  it  2.  The  fluid  that  has  passed 
out. 

Extravascular  {eAs-traJk-vayhi-lar)  [extrtf 
outside;  vas,  a  vessel].  Outside  of  the 
vessels. 

Extrinsic  (ekS'trin^-siJk)  [extrinsiau,  from 
without].  External ;  not  directly  belonging 
to  a  part.  E.  Muscles,  those  situated  on 
the  exterior  of  an  organ. 

Extroversion  {eks'tro-ver^-shun).  See  Ex- 
$trophy. 

Exudate  (eJks^'M-ddt)  [exudare,  to  sweat]. 
The  material  that  nas  passed  through  the 
walls  of  vessels  into  the  adjacent  tissues. 

Exudation  (eks  -  u  -  da^  -  sknn)  [exudare,  to 
sweat] .  The  passing  out  of  serum  or  pus ; 
the  material  that  has  passed  out. 

Exudative  (eky -u-da'tiv)  [exudare,  to  ex- 
ude]. Of  the  nature  of  or  characterixed  by 
exudation. 

Eye  (1)  [AS.,  e^ge"].  The  organ  of  vision. 
It  occupies  the  anterior  part  of  the  orbit, 
is  nearly  spheric  in  outline,  and  is  composed 
of  three  concentric  coats :  the  sclerotic  and 
cornea,  the  choroid  and  iris,  and  the  retina. 
The  sclerotic  is  an  opaque,  dense,  white, 
fibrous  membrane,  into  the  anterior  part  of 
which  the  transparent  cornea  is  fitted.  The 
choroid  is  the  vascular  tissue,  and  is  con- 
tinuous with  the  iris  in  front.  The  latter 
is  a  circular  membrane  with  a  central  per- 
foration, the  pupil.  Within  the  choroid  is 
the  retina,  a  delicate  transparent  membrane 
containing  the  terminations  of  the  optic 
nerve.  The  greater  part  of  the  eyeball  is 
filled  with  a  mucoid  substance,  the  vitreous 
humor,  against  the  anterior  surface  of  which 
rests  the  oystalline  lens.  The  space  be- 
tween the  lens  and  the  cornea  is  divided 
by  the  iris  into  two  compartments,  com- 
municating through  the  pupillary  opening, 
the  anterior  and  posterior  chambers,  which 
contain  the  aqueous  humor.  Anteriorly  the 
eye  is  covered  by  conjunctiva,  posteriorly  by 
a  fibrous  capsule  (capsule  of  Tenon).  The 
eyeball  is  moved  by  a  series  of  muscles  at- 
tached on  the  outer  surface.  Changes  in  the 
curvature  of  the  lens  are  brought  about  hj 
the  ciliary  muscle,  while  the  size  of  the  pnpd 
is  modified  by  the  action  of  dilator  and  con- 
strictor fibers  in  the  iris.  B.,  Diagram* 
matic,  of  Listing,  a  scheme  for  simplifying 
optic  problems  by  representing  the  two  nodu 
points  and  the  two  principal  points  of  the  eye 
by  a  mean  nodal  point  and  a  mean  principal 
point.  E.-brow,  the  hair-covered  skin  on 
the  upper  margin  of  the  orbit  E.-laahea, 
the  hairs  of  the  eyelid.  B.-lid,  the  pfo- 
tective  covering  of  the  eyeball,  compom  of 


EYE 


EYE 


Vertiod  Section  of  Eye  m  Its  Anteroposterior  Axls.—iGouId  and 
PyU,  •*  Eyer) 


1.  Optic  nerve,  a,  a.  Middle  portiont>l 
sclerotic.  \.  Posterior  portion.  4. 
External  of  optic  nerve.  5.  Inter- 
nal tunic.  6.  Sclerotic  beneath  in- 
sertion of  superior  rectus.  7.  Scle- 
rotic in  advance  of  insertion  of  supe- 
rior rectus.  8,  8.  Superior  and  in- 
ferior recti.  9.  Cornea.  10.  Its 
central  portion.  11.  Posterior  elas- 
tic lamina.  12.  Junction  of  cornea 
and  sclerotic  superiorly.  13.  Infe- 
rior junction.  14,  i^.  Canal  of 
Schlemm.  15.  Choroid.  16.  Chor- 
oidal zone  and  ciliary  processes. 
17.  Ciliary  muscle.  18.  Ciliary 
body.  19.  Retina.  20.  Origin  of 
retina,  ai.  Its  anterior  limit.  33. 
Central  artery  of  retina.  23. 
Branches  of  central  artery.  34. 
Hyaloid  membrane.  25.  Zone  of 
Zinn.  36.  Posterior  wall  of  canal 
of  Petit,  formed  by  hyaloid  mem- 
brane. 37.  Anterior  wall  of  same 
canal,  formed  by  the  zone  of  Zinn. 
28.  Crystalline  lens.  29.  Iris.  30. 
Pupil.  31.  Posterior  chamber.  3a. 
Anterior  chamber. 


Muscles  of  the  Eye.    Tendon,  or  Ligament,  of  Zinn. 
t.  Tendon  of  Zinn.    2.  External  rectus  divided.    3.  Internal  rectus.    4.  Inferior  rectus.    5.  Superior 
rectus.    6.  Superior  oblique.    7.  Pulley  for  superior  oblique.    8.  Inferior  oblique.    9.  Levator  palpe 
bnr  superioris.    10,  10.  Its  anterior  expansion.    11.  Optic  nerve. 


PtMterior  Hemisphere  of 
the  Globe  of  the  Eye. 
— {Gould  and  PyU.) 


Optic  nerve.  2.  Central  artery  of  the  retina.  3.  Short,  posterior,  and  ex- 
ternal ciliary  arteries,  a.  Snort,  posterior,  and  internal  ciliary  arteries. 
?;,  5,  6,  6,  6.  External  and  internal  posterior  ciliary  arteries.  7.  Posterior 
ong  ciliary  artery  and  long  ciliary  nerve.  8.  Artery  and  nerve  of  oppo- 
site side.  9,  10.. Superior  and  external  choroid  vems.  11,  12.  Inferior 
choroid  veins.  13.  AtUchment  of  inferior  oblique  muscle.  14.  Tendon 
of  superior  oblique. 


EYS 


EYE 


Relations  of  the  Eye  and  the  Lacrimal  Excretory  Apparatus.— (//bik£nc.) 
I.  Canaliculi.    3,  2.  Puncta  lacrimalia.    3,  3.  Inner  extremity  of  tarsal  cartilage.    4,  4.  Free  borders  of 
lids.    5.  Lacrimal  sac.    6.  Attachment  to  maxillary  bone  of  superior  tendon.    7.  Bifurcation  of  lacri- 
ooal  sac.    8, 8.  Two  branches. 


The  Lacrimal  and  Meibomian  Glands  and  Adjacent  Organs  of  the  Eye. 
t,  I.  Inner  wall  of  orbit.    2,  3.  Inner  portion  of  orbicularis  palpebrarum.    3.  3.  Attachment  to  circum 
ference  of  base  of  orbit.    4.  Orifice  for  transmission  of  nasal  artery.    5.  Muscle  of  Homer  (tensor 
Ursi).    6,  6.  Meibomian  glands.    7,  7.  Orbital  portion  of  lacrimal  guuid.    8,  9, 10.  Palpebral  portico, 
ti,  II,  Mouths  uf  excretory  ducts.    I3,  13.  Lacrimal  puncta. 


EYE 


Owlic  nerve,  a,  a,  2,  2.  Sclerotic, 
aivided  into  four  equal  parts  and 
turned  back.  3,  3.  Pigmentary 
eranulation  of  its  inner  layer.  4. 
Section  of  lamina  fusca.  5,5,5.5. 
Cornea,  divided  into  four  equal 
parts.  6,  6.  Canal  of  Schlemm.  7. 
Outer  surface  of  choroid.  8.  Supe- 
rior and  internal  trunk  of  vasa  vor- 
ticosa.  9,  9.  Irregular  border  limit- 
ing the  choroid  zone  posteriorly. 
10,  ID.  Anterior  half  of  this  zone; 
ciliary  muscle.  11.  11.  Ciliary 
nerves.  12.  Long:  ciliary  artery. 
13.  »3.  >3.  »3.  Anterior  ciliary  arte- 
ries. 14.  Iris,  i^  Small  arterial 
circle  of  iris.    x6.  Pupillary  orifice. 


Iris  and  Choroid.— {Goufd and  /yie,** Eye,") 


I,  X.  Crystalline  lens.  a.  Hya- 
loid membrane.  3,  3.  Zone 
of  Zinn.  4.  Iris,  v  5. 
Radiating  portion  of  ciliary 
muscle.  6.  Section  of  cir- 
cular portion.  7.  Venous 
plexus  of  a  ciliary  process. 
8.  Sclerotic.  9.  Middle 
layer  of  cornea.  10.  An- 
terior hyaline  layer  of 
cornea.  11.  Epithelial  cov- 
ering of  this  layer.  12. 
Posterior  hyaline  layer  of 
the  cornea,  or  membrane 
of  Descemet.  13.  Fibers 
in  which  this  layer  ter- 
minates, or  ligamentum 
pectinatum.  14.  Epithelial 
covering  of  postenor  hya- 
line layer.  15.  Junction  of 
sclerotic  and  cornea.  16. 
Section  of  canal  of 
Schlemm. 


The  CUiary  M}iacl€,^{G<mUiandjyU,*'£^g.**) 


> 


i 


EYE 


Vertical  Section  Through  the  Upper 
Eyelid.— ( GouU  and~PyU,  '^Eyer) 
A.  Cutis.  I.  Epidermis,  a.  Corium.  B 
3.  Subcutaneous  connective  tissue.  C\ 
7.  Orbicularis  muscle.  D.  I^oose  sub- 
muscular  connective  tissue.  E.  Inser- 
tion of  H.  Muller's muscle.  E.  Tarsus. 
G.  Conjunctiva.  J.  Inner;  K.  Outer 
edge  of  the  lid.  a.  Pigment  cells.  5. 
Sweat-glands.  6.  flair  follicles.  8,23. 
Sections  of  ner\cs.  9.  Arteries.  10. 
Veins.    11.  Cilia.    12.  Modified  sweat- 

Stands.  13,  M,  13.  Circular  muscle  of 
iolan.  14.  Meibomian  gland.  15,  15. 
Section  of  an  acinus  uf  the  same.  16. 
Posterior  tarsal  glands.  18, 19.  Tissue 
of  the  tarsus.  20.  Pretarsal  or  submus- 
cular  connective  tissue.  21 ,  22.  Conjunc- 
tiva, with  its  epithelium.  24.  Fat.  25. 
Loosely  woven  posterior  end  of  the 
Ursus.  26.  Section  of  a  palpebral 
artery. 


Section  of  Ciliary  Body  and  \r\%,-'{Gould  and  Pyle,**Eyr.'') 
,  I.  Ciliary  processes.  2,  2.  Their  base  or  rounded  extremity. 
3,  3.  Their  apex.  4.  A  process  with  bifurcated  extremity. 
5.  s.  Reticulated  folds,  or  ciliary  processes  of  the  second 
urclcr.  6,  6.  Venules  that  emanate  from  these.  7,  7.  Ora 
serrata  of  choroid.  8.  8.  Veins  of  choroid.  9,  9.  Section 
of  iris.  ID,  ID.  Circumference  of  iris.  11, 11.  Small  ring 
•f  iris.    12,  12.  Large  ring  of  iris. 


F 


FARADISM 


skin,  glands,  connective  and  muscular  tissue, 
the  tarsus  and  conjunctiTa,  with  the  cilia  at 
the  free  edge.  E.-pieee.  S3monym  of  Ocu- 
lar. E.,  Redvced,  of  Donders,  a  represen- 
tation of  the  eye  in  such  a  way  that  all  the 


distances  needed  in  the  calculations  are  rep- 
resented by  whole  numbers.  E.-tpecu- 
1am,  an  instrument  for  retracting  the  eye- 
lids. E.-teeth,  the  canine  teeth  of  the  upper 
jaw. 


P.  I.  Abbreviation  of  Fahrenheit.  2.  Sym- 
bol for  fluorin. 

Ft.  Abbreviation  o{  fiat  ot  fiant^  let  there 
be  made. 

Face  {fds)  \Jacus,  the  face].  A  name  ap- 
plied to  the  lower  and  anterior  part  of  the 
head,  including  the  eyes,  nose,  mouth,  cheeks, 
lips,  etc. 

Facet  {fas'et)  \Yx.Jacette,  a  little  face].  A 
small  plane  sunace,  especially  on  a  bone  or 
a  hard  body,  like  a  calculus. 
Facial  {/a^-sAa/)  [focus ^  the  face].  Per- 
taining to  the  face.  F.  Angle,  an  angle 
measured  in  different  ways  by  different  au- 
thorities. That  of  Virchow  and  Holder  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  a  line  joining  the 
frontonasal  suture  and  the  most  prominent 
point  of  the  lower  edge  of  the  superior 
alveolar  process,  and  a  line  joining  the  superior 
border  of  the  external  auditory  meatus  and 
the  lower  portion  of  the  orbit.  That  of 
Camper  is  formed  by  the  union  of  Camper's 
line  (a  line  touching  the  most  prominent 
points  of  the  upper  and  lower  face)  and  a 
line  joining  the  acantion  and  the  auricular 
point. 

i^acies  (fa'sheiz)  [L.,  face].  The  appear- 
ance of  the  face.  F.  hippocratica,  an  ap- 
pearance of  the  face  indicative  of  the  rapid 
approach  of  dissolution :  the  nose  is  pinched, 
the  temples  hollow,  the  eyes  sunken,  the  ears 
leaden  and  cold,  the  lips  relaxed,  the  skin 
livid.     F.  leontina.    See  Leontiasis, 

Factitious  (fak-tish^-us)  [faccrc^  to  make]. 
Artificial. 

Facultative  (fak'  -ul'ta-Hv)  [facultas^  capa- 
bility]. Voluntary ;  optional.  F.  aerobia. 
SttAeroHc,  F.  anaerobia.  Stt  Anacrobia. 
F.  Manifest  Hyperopia,  that  part  of  the 
noanifest  hjrperopia  that  can  be  concealed  by 
the  accommodation.  F.  Parasite,  an  or- 
ganism that  while  usually  parasitic,  can  also 
Uve  outside  of  its  host. 

Faecal,  Faces  (/^-/ttf/,/^-!**).    Sec  Fcca/, 

/ircrt. 

FaenufDgrccum.    See  Fenugreek. 

FaJirenheit's  Thermometer.  See  Tker- 
tn^me/er. 


Falciform  {/a/^-si'/orm)  [falx,  a  sickle; 
forma  f  form].  Having  the  shape  of  a  sickle. 
F.  Ligament.  See  Ligament.  F.  Pro- 
cess, a  process  of  the  dura  mater  that  sepa- 
rates the  hemispheres  of  the  brain ;  the  falx. 

Falling  (fawy-ing)  \KS.,  feallan,  to  fall]. 
Dropping  down.  P.-sickness,  epilepsy. 
P.  of  Womb,  a  descent  of  the  uterus  into 
the  vagina. 

Fallopian  (fal-i/'Pe-an)  [Fallopio,  an  Ital- 
ian anatomist].  Described  by  Fallopio  or 
Fallopius.     P.  Tubes.     See  Oviducts. 

Fallopius,  Aqueduct  of.  See  Aqueduct. 
P.,  Hiatus  of,  an  opening  in  the  petrous  por- 
tion of  the  temporal  bone,  for  the  tranmission 
of  the  petrosal  branch  of  the  Vidian  nerve. 

False  (fowls)  [falsus,  deceptive].  Not  gen- 
uine ;  not  real ;  imitating.  P.  Aneurysm. 
See  Aneurysm.  P.  Ankylosis,  ankylosis 
due  to  rigidity  of  the  soil  tissues.  P. 
Image,  in  diplopia,  the  image  of  the  de- 
viating eye.  F.  Membrane,  a  fibrinous  ex- 
udate upon  a  surface.  P.  Pains,  pains  that 
precede  true  labor-pains.  F.  Passage,  a 
passage  formed  by  the  laceration  of  any 
canal.  P.  Pelvis,  the  portion  of  the  pelvic 
cavity  situated  above  the  linea  ileopectinea. 
F.  Ribs.     See  Ribs. 

Falx  (folks)  [L.].  A  sickle;  a  sickle- 
shaped  structure.  P.  cerebelli,  a  sickle-like 
process  of  dura  mater  between  the  lobes  of 
the  cerebellum.  F.  cerebri,  the  process  of 
the  dura,  separating  the  hemispheres  of  the 
cerebrum. 

Famine  Fever.     Same  as  Relapsing  Fever. 

Fang  rAS.,fangan,  to  seize].  The  root  of 
a  tooth. 

Farad  (far' -ad)  [after  Michael  Faraday^  a 
physicist].  The  unit  of  electric  capacity;  a 
capacity  sufficient  to  hold  one  coulomb  of 
current  having  a  potential  of  one  volt. 

Faradaic,  Faradic  (farad-a' -iky  farad' -ik) 
Pertaining  to  induced  electric  currents.  P. 
Current,  the  induced  electric  current. 

Paradism  (far' -ad-izm)  [tiher  Michael  Fara- 
day,  a  physicist].  I.  The  electricity  pro- 
duced in  an  induced  or  faradic  current.  2. 
Faradization. 


FARADIZATION 


FECULA 


Paradisation  (far'ad-ix-a^-skun).  The  ap- 
pUcmtion  of  the  induced  corrent  to  a  part. 

Farcy  (far^-se)  [farcire,  to  stuff  J.  The  form 
of  glanders  that  attacks  the  skin  and  lym- 
phatic glands. 

Parfara  ifar^-far-ah).     Sec  CoUsfoot. 

Farina  (y5ir-X-«<M)  \Jarina^  meal].  The 
ground  or  powdered  starchy  part  oT  seeds, 
especially  that  of  com,  barley,  rye,  and  wheat 

Parinaceout  {Jar  -  in-  a'  -se-  us)  [/arina, 
meal].  Having  the  nature  of  or  jrielding 
flour. 

Par  Point.  The  most  distant  point  at  which 
an  eye  can  see  distinctly  when  accommo- 
dation is  completely  relaxed. 

Par-sightednesa.     Hypermetropia. 

Fascia  (fafsheah)  [fascta,  a  band].  The 
areolar  tissue  forming  layers  beneath  the  skin 
(superficial  F.),  or  between  muscles  (deep 
F.).  P.,  Anal.  See  F.,  hchiorectal.  P., 
Cervical,  Deep,  that  which  invests  the  mus- 
cles of  the  neck  and  encloses  the  vessels  and 
nerves.  P.,  Collea*,  the  deep  layer  of  the  su- 
perficial fascia  of  the  perineum.  P.,  Cremas- 
teric, a  thin  covering  of  the  spermatic  cord, 
formed  by  the  stretched  fibers  of  the  cremas- 
ter  muscle.  P.,  Cribriform,  the  sieve-like 
covering  of  the  saphenous  opening.  P.  den- 
tata,  a  serrated  band  of  gray  matter  of  the 
hippocampKil  gyrus  of  the  cerebrum.  P., 
Innindibuliform,  the  process  of  the  trantver- 
salis  fascia  extended  over  the  spermatic  cord. 
P.,  Intercolumnar,  a  fascia  attached  to  the 
margins  of  the  external  abdominal  ring  and 
forming  a  sheath  for  the  cord  and  testis.  P., 
Ischiorectal,  covers  the  perineal  aspect  of 
the  levator  ani  muscle.  P.  lata,  the  dense 
fascia  surrounding  the  muscles  of  the  thigh. 
P.,  Trans versalis,  that  lying  between  the 
transversalis  muscle  and  the  peritoneum. 

Fascial  {fa'-shf  a/)  [fascial,  of  a  fascia]. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  fascia. 

Fasciculus  ifas-ik^'U-ius)  [dim.  o(  fasds,  a 
bundle].  A  little  bundle,  particularly  of 
muscle-fibers.  P.,  Cuneate,  the  continuation 
of  Burdach's  column,  or  the  posteromedian 
column  of  the  spinal  cord.  P.,  Oracile, 
the  posterior  pyramid  of  the  medulla.  P., 
Olivary.  See  Fi/M,  Olivary.  P.,  Poatero- 
longitudinal,  fibers  connecting  the  corpora 
quadrigemina  and  the  nuclei  of  the  fourth 
and  sixth  nerves  with  the  parts  below.  P., 
Solitary,  fibers  connecting  the  internal  cap- 
sule and  the  lenticular  nucleus  with  parts  be- 
low. P.  subcalloaus  (of  Muratoff ),  a  tract 
of  long  association-fibers  lying  under  the 
corpus  callosum,  and  connecting  the  frontal, 
parietal,  and  occipital  lobes.  P.,  Uncinate, 
fibers  connecting  the  firootal  and  the  temporo- 
sphenoidal  lobes. 

FaatlfiamCA"A/-/-M/w)[L., summit].  The 
acme  of  a  disease. 


Pat  [ME.,/i/,  fat].  A  greasy  substance,  a 
compound  of  oleic,  palmitic,  or  stearic  acid 
with  glycerol.  P. -cell,  a  connective-tissue 
cell  containing  oil-globules.  F.-necrosis,  a 
peculiar  form  of  necrosis  of  a  fatty  tissue 
occurring  in  pin-point  sized  areas  of  a  dead- 
white  color. 

Patigue(/i/a5f')  [/?/fiw,  weariness].  Weari- 
ness. P.  Fever,  fever  following  excessive 
exertions,  and  supposed  to  be  caused  by  the 
absorption  of  waste-products. 

Patty  (/tf/'-^)  [ME.,/tf/,  fat].  Containing 
fat,  or  derived  from  fat.  P.  Acids,  a  series 
of  acids  with  the  formula  C,H,^,0(OH) 
some  of  the  members  of  which  combine  with 
glycerol  to  form  fats.  P.  Degeneration. 
See  Degeneration. 

Fauces  (fan/ -sit)  (L.,  the  upper  part  of  the 
throat  ]  The  space  surrounded  by  the  palate, 
tonsils,  and  uvula.  P.,  Isthmus  of,  the 
space  at  the  back  of  the  mouth  enclosed  by 
the  ouu^n  of  the  palate,  the  bock  of  the 
tongue  and  the  pillars  of  the  fiuices.  P.,  Pil- 
lars of,  the  folds  formed  by  the  palatoglossus 
muscle  in  front  of  the  tonsils  and  by  the 
palatopharyngeus  behind  them. 

Faucial  (faw^se-ai)  [fauces,  the  upper  part 
of  the  throat].     Pertaining  to  the  fauces. 

Pavus  (fa'-vus)  [L.,  a  honeycorobl.  Tinea 
favosa;  a  parasitic  skin-disease  due  to  the 
presence  of  a  vegetable  parasite,  the  A  chorion 
schdnleinii.  It  is  characterized  by  the  pres- 
ence of  round,  sulphur-yellow,  cup-shaped 
crusts,having  a  peculiar  musty  odor.and  which 
are  found  on  microscopic  examination  to  be 
composed  almost  entirely  of  the  elements  of 
the  fungus.  The  disease  affects  most  fre- 
quently the  scalp,  but  may  occur  anywhere. 
P. -cup,  any  one  of  the  cup-shaped  crusts  that 
characterise  favus. 

PebricuU  (/edriTw/aJk)  [febris,  fever].  A 
slight  fever  of  short  duration,  most  frequently 
encountered  among  children. 

Febrifuge  (//^-rf/«/)  [Mris,  fever;  fu- 
gare^  to  dispel].  I.  Dispelling  fever.  2.  An 
agent  that  lessens  fever. 

Febrile  (feb'-ril)  [febrilis :  fehris,  a  fever]. 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  fever. 

Pebris  (feb'-ris)  [L.].     See  Fever. 

Fecal  (f^'kal)  [/ror.  sediment].  Pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  discharging,  feces. 

Feces  (fe^-sH)  [/ax,  sediment].  The  excre- 
tions of  the  bowels.  Feces  consists  of  excre- 
tions and  secretions  from  the  intestines  and 
of  undigested  food,  the  latter  being  made  up 
of  digestible  substances  that  escaped  diges- 
tion and  of  undigestihle  matters,  such  as  nn- 
clein,  cellulose,  chlorophyl,  and  mineral  salts. 

Pechner's  Law.    5>ee  Law. 

Pecula  (/ey-U'loA)  [dim.  tA  fax,  sedtmentl. 
The  starchy  part  of  a  seed.  Also  the  secu 
ment  subsiding  from  an  infusion. 


FECUNDATION 


FERMENTATION 


Fecundatioii  {fekun-tbf  shun)[fecundaHo : 
ficundus,  firuitful].  The  act  of  fertilizing. 
F.,  Artificial,  fecundation  brought  about  by 
the  injection  of  semen  into  the  vagina  or 
uterus  through  a  syringe  or  other  instrument 
Fecundity  Qe-kun' -dU-t)  [ftcunditasy  fruit- 
fulness].  The  ability  to  produce  offspring. 
FehUng't  Solution.  A  solution  used  as  a 
test  for  glucose,  especially  in  the  urine.  The 
solution  is  prepared  as  follows :  (a)  G>pper 
sulphate,  34.652  grams,  is  dissolved  in 
about  aoo  c.c.  of  water,  (i)  Sodic  potas- 
sium tartrate  (Rochelle  salt),  1 73  grams,  is 
dissolved  in  4S0  c.c.  of  sodium  hydrate  solu- 
tion of  specific  gravity  1. 14.  The  two  solu- 
tions are  mixed  and  sufficient  water  added  to 
make  1000  c.c.  One  c.c.  of  this  solution  is 
reduced  by  0.005  ^^  glucose.  To  apply  the 
test,  a  small  quantity  of  the  solution  is  placed 
in  a  test-tube,  diluted  with  water,  boiled,  and 
the  urine  added  drop  by  drop.  The  presence 
of  sugar  is  indicated  by  a  reddish  or  yellow 
precipitate,  due  to  the  reduction  of  the  copper 
sulphate  to  the  copper  oxid  or  hydrate. 
Fel  [L.].  Bile.  F.  bovis  puriflcatum, 
purihed  ox-gall ;  it  is  said  to  be  tonic  and 
laxative.  Dose  gr.  iij-v  (0.2-0.32). 
Felon  {Jef'on).  See  Paronychia. 
Female  (ft^-m&l)  [/emina^  woman],  l. 
Pertaining  to  the  sex  that  conceives  and  bears 
young ;  pertaining  to  a  woman.  2.  Denot- 
ing that  part  of  a  double-limbed  instrument 
that  receives  the  complementary  part.  F. 
Catheter,  a  catheter  for  emptying  the  female 
bladder. 

Femoral  [ftm^'Or-al)  [femur ^  the  thigh 
bone].  Pertaining  to  \ht  femur.  F.  Arch, 
Poopart's  ligament.  F.  Artery.  See  Ar- 
Uriis^  Table  of,  F.  Canal,  a  canal  in  the 
sheath  of  the  femoral  vessels,  to  the  inner 
side  of  the  femoral  vein,  through  which  at 
times  a  hernia  descends.  F.  Hernia.  See 
Hernia.  F.  Ligament  of  Hey.  See  L^a- 
ment,  F.  Ring,  the  abdominal  end  of  the 
femoral  canal,  normally  closed  by  the  crural 
septum  and  the  peritoneum.  F.  Sheath,  a 
continuation  downward  of  the  fasciae  that  line 
the  abdomen.  It  contains  the  femoral  vessels. 
Pemorottbial  (fem-or-o-tib' -e-al).  Relating 
to  the  femur  and  the  tibia. 
Femur  (fe^-mur)  [L.].     The  thigh-bone. 


Fenestra  (fe-nes^'trah)  [L.,  a  window].  A 
window-like  opening,  as  the  open  space  in 
the  blade  of  an  obstetric  forceps,  or  an  open- 
ing in  a  bandage  or  dressing  for  drainage, 
etc     F.  ovalis,  F.  rotunda.    See  Ear, 

Fenestrated  (fe-nes^-tra-ted)  [fenestra^  a 
window].  Perforated.  F.  Membrane  of 
Hcnle,  die  layer  of  elastic  tissue  in  the  in- 
tima  of  large  arteries. 

Fetmel  (Jen^^l)  [ME.,  fenei\  See  Fceni- 
cuhtm. 


Fenugreek  (fen^-u-grik).  The  Trigonella 
fcenumgrsecum,  a  leguminous  plant  cultivated 
in  France  and  Germany,  the  seeds  of  which 
contain  two  alkaloids,  cholin  and  trigonellin. 
The  seeds  are  employed  for  the  preparation 
of  emollient  poultices,  enemata,  ointments, 
and  plasters.     They  are  not  used  internally. 

Ferment  (ftr^-ment)  \Jermentum,  leaven, 
yeast].  Any  substance  which  in  contact  with 
another  substance  is  capable  of  setting  up 
changes  ^fermentation)  in  the  latter,  without 
itself  undergoing  much  change.  Ferments 
are  classified  into  unorganized,  or  soluble,  and 
organized,  or  living,  ferment^.  According 
to  the  character  of  the  fermentation,  the  Un- 
organized ferments  are  divided  into  amylo- 
lytic,  proteolytic,  fat-decomposing,  milk-curd- 
ling, and  coagulating  ferments.  Amyhlytic 
ferments  (sugar-producing  or  diastatic  fer- 
ments) convert  starch  into  sugar.  The  most 
important  is  ptyalin  of  the  saliva ;  but  similar 
ferments  are  found  in  the  pancreatic  and  in- 
testinal juice,  bile,  blood,  milk,  urine,  etc. 
Proteolytic  ferments  convert '  proteids  into 
peptones  and  albumoses.  They  are  found  in 
the  stomach  (pepsin\y  in  the  pancreatic  juice 
(trypsin)  y  and  elsewnere.  A.  fat-decomposing 
ferment  is  found  in  the  stomach  and  in  the  ' 
pancreatic  juice.  Milk-curdling  ferment  is 
found  in  the  stomach  and  the  intestinal 
juice.  The  best  example  of  a  coagulating 
ferment  is  the  fibrin-ferment.  The  organized 
or  living  ferments  are  the  yeasts  and  luicteria. 
See  Fermentation. 

Fermentation  (fer-men-ta'-shun)  [fermen- 
tum,  leaven].  The  decomposition  of  com- 
plex molecules  under  the  influence  of  fer- 
ments. F.,  Acetic,  the  fermentation  whereby 
weak  alcoholic  solutions  are  converted  into 
vinegar;  caused  by  the  Bacillus  aceti,  etc. 
F.,  Alcoholic,  that  occurring  in  carbohy- 
drates under  the  action  of  various  saccharo- 
mycetes.  F.,  Ammoniacal,  that  giving  rise 
to  ammoniacal  gas  and  carbon  dioxid,  which 
combine  to  form  ammonium  carbonate.  The 
agent  of  the  ammoniacal  fermentation  of 
urine  is  the  Micrococcus  urese.  F.,  Butyric, 
the  conversion  of  sugars,  starches,  milk,  etc., 
into  butyric  acid,  due  to  various  microor- 
ganisms, especially  the  bacillus  butyricus. 
F.,  Lactic,  the  '* souring"  of  milk,  caused 
by  the  Bacillus  lacticus.  F.,  Propionic, 
the  Bacillus  cavicida,  decomposes  saccharine 
solutions,  producing  propionic  acid.  F., 
Testt  a  test  for  glucose  in  the  urine.  The 
glucose  is  decomposed  by  yeast  into  alcohol 
and  CO,,  the  escape  of  the  latter  caus- 
ing a  reduction  in  the  specific  gravity  of  the 
urine.  From  the  loss  in  weight  the  amount 
of  glucose  is  calculated.  F.,  Viscous,  a 
fermentation  characterized  by  the  production 
of  a  gummy  substance. 


FERN 


FEVER 


Fern.  Any  cryptogamoas  plant  of  the  order 
Filices,     See  Aspidium. 

Ferralia  (fer-a'-U-ak)  [Jerrum,  iron].  Pre- 
panUions  containing  iron. 

Perrein,  Pyrmmids  of.    See  Pyramid. 

Ferric  {fer^-ik)  [ftrrum^  iron].  Containing 
iron  a5  a  quadrivalent  element 

Ferricyanid  (fer-i-si'-aH-id).  A  compound 
of  feiricyanogen  Fe,(CN)g  with  an  element 
or  radicle. 

Fcrro-  (ftr'-o-)  l/rrrum,  iron].  A  preBx 
used  with  the  names  of  ferrous  compounds. 

Ferrocyanid  (ftr-O'Si^'an-id).  A  compound 
of  ferrocyanoj^n,  Fe(CN),,  with  an  element 
or  radicle. 

Ferrous  {fer^-us)  [/trrum,  iron].  Contain- 
ing iron  as  a  bivalent  element. 

Ferrum  (fer^-um)  [LJ.  Iron,  Fe  =  56. 
Quanti valence  II,  I  v.  Tne  most  familiar  and 
most  useful  of  all  metals;  it  is  found  in 
many  minerals,  in  nearly  all  soils,  in  many 
mineral  waters,  and  also  occurs  pure,  especi- 
ally in  the  form  of  meteoric  iron.  Pure  iron 
is  rare,  nearly  all  commercial  irons  containing 
carbon  in  various  proportions.  In  pharmacy, 
iron  is  used  in  the  form  of  fine,  bright,  non- 
elastic  wire,  as  reduced  iron,  a  metallic  iron 
with  a  variable  amount  of  iron  oxid,  and  in  the 
form  of  salts.  The  therapeutic  properties  of 
iron  depend  on  its  power  to  build  up  the  blood, 
it  being  a  normal  constituent  of  the  red  corpus- 
cles. Hence  it  is  useful  in  all  forms  of  anemia 
and  in  the  diseases  depending  upon  the  latter. 
Externally  many  of  the  soluble  salts  of  iron 
are  used  as  styptic  and  astringent  lotions.  The 
following  preparations  of  iron  are  chiefly  em- 
ployed :  P.  acetmtis,  Liq.  Dose  Titij-x 
(0.13-0.65).  P.  mlbuminas  ;  it  contains  5 
per  cent,  ferric  oxid,  or  10  per  cent  ferric  chlo- 
rid.  Dose  gr.  xx-xxx  (1.3-2.0^.  Unof.  P. 
arsenias,  (B.  P.),  is  chiefly  valuable  for  the 
arsenic  it  contains.  Dose  gr.  y^^-i  (0.006- 
0.008).  P.  bromidum,  used  in  solution,  in 
doses  of  20  drops,  three  times  daily,  as  an  alter- 
ative tonic  in  chorea  and  scrofula.  Unoll  P. 
carbonas  aaccharatus,  U.  S.  P.  Dose  gr. 
v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  P.  carbonatia,  Maaaa, 
Vallet's  Mass.  Dose  gr.iij-v  (0.2-0.32).  P. 
carbonatis,  PiluUe,  Blaud*s  Pill;  it  consists 
of  ferrous  sulphate,  potassium  carbonate,  and 
sugar.  P.,  Miatura,  CompoaiU,  Griflith*s 
Mixture.  Dose  f  3  s»-f,^j  (16.0-32.0).  P. 
chloridum  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  P. 
chloridi,  Liquor,  dose  Ti\,ij-x  (0.13-0.65), 
and  P.  chloridi,  Tinct.,  dose  ny^x-xxx 
(0.65-2.0).  P.  citraa.  Dose  gr.  iij-v  (0.2- 
0.32).      P.  citratia.   Liquor.      Dose  Ti\,x 

io.65).  P.  et  ammonii  citraa.  Dose  gr.  v 
0.32).  P.  et  quininae  citraa  (B.  P.).  Dose 
gr.  v-xv  (0.32-1.0).  P.  et  quininae  citraa 
solubilia.  Dose  gr.  v  (0.32).  P.  et  stiych- 
ninie  citraa.  Doaegr.j-iij  (o.o65-a2).  P., 


Vinum  amarum,  is  made  from  the  soluble 
citrate  of  iron  and  quinin.  Dose  f  9[Hi  (4-0' 
8.0).  P.citrati8,Vinum(U.  S.P.).  Dose 
f^j-ij  (4.0-8.0).  P.  et  magneait  citraa. 
Dose  gr.  v-x  (o.  32-0. 65) .  Unof.  P.  et  bla- 
muthi  citraa.  Unof.  P.  dialyaatum.  Dose 
of  the  solution  10-20  drops  (0.32-0.65).  P. 
dialyaatua,  Liq.  (B.  P.).  Dose  Ti\,x-xxx 
(0.65.-2.0).  P.  hypophoaphis  is  used  to 
prepare  P.  hypophoaphitis,  Syrupua,  N. 
F.  Dose  f  3  ij-vj  (8.0-24.0).  P.  iodidum. 
Dose  gr.  j-viij  (0.065-0.52).  Unof.  P. 
iodidum  aaccharatum.  Dose  gr.  ij-v 
(0.13-0.32).  P.  iodidi,  Pil.,  Blancard's 
pills ;  each  contain  one  grain  of  ferrous  iodid. 
P.  iodidi,  Syrupua.  Dose  Ti\,xv-xxx  (i.o- 
2.0).  P.lacUa.  Dosegr.  v(o.32).  Syrupua 
hypopkoiphitum  cum  Ferro  contains  F.  lactas. 
Doae  f^s»-j  (2.0-^.0).  P.  oxaUa.  Dose 
gr.  ij-iij  (0.13-0.20).  Unof.  P.  oxidum 
hydratum  is  an  antidote  to  arsenic  F. 
oxidum  hydratum  cum  magneaio  b  an 
antidote  to  arsenic  P.  oxidum  magneti- 
cum.  Dose  gr.  v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  Unof. 
P.  phoaphaa  (B.  P.).  Dote  gr.  v-x 
(0.32-0.65).  P.  phoaphaa  aolubilia. 
Dosegr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65).  P. pjrrophoaphas 
aolubilia.  Dose  gr.  ij-v  (0.13-0.32).  Syru- 
pus  fern,  quininse  et  strychninae  phosphatum. 
Dose  ix]  (4.0).  P.  reductum.  Dose  gr. 
iij-vj  (0.2-0.4).  F.  auccinaa.  Dose  gr. 
V  (0.32).  Unof.  P.  aulphaa.  Dose  gr. 
▼  (0.32).  P.__  aulphaa  exaiccatua.  Doae 
aulphma  granulatua.  Dose 
.  tannaa.     Dose  gr.  viij-xxx 

^ ,   „  _^  hours.      P.  valerianaa. 

Dose  gr.  ij-v  (0.13-0.32). 

Fertile  {/er^til)  \Jertilis,  fruitful].  Prolific, 
fruitful. 

Pertiliaation  {Jer-Hlix-a' -shun)  [fertilise 
fruitful].  The  art  of  making  fertile ;  impreg- 
nation. 

Ferula  {fer'-U'loK)  [L.].  A  genus  of  the 
Older  Umbellifene.  See  Asafttida  and  Gal- 
banum. 

Featination  (festin-a'  shun)  [/estinare^  to 
hasten].  A  gait  that  increases  in  rapidity ; 
it  is  seen  in  piuulysis  agitana. 

Fetal  (/ytal)  \JeUus,  offspring].  Pertaining 
to  the  fetus. 

Feticide  (//-/ix-h/)[/r/i«, offspring;  cadere, 
to  kill].  The  killing  of  the  fetus  in  the 
womb. 

Fetua  (jy-tus)  [ftttus,  oflTspring].  The  un- 
born ottspring  of  viviparous  animals  in  the 
later  stages  of  development. 

Fever  (Jt'-ver)  [febrisy  a  fever].  I.  An  ele* 
vation  of  the  body-temperature  above  the 
normal.  2.  A  disease  the  distinctive  charac- 
teristic of  which  is  elevation  of  temperature, 
accompanied  also  by  quickened  puls^  and 
respirations,  increased  tissue-waste,  and  dis- 


V  ^u.33;.  r.  sui] 
gr.  iij  (0.2^.  P.  au 
gr.  iij(o.2).  P.  ta 
K>.52-2.o)   in  24 


FIBER 


FIBROID 


ordered  secretions.     P.,  Asthenic,  one  in 
which  there  is  a  weak  circulation,  a  clammy 
skin,  and  a  low  state  of  the  nervous  system. 
P.-blister.  ^te  Herpes  labialis.    P.,  Brain, 
/ever  associated  with  inflammation  of  the  cere- 
bral meninges  ;  meningitis.     P.,  Catarrhal, 
influenza.     P.,  Catheter.   ?>ct  F.,  Ureihrai. 
F.,  Cerebrospinal,  an  acute  infectious  dis- 
ease characterized  by  inflammation  of  the 
meninges  of  the  brain  aftd  cord  with  involve- 
ment of  the  superficial  layers  of  nerve-sub- 
stJince.     See  Exanthemata y  Table  of.      P., 
Chagres,  a  malignant  form  of  malaria.     P., 
Continued,  one    the  course  of   which   is 
free  from  remissions  or  intermissions.     P., 
Dandy.     Synonym  of  Dengue.     P.,  En- 
teric.    See /^,  Typhoid,  P.,  Eruptive,  one 
that  is  accompanied  by  an  eruption  on  the 
skin.     P.,  Famine.  Sq^  F.^  Relapsing.   P., 
Gastric,  a  term  used  indefinitely  to  indicate 
any  febrile  ailment  associated  widi  abdominal 
symptoms.     P.,  Hay.     See  Hay-fever,    P., 
Hectic,  a  diumally  intermittent  fever  with 
the  highest  temperature  in  the  evening  and 
accompanied    by  sweats  and   chills.     It  is 
found  in    tuberculosis    and    other  diseases 
associated  with  the  absorption  of  septic  pro- 
ducts.    P.,  Low,  fever  of  an  asthenic  tjrpe. 
P.,  Lung,  croupous  pneumonia.     P.,  Milk, 
a  slight  form  of  puerperal  septicemia,  formerly 
thought  to  be  due  to  the  formation  of  milk  in 
the  mother's  breast.     P.,  Puerperal.    See 
Puerperal.     P.,  Relapsing.    See  Relapsing 
Fever.     P.,  Remittent,  a  paroxysmal  fever 
with   exacerbations  and  remissions,  but  not 
intermissions ;  usually  applied  specifically  to 
remittent  malarial  fever.     P.   Rheumatic. 
See  Rheumatism.     P.,  Scarlet.  See  Scarlet 
Fever.     P.,  Septic,  one  due  to  the  entrance 
of  septic  matter  into  the  system.  P.,  Simple 
Continued,    a    continued,    noncontagious 
fever,  varying  in  duration  from  one  to  twelve 
days,  and  usually  ending  in  recovery.     P., 
Spirillum.      Synonym    of   F.,   Relapsing. 
F.,  Splenic.    Synonym  of  Anthrax.     P., 
Sthenic,  a  fever  characterized  by  rapid,  full 
pulse,  heat  and  dryness  of  the  skin,  high 
temperature,  scanty  urine,  and  delirium.    P., 
Traumatic,  that  following  traumatism.    P., 
Typhoid.  See  Typhoid  Fever.  P.,  T}rphu8. 
See  Typhus  Fever.  P.,  Urethral,  the  febrile 
disturbance  that  follows  the  use  oif  the  cathe- 
ter or  bougie.  P.,  Yellow.  See  Yellow  Fever, 
Fiber  (fi'-ber)  f/r^ra,  a  thread].   A  filament- 
ary or  thread-like  structure.     P.  of  Gerdy, 
a   transverse  band  of  fibers  supporting  the 
hand  crosswise  and  forming  the  web  of  the 
fingers.      P.,  Muscle.    See  Muscle.      P., 
Nerve.    See  Nerve,      P.  of  Remak,  the 
Donmedullated  nerve-fibers.    P.  of  Shaipey, 
delicate  processes  or  rods  that  pass  through 
and  rivet  together  the  concentric  lamina  of 


bone.  P.  of  Tome,  elongated  and  branched 
processes  of  the  odontoblasts  of  the  pulp, 
filling  the  dentinal  tubules  of  teeth. 

Fibril  {fi'-bril\  [fibra,  a  fiber]].  A  little 
fiber,  particularly  one  of  the  ultimate  fibers 
of  muscle  or  of  fibrous  connective  tissue. 

Fibrillar  (fi^-bHl'ar\  [fbrilla,  a  small  fiber]. 
Pertaining  to  fibrils.  P.  Contractions, 
spontaneous  contractions  successively  taking 
place  in  different  bundles  of  muscular  fibers  ; 
they  are  seen  in  progressive  muscular  atrophy 
and  other  diseases. 

Fibrillary  (fi^bril-a-re).    Same  as  Fibrillar. 

Fibrin  {f^-brin)  [fbra,  a  fiber].  A  proteid 
formed  in  shed  blood,  lymph,  in  other 
body- fluids,  and  in  tissues  when  these  coagu- 
late. It  exists  in  the  shape  of  fibrils,  gran- 
ules, plates,  or  as  a  homogeneous  material. 
Fibrin  forms  about  0.2  per  cent,  of  the  blood. 
P. -factors,  the  substances  necessary  for 
and  concerned  in  the  formation  of  fibrin. 
They  are  fibrinogen,  fibrin- ferment,  and  cer- 
tain salts.  P.-ferment,  a  ferment  obtained 
from  blood-serum  after  clotting  has  occurred. 
It  is  one  of  the  fibrin-factors,  and  is  probably 
derived  from  the  leukocytes. 

Fibrinogen  {f-brin' -o-jen)  [fibra^  a  fiber; 
yein/dv,  to  produce].  A  proteid  of  the  globu- 
lin class,  obtained  from  blood-plasma  and 
serous  transudations.  It  is  one  of  the  chief 
elements  in  the  formation  of  fibrin. 

Pibrinogenous  {Ji-brin-oy-en-us)  \Jibray  a 
fiber;  yewdv,  to  produce].  Forming  or  pro- 
ducing fibrin. 

Fibrinoplastic  {fi-brin-o-plas^'tik)  [fbra,  a 
fiber ;  irMaoeiVy  to  form].  Of  the  nature  of 
fibrinoplastin. 

Fibrinoplastin  {Ji-brin-o-plas'-tin).  See 
Paraglobulin. 

Fibrinous  {Ji^-brin-us)  [fbra^  a  fiber] .  Of 
the  nature  of  or  containing  fibrin. 

Fibroareolar  (fi-bro-are'  •0'lar)\jibra,  fiber ; 
areola^  dim.  of  area^  an  open  space] .  Con- 
taining fibrous  tissue  with  an  areolar  arrange- 
ment. 

Fibrocartilage  (fi-bro-kar^-tilaj)  [fibra,  a 
fiber;  cariilagOy  gristle].  Cartilage  with  an 
intermixture  of  fibrous  elements. 

Fibrocellular  {fi-bro-sel^ -u-lar)  \fibra,  fiber; 
eellat  cell].  Both  fibrous  and  cellular  ;  fibro- 
areolar. 

Pibrocyst  (fi'-bro-sist)  [fbra,  fiber ;  K^anCt 
cyst].  A  fibroma  that  has  undergone  cystic 
degeneration. 

Fibroglioma  {f-bro-gli-o^-mah)  [fbra^  fiber; 
yX/a,  glue ;  d/m,  tumor].  A  tumor  having 
the  elements  of  a  fibroma  and  a  glioma. 

Fibroid  (f'-broid)  \Jibray  fiber;  tido^^  like- 
ness]. Resembling  fibers  or  composed  of 
fibers.  Also,  a  fibroid  tumor.  P.  Heart,  a 
chronic  form  of  myocarditis  in  which  there 
is  a  development  of  fibrous  connective  tissue 


FIBROMA 


FIMBRIA 


in  the  cmrdUc  muscle.  P.  Induration.  See 
Induration,  F.  Phthisis,  a  chronic  form 
of  phthisis,  in  which  there  is  a  formation  of 
fibrous  tissue. 

Pibronui  Ul-dro'-maA)  \Jibra,  a  fiber ;  6/ia,  a 
tumor].  A  l>enign  tumor  composed  of  fibrous 
tissue.  P.  Hard,  one  containing  few  cells, 
being  chiefly  composed  of  fibers.  P.  lipo- 
matodes.  Same  as  Xanthoma.  P.  mollus- 
cum.  S3monym  of  MoUuscum  fibrosum.  P. 
Soft,  one  rich  in  cells. 

Fibromyoma(^-^r<?-iwj-i/-wa^)[yf^rd,  fiber ; 
/ivf,  muscle  ;  hfuk^  a  tumor].  A  tumor  com- 
posed of  fibrous  and  muscular  tissue. 

Pibrom3rxoma  (fi-bro-miks-o^ -mah)  \Jibray 
fiber  ;  /ctf^a,  mucus;  d/<a,  a  tumor].  A  tumor 
composed  of  fibrous  and  myxomatous  tissue. 

Pibroneuroma  (fi-bronu-ro'-mah)  {Jibra, 
fiber;  vev/wv,  nerve ;  d/m,  tumor].  A  tumor 
composed  of  fibrous  tissue  and  nerve -fibers. 

Fibroplastic  {Jibroplas' -tik)  {Jibra,  fiber; 
n}>daativ,  to  form].     Tending  to  form  fibers. 

Fibrosarcoma  (/S-brO'Sar-kP-mak)  iJSbra, 
fiber;  ffdp§,  flesh;  6 fin,  tumor].  A  sarcoma 
containing  fibrous  tissue. 

Fibrosis  (fi-bro^sis)  \Jibra,  fiber].  The  de- 
velopment of  fibrous  tissue.  P.,  Arterio- 
captllary.     See  Endarteritis. 

Fibrous  (fi'-brus)  \Jibra,  a  fiber]-  Contain- 
ing fibers ;  of  the  character  of  m>rous  tissue. 

Fibula  {jy-U'/ak)  [L.,  a  buckle].  The 
slender  bone  at  the  outer  part  of  the  leg  ar- 
ticulating above  with  the  tibia  and  below  with 
the  astn^alus  and  tibia. 

Ficus  {fi'-kus)  [L.,  a  fig-tree].  The  fig. 
The  fleshy  receptacle  of  F.  carica,  native  of 
Asia  Minor,  and  cultivated  throughout  Europe 
and  tropic  America.  It  is  laxative  and  nutri- 
tious, and  is  a  constituent  of  Confectio  sennae. 

Field  (ftU)  [ME.,  /^^/^n.  i.  An  open 
space  or  area.  2.  The  field  of  vision.  P. 
of  Fixation.  Ste  Fixation.  P.  Magnetic, 
the  portion  of  space  about  a  magnet  in  which 
iu  action  is  felt  P.  of  a  Microscope,  the 
area  that  can  be  seen  through  a  microscope  at 
one  time.  P.  of  Vision,  the  space  in  which 
the  patient  can  see  when  the  eye  is  steadily 
fixed  on  the  object  held  in  the  direct  line  of 
vision. 

Fifth  Nerve.  See  Trifacial.  P.  Ventricle. 
See  Ventricle. 

Pig.  See  Ficus,  P. -wart,  a  moist  condyloma. 
P.-wort,  the  herb  Scrophularia  nodosa,  an 
alterative,  diuretic,  and  anodyne.  It  is  some- 
times used  in  the  form  of  an  ointment  for 
piles.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext  fg  ss-j  (2.0-4.0). 
Unof. 

Filament  {JH'-am-ent)  \Ji/um,  a  thread].  A 
small,  threadlike  structure.  P.,  Spermatic, 
the  caudal  filament  of  a  spermatozoon. 

Pilaria  (fila're-ak)  [filum,  a  thread].  A 
genus  of  nematode  or  thread- worms  of  the 


family  Filariidae.  P.  medinensis,  Outnea 
Worm,  an  animal  parasite,  rhe  female  of 
which  works  its  way  from  the  intestinal  tract 
to  the  subcutaneous  tissue,  where,  after  de- 
veloping its  embryos,  it  is  sooner  or  later  set 
free  by  abscess  formation  and  discharRe.  P. 
sanguinis  hominis,  the  larva  or  embryo  of 
the  nematode  worm,  Filaria  bancrofii.  The 
embryos  are  about  0.35  mm.  long,  and  in- 
habit the  lymph-channels  of  the  lower  ex- 
tremities and  the  scrotum.  They  lead  to  dila- 
tation of  the  lymphatics,  to  hypeqila-sia  of  the 
tissues,  to  chyluria,  hematuria,  abscesses,  etc. 
They  are  found  in  the  bloo<I  at  night.  Ele- 
phantiasis arabum  and  lymph-scrotum  are  said 
to  be  due  to  the  filaria. 

Filariasis  (fi-lari'  as-is)  \Jilum,  a  tliread]. 
A  diseased  state  due  to  the  presence  in  the 
body  of  Filaria  sanguinis  hominis,  or  allied 
species. 

Filicic  Acid,  Ci^Hj^Oj.  An  acid  extracted 
from  filix  mas. 

Filiform    (Jil^i/orm)     [filum,  a    thread ; 

formOj  form].  Thread-like.  F.  Bougie. 
See  Bougie.  P.  Papillae,  the  stnallc»t  and 
roost  numerous  of  the  papilla:  of  the  tongue, 
occmring  over  its  whole  surface. 

Pilix  (fi^diks)  [L.3.  A  fern.  P.  mas, 
male  fern.     See  Aspidium. 

Fillet  {Jil'-et)  [Fr.,  filet,  a  thread].  I.  A 
loop  for  the  purpose  of  making  traction  on 
the  fetus.  2.  The  lemniscus*,  a  band  of 
nerve -fibers  connected  below  with  the  nucleus 
gracilis  and  nucleus  caudatus  of  the  medulla 
and  running  upward  through  the  {x>ns  and 
cms  cerebri  to  the  cerebrum,  a  portion  of 
the  fibers  (lateral  fillet)  entering  the  {)o<»terinr 
corpora  quadrigemina,  another  (mesal  fillet) 
passing  to  the  anterior  corpora  quadrigemina 
and  the  optic  thalamus.  A  part  of  the 
mesal  fillet  is  continued  into  the  cortex. 
P.,  Olivary,  a  fasciculus  of  nerve -fibers 
enclosing  the  olivary  Ixxly  of  the  medulla. 

Filter  {fil'-fer)  [filtntm,  felt].  An  a{>para- 
tus  for  straining  water  or  other  liquids  to  re- 
move any  undissolved  matters.  P.,  Pasteur- 
Chamberland,  a  hollow  column  of  unglazed 
porcelain  through  which  solutions  are  filtered 
by  means  of  a  vacuum-exhaust  or  by  pressure 
P. -paper,  an  unglazed  paper  used  for  fil- 
tration. 

Filtrate  {fil'tr&t)  [filfrum,  felt].  The  liquid 
that  has  passed  through  a  filter. 

FillT^Xion (filfra^  shun)  [///r«w. felt] .  The 
operation  of  straining  through  a  filter. 

Filum  terminale  {fi'lum  termin'al^'e\  A 
long,  slender  thread  of  pia  mater,  the  termi- 
nation of  the  spinal  cord. 

Fimbria  {fim^breah)  [fimbria,  a  firingc]. 
A  fringe.  P.  of  Fallopian  Tube,  the 
fringe-like  processes  of  the  outer  extremity 
of  the  oviduct. 


nMBRIATED 


FLATUS 


fimbriated  ( fim'-  bre-a-  ted )  [  fimbria^ 
fringe].     Frinjged. 

Finger  {fif^-ger)  \WB., ^  finger\.  A  digit 
of  ihe  hand.  F.,  Clubbed,  a  finger  the 
tenninal  phalanx  of  which  is  short  and  broad 
with  overhanging  nail.  It  is  seen  in  cases 
of  pulmonary  tuberculosis,  congenital  heart- 
disease,  etc. 

Fir  (/«r)  [ME.,/r,  the  fir-tree].    See  Abies, 
F.-balsmm.    See  Abies  balsamea. 
First  Intention.     Sec  Healing. 
Fiah-bcrry.    See  Cocculus  indicus. 
Fish-skin  Disease.     See  Ichthyosis, 
Fissiparous  {Jis-if/ -ar-us)  [Jindere,  to  split ; 
parere^  to  produce].     Propagating  by  fission. 
Fissure    {fish'-ur)    [fissura;   finder e^   to 
cleave].    A  groove  or  cleft.     A  term  applied 
to  the  clefts  or  grooves  in  various  organs,  as 
the  skull,  the  brain,  the  liver,  the  spinal  cord. 
Also  to  cracks  in  the  skin  or  linear  ulcers  in 
mucous  membranes.      F.  of  the  Anus,  a 
linear  ulcer  at  the  mucocutaneous  junction  of 
the  anus,  giving  rise  to  intense  suffering  on 
defecation.     P.  of  Bichat,  the  transverse 
fissure   of    the  brain,   between    the    fornix 
and  the  upper  surface  of  the  cerebellum. 
Through   it  the   pia  enters  the  ventricles. 
F.  of  Broca,  a  nssure  surrounding  Broca's 
lobe.      F.,  Calcarine,  a    fissure    on   the 
mesal  aspect  of  the  cerebrum,  between  the 
lingual  lobule  and  the  cuneate  lobe.     F., 
Callosomarginal,  one  on  the  mesal  surface 
of  the  cerebral  hemisphere,  dividing  the  area 
between  the  corpus  callosum  and  the  margin 
into  nearly  equal  parts.     F.,  Longitudiiud, 
the  deep  fissure  that  divides  the  cerebrum 
into  two  hembpheres.    F.,  Occipital,  a  deep 
fissure,  situated  between  the  parietal  and  oc- 
cipital lobes  of  the  brain.    F.,  Palpebral,  the 
SjMce  between  the  eyelids  extending  from  the 
outer  to  the  inner  canthus.    P.,  Portal.    See 
F,^  Transverse  {of  liver).     P.,  Precentral, 
a  fissure  in  front  of  the  F.  of  Rolando  and 
parallel  to  it.     P.  of  Rolando,  a  fissure  on 
the  lateral  aspect  of  the  cerebrum,  extending 
downward  from  near  the  longitudinal  fissure 
at  about  its  middle  point.     It  separates  the 
frontal  from  the  parietal  lobe.  P.  of  Sylvius, 
a  deep  fissure  of  the  brain  beginning  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  anterior  perforated  space, 
and  extending  outward  to  the  lateral  surface 
of  the  hemisphere.     It  has  two  branches,  a 
short  vertical  and  a  long  horizontal,  the  latter 
separating  the  parietal   from  the  temporo- 
snbeooidal  lobe.     Between  the  branches  lies 
the  Island  of  Reil.  P.,  Transverse  {of  liver)  ^ 
a  fissure  crossing  transversely  the  lower  sur- 
face of  the  right  lobe  of  the  liver.     It  trans- 
mits the  portal  vein,  hepatic  artery  and  nerves, 
and  hepatic  duct. 
Fistula  ijis' tu-lah)  [L. ,  a  pipe].     A  narrow 
1  or  tube  left  by  the  incomplete  healing 
«9 


of  abscesses  or  wounds,  and  usually  tram- 
mitting  some  fluid,  either  pus  or  the  secretions 
or  contents  of  some  organ  or  body-cavity. 
P.,  Anal,  a  fistula  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  anus  which  may  or  may  not  communicate 
with  the  bowel.  P.,  Blind,  a  fistula  open 
at  one  end  only.  P.,  Blind,  External,  one 
the  only  opening  of  which  is  on  the  exterior 
of  the  body.  P.,  Blind,  Internal,  one  which 
opens  only  upon  an  internal  surface.  P., 
Branchial,  an  opening  that  extends  from 
the  surface  of  the  neck  to  the  pharynx ;  it  is 
an  unclosed  branchial  cleft.  P.,  Complete, 
one  having  two  openings,  an  internal  and 
external.  P.,  Fecal,  a  fistula  communi- 
cating with  the  intestine. 

Pit  [AS.,  fit^  a  struggle].  A  name  applied 
to  any  sudden  paroxysm  of  a  disease,  but  es- 
pecially to  an  epileptic  convulsion. 

Fixation  (fiksa^-shun)  Hixus,  fixed].  The 
act  of  fixing  or  making  firm.  P.,  Field  of, 
in  optics,  the  region  bounded  by  the  utmost 
limits  of  distinct  or  central  vision,  and  which 
the  eye  has  under  its  direct  control  through 
its  excursions,  without  movements  of  the 
head.  P. -forceps,  those  used  for  fixing  or 
holding  a  part  in  position  during  a  surgical 
operation. 

Fixing  (fihs^'ing)  Tfixus,  fixed].  The  pre- 
paration of  tissue  for  microscopic  study  by 
means  of  some  agent  that  hardens  it  and  pre- 
serves the  form  and  arrangement  of  the  cells. 

Flagellate  (fla/el-dt)  ^Jlagellum,  a  whip]. 
Furnished  with  slender,  whip-like  processes. 

Flagellum  (Jlaj-el' -urn)  [L.,  a  whip].  A 
whip-like  mobile  process ;  the  organ  of  loco- 
motion of  certain  bacteria  and  inAisoria. 

Flag,  Sweet.     See  Calamus. 

Plank  ijlank)  [ME., /&«>&,  ixomla.flaccus^ 
soft].  The  part  of  the  body  between  the 
ribs  and  the  upper  border  of  the  ilitma. 

Flap  [ME.,y«<i/,  a  loose,  flexible  part].  A 
loose  and  partly  detached  portion  of  the  skin 
or  other  soft  tissue.  P.-amputation,  one 
in  which  flaps  of  soft  tissues  are  left  to  cover 
over  the  end  of  the  bone.  P. -extraction, 
a  method  of  extracting  the  crystalline  lens 
so  as  to  make  a  flap  of  the  cornea. 

Plat  [ME.,yfa/].  I.  Lying  on  one  plane; 
having  an  even  surface.  2.  Of  a  percussion^ 
sound,  having  no  resonance.  P.-foot,  de- 
pression of  the  plantar  arch. 

Flatness  {flat'-nes)  [ME.,/ii/].  The  sound 
obtained  by  percussing  over  an  airless  organ 
or  a  large  effusion. 

Flatulence  (fiat^-u-lens)  \Jlatus,  breath].  A 
condition  marked  by  the  presence  of  gas  in 
tlie  stomach  and  intestinal  canal. 

Flatulent  {flat' -  u  -  lent)  [flatus,  breath]. 
Characterized  by  flatulence. 

Flatus  (fla^'tus)  [L.].  Gas,  especially  gas 
in  the  gastrointestinal  canal. 


FLAX 


FCENICULUM 


PUz  fAS.t^tfx].  Sec  Linum.  F.-dress- 
er's  PhtlusiB,  a  fibroid  pneumonia  resulting 
from  the  inhalalion  of  paiticles  in  flax  dre!»:>< 
ing.     P.-seed.     5>ee  Linum. 

Pica  (».  See  PuUx.  F.-banc.  See 
Erigeron. 

Fleam  iJUm)  [^Tj^^orSfiOv,  a  lancet,  from 
f  Ai^,  a  vein ;  rifivetv,  to  cut].  A  phlebo- 
tome ;  a  lancet  for  Tcnesection. 

Fleming's  Tincture.  An  alcoholic  prepara- 
tion of  aconite,  stronger  than  the  omcial 
tincture.     Dose,  two  minims  (o.  13). 

Plemming's  Solution.  A  mixture  used  as 
a  fixing  agent  for  tissue  in  histologic  study. 
It  consists  of  15  parts  of  I  per  cent,  solution 
of  chromic  add,  4  parts  of  a  2  per  cent  solu- 
tion of  osmic  acid,  I  part  of  glacial  acetic  acid. 

Flesh  [AS.,yfofj^  flesh].  The  soft  tissues  of 
the  body,  especially  the  muscles.  P.,  Proud, 
the  soft  and  exuberant  granulations  of  a 
wound  or  ulcer. 

PlexibUiUs  {JUks-ibWHas)  [L.].  Flexi- 
bility.  P.  cerea,  a  condition  of  the  limbs  in 
catalepsy  in  which  they  seem  as  if  made  of 
wax. 

Flexible  (JUks^ib-l)  {Jlexus,  bentl  That 
which  may  be  bent,  as  a  F.  catheter  jF.  collo- 
dion. 

Flexion  (Ji^Jk^  sAun)  [JUxus,  bent].  The 
act  of  bending  ;  the  condition  of  being  bent. 

Flexor  (JUks'or)  \jUxus,  bent].  A  muscle 
that  bends  or  flexes  a  limb  or  part.  See 
MmcleSy  Table  of. 

Flexure  {JUks'-ar)  [Jlexura^  a  bending].  A 
bending.  P.,  Caudal,  the  bend  at  the  lower 
portion  of  the  embryo.  P.,  Cephalic,  the 
arching  over  of  the  cephalic  end  of  the  em- 
bryo.    P.,  Sigmoid.     See  Sigmoid  Flexure. 

Floating  iJh'-Hng)  [AS., /Zf^/a«,  to  float]. 
Swimming;  free  to  move  around.  P.  Kid- 
ney, one  that  is  detached  from  its  normal 
position  and  abnormally  movable.  F.  Liver, 
one  with  abnormal  mobility ;  movable  liver. 
P.  Ribs.     See  Ribs. 

Floccitation  {Jlok  -  nS  -  a' -  shun).  Same  as 
Carpholo^*. 

Plocculent  Ulok^ulent)  \Jloccus,  a  flock  of 
wool].  Flaky,  downy,  or  woolly ;  coales- 
cing in  flocky  masses. 

Flocculus  (jlok'u'lm)  [dim.  of  floccus^  a 
tuft  of  wool].  A  prominent  lobe  of  the  cere- 
bellum situated  behind  and  below  the  middle 
cerebellar  peduncle  on  either  side  of  the 
median  fissure. 

Flood's  Ligament.     See  Ligament. 

Flooding  iflud^im:)  [AS., /*»*/,  a  flood]. 
A  copious  bleeding  from  the  womb. 

Flores  {^fli/-rH)  [L.].  Plural  of  flos,  a 
flower.  I.  The  flowers  or  blos^soms  of  a  plant 
2.  A  flocculent  or  pulverulent  form  assumed 
by  certain    substances   after   sublimation,  as 

Jhres  sulfhuns^  flowers  of  sulphur. 


Florida  Allspice,  the  leaves  of  Calycanthus 
floridus,  having  the  properties  of  an  aromatic 
stimulant     Unof. 

Flour  {  fiinvr\  [/fos,  a  flower].  The  finer 
part  of  the  ground  grain,  esfiecially  of  wheat 

Flow  (jTo)  [AS.^/.ruHjn,  to  flow].  The  free 
discharge  of  a  liquid,  as  the  blood ;  the 
menses. 

Flovi^cr  (JUnt/'fr),     See  Flores. 

Fluctuauon  {/lukfu-a'-sMtm)  [fuetuare^  to 
float  or  roll].  The  wave- like  motion  pro- 
duced when  a  body  containing  fluid  is  tapped 
between  the  fingers  or  hands. 

Fluor  albus  {flu' -or  al'-bus)  [L.,  a  white 
flow].     Leukorrhca. 

Fluorescein  [flu  -or^es^-e  in),  C^H„Oj  -h 
H,0.  An  anhydrid  of  resorcin,  prepared  by 
heating  phthalic  anhydrid  with  re.sorcin  to 
200®  C.  It  has  the  pr»»|)erty  of  coloring 
abrasions  of  the  cornea  greenish,  and  has 
been  used  on  this  account  for  diagnostic  pur- 
poses. 

Fluorescence  { flu-or-n^-ens)  \Jluere^  to 
flow].  A  pro[>erty  posst^ssed  by  certain  sub- 
stances of  ct>nvening  oh-^cure  actinic  rays 
(such as  the  ultraviolet)  into  luminous  rays. 

Fluorin  { flu'-orin  1  [/lnor,  a  flow].  F  —  19 ; 
ouantivaicnce  I.  An  element  belonging  to 
the  chlorin  group.  Its  intense  chemic  affinity 
has  so  far  renclcred  its  iM)lation  impossible. 
The  salts  formed  with  the  alkaline  metals, 
fluoricis,  have  been  used  in  jjoiler  and  in  rheu- 
matism.    See  F/r-mffifs,  T>tble  of. 

Pluoroscope  {fiH'-or-o^-kdp)  [/ftior,  a  flow; 
eK6'rFh\  to  examine].  The  instrument  for 
holding  the  fluorescent  screen  in  X>ray  exam- 
ination. 

Flux  (Jluks)  lHurus,  flowing].  I.  An  ex- 
cessive flow  of  any  of  the  excretions  of  the 
Ixxly,  especiallv  the  feces.     2.  Dysentery. 

Focal  {/y-kal)  [focus,  a  fire-place].  Per- 
taining  to  or  occupying  a  focus.  F.  Depth, 
the  power  of  a  lens  to  give  clear  images  of 
objects  at  different  distances  from  it  F. 
Distance,  the  distance  from  the  focus  to  a 
reflecting  or  refracting  surface,  or  in  the  case 
of  a  lens  to  the  principal  point  of  the  lens. 
F.  Disease,  F.  Lesion,  one  that  is  limited 
to  a  small  area.  F.  Epilepsy,  epilepsy  due 
to  a  focal  lesion  of  the  brain  ;  Jacksontao 
epilepsy. 

Focus  Ify-kus)  \focusy  a  fire-place].  I.  The 
principal  seat  of  a  disea!»e.  2.  The  point 
(called  principal  focus  or  real  foctis),  at 
which  rays  of  light  converge  that  pass  through 
a  convex  lens  or  are  reflected  from  a  concave 
mirror.  P.,  Negative  or  Virtual,  the 
point  at  which  divergent  rays  would  meet  if 
prolonged  in  a  backward  direction. 

Fceniculum  (fenik'-ulum)  [L].  Fennel. 
The  fruit  of  /'.  vulgare,  the  properties  of 
which  are  due  to  a  volatile  oil.     It  is  a  mild 


FCENUM  GRyECUM 


FORAMEN 


sdmulant  and  aromatic  carminative.  F., 
Aqua,  2  parts  of  the  oil  in  looo  of  water. 
Dose  fzss-f3[j  (2.0-32.0).  F.,  Oleum. 
Dose  li\,ij-v  (0.13-0.32). 

Foenum  Grecum  (fy-num  gree^-kum). 
See  Fenugreek. 

Foetal   (fe^'tal).     See  Fetal. 

Foetus  (fe'-tus).     Sec  Fetm, 

Folia  (fi/'le-ah)  {folium,  leaf].     Leaves. 

Follicle  {Jol'4k-l)  XfoUiculus,  dim.  oifollis, 
bellows].  I.  A  smalllymphatic  gland,  the  tis- 
sue of  which  is  arranged  in  the  form  of  a 
little  sac ;  also  a  small  tubular  gland.  2. 
A  simple  tubular  gland.  F.,  Grajifian,  one 
of  the  small  vesicular  bodies  in  the  ovary,  each 
of  which  contains  an  ovum.  F.  of  Lieber- 
kiibn.  See  Crypts  of  Lieberkilhn.  F., 
Sebaceous,  the  sebaceous  glands  of  the 
skin.  F.,  Solitary,  small  discrete  lymph- 
Ibllicles  found  in  the  mucous  membrane  of 
the  intestines. 

Follicular  {folik^u-lar)  [follieulus^  a  little 
follicle],     rertaining  to  a  follicle. 

Folliculitis  (foi-ik'U  ii'-tis)  [foiliculus,  a 
follicle  ;  <r<c»  inflammation].  Inflammation 
of  a  group  of  follicles.  F.  barbae.  See 
Sycosis. 

Fomentation  {/o-men-ta'-skun)  [fomentare, 
to  foment].  The  application  of  heat  and 
moisture  to  a  part  to  relieve  pain  or  reduce 
inflammation.  It  may  be  by  cloths  soaked 
in  hot  water  or  medicated  solution,  or  by  a 
poultice.    Also  the  substance  applied. 


Fontana*s  Spaces.  Spaces  between  the  pro- 
cesses of  the  ligamentum  pectinatum  of  the 
iris. 

Fontanel,  or  Fontanelle  {f on-tan-el')  [dim. 
oifontana,  a  fountain].  A  membntnous  space 
between  the  cranial  bones  in  fetal  life  and 
infancy.  F.,  Anterior,  that  at  the  point  of 
union  of  the  frontal,  sagittal,  and  coronal 
sutures.  F.,  Posterior,  thiCt  at  the  point  of 
junction  of  the  lambdoid  and  the  sagittal 
sutures. 

Food  [AS., /A/a,  food].  Anything  which 
when  taken  mto  the  body  b  capable  of  build- 
ing up  tissue,  or  by  oxidation,  of  supplying 
heat. 

Foot  [ME.,/w/].  I.  The  terminal  extrem- 
ity of  the  leg.  It  consists  of  the  tarsus,  meta- 
tarsus, and  phalanges,  or  toes.  2.  The  base 
of  a  microscope.  3.  A  measure  of  length 
equal  to  twelve  inches,  or  30.479  cm.  P.- 
clonus.  See  Ankle-clonus,  F.-drop,  a 
falling  of  the  foot  due  to  a  paralysis  of  the 
flexors  of  the  ankle.  F.,  Fungus-.  See 
Madura  foot.  F.-and-mouth  Disease,  a 
febrile  affection  of  sheep,  cows,  pigs,  and 
horses,  rarely  of  man,  manifesting  itself  by 
the  appearance  of  vesicles  and  bullse  in  the 
moutn  and  on  the  feet.  It  is  probably  due 
to  a  special  microorganism.  F.-pound,  the 
woiic  equal  to  that  of  raising  a  pound  to  the 
height  of  one  foot. 

Foramen  (for-a'-men)  {/orare,  to  pierce]. 
A  perforation  or  opening,  especially  in  a  bone. 


TABLE  OF  FORAMINA. 


Namb. 

Location. 

TXANSMITS. 

Aoditory,  external. 

The  external  meatus  of  the  auditory  canal. 

Sound>waves  to  tym- 
panic membrane. 

Auditory,  internal. 

The  petrous  portion  of  temporal  bone. 

The  auditory  and  facial 

Of  Bichat. 

Connects  subarachnoid  space  and  third  ventricle  (?). 

Cerebrospinal  fluid. 

Of  BoUllo. 

Between  the  two  auricles  in  the  fetal  heart. 

C€CM\{of  frontal  bone). 

Formed  by  the  frontal  bone  and  the  crista  galli  of  the 
ethmoid ;  a  small  foramen. 

A  vein,  occasionally. 

Cecal  (of  wuduUa  od- 
Umrata). 

A  depression  at  the  termination   of  the  anterior 
median  fissure. 

CzK^  {of  pkarynx). 

Median  line  of  posterior  wall  of  the  pharynx ;  a  de- 
pression in  the  mucous  membrane. 

Cecal  (of  tongue). 

Posterior  termination  of  the  median  raph6  of  tongue. 

A  number  of  small  glands 
open  into  it. 

Condyloid,  anterior 
(soaetifDcs  double). 

Anterior  to  and  to  the  outer  side  of  each  occipital 
condyle,  passinf^  downward,  outward,  and  forward 
through  tne  basilar  process. 

Hypoglossal  nerve;  oc- 
casionally a  meningeal 
branch  of  ascending 
pharyngeal  artery. 

FORAMINA  FORAMINA 

TABLE  OF  FORAMINA.— CiwiteaM/. 


Name. 

Location. 

Transmits. 

Condyloid,  pottcrior. 

The  fossa  behind  the  occipital  condyles. 

A  vein  to  the  lateral 
sinus. 

Cotyloid. 

A  notch  in  the  acetabnlum  converted  into  a  canal  by 
a  ligament. 

Vessels  and  nerves. 

Denial,  inferior. 

The  external  aperture  of  the  inferior  dental  canal,  in 
the  ramus  of  the  inferior  maxilla. 

Inferior  dental  vessels 
and  nerves. 

Esophageal. 

The  diaphragm. 

The  esophagus. 

Ethmoid,  anterior. 

A  canal  formed  between  the  ethmoid  and  frontal 
bones. 

Nasal  branch  of  the  oph- 
thalmic nerve ;  anterior 
ethmoidal  vessels. 

FrontaL 

The  supraorbital  notch  of  the  frontal  bone  when  It  is 
converted  into  a  canal  by  a  bony  process. 

Supraorbital  vessels  and 
nerves. 

Incisor. 

Aperture  of  the  incisor  canal  in  the  alveolar  margin. 

Nerves  and  vessels  to 
the  incisor  teeth. 

Infraorbital. 

In  the  superior  maxilla,  the  external  aperture  of  the 
infraorbital  canal. 

The  infraorbital  nerve 
and  artery. 

Intervertebral,   ante- 
rior. 

The  aperture  formed  by  the  notches  opposite  to  each 
other  in  the  laminse  of  adjacent  vertebrs. 

The  spinal  nerves  and 

vessels. 

rior. 

The  space  between  the  articular  processes  of  ad- 
jacent vertebrK,  except  the  first  cervical. 

Jugular. 

See  F.t  Lacerated,  posterior. 

Lacerated,  anterior. 

See  F„  Lacerated,  wnddie. 

Lacerated,  middle. 

An  irregular  aperture  between  the  apex  of  the  petrous 
portion  of  the  temporal  bone  and  the  body  and  great 

occipital  bone. 

The  carotid  artery  and 
the  large  superficial  pe> 
trosal  nerve. 

Lacerated,  posterior. 

The  space  formed  by  the  jugular  notches  of  the  occi- 
pital and  temporal  bones,  divided  into  two  portions. 

The  posterior  portiom^ 
the  internal  jugular 
vein;  Xh^mmtenor par* 
tiom,  the  9th,  loth.  and 
1  ith  cranial  nerves,  and 
the  inferior  petrosal 
sinus. 

Of  Magendie. 

An  orifice  in  the  pia  mater  of  the  roof  of  the  fourth 
ventricle. 

Magnum. 

A  large  oval  aperture,  centrally  placed  in  the  lower 
and  anterior  part  of  the  occipital  bone. 

The  spinal  cord  and  its 
membranes;  the  spinal 
accessory  nerves;  the 
vertebral  arteries. 

Mastoid. 

A  small  foramen  behind  the  mastoid  process. 

A  small  artery  from  th« 
dura:  a  vein  opening 
into  the  lateral  stnus. 

Medullary. 

^^  Nutrient. 

Mental. 

A  foramen  in  the  inferior  maxilla,  external  to  the 
incisive  fossa. 

Mental  nerve  and  ves- 
sels. 

Of  Monro. 

An  opening  behind  the  anterior  pillars  of  the  fornix 
through  which  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain 
communicates  with  the  third  ventricle- 

The  choroid  plexus. 

Nutrient. 

The  canal  connecting  the  medullary  cavity  of  the 
bone  with  iu  external  surface. 

The  nutrient  vessels. 

Obturator. 

The  large  ovoid  opening  between  the  ischium  and  the 
pubis,  internal  and  inferior  to  the  acetabulum  -  It  is 
partly  closed  in  by  a  fibrous  membrane. 

Obturator  vessels  and 
nerves. 

FORAMINA  FORAMINA 

TABLE  OF  FORAMINA.— C<wi/i>f«^</. 


Namb. 

Location. 

Transmits. 

Ol&ctory. 

Numeroua  foramina  in  the  cribriform  plate  of  the  cth- 

Olfactory  nerves. 

Oawntal,    letter    or 
fintll. 

See  Foramen  qf  IVinsIow. 

OpUc. 

The  canal  at  the  apex  of  the  orbit,  the  anterior  term- 
ination of  the  optic  groove  Juat  beneath  the  lesser 
wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone. 

artery. 

Ovile(ofUieA*art). 

In  the  fetus,  the  opening  between  the  two  auricles 
of  the  heart,  situated  at  the  lower  posterior  portion 
of  the  septum. 

i>n\t{o(tbes^h€mnd). 

An  ovoid  aperture  near  the  poaterior  margin  of  the 
great  wing  of  the  sphenoid. 

The  inferior  maxillary 
division  of  the  trigemi- 
nal nerve;  the  small 
meningeal  artery;  oc- 
casionally, the  small 
petrosal  nerve. 

Pahtiiie,  anterior. 

The  orifice  of  the  incisor  canal  in  the  anterior  part  of 
the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

The  nasopalatine  nerve 
and  a  branch  of  the 
posterior  palatine 
artery. 

Pftlatine,  great  poste- 
rior. 

The  orifice  of  the  posterior  palatine  canal  upon  the 
posterior  part  of  the  hard  i^ate. 

The  descending  palatine 
artery. 

Parietal. 

Near  the  posterior  superior  angle  of  the  parietal 
bone;  inconstant. 

An  emissary  vein  of  the 
superior  longitudinal 
sinus ;  occasionally  a 
small  branch  of  the 
occipital  artery. 

Pterygopalatine. 

The  external  aperture  of  the  pterygopalatine  canal. 

Pterygopalatine  vessels; 
pharyngeal  nerve. 

Quadrate. 

The  diaphragm. 

The  inferior  vena  cava. 

RoCundtiiD. 

A  round  opening  in  the  great  wing  of  the  sphenoid 
bone. 

The  superior  division  of 
the  fifth  nerve. 

Sacral,  anterior  i/our 
weaker  side). 

On  the  anterior  surface  of  the  sacrum,  connecting 
with  the  sacral  canal. 

The  anterior  branches  of 
sacral  ner%-es. 

Sacral,  poaterior  {/our 
on  either  side). 

The  posterior  surface  of  the  sacrum,  external  to  the 
articular  processes. 

Posterior  branches  of 

Sacroaciatic,  great. 

The  oval  space  between  the  lesser  sacrosciatic  liga- 
ment and  the  innominate  bone. 

The  pyriformis  muscle, 
the  gluteal,  sciatic,  and 
pttdic  vessels  and 
nerves. 

Sacroaciatic,  tmall. 

The  space  included  between  the  greater  and  lesser 
sacrosciatic  ligamcnU  and  the  portion  of  the  in- 
nominate bone  between  the  spine  and  tuberosity  of 
the  ischium. 

Internal  obturator 
muscle ;  the  internal 
pudic  vessels  and 
nerves. 

Of  Scarp*. 

Bony  canals  opening  into  the  incisor  canal. 

The  nasopalatine  nerves. 

Of  Soemmering. 

The  Fovea  centralis. 

SphcnopalaUne. 

The  space  between  the  sphenoidal  and  orbital  pro- 
cesses of  the  palate  bone;  it  opens  into  the  nasal 
cavity. 

Branches  from  Meckel's 
ganglion ;  the  nasal 
branch  of  the  internal 
maxillary  artery. 

Spiooaam. 

The  great  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  near  its  poste- 
rior angle. 

The  middle  meningeal 
artery. 

Of  SUnaen. 

The  lateral  pair  of  the  four  orifices  of  the  anterior 
palatine  foramen. 

Terminal  branches  of 
the  posterior  palatine 
arteries. 

\ 


FORCE  FORMULARY 

TABLE  OF  FORAMINA^CW^m^. 


Name. 

Location. 

TaANSMtTS. 

linprmorbiul. 

A  notch  in  the  Boperior  orbital  margin  mt  the  janction 
of  the  middle  with  the  inner  third,  sometimes  con- 
verted into  a  foramen  by  a  bony  process  or  a  liga- 
mentoos  band. 

Supraorbital  artery, 
veins,  and  nerve. 

Of  Thebeiitu. 

Small  dgyreiaions  on  the  inner  snriace  of  the  heart, 
especially  in  the  right  anride. 

Some  of  these  are  cnl- 
de-sacs ;  others  are  the 
mouths  of  the  venae 
minimae  cordis. 

Thyroid. 

See  Obturator. 

VerlebraL 

The  space  included  between  the  body  and  arch  of  a  .  The  spinal  cord  and  iu 
vertebra.                                                                       |    appendages. 

VertcbfArterUl. 

The  foramina  In  the  transverse  proccsaes  of  the  ccr- 
vical  vertebra. 

Vertebral  artery  and 
vein. 

or  WiMlow. 

An  aperture  situated  between  the  liver  and  stomach, 
bounded  in  front  by  the  portal  vein,  hepatic  artery 
and  duct,  behind,  by  the  Inferior  vena  cava,  below, 
by  the  hepstic  artery,  and  above,  by  the  liver.    It  is 
formed  by  folds  of  the  peritoneum,  and  establishes 
communication  between  the  greater  and  lesaer  cavi- 
ties of  the  peritoneum. 

Force  (firs)  [firtis,  strong].  That  which 
prodacet  or  arrests  motion. 

Forced  (first)  ^firtis,  strong].  Accom- 
plished by  an  exertion  of  force.  F.  Feed- 
ing. I.  Systematic  overfeeding  as  a  thera- 
peutic measure.  2.  Feeding  performed 
against  the  will  of  the  patient 

Forceps  (for'-seps)  [firceps^  a  pair  of  tongs]. 
An  instrument  with  two  blades  and  handles 
used  for  purposes  of  drawing  on  or  compress- 
ing an  object.  P.,  Bone-,  a  cutting  forceps 
for  use  in  operations  upon  bones.  F.,  Hem- 
ostatic, a  forceps  for  controlling  hemorrhage. 

Porcipressure  (for' se-preshAr)  [firceps,  a 
pair  of  tongs ;  pressura^  a  pressing].  The 
catching  the  end  of  the  divided  vessel  with 
a  pair  of  spring-forcept,  which  is  left  on  for 
some  time  for  the  purpose  of  preventing 
hemorrhage. 

Pore  (fir)  [AS.,  fore^  before].  In  front, 
coming  first  P. -arm,  that  part  of  the  arm 
between  the  wrist  and  the  elbow.  F.-brsin, 
the  anterior  of  the  encephalic  vesicles  into 
which  the  primary  nervous  axis  of  the  em- 
bryo divides  at  an  early  stage  ;  the  prosen- 
cephalon. P. -finger,  the  index  finger. 
P.-gut,  the  embryonic  tube  corresponding  to 
the  pharynx,  esophagus,  stomach,  and  duo- 
denum. P. -head,  that  part  of  the  face  above 
the  orbits  of  the  eyes.   P.-sldn,  the  prepuce. 

Foreign  Body.  A  substance  not  normally 
present  in  the  place  where  it  is  found. 

Forensic  (for-en'-sik)  [firensis,  belonging 
to  the  forum].  Pertaining  to  a  court  of  law. 
In  medicine,  that  part  of  the  science  con- 
nected with  judicud  inquiry. 


Formal  (/pt^-ipmi/).     See  Metkyiai. 

Formaldehyd  [^firmalfdekui).  See  Aide- 
kyd^  FormU. 

Formalin  (fir^-muii-in)  [fimtua^  an  ant]. 
A  proprietary  substance  composed  of  a  40  per 
cent  solution  of  formaldehyd.  It  is  used  as 
an  antiseptic  and  as  a  Bxing- agent  in  histo- 
logic studies. 

Formate  (fir^-mat).     A  salt  of  formic  add. 

Formatio  (forwui^ -shto)  [L.].  A  forma 
tion.  P.  reticularis,  the  intercrossing  of 
the  fibers  of  the  anterior  columns  in  the 
medulla. 

Formative  (for*math^  [fimiare,  to  form]. 
Concerned  in  the  formation  of  tissue. 

Formic  Acid  (fir^-mik).     See  Acid. 

Formication  (formik-a' -skyn)  [^formica,  an 
ant].  A  sensation  like  that  produced  by  ants 
or  other  insects  crawling  upon  the  skin. 

Formol  (for*  mot).     See  Formalin. 

Formula  (form'-u-lak)  [dim,  of  forma,  a 
form].  I.  A  prescribed  method.  2.  The 
representation  of  a  chemic  compound  by  sym- 
bols. P.,  Constitutional,  or  Rational,  one 
that  indicates  by  means  of  symbols  the  exact 
proportion  by  weight  in  which  the  elements 
enter  into  a  compound.  P.,  Empiric,  one 
that  indicates  only  the  constituents  and  then- 
proportions  in  a  molecule,  as  HNOj,  nitric 
acid.  P.,  Qraphic.  See  /*.,  S/ruftural. 
P.,  Rational.  Same  as  /!,  Constitufionmi^ 
P.,  Structural,  one  in  which  the  symlols  arc 
united  by  the  bonds  of  affinity  according  to 
their  quantivalence,  as  H-O-H. 

Formulary  (for^mu-ia-rf)  [formula  :  dim. 
of  forma^  form].     A  collection  of  formnlaa 


FORMYL 


FRACTURE 


or  recipes.    P.,  National,  a  collection  of 
widely-used   and  well-known  preparations, 
omitted  from  the  U.  S.   Pharmacopeia,  but 
collected  and    published  by  the   American 
Pharmaceutic  Association. 
Formyl  (for^-mil)  [formica,  the  ant ;   i)^t 
matter],  CHO.     The  radicle  of  formic  acid. 
F.t    Bromid,    bromoform.      P.,    Chlorid, 
chloroform.    P.,  lodid,  iodoform. 
Fornicate  {for' -nik-at)  \JbmiXf  an  arch]. 
Arched.     F.  Gyrus.     See  ConvoUUion, 
Fornix   (for^-niks)   \ fornix,  an  arch].     A 
triangular  body  of  white  matter  beneath  the 
corpus  callosum.     From  the  apex,  situated 
anteriorly,  the  anterior  pillars  arise  and  de- 
scend to  form  the  corpora  mamillaria.     From 
the  extremities  of  the  base  the  posterior  pil- 
lars descend  into  the  lateral  ventricles.     The 
fornix  serves  as  an  anteroposterior  commis- 
sure between  the  optic  thalamus  and  the  hip- 
pocampus major  and  the  uncinate  gyrus. 
Fortification -spectrum  ( for- tif-ik-a' -shun- 
5p€k'-trum),    Teichopsia;  the  appearance  of 
a  peculiar  subjective  visual  sensation,  some- 
times followed  by  migrain.     The  luminous 
shape  assumes  a  zigzag  form,  with  angles 
resembling  those  of  a  fortification. 
Fossa  {Jos'-ak)  [fossa,  a  ditch].     A  depres- 
sion or  pit     P.,  Canine,  a  depression  on 
the  external  surface  of  the  superior  maxilla, 
above  and  to  the  outer  side  of  the  socket  of  the 
canine  tooth.     P.,  Cranial,  any  of  the  three 
depressions  in  the  base  of  the  skull  for  the 
reception  of  the  lobes  of  the  brain.     P.,  Di- 
l^astric,  a  deep  groove  on  the  inner  aspect 
of  the  mastoid  process.     P.,  Digital,  a  de- 
pression at  the  base  of  the  inner  surface  of 
the  great  trochanter  of  the  femur.    P.,  Glen- 
oid, the  fossa  in  the  temporal  bone  that  re- 
ceives the  condyle  of  the  lower  jaw.     P., 
Hyaloid,  a  depression  in  the  anterior  surface 
of  the  vitreous  body  for  the  crystalline  lens. 
P.,  Iliac,  the  smooth  internal  surface  of  the 
iiium.     P.,  Ischiorectal,  the  depression  on 
cither  side  of  the  anus,  bounded  on  the  outer 
side  by  the   tuberosity  of  the  ischium.     P., 
Lacr3nnal,  the  depression  in  the  orbital  plate 
of  the  frontal  bone  for  the  reception  of  the 
lacrymal   gland.      P.   navicularis,  the  di- 
lated portion  of  the   urethra  in   the   glans 
penis.     In  the  vulva,  the  depression  between 
the  po&terior  commissure  and  the  fourchet. 
F.  ovalis,  an   oval  depression  in  the  right 
auricle  of  the  heart.      P.  patellaris.     See 
/* ,  Hyaloid.     P.,  Pituitary,  a  depression  in 
the  sphenoid  bone  lodging  the  pituitary  body. 
P^  Sobling^al,  a  depression  on  the  internal 
surface  of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone,  for 
containing  the  sublingual  gland.      P.,  Sub- 
maxillary,  the  oblong  depression   on   the 
internal  surface  of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone, 
containing  the  submaxillary  gland. 


Fourchet,  or  Pourchette  {foor-shet^)  [Fr. ,  t 
fork].  I.  A  fold  of  mucous  membrane  just 
inside  of  the  posterior  commissure  of  the  vulva. 
2.  A  forked  instrument  used  in  division  of 
the  frenum  linguae. 

Fourth  Cranial  Nerve.  The  pathetic  nerve, 
supplying  the  superior  oblique  muscle. 

Fovea  (fo-ve^-oA)  [L.,  a  small  pit].  A  small 
depression  or  pit.  Applied  to  many  depres- 
sions in  the  body,  but  more  particularly  to 
the  fovea  centralis  retinae,  a  little  pit  in  the 
macula  lutea,  opposite  the  visual  axis,  the 
spot  of  most  distinct  vision.  P.  hemiel- 
liptica,  a  small  depression  on  the  inner  wall 
of  the  labyrinth.     It  is  perforated  for  the 

rsage  of  filaments  of  the  auditory  nerve, 
hemispluerica,  a  depression  in  the  roof 
of  the  labyrinth. 

Fowler's  Solution.  See  Arsenic, 
Fox-glove  (foks^'gluv).  See  Digitalis, 
Fractional  {frak^-shunal)  [fractio,  a  break- 
ing]. Divided.  P.  Cultivation,  the  isolation 
of  microorganisms  from  each  other  by  diluting 
the  mixture  containing  them  to  such  a  degree 
that  a  given  quantity  contains  but  few  or- 
ganisms. P.  Distillation.  See  Distillation, 
F.  Sterilization,  intermittent  sterilization. 
Fracture  (frak^-tUr)  [frangere,  to  break]. 
A  breaking,  especially  of  a  bone.  P.,  Bar- 
ton's. See  Diseases,  Table  of,  P.-bed, 
a  bed  designed  for  patients  having  fractures. 
It  usually  has  a  hole  in  the  center  to  transmit 
the  discharges.  P.-box,  a  long  box  without 
ends  or  cover,  used  in  the  immobilization  of 
fractured  legs.  P.,  Comminuted,  one  in 
which  the  bone  is  splintered.  P.,  Colics'. 
See  Diseases,  Table  of  P.,  Complete,  one 
in  which  the  bone  is  entirely  broken  through. 
P.,  Complicated,  one  associated  with  in- 
jury of  adjacent  parts.  P.,  Compound,  one 
in  which  the  point  of  fractiu^  b  in  communi- 
cation with  the  external  an*  through  a  wound 
of  the  overlying  parts.  P.  by  Contre-Coup, 
a  fracture  of  the  skull  caused  by  transmitted 
violence,  and  occurring  at  a  dbtance  from 
the  point  struck,  usually  opposite.  P.,  De- 
pressed, one  in  which  the  fractured  part  is 
depressed  below  the  normal  level,  as  in  frac- 
ture of  the  skull.  P.,  Double,  the  existence 
of  two  fractures  in  the  same  bone.  P., 
Greenstick,  one  in  which  one  side  of  the  bone 
is  broken,  the  other  bent.  P.,  Impacted, 
one  in  which  one  fragment  is  driven  into  the 
other  so  as  to  be  held  fast.  P.,  Pott's, 
fracture  of  the  fibula  about  three  inches  above 
the  ankle-joint,  usually  with  a  splitting-off  of 
the  tip  of  the  inner  malleolus,  and  at  times 
rupture  of  the  internal  lateral  ligament.  P., 
Simple,  one  in  which  the  overlying  integu- 
ment is  intact.  P.,  Smith's,  fracture  of  the 
lower  end  of  the  radius,  from  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  to  an  inch  from  the  articular  vaxU^' 


FRiENULUM 


FRUIT 


P.,  Spontmneous,  one  due  to  a  slight  force, 
as  when  there  is  disease  of  the  bone.  P., 
Ununited,  one  in  which  bony  union  has 
failed  to  occur. 

Pr«nulum  (frfn^-uium).     See  Frenulum, 

Pfttnum  (/ry-Hum).     See  'Frenum, 

Prag^ilitas  {fraj-W  itas)  [L.].  Brittleness. 
P.  ciinium,  an  atrophic  condition  of  the 
hair  in  which  the  individual  hairs  split  into 
numerous  fibrillae.  P.  ossium,  abnormal 
brittleness  of  the  bones. 

Pragmentation  (frag-men-ta^ -shun)  [frag- 
men/um,  a  piece].  The  breaking  up  into 
fragments. 

Prambesia  {fram  -  he' -  u  -  ah)  [framboHa^ 
raspberry].  Yaws;  Pian.  A  tropical  conta 
gious  disease  of  the  skin,  of  long  duration, 
characterized  by  dirty  or  bright-red  raspberry 
like  tubercles,  appearing  usually  on  the  face 
toes,  and  genital  organs.  It  is  most  frequent 
in  young  negroes. 

Prangula  {/rang^gU'lak)  [L.].  The  bark 
of  Rhamnus  frangula,  or  alaer-buckthom. 
The  young  bark  is  very  irritant;  bark  at 
least  a  year  old  is  laxative,  resembling  rhu- 
barb in  action.  P.,  Ext.,  Pld.  Dose  Ti\,x- 
XX  (0.65-1.3).  Ext.  rhamni  frangulie 
liq.  {B.  P.).     Dose  Tl^x-xx  (0.65-1.3). 

Prankincense  (frangk^-in-sens)  \fratuum 
ineensum^  pure  incense].  See  Ulibanum. 
P.,  Common,  a  concrete  turpentine  obtained 
firom  Finns  palustris  and  other  species  of 
Pinus. 

Pranklin  Spectacles.  [Named  after  B. 
Franklin^  their  inventor].  Spectacles  with 
each  eye-glass  divided  horizontally  into  an 
upper  lens,  suited  for  far  vision,  and  a  lower 
for  close  work. 

Pranklinic  Electricity.  Sutic  or  frictional 
electricity. 

Prasera  (fra'-urak).  The  root  of  Ameri- 
can Columbo ;  it  b  a  mild  tonic  and  simple 
bitter.     Dose  in  powder  3J  (4.0).     Unof. 

Praunbofer*8  Lines.    See  Absorption, 

Prazinus  (fraksin'-us).     See  Manna. 

Preckles  (frek^h).     See  LenHgo, 

Pressing  Microtome.  A  microtome  provi- 
ded with  a  contrivance  for  freezing  artifici- 
ally the  tissue  to  be  cut. 

Preesing-mixtore,  a  mixture  of  salt  and 
snow  or  ice,  which  absorbs  a  great  deal  of 
heat  in  undergoing  solution. 

Preesing-point,  the  temperature  at  which  a 
liquid  Ameses. 

Premitus  {frem'-it-us^  [L.,  a  murmur].  A 
vibration.  P.,  Friction,  the  vibrations  pro- 
duced by  the  rubbing  together  of  two  dry 
surfaces,  and  felt  by  the  hand.  P.,  Rhon- 
chat,  vibrations  produced  by  the  passage  of 
air  through  a  large  bronchial  tube  containing 
mucus.  P.,  Tactile,  the  vibratory  sensation 
COBTsyed  to  the  hand  applied  to  the  chest  of 


a  person  speaking.  P.,  Vocal,  the  sounds 
of  the  voice  transmitted  to  the  ear  applied  to 
the  chest  of  a  person  speaking. 

Frenulum  (fren' u-lum)  [dim.  oi  frenum,  ti 
bridle].  A  small  frenum;  a  slight  ridge  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  valve  of  Vicussens.  P. 
pudendi,  the  fourchet. 

Frenum  {fre'-num)  [L.,  a  bridle].  A  fold 
of  integument,  or  mucous  membrane,  that 
checks  or  limits  the  movements  of  any  organ. 
P.  linguje,  the  vertical  fold  of  mucous 
membrane  under  the  tongue.  P.  of  Penis, 
the  fold  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  glans 
penis  connecting  it  with  the  prepuce. 

Frensy  (fren'w)  \jppnv,  mind].  Violent 
mania. 

Friable  {Jri'-ab-l)  [friare,  to  break  into 
pieces].     Easily  broken  or  crumbled. 

Friction  (friJ^-skun)  \Jricare^  10  rub].  The 
act  of  rubbing.  P.-iremitus.  Sec  Fremitus, 
P.-sound,  the  sound  observed  in  ausculta- 
tion as  a  result  of  the  rubbing  together  of 
adjacent  parts,  e.  g. ,  of  the  pleural  folds,  the 
pericardium,  or  the  peritoneum,  when  the 
layers  are  dry  or  roughened. 

Friedreich's  Ataxia  or  Disease.  See  Dis- 
eases ^  Table  of.  P/s  Sign.  See  Signs  and 
Symptoms,  Table  of. 

Frigonfic  (frig -or- if -ik)  [frigus,  cold; 
facere,  to  make].     Producing  extreme  cold. 

Prog's  Belly.  The  flaccid  abdomen  seen  in 
children  suffering  from  rickets  or  from  atony 
of  the  abdominal  cells,  the  result  of  dyspepsia 
with  flatulent  distention. 

Prommann's  Lines.  Transverse  markings 
on  the  axis-cylinder  of  medullated  nerve- 
fibers,  seen  after  treatment  with  silver  nitrate. 

Pron's  Reagent.  The  double  iodid  of  potas 
sium  and  bismuth,  used  as  a  test  for  alkaloids. 

Front-tap  Contraction  of  Oowers.  See 
Reflexes,  Table  of 

Frontal  {frunf-al)  [frons,  forehead].  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  anterior  part  or  a5|)ect  of  an 
organ  or  body.  2.  Belonging  to  the  fore- 
head. P.  Bone,  the  anterior  bone  of  the 
skull  and  superior  bone  of  the  face.  P.  £mi> 
nence.  5>ee  Eminence.  P.  Lobe.  S<re 
Lobe.  P.  Section.  See  Section,  P.  St* 
nuses,  the  hollow  airspaces  in  the  frontal 
bone. 

Pronto-  (frun'to-)  [from,  the  forehead]. 
A  prefix  denoting  anterior  pO!>ition,  or  ex- 
pressing a  relation  with  the  forehead. 

Frost-bite,  the  morbid  condition  of  a  part, 
the  result  of  extreme  cold. 

Frost-itch,  a  name  for  Prurigo  hiematis. 

Frosted  Feet  (fros'-teJfet).     See  CktlbUin, 

Fructose  (fmk'-t&s)  [fnutus,  fruit],  C,H|,- 
O^.  Fruit-sugar,  formerly  called  levulose ;  it 
is  found  in  nearly  all  sweet  fruits. 

Fruit  i/rute)  \fnutus ,  fruit  ] .  I .  The  derrl  - 
oped  ovary  of  a  phmt,  and  especially  the  sue 


FRUMENTUM 


FUSEL  OIL 


colent,  fleshy  parts  gathered  about  the  same. 
2.  The  offspring  of  animals.  F. -sugar.  See 
Fructose, 

Framentum  {Jru-men' -turn)  [L.].     Wheat 
or  other  grain.     Spiritus  frumefiti^  whisky. 
Ft.    Abbreviation  for  fiat  or  fiant^  L.  for  Let 
(here  be  made. 

Fuchsin  (fock^-sin)  [after  Leonhard  Fuchs], 
(yijjNj.  CjUfir      I'^e  hydrochlorid  or  ace- 
tate of  rosanilin,  a  lustrous,  green,  crystalline 
lalt  imparting  an  intense  red  color  to  solu- 
tions.   It  is  employed  as  a  staining  agent  in 
microscopy,  and  has  been  used  internally  in 
alburoiouria.     Dose  gr.  ^f^f^  (0.006-0.01). 
Fucus  {fu^'km)  [^vKOf,  seaweed].     A  genus 
of  marine  algte,  the  rock- weeds.     F.  vesi- 
culosus,   bladder- wrack,  sea- wrack.     It  is 
employed   in  goiter  and  glandular  enlarge- 
ments, and   in   obesity,  under  the  name  of 
aotifat.     Dose  of  the   solid   extract,  gr.  x 
(0.65) ;  of  the  fluid  extract,  fsj-ij  (4.0-8.0). 
Unof. 
Fulgurant  (fui'-gurant)  [/«^r  .lightning]. 
Lightning- like.     F.   Pains,  pains  that   are 
excruciating  and  come  on  with  lightning-like 
suddenness,  and  disappear  as  quickly. 
Fulminant,  or  Fulminating  (fui'-min-ant, 
or  ful' -min-a^ng)  \J'ulmiHare y  to  lighten]. 
Sudden,  severe,  and  rapid  in  course;  as  ful- 
minant glaucoma. 
Fumigation  (fu-mig-a^-shun )  [fiitnigare,  to 
smoke].     Disinfection    by  exposure  to  the 
fumes  of  a  vaporized  disinfectant. 
Fuming  {fuf-ming\\_fHmusy  smoke].    Emit- 
ting smoke  or  vapor. 
Function  (fungk^ -shun)  [^«^\  to  perform]. 
The  normal  or  special  action  of  a  part. 
Functional  {/ungk^-skun-al)  [fungi ^  to  per- 
form].    Pertaining  to  the  special  action  of  an 
organ.     F.  Disease,  a  derangement  of  the 
normal  action  of  an  organ  without  structural 
alteration. 
Fundament   (fun'dament)  [fundus^  bot- 
tom].     I.  The  foundation  or  base  of  a  thing. 
2.   '1  he  rudiment.     3.  The  breech. 
Fundamental  (fun-dam-mt'-al)    [fundus^ 

boUom].     Pertaining  to  the  foundation. 
Fundus   (fun^-dus)  [fundus^  the  bottom]. 
The  base  of  an  organ  ;  the  part  farthest  re- 
moved from  the  opening  of  the  organ.     F. 
oculi,  the  posterior  portion  of  the  interior  of 
the   c>e  seen  by  the  ophthalmoscope.     F. 
uteri,  the  part  of  the  womb  remotest  from 
the  cerrix.   F.  vesicae,  the  floor,  or  has  fond 
of  the  urinary  bladder. 
Fungiform  {fun' -jif-orm)  [fungus^  a  mush- 
rrvim  :  forma^  ^^^\     Heaving  the  form  of  a 
mushroom,  as  the  F.  papillae  of  the  tongue. 
Fungoid  (fung*  goid)  [fungus y  a  toadstool ; 
r26or,  likeness].     Resembling  a  fungus. 
Fundus    i/ung^'gus)  [L.].     I.  One  of  the 
lowest  orders  ot  plants,  without  stems,  leaves. 


or  roots,  and  destitute  of  chlorophyl.  The 
chief  classes  of  fungi  are  the  molds,  or  hy- 
phomycetes,  the  yeasts,  or  saccharomycetes, 
and  the  bacteria,  or  schizomycetes.  2.  A 
spongy,  morbid  excrescence,  as  proud  flesh. 
F.  of  Brain,  hernia  cerebri.  P.  of  Dura 
Mater,  a  tumor  of  the  skull,  of  malignant 
nature,  originating  in  the  layers  of  osteal 
cells.  F.  Foot.  See  Madura-foot,  F. 
hsematodes,  a  bleeding  tumor,  generally  a 
soft  carcinoma.     F.,  Ray-,  the  actinomyces. 

Funic  {fu'-nik)  [funis,  a  rope].  Pertaining 
to  the  funis. 

Funicular  {^funik' -ular)  [funis ^  a  rope]. 
Relating  to  the  umbilical  or  spermatic  cord. 
F.  Process,  the  portion  of  the  tunica  vagin- 
alis that  surrounds  the  spermatic  cord. 

Funiculus  (fu-nik'-u-ius)  [dim.  oi  funis,  a 
rope].  I.  A  cord- like  structure,  as  the 
spermatic  cord,  the  umbilical  cord.  2.  A 
bundle  of  nerve-flbers  in  a  sheath  of  perineu* 
rium.  3.  A  name  for  the  different  columns 
of  the  spinal  cord  and  medulla  oblongata ;  as 
the  F.  cuneatus,  F.  gracilis,  F.  of  Rolando, 
F.  teres.  F.  cuneatus.  Column  of  Burdach. 
F.  gracilis.    Column  of  Goll. 

Funis  (/n'-ww)  [L.].  A  cord;  the  umbilical 
cord. 

Funnel  {fun' -el)  [Etymology  doubtful; 
Welsh,  ffyneiy  an  air-hole].  I.  A  wide- 
mouthed,  conic  vessel  ending  in  an  open 
tube,  used  to  transfer  liquids  from  one  vessel 
to  another,  and  as  a  support  for  paper- filters. 

Furfuraceous  (furfur  a' -se-us)  [furfur, 
bran].  Resembling  the  scales  of  bran,  as 
F.  desquamation. 

Furrow  (fur'-o)  [AS.,  furh,  a  groove].  A 
groove.  F.,  Digital,  one  of  the  transverse 
lines  or  furrows  on  the  palmar  surface  of  the 
fingers.  F.,  Genital,  a  groove  appearing  on 
the  genital  tubercle  of  the  fetus  at  the  end 
of  the  second  month. 

Furuncle  (fu-rung'-ki).     See  Furunculus. 

Furunculosis  {foi-rung-ku-iy -sis)  [furun- 
culus, a  boil].  A  condition  associated  with 
the  formation  of  furuncles. 

Furunculus  (fu-rung'  kulus)[\^.\  A  boil. 
A  local  inflammatory  affection,  commonly  in- 
volving a  skin -gland  or  hair-follicle,  and 
ending  in  suppuration.  It  begins  with  a  pain- 
ful induration,  followed  by  swelling,  suppu- 
ration of  the  corium  and  subcutaneous  con- 
nective tissue,  and  the  discharge  of  a  central 
slough  or  core.  F.  orientalis.  Oriental  boil, 
Aleppo  boil,  Delhi  boil,  Biscara  button,  Pend- 
jeh  sore.  Natal  sore.  A  disease,  marked  by 
the  successive  formation  of  papule,  tubercle, 
scab,  and  sharply  circumscribed  ulcer  on  the 
face,  especially  the  cheeks  and  angle  of  the 
mouth.  It  is  common  along  the  shores  of 
the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Fusel  OU  {Jufut),  CjH,iHO.  Amylic  alco- 


FUSIBLE 


GALANGA 


hoi.  An  oily  liquid  of  strong  odor.  It  b  an 
ingredient  of  crude  alcohol  obtained  by  dis- 
tilling grain  and  potatoes. 

Fusible  {Ju'-tibl)  [/usus,  melted].  Capa- 
ble of  being  melt^.  P.  Calculus,  a  calcu- 
lus that  can  be  liquefied  by  heat. 

Pusiform  (fu'-ttf-orm)  [/usms,  a  spindle; 
forma^  shapel.  Spindle-snaped.  P.  Pap- 
ills,  the  slender  papillae  covering  the  anterior 
two-thirds  of  the  tongue.     P.  Lobule,  the 


conTolutlon  on  the  median  aspect  of  the 
brain  below  the  collateral  fissure. 

Pusion  {fu'-thun)  [Jtmdere^  to  pour  out]. 
The  process  of  melting ;  the  ac(  of  uniting, 
or  cohering. 

Pustigation  {fus-Hg-a'-skun)  [/ust^ofT,  to 
beat].  KlagellaUon.  P.,  Electric,  an  ap- 
plication of  electricity  in  which  the  surface 
of  the  body  is  rapidly  tapped  with  the  elec- 
trodes of  an  induced  current 


O.    Abbreriation  tAgram, 

Qadinin  (^aJ^-m-m),  C^H,fNO,.  A  pto- 
roain  obtained  from  decomposing  haddock, 
and  also  from  cultures  of  the  bacteria  of  hu- 
man feces. 

Qaduin   {gad'-u-in)   [gadus,  the    codfish^. 


"^ 


-liver  oil. 

Oadus  (ga'dus)  [y4<5of,  the  whiting].  A 
genus  oi  fish.  Q.  morrhua,  the  cod ;  a  fish 
from  the  livers  of  which  cod-liver  oil  is  ob- 
tained. 

Qaertner,  Duct  of.    See  Duti. 

Oag  [Welsh,  cegio,  to  choke] .  An  instrument 
placed  between  the  teeth  to  prevent  closure 
of  the  jaws. 

Oait  (gdi)  [Icel.  gata^  a  way].  The  manner 
of  wiUking.  Q.,  Ataxic,  a  gait  in  which 
the  foot  is  raised  high,  thrown  forward,  and 
brought  down  suddenly,  the  whole  sole  strik- 
ing the  ground  at  once .  G.,  Cerebellar,  a  gait 
associated  with  a  staggering  movement  G., 
Spastic,  a  gait  in  which  the  legs  are  held 
close  together  and  move  in  a  stiff  manner, 
and  the  toes  tend  to  drag  and  catch.  O., 
Steppage,  a  gait  observed  in  certain  neuro- 
tic conditions,  in  which  the  foot  is  thrown 
forcibly  forward,  the  toe  lifted  high  in  the 
air,  the  heel  being  first  brought  down  and 
then  the  entire  foot. 

Galactagogue  (galak^-tagog)  [ytiAa,  milk; 
ayiay6<i^  leading],  i.  Inducing  the  secretion 
of  milk.  2.  An  agent  that  increases  the  se- 
cretion of  milk. 

Oalactidrosis  (gal-aJk-tid-rt/'sis)  [y&Xa, 
milk ;  i^/>^,  sweat].  The  sweating  of  a 
milk  like  fluid. 

OaUctin  (galaJ^-HH)  \y6)M,  milk],  Cj^H.,- 
N.O^.  An  amorphous  alkaloid  found  in  milk. 

Galactoblast  {galak' to-bloit)  \yiika,  milk; 
fiXaord^,  a  germ].  A  peculiar  fat -containing 
globule  found  in  the  acini  of  the  mammary 
gland. 


Galactocele  {gal't^-iO'til)  \y6Xa,  milk; 
Kfjhiy  tumor].  I.  A  cystic  tumor  of  the  fe- 
male breast  due  to  a  collection  of  milk  result- 
ing from  closure  of  a  milk -duct  2.  Hydro- 
cele with  milky  contents. 

Oalactometer  (gaJ-ak-tcm'-et-er),  See  Let- 
tometer, 

Galactophlysis  (gal-ak-toff'-Hs-U)  [  y^Aa, 
milk;  ^>v(t<c,  eruption].  A  vesicular  erup- 
tion containing  a  milk-like  fluid. 

Galactophorous  (gal-aJktoff'  or-us)  [ydAn, 
milk  ;  ^petv,  to  bear].  Milk-bearing.  G. 
Ducts,  the  excretory  ducts  of  the  mammae. 

Galactophygous  (gal-ak-tof^ -ig-us)  [y<i^, 
milk ;  ^171^,  flight].  Arresting  the  secretion 
of  milk. 

Galactoplania  {gal-ak-tch^a' -ne^^)  [}^^» 
milk;  frAovi;,  a  wandering].  The  metaistasis 
of  milk ;  a  disease  due  to  the  suppression 
of  lactation  and  the  metastasis  of  the  milk. 

Galactopoietic  (gal-aJk-tc-poief -ik)  [ydAa, 
milk;  irotieiv,  to  make].     Galactagogue. 

Galactorrhea  {gal-ak-tor-e'-ah)  [ySXa^  milk  ; 
ixna^  a  flow].     An  excessive  flow  of  milk. 

Oalactoscope  (galaJk^-to-skdp).  See  Laet^- 
scope. 

Galactose  (galaytds)  [yd^o,  milk],  C;H„- 
0|.  A  sugar  formed  by  boiling  milk-sugar 
with  dilute  adds.  It  readily  reduces  alkaline 
copper-solutions  and  is  fermentable  with 
yeast. 

Oalactostasis  ( gaJ- ak - tos*- /as -is)  [  y6Xa, 
milk  ;  or&otc,  stoppage].  A  stoppage  of 
the  milk. 

Galactotherapy  (gal-akto-thrr^-ape)  [>^o, 
milk;  dtpantivt  treatment].  I.  The  treat- 
ment of  disease  in  suckling  infiants  by  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  remedies  to  the  mother  or 
wet-nurse.     2.   Milk-cure. 

Galanga,  or  Galangal  (gnlang^.gmk,  or 
gal'-an-gal)  [Chin.].  The  rhizome  of  Al- 
pinia  ofBcinaram,  and  of  Maranta  galgangm 
(gr^t  galangal).     The  active  prind^et  are  a 


GALBANUM 


GANGLION 


Tolatile  oil  and  a  resin  ;  the  actions  those  of 
a  stimulant  aromatic  Dose  gr.  xv-xxx 
(1.0-2.0). 

Qalbanum  (gal'-ban-um)  [Hth.  ^  khelbenoA, 
white  milkj.  I.  A  gum-resin  of  Ferula 
galbaniflua,  and  F.  rubricaulis.  It  is  ex- 
pectorant, stimulant,  and  antispasmodic,  and 
18  useful  in  chronic  bronchitis,  amenorrhea, 
and  chronic  rheumatism.  Locally  it  b  em- 
ployed in  the  form  of  a  plaster  for  indolent 
swellings.  Dose  gr.  x-xx  (0.65-1.3). 
O.,  Pil.,  Comp.,  now  termed  Pil.  asa- 
foetidse  comp.;  each  pill  contains  galba- 
num  gr.  jss,  myrrh  gr.  jss,  asafetida  gr. 
8S,  and  syrup.  Dose  ij~iij.  O.,  Em- 
pUstnim,  galbanum  16,  tmpentine  2,  Bur- 
gundy pitch  6,  lead-plaster  76  parts. 
Galea  (ga^-U-ah)  [galea,  helmet].  The 
aponeurotic  portion  of  the  occipito-fron- 
talis  muscle. 

Gall  Uaw/)  [AS.,  gea/M,  bile].  The  bile. 
G.-buidder,  the  pear-shaped  sac  on  the  un- 
der surface  of  the  right  lobe  of  the  liver,  con- 
stituting the  reservoir  for  the  bile.  G.- 
cyst,  th^  gall-bladder.  Q. -stones,  the  con- 
cretions occasionally  formed  in  the  gall-blad- 
der and  bile-ducts. 

Galla  (ga/^aA)  [L.].  Nut-gall.  An  ex- 
crescence on  the  leaves  of  dyer^s  oak,  Quer- 
cus  lusitanica,  caused  by  the  deposited  ova 
of  an  insect.  It  contains  tannic  acid  from 
10-75  per  cent,  gallic  acid  5  per  cent.  Dose 
gr.  v-xv  (0.32-1.0).  G.,  Tinct.,  20  per 
cent.  Dose  fgss-iij  (2.0-12.0).  G.,  Un- 
guentum,  10  per  cent.  See  Acid,  Tannic, 
G.,  Unguentum,  cum  opio  (B.P.),  an  as- 
tringent and  sedative  ointment. 

Gsllic  Acid  (gai'-ik).     See  Acid,  Gallic. 

Gallipot  (gal'-e-pot)  [OD.,  ^/<>^/,  a  galli- 
pot]. An  apothecary  s  pot  for  holding  oint- 
ments or  confections. 

Gallon  (gay -on)  [lliE.,galan;  l^. ,  congius]. 
A  standard  unit  of  volumetric  measurement, 
having  in  the  United  States  a  capacity  of  231 
cubic  inches. 

Galvanic  { gal-van^ -iJk)  [Galvani,  an  Italian 


scientist].  .  Pertaining  to  galvanism.  G. 
Battery.    See  Battery, 

Galvanism  {gal' -van-itm)  [Galvani,  an  Ital- 
ian scientist  J .  Primary  electricity  produced 
by  chemic  action. 

Galvano-  (gal-van' -o-)  ^Galvani,  an  Italian 
scientist].  A  prefix  denoting  a  galvanic  or 
primary  current  of  electricity.  G. -cautery,  . 
a  form  of  thermal  cautery  in  which  the  heat 
is  produced  by  a  galvanic  current.  G. -con- 
tractility, the  property  of  being  contractile 
under  stimulation  by  the  galvanic  current. 
G.-faradization,  the  simultaneous  excitation 
of  a  nerve  or  muscle  by  both  a  galvanic  and 
a  faradic  current.  G.-puncture,  the  intro- 
duction of  fine  needles  that  complete  an 
electric  circuit.  G.-therapeutics,  treat- 
ment by  means  of  the  galvanic  current. 

Galvanometer  (gal-van-om'-el-er)  [Galvani, 
an  Italian  scientist;  fUrpov,  a  measure]. 
An  instrument  used  for  the  qualitative 
determination  of  the  presence  of  an  electric 
current. 

Galvanoscope  (gal-van' -o-skdp)  [Galvani, 
an  Italian  scientist ;  aKonelv,  to  view].  An 
instrument  for  detecting  the  presence  and 
direction  of  a  galvanic  current. 

Gamboge  (gam-bdzh').     See  Cambogia. 

Gammacism  (gam'-as-izm)  Tgammaa'smus  ; 
yafifia,  the  letter  G].  Difficulty  in  pronounc- 
ing the  letters  g  and  k. 

Gamogenesis  (gam-o-jen'-es-is)  [y<iMOf ,  mar- 
riage ;  yeveatg,  origin].    Sexual  reproduction. 

Gangliform  (gang' -gle- form)  [ydyyT^iov, 
ganglion ;  forma,  form].  Havmg  the  shape 
of  a  ganglion. 

Ganglion  (gang'-gle-on)  [y&yy'ktov,  a  knot]. 
I.  A  well-defined  collection  of  nerve-cells  and 
fibers  forming  a  subsidiary  nerve-center.  2. 
An  enlarged  bursa  in  connection  with  a 
tendon.  G.-cell,  the  large  nerve-cell 
characteristic  of  the  ganglia  ;  similar  cells 
arc  found  in  other  parts  of  the  nervous  system. 
Ganglia,  Basal,  the  ganglia  at  the  base  of 
the  brain,  comprising  the  corpora  striata  (cau- 
date and  lenticular  nuclei),  and  optic  thalami. 


TABLE  OF  GANGLIA. 


Name. 

Location. 

Roots. 

Distribution. 

Andench*t. 

See  Petrous, 

Arnold's. 

SttOtic. 

Aodctilar. 

Set  Otic. 

Basal. 

At  base  of  cerebrum :  they  in- 
clude corpora    striata  and 
optic  thalami. 

Bidder's  (3). 

In  the  auricular  septum  of  the 
frog's  heart. 

Termination  of  the  cardi- 
ac branches  of  the  vagus. 

Heart. 

GANGLIA  GANGLIA 

TABLE  OF  GANGLIA.— a»i/^it«^4/. 


Nams. 

Location. 

Roots. 

DiSTKiBtrnoN. 

Bochdakk't. 

Above  the  root  of  one  of  the 
upper  incisor  teeth,  at  the 
point  of  communication  be- 
tween  the    posterior  nasal 
branch  of  Meckel's  ganglion 
and     the    anterior    dental 
nerve. 

Dental  ocnrca. 

Dental  MTVca. 

Cardiac,    lupehor 
(WrUberg). 

Beneath  the  arch  of  the  aorU. 

Superficial  cardiac  plexus.    Cardiac  plexus. 

CaroUd. 

In  the  lower  part  of  the  caver- 
nous sinus,  beneath  the  caro- 
tid artery. 

Filamenu  from  the  caro- 
tid plexus. 

Carotid  plexus. 

Carotid,  Inferior. 

Lower  portion  of  the  carotid 
canal. 

Carotid  plexus. 

Filaownu  to  the  carotid 
artery. 

CaroUd,  saperior. 

Upper  portion  of  the  carotid 
canal. 

CaroUd  plexus. 

Filamenu  to  the  carotid 
artery. 

Caaaerian. 

See  Gasserian, 

Cephalic. 

Sympathetic  gangUa  of  the 
bead.    They  include  the  cU- 
iary,    sphenopalatine,    otic, 
and  submaxillary. 

Cervical,  inferior. 

Between  the  neck  of  the  first 
rib,  and  the  transverse  pro- 
cess of  the  last  cervical  ver- 
tebra. 

first  dorsaL 

Cardiac  nerves  and 
plexua,etc. 

Cervical,    middle, 
or  thyroid. 

Opposite    the    fifth    cervical 
vertebra,  near   the  inferior 
thyroid  artery. 

Fifth  and   sixth  cervical 
ganglia. 

Thyroid  gland,  cardiac 
nerve,  caveraoua  plex- 
us. 

Cervical,  superior. 

Opposite  the  second  and  third 
cervical  vertebrs. 

Four  upper  cervical,  pe- 
trosal,   varus,     glosao- 
pharyngeai;   and    hypo- 
glossal nerves. 

Superior,  inferior,  exter- 
nal, internal  branches; 
carotid  and  cavcmoas 
plexuses. 

Cervical  (of  uterus). 

Near  the  cervix  uteri. 

Filaments  from  the  hypo- 
gastric    plexus,    sacral 
ganglia,    and    sacral 
nerves. 

Uterine  nerves. 

Ciliary. 

See  OphthabmU. 

OfCloquet. 

Incisor  foramen. 

Nasopalatine  nerves. 

Nssopalatine  nerves. 

Coccygeal. 

See  Impar, 

Gasser's. 

See  Gass^rum. 

Gasscrian,  or  semi- 
lunar. 

Fossa  on  the  anterior  part  of 
the   petrous   portion  of  the 
temporal    bone,    near    the 
apex. 

Fifth  cranial  nerve,  caro- 
tid plexus. 

Ophthalmic,  superior 
and  inferior  maxilhuy 
nerves. 

Geniculate.               !  Aqueduct  of  Fallopins. 

Large  and  small  superfi- 
cial petrosal. 

Facial. 

Hepatic. 

Around  the  hepatic  artery. 

Hepatic  branches  of  the 
semilunar  ganglion. 

Liver. 

Impar,    or    coccy- 
geal. 

Anterior  surface  of  the  tip  of 
the  coccyx,  uniting  the  two 
sympathetic  nerves. 

Sympathetic. 

SympatheUc. 

Inferior  (of  vagus). 

Near  jugular  foramen. 

Hypoglossal  and  cervical 
nerves    and    various 
plexuses. 

Vagus. 

Inframazillary,  an- 
terior. 

Near  the  incisor  teeth. 

Inferior  maxillary  nerve. 

Filaments  to  Uie  teeth. 

GANGUA  GANGLIA 

TABLE  OF  GANGLIA— GwfAifi^^. 


Name. 

Location. 

Roots. 

DisTRiBirrioN. 

Inframaxillary,  pos- 
terior. 

Near  the  last  molar  tooth. 

Inferior  maxillary  nerve. 

FiUiments  to  the  teeth. 

Jugu]mT  (Ehrenrit- 
ter'»). 

Upper  part  of  the  jugular  fora- 
men. 

Glossophar>-ngeal. 

Continuation  of  the 
glossopharyngeal. 

J  u^lar  (of  vagus). 

Jugular  foramen. 

Vagus. 

Vagus. 

Ludwig's. 

Right  auricle  of  the  heart. 

Cardiac  plexus. 

Cardiac  plexus. 

Lumbar  (4  or  5). 

On  each  side  and  behind  the 
abdominal  aorU. 

Sympathetic. 

Sympathetic. 

Meckel's. 

See  Sphenopalatine. 

Mesenteric,     infe- 
rior. 

The  inferior  mesenteric  art«:r>'. 

Inferior  mesenteric  plexus. 

Mesentery  and  intestine. 

Mesenteric,  lateral. 

Ill  connection  with   superior 
mesenteric  plexus.on  left  side. 

Superior  mesenteric  plex- 
us. 

Mesentery  and  bowel. 

Mesenteric,    supe- 
rior. 

Near  the  origin  of  the  supe- 
rior mesenteric  artery. 

Superior  mesenteric  plex- 
us. 

Sympathetic. 

Nasal. 

?>^  Meeker  s. 

Ophtbalinic. 

Posterior  part  of  the  orbit. 

Nasal  branch  of  the  oph- 
thalmic,    third     nerve, 
cavernous    plexus,   and 
Meckel's  ganglion. 

Short  ciliary. 

Orbital. 

See  ophthalmic. 

Otic  (Arnold's). 

Below  the  foramen  ovale. 

Inferior  maxillary,  auricu- 
lotemporal,    glossopha- 
ryngeal,   facial,    sympa- 
thetic, and  internal  pte- 
r>goid. 

Tensor  tympani,  tensor 
palati,  chorda  tympani. 

Petrous       (An- 
dersch's). 

Petrous  portion  of  the  tempo- 
ral bone,  lower  border. 

Glossopharyngeal. 

Tympanic,  sympathetic, 
and  vagus. 

Pharyngeal. 

Near  ascending    pharyngeal 
artery. 

Carotid  plexus. 

Carotid  plexus. 

Phrenic. 

Under  the  diaphragm  at  the 
junction  of  the  right  phrenic 
neive  and  phrenic  plexus. 

Sympathetic. 

To  the  diaphragm,  infe- 
rior vena  cava,  supra- 
renal capsule,  hepatic 
plexus. 

Prostatic  (of  Mul- 
ler). 

On  the  prostate. 

Prostatic  plexus. 

Filaments  to  seminal 
vesicles  and  cavernous 
tissue  of  penis. 

Pterygopalatine. 

See  MecM*s. 

Remak's. 

Tissue  of  the  heart,  near  the 
superior  vena  cava. 

Sympathetic. 

Sympathetic. 

Renal. 

Around  the  renal  artery. 

Renal  plexus. 

Renal  artery. 

OfRibea. 

Anterior  communicating  arte- 
ry of  the  brain.    (It  is  the 
upper    termination    of   the 
sympathetic.) 

Branches  from  the  two  su- 
perior ganglia. 

Sympathetic. 

Sacral  (4  or  5). 

Ventral  surface  of  the  sacrum. 

Sympathetic. 

Sympathetic. 

Scarpa's. 

Near   the   internal    auditory 
meatus,  at  the  point  of  junc- 
tion of  the  facial  nerve  and 
the  vestibular  branch  of  the 
auditory  nerve. 

Facial    and     auditory 
nerves. 

Internal  ear. 

Schacher's. 

See  Ophthahmc. 

GANGLIONIC  GANGRENOUS 

TABLE  OF  GANGLIA.— ai«/ii»«^</. 


Namb. 

Location. 

Roots. 

DiSTRIIUTION. 

Semilnnar  (a,  right 
and  left). 

Near  the  suprarenal  bodies, 
in  front  of  tne  crura  of  the 
diaphragm. 

Solar  plexus  and    great 
splanchnic  nerves. 

Solar  plexus. 

SoUr. 

See  StmiiuHar. 

Sphenopalatioe 
(Meckel't). 

the  sptienopalatine  foramen. 

Superior  maxillary,  facial, 
sympathetic. 

Anterior,  posterior,  and 
external  palatine,  naso- 
palatine, superior  nasal. 
Vidian,  pharyngeal. 

Splanchnic. 

See  5rMf/MiMr. 

Submaxillary. 

Above  the  submaxillary  gland. 

Gusutory,  chorda  tympa- 
tbetic. 

Mouth,  submaxillary 
gland,  and  Wharton's 
duct. 

Superior    (of    va- 
gt»). 

Jugular  foramen. 

Superior  cervical  and  pe- 
trous ganglia,  and  spinal 
accessory. 

Vagus. 

Suprarenal. 

Junction  of  tl>e  great  splanch- 
nic nerves. 

Solar  plexus. 

Suprarenal  plexus. 

Thoracic  (la). 

Between  the  transverse  pro- 
cesses of  the  vertebrae  and 
the  heads  of  the  ribs. 

Sympathetic. 

Splanchnic  nerves  and 
branches  to  spinal 
nerves  and  plexuses. 

Thyroid,  inferior. 

See  Cervical,  middle. 

Thyroid,  superior. 

See  Cervical,  superior. 

Tympanic. 

Canal  between  lower  surface 
of  the   petrous   portion    of 
the  temporal  bone  and  the 
tympanum. 

Tympanic  branch  of  the 
glossopharyngeal. 

Tympanum. 

Vagus:  (i)  of  the  '  Below  the  jugular  foramen, 
root,  teejMfuiar.- 1 
(a)  of  the   trunk  ' 
Warns). 

Vagus. 

Vagus. 

ValenUn's. 

Above  the  root  of  the  second 
bicuspid,  at  the  junction  of 
the    middle    and    posterior 
dental  nerves. 

Posterior  and  middle  den- 
tal  nerves. 

Filaments  to  the  teeth. 

Ventricular.               Sec  Biddtt's. 

Vestibular.               |  Aqueduct  of  Pallopius. 

Geniculate  ganglion. 

Vestibular  nerve. 

Walter»s.                  '  See  Impar. 

OfWrisberg. 

See  Cardiac. 

Ganglionic  {gang'gU'On^-iJk)  \y6rfyhavt  « 
ganglion],  rertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  a  ganglion. 

Gangrene  (gang^-grhi)  [ydyypaiva,  a  sore, 
from  ypaivetVf  to  gnaw].  The  putrefactive 
fermentation  of  dead  ussue.  G.,  Diabe- 
tic, a  moist  gangrene  sometimes  occurring 
in  diabetic  persons.  G.,  Dry,  shriveling 
and  desiccation  from  insufficiency  of  arteriiu 
blood.  G.,  Embolic,  that  caused  by  an 
embolus  that  cuts  off  the  supply  of  blood. 
G.,  Hospital-,  a  contagious,  rapidly  fatal 
form  arising  tmder  crowded  conditions,  par- 


ticularly in  military  hospitals.  G.,  Moist,  a 
form  with  abundance  of  serous  exudation 
and  rapid  decomposition.  G.,  Nosocomial, 
hospiul  gangrene.  G.,  Primary,  that 
without  preceding  inflammation  of  the  part. 
G.,  Pulpy.  See  C,  Hospital-.  G.,  Sec- 
ondary, a  form  with  preceding  inflamma- 
tion. G.,  Senile,  that  attacking  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  tged.  G.,  Symmetric, 
that  attacking  corresponding  parts  of  oppo- 
site sides.  It  is  also  called  Raynaud's  dis- 
ease. 
Gangrenous    ( gang'  -gren  •  us)   [yayypaam^ 


GARGLE 


GASTROHYSTEROTOMY 


gangrene].  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
gangrene.  G.  Emphysema.  See  Edema^ 
Malignant, 

Gargle  (gar^-gl)  [OF.,  gargouiller,  to  gar- 
gle]. A  solution  used  for  rinsing  the  pharynx 
and  nasopharynx. 
Garlic  (gar^-lik).  See  Allium, 
Garrot  (gar^-ot'\  [Fr.,  gar  otter,  to  bind]. 
Ao  instrument  lor  compression  of  an  artery 
by  twisting  a  circular  bandage  about  the 
part. 

Gas  (^a()  [a  word  coined  by  the  Belgian 
chemist,  Van  Helmontl.  An  air-like  fluid. 
The  word  is  especially  applied  to  those 
fluids  that  under  normal  conditions  are 
aeriform;  while  those  that  can  be  readily 
condensed  to  liquids  are  termed  Tapors. 
G.,  Laughing,  nitrous  oxid.  G.,  Marsh, 
methane.  G.,  defiant,  ethylene.  G., 
Permanent,  a  term  formerly  applied  to 
those  gases,  as  oxygen,  nitrogen,  hydrogen, 
that  were  thought  nonliquefiable. 

Gaseous  (ga%'e-us)  [see  Gai\,  Of  the  na- 
ture of  a  gas. 

Gasserian  Ganglion.    See  Ganglia^  Table 

Gasser's  Ganglion.    See  Ganglia,  TabU  of, 
Gastero-  {gas^-ttr-o-)  [yium^p,  belly].     See 

Gastro-, 
Gastralgia  (gastray-feah)  [yaor^p,  stom- 
ach ;  dAyof ,  pain].     Paroxysmal  pain  in  the 
stomach. 

Gastrectomy   {gas - trcJk ' -to-  me)    [yaarijp, 
stomach ;   tKTofSj,  a  cutting  out].     Excision 
of  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  stomach. 
Gastric  (gas'-triJk)  [yaar^p,  stomach].   Per- 
taining to  the  stomach.     Q.  Artery.    See 
Arterus,  Table  of,    G.  Crisis,  a  severe,  par- 
ox3rsmal  attack  of  pain  in  the  stomach,  ac- 
companied by  obstinate  vomiting,  occurring 
in  the  course  of  locomotor  ataxia.  G.  Juice, 
the  secretion  of  the  glands  of  the  stomach. 
It  is  a  clear,  colorless  liquid,  having  an  acid 
reaction  and  a  specific  gravity  of  1002.5, 
and  containing  five  per  cent,  of  solid  matter. 
A  small  amount  of  hydrochloric  acid,  0.2  to 
0.4  per  cent. ,  and  a  ferment  called  pepsin,  are 
the  essential  elements.     It  digests  proteids 
and  precipitates  the  casein  of  milk. 
Oastritia    {gas-tri^-tis)  [yaoHjp,  stomach; 
trt^,    inflammation].      Inflammation  of  the 
stomach.     It  may  oe  scute  or  chronic  ;  ca- 
larrfaal,  suppurative  or  phlegmonous,  or  diph- 
theric.      G.,    Atrophic,  a    chronic    form 
with  atrophy  of  the  mucous  membrane.     G., 
Hypertropnic,  the  early  stage  of  chronic 
Sa»triti»  in  which  there  is  a  n3rperplasia  of 
clie   cDucous  membrane.      G.  polyposa,  a 
iarta  of  chronic  gastritis  characterized  by  a 
li^rcat  overgrowth  of  the  connective  tissue  of 
ihc  organ,  giving  rise  to  polypoid  projections 
of  fibrous  tissue  covered  oy  epithelium. 


Gastxo-  (gas^-tro-)  [yaoiifp,  stomach,  belly]. 
A  prefix  denoting  relation  with  the  stomach. 

Gastrocele  (gas'-trosil)  [yaarijp,  stomach  ; 
KfjXri,  hernia.]     A  hernia  of  the  stomach. 

Gastrocnemms  (gas-trokne^ -me-»is\[yaaHjp^ 
belly;  Kvijfifi,  leg].  A  double-heaaed  mus- 
cle forming  the  greater  part  of  the  calf  of 
the  leg. 

Gastrocolic  {gas-tro-koV-ik)  \yaoriip,  stom< 
ach ;  K^Aov,  the  large  intestine].  Pertaining 
to  the  stomach  and  the  colon. 

Gastrocolitis  (geu-tro-ko-li'  -tis)  [yoon^/j, 
stomach ;  lUikw,  colon ;  irtq,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  stomach  and  colon. 

Gastrocolpotomy  ( gas  -  tro  -  kol-pof  -  0  -  nu) 
[yaoT^p,  belly;  Kd'Airo^,  vagina;  riftveiv,  to 
cut].  The  operation  of  Cesarean  section 
in  which  the  opening  b  made  through  the 
linea  alba  into  the  upper  part  of  the  vagina. 

Gastrodiaphane (gastro-di^ -af&n)  lyaor^p, 
stomach;  did,  through;  ^Ivetv,  to  show]. 
See  Gastrodiaphany, 

Gastrodiaphany  (Fas'tro-di-af' -an-e)  [yaa- 
Hjp,  stomach;  oid,  through;  ^/vetv,  to 
show].  A  method  of  exploration  of  the 
stomach  by  means  of  an  electric  lamp  known 
as  the  gastrodiaphane. 

Gastroduodenal  (gas'tro'du-o-de^-nal)  [yaa- 
li/p,  stomach ;  duodeni,  twelve  each].  Per- 
taining to  the  stomach  and  the  duodenum. 

Gastroduodenitis  ( gas -tro  -  du  -  od-  en-i'-  tis) 
[yaoT^p,  stomach;  duodeni,  twelve  each; 
iTtc,  inflammation].  Inflainmation  of  the 
stomach  and  duodenum. 

Gastrodynia  (gas -  tro -din' -e- ah)  [yaarijp, 
stomach ;  bdimj,  pain].  Paiu  in  the  stom- 
ach. 

Gastroenteritis  (gas-tro-en-ter-i^-tis)  {yaa- 
Hjp,  stomach;  hrrepov,  bowel;  irtf,  intuun- 
mation].  Inflammation  of  stomach  and 
bowels. 

Gastroenterostomy  {gas -tro -en- ter-os^ -to- 
me) lyaoTi/p,  .stomach ;  ivrepov,  bowel ;  ard- 
fia,  mouth].  The  formation  of  a  communi- 
cation between  the  stomach  and  the  small 
intestine. 

Gastroenterotomy  {gas-tro-en-ter-ot^-o-me) 
[yaarfjp,  belly;  ivrepov,  bowel;  rifivetv,  to 
cut].  Incbion  of  the  intestines  through  the 
abdominal  wall. 

Gastroepiploic  {gas-tro-ep-ip-lo' -ik)  [yaarijp, 
stomach;  imirXocv,  caul].  Pertaining  to 
the  stomach  and  omentum. 

Gastrohepatic  {gas-tro-he-paf-ik)  \yaariip, 
stomach ;  ^op,  the  liver].  Relating  to  the 
stomach  and  liver. 

Gastrohy sterectomy  (  gas-tro-his-ter-ek' -to- 
me) [yaaT^p,  the  belly;  varipa,  the  womb; 
kicrof^,  a  cutting  out].  Removal  of  the 
uterus  through  the  abdominal  wall. 

Gastrohysterotomy  igas-rro-Ais-ier-ot'  -o-me) 
[yaariip,  belly;   varipa,  womb;  rkfiuttv,  to 


GASTROINTESTINAL 

cot].  Incision  of  the  otenu  through  the 
abdominal  wall,  nsoallj  for  the  pixqx>se  of 
remoring  a  fetus. 

Gastroitttestinml  {gai'tro'intes''tin'al) 
\yoarijp,  stomach ;  iHteitifu\.  Pertaining  to 
the  stomach  and  intestine. 

Gastrolith  (gas^'tro-Uth)  [yaarfjp^  stomach ; 
yjOoit  a  stone].  A  calcareous  formation  in 
the  stomach. 

Gastromalacia  (gastro-maJa'sfoh)  [-ioa- 
T^p,  Stomach ;  ftoAaxia,  softening].  An  ab- 
normal softening  of  the  walls  of  the  stomach. 

Gastromelus (gaserom^-el-us)  ^ytwrr^p, belly; 
lUht^f  limb].  A  monster  with  accessory 
limbs  attached  to  the  abdomen. 

Gastxopathy  (gastrofathe)  [ytwrr^/),  stom- 
ach ;  -noBo^^  disease].  Any  disease  or  dis- 
order of  the  stomach. 

Gastrophrenic  (gastro-fren' -ik)  [yacHfp, 
stomach;  fp^,  diaphragm].  Relating  to 
the  stomach  and  diaphragm. 

Gattrorrhmgia  (gastrora/eah^  [yatrrijp^ 
stomach ;  ptfyvifvat,  to  break  forth].  Hem- 
orrhage from  the  stomach. 

Gastrorrhaphy  ( gas  -  tror^  -^-A)  [  y^ar^p, 
stomach ;  pa^^,  suture].  Suture  of  a  wound 
of  the  stomach  or  abdominal  wall. 

Gattrorrhea  (gastrore^ -ah)  [yaarijp,  stom- 
ach; /^ia,  a  how].  Excessive  secretion  of 
mucus  or  gastric  juice  in  the  stomach. 

Gastroschisis  (gastros''kis'is)[ya(rrfjp^  belly; 
ax'ioi^,  cleft].  A  congenital  malformation 
in  which  tbe  abdomen  remains  open. 

Gastroscope  (gas'-trosk^)  ^ycurr^p,  stom- 
ach; OKotrtlv^  to  see].  An  instrument  for 
examining  the  interior  of  the  stomach. 

Gastroscopy  {gas-tros' -kopf)  [jaar^p,  stom- 
ach ;  Ofumtiv^  to  see].  The  inspection  of 
the  interior  of  the  stomach  by  means  of  the 
gastroscope. 

Gaatrosplenic  (gastro-splm'ik)  [yaorijp^ 
stomach ;  (ttt^)^,  spleen].  Relating  to  the 
stomach  and  the  spleen. 

Gastroatenosis  (gas-tro-sU-ny-sis)  [yaoHjp, 
stomach  ;  OTtv6(;^  narrow].  A  narrowing  or 
stricture  of  the  stomach. 

Gastrostomy  (gastros^-ta-mr)  [ya/m^p.  stom- 
ach ;  dro/ia,  mouth].  The  esublishing  of  a 
fistulous  opening  into  the  stomach. 

Gastrotomy  (gas-trot' -o-me)  \yaariipy  stom- 
ach ;  rifjveiv,  to  cut].  Incision  of  the  abdo- 
men or  the  stomach. 

Gastroxia,  Gastroxynsis  {gas-troks^-f-ak, 
gas '  troks  -  in' -sis)  [yturHjp^  stomach  ;  ofi-c, 
acid].  Excessive  secretion  of  hydrochloric 
acid  by  the  stomach,  a  condition  that 
characterizes  a  form  of  dyspepsia. 

Gastmla  {gas'-tru-lah)  [joirr^p,  belly].  The 
embryo  at  that  stage  of  its  development 
when  it  consists  of  two  cellular  layers  formed 
by  the  invagination  of  the  blastula. 

Gastrulation  {gas'truia'-shun)  [yoor^Pt 


GELSEMairf 

belly].  The  process  of  formation  of  the 
gastnila  by  the  invagination  of  the  blastula. 

Gathering  [.AS.,  gadrian^  to  gather].  A 
collection  of  pus  beneath  the  surface. 

Gaucher's  Disease  f  gd  •  ihazS.  So  called 
primary  epithelioma  of  the  spleen. 

Gaultheria  (  i^aul the'-re  ah\.  NVintergreen, 
teaberry.  The  plant,  G.  procuml>cns,  the 
leaves  of  which  yield  a  volatile  oil,  oleum 
gaultben.?,  which  contains  90  per  cent,  of 
methyl  salicylate,  and  is  used  in  acute  rheu- 
matism, and  a^  a  local  antiseptic.  I>ose  of 
oleum  gaulthcriac  TT\^iij-x  (o  2-0.65 V  Spir- 
itus  gaultheriae  consists  of  oil  of  gaultheria 
5,  alcohol  05  parts,  it  is  ustti  chieHy  as  a 
flavoring  aj^enl.      I)f>sc  IT\^x-xx    0.05-1.3'. 

Gauze  (  j,'</7<': )  [so  called  l>ecause  first  imported 
ixovcxGii'M  in  ralc^tinel.  A  thin,  open-meshcd 
cloth  used  for  surgical  dres>injjs.  When  im- 
pregnated with  antiseptic  sulMances  it  is 
called  antiseptic  gau/e,  or,  according  to  the 
substance  used,  it  is  spoken  of  as  itidoform- 
gauze,  sui'liraate-cau/e   etc. 

Oavage  (g<n*-ahzh')  [Fr].  The  administra- 
tion of  litjuid  nourishment  through  the  stom- 
ach-tube. 

Gay-Lussac*s  Laws.     5>ee  Law. 

Gelatin  (yV/^aZ-m)  [^v/<ir^,  to  congeal].  An 
albuminoid  sub>tance  of  jelly-like  consi:»tence, 
obtained  by  boiling  connective  tissue  in  water. 
G.,  Bone,  the  gelatin  extracted  from  osseous 
tissue.  G.  Capsules,  capsules  of  gelatin  de- 
signed for  containing  medicines  of  nauseating 
taste.  G.  Culture-medium,  a  culture  me- 
dium for  bacteria  containing  from  8  to  1 5  per 
cent,  of  gelatin,  in  order  to  give  it  a  solid 
consistence.  G.,  Medicated,  gelatin -discs, 
or  Lamellae  (B.P.),  containing  traces  of  al- 
kaloids, for  introduction  into  the  conjunc- 
tival sac.  They  are  dissolved  by  the  tears, 
the  effects  of  the  alkaloids  being  thus  ob- 
tained. 

Gelatiniferous  (jflat-tnif'-er-us)  [gflatina^ 
gelatin  ;  ferrf^  to  bear].      Producing  gelatin. 

Gelatinize  (jel'-atinii)  [gt/a/ina,  gelatin]. 
To  convert  into  a  jelly-like  mass. 

Gelatinous  (jel-at'intis)  [;^<'/a//if/7,  gelatin]. 
Resembling  or  having  the  nature  of  gelatin. 

Gelose  (jW'-oz)  [ge/are^  to  freeze].  The 
gelatinizing  principle  of  agar-agar. 

Gelsemium  ( jel-iem'  e-um)  [  i^eheminnm^ 
jasmine].  Yellow  jasmine.  The  rtjot  of  G. 
sempervirens,  the  properties  of  which  are 
mainly  due  to  a  bitter  alkaloid,  gelsemin,  C., 
H„N(),,  a  powerful  motor  depressant,  anti- 
spasmodic, and  diaphoretic.  In  toxic  doses 
it  produces  diplopia,  extreme  muscular  weak- 
ness, and  anesthesia,  death  occurring  from 
asphyxia.  Gelsemium  is  used  in  neuralgia, 
especially  in  migraine,  in  dysmenorrhea, 
hysteria,  chorea,  delirium  tremens,  and  in 
nialarial    and    typhoid    fevers.      G.,   Ext,. 


GEMELLUS 


GERM 


Alcoholic  (B.  P.).  Dose  gr.  «^->i  (0.016- 
0.032).  G.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  TT\^ij-:xx 
(0.13-1.3).  G.,  Tinct.  Dose  n^x  (o.6*5j. 
Gelscmin.  Dose  gr.  ^(j-,y  (0.001-0.003). 
Gemellus  (iffmi^-us)  [dim.  of  geminus^ 
twin].  Applied  to  one  of  two  muscles,  G. 
superior  and  G.  inferior ;  also  to  the  gastroc- 
nemius muscle  on  account  of  its  two  heads 
of  origin. 

Gemmation  (jem-a^-sAun)  {^emmare,  to  put 
forth  buds].  Budding ;  a  mode  of  reproduc- 
tion seen  in  low  forms  of  animal  and  vege- 
tal life,  and  characterized  by  the  formation 
of  a  small  projection  from  the  parent-cell, 
which  becomes  constricted  off  and  forms  an 
independent  individual. 

Gemmule  {jem' -iil)[gentmula^  dka.ofgemma, 
a  bud].     A  small  bud. 

Genera  (y>«^ -^-r-^A)  [L.].    Plural  of  (7«i«j. 
General  (jen'-er-al)  (genus,  race].  Common 
to  a  class ;  distributed  through  many  parts ; 
diffuse.     G.  Anatomy,  anatomy  of  the  tis- 
sues in  general,  as  distinguished  from  special 
anatomy,  that  dealing  with  special  organs. 
G.  Paralysis,  or  Paresis.     See  Paralysis, 
General.     G.  Pathology.     See  Pathology. 
Generation  (Jen-era' -shun)  [jgenerare,  to  be- 
get].    I.  The  act  of  begetting  offspring.    2. 
A  period  extending  from  the  birth  of  an  in- 
dividual to  the  birth  of  his  offspring,  usually 
estimated  at  a  third  of  a  century.   G.,  Alter- 
nate, the  alternation  of  asexual  with  sexual 
generation  in  the  same  species  of  animals  or 
plants,  the  offspring  of  one  process  differing 
from  that  of  the  other.     G.,  Asexual,  re- 
production  without  previous  union  of  two 
sexual  elements;  reproduction  by  fission  or 
gemmation.     G.,  Organs  of,  those  that  are 
functional  in  reproduction.    G.,  Sexual,  re- 
production by  the  union  of  a  male  and  female 
element.     G.,  Spontaneous,  the  generation 
of  living  from  nonliving  matter. 
Genesial,  Genesio   (jene'-ze-al,  jene'-sic) 
[yivecic,  origin].     Pertaining  to  generation. 
Genesia  (/fif^-«-i>)[)'^ve<T<c,  production].  Be- 
gettin]^  ;   development ;   origin ;    formation ; 
generation. 
Oenctic   (jen-et'-ik)  [yhetri^,  generation]. 

Pertaining  to  generation  ;  producing. 
Genial  (  p-ne-al )  [y^veiw,  chin].   Pertaining 
to  the  chin.     G.  Tubercles,  four  prominent 
tubercles  on  the  internal  surface  of  the  lower 
jaw. 

Geniculate,  Geniculated  {jen-ik'-u-UU,  -ed) 
^rmte,  the  knee].  Abruptly  bent.  G. 
Sodies,  the  corpora  geniculata ;  two  oblong, 
fiactened  bodies,  the  external  and  internal  G. 
bodies,  on  the  posterior  inferior  part  of  the 
optic  thalamus.  G.  Ganglion.  See  Ganglia, 
TeMeof. 
Oenio-  {Jt^'m-O')  [yivfiov,  the  chin^.  A  pre- 
fix deootsog  connection  with  the  duo.    Q.- 


hyoglossus  Muscle.  See  Muscles,  Table  tf, 
G.-hyoid  Muscle.    See  Muscles,  Table  of. 

Genital  (jen'-it-al)  \jgenitalis,  pertaining  to 
generation,  from  gignere,  to  beget].  Per- 
taining to  the  organs  of  generation  or  to  re- 
production. G.  Eminence,  or  Tubercle,  an 
elevation  appearing  about  the  sixth  week  of 
embryonic  life,  in  front  of  the  cloaca,  and 
from  which  the  penis  or  clitoris  is  developed. 
G.  Furrow,  a  furrow  extending  from  the  gen- 
ital eminence  of  the  embryo  to  the  cloaca. 

Genitalia  (jen-ii-a'-le-ah)  [genitalis,  pertain- 
ing to  generation ;  from  gignere,  to  beget]. 
The  organs  of  generation.  In  the  male  these 
consist  of  two  testicles  or  seminal  glands, 
with  their  excretory  ducts,  the  prostate,  the 
penis,  and  the  urethra.  The  female  genitals 
mclude  the  vulva,  the  vagina,  the  ovaries, 
the  Fallopian  tubes,  and  the  uterus. 

Genito-  {jen'-it'O-)  [gignere,  to  beget].  A 
prefix  denoting  connection  with  or  relation  to 
the  genital  organs.  G. -crural.  Stc  Nerves, 
Table  of.  G.-urinary,  relating  to  the  geni- 
talia and  the  urinary  organs. 

Gentian  (jen'-shean)  [gentiana,  gentian]. 
The  root  of  G.  lutea,  containing  a  neutral 
bitter  principle,  gentiopicrin,  C,pHjgO,,,  and 
gentianin,  or  gentisin,  C^^H.fi^.  There  are 
several  other  species  of  gentian  (G.  purpurea, 
G.  catesbsei),  very  similar  in  action  to  G. 
lutea.  Gentian  is  an  excellent  tonic,  simple 
bitter.  G.,  Eat.  Dose  gr.  j-v  (0.065- 
0.32);  dose  of  the  British  extract  gr. 
ij-x  (0.13-0. 65 J.  G.,  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose 
f.:^ss-j  (2.0-4.0).  G.,  Infusum,  Comp., 
unof  Dose  f^HSJ  (4-0-32.0).  G., 
Tinct.,  Comp.  Dose  fgss-ij  (2.0-8.0). 
G.-violet,  a  basic  anilin-dye,  staining  tissues 
violet. 

Genu  (jy-nu)  [genu,  the  kneel.  I.  The 
knee.  2.  Any  structure  bent  liKe  a  knee, 
as  the  genu  of  the  corpus  callosum,  or 
of  the  optic  tract.  G.  extrorsum,  out- 
knee  ;  outward  bowing  of  the  knee ;  l)ow-leg. 
G.-pectoral,  relating  to  the  knee  and  the 
chest.  G.  recurvatum,  the  backward  curva- 
ture of  the  knee-joint.  G.  valgum,  inward 
curving  of  the  knee  ;  knock-knee  ;  in-knee. 
G.  varum.     Same  as  G.  extrorsum. 

Geophagism  (Jeof'-ajizm)  [yfj,  earth; 
^yeiv,  to  eat].  The  practice  of  eating  earth 
or  clay. 

Geranium  {je-ra'-ne-um)  [yepaviov,  gera- 
nium]. Cmnesbill-root.  The  root  of  G. 
maculatum,  the  properties  of  which  are  due 
to  tannic  and  gallic  acids.  It  is  an  astring- 
ent, useful  in  diarrhea,  etc.  G.,  Ext.,  Fid. 
Dose  f  Zss-j  (2.0-40). 

Gerdy,  Fibers  of.  A  transverse  band  of 
fibers  supporting  the  web  of  the  fingers. 

Gerlier's  Disease.    See  Diseases,  Table  of 

Germ  (jerm)  [h.,germen,  sprig,  offshoot]. 


GERMAN 


GLAIRIN 


I.  A  portion  of  matter  capmble  of  dereloping 
into  a  living  organism;  a  spore,  seed,  or 
embryo.  2.  A  bacterium.  Q.-area,  the 
spot  on  an  ovum  where  the  development  of 
the  embryo  begins.  G.-epithelium,  a  thick- 
ening on  the  ventromesial  aspect  of  the  Wolf- 
fian  body,  giving  rise  to  the  male  and  female 
sexual  elements.  G.-layer,  any  one  of  the 
layers  of  a  developing  embryo.  G.-plasm, 
the  reproductive  or  hereditary  substance  of 
living  organisms,  which  is  passed  on  from  the 
germ-cell  in  which  an  organism  originates  in 
direct  continuity  to  the  germ-cells  of  succeed- 
ing generations.  G.-theory,  the  doctrine  of 
the  origin  of  every  organism  from  a  germ  or 
germ-plasm ;  also  the  theory  that  certain  dis- 
eases are  due  to  the  development  of  micro- 
organisms in  the  body. 

German  (Jtr^-man)  [GermaMus,  German]. 
Pertaining  to  Germany.  O.  Measles.  See 
Rubeoia. 

Germicidal  {Jer''  mis-i-dal)  [germen^  a 
germ;  cader^y  to  kill  J.     Destroying  germs. 

Germicide  ijer'-mis'ld)  [/^ermen,  germ; 
cttcUre^  to  kill].  An  agent  that  destroys 
germs. 

Germinal  {jer^-min-al)  [gerwun^  a  germ]. 
Pertaining  to  a  germ  or  to  the  development 
of  a  tissue  or  organ.  G.  Area,  a  round  spot 
upon  one  side  of  the  vitelline  membrane  in 
which  the  development  of  the  embryo  begins. 
G.  Disc.  See  Disc,  G.  Membrane,  the 
blastoderm.  G.  Spot,  the  nucleolus  of  the 
ovule.  G.  Vesicle,  the  blastodermic  vesicle. 

Germination  {jer-mina'-shun)  [germina- 
tio,  sprouting,  budding].  Sprouting  of  a 
seed  or  spore. 

Gerontoxon  (jer-on-toks' -on)  [ykpuv^  an  old 
man ;  rd^w^  a  bow].     The  arcus  senilis. 

Gestation  {Jesta'  ihun)  [gestare^  to  bear]. 
Pregnancy.  G.,  Abdominal,  the  form 
of  extrauterine  gestation  in  which  the 
product  of  conception  is  developed  in  the 
abdominal  cavity.  G.,  Double.  I.  Twin 
pregnancy.  2.  The  coexistence  of  uterine 
and  extrauterine  pregnancy.  G.,  Ectopic. 
Same  as  G.,  Extrauterine,  G.,  Extra- 
uterine, pregnancy  in  which  the  product  of 
conception  b  not  coritained  in  the  uterine 
cavity. 

Giant  (Ji'-ani)  [yiyn^^  gi«nt].  A  being  or 
organism  of  great  size.     G.-celL     See  CelL 

Oibbosity  (gib-os^ -it-e)  [gibbus^  a  bump]. 
The  condition  of  being  nump-backed. 

GibtKHis  (giy-us)  [gibbus,  a  hump].  Hump- 
backed. 

Gibson's  Bandage.  A  bandage  for  fracture 
of  the  lower  jaw. 

Giddiness  (gid'-enes)  [ME.,  gidi^  dizzy]. 
A  sensation  of  whirling  or  unsteadiness  of 
the  body ;  vertigo. 

Gigantoblast     (ji  -  gan'  -  ip  •  blasi)     [yiyo^t 


giant;  ^Xo^r^c,  a  germ}.     A  large  nncleated 
red  corpuscle,  found  m  the  blood  in  per- 


nicious anemia. 


Gimbemat's  Ligament.    See  Ligamtni. 

Gin  (jin)  [OF.  ^  genevre,  juniper].  Common 
grain-spirit  distilled  and  flavored  with  iuniper* 
berries.  It  is  a  stimulant  and  diuretic. 
Spiritus  juniperi  compositns  is  its  official  sub- 
stitute in  U.  S.  P.  G.-drinker's  Liver. 
llie  liver  of  atrophic  cirrhosis. 

Ginger  {Jin'-jer\.     See  Zingiber, 

Gingiva  (pHJi'-vak)  [L.].  The  gum;  the 
vascular  tissue  surrounding  the  necks  oif  the 
teeth  and  covering  the  alveoli. 

Gingival  (/rV-/w-fl/)  [gingiva^  the  gum]. 
Pertaining  to  die  gums.  Q.  Line,  a  line 
along  the  gums,  seen  in  chronic  metallic 
poisoning,  as  the  blue  line  of  lead. 

OingivitU    (jin-jiv-"    ' 


gum ;  irt/^^  inflammation], 
the  gums. 

Ginglymus  (ging^'gHm-Hs).  See  Diartkrtis, 

Ginseng  {Jtn'-seng)  [Chinese,  ym/itfif,  gin- 
seng] .  The  root  of  several  species  of  Panax 
or  Aralia.  It  has  no  other  medicinal  vir* 
tues  than  those  of  a  demulcent,  but  it  has  a 
wonderful  reputation  in  China,  to  which 
country  most  of  it  is  exported. 

Giraldensian  Organ  or  Organ  of  Girald^a. 
Irregular  tubules  lying  in  the  convolutions 
of  the  epididymis,  lliey  are  the  atrophic 
remains  of  the  tubes  of  the  Wolffian  body. 

Girdle  (^y-*//)  [AS..^rdV/,  a  waistband]. 
A  band  designed  to  go  around  the  body ;  a 
structure  resembling  a  circular  belt  or  band. 
G.-pain,  a  sensation  as  if  a  girdle  were 
drawn  tightly  around  the  body.  G.,  Pelvic, 
the  bones  (the  two  ossa  innominata)  fonn- 
ing  the  support  for  the  lower  limbs.  G.-sen- 
sation.  Same  as  G.-pain,  G.,  Shoulder-, 
the  system  of  bones  supporting  the  upper 
limbs  or  arms. 

Gizsard  (gis^ard)  [L.,gigeria,  ihc  cooked 
entrails  of  poultry].  The  strong  muscular 
stomach  of  birds  used  for  triturating  the  food. 
A  proprietary  substance,  ingluvin,  prepared 
from  it,  has  been  used  in  dyspepsia. 

Glabella  (gia-bel'  aM)  Jdim.  of  giaber, 
smooth].  The  smooth  triangular  space  be- 
tween tne  eyebrows,  just  above  the  root  of 
the  nose. 

Glacial  (gla' -ske-al)  [giacies,  ice].  Icy ;  re* 
sembling  ice  in  appearance,  as  glacial  acetic 
or  phosphoric  acid. 

Gladiolus  (glad-e-o^'lus)  [dim.  of  glmdim^  a 
sword].  The  middle  or  second  piece  of  the 
sternum. 

Glairin  ( gldr^-in)  f OF. ,  giaire,  the  white  of 
cggt  from  clarm^  clear].  A  peculiar  organic, 
gelatinous  substance  found  on  the  surface  of 
some  thermal  waters.  It  u  also  called  I 
gin. 


GLAIRY 


GLANDULAR 


01air>'  (g^f^-f)  [OF.,  glaire^  the  white  of 
egg,  from  clarus^  clear].  Slimy;  albumin- 
ous. 

Gland  [gians^  an  acorn].  I.  An  organ  which 
secretes  something  essential  to  the  system  or 
excretes  waste  materials  the  retention  of 
which  would  be  deleterious  to  the  body.  The 
word  is  also  applied  to  structures  which 
were  formerly  thought  to  secrete,  as  the  supra- 
renal capsules,  the  pineal  gland,  etc.,  but 
which  have  no  visible  secretion.  In  structure 
glands  may  be  tubular  or  racemose,  simple  or 
compound.  2.  The  bulbous  end  of  the 
penis  and  clitoris.  O.,  Absorbent.  See 
G.^  Lymphatic.  G.,  Accessory  Thy- 
roid, a  small  mass  of  gland-tissue  connected 
with  the  thyroid  gland.  G.,  Acinous.  See 
G.^  Racemose.  G.,  Agminated.  See  G.^ 
Peyer's.  G.,  Axillary,  the  lymph-glands 
situated  in  the  axilla.  Q.  of  Bartholin,  a 
small  gland  on  eitherside  of  the  vagina,  open- 
ing  through  a  duct,  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
nympha ;  the  vulvovaginal  gland.  G.,  Blood. 
See  (7.,  Hematopoietic.  O.,  Bronchial,  the 
lymph-glands  of  the  root  of  the  bronchi. 
G.,  Brunner's,  the  racemose  glands  found 
in  the  wall  of  the  duodenum.  Q.,  Ceru- 
minous,  the  glands  secreting  the  ceru- 
men of  the  ear.  Q.,  Cervical,  the  lymph- 
f lands  of  the  neck.  G.,  Coccygeal  (or 
.oschka^s  G.),  a  small  vascular  body  at  the 
tip  of  the  coccyx.  G.,  Compound,  one  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  small  pouches ;  a  gland 
the  duct  of  which  is  branched.  G.,  Con- 
globate. See  (7.,  Lymphatic.  G.,  Duct- 
less, a  gland  without  a  duct,  as  the  supra- 
renal capsule.  In  reality  ductless  glands  are 
not  true  glands.  Q.,  Duodenal.  See  6^., 
Brunner*s.  G.,  Duvemey*8.  See  G.  of  Bar- 
tholin. G.,  Hematopoietic,  the  so-called 
glands  that  are  supposed  to  take  part  in  the 
formation  of  the  blcxxi,  as  the  spleen,  thymus, 
suprarenal  capsules,  etc.  G.,  Intestinal, 
Solitary,  the  isolated  lymph-glands  distrib- 
uted through  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane. 
G.,  Lacrymal,  a  compound  racemose  gland 
in  the  upper  and  outer  portion  of  the  orbit,  the 
function  of  which  is  to  secrete  the  tears.  G. 
of  Lieberkdhn.  See  Crypts  of  Lieberk&hn. 
G.  of  Littri  (or  of  Morgagni),  the  small 
racemose  muciparous  glands  in  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  urethra.  G.,  Luschka's. 
See  (7.,  Coccygeal.  O.,  Lymphatic,  small 
oval  masses  of  lymphatic  tissue  in  the  course 
of  l3rmphatic  vessels.  Their  functions  are  to 
act  as  filters  to  the  blood,  retaining  foreign 
particles,  and  also  to  form  white  corpuscles. 
O.,  Mammary,  the  glands  that  secrete 
milk.  G.,  Meibomian,  the  minute  seba- 
ceous follicles  between  the  cartilage  and 
conjunctiva  of  the  eyelids.  G.,  Montgom- 
ery's, the  sebaceous  glands  of  the  areola  of 


the  breast.  G.,  Mucous,  the  glands  in 
mucous  membranes,  secreting  mucus.  G., 
Parotid,  a  large  salivary  gland  situated  in 
front  of  the  ear.  O.,  Peyer's,  a  well-de- 
Bned  collection  of  solitary  lymphatic  glands, 
varying  in  length  from  I  to  4  inches,  and 
situated  chiefly  in  the  ileum.  G.,  Pituitary, 
a  term  for  the  hypophysis  of  the  brain. 
G.,  Prostate.  See  Prostate  Gland.  G., 
Pyloric,  the  glands  of  the  stomach  situated 
near  the  pylorus  and  secreting  pepsin.  G., 
Racemose,  a  gland  composed  of  a  number 
of  acini  communicating  with  several  excretory 
ducts,  which  usually  join  to  form  a  common 
duct.  G.,  Rivini's.  See  t7..  Sublingual. 
G.,  Salivary,  a  gland  that  secretes  saliva. 
G.,  Sebaceous,  the  glands  in  the  corium 
of  the  skin,  secreting  sebum.  G.,  Seminal, 
the  testicle.  G.,  Serous,  a  secreting  gland, 
the  cells  of  which  are  granular  and  spheric 
in  form,  with  central  nuclei,  and  which  se- 
crete a  thin  watery  fluid.  G.,  Sublingual, 
the  smallest  of  the  salivary  glands,  situated 
one  on  either  side  beneath  the  tongue.  G., 
Submaxillary,  a  salivary  gland  situated 
below  the  angle  of  the  jaw.  G.,  Sudor- 
iparous, the  convoluted  glands  in  the  skin 
that  secrete  the  sweat.  G.,  Thymus.  See 
Thymus.  G.,  Thyroid.  See  Thyroid.  G., 
Tubular,  a  gland  having  a  tube-like  struct- 
ure. G.,  Tubular,  Compound,  one  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  small  tubules  with  a 
single  duct.  O.,  Urethral.  See  G.  ofLittri. 
G.,  Vaginal,  one  of  the  glands  in  the  vaginal 
mucous  membrane.  G.,  Vulvovaginal.  See 
G.  of  Bartholin. 

Glanderous  (glan^-der-us)  [glans,  acorn]. 
Affected  with  glanders. 

Glanders  (glan^-derz)  lglans,ACOTn].  A  con- 
tagious disease  of  horses  and  asses,  but  com- 
municable to  man,  and  due  to  the  bacillus  of 
glanders  or  bacillus  mallei.  It  appears  in 
two  forms — as  glanders  proper,  when  affect- 
ing the  mucous  membranes,  and  as  farcy, 
when  limited  to  the  skin  and  lymphatic 
glands.  On  mucous  membranes,  especially 
the  nasal,  it  manifests  itself  as  isolated  nodules 
which  coalesce  and  break  down  into  deep 
ulcers  that  involve  the  cartilages  and  bones. 
It  is  apt  to  extend  down  to  the  lungs  and 
give  rise  to  suppuration  and  pneumonic 
processes.  In  man  the  disease  usually 
runs  an  acute,  febrile  course,  typhoid  in 
type,  and  terminates  fatally.  Farcy  is  char- 
acterized by  nodules  (farcy-buds)  in  the 
skin  and  lymphatic  glands,  which  break 
down  into  irregular  chronic  ulcers. 

Glandula  (gland'- u-lah)  [L.].  A  little 
gland. 

Glandular  { gland' -u-lar)  [glandula^  a  little 
gland].  Relating  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a 
gland. 


GLANS 


GLOMERULUS 


OUnt  {gland)  {j^lans,  an  acorn].  An  acorn- 
shaped  body.  O.  cUtoridis,  the  rounded 
end  of  the  clitoris  analogous  to  the  glans 
penis  of  the  male.  G.  penis,  the  conical - 
shaped  body  forming  the  head  of  the  penis. 

GUss  (^/tfj)  [AS.,  ^iiri,  glass],  i.  A  brit- 
tle, hard,  transparent  substance,  consisting 
usually  of  the  fused  amorphous  silicates  of 
potassium  and  calcium,  or  sodium  and  cal- 
cium, with  an  excess  of  silica.  2.  Any  arti- 
cle inade  from  glass.  G.,  Crown,  a  very 
hard  glass,  is  a  silicate  of  sodium  and  cal- 
cium. G.,  Flint,  that  composed  of  lead  and 
potassium  silicates.  G.,  Soluble,  potassium 
or  sodium  silicate,  used  as  a  substitute  for 
plaster  of  Paris. 

QUsset  {gias^-es)  FAS.,  gl<ts,  glass].  A 
synonym  of  spectacles  or  eye-glasses.  G., 
Bifocal,  those  that  have  a  different  refract- 
ing power  in  the  upper  part  from  that  in  the 
lower.  G.,  Prismatic,  those  formed  of 
prisms ;  used  in  insufficiency  and  paralysis  of 
the  ocular  muscles. 

Glauber's  Salt  (glau/bert)  [from  Glaubtr^ 
a  German  chemist].     Sodium  sulphate. 

Glaucoma  (glaiu  -  k</ •  mak)  [yXawuic,  sea- 
green;  hpa^  tumor].  A  disease  of  the  eye 
characterized  by  heightened  intraocular  ten- 
sion, resulting  in  hardness  of  the  globe,  ex- 
caTation  of  the  papilla  or  optic  disc,  a  re- 
striction of  the  field  of  vision,  corneal  anes- 
thesia, colored  halo  about  lights,  and  lessen- 
ing of  visual  power  that  may  proceed  to 
blindness.  The  etiology  is  obscure.  G. 
absolutum,  or  consummatum,  the  com- 
pleted glaucomatous  process  when  the  eye- 
ball is  exceedingly  hard  and  totally  blind. 
G.  hcmorrhagicum,  or  apoplecticum, 
that  associated  with  retinal  hemorrhage.  G., 
Secondary,  that  consequent  upon  other  ocu- 
lar diseases.  G.  simplex,  that  form  without 
inflammatory  sjrmptoms. 

Glaucomatous  {glaw-kom'-at-us)  [xAawr^if , 
sea-green].  Affected  with  or  pertaining  to 
glaucoma. 

Gleet  (gUt)  [AS.,  glidan,  to  glide].  The 
chronic  stage  of  urethritis  characterized  by 
a  slight  mucopurulent  discharge. 

Gleety  (gle'te)  [\S.,gh(ian,  to  glide].  Re- 
sembling the  discharge  of  gleet, 

G16nard*s  Disease.     See  Diseases,  Table  of. 

Glenoid  (giy-mM)  [>?  17117,  a  cavity ;  elAfM:, 
form].  Having  a  shallow  cavity ;  resembling 
a  shallow  cavity  or  socket.  G.  Cavity,  the 
depression  in  the  scapula  for  the  reception  of 
the  head  of  the  humerus.  G.  Fossa,  a  de- 
pression in  the  temporal  bone  for  articulation 
with  the  condyle  of  the  lower  jaw. 

GUa  (gU^-ah)  [yXia,  glue].     The  neuroglia. 

GUadin  {gli^ad-in)  [yTua^  glue].  A  proteid 
found  in  wheat-gluten. 

Glioma  (gUy-mah)  [^A/o,  glue;  bfta,  a  to- 


mor].  A  tumor  composed  of  neuroglia-cells 
and  occurring  iii  the  brain,  spinal  cord,  retina, 
nerves,  and  suprarenal  capsules.  In  the 
brain  it  closely  resembles  the  brain -substance, 
but  is  usually  more  gelatinous  and  darker. 
In  the  retina  it  is  often  combined  with  sar- 
coma (gliosarcoma).  It  may  also  be  com- 
bined with  fibroma,  myxoma,  and  neuroma. 
The  last  combination  is  known  as  neurogli- 
oma  ganglionare. 

GUomatosis  (gH-omat-(/sis)  [>X;a,  glue; 
bfMy  a  tumor].  The  development  of  exuberant 
masses  of  glioma- like  tissue  in  the  nerve- 
centers.  It  is  seen  in  the  spinal  cord  in  some 
cases  of-  s3rringoroyelia. 

Gliomatous  {^/ic/ -ma/us)  [y^-^a,  glue;  6fM, 
a  tumor].  Of  the  nature  of,  or  affected 
with,  glioma. 

Glisson's  Capsule.     See  Capsule. 

Globin  {gl</-bxn)  \ globus,  a  globe].  A  pro- 
teid derived  from  hemoglobin. 

Globule  {glob'  At)  [dim.  of  globus,  a  ball]. 
A  small  spheric  ptarticle,  as  a  blood -cor- 
puscle or  lymph-corpuscle.  Also  a  small 
pill  or  pellet. 

Globulicidal  (  glob  uUsi'-dal)  [globulus,  a 
little  ball ;  cadere,  to  kill].  Destructive  to 
the  blood -corptisclcs. 

Globulin  [glob'-ulin)  [^A>A«/«j.  a  little  ball]. 
I .  A  general  name  for  various  proteids  com- 
prising globulin,  vitellin,  paraglobulin,  or 
serum  globulin,  fibrinogen,  myosin,  and  glo* 
bin,  which  differ  from  the  albumins  in  not 
being  soluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  dilute 
neutral  saline  solutions.  These  solutions 
are  coagulated  by  heat,  and  precipitated  by 
a  large  amount  of  water.  2.  Specifically, 
a  proteid  found  in  the  crystalline  lens. 

Globulinuria  (globu-linu're  ah)  [globulus, 
a  little  ball ;  ot-pov,  urine].  The  presence 
of  globulin  in  the  urine. 

Globus  igiy-bus)  [L.].  A  ball  or  globe. 
G.  hystericus,  the  'Mump**  or  choking  sen- 
sation occurring  in  hysteria,  caused  probably 
by  spasmodic  contraction  of  the  esophageal 
and  pharyngeal  muscles.  G.  major,  the 
larger  end  or  head  of  the  epididymis.  G. 
minor,  the  lower  end  of  the  epididymis. 

Glomerate  {  glom'-er-at)  [glomerare,  to 
wind  around].  Rolled  together  like  a  bail 
of  thread. 

Glomenilitis  (glom-er-u-li' -iis)  [ghmfrulus^ 
a  small  ball ;  <nc,  inflammation^.  Inflam- 
mation of  the  glomeruli  of  the  kidney. 

Glomerulonephritis  {glom-er-uh-mef-ri^- 
h's)  [glomerulus,  a  little  ball ;  vNyi^,  the 
kidney;  inf,  inflammation].  Inflammatioo 
of  the  Malpighian  bodies  of  the  kidney. 

Glomerulus,  or  Glomenile  (glomer*  mhu^ 
or  glom'-er-Al)  [dim.  oi glomus,  a  ball].  I. 
A  small  rounded  mass.  2.  A  coil  of  blood- 
vessels projeaing    into  the  expanded  cad 


GLONOIN 


GLYCERITE 


(Bowman's  capsule)  of  each  uriniferous  tubule 
and  with  it  composing  the  Malpighian  body. 
Glonoin  (glo^-no-in)  [from  Gl=  glyceryl; 
0  =  oxygen;  N  ^=  nitrogen,  in  the  formtila 
G10,(N0,)3.  in  which  Gl  stands  for  gly- 
ceryl]. Nitroglycerin.  ,, 
Glossal  (gios^-al)  [y'kdaaa,  tongue].  Per- 
taining to  the  tongue. 

Glossalgia  (glos-al'-jeah)  [yXCtooa^  tongue; 
akyo^i  pain].  Pain  in  the  tongue. 
Glossitis  {glos-i'-Hs)  [yyUxTffa,  tongue  ;  irtf , 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  tongue. 
Glossoepiglottidean  (glos-o-ep-e-glot-id'  -e- 
an)  [yXiwTffa,  tongue;  In-/,  upon;  yTjutrri^^ 
glottb].  Pertaining  to  both  tongue  and 
epiglottis. 

Glossograph  {glos^-c-graf)  [yXtkraa, tongue; 
yf}iupetv,  to  write] .     An  instrument  for  regis- 
tering the  movements  of  the  tongue  in  speech. 
Glossohyal  (gios-o-hi^-al)  [yX^da,  tongue  ; 
votiA^^  the  hyoid  bone].     Pertaining  to  the 
tongue  and  the  hyoid  bone. 
GloBSoIabiolaryngeal  Paralysis  {glos-o-la- 
be-o-lar-in^-je-al).     See  Palsy ^  Bulbar. 
Glossology  (glos-oV -o-je)    \yXiMaa^  tongue ; 
^Myoq^  a  treatise].     A  treatise  concerning  the 
tongue. 
Q\o%W3i^%^y{glo5-op'-ath'e)\y'XJbaoa^  tongue; 
ftoldo^i  disease].     Any  disease  of  the  tongue. 
Glossopharyngeal  ( glos-o  -far  -  in'  -je  -  al) 
^'ACxtoa,    tongue;    ^pvy^,    pharynx].     I. 
Pertaining  to  the  tongue  and  the  pharynx. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  glossopharyngeal  nerve. 
Glos8oph3rtia    {glos  -  0  -Ji'-te-ah)     [yXanraa, 
tongue;  ^<Jv,  a  plant].     A  dark  discolora- 
tion of  the  tongue,  due  to  the  accumulation 
of  spores  and  dead  epithelium ;  black  tongue. 
Qlossoplegia    (glos-o- pW-je-ak)     [yAawaa, 
tongue;    ttX^)^,   stroke].     Paralysis  of  the 
tongue. 
Gloasospasm     (glos'  •  0  -  spatni)     [yAwatra, 
tongue;    airaofidi^  spasm].     Spasm  of    the 
tongue. 
Glossy  Skin.     A  peculiar  shining  condition 
of  the  skin,  due  to  trophic  changes  following 
injury  or  disease  of  the  cutaneous  nerves. 
Glottis    (j^lot'is)    [y'Aurriq,   glottis].      The 
space  between  the  vocal  bands. 
Glove-sirea.     The  area  of  anesthesia  of  the 
Hngersy  hand,  and  forearm,  in  multiple  neu- 
ritis.     It  corresponds  to  the  region  of  skin 
covered  by  gloves  of  various  lengths. 
Glovers*  Stitch.    The  continuous  suture  used 
espe<HaIly  in  repairing  wounds  of  the  intes- 
tines. 

Glucose  {gltt^'lcds)  [yAviciY,  sweet],  C,H„0,. 
r^rmpe-sugar;  dextrose.  I.  A  form  of  sugar 
fuuxid  is  many  fruits,  in  blood  and  lymph, 
and  in  the  urine  in  diabetes.  It  is  crystal- 
line;  its  solution  turns  the  plane  of  polarized 
light  CO  the  right ;  it  is  less  soluble  and  less 
sweet  tbmn  caoe-sugar,  and  ferments  readily. 


It  can  be  obtained  from  starch  by  the  action 
of  diastatic  ferments,  or  by  boiling  with  dilute 
mineral  acids,  and  crystallizes  in  nodular 
masses,  melting  at  86^  F.  2.  A  generic  name 
for  a  class  of  carbohydrates  having  the  com- 
position C,Hi,0^  and  of  which  ordinary 
glucose  is  the  type. 

Glucosid  (glu'-kO'Sid)  [yAvicvf,  sweet].  Any 
member  of  a  series  of  compounds  that  may  be 
resolved  by  an  acid  into  glucose  and  another 
principle,  llie  more  important  ones  are 
amygdalin,  arbutin,  myronic  acid,  and  salicin. 

Qlucosin  (glu'-kO'Sin)  [yAvici>f,  sweet].  Any 
one  of  a  series  of  bases  obtained  by  the  ac- 
tion of  ammonia  on  glucose. 

Glue  (glu)  [Low  \„yglutemy2s:Q\3&.  of  glus, 
glue].  An  impure  gelatin  prepared  by  boil- 
ing the  skin,  hoofs,  and  horns  of  animals. 
It  is  a  very  adhesive  substance,  and  when 
cold,  holds  firmly  together  the  surfaces  be- 
tween which  it  is  placed. 

Gluge*s  Corpuscles  (glu'gez)  [Gluge^  a 
professor  of  the  University  of  Brussels]. 
Compound  granular  corpuscles ;  compound 
granule-cells  occurring  in  tissues  that  are  the 
seat  of  fatty  degeneration. 

Glutamic  Acid  (glu-tam' -ik\  C5H9NO4.  A 
crystalline  acid  found  in  gluten  and  other 
proteids. 

Glutaric  Acid  (glu-tar'tk),  CjHjO^.  A 
crystalline  acid  found  in  decomposed  pus. 

Gluteal  (glu-te'-al)  [yAovriif ,  the  buttock]. 
Pertaining  to  the  buttocks.  G.  Artery.  See 
Arteries,  Table  of.  G.  Muscles.  See  Mus- 
cles,  Table  of.  G.  Nerve.  See  Nerves ^ 
Table  of.  G.  Reflex.  See  Reflexes,  Table  of. 

Gluten  (glu' -ten)  [gluten,  glue].  A  nitrog- 
enous substance  found  in  the  seed  of  cereals. 
It  consists  mainly  of  gluten -fibrin,  gluten- 
casein,  gliadin,  and  mucedin.  G.-bread, 
bread  made  from  wheat- flour  from  which  all 
the  starch  has  been  removed  ;  it  is  used  as  a 
substitute  for  ordinary  bread  in  diabetes. 

Gluteofemoral  ( glute-ofem'  -or-al)[y'kovr6^, 
the  buttock  ;  femur^  the  femur].  Relating 
to  the  buttock  and  the  thigh. 

Gluteus  (glute'us)  [>Amn-dc,  the  buttock]. 
One  of  the  large  muscles  of.  the  buttock. 
See  Muscles,  Table  of 

Q\M\:\Xi(glu'tin).  I.  Stt  Gelatin.  2.  Syn- 
on3rm  of  gluten-casein.     See  Gluten. 

Glycerid  (glis'-er-id)  [y'AvKtpd^,  sweet].  A 
compound  of  glycerol  and  an  acid  ;  the  neu- 
tral fats  are  glycerids. 

Glycerin,  Glycerinum  (glis' -er-in,glis-er-i' - 
num)  [y'kvKhq,  sweet].  I,  See  Glycerol. 
2.  In  the  B.  P. ,  a  solution  of  a  medicinal  sub- 
stance in  glycerol ;  a  glycerite.  G.,  Sup- 
positoria,  U.  S.  P. ,  each  contains  six  grams 
of  glycerol ;  they  are  used  in  constipation. 

Glycerite,  or  Glyceritum  (glis'-er-it,  or glis- 
er-i'-tum)   [yXtwcvf,  sweet].     A  mixture  of 


GLYCEROL 


GONEPOIETIC 


medicinal  substances  with  glycerin.  The 
following  glycerites  are  official :  G.  acidi  car* 
bolici ;  G.  acidi  tannici ;  G.  amyli ;  G.  boro* 
glycerini;  G.  hydrastis ;  G.  vitelli. 

Qlycerol  {gits' erdl)  [yAvxfc.  sweet],  C^- 
Hj(HO),.  Glycerin.  A  colorless  substance, 
of  syrupy  consistence,  sweetish  to  the  taste, 
obtained  from  fats  and  fixed  oils.  Chemi- 
cally it  is  a  triatoraic  alcohol,  and  may  be 
looked  upon  as  propenyl  alcohol.  It  is  solu- 
ble in  water  and  in  alcohol ;  and  has  a  spe- 
cific gravity  of  1. 25  at  15®  C.  It  is  used 
as  a  vehicle  in  phannaceutic  preparations,  as 
an  emollient  application  to  chaps  of  the  skin, 
as  a  laxative  administered  by  the  mouth  or 
in  suppository,  f6r  tampons  in  pelvic  conges- 
tion, as  a  substitute  for  sugar  m  diabetes,  as 
a  mounting-medium  in  microscopy,  and  as 
an  addition  to  bacteriologic  culture-media. 

Glyceryl  (gHs'eril)  [yXiwwf,  sweet].  The 
trivalent  radicle,  C,H|,  of  glycerol,  combining 
with  the  fatty  acids  to  form  the  neutral  fats. 

Qlycin  (git' -sin).     Synonjrm  of  Glyco€ol. 

OlycochoUc  Acid  {gliko-kol'-ik)  ryAi'«f«f, 
sweet ;  x^^^*  bile].  An  acid  found  in  the 
bile.     See  Acid, 

Oljfcocol  (gW 'ko-kol^yXvt;i%^  sweet ;  icrfAAa, 
glue],  C,H|NO^.  Also  termed  glycin,  gela- 
tin-sugar, or  amidoacetic  acid.  It  is  obtained 
when  glycocholic  acid  is  boiled  with  caustic 
potash,  baryta-water,  or  with  dilute  mineral 
acids;  also  by  boiling  gelatin  with  dilute 
acids.  It  is  capable  of  acting  as  a  base  and 
as  an  acid. 

Glycogen  {gW -ko-jen)  [yAwrf'f,  sweet; 
ywwav,  to  producel,  6(C,H,oOj)  -f-  H,0.  A 
carbohydrate  found  in  the  form  of  amorphous 
granules  in  the  liver-cells,  in  all  tissues  of 
the  embryo,  in  the  testicle,  muscles,  leuko- 
cytes, fresh  pus-cells,  cartilage,  and  other 
tissues.  It  is  formed  from  carbohydrates 
and  probably  also  from  proteids,  and  is 
stored  in  the  liver,  where  it  is  converted,  as 
the  system  requires,  into  sufpu-  (glucose). 
Glycogen  is  soluble  in  water,  dextrorotatory, 
and  is  colored  red  by  iodin. 

Olycogcny  (gli-kot'-en-e)  [jXiwrf-Ct  sweet; 
>^pf<r<c,  production].  The  normal  production 
of  glycogen. 

Glycol  (gli'kol)  [yXwrff,  sweet].  A  dia- 
tomic alcohol ;  a  compound  intennediate  in 
its  properties  and  chemic  relations  between 
monohydric  alcohol  and  trihydric  glycerol. 

Glycolytic  (gli-koiif  ik)  [>Ai'«y,  sweet; 
Xt'(T<c,  dissolution].     Splitting  up  glucose. 

Glyconin  (gli'-konin)  [jXwcif,  sweet].  The 
Glyceritum  vitelli  of  the  U.  S.  P.  it  is  a 
mixture  of  yolk  of  egg  45,  and  glycerol  55 
parts. 

Glycosuria  {glikosu'-re-ah)  [yXticif,  sweet ; 
ovpov,  mine].  The  presence  of  grape-sugar 
in  the  arioe. 


Glycuronic  Acid  {gli-kuron'iA).  See  AcU, 
GlycyrrhizA  {giis-ir-i'-ziih)  [j/twiV,  sweet; 
p<Ca,  root].  Liquorice  root.  The  root  of  G. 
glabra,  a  demulcent  and  mild  laxative,  of 
tweet  taste.  It  is  used  in  catarrhal  affections, 
and  as  an  ingredient  of  pills.  G.,  Ext., 
Liquid  (B.  P.).  Dose  fjj-ij  (4,0-8.0). 
G.,  Ext.,  Fid.,  a  vehicle  for  administering 
quinin.  G.,  Ext.,  Purum.  This  is  used 
for  making  pills.  G.,  Mist.,  Comp.,  Brown 
mixture.  Dose  f.^  ss-f  J  j  (16.0-32.0).  G. 
et  opii,  Trochisci.  Dose  1-2.  G.,  Pulv.^ 
Comp.,  compound  liquorice-powder.     Dose 


3J  (4.0). 
Oly. 


Glycyrrhizinum  (giisir-it-i'-num)  [>/t««fi<-, 
sweet;  /wCa,  root].  The  active  principle  of 
liquorice- root.  It  is  in  reality  an  acid,  glycyr- 
rhizic  acid,  C^^H^NO)..  G.  ammoniatum 
(U.  S.  P.),  amraoniated  glycyrrhizin,  a  sweet 
preparation  used  as  a  substitute  for  liquorice. 
Dose  gr.  v-xv  (0.32-1.0). 

Gmelin's  Test.  Same  as  Gmelinlfeintz^ 
Reaction. 

Gmelin-Heinu*  Reaction.  A  test  for  bile- 
pigments,  consisting  in  the  development  of  a 
series  of  spectral  colors,  green,  blue,  and  vio- 
let, when  strong  nitric  acid  is  added  to  a  so- 
lution containing  bile-pigments. 

Gnathic  ( na'thik)  fyio^,  jaw].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  jaw.     u.  Index.     See  InJex. 

Goa-powder.    See  Araroba, 

Goblet-cells.  Beaker-shaped  cells  found 
on  mucous  membranes. 

Goggles  (gog'iz)  [Irish  and  Gael.,  gog^  a 
nod].  Spectacles  with  colored  lenses  and 
wire  or  cloth  sides,  to  protect  the  eyes  from 
excessive  light  or  dust. 

Goiter  {goi'-tr)  \jg9ittur,  throat].  Enlarge- 
ment of  the  thyroid  gland.  It  is  also  called 
bronchocele,  tracheocele,  and  I>eri>yshirr 
neck.  G.,  Exophthalmic,  Basedow's  dis- 
ease. Graves'  disease. 

Gold  [AS.,  ^^A/,  gold  J.  Sec  A  uruM,  G.- 
beater's  Skin,  a  thin  membrane  prepared 
from  the  cecum  of  the  ox. 

Golden  Seal.     See  Hydrastis. 

Goll,  Columns  of     See  Column. 

Gomphosis  ( gomfo'-sis)  [7 <i/i^of ,  nail] .  See 
Synarthrosis, 

Gonagra  (gon-a'graM)  [>^-,  knee;  d;pa» 
seizure] .     Gout  of  the  knee-joint. 

Gonartnritis  {gon-arthri'-tis)  [><Jw,  knee ; 
^/)^pm%  ajoint;  <nf,  inflammation].  Inflam- 
mation of'^the  knee-joint. 

Gonecyst  (gon'-esist)  p-oiiy,  semen;  ia*ff*#f, 
cyst].     A  seminal  vesicle. 

GonecjTStitis  (gonc-sis-ti'tis)  [>tni^,  semen ; 
Kvrrrt^,  cjrst ;  iTt^^  inflammation].  Inflam- 
mation of  the  seminal  vesicles. 

Gonepoietic  (gon-e'Poi'ef'iJk)  [yoii^,  semen ; 
rrotiiv,  to  make].      Pertaining  to  the 
tion  of  I 


GONION 


GRANATUM 


Oonion  (g(/'fu  <m)  [ywvla^  an  angle].  The 
angle  of  the  lower  jaw. 

QoxiOQOCCVLZ  (goH'O'kok'-us)  [yovTj^  semen; 
x^Mcoc,  kernel].  The  organism  causing  gon- 
orrhea. See  Micrococctis  gonorrhea  ^  Bac- 
teria^ Table  of. 

Gonorrhea  (gom-or-e^-ak )  [yoi^,  semen ; 
^'a,  a  flow].  A  specific  infectious  inflam- 
mation of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  ure- 
thra and  adjacent  cavities,  due  to  the  gonococ- 
cus  of  Neisser.  The  disease  is  characterized 
by  pain,  burning  urination,  a  profuse  muco- 
purulent discharge,  and  a  protracted  course. 
It  is  apt  to  become  chronic,  and  is  frequently 
accompanied  by  complications — prostatitis, 
periurethral  abscess,  epididymitis,  cystitis, 
purulent  conjunctivitis.  It  may  also  cause 
arthritis  f gonorrheal  rheumatism),  endocar- 
ditis; and  in  women,  salpingitis.  Q.,  Dry,  a 
form  unassociated  with  discharge. 
GonofTbeal  (gon-ore^-al)  [y6v^,  semen; 
lioia,  a  flow] .  Relating  to  eonorrtiea,  as  G. 
ophthalmia.  Q.  Rheumatisna,  inflamma- 
tion of  one  or  more  joints  as  a  sequel  of  gon- 
orrhea. 

Goose  [AS.,  gos,   goose].     A  bird  of  the 
family  of  Ansennes.     O. -flesh,   G.-skin, 
cutis  ansera ;  a  condition  of  the  skin  marked 
by  prominence  about  the  hair-follicles. 
Oorget  (gor-yei)    [gurges,  a  chasm].     A 
ciumneled  instrument  similar  to  a  grooved  di- 
rector used  in  lithotomy. 
Gossypium  {gos-ifZ-e-um)  [L.].     The  Cot- 
ton-tree, Gossypium  herbaceum,  and  other 
species  of  Gossypium,  of  the  order  Malva- 
ceae.    G.  purificatum,  cotton -wool,  the  hairs 
of  the  seed  of  Gossypium  herbaceum,  and  of 
other  species  of  Gossypium,  used  as  a  dress- 
ing and  as  a  substitute  for  sponges  in  surgery ; 
in  pharmacy,  as  a  filtering  medi«im.    See  Cot- 
ion,     OoBsypii  radicis  cortex ;  this  is  used 
as  an  emmenagogue,  especially  in  the  form 
of  O.  radicis,  Ext..  Fid.     Dose  fgss-f.ii^j 
(2.0-4.0).      G.  seminis,  Oleum,   cotton- 
seed oil.     It  is  used  in  ointments. 
Goulard's  Cerate.     See  Plumbum.     G.'s 

extract.     See  Plumbum. 
Gout   (gowt)  [gutta,  a  drop].      A  disease 
characterized  by  a  paroxysmal   painful  in- 
ffamination  of  the  small  joints,  particularly 
the  great  toe,  accompanied  by  the  deposit  of 
sodium  urate.     The  attack  usually  comes  on 
at    Digifat,  is  attended   by   a  dusky,  glazed 
» welling  of  the  joint  and  agonizing  pain,  and 
di^>appears  with  a  sweat  in  the  morning,  to 
recur  a^n  at  night.     In  some  cases  gout 
|7resents  an  atypic  form,  appearing  as  dys- 
prfisia,    bronchitis,  or  intestinal  catarrh ;  at 
limes   it   produces  pneumonia  and  inflamma- 
tion of   tne  serous  membranes.    The  cause 
<i€  gout  is  not  definitely  known,  but  is  con- 
nected with  an  exceu  of  uric  acid  or  urates 


in  the  blood.  The  disease  is  most  com* 
mon  in  high  livers.  G.,  Latent  or  Masked, 
lithemia,  a  condition  ascribed  to  a  gouty 
diathesis,  but  not  presenting  the  typic 
symptoms  of  gout.  6.,  Retrocedent,  that 
form  that  presents  severe  internal  manifes- 
tations, without  the  customary  arthritic  symp- 
toms. G.,  Rheumatic.  See  Arthritis^ 
Rheumatoid. 

Oouty  (g^^'i^)  [i^^^Of  a  drop].  Of  the 
nature  of  goiit;  affected  with  gout.  G. 
Kidney,  chronic  interstitial  nephritis  due  to 
gout. 

Graafian  Follicles,  or  Vesicles  [Ragner  de 
Graaft  a  Dutch  anatomist].  Vesicular  bod- 
ies existing  in  the  ovary,  and  each  containing 
an  ovum. 

Gracilis  (gras^-il-is)  [L.,  slender].  See 
Muscles,  Table  of. 

Graduate  {grad'-u-ai)  [gradus^m  stepl.  A 
vessel  upon  which  the  divisions  of  liquid 
measure  have  been  marked. 

Graduated  (grad'-u-a-ted)  [gradus,  a  step]. 
Arranged  in  degrees  or  steps.  G.  Com- 
press, a  compress  made  of  pieces  decreasing 
progressively  in  size,  the  apex  or  smallest 
piece  being  applied  to  the  focus  of  pressure. 

Graefe's  Knife  [grafe\  A  narrow  knife  for 
the  performance  of  the  operation  for  cataract. 
G.'s  Signs  or  Symptoms.  See  Signs  and 
Symptoms,  Table  of. 

Graft  [ME.,  graffe,  graft,  from  ypdifteiv,  to 
write].  A  smalfportion  of  skin,  bone,  peri- 
osteum, nerve,  etc. ,  used  to  replace  a  defect 
in  a  corresponding  structure.  G.,  Sponge-, 
the  insertion  of  a  piece  of  sponge  into  the 
tissues  to  act  tis  a  framework  for  granulations. 

Grain  {jgrdn)  [granum,  grain].  I.  Seed, 
as  that  of  the  cereab.  2.  A  liody  resemb- 
ling a  seed,  as  a  starch-grain.  3.  The  unit 
of  weight  of  the  Troy  and  avoirdupois  S3rs- 
tem  of  weights.  See  PVeights  and  Meas- 
ures. G.  of  Paradise,  the  unripe  fruit  of 
Amomum  melegueta,  and  of  A.  granum  para- 
disi,  brought  from  W.  Africa.  It  is  an  aromatic 
stimulant  and  diuretic,  useful  in  some  cases 
of  neuralgia.     Unof . 

Gram,  Gramme  {gram)  [ypd^ifm,  inscrip- 
tion]. The  gravimetric  unit  of  the  metric 
sjTStem  of  weights  and  measures,  equivalent 
to  the  weight  of  a  cubic  centimeter  of  dis- 
tilled water  at  its  maximum  density. 

Gram's  Method.  A  method  for  staining  bac- 
teria. The  bacteria  on  the  cover-glass  or  in  the 
section  are  stained  first  with  Ehrlich's  so- 
lution, and  then  are  treated  with  Gram's 
solution  (iodin  I,  potassium  iodid  2,  water 
300),  and  then  with  alcohol.  Some  bacteria 
give  up  the  color  when  washed  with  alcohol. 

QT9Xi9,XMm  (gran-a'tum).  The  bark  of  the 
stem  and  root  of  Punica  granatum.  The 
bark  contains  punicotannlc  acid  and  mannite, 


GRAND  MAL 


GROOVE 


but  the  active  principle  is  the  alkaloid  pelle- 
tierin,  CgH,,NO.  The  chief  use  of  pome- 
granate and  Its  preparations  is  as  a  teniacide. 
Q.,  Decoctum ;  this  consists  of  J  ij  of  bark  in 
Oij  of  water,  boiled  down  to  a  pint.  Pel- 
letierin  tannate,  dose  gr.  |-J^  (0.032-0.048) 
(from  gr.  T-viij  (0.32-0.52),  according  to 
some  authorities) . 

Grand  Mai  [Fr., great  evil].  Epilepsy.  See, 
also,  Petit  Mai, 

Granular  (gran' -u-lar)  \j;ranum^  a  grain]. 
Made  up  of,  or  containing,  granules.  G. 
Lida,  trachoma.  G.  Pharjmgitia,  pha- 
rjmgitis  characterized  by  the  presence  of 
prominent  follicles. 

Granulation  (gran-u-la' -shun)  [granula^ 
dim.  of  granum^  a  grain],  i.  A  capil- 
lary loop  of  blood-vessels  surrounded  by  a 
group  of  connective- tissue  cells.  2.  Also 
the  process  by  which  these  are  formed.  3. 
The  formation  of  new  or  cicatricial  tissue  in 
the  repair  of  wounds  or  ulcers,  the  surface  of 
which  has  a  granular  appearance ;  also,  any 
one  of  the  elevated  points  of  such  a  sinface 
or  formation.  Q.-tisaue,  the  material  con- 
sisting of  granulations  by  which  the  repair  of 
loss  of  substance  or  the  healing  together  of 
surfaces  is  brought  about. 

Granule  {gran'-al)  [granu/a,  a  little  grain]. 
A  small  grain,  body,  or  particle,  as  the  gran- 
ules of  a  cell ;  also  a  small  pill.  G.-layer. 
See  Retina. 

Granuloma  (granu-lo'-mah)  [granu/um^  a 
small  grain ;  d/ia,  a  tumor].  A  tumor  or 
tumor-like  nodule  made  up  of  granulation-tis- 
sue. G.,  Infectioua,  that  due  to  a  specific 
microorganism,  as  tubercle,  gumma,  etc. 

Granuloae  (gran'-u/ds)  [granuia,  a  little 
grain].  The  material  that  forms  the  inner 
portion  of  starch -granules. 

Qrmnum  (gra'-num).     5>ce  Grain, 

Grape-cure  (gra/ZkAr).  A  treatment  of 
pulmonary  tuberculo&b,  consisting  in  the 
mgestion  of  large  quantities  of  grapes.  G.- 
augar.     See  Glucose  and  Dextrose. 

Graphite  (gra/'lt)  [yp&^tv^  to  write]. 
Plumbago,  or  black  lead,  an  impure  allo- 
tropic  form  of  carbon.  It  has  been  applied 
externally  in  skin-diseases. 

Graphoapaam  (graf'o-spaxm)  [ypo^,  writ- 
ing; oiracfidCf  spasm].     Writers'  cramp. 

Grating  (  gra'-twg)  [  grata,  a  grating] .  I .  A 
frame  or  screen  composed  of  bars.  2.  A 
sound  produced  by  the  friction  of  very  rough 
surfaces  against  each  other.  3.  A  glass 
ruled  with  exceedingly  fine  parallel  Hnes  to 
produce  chromatic  dispersion  in  the  rays  of 
light  reflected  from  it. 

Qntta^  {grak'ta(A)xA')  [Fr.].  A  method 
of  removing  morbid  growths,  as  poljrpi  or 
trachomatous  granulations,  by  rubbing  with  a 
hanh  sponge  or  brash. 


Gravel  (grav'-el)  \Yx.^gravelU^  from  Bret., 
grouant  gravel].  A  granular,  sand-like  ma- 
terial forming  the  substance  of  urinary  cal- 
culi, and  often  passed  in  the  form  of  detritus 
with  the  urine. 

Graves's  Disease.    See  Diseases,  Table  of. 

Gravid  (grot/ -id)  [^nt^r/,  to  load].  Preg- 
nant G.  Uterus,  die  womb  during  preg- 
nancy. 

Gravida  (grat/'id-ah)  [grazntlus,  pregnant]. 
A  pregnant  woman. 

Gravimetric  {grav  -  e  -  met'- riJk)  [gravis, 
heavy;  fiirpov,  measure].  Pertaining  to 
measurement  by  weight.  G.  Analysis,  an 
anal3rsis  in  which  the  component  substances 
are  weighed. 

Gravity. (^/-tft^-i/-/)  [^owV, heavy].  Weight 
G.,  Specific,  the  measured  weight  of  a  sub- 
stance compared  with  that  of  an  equal  volume 
of  another  taken  as  a  standard.  For  gaseous 
fluids,  hydrogen  is  taken  as  the  standard ; 
for  liquids  and  solids,  distilled  water  at  its 
maximum  density. 

Q«*y  (^«)  [AS.,^'n!y,  gray].  Of  a  color 
between  white  and  black.  G.  Hepatiaation. 
See  HepatiuUion.  G.  Matter,  that  form- 
ing the  outer  part  of  the  brain  and  the  inner 
part  of  the  cord,  containing  the  specialized 
cells  of  these  parts.  G.  Powder,  hydrar- 
gyrum cum  creta.     See  Mercury. 

Green  {grtn)  [ME.,  grene,  green].  Of  the 
color  of  grass.  G.  Blindness,  a  variety 
of  color-blindness  in  which  green  is  not  dis- 
tinguished. G.,  Paris-,  the  acetoarscnite  of 
copper.  G.,  Scheele's.cupric  arsenitc.  G., 
Schweinfurth'a,  s3monym  of  Paris-green. 
G.  Sickneas,  chlorosis. 

Gregarina  (gregari'-nak)  [grex,  a  herd]. 
A  genus  of  protozoa. 

Grindelia  ( grintle' leah)  [after  H.  GrinJe/, 
a  German  botanist].  The  leaves  and  flower- 
ing tops  of  G.  robusta.  wild  sunflower,  or 
gumplant,  and  G.  souarrosa.  G.,  Ext., 
Fid.  Dose  f 355  f3j  (2.0-4.0).  Iti»u<M^d 
in  asthma,  bronchitis,  and  whooping-cough, 
and  locally  in  rhus  poisoning. 

Grinder  {grin' tier)  [AS..^/«</tf#r,  to  grind]. 
A  molar  tooth. 

Grinder's  Asthma.  A  fibroid  pneumonia, 
a  chronic  affection  of  the  lungs  resulting 
from  the  inspiration  of  metallic  or  siliceous 
dust. 

Grip  or  Grippe  (grifi).     See  Tnfiuenta, 

Griatle  {grts'l)  [AS.,  gristel,  cartilage]. 
Cartilage. 

Groin  f Icel. ,  grein,  a  branch  or  arm].  The 
depression  between  the  abdomen  and  thigh. 

Groove  {groav)  [D.,  g^roef,  a  channel].  A 
furrow  or  channel.  G.,  Bicipital,  the  deep 
groove  on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  humerus 
separating  the  greater  and  lesser  tuberosities 
aoiid  containing  the  long  tendoo  of  the  UoepiL 


GROSS 


GUTTA 


0.,  Cftvemous,  a  broad  groove  on  the  supe- 
rior surface  of  the  sphenoid  bone  lodging  the 
internal  carotid  artery  and  the  cavernous 
sinus.  Q.,  Medullary,  a  long  shallow  fur- 
row that  appears  along  the  dorsal  line  of  the 
neural  tube  of  the  embryo. 
Gross  {p"^)  [Fr.,  ^<w,  great].  Coarse ; 
large.  O.  Anatomy,  anatomy  as  studied 
wiUi  the  naked  eye. 
Grove  Cell.    See  O//. 

Growing-pains  (gr</-ing)  [AS.,  grawan^ 
to  grow].  A  term  applied  to  pains  in4he 
limbs  occurring  during  youth,  and  perhaps 
of  rheumatic  origin. 

Gruel  {gru'-el\  [O.  Low  G.,  grut^  groats]. 
A  decoction  of  com -meal  or  oat-meal  boiled 
in  water  to  a  thick  paste. 
Orumous  (gru^-mus)  [grumus^  a  little  heap]. 
Gotted ;  consisting  of  lumps. 
Grutum  {gru'-tum)    [gru/um,  grit].     See 
Afi/ium. 
Gtt.    Abbreviation  of  gu//a,  or  gu/ta,  drop, 
or  drops. 

Guachamaca  {gwaw-shaw-ma7g/-kah).  The 
bark  of  an  apocynaceous  tree.     Q.  toxifera, 
or  Malouetia  nitida,  furnishes  a  virulent 
arrow -poison,  somewhat  resembling  curare; 
it  has  been  employed  in  tetanus  and  hydro- 
phobia.    Unof. 
Guaco   (gw€ni/-ko).      The    Mikania   guaco 
and  other  species  of  Mikania  and  Aristo- 
locbia,  used   in   South  America  for  snake- 
bites ;  it  has  been  employed  in  rheumatism, 
gout,  and  in  various  skin -diseases.     Dose  of 
a  watery  extract  gr.  iij  (0.19). 
Guaiacol  {gvn'-ak-ol)  [S.  Amer.],  C^HgO,. 
Methyl-pyrocatechin,  a  substance  ootained 
from  beech  wood  creosote  and  also,  syntheti- 
cally, from  pyrocatechin  and  methyl-sulphuric 
acid.     It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  creosote  in 
tuberculosis  in  doses  of  n\^iij-v  (0.19-0.32)  ; 
externally  it  has  been  employed  as  an  anti- 
pyretic, 20-40  drops  being  painted  on  the  skin. 
Guaiacam  {gwi'-ak-um).     A  genus  of  trees 
belonging  to  the  order  Zygophyllex.  G.,  Lig- 
Dum,  guaiac-wood,  is  the  heart-wood  of  G. 
officinale  and  G.  sanctum,  and  yields  guaiac- 
resin — Resina  guaiaci.      The  last  contains 
giiaxacic  acid,  C,2H.,O0,guaiac-yellow,guaia- 
cene,    C^H^O,  guaiacol,   and   pyroguuiacin. 
Guaiac   is  alterative,  expectorant,  and  dia- 
phoretic.      It   is  used   in   syphilis,  chronic 
rhenmatism,  and  gout. 
Gaanin  { gwcm/  nin)\VtTi'^ . ^huanu^  dung], 
CjH jN-O.     A  leukomain  found  in  the  pan- 
creas, bver,  and  muscle-extract,  as  a  decom- 
pcisitioD- product  of  nuclein.     It  also  occurs 
io  firuaoo,  and  is  non -poisonous. 
Guano  {gwaw'-nd)  [Peruv. ,  4i/affM,  dung]. 
The  excrement  of  sea- fowl  found  on  certam 
isJaods  ha  the  Pacific  Ocean.      It  contains 
gvaoin  aod  alkaline  orates  and  phosphates, 


and  is  used  externally  in  certain  skin-dis- 


Guarana  (gwcno-rah' -nah)  [Braz.].  A  dried 
paste  prepared  from  the  seeds  of  PauUinia 
sorbilis,  found  in  Brazil.  It  contains  an  alka- 
loid, guaranin,  CgHjoN^O,.  H.O,  identical 
with  OLfTein.  It  is  employea  in  nervous 
sick-headaches.  Dose  of  the  fluid  extract, 
n\,v-^xx  (0.32-2.0) ;  of  guaranin  gr.  j-iij 
(0.065-0.19). 

Gubernaculum  testis  (gu-bernak^-u-lum 
tes^'tis)  [L.].  The  conical-shaped  cord  at- 
tached above  the  lower  end  of  the  epididy- 
mis, below  to  the  bottom  of  the  scrotum,  and 
governing  the  descent  of  the  testes.  ^ 

Gubler's  Line.  A  line  connecting  the  super- 
ficial origin  of  the  trifacial  nerves.  A  lesion 
of  the  pons  below  this  line  causes  crossed 
paralysis.  G.*8  Tumor,  a  prominence  over 
the  dorsum  of  the  wrist  in  chronic  wrist-drop. 

Gullet  {gul'ei)  [gu/a,  throat].  See  £so/>A- 
agus. 

Gum  [gummif  gum].  A  concrete  vegetable 
juice  exuded  from  many  plants.  When 
treated  with  nitric  acid  it  yields  mucic  acid. 
Gums  are  either  entirely  soluble  in  water,  or 
swell  up  in  it  into  a  viscid  mass.  Various 
names  are  given  to  gums,  usually  indicating 
the  place  whence  exported.  G.  Arabic.  See 
Acacia,  G.  Benjamin.  See  Bentoin.  G., 
Blue.  See  Eucalyptus.  G.  Tragacanth. 
See  Tragacanth. 

Gumma  (gum^-ak)  [gummif  gum].  The 
gummy  tumor  characterizing  the  tertiary 
stage  of  syphilis.  It  consbts  of  granulation- 
tissue,  with  giant-cells,  and  is  the  seat  of  a 
peculiar  degeneration  which  causes  the  gum- 
my appearance. 

Gummatous  {gum'-at-us)  [gummi^  gum]. 
Of  the  nature  of  or  affected  with  gummata. 

Gurgling  [^r^«,  a  whirlpool].  The  pecu- 
liar sound  caused  by  the  passage  of  gas  through 
a  liquid.  It  is  observed  upon  palpation  of  the 
abdomen  in  enteric  fever  and  other  condi- 
tions in  which  the  bowel  is  distended  with 
gas  and  contains  liquid.  G.  Rl^le,  a  sound 
beard  over  the  chest  when  the  bronchi  or 
pulmonary  cavities  contain  fluid. 

Gurjun  Balsam  (gcr^-jun).  Balsamum  dip- 
terocarpi,  wood-oil.  An  oleoresin  obtained 
from  several  species  of  Dipterocarpus,  trees 
native  to  Southern  Asia.  It  is  similar  to  co- 
paiba, but  more  decided  in  therapeutic  effects, 
and  is  less  unpleasant.  It  is  used  as  an  expec- 
torant, and  in  leprosy  and  gonorrhea.  Dose 
TT\^xv-xl  (1.0-2.6). 

Gustatory  {gus* -ta-to-re)  [gustarc,  to  taste]. 
Pertaining  to  taste.  G.  Bud,  a  taste-bud. 
G.  Nerve.     See  Nerve. 

Gut   [ME.,  guty   intestine].     The  intestine. 

Gutta(^'-aA)  [L.].  A  drop.  G.  rosacea, 
rosacea.  G.  terena,  amaurosis.  G.-percha, 


GUTTATIM 


HALLUCINATION 


the  concrete  juice  of  Dichopsis  Gutta  and 
other  species  of  the  natural  order  Tapotacese 
It  is  used  to  make  splints,  as  a  dressing  for 
wounds,  and  as  a  vehicle  for  caustic  sub- 
stances. 

Outtatim  {gut-a^-tim)  [guita^  a  drop].  Drop 
by  drop. 

Outtur  (Fut^n)  [L.l.     The  throat. 

Qutturai  (gut^-uraf)  [j^utiur^  the  throat]. 
Pertaining  to  the  throat. 

GutturoteUny  (gut-u  rotet^-an-e)  [gu//ur, 
throat ;  tetanas^  tetanus].  A  form  of  stutter- 
ing in  which  the  pronunciation  of  such 
sounds  as  g^  k^  q^  is  difficult. 

Gymnastics  (Jim-nay -tiks\  [yv^v6^y  naked]. 
Physical  exercise,  especially  systematic  ex- 
ercise for  the  purpose  of  restoring  or  maintain- 
ing the  bodily  health.  G.,  OcuUr,  regu- 
lar muscular  exercise  of  the  eye  by  the  use 
of  prisms  or  other  means  to  overcome  mus- 


cular insufficiency.  G.,  Swedish,  a  system 
of  exercises  to  restore  strength  to  paretic 
muscles,  consisting  in  movements  made  by 
the  patient  against  the  resistance  of  an  atten- 
dant. 

Gynecian  (Jin-f^se-an)  [>wj^,  a  woman]. 
Pertaining  to  women. 

Gynecology  (jin  -  e  -  kci^  •  o  -je)  fyvw^,  a 
woman  ;  A<i^of.  science].  The  science  of 
the  diseases  of  women,  especially  of  those 
affecting  the  sexual  organs. 

Gynephobia  (jin-e-fo'  be-ak)  [yvw^,  woman  ; 
^tioc,  fear].  Morbid  aversion  to  the  society 
of  women. 

Gypsum  {Jifsum)  [>i'V«ff  chalk],  CuSC\ 
-f  2H,0.  Native  calcium  sulphate,  lie- 
prived  of  its  water  of  crystallization  it  consti- 
tutes plaster  of  Paris. 

Gyrus  (ji'-rus)  [>i'^x>c,  a  circle].  A  convo- 
lution of  the  brain.     See  ComvoluHon, 


H 


H.  I.  SymlK>l  for  Hydrogen.  2.  Abbrevi- 
ation for  Hjrpermetropia,  and  for  Haustus^  a 
draught. 

Habenula  {hab-en*  -ulah)  [Aabemt^A  rein]. 
I.  A  ribbon-like  structure ;  a  name  applied  to 
different  portions  of  the  basilar  membrane 
of  the  internal  ear.  2.  A  peduncle  of  the 
pineal  gland.  Ganglion  habenul«,  a  small 
club-shaped  body  on  the  mesial  surface  of 
the  optic  thalamus,  in  which  the  correspond- 
ing peduncle  of  the  pineal  gland  terminates. 

Habit  (hay  ii)  [habere,  to  have].  I.  The 
general  condition  or  appearance  of  an  indi- 
vidual, as  a  full  habit,  a  condition  of  ple- 
thora indicated  by  congestion  of  the  super- 
hcial  vessels  and  obesity.  2.  The  tendency 
to  repeat  an  action  or  condition.  H.-apasm, 
or  habit  chorea,  a  spasmodic,  constantly  re- 
curring movement  of  certain  voluntary  mus- 
cles, usually  seen  in  children. 

Habitat  (hayi/af)  [habUare,  to  dwell]. 
The  natural  home  of  an  animal  or  vegetal 
species. 

Habitus  (hay-i/^ts)  [habere,  to  have].  Gen- 
eral appearance  or  expression. 

Hachement  (hahsh-mani  g^)  )  [Fr. ,  hacking, 
or  chopping].  A  form  of  massage  consisting 
of  a  succession  of  strokes. 

Hackinff  (Aay-mg).     See  Hachement, 

Hadernkrankheit  (hah^-  dem  -  kronk  -  hit ) 
[G.].  A  disease  of  rag-pickers,  by  some 
supposed  to  be  anthrax.  Others  look  upon 
h  as  maUgnaot  edema. 


Hcma-  (hem'-ah-^  [oi/ia,  blood\,  A  prefix 
signifjring  relationship  with  the  blood.  See 
Hema. 

Haidin|^er*s  Brushes.  A  brush-like  image 
seen  on  directing  the  eye  toward  a  source 
of  polarized  light,  due  to  the  doubly  refrac- 
tive character  of  the  elements  of  the  manila. 

Hair  [AS.,  h4tr\,  A  delicate  filament  grow- 
ing from  the  skm  of  mammals;  collectively, 
all  the  filaments  forming  the  covering  of  the 
skin.  Hair  is  a  modified  epidermal  struct- 
tire,  and  consists  of  a  shaft  and  a  root,  the 
latter  expanded  at  its  end  into  the  hair-bulb, 
which  is  concave  and  caps  the  hair-papilla. 
H.-cell,  an  epithelial  cell  with  delicate  hair- 
like processes,  as,  e.g.,  the  hair-cells  of  the 
organ  of  Corti.  H. -follicle,  the  depression 
in  the  corium  and  subcutaneous  connective 
tissue  containing  the  root  of  the  hair. 

Halisteresis  (haiis-Ur-e^-sis)  [q>^,  salt; 
aripffoif,  privation].  The  loss  of  lime-salts 
of  bone. 

Halitus  (hal'it-us)  [L,  a  vapor].  A  vapor, 
as  that  expired  from  the  lung. 

Haller  [a  German  physiologist!  H.,  Circle 
of,  arterial  and  venous  circles  m  the  eye. 

Hall's  (Marshall)  Disease.  See  Diseases, 
Table  of. 

Hallucination  (haliu-sin-a'shun)  [halht- 
ctnari,  to  wander  in  mind].  A  false  sense- 
perception  ;  it  b  the  perception  of  an  object 
or  phenomenon  which  has  no  external  exist- 
ence, as  H.  of  sight,  sound,  smell,  taste,  or 
touch. 


HALLUX 


HEAD 


Hilhix  {Aa/^'Uh)  [W^.  The  great  toe.  H. 
valgus,  displacement  of  the  great  toe 
toward  the  other  toes.  H.  vanis,  displace- 
ment of  the  great  toe  away  from  the  other 
toes. 

Halo  {Aa^'/o)  [dhjc,  a  round  threshing-floor]. 
I.  The  areola  of  the  nipple.    2.  The  lumin- 
ous circles  seen  about  a  light. 
Halogen  {hal'-o-jtH\   [a^f,   salt;  yswav^  to 
produce].     A  univalent  element  that  forms 
a  compound  of  a  saline  nature  by  its  direct 
union   with    a  metal.      The   halogens    are 
chlcrin,   iodin,   bromin,    and   fluorin.       H. 
Acid,  an  acid  formed  by  the  combination  of 
a  halogen  with  hydrogen. 
Haloid  {hal'oid)  [a/c,  salt ;  WAjf,  likeness]. 
Resembling  sea-salt.     H.  Salts,  any  one  of 
those  compounds  that   consist  of   a   metal 
directly  united  to  chlorin,  bromin,  iodin,  or 
ftuorin. 
Ham   [AS.,   hamm,  the  ham].     The  back 
part  of  the  knee;  the  popliteal  space. 
Haroamelis  {ham-ame^-Us)    \a^a^  together 
with  ;  ^v?Mv,  apple-tree].     The  leaves  of  H. 
virginica;    witch-hazel.      It   is  styptic,  and 
sedative,  and   is  used  in  uterine  and  other 
hemorrhages  ;  as  an   application  to  hemor- 
rhoids and  to  contused  parts.      Ext.  hama- 
melidis  fld.     Dose  n\,x-xx  (0.65-1.3). 
Hammer,   Thermal.      A    hammer-shaped 
cautery-iron. 
Hammer-toe.     A  term  applied  to  a  condi- 
tion of  the  second  toe  in  which  the  proximal 
phalanx   is   extremely  extended   while    the 
two  distal  phalanges  are  flexed. 
Hamstring.     The  tendons  bounding  the  ham 
alx>ve   on   the   outer  and  inner  side.     H., 
Inner,  the  tendons  of  the  semimembranosus, 
sartorius,  gracilis,  and  semitendinosus  mus- 
cles.    H.,  Outer,  the  tendons  of  the  biceps 
flexor  cruris. 
Hamular    (ham^u-lar)     [hnmuSy  a  hook]. 

Pertaining  to  or  shaped  like  a  hook. 

Hamulus    (ham'-u-ius)    [dim.    of  Aamus,  a 

hook].       A   hook-shaped  process,   as  of  a 

Ijone.     H.  of  the  Cochlea,  the  hook-like 

process  of  the  osseous  lamina  at  the  cupola. 

Hand   [ME.,  Aanf/,  hand].     The  organ  of 

prehension     in     bimana    and  quadrumana, 

composed  of  the  carpus,  the  metacarpus,  and 

the    phalanges.     H.,   Ape,  H.,  Claw,  H., 

Monkey.     See  Afnin  en  griffe. 

Handkerchief  (>4<7Ai^^-^/'r-r>«f/)  [ME.,  hand, 

hand  ;  kerchef,  a  kerchief],     A  square  piece 

of  cloth  for  wiping  the  nice  or  nose.     H. 

Oresting,   a  form  of  temporary  dressing 

for  wounds  and  fractures,  made  of  handker- 

chicf«J. 

Hmngnail  {hanj^ndi),      A  partly  detached 

piece  of  epidermis  at  the  root  of  the  nail ,  the 

friction  against  which  has  caused  inflamma- 

tioa  of  the  abraded  lurfiice. 


Haphalgesia  {Aaf-al-jy-ze-ah)  [a^f),  touch; 
dAyoc,  pain].  A  feeling  of  pain  produced  by 
merely  touching  an  object. 

Hardening  (  hard'-  en  -  ing  )  [  AS. ,  heard, 
hard] .  A  stage  in  the  preparation  of  tissues 
for  microscopic  examination,  in  which  they 
are  rendered  firm,  so  that  they  may,  after  em- 
bedding, be  readily  cut. 

Harelip-suture.  A  figure-of-8  suture  about 
a  pin  thrust  through  the  lips  of  the  freshened 
edges  of  the  cleft. 

Harmony  (har'-mo-ne)  [ap^nvia,  harmony]. 
A  form  of  articulation  between  two  bones 
that  are  closely  and  immovably  apposed. 

Hartshorn  (harts' -horn),      i.    Comu  cervi, 
the  horn  of  the  stag,  formerly  a  source  of 
ammonia,  or  spirits  of  hartshorn.    2.  A  name^ 
popularly  given  to  ammonium  hydroxid.   See 
Ammonium. 

Hashish  (hash'-lsh).     See  Cannabis, 

Hassall,  Concentric  Corpuscles  of.  Pe- 
culiar bodies  found  in  the  medulla  of  the 
thymus  gland.  They  consist  of  concentric 
layers  of  flattened  epithelial  cells. 

Haunch  (hawnch)  [Fr.,  hanche,  haunch]. 
The  part  of  the  body  including  the  hips  and 
the  buttocks.  H.-bone,  the  innominate 
bone. 

Haustus  (haws' -tus)  [haurire,  to  draw].  A 
draught. 

Havers,  Canals  of.  See  Canal.  H., 
Spaces  of,  large  and  irregular  spaces  found 
in  growing  bone,  and  resulting  from  the  ab- 
sorption of  the  primary  osseous  formation. 
In  them  the  Haversian  systems  are  deposited. 

Haversian  (hav-er'-the-un)  [Havers,  an 
English  anatomist].  Described  by  Havers. 
H.  Canal.  See  Canal.  H.  System,  an 
Haversian  canal  with  canal iculi  radiating  from 
it  and  the  surrounding  concentric  lamellae. 

Hawking  (hait/king)  [ME.,  hauk,  to 
hawk].  Clearing  the  throat  by  a  forcible 
expiration. 

Hay-asthma,  Hay-cold,  Hay-fever.  An 
acute  affection  of  the  conjunctiva  and  upper 
air-passages,  coming  on  periodically  at  cer- 
tain seasons  of  the  year,  especially  in  summer 
and  autumn,  in  persons  predisposed  to  the 
disease.  The  exciting  factor  is  in  some  cases 
the  pollen  of  grasses ;  in  others  the  disease 
seems  to  be  caused  reflexly  by  polypi  and 
other  diseased  conditions  of  the  nose.  The 
chief  symptoms  are  coryza,  sneezing,  head- 
ache, cough,  and  asthmatic  attacks. 

Hay's  Method.  A  method  of  removing 
dropsical  effusions  by  producing  frequent 
serous  evacuations  by  means  of  saline 
cathartics  combined  with  a  dry  diet. 

Head  (hed)  [ME.,  hed,  the  head].  I.  The 
uppermost  part  of  the  body  ;  that  part  of  the 
body  containing  the  brain,  the  organ  of  sight. 
of  smell  I  taste,  and  hearing,  and  part  of  the 


HEADACHE 


HECTOLITER 


organs  of  speech.  2.  The  top,  beginning,  or 
most  prominent  part  of  anything,  as  the  head 
of  the  femur,  the  head  of  a  muscle  etc. 
H.-drop,  a  peculiar  disease  seen  in  Japan 
daring  the  spring  and  early  sunmier,  sup- 
posed to  be  miasmatic  in  origin.  It  is  at- 
tended with  inability  to  hold  the  head  erect, 
paralytic  symptoms  in  the  limbs,  and  optic 
disorders.  One  attack  predisposes  to  others. 
H.-gut.  See  Fore-gut,  H.-kidney, 
pronephros.  Head-louse,  the  pediculus 
capitis. 

Headache  (hed'Ak\.  Pain  in  the  head; 
cephalalgia.  The  following  varieties  of  head- 
ache are  described  :  local,  general ;  organic, 
functional ;  toxemic  —  alcoholic,  caffeinic, 
diabetic,  lithemic,  malarial,  rheumatic,  urem- 
ic ;  reflex — gastric,  ocular,  nasal,  uterine ; 
cardiac,  pulmonic,  anemic,  congestive ;  hys- 
teric, neurasthenic.     H.,  Bilious,  migraine. 

Healing  {he' -ling)  [AS.,  ^W<im,  to  heal]. 
The  process  or  act  of  getting  well,  or  of 
making  whole ;  especially  the  getting  well 
of  an  ulcer  or  wound.  H.  by  First  In- 
tention or  Primary  Healing,  the  union  of 
two  accurately  apposed  surfaces  without  any 
visible  granulating  process.  H.  by  Second 
Intention,  healing  through  the  medium  of 
granulations,  which  fill  up  the  gap  of  the 
wound.  H.  by  Third  Intention,  the  two 
granulating  surfaces  are  approximated  so  as 
to  unite  and  heal  readily. 

Health  {hel  h )  [ AS. ,  halan,  to  heal].  That 
condition  of  the  body  in  which  all  the  func- 
tions arc  performed  normally. 

Hearing  {hi' ring)  [AS.,  hfran^  io  hear]. 
The  special  sense  by  which  the  sonorous 
vibrations  of  the  air  are  communicated  to  the 
mind.  The  organ  of  hearing  is  the  ear, 
whence  the  vibrations  are  carrietl  by  the 
auditory  nerve  to  the  center  of  hearing,  situ- 
ated in  the  temporosphenoidal  lobe  of  the 
cerebrum. 

Heart  (Artr/)  [AS.,  heorte^htun],  A  hollow, 
muscular  organ,  the  function  of  which  is  to 
pump  the  blood  through  the  vessels.  It  is 
enveloped  by  a  serous  sac  called  the  peri- 
cardium, and  consists  of  two  symmetric 
halves,  a  right  auricle  and  ventricle  and  a  left 
auricle  and  ventricle.  The  right  auriculo- 
ventricular  orifice  is  guarded  by  the  tricuspid 
valve ;  the  left  by  a  valve  with  two  leaflets, 
the  mitral.  These  valves  are  broad  and  thin, 
consisting  of  two  layers  of  the  lining  mem- 
brane of  the  heart,  the  endocardium,  separ- 
ated by  a  slight  amount  of  connective  tissue. 
To  support  them,  thin  chord.-v  tendineae  join 
their  free  margins  to  the  muscles  in  the  wall 
of  the  ventricle,  the  column^e  camex.  The 
outlet  of  the  right  ventricle  into  the  pulmonic 
artery,  and  the  left  into  the  aorta,  are  guarded 
by  stout,  short,  tricuspid  valves,  the  semi- 


lunar valves.  H.-bum,  a  burning  feeling 
at  the  epigastrium  and  lower  part  of  the 
chest,  caused  by  fermentation  of  the  gastric 
contents.  H.,  Fatty,  a  name  given  to  two 
distinct  pathologic  conditions  of  the  heart- 
tissue.  In  the  first  there  is  a  true  fatty  de- 
generation of  the  muscular  fibers  of  the 
heart ;  and  in  the  second  there  is  an  increase 
in  the  quantity  of  subpericardial  fat — a  iattj 
infiltration. 

Heart-berg  (kart'-herg).  The  vulgar  name 
of  the  thoracic  portion  of  the  thjrmus  gland 
of  animals.     See  Neck-berg. 

Heat  (het)  [AS.,  katu,  heat].  A  form  of 
kinetic  energy  communical>le  from  one  body 
to  another ;  it  is  that  form  of  molecular  mo- 
tion which  is  appreciated  by  a  special  thermal 
sense.  H.,  Atomic.  See  Atomic.  H.,  Ca- 
pacity for,  the  number  of  heat  units  required 
to  raise  the  temperature  of  a  body  I®  C.  H.- 
centers,  centers  in  the  brain  for  stimulating 
heat- production  or  heat -elimination,  and  for 
regulating  the  relation  of  these.  H.,  Latent, 
the  quantity  of  heat  necessary  to  convert  a 
body  into  another  state  without  changing  its 
temperature  H.,  Molecular,  the  product 
of  the  molecular  weight  of  a  compound 
multiplied  by  its  specific  heat.  H.,  Pncklyt 
or  H.-rash,  miliaria.  H.,  Specific,  this 
is  the  ratio  of  the  capacity  for  heat  of  a 
body  to  that  of  an  equal  weight  of  water. 
H. -stroke,  the  symptoms  produced  by  ex- 
posure to  great  heat,  either  that  of  the  sun 
or  that  of  heated  rooms.  H.-unit,  the 
amount  of  heat  required  to  raise  the  temper- 
ature of  one  kilot»rara  of  water  from  o*  to  I* 
C;  it  is  technically  called  a  calorie. 

Hebephrenia  {he  he-fre^  neah)  [7J7,  pub- 
erty ;  ^pif^t  mind].  A  form  of  mental  de- 
rangement occurring  in  young  persons  at  or 
soon  after  the  age  of  puberty,  and  charac- 
terized by  mental  deterioration,  and  a  gradu 
ally  increasing  egoism.  It  may  end  in  a 
permanent  dementia. 

Het>erden*s  Nodes.     See  Nodes. 

Hebetude  {heb'-e-tiui)  [hebefudo,  bluntnesx]. 
Dulness  of  the  sf)ecial  senses  and  intellect ;  a 
condition  present  in  grave  fevers. 

Hectic  Fever  {hek'-tik)  [/«r/»i<ic,  habitual]. 
A  fever  caused  by  absorption  of  toxic  sub- 
stances formed  in  the  process  of  sup(>uration. 
and  characterized  by  daily  intermissions  and 
frequent  drenching  sweats.  It  occurs  in 
pulmonary  tul)ercuU>sis,  in  pyemia,  etc.  H. 
Flush,  the  flushed  cheek  seen  in  hectic  fever. 

Hectogram  {hek'  to  gram)  \ktiar6v^  one  hun- 
dred ;  ypduua,  an  inscription].  One  hundred 
grams,  or  1 543. 2349  grains. 

Hectoliter  {AeJ^-to-Zeter)  [iKardv,  hundred ; 
XiTpa,  a  pound].  One  hundred  liters,  equal 
to  22.009  imperial  gallons,  or  26.4  U.  Sw 
gallons. 


HEART 


HEART 


Anatomy  of  the  Heart,  Right  Sidt.^iNoUUn.) 
t.  Cavity  of  right  auricle.  2.  Appendix  auriculae. 
3.  Superior  vena  cava.  4.  Inferior  vena  cava. 
5.  Fossa  ovalis;  the  prominent  ridge  sur- 
rounding it  is  the  annulus  ovalis.  6.  Eustachian 
valve.  7.  Opening  of  the  coronary  vein.  8. 
Coronanr  valve.  9.  Entrance  of  the  auriculo- 
ventricular  opening.  Between  the  figures  i  and 
9  several  foramina  thebesii  are  seen.  a.  Right 
ventricle.  A,  c.  Cavity  of  right  ventricle,  e, 
/.  Tricuspid  valve,  g--  Long  columna  carnea. 
k.  The  *'  long  moderator  band."  t.  The  two 
columnae  camese  of  the  right  curtain,  k.  At- 
tachment of  chordae  tendineae  of  the  left  limb 
of  the  anterior  curtain.  /,  /.  Chordae  tendineae 
of  the  *'  fixed  curtain  "  of  the  valve,  m.  Valve 
of  the  pulmonary  artery,  n.  Apex  of  left  ap- 
pendix auriculs.  o.  Left  ventricle.  /.  As- 
cending aorta,  g.  Its  transverse  portion,  r. 
Descending  aorta. 


Anatomy  of  the  Heart,  Left  Sidt.—iHoldeM.) 
1.  Cavity  of  left  auricle.  2.  Cavity  of  the  appendix 
auriculae.  3.  Opening  of  the  two  right  pulmo- 
nary veins.  4.  The  sinus  into  which  tne  left 
pulmonary  veins  open.  5.  Left  pulmonary 
veins.  6.  Auriculoventricular  opening.  7. 
Coronary  vein.  8.  Left  ventricle.  9,  9.  Cavitv 
of  the  left  ventricle,  a.  Mitral  valve,  d,  b,  6. 
Columns  cameae.  c,  c.  Fixed  columns  car- 
neae.  d.  Arch  of  the  aorta,  e.  Pulmonary 
artery.  /  Obliterated  ductus  arteriosus,  s'. 
Left  pulmonary  artery,  h.  Right  ventricle. 
t.  Point  of  the  appendix  of  right  auricle. 


Horizontal  Section  of  Lungs  and  Heart. 
f,  I,  1.  Upper  lobes  of  lungs.    2,  2.  Lower  lobes.    3.  Dorsal  vertebra.    4,  4.  Two  ribs.    «.  Heart.    6. 
Ri|;ht  auricular  appendix.    7.  Superior  vena  cava.    8.  Aorta.    9.  Pulmonary  artery.    10.  Left  auricle. 
II.  Left  auricular  appendix.    12, r2.  Mouths  of  right  pulmonary  veins.  13.  Mouths  of  left  pulmonary 
v^ns.    14.  Thoracic  aorta.    15.  Esophagus. 


HECTOMETER 


HEMAPOIETIC 


Hectometer  {kek' -to-me-ter)  [^<car<$v,  hun- 
dred; fUrpoVy  a  measure].  One  hundred 
meters,  or  328  feet,  I  inch. 

Hedeoma  {Ju-de</ -mak)  [jJtJifi-,  sweet ;  6<T/i^, 
smell].  American  pennyroyal.  The  leaves 
and  tops  of  H.  pulegioides^the  properties  of 
which  are  due  to  a  volatile  oil.  It  is  stimu- 
lant, carminative,  and  emmenagogue.  It  is 
used  in  suppression  of  the  menses,  the  flatu- 
lent colic  of  children,  and,  on  account  of 
its  pungent  odor,  to  drive  oflf  fleas  and  mos- 

?uitoes.       H.,    Oleum,    the    volatile    oil. 
)oscn\,ij-x  fo.  13-0.65). 

Hed^e-hog  Crystals.  Crystals  of  ammo- 
nium urate  found  as  a  urinary  deposit  in  the 
form  of  globular  crystals,  with  spiny  projec- 
tions. 

Hedrocele  (hed'-ro-al)  [ftJ/oa,  breech  ;  10^X7, 
tumor].  A  hernia  through  the  notch  of  the 
ischium.     Also,  prolapsus  of  the  anus. 

Heel  {hil)  [AS.,  hila,  heel].  The  hinder 
part  of  the  foot.     H.-bone,  the  calcaneum. 

Heidenhain,  Demilune  Cells  of.  Stt  Dem- 
ilune and  Crescent  of  Gianuzzi. 

Helcoid  {hel'-koid)  [f Axof ,  ulcer ;  rMof ,  like- 
ness].   ^Resembling  an  ulcer. 

Helcoma  (helk(/-mah)  [eXxof,  an  ulcer]. 
An  ulcer. 

Helicine  (hei'-is-in)  [fAif,  a  spiral].  I.  Spi- 
ral in  structure.  2.  rertaining  to  the  helix. 
H.  Arteries,  spirally- winding  arteries  sup- 
plying the  erectile  tissue  of  the  penis. 

'HtMcoiA  (hei' -ik'Oid )  [iX/^,  a  spiral;  eMof, 
form].     Spiral ;  coiled  like  a  snail-shell. 

Helicotrema  {helikotre*  mah  1  [f>U^,  helix, 
coil ;  rprj^a^  hole].  The  opening  connecting 
the  scalae  tympani  and  vestibuli  of  the  spiral 
canal  of  the  cochlea. 

Heliophobia  (he-le-o-fcZ-be-ah)  [^Aiof,  sun  ; 
^pog,  fear].  Morbid  fear  of  exposure  to  the 
sun's  rays. 

Heliotherapy  (he-le-o-ther^-ap^e')  [7A/0C,  sun ; 
OepaweiGf  treatment].  The  treatment  of  dis- 
ease by  exposure  of  the  body  to  sunlight. 
Sun-bathing. 

Helix  (Ae^'/iJ^s)  [eh^,  a  coil].  I .  The  rounded, 
convex  margin  of  the  pinna  of  the  ear.  2. 
A  coil  of  wire,  as  that  of  a  faradic  battery 
or  of  an  electromagnet. 

Hellebore,  Black.  See  HelUborus,  H., 
White.     See  Veratrum  album. 

Helleborus  (hel-eb* -or-us)  [iAAf,3opof,  helle- 
bore]. The  root  of  H.  niger,  black  helle- 
bore, the  properties  of  which  are  due  to  two 
glucosids,  hcllcborin,  C^H^O^,  and  helle- 
borein,  C^H^  0,j.  It  is  a  drastic  hydragogue 
cathartic,  and  an  emmenagogue,  and  has  been 
used  as  a  drastic  purge  in  insanity,  dropsy, 
and  amenorrhea.  Dose  of  the  powdered  root, 
as  a  purge,  gr.  x-xx  (o  65-1.3). 

Heller's  Test.  i.  A  test  for  albumin  in  the 
urine.     A  little  nitric  acid  is  placed  in  a  test- 


tube  and  the  urine  allowed  carefully  to  flow 
down  the  side  of  the  tube,  so  as  to  form  a 
layer  on  the  acid  without  mixing.  The  de- 
velopment of  an  opaque  white  ring  indicates 
albumin.  2.  A  test  for  the  presence  of  blood- 
coloring  matter  in  the  urine.  The  urine  is 
boiled  with  half  its  volume  of  caustic  potash, 
— whereby  the  phosphates  are  precipitated. 
The  precipitate  is  colored  red  if  blood  is 
present. 

Helminth  {heV-minth)  {tkfuvg^  worm].  A 
worm. 

Helminthag:ogue  {helminth'  agog).  See 
Anthelmintic. 

Helminthiasis  (hel-min-thi' -aiis  [f/./«vf ,  a 
worm],  llie  diseased  condition  produced 
by  the  presence  of  worms  in  the  body. 

Helminthology  {helmin-thol'-ojc)  [k>uivg^ 
a  worm;  '^.o^oq^  science].  A  treatise  on 
worms,  especially  those  parasitic  within  the 
body. 

Hemabarometer  {hem  abar-  cm'  -  et  -  er) 
[at/za,  blood  ;  ^inpi-^t  heavy ;  fiirftov,  meas- 
ure]. An  instrument  for  the  determination 
of  tnc  specific  gravity  of  the  blood. 

Hem-,  Hemato-  {hem-^  hem' -at  (h)  \a\pa^ 
blood].  A  prefix  signifying  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  blood. 

Hemacyanin  {hemasi'anin).  See  Hemo- 
cyanin. 

Hem  ad  (hem' -ad)  [at  pa,  blood].  Toward 
the  hemal  aspect ;  opposed  to  neurad. 

Hemadromometer  ( hem-ad-ro-mom' -eter ) 
\a\pa^  blood  ;  d/j<i/xof ,  course  ;  pkrpavy  meas- 
ure]. An  instrument  for  measuring  the  ve- 
locity of  the  blood-current. 

Hemadynamometer  {hemad-i-nam-om' -et- 
er )  [al/^a,  blood  ;  tJi-m/ixf ,  strength  ;  ptrpov, 
a  measure].  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  tension  or  pressure  of  blood  within  the 
arteries. 

Hetnaigogut  (hem' -ag-og)  la^ipa,  blood:  ajw- 
ySc,  leading].  Promoting  the  menstrual  or 
hemorrhoidal  discharge  of  blood. 

Hemal  (hem'-al)  [a/^a,  blood].  I.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  blood  or  vascular  system.  2.  Per- 
taining to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  body, 
that  part  containing  the  heart  and  blood-ves- 
sels. 

Hemameba  (hem-am-e'-bah)  [a\/ia,  blood; 
aptt^f],  a  change].     A  white  biood-cell. 

Hemangioma  (  heman-jeo'-mah  )  [  aiua, 
blood;  a))t\(n\  vessel;  hpa,  a  tumor].  An 
angioma  made  up  of  blood-vessels. 

Hemaphein  {hemaf-e' -in)  [m/m.  blood; 
^idf,  dusky].  A  brown  coloring  matter 
iVom  blood,  regarded  as  a  decomj>o!»ition- 
product  of  hematin. 

Hemapoiesis  (hem-ap-oi-e'-sis).  See  Hem- 
atopoitsis. 

Hemapoietic  (hemap-oi-tf-ii).  Sec  Hemut- 
topaietic. 


HEMARTHROSIS 


HEMATOMPHALOCELE 


Hemarthrosis  {hem -ar- thro' -sis)  [aifta^ 
blood;  ipduaif,  a  joint].  Effusion  ofblood 
into  I  joioL 

Hemttichometer  {hem-at-ak-om^  -ei-er).  See 
HemotachomeUr. 

Hemttemesis  (kem-at'em^'es-is)  [a\fM, 
blood;  ifdtiv^  to  romit].  The  vomiting  of 
blood. 
Hemttic  (kem-al'-iJk) [at^^  blood].  Bloody ; 
pertiining  to,  full  or,  or  having  the  color  of, 
blood. 

Hemttidfosis  (hem-at-iti-ri/'sis)  [aifiat 
blood;  ISpuat^,  sweat].  A  sweating  of 
blood. 

Hematimeter  {Aem  -  at  •  im'-  et  •  er)  \a\\ia^ 
blood ;  fdh-poif^  measure].  An  instrument  for 
counting  the  corpuscles  in  a  given  volume  of 
blood. 

Hematin  (kem^'Otin)  \a\fM,  blood],  C„Hj,- 
N^FeO^.    A  decomposition-product  of  hemo- 
globin.    It  is  bluish-black,  amorphous,  con- 
tains iron,  and  is  soluble  in  dilute  alkalies 
and  acids,  insoluble  in  water,  in  alcohol,  and 
in  ether. 
Hemmtinic  (kem-ai-in'-ik)  [aifM^  blood].    I. 
Relating  to   hematin.     2.  An  agent  which 
tends  to  increase  the  proportion  of  hematin  or 
coloring- matter  in  the  blood. 
Hematinometer  {kem-at-in-om^'et'er).  Same 
as  Hemoglobinometer, 
Hematinuria  {hem  -  at  -  in  -  u'-  re  -  ak)  [ol/ia, 
blood ;  ovpcv^  urine].     Same  as  Hemoglobin- 
uria. 
Hemato*  Uum'-at-oA  [al/<a,  blood].    A  pre- 
fix signifying  pertaining  to  the  blood. 
Hematobium    {hem  -at-o'-be-  urn)    [ai/m, 
blood;  pioct  lite].      I.  A  blood-corpuscle. 
2.  A  blood-parasite. 
Hematoblast  {hem'at-o-blast)  [aifia^  blood  ; 
p^aard^,  germ].     A  blood-plate ;  an  imma- 
ture red  blood-corpuscle. 
Hematocele   {hem'-ato-sil)   [alfia,  blood  ; 
i0^A7,  a   tumor].     A  tumor  formed  by  the 
extravasation  and  collection  of  blood  in  a 
part,  especially  in  the  tunica  vaginalis  testis, 
or  in  the  pelvic  cavity  (Pelvic  H.). 
Hematocephalus  (hem-at-O'Se/^-aZ-us)  [ai/ia, 
blood;  lufaX^t  head].      I.  An  effusion  of 
blood  into  the  brain.    2.  A  monstrosity  char- 
acterised by  an  effusion  of  blood  into  the 
cerebral  hemispheres. 
Hematochyluria  (hem  -at-o-ki-  lu'- re  -  ah) 
faifia,  blood;  x^MCt  chyle;  olpoVf  urine]. 
The  presence  of  blood  and  chylous  material 
in  the  urine. 
HetnAtocolpos  {hem  -  at  -  o  -  kol^ -  pos)  [al/M, 
blood ;  KdXTof,   vagina].      A   collection  of 
blood  within  the  vagina. 
Hematocrit  {hem' -at-o-krit)    fal/ia,   blood; 
Kpivziv^  to  separate,  to  judge  J.    An  instru- 
ment   for   malcing  volumetric  estimation  of 
the  blood-Gorpoacles  by  aeparating,  by  cen- 


trifugal action,  the  corpuscles  from  the 
plasma. 

Hematocyst  {hem' -at-o-sist)  \iiinay  blood; 
KifOTic,  bladder].  I.  A  cyst  containing 
blood.  2.  An  effusion  of  blood  into  the 
bladder. 

Hematocyte  {hem'-at-o-slt)  [atfia^  blood; 
Kbrt^f  cell],     A  blood-corpuscle. 

Hematocytometer  {hem-at-o-si-tom' -et-er) . 
See  Hemocytometer, 

Hematodes  {hem  -at-t/-  dh)  [oi/Mzri^j/f , 
bloody].     Bloody. 

Hematogenesis  {hem-at-o-jen' -es-is)  \ai\ia^ 
blocxl ;  ytveai^,  production].  The  develop- 
ment of  blood  or  blood- corpuscles. 

Hematogenic  {hem  -at-o  -jen'-  ik)  \a\fM, 
blood;  yewdv,  to  produce].  Pertaining  to 
the  formation  of  blood. 

Hematogenous  {hem  •  at  -  o;'-  en  •  us)  [oifM, 
blood;  yewdv,  to  produce].  Derived  from, 
or  having  origin  in,  the  blood. 

Hematoglobin  (hem  -  at-  o  -glo'-  bin).  See 
Hemoglobin. 

Hematoid  {hem'-at-dd)  \aiiiat  blood ;  eMof , 
form].     Resembling  blooci. 

Hematoidin  {hem-atoi' -din)  fal^,  blood; 
eidof ,  resemblance] ,  C„H,gN,0,.  An  iron- 
free  derivative  of  hemoglobin,  occurring  in 
old  blood-clots  as  yellowish-brown,  rhombo- 
hedral  crystals. 

Hematokrit  {hem'at-o-krit).  See  Hematocrit, 

Hematology  (hent'eUol'-o-je)  [al/Mz,  blood; 
A<iyoc,  science].  The  science  of  the  blood, 
its  nature,  functions,  and  diseases. 

Hematolysis  {hem-at-ol' -is-ii)  [ai//a,  blood  ; 
^OcTff,  a  solution].  Destruction  or  disorgan- 
ization of  the  blood  or  of  the  corpuscles. 

Hematoma  {he-mat-o'-mah)  [aina^  blood; 
bfjM,  tumor].  A  tumor  or  swelling  contain- 
ing blood.  H.  auris,  insane  ear ;  an  effu- 
sion of  blood  or  serum  between  the  cartilage 
of  the  ear  and  its  covering,  occurring  in  vari- 
ous forms  of  insanity  as  the  result  of  injuries 
or  trophic  changes.  H.  of  the  Dura  mater, 
an  effusion  of  blood  beneath  the  dura  mater, 
forming  membranous  layers.  H.,  Pelvic, 
an  effusion  of  blood  into  the  cellular  tissue 
of  the  pelvis. 

Hematomediastinum  {hem-at-o-me-de-as- 
ti'-num'^alfia,  blood ;  mediastinum^  the  medi- 
astinum]. An  effusion  of  blood  into  the 
mediastinal  spaces. 

Hematometra  {hem-at-o-me'-trah)  [at/Mi, 
blood ;  fiifrpa,  womb] .  An  accumulation  of 
blood  within  the  uterine  cavity. 

Hematomonas  {hem-at-om'-on-as)  [al/m, 
blood ;  fiovd^,  a  unit].  A  genus  of  protozoan 
parasites  inhabiting  the  blood. 

Hematomphalocele  {hem-at-om-fal' -o-sil ) 
fal^/a,  blood  ;  6/i0aA^f ,  navel ;  w^A^,  tumor]. 
A  heroia  at  the  navel,  distended  wita 
blood. 


HEMATOMYELIA 


HEMIANOPIA 


Hematomyelia  (hem-at-Q-mie^-Uah)  [a\fta, 
blood ;  tiv€X6zt  marrow].  Hemorrhage  into 
the  spinal  cord  ;  an  accumulation  of  blood  in 
the  central  canal  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Hematomyelitis  {kem-at'O-mi-el-i' tis) \ama , 
blood ;  /it'fX^,  marrow ;  in^^  inflammation]. 
An  acute  myelitis  attended  with  an  effusion 
of  blood  into  the  spinal  cord. 

Hemmtopericardium  (hem-ato-per-ik-ar^'de' 
um)  [ai^^  blood;  ntpi,  about;  icapdia, 
heart].  An  effusion  of  blood  into  the  peri- 
cardium. 

Hematophagous  {hem-at-off^ -ag-us)  fai/ia, 
blood ;  ^y€\v^  to  eat].  Feeding  on  blood ; 
blood-sucking. 

Hematophyte  (hem' -ato-fit)  [al/ia,  blood  ; 
^6v^  a  plant].  A  vegetable  organism,  such 
as  a  bacterium,  living  in  the  blood. 

Hematoplastic  {hemat'0'Plas''Hk)  [<iifia^ 
blood ;  nXaoTiKdq^  plastic].     Blood  forming. 

Hematopoiesis  {kem-at-o-poie' -sis)  \ai}ia^ 
blood  ;  noiietv,  to  make].  The  formation  of 
blood. 

Hematopoietic  (hem-at'O-poi-efiJli)  [aifia, 
blood;  nothiv^  to  make  J.  Relating  to  the 
processes  of  blood-making.  H.  Organs, 
the  blood-making  organs. 

Hematoporphyrin  (Aem  -  a/-  o  'Por^-fe-  tin) 
[alfia^  blood ;  nSp^po^,  purple] ,  C^H^Ng- 
O,,.  Iron-free  hematin,  a  decomposition- 
product  of  hemoglobin  occurring  in  the  urine 
in  conditions  associated  with  destruction  of 
red  corpuscles.  It  is  produced  by  dissolving 
hematin  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Hematoporph3rrinuria     (kem-at  -  o  -par  'ft- 

•  rin-u' -re-ah)  [oI/m,  blood ;  ndpfvpof^  purple  ; 
olpov,  urinej.  The  presence  of  hematopor- 
phyrin in  the  urine. 

Hematoposia  {htm'Ot'O'fc'-te-ah)  [al/m, 
blood;  ir6a<c»  a  drinking].  The  drinking 
of  blood. 

Hematorrhachis  (hem-at-or' -ak-is)  [oVmk, 
blood;  l>ax^*  spine].  Hemorrhage  within 
the  vertebral  canal. 

Hematorrhea  {Atm'a/-or-e''aA)  laifta, blood; 
poia,  a  flow].  A  copious  flow  or  discharge 
of  blood. 

Hematosalpinx  (htm-at-o-sal' -pinks)  [aina, 
blood  ;  coAttij^,  a  trumpet].  A  collection  of 
blood  in  a  Fallopian  tube. 

Hematoscope  (hem' -at-o-skbp)  [oI/mi,  blood  ; 
OKOTvelv,  to  inspect].  An  instrument  used  in 
the  spectroscopic  examination  of  the  blood, 
by  means  of  which  the  thickness  of  the  layer 
of  blood  can  be  regulated. 

HemAtOBCopy  (hemaf-os'-ho'Pe)  [ai;ia,blood; 
OKoweiVf  to  inspect] .  Visual  examination  of 
the  blood;  examination  of  the  blood  by 
means  of  the  hematoscope. 

Hematosepsis  (hem-at-a-sep'-sis)  [al/taf 
blood ;  o^i^,  putrefaction].     Septicemia. 

Hematosis  (hem-at-y-sis)  [oi/m,   bk)od]. 


The  process  of  the  formation  of  blood  and 
the  development  of  blood-corpuscles. 

Hematospectroscope  (hem-ai-o-spey-iro' 
skdp)  [alfia,  blood;  spectrum^  an  image; 
OKOKtiv^  to  view].  A  spectroscope  adafSed 
to  the  study  of  the  blood. 

Hematospermia  (hem  -at-O'  speH-  me  •  ok) 
oi/ia,  blood;  (mip/ua,  seed].  The  discharge 
of  bloody  semen. 

Hematothorax  (hem-at'O'the^-raks).  See 
Hemothorax. 

Hematoxylin  (hem  -  at  -  ohs' -  il  *  in)  \a\$tA^ 
blood;  ^vXov,  wood],  C,^H,^0^.  The  col- 
oring-matter of  logwood.  It  IS  a  crystalline 
subsunce  and  is  used  as  a  stain  in  micros- 
copy. 

H  ematoxylon  {hem  -  at  -  oks'-  il-  on )  [fufta^ 
blood ;  ^I'Aov,  wood] .  Logwood ;  the  neart- 
wood  of  H.  campecnianum ;  it  contains  tan- 
nic acid  and  a  coloring- principle,  hematoxy- 
lin, C,fH|^Og,and  is  a  mild  astringent,  n.^ 
Ext.  Dose  gr.  v-xx  (0.33-1.3).  H.,  De- 
coctum,  strength  i  to  17.  Dose  f  J}-4j 
(32.0-64.0).     Unof. 

Hematozoon  (hemat-o-to'-on)  [aifia,  blood  ; 
CvNM',  animal].  Any  animal  parasite  in  the 
blood. 

Hematuresis  (hem-at-u-re'-tis)  [al^ia, blood; 
ohpav^  urine].     The  passage  of  bloody  urine. 

Hematuria  (hemat-u' -re-ah)  [al/ia,  blood; 
uHpoVf  urine].  The  discharge  of  urine  con- 
taining blood.  When  only  the  coloring- 
matter  of  the  blood  is  found  in  the  urine,  it 
is  termed  hemoglobinuria  or  hematintuia. 

Hemautography  (hem-avhtog' -ra-fe)  [a\fM^ 
blood;  ovr^c,  self;  ypd^iv^  to  write].  The 
tracing  produced  by  a  jet  of  blood  from  a  di- 
vided artery  caught  upon  paper  drawn  in 
front  of  it 

Hemeralopia  (hem-er-al-o'-pe-ah)  [ifUpa^ 
day;  6^^,  eye].  Night-blindness;  a  condi- 
tion in  which  the  individual  sees  relatively 
much  better  in  the  day  than  at  night  H.  b 
a  s3rmptom  of  retinitb  pigmentosa. 

Hemiachromatopsia  (hem-eahkromai-^- 
se-ah)  [^fiit  half;  a  priv.;  xp^^f^*  color; 
d^({-,  vision].  Color-blindness  in  one-half  d 
the  field  of  vision. 

Hemialbumin  (hem-e-al'-hu-min).  See  Am- 
tialhtmin, 

Hemialbuminose  (hem-e-  ai-buf  •  mim  •  Ar). 
The  same  as  Hemialbumoie. 

Hemialbumose  (hem-eai' -bu'mti)\iiiu^  half ; 
albumen^  the  white  of  egg].  The  roost  char- 
acteristic and  most  frequently  obtained  by- 
product of  proteid-digestion.  It  is  the  Ibce- 
runner  of  hemipeptone. 

Hemianesthesia  (hem -e-an- es-tke'-Me-ak) 
[1}///,  half;  avaioBrtalaf  want  of  feeling].  An- 
esthesia of  one  lateral  half  of  the  body. 

Hemianopia,  Hemianopsia  (kem-e-Mt-o'-p^ 
^  kem-e-an-op'-uak)  [i)/m, half ;  i»  prir. ; 


HEMIATAXIA 


HEMOGENESIS 


h^i  sight].  Blindness  in  one-half  of  the 
▼isoal  field.  It  may  be  bilateral  (binocular)  . 
or  unilateral  (uniocular).  H.,  Binasml, 
blindness  on  the  nasal  side  of  the  visual  field, 
usually  due  to  disease  of  the  outer  sides  of 
the  optic  commissure.  H.,  Bitemporal, 
blindness  on  the  temporal  side  of  the  visual 
field,  due  to  disease  of  the  central  parts  of 
the  commissure.  H.,  Crossed  or  Heter- 
onymous, a  general  term  for  either  binasal 
or  bitemporal  hemianopsia.  H.,  Homony- 
mous, the  form  affecting  the  inner  half  of 
one  field  and  the  outer  half  of  the  other. 
Hemiatazia  (hem-e-at-aks^-e-ah^  [^fu^  half; 
d  priv. ;  rd^tc,  order].  Ataxia  limited  to 
one  side  of  the  body. 

Htm\^lh^X.os\%{hem-e-ath-et't/'Sts)  [^fUt  half; 
d^of.  without  fixed  position].  Athetosis  of 
one  side  of  the  body. 

Hemiatrophy   (hem-e-cU' -ro-fe)    [ij^,   half; 
oTpo^t  lack  of  nourishment].  Atrophy  con- 
fined to  one  side  of  the  body. 
Hemic  (hftn^-ik)  \a\fia,  blood].     Pertaining 
to  or  developed  by  the  blood. 
Hemichorea   (hfrn-e-kore^ah)    [i}/«,   half; 
Xopeia,  chorea,  dance].     A  form  of  chorea 
in  which  the  convulsive  movements  are  con- 
lined  to  one  side  of  the  body. 
Hemicrania  (hem-e-kra^-ne-ah)  [ini^  half; 
Kpovtov,  head].     I.  Neuralgia  of  one-half  of 
the  head ;  migraine.     2.  Imperfect  develop- 
ment or  absence  of  the  anterior  or  posterior 
part  of  the  skull. 
Hemidiaphoresis  (heme-di-af-or-e^ -sis)  fij/ii, 
half;  dm^p^a^;^,  sweating] .  Sweating  ot  one 
lateral  half  of  the  body. 
Hemidrosis  {htm-id-rof -sis).     See  HemcUi- 
drosis. 
Hemidysestheaia    {hem  -e  -dis-es-the' -ze-ah) 
ri{/x/,half;  dvC)  difficult ;  aiadrfffic,  sensation]. 
Dysesthesia  of  a  lateral  half  of  the  body. 
Hemiglossitis  (hem-e-glos-i^ -its)  [^fu^  half; 
y'kCteaa,  tongue;    cr<c,   inflammation].     In- 
flammation of  one-half  of  the  tongue. 
Hetnihyperesthesia  {hem-e-hi-per-es-the' -u- 
ah)   \jiiii',  half;  irrrkp^  over;  aU/OrjtJi^,  sensa- 
tiooj .     Hyperesthesia  confined  to  one  lateral 
half  of  the  body. 
Hemimelus  (kfrn-im'-fl-us)  [)^/M,half ;  fiiXo^, 
limb].   A  monster  with  incomplete  or  stunted 
extremities. 
Hemin  (hem' in)  [al/m,  blood] .  C„H,oN^Fe- 
O..  HCl.     Teichmann's  crystals,  or  chlorid 
of  bematin;    doubly-refractive  crystals  de- 
rired  from  blood  by  heating  a  drop  of  blood 
on  a  glass  slide  with  a  little  glacial  acetic  acid. 
Hemineurasthenia      (hfrn-e-nuras-the' -ne- 
ah)  [hiu^  half ;  vtvpoVf  a  nerve ;  aadevla,  weak- 
ness j.      Neurasthenia  affecting  one  lateral 
half  of  the  body. 
Hemiopia  (hem-e-y-pe-ah).     Hemianopsia. 
Hemiopic  {hem-etZ-pih)  [^/w,half;  &V>,eye]. 
21 


Pertaining  to  hemianopsia.  H.  Papillary 
Reaction,  Wernicke's  reaction. 

Hemiparesis  (hem-e-par'-es-is)  [^fu,  half; 
irapeatc,  impairment  of  strength].  Paresis 
of  one  side  of  the  body. 

Hemipeptone  (hem-e-pep^-tdn).  See  Pep- 
tones. 

Hemiplegia  (hem-e-pW-je-ah)  [jfu^  half; 
irXffY^f  stroke].  Pandysis  of  one  side  of  the 
body,  due  usually  to  a  lesion  in  the  internal 
capsule  or  corpus  striatum,  but  at  times 
caused  by  an  extensive  lesion  of  the  cortex, 
or  a  lesion  of  the  cms,  pons,  or  medulla,  or 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  spinal  cord.  If  in 
the  brain,  the  lesion  is  on  the  side  opposite  to 
the  paralysb.  H.,  Alternate,  paralysis  of 
the  facial  muscles  upon  one  side,  with  paral- 
ysis of  the  trunk  and  extremities  upon  the 
opposite  side  of  the  body.  H.,  Bilateral 
Spastic.  See  Faraple^,  Infantile  Spas- 
modic, H.,  Cerebral,  me  ordinary  form  first 
described.  H.,  Crossed.  Same  as  /^, 
Alternate.  H.,  Facial,  motor  paralysis  of 
one  side  of  the  face.  H.,  Spastic,  a  form 
occurring  in  infants,  in  which  the  affected 
extremities  are  spastically  contracted.  H., 
Spinal.     See  Brovtm-Siquard^s  Paralysis. 

Hemispasm  {hem^-e'Spatm)UifUy\i9\(\  anaa- 
fi6qj  a  spasm].  A  spasm  affecting  only  one 
side  of  the  body. 

Hemisphere  {hem'-is-ftr)  [i)/zi,  half;  o^lpa, 
a  ball].  Half  a  sphere.  H.,  Cerebellar, 
either  lateral  half  of  the  cerebellum.  H., 
Cerebral,  either  lateral  half  of  the  cerebram. 

Hemisystole  (hem-e-sis^-to-le)  [iim^  half; 
ovoTokfif  a  contraction].  A  peculiar  kind  of 
irregular  action  of  the  heart-muscle,  in  which, 
with  every  two  beats  of  the  heart,  only  one 
beat  of  the  pulse  is  felt. 

Hemiterata  (hem  •  it -er^- at -ah)  [>}/«,  half; 
rkpa^y  monster].  A  class  of  malformations, 
not  grave  enough  to  be  called  monstrous. 

Hemiteratic  (hem-it-er-at^-ih)  Hfu^  half; 
ripact  a  monster].    Pertaining  to  hemiterata. 

Hemlock  (hem'-7oh).     See  Conium. 

Hemocyanin  (hem-o-si'-an-in)  [alfM,  blood ; 
KiavoCf  blue] .  A  coloring  matter  found  in 
the  blood  of  certain  invertebrates.  It  con- 
tains copper,  and  'gives  to  the  blood  a  blue 
color. 

Hemocyte  (hem^-o-At)  [alfta,  blood;  iAto^^ 
a  cell] .     A  red  blood-corpuscle. 

Hemocytometer  (hem-o-si-tomf -et-er)  [ai/<a, 
blood;  «cin'o$',  a  cell;  fiirpov,  a  measure]. 
An  instrament  for  estimating  the  number  of 
corpuscles  in  the  blood. 

Hemodromometer  (hem-o  dro-mom^-et-er). 
See  Hemodromometer. 

Hemodynamometer  (hem-o-di-nam-om^-et- 
er).     See  Hemadynamometer.  . 

Hemogenesis  (hem-o-jen'-a-is).  See  Hemch 
tcgenesif. 


HEMOCrrOMETER 


HEMOCYTOMETEE 


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Counting:  Chamber  of  the  Tboma-Zeiat  HtmocyUmntAtf.-^iLamdou.) 
A.  Sectional  view.  On  the  upper  surface  is  shown  cover-fflasa  in  ooai- 
tion.  Beneath  the  center  of  the  cover  b  a  glass  platform,  upon  wnich 
are  ruled  the  divisions  shown  in  the  surface  view,  C.  The  space  be- 
tween the  cover  and  the  ruled  platform  is  o.i  mm.  On  each  side  ol 
the  ruled  platform  is  shown  the  moat  that  prevents  the  fluid  from 
reachinj^  tne  outer  disc,  upon  which  the  cover-fj^lass  rests.  B.  A(>- 
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form  distribution  of  the  red  cells  as  they  aboold  appear  in  a  |»ro|> 
eriy  prepared  dilution. 


HEMOGLOBINOMETER 
A     B 


HEMOGLOBINOMETER 


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GoweTB*  Hemoglobinometer,  Improved  Form,— {CopHn.) 
A  and  B  are  two  flattened  tubes,  A  being  permanently  sealed  and  containing  the  tint  standard ;  B  is 
graduated,  and  is  used  for  diluting  the  blood.    C  isapipet  for  measurjngthe  blood. 


the  case  is  shown  the  needle  usually  recommended  for  puncturing  the  skin, 
shown  in  the  illustration  contains  distilled  water  for  diluting  the  blood. 


lust  in  front  of 

The  dn>pt>ing-bottle 


Von  Fleischl's  Hemoglobinometer.— (Co//(ii.) 
Mixinic  cell,  divided  by  a  partition  into  two  chambers,  a  and  a'.  The  blood  and  water  are  placed  in 
a  :  a'  receives  water  alone,  and  is  directly  over  the  colored  glass  wedge.  A",  K.  Glass  wedge.  M. 
Toint  at  which  reading  is  taken.  T.  Milled  head,  which  moves  the  head  R^  which,  in  turn,  moves 
t  he  ca.rrta.s:e  P,  P,  carrying  the  tinted  glass  wedge.  S.  Disc  of  plaster-of  Paris  for  reflecting  the  light 
Dpward  tHrough  the  glsM  wedge  and  the  mixing  chamber. 


HEMOGENIC 


HEMOSPASIA 


Hemogenic  (hem-o-jen^-ik).  See  Hemato- 
genic. 

Hemoglobin  ihem-o-glo' -bin)  [al/Mz,  blood ; 
globus^  a  round  body].  The  coloring- matter 
of  the  red  corpuscles.  It  is  an  exceedingly 
complex  body,  containing  iron ;  it  crystallizes 
in  rhombic  plates  or  prisms,  and  is  composed 
of  hematin  and  a  proteid  substance,  called 
globulin.  It  has  a  strong  affinity  for  oxygen, 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  oxygen  in  the 
blood  is  in  combination  with  it  as  oxy- 
hemoglobin. When  it  gives  up  the  oxygen 
to  the  tissues  it  becomes  reduced  hemoglobin. 

Hemoglobinemia  (kem-ogio-inn-e'me-ak) 
[a'lfia^  blood ;  globus^  a  round  body ;  aifia^ 
bloHod].  A  condition  in  which  the  hemo- 
globin is  dissolved  out  of  the  red  corpuscles, 
probably  as  the  result  of  the  destruction 
of  the  latter,  and  is  held  in  solution  in  the 
serum.  The  blood  is  'Make-colored.*'  It 
occurs  in  some  infectious  diseases,  and  after 
injecting  certain  substances  into  the  blood. 

Hemoglobinometer  (hemo-glo-binom' et- 
tr)  \t^iM^  blood;  globus^  a  round  body; 
fitrpov^  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  the 
quantitative  estimation  of  hemoglobin  in  the 
blood.  H.  of  Pleischl ;  in  this  a  certain  di- 
lution of  the  blood  is  made,  and  its  color  then 
compared  with  that  of  different  thicknesses 
of  a  sliding  wedge  of  red  glass.  H.  of 
Oowers ;  in  this  the  calculation  is  made  by 
measuring  the  amount  of  dilution  necessary 
to  make  the  blood  of  the  same  shade  as  a 
standard  solution  of  carmin  in  gelatin. 

Hemoglobinuria  ( hem-oghbin-uf -re-ah  ) 
[a}|Mi,  blood ;  globus y  a  round  body ;  wpov, 
urine].  The  presence  of  hemoglobin  in  the 
urine,  due  either  to  its  solution  out  of  the 
red  corpuscles,  or  to  disintegration  of  the  red 
corpuscles.  H.,  Epidemic,  hemoglobin- 
uria of  the  new  bom  associated  with  jaun- 
dice, cyanosis,  and  nervous  sjrmptoms.  H., 
Intermittent  or  H.,  Parozjrsroal,  a  form 
characterized  by  recurring  periodic  attacks. 
It  is  related  to  cold,  and  is  also  closely  asso- 
ciated with  Raynaud's  disease.  H.,  Toxic, 
that  form  occurring  in  consequence  of  poison- 
ing by  various  substances. 

Hemology  {hemol'  -o-je)  [ai^a^  blood  ;  A<$)^, 
science].     The  science  treating  of  the  blood. 

Hemolysis  (A^wW-M-w).     Set  Hematofysis, 

Heroometer  (hem-om'-et-er).  See  Hemo- 
globinometer. 

Hemophilia  (hem-ofil' eak)  [miia^  blood; 
^fiv,  to  love].  Bleeder's  disease,  an  ab- 
normal tendency  to  hemorrhage.  It  is 
usually  hereditary,  and  though  it  is  roost 
common  in  males,  the  herediury  influence 
is  transmitted  through  the  mother. 

Hemophthalmia  {hem  •  off-  thai'-  me-  ah  ) 
[a^ta^  blood  ;  6f6aXi/<ic,  eye] .  A  hemor- 
fbsge  into  the  interior  of  the  e^e. 


Hemopneumothoraz  {hem -o-numo- thi/' 
raks)  [a//m,  blood  ;  nveVfia^  wind ;  Scipa^^ 
the  chest].  A  collection  of  air  axnl  blood 
within  the  pleural  cavity. 

Hemoptysis  (hem-op'-tis-is)  [oi^,  blood; 
TTTiuv,  to  spit].  The  spitting  of  blood  from 
the  larynx,  trachea,  bronchi,  or^ungs. 

Hemorrhage  {kem'  or-aj)  [ai^a^  blood ; 
pifyvi^vaiy  to  burst  forth].  An  escape  of  blood 
from  the  vessels,  either  oy  diapedesis  through 
intact  walls,  or  by  rhexis  through  ruptured 
walls.  H.,  Accidental,  hemorrhage  during 
pregnancy  from  premature  detachment  of  the 
placenta  when  normally  situated.  H., 
Capillary,  oozing  of  blood  from  the  capil- 
laries. H.,  Concealed,  a  variety  of  acci- 
dental hemorrhage  in  which  the  bleeding 
takes  place  between  the  ovum  and  the  uterine 
walls,  without  escape  from  the  genital  tract. 
H.,  Consecutive,  one  ensuing  some  time 
after  injury.  H.,  Critical,  occurring  at  the 
turning-point  of  a  disease.  H.,  Petechial, 
hemorrhage  under  the  surface  in  the  form  of 
minute  points.  H.,  Postpartum,  hemor- 
rhage occurring  shortly  after  labor.  H., 
Primary,  that  immediately  following  any 
traumatism.  H.,  Secondary,  that  occur- 
ring some  time  after  the  traumatism.  H., 
Unavoidable,  hemonhage  from  detachment 
of  a  placenta  previa.  H.,  Vicarious,  a  dis- 
charge of  blood  from  a  part  owing  to  the 
suppression  of  a  flow  in  another  part,  as 
vicarious  menstruation. 

Hemorrhagic  {hem-ora' jik)  \(Ciua^  blood; 
^rr^vivaiy  to  burst  forth].  Relating  to  or 
accompanied  by  hemorrhage.  H.  Diathe* 
sis.  Sec  Hemophilia.  H.,  Infarct.  See 
Infarct, 

Hemorrhea  {hem  -or-e'-  ah^  [a</'a,  blood  ; 
poia^  a  flow].     A  hemorrhage. 

Hemorrhoid  {hem'-or-oid)  [a<V^/>pooc,  flow- 
ing with  blood].  A  pile.  An  enlai]ged 
and  varicose  condition  of  the  reins  of  the 
lower  portion  of  the  rectum  and  the  Ctssnes 
about  the  anus.  H.,  External,  those  situ- 
ated without  the  sphincter  ani.  H.,  Inter* 
nal,  those  within  the  anal  ori6ce. 

Hemorrhoidal  (hemor-oi'-dal)  [aiftSppoo^^ 
flowing  with  blood].  Pcrtainmg  to  or 
affected  with  hemorrhoids.  H.  Veins,  the 
three  veins  which  form  a  plexus  about  the 
lower  end  of  the  rectum.  Through  them  the 
general  venous  system  and  the  portal  system 
communicate. 

Hemosiderin  (hem-o-sid'-er-in)  [alfta^  blood; 
Gifirjpo^^  iron].  A  granular  pigment,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  decomposition  of  hemoglobuu 
It  is  found  where  blood  is  extravasated  ia 
contact  with  active  cells,  and  contains  iron. 

Hemospasia  {hemo  spa^-%eah)[a\pa^  blood  ; 
trrrdtiVt  to  draw].  The  drawing  c^  blood 
from  a  part  bv  dr^  or  wet  cupping. 


HEMOSTATIC 


HERMAPHRODITE 


Hemostatic  {hem-o-stat'-ik)  [ai^ia^  blood ; 
arariM^y  stationary].  I.  Arresting  hemor- 
rhage. 2.  An  agent  or  remedy  that  arrests 
hemorrhage. 

Hemotachometer  {hem  -  o-tak- om' - et-er) 
{atfM^  blood;  rdxo^,  swiftness;  /lirpov,  a 
measorel.  Aji  instrument  for  measuring  the 
rate  of  now  of  blood. 

Hemothorax  (hem-o-t/u/'raki)  [aifia^  blood ; 
B6pa^^  the  chest  J.  An  accumulation  of  blood 
in  a  pleural  cavity. 

H  emp  [ME.,  Aemp,  hemp] .  Cannabis  sati va, 
the  bi^t- fiber  of  which  is  used  for  textile 
purposes.    H.,  Indian.   See  Cannabis  indica. 

Henbane.     See  Hyascyamm. 

Henle'a  Fenestrated  Membrane  \HenUy 
a  German  anatomist].  The  layer  of  longi- 
tudinal elastic  fibers  of  the  inner  coat  of  the 
arteries.  H.'s  Layer,  a  layer  of  flat,  homy, 
polygonal,  nonnucleated  cells  situated  be- 
tween the  cuticula  and  the  external  root- 
sheath  of  a  hair-bulb.  H.*8  Loop,  a  loop 
in  the  uriniferous  tubules.  H.'s  Sheath,  a 
connective-tissue  sheath  surrounding  terminal 
nerve- fibers. 

Henry's  Law.    See  Law, 

Hepar  (he' -par)  [v^rap,  the  liver],  I.  The 
liver.  2.  A  substance  having  the  color  of 
liver,  as  H.  sulphuris. 

Hepatalgia  {hep-at-al' Je-ah)  [ijrra/),  liver; 
&X/OC,  pain].     Neuralgic  pain  in  the  liver. 

Hepatectomy  {hep-at-ek' -tO'me)\^afiy  liver ; 
kxTOfi^^  a  cutting  out].  Excision  of  the  liver, 
wholly  or  in  part. 

Hepatic  (hep-at^-iJk)  [ijrrap,  liver].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  liver. 

Hepatitis  {hep-at-i' -tis)  [^ap,  liver ;  <r<f , 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  liver. 
H.,  Chronic  Interstitial,  cirrhosis  of  the 
liver.  H.,  Acute  Parenchymatous,  acute 
yellow  atrophy  of  the  liver.  H.,  Suppura* 
live,  abscess  of  the  liver. 

Hepatization  (hep  -at-ita^'  shun)  [^nap^ 
liver].  A  change  of  a  tissue  into  a  condition 
in  wnich  it  resembles  the  liver,  as  H.  of  the 
lung.  H.  Gray,  that  in  which  the  hepatized 
lung  tissue  is  gray.  H.  Red,  that  in  which 
it  is  red  from  an  excess  of  blood. 

Hepatocele  (hep^-aio-sii)  [i^a/o,  liver ; 
ia^Aj7,  a  tumor].     Hernia  of  the  liver. 

Hepatocirrhosis  (hep-at-osir-cZ-sis)  [jjfl'op, 
liver;  iupl>6Cf  yellow].  Cirrhosis  of  the 
liver. 

Hepatogenic,  Hepatogenous  {hep-at-o-jen' - 
ik^  hep-at'OJ' -en-us)  [^^rap,  liver ;  yewavy  to 
beget].  Produced  by  or  in  the  liver.  H. 
Icterus,  jaundice  caused  by  the  absorption 
of  bile  from  the  liver. 

Hepatolithiasis  (hep-ai-O'lUh-i^as-is)  [^Trap, 
liver;  ^i^,  a  stone].  A  diseased  condi- 
tion characterized  by  the  formation  of  gall- 
stooes  in  the  liver. 


Hepatomalacia  {hep  -at-o-  mat  -a'  -se-  oK) 
\jr^ap^  liver;  fiaXatday  softness].  Softening 
of  the  liver. 

HtptktopsLthy  (hepaZ-op^-ath-e)  [TTrap,  liver; 
ircS^og,  disease] .     Any  disease  of  the  liver. 

Hepatorrhaphy  (hep -at -or* -  a  -ft)  [kf^ap^ 
liver;  ^a^,  suture].     Suture  of  the  liver. 

Hepatotomy  (hep-cU-of-o-me)  \iinap^  liver; 
rkfivuv,  to  cut].     Incision  of  the  liver. 

Hephestic  (hef-es^-tih)  [HephiBstus,  Vulcan]. 
Prevailing  or  occurring  among  hammermen^ 
as  H.  cramp. 

Heptad  (hep'-tad)  \hna^  seven].  An  ele- 
ment having  a  quantivalence  of  seven. 

Heptane  (hep^-tdn)  [kind,  seven],  C^H,,.  A 
liquid  hydrocarbon  of  the  paraffin-group,  con- 
tained in  petroleum  and  also  obtained  from 
the  resin  of  Pinus  sabiniana  by  dry  distil- 
lation.    It  is  also  called  abietene. 

Herb  {erb  or  h€rb\  [herba,  an  herb].  A  plant 
the  stem  of  which  contains  but  little  wood 
and  dies  down  to  the  ground  at  the  end  of 
the  season. 

Herbivorous  {her-bit/'Or-us)  [herba,  grass ; 
vorarty  to  devour] .  Living  on  vegetable  food. 

Hereditary  (he-red' -it-a-re)  [heres,  an  heirl. 
Transmitted  from  parent  to  offspring,  as  H. 
disease.  H.  Ataxia.  See  Friedreich*!  Dis- 
ease, Diseases,  Table  of,  H.  Syphilis.  See 
Syphilis, 

Heredity  (he-red' -it-e\  [hereditas,  heredity], 
l*he  transmission  of  pnysical  or  mental  quali- 
ties or  tendencies  from  ancestor  to  offspring ; 
the  principle  or  force  by  reason  of  which  the 
offspring  resembles  the  parent 

Hermaphrodism,    or     Hermaphroditism 

iher-maf-  ro-ditm,  her- maf- ro-di-iism) 
'Epfjiy^f  Mercury ;  'A^poSiTff,  Venus].  The 
coexistence  in  a  single  individual  of 
ovaries  and  testicles.  H.,  Complex,  a  con- 
dition in  which  there  are  present  both  the 
internal  and  external  organs  of  either  sex. 
H.,  Lateral,  a  form  in  which  male  or- 
gans (especially  a  testicle)  are  more  or  less 
developed  on  one  side,  and  female  organs 
(especially  an  ovary)  on  the  opposite  side. 
H.,  Spurious,  a  condition  in  which  the  indi- 
vidual is  of  one  sex,  but  presents  the  outward 
signs  of  the  other.  H.,  Transverse,  an 
instance  in  which  the  external  organs  indi- 
cate the  one  sex,  and  the  internal  the  oppo- 
site. H.,  Unilateral,  on  one  side  an  ovary 
and  a  testicle,  on  the  other  an  ovary  or  a 
testicle. 
Hermaphrodite  (her-ma/'-ro-dU)  VEpp^, 
Mercury;  'A^podiTJf,  Venus].  An  individual 
affected  with  hermaphrodism;  usually  the 
condition  is  due  to  some  congenital  malforma- 
tion of  the  genital  organs,  such  as  epispadias, 
hypospadias,  cleft  of  the  scrotum,  etc.,  that 
makes  the  determination  of  sex  somevhat 
douUfuL 


HERMETIC 


HERPES 


) 


Hennetic  {ker-met'-ik)  ['E/o/u^,  the  god 
Mercury].  Protected  from  exposure  to  air ; 
air-tight,  as  the  H.  sealing  of  a  wound. 
Hernia  (her^-ne-ah)  [hernia^  from  Ipvo^t 
sprout] .  A  protrusion  of  a  viscus  through  an 
abnormal  opening  in  the  wall  of  the  contain- 
ing cavity;  used  without  qualification,  the 
word  refers  to  hernia  of  the  intestines.  H., 
Abdominal,  a  protrusion  of  a  portion  of  the 
abdominal  viscera  through  some  portion  of 
the  parietes.  H.  of  the  Bladder,  the  pro- 
trusion of  a  part  of  the  bladder  through 
one  of  the  openings  of  the  abdominal 
cavity.  H.  of  the  Brain,  or  H.  cerebri. 
Fungus  cerebri,  a  protrusion  of  the  brain 
through  the  skull.  H.,  Complete,  a  her- 
nia in  which  the  sac  and  its  contents  have 
passed  the  hernial  orifice.  H*.,  Congenital, 
a  form  of  indirect  inguinal  hernia  in  which, 
the  vaginal  process  of  the  peritoneum  having 
remained  patulous,  the  bowel  descends  at 
once  into  the  scrotum,  in  direct  contact  with 
the  testicle.  H.,  Crural.  Sec//.,  Femoral. 
H.,  Cystic.  Same  as  Cystocele,  H., 
Diaphragmatic,  a  protrusion  of  a  portion  of 
some  of  the  abdominal  viscera  into  the 
thorax,  through  a  congenital  defect  in  the 
diaphragm,  or  through  a  dilatation  or  lacer- 
ation of  one  of  the  natural  openings.  H., 
Encysted;  in  this  the  pouch  forming  the 
tunica  vaginalis  b  closed  at  its  upper  end 
but  open  below.  The  hernia  in  descending 
along  the  inguinal  canal,  enters  the  scrotum 
behind  the  tunica  vaginalis,  and  is  more  or 
less  completely  surrounded  by  its  posterior 
layer.  H.,  Femoral,  a  hernia  through  the 
femoral  canal,  the  tumor  appearing  on  the 
upper  inner  aspect  of  the  thigh,  below 
Poupart's  ligament.  H.,  Incarcerated, 
a  hernia  which  has  become  occluded 
by  the  accumulation  of  gas,  feces,  or  un- 
digested food,  thus  causing  obstruction  of 
the  bowels.  H.,  Incomplete,  one  that  has 
not  entirely  passed  through  the  hernial  orifice. 
H.,  Infantile.  See  H.,  Encysted.  H., 
Inguinal,  a  hernia  occupying  the  inguinal 
canal.  H.  of  Iris,  a  protrusion  of  a  portion 
of  the  iris  after  iridectomy,  trauma,  etc.  H., 
Irreducible,  one  in  which  the  protruded 
viscus  cannot  be  returned  by  manipulation. 
H.,  Ischiatic,  a  protrusion  of  the  bowel 
through  the  great  sacrosciatic  foramen.  H.- 
knife,  a  probe-pointed  knife  for  incising  the 
constriction  of  a  hernial  sac.  H.,  Labial,  a 
protrusion  of  the  bowel  between  the  vagina 
and  the  ramus  of  the  ischium  into  a  labium 
majus.  H.  of  L^ttre,  a  hernia  in  which 
only  a  diverticulum  of  the  bowel  is  affected. 
The  term  is  improperly  applied  to  Richter's 
H.  H.,  Obstructed.  S>ct  N.^  Incarcerated. 
H.,  Obturator,  a  protrusion  of  bowel  through 
the  obturator  foramen.    H.,  Omental,  a 


hernia  containing  omentum ;  epiplocele.  H., 
Perineal,  a  protrusion  of  the  abdominal 
contents  between  the  fibers  of  the  levator  ani 
muscle  in  front  of  or  to  one  side  of  the  anus. 
H.,  Pudendal.  Same  as  N.,  Labia/.  H., 
Reducible,  one  that  may  be  returned  by 
manipulation.  H.,  Retroperitoneal,  a  hernia 
in  which  the  intestine  lodges  in  the  fossa 
duodenojejunalis.  H.,  Richter's,  one  in 
which  only  a  portion  of  the  caliber  of  the  gut 
enters  the  orifice.  H.,  Scrotal,  that  form 
of  inguinal  hernia  in  which  the  protrusion 
has  entered  the  scrotum.  H.,  Strangulated, 
a  heraia  which  is  so  tightly  constricted  at  its 
neck  as  to  interfere  with  its  return,  with  the 
circulation  of  blood,  and  the  passage  of 
feces.  H.,  Umbilical,  a  protrusion  of  the 
abdominal  contents  through  the  umbilicus. 
H.,  Ventral,  the  name  applied  to  protrusions 
of  the  abdominal  contents  through  the  abdom- 
inal walls  in  situations  not  usually  subject  to 
hemise. 

Hernial  (her^  -ne-al)  [hernia,  a  rupture]. 
Pertaining  to  hernia.  H.  Sac,  the  diveru- 
culum  of  the  peritoneum  which  the  hernia 
pushes  before  it  or  into  which  it  descends. 

Hemiopuncture  (her  -ne-o  ■punk'  -  chur) 
[hernia,  hernia ;  punctura,  a  pricking].  The 
puncture  of  a  hernia. 

Hemiotome  {her' -ne-o- tdmS  [^^ntia,  hernia; 
ro//(5c,  cutting].     A  hemia-lcnife. 

Herniotomy  (her  ne-of -o- me)  [hernia^ 
hernia ;  rkftvnv,  to  cut].  Operation  for  the 
relief  of  hernia  by  section  of  the  constriction. 

Heroic  (he-rt/'ik)  [i7/H.>f,  a  hero].  Bold  or 
daring ;  rash  or  unusually  severe. 

Heroin  (her'-o-in).  The  diacetic  acid  ester  of 
morphin :  substitute  for  codein.  Dose  gr.  y^-v 

Herpes  (her'-pii)  [ipTr^f ;  ipirnv,  to  creep]. 
An  acute  inflammatory  affection  of  the  stin 
or  mucous  membrane,  characterized  by  the 
development  of  groups  of  vesicles  on  an  in- 
flammatory base.  H.  circinatus.  See 
Tinea  circinata.  H.  facialis,  herpes  fe- 
'  brilis;  an  acute,  noncontagious,  inflamma- 
tory disorder  of  the  skin  that  appears  in  the 
form  of  one  or  more  groups  of  vesicles.  It 
b  commonly  called  fever-blisters,  a  form 
of  herpes  appearing  especially  on  the  lips. 
It  is  frequent  in  **cold,"  malaria,  croupous 
pneumonia,  and  cerebrospinal  meningitis. 
H.  febriUs.  See  H.  facialis,  H.  Iris, 
a  form*  of  erythema  with  vesicles  grow- 
ing in  a  ring.  It  is  usually  seen  on  the 
backs  of  the  hands  and  feet.  H.  labialis. 
See  H.  facialis.  H.  preputialis,  H.  pro- 
genitalis,  a  form  of  herpes  in  which  Tesicle!» 
occur  upon  the  glans  and  prepuce,  from  the  sue 
of  a  pin's  head  to  that  of  a  small  pea.  H.  ton- 
surans. See  Tinea  tonsurans.  H.  zoster, 
zoster,  zona,  shingles,  ignis  sacer ;  herpes  in 
which  the  lesions  are  distributed  in 


HERNIA 


HERNIA 


Oblique  Inguinal  Htrniai.—iMnUKm.) 

Bubonocele  on  right  side,  but  passing  through 

external  ring  on  left. 


Direct  Inguinal  Hernia.— (A/9«i»fi.) 


\ 


Femoral  Hemia.~(Af0if/Iim.) 


A  Strangulated  Hernia.— (A/om/Mi.) 


An  Unstrangulated 


The  pillars  open,  the  cord  held  up.      The  pillars  sutured,    The  deep  fascia 

the  cord  held  up.  closed    over 

the  cord. 
Radical  Operation  for  Inguinal  Hernia.— (//(Tmn'/x,  qfier  Bassimi.) 


HERPETIC 


HETEROTOPIA 


to  the  cotiise  of  «  cuUneous  nenre,  and,  as  a 
rule,  onilateral.  They  are  usually  seen  in 
the  line  of  the  intercostal  nenres,  but  may 
follow  the  course  of  any  nerve.  The  outbreak 
of  the  eruption  is  generally  preceded  by  se- 
vere neuralgic  pain. 

Heipetic  (her -pet' -iM)  [efnre(,  herpes].  Per- 
taining to  herpes.  H.  Sore-throat.  See 
Tmsi/i/is,  Herpetic, 

Herpetilbnn  {ker-pef-if-orm)  [*/wrrf ,  herpes ; 
forma,  form].     Resembling  herpes. 

Hetselbach's  Triangle.  See  Triangles, 
TabUof, 

Heteradelphua  (ket'er-ad'eyfus)  [erfpof, 
other;  a&tk^y  brother].  A  joined  twin- 
monster,  consisting  of  an  autositic  monster 
with  an  attached  parasite,  the  head  of  the 
latter  bein^  absent. 

Heteradenia  {het'tr'ad'e^-ne-ak)  [hrtpo^, 
other;  hdfiv,  gland].  I.  Normal  glandular 
structure  occurring  in  a  part  normally  not 
provided  with  glands.  2.  Glandular  struc- 
ture departing  nom  the  normal  type. 

Heteradenic  \het-er'ad-e''miJk)\JtTepo^,  other ; 
^<'^t  gl^od].  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of 
tissue  that  is  unlike  normal  glandular  tissue, 
or  to  glandular  tissue  occurring  in  an  abnor- 
mal place. 

Heteraliua  ihet-er-a' -le-us)  [Irrpof ,  other  ; 
AAiiiCf  a  disc].  A  double  monster  in  which 
the  parasite  is  very  incomplete,  and  with  no 
direct  connection  with  the  umbilical  cord  of 
its  host. 

Hetero-  {het^-er-o-^  [Jtrtpo^^  other].  A  pre- 
fix denoting  unlikeness. 

Heteroalbumose  (het-er-o-alf 'hU'9Hds\  \hrz- 
poc,  other ;  aihimose'\ .  A  variety  of  aloumose 
soluble  in  salt-solutions,  insoluble  in  water, 
and  precipitated  by  saturation  with  sodium 
chlorid  or  magnesium  sulphate. 

Heteroautoplaaty  (ket-er-o-av/'to-pias'te') 
rirepof,  other;  ovr4f.  self;  nX&oeetv,  to 
form].  Grafting  of  skin  from  one  perKm 
upon  the  body  of  another. 

Heteroblastic  (het-ercblaytiJk)  [trtptK, 
other,  different ;  pXaordc,  germ,  bud].  Aris- 
ing from  tissue  of  a  different  kind. 

Heterodyrous  (Aet-er-od'-tm-us)  [*repof, 
other;  iiSvftof,  twin].  A  double  monster, 
the  accessory  part  lieing  but  an  imperfect 
head,  with  a  neck  and  thorax  by  which  it  is 
implanted  in  the  anterior  abdominal  wall  of 
its  host. 

Heterofeneoua  (hetero-jV-neus)  [hepoc, 
other;  y^voc,  kind].  Differing  in  kind  or 
nature;  composed  of  different  substances; 
not  homogeneous. 

Heterogeneaia  (het-tr-o-Jen' -es-is)  [hepoc, 
different ;  yivtot^,  generation].  A  mode  of 
reproduction  in  which  the  living  parent  gives 
rise  to  offspring  that  pass  through  totally  dif- 
Itftnt  teriet  of  states  from  those  exhibited  by 


the  oarents,  and  do  not  return  into  the  cyda 
of  tne  parents. 

Heteroinfectlon  {Met  •  er-o  -im  -fekf  -  shun) 
erepoc,  other;  inficere,  to  taint].  I.  Infec- 
tion transmitted  by  a  person  who  is  himself 
not  affected.  2.  Infection  of  any  organism 
by  a  poison  not  produced  within  itseU* ;  op- 
posed to  autoinfection. 

Heteroinocttlation  (ket -er-Q-in-ok-U' l^- 
shun)  [rrrpoc,  other ;  inoculatio,  an  ingraft- 
ing].    Inoculation  of  one  person  by  an^er. 

Heterologous  {ket-er-ol' -o-gus)  [rrepoc,  other ; 
A^;^,  relation].  Differing  in  structure  or 
form  from  the  normal.  H.  tumors,  tumors 
constituted  of  a  different  tissue  from  that  of 
the  part  in  or  on  which  they  are  situated. 

Heteromorphous  {ket-er-o-mor^ -Jus)  [frcpof, 
other;  /<opf^,  form].  Differing  from  the 
normal  in  form. 

Heteronymous  (het-er  'On'-im-m)  [errpof, 
other;  hntpa,  name].     On  opposite  sides. 

Heteropagua  (ket'er-op^'Og-m)  f^cpoc, 
other;  mryvinfot,  to  unite].  A  double  mon- 
ster in  which  the  parasite,  having  a  head  and 
extremities,  is  attached  to  the  anterior  ab- 
dominal wall  of  its  host 

Heteropathy (ket-er-op^ -ath-e)  [trrpo^, other ; 
ird^,  affection].  I.  The  treatment  of  a 
disease  by  induang  a  different  morbid  condi- 
tion to  neutralize  it.  2.  Abnormal  reaction 
to  stimulus  or  irritation. 

Heterophoralgia  (het-ir-o-for'aF-je-ak) 
rirrpof ,  other ;  ^p^,  tending ;  dA/of,  pain]. 
Eye-strain  or  ocular  pain  caused  by  hetero- 
phoria. 

Heterophoria  (ket'er-0'/y-re'ak\  {trtpo^^ 
different;  ^op6q,  tending].  A  relatioo  of 
the  visual  lines  of  the  two  ejres  other  than 
that  of  parallelism.  It  may  be  Esophoria* 
a  tending  of  the  lines  inward;  or  Bzo- 
phoria,  outward ;  or  Hyperphoria,  a  tend- 
ing of  the  right  or  left  visual  line  in  a  direc- 
tion above  its  fellow ;  Hypereaopboria,  a 
tending  of  the  visual  lines  upward  and  in- 
ward; Hypereaopboria,  upward  and  out- 
ward. 

Heteroplasia  {ket'er'^-pW-u-ak)  [irtpn^, 
other ;  •Kkhov^,  shaping].  The  presence  in  a 
part  of  a  tissue  that  does  not  belong  there 
normally. 

Heteroplasty  {kef-er-^-piaS'te)  [^W, 
other;  trXo^iv,  to  form].  I.  Heteroplasia. 
2.  The  operation  of  grafting  parts  taken  from 
another  species. 

Heterotazis  (ket  -  <r  -  #  -  takjf-  is)  [frr /joc, 
other;  rd^^c*  order].  The  anomakNis  dis- 
position or  transposition  of  organs. 

Heterotopia  (ket-ero-ty-pe-ak)  [Irrpof, 
other :  r&tnf,  place].  A  misplacement  of  nor- 
mal tissue,  especiaUy  a  congenital  malfoi 


tion  of  the  brain,  in  which  masses  of  gray 
matter  are  found  transplanted  into  the  1  ' ' 


HETEROTROPHIA 


HISTIOID 


Heterotrophia,  or  Heterotrophy  {het-er-c- 
tro^'fe-ahf  or  het-er-ot' -ro-fe)  [frepof,  other ; 
r/N)^,  sustenance].  Any  perversion  or  dis- 
order of  nutrition. 

Heterotropia  {k€t'er-c-trdp''e-ak).  See 
StraHsmus. 

Heterotypus  (heter-o-H' -pus)  [frrpof ,  differ- 
ent; T^jrof,  a  type].  A  double  monster 
having  the  parasitic  fetus  hanging  from  the 
ventral  wall  of  the  principal  subject 
Heteroxanthin  {hit-ir-o-tan^ -thin)  \hTZfioq^ 
other;  fovWf,  yellow],  CgH-N^,.  A  leu- 
komain  that  can  be  isolated  in  crjrstalline 
form  from  urine. 

Heabner*8  Disease.    Syphilitic  disease  of 

the  cerebral  arteries.   See  Diseases^  Table  of. 

Hexad  (keks'-ad)  \l^iL^,  six].     An  element 

the  atom  of  which  has  a  quantivalence  of 

six. 

Hezane  {heks'-an')  [if<5f,  six],  C,H,..     The 
sixth  member  of  the  paniBn- series  of  hydro- 
carbons. .   It  is  a  liquid,  boiling  at  about  71^ 
C,  found  in  various  natural  oils. 
Hezatomic  (heks-at-om' -ik)  \}^H^  six ;  4ro- 
^,  an  atom].    Consisting  of  six  atoms ;  also 
applied  to  atoms  that  are  hexavalent,  and  to 
alcohols  or  other  compounds  having  six  re- 
placeable hydrogen  atoms. 
Hexavalent  {heks-cn/ -al-eni)  [ff^Cf  six  ;  vol- 
ens^  having  power].     Having  the  same  com- 
bining power  as  six  hydrogen  atoms. 
Hey's  Ligament.     See  Liganunt. 
Hiatus  {hi-a^'tus)  \hiare ,  to  gape].    A  space 
or  opening.     Also,  the  vulva.     H.  of  Fal- 
lopius,  a  shallow  groove  on  the  petrous  por- 
tion of  the  temporal  bone  for  the  passage  of 
the  petrosal  branch  of  the  Vidian  nerve. 
Hiccupt    or  Hiccough    (kik'-up)    \hic^  a 
mimic   word ;    coughs  a  cough].     A  spas- 
modic contraction  of  the  diaphragm  causing 
inspiration,  followed  by  a  sudden  closure  of 
the  glottis.     Synon3rm  Singultus, 
Hide«bound  Disease.     See  Scleroderma. 
Hidxopoiesis  ihid-ro-poi-e' -m)  [Idp^c,  sweat; 
irotieiv,  to  nuuce].     The  formation  of  sweat. 
Hsdiopoietic  {htd-ro-pd-et' -ik)  [Mp6f,  sweat; 
woiietVf  to  maice].     Relating  to  hidropoiesis. 
Hidrosadenitis  {kid-rds-ad-en-i^-tis)  [W/wif, 
sweat;    ddijVf  gland;     in^*    inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  sweat-glands. 
Hidrosis  (kidriZ-sis)  [ISpitq,  sweat].  I.  The 
Ibrmation  and  excretion  of  sweat.     2.    Ab- 
normally  profuse  sweating.      3.  Any  skin- 
disease  marked  by  disorder  of  the  sweat- 
glands. 
litem  picra  {hi^-er-ah  pi'-krah)  [L. ,  sacred 
bitlenj.    Pulvis  aloes  et  canellse.    See  Aloes. 
Hlgrhmore,  Antrum  of  {hi^-mdr)  [W.  H^h- 
tnore^  an  English  physician].     A  cavity  in 
the  superior  maxillary  bone,  communicating 
with  the  middle  meatus  of  the  nose.     H., 
Body  ol^  a  thickening  of  the  tunica  alba- 


ginea  at  the  posterior  part  of*  the  testis,  from 
which  connective- tissue  septa  diverge. 

Hilum  (hi'-lum)  [hilum^  a  little  thing].  A 
pit,  recess,  or  opening  in  an  organ,  usually 
for  the  entrance  and  exit  of  vessels  or  ducts. 

Hind  (hind)  [AS.,  hindan,  at  the  back  of]. 
Pertaining  to  the  rear  or  posterior  extremity. 
H.-brain,  a  division  of  the  brain  in  the  em- 
bryo, that  becomes  the  cerebellum  and  the 
medulla  oblongata.  H.-gut,  that  part  of 
the  embryonic  intestine  from  which  the  ce- 
cum, vermiform  appendix,  colon,  and  rectum 
are  developed. 

Hinge-joint  {hinj^ -Joint).    See  Diarthrosis. 

Hip  [AS,,  hype^  hip].  I.  The  upper  part  of 
the  tkigh  at  its  junction  with  the  buttocks. 
2.  The  hip  joint.  H.-bath.  See  Bath. 
H.-bone,  the  ischium.  H.-girdle,  the 
pelvic  arch.  H. -joint,  the  articulation  of 
the  femur  with  the  haunch-bone  or  innomi- 
nate bone.  H. -joint  Disease,  coxitis,  an 
inflammation  of  the  hip-joint,  usually  tuber- 
culous, and  occurring  most  commonly  in  the 
young,  and,  according  as  it  begins  in  the 
head  of  the  femur,  the  acetabulum,  or  in  the 
synovial  membrane  and  proper  structures  of 
the  joint,  divided  into  femoral,  acetabular, 
and  arthritic.  Symptoms :  Shufiling  gait,  pain 
often  referred  to  the  inner  side  of  the  knee, 
pain  in  the  hip  elicited  by  jarring  the  heel, 
deformity,  abduction  and  eversion  of  the 
thigh,  slight  flexion  of  the  knee,  and  arching 
of  the  lumbar  spine ;  later,  adduction  and  in- 
version of  the  thigh,  with  flexion  of  the  knee 
and  shortening  of  the  limb.  Suppuration  with 
formation  of  flstulae  occurs  in  the  advanced 
stages. 

Hippocampal  (hip  -  o  -  kam'-pal)  [Ittttoc, 
horse ;  Kafiwo^,  a  sea-monster].  Relating  to 
the  hippocampus. 

Hippocampus  (hip  -  0  -  kam'-pus)  pirTrof , 
horse ;  KdfirroCt  a  sea- monster].  A  name  ap- 
plied to  two  elevations,  H.  major  and  H. 
minor,  the  former  situated  in  the  middle, 
and  the  latter  in  the  posterior  horn  of  the 
ventricles  of  the  brain. 

Hippocratic  (hip-o-krat^ik)  [Hippocrates^  a 
Greek  phjrsician  of  the  flfth  century  B.  C.]. 
Described  by  Hippocrates.  H.  Expression, 
an  anxious,  pinched  expression  of  the  coun- 
tenance, described  as  characteristic  of  peri- 
tonitis.    H.  Sound.    See  Succussion-sound. 

Hippuric  Acid  (hip-u' rik).     See  Acid. 

Hippus  (hip' -us)  yvK'Kw;^  horse,  from  analogy 
to  the  movements  of  this  animal].  Spasmodic 
pupillary  movement,  independent  of  the  ac- 
tion of  light. 

Hirsute  (her-suf)  [hirsutus,  shaggy]. 
Shaggy,  hairy. 

Hirsuties  (her-su'-te-iz)  [hirsutus,  shaggy] 
Excessive  growth  of  hair. 

Histioid  (his' te-oid).     See  Histoid, 


A 


HIP.JOINT 


HIP.JOINT 


Vertical  Section  throncrh  the  Hip-joint,  Showing  the  Head  of  the  Femur,  the  Capsule,  and  the  Musctea 
Surrounding  the  Articulation.— (Af<M/<^^if/roM  HettU.) 

1,3.  Gluteus  medius.  3.  Obturator  intemus  and  eenieUi.  4.  Iliofemoral  band.  ^.  Ischiofemoral  band. 
6.  Rectus  femoris.  7.  Quadratus  femoris.  8.  luacus.  9.  Semitendinosus  and  biceps.  10.  l*soas.  11. 
Semimembranosus.  13.  Pubofemoral  band.  14.  Obturator  cztemus.  16.  Symph>-sis  pubis.  F.  Sec- 
tion fA  head  of  femur. 


Ligaments  of  the  Hip-joint.— (5ii»#:r.) 
Iliofemoral  band  of  capsular  ligament,  cut  across.    3.  Cotyloid  ligament.    3.  Ligamentnm  trrea.    4. 
Insertion  of  ligamentum  teres  into  the  head  of  the  femur.    5.  Ilead  of  the  femur.    6.  Neck  of  the 
femur.    7.  Attachment  of  capsular  ligament  to  the  hack  of  the  neck  of  the  femur.    8.  N'e«.k  of  the 
femui   external  to  attachment  of   capsular  ligament.    9.  Great  trochanter.     10.  Pit  on  the  { 
trochanter.    11.  Small  trochanter,    la.  Posterior  intertrochanteric  line. 


HISTOCHEMISTRY 


HOMOLOGY 


Histochemittry  (hU'to-kem'-U'tre)  \\or6^^ 
tissue;  Xff^^^f  chemistry].  The  chemistry 
of  the  histologic  elements  of  the  body. 
Histodialysis  (Ais  -  io  -di  •  al'-is-is)  [«rr^, 
web;  d/dAtNT^Cf  «  resolution].  The  dissolu- 
tion of  organic  tissue. 

Histogenesis  (his-to-jen'-es-is)  \jior6^^  web; 
ykvtat^^  generation].  The  formation  of 
tissues. 

Histogenetic  {his'to-jen-et^'ik)  [urr^,  web ; 
ytwav,  to  produce].  Relating  to  hbto- 
genesis. 

Histohematin  (his  -  to  -  hem'  -  at  -  in\  [I(rr<Jc, 
web;  04/Mz*  blood].  A  pigment  found  in 
muscles,  suprarenal  capsules,  and  other  or- 
gans, and  believed  to  have  a  respiratory 
function. 

Histoid  [his^'ioid)   [lard^^  web ;  eWoc,  like- 
ness] .    Composed  of  only  one  kind  of  tissue. 
Histologic  [his-to-lof -ik)  [«TT<Jf ,  tissue;  Adyof , 
science].     Relating  to  histology. 
Histology  Um-tol' -<hje)  [i<Tr<Jc,  tissue ;  A4yof, 
science].     The  minute  anatomy  of  tissues. 
Histolysis  {his-toV -is-is)  \\aroq,  tissue ;  X^<f, 
dissolution].     Disintegration  and  dissolution 
of  organic  tissue. 

Histonomy   {hU-ton' -o-me)    \\oT6^y    tissue; 
vifuo^,  a  lawj.     The  laws  c«  the  develop- 
ment and  arrangement  of  organic  tissue. 
Histopathology  {hii-to-patk-ol' -o-je)  [Itrrrff, 
tissue ;  ird^,  disease ;  X<$xoc,  science].     The 
study  of  minute  pathologic  changes  in  tissues. 
Histophysiology  [histo-fiz-e-ol' -o-je)  [icrrjif, 
web,  tissue;  ^<f,  nature;  ^yof,  science]. 
The  science  of  the  functions  of  the  various 
tissues. 
Histotome  (his^ -to-tdrn)  [i<n-rff,  tissue ;  Tk^- 
veiv,  to  cut].    An  apparatus  for  cutting  tissue 
for  the  study  of    its  minute    structure ;   a 
microtome. 
Histotomy    (his-tot^-o-me)    [mtt^,    tissue; 
rffivetv,  to  cut].     The  dissection  of  tissues. 
Histrionic  (histrf-m^ik)  [histrio,  an  actor]. 
Dramatic.     H.  Mania,  insanity  with  affec- 
tation and  lofty  manner.     H.  Muscles,  the 
muscles  of  expression  of  the  face.  H.  Spasm, 
Hpasra  of  the  muscles  of  expression. 
Hives  (hlvz)   [origin  uncertain].     I.  Urtica- 
ria.     2.   In  Great   Britain   the  term  is  also 
applied  to  croup,  laryngitis,  and  to  chicken- 
pox. 
Hob-nail   Liver.      The  liver  of  advanced 
atrophic  cirrhosis,  so  called  on  account  of  the 
small  projections  on  the  surface.    It  is  called 
also  ^n-drinker's  liver. 
Hodifidn's  Disease.   See  Diseases,  Table  of, 
Hoffmann's   Anodyne    {ho/'- mans  an'-o- 
^m).     Spiritus  artberis  corapositus  (U.  S.  P. ), 
compound  spirit  of  ether.     It  is  anodyne, 
»ttiiiulant«  and  antispasmodic,  and  is  used  in 
nervous  irritation,  angina  pectoris,  and  asth- 
\XntX\xxTLA^\\  (2.0-8.0). 


HoUyhock  {hoi' -e-hok).    See  Althea, 

Holmgren's  Test.  A  test  for  color-blind- 
ness.  The  patient  is  requested  to  match 
worsted  skeins  of  different  colors,  and  if  color- 
blind, always  selects  characteristic  shades. 

Holoblastic  {hol-o-blas' -tik)  [dXof,  whole; 
pXaffTdCf  germ].  Applied  to  ova  in  which 
the  entire  yolk  is  included  in  the  process  of 
segmentation ;  one  in  which  there  is  no  sepa- 
rate food-yolk. 

Homatropin  (homat''rO'pin)y  CijH,,NO,. 
An  alkaloid  derived  from  atropin.  It  causes 
dilatation  of  the  pupil  and  paralysis  of  ac- 
commodation like  atropin,  but  its  effects 
pass  off  more  quickly,  usually  in  two  or 
three  days.  The  hydrobromate  is  the  salt 
generally  employed. 

Homeopathy  [ho-me-op' -ath-e)  \huouiqy  like ; 
n6doc,  ailment  or  disease].  A  system  of 
treatment  of  disease  by  the  use  of  agents 
that,  administered  in  health,  would  produce 
symptoms  similar  to  those  for  the  relief  of 
which  they  are  given. 

Homocentric  (ho-mo-sen'-trik)  [6/irff ,  same ; 
Khrpw,  center].  Concentric;  having  the 
same  center.  H.  Rays,  light  rays  that 
have  a  common  focus  or  are  parallel. 

HonioctTtibnn{ho'mo-ser'-e-driM)l6fi6ct  like ; 
cerebrum,  cerebrum].  A  substance  derived 
from  brain-tissue,  closely  resembling  cerebrin, 
but  more  soluble  in  alcohol. 

Homoeo-  (ho'-me-o-).  For  words  thus  be- 
ginning, see  Homeo. 

Homogeneous  (ho-mo-je' -ne-us)  [<(/«>c»  like ; 
yivo^,  kind].  Having  the  same  nature  or 
qualities ;  having  a  uniform  character  in  all 
parts. 

Homogenesis  (ho-mo-jen'-es-is)  [<5//^,  like; 
yevvav,  lo  beget].  Reproduction  in  which  a 
parent  gives  rise  to  offspring  that  pass  through 
the  same  cycle  of  changes  as  itself. 

Homogentisic  Acid  (hom-o-jen'tix'-ik).  See 
Acid, 

Homologous  {homol'-O'gus)  [bfib^,  the 
same;  AcJyof,  relation].  Corresponding  in 
structure,  either  directly  or  as  referred  to  a 
fundamental  type.  In  chemistry,  being  of 
the  same  type  or  series  ;  differing  by  a  mul- 
tiple or  an  arithmetic  ratio  in  certain  con- 
stituents. H.  Tissues,  those  identical  in 
type  of  structure.  H.  Tumor,  a  tumor 
consisting  of  tissue  identical  with  that  of  the 
organ  whence  it  springs. 

Homologue  (hom'-o-log)  [<J^<5f ,  same ;  A<Jyof , 
proportion].  An  organ  which  has  the  same 
relative  structure,  position,  or  development  as 
another.  The  same  organ  in  different  organ- 
isms under  every  variety  of  form  and  function. 

Homology  {ho-mol'-o-je)  [  V<Jf ,  same ;  A<Jyof , 
proportion].  The  quality  of  being  homolo- 
gous ;  also,  the  morphologic  identity  of  parts 
or  organs  in  different  animals. 


HOMONYMOUS 


HUMIDITY 


Hoiiioil3nnoo8  (ko-mcn'-im-uiS  [5/<^,  stme  ; 
Avtyio,  aoame}.  I.  Haring  the  same  sound 
or  name ;  having  the  same  relative  position. 
H.  Diplopia,  a  form  of  diplopia  in  which  the 
image  seen  by  the  right  eye  is  on  the  right 
side  and  that  seen  by  the  left  eye  b  on  the 
left  side.  H.  Hemianopia«  See  Hewtiano- 
pia. 

HomoChennic(^iiM^M/^-imi)[^^,  same ; 
Qkpiai^  heat].   Having  a  uniform  temperature. 

Homotonic  {ho-mo-ton^-ik^  [<^/'^C»  same; 
r^KOf,  tone,  tension].  Having  a  uniform  or 
even  course. 

Homotype  {he' -wto-nf)  [^^,  same;  Hm-of, 
a  pattern].  A  part  corresponding  and  simi- 
lar to  another  part,  as  tbe  humerus  to  the 
feorar. 

Hondurms  Baric  (hom-duf-rtu  hark),  Cas- 
caraamarga. 

Honey  {hun^-e)  [ME.,  komy^  honey].  See 
Mel, 

Hook  [AS.,  ^  a  hook^.  A  curved  instru- 
ment H.,  Blunt,  an  instrument  for  exer- 
cising traction  upon  the  fetus  in  an  arrested 
breech-presentation.  H.,  Malgmigne'a,  two 
pair  of  \k.<xk%  connected  by  a  screw  for  ap- 
proximating the  fragments  of  a  fractured  pa- 
tella. H.,  Tyrrera,  a  blunt,  slender  hook 
tor  operations  upon  the  e3re. 

Hop.     See  Humulus. 

Hope's  Camphor-miztore.  A  mixture  con- 
taining nitric  acid,  camphor-water,  and  tinc- 
ture of  opium.  It  is  used  in  the  treatment 
of  serous  or  choleraic  diarrheas. 

Hordeolum  (hor-tW-O'lum)  \hordeum,  a 
grain  of  barleV].  A  stjre ;  a  furuncular  in- 
flammation of  the  connective  tissue  of  the 
lids,  near  a  hair-follicle. 

Hordeum  {hor'-de-um)  [L.].     Barley. 

Horehound  (hdr^'hxntmd).    See  Marrubium, 

Horizontal  (har-tM-om'-ial)  [hpU^uv,  the  hori- 
zon].    Parallel  to  the  horizon. 

Horn.     See  Comu, 

Homer's  Muscle.    See  MuscUs,  Table  of. 

Homy  (kom'-e^  [ME.,  kom^  horn].  Com- 
posed of,  or  resembling,  horn. 

Horopter  {hor  -  op*  -  ter)  [dpoc,  boundary ; 
Irwriip,  an  observer].  The  sum  of  all  the 
points  seen  singly  oy  the  two  retinae  while 
the  fixation-point  remains  stationary. 

Horripilation  (hor-ip-il-a' -shun)  [Aarrere,  to 
stand  on  end ;  pi/us,  the  hair].  Erection 
of  the  hairs  of  the  skin  produced  by  the  con- 
traction of  arrectores  pib  muscles. 

Horse-radish  (kors'-rad-isk),  Gxrhlearia 
armoracia,  a  plant  of  the  order  Cniciferse. 
The  root  (Arrooraciae  radix,  U.  S.  P.)  contains 
a  volatile  oil,  and  is  a  gastric  stimulant  and 
diuretic  It  b  chiefly  used  as  a  condiment, 
but  has  been  employed  in  medicine  in  dropsy, 
chronic  rheumatism,  and  scurvy.  Dose  of 
the  root  3  ss  (2.0)  or  more. 


Horaesboe-kidney.  A  kidney  having  \ 
what  the  shape  of  a  horseshoe,  due  to  a  fri- 
tion  of  the  two  kidneys  at  one  of  their  ends, 
usually  the  lower. 

Horseshoe-magnet.  A  magnet  bent  in  the 
shape  of  a  horseshoe. 

Horseweed.  i.  The  Collinsonia  canadensis, 
an  indigenous  plant,  the  root  of  which  (in  de- 
coction) is  used  in  C3rstitis,  leukorrhea,  dropsy, 
gravel,  etc.     2.  The  Erigeron  caiuulense. 

Horsley's  Method.  A  method  of  deter- 
mining the  position  of  the  fissure  of  RoUikIo 
by  means  of  an  instrument  called  a  cyrtom- 
eter,  encircling  the  head,  and  having  an  arm 
fixed  at  an  angle  of  67^,  which  indicates  the 
position  of  the  fissure.  H.  Test,  a  test  for 
glucose.  The  urine  rendered  alkaline  is 
boiled  with  potassium  dichromate ;  if  sogar  is 
present,  a  green  color  is  developed. 

Hospital  (kos'-pit'ol)  [kcspes,  a  goestl  A 
building  for  the  care  and  treatment  of  sick 
or  infirm  persons.  H.  Gangrene,  a  conta- 
gious, phagedenic  gangrene  occasionally  at- 
tacking wounds  or  open  sores.  It  is  confined 
mainly  to  military  hospitab,  and  is  of  mi- 
crobic  origin. 

Hospitalism  (Mas' -  pU  -  al  -  ism)  ^Aespes,  a 
guest].  The  morbid  conditions  arising  from 
the  gathering  of  diseased  persons  in  a  hos- 
pitaL 

Host  {A^sl)  [hosHSf  a  stranger,  a  landlord]. 
The  organic  body  upon  which  parasites  live. 

Hot  [ME.,  hot^  hot].  Having  or  yielding 
the  sensation  of  heat ;  stimulating ;  biting. 
H.-air  Bath.  See  Balk,  H.  Bath.  See 
Balk, 

Hottentotism  {kol^'H-M-ism).  An  extreme 
form  of  congenital  stammering. 

Hour-glass  Contraction.  A  contraction  of 
a  hollow  organ,  as  the  uterus  or  stomach, 
near  the  middle,  producing  a  condition  re- 
sembling an  hour-glass. 

Housemaid's  Knee.  A  chronic  inflamma- 
tion of  the  bursa  in  front  of  the  patella  with 
an  accumulation  of  serous  fluid. 

Howship's  Lacume,  or  Pits  [John  Hism- 
sAip,Mn  English  surgeon].  Minute  depres- 
sions or  pits  in  bone  undergoing  absorption, 
produced  by  the  action  of  osteoclasts. 

Huguier's  Canal.    See  Carnal. 

Humeral  {hu'-mer-al)  [humerus^  the  shool- 
der].     Pertaining  to  the  humerus. 

Humerus  (hu''merus)\\^,\  I.  The  bone 
of  the  upper  arm.     2.  The  shoulder. 


Humidity  {humid'-il-e)  [Aumer^  moisture]. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  moist ;  moist- 
ure ;  dampness.  H.,  Absolute,  the  actual 
amount  of  water  present  in  the  air  at  any 
moment  H.,  Relative,  the  relative  amount 
of  water  present  in  air  as  compared  to  what 
the  air  would  contain  at  the  existing  temper- 
ature were  its  condition  thatof  satnratioo. 


HUMOR 


HYDRANGEA 


Humor  (Au^-mor)  [L.,  moisture],  i.  Any 
fluid  or  semi-fluid  part  of  the  body.  H., 
Aqueous,  the  transparent  fluid  of  the  ante- 
rior chamber  of  the  eye.  H.,  Crystalline. 
Sec  Ltns,  Crystailine.  H.,  Vitreous.  The 
transparent  gelatin-like  substance  filling  the 
greater  part  of  the  |^lobe  of  the  eye.  2.  Dispo- 
sition, temperament,  as  the  four  humors  of 
Galen,  the  choleric,  melancholy,  phlegmatic, 
and  sanguine. 

Humorsd  {Au^-mnr-a/)   [humor ^  moisture]. 
Pertaining  to  the  natural  fluids  of  the  body. 
H.  Pathology,  that  system  of  pathology  ac- 
cording to  which  all  diseases  result  from  a 
disordered  or  abnormal  condition  of  the  fluids 
or  humors  of  the  body.     H.  Theory,  that 
theory  which  ascribes  the  production  of  im- 
munity to  the  antitoxic  or  bactericidal  action 
of  the  fluids  of  the  body. 
Humpback  {humj/'bak).     See  Kyphosis. 
Humulus   Qiu'-mu-lus)  [L.].     Hop.     The 
fruit-cones  or  strobiles  of  H.  lupulus,  which 
yield  a  powder,  lupulin,  a  volatile  oil,  and 
tannin.     Hops  are  tonic  and  slightly  nar- 
cotic, and  are  used  internally  in  dyspepsia, 
delirium  tremens,  and  insomnia;  locally,  as 
emollient  poultices.     H.,  Tinct.     Dose  3  j- 
ij   (4.0-8.0).      Lupulinum,  the  glandular 
powder.     Dose  gr.  t-xv  (0.32-1.0).     Lu- 
puli,  Ext.  (B.  P^.    Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.32- 
0.65).     Lupuli,  Infusum  (B.  P.).     Dose 
f3J-»J  (32.0-64.0). 
Hunchback  (hunch' bak).     See  Kyphosis. 
Hunger  (hung'-ger)  [AS. ,  hungor^  hunger]. 
A  condition  marked  by  a  sensation  of  empti- 
ness of  the  stomach,  with  a  longing  for  food. 
Hunter's  Canal  [John  Hunter^  an  English 
scientist  and  surgeon].     See  Canal.     H.'s 
Method,  a  meth^  of  treating  aneurysm  by 
ligating  the  artery  on  the  proximal  side  of 
the  sac 
Hunterian  Chancre.    See  Chancre. 
Huntingdon's  Chorea.    See  Chorea. 
Hunyadi  Janos  Water  (hunyah'-de  yah'- 
nos).     An  aperient  OMneral  water  from  Hun- 
gary, containing  the  sulphates  of  potassium, 
sodium,  and  magnesium,  sodium  chlorid  and 
carbonate,  iron  oxid,  and  alumina. 
Hutchinson's  Teeth  [Jonathan  Hutchinson^ 
an  English  phjrsicianj.     A  notched  or  fur- 
rowed condition  of  the  free  edges  of  the  per- 
manent teeth,  especially  the  central  incisors 
of  the  tipper  jaw,  due  to  inherited  S3rphilis. 
Huxley's  Layer  [Thomas  Huxley^  an  Eng- 
lish biologist].      A  layer  of  nucleated,  elon- 
gated, polygonal  cells  lying  within  Henle's 
layer  of  the  inner  root -sheath  of  hairs. 
Huygentan  Ocular  (hi-je'  -ne-ah).      See 

Ocular. 
Hyaiin  (hi'-al-in)  [iaXo^f  glass].    A  trans- 
lucent substance  forming  the  wails  of  hydatid 
cjsta. 


Hyaline  (hi^-al-in)  [voXof,  glass].  Resem- 
bling glass.  H.  Cartilage.  See  Cartilage. 
H.  Cast,  or  Cylinder,  a  clear,  nearly  trans- 
parent urinary  tube-cast  H.  Degeneration. 
See  Degeneration. 

Hyalitis  (hi-al-i'-tis)  [vaXo^,  glass;  iric, 
inflanunation].  Inflammation  of  the  hyaloid 
membrane  of  the  vitreous  humor. 

Hyaloid  {hi' -al-oid)  [vaXoc,  glass;  tlSoc, 
form].  Transparent;  glass-like.  H.  Artery, 
a  branch  of  the  arteria  centralis  retinae  in'  the 
embryo,  traversing  the  vitreous  humor  to  the 
posterior  capsule  of  the  lens.  H.  Mem- 
brane, a  delicate,  transparent  membrane  sur- 
rounding the  vitreous  humor,  except  in  front, 
where  it  becomes  fibrous  and  strong  and 
forms  a  leaflet  of  the  zonula  of  Zinn. 

Hyaloplasm  {hi' -al-oplazm)  [voAoc,  glass; 
nXdofM,  plasm].  The  fluid  portion  of  the 
protoplasm  of  a  living  cell. 

Hybrid  (hi'-brid)  [vi3ptc,  insult].  The  off- 
spring of  two  individuals  of  distinct  but 
closely  related  species. 

Hydantoin  {hi-dan-ty-in),  CjH^NjO,.  Gly- 
colyl  urea.  A  crystalline  substance  derived 
from  allantoin  and  related  to  urea. 

Hydatid  {hi' -dot-id)  Ib^aric,  vesicle].  A 
cyst-like  body  with  clear  contents,  especially 
that  formed  by  the  larva  of  the  Taenia  echino- 
coccus.  H .  Disease,  a  disease  characterized 
by  the  presence  in  various  portions  of  the 
body  of  cysts  containing  the  embryo  of  the 
Taenia  echinococcus.  H.  Fremitus,  H. 
Thrill,  a  fremitus  occasionally  obtained  on 
palpating  an  hydatid  cyst.  H.  Mole.  5>ee 
Chorion,  Cystic  Veneration  of,  and  Mole.  H. 
of  Morgagni,  a  small  cyst  connected  with 
the  fimbriated  extremity  of  the  Fallopian 
tube.  In  the  testicle  it  is  found  between  the 
testicle  proper  and  the  epididymis.  It  rep- 
resents the  remains  of  the  Milllerian  duct. 

Hydatidiform  (hi-dat-id'-if-orm)  [wJar/f ,  hy- 
datid ;  forma,  form].  Having  the  form  of 
an  hydatid.  H.  Mole.  See  Chorion,  Cystic 
Degeneration  of. 

Hydracetin  (hi-dras'-et-in),  C,H5N,H,(C,- 
H,0).  A  coal-tar  derivative.  It  is  antipy- 
retic and  antirheumatic.  Dose  gr.  yi  to  ij 
(0.032-0. 13V 

Hydracid  {hi-dras'-id)  [wJop,  water;  acid- 
um,  acid].  An  acid  formed  by  a  combinatioc 
of  hydrogen  and  an  acid  element  or  radicle 
other  than  oxygen. 

Hydremia  {hi-dre' -me-aK).     See  Hydremia. 

Hydragogue  {hi'-drag-og)  [wJwp,  water; 
iyuyo^,  leading].  I.  Expelling  water.  2. 
A  purgative  that  causes  copious  liquid  dis- 
charges. 

Hydramnios  {hi-dram'-ne-os)  {p6up,  water ; 
afiviov,  fetal  membrane].  An  abnormal 
amount  of  amniotic  fluid. 

Hydrangea  {hi-dran' -je-ah)   [W«/),  water; 


HYDRARGISM 


HYDROCEPHALUS 


iiYyeiov,  ▼esse!].  A  genus  of  saxifragaceous 
shrubs.  The  root  of  H.  arboretcensit 
contains hydrangin,  and  is  employed  in  lithia- 
sis. 

Hydrmrgism,  Hydrargyria,  Hydrargyri- 
asis,  Hydrargyrism  (hidrar^-gixm^  hi- 
drar-jir^ -e-ahf  hi'drar-Jir-i^-as-is^  hi-drar'' 
jir-am).  Chronic  mercurial  poisoning.  See 
MercuriaHsm. 

Hydrargyrum  {Ai'drar^'Jir-um)[ySpdpyvpoCf 
mercury].     See  Mercury, 

Hydrartnrosis  {hi  -  drar  -  thro' -sis)  [Wop, 
water;  d/D^pw,  joint].  An  accumulation  of 
fluid  in  a  joint. 

Hydrastis  (^f*</rar^-/i>).  Goldenseal,  a  plant 
of  the  order  Ranunculacec.  The  rhizome  and 
roots  of  H.  canadensis,  which  contain  the 
alkaloids  hydrastin  and  berberin.  It  is  tonic, 
antiperiodic,  cholagogue,  and  diuretic,  and 
has  been  employed  in  leukorrhea,  cystitis, 
constipation,  menorrhagia,  gonorrhea,  dys- 
pepsia, etc.  Dose  of  the  hydrastin  of  com- 
merce, an  impure  body,  gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65); 
of  the  alkaloid,  gr.  f-^  (0.008-0.022).  H., 
Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  fgss-j  ^2.0-4.0).  H., 
Olyceritum.    Dose  fgss-j  (2.0-4.0). 

Hydrate  (hi' -drat)  [wJ<Jp,  water].  I.  A  com- 
pound which  may  be  considered  to  be  formed 
by  the  replacement  of  half  the  hydrogen  of 
one  or  more  molecules  of  water  by  an  elec- 
tropositive element  or  radicle.  2.  A  salt 
containing  water  of  crystallization. 

Hydrated  (ki^-draUd)  [Wcjp,  water].  Com- 
bined  with  water. 

Hydration  {hi-dra' shutC)  [Mup,  water]. 
The  process  of  combining  with  water,  or  of 
converting  into  a  hydrate. 

Hydrazin  (hi-dra*f -in)  [Mcjp,  water ;  asotum, 
nitrogen],  H^N,.  i.  Diamid;  a  color- 
less, stable,  gas,  soluble  in  water,  having  a 
peculiar  odor,  and  a  strong  alkaline  reaction. 
2.  One  of  a  class  of  bodies  derived  from 
hydrazin  by  replacing  one  or  more  of  its 
hydrogen  atoms  by  a  radicle. 

Hydremia (Al-</r^-»f^••a^)  [t'c^9, water;  aifui, 
blood].     A  watery  condition  of  the  blood. 

Hydrencephalocele  ( hidrensef -alo-sil) 
[{k9up,  water;  kyuffoAoc,  brain;  «^A7,  her- 
nia], liemia  of  the  brain,  in  which  the  tu- 
mor is  in  part  composed  of  a  watery  fluid. 

Hydrencephalus  (hi-dren-sef -cU-us).  See 
Hydrocephalus. 

Hydric  (hi^drih)  \y6t)p^  water].  Containing 
water. 

Hjrdrid  (hi^-drid)  [^f^y  water].  A  chemic 
compound  containing  hydrogen  united  to  an 
element  or  radicle. 

Hydriodic  ( hidreod'ik )  [  f-Ajp,  water ; 
i^cfTCt  like  a  violet].  Containing  hydrogen 
and  iodin.  H.  Acid,  HI,  a  heavy,  colorless 
gas,  with  a  suflbcating  odor  and  an  acid  re - 
'CtioiL    The  syrup  of  hydriodic  acid  (Syrupus 


acidi  hydriodid, U.S. P.)  contains  10 percent 
of  absolute  HI.  Dose  n\,xx-xl  (1.3-2.6). 
It  b  used  as  an  alterative  in  scrofula,  rickets, 
etc. 

Hydro-  (hi'-dro-)  [tK$gp,  water].  A  prefix 
signifying  combined  with  water  or  witn  hy- 
drogen. 

Hydroa  (hi-dro'-ah)  [t>dcjp,  water;  l»6%\  egg]. 
A  chronic  inflammatory  disease  of  the  skm 
characterized  by  erythema,  papules,  pus- 
tules, vesicles,  bullse,  or  combinations  of  these, 
and  by  intense  itching.  It  is  also  known  as 
dennatitis  herpetiformis  or  pemphigus  prurigi- 
nosus. 

Hydrobilirubin  (hi  dro-bil-e-ru' -bin)  [y^ijpt 
water ;  biiis,  bile ;  ruber ^  red],  C^H^N^O,. 
A  brown-red  pigment  formed  by  treating  a 
solution  of  bilirubin  with  sodium-amalgam. 
It  is  probably  identical  with  stercobilin,  the 
coloring-matter  of  the  feces,  and  urobilin, 
the  pigment  of  the  urine. 

Hydrobromate  (hi-dro-bro'-mdi)  [v<$<jp, 
water ;  (ipCtfiog,  a  stench].  A  salt  of  hydro^ 
bromic  acid. 

Hydrobromic  (hi-dro-brt/ -mik)\i6L>p^  water; 
ppCtftoq^    stench].     Composed  of    hydrogen, 
and  bromin.     H.  Acid.     See  Acid,  Hydr^ 
bromic.     H.  Ether,   C,HjBr.      See  Ethyi 
Bromid. 

Hydrobromid  {hi-dro-bro' -mid).  Same  as 
Hydrobromate. 

Hydrocarbon  [hi-drokar' bon)\y6t»p,  water ; 
carbo,  charcoal].  Any  compound  composed 
of  hydrogen  and  carbon.  All  other  oi^anic 
compounds  may  be  considered  as  derivatives 
of  the  hydrocarbons.  The  chief  derivatives 
are  (l)  those  containing  hydrogen  ;  (2)  those 
containing  oxygen  ;  (3)  those  containing  sul- 
phur ;  and  (4)  those  containing  nitrogen.  The 
principal  hydrocarbons  are :  (l)  the  saturated 
hydrocarbons  of  the  paraffin  or  marsh-gas 
series  (CnH,«-f.j) ;  (2)  the  unsaturated  hy- 
drocarbons of  the  olefin  series  (CaH,.) ;  and 
(3)  the  benzene  series  or  aromatic  hydrocar- 
bons (CaH,a.^). 

Hydrocele  {hi'-dro-sfl)  ri'<5<jp,  water;  Kii>.n% 
tumor].  A  collection  of  serous  fluid  about 
the  testicle  or  spermatic  cord. 

Hydrocephalic  (hi-dro-se/afik)  [i>rf(jv>, 
water;  «0a>^,  head].  Pertaining  to  or  af- 
fected with  hydrocephalus.  H.  Cry,  the 
loud  cry  of  a  child,  indicating  pain  in  the  head. 

Hydrocephalocele  (hi  -  dro  -  sef'-  <?/  *  -  se/ ) 
[vActp,  water;  «4a/i7,  head  ;  Kr]}tj,  a  tumor]. 
See  Hydrencephalocele. 

Hydrocephaloid  [hidrosefal-oid)  [iV^, 
water;  Jtr^/J?,  head;  ti6o^^  form].  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  hydroceptuUus.  H. 
Disease.  Sec  Hairs  Disease,  Diseasn,  Ta- 
ble of. 

Hydrocephalus  (hidro-sef'al-us)  [t<<^i, 
water;  x^^v,  head].     A  collection  of  flmd 


HYDROCHINONE 


HYDROPERICARDIUM 


in  the  cerebral  ventricles  (ioteroal  H.)  or 
outside  the  brain-substance  (external  H.). 
The  sjrmptoms  are :  Progressive  enlargement 
of  the  head,  bulging  of  the  fontanels,  promi- 
nent forehead,  thinness  of  hair  and  scalp,  dis- 
tention of  the  superficial  veins,  mental  im- 
pairment, muscular  weakness,  convulsions. 
Acute  external  H.  is  due  to  inflammation  of 
the  meninges,  usually  tuberculous ;  acute  in- 
ternal H.  15  caused  by  ependymitis.  Chronic 
H.  is  either  congenital  or  acquired. 
Hydrochinone  {hidro  ki'ndn)  [vcJwp,  water ; 
juinotu].  See  Hydroquinone, 
Hydrochlorate  (hi  -  dro  -  kit/  -  rdf)  \y6up^ 
water;  x^9^%  green].  Any  salt  of  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Hydrochloric    Acid   (hi-dro-klo'  rik).     See 
Acid^  Hydrochloric. 

Hydrochlorid  (hidro-Alo^rid)  [Wup,  water ; 
X^po^t  gi'cenl .  Same  as  Hydrochlorate. 
Hydrocirsocele  (hi-dro-sir^ -so-sil )  [ydop^ 
water ;  lupcd^,  venous  enlargement ;  <c^^^, 
tumor].  Hydrocele  accompanied  with  vari- 
cose veins  of  the  spermatic  cord. 
HydrocoUidin  (hi  -  dro  -  kol'-  id  -  in)  [vrfw/j, 
water;  KliKka,  glue],  CgH„N.  A  highly 
poisonous  ptomain  obtained  from  putrefying 
mackerel,  horse-flesh,  and  ox-flesh,  and  said 
to  be  identical  with  one  obtained  from  nico- 
tin. 

Hydrocyanic  (hi-dro-se-an' ik).    See  Cyano- 
gen, and  Acid^  Hydrocyanic, 
Hydroelectric  (hi-dro-e-lek'-trik)  [vcJwp,  wa- 
ter;- ifWeKTpovy   electricity].      Pertaining  to 
electricity    developed    in    connection    with 
water.     H.  Bath,  a  bath  in  which  the  me- 
tallic lining  of  the  tub  is  connected  with  one 
pole  of  a  battery,  the  other  pole  being  in 
contact  with  the  person  of  the  patient. 
Hydrofluoric  Acid  {hi'dro-flu-orf-ik).     See 
Acid  9sA.  Fluorin. 
Hydrogen  (hi'-dro-jen)  [ySopt  water;  yev- 
vdp»  to  produce].    Symbol  H;  atomic  weight 
I ;  quantivalence  I.     A  combustible,  gaseous 
element,  feebly  basic,  and  occurring  in  nature 
in  greatest  abundance  combined  with  oxygen 
in  the  form  of  water,  H,0.     It  is  present  in 
nearly  all  organic  compounds,  and  is  a  constant 
constituent  of  acids.     H.  Monozid,  H,0, 
water.      H.  Diozid,  or  H.  Perozid,  H,()„ 
an   unstable  liquid   which  readily  yields  up 
an  atom  of  oxygen,  and  hence  is  a  power- 
ful oxidizer.  It  is  strongly  antiseptic.    Aqua 
hydrogenii  diozidi  (U.  S.  P.),  contains  3 
per  cent,  of  pure  H,0,.     It  is  useful  as  an 
antiseptic   application    to   inflamed    mucous 
membranes  m  diphtheria,  scarlet  fever,  gon- 
orrhea, etc.,  and  as  a  cleansing  agent  of  sup- 
pomting  cavities. 
Hydrolein  (^^^ro/'-^-f»)[vrf(jp, water;  oleum , 
oil].      A  proprietary  remedy,  an  emulsion  of 
-liver  oil  with  pancreatin  and  borax. 


Hydrology  (hi-drol'-o-je)  [Wcjp,  water; 
'k6yo^^  science].  A  treatbe  on  the  nature  and 
uses  of  water. 

Hydrolytic  (hi  -  dro  -  lit' -  ik)  [vcJup,  water; 
Khtiv^  to  dissolve].  Pertaining  to  the  decom- 
position of  water,  or  the  liberation  of  water 
during  a  chemic  reaction.  H.  Ferments, 
those  causing  a  combination  with  the  ele- 

'ments  of  water  in  the  substances  they  decom- 
pose. 

Hydromel  (hi'-dro-mel)  [y6up,  water;  fikh., 
honey].  A  mixture  of  honey  and  water  with 
or  without  a  medicinal  substance. 

Hydromeningitis  (hi-dro-men-in-ji' -tis)  [wJ- 
c.)/o,water  ;  fi^iy^,  a  membrane ;  iTig,  inflam- 
mation]. I.  Inflammation  of  the  mem- 
branes of  the  brain  or  cord,  accompanied  by 
eflusion  of  serous  fluid.  2.  Inflammation 
of  the  membrane  of  Descemet. 

Hydromeningocele  (hidro-men-in'-go-sil) 
[ydupf  water;  finviy^,  membrane;  le^A^,  a 
tumor].  I.  A  cystic  tumor  of  the  meninges, 
protruding  through  the  skull.  2.  A  form  of 
spina  bifida,  in  which  the  sac  contains  cere- 
brospinal fluid. 

Hydrometer  (hi-drom' -et-er)  [vtfup,  water; 
/^crpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  de- 
termining the  specific  gravity  of  liquids. 

Hydrometra  (hi-dro-me^-trah)  [vdcjp,  water ; 
f^Tpa,  the  womb].  A  collection  of  watery 
fluid  in  the  uterus. 

Hydromphalus  (hi  drom'-fal-us)  \y6up^  wa- 
ter ;  hw^TJtqy  navel].  A  tumor  at  the  navel 
distended  with  water. 

Hydromyelia  (hidro-mi-e'-le-aK)  or  Hydro- 
myelus  (hi-dro-mi' -el-us)  [vdcjp,  water ;  ^ve- 
>.<ic»  marrow].  Dilatation  of  the  central 
canal  of  the  spinal  cord  with  an  accumula- 
tion of  fluid. 

Hydronaphtol  (hi-dro-naf'-tol)  [vdi^p,  wa- 
ter ;  vd^a,  asphalt].  A  substance  probably 
identical  with  beta-naphtol,  and  like  it  used 
as  an  intestinal  antiseptic.  Dose  gr.  iij-iv 
(0.20-0.26). 

Hydronephrosis  (hidro-nef-ro^-sis)  {y6utp, 
water;  vet^pdg^  kidney].  A  collection  of 
urine  in  the  pelvis  of  the  kidney  from  ob- 
structed outflow.  The  pressure  of  the  fluid 
causes  in  time  atrophy  of  the  kidney-struc- 
ture, and  the  whole  organ  is  converted  into 
a  large  cyst. 

Hydronephrotic  (hi-dro-nef-rotf 4k)  [vcJup, 
water;  vp0p<5f,  kidney].  Relating  to,  affected 
with,  or  of  the  nature  of,  hydronephrosis 

Hydropathy  [hi-drof/ -ath-e)  [Wwp,  water; 
Trdfloc,  disease].  The  treatment  of  diseases 
by  the  use  01  water,  externally  and  inter- 
nally. 

Hydropericardium  (hi-dro-per-ik-ar' -de-um) 
[yiup,  water ;  ire  pi,  around  ;  napSia,  heart]. 
A  collection  of  serum  within  the  pericardial 
cavity. 


4 


HYDROPERITONEUM 


HYDROXYLAMIN 


HydfDpcrittmeqm  (  ki-dro-per'it-omt'um ) 
r^duyi,  water ;  p€rit4»uum'\.     Ascites. 

Hjrdropbobla  Iki-dra-ft/ -te-ak)  [lAjp, water ; 
f^^,  dread].  An  acute  infectious  disease 
cotnmqnicatcd  to  man  by  the  bites  of  animals 
sttfiering  from  rabies,  llie  period  of  incuba- 
tion is  variable,  the  average  being  from  three 
to  six  months.  The  disease  begins  with  ma- 
laise, slight  spasmodic  movements,  and  eh- 
laigement  of  the  Ijrmphatic  glands  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  original  wound.  Soon 
the  true  hydrophobic  state  sets  in — it  is  char- 
acterized by  tonic  spasm  of  the  muscles  of 
deglutition,  excited  by  an  effort  at  swallowing 
water  or  even  at  the  sight  of  water.  The 
pulse  is  rapid,  there  is  a  slight  fever,  and 
usually  profuse  salivation.  Toward  the  end 
paralysis  may  develop.  The  disease  is 
nearly  always  fatal.  Pasteur  has  proposed  a 
method  of  prophylaxis,  consisting  in  the  in- 
jection of  material  from  the  spinal  cord  of 
animals  dead  of  rabies. 

Hydrophobic  (kidro-ft/HA)  [t><^>,  water; 
iip<K,  dread] .  Pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature 
of,  hydrophobia.   H.  Tetanus.  See  Tetanus. 

Hydrophobophobia  {hy-dro-fo  bo-fo'  -beak) 
[v<5u{p,  water;  ^/3oc,  fear].  An  intense 
dread  of  hydrophobia;  a  condition  produc- 
ing a  state  simulating  true  hydrophobia. 

Hydrophthalmia  (^f  -  droff  -  thai'  -  me  -  ak) 
rv<)up,  water;  6^/^rff,  eye].  An  increase 
m  the  fluid  contents  of  the  eye  causing  the 
organ  to  become  distended,  resulting  in  glau- 
coma, keratoglobus,  staphyloma,  etc. 

Hydropic  (At  </r£»^-i>)  [v<$/x.rY;,  dropsy].  Per- 
taining to  dropsy,  dropsical. 

Hydropneumatotis  (hi- dro - nu •  mat-  o^- sis) 
[(<$up,  water;  irvevfiaruatf,  inflation].  A 
collection  of  fluid  and  air  or  other  gas  within 
the  tissues. 

Hydropneumopericardiam  (Ai-dro-nu-ma- 
per-iA-ar^-de-umiS  [ySijp,  water ;  wevfia,  air ; 
irepttsapStov,  pencardium].  A  collection  of 
serum  and  air  or  other  gas  within  the  peri- 
cardium. 

Hydropneomothorax  (Ai'dr^-nu  -  mc  •  M^- 
raAs)  rifdupt  water ;  nvevfta,  air ;  B6pa^f 
thorax] .  The  presence  of  serous  fluid  and 
air  or  gas  in  die  pleural  cavity. 

Hydrops  iA^-dropsS  [Wpu^,  dropsy]. 
I>ropsy.  H.  articuli,  a  watery  efiusion  into 
the  synovial  cavity  of  a  joint. 

Hydroquinin  {Ai'dr^-Amn'-m)  [vSup,  water ; 
futna,  Peruvian  bark],  Cj^H^NjO,.  An  al- 
aaloid  obtained  from  cmchona,  and  frequently 
contaminating  quinin. 

Hydroquinone  (ki-dra-Awin'-dn)^  C^H-O,. 
An  isomer  of  resorcin  and  pyrocatechin, 
found  in  arbutin  (see  Uva  ursi),  and  also  ob- 
tained from  quinin  and  quinone,  etc.  It  is 
antipyretic  and  antiseptic  Doie  gr.  xt-xx 
(1.O-I.3).     UooC 


Hydrorrhea  {Ai-drcr-e^-aA)  [t'A.ip,  water; 
pwa^  flow].  A  flow  of  watery  liquid.  H., 
gravidarum,  a  discharge  from  the  pregnant 
uterus  of  thin  mucus  that  acctimulates  as  a 
result  of  excessive  secretion  of  the  uterine 
glands. 

Hydrosalpinx  ( 4f-^ro.rtf/'-/m^j)  [tM<jy),  water; 
oQJ.nq^^  trumpet].  A  distention  of  the  Fal- 
lopian tube  with  fluid. 

Hydrosarcocele  {Ai-dra-saH-Ao-iil^  [t<<)<jy>, 
water;  <ydp^.  flesh,  «^^, hernia].  Sarcoceie 
with  hydrocele. 

Hydrostat(iiVfi/-ji^[t*rkjp,  water;  urrovai^ 
to  sUnd].  An  apparatus  for  preventing  the 
spilling  of  the  fluid  of  electric  batteries  dur- 
ing transportation. 

Hydrostatic  or  Hydrostatics  {kidrp-stai^' 
I'A  OT  iAs)  [t-<J«p»  water;  iarAvoif  to  stand]. 
The  science  treating  of  the  properties  of 
liquids  in  a  state  of  equilibrium. 

Hydrosulphuric  Acid  (Ai-dr^mifu' riAy 
See  Acid. 

Hydrotherapeutics  {kidr^-tker'apu' - tiAs) 
[ttJcjp,  water;  depaxtvetv,  to  heal].  The 
treatment  of  disease  by  means  of  water,  or 
the  use  of  water  in  the  treatment  of  disease. 

Hydrotherapy  (kidrotker'ap-e).  See  Ny- 
drotkerapeutUs. 

Hydrothionanomonemi^  {hi'drp-tki-^n-am' 
»-ny-me-ah)\yfnjp;m9Xex\  Bticv,  sulphur;  am- 
mtmia,  ammonia ;  a)fiat  blood].  The  condition 
produced  by  the  presence  of  ammonium  sul- 
phid  in  the  blood. 

Hydfothionemia  (ki •  dro 'tki-oM-e^-me-oA) 
r^cjp,  water;  ^riov,  sulphur ;  aifut^  blood]. 
The  condition  produced  by  the  presence  of 
hydrogen  sulphid  in  the  blood. 

Hy  drothionuria  {ki  -  dro  -  tki  -oM't/re-aA) 
[wJwp  water;  0r<oi',  sulphur ;  oi'pov,  urine]. 
The  presence  of  hydrogen  sulphid  in  the 
urine. 

Hydrothorax  (kidro-tky-raAs)Tv64jp,  water ; 
^itpa^t  chest].  The  presence  ot  serous  fluid 
in  the  pleural  cavity,  due  to  a  passive  effusion, 
as  in  cardiac,  renal,  and  other  diseases. 

Hydrotomy  (Ai-drot^o-me)  [wSi^,  water; 
riftvttv,  to  cut].  A  method  of  dissecting 
tissues  by  the  forcible  injection  of  water  into 
the  arteries  and  capillaries,  whereby  the 
structures  are  separated. 

Hydrozid  (Ai^roAs^id)  \i'6ijp  water;  Afvc. 
sharp].  A  metallic  or  oasic  radicle  com- 
bined with  one  or  more  hydroxyl  groups. 
Hydroxids  may  be  regarded  as  formed  from 
water  (HOH)  by  the  substitution  for  one  of 
its  hydrogen  atoms  of  a  metal  or  basic  radicle. 
Synon3rm  of  Hydrate. 

Hydroxyl  (AidroAs^-ii)  [t^Ajip.  water;  dft^t 
sharp].  The  univalent  radicle,  OH,  the  com- 
bination of  which  with  basic  elements  or 
radicles  forms  the  hydroxids. 

Hydroxylamin    (Ai'droAsi^-cm-in)   [&4«f^ 


HYDRURIA 


HYPERCATHARSIS 


water;  A<uf,  sharp;  aminl.  NH,OH.  A 
basic  substance,  known  only  in  solution  in 
water  or  in  combination  with  acids.  Its 
hydrochlorid  has  been  used  as  a  substitute 
for  chrysarobin  in  skin-diseases. 

Hydruria(^i-</r«'-r/-flA)  [vdup,  water;  ovpov^ 
urine].  The  discharge  of  a  large  quantity 
of  urine  of  low  specific  gravity. 

Hygiene  (hijefn)  [vyietv6qf  good  for  the 
health].  The  science  that  treats  of  the  laws 
of  health  and  the  methods  of  their  observ- 
ance. 

Hygienic  ihi-jeenf -ik)  \yymv6^y  good  for 
the  health].  Pertaining  to  hygiene,  as  H. 
treatment,  that  which  simply  guards  against 
infraction  of  the  laws  of  health. 

Hygrin  {hi' grin)  {vypd^^  moist ;  from  its 
liquid  form],  C,,Hi,N.  A  liquid  alkaloid, 
derived  from  coca. 

Hygroma  {hi-gr</ -mah)  \vyp6^t  moist ;  d^, 
tumor].  A  bursa,  or  newly-formed  sac,  dis- 
tended with  fluid. 

Hygrometer  (ki-grom' eter)  \yyp^y  moist; 
fiJhrpoVf  measure].  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining quantitatively  the  amount  of  moisture 
in  the  air. 

Hygrometric  {Ai-gro-mef^-riJk)  [vy/xJc,  moist ; 
fjtkrftov^  measure].  I.  Pertaining  to  hygrom- 
ctry.  2.  Readily  absorbing  water;  hygro- 
scopic. 

Hygrometry  (hi-gromf -et-re)  [vyp^,  moist ; 
fikrpov^  measure].  The  measurement  of  the 
moisture  of  the  air. 

Hygroscopic  (hi-gro-skop' •ik\  \yyp6^^  moist ; 
anoneiv,  to  see].  Having  the  property  of 
absorbing  moisture  from  the  air. 

H3rmen  (Ai^-mfn)  [vfifp^,  membrane].  The 
fold  of  mucous  membrane  that  partially  oc- 
cludes the  vaginal  orifice. 

Hymenal  (ki'-me-nal)  {y^ijv,  membrane]. 
Pertaining  to  the  hymen. 

Hymenitis  {hi-men-i^ -tis)  [v^irfv^  membrane; 
/r<c,  infianunation].  Inflammation  of  the 
hymen,  or  of  any  membranous  structure. 

H3rmenology  (himen'ol'-o-jg)  \yfii]v^  mem- 
brane ;  A<iyof,  science].  The  science  of  the 
nature,  structure,  functions,  and  diseases  of 
membranes. 

HjTOCpiglottic  (hi  -o-ep-e  -glot^-ik)  \yotif^ 
hyoid;  hriyXuTri^,  epiglottis].  Relating  to 
the  hyoid  bone  and  the  epiglottis. 

Hyoglossal  (kioghs^al)  [iwirfi^,  hyoid; 
yXCtoaa^  tongue].  Extending  from  the  hyoid 
bone  to  the  tongue. 

Hjroglossus  (hi-oglos^'us).  Sec  Mmdes^ 
TabUof. 

Hyoid  (hi'oU)  [T,  the  Greek  letter  upsilon ; 
ttdo^f  resemblance].  Having  the  form  of  the 
Greek  letter  upsilon.  H.  Bone,  a  bone  situ- 
ated between  the  root  of  the  tongue  and  the 
larynx,  supporting  the  tongue  and  giving  at- 
tachment to  its  muscles. 

2a 


Hyoscin  (ki^'O-sin)  [vf,  hog;  tcvafio^^  bean], 
C,f  H^NO,.  A  liquid  alkaloid  found  in  hy- 
oscyamus.  It  is  a  powerful  depressant  of  the 
cerebrum  and  the  motor  centers  of  the  cord, 
and  is  employed  in  insonmia,  mania,  and  ex- 
cessive sexual  excitement.  The  hydrobro- 
mate  is  most  commonly  administered.  Dose 
P--  liirA  (0.0005-0.00075). 

Hyoscyamin  (hi-o- st^ -am-tn)  [vf,  hog; 
Kvafdo^,  bean],  Cj^H^NO,.  An  alkaloid  oc- 
curring in  hyoscyamus.  It  is  isomeric  with 
atropin,  is  a  mydriatic,  narcotic,  and  sedative. 
E>o»«  gr- Th  (o<»o5).  _.     ^ 

Hyoscyamus  {At  -os-st'  -am-us)  [t>c,  hog ; 
Kvafio^,  bean].  Henbane,  a  plant  of  the  or- 
der Solanacese.  The  leaves  and  flowering 
tops  of  H.  niger  yield  the  alkaloids  hyoscy- 
amin and  hyoscin.  It  is  sedative  to  the  ner- 
vous system,  and  has  been  employed  in  hys- 
teria, cough,  and  colic,  and  to  relieve  pain  in 
rheumatism,  headache,  and  malignant  tumors. 
H.,  Ext.  Dose  gr.j-ij  (0.065-0.13).  H., 
Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  HL  ▼-«  (0.32-0.65).  H., 
Succus  (B.  P.).  Dose  f3ss-j  (2.0-4.0). 
H.,  Tinct.     Dose  f3ss-j  (2.0-4.0). 

Hypacousis,  Hypacusia,  Hypacusis,  or 
Hypakusis  {hip-ak-u'-sis^  hip-ak-u' -u-oK) 
[trn-d,  under ;  dKova<c,  hearing].  Impairment 
of  hearing. 

Hypalbuminosis  \hip'al-bu-min'0''sis)  [t^rrd, 
under ;  allmmenX.  Diminution  in  the  pro- 
portion of  albumin  in  the  blood. 

Hyper-  (hi' -per-)  [vKkp,  above].  A  Greek 
prefix  signifying  above,  beyond,  or  excessive. 

Hyperacidity  (hi-per-as-id' -it-i)  [virip,  over ; 
actdum^  acid].     Excess  of  acidity. 

Hyperacousis,  Hyperacusia,  Hyperacu- 
sis,  or  Hyperakusis  (hi-per-ak-u'-sis^  hi- 
per-ak-u' -ze-ah)  [wr^p,  over;  dxoM7<^,  hear- 
ing]. Morbid  acuteness  of  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing ;  auditory  h3rperesthesia. 

Hyperactivity  (hi  -per  -  aJk  -  tiv^-  it-eS  [wr^p, 
over ;  agere,  to  do].  Excessive  or  aonormal 
activity. 

Hyperemia  (hiper-e^-me-ah).  See  Hyper- 
emia, 

Hyperesthesia  (hi-per-es-the'-te-ahy  See 
Hyperesthesia 

Hyperakusis  (hi-per-ak-u^'Sis),  See  Hypera- 
cousis, 

Hyperalbuminosis  (hi-per'al-bu-min't/siA 
[ynkpt  over;  aibument  albumin].  An  in- 
crease in  the  amount  of  albumin  in  the  blood. 

Hyperalgesia  (hi -per-  al-je'  -te-ah)  [wr^p, 
over;  AXyrfotc,  pain].  Excessive  sensibility 
to  pain. 

Hyperbulia  (hi-per-bu'-le-ah)  \imkp^  over; 
^Xif^  will].  Exaggerated  wilfulness;  ab- 
normal development  of  will-power. 

Hypercatharsis  (hi-per-kaih-ar^'Sis)  [vwip* 
over;  xd^pffic* cleansing].  Excessive  purg- 
ing. 


HYPERCHOLIA 


HYPERPSELAPHESIA 


Hypercbolia  (hi'Per-ki/'lf'ak)  [wr^p.  over; 
^oAijf,  bile].     An  excessive  secretion  of  bile. 

Hypercyetis  (ki-per-sie' sis)  [y^ip,  over; 
ic{^i<,  conception^.     Supcrfetation. 

HyperdicroUc  (hi  -  per  -  di  -  krof -ik)  ftririp, 
over;  SixpoToc,  a  double  beat].  Affected 
with  marked  or  delayed  dicrotism ;  a  condi- 
tion in  which  the  aortic  notch  is  below  the 
base-line. 

HyperdUtention  (ki-per-dis'tem^'skun^  [^'P» 
over ;  distendere^  to  stretch].  Forcible  or 
extreme  distention. 

Hyperdynamia  {ki-per-dinatH^'e-ak)  [irrript 
over ;  dvvafu^,  energy].  Excessive  strength 
or  exaggeration  of  nervous  or  muscular  func- 
tion. 

Hyperemesis  [kuper-em'-es-is)  \ynkp^  over; 
ifuoic,  vomiting].     Excessive  vomiting. 

Hyperemia  (kiper-f^-me-ak)  [vnkp,  over; 
atfia^  blood].  Excessive  blood  in  a  part.  H., 
Active,  that  caused  by  an  excessive  supply 
of  blood  going  to  a  part.  H.,  Paaaive, 
that  caused  by  an  impediment  to  the  removal 
of  the  blood. 

Hyperencephalus  [ki  -per  -  en  •  sef-  a  -  lus\ 
[irTT^p,  over;  f/icifo^oc,  brain].  A  variety  of 
single  autositic  monsters  in  which  0>e  upper 
portion  of  the  skull  is  entirely  lacking. 

Hypererythrocythemia  (kiperer-itk-rosi- 
tke^-me  ak)  [yirip,  over;  ipvBpdc,  red  ;  idrro^, 
cell ;  difuif  blood].  Excess  of  red  corpuscles 
in  the  blood. 

Hyperesthesia  {kiperes/ke^'teak)  [iirip, 
over;  oXo^^c,  sensational].  Excessive  sen- 
sibility of  the  skin. 

Hypergeusia  (ki-per-gu'-se-ak)  [xnrip,  over ; 
ytvot^,  taste].  Abnormal  acuteness  of  the 
sense  of  taste. 

Hyperglobulia  (ki-perglo'bM'le-ak)  [wrip, 
over;  globus ^  a  ball].  An  increase  m  the 
number  of  the  red  blood -corpuscles. 

Hjrperhidroaia,  or  Hypendrosis  (ki-per- 
kid-ro^'Sis^  or  ki-fer-id-ro' ^sis)  [i^^p,  over ; 
Mp^,  sweat].     Excessive  sweating. 

Hyperinoais  {kiper-in-t/ 'Sis\  [vir^p,  over; 
2c*  fiber].  An  excessive  increase  in  the 
fibrin-factors  in  the  blood. 

H3rperinvolution  (^i  -  per  -  in  -  vo-  lu'-  skun) 
vrrkp^  over ;  itn^ohere^  to  roll  around].  Ex- 
cessive involution  of  an  organ  after  enlarge- 
ment, as  of  the  uterus  after  pregnancy,  re- 
sulting in  a  reduction  below  the  normal  size. 

Hsrperkeratoais  (kiper kerat-</'sis)  [iV^p. 
over;  jc/pac,  horn, cornea].  I.  Hypertrophy 
of  the  cornea.  2.  Hypertrophy  of  the  homy 
layer  of  the  skin. 

Hjrperldnesia  {kiper-kine'-se-ak^  \y^^p, 
over ;  «iw7ff/f ,  energy].  Excessive  movement, 
as  that  associated  with  muscular  spasm. 

Hyperleukocythemia  (ki  per^lu^ko■si'tke'' 
me'ah\.     See  Hyperleukocytosis . 

Hyperieukocytosia     {hiperiH-ko-si-ty-sis) 


Umkp^  over;  'Ktvudf,  white;  idTo^^  cell]. 
An  increase  in  the  number  of  leukocytes  m 
the  blood. 

Hypermaatia (ki-per  mas' teak) [t-rr/p. over ; 
fuuTTo^t  breast].  Excessive  development  of 
the  mammary  gland. 

Hypermetropia  (kiper-me-tro' pe-ak).  Same 
as  Hyperopia. 

Hypermetropic  (ki-per-me-trop'-ik)  fi^/p, 
over  ;  fihrpov,  measure;  wy»,  eye].  Affected 
with,  or  pertaining  to,  h3rpermetropia. 

Hyperonychia  (ki  -  per  -  o -nik' e  ak\  [tV^p, 
over ;  4»'if ,  nail].     Hypertrophy  of  the  naiU. 

Hyoerope  (kif-per-ip)  [iWp,  over;  6f, 
signt].     One  who  b  affected  with  hyperopia. 

Hyperopia  (ki-per^ -pe-ak)  r^T/p,  over ;  ^, 
sight].  Tnat  condition  of  the  refractive 
media  of  the  eye  in  which,  with  suspended 
accommodation,  the  focus  of  parallel  rays  of 
light  is  behind  the  retina.  It  is  due  to  an  ab- 
normally short  anteroposterior  diameter  of 
the  eye,  or  to  a  subnormal  refractive  power 
of  its  media.  H.,  Absolute,  that  which 
cannot  be  corrected  completely  by  accommo- 
dation, so  that  there  is  indistinct  vision  even 
for  distance.  H.,  Axial,  that  due  to  abnor- 
mal shortness  of  the  anteroposterior  diameter 
of  the  eye,  the  refractive  power  being  normal. 
H.,  Facultative,  that  which  may  be  cor- 
rected by  the  accommodation,  so  that  there  is 
distinct  vision  at  a  distance.  H.,  Latent, 
that  part  of  the  total  H.  that  cannot  be  over- 
come by  the  accommodation,  or  the  difference 
between  the  manifest  and  the  total  hyperopia. 
H.,  Manifest,  that  which  the  accommoda- 
tion can  overcome,  or  that  corrigible  by  a 
convex  glass  aided  by  the  accommodation. 
H.,  Relative,  a  high  hyperopia  in  which 
distinct  vision  is  possible  only  wnen  excessive 
convergence  is  made.  H.,  Total,  the  en- 
tire hyperopia,  both  latent  and  manifest 

Hyperosmia  (kiper-o%' -me-ak)  [iWp.  over  ; 
ha]iij^  smell].  An  abnormally  acute  sense  of 
smell. 

HjTperostosis  (kiper-os-ty-sis)  [Wp,  over  ; 
birriov,  bone].     A  bony  outgrowth. 

Hyperplasia  (ki-per-p/a'te-ak)  [i^/p.  over; 
»r>/i<y<f,  molding].  Excessive  formation  of 
tissue ;  an  increase  in  the  size  of  a  tissue  or 
organ  owing  to  an  increase  in  the  numt>er  of 
cells;  also  termed  numerical  hjrpertrophy. 

Hyperplaatic  (ki-perp/as'  fik)  [vrrep,  over; 
iT^xurrucd^,  fit  for  molding].  Pertaining  to 
hyperplasia. 

Hyperpnea  (ki-per-pne^-ak)  [lirip,  over; 
TTvdff,  breath],  ranting  or  exaggerated  res- 
piration. 

Hyperpraxia  (ki  -  per  -  treks'  -  t-ak)  [wr^p, 
over;  wp^'i^'C.  exerciscj.  The  rrstlcssoesa 
of  movement  characterizing  certain  forms  of 
mania. 

Hyperpaelapbeaia   (ki  -  per-sei-af  •  e' -%t-^K) 


HYPERPYREXIA 


HYPOCHLORITE 


[vvip,  over;  tfnfXd^iCf  touch].  Abnormal 
increase  of  tactile  sensibility. 

Hyperpyrexia,  {hi-ptr- pi-reks' -e-ah)  [vrr^pt 
over ;  irifp,  fire  ;  ix^^^t  ^o  have] .  •  Exces- 
sively high  body-temperaCure.  By  some  the 
term  is  used  only  when  the  temperature  is 
above  io6o  F. 

Hyperresonance  (hi-fifr-res' -o-nans)  [yntp, 
over ;  resonance].  Increased  resonance  on 
percussion. 

Hypersecretion  (hi-per-sekre^-shun)  [tm-^p, 
over;  secermre^  to  separate].  Excessive  se- 
cretion. 

Hyperthermia  {hiper-ther^-me-ak).  Eleva- 
tion of  temperature  above  the  normal. 

HypertrichiasiB,  Hypertrichosis  (hi- per- 
trik'i^-as'is^  hi  -  per -trik-o' 'Sis),  Excessive 
growth  of  hair  of  a  part  or  the  whole  of  the 
body. 

Hypertrophy  (hiper^-tro-fe)  [Mfp^  over; 
Tpopff,  nourishment].  An  increase  in  the 
size  of  a  tissue  or  organ  independent  of  the 
general  growth  of  the  body.  H.,  Compen- 
satory, that  resulting  from  the  increased 
activity  of  an  organ  to  make  up  some  defici- 
ency in  a  paired  organ,  or  in  itself.  H., 
Concentric,  of  the  heart,  increase  in  the 
thickness  of  the  walls,  without  increa.se  in 
the  size  of  the  organ,  but  with  diminution  in 
the  capacity  of  its  chambers.  H.,  Bzcen- 
tric,  of  the  heart,  hypertrophy  with  dilatation. 
H.,  False,  ah  increase  in  some  one  constit- 
uent tissue  of  an  organ,  usually  the  connec- 
tive tissue.  H.,  Numeric,  H.  due  to  an  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  cells.     H.,  Simple. 

1.  That  in  which  there  is  increase  in  the  size 
of  the  individual  cells.  2.  Of  the  heart,  in- 
creased thickness  of  the  walls,  the  size  of  the 
cavities  remaining  unchanged.  H.,  True,  an 
increase  of  all  the  component  tissues  of  an 
organ  giving  increased  power. 

Hypesthesia  (kip  esthe^'zeah)  [vn-rf,  under ; 
aiat^f^i^^  sensation].  Impairment  of  sensa- 
tion ;  lessened  tactile  sensibility. 

Hyphemia  (hi-fe' -meah)  [ifrrf,  under ;  fCiua, 
blood].     I.  Oligemia;  deficiency  of  blood. 

2.  Hemorrhage  in  the  anterior  chamber  of 
the  eye. 

Hyphomycetes  (ki-fo-mi-se* -tit)  [i^,  web; 

/'»'«7C.  fungus].     The  molds. 
Hypinosis    (hip  in- o'- sis)    [yK6^  under;   If, 

ivtif ,  fiber].     A  deficiency  of  fibrin -factors  in 

the  blood. 
Hypnal  {hip'nal)   \{mvo^^  sleep].     A  drug 

composed  of  antipyrin  and  chloral  hydrate, 

and  used  as  an  hypnotic.    Dose  gr.  xv  (i.o). 

Unof. 
Hypnic  {hip'-nik)  \y!TviK6^^  producing  sleep]. 

I.   Pertaining  to  or  inducing  sleep.     2.   An 

agent  that  induces  sleep. 
Hjfpnogenetic,  Hypnogenic,  Hypnogen- 

oos    (kip-no-jen-e? -ikf  hip-no-jen'-ik^   hip- 


nof-en-us)  [vTrvof,  sleep;  yewav,  to  pro- 
duce].     I.    Producing  or  inducing  sleep. 

2.  Inducing  hypnotism. 

Hypnolepsy   (hip' -no-lep-se)   [vttvoc,  sleep; 

X^tC,  seizure].     Excessive  sleepiness. 
Hypnology    (hip-nol'-o-je)     [imvoq^    sleep; 

^6y<Ky  science].     The  science  dealing  with 

sleep  or  with  hypnotism. 
Hypnone  (hip^-ndn).     See  Acetophenane, 
Hypnosis  (hip-no^ -sis)   [hnvoq^  sleep].      I. 

The  condition  produced  by  hypnotizing.     2. 

The  production  of  sleep ;   also,  the  gradual 

approach  of  sleep. 
Hypnotic   (hip-not' -ik)   [vTrvof,  sleep].     I. 

Inducing  sleep.    2.  Pertaining  to  hypnotism. 

3.  A  remedy  that  causes  sleep. 
Hypnotism  (hif -not-ixm)  [t/jrvof,  sleep].   A 

state  of  artificial  somnambulism  or  trance, 
induced  in  certain  persons  by  concentrating 
the  gaze  on  a  small  object,  or  on  a  revolving 
mirror,  or  by  complete  subjection  of  their 
will  to  that  of  another,  at  whose  command 
the  hypnotic  state  develops.  Three  stages 
are  described, — the  cataleptic,  the  lethargic, 
and  the  somnambulistic. 

Hypnotization  (hip-not- ix-a' -shun)  [vTrvoc, 
sleep ;  faeere,  to  make] .  The  inducUon  of 
hypnotism. 

Hypo-  (hi'-po-)  [vnd,  under].  A  prefix  de- 
noting :  I.  Deficiency  or  lack.  2.  Below  or 
beneath,  opposed  to  epi-^  upon.  3.  Of  acids 
and  salts,  denoting  those  having  a  less  num- 
ber of  atoms  of  oxygen  than  other  compounds 
of  the  same  elements. 

Hypoblast  (hi'-po-blast)  [^rf, under;  pXaa- 
rd^t  sprout].  The  internal  layer  of  the 
blastoderm,  also  called  the  endoderm,  en- 
doblast,  or  entoderm.  From  it  is  developed 
the  intestinal  epithelium  (except  that  of  the 
mouth  and  anus),  and  that  of  the  glands  open- 
ing into  the  intestines,  and  the  epithelium  of 
the  air- passages. 

Hypobromite  (hypo-bro'-mlt)  [vk6,  under; 
Pptjfio^^  stench].  A  salt  of  nypobromous 
acid.  H.  Method,  a  method  of  estimating 
the  quantity  of  urea  in  urine,  based  upon  the 
fact  that  when  urea  is  acted  upon  by  sodium 
hypobromite  it  is  decomposed  into  nitrogen, 
carbon  dioxid,  and  water.  From  the  volume 
of  nitrogen  evolved  the  quantity  of  urea  can 
be  determined. 

Hypobulia  (hif>o-bn'-ie-ah)  \v:t6^  under; 
iovhj^  will].     Deficiency  of  will-power. 

Hypochlornydria  (hi  -po  •  kli*r  -  hi'-dre  -  ah) 
\hn6^  under;  ;jf/<j/Mif,  green ;  i^w/),  water]. 
A  condition  in  which  there  is  a  diminished 
amount  of  hydrochloric  acid  in  the  gastric 
juice. 

Hypochlorite  (hi po-hlo'-rU)  \vk6^  under; 
;^;XLp<5f,  green].  Any  salt  of  nypochlorous 
acid,  HCIO.  The  most  important  are  those 
of  calcium  and  sodium. 


HYPOCHONDRIAC 


HYPOTHERMIA 


Hypochondriac  (hi'PO'kon'-dre'€^^  ^tm-d, 
under;  4f(h^fx>c,  cartilage].  I.  Pertaining  to 
the  hypochondrium.  2.  A ,  person  who  is 
afTectcd  with  hypochondriasis. 

Hypochondriasis  (hi-po-kon-dri'-as-is)  [tVo- 
Xov6ptaK6ct  affected  in  the  hypochondria]. 
A  condition  in  which  the  patient  believes  him- 
self suffering  from  grave  bodily  diseases. 

Hypochondnum  (hi-po-kon' -dre-um)  [vn6^ 
under;  x^^P^f  cartilage].  The  upper  lat- 
eral region  of  the  abdomen  beneath  the  lower 
ribs. 

Hypodermatic  {hi-po'der-mat' -ik)  [tm-^i,  un- 
der; ()^p/uo,  skin  J.  Placed  or  introduced  be- 
neath the  skin,  as  H.  injection. 

Hypodermatoclytis  or  Hypodermoclysis 
{hi-pO'der-mat'ok' '  hs-is,  ki-po-eUr-mok' •  lis- 
ii)  U}k6^  under ;  Sipfia,  skin  ;  «cylttT<f,  injec- 
tion J  .  The  introduction  into  the  subcutaneous 
tissues  of  large  quantities  of  fluids,  especially 
of  normal  saline  solution. 

Hypodermic  (hi-po-der' -mik).  See  Hypo- 
dermatic, 

Hypogastric  {ki-po-gas' -trik)  \yn6^  under; 
yaarifp,  the  belly.]  Pertaining  to  the  hypo- 
gastrium. 

Hypogastrium  (ki  - po  -  gas' -  tre  -  um)  [wr<J, 
under;  yaar^p,  stomach].  The  lower  me- 
dian anterior  region  of  the  abdomen. 

Hypogeusia  (ki-po-gu^-se-ak)  [ynd^  under; 
yevatq^  taste].  Diminution  in  the  sense  of 
taste. 

Hypoglossal  {kipog/os^-a/)  [wr<5,  under; 
>>dKT(Ta,  tongue].  Situated  under  the  tongue. 
H.  Nerve.     See  Nerves,  Table  of. 

Hypoglossus  {ki-po-glos' -us)  [rn-ii,  under; 
ykuaaa^  tongue].     The  hypoglossal  nerve. 

HjTpoglottis  [ki-po'glof -is)  \vtt6,  under ; 
>A^MRTa,  tongue].  I.  The  under  part  of  the 
tongue.  2.  A  swelling  at  the  under  part  of  the 
tongue,  as  a  ranula. 

Hypognathous  {ki-pog' -na-tkus)  [iV(J,under ; 
yvd^,  j'^^]-  Having  the  lower  mandible 
longer  than  the  upper. 

Hypognathus  {ki-pog' -na-tkus)  [iV<J,  under; 
yi"dft)C,  jaw].  A  double  monstrosity  in 
which  the  parasite  is  attached  to  the  inferior 
maxillary  bone. 

Hypohidrosis  (ki-po-kid-ry-sis)  [I'-jrcJ, under ; 
lipuaiCt  sweating].     Scanty  perspiration. 

Hypokinesia,  or  Hypokinesis  {kipokine'' 
se-ak,  or  ki-po-kine'-sis)  Ji'^d,  under; 
luvfjot^^  motion].  Deficiency  m  motor  reac- 
tion under  stimulation. 

Hypoleukocytosis  {^kipolu-ko-si -ty  -sis) 
[inrrf,  under;  Xewoic, white;  ictToc, cell].  A 
diminution  of  the  number  of  leukoc3rtes  in 
the  blood. 

Hypomania  (ki-po-ma'-ne-ak)  [yiro^MnAei', 
ftavia^  madness].  A  moderate  degree  of 
maniacal  exaltation. 

HypomelanchoUa    (kipo-me-lan-h/ le-ak) 


[tm-ti,  under;  iukayxti^^t  melancholia]. 
Moderate  melancholia  ;  melancholia  without 
delusions. 

Hypometropia  (ki-po-me-try-pe-ak)  [wrrf, 
under;  fUrpov,  measure;  ^,  vision]. 
Myopia. 

Hypopepsia  (ki-po-pep' -se-ak)  \\m6^  under; 
)r/^<{-,  digestion].  Subnormal  digestive 
power. 

Hypophosphite  (ki-po-fos'-fit)  [yn6^  under; 
pkospkorus\  A  salt  of  bjrpophosphoroos 
acid.  Those  of*calcium,  iron,  potassium,  and 
sodium  are  official.  Sjrrupus  hypophos- 
phitum  contains  the  hypophosphites  of  cal- 
cium, potassium,  and  sodium.  Dose  f  3J-ij 
(4.0-8.0).  Syr.  hypophosphitum  cum  lerro 
contains  syrupus  hjrpophosphitnm,  ferrous  lac- 
tate, and  potassium  citrate.  Dose  f^j-ij 
(4.0-8.0).  Bbth  are  used  in  wasting  diseases, 
in  scrofula,  rickets,  etc. 

HypophosphoTous  Acid  {ki-po-fos-fo^-rms) 
HjPO,.  A  monobasic  acid,  used  chiefly  in 
the  form  of  its  salts.  See  HypopkospkUe. 
Acidum  hypopbosphorosum  dilutum  (U.S.  P.) 
is  tonic.     Dose  IT\,x-xxx  (0.65-2.0J. 

Hypophjrsis  (ki-poff' 'is'is)\im6^  unaer ;  ^tn^ 
to  grow].  An  outgrowth.  H.  cerebri,  the 
pituitary  body. 

Hypoplasia  (kipo-pla' u-ak)  [vir4,  iroder; 
nAdoaeiv,  to  mold].  Defective  development 
of  any  organ  or  tissue. 

HypopseUphesia  {ki  -pop  -  sA  -  af-  e'-u-ak) 
[im6,  under;  yl>fi>Mfijotit  touch].  Diminu- 
tion of  sensitiveness  to  tactile  impressions. 

Hypopyon  (ki-py-pe-on)  [i-^rd,  under;  ?rior, 
pus].  A  collection  of  pos  in  the  anterior 
chamber  of  the  ejre. 

Hyposmia  {kipot^-me-ak)  [tnrd,  under ;  ia^, 
smell].     Diminution  of  the  sense  of  smell. 

Hypospadia,  or  Hypos|>adias  (ki-po-sp^- 
de-ak,  ki-po-spa' -de-as)  [wrrf,  under;  9«rav, 
to  draw].  A  condition  in  which  the  urethra 
opens  upon  the  under  surface  of  the  penis. 

Hypostasis  {ki •  pos'  -  tas- is)  \vy:6^  under; 
steuis\  I.  A  settling ;  also,  tne  sediment. 
2.  The  settling  of  blood  in  the  dependent 
parts  of  the  body. 

Hypostatic  {ki  -po  -  staf  -  ik)  [iVrf,  under ; 
j/ojtj].  Due  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  hypo- 
stasis. H.  Congestion.  See  Hypostasis. 
H.  Pneumonia.     See  Pneumonia. 

Hyposthenia {ki-posfkeny-ak)  [tVo, under ; 
atfiMc,  strength].     Weakness. 

Hypothenar  (ki-potk'-enar)  [iir6,  under; 
Oevap,  palm].  The  fleshy  eminence  00  the 
palm  of  the  hand  over  the  metacarpal  bone 
of  the  little  finger.  Also,  the  pixnninenccs  00 
the  palm  at  the  base  of  the  fingers. 

Hypothermal  (kipo-tker'-mal)  [itr^,  under; 
Bippfi,  heat].     Slightly  hot ;  tepid. 

H3rpothermia  (kipo-tker^  me-ak)  [Vk6^  un- 
der; Bkpfoj,  heat].    Subnormal  temperature. 


HYPOTONIA 


HYSTRICIASIS 


Hypotonia,  or  Hypotonus  {hi-po-tiZ-ne-ah^ 
or  ki-pat^-o-tms)  [wrd,  under ;  T6tf0Ct  ten- 
sion]. Decrease  of  normal  tonicity  or  ten- 
sion; especially  diminution  of  intraocular 
pressure. 

Hjrpoxantbin  (hi-po-zan' -ihitC)  \\m6^  under ; 
fav0df,  yellow  J,  CjH^N^O.    A  nonpoisonous 
leakomain,  also  known  as  sarcin  or  sarkin.    It 
occurs,  accompanying  adenin  and  guanin»  in 
nearly  all  the  animal  tissues  and  organs  rich 
in  nucleated  cells.     In  minute  quantities  it 
IS  a  normal  constituent  of  urine.     It  has  also 
been  found  in  plants,  seeds,  ferments,  and 
wines.     It  is  a  crystalline  body,  soluble  in 
cold  and  boiling  water,   insoluble  in  cold 
alcohol  or  ether.     Hypoxanthin  appears  to 
be  one  of  the  products  formed  by  the  decom- 
position and  successive  oxidation  of  proteid 
matter  previous  to  the  formation  of  uric  acid 
and  urea.      It  is  produced  from  adenin  by 
the  action  of  nitrous  acid. 
Hyssop    {his*'0p\    [vtrat^oc,   an    aromatic 
plant].      Hedge-hyssop.       The  leaves  and 
tops  of  Hyssopus  officinalis,  an  aromatic  stim- 
ulant, carminative,  and  tonic,  employed  in 
chronic    catarrh    of   the    respiratory    tract. 
Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  fj  j-ij  (4.0-8.0).    Unof. 
Hysteralgia    ( his-Ur-al' -je-  ah )    [  varkpa, 
womb;    akY<K%  pain].      Neuralgic  pain  in 
the  uterus. 
Hysterectomy    {hister-eVto-me)     Ivoripa, 
womb ;  iicrofifj^  a  cutting  out].     Excision  of 
the  uterus  through  the  abdomen  (abdominal 
H.),  or  the  vagina  (vaginal  H). 
Hysteria  (his-t? -re-ak)  {jbarkpa^  womb,  from 
the  ancient  belief  that  the  condition  depen- 
ded  upon   uterine  disease].       A    diseased 
state  of  the  mind  manifesting  itself  in  count- 
less  disturbances  of  the   psychic,   sensory, 
motor,  and  vasomotor  functions.     The  eti- 
ology is  not  definitely  known ;  heredity  and 
mental    shock  play  an  important  part.      All 
ages  and  both  sexes  are  subject  to  the  dis- 
ease, but  it  is  most  common  in  young  wo- 
men.      The  psychic  disturbances  consist  in 
increased  irritability,  tendency   to  exagger- 
ation, a  heightened  imagination,   hallucina- 
tions,   and    somnambulistic    and    hypnotic 
states.     Among  sensory  symptoms  are  various 
neuralgias,  as  clavus,  hemicrania,  and  coc- 
cygodynia;  anesthesias;  hjrperesthesias ;  di- 
roinotion  of  the  visual  field;  diplopia;  deaf- 
ness ;  loss  o(  the  sense  of  taste,  etc.      The 
motor  symptoms  comprise  paralyses  and  con- 
tractures of  the  limbs,  tremor,  convulsions, 
catalepsy,  aphonia,  etc.      The  chief    vaso- 
aioCoT    phenomena   are  cyanosis,  cutaneous 
bemarriiages,  sod  edema.      In  addition  to 


these  S3rmptoms  many  others  are  at  times 
noted,  as  anorexia,  vomiting,  salivation, 
polyuria,  anuria,  etc. 

Hysteric  (his-terf-ik)  [yaripa,  womb].  Per- 
taining to  hysteria. 

Hysterics  (his-ter^ -iks)  [wnkpa,  womb].  A 
popular  term  for  the  hysteric  attack. 

Hysteritis  (his-teri^'Hs).     See  Metritis, 

Hystero-  (his^ -ter-o-)  [yarkpa,  uterus].  A 
prefix  signifying  relation  to  the  uterus  or  to 
hysteria. 

Hysterocleisis  {his-ter-o'-kU'-sis)  [yarkpa, 
womb ;  ic^<ffic,  closure].  The  closure  of  the 
uterus  by  suturing  the  edges  of  the  os. 

Hysteroepilepsy  (his-ter-o-fp' -e-Up-se)  {york- 
pa,  womb;  eirlXff^i^,  a  laying  hold  of].  A 
form  of  hysteria  accompanied  by  convulsions 
resembling  those  of  epilepsy. 

Hysterogenic,  Hysterogenous  (his-ter-o- 
jen' -iky  his-ter-oy -en'U5\\ycTk^^  womb;  yev- 
vav,  to  beget].  Causmg  or  producing  an 
hysteric  attack,  as  H.  zones,  certain  regions 
pressure  upon  which  excites  an  hysteric 
parox3rsm. 

Hysteroid  (^if'-Z^-wi/)  [vor^pa,  womb;  t\- 
cJof,  form].  I.  Resembling  hysteria.  2. 
Pertaining  to  hysteroepilepsy. 

Hystcrometry  {his  -  ter-om'-  et-re)  [vorepa, 
womb;  /lirpov,  measure].  The  measurement 
of  the  size  of  the  uterus. 

Hysteroneurosis  (his-ter-o-nu-ro^ -sis)  [yari' 
pttf  womb;  veiffMiu,  nerve].  A  reflex  neurosis 
resulting  from  irritation  of  the  uterus. 

Hysteropathy  {his-ter-op'-ath-e)  [varkpa, 
womb ;  Trolfef,  disease].  Any  disease  or  dis- 
order of  the  uterus. 

Hysteropexy  {his^-ter-o-peks-e)  [varipay 
womb;  Tr^f/c,  a  fastening].  Fixation  of  the 
uterus  by  a  surgical  operation  to  correct  dis- 
placement. 

Hysteroptosis  {ftis  •  ter  -  op-ti/'sis\  [ixnipa, 
womb;  trroaiq^  a  falling].  Falling  or  in- 
version of  the  uterus. 

Hysterorrhaphy  (his-ter-or* -ra-fe)  [^iHrripa, 
womb ;  />a^,  suture].  I.  The  closure  of 
a  uterine  incision  or  rent  by  suture.  2.  Hys- 
teropexy. 

Hysterotomy  (his  -ter-of-o-  me)  \y<srk(iay 
woipb ;  Toiliiy  a  cutting].  Incision  of  the 
uterus. 

Hysterotrachelorrhaphy  (his-ter-O'tra-kel- 
or'-ra-fe)  [iw^pa,  womb ;  rphx^f^^  neck ; 
^o^,  suture].  A  plastic  operation  for  the 
restoration  of  a  lacerated  cervix  uteri. 

Hystriciasis  (his •  tris - 1'  -as -is)  [ycrpi^,  a 
hedgehog].  A  disease  of  the  hair  in  which 
it  stands  out  stiffly  like  the  hair  of  the 
hedgehog. 


ICTERUS 


I 


I.    The  symbol  of  lodin. 

latraliptic  {j-ai-ral'tpf -tik)  [(arp^Ct  phjrsi- 
dan ;  aktiimiq^  an  anointerj.  Curing  by 
using  ointments  and  frictions. 

latrochemic  {i-atrokem'-ik)  [«orp4f,  phjrsi- 
cian ;  xVf^^t  chemistry].  Treating  disuse 
on  the  principles  of  chemistry. 

latrochemistry  (^-at-ro-kem^-ist-re)  {larpA^t 
physician ;  x^fuia,  chemistry].  I.  The  appli- 
cation of  chemistry  to  therapeutics ;  the  treat- 
ment of  disease  by  chemic  means.  2.  The 
theory  that  disease  and  its  treatment  are  ex- 
plicable on  a  chemic  basis. 

latrophysics  (i-at-ro-fiz'-iks)  [<orp4f ,  physi- 
cian ;  fvout6^,  pertaining  to  nature]*  I.  The 
treatment  of  disease  by  physical  measures. 
2.  The  theory  that  disease  and  its  treatment 
are  explicable  on  a  materialistic  or  physical 
basis.  The  materialistic  explanation  ik  dis- 
ease ;  applied  especially  to  an  obsolete  theory 
of  the  17th  century,  that  sought  to  explain 
physiologic  and  therapeutic  tacts  by  means 
of  the  principles  of  physics  (dynamics  and 
statics). 

latrotechnics  {i'at-rO'tek'-niJks)  [iarp^,  phy- 
sician; rixvtf,  art].     The  art  of  nealing. 

Ice  (Is)  (AS.,  h,  ice].  Water  in  iu  solid 
state,  which  it  assumes  at  a  temperature  of 
cP  Centigrade,  or  32®  Fahrenheit.  It  is  used 
in  medicine  in  the  forms  of  Ice-bag,  Ice- 
cap, Ice-compresa,  to  reduce  temperature, 
to  lessen  inflammatory  action,  to  check  hem- 
orrhage, and  to  relieve  pain ;  internally  as  a 
lefrigerant  and  to  combat  nausea. 

Iceland  (Is'-lami)  [AS.,  <r,  ice;  lami, 
land].  An  island  of  the  Arctic  Occ^m.  I. 
Moaa.  See  Cetraria.  I:  Spar,  a  crysulline 
fonn  of  calcium  carbonate,  baring  doubly 
refracting  properties,  and  used  in  instruments 
for  studying  polarized  light 

Ichor  (i'-kor)  p;t<^«  serum,  or  pus].  An 
acrid,  thin,  punform  discharge. 

Ichoroua  (i'-kor-us)  \)x^P*  serum,  or  pus  ; 
Resembling  or  relating  to  ichor. 

Ichorrhemia  (ikor-t^-me-ak)  Ux^P^  ichor; 
oi/ia,  blood] .  The  presence  of  septic  matter 
in  the  blood. 

Ichthyocolla  {ikthethkoFah)  [«;t^f.  fish; 
MXn,  glue].  Isinglass.  The  air-bladder 
of  the  sturgeon.  Acipenser  huso,  occurring  in 
homy,  translucent,  white  sheets,  that  form  a 
jelly  with  hot  water.  It  is  a  form  of  gelatin, 
and  b  used  as  a  food,  for  clarifying  liquids, 
and  as  a  test  for  tannic  acid.  I.,  Emplas- 
trum,  court-plaster. 

Ichthyoid  {ik'-the-oid )  \\xf^u  fish ;  eirfoc, 
form].     Fish-like. 

Ichthyol  {ik'-tht'ol)  [2;t^f,  fish;  oieum,  oil]. 


The  ammonium  or  sodium  salt  of  a  tarry  sub- 
stance obtained  in  the  distillation  of  a  bitu- 
minous mineral  containing  fossil  fish.  The 
chemic  formula  is  C,jH„^0^(NH^),,  or  C»- 
H|,S,O^Na,.  It  contains  about  1 5  per  cent  of 
sulphur,  and  b  used  as  an  alterative  and  anti- 
phlogistic, especially  in  eczema,  acne,  lupus, 
and  other  dermal  diseases.  Internally  it  has 
been  employed  in  rheumatbm,  syphilis, 
leprosy,  tuberculosis,  etc.  Dose  gr.  x>xxx 
(0.65-2.0)  in  24  hours. 

Ichthyophagoua  {ikthe-off'-a^-us)  \ixP^, 
fish ;  ^ytlv^  to  eat].     Fbneatmg. 

Ichthyosia  (ikthe-i/'sis)  [^Jt^^'-C*  ^^\  ^ 
chronic  skin-disease  characterized  by  the  de- 
velopment of  epidermal  plates  somewhat  re* 
sembling  the  scales  of  a  fish.  I.  hyatriz,  a 
form  characterized  by  warty  growths,  consist- 
ing of  elongated  and  hypertrophied  papillie, 
covered  by  greatly  thickened  epidermb.  I. 
aimplex,  the  common  form  of  ichthyosb,  in 
which  the  surface  has  a  tcsselated  appear- 
ance, from  being  covered  with  large,  nnely- 
corrugated,  papery  scales. 

Ichthyotoxicon  {ikike-o-toks^ -ik-im)  [i^c. 
fish ;  To^txAv,  poison].  A  poisonous  prin- 
ciple obtained  from  the  flesh  of  certain 
fishes. 

Icteric  {ik-ter^-ik)  [Urepoc.  jaundice].  Per- 
taining to  or  characterized  by  jaundice. 

Icteritlous  (ik-ter-isk^ -us)  [hcrtpo^,  jaundice]. 
Affected  with  or  resembling  icterus. 

Icteroid  (iy-ter-oid)  [Z^rrpof ,  jaundice ;  fWbf , 
form].  Resembling  the  color  of,  or  having 
the  nature  of,  jaundice. 

Icterua  (t^^-Z^r-wj)  [ficrfpoc, jaundice].  Jaun- 
dice. I.  gravia,  acute  yellow  atrophy  of 
the  liver,  an  acute  disease  characterized  by 
jaundice,  marked  nervous  symptoms,  diminu- 
tion in  size  of  the  liver,  and  a  rnpidly  fatal 
termination.  The  urine  contains  bile  and 
cr3rstals  of  leucin  and  tyrosin.  Microscopic- 
ally, the  liver  shows  intense  fatly  degenera- 
tion of  the  cells,  together  with  areas  of  con- 
gestion. The  disease  b  most  common  in 
women,  b  in  many  cases  associated  with 
pregnancy,  and  is  probably  infectious  in  ori- 
gin. A  similar  condition  of  the  liver  may 
occur  in  phosphorus-poisoning.  I.  neona- 
torum, that  which  is  sometimes  ol>served  in 
infants  during  the  fir^t  few  days  after  birth. 
The  causes  are  obscure,  particularly  in  the 
mild  form ;  it  may  be  due  to  the  absorption  of 
biliary  pigment  from  the  meconium  and  its 
entrance  into  the  circulation  through  an  open 
ductus  venosus ;  a  severe  form  b  due  to  ab- 
sence of  the  large  bile-ducts,  or  to  septic 
infection. 


ICTUS 


ILIAC 


Ictus  (iy-tus)  [L.,  a  stroke].  A  sudden  a^ 
tick.  I.  epilepticus,  an  epileptic  fit.  I. 
paralyticus,  a  paralytic  stroke.  I.  soils, 
sunstroke. 

•id  [U).  A  suffix  used  in  chemistry  to  de- 
note a  combination  of  two  elementary  sub- 
stances. 

Ideation  (i'de-a'-shun)  \l6ka,  form  or  sem- 
blance]. The  formation  of  a  mental  con- 
ception ;  the  cerebral  action  by  which,  or  in 
accord  with  which,  an  idea  is  formed. 
Identical  {i-den'-tik-al)  {^idem,  the  samel. 
Being  the  same,  corresponding  exactly.  I. 
Points,  corresponding  points  of  the  two 
retinae,  upon  which  the  rays  from  an  object 
must  be  focused  in  order  that  it  may  be  seen 
as  one. 

Ideomotor  {i'dfo-mt/'tor)    \\6elVf  to  see; 
movtre^  to  move].      Pertaimng    conjointly 
to  ideation   and    movement.       I.  Center, 
that  part  of  the  cortex  which,   influenced 
by  ideation,  excites  muscular  movement.     I. 
Movements,  unconscious  movements,  due 
to  impulses  of  the  mind  when  the  attention 
is  otherwise  absorbed. 
Ideophrenia  {jdeofre' -ne-aK)  [IcJcZv,  to  see ; 
fpTf,  mind].     Insanity  with  marked  perver- 
sion of  ideas. 
Idio-  {id^-e-0')  [Idtoq,  one's  own].    A  prefix 
signifying  pertaming  to  one's  self ;    peculiar 
to  the  individual. 
Idiocy  {id^-e'(hse)  [M/^r^f,  a  private  person]. 
A  congenital  condition  of  mental  deficiency, 
usually  accompanied  by  physical  defects,  and 
characterized  by  an  almost  total  absence  of 
intelligence. 
IdiomuscuUr  {id-e-o-mm'-ku'lar)  [Mtoc, 
one's  own;  musculus,  muscle].     Peculiar  to 
muscular  tissue ;  not  involving  any  nerve-stim- 
ulus or  any  function  of  the  organism,  except 
those  of  the  muscle  itself.     I.  Contraction, 
the  contraction  of  a  fatigued  or  weakened 
muscle  under  certain  conditions  of  extraneous 
stimulus. 
Idioneurosis  (id'e-c-ftu-rt/'sis)  [Iftoct  one's 
own;    vevpoVf  a  nerve].    An  luTection  due 
to   some  disturbed  or   abnormal    condition 
of  the  nerves  supplying  the  affected  part ;  a 
simple  and  uncomplicated  neurosis. 
Idiopathic  {id-e-o-path'-ik)  [2(^(oc,  one's  own ; 
kM^,  disease].     Not  dependent  upon  an- 
other disease,  or  upon  a  known  or  recognized 
cause. 
Xdioplasm  {id'-e-o-plazni)  \\^uKy  one's  own ; 
irXanua^   a  thing  formed].     A  reproductive 
substance  not  contained  m  the  body  of  the 
cell*  but  in  the  chromosomes  of  the  nucleus, 
controlliog  and  determining  the  actual  char- 
acter«  of  toe  particular  cell,  and  also  those  of 
all  of  its  descendants. 
Idiosjmcrasy  (ide-fhsin^ -kra-se)  [M£oc,  one's 
own;     avv^  together;   Kpaaic,  a   mingling]. 


I.  Any  special  or  peculiar  characteristic  or 
temperament  by  which  a  person  differs 
from  other  persons.  2.  A  peculiarity  of 
constitution  that  makes  an  individual  re- 
act differently  to  drugs  or  other  influences 
from  most  persons. 

Idiot  (id'-e-ot)  [iJwin^f,  a  private  person].  A* 
person  oongenitally  almost  destitute  of  mtel* 
iigence. 

Idrosis  (id-r(/-sis).     See  Hidrosis. 

Ignatia  (ig-na^ 'sh€'ah)[iTom.  Ignatius  Loyola, 
Uie  founder  of  the  Jesuits].  St.  Ignatius' 
bean.  The  seed  of  Strychnos  ignatii,  con- 
taining the  alkaloids  strychnin  and  brucin. 
Its  therapeutic  effects  are  similar  to  those  of 
nux  vomica.  I.,  Abstractum.  Dose  gr. 
ss-j  (0.032-0.065).  Unof.  I.,  Tinct.  Dose 
n\,il-x  (0.13-0.65).     Unof. 

Ignipuncture  {ig-ne-punk^'tUr)  [ignis^  fire ; 
punciuray  puncture].  Puncture  with  plati- 
num needles  heated  to  whiteness  by  the  elec- 
tric current. 

Ignis  {ig^-ms)  [L.].  Fire.  I.  sacer,  ery- 
sipelas. I.  sanoti  Antonii,  Saint  Anthony's 
fire,  an  old  name  for  erysipelas ;  also  for  an- 
thrax. 

Ignition  {ig-nish'  un)  [ignisy  fire].  The  act 
of  setting  on  fire. 

Ileo-  {iU^-€-<h\  [cZAffv,  to  roll].  A  prefix  sig- 
nifying relation  to  the  ileum. 

Ileocecal  {il-e-o-se'-kal)  {tXktiVy  to  roll ;  ae- 
cuSf  blind].  Pertaining  to  both  ileum  and 
cecum.  I.  Fossa,  a  depression  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  small  intestine  at  the  base  of 
the  vermiform  process.  I.  Valve,  a  valve 
consisting  of  two  folds  of  mucosa  that  guards 
the  passage  between  the  ileum  and  cecum. 

Ileocolic  U/-e-o-k0/^-iJk)[elXeiVf  to  roll ;  kSXuv, 
colon].  Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  ileum 
and  the  colon. 

Ileocolitis  {il-e-o-ko-li'-tis)  [etlttv,  to  roll ; 
K67MVt  colon ;  ir(c«  inflammation].  Inflam- 
mation of  the  ileum  and  the  colon. 

Ileocolostomy  {ile-o-ko-los' -to-meS  [eZXeiv, 
to  roll ;  luiAoi',  colon  ;  ordfia,  moutn].  The 
establishment  of  an  artificial  communication 
between  the  ileum  and  the  colon. 

Ileoileostomy  {i/'e-o-iZ-e-os^-to-me)  [elA^/v, 
to  roll;  ordfM,  mouth].  The  operation  of 
establishing  an  artificial  communication  be- 
tween two  different  parts  of  the  ileum. 

Ileum  {il^-e-um)  [elKitv,  to  roll].     The  lower 

'  portion  of  the  small  intestine,  terminating  in 
the  cecum. 

Ileus  {ii^-eus)  [el^wv, to  roll].     Volvulus. 

Iliac  {U'-eak)  [ilium  ^  the  flank].  Pertaining 
to  the  ilium  or  to  the  flanks.  I.  Artery. 
See  Arteries y  Table  of.  I,  Crest,  the  upper 
free  margin  of  the  ilium  to  which  the  abdom- 
inal muscles  are  attached.  I.  Fascia,  the 
fascia  lining  the  posterior  part  of  the  abdom- 
inal cavity  and  covering  the  psoas  andiliacua 


) 


ILIADELPHUS 

muscles.  I.  Fossa.  See  Fossa.  I.  Muscle. 
See  Muscles^  Tablt  of,  I.  Region,  one  of 
the  regions  into  which  the  abdomen  is  divi- 
ded.    See  AbdonuH. 

Iliadelphus  {il-e-ad- el'-fus )  \iliay  flanks ; 
adtk^^  brother].  A  monstrosity  double 
from  the  pelvis  upward. 

Ilio-  {il^-e-o)  [ilium,  the  flank].  A  prefix 
denoting  relation  to  the  ilium. 

Iliofemoral  (il't'O-ftrn'-or'ai)  U/ium,  the 
flank ;  femur'].  Pertaining  conjomtly  to  the 
ilium  and  the  femur.  I.  Ligament.  See 
Ligament. 

Iliohypogastric  (i7- e-o- hi-po -gasf - trik) 
[ilium ^  the  flank;  vn6^  beneath;  yaarfjp^ 
stomach].  Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  ilium 
and  the  hypogastrium. 

Ilioinguinal  (il-e-0'in^-gue-nal)[iliumf  flank ; 
inguen^  groin].  Pertaining  to  the  ilium  and 
the  groin. 

Iliopectineal  (il-e-o-pektin'-eal)  [ilium, 
flank;  pecten^  comb].  Pertaining  conjointly 
to  the  ilium  and  the  pubes.  I.  Line.  See 
Line. 

Iliopsoas  (il-e-O'So^-as)  [ilium,  flank;  ^, 
loin].  Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  ilium  and 
the  loins.  I.  Muscle,  the  psoas  and  iliacus 
muscles  considered  as  a  single  muscle. 

Iliotibial  (il-e-o-tiye-al)  [ilium,  flank; 
iibia,  tibia] .  Pertaining  to  or  connecting  the 
ilium  and  the  tibia.  I.  Band,  a  thickened 
portion  of  the  fascia  lata  extending  from  the 
outer  tuberosity  of  the  tibia  to  the  iliac  crest. 

Ilium  (il^-e-um)  [L.].  i.  The  flank.  2. 
The  superior  broad  portion  of  the  os  inno- 
minatum,  properly  the  os  ilii. 

Illaqueation  Xil-ak-we-a'-shun)  [illaqueare, 
to  ensnare].  A  method  of  changing  the  di- 
rection ofmbplaced  cilia,  by  withdrawing 
them  by  means  of  a  loop  through  an  opening 
in  the  tissue  of  the  lid. 

lUicium  (i/'is^-e-um)  [illieere,  to  entice]. 
Star-anise.  The  fruit  of  Illicium  verum 
(U.  S  P.),  or  Illicium  anisatum  (B.  P.),  of 
the  natural  order  Magnoliacese.  It  is  the 
source  of  star-anise.  I.  religiosum  and  I. 
parviflorum  are  poisonous. 
tUumination  (il-u-min-a^-sAun)  [illuminare, 
to  make  light],  i .  The  act  of  illuminating  or 
lighting  up.  2.  The  quantity  of  light  thrown 
on  an  object.  I.,  critical,  in  microscopy,  an 
illumination  in  which  the  lamp- flame  is  fo- 
cused on  the  object  I.,  Direct,  illumination 
of  an  object  by  light  thrown  upon  it  from  in 
front.  I.,  Oblique,  illumination  of  an  object 
by  throwing  light  upon  it  obliquely,  usually  by 
means  of  a  lens. 

Illuminator,  Abb6's.  A  system  of  lenses 
placed  beneath  the  stage  of  the  microscope 
for  the  purpose  of  condensing  the  light 
thrown  upon  the  object ;  it  is  also  known  as 
Abb^*s  condenser. 


IMMUNITY 

Illusion  (il-lu' -zhuti)  [illusio,  a  mocking]. 
A  false  interpretation  by  the  mind  of  a  rea: 
sensation. 

Illusional  (i/lu'-zhunal)  [illusio,  a  mock- 
ing].    Of  the  nature  of  an  illusion. 

Image  (im'-Aj)  [imago,  a  likeness].  I.  A 
more  or  less  accurate  representation  of  an 
object.  2.  The  picture  of  an  object  formed 
by  rays  of  light  reflected,  refracted,  or 
passed  through  a  small  aperture.  I.,  After-. 
See  After-image.  1.,  Direct,  or  I.,  Erect, 
a  picture  obtained  from  rays  that  have  not 
yet  come  to  a  focus.  I.,  Inverted,  one 
turned  upside  down.  Nearly  all  real  images 
are  inverted.  I.,  Real,  that  formed  at  the 
place  where  the  rays  meet.  I.,  Virtual,  an 
apparent  image  formed  in  the  direction  in 
which  the  rays  enter  the  eye,  the  rays  not 
actually  converging  at  the  point  where  the 
image  is  seen.  The  images  formed  by  plane 
or  convex  mirrors  and  by  concave  lenses, 
when  the  object  is  placed  within  the  principal 
focus,  are  virtual. 

Imbecility  (im-bes-il'-it-e)  [imbecillitas,  imbe- 
cility]. Mental  weakness,  similar  to  but  less 
great  than  that  of  idiocy. 

Imbed  (im-bed').  In  histology,  to  treat  a 
tissue  with  some  substance,  as  paraflin  or  eel- 
loidin,  which  shall  give  it  support  during  the 
process  of  section-cutting. 

Imbibition  (im-be-bisk^-un)  [in,  in ;  bibere, 
to  drink].     The  act  of  sucking  up  moisture. 

Imbricated  (im^-brik-a-led)  [imbrex,  a  roof- 
tile]  .    Overlapping,  like  shingles  on  a  roof. 

lmmature(im-tf/-0r^)  [in,  not ;  malurus, ripe]. 
Unripe ;  not  yet  of  an  adult  age  or  growth. 

Immediate  (im-e^-de-dt)  [in,  not;  medius, 
middle].  Direct;  without  the  intervention 
of  anything.  I.  Contagion,  that  from  a 
direct  source.  I.  Union,  union  by  first  in- 
tention. 

Immersion  (im-er^-shun)  [in,  in;  mergere^ 
to  dip].  The  plunging  of  a  body  into  a  liquid. 
I.-bath,  a  plunge-bath.  I. -lens,  a  lens,  usu- 
ally of  high  power,  the  lower  end  of  which  is 
immersed  in  a  drop  of  some  liquid,  such  as 
water  or  oil,  that  has  nearly  the  same  refrac- 
tive index  as  glass,  and  is  placed  on  the  cover- 
glass  of  the  object  under  examination. 

Immobilization  {im-ob-il-tM-a^-sAun)  [in, 
not ;  mover e,  to  move].  The  act  of  making 
firm,  or  of  rendering  motionless,  as  I.  of  a 
joint 

Immune  (im-Un'^  [in,  not;  munis,  -serv- 
ing]. Safe  from  attack  ;  protected  against  a 
disease  by  a  natural  or  an  acquired  peculi- 
arity. 

Immunity  Cun-u^-nii-e)  [in,  not;  mtttnis, 
serving].  Exemption  from  disease ;  the 
condition  of  the  body,  wherein  it  resists  the 
development  of  morbid  processes.  I.,  Ac- 
tive, that  possessed  by  an  individual  ate 


IMMUNIZATION 


INADEQUACY 


recotering  from  certain  infectious  diseases. 
I.,  Congenital,  or  Natural,  that  with  which 
the  individual  is  bom.  I.,  Passive,  that 
conferred  bj  the  introduction  of  antitoxins  or 
Taccioes. 

Immuntxation  (im  -  u  -  niz  -a' -shun)  [in, 
not ;  munis,  serving].  The  act  of  rendering 
immune. 

Immunize    (im^-u-nlz)    [in,  not ;     munis, 
serving].    To  give  immunity. 
Immunizing  Unit.    See  Unit. 
Impact  [im^'Pakt)  \impingere,  to  drive  into 
or  against].     A  forcible  striking  against. 
Impacted     (//«  -pak^-  Ud )     \impingere,    to 
drive  into  or  against].     Driven  against  imd 
reuined,  as  a   wedge.     I.  Fracture.     See 
Fracture. 

Impaction  {impak'  shun)  [itnpit^ere,  to 
drive  into].  The  state  of  being  impacted 
or  fixed  in  a  part,  as  I .  of  the  feces,  or  I.  of 
a  fragment  of  bone  into  another  fragment. 
Impalpable  (im-pal' -pa-bl )  [f»,  not ;  pal- 
pare,  to  fed].  Not  capable  of  being  felt ; 
unapprecial>le  by  touch.  I.  Powder,  a  pow- 
der so  6ne  that  its  separate  particles  cannot 
be  felt. 

Impaludism  (//w-;>rt/'-//-</«/w)  \in,  in ;  palus, 
a  marsh].     Chronic  malarial  poisoning. 
Impar  {im^par)  [in,  not ;  par,  equal].  Odd 
or  unequal,  or  without  a  fellow.     I.,  Gang- 
'lion,  a  small  ganglion  on  the  coccyx. 
Imperative   (im  -  per'  -  at-  w)   [imperare,  to 
command].     Peremptory,  absolute,  compul- 
sory, binding.     I.  Conception,  a  concep- 
tion or  thought  that  dominates  the  actions  of 
an  individual,  although  the  falsity  of  the  con- 
ception may  be  recognized. 
Imperforate   {impeP-/or-at^    [in,  not ;  per- 
forare^  to   pierce].     Without  opening;   not 
open  or  pervious,  as  I.  anus. 
Impermeable  {im-per* -me-a-bt)  [in,  not ;  p&r, 
through;    meare,    to  go].     Not    permitting 
passage ;  not  capable  of  being  traversed. 
Impervious   i^m-per* -ve-us)  \in,   not;   per- 
vius,  capable   of  passage].     Not  permitting 
pa-Hsoge.  especially  passage  of  fluids. 
[mpetiginous    (im-pet-if-in-us)    [impetigo  / 
impetere,  to  attack].     Affected  with  or  re- 
sooibling  impetigo. 

mpetigo  (im-pe-ti' -go)  [impetigo;  impetere, 
to  attack].  An  acute  mflammatory  disease 
of  the  sktn  characterized  by  discrete,  rounded 
pustules,  unattended,  as  a  rule,  by  itching  or 
uber  subjective  symptoms.  I.  contagiosa, 
an  acufe  inflammatory  contagious  disease, 
rrharacterized  by  the  appearance  of  vesicles  or 
blebs,  that  dry  into  flat,  straw  colored  crusts. 
i,  herpetiformis,  a  rare  disease  of  the  skin, 
rharacteriaed  by  the  formation  of  superflcial 
ntliary  ptistules,  that  may  be  discrete,  but 
end  to  form  circular  groups.  It  is  most 
mmnoa  io  pregnant  women.  I.,  Syphilitic, 


a  sjrphilitic  eruption  having  the  characters  of 
small  flat  pustules. 

Implantation  [im-planta' -shun)  [in,  in ; 
plantare,  to  set].  The  act  of  setting  in,  as 
the  transplantation  of  a  tooth  from  the  jaw  of 
one  person  to  that  of  another ;  the  engrafting 
of  epidermis  from  the  skin  of  one  person  upon 
the  body  of  another ;  the  repair  of  a  wounded 
intestine  by  uniting  the  divided  ends.  I., 
Hypodermic,  the  introduction  of  a  medi- 
cine under  the  skin.  I.,  Teratologic,  a 
monstrosity  consisting  of  an  imperfect,  joined 
to  a  perfect  fetus. 

Imponderable  {im-pon' -der-a-bl)  [in,  not; 
pondus,  weight].  Incapable  of  being 
weighed;  without  weight.  I.  Fluids,  an 
obsolete  term,  formerly  applied  to  light,  heat, 
and  electricity. 

Impotence  {im^-po-tens)  [i«,  not;  posse,  io 
be  able].  Lack-of  power,  especially  lack  of 
sexual  power  in  the  man. 

Impregnate  (/«-/rz'^-ml/)  [impregnare\.  i. 
To  render  pregnant.  2.  To  saturate  or 
charge  with. 

Impregnation  {im-pr^-na^ -shun)  [impreg- 
nare,  to  impregnate].  I.  The  act  of  ren- 
dering pregnant ;  fecundation.  2.  The  pro- 
cess of  saturating  with  or  charging  with. 

Impressio  {im-presh' -e-o)  [L.].  An  impres- 
sion. I.  colica,  an  impression  on  the  un- 
der surface  of  the  right  lobe  of  the  liver  for 
the  hepatic  flexure  of  the  colon.  I.  renalis, 
an  impression  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
liver  for  the  right  kidney  and  suprarenal  cap- 
sule. 

Impression  {im-presh' -un)  [imprimtre,  to 
press  upon].  I.  A  hollow  or  depression. 
2.  The  effect  produced  upon  the  mind,  the 
body,  or  a  disease,  by  external  influence. 
I.,  Maternal,  the  effects  produced  upon 
the  fetus  in  utero  by  mental  impressions 
received  by  the  mother  during  pregnancy. 
I. -preparation,  Klatschprftparat.  A  cover- 
glass  upon  which  an  entire  bacterial  colony 
has  been  fixed  by  pressing  the  glass  lightly 
upon  the  colony. 

Impulse  (im'-puls)  [impellere,  to  drive 
against].  I.  A  pusn  or  communicated 
force.  2.  A  sudden  mental  feeling  that 
urges  onward  to  an  action.  I.,  Cardiac, 
the  beat  of  the  heart  felt  in  the  fifth  inter- 
costal space  to  the  left  of  the  sternum.  I., 
Morbid,  a  sudden,  almost  uncontrollable 
desire  to  do  some  unlawful  or  improper  act. 

In-  [L.].  I.  A  prefix  signifying  in  cr  with- 
in.    2.  A  prefix  signifying  negation. 

Inadequacy  {An-ad^ -e-(nva-se)  [in,  not ;  adie- 
quare,  to  make  equal].  InsufHciency.  I., 
Renal,  that  state  of  the  kidney  in  which  it 
is  unable  to  remove  from  the  blood  a  suffi- 
cient proportion  of  the  effete  matters  that  are 
normally  excreted  by  it. 


/ 


INANIMATE 


INCUBATION 


) 


Inanimate  {in-an^-im-a/)  [m,  not;  animus, 
life].     Not  animate ;  dead ;  without  life. 

Inanition  {in-an-ish^ -un)  [inanire,  to  make 
empty].  Emptiness ;  want  of  food ;  wasting 
of  the  body  from  starvation. 

Inappetence  {in-af/ -et-ens)  [m,  not;  appe- 
tere^  to  desire].     Loss  of  appetite. 

Inarticulate  (in-ar-tik' -u-ldt)  [m,  not;  ar- 
tuulus^  a  joint].  Not  jointed  or  articulated  \ 
especially  applied  to  vocal  sounds  not  ar- 
ranged into  syllables. 

In  articulo  mortis  {in  ar-tik'-u-h  mor^-tis) 
[L.].  In  the  agony  of  death;  at  the  point 
of  dying. 

Inassimilable  (in-as-im'-il-a-bl)  Un,  not; 
ad^  to;  similare,  to  make  like].  Incapable 
of  assimilation. 

Incandescent  (inkan-des' -ent)  ^incandts- 
cere^  to  become  white-hot].  Glowmg ;  emit- 
ting luminous  heat-rays ;  heated  to  the  degree 
of  emitting  light.  I.  Light,  one  in  which 
light  is  produced  by  the  passage  of  an  elec- 
tric current  through  a  strip  of  carbon  or 
platinum  suspended  in  a  vacuum. 

Incarcerated  (in-kar'-ser-a-ted)  [incarce- 
rare^  to  imprison].  Imprisoned ;  held  fast, 
as  I.  hernia. 

Incidence  {in' -sid-ens)  [incidere^  to  fall 
upon].  A  falling  upon.  I.,  Angle  of,  in 
optics,  the  angle  at  which  a  ray  of  light 
strikes  a  reflecting  or'refracting  surface.  I., 
Point  of,  the  point  upon  which  a  ray  or  pro- 
jectile strikes  a  reflecting  or  refracting  sur- 
face. 

Incident  (in'-sid-en/)  [incidere,  to  fall  upon]. 
Falling  upon. 

Incineration  (in-sin-er-a'-shun)  [i«,  in  ;  cin- 
erex^  ashes].  The  process  of  heating  organic 
substances  until  all  organic  matter  is  driven 
otf,  and  only  the  ash  remains. 

Incipient  {in-sip'-f-ent)  [incipiens^  begin- 
nfng].     Beginning  to  exist. 

Incised  (in-slzd^)  [»«,  into;  aedere,  to  cut]. 
Cut  or  notched.  I.  Wound,  one  made  by 
a  sharp-edged  instrument. 

Incision  {in-nth' -un)  [f«,  into;  cadere^ 
to  cut].  1.  The  act  of  cutting  into  any 
thing.  2.  A  wound  made  with  a  cutting  in- 
strument. 

Incisive  {in-si'-siv)  [f«,  into ;  cadere^  to 
cut].  1.  Cutting.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  in- 
cisor teeth.  I.  Bone,  that  part  of  the 
sujicrior  maxilla  between  the  two  clefts  in 
double  hare-lip ;  called  also  the  intermaxil- 
lary bone. 

Incisor  {in-si'tor)  [/«,  into ;  cadere^  to  cut]. 
I.  Anything  that  cuts,  especially  an  I.  tooth. 
See  Tooth.  2.  That  which  supplies  the  in- 
cisor teeth,  as  the  I.  nerve. 

Incisura  (in-si-tti'-rah)  [m,  into;  cadere^ 
to  cut].  A  notch;  an  incision.  I.  cerebelli 
anterior,  I.  cerebelli  posterior,  the  notches 


separating  the  hemispheres  of  the  cerebellnm, 
in  front  and  behind. 

Incisure  (in-si'-zhur)  [in^  into;  cadere^  to 
cut  into].  A  slit  or  notcn.  I. 's  of  Schmidt 
and  Lantermann,  oblique  lines  running 
across  the  white  substance  of  the  intemodal 
segments  of  medullated  nerve-fibers. 

Inclusio  foetalis  {inkiu'-ze-o  fe-ta'-iis)  [L.]. 
A  form  of  fetal  parasitism  in  which  the  para- 
site is  more  or  less  included  and  overgrown 
by  the  developed  fetus. 

Inclusion  (in-kiu'-%hun)  [m,  in ;  daudere^ 
to  shut].  I.  The  state  of  being  shut  in. 
2.  The  act  of  shutting  in.  3.  That  which 
is  shut  in.  I.,  Fetal,  a  monstrosity  in  which 
one  fetus  is  included  in  and  overgrown  by 
the  tissues  of  the  other  fetus. 


Incoherent  {in- ko- he' -rent)  [m,  not ;  eoh^t- 
rere^  \o  sticic  together].  Not  connected; 
without  proper  sequence. 


Incompatibility  {in-kom-pat-ib-U' -it-e)  [»»» 
not;  cuniy  together;  pati^  to  suflfer].  The 
state  of  being  incompatible.  It  may  be 
chemic  or  physiologic. 

Incompatible  (in-kom-pat'-ib-l)  [fit,  not ; 
cum^  together;  pati^  to  suffer].  Oi  two  sab- 
stances,  not  miscible  without  chemic  change 
that  destroys  the  usefulness  of  either  or  both ; 
nor  capable  of  being  administered  together  00 
account  of  antagonistic  properties. 

Incompetence,  Incompetency  {in-kom'-pe- 
tens^  in-kotn'-pe- tense)  [i«,  not ;  «#«,  to- 
gether ;  petere^  to  seek].  Incapacity ;  inade- 
quacy ;  inability  to  perform  the  natural  func- 
tions. I.  of  the  Cardiac  Valves,  an  imper- 
fect state  of  the  valves  of  the  heart  in  which 
they  permit  the  return  of  blood  into  the  cavity 
from  which  it  came. 

Incontinence  (in-kon' -tin-em^  [««,  not ;  f<wt- 
tinere,  to  contain].  I.  Inability  to  control 
the  escape  of  anyttiing,  as  of  the  feces  or  the 
urine ;  involuntary  evacuation.  2.  Venereal 
indulgence;  lewdness. 

Incoordination  (in-ko-or-din-a'-skun)  [in^ 
not;  cum^  together;  ordinare^  to  order],  in- 
ability to  produce  voluntary  muscular  move- 
ments in  proper  order  or  sequence. 

Incorporation  (in-kor-por-a' -shun)  \in^  m  ; 
corpus^  a  body].  The  process  of  inumately 
mixing  the  particles  of  different  bodies  into  a 
practically  homogeneous  mass. 

Increment  {in'-kre-ment)  [/«,  in;  craerre^ 
to  grow].     Increase  or  growth. 

Incrustation  (in-krus  ta' -shun)  [m,  upon; 
crustay  crust].  The  formation  of  a  crvst, 
especially  a  crust-like  deposit  of  mineral 
salts. 

Incubation  (in-ku-ba' -shun)    f  m,  on  ; 
bere^  to  lie].     I.  The  process  of  sitting  \ 
eggs  to  favor  hatching.     2.  The  period  otf  a 
disease  between  the  implanting  of  the  \ 
gium  and  the  development  of  the  \ 


INCUBATOR 


INDUCED 


Incubator  [in'-ku-ba-tor)  [in^  on  ;  cumbere^ 
to  lie].  A  device  for  the  artificial  hatching 
of  eggs,  or  for  the  cultivation  of  bacteria; 
a  contrivance  for  rearing  prematurely-born 
children. 

Incabus  (in'-ku-bus)  [i«,  upon ;  cumbere^  to 
lie].  I.  Nightmare.  2.  Anciently,  a  male 
demon  supposed  to  have  sexual  connection 
with  women  in  their  sleep. 

Incudal  [ing* -ku-dal^  \incu5^  anvil,  incus]. 
Relating  to  the  incus. 

Incudomalleal  (tng-ku-do-mal^-e-al)  [incus ^ 
incus ;  malleus,  hammer].  Relating  to  the 
incus  and  the  malleus. 

Incudostapedial  (ing-ku-do-sta  -pe^  -  de  -  al) 
[tncus,  incus ;  stapes,  stapes].  Relating  to 
the  incus  and  the  stapes. 

Incurable  (in-ka^-ra-bl)  [i«,  not;  curare, 
to  care  for].     Not  curable. 

Incurvation  (in-kur-va' -shun)  [incurvare, 
to  bend].  The  state  of  being  bent  or  curved 
in. 

Incus  (ing^-kus)  [L.,  an  anvil].  The  middle 
one  of  the  chain  of  bones  in  the  middle  ear, 
so  termed  from  its  resemblance  to  an  anvil. 

Indentation  {inden-ta'-shun)  [in,  in  ;  dens, 
a  tooth].  A  condition  of  being  notched  or 
serrated.  I.  of  Tongue,  the  notching  of 
the  borders  of  the  tongue  made  by  the 
teeth. 

Index  (in'-deks)  [L.].  I.  The  first  finger. 
2.  The  relation  or  ratio  of  one  part  to 
another  taken  as  a  standard.  I.,  Alveolar, 
the  degree  of  prominence  of  the  jaws, 
measured  by  the  basialveolar  length  multiplied 
by  loo  and  divided  by  the  basinasal  length. 
When  the  alveolar  index  is  less  than  98,  the 
skull  is  orthognathic,  when  more  than  103, 
prognathic,  when  intermediate,  meso- 
gnathic.  I.,  Cephalic,  the  breadth  of  a 
skull  multiplied  by  lOO  and  divided  «l)y  its 
length.  When  this  is  below  75,  the  skull  is 
called  dolichocephalic,  when  above  80,  it  is 
called  brachycephalic,  between  these  limits, 
mesaticephalic.  I.,  Cerebral,  the  ratio  of 
the  greatest  transverse  to  the  greatest  antero- 
posterior diameter  of  the  cranial  cavity,  mul- 
tiplied by  100.  I.,  Refractive,  the  coeffi- 
cient of  refraction.  I.,  Thoracic,  the  ratio 
of  the  anteroposterior  diameter  to  the  trans- 
verse, expressed  in  percentage.  I.,  Vertical, 
the  ratio  of  the  vertical  diameter  of  the  skull 
to  the  maximum  anteroposterior  diameter, 
multiplied  by  lOO. 

Indian  (in'de-an)  [/ndia\  1.  Pertaining 
to  India.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  aboriginal 
Americans.  I.  Hemp.  See  Cannabis.  I. 
Tobacco.     See  Lobelia. 

India  Rubber.     See  Caoutchouc. 

Indican  (in^-dikan)  [ivdtKdv,  indigo],  C^- 
Hg,NO„.  I.  A  glucosid  occurring  in  indigo- 
plants,  and  by  the  decomposition  of  which 


indigo  b  produced.  2.  Potassium  Indozyl- 
sulphate,  (^H^NS04K,a  substance  occurring 
in  the  urine  and  sweat,  and  formed  from 
indol. 

Indication  {in-dik-a'-shun)  [indicare,  to 
point  out].  That  which  points  out ;  a  guide, 
especially  that  which  points  out  the  course 
of  treatment. 

Indicator  {in' -dik-a-tor)  [indicare,  to  point 
out].  I.  The  index-finger.  2.  The  exten- 
sor indicis  muscle.  3.  In  chemistry,  a  sub- 
stance used  to  show  by  a  color- change  when 
a  change  of  reaction  has  taken  place  or  a 
chemic  affinity  has  been  satisfied. 

Indifferent  (in-dif'-er-ent)[in,  not ;  differens, 
different].  I.  Not  differentiated;  not  tend- 
ing to  build  up  tissue,  as  I.  cells.  2.  Not 
readily  acted  upon  by  agents. 

Indigenous  (in-dif -en-us)  [indu,  within; 
gignere,  to  beget].  Native;  originating  or 
belonging  to  a  certain  locality  or  country. 

Indigestion  (in-di-j'es'-chun)  [^in,  not ;  dig- 
erere,  to  digest].     Imperfect  digestion. 

Indigitation  {tn-dij-it-a'-shun)  [in,  in; 
digitus,  a  finger].     Intussusception. 

Indigo  (in'-dig'o)  [\v6tKAv,  indigo],  C,jH,j- 
N,0,.  A  blue  pigment  formed  by  the  de- 
composition of  the  indican  contained  in  vari- 
ous species  of  Indigofera  (I.  tinctoria,  I. 
anil,  I.  argentea),  or  in  the  urine  and  sweat. 

Indigocarmin  (in-dtg-o-car^-min)  ['nfdiK6v, 
indigo ;  carmin"].  Potassium  sulphindigo- 
tate,  used  as  a  stain  in  microscopy  and  as  a 
test  for  sugar. 

Indirect  (in'-di -reht)  [in,  not;  directtis, 
straight].  Not  direct;  not  in  a  direct  line ; 
acting  through  an  intervening  medium.  I. 
Cell-division.  See  Karyokineiis.  I.  Vis- 
ion, vision  by  some  other  part  of  the  retina 
than  the  macula. 

Indisposition  (indis-pozish'-un)  [in,  not; 
dis,  apart;  ponere,  to  place].  A  slight  ill- 
ness not  confining  the  patient  to  bed 

Indol  {in'dol)  VivdtKov,  indigo],  CgH^N. 
A  substance  produced  in  pancreatic  diges- 
tion, in  intestinal  putrefaction,  and  in  certain 
bacterial  cultures.  It  occurs  in  the  feces,  giv- 
ing to  them  in  part  their  odor,  and  is  elirain 
ated  in  the  urine  in  the  form  of  indican, 
being  especially  increased  in  intestinal  ob- 
struction. 

Indolent  {in' -do-lent)  [in,  not;  dolere,  to 
feel  pain].     Sluggish. 

Indozylsulphuric  Acid  {in-doks-il-sul-fu'- 
rik  as'- id)  \\v6ik6v,  indigo;  6^t'C»  sharp], 
CgHjNSO^.  A  combination  of  indoxyl 
(C8H«(OH)N)  with  the  radicle  of  sulphuric 
acid  (HSO3),  the  potassium  salt  of  which  oc- 
curs in  the  urine.     See  Indican. 

Induced  (in-dHsd')  [inducere,  to  lead  into]. 
I.  Producedby  induction,  as  I.  electricity.  2. 
Produced  artificially,  as  I.  labor. 


INDUCTION 


INFLAMMATION 


> 


Induction  Un-duJk^-sAun)  [inducere^  to  1e^ 
in].  1.  The  act  of  bringing  on.  2.  The 
process  of  drawing  general  conclusions  from 
special  facts.  3.  'ITie  production  of  elec- 
tricity or  magnetism  in  a  body  by  proximity 
to  another  body,  which  is  electriHed  or  mag- 
netized, but  not  in  direct  contact  with  it.  I.- 
balance,  an  instrument  used  for  detecting 
the  presence  of  metallic  bodies  by  the  electric 
disturbance  which  they  cause.  I. -coil,  a 
wire  wound  around  a  bobbin,  used  for  con- 
ducting a  galvanic  current,  by  means  of 
which  electricity  is  induced  in  a  second  coil. 

Indurated  {in' -du'ra-ied )  [m.  into;  durus^ 
hard].     Hardened,  as  I.  chancre. 

Induration  {in-du-ra' -shun)  [m,  into;  durusy 
hard].  Hardening ;  the  state  of  being'  or 
becoming  hard ;  a  hardened  mass  or  lump. 
I.,  Brown,  a  form  of  interstitial  pneumonia  in 
which  there  is,  in  addition  to  the  new  growth 
of  fibrous  tissue,  a  deposit  of  altered  blood- 
pigment.  I.,  Gray,  a  similar  condition 
without  the  deposit  of  pigment.  I.,  Red, 
an  interstitial  pneumonia  in  which  the  lung 
is  red  from  congestion. 

Inebriant  {in-e' -bre  ant )  {inebriare^  to  make 
drunk].  I.  Intoxicant ;  causing  inebriation. 
2.  An  agent  that  causes  inebriation. 

Inebriation  {in-e-bre-a'-shun)  [imbriaret  to 
make  drunk].  The  condition  of  drunken- 
ness. 

Inebriety  {ine-bri'-et-e)  Unebriare^  to  make 
drunk].     Habitual  drunkenness. 

Inertia  (in  -  er  '  -  she  -  ah)  \iners^  inactive]. 
Sluggishness;  inability  to  move  except  by 
means  of  an  external  force.  In  ph3rsics, 
that  property  of  matter  by  virtue  of  which 
it  is  incapable  of  changing  its  condition  of 
rest  or  motion.  I.,  Uterine,  sluggishness  of 
uterine  contractions  during  labor. 

In  extremis  {in  eki-tre' -mis)  [f«,  in ;  ex- 
tremuSy  last].  At  the  end ;  at  the  last ;  at 
the  point  of  death. 

Infant  {in'fant)  [in/ans,  a  little  child].  I. 
A  babe.  2.  According  to  English  law,  one 
not  having  attained  the  age  of  twenty-one. 

Infanticide  (in-fanf-is-ld)  [infans^  a  little 
child ;  cadere,  to  kill].  The  murder  of  an 
infant. 

Infantile  (in'-fanfli)  [iV^/iiw,  a  little  child]. 
Pertaining  to  infancy.  I.  Paralysis.  See 
Paralysis. 

Infarct  (in'/arkt)  [in/ardre^  to  stuff  in] .  A 
wedge-shaped  area,  either  of  hemorrhage  into 
an  organ  (hemorrhagic  I.),  or  of  necrosis  in 
an  organ  (anemic  I.),  produced  by  the  ob- 
struction of  a  terminal  vessel.  I.,  Uric- 
acid,  the  deposition  of  crystals  of  uric  acid 
in  the  renal  tubules  of  the  newborn. 

Infarction  (in'/ark'-shun)  [infarcire,  to  stuff 
inl.  The  production  of  an  infarct ;  also  the 
infarct  itfelf. 


Infecting  {in-fek' -ting)  [m,  into;  facerty  t« 
make].  Causing  infection,  as  an  I.  embolus. 

Infection  {in-fek' -shun)  [in/ectio^  from  in,  in- 
to ;  facere^  to  make] .  I.  The  communication 
of  disease  from  one  body  to  another,  or  from 
one  part  to  another  part  of  the  same  individual 
(autoinfection).  2.  The  material  conveying 
the  disease;  the  disease-producing  agent.  I.- 
atrium,  the  point  of  entrance  of  an  infection. 
I.,  Consecutive,  septic  infection  implanted 
upon  an  already  established  morbid  process. 

Infectious  {infek'-shus)  [m,  into;  facere^ 
to  make].  I.  Communicating  disease.  2. 
Caused  by  an  infection. 

Infecundity  {in-fe-kun* -dit-e)  [m ,  not ;  fe- 
cundust  fruitful].     Sterility,  barrenness. 

Inferior  {in-fe' -re-or)[com^.  oUn/trus^  low]. 
Lower. 

Infiltrate  {in^JHtrat)  [m,  in ;  fittrare^  to 
strain].  I.  To  ooze  into  the  spaces  of  a 
tissue.    2.  The  substance  that  has  oozed  out. 

Infiltration  {in-fil-tra'-shun)  [in,  into ;  Jil- 
trare^  to  strain],  i.  The  entrance  into  the 
tissue-spaces  or  into  the  tissue-elements  of 
some  abnormal  substance  or  of  a  normal  sob- 
stance  in  excess.  2.  The  material  thus  de- 
posited. I.,  Calcareous,  the  deposit  of  lime 
and  magnesium  salts  in  the  tissues.  I.,  Cel- 
lular, an  infiltration  of  the  tissues  with  round 
cells.  I.,  Fatty,  the  deposit  of  fat  in  the 
tissues ;  the  presence  of  oil  or  fat-globules  in 
the  interior  of  a  cell.  I.,  Glycogenic,  the 
deposit  of  glycogen -granules  in  the  cells.  I., 
Pigmentary,  the  deposit  of  pigment  in  the 
tissues,  derived  either  from  without  or  from 
within.  I.,  Serous,  an  infiltration  of  the 
tissues  with  diluted  lymph.  I.,  TubercQ- 
lous,  a  confluence  of  tuberculous  nodules. 

Infinite  {in'-Jin-i/)[in,  not ;  /inis^  boundary  1. 
Immeasurable  or  innumerable;  unlimited, 
when  compared  with  any  known  or  conceiv- 
able quantity.  I.  Distance,  a  term  in  optics 
indicating  a  distance  of  20  feet  (6  meters)  or 
more.  Rays  from  an  object  at  that  distance 
and  entering  the  eye  are  practically  parallel, 
as  they  would  be  completely  if  coming  from 
a  point  at  a  really  infinite  distance. 

Infirm  {infemi')  [m,  not;  firmm^  firm]. 
Weak  or  feeble. 

Infirmary  {in- fer* -ma-re)  [in/irmarimm,  an 
infirmary] .  A  hospital ;  an  institution  where 
ill  and  infirm  persons  are  maintained  duriaf 
the  period  of  treatment. 

Infirmity  {in-fer' -mii-e)  [in/irmifas,  weak- 
ness]. I.  Weakness,  feebleness.  2.  A  disease 
producing  feebleness. 

Inflammation  (injlam-a'-skan)  [in/tawmrt^ 
to  set  on  fire,  to  inflame].  A  term  applied 
to  those  tissue-changes  by  which  irritants  are 
eliminated,  and  which  include  overfilliac  cf 
the  blood-vessels,  alteration  in  the 
vessel   walls,  outwandering  of 


INFLATION 


INGLUVIN 


ezodadoii  of  plasma,  and  multiplication  of 
the  cells  of  the  surrounding  connective-tissue. 
I^  Acute,  that  in  which  the  processes  are 
active ;  usually  thb  form  is  characterized  by 
the  cardinal  symptoms  of  inflammation — ^heat, 
redness,  swelling,  and  pain.  I.,  Catarrhal, 
one  occurring  on  a  mucous  surface  and  causing 
the  shedding  of  its  epithelium.  I.,  Chronic, 
that  in  which  there  is  a  building-up  of  new 
connective  tissue.  I.,  Interstitiad,  one  affect- 
ing chiefly  the  connective  tissue  of  an  organ. 
I.,  Parenchymatous,  one  affecting  chiefly 
the  parenchyma  of  an  organ.  I.,  Reactive, 
an  inflammation  set  up  around  a  focus  of  de- 
generation to  limit  the  spread  of  the  degener- 
ative process ;  also  the  inflammation  around 
a  foreign  body.  I.,  Specific,  one  due  to  a 
special  microorganism,  and  characterized  by 
the  formation  of  a  tumor-like  nodule  that 
tends  to  degenerate.  I.,  Suppurative,  that 
attended  by  the  formation  of  pus. 

Inflation  {in-Jla^-sAun)  Un/lare,  to  puff  up]. 
The  act  of  cUstending  with  air. 

Influenza  (in -Jlu  -  en^  -  zah)  [Ital.,  an  in- 
fluence]. An  epidemic  affection  charac- 
terized by  catarrhal  inflammation  of  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  respiratory  tract, 
accompanied  by  a  mucopurulent  discharge, 
fever,  pain  in  the  muscles,  and  prostration. 
At  times  symptoms  referable  to  the  gastro- 
intestinal S3rstem  predominate ;  at  others  the 
symptoms  are  mainly  referred  to  the  nervous 
S3rstem.  The  cause  of  the  disease  is  the 
bacillus  of  influenza,  discovered  by  Pfeiffer 
and  Canon.  Complications  are  common, 
pneumonia  being  the  most  frequent ;  pleurisy, 
otitis  media,  and  neuritis  also  occur.  An 
occasional  sequel  is  insanity.  Synonyms: 
la  grippe,  grip. 

Infra-  (in^-/rah')  Unfra^  below].  A  preflx 
meaning  below  or  beneath. 

Infraazillafy  (in  -frah  -  aks^ -il-a-re)  \infra^ 
below;  axilla^  the  arm-pit].  Below  the 
arm-pit 

Infraclavicular  (in-frah-klav-ik' -u-lar)  [7»- 

fra^  below ;  clavicula^  the  collar-bone].    Be- 

•  low  the  collar-booe. 

infracortical  (in-frah-kor^tik-al)  [in/ra^  be- 
low; cortex,  a  bark].  Lying  beneath  the 
cortical  substance  of  the  brain. 

Infracostal  (in-frah-kos' tah  [in/ra,  below ; 
cosfa,  a  rib].     Below  the  rios. 

Inframammary  (in/raA-mam^-ar-e)  [infra, 
below;  mamma,  the  breast].  Situated  be- 
neath the  mamma. 

Infimmaxillary    (in-frah-maks' -il-a-re)  [in- 

fra,  below;  maxilla,  the  jaw].  Below  or 
under  the  jaw. 

Infraorbital  (in-frah-orf-bUtal)  [in/ra,  be- 
low ;  orbita,  orbit].  Beneath  or  below  the 
floor  of  the  orbit.  I.  Canal,  the  canal  in 
the  fupeiior  maxillary  bone  that  transmits 


the  infraorbital  vessels  and  nerve.  I.  Fora- 
men.    See  Foramina,  Table  of. 

Infrascapular  (in-frah-sAap^-u-lar)  [tnfra, 
below ;  scapula,  shoulder-blade].  Below 
the  shoulder-blade. 

Infraspinous  (in-frah-spi^-nus)  [infra,  be- 
low;  spina,  a  spine].  Beneath  a  spine,  as 
of  the  scapula  or  a  vertebra.  I.  Fascia, 
the  dense  membranous  fascia  covering  the 
infraspinous  muscle.  I.  Fossa,  the  shallow 
depression  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  scapula, 
below  the  spine,  and  lodging  the  infraspina- 
tus muscles.  I.  Muscle.  See  Muscles, 
TabU  of 

Infrastemal  (in-frah-ster^-nal)  [infra,  be- 
low; sternum,  breast-bone].  Below  the 
sternum. 

Infundibuliform  iin-fun-dib-u'-le-form)  [in- 
fundibulum,  a  funnel ;  forma,  a  form]. 
Funnel-shaped.  I.  Fascia,  the  funnel- 
shaped  membranous  layer  that  invests  the 
spermatic  cord. 

Infundibulum  (in-fun-diy-u-lum)  [infun- 
dere,  to  pour  into].  A  funnel-shaped  passage 
or  part  I.  of  Brain,  a  tubular  mass  of  gray 
matter  attached  to  the  pituitary  body.  I.  of 
the  Ethmoid  Bone,  a  canal  connecting 
the  anterior  ethmoidal  cells  with  the  middle 
meatus  of  the  nose.  I.  of  Heart,  the 
arterial  cone  from  which  the  pulmonary  artery 
arises.  I.  of  the  Kidney,  one  of  the 
primary  divisions  of  the  pelvis  of  the  kidney. 
I.  of  the  Lung,  one  of  the  air-spaces  into 
which  a  terminal  bronchiole  divides,  and 
which  is  composed  of  an  aggregation  of  air- 
vesicles. 

Infusion  (infit^-xAun)  [in,  into ;  fundere,  to 
pour].  I.  The  process  of  extracting  the 
active  principles  of  a  substance  by  means  of 
water,  but  without  boiling.  2.  The  product 
of  such  a  process,  known  in  pharmacy  as 
infusum. 

Infusum  (in-fu^sum)  [in,  into ;  fundere, 
to  pour].  An  infusion.  The  following  are 
ofhcial  in  U.  S.  P.:  I.  cinchonae.  Dose 
fjij  (64.0).  I.  digitalis.  Dose  fjss 
(16.0).  I,  pruni  virginianie.  Dose  f  3  ij- 
iij  (64.0-96.0).  I.  senns  compositum, 
black  draught.     Dose  f  T^  iv  (128.0). 

Ingests  (in-jes^-tah)  [in,  into;  gerere,  to 
carry!.  Substances  introduced  into  the  body 
especially  foods. 

Ingestion  (in-jes'-chun)  [in,  into ;  gerere,  to 
carry].  The  act  of  taking  substances,  espe- 
cially food,  into  the  body. 

Ingluvies  (in-gluf -ve-H)  [L.].  i.  The  crop 
or  craw  of  birds.  2.  The  paunch  or  rumen 
of  ruminating  mammals. 

Ingluvin  (it^'glu-vin)  [ingluvies,  crop  or 
craw  of  a  bird].  A  preparation  obtained 
from  the  gizzard  of  the  fowl,  PuUus  gallina- 
ceus,  used  as  a  substitute  for  pepsin  and  pan- 


\ 


INGRASSIAS 

creftdn,  and  also  in  the  Tomiting  of  preg- 
nancy.    Dose  gr.  x-xx  (0.65-1.3). 

Ingrassias,  Processes,  or  Wings  of  [/m- 
grassiaSf  an  Italian  physician  of  the  sixteenth 
century].  The  lesser  wings  of  the  sphenoid 
bone. 

Ingravescent  (in-grav-es^'ent)  [ingravesceref 
to  become  heavy].  Increasing  in  severity, 
as  I.  apoplexy. 

Ingrowing  Nail.    See  Nail. 

Inguen  (in'-gwen'j  [L.].     The  groin. 

Inguinal  (in'-gwtn-ai)  [^ingu^n,  the  groin]. 
Pertaining  to  the  groin.  I.  Canal,  the  canal 
transmitting  the  spermatic  cord  in  the  male, 
and  the  round  ligament  in  the  female.  It  is 
situated  parallel  to  and  just  above  Poupart*s 
ligament.  I.  Glands,  the  superficial  and 
the  deep  glands  of  the  groin.  I.  Hernia. 
See  Hernia. 

Inhalation  {in -ha -la' -shun)  {inhalare^  to 
draw  in].  The  breathing  in  of  air  or  other 
vapor.  I. -diseases,  those  due  to  the  in- 
spiration of  air  containing  dust  or  any  finely 
divided  matter. 

Inhaler  {in-ka'-ler)  [inhalare,  to  breathe  in]. 
An  instrument  for  inhaling  a  gas  or  vapor. 

Inherent  (in-he' -rent)  [m,  to;  harere,  to 
cleave].     Innate ;  natural  to  the  organism. 

Inhibition  (/m  -  hib  •  ish'-  un)  [inktbere^  to 
check].  The  act  of  checking  or  restraining ; 
a  restraint. 

Inhibitory  (in  - hil/'  it -o-re)  [inhibere,  to 
check].     Checking;  restraining. 

Iniac,  or  Inial  {in'-e-ac,  in'-e-al)  \jLvloVf  occi- 
put].    Pertaining  to  the  inion. 

Iniencephalus  (in-e-en- se/'-al- us\  [Iviov, 
occiput;  iyid^akoq^  brain].  A  fetal  mon- 
strosity in  which  there  is  a  posterior  fissure 
of  the  skull,  with  protrusion  of  the  brain- 
substance,  combined  with  spinal  fissure. 

Inion  (in'-e-on)  [iv/ov,  occiput].  The  ex- 
ternal protuberance  of  the  occipital  bone. 
See  Craniometric  Points. 

Initial  [in-ish'-at)  \in^  into ;  ire^  to  go].  Be- 
ginnirig ;  early  ;  primary,  as  the  I.  lesion  of 
syphilis, — the  chancre.  I.  Cells,  germ- 
cells.     I.  Sclerosis,  the  hard  chancre. 

Inject  (in-jekf)  [m,  into ;  jacere^  to  throw]. 
To  throw  or  force  in,  as  to  inject  fluids  into 
the  tissues ;  also,  to  fill  the  vessels  of  an  organ. 

Injection  {in-jek' -shun)  [i/i,  into ;  Jacere,  to 
throw],  I.  The  act  of  injecting  or  throw- 
ing in.  2.  The  substance  injected.  Accord- 
ing to  the  organ  into  which  the  injection  is 
mad«,  different  terms  are  employed,  as  e.  g., 
urethral  I.,  intramuscular  I.,  uterine  I., 
vaginal  I.,  etc.  In  the  B.  P.  Injec- 
tiones  are  solutions  of  active  substances 
used  for  hypodermic  injection.  I.,  Hypo* 
dermic,  an  injection  made  under  the  skin. 

Injector  (in-jeJ^-tor)  [injicere^  to  throw  in]. 
An  apparatus  used  in  injecting. 


INQUISITION 

Injury  {in-ju'-re)  [i«,  not ;  ykr,  a  right].  A 
harm  or  hurt  to  the  body. 

Innervation  {tn-ner-va' -ihun)  [m,  in  ;  ner^ 
vus,  nerve].     Nerve-supply. 

Innominate  {in-nom' -in-at)  [m,  without; 
nomen,  a  name].  Unnamed ;  unnamable.  I. 
Artery.  See  Art^ies^  Table  of.  I.  Bone, 
the  irregular  bone  forming  the  sides  and 
anterior  wall  of  the  pelvic  cavity,  and  com- 
posed of  the  ilium,  ischium,  and  pubis. 

Innominatum  (in-nom-in-a''tutrt)[^L.,  name-, 
less  I  OS,  bone,  understood)  ].  The  innomi- 
nate bone. 

Innutrition  (in-nu-trish'-un)  [in,  not;  nu- 
trire,  to  nourish].  Want  of  nutritioo  or 
nourishment 

Inoblast  (in'o-blast)  (If,  fiber;  pXaarb^, 
germ].  Any  one  of  the  cells  from  whidi 
connective  tissue  is  derived. 

Inoculability  {in-ok-U'la-bil'-it'e)  [in,  into ; 
oculuSt  a  bud].  The  quality  of  being  inocu- 
lable. 

Inoculable  (in-ok'-u-la-bl)  [in,  into ;  oculus, 
a  bud],  dpable  of  being  moculated ;  com- 
municable by  inoculation. 

Inoculation  (in-ok-u-la' -shun)  [in,  into; 
oculus,  a  bud].  I.  The  act  of  introducing 
the  virus  of  a  disease  into  the  body.  2.  Spe- 
cifically\  the  intentional  introduction  of'a  virus 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  mild  form  of 
a  disease  which  is  severe  when  spontaneously 
introduced,  as  the  I.  of  small -pox  virus.  This 
is  known  as  preventive  I. 

Inogen  (in'-ojen)  [if,  fiber ;  yewav,  to  pro- 
duce]. A  hypothetic  substance  believed  to 
occur  in  muscular  tissue,  and  to  be  decom- 
posed, during  contraction,  into  carbon  dioxid, 
sarcolactic  acid,  and  myosin. 

Inorganic  (in-or-gan'-ik)  [in,  not ;  bpyavcv^ 
an  implement].  Not  organic  ;  not  produced 
by  animal  or  vegetal  organisms,  as  an  I. 
compound.  I.  Chemistry,  chemistry  deal- 
ing with  inorganic  compounds. 

Inosculate  {tnos'-cu-lat)  [in,  in,  on ;  Mrar- 
lum,  dim.  of  as,  mouth].  To  unite  by  snuUI 
openings. 

Inosculation  (in-os-ku-la'-shun)  [in,  in  ;  «r^ 
culuffi,  a  small  mouth].  The  joining  of 
blood-vessels  by  direct  communication. 

Inosite  (in'-o-iU)  [if,  fibcr],CgH„Og-h  2H,0. 
Muscle- sugar ;  a  saccharine  substance  occur- 
ring in  muscles,  rarely  in  urine. 

Inosituria  (ino-slt-u'  're'ah)[i^,  fiber;  urrnm, 
urine].  The  presence  of  inosite  in  the  urioe. 

Inquest  {in'-hves/)[iH,  into;  fuarere,toask'}. 
A  judicial  inquiry,  especially  one  for  the  par- 
pose  of  determining  the  cause  of  death  of  one 
who  has  died  by  violence  or  in  some  unknown 
way. 

Inquisition  (inkwiz-ish^-un)  [in,  into ;  j^ 
rere,  to  ask].  An  inquiry,  especially 
into  the  sanity  or  lunacy  of  a  penoo. 


INSALIVATION 


INSOLATION 


Insalivation  {in-sal-w-a^'ShuH)  [fit,  in ;  sal- 
iva, the  spittle].  The  mixture  o^  the  food 
with  saliva  during  mastication. 
Insane  (in-sdn'^  [m,  not;  sanus,  sound]. 
Deranged  or  diseased  in  mind.  I.  Ear. 
See  Hematoma  auris. 

Insanitary  {in-san^ -it-are)  [fif,not ;  sanitas^ 
health].    Not  sanitary  ;  not  in  a  proper  con- 
dition as  respects  the  preservation  of  health. 
Insanity    {in-san' -it-e)    [/«,    not ;     sanus, 
sound].    A  derangement  of  the  mental  fac- 
ulties, with  or  without  loss  of  volition  and 
of  consciousness.      Insanity  may  be  due  to 
defective  development,  to  acquired  disease, 
or  to  natural  decay.     It  is  characterized, 
according  to  its  form,  by  a  variety  of  symp- 
toms, the  moat  common  of  which  are  change 
of  character  and  habits,  moroseness,  confu- 
sion, elation,  melancholy,  mania,  delusions, 
and  hallucinations.       Melancholia,  mania, 
delusional  insanity,  and  dementia  are  the 
four  principal  types  of   the  affection.     I., 
Acquired,  that  arising  after  a  long  period  of 
life  of  menul  integrity.    I.,  Alcoholic,  that 
induced  by  alcoholic  excess,  usually  a  result 
of  hereditary  tendencies.      I.,  Alternating. 
See  /.,  Circular.      I.,  Circular,  cyclothy- 
mia ;  alternating  insanity ;  a  form  of  insanity 
recurring  in  cycles  varying  in  length  from  a 
few  days  to  many  months.    The  arrange- 
ment of  the  cycle  varies  in  different  individ- 
uals, but  is  constant  in  a  given  case.     Thus 
melancholia  may  be  followed  by  mania,  and 
this  by  a  lucid  interval,  the  passage   from 
one     mental  condition   to  the  other  being 
abrupt  or  gradual.     I.,  Climacteric,  insan- 
ity occurring  at  or  near  the  menopause.     I., 
Communicated,  that  transmitted  by  asso- 
ciation with  an  insane  person.     I.,  Confu- 
sional,    an    acute    insanity    produced     by 
nenroua  shock  or  exhausting  disease,  without 
distinct   constant    emotional    depression    or 
exaltation,  with  marked  failure  of  mental 
power  or  complete  imbecility,  often  accom- 
panied by  hallucinations  and  loss  of  phys- 
ical power.     Recovery  is  usually  complete. 
I.,    Cyclic.       Same   as   /.,  Circular.      I., 
Doubting,   a  form  closely  allied  to  delu- 
sional insanity,  consisting  in  an  uncontrolla- 
ble doubt  and  indecision  regarding  the  occu- 
pations,  duties,  or  events  of  the  day,  of 
religion*     etc.       I.,    Emotional,    insanity 
characterized  by  derangement  of  the  emo- 
tions, either  depressing  or  exalting  in  char- 
acter.      I.,  Epidemic,  a  form  occasionally 
manifested  among  a  number  of  persons  in 
common     association,    as    in    convents    or 
schools.       I.,  Hereditary,  that  transmitted 
from    parent  to  child,  and  not  induced  by 
other    apparent  cause.      I.,   Impulsive,  a 
form  in  which  the  patient  possesses  an  un- 
controllable desire  to  commit  acts  of  vio- 


lence. I.,  Menstrual.  See  /,  Periodic. 
I.,  Moral,  a  form  marked  by  perversion  and 
depravity  of  the  moral  sense,  apparently 
without  impairment  of  the  reasoning  and  in- 
tellectual faculties.  I.,  Periodic,  a  condi- 
tion dependent  upon  original  or  acquired 
psychopathy,  in  which  attacks  of  insanity 
occur  at  regular  or  irregular  intervals.  If 
occurring  in  women  at  the  menstrual  epoch, 
it  is  called  menstrual  insanity.  I.  of 
Pregnancy,  a  form  occurring  during  preg- 
nancy, characterized  by  melancholia,  suicidal 
intent,  and  abhorrence  of  friends  and  rela- 
tives. I.,  Primary,  a  form,  often  congenital, 
that  arises  with  the  development  of  the 
body.  It  may  also  proceed  from  injury  or 
disease  of  the  brain  in  early  life.  I.  of  Pu- 
berty. See  Hebephrenia.  I.,  Puerperal,  a 
term  sometimes  applied  to  the  delirium  of 
childbirth,  but  more  properly  to  the  insanity 
occurring  after  delivery.  I.,  Recurrent, 
that  marked  by  recurrent  attacks  of  mental 
aberration  with  intervening  lucid  intervals. 
I.,  Religious,  that  associated  with  religious 
subjects.  I.,  Stuporous,  a  primary  acute 
form  of  dementia,  characterized  by  a  ten- 
dency to  stupor ;  a  disease  chiefly  met  with 
in  youth  and  early  maturity.  I.,  Surgical, 
that  coming  on  after  surgical  operations. 
I.,  Toxic,  an  acute  form  due  to  systemic 
poisoning  by  certain  drugs. 

Inscriptiones  tendinese  {in- skrip-te-</ -nH 
ten-din' -e-e).  The  linese  trans versae  of  the 
rectus  abdominis  muscle. 

Insect  (in'-seJkt)  [in,  into;  secare,  to  cut]. 
Any  member  of  the  class  of  animals  called 
Insecta.  I«  Powder,  a  powder  employed  to 
destroy  or  ward  off  insects,  and  consisting 
usually  of  the  powdered  flowers  of  species 
of  Pjrrethrum. 

Insecticide  {in-sek'-iis-ld)  [insectum^  insect ; 
ccedere,  to  kill].  A  substance  that  is  destruc- 
tive to  insects. 

Insemination  {in-sem-in-a'-sAun)  [insemin- 
are,  to  plant  seed].  I.  The  planting  of  seed. 
2.  The  introduction  of  semen. 

Insensible  (in-sen'-sib-l)  [i«,  not ;  sentire^ 
to  feel].  I.  Incapable  of  being  perceived  or 
recognized  by  the  senses.     2.  Unconscious. 

Insertion  {in-ser'-shun)  [inserere,  to  set  in]. 
I.  The  act  of  setting  or  placing  in.  2.  That 
which  is  set  in.  3.  The  point  at  which  any- 
thing, as  a  muscle,  is  attached ;  the  place  or 
the  mode  of  attachment  of  an  organ  to  its 
support. 

Insidious  (in-sid'-e-us)  [insidia,  ambush] . 
Coming  on  stealthily  or  imperceptibly.  I. 
Disease,  one,  the  onset  of  which  is  gradual 
or  inappreciable. 

In  situ  {in  si'-tu)  [in,  in ;  situs,  position]. 
In  a  given  or  natural  position. 

Insolation  {in-so-la'-shun)  [in,  in  ;  sol,  sun]. 


INSOLUBLE 


INTERCADENCE 


I.  Exposure  to  the  rays  of  the  sun.  2.  Sun- 
stroke or  heatstroke. 

Insoluble  (in-soi'-u-bl^  [in^  not;  soluere^ 
to  solve].     Incapable  of  dissolving. 

Insomnia  (in-som^-ne-ah)  [m,  not;  somnus^ 
sleep].     Want  of  sleep  ;  inability  to  sleep. 

Inspection  (in  -  spek^-  shun)  \iHspicerf^  to 
look].  In  medicine,  the  examination  of  the 
body  or  any  part  of  it  by  the  eye. 

Inspiration  (in-spir-a^-sAun)  [m,  in  ;  spirare^ 
to  breathe].     The  drawing  m  of  the  breath. 

Inspiratory  {in-spi' -ra-tore)  [m.in  ;  spirare^ 
to  breathe].  Pertaining  to  the  act  of  inspir- 
ation. 

Inspissate  (iV  -  spis  •  At )  {inspissare^  to 
thicken].  To  make  thick  by  evaporation  or 
by  absorption  of  fluid. 

Instep  (in^-step)  [ifutop,  the  bend  of  the  foot]. 
The  arch  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  foot. 

Instillation    iin'sHi-a^'shun)    [instiiiaret  to 

{>ut  in  little  by  little].  The  pouring  of  a 
iquid  into  a  cavity  drop  by  drop. 

Instinct  {in^'Stingkt)  Unstingitere ^  to  impel]. 
A  natural  impulse,  vmich,  though  unassoci- 
ated  with  reason,  prompts  a  useful  act. 

Instinctive  (in-sttn^k^-eiv)  [imtinf^uerf^  to 
impel].  Prompted  or  determined  by  instinct ; 
of  the  nature  of  instinct. 

Institutes  of  Medicine.  The  philosophy  of 
the  science  of  medicine,  of  physiology,  pathol- 
ogy, therapeutics,  and  hygiene,  or  the  gen- 
eral and  elementary  principles  of  the  same. 
The  term  is  used  sometimes  as  a  synonym 
of  ph3rsiology. 

Instrument  (in^-stru-mffU)  [/«,  in;  struere^ 
to  build].  Any  mechanical  tool  or  device 
used  to  assist  in  the  performance  of  a  certain 
act. 

Instrumental  (in-stru-nun^-tal)  [im,  in; 
struere^  to  build].  Pertaining  to  or  per- 
formed with  instruments,  as  I.  labor. 

Instrumentation  (in-strumm  ta^-shun)  fi/i, 
in;  itrture^  to  build].  The  care  or  employ- 
ment of  instruments. 

Insufficiency  (in  -  suf-fish'-  en  -  se)  [insufii- 
cientia;  in,  not;  snd,  under;  facere,  to 
make].  The  state  of  being  inadequate ;  in- 
capaaty  to  perform  a  normal  function.  I.  of 
the  Cardiac  Valves,  imperfect  closure  of 
the  valves,  permitting  regurgitation.  De- 
pending upon  the  valve  affected,  the  I.  may  be 
aortic,  mitral,  tricuspid,  or  pulmonary.  I. 
of  a  Muscle,  inability  on  a  part  of  a  muscle 
to  contract  suiffidently  to  produce  the  normal 
effect.  The  term  is  applied  especially  to  the 
eye-muscles.  I.  of  the  Extemi,  a  condi- 
tion in  which  the  contraction  of  the  extemi 
muscles  of  the  e3re  is  weak  and  is  overbal- 
anced by  that  of  the  intemi,  producing 
esophoria.  I.  of  the  Intemi,  defective 
power  on  the  part  of  the  intemi  muscles,  pro- 
ducing ezophoria. 


Insufflation  (in-iuffla' shun^  [/«,  in ;  mf- 
JUtre,  to  puff].  The  act  of  blowing  into,  as 
the  I.  of  a  powder  into  a  cavity  ;  also,  the 
blowing  of  air  into  a  cavity,  as  I.  of  the 
middle  ear.  I.,  Mouth-to-mouth,  the 
blowing  of  air  into  the  mouth  of  a  person, 
usually  a  new- bom  infant,  to  distend  the 
lungs  and  counteract  asphyxia. 

Insufflator  (in'-suflator)  [i«,  in  ;  sufflare, 
to  blow].  An  instmment  for  blowing  air  or 
powders  into  a  cavity. 

Insula  (in'-stt'lah)  [L.].  The  island  of  Reil 

Insular  (in^-su-hr)  [insula,  an  island].  I. 
Pertaining  to  the  island  of  Reil.  2.  Isolated ; 
occurring  in  patches.  I.  Sclerosis.  See 
ScUrosis. 

Insulate  (iV  su-Za/)  [insu/a,  an  island].  To 
isolate  or  separate  from  surroundings.  In 
electricity,  to  surround  a  conductor  with  a 
nonconducting  substance. 

Integument  (in  -teg'-u-  meni )  [m,  upon  ; 
tegere,  to  cover].  A  covering,  especially  the 
skin.     I.,  Fetal,  the  feul  meraliranes. 

Intellect  (in' -telekt )  [intelUctus :  inUr,  he 
tween  ;  Ugere,  to  choose].  The  mind  or  the 
reasoning  power. 

Intemperance  (in-Um'-prr-ans)  [in,  not; 
temperare,  to  moderate].  Want  of  modera- 
tion ;  immoderate  indulgence,  especially  in 
alcoholic  l)everages. 

Intensification  ( in  -  ten  -  si/-  ik  -  a'  sAun)  [in, 
upon  ;  tendere,  to  stretch].  The  act  of  mak- 
ing  intense,  or  of  increasing  the  strength  of 
anything. 

Intensity  (in-ten'-sit-e)  [in,  upon ;  tendere, 
to  stretch],  l.  The  state  of  being  intense  or 
high-strung.  2.  The  degree  to  which  a  force 
is  capable  of  rising.  3.  A  high  degree  of 
energy  or  power. 

Intensive  (intent-sir)  [in,  upon;  tendere,  to 
stretch].  Gradually  increased  in  force  or  in- 
tensity, as  the  1.  method  of  inoculation. 

Intention  (in  ten' -shun)  [in,  upon  ;  tendere, 
to  stretch] .  The  end  or  purpose.  See  f /eat- 
ing. I. -tremor,  a  tremor  coming  on  when 
attempts  at  voluntary  motion  are  made. 

Inter-  iin'-ter-)  [inter,  between].  A  prefix 
signifjnng  lietwcen. 

Inter  articular  {in-ter-ar'tik'-M  tar)  [inter  ^ 
between ;  articulus,  a  joint].  Situated  l>e- 
tween  joints.  I.  Fibrocartilage,  the  fat- 
tened cartilaginous  plates  between  the  articu- 
lar cartilages  of  certain  joints. 

Interauriciilar  (in-ter-mo-rik' -M-lar)  [inter ^ 
between  ;  auricula,  auricle].  Situated  be- 
tween the  auricles. 

Interbrain  (i/i'/rr-^nan).  See  Thalamen- 
cephalon. 

Intercadence  ( in  -  ter  -  ka'-  dfns)  [inter,  be- 
tween: ra/Zcr*-,  to  fain.  An  irregular  beat- 
ing of  the  pulse,  in  which  an  additKmal  beat 
is  interposed  between  two  pulsations. 


INTERCALARY 


INTERNAL 


Intercalary,  Intercalated   (in-ter^-kal-a-re, 
iHter''kaI-a-ted\  [inter,  between ;  calare^  to 
insert].    Placca  or  iiiserted  between. 
Intercarotid   (in-ier-kar-ot^-id)    [in/er,    be- 
tween; mpdetv,  to  produce  sleep].     Situated 
between  the  external  and    internal   carotid 
arteries,  as  the  I.  ganglion. 
Intercellular   (iH-ter-sfl^'U-iar)    [inier^    be- 
tween; cellulay  a  small  cell].  Between  cells, 
as  I.  substance  of  tissue. 
Intercentral  {in  -  ter  -  sen' -  tral)  \intery  be- 
tween ;  centrum f  a  center] .     Between  cen- 
ters. 

Interchondral  {in-ter-kon' -dral)  [inter,  be- 
tween ;  x^^P^9  cartilage] .  Between  carti- 
lages. 

Interclavicular  (in-ter-klav-ik' -u-lar)  [inter, 
between;  clavia*la,  the  collar-bone].  Be- 
tween the  clavicles. 

Intercolumnar  {in-ter-kol-um'-nar)   [inter, 
between;  columna,  co\Mmn\.     Between  pil- 
lars, as  the  I.  fascia,  between  the  pillars  of 
the  external  abdominal  ring. 
Intercondyloid  {in-ter-kon' -dil-oid^   [inter, 
between  ;  kMvTjch;,  a  knob ;  eI<)of ,  likeness]. 
Between  condyles.      I.  Fossa,  the  notch 
between  the  condyles  of  the  femur. 
Intercostal  {in-terkos' -tal)  [inter,  between ; 
eosta,A  rib].   Between  the  ribs.  I.  Arteries, 
the  arteries  of  the  intercostal   spaces.     See 
Arteries,  Table  of.     I.  Muscles.     See  Mus- 
cles.  Table  of .     I.  Nerves,  the  anterior  divis- 
ions of  the  dorsospinal  nerves. 
Intercostohumersd   {in  -  ter-  kos-to-hu' -mer- 
at)   [inter,   between;    costa,    rib;  humerus, 
the  bone  of  the  upper  arm].     Pertaining  to 
the  arm  and  the  space  between  the  ribs,  as 
the  I.  nerve. 
I  ntercurrent  (in'ter-kur^-ent)  [>>f/^r,between ; 
cmrrerej  to  run].     Occurring  or  taking  place 
between.     I.  Disease,  a  disease  arising  or 
progressing  during  the  existence  of  another 
disease  in  the  same  person. 
Interdi^tml  {in  -  ter  -  dif-  it  -  a/)  [inter,  be- 
tween; digitus,  a  finger].     Between  the  fin- 
gers. 
Interdig^itation  {in-ter-dijita'-shun)  [inter, 
between  ;  digitus,  a  finger].     The  locking  or 
dovetailing  of  similar  parts,  as  the  fingers  of 
one  hand  with  those  of  the  other;  or  of  the 
endjft  of  the  obliquus  extemus  muscle  with 
those  of  the  serratus  magnus. 
Iriterfascicular  (in-ter-fas-ik'-u-lar)  [inter, 
between ;  fasciculus,  a  bundle].     Situated 
between  fasciculi. 
Interference  (interfe'-rens)[inter,  between ; 
ferire^  to  strike].     The  act  of  interfering  or 
preventing.  I.  of  Light,  the  mutual  neutral- 
ixation  of  waves  of  light,  when  the  crest  of 
one  wave  falls  upon  the  trough  of  another. 
I.  of  Sound,  the  neutralization  of  twosound- 
s«  one  by  the  other* 

33 


Interfibrillar  {in-ter^^ -bril^ar)  [inter,  be- 
tween \fibra,  a  fiber].  Situated  between  the 
fibrillae  of  tissues. 

Interganglionic  {in-ter-gang-le-on' -ik)  [in- 
ter, between  ;  ydyyXiov,  a  ganglion].  Con- 
necting one  ganglion  with  another ;  Ijring 
between  ganglia. 

Interlamellar  (in-ter-lam-el'-ar)  [inter,  ht- 
tween;  /(ZM^/As,  alayerl.  Between  the  lam- 
ellae. 

Interlobar  (in-ter-lo^-bar^  [inter,  between; 
lobus,  a  lobe].  Situated  between  lobes,  as 
I.  pleurisy. 

Interlobular  (in  -  ter -lob'-  u  -  lar)  [iptter,  be- 
tween ;  lobulus,  a  lobule] .    Between  lobules. 

Intermarriage  (in-ter-mar'-aj)  [inter,  be- 
tween ;  maritare,  to  marry  ].  Marriage  be- 
tween persons  related  by  consanguinity,  or 
between  persons  of  different  races. 

Intermaxillary  {in-ter-maks' -il-a-re)  [inter, 
between ;  maxilla,  jaw-bone].  Between  the 
maxillary  bones.  I.  Bone,  the  small  bone 
that  receives  the  incisors,  situated  between 
the  superior  maxillary  bones  of  the  fetus. 

Intermediate  {in-ter-me' -de-dt)  [inter,  be- 
tween; /n/</tMf,  middle].  Situated  between. 

Intermediolateral  {in-ter-me-de-o-laf -er-al) 
[inter,  between;  medius,  middle;  latus, 
side].  Both  lateral  and  intermediate,  as  the 
I.  tract  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Intermeningeal  {in-ter-men-in' -je-at)  [inter, 
between ;  fi^ty^,  membrane] .  Between  the 
dura  and  the  arachnoid,  or  between  the  lat- 
ter and  the  pia.  I.  Hemorrhage,  a  hemor- 
rhage between  the  meninges  of  the  brain  or 
spinal  cord. 

Intermenstrual  (in-ter-men' -strual)  [inter, 
between ;  mensis,  month].  Between  the  men- 
strual periods. 

Intermetacarpal  {in-ter-meta-kar' -pal)  [in 
ter,  between;  iitrh,  beyond;  KapKb^,  the 
wrist].     Between  the  metacarpal  bones. 

Intermetatarsal  [inter-met-a-tar^'Sal)  [in- 
ter, between ;  pier  a,  beyond ;  rapod^,  tarsus]. 
Between  the  metatarsal  bones. 

Intermission  {in  -  ter- mis  A'-  un)  [inter,  be- 
tween; mittere,  to  send].  An  interval,  as 
between  the  parox)rsms  of  a  fever,  or  between 
the  beats  of  the  pulse. 

Intermittent  {in  -  ter  -  mil' -  ent)  [inter,  be- 
tween; «ii/5<lfr^,  to  send  or  occur].  Occurring 
at  intervals ;  characterized  by  intermissions 
or  intervals,  as  I.  fever,  I.  insanity,  I.  pulse, 
I.  sterilization. 

Intermuscular  {in-ter-mus'-ku-lar)  [inter, 
between ;  musculus,  a  muscle].  Situated  be- 
tween muscles. 

Intern  (iV-/^r«)  [¥T.,inteme'].  An  in-door 
or  resident  physician  in  a  hospital. 

Internal  (in-ter'-nal)  [Jntemus,  inward]. 
Situated  within  or  on  the  mside.  I.  Capsule, 
the  band  of  white  nerve-matter  between  the 


INTERNODAL 


INTESTINAL 


optic  thalamus  and  caudate  nucleus  on  the 
inner,  and  the  lenticular  nucleus  on  the  outer 
side.  It  is  the  continuation  of  the  cms  cere- 
bri, and  consists  of  an  anterior  and  a  pos- 
terior limb  joined  at  an  angle,  termed  the 
knee.  It  is  composed  of  6bers  coming  from 
and  going  to  the  cortex  cerebri.  I.  Medi- 
cine, that  branch  of  medicine  which  treats 
of  disease  affecting  the  internal  organs.  I. 
Rectus.  See  Muscles,  TabU  of.  I.  Resist- 
ftnce.     See  Resistance. 

Intemodal  (in-ter-ny-dal).     See  Jniemode. 

Intemode  (/«'  •  ter  -  nid)  {inter,  between ; 
nodus,  a  knot].  The  space  between  two 
nodes  of  a  nenre-fiber,  as  the  I.  between  the 
nodes  of  Ranvier,  also  termed  intemodal 
segment 

Intemuncial  {internun'-she-al)  [in/er,  be- 
tween; ntmeius,  a.  messenger].  Senring  as 
a  connecting  or  announcing  medium,  as  I. 
fibers,  nerre-fibers  connecting  nerve-cells. 

Intemus  (inier'-nus).  i.  See  Internal.  2. 
The  internal  rectus  muscle  of  the  eye. 

Interorbital  (in  -  ter  -  or'-  bit-al)  [inter,  be- 
tween ;  orbita,  the  orbit].  Situated  between 
the  orbits. 

Interosseous  (in-ter-os'-e-us)  [inter,  be- 
tween; OS,  a  bone].  Between  bones,  as  I. 
arteries,  membrane,  muscles,  or  nerves. 

Interparietal  [in  -  ter  -  par  -  i' -  e  -  tal)  [inter, 
between;  paries,  walls].  Between  walls; 
between  the  parietal  bones,  as  I.  suture; 
between  parts  of  the  parietal  lobe,  as  I.  fis- 
sure. 

Interpeduncular  (in  -ter-pe-  dung'-  ku-  lar) 
[inter,  between ;  peduneulus,  a  little  foot] . 
Situated  between  the  cerebral  or  cerebellar 
peduncles.  I.  Space,  the  pons  Tarini,  or 
posterior  perforated  space  that  forms  the 
posterior  portion  of  the  floor  of  the  third  ven- 
tricle. 

Interpbalangeal  (inter-fa-lan'-je-al)  [inter, 
between;  ^>Ay^,  a  finger].  Between  the 
fingers  or  the  toes. 

Interpubic  (in-ter-pu' -bik)  [inter,  between ; 

pubis^  pubis].  Situated  between  the  pubic 
bones. 

Interradial  (in- ter- ra' -de -at)  [inter,  be- 
tween; radius,  a  ray].  Situated  between 
two  rays. 

Interrupted  (inter-up' -ted)  [interrumpere, 
to  break  apart].  Discontinuous;  broken; 
irregular. 

Interrupter  (in-ter-up'-ter)  [interrumpere,  to 
break  apart].  That  which  interrupts;  spe- 
cifically, a  device  for  breaking  an  electric 
current. 

Interscapular  (in  -  ter  -  skap'-  u  -  lar)  [inter, 
between ;  scapula,  the  shoulder-blade].  Be- 
tween the  shoulder-blades. 

Interstitial  (in-terstisk'-al)  [infer ^  between ; 
sistere,  to  place].     I.  Situated  between  im- 


portant parts;  occupying  the  interspaces  or 
interstices  of  a  pan.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
interstitial  or  connective  tissue.  I.  Inflam* 
mation,  inflammation  of  the  interstitial  or 
connective  tissue.  I.  Keratitis.  Set  Kera- 
titis. 

Intertransversales  (in-ter-trans-ver-sa'-lts) 
[intertransverse'^.  Short  bundles  of  muscular 
fibers  extending  between  the  transverse  pro- 
cesses of  contiguous  vertebrae. 

Intertransverse  (in-ter-trans-vers')  [inter, 
between ;  transverstts,  turned  across].  Con- 
necting the  transverse  processes  of  contiguous 
vertebt-ae. 

Intertrigo  (in-tertri'-go)  [inter,  between; 
terere,  to  rub].  An  erythematous  eruption 
of  the  skin  produced  by  friction  of  adjacent 
parts. 

Intertrochanteric  (in-ter-tro-kan-ter'-ik) [in- 
ter, between  ;  rpoxavriii^  trochanter].  Be- 
tween the  trochanters.  I.  Line,  See  Litus, 
Table  of. 

Intertubular  (in-ter-tu*  bu-lar)  [inter,  be- 
tween; tubulus,  a  tube].  Between  tubes. 
I.  Substance,  the  translucent,  granular  sub- 
stance of  the  dentine  of  the  tooth. 

Interureteric  (in-ter-ureter'-ik)  [inter,  be- 
tween ;  ovptirijp,  uretrr].  Situated  between 
the  ureters. 

Interval  (in'ter-val)  [inter,  between ;  vat- 
turn,  a  rampart].  A  space  or  lapse  cither  of 
time  or  distance,  as  the  interval  between  the 
parox3rsms  of  a  fever,  or  between  two  organs 
or  parts  of  the  body.  I.,  Focal,  the  distance 
between  the  anterior  and  posterior  focal  points. 

Interventricular  (inter-ven-trik'-u-lar)  [in- 
ter, between;  ventriculiem,  a  ventricle]. 
Situated  between  ventricles.  I.  Septtim, 
the  partition  between  the  ventricles  of  the 
heart. 

Intervertebral  (in  -  ter  -  ver*-  te  -  bral)  [imler^ 
between;  vertebra^  a  bone  of  the  spine]. 
Between  the  vertebra.  I.  Discs,  the  disa 
of  fibrocartilage  between  the  adjacent  sur- 
faces of  the  bwlics  of  the  vertebrae.  I.  Po« 
ramen.  See  Foramen.  I.  Notch,  the  notch 
at  the  base  of  the  pedicle  on  the  sides  of 
the  body  of  each  vertebra. 

Intervillous  (in-tervil^-us)  [inter,  between; 
villus,  a  tuft  of  hair].  Situated  between  villi. 

Intestinal  (in  -  tes*-  tin -at)  [intestinum^  the 
intestine].  Pertaining  to  the  intestine.  I. 
Absorption,  the  absorption  of  the  products 
of  digestion  by  the  capillaries,  veins,  and 
lacteals  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  in* 
testines.  I.  Anastomosis.  See  Anastomosis^ 
I.  Canal,  the  entire  intestinal  passage  from 
the  l)eginning  of  the  duodenum  to  the  anus. 
I.  Concretion.  See  EtUerolitk.  L  Juice, 
succus  cntericus,  the  secretion  of  the  intestinal 
glands,  a  pale-yellow  fluid,  alkaline  in  re- 
action, haying  a   specific  gravity  of  loii, 


INTESTINE 


INTRAVASCULAR 


tnd  possessing  diasutic  and  proteolytic  prop- 
erties. It  also,  to  a  certain  extent,  emulsifies 
and  decomposes  fats. 

Intestine  (in-tes'-tin)  Xtntestinus^  intestine, 
from  itUus^  within].  The  part  of  the  diges- 
tive tube  extending  from  the  beginning  of  the 
pylorus  to  the  anus.  It  consists  of  the  small 
and  large  intestine.  The  former  is  about  6^ 
meters  (20  feet)  in  length,  and  extends  from 
the  pylorus  to  its  junction  with  the  large  intes- 
tine at  the  cecum.  ITiree  divisions  are  de- 
scribed,— the  duodenum,  22  cm.  long,  is  the 
roost  important ;  the  jejunum,  2.2  meters  long, 
and  the  ileum,  4  meters  long.  The  large  in- 
testine is  about  1.6  meters  (5  feet)  long,  and 
consists  of  the  cecum  (with  the  appendix  ver- 
miformis],  the  colon,  and  the  rectum.  The 
wall  of  the  intestine  is  made  up  of  four  coats, 
—a  serous,  muscular,  submucous,  and  mu- 
cous. Embedded  in  the  wall  are  minute 
glands,  and  projecting  from  the  surface,  in 
die  small  intestine,  are  the  villi.  The  func- 
tion of  the  intestine  is  to  continue  and  com- 
plete the  changes  begun  in  the  mouth  and 
stomach,  and  to  remove  the  waste-matter  or 
feces. 

Intima  (in^-Hm-ah)  [tunica^  membrane,  un- 
derstood]. The  innermost  of  the  three  coats 
of  an  artery. 

Intolerance  (»»-/<>/'-^-aiw)  [i», noixtoUrare^ 
to  bear].  The  inability  to  endure  the  effect 
of  anything,  as  ^.  ^. ,  a  drug. 
Intoxication  {in-toks-ik-a' -shun)  [f«,  in; 
To^tKdv,  poison],  i.  Poisoning.  2.  The 
acute  state  produced  by  overindulgence  in 
alcohol. 
Intra-  {in'-trah-)  [inira^  within].  A  prefix 
signifying  within. 

Intraabdominal  {in-irah-ab-dom'-in-al)  [in- 
tra ^  within;  abJomm].     Within  the  cavity 
of  the  abdomen. 
Intraarticular  (in-trah-ar-tiy-u-lar)  [infra, 

within  ;  articulus,  joint].     Within  a  joint. 
Intracapsular  (in-trah-kap' -su-lar)   [intra, 
within ;  capsulcy  capsule].     Within  the  cap- 
sular ligament  of  a  joint,  as  I.  fracture. 
XnXx^QBSXiXAfpnoMS  (in-trah-kar-tii-af  -in-us) 
[intra ^  within ;  cartiiago,  cartilage].     With- 
in a  cartilage,  as  I.  ossification. 
Intracellular (i>f-/rrt^-j^/''-«-/a/-)  [infra^  with- 
in ;  cellula,  a  little  cell].     Within  the  cell. 
Intracerebral  [in-trah-ser^-e-bral)  [intra, 
within  ;   cerebrum^  cerebrum].     Withm  the 
cerebrum. 
Intracervical  (in-trah-ser'-vik'al)  [intra, 
within  ;  cervix,  cervix].    Within  the  cervical 
canal  of  the  uterus. 
Intracranial  (in-trah-ira'-ne-al)  [intra, 
within  ;    Kpaviov,  the  skull].      Withm  the 
skull. 
Intradermic  {in-trah-der^-miA)  [intra,  with- 
in ;    6Spfia,  skin].    Within  the  sldn. 


Intradural  (in'trah-du^-ral)  [intra,  within ; 
durus,  hard].  Situated  or  occurring  within 
the  dura. 

Intraligamentous  {jn  -  trah  -  Kg-  am  -  en^-tus) 
[intra,  within;  t^antentum,  a  ligament]. 
Within  or  between  the  folds  of  a  ligament, 
as  an  I.  C3rst. 

Intralobular  (in-trah-loy -u-lar)  [intra,  with- 
in ;  lobulus,  a  little  lobe].  Within  a  lobule, 
as  I.  vein  of  the  liver. 

Intramembranous  (in  -  trah-  mem'-  bran  -  us) 
Unira,  within;  membrana,  a  membrane]. 
Developed  or  taking  place  within  a  mem- 
brane, as  I.  ossification. 

Intrameningeal  {in-trah-men-in'-je-ai)  [in- 
tra, within;  fi^iyi,  membrane].  Situated 
within  the  substance  of  the  membranes  of  the 
brain  or  spinal  cord. 

Intramural  (intrah-mu'-rat^  [intra,  with- 
in ;  mura,  a  wall].  Within  tne  substance  of 
the  walls  of  an  organ,  as  I.  fibroid  of  the 
uterus. 

Intramuscular  {in-trah-mm'-ku-lar)  [intra, 
within;  musculus,  a  muscle].  Within  the 
substance  of  a  muscle. 

Intranasal  (in-trah-na'-sal)  [intra,  within  ; 
nasus,  nose].  Within  the  cavity  of  the 
nose. 

Intraocular  {in-trah-ok' -u-lar)  [intra,  with- 
in; oculus,  eye].  Within  the  globe  of  the 
eye,  as  I.  hemorrhage. 

Intraorbital  (in-trah-or^-tntal)  [intra,  with- 
in; orbita,  orbit].     Within  the  orbit. 

Intraparietal  (m-trah-pari'-e-tal)  [intra, 
within;  paries,  a  wall].  I.  Within  the  wall 
of  an  organ.  2.  Witnin  the  parietal  region 
of  the  cerebrum,  as  the  I.  fissure. 

Intrapelvic  Un-trah-pel' -vik)  [intra,  within ; 
pelvis,  basin].     Within  the  pelvic  cavity. 

Intraperitoneal  {in-tra-per-it-an-e^-at)  [in- 
tra, within;  irtpiT^vatov,  the  peritoneum]. 
Within  the  peritoneum. 

Intrapleural  (in-trah-plu'-rat)  [in/ra,  with- 
in ;  TrAevpd,  a  rib].  Within  the  pleural  cav- 
ity. 

Intrapolar  {in-trah'p</-lar)  [intra,  within; 
polus,  pole].     Between  two  poles. 

Intrapulmonary  {in-trahpuF -mona-ri)  [in- 
tra, within;  pulmo,  the  lung].  Within  the 
substance  of  the  lung. 

Intraspinal  Un-trah-spi'-nal)  [intra,  within ; 
spina,  spine].     Withm  the  spinal  canal. 

Intratubal  {in-trah-tu' -bat)  Untra*  within ; 
tuba,  a  trumpet].     Within  a  Fallopian  tube. 

Intratympanic  (in-trah-tim-pan' -ik)  [intra, 
within ;  tympanum,  the  ear-drum].  Within 
the  tympanic  cavity. 

Intrauterine  (  in-trah-u' -ter-ln )  [  intra, 
within ;  uterus,  womb].     Within  the  uterus. 

Intravascular  (in-trah-vas'-ku-lar)  [intra, 
within;  vasculum,9i  small  vessel].  Within 
the  blood-vessels. 


s 

N 


INTESTINES 


INTESTINES 


The  Stomach  and  Intestines,  Front  View,  the  Great  Omentum  Having  Been  Removed,  and  the  Lfver 

Turned  up  and  to  the  Right. 

The  dotted  line  shows  the  normal  position  of  the  anterior  border  of  the  liver.    The  dart  points  to  the 

foramen  of  Winslow. — (Gerruh,  tf/ter  Testut.) 


INTRAVENOUS 


lODIN 


Ifitnvenous  {in'trah-ve^-nus)  [intra ^  with- 
in :  vma^  a  vein].  Within,  or  into  the  veins. 
I.  Injection,  the  introduction  of  a  solution 
directly  into  a  vein. 

Intravesical  {in-irah-ves^ikal)  [i/»/rfl, with- 
in; vesica^  bladder].  Within  the  bladder. 
Intrinsic  (in-trin^'sik)  [intrinsecus^  on  the 
inside].  Inherent;  situated  within;  pecu- 
liir  to  a  part,  as  the  I.  muscles  of  the  larynx. 
Intro-  (in^'tro-'^  [intra ^  within].  A  prefix 
iignifying  within. 

Introitus  (in-trtZ-it-us)  [inlro^  within  ;  ire^ 
to  go].  An  aperture  or  entrance.  I.  pel- 
vis, the  inlet  of  the  pelvb.  I.  vaginse,  the 
entrance  to  the  vagina. 

Intromission  {in-tro-mis¥  un)  [intro^  with- 
in ;  mitterty  to  send].  The  introduction  of 
one  body  into  another. 

Intzosusception  (in-tro-sm-sep^ -shun)  [in- 
tro,  within;  suscipere^  to  receive].  Intus- 
susception. 

Introversion  (in-tro-ver^-shun)  [intra ,  with- 
in; veriere^  to  turn].  A  turning  within,  as 
a  sinking  within  itself  of  the  uterus. 
Intubation  (in-tu-ba' -shun)  [m,  in ;  tubus^  a 
pipe].  The  introduction  of  a  tube  into  a 
part,  particularly  of  a  tube  into  the  larynx, 
to  allow  the  entrance  of  air  into  the  lungs, 
as  in  diphtheria. 

Intumescence  (in-tu-mes^ -ens)  [intumescere^ 
to  swell].     A  swelling. 
Intumescentia  (in'tu-mes-en^-she-ah)   [L.]. 
A  swelling.     I.  gangliformis,  the  reddish 
gangliform  swelling  of  the  facial  nerve  in 
the  aquxductus  Fallopii. 
Intussusception  [in-tus-sm-ep' -shun)  [intus, 
within  ;  suscipere,   to  receive].      Invagina- 
tion or  slipping  fk  one  part  of  the  intestine 
into  the  part  beyond.     It  is  most  frequent  in 
the  young,  occurring  as  a  rule  on  the  right 
side,  the  ileum  slipping  into  the  ascending 
colon y  carrying  the  ileocecal  valve  in  front  of 
it.     The  condition  is  characterized  by  pain, 
tenesmus,  frequent  small  bloody  stools,  the 
presence  of  a  sausage-shaped  tumor  in  the 
flank,  and  often,  on  rectal  examination,  of  a 
mass  in  the  rectum. 

Inula  (in^-ulah)  [L.].  Elecampane.  The 
root  of  I.  helenium,  a  plant  of  the  natural 
order  Coropositse,  containing  a  principle  re- 
sembling starch  and  termed  inuhn  (sCuH^- 
O.0  -f-  RtO),  a  crystalline  body,  alantic  acid 
f  Ci.HjftO,).  alanlol  (Cj^Hj^O),  and  helenin 
(C^rl^O).  Elecampane  is  tonic.stimulant,  dia- 
phoretic^  diuretic,  emmenagogue,  and  ex- 
pectorant, and  has  been  used  in  amenorrhea, 
dropsy,  and  in  scaly  skin-diseases.  Dose  gr. 
"•3J   ('-3-4.0). 

tnunction  (tn-unk' -shun)  [inungun-e^  to 
anoint 3 -  The  act  of  rubbing  an  oily  or  fatty 
substance  into  the  skin.     AUo,the  substance 


Invagination  (in-va^-in-a^-sAun)  [m,  in; 
vagina,  a  sheath] .  The  act  of  ensheathing  or 
becoming  ensheathed. 

Invalid  (in^ -vat-id)  [in,  not ;  valere,  to  be 
well].  1.  Not  well.  2.  One  who  is  not 
well,  especially  one  who  is  chronically  ill  or 
whose  convalescence  is  slow.  3.  Suitable  for 
an  invalid  person,  as  I.  diet,  I.  chair. 

Invasion  {in-va* -zkun)  [m,  upon  ;  vadere,  to 
go].  The  onset,  especially  that  of  a  disease^ 
Also,  the  manner  in  which  the  disease  begins 
its  attack. 

Inversion  (in-ver^-shun)  [in,  not ;  vertere, 
to  turn].  1.  The  act  of  tinning  inward.  2. 
A  turning  upside  down.  3.  In  chemistry, 
the  conversion  of  a  dextrorotatory  compound 
into  one  that  is  levorotatory. 

Invert  Sugar.  A  sugar  that  turns  rays  of 
polarized  light  to  the  left.  The  term  is  usually 
applied  to  levulose  or  to  a  mixture  of  dextrose 
and  levulose. 

Invertebrata  {in-verte-bra'-tah)  [in,  not; 
vertebra^  vertebra].  Animals  tnat  have  no 
spinal  column. 

Invertin  (in-ver^-tin)  [in,  not;  verttre,  to 
turn].  A  ferment  found  in  the  intestinal 
juice  y  and  produced  by  several  species  of 
yeast  plant;  it  converts  cane-sugar  in  solu- 
tion into  invert-sugar. 

Investing  {in-vts' -ting)  [i»v«/f>^,  to  invest]. 
Ensheathing,  surrounding. 

Inveterate  (in-vef-er-dt)  [in,  with  an  inten- 
sive force ;  vetus,  old].  Long  established  ; 
obstinate,  as  an  I.  skin-disease. 

In  vitro  (in  vif-ro)  [L.].  Within  glass, 
especially  within  test-tubes. 

InvolyiQTUxa  {in-vol-u'-krum)  [invalvere,  to 
enwrap].  The  covering  of  a  part.  The 
sheath  of  bone  enveloping  a  sequestrum. 

Involuntary  (in-val'-un-ta-re)[in,  not ;  velle, 
to  will].  Performed  or  acting  independently 
of  the  will.  I.  Muscles,  those  that  are  not 
governed  by  the  will. 

Involution  {in-vo-lu'-shun)  [invalvere,  to 
roll  upon].  I.  A  turning  or  rolling  inward. 
2.  The  retrogressive  change  to  their  normal 
condition  that  certain  organs  undergo  after 
iul  filling  their  functional  purposes.  I .  of  the 
Uterus,  the  return  of  the  uterus  after  gesta- 
tion to  its  normal  weight  and  condition.  !.• 
forms,  a  term  applied  to  microorganisms  that 
have  undergone  degenerative  changes  as  a 
result  of  unfavorable  environment. 

Iodic  Acid  (i-^''-/>6).     ^tt  Acid. 

lodid  (i^-a-did)  [l^drf^,  violet-colored,  from 
lav,  a  violet;  eioo^,  appearance].  A  com- 
pound of  iodin  with  a  base. 

lodin,  lodum  (i^-a-din,  i-o^-dum)  [\(i^^ 
violet-colored,  from  lav,  a  violet;  eWof, 
appearance].  Symbol  I ;  atomic  weight 
126.53;  quanti valence  I;  specific  gravity 
4.948  at  17^  C.  (62.6^  F.).    A  nonmetallic 


lODISM 

element  with  metallic  luster,  Tolatilixing  at  a 
low  temperature,  and  giving  off  an  irritating 
crimson  •  purple  vapor.  It  occurs  in  most 
marine  plants,  in  shell-fish,  and  in  cod-liver 
oil.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  in  solutions  of 
potassium  iodid  and  of  sodium  chlorid.  It  is 
a  powerful  irritant,  and  is  used  chiefly  as  an 
alterative  in  scrofula  and  rickets  ;  as  an  ab- 
sorbent in  goiter  and  l]rmphatic  enlargements ; 
as  a  counterirritant,  and  to  produce  inflam- 
matory reaction  in  hydrocele  and  other  cysts. 
The  long-continued  use  of  iodin  and  its  pre- 
paration produces  a  form  of  poisoning  termed 
lodism.  See  lodism.  I. •green,  a  green 
pigment  derived  from  coal-tar,  used  in  histo- 
logic work.  Linimentum  iodi  (B.  P.), 
uMd  locally.  Liquor  iodi  compositus, 
Lugol's  solution.  Dose  n^  j-x  (0.065-0.65). 
Tinct.  iodL  Dose  lt\v-xv  (0.32-1.0).  It 
is  chiefly  used  locally.  Unguentum  iodi, 
is  used  locally  as  an  absorbent  Vapor  iodi 
(B.  P.),  used  for  inhalation. 

lodism  (i^'O'ditm)  Viitdf^,  violet  colored, 
from  Zov,  a  violet;  tldo^f  appearance].  A 
condition  arising  from  the  prolonged  use  of 
iodin  or  iodin-compounds,  marked  by  frontal 
headache,  coryza,  ptyalism,  and  various 
ikin-erupttons,  espeaally  acne ;  rarely  by  a 
cachexia  with  atrophy  of  the  sexual  organs 
and  marked  nervous  symptoms. 

Iodised  (t'-o-chid)  nooTc,  violet -colored, 
from  2ov,  a  violet;  el()bf,  appsarance].  Im- 
pregnated with  iodin. 

Iodoform  (i '  </ '  do  ^  fomi)  Uodin  ;  frrma^ 
form],  CHI,.  Triiodomethanc.  Formyl 
triiodid,  a  yellow,  finely  crystalline  sub- 
stance having  a  peculiar  penetrating  odor, 
and  containing  about  96. 7  per  cent,  iodin  by 
weight.  It  is  readily  soluble  in  chloroform 
and  ether,  less  readily  in  alcohol,  and  but 
slightly  in  water.  Iodoform  is  antiseptic  and 
anesthetic,  and  is  used  as  a  dressing  to  wounds 
and  syphilitic  and  chancroidal  ulcers,  either 
in  powder  or  in  the  form  of  iodoform  gauxe. 
In  tuberculous  affections,  when  it  can  be  di- 
rectly introduced,  it  has  yielded  good  results, 
being  in  such  cases  usually  employed  in  the 
form  of  an  emulsion  in  olive  oil  or  as  an 
ethereal  solution.  Internally  it  has  been 
used  as  an  alterative  in  goiter,  rickets,  pul- 
monary tuberculosis,  and  sjrphilis.  Dose  gr. 
j-iij  (0.065-0.20).  The  use  of  Urge  quanti- 
ties locally  has  led  to  the  production  of  toxic 
symptoms,  which  resemble  those  of  meningi- 
tis, and  to  fatty  degeneration  of  the  internal 
organs.  I. -gauxe,  gauze  impregnated  with 
iodoform.  I .,  Suppositoria  ( B.  P.) ,  are  used 
after  rectal  operaUons  and  in  fissure  of  the 
anus.  I.,  Unguentum  (U.S.  P.),  is  used 
as  a  local  antiseptic  and  stimulant 

"■^1  {i'o-dol)\jiii&fKt  violet-colored,  from 
a  violet;   ri^,  appearance],  C4I1NH. 


IRIDOCHOROIDITIS 

Tetraiodopvrrol,  an  odorless,  grayish-brown 
powder,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  ether,  and 
used  as  a  substitute  for  iodoform,  and  also  in 
the  treatment  of  diabetes  mellitus.  Dose 
gr.  ss-v  (0.032-0.32).     Unof. 

lodum  (i  t/'dum),     Iodin. 

loduret  (iod'-uret)  [wx/m].     An  iodid. 

Ion  U'-on)  [iwv,  i6vy  going].  An  element 
set  tree  by  electrolysis,  and  classified  as  an 
anion  or  kation,  according  as  it  is  set  free  at 
the  positive  or  negative  pole. 

lotacism  (i-</-/<wa«r)  [lura,  the  letter  1]. 
Inability  to  pronounce  dbtinctly  the  proper 
sound  of  the  letter  i . 

Ipecac,  Ipecacuanha  (ip^-e-kak^  ip-e-kak- 
u-an'-ah)  [Braz.,  ip<caaguen\  Ipecac. 
The  root  ofCephxlis  ipecacuanha,  a  plant 
of  the  order  Rubiacex,  containing  an  alka- 
loid, emetin,  C„H^N,(>j,  and  ipecacuanhic 
acid.  Ipecac  in  large  doses  is  emetic,  in 
small  doses  diaphoretic,  expectorant,  and  in 
minute  doses,  a  gastric  stimulant.  It  is 
used  as  an  emetic,  especially  in  narcotic 
poisoning,  and,  in  children,  to  dislodge 
membranes  and  secretions  in  croup  and  cap- 
illary bronchitis;  as  a  diaphoretic  in  acute 
colds,  as  an  expectorant  in  bronchitis,  as  a 
sedative  in  vomiting  (in  minute  doses),  and 
in  dyspepsia  as  a  stimulant.  It  is  said  to  be 
a  specific  in  tropical  dysentery.  Emetin  is 
emetic,  but  irritant  in  large  doses.  Erne* 
tin.  Dose  as  an  emetic,  gr.  l^-^  (0.00S- 
0.016^.  I.,  Extractum,  Fid.  I>oae  n^v- 
XXX  (0.32-2.0).  I.  et  morphine,  Tro* 
chisci.  Dose  j-vj.  I.  et  opii,  Pulvis 
(Pulvis  ipecacuanhae  comp.  B.  P.),  Dover's 
powder.  Dose  gr.  ij-xv  (0.13-I.0).  I. 
et  opii,  Tinct.  Dose  IT\,v-x  (0.32-0.65). 
I.  cum  «^cillu,  Pilula  (B.  P.).  Dose  gr.  v- 
X  (0.32-0.65).  I.,  Syrupus.  Dose  as  an 
emetic,  Ti\,xxx-f3J  (2.0-4.0)  for  a  child  ; 
f.^ss-fjj  (16.0-32.0),  for  an  adult;  %s  an 
expectorant,  TH,v-f  J  j  (0.32-4.0).  I.,  Tro- 
chisci,  each  contams  about  ■  j  grain  (ao2t) 
of  ipecac.  I.,  Vinum.  Dose  Tr^j-fjj 
(0.065-4.0). 

Iridal  (i^-rid-al)  [Ip<c,  iris].  Relating  to  the 
iris. 

Iridectomy  {ir-idfk^-tchm/)  ppic*  iris ;  /«to- 
^t  excision].  The  cutting  out  of  a  part  of 
the  iris. 

Iridencleisis, or  Iridenkleiais  (ir-idenki^. 
^)  n^C»  iris;  iyiOMv^  to  lock  in].  See 
Iridodesis. 

Irideremia  {irider-e^-me-ak)  [J/>/f,  hns; 
iprjuia^  lock].    Absence  of  one  or  l»oth  t rides. 

Iridescence  (irides^'ms)  [iridtscerr^  to 
shine  with  rainbow-colors  J .  The  pniperty 
of  breaking  up  light  into  the  spectral  colors. 

Iridesis  (ir-id-y-fis^.     .See  Iridodetis. 

Iridochoroiditis  {ir-ido-keroidi'tis)  [I/wf, 
iris ;   x^piov  chorion ;    eldoc,  likeness ;  m( 


IRIDOCYCLITIS 


ISCHIOANAL 


inflammation].  Inflammation  of  both  the 
iris  and  the  choroid  of  the  eye. 

Iridocyclitis  {ir-id-o-siM-ii^'tis)  [I/J/f,  iris; 
kvkXo^^  a  circle ;  <rtf,  inflammation].  In- 
flammation of  the  iris  and  the  ciliary  body. 

Iridodesis  ( i>-fV/-<7//' -«-;>)  [i/>/c,  iris;  dkai^^ 
a  binding  together].  An  operation  for  the 
purpose  of  altering  the  position  of  the  pupil, 
by  drawing  the  iris  into  one  or  two  small 
openings  in  the  cornea  and  preventing  its 
return  by  a  loop  of  silk  placed  around  it. 

Iridodialysis  {ir-id'O-di-ai^-is'ts).  See  Core- 
dialysis. 

Iridodonesis  {ir-id-o-do-ny -sis)  [Ipi?,  iris; 
A6vij<ji^f  a  trembling].  Tremulousness  of 
the  iris ;  hippus. 

Iridoplegia  {tr-id-o-pW -je-ah)  [Ip<f,  iris ; 
^^J7)^»  stroke].  Paralysis  of  the  sphincter 
of  the  iris. 

Iridotomy  (ir-id-ot^ -o-me)  [I/J<Cf  »"«»  ^ofifj^ 
section].     An  incision  into  the  iris. 

Iris  (f^-  ris)  [Ipt^f  a  halo  or  rainbow].  I. 
A  colored  circular  membrane,  placed  be- 
tween the  cornea  and  the  lens,  and  having 
a  central  perforation,  the  pupil.  It  is 
about  half  an  inch  in  breadth,  and  consists 
principally  of  two  sets  of  unstriped  mus- 
cular flbcTS,  the  sphincter  of  the  iris,  or 
sphincter  pupilia,  a  narrow  zone  of  cir- 
cular fibers  surroundinrr  the  pupil,  and  the 
dilator  of  the  iris,  or  dilator  pupilhx^  a  radiate 
band  of  fibers  extending  from  the  pupil  to 
the  border  of  the  iris.  I. -contraction. 
See  Reflexes,  Table  of.  2.  Iris,  or  Blue  flag, 
a  pladt  of  the  natural  order  Irideae.  The 
rhizome  of  Iris  versicolor  (Iris,  U.  S.  P.)  is 
cathartic,  emetic,  and  diuretic.  Dose  gr. 
x-xx  (0.65-1.3).    Extractum  iridis.  Dose 

§r.  i-ij  (0.065-0.13).  Extractum  iridis 
\iidum.  Dose TH,v-x  (0.32-0.65).  I.,  Flor- 
entine, Orris  root,  the  root  of  Ins  florentina, 
emetocathartic  and  diuretic.  At  present  it  is 
used  chiefly  as  an  ingredient  of  tooth  powders. 

Irish  Moss.     See  Chondrus. 

Iritic  (i-rif-ik)  [Iptq,  iris ;  xr/f,  inflanmiation]. 
Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  to,  or  afiected 
with,  iritis. 

Iritis  (i-ri^'tis)  Hptc*  ins  ;  tri^^  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  01  the  iris. 

Iritomy  (i-rit^-o-me).^    See  Iridotomy. 

Iron  (i'-em)  [AS.,  iren,  iron].    See  Ferrum. 

Irradiation  \ir - ra-de-a^  shun)  {in,  into; 
radiare,  to  radiate].  A  phenomenon  in  which, 
owing  to  the  diflerence  in  the  illumination  of 
the  field  of  vision,  or  its  background,  objects 
appear  much  larger  than  they  really  are. 

Irreducible  (ir-re-du^-se-bl)  [in,  not ;  re- 
ducere,  to  lead  back].  Not  reducible ;  not 
capable  of  being  replaced  in  a  normal  posi- 
tion, as  an  I.  hernia. 

Irregular  {ir-reg^ -u-lar)  [i«,  not;  regula^ 
rale].     Not  regular ;  not  normal  or  accord- 


ing to  rule ;  not  rhythmic ;  not  recorring  at 
proper  intervab,  as  an  I.  pulse. 

Irrespirable  (ir-res^-pir-a-bl)  [fii,  not;  res- 
piraret  to  breathe].  Not  capable  of  being 
breathed. 

Irrigation  (ir-ig-a^'shun)  [irrigare,  to  lead 
water  to].  The  act  of  washing  out  by  a 
stream  of  water,  as  I.  of  the  bladder.  I., 
Continuous,  the  continuous  passage  of  a 
stream  of  water  over  a  surface,  in  order  to 
reduce  or  limit  inflammation. 

Irrigator  (ir^-ig'a'tor)[irrigare,  to  lead  water 
to].     An  apparatus  for  performing  irrigation. 

Imtability  {ir-it-ab-il' -it-e)  \irritare,  to  irri- 
tate, to  tease].  I.  The  state  of  being  irri- 
table, or  of  responding  to  stimuli.  2.  A 
functional  disturbance  of  a  part  on  account  of 
which  it  reacts  excessively  to  slight  stimula- 
tion, as  I.  of  the  bladder,  a  condition  in 
which  the  urine  is  voided  in  small  quantities 
at  short  intervals.  I.,  Paradic,  the  state  in 
which  the  faradic  current  will  cause  muscular 
contraction.  I.,  Galvanic,  the  state  in  which 
the  galvanic  current  will  cause  muscular  con- 
traction. I.,  Muscular,  the  inherent  con- 
tractile quality  of  a  muscle.  I.,  Nervous, 
the  property  of  a  nerve  to  transmit  impulses 
upon  stimulation. 

Irritable  (ir^-it-a-bl)  \Jrritare,  to  irritate,  to 
tease].  I.  Reacting  to  stimuli.  2.  Easily 
excited.  I.  Bladder,  a  condition  of  the 
bladder  marked  by  constant  desire  to  void 
urine.  I.  Heart,  a  peculiar  condition  of  the 
heart  characterized  by  precordial  pain,  dysp- 
nea on  exertion,  palpitation,  and  irregularity 
of  the  heart's  action. 

Irritant  (ir' -it-ant)  [irritare,  to  excite].  I. 
Causing  or  giving  rue  to  irritation.  2.  An 
agent  that  induces  irritation. 

Irritation  (ir-it-a'-shun)  [irritare,  to  excite]. 
I.  A  condition  of  undue  excitement.  2.  The 
act  of  irritating  or  stimulating.  3.  The  stimu- 
lus necessary  to  the  performance  of  a  function. 

Irritative  (ir^-it-a-tiv)  [irritare^  to  excite]. 
Characterized  by  or  de]>endent  on  irritation. 
I.  Fever,  a  febrile  condition  dependent 
upon  the  presence  in  the  body  of  irritating 
substances. 

Ischemia  (is-he^-me-ah)  [laxeiv,  to  check ; 
dlfM,  blood].     Local  anemia. 

Ischemic  {ts-kem^-ik)\laxeiv,  to  check  ;  al^, 
blood] .   Affected  with  or  relating  to  ischemia. 

Ischialgia  {is-ke-al' -je-ah)  [lax^i  hip ;  4A- 
70c,  pain].     Sciatica ;  neuralgia  of  the  hip. 

I  schistic  (is'ke-at^'ik)  lltrx^t  ^^p]*  Per- 
taining to  the  ischium. 

Ischidrosis  (is-kid-r</-sis)  [2(T;fe«v,  to  sup- 
press; Mp<^,  sweat].    Suppression  of  sweat. 

Ischio-  (is'-ke-o-)  Viaxiov,  "*?]•  ^  prefix  in- 
dicating relationship  to  the  ischium,  or  the  hip. 

Ischioanal  (is-ke-o-a'-naPs  {ischium;  anus^ 
anus].     Pertaining  to  the  ischium  and  annik 


ISCHIOBULBAR 


ISOPEPSIN 


IschJobulbAT  (is-ke-o- bul^- bar)  \iichium / 
p6XpoCf  a  bulb].  Pertaining  to  the  ischium 
and  the  bulb  of  the  urethra. 

Ischiocapsular  {uke-O'cap^-su-lar)  [ischium; 
capsuloy  a  capsule].  Pertaining  to  the  isch- 
ium and  the  capsular  ligament  of  the  hip. 

Ischiocavemosus  (is - ke- o  kav-ernt/- sus) 
[ischium:  caverna,  cavern].  The  erector 
penis  for  erector  clitoridb).  The  word  Mus- 
cuius  IS  understood. 

Ischiocele  (is^-kf-o-sil)  \\ax'wv^  hip;  loyX^, 
tumorl.     Hernia  through  the  sciatic  notch. 

Ischiotemoral  (is-ke-o-ftm^'O-ral )  [ischium  ; 
femur f  femur].  Pertaining  to  the  ischium 
and  the  femur. 

Ischioneuralgia {is-ke-o-nu-rai^-Jeah)  [isch- 
ium; vevpov,  nerve  ;  dA^oc,  pain].    Sciatica. 

Ischioperineal  (is-ke-o-per-in-c^-al)  [ischium  ; 
wephatov,  perineum].  Pertaining  to  both 
ischium  and  perineum;  pertaining  to  the 
space  between  the  anus  and  the  scrotum. 

Ischiorectal  (iskeorei/'tal)  \\ax'iovt  isch- 
ium ;  rectus^  straight].  Pertaining  to  both 
ischium  and  rectum.  I.  Abscess,  an  inflam- 
mation of  the  areolar  tissue  of  the  ischiorectal 
fotsa.  I.  Fossa,  a  deep  fossa  filled  with 
loose  areolar  tissue  situated  between  the 
rectum  and  the  ischium. 

Ischium  (is^'ke-um)  [usxiov,  hip].  The  in- 
ferior part  of  the  os  innominatum ;  the  bone 
upon  which  the  body  rests  in  sitting. 

Ischomenia  (is-komy-ne-ah)  [lex^tv^  to  sup- 
press; ftifVf  month,  menses].  Suppression 
of  the  menstrual  flow. 

Ischuretic  (is-hu^ref^-ih)  [J<t^«v,  to  suppress; 
urima^  urine].  I.  Relating  to  or  relieving 
ischuria.  2.  A  remedy  or  agent  that  relieves 
retention  or  suppression  of  urine. 

Ischuria  (is-ku^-reah)  [laxttv^  to  suppress ; 
urina^  urine].  Retention  or  suppression  of 
urine. 

Isinglass  {i'-ttn^-glas).  See  Ichthyocolla, 
I.,  Vegetaole.    See  Agar-agar, 

Island  of  ReU  {inland;  n/)  [  J.  C.  ^ci/,  a 
German  anatomist].  A  group  of  five  or  six 
small  convolutions  (gyri  operti)  situated  at 
the  bottom  of  the  fissure  of  Sylvius. 

1 30-  {i^'SO')  [lao^t  equal].  A  prefix  signify- 
ing equal,  or,  in  chemic  nomenclature,  isom- 
eric. 

Isoamylamin  (  i-so  •  am  -il'-  am  -in)  [  Zooc, 
equal;  amylum^  starch;  armn].  A  pto- 
main  obtained  in  the  distillation  of  horn  with 
potassic  hydrate  ;  it  also  occurs  in  the  putre- 
faction of  yeast. 

Isochromatic (fi^My-MM/^-ti)  [{<roc, equal; 
XP^ifo,  color].  Having  the  same  color 
throughout 

Isochronous  (1  •  soh^-  ro  -  nus^  [2^oc,  equal ; 
XP^voc*  time].  Occurring  at  or  occupying 
equal  intervals  of  time. 

laOGoria  (i'So-ky-re-ak)  \lco(,  equal;  /c^, 


pupil].      Equality  in  diameter  of  the  two 
pupils. 

Isodiametric  (i-so  di-am-efrik)  fi^rof,  equal ; 
6ih^  through ;  fUTpov^  measure].  Having 
equal  diameters. 

Isodynamic  {iso-dinam^'ik)  [Iffof,  equal ; 
(fi^va/i/C*  force].  Having  or  generating  equal 
amounts  of  force.  I.  Poods,  those  that  |)ro- 
duce  an  equal  amount  of  heat  in  undergoing 
the  chemic  changes  of  digestion. 

Isoelectric (;-/<»-<•-/?>' -/rr>)ri<Tof,  equal;  ij/tic- 
rpov,  amber].  Having  the  same  electric 
properties  throughout. 

Isolate  (m^-0-^  or  i^'Sth/a/)[isola, (ram  insula, 
an  island].     To  separate ;  to  place  apart. 

Isomer  (i^-som'Cr)[laoc,  equal ;  fiipfK^  apart]. 
An  isomeric  body.     See  isomeric. 

Isomeric  (i-so-mer^-ik)  [iao^,  equal ;  fiefXK,  a 
part].  Of  a  chemic  substance,  composed  of 
the  same  elements  united  in  the  same  propor- 
tions by  weight ;  in  a  restricted  sense,  com- 
posed of  the  same  elements  and  having  the 
same  molecular  weight  as  another  substance. 

Isomerism  (i-sam'-er-itm)  [iao^,  equal;  ^• 
pof ,  a  part] .  The  quality  of  being  isomeric .  I . 
is  of  two  kinds —  (a)  substances  may  have  the 
same  percentage-composition  and  the  same 
molecular  weights;  these  are  termed  metn- 
meric  ;  (b)  they  may  have  the  same  percent- 
age-composition, but  different  molecular 
weights ;  these  are  termed  polymeric.  Ammo- 
nium cyanate,  CO  N.N  H^.  and  urea,  CON,H,, 
are  metameric;  acetylene,  C,H,,  benzene, 
C.Hg,  and  styrene,  CgH,.  are  polymeric.  I., 
Physical,  the  form  in  which  bodies  that 
are  isomeric  and  not  diflfering  chemically 
present  diflferent  physical  properties,  such  as 
their  action  toward  polarized  light 

Isometric  (i-so-met^-rik)  [Iirof,  equal;  ftir- 
pov,  measure].  Of  the  same  din>ensions.  I. 
Muscular  Act,  the  preservation  of  the  length 
of  a  muscle  when  stimulated,  the  muscle  only 
undergoing  a  change  in  tension. 

Isometropia  (i-so-met-ro*  peah)  [loo^^  equal ; 
///rpov,  measure ;  6^«eye].  Equality  of  kind 
and  degree  in  the  refraction  of  the  two  eyi%. 

Isomorphic  (iso-mor^-fik)  \loo^^  equal ;  fK>p 
fiff  form].  Having  the  same  form;  of  ciys 
tals,  OTStallizing  in  the  same  form. 

Isomorphism  (i-so-mor^-fitm)  [?<toc«  equal ; 
/lop^,  form].     Similarity  in  crystalline  form. 

Isomorphous(t-J<MKr<^-/itfj).  See  Isomorphic. 

Isopathy  (isop' -ath-e)  [iffoc,  equal;  roflbc, 
suttering].  Tne  treatment  of  disease  by  tlw 
administration  of  the  causative  agent  or  of 
its  products,  as  the  treatment  of  smallpox  by 
the  administration  of  vmriok^us  matter. 

Isopelletierin(i- j4>-/^/-<^-/-^rMi)[io«f ,  equal ; 
pelUtitrin\.     See  PelUtierin, 

Isopepsin  (i-sopep^-sin)  [Zaoceoual;  irf^, 
digestion].    I .  A  body  formed  by  neating 
iin  to  a  point  between  104^  and 


r^ 


ISOPHORIA 

(40^-60^  C. ) .  It  chang^es  albumin  into  para- 
peptone.     2.  Same  as  Parapeptotu. 

Isophoria  {i-so-f</ -re-ah)  [iffof,  equal ;  ^po^y 
a  tending].  A  condition  in  which  the  eyes 
lie  in  the  same  horizontal  plane,  the  tension 
of  the  vertical  muscles  of  each  eye  being 
equal,  and  the  visual  lines  lying  in  the  same 
plane. 

Isothermsd  (1  -  so  -  ther'-  mal )  pffof ,  equal ; 
Bkpfujf  heat].  Of  equal  or  uniform  tempera- 
ture. I.  Lines,  lines  drawn  through  places 
having  the  same  average  temperature  for  a 
given  period  of  time. 

Isotropic,  Isotropous  {i-sotrof-ik^  i-sof- 
ro-pus)  n<TOf,  equal;  rpoi^ij^  tiuning].  I. 
Having  the  same  shape  and  appearance,  frond 
whatever  point  observed.  2.  Being  singly- 
refractive. 

Issue  (ish^'U)  [Fr.,  um^,  from  exire^Xa  go 
out].  I.  An  ulcer  or  fistulous  passage  made 
and  kept  up  artificially  for  purposes  of 
counterirritation.  I. -pea,  a  pea-shaped 
foreign  body  (as  of  ivy-wood  or  orris-root), 
inserted  into  an  issue  to  keep  up  suppuration. 
2.  Offspring. 

Isthmus  (ii'-mui)  \\aBp6^y  isthmus].  A  nar- 
row, contracted  part  uniting  two  larger  parts 
of  an  organ.  I.  of  the  Fauces,  the  space 
between  the  arches  of  the  palate.  I.  of  the 
Thyroid  Qland,  the  narrow  part  connecting 
the  lobes  of  the  thyroid  body. 

Italian  (it-al'-yan)  [Italus,  an  Italian].     Of 

'or  pertaining  to  I'aly.     I.  Leprosy.     See 


JADELOrS  LINES  OR  FURROWS 

Pellagra.  I.  Rhinoplasty.  See  Opera- 
HoHy  TagliacoHan, 

Itch  (/V-A)  [AS.  ,^/Vrtf«,  to  itch].  I.  An  irri- 
tating sensation  in  the  skin.  2.  A  name  for 
various  skin -diseases  accompanied  by  itching, 
particularly  scabies.  I.,  Barbers*.  See 
Tinea  sycosis.   I. -mite.    See  Acarus  scabiei. 

-ite  {U).  I.  A  suffix  employed  in  mineralogy 
to  denote  a  mineral,  or  of  mineral  origin.  2. 
A  suffix  employed  in  chemistry  for  the  salt  of 
an  acid  that  has  the  suffix  -ous. 

Iter  (i^'ler)  [Her,  a  journey],  A  passage- 
way. I.  ad  infundibulum,  the  passage 
between  the  third  ventricle  of  the  brain 
and  the  infundibulum.  I.  a  tertio  ad 
quartum  ventriculum,  the  aqueduct  of 
Sylvius,  extending  from  the  third  ventricle 
to  the  fourth.  I.  chordae  anterius,  the 
aperture  through  which  the  chorda  tympani 
nerve  leaves  the  tympanum.  I.  chordae 
posterius,  the  aperture  through  which  the 
chorda  tympani  nerve  enters  the  tympanum. 

-itis  (i^-tis)  [tTiCt  inflammation],  A  suffix 
used  to  denote  inflammation. 

Ivory  (i^-vor-e)  [eboreus^  made  of  ivory,  from 
ebur,  ivory].  The  hard  bone-like  substance 
chiefly  obtained  from  the  tusks  of  elephants. 
I. -black,  animal  charcoal.  I.,  Dental,  den- 
tine. 

Ixodes  (iks-o^'diz)  [If^f,  bird-lime;  tUo^, 
form].  A  genus  of  the  order  Acaridea,  in- 
cluding most  of  the  parasitic  ticks. 


J.     Symbol  for  Joule's  equivalent. 

Jaborandi  {jtkb-or-an' -de)  [Braz.],  Sec  Pilo- 
carpus. 

Jacaranda  (jak-ar-an^-dah).  A  genus  of 
bignoniaceous  plants  of  tropical  America, 
several  species  of  which  are  employed  in 
syphilis  in  Brazil.  J.  caroba,  is  antisyphil- 
itic,  and  is  of  service  in  the  treatment  of 
urethritis,  rheumatism,  and  skin-diseases. 
Dose  of  the  fl.  ext. ,  gtt.  xvj-f  3 j  (1.0-4.0). 
J.  lancifoliata,  is  used  by  the  natives  of 
Brazil  in  urethritis.  Dose  of  a  1-8  tiActure 
l?\^xv  (l.o);  of  the  fl.  ext.,  gtt.  xvj-xxx 
(1.0-2.0).     Unof. 

Jacksonian  Epilepsy.     See  Epilepsy. 

Jacob's  Membrane  [Jacob,  an  Irish  physi- 
cian]. The  layer  of  rods  and  cones  of  the 
retina.  J.*s  Ulcer.  See  Rodent  Ulcer,  and 
Diseases,  Table  of. 


Jacobson's  Nerve  [L.  L.  Jacobson,  a  Dan- 
ish anatomist].  The  tympanic  branch  of 
the  glossopharyngeal  nerve.  J.'s  Organ,  a 
short,  rudimentary  canal,  extending  along  the 
septum  of  Stensen's  duct,  and  ending  in  a 
culdesac. 

Jactitation  {jak  •  tit -a^- shun)  [jactitare,  to 
pour  forth].  A  tossing  about,  a  condition  at 
times  present  in  grave  diseases. 

Jadelot's  Lines  or  Furrows  [Jadelot,  a 
French  physician].  Certain  furrows  of  the 
face  observed  in  conditions  of  disease.  Three 
sets  are  distinguished :  The  genal  and  na- 
sal furrows  are  said  to  indicate  disease  of  the 
gastrointestinal  tract  or  abdominal  viscera; 
the  former  runs  from  the  mouth  toward  the 
malar  bone,  the  latter  from  the  nasal  alse  in 
a  semicircle  about  the  mouth;  the  labial 
furrow,  from  the  angle  of  the  mouth  out- 


JAIL-FEVER 

wmrd  to  the  lower  part  of  the  face,  indicates 
disease  of  the  lungs;  the  oculosygoma- 
tic  furrow,  beginning  at  the  inner  canthus 
of  the  eye,  and  passing  outward  below  the 
lower  lid,  to  be  lost  on  the  cheek ;  it  b  said 
to  point  to  disorders  of  the  nervous  s3r8tenL 

Jail-fever.    Typhus  fever. 

V.  Jaksch's  Disease.  Pseudoleukocythe- 
mia  of  infants. 

Jalap  (jal'-ap)  [from  Jnlapa^  a  city  of 
Mexico].  The  tuberous  root  of  Ipomflea  jal> 
apa  (U.  S.  P. ),  of  Ipomoea  purga  (Exogonium 
purga)  (B.  P.),  a  plant  of  the  natural  order 
Convolvulaceae.  Its  active  principle  is  a 
resin  (Resina  jalapae,  U.  S.  PJ,  which  con- 
tains a  glucosid,  convolvulin,  Ci,H^Oig.  Ja- 
lap is  an  active  hydragogue  cathartic,  and  is 
used  to  remove  dropsical  effusions  by  the 
bowel.  Combined  with  calomel  it  is  a  fa- 
vorite remedy  in  bilious  fever.  Dose  of  pow- 
dered jalap  gr.  xv-xxx  (^l .0-2.0).  J.,  Ex- 
trmctum.    Dose  gr.  iv-viij  (0.26-0.52).    J., 


Pulvis,  Comp.     Dose  gr.  x-zj  (0.65-4.0). 
f  gr.  iv-viij  (0.26-0.52). 
Jidapin  {jai'-apin)  ^from  Jalapa^  a  city  of 


J.,  Resina.    Dose  | 


Mexico].      A  purgative  glucosid  from  Ipo- 
moea or  Convolvulus  orizabensis. 

Jamaica  Dogwood.     See  Piscidia, 

Janiceps  (jan'-is-tps)  [Jantis,  a  two-faced 
divinity;  capu/,  headj.  A  syncephidic  mon- 
strosity with  two  facet. 
Jarjavay's  Muscle.  The  depresior  nrethrse. 
asmine  (jas^-min)  [Pers.,^<uffriif,  jasmine]. 
See  Gelstmium, 

Jatropha  ( jaf-ro-fah)  [iorp^,  a  physician ; 
r/w^,  nourishment].  A  genus  of  euphorbia- 
ceous  plants.  J.  curcas,  is  the  source  of 
purging  nuts.    J.  manihot,  3rields  tapioca. 

Jaundice  ijawn'-dis)  [Fr., /aiwfw^,  from 
jauMf,  yellow].  A  yellow  discoloration  of 
the  skin,  mucous  membranes,  and  secretions, 
due  to  the  presence  of  bile-pigments  in  the 
blood .  See  Icterus.  J.,  Catarrhal,  that 
due  to  swelling  of  the  bile-ducts  from  catarrh. 
J.,  Hematogenous,  that  form  due  to  ex- 
cessive destruction  of  blood-corpuscles.  J., 
Hepatogenous,  that  due  to  obstruction  to 
the  flow  of  bile  from  the  liver.  By  some 
all  forms  of  jaundice  are  considered  hepato- 
genous, since  bile  is  made  only  in  the  Liver. 
?.,  Msdignant,  acute  yellow  atrophy  of  the 
liver.  See  Icterus  gravis.  J.  of  the  New- 
tK>m.     See  Icterus  neonatorum. 

Jaw  [AS.,  cr&wan,  to  chew].  I.  Either  of 
the  two  parts  of  the  face  (upper  or  lower  jaw) 
serving  the  purpose  of  seizing  or  masticating 
the  food.  2.  Also  the  bone  (jaw-bone  or 
jaw)  that  forms  the  framework  of  the  jaw. 
J. -jerk,  J.-clonus,  a  reflex  contraction  of 
the  muscles  of  mastication  produced  by  sud- 
denly depressing  the  lower  jaw.  See  Reflexes^ 
TabU  of,     J.,    Lock,    or    Locked.     See 


JUGLANS 

Trismm,  J.,  Lumpy,  actinomycosis  of 
cattle. 

Jecur  (Je^-ker)  [L.I.     The  liver. 

Jejunal  (yV^-w-iw/)  [yi^iMifia,  empty].  Per* 
taining  to  the  jejunum. 

Jejunocolostomy  {jej-u-no-ko-ios' -to-mi)  [ /?• 
junus^  empty ;  xbXov,  colon ;  ardfia,  mouth]* 
The  formation  of  an  artificial  passage  be> 
tween  the  jejunum  and  the  colon. 

JejunoUeostomy  {je-junc-ii-eos' -to-me)  [1^ 
/wiitif,  empty ;  ileum;  ortf/ia,  mouth].  The 
formation  of  an  artificial  communlcatioo 
between  the  jejunum  and  the  ileum. 

Jejunostomy  (jef-u-nos^-to-me)  [jefunus^ 
empty ;  ordfuit  mouth].  The  making  of  an 
artificial  opening  through  the  abdominal  wall 
into  the  jejunum. 

Jejunum  (t'ej-u^-num)  [jefunus^  empty,  be- 
cause usually  found  empty  after  death].  The 
second  division  of  the  small  intestine  extend- 
ing between  the  duodenum  and  the  ileum, 
and  measuring  about  eight  feet  (2.a  meters) 
in  length. 

Jelly  Xjel^e)  [gelare,  to  freezel  A  soft, 
gelatinous,  tremulous  substance.  J^  Whar- 
ton's, the  gelatinous  mucoid  connective  tis- 
sue investing  the  umbilical  cord. 

Jennerian  (jen-e^ -re^n)  [after  Edward  yiw- 
ner,  an  English  physician].  Pertaining  to 
Edward  Jenner,  the  discoverer  of  vacctnatioo 
against  smallpox. 

Tequirity  {Je-kwir^-ii-e).     Sec  Abrus, 

tervin  (jer'-vinY     See  Veratrum, 

Jesuits  Bark.    Cinchona. 

Jigger  Pisa.    See  PuUx. 

Jimson-weed  (jim'-sun-wid).  See  Strasm^- 


Joint  [iungere^  to  join].  See  Artieulaii^n. 
J.,  Charcot's.    See  Diseases,  Table  of. 

Joule  (jowl)  [after  J.  P.  Joule,  an  English 
physicist].  I.  A  unit  of  electric  energy, 
equivalent  to  the  work  expended  when  a 
current  of  one  ampere  flows  for  one  second 
against  a  resistance  of  one  ohm.  2.  A  small 
oUorie — the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise 
the  gram  of  water  I*  C. 

Joule's  Equivalent  (abbreviated  J.)  (jowlz) 
[after  J.  P.  Jotile,  an  English  phjrsicist]. 
The  mechanic  equivalent  of  heat  or  the 
amount  of  work  that  converted  into  heat 
will  raise  the  temperature  of  I  lb.  of  water 
l^  F.     It  is  equivalent  to  772  fbot-poniKls. 

Jugal  (ju'-gal)  [Jugum,  a  yoke].  Connect- 
ing or  uniting,  as  by  a  yoke.  J.  Bone,  the 
malar  bone.  J.  Process,  the  zygomatic  pro- 
cess. 

Juglans  Ui^  giant)  [L.,  walnut].  Butternut. 
The  bark  of  the  root  of  J.  dnerea,  of  the 
natural  order  Jnglandacc:e.  It  is  a  mild 
cathartic,  and  has  also  been  used  in  intermit- 
tent and  remittent  fever.  Dose  of  the  extract 
gr.  xx-xxx  (1.3-2.0). 


JUGULAR 


KAMALA 


Jugular  (ju'-gU'iar)  [juguiufHy  throat].  Per; 
taining  to  the  throat.  J.  Foramen.  See 
Foramina^  Table  of.  J.  Fossa,  a  notch  in 
the  posterior  border  of  the  petrous  portion  of 
the  temporal  bone,  which,  with  a  similar 
notch  in  the  occipital  bone,  forms  the  foramen 
lacerum  posterius.  J.  Ganglion,  the  superior 
ganglion  of  the  glossopharyngeal  nerve.  J. 
Process,  a  rough  process  external  to  the  con- 
dyle of  the  occipital  bone.  J.  Veins,  the 
internal  J.  vein  collects  the  blood  from  the 
brain,  part  of  the  face  and  neck,  and  unites 
with  the  subclavian  vein  to  form  the  vena 
innominata;  the  external  J.  vein  carries 
the  blood  from  the  exterior  of  the  cranium 
and  parts  of  the  face  and  empties  into  the 
subclavian  vein. 

Juice  (/«j)  [jus,  broth],  i.  The  liquid  con- 
tained in  vegetal  or  animal  tissues.  2.  Any 
of  the  secretions  of  the  body,  as  the  intes- 
tinal or  pancreatic  juice. 

Jujube  (Ju'-jab)  [jujuba,  fruit].  The  fruit 
of  the  jujube  tree,  Zizyphus  jujuba.  J.- 
paste,  a  paste  containing  the  pulp  of  ju- 
jubes, and  used  in  pulmonary  disorders.  It 
is  now  made  of  gum-arabic,  or  of  gelatin, 
variously  flavored. 

Julep  (ju'-Up)  \Vtn,,JaUib,  a  sweet  drink]. 
A  sweetened  drink  containing  aromatic  or 
medicinal  substances. 

Jumpers  (Jum'-perz)  [Scand.,  gumpa,  to 
jump].  Persons  afflicted  with  a  peculiar  neuro- 
sis by  reason  of  which  they  do  whatever  they 
are  told,  and  perform  sudden  leaping  or  jump- 
ing movements. 

(uniperus  {^ju-nip' -er-us),  I.  A  genus  of 
coniferous  trees.  2.  Juniperus,  the  fruit  or 
berry  of  J.  communis,  containing  a  volatile 
oil,  oleum  juniperi,  and  an  amorphous  sub- 
stance,  juniperin.  J.  is  a  stimulant  to  the 
genitourinary  mucous  membrane,  and  is  used 


in  nephritis,  pyelitis,  and  cystitis.  Dose  of 
the  oil,  Ti\^j-iv  (0.065-0.26).  Spiritus  juni- 
per!, dose  Ti\^xxx-f3j  ^2.0^.0).  Spiritus 
juniperi  compositus,  is  the  pharmacopeal 
representative  of  the  beverage  gin;  dose 
fg  j-iv  (4.0-16.0).  J.  sabina,  yields  savine 
(Sabina,  U.  S.  P.).  J.  virginiana,  red 
cedar,  the  tops  of  which  are  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  savine. 

Junket  (Junk'-et)  [iuncus,  a  rush].  "  Curds 
and  whey,"  prepared  by  coagulating  milk 
with  rennet. 

Junod's  Boot  (Ju^-nds) .  A  boot-shaped  ca.se, 
usually  of  stin  leather,  made  to  enclose  the 
leg  so  that,  the  air  being  exhausted,  the 
blood  rushes  to  the  enclosed  part.  It  has 
been  employed  to  relieve  inflammation  and 
congestion  of  the  viscera. 

Jurisprudence  {ju-ris-pru' -dens)  [jus,  law ; 
prttdentia,  skill].  The  science  of  the  inter- 
pretation and  application  of  the  law.  J., 
Medical,  the  application  of  medical  knowl- 
edge to  the  principles  of  common  law. 

Jury-mast  \ju' -re-masf)  [jury,  from  Dan. 
kibre,  a  driving;  AS.,  mnest,  mast].  A  steel 
shaft  with  curved  iron  rods  attached,  em- 
ployed to  support  the  head  in  disease  of  the 
upper  vertebrae. 

Justomajor  Pelvis  {jus'-to-ma' jor).  See 
Pelvis. 

Justominor  Pelvis  (jus'-to-mi^-nor).  See 
Pelvis. 

Jute  (Jut)  [Beng.,>ifl/,  matted  hair].  The 
bast  fiber  of  several  species  of  the  genus 
Corchorus,  grown  chiefly  in  India  and  Cey- 
lon.    Jute  is  used  as  an  absorbent  dressing. 

Juxtaposition  (juks-ta-pozish' un)  [iuxta, 
near;  posilig,  position].  Situation  adjacent 
to  another;  the  act  of  placing  near;  appo- 
sition. 


K.    The  symbol  of  Potassium  (kalium). 

K.,  or  Ka.  The  abbreviation  of  Kathode,  or 
of  Kathodic. 

Kairin  (ki^rin)  Uuupd^,  the  right  lime],  C,o- 
H„NO.Ha.H,0.  The  hydrochlorate  of 
oxychinolin-ethyl,  is  antipyretic,  diaphoretic, 
and  emetic,  and  has  been  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  quinin.     Dose  gr.  v-xv  (0.32-1.0). 

Kairolin  {ki^-ro-lin)  [Katp6^,  the  right  time], 
C,^H,jN.  Methylqumolin  hydrid.  An  an- 
tipyretic resembling  kairin,  but  less  efficient. 

Kakke(i/?>^-ifl)[Chinese  for  " leg-disease'*]. 
Epidemic  and  endemic  multiple  neuritis,  or 
beriberi. 

Kakodyl  {JkaJk^'O-dil)  [«a«<$c»  bed ;  d^eiv,  to 


smell  ;  IXrf,  matter].  As  (CH,),.  Cacodyl; 
dimethylarsin  ;  a  radical  containing  arsenic, 
hydrogen,  and  carbon.  It  is  a  colorless,  heavy 
liquid,  with  an  extremely  offensive  odor;  it 
is  inflammable  when  exposed  to  air.  Its  pro- 
toxid  is  called  alkarsin,  ^.  v. 

Kakosmia  {kak-oz^-me-ah^.     See  Cacosmia, 

Kali  i^ka'-li)  [Ar.,  qall,  potash].     Potash. 

Kalimeter  (kO'lim^'et-er),  See  Alkalim- 
eter, 

Kalium  (ka'-le  urn).     Potassium. 

Kamala  {kam  ^  a' -  lah)  [Hind.,  kam\la\ 
Rottlera.  The  glands  and  hairs  from  the 
capsules  of  Mallotus  philippinensis  ( Rothlera 
tinctoria),  native  to  Southern  Asia  and  Abys- 


KANGAROO 


KERATITIS 


finia.  It  is  purgatiTe  ind  Antbelmtntic,  and 
is  used  for  the  expulsion  of  lumbricoid  wonns 
and  tapewonns.     Dose  ^j-iij  (4.0-13.0). 

KangATOO.  A  marsupial  mammal  of  Aus- 
tralia and  the  neighboring  islands.  K.  Ten- 
don, a  tendon  derived  from  the  tail  of  the 
K.  and  used  for  surgical  ligatures. 

Kaolin  (ka^oHn)  [Chin.,  kaoii$t^,  *'high 
ridge  *•].  White  clay,  China-clay.  The  sili- 
cate  of  aluminum,  ol)Uined  from  the  decom- 
position of  felspar.  It  is  sometimes  used  as 
a  protective  application  in  ecxema  and  as  a 
coating  for  pills. 

Kaposi's  Disease.  See  Atrophoderma  pig- 
mentosum^ and  Xeroderma  pigmentosum, 

Karyokinesis  {Jkar-e-o-kin-e^-sis)  [^xapvoVf  a 
nut  (nucleus) ;  Ktvtfotc,  movement,  change]. 
Indirect,  cell -division,  the  common  mode  of 
reproduction  of  cells.  It  depends  upon 
complicated  changes  in  the  mitome  of  the 
cell-nucleus  that  may  be  divided  into  the 
following  steps:  I.  The  nucleus  becomes 
larger;  the  mitome-filaments  thicken  and 
form  a  close  skein,  or  spirem,  2.  The  fibrils 
become  less  convoluted  and  more  widely 
separated,  forming  the  loose  skein;  at  the 
tame  time  the  nuclear  spindles,  two  cone- 
shaped  striated  bodies,  appear  in  the  achro- 
matin.  3.  The  mitome-fibrils  split  longitud- 
inally. 4.  The  segments  migrate  towanl  the 
poles  of  the  new  nuclei,  constituting  daugh- 
ter-wreaths, or  asters,  5.  Transformation  of 
asters  into  fully-developed  nuclei.  6.  Divis- 
ion of  the  cell -protoplasm. 

Karyoldnetic  (kar-e-o-kin-et^-iA)  [mipww,  nu- 
cleus; iuvi;^<c*  motion].  Pertaining  to  karyo- 
kinesis, as  K.  figures,  the  forms  assumed  by 
'the  mitome  in  karyokinesb. 

Karyolysis  (kar-e-of-is-is)  [Kopwv,  nucleus ; 
X6f<v,  to  loose].  The  segmentation  of  the 
nucleus  of  the  cell. 

Karyomitome  (kar-e-om'-it-dmS  [napwiv^  nu- 
cleus ;  /</roc,  thread].  The  mitome-thieads 
of  the  nucleus. 

Kaiyomitosis  (kar-e-o-mit-o^-sis)  [nipwut  na- 
cleus ;  fiiro^^  a  thread].     Karyokinesis. 

Karyoniitotic  (Aar'eo-mit-ot^-U)lKdpvoVf  nu- 
cleus ;  fiiToc,  a  thread].  Relating  to  karyo- 
mitosis. 

Karyoplasm  (kar^-e-o-pUum)  [ttdpyop,  a  nut, 
kernel;  nTu&aauv^  to  form].  The  nuclear 
substance  of  a  cell. 

KlA"  (kat^-ak-).  For  words  thus  beginning, 
and  not  found  under  K,  see  Cata-, 

Katabolic  {kataboy-ik).     See  CataMie, 

Kath-.     For  words  thus  beginning  see  Cath^ 

Kation  {iat^-e-on).     Sec  Cation. 

Kava,  or Kava-kava  (kak'-vak)  [Hawaiian]. 
I.  An  intoxicating  beverage  prepared  in  the 
Sandwich  Islands  from  the  root  of  Piper  me- 
thysticum.  2.  The  root  of  Piper  methysti- 
D,  containing   a   resin,  kawin,  and  so 


alkaloid,  kavain.  The  resin  is  a  motor  de- 
pressant, locally  at  first  an  irritant,  later  aa 
anesthetic;  it  is  also  a  cardiac  stimulant 
Kava-root  has  been  used  in  gonorrhea,  leu- 
korrhea,  and  incontinence  of  urine.  Dose 
of  fluid  extract  X(\jk\^{t^')  (1.0-4.0). 

Kefyr  (ke/^-ir)  [Caucasian].  A  nutritious 
substance  obtained  by  a  peculiar  fermenta- 
tion of  cow^s  milk  produced  by  certain  fungi. 
K.-seed,  a  substance  containing  the  ferment 
(Bacillus  caucasicus)  of  kefjrr.  It  is  used 
in  preparing  the  genuine  kefjrr. 

Kelectome  (ke' -lek-tdm)  [107X17,  a  tumor;  CC; 
out ;  rifjvttv,  to  cut].  A  cutting  instrument 
introduced  into  a  tumor,  by  means  of  a  can- 
nula, in  order  to  obtain  a  part  of  the  sub- 
stance for  examination. 

Kelis  (ke^'/is)  liuf^k,  scarl.      Keloid. 

Keloid  (ke^'loid)  [from  la^,  a  scar,  or  ;tf^« 
a  claw;  ddof,  likeness].  Cheloid;  Alibort's 
keloid;  kelis.  A  tumor-like  fibrous  out- 
growth, usually  occurring  at  the  site  of  a 
scar.  It  is  elevated,  whitish  or  pink  in  color  ^ 
and  sends  prolongations  into  the  surroonding 
tissues  resembling  the  claws  of  a  crab.  By 
many  it  is  not  considered  a  true  tumor,  boi 
merely  a  hyperplastic  scar.  It  aflecu  the 
colored  race  more  frequently  than  the  white. 
K.  of  Addison,  morphea. 

Kelotomy  ike-lot' -o-me).      Herniotomy. 

Keratectasia  (  ker-at'ek'ta'-se-ah  )  [«^poc, 
horn,  cornea ;  iKroat^y  extension].  A  bulg- 
ing forward  of  the  cornea. 

Keratin  {ker^-at-in)  [lUpoQ,  horn].  The  basb 
of  homy  epithelium,  hair,  nails,  feathers,  etc 
It  contains  sulphur,  and  on  decomposition 
yields  leucin  and  tyrasin. 

Keratitia  (ker-ati'-tis)  [x^poc*  cornea;  nXt 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  cornea. 
K.  bullosa,  the  formation  of  large  or  small 
blebs  upon  the  cornea  of  an  eye,  the  seat  of 
iridocyclitis,  interstitial  keratitis,  or  glaucoma. 
K.,  Interstitial,  a  form  of  keratitis  in  whkk 
the  entire  cornea  is  invested  with  a  difluse 
haxiness,  almost  completely  hiding  the  tris. 
The  surface  of  the  cornea  presents  a  giound- 
glass  appearance.  Later,  from  ciliary  injeo 
tion,  blood-vessels  form  in  the  superficial  lay- 
ers of  the  cornea,  and  produce  a  dull-red 
color,  the** salmon  patch"  of  Hutchinson. 
The  entire  cornea  may  become  cherry-red. 
The  disease  is  most  frequent  between  the  ages 
of  five  and  fifteen,  and  occurs  in  syphilitic  in- 
dividuals. R.  neoroparalytica,  keratitts 
following  lesion  of  the  trifacial  nerve.  Its 
cause  is  loss  of  trophic  influence,  aided  by 
mechanic  irritation  and  drying  of  the  coniea. 
K.,  Phlyctenular,  a  variety  characterised  by 
the  formation  of  small  papules  or  pustules,  often 
associated  with  similar  lesions  upon  the  con- 
junctiva. It  is  marked  by  much  local  coogea* 
tioo,  laoimattoo,  and  intense  pboCopboniL 


KE^ATOCELE 


KIDNEY 


&.  punctata,  a  secondary  afTection  of  the 
comemin  association  with  affections  of  the  iris, 
choroid,  and  Titreous.  It  is  characterized  by 
the  formation  of  opaque  dots,  generally  ar- 
ranged in  a  triangular  manner  upon  the  pos- 
terior elastic  lamina  of  the  cornea.  1 1  is  some- 
times designated  as  descemetitis.  K.  puni- 
lenta*  that  accompanied  by  the  formation  of 
pus.  K.,  Trachomatous.  See  Pannus, 
k.,  Traumatic,  that  consequent  upon 
wounds  or  other  injury  of  the  cornea. 

Keratocele  (ktr^-at-o-sil)  [Kkim^^  cornea ; 
«a^A37,  tumor].  A  hernia  of  Descemet's  mem- 
brane through  the  cornea. 

Keratoconus  (ker  -ai-o  k</  -  nus)  [lUpac, 
cornea;  xovoc,  cone].  A  conical  protrusion 
of  the  cornea. 

Keratogenous  ( Jktr  at- of  en -us)  [  wpac, 
horn  ;  yewav,  to  beget].  Producing  a  homy 
or  horn-like  substance. 

Keratoglobus  (ker-at-o-gi(/ bus)  [Kepa^,  cor- 
nea; globuSf  a  ball].  A  globular  protrusion 
of  the  cornea. 

KeratoglossuB  {ker -at-o- glos'-  us)  [icipac^ 
horn;  yXuaaafiongae'].    Ste  Musc/es  Table, 

Keratohyalin  [ker -at-o-  hi'- al -  in)  [/c^pof , 
horn  ;  vaTucn;^  glass] .  A  peculiar  sul»tance 
occurring  in  granules  in  the  deeper  layers  of 
the  skin. 

Keratoid  {ker'-at-oid)  \jdpxi^^  horn;  eldof, 
like].     Hornlike. 

Keratoiritis  {ker-ai-o-iri'  tis)  [itipact  cor- 
nea; i/MCf  ins;  !Tt^,  inflammation]  Com- 
bined inflammation  of  the  cornea  and  the 
iris. 

Keratoma  {ker-at-(/ mah)  \nkpaq^  horn  ;  haa^ 
tumor].  I.  See  Caiiositas.  2.  Congenital 
ichthyosis;  the  presence  of  homy  plates 
upon  the  integument. 

Keratomalacia  (ker-ai-o-mal-a' -se-ah)  [id- 
pof,  cornea;  fiaXatua,  softness].  A  soften- 
ing of  the  cornea. 

Keratome  (ker' -at- dm)  [Kipa^f  coraea ;  Top^, 
a  cutting].  A  knife  with  a  peculiar  trowel - 
like  blade,  used  for  making  the  incision  into 
the  cornea  in  the  operation  of  iridectomy. 

Keratometer  (ker-ai-trntf-et-er)  [^//xif,  cor- 
nea ;  fdrpov,  measure].  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  curves  of  the  comea. 

Keratomycoais  {ker-at-o-miky-sis)  [icipac, 
comea  ;  fii>Kf)^f  fungus]  A  fungoid  growUi 
of  the  comea. 

Keratonyxis  (ker-ai-o-niks'-is)  [x^poc,  cor- 
nea ;  Wf<Cf  A  pricking].  The  needling  of  a 
soft  cataract  by  puncture  through  the  comea ; 
alio,  the  old  operation  of  couching  a  cataract 
with  the  needle. 

Keratoplasty  [keH-at-o-plas  te)  [icipac,  cor- 
nea; irX&eaetv,  io  fofni^.  Plastic  operation 
upon  the  comea,  especially  the  transplanta- 
tion of  a  portion  of  comea  from  the  eye  of  a 
lower  animal  to  that  of  man. 


Keratoscope  (ker' -at-o-skdp)  [lupac,  comea ; 
atcoireiv,  to  observe].  An  instmment  for  ex- 
amining the  coraea,  and  testing  the  symmetry 
of  its  meridians  of  curvature. 

Keratoscopy  (ker-at-os'-ko-pe)  fic/paf,  cor- 
nea; aKon-etv,  to  observe].  I.  Examination 
of  the  comea  with  the  keratoscope.  2.  Re- 
tinoscopy,  or  skiascopy. 

Keratosis  (ker-at-t/sis)  \Kkpa^y  hom].  Any 
disease  of  the  skin  characterized  by  an  over- 
growth of  the  homy  epithelium.  K.  follicu- 
laris.  See  Darter's  Disease,  K.  pilaris,  a 
chronic  aflfection  of  the  skin  marked  by  hard, 
conical  elevations  investing  the  hair-follicles, 
and  somewhat  resembling  gooseflesh.  K. 
senilis,  a  ccmiflcation  of  the  skin  of  old 
people,  often  limited  tocertain  definite  regions, 
as  the  face  and  dorsal  surfaces  of  the  hands 
and  feet. 

Keratotome  (ker'-at-o-tdm).    See  Keratome,  • 

Keratotomy  (ker-at-of  -o-me)  [K^pnf ,  comea ; 
rkpvtiVy  to  cut].     Incision  of  the  cornea. 

Keraunoneurosis  (ker-aw-no-nu-rc/ -sis)  [*ce- 
paw6^,  lightning ;  vevpov,  nerve  ;  inJ^rof,  dis- 
ease]. Nervous  disease  due  to  lightning- 
stroke. 

Kerion  (ke'-re-(m)[^Kjfpiov,  honey-comb].  See 
Tinea  kerion. 

Kerkring,  Valves  of.  The  valvulae  conni- 
ventes  of  the  small  intestine. 

Kermes  (ker'-miz)  [Pers.,  ^ir»/«,  crimson]. 
A  red  dye-stufl*  resembling  cochineal,  made 
from  the  bodies  of  the  dried  insects,  Coccus 
ilicis,  found  on  the  Kermes  oak.  K.  Min- 
eral, a  mixture  of  the  teroxid  and  tersulphid 
of  antimony. 

Ketone  (ke'-tdn)  [an  arbitrary  variation  of 
acetone"].  An  organic  compound  consisting 
of  the  unsaturated  radicle  =C=:0  united  to 
two  alcohol-radicles. 

Kidney  (kid'-ne)  [ME.,  kidnere^  from  Icel., 
k7/i9rt  the  womb:  «yr/T,  kidney].  One  of 
the  two  large  glandular  organs  situated  in  the 
upper  and  posterior  portion  of  the  abdominal 
cavity,  and  concerned  in  the  excretion  of  the 
urine.  It  consists  of  an  outer  cortical  sub- 
stance, and  an  inner  medullary  substance. 
The  medulla  consists  of  from  8  to  1 8  pyra- 
mids (pyramids  of  Malpighi),  the  apices  of 
which,  the  papillse,  project  into  the  calices  of 
the  ureter.  The  pyramids  are  striated,  and 
in  places  send  narrow  projections  into  the  cor- 
tex, the  medullary  rays,  or  pyramids  of  Fer* 
rein.  Between  the  pyramids  are  extensions 
from  the  cortex,  the  columns  of  Bertini.  The 
cortex,  by  the  penetration  into  it  of  the  med- 
ullary rays,  is  divided  into  medullary  rays  and 
the  labyrinth.  The  secreting  structure  of 
the  kidney  consists  of  long  tubes, beginning  in 
an  expanded  extremity,  the  capsule  of  Bow- 
man, which  invests  a  tuft  of  blood-vessels,  the 
glomerulus,  and  constitutes,  together  with  thisi 


KIDXEY 


lODSSY 


r     Lofup?*iriiaaI    Sgctioa    thromh    the 

j^.  Boa-Hlary  larrr  o<  Merfjlla.  y. 
Papu-irv  portioci  'J^  oicdaU^  5.  j. 
Tr3J]s\rr9e  sect^uo  otf  tabules  in 
b»  'oaiiary  La-rer.  4.  F«t  oi  renal 
»nixs.  •.  "f  rxnsw^riehy  coorsinc 
•ed'i.'linr  ra%"».  5.  5.  Artery.  \  . 
Labvrntii-  i'.  Medollary  ray-s.  ». 
M<«ij.Li.  I-  Cortex.  C  RcbaI 
ca:>x.  L'.  Ureter.  A.  Brmncii  o< 
rcaalancry. 


I 


Diac^Bfli  5>ho>winc  the  Relation  Borne  by  the  Blood- 

vrMci«  10  the  Tubules  of  the  Kidney. 
The  oppc'  ^1'  correnpntids  to  the  cortica],  the  lower 
Kail  to  the  ineduflary,  part  of  the  orj^n.  The 
p'.ain  tu^>»^  are  shown  leparatelv  on  the  rig:ht,  and 
th"  vr^virls  tftx  th#'  left.  The  darkly  shaded  arteries 
•md  off  straight  hranrh*^  to  the  pyramids  and 
Urf^  intrrU/'vuIar  branches  to  the  %\(ntktr\x\\,  the 
rffrrrnt  vr«*«-l«  tA  which  form  the  plexus  aroand 
the  convoluted  tubes. 


KILOGRAM 


KNIFE 


a  Malpighian  body;  extending  from  this 
is  the  proximal  convoluted  tubule ;  then 
comes  the  spiral  tubule,  then  the  loop  of 
Henle,  consisting  of  a  descending  and  an 
ascending  limb;  then  the  distal  convoluted 
tubule,  which  terminates  in  the  collecting 
tubule.  The  blood-vessels  of  the  kidney 
divide  into  two  sets  of  branches,  one  sup- 
pl3ring  the  cortex,  the  other  the  medulla. 
The  kidney  weighs  about  150  grams.  K., 
Amyloid,  a  kidney  the  seat  of  amyloid 
degeneration.  K.,  Patty,  one  the  seat  of 
extensive  fatty  degeneration.  K.,  Float* 
*ngt  one  susceptible  of  displacement  over  a 
considerable  extent  of  the  abdomen,  a  con- 
dition most  frequent  in  women,  and  as  a  rule 
affecting  the  right  side.  K.,  Gouty,  or  K., 
Granular,  the  small  kidney  resulting  from 
chronic  interstitial  nephritis.  K.,  Horse* 
shoe.  See  Horteshoe-kidmy.  K.,  Large 
White,  that  of  the  advanced  stage  of  chronic 
parenchymatous  nephritis.  K.  of  Preg- 
nancy, an  anemic  kidney  with  fatty  infiltra- 
tion of  the  epithelial  cells,  but  without  any 
acute  or  chronic  inflammation,  occurring  in 
pregnant  women.  K.,  Pigback,  the  large 
congested  kidney  found  in  alcoholic  subjects. 
K.,  Red  Contracted.  See  K.y  Granular, 
K.,  Saall  White,  the  Enal  stage  of  the 
large  white  kidney  after  loss  of  its  substance 
from  atrophy  or  degeneration.  K.,  Surgical, 
pyelonephritis.  K.,  Waxy.  Same  as  A^, 
Amyloid. 

Kilogram  (kil'-o-gram)  [x^Tuoi,  one  thousand ; 
ypiii^,  an  inscription].  One  thousand  grams, 
or  2.2  pounds  avoirdupois. 

Kiloliter  (kil^-  o-le-  ter")  [;t'^<»  thousand  ; 
Airpa,  a  pound].  One  thousand  liters,  or 
35,31  cubic  feet. 

Kilometer  (kil^'O-fm-ter)  [x^^  thousand ; 
fdrpov,  measure].  One  thousand  meters,  or 
1093.6  yards. 

Kilostere  {kil'-O'Stir)  [x'i^ot^  thousand; 
ffrep^Cf  solid].     One  thousand  cubic  meters. 

Kinjesthesia  (Jkin-es-fAi^-u-aA),  See  Ai/i- 
eslAesia. 

Kinematics  (kin  •  em  -  at^ -  iks)  [luvktiv,  to 
move].     The  science  of  motion. 

Kinesiology  (kin-es-eoV -o-je)  [lavTcr^c,  mo- 
tion ;  Wyof,  discourse].  The  science  of  move- 
ments, considered  especially  as  therapeutic  or 
hygienic  agencies. 

Kinesiometer  (kin-es-e-omf-et-er)  [juvriatCt 
motion;  ft^pov,  measure j|.  An  instrument 
for  determining  quantitatively  the  motion  of 
apart 

Kinesioneurosis  (kin-es-e-o-nu'ry-sis)  [Kivrj- 
atf,  movement ;  vevpov,  a  nerve ;  vdaoc,  dis- 
ease]. A  functional  nervous  disease  asso- 
ciated with  disorders  of  motion. 

Kinesiotherapy  (kin-es-e-o-ther^  ape)  [nlvrf- 
a<(»  movement ;    ^epaireia,  treatment].    The 


treatment  of  disease  by  S3rsteinatic  active  or 
passive  movements. 

Kinesipathy  ikin-es-ip^-aih-e)  [iavJ7<T<c,  mo- 
tion; n-d^,  oisease].     Kinesiotherapy. 

Kinesodic  (kin-es-od^-ik)  [Kivriai^^  motion; 
M6^^  way].  Pertaining  to  the  motor  path- 
ways. , 

Kinesthesia  {Jkin-es-tAe^-Me-aA),  Kinesthesis 
(kin-es'the^'su)  [luwTtwf,  motion;  aUHhfOtc, 
sensation].  That  quality  of  sensations  where- 
by we  become  aware  of  our  position  in  space, 
our  movements,  and  that  gives  us  our  im- 
pression of  weight  and  resistance. 

Kinetic  (kin-ef-ik)  [luvittv^  to  move].  Per- 
taining to  motion ;  producing  motion,  as  K. 
energy. 

King's  Evil.  Scrofula,  on  account  of  a  be- 
lief that  it  could  be  cured  by  the  touch  of  the 
king.     King's  Yellow.     See  Orpiment. 

Kmo(ki^'no)  [£.  Ind.].  The  inspissated  juice 
of  Pterocarpus  marsupium,  found  in  India, 
and  similar  in  action  to  tannic  acid;  it  is 
used  mainly  as  a  constituent  of  gargles  and 
diarrhea-mixtures.  K.,  Tinct.  Dose  mx- 
f.^U  (0.65-8.0).  K.,  Pulv.,  Comp.  (B.P.). 
Dose  gr.  v-xx  (0.32-1.3).  K.-tannic 
Acid,  a  variety  of  tannic  acid  found  in  kino. 

Kinone  {kin'-dn).     See  Quinone. 

Kissingen  Salts  (^^-iVi^-^)  [Ger.].  Effer- 
vescing salts  from  the  mineral  springs  of 
Kissingen.  K.  Water,  a  laxative  tonic  min- 
eral-water of  Kissingen,  in  Bavaria. 

Klatsch-preparation  {klatch  -  prep  -ar-a'  - 
shun)  [Ger.,  KkUschprdparatX,  A  cover- 
glass  preparation  made  by  pressing  the  cover- 
glass  lightly  on  a  bacterial  colony  in  plate- 
culture. 

Kleptomania  (kUp-to-ma'-m-ah)  [icAinrwv, 
to  steal ;  iiavia^  madness].  A  form  of  emo- 
tional insanity  manifested  by  a  morbid  desire 
to  conunit  theft 

Knee  (if^)  [AS.,  m^,  knee].  The  articula- 
tion between  the  femur  and  the  tibia.  K.- 
cap,  the  patella.  K.,  Housemaid's.  See 
Housemaid^ 5  Knee,  K.,  In.-  See  Genu 
valgum.  K.  of  Internal  Capsule,  the  angle 
of  junction  of  the  anterior  and  posterior 
limbs  of  the  internal  capsule.  K.-jerk, 
Patellar  Tendon-reflex,  K.-reflez,  or  K.- 
phenomenon,  a  contraction  of  the  quadri- 
ceps extensor  femoris  muscle  as  a  result  of  a 
light  blow  on  the  patellar  tendon.  See  also 
Reflexes^  Table  of.  K.-joint,  a  hinge-joint 
consisting  of  the  articulation  of  the  condyles 
pf  the  femur  with  the  upper  extremity  of  the 
tibia  and  the  posterior  surface  of  the  patella. 
K.,  Knock-.  See  Genu  valgum.  K.,  Out-. 
See  Genu  varum,     K.-pan,  the  patella. 

Knife  («!/)  [AS.,  mif,  knife].  An  instru- 
ment tor  cutting.  In  surgery,  knives  are  of 
various  shapes  and  sizes,  according  to  theit 
use. 


KNOT 


KNOT 


dove-hitch  Knot. 


Sargicml  Knot. 


-Gnuiny,  Falte,  or  Double  Knot 


Reef  or  Satlor'B  Knot. 


► 


^ 


Staliordshire  or  Tait*s  Knot.  Combined  Surrcon*a  and  Reef 

The  Principal  Surgical  Knots. 


KNEE-JOINT 


KNEE-JOINT 


Vertical  Section  of  Knee-)o\ni.—( Braun-.) 
I.  Svnovial  membrane.  2.  Short  head  of 
biceps.  3.  Peroneal  nerve.  4.  Long 
head  of  biceps.  5.  Plantaris.  6.  Ex- 
tenial  semilunar  cartilage.  7.  Sural 
vessels.  8.  Popliteal  vessels.  9.  Ante- 
rior crucial  ligament  with  bursa  sub- 
patellaris.  10.  Ligamentum  patellae. 
II.  Bursa  prsepateluiris. 


Anterior  View  of  the  Ligaments  of  the  Knee-joint. 
-{Sappry.) 
[JjC^nncntum  patellae  (the  lateral  patellar  ligaments  have 
fK'cn  removed).  2.  Patella  covered  by  tendinous  fibers 
derived  from  the  rectus  and  vasti.  3.  Tubercle  of  tibia. 
4.  Tendon  of  rectus  with  vasti.  5.  I-ong  external  lateral 
lijnimcnt.  6,  6.  Internal  lateral  ligament.  7.  Bicipital 
ttiberosity  of  head  of  fibula  receiving  attachment  of  long 
external  lateral  ligament.  8.  Insertion  of  sartorius.  9. 
Tendon  of  popliteus.  10.  Insertion  of  gracilis.  11.  Ten- 
don of  adductor  maf;:nus  prolonged  into  internal  lateral 
liK^ment.     13.  Insertion  of  semltendinosiui. 


LACRIMATION 


LAFAYETTE  MIXTURE 


extending  obliquely  from  the  gland  to  the  for- 
nix conjunctivae,  carrying  the  tears  to  the  con- 
junctival surface  of  the  eyeball.  L.  Fistula, 
a  fistula  communicating  with  a  lacrimal  duct. 
L.  Gland,  the  gland  secreting  the  tears,  situ- 
ated in  a  depression  of  the  frontal  bone,  the 
L.  fossa,  at  the  upper  and  outer  angle  of  the 
orbit.  L.  Lake,  the  inward  prolongation  of 
the  palpebral  fissure  of  the  eyelids.  L.  Pa- 
pilla. See  Papilla.  L.  Probe,  a  probe  for 
exploring  or  dilating  the  canaliculi  and  nasal 
duct.  L.  Puncta,  the  minute  orifices  of  the 
canaliculi,  upon  the  eyelids  near  the  inner 
canthus.  L.  Sac,  a  saccular  enlargement 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  nasal  duct,  into 
which  the  canaliculi  empty.  L.  Style,  a  probe 
used  in  stricture  of  the  nasal  duct. 

Lacrimation  (lak-rima' -shun)  [larrima,  a 
tear].     An  excessive  secretion  of  tears. 

Lactalbumin  {lakt-al'-bu-min)  [lac,  milk  ; 
albumin].  A  proteid  contained  m  milk  ;  it 
resembles  serum -albumin,  and  coagulates  at  a 
temperature  of  from  ^QP  to  So**  C. 

Lactate  (la^-iat)  [lac,  milk].  A  salt  of  lactic 
acid. 

Lactation  {lakla^-shun)  [/a<-/«r^,  to  suckle]. 
Suckling ;  the  period  during  which  the  child 
is  nourished  from  the  breast. 

Lacteal  (lak'ie-al)  [lac,  milk],  i.  Per- 
taining to  milk.  2.  Any  one  of  the  Ijrmph- 
atics  of  the  small  intestine  that  take  up  the 
chyle. 

Lactic  (lak^'tik)  [lac,  milk].  Pertaining  to 
milk  or  its  derivatives.  L.  Acid,  See  Acid, 
Lactic. 

Lactiferous  (laktif'-er-us)  [lac,  milk  ;  ferre, 
to  carry] .  Conveying  or  secreting  milk.  L. 
Ducts,  the  ducts  of  the  mammary  gland.  L. 
Glands,  the  mammary  glands. 

Lactifiige  (lay-tif-aj)  [lac,  milk  ;  fugare,  to 
drive  away].  I.  Lessening  the  secretion  of 
milk.  2.  A  drug  or  agent  that  causes  a  les- 
sening in  the  secretion  of  milk. 

Lactigenous  (lak-tif-cn-us)  [lac,  milk ;  ytv- 
vav,  to  produce].     Milk -producing. 

Lactin  (lay -/in)  [lac,  milk] .  Sugar  of  milk  ; 
lactose. 

Lactinated  (lak^fin-a-Ud)  [lac,  milk].  Con- 
taining sugar  of  milk. 

Lactivorous  {lak'ti7^-(*r'us)  [lac,  milk ;  vo- 
rare,  to  devour].     Subsisting  on  milk. 

Lacto-  (lak'to^  [lac,  milk].  A  prefix  de- 
noting relation  to  milk. 

Lactocele  (/a>6'-/<»/^/)  [lac,  milk;  /c/y/i/,  tu- 
mor].    See  Gnlactocclc. 

Lactoglobulin  {laktoglob'  'ulin\[lac,  milk  ; 
glohulin\  One  of  the  protcids  of  col- 
ostrum. 

Lactometer  {lak  -  torn'-  et-er)  [lac,  milk  ;  ^k- 
rpQv,  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  specific  gravity  of  milk. 

Lactone  {lak't^)[lac,  milk],  Cj^H.O^.     An 


aromatic,  colorless,  inflammable  fluid,  ob- 
tained in  the  dry  distillation  of  latic  acid. 

Lactophenin  {laktofe'nin  {lac,  milk;  ^vt^, 
purple  red].  A  derivative  of  phenetidin  with 
lactic  acid.  It  is  a  white  powder  used  a%  an 
antipyretic  and  analgesic.     Dose  gr.  viij-xv. 

Lactophosphate  (lak-to-fifs' -fat)  [lac,  milk  ; 
phosphate].  A  salt  composed  of  a  basa 
united  to  lactic  and  phosphoric  acid. 

Lactoprotein  {laktopr(/-tcin)  [lac,  milk; 
protein].     A  proteid  said  to  exist  in  milk. 

Lactose  (lak^-tds)  [lac,  milk],  C„H„0„  -h 
H,0.  Milk-sugar ;  a  sugar  found  in  the  milk 
of  mammals^  and  at  times  in  the  urine  of 
nursing  women.  It  forms  white,  hard,  rhom- 
bic crystals,  soluble  in  water,  and  has  a 
sweetish  taste.  Under  the  name  of  saccharum 
lactis  it  is  official  in  U.  S.  P.  Its  chief  use 
b  as  a  vehicle. 

Lactuca  {lak-tu^kah)  [from  lac,  milk,  on  ac- 
count of  the  milky  juice].  A  genus  of  com- 
posite-flowered    herbs ;     the   lettuce*.       L. 

.  sativa,  the  common  garden  lettuce.  L. 
virosa,  is  the  source  of  lactucarium. 

Lactucarium  {laktu-ka'-rcum).  I>ettace. 
The  concrete  milky  juice  of  I^actuca  virosa,  a 
plant  of  the  order  Compositae.  It  contains  a 
substance,  lactucin,  to  which  its  proficrties 
are  thought  to  be  due,  is  sedative  and  ano- 
dyne, and  has  been  used  in  cough  and  ner- 
vous irritability.  L.,  Synipus.  Dosef3ij*iij 
(8.0-I2.0).     L.,  Tinct.     Dose  f ^j  (4.0). 

Lacuna  (laku'-nah)  [lacus,  a  lake].  A 
hollow  space.  L.  of  Bone.  See  B&me. 
L.,  Howship's.  I.  Depressions  on  the 
surface  of  bone  beneath  the  t>eriosteum.  2. 
Carious  excavations  in  bone  filled  with  gran- 
ulation-tissue. L.  magna,  the  largest  of 
the  orifices  of  the  glands  of  Kittr6,  situated 
on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fossa  navicularis. 
L.  of  Urethra,  follicular  depressions  in  the 
mucoid  membrane  of  the  urethra,  most 
abundant  along  the  floor,  especially  in  the 
region  of  the  bulb.  Their  mouths  arc  di- 
rected forward. 

Lacunar  [laku'-nar)  [lacHs,  lake].  Per- 
taining to  the  lacunae.  L.  Tonsillitis.  See 
Tonsillitis. 

Lacunula  [lak-u^-nu  lak)  [dim.  of  lacuna^  a 
lake].     A  small  lacuna. 

Lacus  {la^kus)  [L.,  lake].  A  small  cavity. 
L.  lacrimalis,  tne  space  at  the  inner  can- 
thus  of  the  eye,  near  the  punctum,  in  which 
the  tears  collect. 

Lacustrine  (la-hus^frin)  [lacus,  a  lake]. 
Inhabiting  lakes  or  ponds. 

Lady's  Supper.     See  Cypripedittm. 

L«vo-  (Ic^'Vo-).  For  words  so  commencing 
see  Lrt'o-, 

L«vulose  {let'^'U-ldi).     55ee  I^'ulfist. 

Lafajrette  Mixture.  A  mixture  employed 
in  gonorrhea.     It  contains  copaiba^  cubeb% 


LAGOPHTHALMOS> 


LANDRY'S  DISEASE 


liquor  potassse,  sweet  spirit  of  niter,  and  is 
kuown  also  as  the  compound  copaiba  mix- 
ture. 

Lagophtbalmos  {Jag-off  thai' -mos)  \}.ay(iq^ 
hare,  o^^dc,  eye;  from  the  popular  no- 
tion that  a  hare  sleeps  with  open  eyes].  A 
condition  in  which  the  eyes  cannot  be  closed. 
La  Qrippe  (Ai/4  grif)  [  Fr.  ] .  Influenza. 
Lake-colored  (idk'cui-^tf), or  Laky  (ia'-ke) 
[Fr.,  laque^  rose -colored,  from  Pers.  lak"]. 
Applied  to  blood  that  is  dark -red  and 
transparent  from  a  solution  of  the  hemoglo- 
bin in  the  serum. 

Lallation  {lai-a'shun)  {lallare^  to  babble]. 
Any  unintelligible  stammering  of  speech,  suA 
as  the  prattling  of  a  babe. 
Laloneuroais  Ual-o-nu-ri/'sis)  [X^Aof,  prat- 
tle;   vtvpov^  nerve].       An  impairment    of 
speech  arising  from  spasmodic  action  of  the 
muscles.     It  includes  stammering  and  aph- 
tbongia. 
Lalopathy   (lal-op' -ath-e)    fAd^,    speech; 
7ro%-,  disease] .     Any  disorder  of  speech . 
Lambda  {lam' dak)  \}M}i^6a^  the  Greek  let- 
ter A  or  X].     The  angle  of  junction  of  the 
sagittal  and  lambdoid  sutures. 
Lambdacism   {Jam' -das-izm)    [XofiSatufffidCf 
lambdacism].      I.   Difficulty  in  uttering  the 
sound  of  the  letter/.      2.  Too  frequent  use 
of  the  /  sound,  or  its  substitution  for  the  r 
sound. 

l.ambdoid,  or  Lambdoidal  {lam'-doid,  or 
lam-doi'-dal)  [Ad///3Ja,  the  letter  X;  cMo^*, 
resemblancej.  Resembling  the  Greek  let- 
ter A.  L.  Suture,  the  suture  between  the 
occipital  and  the  two  parietal  bones, 
.amella  {lam-el' -ah)  [dim.  of  lamina^  a 
plate].  A  thin  scale  or  plate.  L.  of  Bone, 
the  concentric  rings  surrounding  the  Haver- 
»ian  canals.  L.,  Concentric,  one  of  the 
>lates  of  bone  surrounding  the  Haversian 
-anal.  L*.,  Intermediate,  one  of  the  plates 
tiling  the  spaces  between  the  concentric  lay- 
rs  of  bone.  L.,  Periosteal,  or  Periphersd, 
superficial  lamella  of  bone  lying  under  the 
periosteum. 

amellar  {lam-el' -ar)  [/tf«r^/Ai,athin  plate^. 
laving  the  nature  of  or  resembling  a  thm 
late ;  composed  of  lamella  or  thin  plates. 
..  Cataract.  See  Cataract, 
imina  {/am'-in-ah)  [L,,  a  plate  or  scale], 
thin  plate  or  layer.  L.  cinerea,  the  con- 
HTting  layer  of  gray  matter  between  the  cor- 
is  callosam  and  the  optic  chiasraa.  L., 
rsbffifonn,  the  cribriform  plate  of  the  eth- 
aid .  I^  csibfosa  {of  the  choroid) ,  that  por- 
'n  of  the  choroid  which  is  perforated  for  the 
ssage  of  the  optic  nerve.  L.  cribrosa.  I. 
le  cribriform  fascia  covering  the  saphenous 
*ning.  2.  The  anterior  or  posterior  per- 
ated  space  of  the  brain.  3.  The  perforated 
lea  of  bone  through  which  branches  of  the 


Cochlear  or  auditory  nerve  pass.  L.  fusca, 
the  pigmentary  tissue  of  the  inner  layer  of  the 
sclera  forming  the  outer  layer  of  the  pericho- 
roidal sinus.  L.  propria  (of  the  tympanic 
membrane)  y  the  middle  or  fibrous  layer  of  the 
tympanic  membrane.  L.,  Reticular,  the 
hyaline  membrane  of  the  inner  ear,  extending 
between  the  conjoined  head  of  Corti's  rods 
and  the  supporting  cells.  L.  spirsdis,  a  thin 
plate  in  the  ear,  osseous  in  the  inner  part  and 
membranous  in  the  outer,  which  divides  the 
spiral  tube  of  the  cochlea  into  the  scala  tym- 
pani  and  the  scala  vestibuli.  L.  supracho- 
roidea,  the  delicate  connective-tissue  mem- 
brane uniting  the  choroid  and  sclerotic  coats 
of  the  eye.  L.,  Vitreous,  a  homogeneous 
membrane  covering  the  inner  surface  of  the 
choroid ;  it  is  also  called  the  membrane  of 
Bruch. 

Laminar  (lam'-in-ar)  [lamina,  a  layer]. 
Composed  of  laminae ;  haying  the  form  of  a 
lamina. 

Laminaria  {lam-in  •  a' -re-ah)  [lamina,  a  thin 
plate].  I.  A  genus  of  algae,  or  seaweeds. 
2.  The  stems  of  L.  cloustoni,  or  L.  digitata. 
L.  Tent,  a  tent  made  of  the  stem  of  the 
laminaria  plant,  for  dilatation  of  the  cervix 
uteri  and  other  canals. 

Laminated  (lam'-in-a-ted ) .    Sttt  Laminar, 

Lamination  (lam  -  in  -  a' -  shun)  [lamina^  a 
layer],  i.  Arrangement  in  plates  or  layers. 
2.  An  operation  in  embryotomy,  consisting 
in  cutting  the  skull  in  slices. 

Laminectomy  (lamin-ek' -to-me)  [lamina^  a 
layer ;  kxrofiij,  excision].  The  operation  of 
removing  the  posterior  vertebral  arches. 

Lamp-black  [Xafiird^,  a  lamp].  A  fine  black 
substance,  almost  pure  carbon,  made  by  burn- 
ing coal -oils  in  an  atmosphere  deficient  in 
oxygen,  or  by  allowing  a  gas- flame  to  impinge 
on  a  cold  surface. 

Lancet  (Ian' -set)  [dim.  of  lancea,  a  lance]. 
A  knife  having  a  double-edged,  lance-shaped 
blade  for  incising  tumors,  abscesses,  etc.  L., 
Gum,  a  small  lancet  in  which  the  cutting 
portion  has  a  convex  edge  and  is  at  right - 
angles  to  the  shaft ;  it  is  used  for  cutting  the 
gums.  L.,  Spring,  one  in  which  the  blade 
is  thrust  out  by  means  of  a  spring,  controlled 
by  a  trigger.  L.,  Thumb,  one  with  a  double- 
edged,  broad  blade. 

Lancinating  (lan'-sina-ting)  [lancinare^  to 
tear].  Tearing;  shooting.  L.  Pains,  rend- 
ing, tearing,  or  sharply-cutting  pains,  com- 
mon in  posterior  spinal  sclerosis. 

Lancisi,  Nerves  of.  Striae  longitudinales. 
The  slight  ridges  of  the  corpus  coUosum  on 
either  side  of  the  raph*. 

Landry's  Disease  or  Paralysis.     [J.   B 
O.    Landry y  a   French  physician].      Acute 
ascending    paralysis ;    a    form   of    paralysis 
characterizeid   by   loss   of   motor   power    in 


LANDSCURVY 


LARDACEIX 


the  lower  extremities,  gradually  extending  to 
the  upper  extremities,  and  to  the  centers  of 
circulation  and  respiration  without  sensory 
manifestations,  trophic  changes,  etc. 

Land-tcurvy.     Purpura  h^orrhagica. 

Lanolin  (Ian' -c-Hm)  T/ana,  wool;  oleum ^  oil]. 
The  Adeps  lana?  hyorosiis  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.). 
A  cholesierin-fat  obtained  from  sheep's  wool, 
and  used  as  a  basis  for  ointments. 

Lantanin  {ian'tan-in)  \Untare^  to  bendl. 
An  alkaloid  from  Lantann  braziliemis.  It 
is  a  white  hitter  powder,  used  as  an  antipy- 
retic instead  of  quinin  in  intermittent  fever. 
Dose  gr.  xv-xxx  dailv. 

Lanugo  (lan-u'-go)  [lami,  wool].  The  down- 
like  hair  that  appears  upon  the  fetus  at  about 
the  fifth  month  of  gestation  ;  also  the  downy 
growth  often  seen  upon  the  face  of  women 
and  girls. 

Laparo-  [Itip^ar-o^)  [/oTrd/xi,  loin].  A  prefix 
denoting  pertaining  to  the  abdomen,  properly, 
referring  to  the  loin  or  flank.    See  Celiotomy, 

Laparocolotomy  (lap -ar-o-  ko- lof- o •  mr) 
[Xandpa^  loin ;  niXov,  colon ;  rofiif^  a  cut- 
ting].    Inguinal  or  abdominal  colotomy. 

Laparocystectomy  (lap - ar-osis-tek'-lO'me) 
paircipa,  loin ;  xitrrif,  cyst,  bladder ;  ^/rro^, 
excbion].  An  operation  performed  in  ad- 
vanced extrauterine  pregnancy  for  removal 
of  the  fetus  and  the  entire  gestation -sac. 

Laparocystotomy  (lap  -ar-o  -sis  -  tof-o-me) 
[ia-K^kpa,  loin ;  xi'mtf,  cyst,  bladder ;  rofit^t  a 
cutting].  I.  Suprapubic  cjrstotomy.  2.  An 
operatioo    in   advanced    extrauterine    preg- 

,  nancy  for  the  removal  of  the  fetus,  the  sac 
being  allowed  to  remain. 

Lapwoelytrotomy  {lap ar-o-el-i/ro/^-o-me) 
[Xair6pa,  loin ;  i^vrpm\  sheath  ;  rofi^,  a  cut- 
ting]. An  operation  consisting  in  an  incision 
over  Poupart*s  ligament,  dissecting  up  the 
peritoneum  until  the  vagina  is  reached,  in- 
cising the  latter  transversely,  dilating  the 
cervix,  and  extracting  the  child  through  the 
OS  uteri. 

Laparoenterotomy  (lap-ar-o-en-tfr-oi^'O'me) 
[AairApa^  loin ;  ivrepov,^  intestine ;  ro^,  a 
cutting] .  An  opening  of  the  intestine  through 
an  abdominal  incision. 

Laparogastrotomy  (lap-aro-gas-trot^'O-mt) 
[}an6pa,  loin ;  yaoHjpy  stomach ;  TOft:fj,  a 
cutting].  The  opening  of  the  stomach 
through  an  abdominal  incision. 

Lapaiohysterectomy  (lap-ar-o-hi^-ter-ek' -to- 
me) [/uifrdpa,  loin;  itrrkpa^  womb;  ropii^  a 
cutting].  The  removal  of  the  uterus  through 
an  incision  in  the  abdominal  walls. 

Laparohyaterooophorectomy  (lap^-ar-o- 
Mis'-ter-o-o-offor-ey-to-me)  [?.n?rapa,  loin ; 
vorfpOt  womb;  V^v,  egg;  fipetv,  to  bear; 
ixroft^,  a  cutting  out].  Removal  of  the  uterus 
and  ovaries  through  an  tndaioo  in  the  ab- 
dominal wall 


Laparohysterotomy  (lap  -  ar  -  o-his-ler-oi^'^ 
me)  [>^Topa,  loin ;  vcrfpa,  uterus ;  roftij,  a 
cutting].  The  operation  of  cutting  into  the 
uterus  through  an  abdominal  incision,  as  for 
the  purpose  of  removing  a  fetus. 

Laparoileotomy  {lap  -ar-o-ile-  ot'-  Q-me) 
\ja':Tapa^  loin  ;  ileum  ;  rofii/^  a  cutting].  The 
operation  of  cutting  into  the  ileum  through 
an  al>dominal  incision. 

Laparonephrectomy  (lap  -  ar  onef  rek'-  to- 
me) l/arapa,  loin ;  if^iif,  kidney ;  iKTOfiif, 
a  cutting  out].  Nephrectomy  by  an  abdom- 
inal incision. 

Laparosalpingectomy  Uap  -arousal-  pirn- 
gfk'tome)  [/arrt^,  loin;  aiuirty^^  tube; 
eKTOfiii^  a  cutting  out].  Removal  of  a  Fal- 
lopian tube  through  an  alnlominal  incision. 

LaparoBplenectomy  (lap  -  ar  -  o-splen-ek' -to- 
me) [/ard/vi,  loin ;  ffir/i^i*,  spleen ;  kxrofitj, 
a  cutting  out].  Removal  of  the  spleen 
through  an  abdominal  incision. 

Laparotomiat  (lap  -  ar  -  ot' •  o-mist)  [>aTr(ipo« 
lorn;  ro^i/,  a  cutting].  A  surgeon  who  per- 
forms .laparotomies. 

Laparotomy  (lafar-ot'-o-me)  pnirdpojoin; 
Topif^  a  cutting].  I.  An  incision  through 
the  abdominal  wall ;  celiotomy  is  the  prefer- 
able term.  2.  I'he  operatioo  of  cutting  into 
the  abdominal  cavity  through  the  loin  or 
flank. 

Lapia  (la'-pis)  [L.].  A  stone;  an  alchemic 
term  applied  to  any  nonvolatile  substance. 
L.  divinus,  aluminated  copper.  L.  impe<- 
rialis,  silver  nitrate.  L.  lazuli,  a  beautiful 
blue  stone  of  complex  composition,  formerly 
employed  as  a  purgative  and  emetic,  and  in 
epilepsy.  L.  lunaria,  silver  nitrate.  L. 
mitigatua,  diluted  silver  nitrate. 

Lappa  (lap^-ak)  [U].  Burdock.  The  root 
of  the  common  burdock,  Arctium  lappa,  con- 
taining a  bitter  principle,  a  resin,  and  tannin. 
It  is  aperient,  diuretic,  and  alterative,  and  has 
been  employed  in  gout,  scorbutus,  syphilis, 
and  in  various  skin -diseases.  The  dose  of 
the  root  b  .^j-^j  (4-0-8.0);  in  infusion  or 


tincture  nv,x-f 3 j  (0.65-4.0).    L.,  Ext.,  Pld. 
x-f3J(2. 
Larch.     .See  Larix. 


Dose  nv,xxx-f3  j  (2.0-4.0). 


Lard  [larda,  lard].  The  hi  of  the  interior 
of  the  abdominal  cavity  of  the  hog,  consti- 
tuting Adeps,  of  U.  S.  P.  Lard  b  much  used 
in  pharmacy  as  a  basis  for  ointments.  See 
Admits. 

Lardacein  (lar-da' -se-in) [larda^  lard] .  Amy- 
loid substance,  formed  in  amyloid  degener- 
ation of  various  organs,  particularly  the  liver, 
kidney,  and  spleen.  It  is  a  proteid,  but  in- 
soluble in  the  ordinary  solvents,  is  not  acted 
upon  by  the  gastric  juice,  does  not  readily 
undergo  putrefaction,  and  gives  a  mahogany- 
brown  color  with  iodin,  and  a  blue  color  wttb 
iodin  and  sulphuric  add. 


LARDACEOUS 


LARYNGOTYPHOID 


Z«arcUceou8  {far  -  da' -  se  -  tis)  Uarda^  lard]. 
Amyloid.  L.  Kidney.  SwBngkt's  Diseast, 

Ltrii  (ia^'fih)  [L.].  Lmrch.  A  genus  of 
coniferous,  deciauous  trees.  Laricis  Cortex 
(B.  P.),  is  astringent  and  stimalant,  and  has 
been  used  in  purpura,  hemoptysis,  bronchitis, 
tnd,  locally,  in  skin-diseases.  L.,  Tinct., 
(B.  P.).    I)o8c  nv,xx-xxx  (1.3-2.0). 

Larkspur  (lark' -spur).  The  seed  of  Del- 
phinium consolida,  a  diuretic  and  einmena^ 

gogue.    Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.,  Ti\,j-x  (0.065- 

0.65).    Unof. 

Laryngeal  (lar-in'-je-aJ)  [X&pvy^t  larynx]. 

Pertaining  to  the  larynx.    L.  Crisis,  an  acute 

laryngeal  spasm,  occurring  in  the  course  of 

tabes  dorsalis.     L.  Mirror,  a  small  circular 

mirror  affixed  to  a  long  handle,  used  in 

laryngoscopy. 
Laiyngectomy   (lar-in-je^ -to-nte)    [A4/wyf, 

larynx;  ^KTOft^,  a  cutting  out].     Extirpation 

of  the  larynx. 
Laryngismus  (/ar-in-jiz'-mus)  [}Apvy^,  the 

lar3mx].  A  spasm  of  the  larynx.  L.stridulus, 
a  spasmodic  affection  of  the  larynx,  charac- 
tenzed  by  sudden  arrest  of  respiration,  with 
increasing  cyanosis,  followed  t^  long,  loud, 
crowing  inspirations.  It  is  most  common  in 
rachitic  children,  but  may  also  occur  as  a 
symptom  of  laryngeal  catarrh. 
#«ryBgitis  (/ar-inji^Hs)  [Aipvyf,  larynx; 
tTif^  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
larynx.  It  maybe  acute  or  chronic,  catar- 
rhal, suppurative,  croupous  (diphtheric),  tu- 
berculous, or  syphilitic.  Chronic  catarrhal  L. 
s  divided  into  a  hjrpertrophic  and  an  atro- 
)hic  stage.  The  symptoms  of  acute  catarrhal 
aryngitis,  the  most  common  form,  are  hoarse- 
less,  pain,  dryness  of  the  throat,  dysphagia, 
nd  cough. 

aryngoccntesis  {lar-in-go-sen'te' -sis)  [A<i/> 
y^y  larynx  ;  ichmfaiCt  puncture].  Puncture 
f  the  larynx. 

iryngoflssore  (iar-in-goJisA'-ar)  [A4pvyf, 
rynx  \Jindere^  to  cleave].  Division  of  the 
rynx  for  the  removal  of  tumors  or  foreign 
xJics. 

ryngolog^  {lar-in-gol'-o-je)  [A«i/wyf  la- 
nx ;  Wyof,  science].  The  science  of  the 
atomy,  physiology,  and  diseases  of  the 
•ynx. 

'3rn£^opamly8i8  {lar- in  -go -par-  aF -is -is) 
ipvy^,  larynx  ;  napdlvatq^  P«lsy]«    Paraly- 
of  the  laryngeal  muscles. 
yngO|Mithy    {Jar-in-gop* -aih-e)   [Aiipvyf, 
ynx  ;    ttMo^,  a  suffering].    Any  disease  of 

larynx. 
Kxss^ophauitom  (iar-in-gofan' -turn)  [^- 
f,  larynx  ;  ^vraofia,  an  apparition].     An 
ricta\  larynx  designed  for  illustrative  pur- 
rs, 
mg^opbaryngeal  {/ar-  in  'go-far-  in'je- 

[Ad^nfyf,   larynx;     ^piT'f,    pharynx]. 


Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  larynx  and 
pharynx. 

Laryngopharynx  {lar-in- go-far* -inks)  [^dp- 
vyf ,  larynx  ;  ^pv/f ,  pharynx].  The  infe- 
rior portion  of  the  pharynx.  It  extends  from 
the  greater  comua  of  the  hyoid  bone  to  the 
inferior  border  of  the  cricoid  cartilage. 

Laryngopbony  [lar-in-goff'-o-ne)  [^pvy^, 
larynx ;  ^uvti^  voice].  The  sound  of  thy 
voice  observed  in  auscultation  of  the  larynx. 

Laryngophthisis  {tar-in-gd-H'-ziSy  lar-in- 
goff' -this-is)  [Atipvy^,  larynx ;  ^/a<f,  wast- 
ing].     Laryngeal  tuberculosis. 

Laryngoplasty  (lar-in* -go-plas-te)  [A^pvy^, 
lar3mx ;  ir^aaaetv,  to  shape].  Plastic  opera- 
tion upon  the  larynx. 

Lar3mgoplegia  {Jar-in-go-ple* -je-ah)  [X^pt^'f , 
larynx ;  it'knyVi  stroke!.  Paralysis  of  one 
or  more  muscles  of  the  larynx. 

Laryngoscope  (lar-in'-go-skdp)  [Tu&pvy^^ 
larynx ;  aKoireiv^  to  examine].  A  mirror  at- 
tached to  a  long  handle  for  examining  the 
interior  of  the  larynx. 

Laryngoscopist  (lar-in-gos' -k^y-pist)  [^pvyf , 
larynx  ;  OKoneiVf  to  examine].  An  expert  in 
Iar3mgoscopy. 

Laiyngoscopy  (lar-in-gos' -ko-pA  [Mpvy^, 
larynx  ;  axoTrelv,  to  examine].  Examination 
of  the  interior  of  the  larynx  oy  means  of  the 
laryngoscope. 

Laiyngospasm  {lar-in' -go-spatm)  [Xdpvyf, 
larynx ;  airaoftdc,  spasm].  Spasmodic  clos- 
ure of  the  glottis. 

Lsryngostenosis  {/ar-  in  -go  -  sl^n  -o'-sis) 
[Xri/»uyf,  larynx;  crr^voKT/f,  contraction].  Con- 
traction or  stricture  of  the  larynx. 

Laryngotomy  (lar-in  -got'-  0  -  mi)  [^pvyf, 
larynx;  riuvf/v,  to  cut].  The  operation  of 
incising  the  larynx.  L.,  Complete,  incision 
of  the  larynx  through  its  whole  length,  L., 
Median,  incision  of  the  lar3mx  through  the 
thyroid  cartilage.  L.,  Subhyoid,  incbion 
of  the  larjmx  through  the  thyrohyoid  mem- 
brane. L.,  Superior,  and  L.,  Thjrrohyoid, 
incision  of  the  Iar3mx  through  the  thyrohyoid 
membrane. 

Laryngotracheal  {lar  -  in-  go  -  tra'-  ke-al) 
^dpvy^,  larynx ;  rpaxela,  the  windpipe]. 
Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  larynx  and  the 
trachea. 

Laryngotracheitis  (lar-in  -go-tra-  ke-i'tis) 
[A4pwyf ,  larynx  ;  Tpaxeia^  windwipe ;  <r/f , 
mflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  larynx 
and  the  trachea. 

Laryngotracheotomy  (lar- in-go-tra-ke-of' 
o-tne)  [Aripvyf ,  lar3mx  ;  Tpaxeta,  windpipe ; 
Tofi^f  cutting].  That  form  of  tracheotomy 
in  which  the  cricoid  cartilage  and  one  or 
more  of  the  upper  rings  of  the  trachea  are 
divided. 

Laryngot3rphoid  (lar-ingo-fi'-foid),  Lar- 
yngotyphus   (lar-in-go-ti'-fus)   [Aapvyf, 


LARYNX 


LAVENDER 


UiTDX  ;  Tv^,  stupor].  Typhoid  fever  ms- 
sociated  with  marked  laryngeal  complications. 

Larynx  Uar'-inks)  [/uipi7f,  larynx].  The 
organ  ol  the  voice  situated  between  the 
trachea  and  the  base  of  the  tongue.  It  con- 
sbts  of  a  series  of  cartilages,  the  thyroid,  the 
cricoid,  and  the  epiglottis,  and  three  pairs  of 
cartilages,  the  arytenoids,  and  those  of  San- 
torini  and  Wrisberg,  which  are  lined  by  mu- 
cous membrane,  and  are  moved  by  the  mus- 
cles of  the  larynx.  The  mucous  membrane 
is,  on  each  side,  thrown  into  two  transverse 
folds  that  constitute  the  vocal  bands,  the  upper 
being  the  false,  the  lower  the  true  vocal  band. 
By  the  approximation  or  separation  of  the 
vocal  bands  the  changes  in  the  pitch  of  the 
voice  are  produced.  The  space  between  the 
vocal  bands  is  termed  the  glottis. 

Lash  [O.  L.  G.,  laske^^^  ^^Ap]-    An  eye-lash. 

Lata,  or  Latah  (la^-tah  )  [Jav.].  An  hysteric 
neurosis  prevalent  in  Java,  and  nearly  identical 
with  the  disorder  of  the  jumpers  in  Maine  and 
Canada,  and  with  the  myriachit  of  Siberia. 

Latent  {la'tmt)  {latere,  to  be  hid].  Con- 
cealed ;  not  manifest ;  potential.  L.  Heat, 
that  which  apparently  disappears  when  a 
liquid  is  vaporized  or  a  solid  melted.  L. 
Period.  I.  The  time  required  for  the  incu- 
bation of  a  disease.  2.  In  physiology,  the 
time  intervening  between  the  application  of 
a  stimulus  and  the  appearance  of  the  result- 
ing phenomenon. 

Laterad  {laferad)  \latm,  the  side;  ad^ 
toward].     Toward  the  lateral  aspect. 

Lateral  {lat'-eral)  [/a/us,  the  side].  At, 
belonging  to,  or  pertaining  to  the  side ;  situ- 
ated on  either  side  of  the  median  vertical 
plane.  L.  Column,  that  column  of  the 
spinal  cord  between  the  anterior  and  poste- 
rior horns.  L.  Operation,  that  form  of 
lithotomy  in  which  the  opening  is  made  on 
the  right  or  left  side  of  the  perineum.  L. 
Sclerosis,  Amyotrophic,  a  disease  of  the 
lateral  columns  and  anterior  gray  matter  of 
the  cord.  It  is  characterized  by  motor  weak- 
ness and  a  spastic  condition  of  the  limbs,  as- 
sociated with  atrophy  of  the  muscles  and 
final  involvement  of  the  nuclei  in  the  medulla 
oblongata.  L.  Sclerosis,  Primary,  a 
sclerotic  disease  of  the  crossed  pyramidal 
tracts  of  the  cord  characterized  by  paralysis 
of  the  limbs,  with  rigidity,  increased  tendon- 
reflexes,  and  absence  of  sensory  and  nutritive 
disorders.  A  peculiar  characteristic  jerking 
gait  is  produced,  and  clonus  of  the  lower  liml>s 
may  be  readily  excited.  L.  Sinuses,  the 
two  veins  of  the  dura  mater  situated  in  the 
attached  margin  of  the  tentorium  cerebelli. 
L.  Ventricles.     See  I'entru/e. 

Latericious,  Lateritious  (/a/'er-ish' -us) 
Ua/er,  brick].  Resembling  brick-dust,  as  the 
L.  sediment  of  the  urine. 


Lateroabdominal  {/at-er-o-oh-dom^-h^-^f^ 
\Ja/us,  side;  ahdominaJis,  pertaining  to  the 
abdomen].  Pertaining  both  to  the  side  and 
the  abdomen.     L.  Posture,  Sims*  posture. 

Lateroflexion  (/at-er-o-^k^-skun)  [/aius^ 
side ;  /lec/ere,  to  bend].  Flexion  or  bending 
to  one  side. 

Lateropulsion  (/at-er-o-pul'-skun)  \Jatus, 
side ;  pe/ltre^  to  drive].  An  involmMary  mo- 
tion to  one  side. 

Lateroversion  (/at -er-o- ver*- shun)  [tatus, 
side ;  vertere,  to  turn].  A  turning  to  one 
side,  as  L.  of  the  uterus. 

Lathyrism  (/a/A^ir-iun)  r/<i%MC,  pulse]. 
Lupinosis ;  an  affection  produced  by  the  use 
of  meal  from  varieties  of  vetches,  chiefly  the 
Lathjrrus  sativus  and  L.  dcera.  It  is  a  fonn 
of  spastic  paraplegia  with  tremor,  involving 
chiefly  the  legs. 

Latissimus  (/at-is^  im-us)  [superi.  of  latMS, 
wide].  An  adjective  signifying  widest.  L« 
colli.  See  Musc/es  {P/a/ysma  my^ides)^ 
Tab/e  of,     L.  dorsi.   See  Musc/es,  Ta/^/e  of. 

Laudable  Uatt/da-b/)  [/aus,  praise].  Praise- 
worthy.    L.  Pus.     See  Pus, 

Laudanin  {/od^ ■aM-tH)[/aud€mum^.  CyH,|- 
NO4.     One  of  the  alkaloids  of  opium. 

Laudanum  Uod'anum)  [Pers.,  /Adan,  the 
gum-herb  lada].  Tincture  opii.  See  O^um, 
L.,  Sydenham's,  Vinum  opii.  See  Opium, 

Laughing,  or  Laughter  {/ahf-  ing,  /akf- 
/er)  [AS.,  k/ekkan,  to  laugh].  A  succession 
of  rhjrthmic,  spasmodic  expirations  with  open 
glottis  and  vibration  of  the  vocal  bands,  and 
indicating  mirth.  L.-gas,  nitrous  ox  id,  or 
protoxid  of  nitrogen.  See  A'i/rcus  Oxid 
and  Anestke/ics. 

Laurel  (/or^  •  e/)  [/aurus].  See  Cherry- 
/aure/,  Laurus  L. -water,  aqua  lauroccrasi 
See  Ckerry/aure/. 

Laurocerasus  (/or-O'Ser^-asus)  [/aurusy 
laurel ;  cerasus,  cherry-tree].  See  Ckerry 
/aure/. 

Laurus  (/or'-us)  [L.].  A  tree  of  the  I.au 
racese.  L.  nobiiis,  the  noble  laurel*  \s  in 
digenous  in  the  south  of  Europe.  Its  fra 
grant  oils  (one  essential,  from  the  leaves,  and 
Uie  other  fixed,  from  the  berries)  are  chietly 
used  in  liniments.     Unof 

Lavage  {/at'aktk')  [Fr.].  The  inigation  or 
washing  out  of  an  organ,  such  a.s  the  sioioach* 
the  bowel,  etc. 

Lavation  (/aif-af -skun)  [/atntre,  to  wash]. 
Lavage. 

Lavender  (/m'^'en-der)  [lafore,  to  wash]. 
The  flowers  of  I^vandula  vera,  a  plant  of 
the  order  Labiate.  The  active  principle 
is  a  volatile  oil  (Oleum  lavandulc  flor* 
um),  which  is  used  in  the  preparation  of 
Spiritus  lavandulse.  Dose  fT\,xxx-f2J 
(2.0-4.0).  Tinct.  lavandulse  comp.,  for» 
merly  termed  compound  spirit  of  lavcndei; 


LARYNX 


LARYNX 


osterjor  View  of  ihe  Larynx,  with  the 
Muscles  Removed.— (//o/rf^n  ) 

.'.  KpiKlotlis  cushion.  L.  ar.-ep.  Ary- 
teno-cpijkfloltic  fold  or  Heament.  M,  m. 
Mem  bra  na  mucosa.  C.  W.  Cartilage  of 
WrisbtTjf ,  or  cuneiform  cartilage.  C.  S. 
C'artilaiifc  of  Santorini,  or  cornicula 
laryn^is.  C.  aryt.  Arytenoid  cartilage. 
C.  c.  Cricoid  cartilage.  P.  m.  Mus- 
cular process  or  external  angle.  L.  cr.- 
ar.  Crico-arytenoid  ligament.  C.  s. 
Superior  coniu.  C.  i.  Inferior  comu 
of  the  thyroid  cartilage.  L.  cr.-cr.  p. 
I.  Posterior  inferior  ceratocricoid  liga- 
ment. C.  ir.  Tracheal  cartilage.  P. 
m.  tr.  Membranous  portion  of  the  tra- 


Larynx,  Front  View,  with  the  Ligaments  and  Insertion 
of  Muscles.— (//ofi^.) 

O.  h.  Os  hyoides.  C.  th.  Thyroid  cartilage.  Corp.  trit. 
Corpus  triticeum.  C.  c.  Cricoid  cartilage.  C.  tr.  Tra- 
cheal cartilage.  Li^.  thyr.-hyoid  med.  Middle  thyro- 
hyoid ligament.  Lifr.  th.-h.  lat.  Lateral  thyrohyoid 
ligament.  Lig;.  eric.  -thyr.  m/^d.  Middle  cricothyroid 
ligament.  Z,ijf.  cric.-trach.  Cricolracheal  ligament. 
M.  s/.-A.  Sternohyoideus  muscle.  Af.  th.-h\oid.  Thvro- 
hyoideus  mu.scle.  M.  st.-th.  Stemothyroi'deiis  muscle. 
M.  cr.-lh,  Cricothyroideus  muscle. 


LAVERAN'S  CORPUSCLES 


LEAD 


Dose  n\,xxx-f  3  j  (2X>-4.o).  Both  are  sdm- 
uUnt  aod  canninatiTe,  and  are  used  as  ve- 
hicles. 

Lavenm's  Corpuscles,  or  Plasmoduu  See 
Plasmodium. 

Law  (law)  [AS.,  lagUf  a  law].  A  general 
rule ;  a  constant  nuxle  of  action  of  forces,  or 
phenomena.  A  rule  of  action  prescribed  by 
authority.  L.  of  Avo^dro,  e<{ual  volumes 
of  all  gases  and  Tapors,  at  like  temperature 
and  like  pressure,  contain  an  equal  number 
of  molecules.  L^  Behring's,  the  blood  and 
blood- serum  of  an  individual  which  has  been 
artificially  rendered  immune  against  a  certain 
infectious  disease,  may  be  tran!»ferred  into 
another  individual  with  the  effect  of  rendering 
the  latter  also  immune.  L.,  Berthollet's, 
when  two  salts  in  solution  can  by  double  de- 
composition produce  a  salt  less  soluble  than 
either,this  salt  will  be  produced.  L.,  Boyle's, 
at  any  given  temperature  the  volume  of  a  given 
mass  of  gas  varies  inversely  as  the  pressure 
that  it  l>ears.  This  is  also  called  Marioite's 
Law.  L.,  Charles's,  equal  increments  of 
temperature  add  equal  amounts  to  the  pro- 
duct of  tiie  volume  and  pressure  of  a  given 
mass  of  gas.  The  increase  is  jf^  of  its  vol- 
ume measured  at — 273®  C,  which  is  the 
xero  of  alisolute  temperature.  L.,  Colics',  a 
child  bom  of  a  mother  who  is  without  ob- 
vious venereal  symptoms,  and  which,  with- 
out being  exposed  to  any  infection  subse- 
quent to  its  birth,  presents  symptoms  of 
syphilis  when  a  few  weeks  old,  will  not  infect 
iu  mother.  L.,  Dalton's,  or  L.,  Dalton- 
Henry's,  although  the  volume  of  a  gas  ab- 
sorbed by  a  liquid  remains  constant,  the 
weight  (volume  multiplied  by  the  density)  of 
the  absorbed  gas  rises  and  falls  in  proportion 
to  its  pressure.  L.  of  Definite  Proportions, 
when  two  or  more  chemic  substances  unite 
to  form  a  compound,  they  do  so  in  a  fixed 
and  constant  proportion.  L.,  Pechner's, 
with  increase  of  the  stimulus  the  sensation 
increases  only  as  the  logarithm  of  the  stimu- 
lus. L.,  Oay-Lussac's.  See  Z.,  Charleses, 
L.,  Graham's,  the  rate  of  diffusion  of  gases 
through  porous  membranes  is  in  inverse  ratio 
to  the  square-root  of  their  density.  L., 
Henry's.  ^^  L.,  Dalton's.  L.,  Hilton's, 
a  nerve-trunk  supplying  a  given  joint  also 
supplies  the  muscles  moving  that  joint  and 
the  skin  over  the  insertion  of  those  mus- 
cles. L.,  Listing's,  pertains  to  the  move- 
ments of  the  eye -ball ;  when  moved  from  the 
position  of  rest,  the  angle  of  rotation  in  the 
second  position  is  the  same  as  if  the  eye  were 
turned  about  a  fixed  axis  perpendicular  to  the 
first  and  second  positions  of  the  visual  line. 
L.,  Mariotte's.  See  Z.,  B.^le's.  L.  of 
Multiple  Proportions,  two  substances  unit- 
ing to  form  a  series  of  chemic  compoonds 


do  so  in  proportions  that  are  simple  mul- 
tiples of  one  another  or  of  one  commoo  pro- 
portion. L.,  Ohm's,  the  current-strrogth 
varies  directly  as  the  electromotive  force,  and 
inversely  a.>  the  resistance.  L.,  Profsta's, 
a  child  bom  of  syphilitic  parents,  though 
apparently  free  from  syphilis,  cannot  be 
infected.  L.  of  Reciprocal  Proportions, 
two  elements  combining  with  a  third  do  so 
in  proportions  that  are  simple  multiples  or 
simple  fractions  of  those  in  which  they  com- 
bine with  each  other.  L.  of  Refraction, 
rays  of  light  entering  a  denser  medium  are  de- 
flected toward  a  perpendicular  drawn  through 
the  point  of  incidence,  and  those  entering 
a  rarer  medium  are  deflected  away  from 
the  same  perpendicular.  L.,  Weber's,  the 
variation  of  stimulus  that  causes  the  smallest 
appreciable  variation  in  sensation  maintains, 
approximately,  a  fixed  ratio  to  the  total  stim- 
ulus. 

Laxative  {Jaks' -a-ik^)  Tlaxare,  to  loosen].  I. 
Aperient;  mildly  cathartic.  2.  An  agent 
that  loosens  the  bowels ;  a  mild  purgative. 

Laxator  {laJba^  '/ar)[/ajrarf^to  loosen].  Thai 
which  loosens  or  relaxes.  A  name  applied 
to  various  muscles.  L.  tympani.  See 
Muscles^  Table  of . 

Layer  (laf-er)  \lecgan^  to  cause  to  lie  down]. 
A  mass  of  uniform,  or  neariy  uniform, 
thickness,  spread  over  a  considerable  area. 
L.,  Bacillar  {of  ike  retina),  the  layer  of 
rods  and  cones  of  the  retina.  L.,  Gangli- 
onic, a  layer  of  angular  cells  of  the  cerebral 
cortex,  best  developed  in  the  motor  area. 
L.,  Horny  [of  the  epidermis) ^  the  superficial 
layer  of  the  skin.  L.,  Osteogenetic,  the 
lower  layer  of  periostetun,  connected  with 
the  formation  of  bone.  L.  of  Rods  and 
Cones.     See  Z.,  Bacillar. 

La3rman  (la'-mon)  [^<$c*  the  people].  A 
member  of  the  laity ;  a  person  not  a  phjrsician, 
or  not  professionally  educated. 

Lasaretto  (lai-ar-et^o)  [Iul.,a  pest-house, 
from  latar^  a  leper].  A  quarantine  estab- 
lishment; a  pest-house.  Also,  a  place  for 
fumigation  and  disinfection. 

Lead  (led)  [AS.,  le^d,  lead].  See  Plumbum. 
L.,  Black,  graphite.  L.-colic.  See  CoHe, 
L. -encephalopathy,  the  cerebral  manifesta- 
tions of  chronic  lead- poisoning.  They  000- 
sist  of  epilepsy,  acute  delirium,  and  halluci- 
nations, and  may  terminate  in  insanity.  L.- 
line,  blue  line  ;  the  line  of  discoloration  on 
the  gums  in  cases  of  chronic  lead- poisoning. 
L.-pipe  Contraction,  the  condition  of  the 
limbs  in  the  cataleptic  state,  in  which  they 
maintain  any  position  that  is  given  them. 
L.-poisoning,  plumbism ;  satumism,^-a 
form  of  poisoning  due  to  the  introductioo  of 
lead  into  the  system.  The  symptoms  are  dis- 
turbed nutrition,  anemia,  a  blue  line  00  the 


LEADER 


LEONTODIN 


gums,  lead-colic,  constipation,  pains  in  the 
limhs,  local  muscular  paralysis  (wrist-drop) 
and  wasting,  saturnine  encephalopathy,  etc. 
l^cader  (//-</<fr)  [AS.,  lad^  a  way  or  path]. 
A  sinew  or  tendon. 

^eathery  [leth'-er-e)  [AS.,  iWJ^r,  leather]. 
Resembling  leather,  as  L.  arteries,  arteries 
thickened  and  feeling  like  cords  of  leather. 
«ecithin  Ues'ithin)  [a^k/^,  yolk  of  egg], 
C^^HjijNrO,.  A  complex  nitrogenous  ^tty 
sub&lance  occurring  widely  spread  throughout 
the  animal  body.  It  is  found  in  the  blood, 
jile,  serous  fluids,  brain,  nerves,  yolk  of  egg, 
»en)en,  pus,  and  white  blood -corpuscles.  It 
s  a  colorless,  slightly  crystalline  substance, 
.oluble  in  alcohol,  and  chemically  is  looked 
ipon  as  the  glycerophosphate  of  neurin  in 
vhich  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  are  replaced  by 
wo  atoms  of  stearic,  palmitic,  or  oleic  acid, 
ccch  \Jt<h)  [AS.,  Uecty  physician].  A  blood- 
ucking  worm,  the  Sanguisuga,  or  Hirudo 
ledicinalis,  found  in  Europe  ;  Hirudo  de- 
Dni,  the  American  leech.  I^^eches  are  used 
)r  the  local  abstraction  of  blood.  A  Euro- 
ran  leech  draws  from  fjss-j  <  16.0-32.0)  of 
ood.  L.,  Artificial,  an  apfmratus  for  cup- 
ng. 

es  (Ux)  [Fr.,  //^,  dregs].  The  dregs  of 
nous  liquors. 

g  [Icel. ,  /r^gSTt  leg].  The  lower  extremity, 
l^>ecially  that  part  from  the  knee  to  the 
kle.  L..  Barbadoes,  elephantiasis  of  the 
J.  L.,  Black.  See  Anthrax^  Symptomatic^ 
d  Biaek'Ug.  L.,  Bow-,  a  curving  out- 
ird  of  the  legs.  L.,  Milk-,  phlegmasia 
»a  dolens. 

[itixnacy  {le-jit* -im-as-e)  \UgitimuSy  law- 
].  I.  The  condition  of  being  within  the 
mds  of  the  law.  2.  The  state  of  a  child 
n  within  wedlock,  or  within  a  period  of 
e  necessary  to  gestation,  which  may  elapse 
r  the  death  of  the  father, 
uxnin  (ieg~u^-min)  \legumeny  pulse].  A 
:eid  found  in  the  seeds  of  many  plants  be- 
>:ing  to  the  natural  order  of  Leguminosae. 
dermia  (// - o - der ' -me- ah) .  See  Lio- 
nia. 

myoma  {ii-o-mi-o^ -mah).  See  Lio- 
ma, 

rr'a  CoQ,  or  Tubes.  Tubes  of  soft, 
ble  metal  designed  for  application  about 
port  of  the  body.  Cold  water  is  passed 
jgh  the  tubes,  thereby  reducing  the  tem- 
:ure  of  the  parts  encased. 
>ert'B  Suture.  See  Staure, 
liscuB  {/em-nis^'km)  [Ae/n^icTKOC,  fillet]. 

•n  i^intt^-^n).     See  Limo. 
luide  i/rfft-on-aJ^)  [iimon,  lemon].  An 
lous.    refrigerant  drink  made  from  the 
of    lemon.     L.,   Sulphuric   Acid,  a 
on    of  »tigar  in  water  containing  sul- 


phuric acid.  It  is  used  in  lead  manufactories 
to  ptievent  lead-poisoning. 

Lena  (Unz)  [L.,  a  lentil].  I.  A  pieceof  glass 
or  crystal  for  the  refraction  of  rays  of  light. 
2i  The  crystalline  lens  of  the  eye.  L., 
Achromatic.  See  Achromatic.  L.,Apo- 
chromatic.  See  Apochromatic.  L.,  Bicon- 
cave (negative  or  minus  ( — )  lensj ,  a  thick- 
edged  lens  having  concave  sphenc  surfaces 
upon  its  opposite  sides  ;  it  is  used  in  spectacles 
to  correct  myopia.  L.,  Biconvex  (positive 
or  plus  (-I-)  lens),  a  thin-edged  len% ;  it  has 
two  convex  surfaces,  and  is  used  to  correct 
hyperopia.  L.,  Bifocal.  See  Bifocal.  L., 
Convergent  or  Converging,  a  double  con- 
vex or  planoconvex  lens  that  focuses  rays  of 
light.  L.,  Convexoconcave,  a  lens  having 
a  convex  and  a  concave  surface,  which  would 
not  meet  if  continued.  Its  properties  are 
those  of  a  convex  lens  of  the  same  focsd  dis- 
tance. L.,  Crystalline,  the  lens  of  the  eye, 
situated  immediately  behind  the  iris.  L., 
Cylindric  (either  minus  or  plus),  one  with  a 
plane  surface  in  one  axis  and  a  concave  or 
convex  surface  in  the  axis  at  right  angles  to 
the  first.  L.,  Dispersing,  a  concave  lens. 
L.,  Periscopic,  one  with  concavoconvex  or 
convexoconcave  surfaces,  the  opposite  sides 
being  of  different  curvatures;  such  lenses 
are  called  meniscus  lenses.  L.,  Spheric,  one 
the  curved  surface  of  which,  either  concave 
or  convex,  is  a  segment  of  a  sphere. 

Lenticonus  {Un-tik-o'-nus)  \Uns^  a  lens; 
conus^  a  cone].  A  rare,  usually  congenital, 
anomaly  of  the  lens  in  which  there  is  a  coni- 
cal prominence  upon  its  anterior  or,  more 
rarely,  upon  its  posterior,  surface. 

Lenticular  (Un-tik^ -u-lar)  [Icnticula,  a 
lentil].  I.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a 
lens.  2.  PertSuning  to  the  crystalline  lens. 
3.  Pertaining  to  the  lenticular  nucleus  of  the 
brain.  L.  Nucleus,  a  mass  of  gray  matter, 
the  extraventricular  portion  of  the  corpus 
striatum,  situated  to  the  outer  side  of  the 
internal  capsule  of  the  brain. 

Lenticulostriate  (ten-tiku-iostri'-at)  [len- 
ticular a  lentil ;  striatus^  striated]-  Pertain- 
ing to  the  lenticular  nucleus  of^the  corpus 
striatum,  as  L.  artery. 

Lentigo  (len-ti^-go)  [L.,a  lentil -shaped  spot: 
//.,  Lentigines].  A  freckle;  a  circumscribed 
patch  of  pigment,  small  in  size,  occurring 
mainly  on  face  and  hands,  and  due  to  expo- 
sure to  the  sun.    L.  estiva,  summer- freckles. 

Leontiasis  (Ic-on-ti^-as-is)  pjcjv,  a  lion].  A 
lion-like  appearance  of  the  face  seen  in  lep. 
rosy,  elephantiasis,  and  L.  ossea.  L. 
ossea,  L.  ossium,  an  overgrowth  of  the 
bones  of  the  face  through  which  the  features 
acquire  a  lion-like  appearance. 

Leontodin  Ue-on' -to-din)  [X^aw,  a  lion; 
6(5o^,a  tooth].     The  precipitate  from  a  tine- 


LEONTODON 


LEUKOCYTIC 


I 


tore  of  the  root  of  dandelion,  Leontodon 
taraxacum ;  it  is  a  tonic,  diuretic,  and  aperient, 
and  an  hepatic  stimulant.  Dose  2-4  grains 
(0.13-0.26).     Unof. 

Leontodon  {le-on^tO'don).  Sec  Taraxacum, 

Leper  (Up^-er)  {ketrpd^,  scaly].  One  affected 
with  leprosy. 

Lepra  {lep'rah )  [Aitrpa,  leprosy].  I.  Lep- 
rosy. •  2.  A  form  of  psoriasis.  L.  mnjea- 
thetica.  See  Leprosy.  L.  maculosa,  the 
stage  of  true  leprosy  characterized  by  the 
presend^  of  pigment-spots.  L.  mutilans, 
the  Hnal  stage  of  true  leprosy,  in  which  there 
is  a  marked  loss  of  tissue. 

Leprosy  (Up^-ro-sA  f/iff/w,  leprosy].  An 
endemic,  chronic,  mtcctious  disease,  due  to 
the  bacillus  Icpne.  Two  forms  of  leprosy  are 
described — a  tubercular  and  an  anesthetic 
form.  The  first  begins  with  a  well-defined 
erythema  (Macular  L.),  which  is  succeeded 
by  the  formation  of  papules,  and  later  of 
nodules,  although  in  some  cases  the  erythe- 
matous stage  is  followed  by  a  disappearance 
of  the  pigment  without  nodulation  (Lepra 
alba).     The  nodules  eventually  break  down 

.and  ulcerate.  The  anesthetic  form  begins 
with  pains  and  hyperesthesia;  a  macular  erup- 
tion appears,  but  again  subsides,  leaving 
spots  of  anesthesia ;  trophic  lesions  develop 
and  lead  to  the  loss  of  the  fingers  or  toes, 
with  the  production  of  marked  deformity. 

Leptandra  [lep  -  tan' -drah)  [A/7rr<if,  thin; 
avJS'p,  male].  Culver's  Root.  The  rhizome 
and  rootlets  of  L.  virginica,  now  called  Ver- 
onica virginica.  Its  properties  are  thought 
to  be  due  to  a  glucosid,  leptandrin.  It  is 
tonic,  laxative,  and  cholagogue,  and  is  u»ed 
in  indigestion  and  chronic  constipation.  Dose 
of  the  extract,  gr.  j-iij  (0.065-0.2 ) ;  of  the 
fld.  ext.,  n\^xx-f3j  (1.3^.0% 

Leptomeningitis  {Upto-men-in-ji'  tis)  [/*  t- 
roc,  slight;  /i^vt^f,  membrane  ;  ir/f,  infiam- 
mation).  Inflammation  of  the  pia  and 
arachnoid  of  the  brain  or  the  spinal  cord. 

Leptorhine  [Up^torin)  [ArTr<ic.  thin ;  /»/<•, 
nose].      Having  a  slender  nose  or  proboscis. 

Leptothrix  {Up' tothriks)  [AfTrr<ic.  thin; 
0p^,  hair].  A  genus  of  bacteria,  the  ele- 
ments of  which  form  straight  filaments,  often 
of  great  length.     See  Bacteria^  Table  of. 

Leptus  {Up'-tus)  [A/xr<ic,  thinl.  A  genus 
of  beetles.  L.  autumnalis,  narvestbug; 
naower's  mite.  A  parasite  that  burrows 
under  the  skin,  causing  lesions  similar  to 
those  of  itch. 

Lesion  {le'-zkun)  \Ltno ;  laJere^  to  hurt]. 
An  injury,  wound,  or  morbid  structural 
change.  L.,  Focal,  in  the  nervous  system, 
a  circtmiscribed  lesion  giving  rise  to  distinc- 
tive and  localiring  symptoms.  L.,  Initial, 
of  Syphilis,  the  chancre.  L.,  Irritative, 
in  the  nervous  system,  a  lesion  exciting  the 


functions  of  the  part  wherein  it  U  sitoatcd. 
L.,  Peripheral,  a  lesion  of  the  nerve-tnmks 
or  of  their  terminations.  L.,  Primary,  of 
the  Skin,  the  change  in  the  skin  occurring 
in  the  developing  stage  of  a  skin-disease. 
L.,  Secondary,  i.  In  the  skin,  the  change 
occurring  in  the  primary  lesion,  due  to  irri- 
tation or  other  causes.  It  comprises  erosions, 
ulcers,  rhagades,  squamai;,  cicatrices  or  scars, 
crusts,  and  pigmentation.  2.  One  of  the 
secondary  manifestations  of  syphilis. 

Lethal  {le'-thal)  \^^rj,  forgetfulness]. 
Deadly  ;  pertaining  to  or  producing  death. 

Lethargy  ijetk'  ar-je)  [/iy#»7,  forgetfulness]. 
A  condition  of  drowsiness  or  stupor  that  can- 
not be  overcome  by  the  will ;  also,  a  stage 
of  hypnotism. 

Lettuce  (let' -us).     See  Laeiucarium. 

Leucemia  {lu-se'-me-ah).     See  Leukemia. 

Leucin  (lu'sin)  [XftKoc,  white],  C,H„NO,. 
A  substance  formed  during  pancreatic  diges- 
tion, and  also  found  in  the  urine,  together 
with  tyrosin,  in  acute  yellow  atrophy  of  the 
liver.  L.  crystallizes  fror:  the  urine  in  the 
form  of  yellowish -brown  t>alls. 

Leuco-  (lu'-ko-).  For  words  not  found  under 
this  form  see  Leuko-. 

Leukemia  (/m  -  ke^^  me -a  A)  [>^i'juif,  white; 
a\fjaf  blood].  A  disease  of  the  blood  and 
the  blocMl- making  organs,  characterized  by 
a  permanent  increase  in  the  number  of  white 
blood-corpuscles  and  by  enlargement  of  the 
spleen,  the  lymphatic  glands,  and  the  marrow 
of  bone,  together  or  separately.  The  etiology 
is  obscure ;  by  some  the  disease  is  considered 
infectious.  L.,  Ljrmphatic,  that  form  asso- 
ciated with  enlargement  of  the  lymphatic 
glands.  L.,  Myek>genlc,  that  in  which  the 
bone-marrow  is  involved.  L.,  Splenic,  that 
associated  with  enlargement  of  the  spleen 

Leukemic  {lu-kem'-ik^  luke'-mik)  [/./t*of. 
white  ;  al«a,  blood].    Periaining  to  leukemia. 

Leukocyte  {lu'-ko  %tt)  [/n'AOc,  white  ;  mtik, 
cell].  The  colorless  or  white  ct*puscle  of 
the  blood.  Leukocytes  have  ameboid  moTc 
roent  and  are  formed  in  the  lymphadcDcud 
tissue  of  the  spleen,  lymphatic  glands,  mtev 
tinal  tract,  bone-marrow,  etc.,  and  prubatily 
also  in  the  lymph  and  blood.  Their  average 
diameter i&  .01  mm.  {^^q-^  inch).  In  norm^ 
blood  several  forms  are  distinguished  :  lym- 
phocytes,  large  uninuclear  leukocytes,  transi- 
tional forms,  and  multinnclear  cells;  accrvdmg 
to  the  granules  contained  in  their  protoplasm, 
three  varieties  are  described — the  neotiophile, 
the  eosinophile,  and  the  liasophile. 

Leukocythemia  ( lu- ko-sithy-me  ak t [ A/md(, 
white;  <cvroj,  cell;  a%^a^  blood].  Sec  Leu- 
kemia, 

Leukocytic  (lu-kc^-sifik)  [XtvwA^,  white; 
/ciroc,  cell].  Relating  to  or  chancteriaed 
by  leukocytes. 


LEUKOCYTOGENESIS 


LEUKOMAIN 


Leukocytogenesis  (/« -  ko  •  si-to  -jen'-  es-is) 
r/*v«4f,  white ;  ici^rof ,  cell ;  yewdv,  to  beget]. 
The  fonnation  of  leukocjrtes. 
Leukocytolysis  {iu-ko-si-tol^ -isis)  [XtvKSq^ 
white ;  «t{?rof ,  cell ;  "kiat^,  solution].  The 
destruction  of  leukocytes, 
^ukocytoma  {lu  ko-si-tt/  -  mah)  [AcviaJc, 
white;  tAro^^  cell;  d/ia,  tumor].  A  tumor- 
like mass  composed  of  leukocytes,  as  the 
tubercle,  the  gumma. 

^eukocytopenia  {lu-ko-si-to-pe' -ne-ah)  rAc{>- 
Ko^,  white ;  /cvrof,  cell ;  nevia,  poverty].  Dim- 
inution of  the  number  of  leukocytes  in  the 
Mood. 

.eukoc3rtoti8  {lu-k(hsi-t(/'sis)\7^vK6ct  white; 
CI  roc,  cell].  An  increase  in  the  number  of 
colorless  blood-corpuscles  in  the  blood.  It  b 
)h)'sioIogic  during  digestion  and  pregnancy ; 
)athologic  in  certain  anemias,  especially  leu- 
kemia, in  some  of  the  infectious  fevers,  in 
achexias,  and  after  hemorrhage.  L.,  Pure, 
leukocytosis  in  which  the  increase  of  white 
ells  affects  the  multinuclear  form, 
sukoderma  (/«-^i>-dW^-wiwA)[Aew^, white ; 
rp/ia,  skin].  A  condition  of  defective  pig- 
icntation  of  the  skin,  especially  a  congenital 
Dsence  of  pigment  in  patches  or  bandis. 


Leukolin  {lu-k</'lin).     See  Quinolin, 

Leukolysis  {lukol'-is-is)  [Anwc^f,  white; 
X6<Ttf ,  solution] .  The  destruction  of  the  col- 
orless corpuscles  of  the  blood. 

Leukoma  {lu  -  k</'  maA)  p^i'Kufmf  white- 
ness, from  Afwcdf,  white].  I.  An  opacity 
of  the  cornea  the  result  of  an  ulcer,  wound, 
or  inflammation,  and  presenting  an  appear- 
ance of  ground  glass.  2.  The  term  has 
been  used  also  for  albumin.  See  Leuko- 
plakia. 

Leukomain  {lu-k(/  -mahinS  [Xft'«cu/Mi,  white- 
ness, from  Xn«K(Jc,  white].  The  name  applied  to 
any  one  of  the  nitrogenous  bases  or  alkaloids 
normally  developed  by  the  metabolic  activity 
of  living  organisms,  as  distinguished  from  the 
alkaloidal  bodies  developed  in  dead  bodies, 
and  called  ptomains.  From  their  chemic 
affinities  leukomains  may  be  divided  into  two 
groups :  the  uric-acid  group,  comprising  ade- 
nin,  camin,  guanin,  heteroxanthin,hypoxan- 
thin,  paraxanthin,  pseudoxanthin,  spermin, 
xanthin ;  and  the  kreatinin  group,  in  which 
are  classed  amphikreatinin,  crusokreatinin, 
xanthokreatinin,  and  others.  The  appended 
table  is  modified  from  the  work  of  Vaughan 
and  Novy. 


TABLE 

OF  LEUKOMAINS. 

Namb. 

Formula. 

DiSCOVBRBR. 

SOURCB. 

Physiologic 
Action. 

iphicreatin. 

CHwNtO*. 

Gautier. 

Muscle. 

rnin. 

QHsN^O^ 

Weidel. 

Meat-extract. 

Nonpoisonons. 

isocreatin. 

C&H8N4O. 

Gautier. 

Muscle. 

ontin. 

C,H„N,. 

Grandis. 

Liver  of  dog. 

Poisonous ;     para- 
lyzes   nerve-cen- 
ters. 

inin. 

QHjNjO. 

Unger. 

Animal    and    vegeUl 
tissues;  guano. 

Nonpoisonous. 

eroxanthin. 

C.H.N40,. 

Salomon. 

Urine. 

K>xanthisi. 

C,H4N|0. 

Scherer. 

Brain,  muscle,  kidney, 
liver,  spleen,  certain 
plants,  etc. 

Nonpoisonous ;  ez- 
citomotor. 

lyl-hydan  - 

n. 

C4H»N,0,. 

Guaretchi 
and  Mosso. 

Fresh  meat. 

reducin. 

CeH,N/). 

Thudichum. 

Urine. 

xantbtn. 

CTH»N40r 

Thudicbum, 
Salomon. 

Urine. 

Poisonous. 

imin. 

Miescher. 

Spawn  of  salmon. 

C4H»N»0. 

Gautier. 

Muscle. 

icln  (?) 

Ci,H,4N.O.. 

Thudichum. 

Urine. 

nandarin. 

C„HaoN,Os. 

Zalesky. 

Salamander. 

Poisonous. 

a  or  Sar- 

See  Hyppxantkm, 

LEUKOMATOUS  LICHEN 

TABLE  OF  LEUKOMAINS.— OwfAifK^i/. 


Namk. 


Spermln. 


Unnamed. 


Unnamed. 


Unnamed. 


Formula. 


Disco  vsaER. 


SOURCK. 


I 


Physioijocic 
Action. 


C,H»N(?) 


'  Schreiner. 


Semen,  testicles ;  Char-  Nonpoisonoua. 
I    cot-Leyden  crystals  ;  i 


-l_ 


C,H»NO^ 


Pouchet. 


CTHttN/>^ 


Unnamed. 


CmH.NuO». 


Pouchet. 
Gautier. 
Gautier. 


tissues  in  leukemia. 


Urine. 


Urine. 

Muscle. 

Muscle. 


Unnamed. 


CuHmNsO«(CmHmN«0»PS).  EtiacheflT. 


Unnamed. 


I  C,4H»NgO,. 


i  Eliacbeff. 


'  Normal  urine.  SHghtly  poisonous. 

1  Urine  In  tuberculosis.   ,  Poisonous. 


Urcthrobro- 1  Ste /^arajraniMm. 
min.                 1 

Slightly  poisonous ; 
muscle  stimulant. 

Xanthin. 

CsH4N,0,. 

Marcct. 

Most  animal  tissues; 
certain   planu;   cer- 
tain calculi. 

Xanibocreatin.  j  QHmN^O. 

Gautier. 

Muscle. 

Poisonous. 

LeukoauitCHis  (lu  -  ki/ -  mat  -  m)  [}A»iujfjM^ 
wfahencM].  Having  the  nature  of  or  aflected 
with  leukoma. 

LeukofDjrelitis  (tu-ko-mi-elV -Hs)  \}^vk6^^ 
white;  ftvOM^^  marrow].  Inflammation  of 
the  white  labstance  of  tne  spinal  cord. 

Leokonecrottis  (luko-nekrt/'sis)  [A^iu^Cf 
white;  vixpuoic,  death].  A  form  of  dry 
gangrene,  the  sloogh  having  a  light  color. 

Leukonoctoc  (lu-ko-nos^  tok)  [>^vK6q,  white, 
and  nostoci,  A  genus  of  schixomycetes, 
having  its  elements  disposed  in  chains  and 
enveloped  in  a  sheath  of  tough  jelly. 

Leokopathy  (lu  kof/-  atk-A  Leukopathia 
Uu-k4hfatk''e'aJi)lXevK6^,  white  ;  irdfiof ,  suf- 
ferin^J.  Any  deficiency  of  coloring-matter ; 
albinism.     See  Leukoderma, 

Leukopenia.    See  Leukocytopenia, 

Leukophlegmatia  (lu  -  ko  -JUg  •  ma'  -ze-aA) 
[AnMc^c,  white;  fAi^pi,  phlegm].  I.  A  con- 
dition marked  by  a  teoidency  to  dropsy,  ac- 
companied by  a  pale,  flabby  skin,  and  general 
edema  of  the  whole  body;  solid  edema.  2. 
Phlegmasia  alba  dolens.  L.  dolens  puer- 
peiarum.     Phlegmasia  alba  dolens. 

Leukoplakia  {lu  -  ko  -  ftia' -  ke  -  ah\  [>^%6^^ 
white;  TrAdf,  surface].  Whitening  of  a  surface. 
L.  buccalis,  L.  hngualit,  a  disease  char- 
acterised by  the  presence  of  pearly- white  or 
bluish-white  patches  on  the  surface  of  the 
tongue,  or  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  cheeks, 
due  to  a  hyperplasia  of  the  epithelium. 

Leukorrbea  {lu-kor-e'-ah)  [Aftw«5c,  white; 
(ioia,  a  flow].  A  whitish,  mucopurulent  dis- 
chaige  from  the  female  genital  canal,  popu- 
larly called  •«  the  whites.'* 


Leukorrheal   {lu  kore'-al)    [A^tiK<^,  white; 

^('a^  flow].     Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining 

to  leukorrbea. 

Levant  Wormteed.     See  Santonica. 
Levator  {Uvtt' -tor)  [U,  a  lifter],     i.  That 

which  raises  or  elevates,  as  certain  muscles 

having  such  a  fimction.     See  Mus<Us^  Table 

of- 

Levorotatory  {Je-vo-ro'  tat-o-re)  [lavus^  left  ; 
rotare^  to  turn].  Causing  to  turn  toward 
the  left  hand ;  applied  to  substances  that  turn 
the  rays  of  polarized  light  to  the  left. 

Levulinic  Acid  (Uv-u  lin'-ik).     See  Aciti. 

Levulosan  (ievuio'-san)  [larus,  left], 
CgHioOj.  A  carbohjrdrate  prepared  by  heat- 
ing levulose. 

Levulote  {lev' u  ids)  [lazms,  left],  C,H,jO^ 
Fruit-sugar,  the  natural  sugar  of  miits.  It  b 
a  colorless,  syrupy  liquid,  and  rotates  the 
plane  of  polarized  light  to  the  left  It  occtin 
normally  in  the  intestine,  and  rarely  in  the 
tirine  in  disease. 

Leyden  Jar  (It' den)  [Leyden,  a  town  m 
Holland].  A  glass  jar  coated  within  and 
without  with  tinfoil,  reaching  nearly  to  the 
neck,  and  surmounted  by  a  knobbed  conduc- 
tor in  connection  with  the  inner  coating.  It 
is  designed  for  the  temporary  accumulation 
of  electricity,  with  which  the  inner  foil  may 
be  charged. 

Leyden's  Crystals.  See  Ckarcot  Leyden 
Crystals. 

Lichen  {It' ken)  [?^/,t7*'.  «  lichen].  A  gen- 
eric term  for  a  group  of  inflammatory  affec- 
tions of  the  skin,  in  which  the  lesions  consist 

of  solid  papules.     L.  acuminatus,  a  variety 


LIGAMENTS 


UGAMENTS 


aments  of  Elbow-joint, 
umerus.  2.  Ulna.  3. 
tadias.  4.  External  lat- 
ral  ligament.  5.  Orbica- 
ir  ligament.  6.  Posterior 
gament.  7,8.  Condyles 
t  humerus.  9.  Interos- 
»us  membrane. 


Right  Knee-joint,  Internal  Liga- 
ments, Anterior  View. 

I.  Lower  extremity  <Jf  femur.  2. 
Anterior  crucial  ligament.  3. 
Posterior  crucial  ligament.  4. 
Transverse  ligament.  5.  In- 
tercondylar fossa.  6.  Semilu- 
nar fibrocartilages  (internal). 
7.  Semilunar  ftbrocartilages 
(external).  8.  Liramentum 
patellae.  9.  Tubercle  of  tibia. 
10.  Capsular  ligament,  xx. 
Interosseous  membrane. 


Ligaments  of  Right  Knee-joint, 
Posterior  View. 

X.  Posterior  linments  or  liga- 
mentum  Winslowii  (oblique 
fasciculus).  2.  Tendon  oi 
semimembranosus  muscle.  3. 
Tibia.  4.  Bursa.  ^.  Internal 
lateral  ligament.  6.  Long  ex- 
ternal lateral  ligament.  7. 
Short  external  lateral  liga- 
ment. 8.  Poptiteus  muscle, 
a  Posterior  or  Internal  crucial 
ugament. 


X.  Anterior  com> 
mon  ligament. 
2.  Anterior  cos- 
tovcrtebral  or 
stellate  liga- 
ment. 3.  Ante- 
rior costotrans- 
verse ligament. 


l^igat.mcntB  of  the  Costovertebral  Articulations. 


rior  common 
Tient.  d.  Ante- 
occipito-atloid 
nent.  c.  Ante- 
common  liga- 
1 1  (continua- 
1.  if.  Anterior 
axial  lig:a- 
:.  <».  Capsular 
lent.  y.  Syn- 
membrane. 
teraloccipito- 
1  ltg;a.ment. 


Licamcnta  of  the  Occipito-atloid  Joint. 


Ligaments  of  the  Shoulder-joint. 

Superior  acromioclavicular  liga- 
ment. 2.  Coracoclavicular.  3. 
Coraco-acromial.  4.  Transverse. 
5.  Capsular.  6.  Coracohumeral. 
7.  Tendon  of  long  head  of  biceos. 


IJOAMENTS 


LIGAMENTS 


Ir^ 


OK 


AW  thxrvtn 


1  Jitvnx.  Front  Vl«w, 
MiawW  tb«  Liga- 
mrntv  e»d  1  nseitioaol 

i*fl      (■■►Tjius  trilice- 
uni.  iv:  Tcomu  of 

thr  h\  oiu  Done.  C  €. 

ul  Hcumcnl.     y^.  /A -A.  .jt.'    l-alcVal  th>rtv 
**   c    .♦i«.-^A»-r.   arf^.^.    Mtdv1)«  cricx>th\n.Md 


I.  CalcAneoscaphoid  ligsmeot.    a.  Cal 
ouieocuboid  Itgaxnent.— {//•UA.i 


•s*  —  ^ 


>v       .  »'>J>*f       >A» 


J*.    >».    nc  A  .aw^   ♦JX* 


LICORICE 


LIGAMENT 


of  L.  niber  io  which  the  papules  are  aciimin- 
•te.  It  is  usually  very  acute  and  is  accom- 
panied by  grave  constitutional  symptoms 
(rigors,  pyrexia,  sweats,  prostration),  and  by 
itching.  L.  pilaris,  an  inflammatory  disease 
3f  the  bair-follicles,  in  which  a  spinous  epi- 
iennic  peg  occupies  the  center  of  the  papule. 
L.  planus,  an  inflammatory  skin-disease, 
vitb  an  eruption  made  up  of  papules  that  are 
>road  and  angular  at  the  base,  flat  and  ap- 
larently  glazed  on  the  sunmiit,  slightly  um- 
>ilicated,  and  of  a  dull  purplish-red  color. 
The  papules  may  be  discrete  or  may  coalesce, 
nd  itching  may  be  slight  or  severe.  L. 
uber,  a  rare  skin-disease,  with  lesions  con- 
sting,  in  the  beginning,  of  discrete,  miliary, 
^nical  papules,  but,  as  the  disease  advances, 
(coming  aggregated  and  forming  continu- 
13  red,  infiltrated,  and  scaly  patches, 
he  whole  surface  may  eventually  become 
volved.  The  nails  of  the  fingers  and  toes 
;come  affected,  being  of  a  dirty-brown  color, 
ugh,  flaky,  and  breaking  off  short.  The 
iology  and  pathology  are  obscure.  L. 
rofulosus,  a  form  occurring  in  strumous 
ildren.  The  eruption  is  situated  on  the 
ink,  especially  upon  the  back,  either 
fusely  or  in  patches.  The  papules  are 
ry  small,  pale,   conical,  and  surmounted 

fine  scales;  they  cause  no  itching,  and 

fading  leave  a  rather  persbtent  yellowish 
mentation.  L.  tropicus.  Prickly  heat, 
jrice  (hk^'Or-is)  lyXtmifpfuCa,  licorice], 
r  Glycyrrhita. 

[AS..  Mid,  lid].     See  Eyelid. 
»erk1ihn,  Crsrpts  of.    See  Crypt, 
I  {li'-en)  [L.].     The  spleen, 
lal  {li'-enal )  {lien,  the  spleen] .     Relat- 
to  the  spleen. 

itis  (li-en-i'-tis)  \lien,  spleen;  vri^y  in- 
nuuion^.     Splenitis. 
icry  (h^ -en-ier-e)  [Aetoc,  smooth  ;  fvrepw, 
»tine].      A  form  of  diarrhea  in  which  the 

passes  rapidly  through  the  tx)wels  with- 
mdergoing  digestion. 
(n/)   rA.S..  /(/;  life],     i.  The  sum  of 
erties  that  enables  an  organism  to  adapt 

to  surrounding  conditions.  2.  The 
tcteristic  phenomena  manifested  by  liv- 
eir)gs.      3.   The  force  or  principle  under- 

or  causing  the  phenomena  presented 
U^nized  beings.  L.,  Animal,  the  mani- 
ions  depending  directly  on  the  cerebro- 
1  nervous  S3rstero  and  the  voluntary  mus- 
as  distingubhed  from  L.,  Vegetative, 
»,  the  functions  of  digestion,  respiration, 
juctjon,  etc.  L.,  Change  of,  that  period 

life  of  a  woman  at  which  menstruation 
i  ;  the  climacteric  period.  L.,  Ezpec- 
I  of,  the  average  number  of  years  a 
I   has  to   live,  as  calculated  from  life- 

as 


Ligament  (ligf-am-eni),  Ligmmentum  (Hg- 
am- en' 'turn)  [ligare,  to  bind].  A  band  of 
flexible,  compact  connective  Ussue  connecting 
the  articular  ends  of  the  bones,  and  some- 
times enveloping  them  in  a  capsule.  L., 
Acromioclavicular,  a  ligament  covering  the 
acromioclavicular  articulation  and  extending 
from  the  clavicle  to  the  acromial  process  of 
the  scapula.  L.,  Alar.  i.  One  of  the  two 
folds  of  synovial  membrane  on  either  side  of 
the  mucous  ligament  of  the  knee-joint.  2. 
See  X.,  Odontoid.  L.,  Annular  {0/ ankle) , 
the  broad  ligament  covering  the  anterior  sur- 
face of  the  ankle  joint.  L.,  Annular  {of 
wrist),  a  strong  ligament  extending  from  the 
trapezium  to  the  unciform  bone,  confining 
the  flexor  tendons.  L.,  Arcuate,  one  of  the 
arched  ligaments  extending  from  the  body  of 
the  diaphragm  to  the  last  rib,  and  to  the 
transverse  process  of  the  first  lumbar  vertebra. 
L.,  Atloaxoid,  that  joining  the  atlas  and  the 
axis.  L.,  Atlooccipital,  that  joining  the 
atlas  and  the  occiput  L.  of  Bigelow.  See 
L.,  Iliofemoral.  L.,  Broad  {vf  uterus),  a 
fold  of  peritoneum  extending  laterally  from 
the  uterus  to  the  pelvic  wall.  L.,  Capsular, 
a  heavy  fibrous  structure  surrounding  an  ar- 
ticulation, and  lined  by  synovial  membrane. 
L.,  Check.  See  L. ,  Odontoid.  L.,  Conoid, 
the  inner  portion  of  the  coracoclavicular 
ligament.  It  is  attached  to  the  coracoid  pro- 
cess of  the  scapula  and  the  conoid  tubercle 
of  the  clavicle.  L.,  Coracoclavicular,  one 
extending  from  the  coracoid  process  of  the 
scapula  to  the  clavicle.  L.,  Coronary  (of 
liver) ,  a  peritoneal  fold  extending  from  the 
posterior  edge  of  the  liver  to  the  diaphragm. 
L.,  Costocoracoid,  that  joining  the  first  rik 
and  the  coracoid  process  of  the  scapula.  L., 
Cotyloid,  a  ring  of  fibrocartilaginous  tissue 
at  the  margin  of  the  acetabulum.  L., 
Crucial,  Anterior,  the  smaller  crucial  liga- 
ment of  the  knee,  extending  from  the  upper 
surface  of  the  tibia  to  the  inner  surface  of  the 
external  condyle  of  the  femur.  L.,  Crucial, 
Posterior,  one  attached  below  to  the  back 
part  of  the  depression  behind  the  spine  of  the 
tibia,  to  the  popliteal  notch,  and  to  the  ex- 
ternal semilunar  fibrocaililage,  and  above  to 
the  inner  condyle  of  the  femur.  L.,  Crural. 
See  X.,  Poupart  's.  L.,  Flood's,  the  gleno- 
humeral  ligament.  L.,  Oimbemat's,  a  tri- 
angular expansion  of  the  aponeurosis  of  the  ex- 
ternal oblique  muscle,  connected  anteriorly  to 
Poupart 's ligament  and  attached  to  the  iliopec- 
tineal  line.  L.,  Olenohumeral,  a  portion  of 
the  coracohumeral  ligament,  attached  to  the 
inner  and  upper  portion  of  the  bicipital  groove. 
L.,  Glenoid  (of  scapula) ,  a  ring  of  fibrocartila- 
ginous tissue  attached  to  the  rim  of  the  glen- 
oid fossa.  L.,  Hey*8,  also  called  the 
femoral  ligament ;  a  sickle-shiqied  expansion 


LIGAMENT 


UGHT 


of  the  fascia  lata.  L.,  Iliofemoral,  a  strong 
ligament  extending  from  the  anterior  inferior 
iliac  spine  to  the  lesser  trochanter  and  the  in- 
tertrochanteric line.  L.,  Interclavicular, 
one  joining  the  sternal  extremities  of  the 
clavicles  and  the  sternum.  L.,  Lateral, 
(of  liver)  ^  one  of  the  peritoneal  folds  between 
the  sides  of  the  liver  and  the  inferior  surface 
of  the  diaphragm.  L.,  Odontoid,  any  one 
of  the  broad,  strong  ligaments  arising  on 
either  side  of  the  apex  of  the  odontoid  pro- 
cess and  connecting  the  atlas  with  the  skull. 
L.  patelbe,  a  strong  fibrous  structure,  ex- 
tending from  the  tubercle  of  the  tibia  upward 
to  become  the  tendon  of  the  quadriceps  ex- 
tensor muscle  ;  it  embraces  the  patella.  L. 
pectinatum,  the  spongy  tissue  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  cornea  and  sclera  in  the  sinus 
of  the  anterior  chamber  of  the  eye.  It  forms 
the  root  of  the  iris.  L.,  Poupart*t,  the 
ligament  extending  from  the  anterior  superior 
spine  of  the  ilium  to  the  spine  of  the  pubis 
and  the  pectineal  line.  It  is  the  lower  por- 
tion of  the  aponeurosis  of  the  external  oblique 
muscle.  L.,  Pterygomaxillary,  one  joimng 
the  apex  of  the  internal  pterygoid  plate  of  the 
sphenoid  bone  and  the  posterior  extremity  of 
the  internal  oblique  line  of  the  lower  jaw. 
L.,  Pubic,  Inferior,  a  triangular  ligament, 
extending  from  the  symphysis  pubis  to 
the  rami  of  the  pubic  bones.  L.,  Rhom- 
boid, one  joining  the  cartilage  of  the  first  rib 
and  the  tuberosity  of  the  clavicle.  It  is  a 
part  of  the  costoclavicular  ligament.  L., 
Round  (ofhif).  See  Z.  teres.  L.,  Round 
(of  liver)  ^  a  nbrous  cord  running  from  the 
umbilicus  to  the  notch  in  the  anterior  border 
of  the  liver.  It  represents  the  remains  of  the 
obliterated  umbilical  vein.  L.,  Round  (of 
uterus)y  a  ligament  running  from  the  anterior 
surface  of  the  comu  of  the  uterus  through 
the  inguinal  canal  to  the  mons  veneris.  L., 
Sacroaciatic,  Great,  a  ligament  extending 
from  the  sacrum,  cocc3rx,  and  inferior  iliac 
spine  to  the  tuberosity  of  the  ischium.  L.» 
Stylohyoid,  a  fibrous  cord  extending  from 
the  apex  of  the  styloid  process  of  the  tem- 
poral bone  to  the  lesser  comu  of  the  hyoid 
bone.  L.,  StylomaxiUary,  a  ligament 
joining  the  styloid  process  of  the  temporal 
bone  and  the  inferior  surface  of  the  posterior 
nuirgin  of  the  ramus  of  the  inferior  maxilla. 
L.,  Subpubic.  See  Z.,  Pubic^  Inferior. 
L.,  Suspensory  (of  crystalline  lens),  the 
xonule  of  Zinn.  L.  teres,  a  rounded  fibrous 
cord  attached  to  the  center  of  the  articular 
surface  of  the  head  of  the  femur,  and  extend- 
ing to  the  margin  of  the  cotyloid  notch  of  the 
acetabulum.  L ,  Transverse  (of  atlas), 
one  attached  (o  two  small  tubercles  on  the 
imier  surface  of  the  atlas,  and  surrounding 
the  odontoid  process  of  the  axis.  L.,  Trans- 


verse (of  kip- joint)  t  ooe  extending  across 
the  cotyloid  notch  of  the  acetabulum.  I#^ 
Transverse  (of  knee-joint),  one  extending 
from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  external  semi- 
lunar fibrocartilage  to  the  anterior  extremity 
of  the  internal  fibrocartilage.  L.^  Trapesoid, 
the  anterior  or  external  portion  of  the  coraco- 
clavicular  ligament,  extending  from  the  upper 
surface  of  the  coracoid  process  of  the  scapula, 
to  the  under  surface  of  the  clavicle.  L^ 
Triangular  (of  the  urethra)^  a  tendinous 
band  of  triangular  shape,  attached  by  its  apex 
to  the  reflected  portion  oif  Poupart*s  ligament, 
and  passing  inward  beneath  the  spermatic 
cord  and  behind  the  inner  pillar  of  the  exter- 
nal abdominal  ring,  to  join  the  tendon  of  the 
opposite  side.  L.,  Winslow's,  the  posterior 
ligament  of  the  knee-joint  L.,  Y-shaped 
(of  Bigelow)^  the  iliofemoral  ligament 

Ligamentous  (Hg-am  -  en'-  tus)  [H^re,  to 
bind].  Of  the  nature  of,  or  pertaining  to,  a 
ligament. 

Ligation  (liga^-skmn)  [ligare,  to  tie].  The 
operation  of  tying,  espeojuly  of  tying  arteries. 

Ligature  (lig^'at'ar)[ligare,  to  tie],  i.  A  coid 
or  thread  used  for  t]ring  about  arteries  or  other 
parts.  2.  Ligation.  L.,  Double,  the  appli- 
cation of  two  ligatures  to  a  vessel,  between 
which  it  is  divided.  L.,  Elastic,  a  narrow 
band  or  thread  of  india-rubber  applied  tightly 
to  a  part  so  as  to  destroy  the  tissues  and 
by  compression  to  lead  to  separation.  It 
is  used  in  the  treatment  of  hemorrboida,  anal 
fistula,  and  in  the  removal  of  pedunculated 
growths.  L.,  Brichsen's,  one  consisting  of 
a  double  thread,  one-half  of  which  is  white, 
the  other  half  black  ;  it  is  used  in  the  liga- 
tion of  naevi.  L.,  Intermittent,  a  tourniquet 
applied  above  a  poisoned  wound  to  interrupt 
the  blood-current ;  it  is  occasionally  relaxed 
to  allow  of  renewal  of  the  circulation.  L., 
Lateral,  partial  occlusion  of  the  lumen  of  a 
vessel  by  a  loose  ligature.  L.,. Provisional, 
a  ligature  applied  during  an  opeiatiim,  with 
the  intention  of  removing  it  before  the  com- 
pletion of  the  operation. 

Light  (bt)  [AS.,  ledht,  light].  Ethereal 
waves  of  the  vibrational  frequency  that  gives 
rise  to  the  sensation  of  vision  when  the  ran 
impinge  upon  the  retina.  L.,  Axial,  light- 
rays  Uiat  are  parallel  to  each  other  and 
to  the  optic  axis.  L.,  Central.  See  L., 
Axial.  L.,  Diffused,  that  reflected  sim 
ultaneously  from  an  infinite  number  of 
surfaces,  or  that  which  has  been  scattered  by 
means  of  a  concave  mirror  or  lens.  L.,  Ob- 
lique, light  (ailing  obliquely  on  a  surCaoe. 
L.,  Reflected,  light  thrown  back  from  an 
illuminated  object.  L.,  Refracted*  light- 
rays  that  have  passed  through  an  object  and 
have  been  bent  from  their  original  coarse. 
L.-sense,  the  faculty  by  which  diflereat 


LIGHTERMAN'S  BOTTOM 


LINE 


degrees  of  light  or  brightness  may  be  distin- 
gimbed.  L.,  Transmitted,  the  light  passing 
through  an  object. 

Lighterman's  Bottom.  Inflammation  of  the 
buna  over  the  tuberosity  of  the  ischium,  from 
much  sitting. 

Lightning  lUt^-ning)  [AS. ,  Uoht,  light].  A 
luminous  atmospheric  dbcharge  of  electricity. 
L.  Pains,  the  lancinating  pains  of  loco- 
motor ataxia,  coming  on  and  disappearing 
with  lightning-like  rapidity. 
Lignum  (tig^-num)  [L.].  Wood.  L.  bene- 
dictum,  guaiac-wood.  L.  cedrium,  cedar- 
wood.  L.  vitae.  See  Guaiacum. 
lJig}i9i\oxm{fi-gHs^'Hk-um)[^iyvaTiK6^,  Ligu- 
rian].     See  Lavage. 

Lily  of  the  Valley.     See  Convallaria  rna- 
Jalis, 

Limb  (tim)  FAS.,  /i>/,  a  limb],  i.  One  of 
the  extremities  attached  to  the  sides  of  the 
trunk  and  used  for  prehension  or  locomotion. 
2,  .An  elongated  structure  resembling  a  limb, 
as  the  limbs  of  the  internal  capsule. 
..imbus  (iim' bus)  [L.l.  A  border;  the 
circumferential  edge  of  any  flat  organ  or 
part.  L.  comeae,  the  edge  of  the  cornea 
at  its  junction  with  the  sclerotic  coat.  L. 
laminae  spiralis,  the  spiral  membranous 
cushion,  at  the  border  of  the  osseous  spiral 
lamina  of  the  cochlea.  L.  luteus.  See 
Afacula  lutea. 

ime  (tlm)  [Pers.,  limu^  a  lemon].  The 
ruit  of  several  species  of  Citrus,  as  C.  li- 
aetta.  L.-juice,  the  juice  of  the  lime, 
ime  (tim)  rAS.,/im,  cement].  Calcium 
xid,  CaO  (quicklime),  calcium  hydrate, 
'a(HO).  Calcium  oxid  (quicklime)  has  a 
rcat  affinity  for  water  and  for  CO..  On 
intact  with  the  former,  slaked  lime  is 
trined,  with  the  evolution  of  heat.  On  liv- 
ig  tissues  it  acts  as  a  caustic.  L.,  Chlorin- 
ted,  calx  chlorata  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  the 
ilorid  of  lime  of  commerce.  It  is  not  a 
stinct  chemic  compound ;  its  chief  constitu- 
it,  and  the  one  on  which  its  disinfectant 
operties  depend,  is  calcium  h3rpochlorite, 


which  liberates  chlorin.  L.,  Milk  of,  a  milky 
fluid  consisting  of  calcium  hydrate  suspended 
in  water.  L.,  Quick,  L.,  Slaked,  common 
terms  for  lime.  L.-water,  a  solution  of  cal- 
cium hydrate  in  water.  It  is  used  as  an 
antacid. 

Liminal  {lim'-in-al)  [^//i^i',  threshold],  per- 
taining to  the  threshold,  especially  pertaining 
to  the  lowest  limit  of  perception. 

Limitans,  Limiting  (lim' -it-anz^  lim'^it-ing) 
[}^fi^t  threshold!.  Bounding.  L.  Mem- 
brane, External,  the  thin  layer  between 
the  outer  nuclear  layer  of  the  retina  and  that 
of  the  rods  and  cones.  L.  Membrane,  In- 
ternal, in  the  eye,  the  inner  layer  of  the 
retina. 

Limo  (ii'-mo)  [L.].  Lemon.  •  The  fruit  of 
Citrus  limonum,  a  tree  of  the  order  Ruta- 
cese.  The  rind  (Limonis  cortex)  yields  an 
essential  oil  (Oleum  limonis,  C|oH|g),  and 
a  glucosid,  nesperidin  (C,iH^Oi,).  The 
pulp  contains  a  large  amount  of  citric  acid. 
The  juice  (Limonis  succus)  is  refrigerant 
and  antiscorbutic.  Locally  it  has  been  used 
in  pruritus,  sunburn,  and  as  a  gargle,  in  diph- 
theria. L.,  Oleum.  Dose  n\,j-v  (0.065- 
0.32).  L.,  Syrupus  (B.  P.)  is  used  as  a 
refrigerant  and  vehicle. 

Limosis  (lim-y-sis)  [A*^,  hunger].  I.  Un- 
natural appetite.  2.  A  disease  distinguished 
by  depraved  appetite. 

Limotnerapy  {lim-o-ther' -ap-e)  [Xi//rff,  hun- 
ger; Oepaireia,  treatment].  The  treatment 
of  disease  by  partial  or  total  deprivation  of 
food.  It  has  been  used  in  the  treatment  of 
aneurysm. 

Lincture  (link^-tur)  [lingere^  to  lick].  A 
medicine  to  be  taken  by  licking ;  an  elec- 
tuary. 

Line  ijln)  [linfOy  a  line],  i.  Extension  of 
dimension  having  length,  but  neither  breadth 
nor  thickness.  2.  The  -f^  part  of  an  inch. 
3.  In  anatomy,  anjrthing  resembling  a  mathe- 
matic  line  in  having  length  without  breadth 
or  thickness;  a  boundary  or  guide- mark.  A 
table  of  lines  is  appended. 


TABLE  OF  LINES  OR  LlNE>e. 


Namb. 

Dbscription. 

a. 

I.  A  tendinous  raphe  extending  in  the  median  line  of  the  abdomen  from 
the  pubes  to  the  ensiform  cartilage.  It  is  formed  by  the  blending  of  the 
aponeuroses  of  the  oblique  and  transversalis  muscles. 

a.  Hunter's  line,  the  anterior  peduncles  of  the  pineal  gland. 

cantes. 

Glistening  white  lines  in  either  iliac  region  of  the  abdomen  seen  in  dis- 
tention of  the  abdomen  from  pregnancy,  ascites,  or  tumors. 

olobasiUr. 

A  line  joining  the  basion  and  the  alveolar  point. 

olonasaJ. 

A  line  joining  the  nasal  and  alveolar  points. 

LINES  LINES 

TABLE  OF  LINES  OR  ISS^M.-^ConHntud. 


) 


Namb. 

Dbscription. 

Aspcnu 

A  rouffh  longitudinal  ridice  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  middle  third  of 
the  femur,  dividing;  below  into  two  and  above  into  three  ridges. 

Auriculobresmatic. 

A  line  passing  from  the  auricular  point  to  the  bregma,  and  dividing  the 
preauricular  from  the  posuuricuiar  part  of  the  cranium. 

Axillary,  anterior  and  poste- 
rior. 

Vertical  lines  extending  downward  from  the  axilla  on  the  side  of  the 
trunk. 

Baseline. 

A  line  running  backward  from  the  infraorbital  ridge  through  the  middle 
of  the  external  auditory  meatus,  and  prolonged  to  the  middle  line  of  the 
head  posteriorly. 

Basiobrcgmatic. 

The  line  joining  the  basion  and  the  bregma. 

Baudclocque'a. 

The  external  conjugate  diameter  of  the  pelvis. 

Biaoricular. 

The  line  separating  the  anterior  from  the  posterior  portion  of  the  skoQ. 
It  extends  from  one  auditory  foramen  over  the  vertex  to  the  other. 

Blue. 

The  blue  line  at  the  dental  margin  of  the  gums  in  chronic  lead-poisoning. 

Bryant's. 

See  L.,  Test. 

Camper'a. 

A  line  running  from  the  external  auditory  meatus  to  a  point  just  below 
the  nasal  spine. 

Clapton's. 

A  green  line  at  the  margin  of  the  gums,  with  a  similar  green  stain  ex- 
tending for  some  distance  on  the  teeth,  in  chronic  copper-poisoning. 

Corrigan's. 

A  purple  line  at  the  junction  of  the  teeth  and  gums  in  chronic  copper- 
poisoning. 

Cottoartlcular. 

A  line  drawn  between  the  sternoclavicular  articulation  and  the  point  of 
the  eleventh  rib. 

Coatodavicalar. 

See  L.,  Parasternal. 

Curved,  inferior  (of  the 
iHmrn). 

A  line  extending  from  the  upper  part  of  the  anterior  inferior  spinous  pro- 
cess of  the  ilium,  and  terminating  at  the  middle  of  the  great  sciatic 
notch. 

Carved,  inferior  (of  the  oc- 
ci^aibone). 

A  ridge  extending  transversely  across  the  outer  surface  of  the  occipHal 
bone  a  short  distance  below  the  superior  curved  line. 

Carved,  middle  {of  the  iUmm). 

A  line  commencing  about  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  behind  the  ante- 
rior superior  spine  of  the  ilium  and  arching  backward  and  downward 
to  the  upper  margin  of  the  great  sciatic  notch. 

Carved,  snperior  {^  the 
Oimm). 

A  line  commencing  about  two  inches  in  front  of  the  posterior  extremity  of 
the  crest  of  the  ilium  and  curving  downward  and  forward  toward  the 
posterior  part  of  the  great  sciatic  notch. 

Carved,  superior  {of  the 
occipital  bane). 

A  semicircular  line,  passing  outward  and  forward  from  the  external  occi- 
pital protuberance. 

Of  demarcation. 

A  line  of  division  between  healthy  and  gangrenous  tissues. 

Ellis's  curved  line. 

The  curved  line  followed  by  the  upper  border  of  a  pleuritic  effusion  or 
a  hydrothorax. 

Embryonic. 

The  primitive  trace  in  the  center  of  the  germinal  area  of  the  ovum. 

Eminens    (of    the    cricoid 
cartilage). 

A  meaal  ridge  on  the  dorsal  half  of  the  cricoid  cartilage. 

Eminens  {of  the  patella). 

A  ridge  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  patella,  dividing  that  tortece  iMo 
two  unequal  parts,  the  outer  of  which  is  the  larger. 

FadaL 

I.  A  straight  line  Ungential  to  the  glabella  and  some  point  at  the  lower 
portion  of  the  (ace.    2.  See  L.,  Comperes. 

Offizatkm. 

An  imaginary  line  drawn  from  the  object  viewed  through  the  center  ai 
roution  of  the  eye. 

LINES  LINES 

TABLE  OF  LINES  OR  lA^^M.-^C<mHnued, 


Namb. 

Description. 

Frannbofer'f. 

The  black  lines  that  cross  the  solar  spectrum.  They  are  produced  by  the 
light  from  the  lower  portions  of  the  solar  surface  passing  through  certain 
incandescent  metallic  vapors  in  the  luminiferous  envelop  of  the  sun,  and 
through  the  aqueous  vapor  and  gases  of  the  earth's  atmosphere. 

Frohmann'i. 

Transverse  lines  or  striae  appearing;  on  the  axis-cylinder  of  medullated 
nerve-fibers,  near  the  nodes  of  Ranvier,  after  the  fibers  have  been  stained 
with  silver  nitrate. 

G€iuU  iJadelot's). 

A  line  seen  in  the  faces  of  children,  in  certain  diseases,  running  downward 
from  the  region  of  the  malar  bone  to  join  the  nasal  line.  See  JadeloVs 
Linea. 

:JingivaI  {Bur/on^s), 

A  reddish  streak  or  margin  at  the  reflected  edge  of  the  gums. 

)f  HaUer. 

See  L.  splendens. 

^  ikon's. 

A  white  line  marking  the  point  of  junction  of  the  skin  of  the  perineum 
with  the  mucosa  ofthe  anus,  and  also  the  point  of  separation  of  the 
external  from  the  Internal  sphincter. 

lolden's. 

A  sulcus  below  the  fold  of  the  groin,  starting  from  the  femoroscrotal 
furrow,  and  fading  away  between  the  great  trochanter  and  the  anterior 
superior  iliac  spine.    It  crosses  the  middle  of  the  capsule  of  the  hip. 

iopectineal. 

The  bony  ridge  marking  the  brim  of  the  true  pelvis,  situated  partly  on 
the  ilium  and  partly  on  the  pubis. 

icremenul  {Sa/ifr*s). 

Curved  line  in  dentine,  supposed  to  indicate  the  laminar  structure,  and  to 
correspond  to  the  successive  laminae  or  strau  of  dentine. 

leruochanteric,  anterior. 

A  line  upon  the  anterior  surfiice  of  the  femur,  separating  the  neck  and 
shaft,  extending  between  the  tubercle  and  a  point  close  to  and  in  front  of 
the  lesser  trochanter. 

tertrochanteric,  posterior. 

A  ridge  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  femur,  extending  between  the 
greater  and  lesser  trochanters. 

lelot's. 

St^Jadelofs  Lines. 

rchoff's. 

See  L.t  Ftaumkofet* s. 

cars. 

Two  lines,  one  joining  the  posterior  iliac  spine  at  a  point  midway  between 
the  tuber  ischii  and  the  great  trochanter;  the  other  from  the  posterior 
iliac  spine  to  the  inner  point  of  trisection  of  a  line  between  the  tuber 
ischii  and  the  trochanter;  the  upper  point  of  trisection  of  the  first  indi- 
cates the  emergence  of  the  gluteal  artery ;  the  middle  of  the  second,  the 
spot  where  the  sciatic  artery  leaves  the  pelvis. 

mmillary. 

A  vertical  line  passing  through  the  center  of  the  nipple. 

ohyoidean. 

See  /,.,  Oblique,  Iniemal  {of  the  inferior  maxilla). 

^basilar. 

The  line  drawn  through  the  basion  and  the  nasal  point. 

aon's. 

A  line  drawn  from  the  anterior  superior  spine  of  the  ilium  to  the  most 
prominent  part  of  the  tuberosity  of  the  ischium.  In  dislocation  of  the 
femur  backward  the  trochanter  is  always  found  above  this  line. 

hal,  inferior. 

The  inferior  curved  line  of  the  occiput. 

hal.  median. 

The  external  occipiul  protuberance. 

lal,  superior. 

The  superior  curved  line  of  the  occiput. 

luc  {q/"  thrjibula). 

A  prominent  ridge  on  the  internal  surface  of  the  shaft  of  the  fibula,  com- 
mencing above  at  the  inner  side  of  the  head,  and  terminating  in  the 
interosseous  ridge  at  the  lower  fourth  of  the  bone. 

|ue  io/"  the  radius). 

A  prominent  ridge  running  from  the  lower  part  of  the  bicipital  tuberosity, 
downward  andoutward,  to  form  the  anterior  border  of  tne  bone. 

uc  iqf  the  thyroid  carti- 

A  line  extending  downward  and  outward  from  the  tubercle  ofthe  thyroid 
cartilage. 

^ 


LINES  UNES 

TABLE  OF  LINES  OR  LlNEM^^Coniimutf. 


I 


Namb. 

Dbscription. 

Obliquc(<//A^/f»i4i>. 

A  rough  ridge  that  crosses  the  posterior  surface  of  the  tibia  obliquely 
downward  from  the  back  part  oi  the  articular  fecet  for  the  fibula  to  the 
internal  border. 

Oblique,  external  {q/'  iJU  m- 
fenor  maxilla). 

A  prominent  ridge  on  the  external  sur&ce  of  the  inferior  maxilla  jost 
below  the  mental  foramen,  from  which  it  runs  outward,  upward,  and 
backward  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  ramus. 

Oblique,  internal  {qf  the  in- 
fertorimaxiUa). 

A  ridge  on  the  internal  surface  of  the  lower  jaw.  commencing  at  the 
posterior  portion  of  the  sublingual  fossa,  continuing  upward  and  oat- 
ward  so  as  to  pass  just  below  the  last  two  molar  teeth. 

Ogstoo's. 

The  line  for  the  tendon  of  the  adductor  magnus,  running  from  the  tubercle 
of  the  femur  to  the  intercondyloid  notch. 

Parasternal. 

A  line  midway  between  the  nipple-line  and  the  border  of  the  sternum. 

PecUneal. 

The  portion  of  the  illopectineal  line  that  is  formed  by  the  pubic  bone. 

Primitive. 

The  primitive  streak  of  the  embryo. 

Profile  {of  Campet). 

See  L.,  Camper's. 

Quadrate. 

An  eminence  on  the  femur  commencing  about  the  middle  of  the  posterior 
intertrochanteric  line,  and  descending  vertically  for  about  two  inches 
along  the  posterior  sur&ce  of  the  shaft. 

Respiratory. 

The  line  connecting  the  bases  of  the  upward  strokes  in  a  tracing  of  tne  pulse. 

Roaer*s. 

Same  as  £.,  Ntlalon's. 

Salter's. 

Scapular. 

A  vertical  line  downward  from  the  lower  angle  of  the  scapula. 

Semicircular  {Douglas* s). 

The  curved  lower  edge  of  the  internal  layer  of  the  aponeurosis  of  the 
internal  oblique  muscle  of  the  abdomen,  where  it  ceases  to  cover  the 
posterior  surnce  of  the  rectus  muscle. 

Scmilnnar  {itf  ^igeiius). 

lique  muscle  of  the  abdomen,  running  along  the  outer  border  of  the 
rectus  abdominis. 

Of  sight. 

An  imaginary  line  drawn  from  the  object  viewed  to  the  center  of  the  pupil. 

Splendens  {qf  HalUr), 

A  longitudinal  fibrous  band  extending  along  the  middle  line  of  the  ante- 
rior surface  of  the  spinal  pia  mater. 

Sternal. 

The  median  line  of  the  sternum. 

A  line  drawn  from  a  point  between  the  two  heads  of  the  stemooMstoid 
muscle  to  the  mastoid  process. 

Supraorbital. 

A  line  extending  horizontally  across  the  forehead  immediately  above  the 
root  of  the  external  angular  process  of  the  fronul  bone. 

TtA{BtyamtsHmt). 

A  line  for  detecting  shortening  of  the  neck  of  the  femur.  If  two  lines  are 
drawn  to  meet  at  right  angles,  one  of  them  backward  from  the  anterior 
superior  spinous  process  of  the  ilium,  and  the  other  upward  from  the 
top  of  the  trochanter  major,  the  hitter  is  the  test-line.  Its  length  is  to 
be  compared  with  the  same  line  on  the  uninjured  side. 

TbompsoQ^s. 

A  red  line  of  vascular  tissue  along  the  margin  of  the  gums  freqiientl> 
noticeable  in  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 

Transverse  {qf  Ike  abdomen). 

Trapezoid. 

The  line  of  atUchment  of  the  trapezoid  ligament  on  the  inferior  snr^cc 
of  the  outer  portion  of  the  clavicle. 

Virchow's, 

The  line  extending  from  the  root  of  the  nose  to  the  lambda. 

VisuaL 

An  imaginary  line,  drawn  from  a  point  looked  at,  through  the  nodal  poMrt 
of  the  eye,  to  the  macula  lutea. 

LINEA 


LIQUEXJR 


.inea  (Im'-t-ah)  [L.].     A  line.     See  Line. 
.inear  (lin^-e-ar)  [tinea^  a  line].      Resem- 
>IiDg  or  pertaining  to  a  line, 
ing'a  System.    A  method  of  treatment  of 
lisease  by  gymnastic  and  other  rhythmic 
(lovemcDts  of  the  body,  employed  by  Ling, 
Swedish  physician ;  kinesitherapy. 
ngua  (/MJf^-ftu^)  [L.].     The  tongue.    L. 
-asnata,  tongue-tie.     L.  geographic^,  the 
eographic  tongue.     See  Tongue. 
nguaJ  (ling^'Wal)  [/ingua,  tongue].     Per- 
ining  to  or  shaped  like  the  tongue.    L.  Ar- 
ry.    Sec  Arteries^  Table  of.     L.  Lobule. 
fc  Subealcarine  Convolution,     L.  Nerve. 
«  NiTves,  Table  of. 

igula  (lin^-gu-lah)  [dim.  of  lingua ^  a 
)guej.  A  small  lobule  between  the  valve 
Vieussens  and  the  central  lobule  of  the 
■ebellum.  It  is  also  called  the  linguetta 
tiinosa.  L.  mandibularis,  the  prominent, 
n  scale  of  bone  partly  surrounding  the 
srior  dental  foramen  of  the  lower  jaw. 
of  Wrisberg,  the  connecting  fiben  of  the 
tor  and  sensory  roots  of  the  trifacial  nerve, 
pilate  (ling^'gu-lM)  [lingula,  dim.  of  lin- 
\  tongue].  Tongue-shaped, 
noentum  (lin-im-en^-tum)  [linere,  to 
ar].  A  liquid  intended  for  application  to 
skin  by  gentle  friction.  The  following 
official  in  the  U.  S.  P. :  L.  ammoniae,  or 
tile  liniment,  L.  belladonnae,  L.  calcis,  or 
>n-oil,  L.  camphorse,  or  camphorated 
L.  chloroformi,  L.  saponis,  L.  saponis 
is»  or  tinctura  saponis  viridis,  L.  sinapis 
x>situm,  L.  terebinthinae.  L.,  St. 
I  Long's,  linimentum  terebinthinae 
:um  (B.  P.). 
ein   {lin-4^-le-in)   [linum^  flax ;  oleum ^ 

The  neutral  fat  contained  in  linseed 
^d  to  which  its  drjring  property  is  due. 
ed  (lin' -Sid).     See  Linum. 
[/inum,    flax].     A  loosely  woven  oi 

felted   mass  of  broken  linen-fibers, 

by  scraping  and  picking  linen  cloth, 
used  as  a  dressing  for  wounds.  L., 
non,  lint  that  is  twilled  on  one  side 
oolly  on  the  other.  In  the  spreading 
Dintment  the  twilled  side  is  used.  L., 
it,  English  charpie ;  lint  that  is  scraped 
h  sides,  a  soft  finish  being  thus  given 
two  surfaces. 

(/i'-num)  [L.].  Flaxseed;  linseed. 
ed  of  L.  usitatissimum,  a  plant  of  the 
lAncx,  containing  a  fatty  substance, 
I,  which  is  the  glycerid  of  linoleic 
Flaxseed  is  a  demulcent,  emollient, 
pecCoranty  useful  in  inflammations  of 

membranes.     L.,  Cataplasms  (B. 

oultice  made  from  linseed  meal.     L. 

licunit  Is  an  active  purgative  and  ver- 

l^,  Kaiins  (B.  P.J,  flaxseed-meal, 

a  poultice.    L.,  Innisum,  flaxseed- 


tea,  unof.  Dose  indefinite.  L.,  Oleum, 
the  fixed  oil  of  flaxseed,  a  glycerid  of  lino- 
leic acid.  Dose  fjss-ij  ^16.0-64.0).  L., 
Semen,  linseed  or  flaxseed. 

Liodermia  (li-o-der' -nu-ah)  [A^iof,  smooth ; 
SkpfMy  skin].  A  condition  of  abnormal 
smoothness  and  glossiness  of  the  skin. 

Liomyoma  (li-o-mi-o^-maA)  [}^ioc,  smooth ; 
five*  muscle;  bfia,  tumor].  A  tumor  com> 
posed  of  unstriped  muscular  tissue. 

Lip  [AS.,  li^,  lip].  I.  One  of  the  two 
fleshy  folds  surrounding  the  orifice  of  the 
mouth.  2.  One  of  the  labia  majora.  See 
Labium, 

Lipscidemia  (lip-as-id-e^-me-ah)  [^noq,  fat ; 
acielus,  sour;  al/Mi,  blood].  The  presence 
of  fat^  acids  in  the  blood. 

Lipsciduris  (lip-as-id-u'-re-ah)  \Xiiroe,  fat; 
aciduSf  acid  ;  urina,  urine].  The  presence 
of  fatty  acids  in  the  urine. 

Lipaemia  Uip-e^-me-ah).     See  Lipemia. 

Lipanin  (iip^-an-in)  \M7roe^  fat].  A  substi- 
tute for  cod-liver  oil,  consisting  of  pure  olive- 
oil  and  six  per  cent,  of  oleic  acid.  The  dose 
is  from  2  to  6  tablespoonfuls  daily. 

Liparocele  (lip'-ar-o-sil)  [A<7rap<5c,  fat; 
Kiffhiy  a  tumor].  A  fatty  tumor  or  cyst ;  a 
hernia  containmg  fatty  tissue. 

Lipemia  (lip-e'-me-ah)  [Tiiiroq^  fat;  alfia^ 
blood].  The  presence  of  an  emulsion  of 
fine  oil-globules  in  the  blood,  a  condition, 
sometimes  noted  in  diabetes. 

Lipoma  (lip-o'-mak)  [A/n-oc,  fat;  d/m,  a 
tumor].     A  fatty  tumor. 

Lipomatosis  (Hp-o-mat'o'-sis)  [Tuno^,  fat; 
bfta^  tumor].  A  general  deposition  of  fat ; 
obesity. 

Lipomatous  {lip-</ -mat-us)  f^Vocfat;  d/m, 
tumor].     Of  the  nature  of  a  lipoma. 

Lipomyxoma  {lip-o-miks-o' -mah)  l}!^^)^^  fat  •, 
^{'fa,  mucus;  d/m,  tumor].  A  m3rxoma 
combined  with  fatty  tissue. 

Lipothymia  (lip-o-tMi'-me-ah)  [^Wn-eip,  to 
leave  ;  9vfi6q,  mind].     Faintness. 

Lippitude  (lip'-e-tUd)^  Lippitudo  (lip-e- 
tu^'do)  Uippusy  blear-eyed].  The  state  of 
being  blear-eyed,  a  condition  marked  by 
ulcerative  marginal  blepharitis. 

Lipuria  (lip-u' -re-ah)  [AtVof,  fat ;  urina^ 
urine].     The  presence  of  fat  in  the  urine. 

Liquefaction  (lik-wefak^-shun)  [liquidus, 
liquid  ;  facere^  to  make] .  The  process  of 
changing  or  being  changed  into  a  liquid.  L.- 
necrosis.     See  Necrosis. 

Liquefactive  (lik-we-fak' -tiv)  [liquefacere^ 
to  render  liquid].  Pertaining  to,  causing,  or 
characterized  by  liquefaction. 

Liquescent  [lik-wes' -eni )  [liquescere,  to  be- 
come liquid] .  Becoming,  or  tending  to  be- 
come, liquid. 

Liqueur  {lik-ur')  [Fr.].  An  aromatic  alco- 
holic drink. 


LIQUID 

Liquid  {lik^wU)  [Hpure,  to  melt].  I. 
Fluid ;  flowing.  2.  A  substance  that  flows 
readily  and  takes  the  shape  of  the  containing 
▼essel. 

Liquidambar  (lik  ■  wid  -  am^ -  bar)  [iiquulus, 
liquid  ;  ambar,  from  Ar.,  anbar^  ambergris]. 
A  genus  of  trees  of  the  Hamamelacese.  L. 
altiogia  and  L.  orientalis,  afibrd  a  portion 
of  conunercial  styrax.  L.  ttyraciflua,  of 
North  America  (sweetgum,  bilsted,  co« 
palm)  contains  a  stimulant  gum,  and  is  useful 
m  diarrheas,  coughs,  and  colds. 

Liquor  (W-kwor  or  lik'-or)  [L.].  I.  Any 
liquid.  2.  An  aqueous  solution  of  a  non- 
volatile substance.  L.  amnii,  the  liquid 
contained  in  the  amniotic  sac.  L.  cotunnii, 
the  perilymph  of  the  internal  ear.  L.  folli- 
culi,  the  fluid  filling  the  follicle  or  space 
about  the  developing  ovum  in  the  ovary.  L. 
sanguinis,  the  blood-plasma. 

Liquorice  {lik'-or-is).     See  Glycyrrkita, 

Lisfranc's  Amputation  [^Lisfranc^  a  French 
surgeon].  A  disarticulation  of  the  metatarsal 
bones  (rom  the  tarsus.  L.'s  Tubercle,  a 
rough  spot  on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  first 
rib  near  the  superior  border.  It  serves  for  the 
attachment  of  the  scalenus  anticus  muscle. 

Lisping  (liip^'ing)  [AS.,  wiispian^  to  lisp], 
A  defect  of  speech,  in  which  sibilant  letters 
are  sounded  like  Unguals,  especially  s  as  tk. 

Lissauer's  Tract  [Lissauer^  a  German  sci- 
entist]. A  group  of  fine  nerve-fibers  in  the 
spinal  cord  lying  ventrad  and  dorsad  of  the 
entrance  of  the  dorsal  roots. 

Listerine  (iis^-ter-in)  [Lister ^  an  English 
phjrsician].  A  proprietary  antiseptic  prepa- 
ration said  to  contain  thymol,  eucalyptus, 
baptisia,  gaultheria,  mentha  arvensis,  benzoic 
and  boric  acids. 

Listerism  (iu'-ter-ism),  A  general  name  for 
the  antiseptic  and  aseptic  treatment  of  wounds 
according  to  the  principles  first  enunciated  by 
Lister,  an  English  physician. 

Listing's  Law  [Listing,  a  German  scientist]. 
See  Lmw.     L.'s  Reduced  Eye.    See  Eye. 

Liter  {le^-ter)  [litra^  a  pound].  The  unit  of 
capaaty  in  the  metric  system,  eoual  to 
0.88036  of  an  imperial  quart,  or  1.056  U.  S. 
quarts;  it  is  the  volume  of  one  kilogram 
of  water  at  its  maximum  density. 

Litbagogue  (litk^ •  ag - og)  \}JBo^,  stone; 
hyuy6^^  leading].  I.  Expelling  calculi.  2. 
Any  agent  tending  to  expel  calculi  from 
the  bladder. 

Litharge  {lith'-arf).     Sec  Ptumbum. 

Lithate  {lith^dt)  [AiAoc,  stone].  A  salt  of 
lithic  (uric)  acid  ;  a  urate. 

Lithectasy  {tith- ek'- tas-e)  [Aiflof,  stone; 
|jcro<r<c,  a  stretching  out].  Dilatation  of  the 
urethra  and  neck  of  the  bladder  for  the  re- 
moval of  calculi. 

Uthemla  (tUhe' -wu-ah)  [Ai^pc*  itooe ;  d^, 


LITHOPEDION 

blood].  A  condition  in  whidi,  owing  to  de- 
fective metabolism  of  the  nitrogenous  ele- 
ments, the  blood  becomes  charged  with  dele- 
terious substances,  principally,  perhaps,  of 
the  uric-add  group,  although  their  exact 
chemic  nature  is  not  determined. 

Lithemic  (lUh-em'ik^  titk-e'-mik)  [Ai0bc, 
stone ;  tH^^  blood].  Pertaining  to  or  waSkx- 
ing  from  lithemia. 

Lithia  (lith'-e-ak)  HUfloc,  a  stone],  U,0. 
Lithium  oxid.  L.  vVater,  mineral  water 
containing  lithium  salts  in  solution. 

Lithiasis  {Hthi' asis)  [Xiaoc,  stone] .  The 
formation  of  calculi  in  the  body. 

Lithic  (titk^-ik)  [Airtoc,  stone].  I.  Pertain- 
ing to  calculi.  2.  Pertaining  to  lithium.  L. 
Acid.    See  ^nV,  (Mc. 

Lithium (litk^eum)  [Ai^,  stone].  Symbol 
Li;  atomic  weight  7;  quantivalence  I.  A 
soft,  silver-white  metal  belonging  to  the 
group  of  alkalies.  It  is  the  lightest  solid 
element,  having  a  specific  gravity  of  0.585. 
The  salts  of  L.  are  used  in  medicine  for  thdr 
solvent  power  of  uric  acid,  with  which  they 
form  easily  soluble  salts.  They  are,  there- 
fore, employed  in  rheumatic  and  gouty  afliec- 
tions.  L.  bensoas.  Dose  gr.  v-xxz 
(0.32-2.0).  L.  bromidum  has  the  actioo 
of  the  bromids.  Dose  gr.  xv-xxx  (i.o>2.o). 
L.  carbonas.  Dose  gr.  v-xv  (0.32-1.0). 
L.-carmin,  a  solution  of  carmin  in  Hih- 
ium  carbonate,  used  as  a  stain  for  tissoe. 
L.  citras.  Dose  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0). 
L.  citras  efifervescens.  Dose  T^\  (4-o). 
L.  salicylas.     Dose  gr.  xx-xl  (1*3-2.6). 

Lithocenosis  (lith-o-sen-y-sis)  [>i0b^,  stone; 
Klvuat^f  evacuation].  The  extraction  ot  the 
fragments  of  calculi  that  have  been  crashed. 

Lithoclast  (litk^oklast).     See  LitMotri/e. 

Lithoclysmia  {lith  -  o  -  klit' -  me  -  ak)  \}J^^ 
stone ;  <cAi<T/ia,  cl)r5ter].  An  iniectioo  oif 
solvent  liquids  into  the  bladder  tor  the  re> 
moval  of  calculi. 

Lithodialysis  {lith-o  -  di-  of  is  -  «)  [>^flbc, 
stone ;  dioAtVo',  to  dissolve].  I.  The  solu- 
tion of  calculi  in  the  bladder.  2.  The  opera- 
tion of  breaking  a  vesical  calculus,  previous 
to  its  removal. 

Litholapazy  {Jitkol' -ap-ak-se)  [XiAoc,  stone ; 
A^7rafi<-,  removal].  An  operation  for  crush- 
ing a  stone  in  the  bladder  and  removing  the 
fragments  at  the  same  sitting. 

Lithology  {Jith-of -o-je)  [X#/<f»c,  stone ;  ^d)«c, 
treatise].  The  science  of  the  nature  and 
treatment  of  calculi. 

Litholysis  (litk-ol*  isis^  R*^.  atone ;  ?.i«ic, 
solution].     See  Lithodialysis, 

Lithonephrotomy  {Htk  •  0  -  nef-  rpi*  -  9-  ime) 
[^/ftjf,  stone;  vrit>f>^,  kidney;  ro^,  a  cut- 
ting].  Incision  of  the  kidney  for  the  re- 
moval of  a  renal  calculus. 

Litbopedion  {titk-^pe^de^n)  [>i0br^ ttooe ; 


LITHOPHONE 


LIVER 


ira(d(ov,  child].  A  retained  fetus  that  has 
onder^ne  calcareous  infiltration. 
Lithophone  [litk^ -o-fbn)  [A/^,  stone ;  ^(jv^, 
sound].  An  instrument  for  detecting  by 
sound  the  presence  of  calculi  in  the  bladder. 
Lithoscope  {lith' -o-skof)  [Xi^,  stone ;  qko- 
ire'iif,  to  examine].  An  instrument  for  the 
detection  and  examination  of  calculi  in  the 
bladder. 

Lithosis  (/;MV-jj>)  [Ai^,  stone].  Grinder's 
lung,  8  diseased  condition  of  the  lung  caused 
by  the  inhalation  and  deposition  in  the  lung-tis- 
sue of  particles  of  silica  or  aluminium  silicate, 
l^itbotome  (iith^-o-tdm)  [Aift>f ,  stone ;  rofifj, 
a  cutting].  A  cutting-instrument  for  use  in 
lithotomy. 

JthotomiBt  (lith-oi^-o-mist)  [Xtflof,  stone; 
roft^^  a  cutting].  A  surgeon  who  performs 
lithotomy. 

.itbotomy  (iith-oi^-<hme\\}.ldo^,  stone  ;  rofi^, 
I  cutting].  Incision  mto  the  bladder  to 
remove  a  calculus.  L.,  Bilateral,  a  lithotomy 
)erfonned  by  a  curved  transverse  incision  just 
n  front  of  the  rectum.  L.,  Lateral,  one  in 
vbich  the  incision  is  made  in  front  of  the 
ectum  and  to  the  left  of  the  raphe.  L., 
Median  or  Marian,  one  in  which  the  in- 
ision  is  made  in  the  median  line  in  front  of 
ie  anus.  L.,  Mediolateral,  the  perineal 
icision  is  made  in  the  median  line,  and  the 
rostatic  incision  laterally.  L.  Position, 
position  in  which  the  patient  rests  on  his 
ftck  with  the  thighs  flexed  on  the  abdomen 
id  the  legs  flexed  on  the  thighs,  the  knees 
fing  widely  abducted.  L.,  Suprapubic, 
hotoroy  in  which  the  incision  is  made  above 
e  pubis,  at  a  point  where  the  bladder  is  not 
*vered  by  peritoneum.  L.,  Vaginal,  one  in 
bich  the  incision  is  through  the  vaginal 
ill. 

hotrtpsy  {lith' -O'trip-se)  [X/ft)f,  stone; 
ifitnf^  to  rub].  The  operation  of  crushing 
Iculi  in  the  bladder. 

hotriptor  Uithotrif/'tar)  [7u6oq,  stone ; 
:/5e<v,  to  rubj.  An  instrument  for  crushing 
Iculi  in  the  bladder. 

tiotrite  (iUh'-otnt)  [A/0oc,  stone ;  terere, 
rubl.  An  instrument  for  crushing  a  vesi- 
calculus. 

lotrity  {liih'Of -rit-e)  [X/Wof ,  stone ;  terere^ 
rub  J.  The  process  of  crushing  a  stone  in 
bladder,  with  the  lithotrite,  into  fragments 
ill  enough  to  pass  thiough  the  urethral 
a]. 

ions  {iith^'Us)  [Xi^,  stone].  Haying 
nature  of  a  stone. 

aresis  {Jith  •  u  •  re'-  sis)  [Xt^,  stone  ; 
^ifp  orinadon].  The  voiding  of  small 
uli  with  the  unne. 

uria  {iifh-u'-re-ah)  [AtA)f ,  stone ;  urtna, 
cj,  A  condition  marked  by  excess  of 
c  add,  or  its  salts,  in  the  urine. 


Litmus  (/i/'-mus)  [Dutch,  /aA,  lac;  moes, 
pulp.  A  blue  pigment  obtained  from  Roccella 
tinctoria,  a  lichen.  It  is  employed  for  deter- 
mining the  presence  of  acids  and  alkalies.  L. 
Paper,  Blue, unsized  paper  steeped  in  a  solu- 
tion of  litmus ;  it  turns  red  on  contact  with 
acid  solutions.  L.  Paper,  Red,  unsized  paper 
steeped  in  a  solution  of  litmus  colored  red  with 
acid ;  it  turns  blue  on  contact  with  alkaline 
solutions. 

Litter  (/i/^-rrj  [Uctus,  a  couch].  A  stretcher 
or  couch  witn  handles  for  carrying  the  sick 
or  wounded. 

Litten's  Sign.  See  Diaphragmatic  Pke- 
ftotnction. 

Littr^'s  Colotomy,  the  making  of  an  open- 
ing into  the  colon  through  the  left  iliac 
region.  L.'s  Glands.  See  Gland,  L.'s 
Hernia.     See  Hernia. 

Livedo  (liv-e^-do)  [livere,  to  grow  black]. 
Same  as  Lividity, 

Liver  (IvtZ-er)  [AS. ,  lifer,  liver] .  The  largest 
gland  in  the  body,  situated  on  the  right  side 
of  the  abdominal  cavity,  just  below  the  dia- 
phragm, and  forming  an  appendage  of  the 
digestive  tract.  Its  functions  are:  the 
secretion  of  bile;  the  formation  and  stor- 
age of  glycogen;  the  production,  at  least 
at  a  certain  period  of  development,  of  blood- 
corpuscles  ;  the  destruction  of  blood-  corpus- 
cles ;  the  formation  of  a  large  quantity  of  urea  ; 
the  retention  and  destruction  of  certain  poison- 
ous substances  absorbed  from  the  intestinal 
tract.  Anatomically,  it  consists  of  five  lobes 
— the  right,  the  left,  the  lobus  Spigelii,  the 
lobus  quadratus,  and  the  lobus  caudatus. 
These  lobes  are  made  up  of  lobules  or  acini, 
and  these  again  of  hepatic  cells,  capillaries, 
arteries,  veins,  lymphatics,  and  biliary  chan- 
nels, each  lobule  being  surrounded  by  con- 
nective tissue.  The  weight  of  the  liver  is  be- 
tween 50  and  60  ounces.  L.,  Albuminoid  or 
Amyloid,  one  the  seat  of  amyloid  degener- 
ation. L.,  Beavertail,  one  the  left  lobe  of 
which  in  form  resembles  a  beaver's  tail.  L., 
Biliary  Cirrhotic,  one  the  seat  of  chronic 
inflammation,  the  result  of  obstruction  and  dis- 
tention of  the  bile-ducts.  L.,  Cirrhotic,  one 
the  seat  of  chronic  inflammation,  with  over- 
growth of  the  connective  tissue  and  atrophy  of 
the  parenchyma.  L., Fatty,  one  with  marked 
fatty  infiltration  and  degeneration.  L.,  Hob- 
nail. See  Hobnail  Liver.  L.,  Gin-drink- 
ers', the  liver  of  atrophic  cirrhosis.  L.,  Nut- 
meg, a  condition  of  the  liver  occurring  in 
heart-disease,  fatty  infiltration,  and  amyloid 
disease.  The  surface  of  a  section  has  a 
peculiar  mottled  appearance,  the  center  of 
the  lobules  being  dark,  the  periphery  light  in 
color.  L.-spot,  chloasma.  L.,  Syphilitic, 
one  the  seat  of  gummata,  which  on  healing, 
leave  scars,  or  of  a  diffuse  inflammation  that 


LIVID 


LOCK-SPASM 


m§Bf  lead  Co  cirrhosis,  with  mtrophy  or,  espe- 
csaUj  in  herediuuy  syphilis,  enUrgeoienL 
L^  TifhtUce,  one  in  which  the  right  lobe 
is  thickened  ▼ertically  from  compression, 
marked  by  the  ribs,  mnd  atrophic  from  con- 
stant pressure  by  tight  suy».  L.,  Waxy.  See 
L.^AmyUnJ.     L.-wort.     Ste  Hffatica. 

Uvid  {lit/-U)  [iivfre,  to  be  dark].  Discol- 
ored from  the  effects  of  congestion  or  contu- 
sion ;  black  and  blue ;  pale  lead-color. 

Lividity  {liv  u^il-t)  Uivere,  to  be  dark] .  The 
state  of  being  livid.  L.,  Cadaveric,  or  Post- 
morteni,  the  reddish  or  bluish  discoloration 
in  the  dependent  parts  of  a  corpse,  due  to 
the  gravitation  of  the  blood. 

Livor  {Ji'-vor)  [livrre^  to  be  dark].    Lividitj. 

Liziviation  {iikswea' $hun\  [/txivia,  lye]. 
The  process  of  leaching  ashes.  Also,  the 
process  of  separating  by  solution  any  alkaline 
salt  from  the  insoluble  impurities  with  which 
it  is  mixed. 

Lixivium  (iiksh/ -e-um)  [lixivia^  lye].  The 
filtrate  obtained  by  leaching  ashes;  practi- 
cally a  solution  of  an  impure  potassium 
hydrate. 

Lobar  (A/  bar)  [iohu,  a  lobe].  Pertaining  to 
a  lobe.     L.  Pneumonia.    See  Fneumania. 

Lobe  (hb)  [USus,  a  lobe].  A  more  or  less 
rounded  part  or  projection  of  an  organ,  sep- 
arated from  neighboring  parts  by  fissures 
and  constrictions,  as  the  lobes  of  the  liver, 
of  the  brain,  etc.  L.  of  the  Cerebellum, 
each  cerebellar  hemisphere  is  divided  into 
the  following  lobes : — On  the  upper  surface, 
the  anterior  or  square  lobe,  and  the  pos- 
terior or  semilunar  lobe ;  on  the  under  sur- 
face, the  flocculus  or  subpeduncular  lobe, 
the  amygdala  or  tonsil,  the  digastric  lobe, 
the  slender  lobe,  and  the  inferior  posterior 
lobe.  L.  of  the  Cerebrum,  the  primary 
lobes  into  which  each  cerebral  hemisphere  is 
divided ;  they  are,  the  firontal,  parietal,  oc- 
cipital, temporosphenoidal,  and  central,  or 
island  of  Rcil.  See  Brain  and  ConvoiutUn. 
L.  of  the  Liver.  See  Liver.  L.,  Marginal, 
the  first  frontal  convolution  running  along  the 
marj^n  of  the  longitudinal  fissure.  Lobes, 
Opttc,  the  corpora  quadrigemina. 

Lobelia  (h-be^-U- ah)  [from  de  Lobei,  a 
French  botanist].  The  leaves  and  tops  of 
L.  inflaU,  of  the  order  Lobeliaceae.  It  con- 
tains a  liquid  alkaloid,  lobelin;  an  acid, 
lobelic  acid ;  an  acrid  body,  lobelacrin ;  and  a 
crysulline  substance,  inflatin.  Lobelia  is  ex- 
pectorant, antispasmodic,  and  emetic,  and 
has  been  used  in  asthma,  whooping-cough, 
and  other  bronchial  afiections.  L.,  Ext., 
Fl.  Dose  ny-v  (0.065-0.32).  L.,  Tinct. 
Dose  n\^x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  L.,  Tinct., 
Atherea  (B.  P.).  Dose  lT\^x-xxx  (0.65- 
2.0).  L.  syphilitica,  a  North  American  spe- 
dei  that  has  been  used  as  an  antisyphilitic. 


Lolmlar  {Ipy-u-Iar)  Uokulus,  a  little  lobel. 
Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  composed  cit 
lobules.    L.  Pneumonia.    See  Pnemmamia, 

Lobulated  {ioi/ -uta  trd )  \hbulatus^  from 
Muius,  a  little  lobe].  Consisting  of  lobes  or 
lobules. 

Lobule  (loyal)  [lobus,  a  lobe].  See  Loht- 
lus,  L.,  Paracentral,  the  superior  connect- 
ing convolution  of  the  ascending  frontal  and 
ascending  parietal  gyri. 

Lobulus  (hy-uius)  [dim.  of  lobus^  a  lobe]. 
A  small  lobe.  L.  caudatus,  the  tailed 
lobe  of  the  liver  that  separates  the  right  ex- 
tremity of  the  transverse  fissure  from  the 
commencement  of  the  fissure  for  the  inferior 
▼ena  cava.  L.  quadratus,  the  square  lobe 
upon  the  inferior  surface  of  the  right  lobe  of 
the  liver.  L.  spigelii,  the  lobule  projecting 
from  the  posterior  portion  of  the  inferior  sur- 
face of  the  liver. 

Lobus  (/y-bus)  PL.].     A  lobe. 

Local  (ly-ki)  \jocus,  place].  Limited  to  a 
part  or  place  ;  not  general. 

Localisation  (h  -  ktil  -is-a'  •  skttn)  [Ucus,  a 
place].  I.  The  detennination  of  the  seat  of 
a  lesion.  2.  The  limitation  of  a  process  to  a 
particular  place  ;  the  opposite  of  generalis- 
ation. 3.  The  faculty  of  locating  sensory 
impressions.  L.,  Cerebral,  the  determina- 
tion of  the  position  of  the  centers  in  the 
brain  that  preside  over  certain  physiologic 
acts,  or  of  the  seat  of  pathologic  conditions 
interfering  with  the  proper  function  of  these 
centers. 

Localised  (ly-kal-Ud^  [locus ^  a  place].  Coo- 
fined  to  •  particular  place. 

Lochia  (ly-ke-ah)  p.^^<oc,  pertaining  to 
childbirth].  The  discharge  from  the  gniital 
organs  during  the  first  few  weeks  (firom  2  to 
4)  after  labor.  L.  alba,  the  whitish  flow  that 
takes  place  from  about  the  seventh  day.  L. 
cruenta,  L.  rubra,  the  sanguineous  flow  of 
the  first  few  dajrs.  L.  serosa,  the  serous  dts-> 
charge  taking  place  about  the  fifth  day. 

Lochial  {jy -ke-al)  [X^^<oc»  pertaining  to 
childbirth].     Pertaining  to  the  lodita. 

Lochiometra  {h-ke-o-my-trak)  [>4>Y«or»  per- 
taining to  childbirth ;  ftif^pa^  uterus].  A 
collection  of  lochia  in  the  uterus. 

Lochiorrbea  (lo-Jke-ttr-y-aA)  [^b^iof,  pertain- 
ing to  childbirth  ;  /K>ia,  a  flow].  An  abnor- 
mal flow  of  the  lochia. 

Lock-finger.  A  peculiar  aflection  of  the  fin- 
gers in  which  they  suddenly  become  fixed  in 
a  flexed  position,  due  to  the  presence  ot  a 
small  fibrous  growth  in  the  sheath  of  the  ex- 
tensor tendon. 

Lock-jaw.    Tetanus;  trismus. 

Lock -spasm.  A  spasm  of  the  fingers  in  which 
they  become  firmly  flexed  upon  the  object  in 
their  grasp,  as  upon  the  pen  in  writing.  It 
is  sometimes  seen  in  writers*  cramp. 


LOCOMOTIVE 


LUETIC 


ix>comotive  (lo-ko-mt/'tiv)  [locus^  a  place; 
mavfre^  to  move].  Moving  from  place  to 
place ;  able  to  change  its  place  ;  pertaining 
to  locomotion.  L.  Pulse.  See  Pu/s^. 
.ocomotor  (io-ko-m(/'tor)  [iocus^  a  place ; 
motor t  a  mover].  Pertaining  to  locomotion. 
L.  Ataxia,  or  L.  Ataxy.  See  Ataxy  and 
Tab(s. 

ocular,  Loculated  (lok'-u-lar^  lok'-u-la- 
oi)  [locului^  a  cell].  Divided  into  loculi. 
3culus  {hk^'U-lus)  [dim.  of  locus,  a  place]. 
I  »roall  space  or  compartment. 
ic\xs(i</kus)[L,\  Aplace.  L.cinereu8,L. 
(sruleus,  L.  femigineus,  a  bluish-tinted 
ninence  on  the  fasciculi  teretes  of  the  fourth 
intncle  of  the  brain.  L.  minoris  resis- 
tntis,  a  spot  of  diminished  resistance.  L. 
iger,  a  dark  area  in  the  center  of  a  section 

the  cms  cerebri.  L.  perfbratus,  a  name 
ven  to  the  anterior  and  the  posterior  per- 
'ated  space  at  the  base  of  the  brain  through 
nob  blood-vessels  pa.<;s.  L.  ruber,  the  red 
cleus  of  the  tegmentum, 
ller's  Alkaline  Solution.  A  mixture 
30  parts  of  a  concentrated  alcoholic  solu- 
Q  of  methylene-blue  and  100  parts  of  a 
10,000  aqueous  solution  of  potassium  hy- 
xid.  L.'s  Bacillus,  the  bacillus  of  diph- 
ria.  See  Bacteria,  Tabic  of.  L.'s  Blood- 
um  Mixture,  a  mixture  consisting  of  one 
.  of  neutral  meat-infusion  bouillon  contain- 
I  per  cent,  of  glucose,  and  3  parts  of  blood- 
in  ;  it  is  used  as  a  culture- medium.  L.'s 
uoUsolution,  a  solution  recommended 
.ofHer  for  the  local  treatment  of  diphthe- 

It  consists  of  menthol  10  grams,  toluol, 
:ient  to  make  36  c.c,  absolute  alcohol  60 

liquor   ferri   chloridi   4  c.c.     Another 
ula  is:  menthol    10  grams,  toluol,  suffi- 

to  make  36  cc,  creolin  2  c.c,  absolute 
ol  65  c.c. 

ology  Ucm-ol'-o-Jc).     See  Loimology, 
leurosis    i^log  -o-nu-  ro^-sis)     [^<iyof , 
;  vH'fHJv,  nerve].    I.  A  neurosis  marked 
vpeech-defect.     2.  A  neurosis  attended 
mpairment  of  the  mental  powers, 
a  thy    {Jo^'op'-ath-e^    \}^yo^y  word; 
disease].     A    disease   affecting    the 
I. 
leg'ia    Uog'O'ple' -jc-aK)   [A<J>of,  word ; 

.stroke J.      Loss  of  the  power  of  utter- 
iculate  speech. 

\ieu  Uog-or-e'-aK)  [A^yof,  word  ;  poia, 
I-      Excessive  loquacity. 
3d  {/og^ -xc?ood\     See  Hcmatoxyion. 
:>gy    {loi'fftol^'O-je)    [Ao///(if,    plague; 
1  treatise].    The  science  of  contagious 
\c  diseases. 

oin)      [iumbus,    loin].      The    lateral 
terior  reg^ion  of  the  body  between  the 
>s  and  the  top  of  the  pelvis. 
dy  X^eprosy.    Pellagra. 


London  Paste.  A  caustic  paste  containing 
equal  parts  of  sodium  hydroxid  and  unslaked 
lime. 

Longevity  {lon-jcv* -U-e)  l/onga,  long  ;  tn/a, 
life].     Long  life. 

Long^simus  {/on  -jis*-  im  -  us)  [super,  of 
longus,  long].  Longest.  L.  capitis,  L. 
cenricis,  L.  dorsi.     See  Muscles,  Table  of. 

Longitudinal  Uon-je-tu^'din-al)  \longitudo, 
length].  Lengthwise ;  in  the  direction  of  the 
long  axis  of  a  body.  L.  Fissure,  the  Bssure 
dividing  the  cerebrum. 

Longus(/ati^^-j7a)  [L.].  Long.  L.  capi- 
tis, the  rectus  capitis  anticus  major  muscle. 
L.  colli.    See  MuscUs,  TabU  of 

Loop  [Irish  and  Gael.,  lub,  a  loop].  A  bend 
in  a  cord  or  cord-like  structure.  L.  of 
Henle.     See  Kidney. 

Lordoma,  Lordosis  (lor-do^-mah,  lor  do'- 
sis)  [Aopdovv,to  bend  inward].  A  curvature 
of  the  spine  with  a  forward  convexity. 

Loreta's  Operation,  i.  The  forcible  dila- 
tation of  the  pylorus  for  the  relief  of  stricture. 
2.  The  treatment  of  aneurysm  by  the  intro- 
duction of  metal  wire  into  the  sac,  through 
which  an  electric  current  is  then  passed. 

Lotio  (l4/sheo)  [L.].  See  Lotion.  L.  hy- 
drargyri  flava  (B.  P.),  yellow  mercurial 
lotion  ;  yellow  wash.  L.  hydrargyri  nigra 
(B.  P.),  black  mercurial  lotion ;  black  wash. 

Lotion  (lo^'sAun)  [lotio,  a  wash].  A  medi- 
cinal solution  for  rathing  a  part ;  a  wash. 

Louse.     See  Pediculosis. 


Lovage  {lui/'Of  )  [OF. ,  levesche,  from  ligus- 
ticum,  lovagef.  The  root  of  Ligusticum 
levisticum  and  Levisticum  officinale,  plants 
of  the  order  Umbelliferae.  L.  is  stimulant, 
aromatic,  carminative,  and  emmenagogue. 
Dose  of  a  fld.  ext.  f  3  j-ij  (40-8.0).     Unof. 

Lower,  Tubercle  of.    See  Tubercle, 

Loxa  Bark  {Joks'-ah).  Pale  cinchona;  the 
bark  of  Cinchona  ofncinalis. 

Loxopterygium  {loks-O'ter-if -e-um)  Rof^f, 
oblique ;  irripv^,  wing].  A  genus  m  ana- 
cardiaceous  trees.  L.  lorentzii,  L.  sagotii, 
red  quebracho,  the  bark  of  which  b  used  as 
a  substitute  for  cinchona. 

Lozenge  (lotf-enj)  [OF.,  losenge,  lozenge], 
A  medicated  tablet  with  sugar  as  a  basis. 

Lucid  (lu^'Sid)  [lucidus,  clear].  Clear,  shin- 
ing, not  obscure.  L.  Interval,  the  transitory 
return  of  the  normal  mental  faculties  in  insane 
or  delirious  conditions. 

Lucidification  (lu-sidifika'-shun) [lucidus^ 
clear ;  facere,  to  make].  A  clearingup,  espe- 
cially a  clearingup  of  the  protoplasm  of  cells. 

Ludwig's  Angina.     See  Diseases,  TabU  of. 

Lues  [lu^-es)  [L.]  Formerly  a  pestilential 
disease  ;  at  present  used  as  a  euphemism  for 
syphilis. 

Luetic  {Ju-et^'ik )  [lues,  a  plague].  Affected 
with  or  relating  to  lues ;  S3rphilitic. 


LUGOL'S  CAUSTIC 


LUPUS 


Lugol's  Caustic.  A  solution  of  iodin  and 
potAssium  iodid,  of  each  one  part,  in  water 
two  parts.     L.'s  Solution.     See  Iodin. 

Lumbago  {lum-ba'-go)  \lumbu5y  the  loin]. 
Pain  in  the  loins. 

Lumbar  (ium^-bar)  [lumbus,  the  loin].  Per- 
taining to  the  loins.  L.  Colotomy,  colot- 
omy  performed  in  the  lumbar  region.  L, 
Puncture.  See  Puncture,  L.  Region.  See 
Abdomen.     L.  Vertebra.    Sec  Vertebra. 

Lumbricalet  Uum-brik-a^'Ut),  See  Muscles^ 
Table  of, 

Lumbricoid  {lum'  -  brik  •  oid )  [/umbrietis, 
earth-worm  ;  eldoc,  likeness].  Pertaining  to, 
or  resembling,  a  lumbricus. 

Lumbricut  (ium^ -brikus)  [L.].  A  genus 
of  worms,  including  the  common  earth-worm 
and  certain  intestinal  worms.  The  latter  are 
now  termed  Ascarides. 

Lumbus  [L.].     The  loin. 

Lumen  (lu^-men)  [lumen ,  light].  The  caT- 
ity  surrounded  by  the  walls  of  a  tubular 
▼essel. 

Luminiferout  {lu  -  min  •  if^-  er  -  us)  [lumen, 
light ;  ferre,  to  Dear].  Conveying  or  bearing 
light. 

Lumpy  Jaw.     See  Actinomycosis. 

Lunacy  [iu'-nas-e)  [luna,  the  moon].  In- 
sanity, from  the  superstitious  belief  that  it 
was  influenced  by  the  moon. 

Lunar  (lu^-nar)  [luna,  moon].  Pertaining 
to  the  moon  or  to  silver  (luna  of  the  alchem- 
ists).    L.  Caustic,  silver  nitrate. 

Lunatic  (lu'-nat-iA)  [See  Lunacy\  i.  Per- 
taining to  or  afTected  with  insanity.  2.  An 
insane  person. 

Lung  [AS.,  lun^^  lung].  The  organ  of  res- 
piration, in  which  the  impure  venous  blood  b 
oxidized  by  the  air  drawn  through  the  trachea 
and  bronchi  into  the  air- vesicles.  There  are 
two  lungs,  a  right  and  a  left,  the  former 
usually  consisting  of  three,  the  latter  of  two 
lobes.  The  lungs  are  situated  in  the  thoracic 
cavity,  and  are  enveloped  by  the  pleurae.  At 
the  root  or  hilum  the  bronchus  and  its  arteries, 
and  the  pulmonary  artery  and  nerves  enter, 
and  the  pulmonary  and  bronchial  veins  and 
lymphatics  leave.  The  lung  proper  consists 
of  minute  air-vesicles  held  in  place  by  con- 
nective-tissue trabecular.  Capillaries  traverse 
the  walls  of  the  air- vesicles  and  bring  the  cir- 
culating blood  in  close  proximity  to  the  air. 
The  average  weight  of  the  adult  right  lung  is 
22  ounces  ;  that  of  the  left  20  ounces.  L.- 
fever,  croupous  pneumonia. 

Lunula  (la'-nu'lah)  [dim.  of  luna,  moon]. 
I.  The  white  semilunar  area  of  a  nail  near 
the  root.  2.  A  structure  resembling  the 
lunula  of  a  nail. 

Lupiform  (lu^'pif'orm)[lufms,  a  wolf ;  forma, 
form].     Resembling  lupus. 

Lupine  (lu'-pin)  [lupus,  a  wolf].     Lopinos, 


a  genus  of  leguminous  plants.  Lapinus  albos 
and  others  contain  a  bitter  glucosid,  lupinia 
(C,bH„0,«)  ;  while  from  L.  luteus  an  alka- 
loid, arginin  (CHj^N^O,),  is  obtained.  The 
bruised  seeds  of  L.  albus  have  been  used  as 
an  external  application  to  ulcers. 

Lupinidin  (lu-pin^-id-in)  [lupus,  a  wolf], 
CgHj^N.  A  liquid  alkaloid  obtained  from 
Lupinus  luteus. 

Lupoid  (lu^'Poid).     See  Lupiform. 

Lupulin  {luf'pulin)  [lupulus,  hop].  The 
glandular  powder  obtained  from  the  strobiles 
of  Humulus  lupulus.  See  Humulus.  It  is 
antispasmodic  and  sedative,  and  b  used  in 
sexual  excitement,  delirium  tremens,  renal 
and  vesical  irritation,  and  spermatorrhea. 
Dose  gr.  ij>v  (0.13-0.32).  Oleoresina  lu- 
pulinL  Dose  IT\^  x-xl  (0.65-2.6).  Ext. 
lupulini  fluidum.  Dose  f5s9-4j  (2.0- 
8.0). 

Lupulus  (lu^'pulus).     See  Humulus. 

Lupus  (lu'-pus)  [L.,  a  wolf].  Lupus  vul- 
garis ;  a  chronic  disease  of  the  skin  and  mu- 
cous membranes,  characterized  by  the  forma- 
tion of  nodules  of  granulation -tissue.  It 
passes  through  a  number  of  phases,  and  ter- 
minates by  ulceration  or  atrophy,  with  scar- 
formation.  The  cause  of  the  disease  b  the 
tubercle-bacillus.  L.,  Disseminated  Pol* 
licular,  a  variety  of  lupus  confined  to  the 
face,  especially  in  the  situations  usually  occu- 
pied by  acne.  The  papules  are  from  a  lajge 
pin*s  head  to  a  pea  in  size,  conical  and  deep- 
red.  L.  erythematosus,  L.  erytbematodes; 
Cazenave's  lupus;  a  form  not  due  to  the 
tubercle-bacillus.  It  occurs,  as  a  rule,  io 
multiple  patches,  with  a  tendency  to  symmet- 
ric arrangement,  chiefly  about  the  face  and 
head,  occasionally  on  the  extremities,  and 
rarely  on  the  trunk.  The  patches  are  sharply 
defined  at  the  border,  flat,  very  slightly 
raised,  and  with  a  tendency  to  the  formation 
of  crusts.  •  The  color  b  bright-red,  and  there 
are  no  nodules.  It  b  most  common  in 
women  of  adult  or  middle  age.  L.  erythe- 
matosus sebaceus,  a  form  with  spectal  in- 
volvement of  the  sebaceous  glands.  L.  ese- 
dens.  S3mon3rm  of  L.  xmlgaris.  L.  hyper- 
trophicus,  that  variety  of  L.  vulgaris,  in 
which  new  connective-tissue  formation  pre- 
dominates over  the  destructive  process,  and 
markedly  raised,  thick  patches  result.  L. 
maculosus,  a  variety  of  L.  vulgaris,  charac- 
terized by  the  eruption  of  very  soft«  smooth, 
brownish-red,  semitranslucent  miliary  no- 
dules that  develop  in  the  connective  tissue 
of  otherwise  healthy  skin  without  subjective 
sensations.  L.  non-exedens,  lupus  without 
ulceration.  L.  vegetans,  L.  verroco- 
8U8,  the  formation  in  the  lupus  process  of 
a  warty- looking  patch  liable  to  becooe  to- 
flamed. 


LUSCHKA»S  GLAND 


LYMPHATIC 


.U8chka*8  Gland.  See  Gland.  L.'s  Ton- 
sil, the  adenoid  tissue  normally  existing 
)«tweeo  the  orifices  of  the  Eustachian  tubes, 
malogous  in  structure  to  the  Ijrmphoid  con- 
it  itueots  of  the  tonsil. 

U8U8  nature  {lu'-sus)  {ludere,  to  play]. 
V  freak  of  nature. 

utcin  {fu'-te-iri)  \Juieus^  yellow].     A  yel- 
3w  pigment  obtained  from  corpora  lutea  by 
xtraction  with  chloroform, 
jzation  [luks-a' -shuH\     See  Dislocation. 
JZU8  iluky-us)   [L.].     Excess.     L.-con- 
umption,   a  term    applied    to  the  meta- 
olism  of  certain   surplus  proteid  material, 
hich,  though   inside  the  body,   does    not 
>rm  a  component  part  of  any  of  its  tissues, 
lit  constitutes  a  kind  of  reservoir  of  force 
x>n  which  the  organism  may  draw, 
canthropy  {li-kan' -thro-pe)  \\\)koq^  a  wolf; 
'OpuKo^^  man].     A  form  of  mania  in  which 
e  patient  imagines  himself  a  wild  beast, 
coperdon  (li-ko-per^-don)    [Xf/icoc,   wolf; 
pSeffSatf  to   break   wind].     A    genus  of 
ngi.    L.  bovista,  6st-bair,  pufif-bdl,  devil's 
ufl^-box.     This  has  been  used  as  a  st3rptic, 
d  is  now  to  some  extent  employed  in 
rvous  diseases. 

copodium  Ui-ko-po^ -de-um)  [Avicof,  wolf; 
/•f,  foot].  Club-moss,  witch-meal,  wolPs- 
iw.  The  sporules  of  L.  clavatum  and 
ler  varieties,  occurring  in  the  form  of  a 
ht,  fine,  yellowish  powder,  are  used  as  a 
iiccant  and  absorbent  on  moist  and 
:oriated  surfaces,  and  as  an  inert  powder 
which  to  imbed  pills  to  prevent  their  ad- 
-ing  to  each  other. 

t  Ui)   [AS.,  U&h,  lye].     1.  The  solution 
alkaline  hydrates  obtained  by  leaching 
es.     2.  Any  alkaline  solution. 
ng-in.      I.    Being  in  confinement.      2. 
?  puerperal  state. 

iph  {timf)\Jymphay  water].  1.  The  fluid 
he  l3rmpliatic  vessels,  the  product  of  the 
ation  of  the  liquid  portion  of  the  blood 
>ugh  the  walls  of  the  capillaries.  2.  The 
^lable  exudate  on  an  inflamed  surface. 
The  liqaid  material  used  for  vaccination ; 
:ine-lymph.  L.,  Animal,  vaccine-ljrmph 
lined  from  an  animal.  L.-cell,  L.- 
3uacle,  a  leukocyte  occurring  in  the 
ph.  L.-follicles,  small  collections  of 
[>haden<Md  tissue  occurring  in  mucous 
ibranes.  L. -hearts,  certain  organs 
d  in  the  frog  and  in  some  fishes,  which 
o  the  lymph-stream  what  the  blood-heart 
\  the  blood-stream.  L.,  Humanised, 
ine  from  a  human  being.  L.,  Inflam- 
Dry,  that  thrown  out  as  a  product  of  in- 
nation  in  wounds,  etc.  L.,  Koch's,  tub- 
in.  Li.«  Plastic,  fibrinous  Ijrmph ;  that 
ing  embryonic  tissue.  L. -scrotum,  an 
gemeot  of  the  scrotum  due  to  distention 


of  the  lymphatic  vessels  and  hyperplasia  of 
the  tissues.  L. -spaces,  the  lacunae  occurring 
in  connective  tissue  and  containing  l3rmph. 

Lsrmphadenectasis  {limf-ad-enek' -tas-is) 
[lympha^  lymph  ;  otfiyv,  gland ;  Iktooi^^  dis- 
tention]. Dilatation  of  the  sinuses  of  a 
lymph-gland  producing  a  tumor-like  mass. 

Lymphadenitis  (limf-ad-en-i' -lis)  [lympha, 
lymph ;  a6ipf,  gland ;  iriq^  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  a  Ijrmphatic  gland. 

Lymphadenoid  (limf-ad^ -en-oia)  [lympha^ 
lymph;  adfjv,  gland;  eUoq^  like].  Resem- 
bling, or  of  the  nature  of,  a  Ijrmphatic  gland, 
or  of  l3rmphatic  tissue. 

Lymphadenoma  (limf-ad-en-o' -mak)  [lym- 
pha^  lymph;  adi^, gland  ;  d/ia, tumor].  Hy- 
perplasia of  the  lymphatic  glands.  See 
Hodgkin^s  Disease^  in  Diseases y  Table  of. 

L,ymphmmiaL(lim/'e^-fm-aA).  See  LympAe- 
mia. 

Lymphagogue  (Umf^-agog)  [lympha^  lymph ; 
ayuiy6^y  leading].  I.  Stimulating  the  flow 
of  lymph.  2.  An  agent  that  stimulates  the 
flow  of  lymph. 

Lymphangiectasis  {limf-  an  -je  -  ek'-  las-is) 
[lympha,  lymph;  ayyeloVf  vessel;  iKToaiCt 
widening].  Dilatation  of  the  lymphatic  ves- 
seb. 

Ljrmphangiology  (limf-  an  -je  -  oV  -  o  -je) 
[lympha,  l3rmph;  ayytlov^  vessel;  "kdyoq, 
treatise].  The  anatomy,  physiology,  and 
pathology  of  the  lymphatics. 

ljyin'phAJig\oni9i(limf-an'je'0''mah)[lympha, 
lymph ;  ayynov,  vessel ;  6/«i,  tumor] .  A  tumor 
made  up  of  Ijrmphatic  vessels.  L.  tuber- 
osum multiplex,  a  very  rare  disease  of  the 
skin,  probably  congenital,  characterized  by 
the  formation  of  large,  brownish-red  papules 
or  tubercles,  the  size  of  lentils,  scattered  in- 
discriminately over  the  trunk.  On  section 
they  prove  to  be  made  up  of  dilated  lym- 
phatics. 

Lymphangitis  (limf-an-ji'-Hs)  [lympha, 
lymph ;  ayyeiov,  vessel ;  iri^f  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  a  lymphatic  vessel. 

Ljrmphatic  (limf -at' -ik)  [lympha,  lymph]. 
Pertaining  to  lymph  ;  containing  or  charac- 
terized by  Ijrmph.  L.  System,  a  system  of 
vessels  and  glands,  accessory  to  the  blood- 
vascular  system,  conveying  lymph.  It  begins 
as  innumerable  capillaries  in  interspaces  of 
tissues.  These  form  plexuses  studded  with 
lymph -glands  that  act  as  filters  and  finally  all 
those  below  the  diaphragm  unite  in  the  recep- 
taculum  chyli  on  the  second  lumbar  vertebra. 
From  this  the  thoracic  duct  leads  upward 
to  empty  into  the  junction  of  the  left  sub- 
clavian and  internal  jugular  veins.  The 
lymph  from  the  upper  right  half  of  the  body 
and  head  enters  the  right  lymphatic  duct, 
which  empties  into  the  junction  of  the  right 
internal  jugular  and  subclavian  veins. 


LYMPHATICS 


LYMPHATICS 


) 


Lymphatic  Glands  and  Veaaelaol 
the  Cavity  of  the  Axilla. 


LsrtnphatiC  Glands  and  VcMela 
Of  the  Inguinal  Re^on. 


LYMPHEMIA 


MACROPHAGE 


Ljrmphemia  {fimf-e^-  me-ah )  \lymphay  lymph ; 
dlta^  blood].  Leukemia  characterized  by 
enlargement  of  the  lymphatic  glands. 
Lymphocyte  (limf'osU  )  ^lympha^  lymph ; 
mof,  a  cell].  I.  A  lymph-cell.  2  One 
of  Ehrlich'i  classes  of  leukocytes,  comprising 
those  small  cells  having  large  nuclei  and  a 
very  small  amount  of  protoplasm.  See 
Leukocyte, 

Ljrmpbodermia  [limf-O'der' -tne-aK)  [lympha^ 
lymph;  Hpfta^  skin].  An  affection  of  the 
lymphatics  of  the  skin.  L.  pemiciosa,  leu- 
kemic enlargement  of  the  glands. 
Lymphoid  (/i/;i/''-('/i/)[/kw//'",  lymph;  cMof, 
like].  Having  the  appearance  or  character 
of  lymph. 

Lymphoma  [!imf'(/-mah)  [lympha^  lymph ; 
bfia^  tumor].  A  tumor  composed  of  lymph- 
adenoid  tissue.  The  term  includes  also 
formations  not  strictly  tumors,  as  liyperplasias 
of  the  tissues  proper  to  lymphatic  glands. 
L.,  Malignant.  Synonym  of  Hodgkins 
Disease. 

^ympbomatous    {Iitnf(/-nuU-us)  \Jympha^ 
lymph;    A;ia,   tumor].     Of    the   nature   of, 
or  affected  with,  lymphoma. 
«3rmpborrhagia  ^imf-or-a' -je-ah)  \lympha^ 


Ijrmph ;  Itvyvif^^t  to  burst  forth].  A  flow  of 
lymph  from  a  ruptured  l3rmphatic  vessel. 

Lymphosarcoma  {Jimf-  o-sar-  k</-  ma  A) 
\Jyinphay  lymph ;  odp^y  flesh ;  d/«x,  tumor].  A 
sarcoma  having  some  of  the  structural  ele- 
ments of  a  lymphatic  gland. 

Lypemania  (/i-pe-md^'ne'aA)[Xvirfft sadness; 
fta^ia^  madness].  A  form  of  dementia  ac- 
companied by  profound  mental  depression 
and  refusal  to  taike  food. 

Lyra  (//'-/-«//)  [At'pa,  a  lyre].  A  lyre.  L.of 
Fornix,  certain  longitudinal,  transverse,  and 
oblique  lines  on  the  inferior  surface  of  the 
fornix,  the  arrangement  of  which  bears  a 
fanciful  resemblance  to  a  lyre. 

Lysis  (ii^'Sis)\7iV€iv^  to  loose].  The  gradual 
decline  of  a  disease,  especially  of  a  fever. 

Lysol  {It' -sol)  [Amv,  to  loose],  A  brown 
liquid  substance  obtained  by  boiling  tar-oils 
with  alkalies  and  fats.  It  is  used  as  an  anti- 
septic in  surgery;  in  lupus,  gonorrhea,  or  as 
a  gargle  in  sore  throat. 

Lyssa  {lis'-a/t)  pi'-ffffa,  madness].  A  syno- 
nym  of  Hydrophobia  or  Rabies. 

Lyssophobia  (lis-ofy-be-ah)  \>.baaa,  mad- 
ness ;  <^6lio^y  fear].  Morbid  dread  of  rabies; 
pseudohydrophobia. 


M 


.  The  abbreviation  of  Musculus,  Meter,  My- 

pia.  Mi  lie  y  a  thousand.  Minim  and  Misce^ 

lix  ;  it  also  represents  the  number  looo. 

ace  (r/ids).     See  Myristica. 

aceration  {mns-er-a'-skun)    [macerare^  to 

ake  soft].    The  process  of  softening  a  solid 

il>stance,  or  of  converting  into  a  soft  mass 

'  soaking  in  a  liquid,  as,  e.g.,  M.  of  the  fetus. 

icies  fw/»^-j^-?$)  [wtfaVx,  a  wasting].  Atro- 

ly,  leanness,  wasting. 

crobiosis  (makro"bio'-sis)\jiaKp6^t  long; 

?if »  life].      Longevity. 

crocephalia  (makro-sef-a'  •le-ah)[fiaKp6^y 

^  ;     KE^'Xf],  head].     Abnormal  largeness 

the  head. 

;rocephalous  (mak-ra-sef' -al-u^') [ftaKpdc^ 

?e  ;    «e^<T>^,  head].     Characterized  by  an 

lortnally  large  head. 

:rochei1ia  ( wrX*  -  rn   ki'-le  -  oh)  [fiiiKp6^, 

fe  ;    X'^^^'^K    ''I>1-      I'x'cssive  development 

he  Ujn,  a   chara'ieristic  of  certain  neji^ro 

es.       It    occurs   alv)  i-i    cretinoifl   states, 

^n    the    lips  and   cheeks  are  the  seat  of 

phangioma. 

roclieiria  {mak  •  ro  -  Jki'-  re  -  aA)  [juutpd^, 


large;  ;t«/p,  hand].     Great  enlargement  of 
the  hands. 

Macrocyte  {mak' -  ro  -  sit)  IfWKpd^,  large; 
Kirroc,  cell].  A  giant  blood -corpuscle  found 
in  the  blood  in  certain  anemias,  especially 
pernicious  anemia. 

Macrodactyly  (makro-dak^'til-e)  TftaKpS^, 
large  ,  ^atcrv?^^,  finger].  Abnormally  large 
size  of  the  fingers  or  toes. 

Macroglossia  (mak-ro-gios' -e-aA)  [fiaKpS^^ 
great ;  y^odcya,  tongue].  Enlargement  of 
the  tongue,  a  condition  seen  in  cretins,  in 
whom  it  is  probably  due  to  lymphangioma. 

Macromania  {mak-ro-ma' -ne-ah)  [//aic/w5f, 
large;  //avm,  madness].  A  form  of  mania 
characterized  by  the  delusion  that  objects  are 
larger  than  they  really  are ;  or  the  impres- 
sion that  one's  own  body  or  members  arc 
much  larger  than  they  are. 

Macromelus  {mak  ro'u'-cl-us)  [wa/f/xJf,  "ixn.^ 
//f/^,  organ  or  member].     I.    Having  exces- 
sively  large   limbs.     2.  One   having  exces- 
sively large  limbs. 

Macrophage  (mak'-ro-fdj)  [/micp<$c,  la*^e; 
0ave<v,  to  devour].     A  large  phagoc3rte> 


MACROPODIA 


MAGNETOELECTRICITY 


Macropodia  {mak-  ro  -po'  •  deak)  [fiOKpSc, 
large;  iroic,  foot].  Excessive  size  of  the 
feet 

Macropsia  {mak-rof/ -se-ah).     See  Mtgalop- 

sia. 

Macroscopic  {mak  •  ro  -  skofik)  [/io«/^, 
large;  aiumeiv,  to  se*].  Large  enough  to 
be  seen  by  the  naked  eye ;  gross ;  not  micro- 

scopic. 

Macrosomatia  {maJk  -ro-  so-  ma'  -she-ah)^ 
Macrosoinia  (mak-ro-so'  -me-ah)  [//ox/xif, 
large ;  aui/ui,  body].  Excessive  size  of  the 
body. 

Macrostoma  {mak-ros' -  to-mah)  [jiOKpd^, 
large ;  ordfia,  mouth].  Congenital  fissure 
of  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  producing  a  large 
opening. 

Macrotin    {mak^-ro-tin)    [macrotys,    cimici- 

fuga\,  A  resin  obtained  by  the  precipitation 
of  tincture  of  cimicifuga  with  water. 

Macula  (mak'-uiah)  [L.].  A  spot;  especi- 
ally one  upon  the  skin ,  not  elevated  above  the 
surrounding  level.  Macule  acu8tic«e,  the 
terminations  of  the  auditory  nerve  in  the 
saccule  and  utricle.  M.  lutea,  the  yellow 
spot  of  the  retina.  It  is  the  point  of  clearest 
vision.     M.  solaria,  a  freckle. 

Macular  (mak^ -u-lar)  [macuia^  spot].  Char- 
acterized by  or  resembling  macula?. 

Maculate  {tptak '  -u- Utt)  [macu/a^  a  spot]. 
Spotted. 

Maculation  {mak  •  u  •  la'-  shun)  [macula,  a 
spot] .  The  state  or  quality  of  l>eing  spotted ; 
the  formation  of  maculae. 

Macule  (mak'  ul)  [macula, tis^"].  Macula. 

Mad  [AS.,  mail^  mad].  I.  Insane.  2.  Af- 
fected with  rabies;  raoid. 

Madder  {mad'-er)  [AS.,  maderu,  madder]. 
See  Rubia. 

Madura  Foot  (ma  -  du' -  rah).  A  disease 
occurring  chiefly  in  India,  and  characterized 
by  the  formation  on  the  foot  (sometimes  on 
the  hand)  of  a  tender  purplish  swelling, 
which  in  time  suppurates,  the  pus  being 
evacuated  through  one  or  more  sinuses. 
These  sinuses  discharge  a  seropurulent  liquid 
containing  peculiar  bodies  resembling  gun- 
powder-grains or  fish-roe.  The  disease  is 
chronic,  but  remains  local,  and  is  believed  to 
be  due  to  an  organism  allied  to  the  acti- 
nomyces-fungus.  It  is  also  termed  Myce- 
toma. 

Ma^endie's  Solution.    See  Aforphin. 

Magenta  (ma-Jen'tak)  [from  a  town  in 
Italy].  A  coal-tar  dye  from  which  fuch- 
sin  and  a  large  number  of  other  dyes  are 
prepared. 

Magnesia  {mag-ne^'U-ah)  rMa>v)^toc,  be- 
longing to  Magnesia,  in  Thessaly;  7uBoq 
Mayv^otoc,  Magnesian  stone.].  Magnesium 
oxid,  MgO.  M.  White,  magnesium  car- 
bonate.    See  Magnesium. 


Magnesic  {mag-ny-zik)  [magnesium^.  Per- 
taining to,  or  containing  magnesium. 

Magnesium  (mag  -  nc'- 1^  -  um)  [Ma^Ti^wf, 
belonging  to  Magnesia,  in  Thessaly;  AAio^ 
Ma)vr/moC,  Magnesian  stone].  Symbol  Mg; 
atomic  weight  24.3;  quanlivalence  ii,  specihc 
gravity  1. 75.  A  bluish- white  metal  of  the 
group  to  which  calcium  and  liarium  bcloi^. 
It  is  abundantly  distributed  throughout  inor- 
ganic and  organic  nature ;  its  salts  are  used 
in  the  arts  and  in  medicine.  The  source  of 
magnesium  and  its  salts  is  chiefly  the  minerals 
dolomite  and  kteserite.  The  following  com- 
pounds are  used  in  medicine.  Magnesii  car- 
bonas  MgCO,),Mg(OH),  -|-  5H/),  exists  in 
two  forms, — as  light  (M.carbonas  levis).  and 
as  heavy  magnesium  carbonate  f  M.  carbonas 
ponderosa).  It  is  antacid,  laxative,  and  anti- 
liihic.  Dose  ^ss-^ij  (2.0-8.0).  Liq. 
magnesii  carbonatis  (B.  P.).  I>ose  f.^Hj 
(32.-64.0).  M.  citras  effervescens,  is 
cathartic.  Dose  3J-iij  (4.0- 1 2.0).  Liq. 
magnesii  citratis.  I>ose  f  .^  iv-viij  (128.0- 
256.0).  M.  oxid,  Mg()  (Magnesiia,  U.  S. 
P.),  is  obtained  by  calcining  magnesium  car- 
bonate, and  exists  in  two  forms, — as  light 
magnesia,  and  as  heavy  magnesia  (Magnesia 
ponderosa,  U.  S.  P.).  It  is  used  as  an 
antacid  and  laxative,  as  a  dusting  powder, 
and  as  an  antidote  to  arsenic.  Dose  gr. 
X- xj  (0.65-4.0).  M.  sulphas,  MgS(\  -f 
7H2O,  Epsom  salt,  is  an  active  cathartic, 
especially  useful  in  inflammatory  affections. 
Dose  3J-3J  (4.0-32.0.)  An  enema  mag- 
nesii sulphatis  is  official  in  B.  P.  M.  sul- 
phas effervescens  (B.  P.).  Dose  Z^hil 
(8.0-32.0). 

Magnet  {mag' -net)  [JAay-x'ijcto^,  belonging  to 
Magnesia,  in  Thessaly,  where  loadstone  was 
first  found],  i.  Loadstone,  a  magnetic  oxid 
of  iron.  2.  A  body  having  the  power  to 
attract  iron  bodies.  M.,  Electro-,  a  piece  of 
iron  rendered  magnetic  by  a  current  of  elec- 
tricity passing  through  a  coil  surrounding  the 
magnet.  M.,  Horse -shoe,  an  iron  mag. 
net  having  the  shape  of  a  horse- shoe. 
M.,  Permanent,  one  the  magnetic  proper- 
ties of  which  are  permanent,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  M.,  Temporary,  which  derives  its 
magnetism  from  another  magnet  or  from  a 
galvanic  current. 

Magnetic  (tfrng-nff-ik)  [Ma>»n^iof ,  pertain- 
ing to  Magnesia,  in  Thessaly].  Pertaming  of 
belonging  to  a  magnet.  Possessing  the 
property  of  magnetism. 

Magnetism  (mag^ -mt-ism)  [magmt'].  The 
power  possessed  by  a  magnet  to  attract  or 
repel  other  masses.    M.,  Animal,  hyf  motion. 

Magnetixation  {magncth-a'  skun)  [mag- 
net\  The  process  of  rendering  a  substance 
magnetic. 

Magnetoelectricity  {ptag-neto'e'ltk-tris^* 


MAGNETOINDUCTION 


MALFORMATION 


ii-e)    [magnet;    ^XeicTpov,    amber].     Elec- 
tricity produced  by  means  of  a  magnet. 
Magnetoinducdon  (ma^  •  net'-  o-in-  duk^- 
ikun)  [magnet;  inamtio,  induction].     The 
production  of  an  induced  current  by  toe  inser- 
tion of  a  magnet  within  a  coil  of  wire. 
Magnetotherapy   ( mag -net-O' ther^ -ap-e) 
magnet;  dtpdmia,  treatment].     The  treat- 
ment of  diseases  by  magnets. 
Magnification  (ffuig-m/ik-a' -shun)    [mag- 
nus,  laige ;  facere^  to  oiake].     Enlargement, 
especially  the  enlargement  of  the  image  of  an 
object  by  means  of  lenses, 
lagnifying  {mag' -nif-i-ing)  [magnus.  Urge ; 
^r^/r,  to  make].  Enlarging;  making  greater. 
M.  Power,  the  power  of  a  lens  to  increase 
he  diameters  of  the  image  of  an  object, 
[agnum,    or   Os    magnum     [L.,    great 
>one].    The  largest  bone  in  the  distal  row 
•f  Che  carpus  situated  between  the  unciform 
nd  the  trapezoid  bones, 
aid,  Maiden  (rndd,  ma' -den)    [AS.,  mag- 
en^  a  maiden].  A  yoong  unmamed  woman  ; 
virgin. 

aidenhead.  i.  Virginity.  2.  The  hymen, 
aim  (mdm)   [OF.,  mehaigner^  to  maim]. 

0  cripple  by  injury  or  removal  of  a  limb, 
lin-en-griflfe  (w//j/^f-<>ii-^n/^)  [Fr.].    See 
^aw-hand. 

lize  (m4s)  [W.  Ind.,  moAit,  maize].     lo- 
an corn.     See  Zia  mays. 
ike  (mdJi)  [AS.,  macian^  to  make].     In 
fctricity,  to  establish  the  flow  of  an  electric 
rrent. 

1  [Fr,  from  malum^  evil,  disease].  Dis- 
(e.  M.  de  mer,  sea-sickness.  M., 
and,  epilepsy.  M.,  Petit.  See  Petit  MaL 
la  (ma'-lak)    [L.].     The  cheek-bone  or 

cheek. 

acia    {mal-a'-se-aK)    [fjoiKcuda^  a  soften- 
J .     A  morbid  softening  of  tissue. 
acotomy  i^mal  -  ak  -  oP-  o  -  mi)  [/MzAa«dc, 
;  TotjJj^  a  cutting].     Incision  of  the  abdo- 
1 ;  celiotomy. 

ady  (ma^-ad-e)  Tma/um,  evil].  Disease, 
lise  (ma/-dx')  [Fr.l.  A  general  feeling 
Ilness,  accompanied  by  restlessness  and 
omfort. 

ir  (ma^-/ar)  [mala,  ch€ek\     Pertaining 
he    cheekboDe.      M.  Bones,  the  two 
k- bones, 
ria   {mnl  a'-re-ah)  [It.,  mala  aria,  bad 

Sec  J^<i/ariai  Fever, 
rial  {fnaZ-a^-re-ai)  [It.,  mala  aria,  bad 

Pertaining  to  malaria.  M.  Cachexia, 
ronic  form  of  malaria  characterized  by 
ia,  general  failure  of  health,  a  sallow 
lexion,  and  enlargement  of  the  spleen. 
ever*  a  disease  associated  with  the  pres- 
n  the  blood  of  the  Plasmodium  malarise, 
rharacterized  by  periodicity,  enlarge- 
of  the  spleen,  and  the  presence  in  the 
a6 


blood,  free  or  within  the  red  corpuscles,  of 
parasites  (plasmo^ia)  that  exert  a  deleterious 
mfluence  upon  the  red  cells.  The  paroxysms 
may  be  intermittent,  remittent,  or  irregular. 
If  repeated  daily  the  fever  is  designated  quo- 
tidian ;  if  on  alternate  days,  tertian ;  if  with 
an  interval  of  two  davs,  quartan.  If  two 
paroxysms  occur  daily  the  fever  is  designated 
a  double  quotidian.  There  may  be  a  double 
tertian  form,  a  paroxysm  occurring  daily,  but 
only  those  of  alternate  days  being  alike ;  a 
double  quartan  form,  and  othefs.  A  typical 
malarial  paroxysm  consists  of  a  cold  stage,  a 
hot  stage,  and  a  sweating  stage,  occurring  in 
the  sequence  given.  Intermittent  fever  is 
characterized  by  the  occurrence  of  a  complete 
intermission  of  the  symptoms  in  the  interval 
between  two  paroxysms,  the  temperature  be- 
coming normal  or  subnormal.  In  remittent 
fever  there  is  only  an  amelioration  of  the 
sjrmptoms  in  the  intervals.  In  certain  locali- 
ties m  which  the  malarial  organisms  are  ex- 
ceedingly numerous  or  intensely  virulent,  the 
attack  displa3rs  a  pernicious  tendency.  Of 
this  type  there  may  be  a  cerebral  form,  char- 
acterized either  by  delirium  and  excitement, 
or  by  conu  and  depression  ;  a  thoracic  form, 
in  which  the  respiration  is  accelerated  and 
there  is  an  urgent  sense  of  the  need  of  air ; 
a  gastrointestinal  form,  attended  with  nausea, 
vomiting,  jaundice,  and  diarrhea ;  or  an 
asthenic  or  algid  form,  in  which  there  is  a 
condition  of  marked  debility  and  a  striking 
coldness  of  the  surface  and  of  the  breath. 
To  the  irregular  manifestations  of  malarial 
poisoning,  which  do  not  at  any  time  present 
the  classical  association  of  chill,  fever,  and 
sweat,  the  designation  of  <*dumb  ague"  is 
given.  The  enlargement  of  the  spleen  in 
chronic  malaria  is  sometimes  designated 
*<  ague  cake. "  M .  Hematuria,  the  presence 
of  blood  in  the  urine  as  a  result  of  malarial 
poisoning.  M.  Neuralgia,  neuralgia  due  to 
malarial  intoxication. 
Malatsimilation    (mal-  as-im-  il-  a'  -  shun) 

f'malus,  bad;  assimi/alio,  likeness].  De- 
iective  assimilation. 

Malate  (mal' -at)  [fiaXw,  an  apple].  A  salt 
of  malic  acid. 

Malazation  {mal-aks-et'-shuH)  [fiayusotiv^  to 
soften].  I.  The  act  of  kneading.  2.  A 
form  of  massage. 

Male  (mol)  [maseulus,tL  male].  I.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  male  sex,  that  which  impregnates 
the  female.  2.  A  member  of  the  male  sex. 
3.  Of  a  double-bladed  instrument,  the  blade 
which  is  received  into  a  hollow  of  the  other 
f female)  blade.  M.  Pern,  the  Aspidium 
filix  mas.     M.  Organ,  the  penis. 

Malformation {mal-for-ma' shun) [ma/us, ill ; 
y^^nwtf/w,  a  forming].  An  abnormal  develop- 
ment or  formation  of  a  part  of  the  body. 


MALGAIGNFS  HOOKS 


MAMMILLA 


Malgaigne**  Hooks  (mahlgafu)  [Malgaigtu, 
a  French  surgeon].  Aq  instrument  for 
holding  the  parts  of  a  fractured  patella  in  ap- 
position. 

MaUc  Acid  (ma'-lik).     See  Acid. 

Malignancy  [mal-i^ -nan'se)  [ma/as,  bad; 
gignere,  to  produce].  The  quality  of  being 
xnalignant 

Malignant  {mai-ig'-nafU)  [maius^  bad; 
gignere^  to  produce].  Bad;  compromising 
or  threatening  life.  M.  Edema.  See 
Edema.  M.  Pustule,  anthrax.  M.  Tumor, 
a  tumor  that  destroys  life.  Malignant  tumors 
recur  and  give  rise  to  metastasis. 

Malingerer  (mal-in^-jer-er)  [Fr.  malingre^ 
sickly,  from  malus^  bad;  ager^  ill,  sick]. 
One  who  feigns  illness  or  defect. 

Malingering,  Malingery  [malin' -jer-mg^ 
mai-in^'jer-e)  [Fr.,  malingre^  from  malus, 
bad ;  ager,  ill,  sickj.  The  feigning  of  dis- 
ease. 

Malleable  (maF-e-a-bl)  [malleus ^  hammer]). 
Capable  of  being  beaten  or  rolled  into  thin 
sheets. 

Malleation  {mal-e-a'-skun)  [malleus^  ham- 
mer]. A  spasmodic  action  of  the  hands, 
consisting  in  continuously  striking  any  near 
object. 

Mallein  (mal'-e-in)  [ntalleuSt  farcy].  A  fluid 
obtained  from  cultures  of  the  Bacillus  mallei, 
the  microorganism  of  glanders.  When  in- 
jected into  the  circulation  of  a  glandered  ani- 
mal, it  causes  an  elevation  of  temperature, 
and  has  been  recommended  for  use  in  the 
early  diagnosis  of  farcy  or  glanders. 

Malleoincudal  {mal-eo  ing^-kudal)  [mal- 
leus^  hammer ;  incus^  anvil].  Relating  to  the 
malleus  and  the  incus. 

Malleolar  (mal  -  e' ■  o  -  lar)  [malleolus,  little 
hammer].     Relating  to  a  malleolus. 

Malleolus  (mal-e^-o-lus)  [dim.  of  malleus, 
hammer].  A  part  or  process  of  bone  hav- 
ing a  hammer-head  shape.  M.,  External, 
the  lower  extremity  of  the  flbula.  M.,  In- 
ternal, a  process  on  the  internal  surface  of 
the  lower  extremity  of  the  tibia. 

Malleus  (mal'-e-us)  [malleus,  hammer].  I. 
One  of  the  ossicles  of  the  internal  ear  having 
the  shape  of  a  hammer.     2.  Glanders. 

Mallow  {mal^o).     See  Malva. 

Malpighian  Ekxly  (malpij^  ean)  [from 
Malpighi,  an  Italian  anatomist].  The  com- 
mencement of  a  uriniferou«  tubule,  consisting 
of  the  glomerulus  of  vessels  (the  Malpighian 
tuft)  and  the  membranous  envelop  (Bow- 
man*s  capsule).  M.  Corpuscle,  any  one  of 
the  minute  whitish  nodules  of  lymphadenoid 
tissue  in  the  red  substance  of  the  spleen  along 
the  course  of  .the  blood-vessels. 

Malposition  (malpozish^  un)  [wa/i/j,bad; 

pcnere,  to  place].  An  abnormal  position  of 
any  part  or  organ,  especially  of  the  fetus. 


Malpractice  (mal pray -tis)  [malus,  bad; 
np&aaeiv,  to  do].  Improper  treatment ;  treat- 
ment of  a  disease  by  a  method  contrary  to  that 
taught  by  experience ;  also,  the  unlawful  pro- 
duction of  an  abortion. 

M  alpresentation  (mal  -  pre  -sen-ta'  -  skun^ 
[malus,  bad ;  prasentare^  to  place  before]. 
In  obstetrics,  such  a  position  of  the  child  at 
birth  that  delivery  is  difficult  or  impossible. 

Malt,  Maltum  (mawll,  mawl^-tum)  [L.]. 
The  seeds  of  common  barley,  Hordeum  dis- 
tichum,  made  to  germinate  by  warmth  and 
moisture,  and  then  baked  so  as  to  stop  the 
germinating  process.  The  germinated  grains 
contain  diastase,  dextrin,  and  maltose,  as  well 
as  proteids.  Malt  is  used  as  a  nutrient  in 
wasting  diseases.  M.,  Ext.  Doie  .^j-iv 
(4.0-16.0).  Unof.  M.,  Ext..  Fid.  (N.  F.) 
is  a  solution  of  the  principles  of  malt  in  water 
and  alcohol.  M. -liquors,  infusions  of  malt 
fermented  so  as  to  contain  alcohol.  Thoce 
in  common  use  are  beer,  ale,  and  porter. 
Beer  is  made  by  a  comparatively  slow  fer- 
mentation, and  contains  al)out  2.5  per  cent 
of  alcohol.  Ale  and  porter  are  fermented 
more  rapidly,  and  contain  about  4.7  per  cent, 
of  alcohol.  The  malt  used  in  making  porter 
is  browned,  giving  the  liquor  a  darker  color. 

Malta  Fever.  A  febrile  disease  prevalent  00 
the  coasts  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean. 
It  is  characterized  by  malaise,  an  irregular 
fever,  rigors,  headache,  pains  in  the  limbs, 
and  diarrhea;  and  frequent  relapses.  The 
etiology  is  not  definitely  known ;  some  of 
the  cases  are  probably  forms  of  typhoid 
fever.  It  is  also  termed  Rock  fever,  Mediter- 
ranean fever  and  Neapolitan  fever. 

Maltine  (maw/^/w)  [maltum,  malt].  A 
name  given  to  various  proprietary  prepara- 
tions of  malted  wheat  or  bariey,  useful  at 
food  for  invalids. 

Maltose  (mawl'tds)  [maltum,  malt],  C„- 
H„0„  -}-  HjO.  A  variety  of  sugar  formed^ 
together  with  dextrin,  by  the  action  of  malt- 
diastase  upon  starch. 

Malva  (mar-vak)  [L.,  mallow].  The  mal- 
low ;  a  genus  of  malvaceous  plants.  The 
leaves  of  M.  alcea,  M.  rotundifolia,  and  M. 
silvestris  are  used  as  demulcents. 

Mamma  (mam^-aA)  [L.l.  The  breast;  the 
milk-secreting  gland  of  inc  mother. 

Mammalgia  (mam  -aF  Je-  ak\  [mamma, 
breast;  6?v>oc,  pain].     Pain  in  the  mamma. 

Mammalia (w/7xii-<i^-/r<i4)  [mamma ^bt^asx]. 
A  division  of  the  class  of  vertebrates  includ- 
ing all  animals  that  suckle  their  young. 

Mammary  (mam^-are)  [mamma,  breast]. 
Pertaining  to  the  mammae.  M.  Artery.  Sec 
Arteries,  Table  of,  M.  Gland.  See  Gland. 
M.  Line,  the  vertical  line  passing  through 
the  nipple. 

Mammilla  (mam-U'-ak)  [dioL  of 


MAMMILLAPLASTY 

breastl.  A  small  prominence  or  papilla. 
M.  of  Breast,  the  nipple  or  teat. 
Manimillaplasty  {main-ilapUu^'te)  [mam- 
miiia^  nipple;  nTLdaamv.  to  mold].  A  plastic 
operation  for  the  purpose  of  elevating  a  de- 
preiised  nipple. 

Mammitis  [mnm-i'-tis).     Sec  Mastitis, 
Mammose    (mam^-ds)     [mamma,    breast]. 
Having  full  or  abnormally  large  breasts. 
Mandible,  Mandibula  {ntan^-  dib  •  /,  man  - 
diy-u  lah)  [mantf^re,  tochew].    The  inferior 
maxillary  bone. 

Mandibular  (man-diy-u-iar)  [mandere,  to 
cbew].  Pertaining  to  the  mandible,  or  lower 
jaw. 

tfandragora  (man-drag^ -o-rah)  [^iav6pay6- 
paq,  mandrake].  A  genus  of  solanaceous 
planus;  the  mandrake.  M.  officinalis  has 
tteen  used  as  a  narcotic  and  hypnotic.  It 
md  other  species  contain  an  alkaloid,  man- 
Jragorin,  CifH^jNO,,  resembling  atropin  in 
iciion. 

[andrake  [man'-drdk).  See  Mandrag9ra 
iiui  Podophyllum. 

landrin  {tnan'-drin)  [Ger.].  The  firm 
uide  or  stylet  (usually  of  metal)  that  gives 
igidity  to  a  flexible  catheter  whilst  it  is  being 
i>crted. 

anducation  (man-du-ka^shun)  [mandu- 
ilio,  a  chewing].  The  chewing  or  mastica- 
oD  of  food. 

mganese,  Manganum  (man^ - gan  -  H, 
angan'iim)  [an  altered  form  of  Afagne- 
r/v/].  Symbol  Mn;  atomic  weight  54.8; 
lantivalence  II,  iv.  vi,  vii.  A  brittle, 
ird,  grayish- white  metal,  having  a  specific 
avity  of  7.2,  and  resembling  iron  in  proper- 
s.  It  forms  several  oxids,  the  highest  of 
jjch  MhjOj,  forms  an  acid,  HMnO^,  from 
)ich  salts,  the  permanganates,  are  pro- 
ced.  Mangani  diozidum,  MnO,,  black 
id  of  manganese,  is  tonic  and  alterative, 
1  has  been  used  in  syphilis,  chlorosis,  in 
ious  skin -diseases,  and  in  certain  forms  of 
ipepsia.  Do^»e  gr.  iij-xx  (0.2-1.3).  It  is 
ployed  in  the  arts,  and  in  laboratories  for 
purpose  of  obtaining  chlorin  and  oxygen. 
mgani  aulphas,  MnSO^  -|-  4H,0,has  been 
d  as  a  substitute  for  iron  in  anemia,  and 
>  cholagogue.  Dose  gr.  v-xx  (0.32 -1. 3). 
ri<isiuni  permanganate  is  a  salt  of  perman- 
ic  acid,  the  latter  being  derived  from 
j^anese  hfptoxid,  Mn^O^.  5>ee  Potas- 
t. 

^e  (mati/)  [Ft.,  manger ,  to  eat].  A 
sitic  »kin -disease  of  horses,  cattle,  and 
,  resembling  scabies,  and  due  to  various 
ies  of  A  cams. 

a  (fna^-nr-ah)  [navia,  ^iveoBaiy  to  rage], 
rm  of  insanity  marked  by  great  mental 
Mnotional  excitement,  by  hallucinations, 
iorts,  phjraical  excitement,  and  often  a 


MANOMETRIC 

tendency  to  violence.  M.,  Alcoholic,  acute 
mania  of  alcoholic  origin.  It  is  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  delirium  tremens,  although 
sometimes  used  synonymously  with  it.  M. 
a  potu.  See  Delirium  tremens.  M.,  Bell's, 
an  acute  delirium  running  a  rapidly  fatal 
course,  with  slight  fever,  and  in  which  post- 
mortem no  lesions  are  found  sufficient  to  ac- 
count for  the  symptoms.  There  are  the  wild- 
est hallucinations,  insomnia,  and  intense  ex- 
citement, followed  by  a  condition  called 
typhomania,  with  elevation  of  temperature, 
dry  tongue,  and  rapid,  feeble  pulse.  M., 
Epileptic,  a  maniacal  outburst  in  an  epi- 
leptic, often  associated  with  a  destructive  ten- 
dency. M.,  Puerperal,  a  form  of  mania  or 
abnormal  mental  action  sometimes  following 
childbirth.  M.,  Religious,  mania  in  which 
the  central  idea  is  religious  in  character,  or 
in  which  a  powerful  religious  emotion  has 
been  the  exciting  cause. 

Maniac  (ma'-ne-ak)  [imvia,  madness].  An 
insane  person ;  one  affected  with  mania. 

Manicure  (man^-ikUr)  [manus,  the  hand; 
rtir<»,  care].  I.  The  processes  employed  in 
caring  for  and  beautifying  the  hand.  2.  One 
who  professionally  attends  to  the  care  of  the 
hands  and  nails. 

Manihot  (man^-e-hot)  [L.].  A  genus  of 
euphorbiaceous  plants,  yielding  cassava  and 
tapioca. 

Manikin  (man'-ik-in)  [OF.,  manequin,  a 
puppet].  A  model  of  the  body,  made  of 
plaster,  papier  mach^,  or  other  material,  and 
showing  by  means  of  movable  parts  the  re- 
lations of  the  organs. 

Manioc  (man'-e-ok).     See  Manihot. 

Maniple  {man''ip-l)[manipulus,  from  tftanus^ 
hand].     A  handful. 

Manipulation  {man-ip  u-la'-shun)  [manipn- 
lus,  a  handful].  A  handling ;  the  use  of  th( 
hands  for  the  purpose  of  performing  som^ 
work  in  a  skillful  manner,  such  as  reducing  9 
dislocation,  returning  a  hernia  into  its  cavity, 
or  changing  the  position  of  a  fetus. 

Manipulus  (man-ip' -u-ltis).     See  Maniple. 

Manna  (m^M^-/74)  [u4invi.  manna].  The  con- 
crete, saccharine  exudation  of  the  flowering 
ash,  Fraxinus  omus,  and  other  trees.  Manna 
contains  a  sweet  principle,  mannite  or  raan- 
nitol»  C„H,,0„,  a  sugar,  a  purgative  princi- 
ple, and  a  mucilage.  Some  specimens  con- 
tain also  a  glucosid,  fraxin.  Manna  is  a 
mild  laxative.     Dose  ,^  j-ij  (32.0-64.0). 

Manometer  {manom'-et-er)  [unv6^^  rare; 
fifrpov,  measure].  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  tension  of  liquids  and  gases, 
consisting  either  of  a  bt^nt  tube  filled  with 
mercury  (mercurial  M.),  or  of  a  spring 
(spring  M.),  connected  with  a  writing-style. 

Manometric  (man-o-met'-rik)  [unvd^y  rare; 
fUrpov,  measure].     Pertaining  to  a  manom- 


i 


MANUAL 


UASS 


cter ;  peruining  to  tnurings  obuioed  by  means 
of  a  manoineter.  M.  Flames,  flames  of 
diflfcrent  heights  and  characters  seen  in  a 
rotating  mirror  and  due  to  the  reflection 
of  a  pulsating  gas-flame  when  the  suppl3ring 
gas  is  set  in  motion  by  sound-waves.  They 
are  also  known  as  Koenig's  flames. 

ManuJd  (ntan'-u-ai)  [manus^  hand].  Per- 
taining to  the  hands;  performed  by  the 
hands. 

ManutMium  (mam-u'-hrt-um)  [L.].  A  han- 
dle. M.  of  Malleus,  the  handle-shaped 
process  of  the  nulleus  of  the  ear.  M .  manus, 
the  radius.  M.  of  Sternum,  the  upper  piece 
of  the  sternum. 

Manus  (ma^-nus)  [L.].     The  hand. 

Manustupration  {rfMnusiu-pra'-skun)  [ma- 
HMS,  hand ;  ttuprare^  to  ravish].  Masturba- 
tion. 

Manyplies  (man^-ip-hz)  [AS.,  manig,  oumy ; 
pluare^  to  foldl.  The  third  compartment  in 
the  stomach  oi  ruminants.  It  is  also  called 
the  omasum  or  psalterium. 

Maranta  (mar-an^-tah).     See  Arrowroot. 

Marantic  (mar-an^-tik)  [ftaftaivttv^  to  make 
lean].  Pertaining  to  marasmus.  M.  Clot, 
a  blood-clot  produced  by  slowing  of  the  cir- 
culation in  depressed  states  of  the  system. 
M.  Thrombosis,  thrombosis  due  to  general 
malnutrition. 

Maraschino  (m/7r-Ar->&^^-if<))  [Sp.].  A  liquor 
made  from  morello  cherries. 

Marasmatic  (mar-as-mo/^-ii).  Synonym  of 
Marasmic. 

Marasmic  (mar-az'-mii)  \jMpaiv€tv^  to  grow 
lean].     Affected  with  marasmus. 

Marasmus  {mar-at^ -mus)  {jiapaivtiv,  to  grow 
leanl.  A  gradual  wasting  of  the  tissues  of 
the  body  from  insufficient  or  imperfect  food- 
supply.  There  b  either  no  organic  lesion, 
or  gastrointestinal  catarrh. 

Marc  (wtfr>)  [Fr.,  dregs].  I.  A  by-product 
io  the  manufacture  of  wines,  consisting  of 
the  stems,  skins,  and  stones  of  the  grapes. 
2.  The  residue  remaining  after  the  expression 
of  the  oil  from  certain  fruits. 

Margaric  Acid  (mar-gnr^-ik).  See  Acid. 
Margaric  Acid  Crystals,  needle-shaped 
crystals  consisting  of  compounds  of  the  fatty 
acid,  found  in  foci  of  fatty  degeneration,  in 
the  urine,  etc. 

Margarin  (mnr' -gar-in)  Iftapryapo^,  the  pearl- 
oyster].  I.  A  margarate  of  glyceryl,  espe- 
cially glyceryl  trimargarate,  C,H5(C.7H5,- 
(>.),,  found  in  butter.  2.  An  artificial  sub- 
stitute for  butter. 

Marginal  {mar^-jinal)  [margo^  margin]. 
Pertaining  to  the  margin  or  border.  M. 
Convolution.     See  Convo/u/wfts,  Table  of , 

Mariotte's  Law.     See  Law. 

Marjoram  (mar'-ioram).     See  Origanum. 

Marrow   {mar^-o)   [AS.,   mearh^  marrow]. 


The  fatty  substance  contained  in  the  mcdollaiy 
canal  of  long  bones,  and  in  the  intentkes 
of  cancellous  booe.  In  early  life  the  mar- 
row of  all  bones  u  red  (red  marrow),  but 
later  that  within  the  shafts  of  long  boocs  as- 
sumes a  light  color  (yellow  marrow).  Red 
marrow  is  composed  of  a  delicate  reticulim 
of  connective  tissue,  containing  blood'VeweIs« 
large  connective-tissue  cells,  some  of  which 
in  growing  bone  become  osteoblasts  (manow- 
ceUs),  giant -cells  (myeloplaxes)  and  red  cor- 
puscles in  various  stages  of  formatioo.  In 
yellow  marrow  most  of  the  cells  have  been 
transformed  into  fat -cells.  The  function  of 
bone -marrow  is  probably  the  formation  of  red 
corpuscles.  In  certain  forms  of  anemia  the 
marrow  undergoes  profound  changes;  that 
of  the  shafts  ojf  the  long  bones  may  retvn 
to  its  embryonical  condition.  Booe-manow 
has  been  used  in  the  treatment  of  pemicioos 
anemia. 

Marrubium  (wiar-u' -hewn)  [L.].  Hore- 
hound.  The  leaves  and  tops  of  M.  vulgare, 
of  the  order  Labiatse.  It  contains  a  vobdle 
oil,  a  bitter  principle,  marrubin,  tannin, 
rrsin,  and  ligmn.  At  present  horehound  is 
mainly  employed  in  catarrhal  affections  of 
the  respiratory  tract  Dose  3  ss-j  (2.0-4.0). 
Unof. 

Marsh-fever.    Malaria. 

Marsh-gas.    Methane. 

Marsh-mallow.    See  AUh^a, 

Marsh*s  Test.  A  test  for  arsenic.  Hydrogen 
b  generated  by  the  action  of  an  acid  on 
cine,  the  suspected  liquid  b  added,  and  if 
arsenic  b  present,  it  combines  with  the  hy- 
drogen to  form  arsine,  .\sH|,  which  may  be 
ignited  at  the  end  of  the  delivery -tube  and 
the  flame  allowed  to  impinge  against  cold 
porcelain.  Metallic  arsenic  b  deposited  and 
is  recognized  by  the  character  of  the  staio 
and  chemic  tests. 

Martin's  Bandages.  India-rubber  bandages, 
from  5  to  21  feet  in  length,  used  for  making 
compression  of  a  limb  for  the  cure  of  ulcers, 
varicose  veins,  etc. 

Maruta  (ma-ru'-tak)  [L.].  A  genus  of 
herbs  of  the  order  Compositse.  M.  cop- 
ula, may- weed,  or  dog-fennel,  b  used  as  a 
substitute  for  chamomile. 

Mask  {mask)  [Fr.,  masque^  a  mask].  1.  A 
bandage  applied  to  the  face  in  case  of  erys 
pelas,  burns  or  scalds,  eczema,  etc  2.  Syn- 
onym of  Chloasma. 

Masked  {maskt)  [Fr.,  masque^  a  mask]. 
Covered  with  a  mask ;  concealed.  M.  Dis- 
ease, one  that  is  concealed  by  concoantaat 
symptoms. 

Mass,  Massa  {mas^  mas'-  ak)  {maam^  s 
mass].  I.  An  aggregation  of  partklet  of 
matter.  2.  A  cohesive  substance  that  can  be 
made  into  pilb.     M^  Blue.    See  Mtrtnry, 


MASSAGE 


MAXILLARY 


M.,  Vallet's.    Massa  ferri  carfoonatis.    See 

Massage  [mas-ahnh')  [Fr.,  from  fidaaetv,  to 
knetd].  A  method  of  rubbing,  kneading,  or 
stroking  of  the  superficial  parts  of  the  body 
by  the  nand  or  an  instrument,  for  the  purpose 
of  modifying  nutrition,  restoring  power  of 
moveroeDt,  leaking  up  adhesions,  etc.  A 
male  person  performing  M.  is  termed  a 
masseur ;  a  female  person,  a  maaseute. 
Masseter  (mas^-e-fer)  [fiootfr^p,  chewer]. 
One  of  the  muscles  of  mastication.  See 
Muscles,  Table  of , 

Masseteric  (woj-^/-^-^)  [)«ia/7Ti^p,  chewer]. 
PertainiDg  to  the  masseter- muscle. 
Massicot  (mas''ik'Ot)  [Fr.].     PbO.     Lead 
oxid;  litharge. 

Mast-cells  [Ger.,  Mastzellen].  Cells  filled 
with  basopbile  granules,  found  in  the  con- 
nective tissue  and  in  foci  of  chronic  inflam- 
mation. 

Maatalgia  (mas-tal^-Je-ah)  {jioard^,  breast; 
dAyoc,  pain].  Pain  m  the  breast. 
Mastic,  Mastiche  (mas'HA^  mas'-tike) 
[uaarixnt  mastic].  The  resin  flowing  from 
the  incised  bark  of  the  Pistacia  lentiscus,  a 
tree  of  the  Terebinthacese.  It  is  used  as  a 
st3rpttc,  as  a  filling  for  teeth,  and  as  a  micro- 
scopic varnish. 

Mastication  (mas-Hk-a' -shun)  Imasticare^  to 
chew].  The  act  of  chewing. 
ifasticatory  {mas' -Hk-a-to-re)  [masticare,  to 
chew].  I.  Pertaining  to  mastication,  or  to 
the  muscles  of  mastication.  2.  A  remedy  to 
be  chewed  but  not  swallowed,  used  for  its 
local  action  on  the  mouth.  M.  Spasm, 
(pasm  of  the  muscles  of  mastication ;  tris- 
nus. 

[astitis  {mas-H'-tis)  [/w<Tr<Jf,  breast ;  irtc, 
nflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  breast. 
iff.,  Interstitial,  inflammation  of  the  con- 
ective  tissue  of  the  breast.  M.,  Paren- 
hymatous, inflammation  of  the  proper 
landular  substance  of  the  breast. 
a8tod3mia  (mas  •  to  -  din'-  e  -  ak)  Ifjuurrd^, 
reast ;  otVvvrf^  pain].  Pain  in  the  breast. 
astoid  {mas'-toid)  \jtaar6q,  breast,  nipple; 
docy  like].  I.  Nipple-shaped,  as  the  M. 
"ocess  of  the  temporal  bone.  2.  The  mas- 
id  process.  3.  Pertaining  to  the  mastoid 
Y>ceaa,  as  M.  foramen,  M.  operation.  M. 
bscess.  an  abscess  of  the  mastoid  cells. 
[.  Antrum,  a  cavity  in  the  mastoid  portion 
the  temporal  bone.  M.  Cells,  the  hollow 
r- spaces  to  the  mastoid  process  comrauni- 
ting  with  the  middle  ear.  M.  Disease, 
flammation  of  the  mastoid  cells,  mastoid - 
t.      M.  Foramen.     See  Foramina ^  Table 

stoidStis  {maS'toidi'-tis)  [/ia<Tr<Jf,  nipple  ; 
nf^  like;  mc,  inflammation].  Inflamma- 
D  of  the  mastoid  cells. 


Mastooccipital  {mas-to-ok-sip^-U-al^  {jjuut- 
rdCf  nipple ;  occiput^  occiput] .  Pertaining  to 
the  mastoid  process  and  the  occipital  bone. 

Mastoparietal  {masto-par-i'-et-al)  [/««n-<Jc, 
nipple ;  parUs^  wall].  Pertaining*  to  the 
mastoid  process  and  the  parietal  bone. 

Masturbation  (mas-tur-ba' -shun)  \tnastur- 
bari,  to  pollute  one's  self] .  Production  of  the 
venereal  orgasm  by  friction  of  the  genitals. 

Mat&  (mah'-ta)  rSp.,//f^^,  a  vessel].  Para- 
guay tea.  The  leaves  of  Ilex  paraguayensis, 
which  are  used  in  South  America  as  a  substi- 
tute for  tea  and  coflee.  Its  properties  are  due 
to  thein. 

Materia  medica  (mate' re-ah  med'-ik-ah) 
[L. ,  medical  matter  J .  The  science  that  treats 
of  the  sources  and  preparations  of  the  drugs 
and  agents  used  in  medicine 

Materies  morbi  (mat-e'-re-n  mor^bi )  [L. , 
matter  of  disease].  The  material  that  is  the 
cause  of  a  disease. 

Maternal  (mat-ur'-nal)  [mater,  mother]. 
Pertaining  to  the  mother.  M.  Impressions. 
See  Impressions. 

Maternity  (mat-ur'-nit-e)  [matery  mother]. 
I.   Motherhood-     2.  A  lying-in  hospital. 

Matico  (mat-e'-ko)  [Sp.].  The  leaves  of 
Piper  anguslifolium,  of  the  order  Piperacese. 
It  is  aromatic  and  stimulant,  and  has  been 
used  as  a  local  and  general  hemostatic,  and  as 
an  alterative  stimulant  to  mucous  membranes. 
Dose  of  the  powder  ^ss-.t^j  (2.0-4.0). 
Ext.  matico  fld.  Dose  f^ss-f^j  (2.0- 
4.0).     Tinctura  matico.    Dose  i^]  (4.0]. 

Matricaria  (matrik-a're-ak)[ma/riXf  mold  J. 
German  chamomile ;  the  flower-tops  of  Mat- 
ricaria chamomilla,  of  the  order  Composite. 
Matricaria  contains  a  volatile  oil  and  a  bitter 
extractive  principle,  and  is  a  mild  tonic,  and 
in  large  doses  emetic  and  antispasmodic. 

Matrix  (ma'-triks)  [L.,  a  mold  in  which  any- 
thing is  cast].  I.  A  mold;  the  cavity  in 
which  anything  is  formed.  2.  That  part  or 
tissue  into  which  any  organ  or  process  is  set, 
as  the  matrix  of  a  tooth  or  of  a  nail.  3.  The 
intercellular  substance  of  a  tissue,  as  of  carti- 
li^e.     4.  The  uterus. 

Maturation  (mat-u-ra' -shun)  [maturare^  to 
ripen].  Ripening,  as  the  ripening  of  the  ovum 
or  of  a  cataract. 

Mature  (mata/^)  [»w/«rar/,  to  ripen].  I.  To 
ripen.     2.  Ripe. 

Matutinal  (ma-tu'-tin-al)  [Matuta,  goddess 
of  the  morning].  Occurring  in  the  morning, 
as  M.  nausea. 

Matzoon  (mat'-zHn).  Milk  fermented  with 
a  peculiar  ferment  obtained  from  Asiatic 
Turkey.  It  is  used  like  koumiss  in  irritated 
states  of  the  gastrointestinal  tract. 

Maxilla  (maks-il'-ak)  [L.].  The  bone  of 
the  upper  or  lower  jaw. 

MaxiUaxy  (maks'-il-a-re)  [maxilla,  jaw- 


MAXIMAL 


MEDIASTINUM 


bonel.  PerUining  to  the  maxilbe  or  jaws. 
M.  Bones,  the  booes  of  the  jaws,  consisting 
of  the  lower  and  upper  jaw.  M.  Nerve, 
Inferior.  See  Nerves^  TabU  of,  M.  Nerve, 
Superior.  See  Nerves^  TabU  of.  M.  Sinus, 
the  antrum  of  Highmore  in  the  superior 
maxilla. 

Maximal  (maks^-im-al)  [maximus,  the  great- 
est]. Pertaining  to  the  maximum ;  highest ; 
largest.  M.  Thermometer,  one  registering 
the  highest  point  reached  by  the  temperature. 

Maximum  (maks^-im-um)  [L.,  neuter  of 
maximus,  the  greatest].  The  greatest  or 
highest  degree  or  amount  of  anydiing ;  the 
highest  point  attained  or  attainable  by  any- 
thing. M.  Dose,  the  largest  dose  of  a 
medicament  that  may  be  safely  given. 

May-apple.     See  PodaphyUum. 

Mayhem  [ma' -hem)  [OF.,  mtkaigner,  to 
hurt].     Maiming. 

McBumey's  Point.  A  point  two  inches 
above  the  right  anterior  superior  spine  of  the 
ilium  on  a  line  drawn  from  this  spine  to  the 
umbilicus,  at  which  there  is  tenderness  to 
pressure  in  many  cases  of  appendicitis. 

Meadow  Saffron.    See  Colchicum. 

Measles  {mH^-tU)  [Du.,  maseleny  measles]. 
I.  An  acute,  infectious  disease,  characterized 
by  a  peculiar  eroption  and  by  catarrhal  inflam- 
mation of  the  mucosse  of  the  conjunctiva  and 
the  air-pasages.  After  a  period  of  incubation 
of  nearly  two  weeks  the  disease  begins  with  a 
chill,  fever,coryza,  cough,  and  conjunctivitis; 
on  thethJrd  or  fourth  day  a  dusky-red,  papular 
eruption  appears,  arranged  in  the  form  of 
crescentic  groups.  After  having  reached  its 
maximum,  in  three  or  four  days,  the  eruption 
gradually  fades,  and  is  followed  by  a  branny 
desquamation.  The  disease  affects  princi- 
pally the  young,  is  exceedingly  contagious, 
and  one  attack  oif  it  confers  almost  perpetual 
immunity.  Its  cause  is  thought  to  l»e  a  bacil- 
lus (Bacillus  of  Canon  and  Pielicke).  2.  A 
disease  of  hogs,  cattle,  and  sheep,  due  to  the 
presence  in  the  body  of  the  Cysticercus  ccl- 
lulosae  and  larvae  of  other  tapeworms.  3.  The 
cysticerci  themselves.  M.,  Black.,  M., 
Hemorrhagic,  a  grave  variety  of  measles 
(1st  def.),  in  which  the  eruption  is  hemor- 
rhagic and  the  constitutional  symptoms  pro- 
found.    M.,  German.     See  Rdtkeln, 

Measly  {mH'-U)  [Du.,  maseien^  measles]. 
Containing  measles  (cysticerci). 

Meat  {mit)  [AS. ,  mete^  meat].  The  muscu- 
lar tissues  of  an  animal,  used  as  food. 

Meatus  (me-a'-tus)  [mearf^  to  flow  or  pass]. 
An  opening  or  passage.  M.  auditoriusex- 
temus,  the  canal  extending  from  the  concha 
to  the  membrana  tympani.  M.  auditorius 
intemus,  the  internal  auditory  canal.  M. 
urethr«,  M.  urinarius,  the  orifice  of  the 
urethra.  M.  of  Nose,  one  of  the  three  pass- 


ages into  which  the  turbinal  bones  divide  the 
nasal  cavity. 

Mecca  balsam.    See  Balm  of  Gilead, 

Mechanic,  Mechanical  [me  -  kan'-  ti,  mu- 
kan'-ik-nl)  {jjufx^^tt^  machine].  Pertaining 
to  mechanics,  or  to  physical  forces,  not  to 
chemic  or  vital  forces.  M.  Theory ,Virchow's 
theory  of  tumor-formation,  according  to  which 
tumors  are  due  primarily  to  local  irritation. 

Mechanics  {me  -  Jtan'-  iks)  \jir)Xfiv^%  a  ma- 
chine]. The  science  that  treats  of  the  influ- 
ence and  effects  of  force  upon  matter,  and  that 
may  be  divided  into  statics,  the  science  treat- 
ing of  matter  at  rest,  and  dynamics,  that 
treating  of  matter  in  motion. 

Mechanism  (mtk' -an-izm)  [ftfix^^*  *  o^' 
chine].  I.  An  aggregation  of  parts  arranged 
in  a  mechanic  way  to  perform  the  functions 
of  a  machine.  2.  The  manner  in  which  a 
mechanic  act  is  performed,  as  the  M.  of  labor. 

Meckel's  Diverticulum  [I.  F.  AfecM,  a 
German  anatomist].  See  Diverticulum. 
M.'s  Ganglion.     See  Ganglia,  TabU  of 

Meconarcein  [mek  -  0  -  nar^-  se  -  in)  [fti/Kuv^ 
opium ;  vaptawv^  to  benumb].  A  mixture  of 
alkaloids  of  opium,  free  from  morphio,  hav- 
ing sedative  properties. 

Meconate  (tntk^'on-at)  \jiijKu»t  poppj]-  A 
salt  of  meconic  acid. 

Meconic  (mek-on^-ik)  [//i^kuv,  poppy].  Per- 
taining to  opium.     M.  Acid.     See  Acut. 

Meconin  (mek'  -  on  •  in)  [^Nuf,  poppy  1, 
C^pH,oO^.  A  OTstalline  substance  that  is 
obtained  on  boiling  narcotin  with  water.  It 
is  hypnotic.     Dose  I  gr.  (0.06). 

Meconium  [meko'  ne-um)  [ui^Kuv,  P<>PP>']- 
The  first  fecal  discharges  of  the  newborn, 
a  dark -green,  viscid  substance,  composed  of 
the  secretion  of  the  liver  with  exfoliated  epi- 
thelium from  the  bowel. 

Mediad  (me'-dead )  [medius^  middle].  To- 
ward the  median  plane  or  line. 

Medial  {me'deal).     See  Median. 

Median  [me'-de-an)  [medius,  the  middle]. 
Situated  or  placed  in  the  middle :  me&al,  ur 
mesial.  M.  Artery.  See  Arteries,  Table  cf 
M.  Nerve.     See  AVrtr^.  Table  of. 

Mediastinal  ($n*  -  de  -  as  -  ti' -  nal )  [mediasH- 
num\     Pertaining  to  the  mediastinum. 

Mediastinitis  [me  de-astin-i'tis)  [mediasti- 
num\  iTtf,  inHammation].  Infiamraatioo  of 
the  cellular  tissue  of  the  mediastinum. 

M ediast inopericarditis  ( me-deas'  tin- o-per- 
ik-ar-di'tis)  [mediastinum  ;  rrtpi^  aroimd  ; 
xa/xJm,  heart;  trt^,  inflammation].  Com- 
bined inflammaiion  of  the  mcdiasUnum  and 
the  pericardium. 

Mediastinum  [me-de-asti'num)  [in  tmdio 
stare,  to  stand  in  the  middle].  I.  A  parti- 
tion separating  adjacent  parts.  2.  The  s{«oe 
left  in  the  middle  of  the  chest  between  the 
two  pleurae,  divided  into  the  anterior,  middle. 


MEDIATE 


MEDULLITIS 


posterior,  and  superior  mediastinum.    The  an- 
terior M.  contains  the  origins  of  the  triangularis 
stemi  muscles,  the  internal  mammary  vessels 
of  the  left  side,  loose  areolar  tissue,  lymphatic 
vessels,  and  a  few  lymphatic  glands.     The 
middle  M.  contains  the  heart  and  pericardi- 
um, the  ascending  aorta,  the  superior  vena 
cava,  the  bifurcation  of  the  trachea,  the  pul- 
monary arteries  and  veins,  and  the  phrenic 
nerves.    The  posterior  M.  contains  a  part  of 
the  aorta,  the  greater  and  lesser  azygos  veins, 
the  pneumogastric  and  splanchnic  nerves, 
the  esophagus,  the  thoracic  duct,  and  some 
lymphatic  glands.  The  superior  mediastinum, 
that  part  lying  above  the  pericardium,  con- 
tains the  origins  of  the  sternohyoid  and  sterno- 
thyroid muscles,  and  part  of  the  longus  colli 
muscles,  the  transverse  portion  of  the  aortic 
arch,  the  innominate,  left  carotid,  and  sub- 
clavian arteries,  the  superior  vena  cava  and 
the    innominate    veins,    the    left    superior 
intercostal     vein,    the    pneumogastric,  car- 
diac, phrenic,  and  left  recurrent  laryngeal 
nerves,  the  trachea,  esophagus,  thoracic  duct, 
the  remains  of  the  thymus  gland,  and  lym- 
phatics. M.  testis,  a  septum  in  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  testicle  formed  by  a  projection 
inward  of  the  tunica  albuginea. 
Mediate  [mt'-de-at)  [medius^  the  middle]. 
Indirect;  performed  through  something  in- 
terposed, as  M.  percussion,  percussion  on  a 
pleximeter. 
Medical  [med'-ik-ai)  [mederi^  to  heal].  Per- 
taining to  medicine.   M.  Diseases,  diseases 
treated  by  the  physician,   as    distinguished 
from  surgical  diseases.     M.  Ethics,  those 
principles  of  justice,  honor,  and  courtesy  that 
regulate   the    intercourse    and   conduct  of 
physicians.    M.  Jurisprudence.   Stt  Juris- 
prudence. 

Medicament  (med-ik'-am-ent)  [mederi^  to 
heal].  A  medicinal  substance. 
Medicated  {med' ik-a-ied^  \mederi^\Q\Mt2X\, 
Impregnated  with  a  medicinal  substance. 
Medication  (nted -  ik  -  a' -  shun)  [mederi,  to 
heal].  I.  Impregnation  with  a  medicine. 
2.  Treatment  by  medicines ;  the  administra- 
tion of  medicines.  M.,  Hypodennic,  treat- 
ment by  the  introduction  of  medicines  be- 
neath the  skin,  usually  by  means  of  a  h3rpo- 
dermic  syringe. 

Medicinal  (med-is^-'n-al)  [medert\  to  heal]. 
Pertaining  to,  or  saving  the  nature  of,  a 
medicine.  M.  Rashes,  eruptions  on  the 
skin  following  the  internal  administration  of 
certain  drugs. 

ledicine  {tfted^-is-in)  [medicina^  medicine; 
from  mederi^  to  heal].  I.  Any  substance 
^vcn  for  the  cure  of  disease.  2.  The  science 
•>{  the  treatment  of  disease ;  the  healing  art. 
[n  a  restricted  sense,  that  branch  of  the  heal- 
n^  art  dealing  with  internal  diseases.     M., 


Clinic,  the  study  of  disease  by  the  bedside  of 
the  patient.  M.,  Forensic,  or  M.,  Legal, 
medical  jurisprudence,  or  medicine  in  its  rela- 
tion to  questions  of  law.  M.,  Practice  of,  the 
practical  application  of  the  principles  taught 
by  the  Theory  of  M.  M.,  Preventive,  that 
which  aims  at  the  prevention  of  disease. 

Medicochirurgical  (nud-ik-o-ki'rur* -jik-al ) 
\medicus^  a  physician;  ;fc/po[?/>yof,  a  sur- 
geon]. Pertaining  conjointly  to  medicine 
and  surgery. 

Medicolegal  {nied  •  ik  -  o  -  le' -  gal)  {niedicus^ 
physician;  lex^  law].  Relating  both  to 
medicine  and  the  law. 

Medicus  (med^-ik-us)  [L.].     A  physician. 

Medina  Worm  (w^-<?i'-«tf^).  The  Fila- 
ria  medinensis. 

Mediolateral  (me-de-o-iat^-er-al)  [medius, 
middle ;  iaius,  side].  Pertaining  to  the  mid- 
dle and  to  a  side. 

Mediopontine  {me-de-o-pon' -tin)  ^medius, 
middle;  pons,  oridge.]  Pertaining  to  the 
central  portion  of  the  pons. 

Mediterranean  Fever  (med-it-er-a^-ne-an). 
See  MaUa  Fever. 

Medium  (me^-de-um)  [medius,  middle.]  I. 
That  in  which  anything  moves  or  through 
which  it  acts.  2.  The  soil  upon  which  any- 
thing grows,  especially  a  substance  used  for 
cultivating  bacteria ;  culture  or  nutrient  me- 
dium. 

Medulla  (me'dul^ah)  [L. .  marrow] .  i .  The 
marrow.  2.  The  medulla  oblongata.  3. 
Anything  resembling  marrow  in  structure  or 
in  its  relations  to  other  parts — as  a  fatty  sub- 
stance or  marrow  occupying  certain  cavities. 
Also  the  central  parts  of  certain  organs,  as 
distinguished  from  the  cortex.  M.  of  Nerve- 
fiber,  the  white  substance  of  Schwann. 
See  Nerve.  M.  oblongata,  the  upper  en- 
larged part  of  the  spinal  cord,  extending  from 
the  cord  opposite  the  foramen  magnum  to  the 
pons  Varolii.  M.  spinalis,  the  spinal  cord 
or  marrow.     M.  of  Kidney.     See  Kidney. 

Medullary  {med^-ui-a-re)  [medulla, vaxxxro'w'] 
I.  Pertaining  to  the  marrow;  resembling 
marrow.  2.  Pertaining  to  any  medulla,  a£ 
that  of  the  brain.  3.  Pertaining  to  the  medulla 
oblongata.  M.  Canal,  the  hollow  interior  of 
long  bones  in  which  the  marrow  lies.  M. 
Carcinoma,,  a  soft  carcinoma  very  rich  in 
cells.  M.  Groove,  a  longitudinal  groove  at 
the  anterior  part  of  the  embryonal  shield  of 
the  blastoderm.     M.  Rays.     See  Kidney. 

MeduUated  {nted' -ul-ated )  [medulla,  mar- 
row] .  Containing  or  covered  by  medulla  or 
marrow.  M.  Nerve-fibers,  nerve-fibers 
provided  with  a  medullary  sheath,  the  white 
substance  of  Schwann. 

Medullitis  {medul-i' -tis)  [medulla,  marrow ; 
trig,  inflammation].  I.  Inflammation  of 
marrow.     2.  Myelitis. 


MEDULLIZATION 


MELANOCARCmOMA 


Medullixation  (mfdul'ix-a'shun)  [mfduHa, 
nuuTow].  Conversion  into  marrow,  as  the 
softening  of  bone-tissue  in  the  course  of  os- 
teitis. 

Mega-,  Megalo-  (tue^-ah-^  meg^alo) 
[fina^t  large].  A  prefix  signifying  large; 
also,  indicating  a  unit  one  million  times  as 
great  as  the  unit  to  which  it  is  prefixed. 

Megacephalic,  Megacephalous  {meg  ah- 
sef-al'-ik^  meg-as-f/'-ni-us)  \_fu)aqf  large; 
ne^aXff^  head].  Large-headed  ;  applied  to  a 
ikull  the  capacity  of  which  exceeds  1450  c.c. 

Megaloblast  (meg* -ai-o-blast )  [ftkytt^^  large ; 
^7Mor6i^  germ].  A  giant-corpuscle  of  the 
blood. 

Megalocephalic  {tuegal-o-sef-al' -ik).  Same 
as  Afegacephalic, 

Megalocephaly  (nug-ai-o-sef'-al-e)  [fikya^^ 
laige;  xr^.//,  head].  I.  The  condition  of 
having  a  very  large  head.  2.  A  disease 
characterized  by  progressive  enlargement  of 
the  head,  face,  and  neck,  involving  both  the 
bony  and  the  soft  tissues.  It  is  also  termed 
leontiasis  ossea. 

Megalocomea  (meg-alo-kor* -ne-ak)  [fi^yac, 
large;  cofy$€a,  cornea].  An  enlarged  con- 
dition of  the  cornea. 


Megalocyte    {mfg^-al-osie^    [Af^of*    Iwrge ; 

'*'.    An  abnon 
corpuscle.' 


Kirro^t  cell].    An  abnormally  large  red  blood- 


Megalodactylous  (mrg -al-o- dak' - tilus) 
[jjiyQ^^  great;  6hKrv\o^^  digit].  Having 
umormally  large  fingers  and  toes. 

Megaloglossia  {mtg-al-o-glos'-e-ah).  See 
Macrogloisia, 

Megalomania  (meg-al-o-ma' -ne-ah^  \jikyQ/z^ 
great ;  /lavui,  madness].  I.  Mania  character- 
ixed  by  delusions  of  grandeur.  2.  The  de- 
lirium of  mndeur. 

Megalopsia  (megal-op^se-ah)  {ji^of,  large; 
d^lHf,  sight].  A  disturbance  of  vision  in 
which  objects  seem  larger  than  they  are. 

Megavolt  (mig^-ak-t'dlt)[/Uyn(t  large;  t/<j/r]. 
A  million  volts. 

Megohm  {m^g^-dm)  [/UyaCt  great;  ckm']. 
A  million  ohms. 

Megrim  (me' grim)  [Fr.,  migraiM/\.  See 
Migraine. 

Meibomian  {mi-ho'-me-an).  Described  by 
Heinrich  Meibom,  or  Meibomius,  a  Ger- 
man phvsician,  163&-1700.  M.  Cy%\^  a 
cyst  of  the  Meibomian  gland.  M.  Glands, 
the  sebaceous  glands  of  the  eyelids,  each 
having  an  excretory  duct  opening  at  the  free 
border. 

Meio-  {mi'-o-).  For  words  thus  beginning 
see  Afio-. 

Meissner  (mls'-tur)  [a  German  scientist]. 
M .,  Corpuscles  of.  Tactile  corpuscles  situ- 
ated at  the  apices  of  the  papillx  of  the  corium. 
M.,  Plexus  of,  a  plexus  of  nerves  found  in 
the  submucous  layer  of  the  small  intesttoe. 


Mel  [1-].  Honey.  The  saccharine  sub- 
stance deposited  in  the  honeycomb  by  the 
common  honey  bee.  Apis  mellitica,  and  a 
few  other  hymenopterous  insects.  It  contains 
a  large  amount  of  dexl^o^•e  and  levulose,  and 
has  the  same  properties  as  sugar.  In  medi- 
cine it  is  used  as  a  vehicle,  especially  in  gar- 
gles, and  as  an  application  to  foul  ulcers.  M. 
boracia  (H.  P.),  is  used  as  a  mouth- wash  in 
thrush  and  aphtha\  M.  despumatum, 
clarified  honey.  M.  ro8ae,is  used  as  an  ad- 
ditiop  to  gargles  in  ulcerated  conditions  of 
the  mouth  and  throat. 

Melsena  (mele'-naM).     See  Afelena, 

Melansemia  (me/an-e'-meak).  See  Afelane- 
mia. 

Melancholia,  Melancholy  (me/  -  an  -  kp'- 
ieahf  mei'-an-kal-e)  [/i^>a{-,  black ;  x*^i,^ 
bile].  A  disorder  of  the  mind  characterized 
by  a  profound  emotional  depression,  and  a  ten- 
dency toward  introspection,  impairment  of 
the  mental  and  physical  faculties,  with  or 
without  delusions.  M.  agitata,  a  form 
associated  with  excessive  motor  excitement. 
The  patient  rushes  about, wringing  his  hands 
and  lamenting  loudly.  M.  attonita,  or  M. 
with  Stupor,  or  M.,  Stuporous  ;  a  form  in 
which  the  patient  is  perfectly  motionless,  lies 
in  bed  or  sits  up  with  his  eyes  open  and  fixed, 
and  is  absolutely  indifferent  to  everything 
about  him.  M.,  Simple,  M.  without  De- 
lirium, Hsrpomelancholia,  a  mild  form 
without  delusions.  M.,  Stuporous.  See 
M.  attonita. 

Melancholiac  (nul  -  an  -  ko^-  le  •  ak)  [/Jt/ac, 
black  ;  x^>Jft  bile],  l.  Suffering  from  melan 
cholia.  2.  A  person  affected  with  melan 
cholia. 

Melanemia  {me/an-e'-me-ak)  [fii>M^,  black  ; 
a]fiat  blood].  The  presence  m  the  blood- 
plasma  or  m  the  corpuscles,  or  in  both,  of 
dark  pigment-granules  due  to  the  disintegra- 
tion of  the  hemoglobin.  It  is  also  termed 
hemachromatosis.  Its  most  common  cause  is 
malaria. 

Melanephidrosis  (me/  -  an-ef-id-ry  -m) 
(W>.ac,  black  ;  ifioputric,  excessive  perspira- 
tion].    Black  perspiration. 

Melanin  (mer-  an  -  in)  [fit^Mc,  black].  A 
black  pigmentary  matter  occurring  naturally 
in  the  choroid  coat  of  the  eye,  the  skin,  the 
hair,  the  muscles,  and,  pathologically,  in  the 
skin  in  Addison's  disease  aiMi  in  melai>otic 
tumors.  Melanin  usually  contains  sulphur, 
rarely  iron.  It  is  a  product  of  cell -activity  and 
belongs  to  the  so-called  metabolic  pigments. 

Melanism  (me/'an-itm)  [fii^ac,  black].  The 
abnormal  deposition  of  dark  pigment  in  an 
organ  or  organism. 

M  elanocarcinoma  (lir//- nff  •  !>•  ifor- jy«  •^- iiw4) 
[/i^/oc,  black  ;  KapHivof,  crab ;  bfia,  timior]. 
A  caiciaoaia  containing  melanin. 


MELANODERMA 


MEMBRANE 


ifelanoderma,  Melanodermia  {mel-an-o- 
der^-mah,  ptel -  an  -  o  -  der^ -me  -  ah)  [//iXac, 
black ;  d^p/<a,  skin].  Black  pigmentation 
of  the  skin.  M.,  Parasitic.  See  Vaga- 
bond's  Disease. 

f  elanoid  [mrl'-an-oid )  [i/f  ?^f ,  black  ;  e)<Tof , 
like].  Dark-colored  ;  resembling  melanosis, 
lelanoma  (mel-an-o^tnaA)  [a/Xaf ,  black  ; 
)iiaf  turoorl.  A  tumor  containing  melanin, 
lelanopathy  (mel-  an-op^  -  ath-e)  \jik.'Aaqy 
}Iack ;  }r<^,  illness].  A  disease  attended 
TJti)  a  deposit  of  dark  pigment, 
[elanorrhagia  (mel anor-a^ -jf-ah)  [fxkTM^, 
>Iack;  })T])vhvai^  to  burst  forth].  The  copi- 
•tKs  discharge  of  blackened  feces, 
elanosarcoma  ( w^-/ -nn-O' sar -  k</-  mah) 
fiela^^  black;  ffa/>^,  flesh;  bfia,  tumor]. 
L  sarcoma  containing  melanin, 
elanosis  (mel-an  (/-sis)  [fikhi^f  black; 
J<T/>f.  disease].  A  general  tendency  to  the 
irmation  in  the  blood,  and  the  deposition  in 
-gans,  of  a  dark  granular  pigment  which  is 
iuaily  derired  from  the  hemoglobin  of  the 
i>od.  M.  lenticularis  progressiva.  See 
eroderma  fngmentosutn. 
rlanotic  (mel-nn  -  ot^  -  ii)  [^kT^ac^  black  ; 
fTf>c.  disease].  Pertaining  to  or  character- 
rd  by  melanosis  or  by  a  deposit  of  melanin, 
lanuria  {niel-an-u^ -re-ak)  [//^?.of,  black  ; 
ina^  urine].  The  presence  of  black  pig- 
;nt  in  the  urine. 

lasma  {mel-az' -mah)  [^i^c»  black].  A 
^sit  of  dark  pigment  in  the  skin.  M. 
prarenale,  Addi.son's  disease. 
[ena  (mel-e'-nah)  {jikXa^,  black].  The 
charge  of  stools  colored  black  by  altered 
od.     It  is  quite  common  in  the  new-bom. 

neonatorum,  an  extravasation  of  blood 
>  the  stomach  and  intestines  of  the  new- 
n  infant,  occurring  most  often  in  the  first 

hours  of  life. 

e^itose  {melnftt-ds)  [Fr.,  w^/<?»^,  larch], 
-IjjO,^  H-  2H,0.     A  sugar  found  in  Eu- 
;an  false  manna,  or  Brian^on  manna, 
cera,  Meliceris  {jmel-u-e^-rahy  mel-is-e^- 

l/ilXi,  honey;  ic^p^?,  wax].  A  cyst 
aining  a  substance  having  a  honey-like 
•arance. 

lotus  {fml'il-o' -ttts')  \jik7a^  honey;  A«.>rrff, 
1.  A  genus  of  leguminous  hert».  M. 
malis,  the  sweet  clover,  is  official  in  the 
*.  It  contains  coumarin,  CgHjO-,  and 
otic  acid,  C,H,oOj,  coumaric  acid,  C«- 
,,  of  which  coumarin  is  the  anhydrid. 
ot  is  used  but  little  at  the  present  day. 
sa  {tm/'it^-ah)  [fiiXiaaa^  a  bee].  A 
%  of  labiate  plants.     The  leaves  and  tops 

officinalis,  balm  or  lemon-balm,  is  the 
sa  of  the  U.  S.  P.,  which  contains  tan- 
i  bitter  extractive,  and  an  essential  oil. 
i%  used  as  a  drink  in  febrile  affections, 
1  A  flarcsriog  agent 


Melitagra  {mr/-i/-a^-graA)[fiihf  honey ;  iypa, 
seizure].  Eczema  associated  with  the  forma- 
tion of  honey-like  crusts. 

Melitemia  {mel-ii-e' -nu-ah)  [///A*,  honey ; 
al/m,  blood].  The  presence  of  an  excess  of 
sugar  in  the  blood. 

Melitose  (mtV-it-ds)  \jiMm^  honey],  C|gH^- 
On  -|-  SHjO.  A  crystalline  sugar  occurring 
in  Australian  manna,  flour  of  cotton-seeds, 
sugar-beets,  and  in  the  molasses  obtained  in 
the  manufacture  of  sugar. 

Melituria  (md-U-u'-re-ak)  IjikTi^  honey; 
urina^  urine].  Diabetes  mellitus.  M.  in- 
osita,  the  presence  of  inosite  in  the  urine. 

Mellite  (mel'-U),     See  Mdlitum. 

Mellithemia  {mel-ith-e'-me'ah).  See  Mel- 
itemia, 

Mellitum  {met  -  i' -  turn)  \mel^  honey].     In 

Eharmacy,  a  honey,  a  preparation  in  which 
oney  is  the  menstruum.  M.  rosse.  See 
Mel  rasa. 

Melon-seed  Bodies.  Fibrous  bodies,  resem- 
bling melon-seeds  in  size,  sometimes  found  in 
jomts  and  cysts  of  tendon-sheaths. 

Meloplasty  {met' -o-plas-te\  \jirfhiv^  cheek; 
lOJiaatWy  to  form].  A  plastic  operation  on 
the  cheek. 

Melting  Point.  The  degree  of  temperature 
at  which  solids  pass  into  the  liquid  state. 

Member  {mem'-ber)  [membrum,  a  limb].  A 
part  of  the  body,  especially  a  projecting  part, 
as  the  leg,  the  arm. 

Membrana  {mem-bra' -nah)  [L.].  A  mem- 
brane. M.  adventitia,  the  adventitia  of 
blood-vessels;  also,  the  decidua  reflexa.  M. 
agnina,  the  amnion.  M.  basilaris.  See 
Lamina  basilaris.  M.  caduca,  the  decidua. 
M.  capsularis,  a  capsular  ligament.  M. 
decidua.  Set  Decidua.  M.  flaccida.  See 
Membrane ,  ShrapnelVs.  M.  germinativa, 
the  blastoderm.  M.  granulosa,  the  layer  of 
small  polyhedral  cells  within  the  theca  foUi- 
culi  of  the  Graafian  follicle.  M.  limitans, 
the  limiting  layer  of  the  retina.  There  are 
two,  the  internal  and  external.  M.  propria, 
the  delicate  membrane  upon  which  the  epi- 
thelium of  mucous  membranes  rests;  the 
basement -membrane.  M.  ruyschiana,  the 
middle  or  capillary  layer  of  the  choroid.  M. 
serotina.  The  part  of  the  decidua  enter- 
ing into  the  formation  of  the  placenta.  M. 
tectoria.  A  delicate  membrane  of  the  inter- 
nal ear,  also  known  as  Corti's  membrane. 
See  Ear.  M.  tensa,  the  tympanic  mem- 
brane proper,  exclusive  of  ShrapnelPs  mem- 
brane. M.  tenuis,  the  arachnoid.  M. 
t}rmpani.     See  Membrane^  Tympanic. 

Membranaceous  {mem-bran-a' -ce-us)  [mem- 
brana^ membrane].  Pertaining  to,  consisting 
of,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a  membrane. 

Membrane  {mem^-brdn)  [membrana ^  from 
memirum,  member].     A  thin  layer  of  tissue 


MEMBRANE 


MENINGITIS 


Wfi  minding  a  put  or  lepcrating  adjacent 
carities.  M.,  Animal,  a  membrane  made 
from  animal  Usstics.  osed  in  dialyzing.  M^ 
Baaemeiit*,  a  delicate  membrane,  made  np 
of  flattened  cells,  underlying  the  epitbeliom  of 
nrocofis  surfaces.  M.-bone,  any  bone  that 
originates,  not  in  cartilage,  bat  in  membrane, 
as,  e.g.^  some  of  the  cranial  bones.  M. 
of  Bruch,  a  thin  transparent  membrane, 
the  external  layer  of  the  choroid  of  the 
eye.  M.  of  Corti.  See  Membrana  Uctoria. 
M.,  Coatocoracoid,  a  dense  layer  of  fascia 
extending  between  the  sobclavius  muscle  and 
the  pectoraliii  minor,  and  forming  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  sheath  of  the  axillary  vessels. 
M.,  Cricothyroid,  the  membrane  connecting 
the  thyroid  and  cricoid  cartilages  of  the 
larynx.  M.,  Croupous.  See  M.^  ^P^' 
iherie.  M.,  Dibove't,  a  layer  of  flat- 
tened connective  tissue  cells  beneath  the 
epithelium  of  the  bronchial,  vesical,  and 
intestinal  mucous  membranes.  M.  of  Des- 
cemet.  See  Dtscemtfs  Membrane.  M., 
Diphtheric,  a  fibrinous  layer  formed  on  a 
mucous  membrane  or  cutaneous  surface  and 
extending  downward  for  a  variable  depth. 
When  not  firmly  adherent,  as  in  the  larynx, 
it  is  termed  a  croupous  membrane.  It  is  the 
result  of  coagulation -necrosis,  generally,  but 
not  always,  brought  about  by  the  bacillus  of 
diphtheria.  M.,  Drum,  the  t3rmpanic  mem- 
brane. M.,  False.  See  M.,  Diphtheric. 
M.,  Peoestrmtsd,  the  elastic  membrane  of 
the  intiros  of  arteries,  also  known  as  the  fe- 
nestrated membrane  of  Henle.  M.,  Petal, 
name  given  to  the  chorion,  amnion,  or 
allantois.  M.,  Hyaloid,  a  delicate  mem- 
brane investing  the  vitreous  humor  of  the 
eye.  M.,  Jacob's,  the  layer  of  rods  and 
cones  of  the  retina.  M.,  Krause's,  a  thin, 
transverse,  dark  disc  bisecting  the  light  sub 
stance  of  the  striped  muscle-fibers.  M.,  Mu- 
cous, the  membrane  lining  those  cavities  and 
canals  communicating  with  the  air.  It  is 
kept  moist  Xry  the  mucus  secreted  by  the  gob- 
letcells  and  mucous  glands.  M.  of  Nas- 
myth,  a  delicate  firm  membrane  covering 
the  external  surface  of  the  enamel  for  a  short 
time  after  birth.  M.,  Nictitating,  the  wink- 
ing membrane  of  the  lower  animals,  repre- 
sented in  the  human  eye  by  the  plica  semi- 
lunaris. M.,  Obturator,  the  fibrous  mem- 
brane closing  the  obturator  foramen.  M., 
Persistent  Pupillary.  See  Af.^  Pupillary, 
M.,  Pupillary,  a  delicate,  transparent  mem- 
brane closing  the  pupil  in  the  fetus.  It  disap- 
pears between  the  seventh  and  eighth  months; 
when  it  persists  after  birth  it  is  termed  per- 
sistent pupillary  membrane.  M.,  Pyogenic, 
the  lining  of  an  abscess-cavity  or  a  fistulous 
tract.  TTie  term  should  be  restricted  to  the 
lining  of  an  abscess  that  is  spreading  and  in 


wfaidi  the  membrane  produces  pas.  IC.  of 
Reissner,  a  delicate  membrane  ttretching 
across  the  outer  wall  of  the  cochlea.  Id.. 
ReticuUr,  the  membrane  covering  the  space 
of  the  outer  hair-cells  of  the  cochlea.  IC. 
of  Ruysch.  See  Membrana  ruysrkimma. 
Id.,  S^mesderian,  the  mucosa  lining  the 
nasal  fossse.  M.,  Secondary  Tympuiic, 
the  membrane  closing  the  fenestra  rotunda. 
M.,  Serous,  a  delicate  membrane  covered 
with  flat  endothelial  cells  lining  closed 
cavities  of  the  body,  e.g.,  the  peritooeum, 
the  pleura.  M.,  Shrapnell's,  a  small 
portion  of  the  drum-membrane  filling  the 
notch  of  RivinL  M.,  Sjmovial,  a  mem- 
brane covering  the  articular  extremities 
of  bones  and  the  inner  surface  of  liga- 
ments entering  into  the  formation  of  a  joint. 
id..  Tenon's.  See  Tenon's  Capsule.  M^ 
Thyrohyoid,  the  membrane  joining  the  thy- 
roid cartilage  and  hyoid  bone.  Id.,  Tym- 
panic, the  drum-membrane ;  the  memtvane 
separating  the  external  from  the  middle  ear. 
It  consists  of  three  layers :  an  outer  or  sldn- 
layer,  a  fibrous  layer,  and  an  inner  mnoons 
layer. 

Membranous  {memt^-bran-ms)  \mtmbra$tm^ 
membrane],  rertaining  to,  having  the  na- 
ture of,  or  consisting  of  a  membrane.  M. 
Labjointh.  See  Labyrinth.  M.  Urethra, 
the  part  of  the  urethra  between  the  two  layers 
of  the  triangular  ligament 

Memory  imem^o  re)  [w^m^,  mindful].  That 
iaculty  of  the  mind  by  which  ideas  and  sen- 
sations are  recalled. 

Idenarche  (men'-ar-ka)  [fdrv,  month;  opy^, 
bc^nning].  The  period  at  which  menstni- 
ation  is  inaugurated. 

Menhidrosis,  Menidiosis  (men-hidrd^-tis^ 
men  -id-n/ -sis)  [/c^,  month ;  Mpuei^', 
sweat].  The  replacement  of  the  menttnial 
flow  by  a  bloody  sweat 

Menitee*s  Disease  (men-e-dr^).  See  /Hi- 
eases^  Table  of. 

Meningeal  (men  -  in^Je  •  al)  [a^tyf,  OMm- 
brane].     Pertaining  to  the  meninges. 

Meninges  (menin'iH)  [pi.  of  ^ti7w>^,  mem* 
brane].  The  membranes  covering  the  braio 
and  spinal  cord,  and  consisting  of  the  dmm, 
pia,  and  arachnoid. 

Meningitic  {men  injit^-ih)  [/«^w>^.  mem- 
brane ;  me,  inflammation].  Pertaining  to,  or 
affected  with,  meningitis. 

Meningitis  (menin-ji'tis)  [fjt^iy^,  mem- 
brane; <r<Ct  in^^unmation].  Inflanunatioo  of 
the  membranes  of  the  brain  or  cord  ;  that  of 
the  dura  is  termed  pachymeningitis,  that  oC 
the  pia-arachnoid,  leptomeningitis,  or  simply 
meningitis.  Meningitis  of  the  membranes 
of  the  brain  is  classified  into  mcxAt  and 
chronic,  the  former  being  subdivided  into 
serous  and  purulent,  the  latter  into 


MENINGOCELE 


MENSURATION 


otsifyiog,  tnd  deep,  or  encephalomening- 
itis.  According  to  location,  two  yarieties 
are  spoken  of— that  of  the  vertex  and  that 
of  the  base.  M.,  Acute  Cerebral,  is  due 
to  iraumatbm,  to  extension  of  inflam- 
mation from  adjacent  structures,  especi- 
ally from  the  middle  ear,  the  orbit,  the 
nasal  sinuses,  or  to  tuberculosis  (Tubercu- 
lous M.) ;  it  may  be  secondary  to  acute  in- 
fectious processes  elsewhere  in  the  body,  as 
pneumonia,  erysipelas,  t3rphoid  fever,  influ- 
enra,  smallpox,  or  it  may  be  a  primary  dis- 
ease, as  in  Cerebrospinal  M .  The  symptoms 
are  fever,  slow  pulse,  later  rapid  pulse,  head- 
iche,  delirium,  rigidity  and  retraction  of  the 
leck,  convulsions,  vomiting,  a  scaphoid  ab- 
lomen,  constipation,  optic  neuritis;  in  ad- 
vanced stages  various  palsies,  such  as  ptosis, 
quint,  facial  paralysis.  In  epidemic  cerebro- 
pinal  M.  there  is  usually  a  characteristic  erup- 
ion.  S^  Exanthemata^TabU of.  M.,  Acute 
ipinal,  may  occur  in  tuberculosis,  as  a  sec- 
ndary  process  in  acute  infectious  diseases, 
jch  as  small-pox,  scarlet- fever,  pneumonia, 
s  a  part  of  epidemic  cerebrospinal  menin- 
itis,  as  the  result  of  extension  of  inflamma- 
on  from  neighboring  parts,  and  as  the  re- 
ilt  of  exposure  to  cold  and  wet.  The  symp- 
•ms  are  chill,  fever,  pain  in  the  back  and 
Tibs,  rigidity  of  the  muscles,  dyspnea,  exag- 
crated  reflexes,  later  paral3rses.  M., Chronic 
erebral,  is  due  to  syphilis,  tuberculosis,  or 
ay  be  associated  with  disease  of  the  brain  in 
cephalomeningitis  (paretic  dementia).  The 
lin  symptoms  are,  in  the  flrst  two,  head- 
be,  convulsions,  and  rigidity  of  the  muscles 
the  neck.  M.,  Chronic  Spinal,  is  due  to 
chilis,  traumatism,  and  the  excessive  use 
alcohol .  It  is  also  frequently  an  accompani- 
nt  of  the  scleroses  of  the  spinal  cord.  The 
nptoms  are  pain,  hyperesthesia  along  the 
nal  nerves,  increased  reflexes,  paralyses. 
iin^ocele  (mtn-in^ -go-sit)  {ji^iy^^msm- 
ne;  «^^,  tumor].  A  protrusion  of  the 
?bnJ  or  spinal  meninges  through  a  defect 
he  skull  or  vertebral  column.  It  forms  a 
t  6Hed  with  cerebrospinal  fluid. 
I  i n goc erebritis  (men - in-go-ser-e-bri^ -tis) . 
MtningoencephalUis. 
ing^oencephalitis  (nun-in-go-en-sef-al- 
s)  Ifif/vty^^  membrane ;  encephalitis^.  In- 
imation  of  the  brain  and  its  membranes. 
tng^omyelitis  (men  -  in-  go  -  mi-el-  i'-Hs) 
'ty^.  membrane;  myelitis'^.  Inflammation 
le  spinal  cord  and  its  meninges. 
ng^onay elocele  ( men- in-go-mi' -el-o-sil ) 
ry^^  membrane ;  ftMiJubq^  marrow ;  1CJ7X7, 
>r].  A  protrusion  from  the  spinal  col- 
of  a  portion  of  the  cord  and  membranes. 
n^oirrliachidian  {men-in-go-rak-id' -e- 
\fi^ty^^  membrane;  /W;t'f»  spine].  Re- 
^  to  the  spinal  meninges. 


Meningosis  (men-in-go^-sis)  Uin^iy^,  mem« 
brane].  The  union  of  bones  by  a  membran- 
ous attachment. 

Meninx  (men^-ingks)  [/i^tyf ,  membrane] .  A 
membrane,  especially  one  of  the  brain  or 
spinal  cord. 

Meniscus  (men-is^ -kits)  [fitplaKoc,  a  cres- 
cent]. A  crescent  or  crescentic  body,  espe* 
dally  an  interarticular  fibrocartilage.  Also 
a  concavoconvex  (Positive  M.)  or  convexo- 
concave  lens  (Negative  M.). 

Menispermum  (men  -  is  -per^  -  mum)  {jjt^tfff, 
moon ;  tnripfjta,  seed].  Yellow  parilla ; 
Canadian  moonseed.  The  rhizome  and  roots 
of  M.  canadense,  of  the  order  Menispermacese. 
It  contains  an  alkaloid,  menispin,and  berberin. 
It  is  alterative  and  is  used  as  a  substitute  for 
sarsaparilla.     Ext.  menispermi  fid.   Dose 

<"3sH  (2.0-4.0). 

Menocelis  (men-o-se^-lis)  [ji^v,  month ;  KffTIc, 
spot].  Dark  erythematous  or  hemorrhagic 
spots  occurring  upon  the  skin  in  failure  of 
menstruation. 

Menopause  (men^-o-pawz)  {jj^rv^  month ; 
irav<7<C>  cessation].  The  physiologic  cessa- 
tion of  menstruation,  usually  occurring  be- 
tween the  45th  and  50th  year. 

Menoplania  (men-o-pla' -ne-ah)\jiitv^  month ; 
frA<ivJ7,  deviation].  A  discharge  of  blood 
occurring  at  the  menstrual  period,  but  derived 
from  some  other  part  of  the  body  than  the 
uterus. 

Menorrhagia  (men-or-a' -je-ah)  [^i»,  month ; 
/»ryvi/vat,  to  burst  forth].  An  excessive  men- 
strual flow. 

Menorrhea  (men-or-e^-aA)  [fi^,  month; 
Ixna,  a  flow].  The  normal  flow  of  the  men- 
ses.    Also,  excessive  menstruation. 

Menostasia,  Menostasis  (men-os-ta^-te-ah, 
men-OS^ -las-is)  [fi^,  month;  crrdffif,  stand- 
ing].    A  suppression  of  the  menstrual  flow. 

Menses  (men^-s^)  [mensis,  a  month].  The 
recurrent  monthly  discharge  of  blood  from  the 
genital  canal  of  a  woman  during  sexual  life. 

Menstrual  (men^  -  stru  -  al\  [mens/mtis, 
monthly,  from  mensis,  month].  Pertaining 
to  menstruation. 

Menstruation  (men  -  slru  -  a'  -  shun)  [men- 
flruus,  monthly,  from  mensis^  month].  A 
periodic  discharge  of  a  sanguineous  fluid  from 
the  uterus,  occurring  during  the  period  of  a 
woman^s  sexual  activity,  from  puberty  to  the 
menopause.  M.,  Vicarious,  the  discharge 
of  blood  at  the  time  of  menstruation  from 
some  other  organ  or  part  than  the  vagina. 

Menstruum  (men^-slru-um)[(rom  menslruus, 
monthly,  so  called  because  its  action  was 
supposed  to  be  assisted  by  a  moderate  fire 
during  a  month,  or  because  chemic  solvents 
were  thought  to  be  under  the  influence  of  the 
moon].     A  solvent. 

Mensuration  (men-su-ra'-shun)  [mensurartf 


MENTAGRA 


MERCURY 


to  measure].  The  act  of  measuring ;  one  of 
the  metho(is  of  physical  diagnosis. 

Mentmg^a  (nun-Ut'-gmh),     See  Sycosis, 

Mentagrophyton  (nun-tag-roff^-it-on)  [mnt- 
iagra^  sycosis;  furdv,  plant].  A  fungus, 
microsporon  mentagrophytes,  thought  to  l>e 
the  cause  of  sycosis. 

Mental  (men^-tai)  [menst  the  mind;  men- 
turn^  the  chin].  I.  rertaining  to  the  mind. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  chin. 

Mentha  (men'-thah)  [L.].  A  genus  of  labi- 
ate plants,  the  mints.  M.  piperita,  pepper- 
mint, the  leaves  and  tops  of  M.  piperita. 
It  is  an  aromatic  stimulant  used  to  relieve 
nausea,  flatulence,  and  spasmodic  pains  in 
the  stomach  and  bowels.  Aqua  menth« 
piperite.  Dose  indefinite.  Oleum  men- 
thae  piperitae.  Dose  n\j-v  (0.065-0.32). 
Spiritus  menth«e  piperitae.  Dose  li\,x-xxx 
(0.65-2.0).  Trochisci  menthae  piperita. 
Dose  indefinite.  Mentha  viridis,  spear- 
mint, the  leaves  and  tops  of  M.  viridis. 
It  has  properties  and  uses  similar  to  those  of 
peppermint.  Aqua  menthae  viridis.  Dose 
indefinite.  Oleum  menthc  viridis.  Dose 
n\^ij-v  (o.  1 3-0. 32) .  Spiritus  menthe  viri- 
dis.   Dose  n\,x-xl  f 0.65-2.3). 

Menthene  (mfn^-thin)  [mfntha^  mint], 
CgHjg.  A  liquid  hydrocarbon  produced 
when  menthol  is  distilled  with  phosphorus 
pentoxid. 

M  enthol  ( m<7f  ^-Mtf/ )  [  w^ff/>(a,  mint] ,  CjoH^. 
Mint-camphor,  a  crystalline  stearopten  (de- 
rived from  oil  of  peppermint,  and  used  as  an 
anodyne  and  rubefacient  in  neuralgia,  in  skin- 
diseases  associated  with  itching, and  in  rhinitis. 

Mentoanterior  (mcnto-an-te^re-or)  [men- 
turn^  chin;  anierior^  before].  Having  the 
chin  toward  the  front. 

Mentoposterior  {men-to-pos-te' -re-or)  \tnen' 
tunty  chin  ;  postencry  after,  behind].  Having 
the  chin  toward  the  back. 

Mentum  (men'-tuni)  [L.].     The  chin. 

Menyanthes  [nun-e-an'-thez)  [/<i^»',  month ; 
di^,  flower,  from  its  reputed  emmenagogue 
properties].  A  genus  of  plants  of  the  Gen- 
tianaceae.  M.  trifoliata,  buckbean.  It  con- 
tains a  bitter  principle,  menyanthin  (C„H^- 
Oji),  and  has  been  used  in  malaria,  scrofula, 
dropsy,  jaundice,  rheumatism,  etc.  Dose  of 
the  powdered  leaves,  gr.  xx-xxx  (1. 3-2.0). 

Mephitic  (mefit'-ik)  [mephitis^  a  pestilential 
exhalation].  Foul  or  noxious ;  stifling;  noi- 
some. M.  Gangrene,  necrosis  of  bone,  as- 
sociated with  the  evolution  of  offensive  odors. 

Meralgia  {meral'  jeah)  [//lypcif, thigh;  AAyof, 
pain].     Neuralgic  pain  in  the  thigh. 

Mercaptan  (mer-kap^ -tan)  [nurcuHus^  mer- 
cury ;  captans^  seising,  on  account  of  com- 
bining readily  with  mercury] .  A  derivative 
of  an  alcohol  in  which  the  oxygen  of  the  lat- 
ter is  replaced  by  sulphur. 


Mercurial  {mer-ku'-re-al)  [mercury],  I. 
Pertaining  to  or  caused  by  mercury.  2.  Any 
preparation  of  mercury  or  its  salts. 

Mercurialism  {mer-Jhi^-rc-a/'igm)  \MereU' 
riusy  a  Latin  divinity,  the  god  of  tramc].  A 
slate  of  poisoning  due  to  the  absorption  oi 
mercury. 

Mercuriallzation  ( mer-ku-re-al-tX'a''skun^ 
[Mcrctirius,  a  Latin  divinity,  the  god  oi 
traffic].  The  act  of  bringing  under  the  in- 
fluence of  mercury. 

Mercuric  (mer-ku' -rik)  {Mercurius^  a  Latin 
divinity,  the  god  of  traffic].  Pertaining  to 
mercury  as  a  bivalent  element 

Mercuricum  (mer-ku^-rik-um)  [mercury']. 
Mercury  when  acting  as  a  bivalent  radicle. 

Mercurosum  (mer-ku-ro'-sum)  [mercury]. 
Mercury  when  acting  as  a  univalent  radicle. 

Mercury  (mur^-ku-re)  [Mercurius,  a  Latin 
divinity,  the  god  of  traffic].  Symbol,  Hg; 
atomic  weight,  199.8 ;  quanti valence,  11.  A 
shining,  silver-white,  liquid,  volatile  metal, 
having  a  specific  gravity  of  13.55.  It  is  in- 
soluble in  the  ordinary  solvents,  in  hydrochlo- 
ric acid,  and  in  sulphuric  acid  in  the  cold ;  it 
dissolves  in  the  last  when  boiled  with  it,  and 
b  readily  soluble  in  nitric  acid.  It  boils  at 
357-25**C.,and  solidifies  at— 39.40®  C  Mer- 
cury is  found  pure,  but  is  chiefly  obtained  as 
the  native  sulphid,  or  cinnabar.  It  forms 
two  classes  of  compounds — the  Mercurous, 
those  in  which  two  atoms  of  the  meul,  and 
the  Mercuric,  those  in  which  one  atom,  is 
combined  with  a  bivalent  radicle.  The  mer- 
curic salts  are  more  soluble  and  more  poison- 
ous than  the  mercurous.  The  uses  of  mercury 
and  its  salts  are  as  follows :  As  a  purgative 
and  cholagogue  (calomel,  blue  mass,  mercury 
with  chalk),  as  an  alterative  in  chronic  in- 
flammations, as  an  antisyphilitic,an  antiphlo- 
gistic, an  intestinal  antiseptic,  a  disinfectant, 
a  parasiticide,  a  caustic,  and  an  astringent 
The  absorption  of  mercury  in  sufficient  quan- 
tity causes  poisoning,  characterized  by  a  cop- 
pery taste  in  the  mouth,  ptyalism,  loosening 
of  the  teeth,  sponginess  of  the  gums ;  in  se- 
verer cases,  ulceration  of  the  cheeks,  necrosis 
of  the  jaws,  marked  emaciation ;  at  times 
neuritis  develop,  and  a  peculiar  tremor.  The 
soluble  salts  when  taken  in  excess  act  as  in- 
tense gastrointestinal  irritants.  Metallic  mer- 
cury is  present  in  the  following  preparations : 
Emplastrum  ammoniaci  cum  hsrdrar- 
gyro,  is  used  to  disperse  indolent  swellings, 
and  is  applied  over  the  liver  in  chronic  hepati- 
tis. Emplastrum  hydrargjrri,  mercurial 
plaster,  has  the  same  uses  as  the  preceding. 
Hydrargyrum  cum  creta,  mercury  with 
chalk.  Dose  gr.  v-,:;ss  (0.32-2.0).  Massa 
hydrargsrri,  blue  mass,  blue  pill.  Dose  gr. 
iij  (0.20).  Unguentum  hydrargyri,  mer- 
curial ointment,  blue  ointment     Snppoii* 


MERCURY 


MESENCHYMA 


oria  hydrargyri  (B.  P.^.     Each  contains 

grains  of  uoguentum  hydrargyri.  Hydrar- 
yri  benxoaa,  Hg(C,H5COO),  -|-  H,0, 
sed  in  injection  in  gonorrhea.  Hydrarg^ 
romidum*  Ug,Br,,  mercorous  bromid. 
)ose  gr.  j  (0.065)  daily.  Hydrargyri  car- 
olaa,  HgrC^HjO)^  Dose. gr.  U-}^  (0.02- 
,032).  Hydrargyri  chloridum  corro- 
ivum,  HgCl,,  mercuric  chlorid ;  corrosive 
iblimatc.  Dose,  as  a  tonic,  gr.  ji^-~^ 
1.0006-0.0011);  as  an  antisyphilitic,  gr. 
p-/lf  (o.ooi  1-0.003).  It  is  also  a  valuable 
itiseptic  Hydrargyri  chloridum  mite, 
ggCli,  mild  mercurous  chlorid;  calomel, 
osc,  as  an  alterative,  gr.  }i-}  (0.032- 
065) ;  as  a  sedative  to  the  stomach  and 
wcls,  gr.  ji-}4  (0.008-0.016) ;  as  a  pur- 
tive,  gr.  X-/^  (0.016-0.032)  every  hour; 

gr.  v-xv  (0.32-x.o).  Added  to  lime- 
iter,  5  j  to  Oj,  it  forms  lotio  nigra,  or  black 
isb.  Hydrargyri  cyanidum,  Hg(CN),. 
«e,  gr.  ^yi  (0.004-0.008).   Hydrargyri 

zinci  cyM^um,  Zn4Hg(CN).o,  is  used 
ally  as  an  antiseptic.  Hydrargyri  iodidum 
vum,  Hg,I,,  yellow  mercurous  iodid; 
lowr  (or  green)  iodid  of  mercury;  pro- 
xiid  of  mercury.  Dose,  gr.  ss  (0.033) 
ly.  Hydrarg3rriiodidumnibrum,  Hgl,, 

mercuric  iodid;  biniodid  of  mercury, 
se,  gr.  A"V  (0.004-0.016).  It  is  used 
>  in  preparing  Liquor  araeni  et  hydrar- 
i    iodidi    (Donovan's  solution).     Dose 

(0.32).  Hydrargyri  iodotamias,  is 
i  hypodermically.  Hydrargyri  oxycy- 
dum,  Hg,0(CN),,  is  a  local  anesthetic. 
drargyri  ozidum  flavum,  HgO,  yellow 
curie  oxid,  is  used  locally  in  eye-diseases, 
enters  into  Unguentum  hydrargyri 
H  flavi  and  Oleatum  hydrargyri.  Hy- 
gyri  oxidum  rubrum,  HgO,  red  mer- 
:  oxid,  red  precipitate,  is  used  locally. 
Iters  into  Unguentum  hydrargyri  oxidi 
i,  and  is  also  used  in  preparing  Liquor 
rarg3rri  nitratia.  Unguentum  hy- 
gyri  nitratia,  citrine  ointment,  is  used  in 
nic  skin-diseases.  Unguentum  hy- 
gyri  nitratia  dilutum  (B.  P. ),  is  less  irri- 

Hydrargyri  peptonaa,  is  used  h3rpoder- 
Ily.  Hydrargyri  peraulphaa  (B.  P.), 
O.,  has  no  medical  uses.  Hydirargyri 
:yias.  Dose,  gr.j4(o. 001).  Hydrargyri 
jodoUcum    (CH,I,{OH)SO,),Hg,    is 

locally  as  an  alterative. .  Hydrargyri 
ulpbas  flavua,  Hg(HgO),S04,  yellow 
uric   subaulphate;   basic  mercuric  sul- 

;  tmpeth  mineral.  Dose,  as  an  altera- 
p-.  j4 -^  (0.016-0.032) ;  as  an  emetic, 
I— V  (0.13-0.32);  as  an  errhine,  gr.  j 
5 ).  Hydrargyri  succinimidum  (C^H^- 
,Hg«  is  used  h3rpodermically.  Hy- 
ywi  tannas.  Dose,  gr.  iij  (0.20)  daily. 
'argyrum  ammoniatum,  NH,HgCl, 


ammoniated  mercury ;  white  precipitate ; 
mercuric  ammonium  chlorid.  It  is  used 
chiefly  locally,  in  Unguentum  hydrargsrri 
ammoniati. 

Meridian  (mer-id'-e-an)  [mrridies^  midday, 
from  nudius,  middle;  dies^  day].  A  great 
circle  surrounding  a  sphere  and  intersecting 
the  poles.  M.  of  the  eye,  a  line  drawn 
around  the  globe  of  the  eye  and  passing 
through  the  poles  of  the  vertical  axis  (Verti- 
cal M.),  or  through  the  poles  of  the  trans- 
verse axis  (Horizontal  M.). 

Meriamopedia  {mer-is-mo-pe' -de-ah)  \jupio- 
fi6g,  division;  irai^,  child].  A  bacterium 
multiplying  by  two  rectangular  divisions, 
thus  forming  a  tablet-like  group  of  four  cells 
in  one  plane. 

Meriapore  (mer* -is-por)  {jUpo^^  part ;  and- 
pog,  seed].  A  spore  resulting  from  division 
of  another  spore. 

Meroblaatic  {mer-o-blas* -tik)  [fUpog,  a  part ; 
pXaardc,  a  germ].  Dividing  only  in  part; 
as  M.  ova,  those  m  which  the  process  of  seg- 
mentation is  confined  to  one  portion  of  the 

OVUUL 

Merocele  {mfr^-o-sil)  {jufP^*  thigh;  xjJAj;, 
hernia].     Femoral  hernia. 

Meryciam  {/mr^-is-izm)  [fujpvKiafiS^t  rumi- 
nation]. Rumination  ;  chewing  the  cud, — a 
normal  process  in  the  ruminating  animals, 
and  sometimes  occurring  in  man. 

Meaad  (mes'-ad)  {ji^aoq,  middle;  ad^  to]. 
Toward  the  median  line  or  plane. 

Mesal  (ffus^-a/)  [//^aof ,  the  middle].  Per- 
taining to  or  situated  in  the  middle  line  or 
plane. 

Meaametwida  {mes-am-e^'boids)  [fUaoq,  mid- 
dle; afjLoi^ij,  a  change;  eldo^,  shape].  I. 
Nonepithelial  ameboid  cells  derived  from  the 
mesoderm.     2.  The  leukoc3rtes. 

Mesaraic  (mts  -  ar  -  a*-  ik)  [^iaof ,  middle ; 
apai&t  belly].     Mesenteric. 

Meaarteritia  {mes-ar-ter-i* -tis)  [^oof,  mid- 
dle; aprepiaf  artery;  <rcct  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  middle  coat  of  an  artery. 

Meaaticephalic  (mes-at-e-sef-alf -ik).  See 
Index. 

Meaaticephalua  (mes-at-e-sef -al-us)  [fua6- 
nt^i  median ;  Kt^akij,  head].  In  craniome- 
try, a  term  applied  to  a  skull  having  a  ce- 
phalic index  of  between  75  and  79. 

Meaencephalon  {mes-en-sef  al-on)  [fiio(K, 
middle;  kyid^nXov.  the  brain].  The  mid- 
brain ;  that  part  of  the  brain  developed  from 
the  middle  cerebral  vesicle;  the  corpora 
quadrigemina,  the  crura  cerebri,  and  the 
aqueduct  of  Sylvius. 

Meaenchyma  {mes  -  eng*-  kim  -  ah)  \jtka^^ 
middle;  iyx^fM,  an  infusion].  The  portion 
of  the  m^oderm  that  produces  all  the  con- 
nective tissues  of  the  body,  the  bloodvessels, 
and  the  blood,  the  entire  lymphatic  system 


MESENTERIC 


METABASIS 


proper,  mnd  the  heart;  the  nonepithelial 
portions  of  the  mesoderm. 

Mesenteric  {mfs  -  en  -  /tr^-  iVfr)  {jitaevrepucdCf 
from  fdao^f  middle ;  hrrepov,  intestine].  Per- 
taining to  the  mesentery. 

Mesenteritis  (mes-en-ter-i'-tu)  [j^ffoCt  mid- 
dle; ivTtpov,  an  intestine;  ni^t  inflamma- 
tion].    Inflammation  of  the  mesentery. 

Mesenteron  (nus-en' -ier-on)  Utiao^t  middle  ; 
hrrepov,  intestine].  The  middle  portion  of 
the  primitive  digestive  tube,  lined  by  ento- 
derm, and  giving  rise  to  the  part  of  the  ali- 
mentary tract  between  the  pharynx  and  the 
lower  third  of  the  rectum. 

Mesentery  (nus^-  en-ter-e)  [/^w)f ,  middle ; 
hrrefxjv,  bowel].  A  fold  of  the  peritoneum 
that  connects  tne  intestine  with  the  posterior 
abdominal  wall ;  that  of  the  small  intestine  is 
termed  mesentery  proper ;  that  of  the  colon, 
cecum,  and  rectum,  mesocolon,  mesocecum, 
mesorectum,  respectively. 

Mesisd  {mes'-ead)  \jdooq^  middle].  Same 
as  Mesad. 

Mesial  {nus'-e-al)  \jikooq^  middle].  Same 
as  Median, 

Mesmeric  (mes-mer^-ik)  [from  Mesmer^  a 
German  physician].  Pertaining  to  or  induced 
by  mesmerism,  as  mesmeric  sleep. 

Mesmerism  {mes' -mer-ism)  [Afesnt^r,  a  Ger- 
man physician].     Hypnotism. 

Meso-  (mes^'O)  [//iaof,  middle].  A  prefix 
signifying  middle. 

Mesoblast  (mes^-  o  •  bUut)  Uikeo^^  middle ; 
ffkottrd^^  a  germ].  The  middle  layer  of  the 
blastoderm,  probably  derived  from  both  the 
entoderm  and  entoderm,  and  giving  rise  to 
the  vascular,  muscular,  and  skeletal  systems, 
the  generative  glands,  and  the  kidneys. 

Mesocecum  or  Mesocecum  (mes-ose^'kum) 
Ifiiaoc,  middle ;  cacus,  blind].  The  mesen- 
tery that  in  some  cases  connects  the  cecum 
with  the  right  iliac  fossa. 

Mesocele  [mes'-o-sii)  [fUoo^^  middle ;  Koikia^ 
cavity].  The  aqueduct  of  Sylvius  or  iter  a 
tertio  ad  quartum  ventriculum. 

Mesocephalon  {mes-o-sef  -al-on).  See  Pons 
Varolii. 

Mesocolic  {mts-o-koi' -ik)  {jiieoc,  middle; 
ic6/jov^  colon] .     Pertaining  to  the  mesocolon. 

Mesocolon  (mes-o-it/ -Ian)  [//iaof,  middle; 
MJAov,  colon].  The  mesentery  connecting 
the  colon  with  the  posterior  abdominal  wall. 
It  is  dirided  into  ascending,  descending,  and 
transverse  portions. 

Mesoderm  (rms'-O'derm),     See  Mesoblast. 

Mesogsster  {mes-o-gas' -ter)  [^<TOf ,  middle ; 
yaorifp^  Stomach].  The  part  of  the  primitive 
gut  giving  rise  to  the  duodenum,  the  liver, 
the  pancreas,  the  jejunum,  and  the  ileum. 

Mesogsstric  (mes-o-gas^-trii)  [/i^ooc,  middle ; 
yomi^p,  stomach].  Pertaining  to  the  umbili- 
cal region. 


Mesogsstrium  {mes-o-gas^-tre-um)  [pf^, 
middle;  ycum^p,  stomach].  I.  The  umbilical 
region  of  the  abdomen.  2.  A  fold  of  mesen- 
tery that  in  early  fetal  life  connects  the 
stomach  with  the  posterior  abdominal  wait 

Mesognathic  {mes-og-na'  -tkik)  [ukao^^ 
middle;  yvaido^j  j^^]-  I-  Relating  to  the 
mesognathion.     2.  See  Index. 

Mesognathion  (mes  -  og  -  na^-  the  -  on)  [/</«oc» 
middle;  yv<!i^,  j^^]*  ^^^  intermaxillaiy 
bone. 

Mesolobe,  Mesolobus  (mes'-o- Idb,  mes- 
ol'-o-bus)  piiapr,  middle ;  ^/3^,  lobe].  The 
corpus  callosum. 

Meson  (mes^on)  [tUtro^,  the  middle^.  The 
imaginary  plane  dividing  the  body  mto  the 
right  and  left  halves. 

Mesonephric  {mes-o-nef -riK)  [/iMof ,  middle ; 
ve^p^,  ludney].  Pertaining  to  the  meao- 
nephron. 

Mesonephros  {mes-o-ntf -ros)  \jikwi^^  mid- 
dle; vtfpiq,  kidney].  The  Wolflfian  body, 
the  middle  division  of  the  segmental  organs. 
It  precedes  in  the  embiyo  the  development  of 
the  peraianent  kidney. 

Mesonephron  (mes-o-ne/'-ron)  Tjiitroc,  mid- 
dle ;  ve^p6c^  kidney].  A  fold  ofperitonenm 
by  which  a  floating  ludney  is  attached  to  the 
abdominal  wall. 

Mesophryon  (mes^ff^ -re-on)  [/<ioof ,  middle ; 
6^{'C>  eyebrow].     The  glabella. 

Mesorchium  (mes-or^'ke-Mm)  [ukco^,  mid- 
dle ;  bpxtKj  testicle].  A  fold  of  the  perito- 
neum containing  the  fetal  testes  at  about  the 
fifth  month  of  embryonic  life. 

Mesorectum  {mes-o-rek' turn)  [)iiaoc,  mid- 
dle ;  rectus^  straight].  The  narrow  fold  of 
the  peritoneum  connecting  the  upper  part  of 
the  rectum  with  the  sacrum. 

Mesoretina  {mes-o-ret^'in-ak)  [>/9oc,  mid- 
dle; r^//i»a,  retina].  The  middle  layer  of 
the  retina,  composed  of  the  nuclear  and  the 
rod-and-cone  layer. 

Mesosigmoid  (mes-osig^-moid)  [fUoo^^  mid- 
dle; (r/y;ia,  sigma ;  rif5of,  form].  The  mes- 
entery of  the  sigmoid  flexure  of  the  cokm. 

Mesostemum  {mes-o-sler^-num)  [nioof,  mid- 
dle ;  tsrkfvw^  the  sternum].  The  gladiolus, 
or  second  piece  of  the  sternum. 

Mesothelium  (meso-tke*  le-um^  [/</(toc,  mid- 
dle; ^>i^,  the  nipple].  The  lining  of  the 
wall  of  the  primitive  body-cavity  situated  be- 
tween the  somatopleure  and  splanchnoplenre. 
It  is  the  precursor  of  the  endothelium. 

Mesovanum  (mes  0  itj^-reitm)  [/lioor.  mid- 
dle; ovarium^  ovary].  A  peritoneal  fold 
connecting  the  ovary  and  the  broad  ligament. 

Meta-  (met^ak-)  [tura,  among  or  between]. 
A  prefix  signifying  over,  beyond,  among, 
between,  change,  or  transformation. 

Metaliasis  (met-ab' -as-is)  [/irni,  over;  ^sl- 
^'^^t  to  go].     Change. 


METABOLIC 


METASTASIS 


leUbolic  (met  -ah-bolf'  ik)  Uura^lii, 
:hange].  Pertaining  to  metabolism.  M. 
Bquilibrium,  the  equality  between  the  ab- 
lorpUon  and  assimilation  of  food  and  the 
excretion  of  end-products, 
fetabolism  ( met-  al/  -ff'/um )  [  fUTaPoX^f 
;hange].  The  group  of  phenomena  whereby 
organic  beings  transform  food-stuffs  into  com- 
>lex  tissue  elements  (Constructive  M.,  as- 
imilatioD,  anabolism)  and  convert  complex 
ut)stAnces  into  simple  ones  in  the  production 
f  energy  (Destructive  M.,  disassimilation, 
:ataboHsm). 

etaboUte     (  met  -  ab^  -o-lit)     [  fieraPoX^, 
hange].    A  product  of  metalx)lic  change, 
etacarpal  (met'ah'kar^'paI)\juTd^  beyond ; 
3^^,  wrist].     Pertaining  to  the  metacar- 
us,  or  to  a  bone  of  the  metacarpus, 
etacarpophalangeal   {met-ak-kar-po'^a- 
m^-je-al)  [fierd,  beyond;    Kopird^,   wnst; 
ikay^,  phalanx].     Belonging  to  the  meta- 
irpus  and  the  phalanges, 
etacmrpus  {met-aA'Jkar^'Pus)[/ieT6tbeyondi 
ipir6^,  wrist].     That  part  of  the  hand  be- 
reen  the  carpus  and  the  phalanges  and  con- 
sting  of  five  bones. 

5tacele,Metacelia  {met^-ah'Sily  met-ah-se^- 
■ah)  [fier&y  beyond;  KotTda^  cavity].  The 
urth  ventricle. 

stachromatism  (met  -  ah  •  krom^  •  at  -  ism) 
ifTii,  beyond ;  XP^M*^*  color].     The  quality 

being  different  in  color  from  other  piiuts. 
ftacinetis  (met-ah-stn-e^-sis).  Synonym  of 
WaJh'nesis. 

itagatter  (met-ah-gas^-ter)  {jierd,  beyond  ; 
(TT^pt  stomach].  The  permanent  intestinal 
nal.  succeeding  the  primitive  canal,  or  pro- 
faster. 

tagastrula  (met-ah'gas^-trU'^h)[^tieTd,be' 
nd ;  yaaHjpt  belly].  A  modification  of 
rmentation,  producing  a  form  of  gastrula 
fering  from  the  simple  gastrula  of  the  am- 
ioxus. 

takinesis  ( met-ah-kin-e^-sis )  [  ^urd,  to- 
rd ;  Klvrjat^t  movement,  change].  The 
tn  applied  to  that  stage  of  celI-4ivision,  in 
ich  tne  secondary  threads  or  loops  tend 
pass  toward  the  two  poles  of  the  nuclear 
ndle. 

al  (met' -at)  {jdraXXofv,  a  metal].  An 
tnenury  suDstance  characterized  by  mal- 
^ilitj,  ductility,  fusibility,  luster,  its  elec- 

afnnittea,  and  the  basic  character  of  its 
i. 

albumin  (met-al'M-min),  Sec  Paral- 
fin. 

allic  (met-al^-ik)  H/iroAAov,  metal].  Re- 
ibliog  a  metal.  M.  Tinkling,  peculiar 
allic  or  bell-like  sounds  heard  over  a 
umothorax  or  large  pulmonary  cavity. 
'  sounds  are  produced  by  coughii^,  speak- 

or  deep  breathing. 


Metalloid  (mef-al-oid)  Uikra'Kkov^  metal; 
eIi)oc,  form].  I.  Resembling  a  metal.  2. 
Any  nonmetallic  element. 

Metalloscopy  (met-al-os^-ko-pe)  f/ifroAAov,  « 
metal ;  OKOjreiv,  to  examine].  The  determi< 
nation  of  the  effects  produced  by  the  applica- 
tion of  metals  to  the  surface  of  the  body.  See 
also  Metatlotherapy. 

Metallotherapy  (met-al-o-ther' -ap-e)  {jjikraX' 
/iov,  metal;  depaireia,  therapy].  The  treat- 
ment of  certain  nervous  diseases,  particularly 
hysteria,  by  the  application  of  different  metals 
to  the  affected  part. 

Metameric  (met-am-er^-ii)  \jieTdf  after; 
pkpo^f  P^3'     ^*  Isomeric. 

Metamerid  (met-am^-er-id)  [tierd,  after; 
lUpo^,  part].  A  metameric  substance;  a 
group  of  metameric  bodies. 

Metamerism  (met-am'-er-izm)  [fitrd^  after; 
^poc,  a  part].  A  variety. of  isomerism.  See 
Isomeric. 

Metamorphopsia  (met  -am -or  -fof/-  se  -  ah) 
[uerauop^tv^  to  change  shape ;  6JfiCj  sight]. 
A  defect  of  vision,  in  which,  owing  to  disease 
of  the  retina  or  imperfection  of  the  media,  ob- 
jects appear  distorted. 

Metamorphosing  (met-am-or-fo' -ung)  [/uer- 
afidp^tv,  to  change  shape].  Altering;  chang- 
ing.    M.  Breath-sound.    See  /Respiration. 

Metamorphosis  (met-am-or' -fo-sis)  [//rni, 
across ;  fiop^eiv,  to  change] .  A  structural 
change,  or  transformation.  In  pathology,  a 
degeneration.  M.,  Patty,  fatty  degeneration. 
M.,  Regressive,  M.,  Retrograde,  a  dis- 
integrating change;  a  degeneration.  M., 
Viscous,  the  agglutination  of  blood-plaques 
in  the  process  of  thrombosis. 

Metanephros,  Metanephron  (met-ah-ne/^- 
roSy  met-ah-nef 'ron)\jieTdy  after;  ve^pdc,  kid- 
ney]. The  posterior  of  the  three  segmental 
bodies  of  the  fetus,  which  is  transformed  into 
the  permanent  kidney  and  ureter. 

Metaphosphoric  Acid  (met-ah-fos-for' -ikS 
rufra,  beyond;  phosphorus"].  See  Acia^ 
i*hosphoric. 

Metaplasia  (met-ah-pla' -ze'^)Uurdy  beyond ; 
nXdaeeiVf  to  form].  A  transformation  of  a 
tissue  into  another  without  the  intervention 
of  an  embryonal  tissue,  as  the  conversion  of 
cartilage  into  bone. 

MttMpULStic(fftet'ah'P/as'-tih)[jieTd,  beyond ; 
irXdaaeiVy  to  lorm] .    Pertaining  to  metaplasia. 

Metapneumonic  (met-ah-nu-mon'-ih)  [uerd. 
after ;  pneumonia] .  Secondary  to,  or  conse- 
quent upon,  pneumonia. 

MetapophySis  (»i^/-tf^-/^'-tJ-w)  [/«r(i,after ; 
OTrdipvaiCi  offshoot].  A  mammillary  process, 
such  as  is  seen  upon  the  lumbar  vertebrae. 

Metastasis  (met-as'-tas-is)  ffisTdaTaoiCi  from 

fuBurrdvat^  to  transpose].     The  transfer  of  a 

diseased  process  fix>m  a  primary  focus  to  a 

distant  one  by  the  conveyance  of  the  causal 


METASTATIC 


METHYLATE 


agents  tluoiigii  the  bloodvessels  or  Ijmph- 
rhsfmeU 

Metastatic  (ffut  -  oM  -  Hat'-  ik)  [urra^rrnffi^, 
from  fitOiOTttvaif  to  transposej.  Character- 
bed  bjr  or  pertaining  to  metasu^is.  M.  Ab- 
scess, the  secondary  ab»ce&s  in  pyemia. 
M.  Calcification,  calcareous  infiltration  due 
to  an  excess  of  lime- salts  in  the  blood  in 
diseases  associated  with  rapid  disintegration 
of  bone. 

Metastermun  (rruf-ak-sier^'Mum)  [utrd^  be- 
hind ;  aripmv,  sternum].  The  xiphoid  car- 
tilage of  the  sternum. 

Metasjrphilis  (iFf/-/tf-/i/^-f/-i>)[tf/rd,  beyond; 
syphilis t  syphilis].  That  fonn  of  inherited 
sjrphilis  presenting  only  the  S3rphi]itic  diathe- 
sis, f .  e. ,  the  degenerations  and  general  dif- 
fuse changes  in  which  localized  lesions  are 


Metatarsal  {mft-oA-tar^-sal)  [uerd,  beyond; 
Topodf,  tarsus].  Pertaining  to  the  metatar- 
sus. 

Metatarsophalangeal  (nut-ak-tarso-fa- 
lafi''j€-ai\  [furd^  beyond;  rapodc,  tarsus; 
fi^} ^ ,  phalanx] .  Pertaining  to  the  metatar- 
sus and  the  phalanges. 

Metatarstis  {tfut-oAtar^-sus)  {jurd,  beyond ; 
roptr^,  tarsus].  The  bones  of  the  foot,  five 
in  number,  situated  between  the  tarsus  and 
the  phalanges. 

Metathesis  {mrt-a/A^-esis)  {furd,  beyond; 
Tidhtu,  to  place].  I.  The  act  of  changing 
the  seat  of  a  diseased  process  from  one  part 
to  another.  2.  In  chemistry,  decomposition. 
It  is  termed  single  M.,  when  the  compound 
breaks  up  into  its  constituents,  or  exchanges 
one  of  them  for  a  molecule  of  another  com- 
pound, and  double  M. ,  when  two  compounds 
mterchange  some  of  their  constituents. 

MetMZO^(mrt'aA-u/aA){jurd,  beyond;  Cv"*'* 
animal] .  Animals  the  development  of  which 
is  characterised  by  segmentation  of  the  ovum. 
They  comprise  all  animals  except  the  Proto- 
zoa. 

Metencephalon  (  met-msef^  alon  )  \jurd^ 
beyond;  eyisifaXoc,  brain].  I.  The  after- 
brain;  the  postoblongata,  or  most  caudal 
portion  of  the  brain.  2.*Of  Huxley,  the  cere- 
bellum and  the  pons. 

Meteorism  (fru^-U-orhm)  [fiereupi^nv,  to 
elevate].  Distention  of  the  abdomen  with 
gas;  tympanites. 

Meter  {m^-frr)  {jiirpcv,  measure].  See 
Metrif  System. 

Methal  (metk'-al)  {jurd,  with ;  ITji,  matter], 
Cj^Hi^O.  An  alcohol,  not  yet  isolated,  oc- 
curring in  spermaceti. 

Methane  {metk^dn)  {jurd,  with;  irA;;,  mat- 
ter], CH..  Marsh-gas.  The  first  member  of 
the  homologous  series  of  paraffins,  CnH,a+f 
It  occurs  wherever  decomposition  of  organic 
matter  is  going  on,  especially  in  marshes,  and 


is  also  found  at  times  in  the  stomach  aad  in 
testifies.  It  is  a  colorless,  odorless,  intUns- 
mable  gas. 

Methemoglobin  {mufArm^f-jc'^'-hm  [»r-« 
with  ;  Qiua^  blood  ;  j^io^HS,  a  ball]  A  body 
similar  in  compusiuun  to  hemtHZ^obin,  b«st 
having  its  oxygen  more  Arml)  united  with  it. 
It  is  prepared  from  hetnuglobin  by  the  actioo 
of  potassium  ferricyanid,  poCJissium  chlorate, 
sodium  nitnte,  etc.  In  poisoning  with  potas- 
sium chlorate,  the  nitrites,  acetanilid,  and 
some  other  bodies,  the  blood  contains  met- 
hemoglobin. 

Methemoc^lobinemia  {mft-krmojcL*  hm^^ 
nuah)  [urrd,  with;  o)ii«,  tilood  ;  ;''ii^«w,  a 
ball ;  a'tfia^  blood].  The  presence  of  met- 
hemogU>l>in  in  the  blood. 

M ethemoglobinuria  ( mei- hem  o - ^I<h bin-w^- 
rf-ak)  [u/rd,  with;  a'tua,  blood:  gtohus^  a 
ball;  uritM^  urine].  The  presence  of  met- 
hemoglobin  in  the  urine. 

Methookania  {meth-i*-ma''$u-aA)  [m/^v  wme; 
fiavia^  madness].  Insanity  due  to  the  exces- 
sive use  of  strong  drink. 

Methyl  {mrfA'i/}  {jirrd,  with;  i/i?.  wood], 
CH^  A  univalent  hydrocarbon  radicle,  the 
first  of  the  univalent  hydrocarbons  of  the 
marsh-gas  series ;  the  radicle  of  methyl  alco- 
hol. M.  Alcohol,  CH.OH,  wood  alcohol, 
wood-spirit,  a  liquid  similar  to  ordinary  alco- 
hol, obtained  in  the  destructive  distillation  of 
wood.  M.-blue.  ^>^  Meihylfmhltu.  M. 
Rther,  CjHgO ;  dimethyl  oxid,  an  inflamma- 
ble gas ;  also,  a  salt  of  methyl.  M. -green, 
an  anilin  dye,  used  in  staining  ti^ues ;  also, 
as  an  antiperi(Mlic.  M.-guanidin,  C,H.N\ ; 
a  colorless,  crystalline,  strongly  alkaline  base, 
formed  by  the  oxidation  of  kreatin  and  krea- 
tinin,  and  also  found  in  decomposing  horse- 
flesh, and  in  cultures  of  the  comma  bacillus 
and  the  bacillus  of  anthrax.  It  is  highly  poi- 
sonous. M.  hydrid,  CH4;  methane,  or 
marsh-gas.  M.  salicyUs  (U.  S.  P.),  CJi.O, ; 
artificial  oil  of  wintergreen ;  an  oily  liifuid  of 
a  peculiar  odor,  identical  with  the  essential 
constituent  of  the  oil  of  wintergreen  ;  it  is  used 
in  rheumatism  like  the  natural  oil  of  gaulthcria. 
M.-theobromin,  caflein.  M.-uramin.  See 
M.-guanidiH.  M. -violet,  an  anilin  dye  used 
for  staining  bacteria.  Under  the  name  of 
pyoktanin  it  is  used  as  an  antiseptic. 

Methylal  {meth*Hal)  [/i^ra.  with;  t«>^^ 
wood;  aUohol\  C|1I,(),.  A  substance 
prepared  by  distilling  methyl  alcohol  with 
sulphuric  acid.  It  is  hypnotic  and  antispas- 
modic.    Dose  fj  j  (4.0).     Unof. 

Methylamin  (metkif -amin)  hitrd^  with; 
v>J7,  wood;  amiH\.  N(CH,)H,.  A  color- 
less basic  gas  occurring  in  herring-brine  and 
in  cultures  of  the  comma-bacillus. 

Methylate  (puik^H-at)  [furd,  with;  vU, 
wood].      A  compound  formed  from  methyl 


METHYLATED 


METRORRHEXIS 


alcohol  by  the  substitution  of  the  hydrogen 

of  the  hydroxy!  by  a  base. 
Methylated  (meth^ -Hated)  \jut&,  with;  vAj;, 

wood].  Contaiuing  meUiyl-alcohol.  M. 
Spirit,  methyl-alcohoU  wood-alcohol. 
Methylene  {nuth'-ilin)  Uura,  with;  vA^, 
wood],  CH,.  A  bivalent  hydrocarbon  rad- 
icle. M.-blue,  CjgH,gNsSCI ;  a  blue  anilin 
dye  used  as  a  stain  in  microscopy.  It  has  also 
been  employed  as  a  local  application  in  diph- 
theria, tonsillitis,  scarlatina]  sore-throat,  and 
other  inflammatory  conditions,  and  internally 
in  malaria  and  neuralgia.  Dose  gr.  jss  (o.  l). 
M.Dichlorid,CH,Cl,;  a  general  anesthetic, 
used  instead  of  chloroform.  % 
4ethylic  (meth-il^-ik).  Containing  methyl. 
4etopagU8  {inet-of/ -ag-us)  [/i^awov,  front; 
^•(iywf,  joined],  A  twin  monstrosity  with 
united  foreheads. 

4ctra  {me^'trah)  Qc^r/oa,  uterus].     The  ute- 
rus. 

fetre  (me'-ter).  See  Meter, 
letrectopia.  Metrectopy  (met-rekt</'pe' 
aht  met-re¥'tO'Pe)  [^i^po,  womb;  iicroiroct 
displaced].  Displacement  of  the  womb, 
letric  (met'-rik)  \jikTpnv^  a  measure].  Per- 
jiining  to  the  system  of  weights  and  meas- 
jres,  of  which  the  meter  is  the  basis.  M. 
System,  a  decimal  system  of  weights  and 
neasures  employed  in  France,  Germany,  and 
>ther  countries,  and  used  generally  in  the 
.ciences.  The  standard  is  the  meter,  the 
en-millionth  part  of  the  distance  from  the 
;quator  to  the  north-pole.  The  actual  stand- 
lit]  unit  is  the  distance  between  two  lines  on 
.  platinum-iridium  rod  preserved  in  the  ar- 
hives  of  the  International  Metric  Commis- 
ion  at  Paris,  and  is  equivalent  to  39.37079 
icbes;  in  the  U.  S.  the  length  of  the  meter  b 
ssumed  as  39.37  inches.  The  standard  of 
apacity  is  the  liter,  a  cubical  volume  ^  meter 
I  each  dimension.  The  standard  of  weight  is 
le  gram,  the  weight  of  y^  liter  (one  cubic 
sntimeter^  of  distilled  water  at  its  maximum 
i*nsity.  As  the  unit  of  microscopic  measure- 
lent  the  thousandth  part  of  a  millimeter  has 
^n  adopted.  It  is  called  micromillimeter, 
'  micron  ;  its  symbol  is  fi,  *  The  multiples 

the  n>etric  system  are  expressed  by  the 
-cBxes  deca,  hecto,  and  kilo ;  the  subdivi- 
3ns  by  the  prefixes  ded,  centi,  and  milli. 


tooo  meters 

xoo  meters 

10  meters 

.1  meter 

.or  meter 

.oot  meter 


leo 
to 


liters 
liter* 
liters 
.t  liter 
joi  liter 
jooi  liter 


X  kilometer. 
I  hectometer. 
X  decameter. 
I  decimeter. 
I  centimeter, 
t  millimeter. 

I  kiloliter. 

1  hectoliter. 

I  decaliter. 

I  deciliter. 

I  centiliter. 

I  milUliter. 


jooo        grama 

100        grams 

10        grams 

.1      gram 

.ox    gram 

.001  gram 


I  kilogram. 
X  hectogram. 
I  decagram. 
I  decigram. 
I  centigram. 
X  milligram. 


In  common  practice,  however,  the  following 
divisions  only  are  used,  the  others  being  ex- 
pressed in  figures : — 

10  millimeters  =»    x  centimeter, 
xoo  centimeters  »    x  meter, 
xooo  meters         »    x  kilometer. 

1000  cabic  centimeters  =    x  liter. 


xooo  milligrams 
xooo  grams 


="    X  gram. 
«    I  kilogr 


ilogram. 


ar 


The  following  are  the  equivalent  values  :^ 

X  meter  =  39.37  inches. 

X  liter     =  I  quart  %  gill,  U.  S.  measure. 

X  gram   =  15.43  grains. 

I  minim  =  0.061  cubic  centimeter. 

See,  also,  IVeights  and  Measures, 

Metritis  {met ri' 'tis\  \jJt^fM,  womb;  trt^, 
inflammation].     Inflammation  of  the  uterus. 

Metrocele  {met' -ro-sil)  [ji^pa,  womb ;  K^hf, 
hernia].     Hernia  of  the  uterus. 

Metroclyst  (met^-ro-klist)  [ft^rpa,  womb; 
xXi^eiVf  to  wash  out].  An  instrument  for 
giving  uterine  douches. 

Metrocolpocele  {met-ro-koP -posit)  {jJ^rpa, 
womb ;  KdXKOf^  vagina ;  K^hf,  tumor].  Pro- 
trusion of  the  uterus  into  the  vagina,  tne  wall 
of  the  latter  being  pushed  in  advance. 

Metrocyte  {met'-ro-slt)  [fiifTpa,  womb; 
4c6rof,  cell].  A  large  uninuclear  spheroidd 
cell  the  protoplasm  of  which  contains  hemo- 
globin, and  which  is  supposed  to  be  the 
source  of  the  red  corpuscles  of  the  blood. 

yLttxodytii9L(met-ro-din'-e-ak)[fiflTpa^  womb ; 
bdivfj,  pain].     Pain  in  the  uterus. 

Metropathy  (met-rop'-ath-e)  [ji^pa^  womb; 
ir6doCf  suffering].     Any  uterine  disease. 

Metroperitonitis  {met  -  ro  -per-  it -on-  i'-  tis) 
[f^Tpa^  womb ;  ireptrdvatov,  peritoneum;  iri^, 
inflammation],  i.  Combined  inflanunation 
of  the  uterus  and  the  peritoneum.  2.  Peri- 
tonitis secondary  to  inflammation  of  the 
uterus.  3.  Inflammation  of  the  peritoneum 
about  the  uterus. 

Metrophlebitis  {met-  ro  -fleb  -  i'-  tis)  [p^pa^ 
womb;  0XiV>vein;  /rcc, mflammatiotij.  In> 
flammation  of  the  veins  of  the  uterus. 

Metrorrhagia  {met-ror-a'-je-ak)  f/i^rpa, 
womb;  fnryvinnu,  to  burst  forth].  Uterine 
hemorrhage  independent  of  the  menstrual 
period. 

Metrorrhea  {met-ror-e'-ah)  [fifirpa,  womb; 
Jx)ia,  a  flow].  Any  morbid  discharge  from 
the  uterus. 

Metrorrhexis  {met-ror-eis'-is)  M^P^t  womb; 
M^<r>  rupture].     Rupture  of  the  uterus. 


METROSALPINGITIS 


MICROCYTHEMIA 


Metrosalpini^tis  (met -ro-ud- ping- rif-Hs) 
\jtiirpa^  womb ;  aahrty^^  tube ;  ir«f,  inflmm- 
mationj.  Inflanunation  of  the  uteins  and 
oviducts. 

Metroscope  {nuf -ro-skbp)  {ji^pa^  womb; 
ffKotreiv,  to  observe].  An  instrument  for 
examining  the  uterus. 

Metrostaxis  (mei-ro-Uaks' -is)  [ji^pOf  womb ; 
ard^tit  a  dropping].  Slight  but  persistent 
uterine  hemorrhage. 

Mexereon  {nu%'e'-re-oH)[ Ar. , mdtarijraMy  the 
camellia].  The  bark  of  Daphne  mezereum, 
and  other  species  of  Daphne,  of  the  natural 
order  Thymelacese.  It  contains  a  glucosid, 
daphnin,  and  an  acrid  resin.  Locally  applied, 
M.  is  an  irritant  and  vesicant,  and  has  been 
used  to  stimulate  indolent  ulcers.  Internally, 
it  has  been  employed  in  syphilb,  scrofula, 
chronic  rheumatism,  and  various  skin -dis- 
eases. Dose  of  the  bark,  gr.  x  (0.65).  Ex- 
tractum  mezerei  aetbereum  (B.  F.)  and 
Extractmn  meserei  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.J. 
Dose  T\t}-y  (0.13-0.12).  It  is  used  chiefly 
in  ointments. 

Miasm  (mi^-axm)  [/uonriv,  to  pollute].  ^Any- 
thing harmful  contaminating  the  air ;  a  nox- 
ious exhalation  affecting  incHviduals  directly. 

Miasmatic  {mi-aM-maf-ik)  Ifuaiveiv^  to  pol- 
lute]. Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of 
miasm.  M.  Diseases,  diseases  produced 
by  miasms. 

Mica  (mi'iah)  [L.].  I.  A  crumb.  2.  A 
mineral  occurring  in  the  form  of  thin,  shining, 
transparent  scales.  M.  panis,  a  crumb  of 
bread. 

Micracoustic  (mi-krak-kcw'-stii^  {jutcpd^, 
small ;  ^scovaTindc,  pertaining  to  heanng].  I. 
Assisting  in  hearing  very  faint  sounds. 
2.  An  instrument  possessing  this  property. 

Micrencephaloa  (mikren-sef'-alon)  ifitK- 
p6(,  small ;  kyid^ah)^^  ht9An\.  I.  A  small 
brain,  as  in  cretinism.     2.  The  cerebellum. 

Micro-  {mi^'kro)  \juKp6^,  small],  i.  A  pre- 
fix signifying  minute.  2.  A  prefix  generally 
used  to  signify  a  unit  one-thousandth,  some- 
times one-millionth  part  of  the  unit  to  which 
it  is  prefixed. 

Microbe  (mi'krdb)  {jiucpd^,  small ;  ^tof,  life]. 
A  living  organism  of  very  small  size.  The 
term  is  generally  used  s3mon3rmously  with 
bacterium. 

Microbian  (mi-kro'bf-an)  [//ucpof,  small; 
^^10^  life] .  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
a  microbe. 

Microbicide  (mikn/bislJ)  [.«//c^,  small ; 
/?*of,  life;  cadere^  to  kill],  i.  Destructive 
to  microbes.  2.  An  agent  that  destroys  mi- 
crobes. 

Microbiohemia  {mi-krobi-ohem' -f-ah)  [jiiK- 
p6^,  small ;  f?(oc.  Hfe ;  oi^a,  blood].  A  dis- 
eased condition  resulting  from  the  presence 
of  microorganisms  in  the  blood. 


Microbiology  (mi -  Jh-o  -  bi  -  c^-  o  -/p)  [^uapdCi 
"     " ".  TTiei  * 


small ;  /3/of,iife;  Wjof, science]. 

of  the  nature,  life,  and  actions  of  mkrobcs. 
Microblast    (mi' kro- blast)   [fwipdc,   small; 

pXaoTd^t  germ].     An    immature  blood-cor^ 

puscle. 
Microblepharia,  Microblepharon  (mi-krp- 

bUf-ctf -re-ak  ^   mi-  kro-bUf  -cr-tm)    [^ujipbr, 

small;    /3yU>apov,  lid].      Smallness   of  the 

eyelids. 
BAicrobrachtttS    (mikro-bra' -ke-us)   \ju*^^ 

small;    ^paxicjv,   arm].      Smallness  of  the 


Microcephalic  (mi-kro-sef-ay-ik)  \mKpi^^ 
small;  jif0a>j}^head].     Having  a  small  bead. 

Mkrocephalon  (mikrosff'-alon)  [;</«p^. 
small;  cefo^i^,  head].  .  An  abnormally  small 
head. 

Microchemistry  (mikrokem' -is-treS  [^luap^, 
small;  €himistry\  I.  The  chemistry  of  the 
minute  organisms  and  substances  of  nature. 
2.  The  study  of  chemic  reactions  with  the 
aid  of  the  microscope. 

Micrococcus  (mi'kro'kok''Us)  \utKp6i^  small; 
k6iuco^,  kernel].  A  genus  of  bacteria  the 
individuals  of  which  have  a  spheric  shape. 
When  united  in  such  a  way  as  to  resem- 
ble a  bunch  of  grapes  they  are  called 
staphylococci ;  when  united  in  couples  they 
are  called  diplococci;  when  arranged  in 
strings  they  are  called  streptococci. 

Microcornea  (mtkrok<^-m-ak)  \jtiAp6(, 
small;  cornea'^.  Abnormal  smallness  of  the 
cornea. 

Microcosm  (mi'krokotm)  [/locp^,  small; 
Kdftfio^,  worid].  Man  in  contradistinctioo  to 
the  universe,  or  the  macrocosm. 

M icrocosmic  ( mi •  kro  kot'-  mik)  {juKp6c, 
small;  xdofwc^  world].  Pertaining  to  the 
microcosm.  M.  Salt,  sodium  ammootum 
phosphate ;  so  called  because  formerly  derived 
from  the  urine  of  man,  •*  the  microcosm.'* 
'  M  icrocoulomb  ( mi-  kro  -  ko</'  /dm )  TfwtpiCt 
small ;  Cou/omb,  a  French  physician  J .  One 
millionth  of  a  coulomb.     See  Ctm/cmb. 

Microcoustic  (ftti-kro-kows^'fik).  Synooym 
of  Micracoustic. 

Microcrith  {mt^-kro-kritk)  [fuxpAc^  small; 
Kpdfijy  bariey].  A  unit  of  molecular  weight, 
equivalent  to  the  weight  of  an  atom  of  hy- 
drogen. 

Microcrystalline  (mi-kro-kris'-talim)  \jum- 
p6c^  small ;  crystaliinc].  Composed  of  cryv 
tals  of  microscopic  «ize. 

MicroC3rst  {mi  ^  -  kro -sis/)  [fw(p6c,  small; 
/ci«<rrof,  cyst].     A  cyst  of  very  small  «««. 

Microcyte  (mi^kny^sit)  [uuif>6^,  small ;  riTttc, 
cell].     A  small  red  blood -corpuscle. 

Microcythcmta  (mi-kro-si-tky  mc-ak)  [ftu- 
f}6^^  small;  Kiro^.  cell;  oi/in,  blood].  A 
condition  of  the  blood  characlerixed  by  the 
presence  of  abnormally  small  red  corpuscles^ 


MlCkOCYTOSIS 

Microcytosis  {mi  -  kro  -  si  -  /^*  m).    Same  as 
MUrocythemia, 

Microdont  (mi'-kro-dont)   IfwcpSc,  small; 
oAavCf  tooth].     Having  small  teeth. 
Microglossia  (mi-kro-glos^-e-ah)  [fiutpd^, 
small ;  yTMoaa,  tongue].     Abnormal  small- 
ncss  of  the  tongue. 

Micrognathia  (mi-krog-na'-the-ah)  [fxiKp6g, 
small;  ^yado^y  j^^]*     Abnormal  smallness 
of  the  jaws,  especially  of  the  lower  jaw. 
Microgram  (mi'-kro-gram)    Iftucpdc,  small; 
.^ram].     A  millionth  part  of  a  gram. 
Micrography  {mi'krog^-ra-ft\  [fiucpdc,  small ; 
ypo^tVf  to  write].     A  description  of  bodies 
that  are  studied  under  the  microscope. 
Microhm  (mi'-krdm)  {juKpS^^  small;  ohm]. 
The  miiiionth  part  of  an  ohm. 
Microliter  (mi^-iro'/f-t^)  jjuKpSg,  small; 
/»y/r].     The  millionth  partofa  liter. 
Micromania  {tni-kro-Ma^-ne-ah)  l/wcpSc, 
small ;  mania].     A  form  of  insanity  in  which 
the  patient  believes  himself  diminutive  in 
size  and  mentally  inferior. 
^icromeluB  (mi-krom^-el-us)  [^fwcpSCf  small ; 
fii\oi,  limb].     A  single  autositic  monster  of 
the  species  ectromelus,  characterized  by  the 
presence  of  abnormally  small  limbs, 
f  icrometer  {mi-krom'-ft-er)  Ifwcpdc,  small ; 
furpov^  measure].     An  instrument  designed 
for  measuring  minute  objects  seen  through  the 
nicroscope.     M.,  Eye-piece,  M.,  Ocular, 
I  micrometer  to  be  used  with  the  eye-piece 
>f  a  microscope.     M. -screw,  a  fine  screw 
vith  a  scale  attached  showing  the  distance 
>assed  at  each  fraction  of  a  revolution.     M., 
}tage-,  a  micrometer  attached  to  the  stage  of 
.  microscope. 

icrometry  {mi-krom' -et-re)  [fiucpd^,  small : 
IrpoVf  measure].  The  measurement  of  ob- 
:cts  by  the  aid  of  a  micrometer, 
icromillimeter  ( mi  -  kro  -  mii'  -im-e-  ter) 
uiicp6c^  small ;  miliimeter],  I.  The  one- 
lousandth  part  of  a  millimeter  or  the  one- 
lillionth  part  of  a  meter.  It  b  the  unit  of 
licroscopic  measurements.  It  is  called  also 
licron,  and  is  symbolized  by  //. 
icron  {mi^-kron)  [fUKpd^^  small].  .The 
lillionth  part  of  a  meter  or  a  thousandth 
irt  of  a  millimeter.  It  is  the  equivalent  of 
I  }-^9  of  an  English  inch,  and  its  symbol  is  fi. 
croori^aniam  {mi-kro-or^ -ganizm^  [fiiKp6^, 
clall ;  organism].  A  microscopic  being  of 
e  animal  or  vegetal  kingdom ;  in  a  special 
nse  it  is  restricted  to  that  vegetal  group 
I  own  as  bacteria. 

cropathology  (mi-  kro  -path  -  ol^-  o  -je) 
fKf>6^,  small ;  pathology],  i.  The  study 
minute  pathologic  changes.  2.  The  study 
microorganisms  in  their  relation  to  disease. 
rropha^e  (mi^-  kro  -faj )  [funpdg,  small ; 
yeiv^  to  devour].  A  small  phagocyte. 
:rophone   {mi^-  kro- fin)  Ifwcpdg,  small ; 


MICROSPECTROSCOPE 

^cjvi^  sound].     An  instrument  that  amplifies 
feeble  sounds  and  renders  them  audible. 
Microphotoeraph    {mi  -  kro  -fo^  -  to  -graf) 
[^<i^)^,  small ;  ^^,  light ;  ypd^iv,  to  write]. 

1.  A  photograph  of  microscopic  size.  2. 
See  Photomicrograph. 

Microphthalmus  {mi  -  kro/  -  thatf-  mus) 
IfUKpic,  small ;  wpOaXfid^,  eye].  I.  The 
condition  of  having  an  abnormally  small  eye. 

2.  A  person  having  such  an  eye. 
Microphyte  {mi^ -kro'/U)\jwcp6g fSmall;  ^dv^ 

plant].  Any  microscopic  plant,  especially 
one  that  is  parasitic. 

Micropsia  {mikrop^-se-ah)  [fiucpd^,  small ; 
b^ift  sight].  A  defective  state  of  vision  in 
which  objects  appear  venr  small. 

Micropyle  {mi^-kro^/ )  ifwcpd^,  small ;  irhTjf, 
gate,  orifice].  The  small  opening  in  an 
ovum  through  which  the  spermatozoon  may 
penetrate. 

Microscope  (mi^-kro  -  skdp)  IfUKpdCf  small ; 
otameiv,  to  view].  An  apparatus  through 
which  minute  objects  are  rendered  visible. 
It  consists  of  a  lens  or  group  of  lenses  by  which 
a  magnified  image  of  the  object  is  produced. 
M.,  Binocular,  a  microscope  having  diver- 
gent oculars,  one  for  each  eye,  so  that  the 
object  is  seen  with  both  eyes.  M.,  Com- 
pound, one  that  consists  of  two  or  more 
lenses  or  Iens-S3rstem8,  of  which  one,  the  ob- 
jective, placed  near  the  object,  gives  an  en- 
larged and  inverted  real  image ;  the  other, 
the  ocular,  acting  like  a  simple  microscope, 
gives  an  enlarged  virtual  image  of  the  real 
image.  M.,  Simple,  one  consisting  of  one 
or  more  lenses  or  lens-systems  acting  as  a 
single  lens.  The  rays  of  light  that  enter  the 
eye  of  the  observer,  after  refraction  through 
these  lenses,  proceed  directly  from  the  object 
itself. 

Microscopic  {mi-kro-skop^ -ik)  [jLuxpSc,  small; 
OKoneiv,  to  view].  X.  Pertaining  to  the 
microscope.  2.  Visible  only  with  the  aid  of 
a  microscope. 

Microscopist  {mi  -  kros^-  ko  -  pis/)  [lior^f , 
small ;  atametv,  to  view].  One  who  is  skilled 
in  the  use  of  the  microscope. 

Microscopy  {mi-kros'-ko-pe)  pMxpdc,  small ; 
OKoireiv,  to  view].  The  use  of  the  microscope ; 
examination  with  the  microscope. 

Microseme  {mi'-kro-sim)  [fiiKp6^t  small ; 
a^fta ,  sign,  index] .  Having  the  orbital  index 
less  than  83. 

Microsomia  {mi  •  kro  -  so^-  me  -  ah)  \fiiKp6q^ 
small ;  o^fia^  body].  Abnormal  smallness  of 
the  whole  body. 

Microspectroscope  {mi-kro-spek^-  tro  -  skdp) 
fUKpd^,  small;  spectrum,  spectrum;  OKOTrelv, 
to  view].  A  spectroscope  used  in  connection 
with  the  ocular  of  a  microscope,  and  by 
means  of  which  the  spectra  of  microscopic 
objects  can  be  examined. 


i 


MICROSOOrS 


MICROSCOPE 


Eve-piece.  H.  Draw-tube.  I.  Knurl  of  dnw-tube.  J.  Coarse  adjostmenL  K.  Pinioa  beads.  L. 
Fine  adjustment.  M.  SUge.  N.  Spring  clips.  A.  Base.  B.  Pillar.  C.  Ann.  D.  Body  tube.  E. 
Nose-piece.    F.  F,  F.  Objectives.    U.  Minnor.    P.  Mirror  bar.    Q.  Substage.    S.  Iris  diaphragms. 


MICROSPORIDIA 


MILK 


Mierosporidia  {tm-kro-ipor-id' -e-aK)  \juKp6^, 
smaU;  airdpog,  seed].  A  genus  of  the  class 
of  sporotoa,  occumng  as  parasites  in  the 
muscles  of  the  frog,the  marsh-tortoise, worms, 
and  insects. 

lAicxos^ton(mi'/h'o-spi/'ron)lfUKf)6^,  small ; 
oir6fio;,  seed  J.  A  fungus  to  which  several 
diseases  of  the  skin  and  hair  are  believed  to 
be  dae.  M.  furfur.  See  Tima  versivolor. 
Microstomia  (mi  -  iro  •  sto^-  me  -  ah)  {jiucpd^, 
small;  ord/za, mouth].  Abnormal sxnallness 
ot  (he  mouth. 

Microtome  (mi^-kro-tdm)  [jitKpdc,  small ;  rifi- 
vttVf  to  cut].  An  instrument  for  making  thin 
sections  for  microscopic  examination.  M., 
Freexing,  one  in  which  the  tissue  is  frozen, 
in  order  to  secure  the  hardness  required  for 
properly  cutting  sections. 
Microtomy  (mi-Jkrvf^'O-mf)  [uucpd^,  small; 
rifnuiv,  to  cut].  Section-cutting. 
Microvolt  (mP'kro-viU),  One  millionth  of 
a  volt. 

Microsjrme  (mi' -kro-tlm)  [//iicp^f,  small; 
Cw»  leaven].  One  of  certain  minute  parti- 
cles of  living  matter  that  are  by  some  sup- 
posed to  be  living  organisms  capable  of  an 
independent  existence,  and  which  are  the 
cause  of  normal  and  pathologic  fermentation  ; 
the  real  agents  of  the  functions  of  the  organ- 
ism, the  perversion  of  whose  function  con- 
stitutes disease. 

Micturition  (mik'tu-rish'-utC)  \micturire^ 
to  pass  water].  The  act  of  passing  urine. 
M. -center.  The  center  governing  the  act 
of  micturition ;  it  is  situated  in  the  lumbar 
r^on  of  the  spinal  cord. 
Midbrain  [AS.,  mid^  middle;  brain\ 
The  mesencephalon. 

Cidfrontal.  [AS.,  mid,  middle ;  frons^  fore- 
head]. Pertaining  to  the  middle  of  the  fore- 
bead. 

lid^t  [AS.,  mid^  middle  ;  gut^  gut].  See 
Mesogiuter, 

[idriff  [AS.,  wUd,  middle;  in/,  belly]. 
Diaphragm. 

[idwife  [AS.,  miV.  with;  wif,  a  woman]. 
V  female  obstetrician ;   a  female  nurse  who 
ittends  women  in  childbirth. 
!idi«rifcry  [AS.,  mid^  with;  wify  a  woman]. 
)b$tetrics. 

i^aine  {me^'grUn)  [Fr.,  from  iJ/«,  half; 
(Mjvicv,  skull].  A  paroxysmal  affection 
haracterixed  Ixy  headache,  usually  unilateral, 
nd  by  gastric,  vasomotor,  and  visual  dis- 
irbances. 

i^^rainin  (mig^-  ra  -  «tif)  \migrain€\  A 
ame  given  to  a  mixture  of  antipyrin,  citric 
rid,  and  caffein.  It  is  used  for  the  treatment 
r  migraine,  of  the  headache  of  influenza,  and 
*  that  due  Co  alcohol,  tobacco,  and  morphin. 
be  dofte  is  from  17  to  45  grains  (1.0-3.0)  in 
\  boon. 


Migration  (mi-gra'-shun)  [migraref  to  wan- 
der]. A  wandering.  M.,  External  (o/thi 
Ovum)  J  the  passage  of  the  ovum  from  an 
ovary  to  the  tube  of  the  opposite  side.  M., 
Internal  (0/  the  Ovum),  the  passage  of  the 
ovum  through  the  tube  related  to  the  ovary 
from  which  the  ovule  was  discharged,  into  the 
uterus  and  across  into  the  opposite  tube. 
M.  of  Ovum,  the  passage  of  the  ovum  from 
the  ovary  to  the  Fallopian  tube.  M.  of 
White  Corpuscles,  one  of  the  phenomena 
of  inflammation,  consisting  in  the  passage  of 
the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood  through 
the  vessel- wall. 

Mildew  (mil'-du)  [AS.,  melededw,  honey- 
dew].  A  common  name  for  minute  fungi 
parasitic  on  plants,  and  also  found  on  def^ 
vegetable  substances. 

MiffoU  (mii'-foil).     See  Achillea, 

Miliaria  {mil-e-a' -re-ah)  [milium,  millet]. 
An  acute  mflammatory  disease  of  the  sweat- 
glands,  the  lesions  consisting  of  vesicles  and 
papules,  accompanied  by  a  pricking  or  ting- 
ling sensation.  It  occurs  especially  in  sum- 
mer, is  due  to  excessive  sweating,  runs  an 
acute  or  subacute  course,  and  is  followed  by 
slight  desquamation.  Relapses  are  common. 
M.  alba  or  M.  crsrstallina,  a  variety  of  M. 
in  which  the  sweat  accumulates  under  the  su- 
perficial homy  layers  of  the  epidermis  to  form 
small,  clear,  transparent  vesicles.  It  is  also 
called  sudamina  crystallina.  M.  papulosa, 
the  well-known  "prickly  heat.**  M.  rubra. 
See  Miliaria. 

Miliary  (miF-e-a-re)  [milium,  millet].  I. 
Of  the  size  of  a  millet-seed,  as  M.  aneurysm, 
M.  tubercle.  2.  Attended  or  characterized 
by  the  formation  of  numerous  lesions  the 
size  of  a  millet-seed,  as  M.  tuberculosis. 
M.  Tuberculosis.     See  Tuberculosis, 

Milium  {mil'-e-um)  [L.  millet-seed],  i.  A 
disease  of  the  skin  characterized  by  the  for- 
mation of  small,  pearly,  noninflammatory 
elevations  (milia)  situated  mainly  on  the 
face.  It  is  due  to  the  occlusion  of  the  ducts 
of  sebaceous  follicles,  the  secretion  of  which 
accumulates  and  distends  the  follicles.  2. 
One  of  the  elevations  characteristic  of 
milium. 

Milk  [AS.,  mile,  milk].  The  opaque  white 
secretion  of  the  mammary  glands  of  the 
female  of  mammalia.  The  relative  propor- 
tion of  the  constituents  in  milk  of  different 
animals  may  be  seen  from  the  appended 
table  of  analyses  from  Wynter  Blyth.  M., 
Butter-,  cream  from  which  the  fatty  mat- 
ter has  been  removed.  M.,  Condensed, 
milk  of  cows  from  which  a  large  part  of  the 
water  has  been  evaporated,  a  syrupy  liquid 
remaining  which  b  preserved  with  or  without 
the  addition  of  sugar.  M.-cure,  the  method 
of  treating  certain  diseases  by  an  exclusive 


MILLIAMPERE 


MIRROR 


diet  of  milk.  M  .-fever,  a  slight  rise  of  tem- 
perature attending  the  establishment  of  the 
secretion  of  milk.  It  b  due  to  a  mild  degree 
of  septic  intoxication.  M.-leg.  Stt  PA/fg- 
masia  alba  doUns.  M. .punch,  a  preparation 
made  by  adding  brandy,  whisky,  or  rum,  to 
milk  in  the  proportion  of  about  one  to  four  or 
six  parts,  and  flavoring  with  sugar  and  nut- 
meg. M.,  Skim-,  is  the  residue  left  after  the 
removal  of  the  cream.  M. -sugar.  Lactose. 
M. -teeth,  the  teeth  of  the  first  dentition. 
M. -tester,  a  lactometer. 


Human  milk. 


Cow's  milk,     3.50 


a.90  ^40 


Camel's  milk,  I  a.^ 


Goat's  milk,  1 4.30 


Ass's  milk, 


Mare's  milk, 


Sheep's  milk. 


2.50 


5.30 


398 


0.57 


0.77 


3.84 


3.00 


1.09 


2.19 


0.70 


5.87 


5.66 


550 


550 


at6 


0.66 


0.56 


0.50 


13.13 


13.06 


12.46 


88.00 


86.87 


86.94 


87.54 


8.83  91.17 


11.20  8880 


17.73  82.27 


Milliampere  (mil-e-am-pdr^)  [milU^  thou- 
sand; Ampirty  a  French  scientist].  One- 
thousandth  of  ad  ampere,  =  I  volt  divided 
by  1000. 

M illiamperemeter  ( mil-e-am  -pdr^-me-ter  ) 
\mUUy  thousand;  Amph-e^  a  French  scien- 
tist; fikxpcv^  measure].  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  strength  of  an  electric  current. 

Milligram  (mW -igratri)  [mi/le^ a  thousand; 
gramy.     A  thousandth  part  of  a  gram. 

Milliliter  {mW 'il-e'ter)  \milU^  a  thousand; 
lUer\     A  thousandth  part  of  a  liter. 

Millimeter  {mil* 'im-e-ttr)  \mille,  a  thousand ; 
meter\     A  thousandth  part  of  a  meter. 

Millon's  Reagent.  A  reagent  made  by  dis- 
solving 10  grams  of  mercury  in  20  grams  of 
nitric  acid,  diluting  the  solution  with  an  eoual 
•volume  of  water,  and  decanting  in  twenty-four 
hours.  With  proteids  and  with  derivatives  of 
benzene  and  naphthalene  it  gives  a  red  color 
(Millon's  Test). 

Millstone-makers'  Phthisis.  A  form  of 
pneumonokoniosis  due  to  the  inhalation  of 
6ne  particles  in  the  manufacture  of  millstones. 

Milxbrand  (milts^brand )[Gcr.].     Anthrax. 

Mimetic  (mim-et^-ik)  Uufto^^  an  actor].  Imi- 
tative ;  mimic.  M.  Paralysis,  paralysis  of 
the  facial  muscles.  M.  Spasm,  spasm  of 
the  fadal  muscles. 


Mimic  (mim^'iJk).     See  Mimftit, 

Mimicry  {mim^-iM-re)  [^ufio^^  an  actor]. 
Imitation. 

Mind-blindness.  A  form  of  aphasia  in 
which,  although  the  patient  is  able  to  see,  no 
intellectual  impression  is  conveyed  to  his 
mind  by  the  object  seen.  The  condition  is 
also  called  visual  amnesia. 

Mind-cure.  The  alleged  cure  of  disease 
through  mental  operations. 

Mind-deafness.  A  form  of  aphasia  in  which 
sounds,  though  heard  and  perceived  as  such, 
awaken  no  intelligent  conception. 

Mindererus,  Spirit  of.  Liquor  ammonii 
acetatis.     See  Ammonia, 

Miner's  Elbow.  Enlargement  of  the  bursa 
over  the  olecranon,  common  in  miners,  due  to 
irritation  while  working  and  lying  on  the  side. 

Miner's  Phthisis.  Anthracosis;  a  chronic 
affection  of  the  lungs  due  to  the  constant  in- 
halation of  coal-dust. 

Mineral  (min'-er-al)  [minera,  a  mine].  An 
inorganic  chemic  compound  found  in  nature, 
especially  one  that  is  solid.  M.,  Kermes, 
antimony  oxysulphid.  M.  Oil,  petroleum.  * 
M.  Pitch,  bitumen.  M.  Water,  water  natu- 
rally or  artificially  impregnated  with  inorganic 
salts  in  sufficient  quantity  to  give  it  special 
properties. 

Mineralization  (min-er'al-e'ta'-shum)  [min- 
era^  mine].  I.  The  addition  of  mineral  sub- 
stances to  a  body.  2.  The  relative  amount 
of  mineral  substances  dissolved  in  a  mineral 
water. 

Minim  (miH^-im)  [minimus,  least].  The 
one-sixtieth  of  a  fluid  dram.     Symbol  n\,. 

Minimal  (min'-im-al)  [minimus^  least]. 
Least,  lowest.  Of  doses,  the  least  quantity 
that  is  yet  effective. 

Minimum  (min'-im-um)  [minimus,  least]. 
The  least,  the  lowest;  the  lowest  intensity, 
or  level.  M.  Thermometer.  See  T'h^r- 
mometer. 

Minium  (wfV-^-w/w)  [L.,  minium^  red  lead]. 
Red  lead  oxid,  Pb^Oi,  used  formerly  in  plas- 
ters. 

Mint.     See  Mentha. 

Miosis  (mi-i/'sis)  [juUjv,  less].  Contraction, 
especially  of  the  pupil. 

Miotic  (mi'Ot^'ik)  [from  fuiuv,  less].  I.  Per- 
taining to,  or  characterized  by,  miosis.  2, 
Causing  contraction  of  the  pupil.  3.  An 
agent  that  contracts  the  pupil. 

Mirror  {mir^-or)  [mirari,  to  admire].  I.  A 
polished  surface  for  reflecting  light  or  form- 
ing images  of  objects  placed  in  front  of  it. 
M.,  Concave,  one  the  reflecting  surface  of 
which  is  concave.  M.,  Convex,  one  with  a 
convex  reflecting  surface.  M.,  Frontal.  M., 
Head-,  a  circular  mirror  with  a  central  per- 
foration, strapped  to  the  head  by  a  band,  and 
used  to  throw  light  on  parts  to  be  examined. 


MIRYACHIT 


MODERATOR  BAND 


If.,  Laryngoscopies  M.,  Ophthalmosco- 
pic, M.,  Rhinoscopic;  a  mirror  used  respect- 
irely  in  laryngoscopy,  ophthalmoscopy,  and 
rfainascopy,  to  illuminate  the  cavity  to  be  in- 
spected. M.,  Plane,  one  the  reflecting  sur- 
face of  which  is  flat.  M .-writing,  a  peculiar 
form  of  writing  at  times  obserred  in  left- 
handed  persons,  and  in  cases  of  aphasia,  and 
characteriied  by  a  reversal  of  the  form  and 
amogement  of  the  letters,  which  appear  as  if 
seen  in  t  mirror. 

Miryachit  (me-re-ach'-it)  [Russian  word]. 
A  peculiar  disease  in  which  the  patient 
mimics  or  imitates  ever3rthing  said  or  done  by 
another. 

Miscarriage  {mis-Jhar^-aJ)  [AS., prefix  ifw-, 
OF.,  carirr,  to  carry].  I.  The  expulsion  of 
the  fetus  between  die  fourth  and  the  sixth 
month  of  pregnancy.  2.  Abortion. 
Misce  {mu^-e)  [miscere,  to  mix].  Mix,  a 
direction  placed  on  prescriptions;  abbrevi- 
ated, M. 

Miscegenation  (mis-ef-en-a'-skun)  [miscerff 
to  mix;  gettus,  race].  Mixture  of  diflerent 
races  by  intermarriage. 

Miscible  {mtY-id-i)  [misceret  to  mix].  Cap- 
able of  being  mixed. 

Miserere  mei  (mit-er-a^-ra  maf-e)  [L.,  have 
mercy  on  me].  An  old  name  for  volvulus, 
or  intestinal  colic;  also  for  stercoraceous 
vomiting. 

Misogamy  (mis-og' -am-e)  [/uoetv,  to  hate  ; 
ydfioCf  marriage].  Aversion  to  marriage. 
Mlisog3my  (mis-og^-ih-e)  [fiuse'iv^  to  hate; 
}T'M^,  woman].  Hatred  of  women. 
4issed  (misi)  [AS.  ^missan^  to  miss].  Passed ; 
failed  of  completion.  M.  Abortion,  the  re- 
tention of  the  product  of  conception  in  the 
uterine  cavity  after  its  death  and  with  the 
appearance  of  some  of  the  s3rmptoms  of 
abortion.  M.  Labor,  the  retention  of  the 
product  of  conception  in  the  uterus  beyond 
term,  and  after  the  occurrence  of  a  few  in- 
effectual labor-pains. 
listletoe  (mis' -I- to).  See  Vismm. 
listura  imii-tu-'-rah)  [L.].  A  mixture.  A 
^reparation  made  by  suspending  an  insoluble 
substance  in  watery  fluids,  by  means  of  gum- 
irabic,  sugar,  yolk  of  egg,  or  other  cohesive 
»ub<(tance.  When  the  suspended  substance 
%  of  an  oily  nature,  the  preparation  is  termed 
m  emulsion  (emulsum).  In  pharmacy,  an 
iqueous  preparation  of  an  insoluble  sub- 
tance  held  in  suspension,  usually  by  the 
ddition  of  soluble  gum,  egg-emulsion,  etc. 
"he  following  mixtures  are  official  in  U.  S.  P. 
nd  B.  P.  M.  Creasoti  (B.  P.).  Dose  f .^j 
32.0).  M.Cret«(U.  S.  P..B.  P.).  Dose 
%fA  (16.0).  M.  ferri  aromatica  (B.  P.). 
)osc  f  ?  j-ij  (32.0-64.0).  M.  ferri  compos- 
a,  Griffith's  mixture  (U.  S.  P.  and  B.  P.). 
k)se  f  3j->j  (32.0-64.0).    M.  glycyrrhisM 


composita  (U.  S.  P.).  Brown  mixture.  Dose 
^3H  (32.0-64.0).  M.  guaiaci  (B.  P.). 
Dose  f^ss-ij  ((6.0-64.0).  M.  olei  ricini 
(B.  P.).  Dose  fjss-ij  (16.0-64.0).  M. 
rhei  et  sodc  (U.  S.  P. ).  Dose,  for  children, 
f3ss-f zj  (2.0-4.0).  M.  scammonii  (B.P.). 
Dosef3ij  (64.0).  M.  semue  composita 
(B.  P.).  Dose  f,^J7iss  (32.0^80).  M. 
spiritus  vini  gallici  (B.  P.).  Dose  f  Jj- 
ij  (32,0-64.0). 

Mite  (m^)  [AS.,  mUe,  mite].  A  name 
applied  to  several  Acari. 

Mithridatism  {mt/A-ru^-at-iMm)[U{fifHSaT^, 
Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus,  who  was  said  to 
have  become  so  charged  with  the  poisons 
with  which  he  experimented  that  he  acqui/ed 
an  immunity  to  them  all].  Immunity  from 
the  eflects  of  a  poison  induced  by  the  admin- 
istration of  gradually  increased  doses. 

Mitigate  {mit'-ig'4t)  [miHgare,  to  soften]. 
To  allay ;  to  make  milder ;  to  moderate. 

Mitigated  Stick,  or  Mitigated  Caustic 
(mit^'ig-a-ifd)  [mitigare^  to  soften].  See 
Argtntum. 

Mitome  {mi'-idm)  [^r^,  a  thread].  The 
threads  of  the  protoplasmic  reticulum  of  a 
cell  (cytomitome)  or  of  the  nucleus  (karyo- 
mitoroe). 

Mitosis  {mi't(/-sis)  [/dro^^  a  thread].  Karyo- 
kinesis. 

Mitotic  (mi-tot^'ik)  \juto^,  thread].  Per- 
taining to  mitosis. 

Mitral  (mi'-trai)  [/w'rpo,  a  belt,  a  turban]. 
I.  Resembling  a  miter,  as  the  M.  valve.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  auriculoventricular  Valve 
of  the  left  side  of  the  heart.  M.  Disease> 
disease  of  the  mitral  valve  of  the  heart. 
M.  Incompetence  or  M.  Insufficiency. 
See  Af.  Regurgitation,  M.  Murmur.  See 
Murmur.  M.  Obstruction,  disease  of  the 
mitral  valve  causing  obstruction  to  the  flow 
of  blood  through  the  left  auriculoventricular 
opening.  M.  Regurgitation,  imperfect 
closure  of  the  mitral  valve  during  the  cardiac 
systole,  permitting  blood  to  be  forced  back 
into  the  left  auricle.  M.  Stenosis.  See 
M,  Obstruction.     M.  Valve.    See  Vahe. 

Mixture  {miks'-tar).     See  Mistura. 

Mnemonics  [ne-mon' -iks)  [^vaofiai^  I  re- 
member] .  The  science  of  cultivation  of  the 
memary  by  systematic  methods. 

Mobile  (w{/-^i/)[w<w^^,toraove].  Movable. 
M.  Spasm,  a  slow,  irregular  movement  grad- 
ually taking  place  in  diflerent  muscles,  occur- 
ring at  times  in  the  paralyzed  parts  in  hemi- 
plegia. 

Mobility  (mo-bii'-it-e)  [mm'trty  to  move]. 
The  condition  of  being  movable. 

Modal  (mt/'dal)  [modus,  mode].  A  term 
applied  to  the  order  of  response  of  muscles 
and  nerv^  to  the  galvanic  current 

Moderator  Band.    See  Sand. 


MODIOLUS 


MOLYBDENUM 


j(«k^-<#'-^/w)  [L.,iuiTcl.     I.  The 

ceotiml  pillar  or  axis  of  the  cochlea,  arocind 
which  the  spiral  canal  makes  two  and  one- 
half  turns.     2.  The  crown  of  a  trephine. 

Modus  {my-^au)  [L.].  A  mode  or  method. 
M.  operandi*  the  method  of  the  peribr' 
maooeof  an  action. 

Mogigraphia  {m^^ig-ra/'-e-ak)  [fi&y^^^  with 
dimcolty;  ypa^etv,  to  write].  Writers' 
cramp. 

Mofilalia  (mog-ilo'le-ah)  {jt6ytf,  with  diffi> 
cuky;  AoXiui,  talk].     Stammering,  stuttering. 

Mogiphoma  [mog-if-o^ -lU'ah)  ^>ic,with 
dimcnltj ;  fwi^,  sound].  Difficulty  in  speak- 
ing, excited  bj  an  effort  of  singing  or  speak- 
ing loudly. 

Mohrenheim's  Fossa,  i.  The  space  be- 
tween the  deltoid  and  pectoralis  major  mus- 
cles.    2.  The  supraclavicular  fiossa. 

Moist  [mustus^  young,  fresh,  new].  Damp ; 
slightly  wet ;  characterised  by  the  presence 
of  fluid.  M.  Chamber,  a  large  circular 
glass  with  a  lid,  used  in  bacteriologic  work, 
especially  for  growing  potato-cultures.  M. 
Puter,  a  Biter- paper  that  is  moistened  with 
water.  M.  Gangrene,  the  form  of  gangrene 
Chat  (Kxnrt  in  a  part  filled  with  blood.  See 
Gtmgreiu. 

Molar  {mo^'lar)  \moUs^  mass].  Pertaining 
to  masses,  in  contradistinction  to  molecular. 

Molar  (ma^'lar\  {moia^  a  millstone].  I. 
Grinding;  usea  for  grinding.  2.  A  grind- 
ing tooth,  a  grinder. 

Molasses  (tmh/as^-sn)  ^tmUateuSf  made  with 
hooey].  The  syrupy  liquid  remaining  after 
the  renning  of  sugar.  It  contains  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  uncrystallixable  sugar,  some 
cane-sugar,  and  gummy  and  coloring-matter. 
There  are  two  kinds :  West  India  M.,  from 
which  rum  is  prepared,  and  sugar-house  M., 
which  is  somewhat  thidcer  than  the  first  M. 
b  used  for  making  pills,  and  combined  with 
sulphur  as  a  domestic  remedy  for  constipation. 

Mold(M^i^)  [AS.,  mMt,  dust].  A  vari- 
ously colorea  deposit  produced  by  the 
growth  of  different  forms  of  fungi  on  moist 
surfaces.  The  principal  molds  are  Penicil- 
Hum,  the  Muconni,  and  Aspergillus. 

Mole  {ma/  )[mola,  a  mass].  I.  A  mass  fonned 
in  the  uterus  by  an  ovum,  the  growth  of  which 
has  become  arrested,  or  which  has  undergone 
degeneration.  2.  Nevus.  M.,  Blood-,  a 
mass  of  coagulated  blood  and  retained  fetal 
membranes  and  placenta,  sometimes  found  in 
the  uterus  after  an  abortion.  M .,  Cameous. 
See  Af. ,  J^rsAy.  M .,  Cystic.  Same  as  Af. , 
Hydatidiform,  M.,  False,  one  not  contain- 
ing any  tissues  derived  from  the  ovum.  M., 
Fleshy,  a  blood-mole  which  has  become 
more  solid  and  has  assumed  a  fleshy  appear- 
ance ;  the  body  formed  in  the  utejine  cavity 
when  an  ovum  that  has  died  b  retained  with- 


in  the  uterus  for  some  time.  M.,  Hydatid, 
Mm  Hydatidiform,  one  formed  by  a  prolif- 
eration and  cystic  degeneration  of  the  chorion 
villi ;  it  b  a  form  of  myxoma,  and  has  a  ten- 
dency to  involve  the  uterine  wall.  M., 
Tnie,  one  which  is  the  remaios  of  an  ovum. 
M.,  Vesicular.     Same  as  «V/.,  liydatidififrm. 

Molecular  {mo  -  Ukf-  u  -  lar)  \m4>its^  mass]. 
Pertaining  to,  or  composed  of.  molecules. 
M.  Death,  death  of  a  part  in  minute  invisible 
particles,  as  ulceration,  caries.  M.,  Force,  a 
force  acting  between  molecules,  as  cobe^on. 
M.  Motion,  the  movements  of  the  molecules 
of  a  substance.  M.  Volume,  the  volume  of 
a  molecule  of  a  substance  in  the  gaarou.^ 
state  ;  under  the  same  conditions  of  temper- 
ature and  pressure  the  M.  volumes  of  all 
substances  are  equal.  M.  Weight,  the 
weight  of  a  molecule  of  any  sub^ance  as 
compared  with  the  weight  of  an  atom  of  hy- 
drogen. It  b  equal  to  the  sum  of  the  wcighu 
of  its  constituent  atoms. 

Molecule  {mo^-e-kAi)  [dim.  of  moles ^  mas«]. 
I.  A  minute  portion  of  matter.  2-  In  phys- 
ics, the  smallest  quantity  into  which  a  sub- 
stance can  be  divided  and  retain  its  charac- 
teristic properties;  or  the  smallest  quantity 
that  can  exist  in  a  free  state. 

Molimen  {wuhli'-men)  [L.,  molimen^  endea- 
vor]. An  effort  or  attempt.  M.,  Menstrual, 
any  of  the  symptoms  attendant  upon  the  men- 
strual act  or  function. 

Mollin  {moy-in)  {mcttis^  soft].  A  soft  soap 
of  potassium  hydroxid  and  cocoanut-oil,  used 
as  a  basb  for  ointments. 

MoUities  (mo-lish' -e-H)  [mMs,  soft].  Soft- 
ness.    M.  ossium.     See  Osteomalacia. 

Molluscous  (mot-US'  kMs)[mo/iuscmm,  a  shell- 
fish]. I.  Pertaining  to  the  Molluscs.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  disease  Molloscum. 

Molluscum  {mo/'tts'-Jkum)  [L.,  maiiusea, 
shell-fish,  from  mollis^  soft].  A  terra  applied  to 
several  diseases  of  the  skin.  M.  contagio- 
sum,  a  disease  of  the  skin  characterixed  by 
the  formation  of  pinhead  sixed  to  pea&ixed, 
rounded,  sessile,  or  pedunculated  pearl  liLe 
elevations  of  a  yellowish-white  or  pinkish 
color.  The  lesions  may  be  single  or  multi- 
ple, are  usually  situated  upon  the  face,  and 
are  due  to  a  hyperplasia  of  the  rete  mucosum« 
the  growthprobably  beginning  in  the  hair- 
follicles.  The  lesions  on  microscopic  exami- 
nation are  found  to  contain  peculiar  ovoid- 
al,  sharply  -  defined  bodies  —  Molluscum- 
bodies — which  are  by  some  considered  as 
forms  of  epithelial  degeneration,  by  others  as 
protozoan  parasites.  M.  fibrosum,  a  disease 
of  the  skin  characterized  by  the  formation  of 
multiple  fibromata,  which  nuy  be  sessile  or 
pedunculated, and  grow  from  the  deeper  layers 
of  the  corium  and  the  subcutaneous  tissue, 

Moljbde&tun  {mol-  H  •  dt'-  mum)  [jUkv,$6oi^ 


MOMENTUM 


MONOGENESIS 


leadl.    A  metallic  element,  found  in  nature 
chieUy  as  the  sulphid  molybdenite  (MoS,). 
Atomic  weight,  96;  symbol,  Mo  ;  quantival- 
ence,  11,  iv,  vi,  viii;  specific  gravity,  8.6. 
Its  principal  oxid,   MoO,,    forms    molybdic 
tcid,  H,MoO^,  the  ammonium  salt  of  which 
is  used  as  a   reagent    in    metallurgy,  etc. 
Molybdic  add  combines  with  phosphoric  acid 
to  form  phosphomolybdic  acid. 
Momentum   (ffto  -  men'-  turn)    \m(yuere^   to 
move].    Quantity  of  motion.     The  M.  of  a 
body  depends  upon  its  mass  and   velocity. 
AIm,  the  quantity  of   potential  energy  pos- 
sessed by  a  body  in  motion.     It  is  usually 
expressed  by  the  formula  m-=^wVy  1.  ^.,  the 
momentum  equals  the  weight  multiplied  by 
the  velocity. 

Momordica  (nw  -  mor^-  dik  -  oA),  See  E/a- 
ierium. 

Monad  (mon'ad)  H^Jvof,  single].  A  univ- 
alent element  or  radicle. 
4onamin  (mon'-am-in)  [/i<$voc,  single; 
ami'n].  An  amin  formed  by  the  replace- 
ment of  the  hydrogen  in  one  atom  of  am- 
monia by  basic  radicles. 
Aonarda  {monar^'dah)  [after  N.  Monardh^ 
a  Spanish  physician].  A  genus  of  labiate 
plants,  comprising  M.  bistulosa,  wild  ber- 
^amot,  M.  didyma,  bee-balm,  and  M.  punc- 
tata, horse-mint.  The  last  is  diaphoretic, 
:arminative,  and  stimulant.  It  is  also  a 
source  of  thymol. 

[onas  (mon'-as)  Ifiov&c,  unit].  A  genus  of 
nfusorians. 

onaster  (mon-as'-ter)  \ji6vo^^  single ;  aar^p, 
lar].  Mother-star.  See  Karyokinesis. 
onatomic  {monat-om'  -ik)  [/i^wf,  single  ; 
ro^oc,  atom].  I.  Having  but  one  atom  of 
rptaceable  hydrogen,  as  a  M.  acid.  2. 
raving  only  one  atom,  as  a  M.  molecule. 
Having  the  combining  power  of  one 
cm  of  hydrogen,  as  a  M.  radicle.  4. 
r>rnied  by  the  replacement  of  one  hydrogen- 
om  in  a  compound  by  a  radicle,  as  a  M. 
:ohol. 

»nerula  (mon-er^-u-iah)  [jiov^pvCt  single], 
le  impregnated  ovum  at  a  stage  when  it 
'4  no  nucleus. 

nilethrix  (mo-niy -eth-riks)  [monile^  a 
:k]ace ;  ^p/4^,  hair].  An  affection  of  the 
r  in  which  nodes  are  strung  regularly  or 
'g^ularly  along  the  hair-shaft,  giving  it  a 
ide«l  appearance. 

liliform    {mon-il' -if-orm)  [monile^  neck- 
e  ;  /ormtt^  form].      Shaped  like  a  neck- 
t ;     Ixraded    or   bead- like,   resembling    a 
njj  of  beads, 
itlithrix  {mo-nW -ith-riks).      See  Monti- 

'tJC. 

iksbood  {munkt'- hoods.  See  Aconite. 
10-  (pnon^-o-)  \^t&voq^  single].  A  prefix 
ifyioK  one  or  single. 


Monobasic  (mon-o-ba^'sik)  [^^oc,  single; 
pdoic,  foundation].  Of  an  acid,  acid  salt,  or 
alcohol,  having  one  hydrogen-atom  replace- 
able by  a  base. 

Monoblepsia,  Monoblepsis  (mon-o-bUp' - 
se-ah^  mon-o-bie^ -sis)  [fi6vo^^  single ;  pXi^lng, 
sight].  I.  A  condition  in  which  either  eye  has 
a  better  visual  power  than  both  together. 
2.  The  form  of  color-blindness  in  which  but 
one  color  can  be  perceived. 

Monobrachius  {mon  -  o-bra  ^-  ke  -  us^  f/i^voc, 
single;  ppaxiuv,  arm].  A  monster  having 
but  one  arm. 

Monobromated  (mon-o-bro' -ma-ted)  [/i^vor> 
one;  bromate"].  Containing  one  atom  of 
bromin  in  the  molecule. 

Monobromid  (mon-o-bro^-mid)  \ja6vo^,  one  ; 
brflmid\  A  compound  having  one  atom  of 
bromin  in  the  molecule,  or  containing  an 
amount  of  bromin  which,  when  compared 
with  the  amount  of  bromin  in  other  bromids 
of  the  same  base,  may  be  regarded  as  unity. 

Monocephalus  (mon-o-se/'-ai-us)  [//^voc, 
single;  Ke^aAi^,head].  A  monster  consisting 
of  a  single  head  with  two  bodies  more  or  less 
completely  fused. 

Monochloiid  (mon-o-klo^-rid).  See  Mono- 
bromid, 

'yLQnOQhoT^9i(mon-o-ko-re'-ah)  [^<7C,  single ; 
chorea].  Chorea  confined  to  a  single  mem- 
ber or  part  of  the  body. 

Monocnroic  (mon-o-kro'-ik)  [/i^vof,  single ; 
XP^t  color].  Having  only  one  color.  Arterial 
blood  is  monochroic. 

Monochromatic  (mon-o-kro-mai^-ik).  See 
Monochroic. 

VLoTiOcXe  (mon'-o-kl)  [//^vof,  single ;  oculus^ 
eye].  I.  A  lens  for  one  eye  only.  2.  A 
bandage  for  one  eye. 

Monococcus  (mon-o-kok'-us)  [/i^vof ,  single  ; 
Mixicoc,  grain].  A  coccus  occurring  in  single 
individuals;  one  not  united  in  chains  or 
pairs. 

Monocranus  {nion-ok' -ran-us)  [//<$vof, single; 
Kpaviov,  cranium]}.  A  double  monster  hav- 
ing a  single  cranium. 

Monocular  (mon-ok'-u-iar)  [//^voc,  single ; 
oculus^  tyt].  I.  Pertaining  to  or  affecting 
only  one  eye,  as  M.  diplopia ;  performed 
with  one  eye  only,  as  M.  vision.  2.  Hav- 
ing a  single  ocular  or  eye-piece,  as  a  M. 
microscope. 

Monogastric  (mon  -  0  -gas'-  trik)  \ji6vo^^  sin- 
gle ;  yaarijpy  stomach].  Having  one  stom- 
ach or  one  belly. 

Monogenesis  {mon-o-jen' -es-is)  [//^vof,  sin- 
gle ;  yivEOi^y  origin],  i.  Development  of 
offspring  resembling  the  parent,  as  distin- 
guished from  metagenesis.  2.  Development 
from  a  single  hermaphroditic  parent ;  asexual 
reproduction.  3.  Origin  of  all  organisms 
from  a  single  cell. 


/^ 


MONOHYDRIC 


MONSTROSITY 


Monohydric  {moH-o-hi^-driJk)  [/x^voc,  single  ; 
vdctp^  wmter].  Containing  one  atom  of  re- 
placeable hydrogen,  as  M.  acid,  M.  alcohol. 

Monoiodid  (tnon -o-i'-o- did).  See  Mono- 
bromid. 

MonolocuUr  ( mon-o-hk' -ular ).  See  Uni- 
iocular. 

Monomanim  (mon  -  o  -  ma'-  ne  -  ak)  [  fi6vo^f 
single ;  fiavia^  madness  ].  A  form  of  insanity 
characterized  by  a  limited  disturbance  of  the 
mental  functions  that  dominates  the  person's 
thought  and  actions. 

Monomaniac  {man  -  o  -  ma^- ne  -  aJk)  (u6voc, 
sinele;  ftaviOf  madness].  A  person  aitected 
with  monomania. 

Monomphalus  {mom  •  om'-fal  -  us)  \jUivo^^ 
single ;  bfifaXdCf  navel].  A  double  mon- 
ster uniteid  by  a  common  umbilicus. 

Mononuclear  ( man'O-nu^'klt-ar ).  See  Uni' 
nuclear. 

Monoparesis  {men  •  o  -par*-  a -is)  \ji6vo^^ 
single ;  wdpeaic,  paresis].  Paraljrsis  of  a 
single  part  of  the  body,  as  of  one  limb. 

Monophasia  ( men  -  o  -fa'-  uah)  [  /i^»*oc, 
single ;  ^wu,  to  speak].  A  form  of  aphasia, 
in  which  speech  is  limited  to  a  single  syllable, 
word,  or  phrase. 

Monophobia  {mon  -  0  -/(/'  be  •  ah)  [  /i<Jvof , 
single ;  ^/3of,  fear].  Morbid  dread  of  being 
alone. 

Monoplasmatic  {mon-o-pla^-maf-ik).  See 
Monoplastic. 

Monoplast  {mon' -  0  - plast)  \ji6vo^^  single; 
ttyketniVy  to  form].     A  simple  cell. 

Monoplastic  {mon-o-plas' -tik)  [/«H«oc,  single ; 
ir}Ao(jeiVf  to  form].  Composed  of  only  one 
substance. 

Monoplegia  (mon-o-p/e^-je-aA)  {ji6voc, single ; 
irhry^f  stroke] .  Paralysis  of  a  single  limb 
or  of  a  single  muscle  or  group  of  muscles. 
It  is  designated  as  Brachial,  Crural,  or  Facial, 
when  affecting  the  arm,  the  leg,  or  the  face, 
respectively,  and  as  Cenlral  (Cerebral),  or  Pe- 
ripheral, according  to  the  seat  of  the  causal 
lesion. 

Monops  (mon' -ops).     See  Cyclops. 

Monorchid,  Monorchia  {mon-or' -kid^  mon- 
or'-kis)  \ji6vw:,  single ;  bpxt^,  testis].  A  per- 
son who  has  but  one  testicle,  or  in  whom  one 
testicle  only  has  descended  into  the  scrotum. 

Monosotnus,  Monosomia  {mon-o-so'-mus^ 
mon-O'So' -me'aM)\ji6vo^t  single ;  <r6^,body]. 
A  double  monster  with  a  single  body  and 
two  heads. 

Monospasm  {mon' -o-spasm)  f/i^^,  single ; 
OTraafid^,  spa^m].  Spasm  affecting  limited 
areas,  as  one  side  of  the  face,  a  single  limb, 
or  a  single  muscle  or  muscle-group.  It  is 
designate  as  Brachial,  Crural,  or  Facial, 
according  to  the  part  affected,  and  as  Cen- 
tral (Cerebral)  or  Peripheral,  according  to 
the  seat  of  the  causal  lesion. 


Monoidd(monoJh'-ul).    See  Monobromid. 
Monro,  Foramen  of.    See  Foramina^  Tm- 
bleof. 


Mons  {mons)  [L.].  A  mountain.  M.  veneris, 
the  eminence  in  front  of  ( " 
of  the  woman. 


the  symphysis  pubis 


Monsel's  Salt.  Ferric  subsulphate,  a  solu- 
tion of  which,  Monsel's  Solution,  or  U- 
quor  ferri  subsulphatts  (U.  S.  P.),  is  used  as  a 
styptic. 

Monster  {mon'-ster)  [monstrum^  An  in- 
dividual that  by  reason  of  congenital  faulty 
development  is  incapable  of  properly  perform- 
ing the  viul  functions,  or  that  owing  to  an 
excess  or  deficiency  of  parts  difiert  in  a 
marked  degree  from  the  normal  type  of  the 
species. 

Monstrosity  {mon-stros'-U-e)  \monstrum^  a 
monster],  i.  The  condition  of  a  monster. 
2.  A  monster. 


TABLE  OF  MONSTROSITIES.  • 

ACCOSDING    TO  GsOFFaOY    SAINT-HlLAiaS,     AL- 

TBaao  BY  Hirst  and  PisasoL. 
HEMITERATA. 

I.  ANOMALIB8  OP  VOLUMB. 

A.  Of  Statu*  k. 

1.  General  DimmtUion^  as  in  a  dwarl— 

delayed  growth. 

2.  General  Increase,  as  in  a  giant— pre- 

cocious development. 

B.  Op  Volumb.  strictly  speaking. 

I.  Local  DimnHution.    Affecting— 

a.  Regions,  as  a  limb. 

b.  Systems,  as  undeveloped  muscles. 

c.  (7yz-aMi,assmaUbreasu,ttciiosiaof 
canals,  etc. 

a.  Local  mcrease^  affecting-— 

a.  Regions,  as  the  beaoT 

b.  Systems,  as  the  adipose  tiisac. 

c.  OntanSf  as  large  breasts  in  wcMiMa, 
lactiferous  breasts  in  men. 

XL  ANOM ALIB8  OP  PORM.  Single  Order, 
including— deformed  heads;  anomalies  oc 
shape  in  the  stomach ;  deformed  pelves,  etc 

UI.  ANOM ALIBS  OP  COLOR. 

A.  Z></(n>na',complete,  partial,  or  iraperfcct, 

as  in  albinism. 

B.  Excess,  complete,  partial,  or  impcrfcct, 

as  in  melanism. 

C.  Alteration,  as  in  nnusual  color  of  the  IriSw 

IV.  ANOM  ALIBS  OP  8TRUCTURB. 

A.  Deficiency  m  Consistmcy,  as  cartUagiA- 

ous  conditions  of  bones. 

B.  Excess  in  Consistency,  as  anomaloos  osai- 

fication. 

V.  ANOMALIES  OP  DISPOSITION. 
A.  By  DispuACKMKirr. 

I.  0/ Ike  s^tancknic organs, u»M 
otts  direction  of  heart  or  at 
hernias,  exstrophy  of  the  btaddcri 
etc, 

*  Reproduced,  with  the  kind  cofMcnt  of  the  Pal>> 
lishers,  from  **  Human  Monstrosities,"  by  Barton 
Cooke  Hirst.  M.  D.,  and  George  A.  Piersol,  M.a 
Philadelphia:  Lea  Brothers  ft  Co.,  liga. 


MONSTROSITY 


MONSTROSITY 


2.  Of  the  nonsplancknic  ergons^   «s 
club-foot,  curvature  of  tBe  spine, 
misplaced  teeth,  misplaced  blood- 
vessels, etc. 
B.  By  Chancb  of  Connection. 

J.  Anomalous  articulations. 

2.  Anomalous  implantations ^  as  teeth 

out  of  line. 

3.  Anomalous  attachments,  as  of  mus- 

cles and  lisamcuts. 

4.  Anomalous  branches,  as  of  arteries 

and  nerves. 

5.  Anomalous   openings,   as   of  veins 

into  the  left  auricle,  of  the  ductus 
choledochus  in  an  unusual  situa- 
tion, of  the  vagina  into  the  rectum, 
of  the  rectum  into  the  male  urethra, 
of  the  rectum  at  the  umbilicus, 
etc. 

C.  In  Continuity. 

1.  Anomalous    imperf orations^   as   of 

rectum,  vulva,  vagina,  mouth, 
esophagus. 

2.  Anomalous  union  of  organs,  as  of 

kidneys,  testicles,  digits,  teeth, 
ribs :  adhesion  of  the  tongue  to  the 
palate. 

D.  By  Closure,  as  in  complete  transverse 

septum  in  the  vagina. 
£.  By  Disjunction. 

I.  Anomalous  per/orations,  as  persist- 
ence of  foramen  ovale,  ductus  ar- 
teriosus, urachus. 

3.  Anomalous  divisions,  as  splits,  fis- 

sures in  various  organs,  hare-lip. 
hypospadias,  fissurea  tongue,  cleft 
palate,  fissured  cheek. 

[.  ANOMALIES  OP  NUMBER  AND  EXIST- 
ENCE. 
I.  By  numeric  defect^  as  absence  of 
muscles,    vertebrae,    ribs,   digits, 
teeth,  a  lung,  a  kidney,  the  uterus, 
the  bladder,  etc. 
a.  By  numeric   excess,  as  supernum- 
erary digits,  ribs,  teeth,  breasts,  a 
double  uterus. 


HETEROTAXIS. 

I.  Spuinchnic  Inversion. 
JI.  General  Inversion. 

HERMAPHRODITES.* 
I.  Tstm  Hermaphrodites. 

a.  Bilateral  hermaphrodites. 

b.  Unilateral  hermaphrodites* 

c.  Lateral  hermaphrodites. 

n.  Psbudohermaphrodites.    with    double 
sexual  formation  of  the  external  geni- 
tals, but  with  unisexual  development 
of  the  reproductive  glands  (ovaries  and 
testicles), 
a.  Male  pseudohermaphrodites  (with  tes- 
ticles). 
S.  Internal  pseudohermaphrodites.  De- 
velopment of  uterus  masculinus. 

2.  JSxternal  pseudohermaphrodites. 

External  genitals  approach  the 
female  type:  the  monstrosity  pre- 
sents a  feminine  appearance  and 
build. 

3.  Complete  pseudohermaphrodites  (in- 

ternal and  external).  Uterus  mas- 
culinus with  tubes ;  separate  effer- 
ent canals  for  1>ladder  and  uterus. 
bw  ^e 9m ale  pseudohermaphrodites  (with 

ovaries).    Persistence  of  male  sexual 

parts. 

•  According  to  Klebs. 


1.  Internal  hermaphrodites,     Porma* 

tion  of  vas  deferens  and  tubes. 

2.  External  hermaphrodites.  Approach 

of  the  external  genitals  to  the  male 
type. 

3.  Complete  hermaphrodites  (internal 

and  external).  Masculine  forma- 
tion of  the  external  genitals  and 
of  a  part  of  the  sexual  tract. 


MONSTERS. 
CLASS  I.-SINGLE  MONSTERS. 


Order  I.— Autositic  Monsters. 

Species  I.    Ec>  [  Phocpmelus 

Tromelus, .  .   \  Hemimelus 

Micromelus 

Ectromelus 


Genus  I, 


Genus  II, 


Species  a. 


Single  specie 
C^losoma, 


{Svmelus 
Uromelus 
Sirenomelns 

Aspalasoma 

Agenosoma 

Cyllosoma 

Schistosoma 

Pleurosoma 

Celosoma 


Genus  III, 


Species  I.  Ex- 
encephalus,  ,  ■ 


Notencephalus 
Proencephalus 
Podencephalus 
rencephalus 


Exencephalus 


Genus  IV, 


Species  2.  Pj^-h-  t  Nosencephalus 
dencephalus,  J  Thlipsencephalus 
(  Pseudencephalus 

^^c^hilul!"'  i  Derencephalus 
"^  \  Anencepnalus 

IEthmocephalus 
Cebocephalus 
Rhinocephalus 
Cyclocephalus 
Stomocephalus 


Species  3.  O/o- 
cephalus, .  . 


Sphenocephalus 
Otocephalus 
Edocephalus 
Opococephalus 
,  Triocephalus 


Order  II.— Omphalositic  Monsters. 

'  Species  i .  Par-  (  Paracephalus 
acephalus,  ^ 


Genus  I, 


"{ 


Species  2. 
Acephalus, 


Omacephalus 
Hemiacephalus 

Acephalus 

Peracephalus 

Mylacephalus 


Species  3.  Aso' 
mata,     .  .  . 
Genus  II,  Single  species,  Anideus, 

CLASS  II.-COMPOSITE  MONSTERS. 
Order  I.—Double  Autositic  Monsters. 

A.  Terata  katadidyma. 

Genus  1,  Diprosopus 
G«nus  ll,  Dicephaius 
Genus  111,  Ischiopagus 
Genus  IV,  Pygopagus 

B.  Terata  anadidymcu 

Genus  I.     Dipygus 
Genus  It.    Syncephalus 
Genus  111,  Craniopagus 


MONTGOMERY'S  GLANDS 


MORPHIN,  MORPHINA 


C.  Terata  anakatadidyma. 

Genus  I,      Prosopothoracopagus 
Genus  II.    Omphalopagus 
Genus  III,  Rachipagus 

Oedbr  II.—Doublb  Parasitic  Monsters. 
Heteropagus 
Heterodelphus 


Genus  I, 


Genus  II, 


Species  i.   //<?• 
terotypuSf    . 

Species  a.  He^ 
teroHus,  ,  . 

Species  i. 
PoiygnathuSt 


Species  a. 
FofymeluSt 


Heterodymus 

Heterotypus 

Heteromorphus 

Epicomus 

Epignathus 

Hypognathus 

Paragnathus 

Attgnathus 

iPygomelus 
GastroRielus 
Notomelus 
Cephalomelus 
Melomelus 


Genus  III,    |  Badocymay 
Order  III.— Triple  Monsters. 


(  Dermocyma 
\  Endocyma 


Montgomexy's  Glands.     See  Gland. 

Monthly  Courses,  M.  Sickness,  or 
Monthlies,  the  menses.  M.  Nurse,  a 
nurse  who  attends  after  childbirth. 

Monticulus  {mon  -  Hk' -  u  -  lui)  [L.].  A 
small  elevation.  M.  cerebelli,  the  promi- 
nent central  portion  of  the  superior  vermi- 
form process  of  the'  cerebellum. 

Moore's  Test.  A  test  for  glucose,  consist- 
ing in  the  development  of  a  black  color  when 
the  solution  is  heated  with  potassium  or  so- 
dium hydroxid. 

Morbid  (mor^-bid)  [morbus^  disease].  Per- 
taining to  disease  or  diseased  parts.  M. 
Anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  organs  or  tissues 
in  a  state  of  disease. 

Morbidity  (mar-bid' -it^)  [morbus ^  disease]. 
I.  The  quality  of  disease  or  of  being  dis- 
eased. 2.  The  conditions  inducing  disease. 
3.  The  ratio  of  the  number  of  sick  individu- 
als to  the  total  population  of  a  place. 

Morbific  (mor  -  bif-  ik\  [morbus^  disease  ; 
facerty  to  make].     Producing  disease. 

Morbilli  {mor-bU'-i)  [pi. :  dim.  of  morbus ^ 
disease].     Measles. 

Morbus  (mor' -bus)  [L.^.  Disease.  M.  ad- 
disonii,  Addison's  Disease.  M.  angli- 
cus,  rachitis.  M.  basedowii.  See  Ex- 
ophthalmic  Goiter,  M.  brightii.  See 
Bright s  Disease,  M.  caducus,  epilepsy. 
M.  celsi,  catalepsy.  M.  ceruleus,  con- 
genital cyanosis.  M.  cozarius,  coxalgia. 
M.  divinus,  epilepsy.  M.  gallicus,  syph- 
ilis. M.  maculosus  werlhofii,  purpura 
hsemorrhagica.  M.  magnus,  epilepsy.  M. 
medicorum,  the  mania  of  those  who  seek  the 
advice  of  physicians  for  imaginary  diseases. 
M.  regius,  jaundice.     M.  sacer,  epilepsy. 

Morcellation  (mor-sel-a^ -shun)  [Fr.  morceUr, 
to  cut  tip  or  parcel  out].     The  art  of  reduc* 


ing  to  fragments,  ase.g.,  the  fetus  in  embry- 
otomy.   • 

Mordant  (mor'-dant)  [mordere,  to  bite],  A 
substance,  such  as  alum,  phenol  anilin- 
oil,  that  Hxes  the  dyes  used  in  coloring 
textures  or  in  staining  tissues  and  bacteria. 

Morgagni  (mor-gan'-ye).  An  Italian  anat- 
omist of  the  eighteenth  century.  M.,  Cat- 
aract of.  See  Cataract.  Hydatid  of.  See 
Hydatid. 

Morgue  (morg)  [Fr.].  A  place  where  un- 
known dead  are  exposed  for  identification. 

Moria  (mo'-re-ah)  [fajpia^  folly].  A  form 
of  dementia  characterized  by  talkativeness 
and  silliness. 

Moribund  (mor'  -  ib  •  und)  [morihtndus^ 
from  moriri^  to  die].     In  a  dying  condition. 

Morioplasty  (mor -e-o-pUs-te)  T/i^^mw,  a 
small  piece;  T^TUunnv^  to  moldj.  Plastic 
surgery. 

Morning-sickness.  The  nausea  of  preg* 
nant  women,  occurring  chiefly  in  the  early 
months  of  gestation ;  also,  the  imitative  or 
S3rmpathetic  nausea  sometimes  experienced 
by  tne  husband  during  the  wife's  early  preg- 
nancy. 

Morphea,  Morphoea  (mor'fe''ah)  [uop^^  a 
blotch].  A  disease  ot  the  skin  characterized 
by  the  presence  of  rounded  or  oval,  pinkish, 
or  ivory-white  patches,  due  to  an  excess  of 
fibrous  tissue,  with  atrophy  of  the  skin- 
structures  proper.  Morphea  is  believed  to  be 
a  trophoneurosis,  and  is  considered  a  circum- 
scribed form  of  scleroderma.  It  is  also 
termed  Addison's  keloid,  or  circumscribed 
scleroderma.  M.,  Acroteric,  the  form  in 
which  the  beginning  and  the  greatest  inten- 
sity of  the  disease  are  at  the  extremities.  M., 
Herpetiform,  that  in  which  the  lesions  fol- 
low those  of  herpes  in  their  distribution. 

Morphia  (mor'-fe-ah).     See  Morphin. 

Morphin,  Morphina  (mor'-fin^  mor-fi'-mah) 
[Morpheus,  god  of  sleep],  C„H,,NO,  4- 
H-O.  A  coloriess  or  white  crystalline  alka- 
loid obtained  from  opium,  to  which  the  chief 
effects  of  the  latter  are  due.  It  differs  from 
opium  in  being  less  stimulant,  less  constipat- 
ing, and  less  likely  to  produce  disagreeable 
after-effects.  On  account  of  its  insolubility 
in  water,  morphin  is  used  principally  in  the 
form  of  its  salts.  The  dose  of  the  salts  of 
morphin  is  gr.  \i-}i  (0.008-0.032).  M. 
acetate,  morphinx  acetas,  C,fH,^NO,C,- 
H4O-  -I-  3  H,0 .  From  it  are  prepared  Limior 
morpninx  acetatis  ( B.  P. )  (gr.  ss  to  the  flui- 
dram),  dose  fT\,xx-xl  (1.3-2.6),  and  Injectio 
morphinae  hypodermica  (gr.  j  in  10  minims). 
M.  hydrochlorate,  morphinae  hydrochloras, 
C„H,,NO,.HCl  4  3fl,0.  From  it  are  pre- 
pared Liquor  morphinse  hydrochloratis  (B. 
P.)  (gr.  ss  to  the  fluidram),  dose  n\,xv-xax 
(I.O-2.0) ;   Suppositoria  morphinae  (B,  P.) 


MORPHINISM 


MOTHER 


(gr.  ss  each) ;  Tinctura  chlorofonni  et  mor- 
phinae  (gr.  ii  to  the  fluidram) ;  Trochisci 
morphiose  (B.  P.)  (gr.  j^),  and  Tnxrhisci 
morphinae  et  ipecacuanhas  (B.  P.)  (gr.  ^). 
M.  phthalate  (unofficial)  is  employed  hy- 
podermically.  M.  sulphate,  morphinse  sul- 
phas (C,tH,^0,),H,SO^  -I-  5H,0.  From 
It  are  prepmred :  Liquor  morphinse  sulphatis 
(B.  P.),  dose  n^x-xl  (0.65-4.0);  Pulvis 
morphinae  compositus.  Tully's  powder,  dose 
gr.  X  (0.65),  containing  gr.  y^  (o.oi)  of  mor- 
phin  sulphate  ;  Trochisci  morphinae  compos- 
iti  (U.  S.  P.), each  containing  gr.  ^  (0.0016), 
and  Liquor  morphinae  hypodermicus  (N.  F.), 
Magendie's  solution,  containing  16  grains  to 
the  fluidounce.  M.  tartrate  (unofficial)  is 
employed  for  hypodermic  use. 

Morphinism  (mor' -fin-ixm)  \morphin\  I. 
The  condition  caused  by  the  habitual  use  of 
morphin.     2.  The  morphin-habit. 

Morpbinomania,  Morpbiomania  (morfin- 
o-nu»' -ne-ahy  mar -fe-  0- ma'- ne - ah\  [mor- 
phin ;  finifia,  madness].  I.  A  morbid  crav- 
ing for  morphin.  2.  Insanity  due  to  the 
morphin-habit 

Morphograpby  {mor-/og''ra'/e\[fjLop^  ^{orm ; 
ypafeiVf  to  write].     See  Morphohgy. 

Morphologic  (mor/o-io/ik)  Ifiop^^  form; 
A^yof,  science].     Pertaining  to  morphology. 

Morphology  \mor-fol' -o-je)  Ifiop^^,  form  ; 
A^of,  science].  The  science  that  treats  of 
the  form  and  structure  of  organized  beings. 

Morphometry  {mor-fom' -tt-re)  [fiop^^  form  ; 
ftirpovy  measure].  The  measurement  of  the 
forms  of  organisms. 

Morphon  (mor'-fon)  [floppy  form].  An  in- 
dividual element  of  an  organism,  character- 
ized by  a  definite  form,  as  a  cell  or  a  segment 
of  a  vertebrate. 

Morphosis  {mor-ft/sis)  [/iop^,  form].  The 
act,  mode,  or  order  of.  formation  of  an  or-  > 
ganism. 

Morphotic  {mor-foi'-ik)  [fiop^iv^  to  form]. 
Pertaining  to  morphosis;  entering  into  the 
formation  of  the  framework  of  an  organism. 
M.  Proteids,  those  that  enter  into  the  struc- 
ture of  the  tissues. 

Morpio  {mor^-pe-o)  [L.].      The  crab- louse. 

Morrhua(wpr^tf-tfA)  [^L.].  The  cod.  Oleum 
morrhun,  cod  liver  oil,  a  fixed  oil  obtained 
from  the  fresh  livers  of  Gadus  morrhua,  or 
of  other  species  of  Gad  us .  Three  varieties  of 
oil  are  known  in  commerce — a  white  or  pale- 
yellow,  a  brownish -yellow,  and  a  dark- 
brown.  The  oil  contains  gaduin  (C^sH^O,), 
oleic,  palmitic,  stearic,  myristic,  and  pnyse- 
tolic  acids,  glycerol,  butyric  and  acetic  acids, 
biliary  pigments,  iodin,  and  bromin.  A  crys- 
talline substance,  morrhuol,  containing  phos- 
phorus, iodin,  and  bromin,  has  also  been 
isolated,  as  well  as  several  leukomains  and 
the  fixed  bases,  asellin  (C„H„NJ  ar^ 


rhuin  (C,,H„N,).  Cod-liver  oil  is  used  in 
pulmonary  and  other  forms  of  tuberculosis, 
and  in  wasting  conditions  due  to  other  causes. 
Dose  f.:jj-f,^ss  (4.0-16.0). 

Morrhum  (fnor^-u-in).     See  Morrhua, 

Morrhuol  {mor'-u-ol).     See  Morrhua, 

Mors  (ffiorz)  [L.].     Death. 

Morsus  {wor'-ius)  [L.].  A  bite.  M.  dia- 
boli,  the  fimbriated  extremity  of  the  oviduct. 

Mortal  (mor'-taf)  [mortalis^  from  mors^ 
death].  Liable  to  death  or  dissolution;  ter- 
minating in  death ;  causing  death ;  deadly. 

Mortality  (tfior-taF -it-e)  [mors,  death].  I. 
The  quality  of  being  mortal.  2.  The  death- 
rate. 

Mortar  (mor^-/ar)  [mortan'um,  an  urn].  An 
urn-shaped  vessel  of  porcelain,  iron,  or  glass, 
for  pulverizing  substances  by  means  of  a 
pestle. 

Mortification  {mor-ti/'th-a'-shun.)  See  Gan- 
grent. 

Morton's  Foot  [T.  G.  Morion,  an  American 
surgeon].  A  painful  affection  of  the  meta- 
tarsophalangeal joint  of  the  fourth  toe.  See 
DiseasfSy  Table  of. 

Mortuary  (mor^ -tu-a-re)  [moriuarium,  a 
tomb;  from  w<irj,  death].  I.  A  house  for 
temporary  burial.  2.  Relating  to  death  or 
burial. 

Morula  (mor^-  u  -  lah)  [dim.  of  morum,  a 
mulberry].  The  solid  mass  of  cells  result- 
ing from  the  complete  segmentation  of  the 
vitellus  of  an  ovum. 

Morulation  (mor-u-ia'-shun)  [morula,  a  lit- 
tle mulberry].  The  formation  of  the  morula 
during  the  process  of  the  segmentation  of 
the  egg. 

Moms  [my-rus)  [L.].     See  Mulberry. 

Morvan's  Disease.     See  Diseases,  Table  of. 

Moschus  {mos^-kus)  [1^60 xoq,  musk].-  See 
Musk. 

Mosquito  (mus'ke^-to)  [Sp.,  a  little  gnat]. 
An  insect,  the  Culex  mosquito,  the  sting  of 
which  causes  the  formation  of  a  wheal  that 
itches  intensely. 

Moss  [AS.,  me6s,  mo&s'].  I.  A  small  cryp- 
togamic  plant  of  the  natural  order  Musci. 
M.,  Ceylon.  See  Agar-agar.  M.,  Club. 
See  Lycopodium.  M.,  Corsican.  See  Cor- 
sican  Moss.  M.,  Iceland.  See  Chondrus. 
M.,  Irish.     See  Carragheen. 

Moth  [AS.,  mo<lde,movsk\.     Chloasma. 

Mother  (muth'-er)  [AS.,  mdder,  mother]. 
I.  A  female  parent.  2.  The  source  of  any- 
thing. M.-cell,  a  cell  from  which  other  cells 
are  formed,  especially  one  the  nucleus  of 
which  is  undergoing  karyokinetic  changes 
preparatory  to  dividing  into  daughter-cells. 
M. -liquor,  the  liquid  remaining  after  dis- 
solved substances  have  separated  by  crystal- 
lization. M.'s  Mark,  a  birth-mark.  See 
Nfvm, 


MOTHER 


MUCILAGE 


Mother  {muih^-er)  [allied  to  AS.,  mi«</].  A 
ftlimv  film  formed  on  the  surface  of  ferment- 
ing liquid,  as,  e.  g.y  on  vinegar. 

Motile  (tiu/'tU)  [mavtre,  to  move].  Able 
to  move;  capable  of  spontaneous  moiion,  as 
a  motile  flagellum. 

Motility  (mo'HI' -it-e)  [movfrf,  to  move]. 
Ability  to  move  spontaneously. 

Motion  (m</'shun)  [mwere,  to  move].  I. 
The  act  of  changing  place.  2.  An  evacu- 
ation of  the  bowels ;  the  matter  evacuated. 

Motor  (mo' -tor)  [mcvere^  to  move].  I .  Mov- 
ing or  causing  motion.  2.  G>ncemed  in  or 
pertaining  to  motion,  as  M.  cell,  M.  center, 
M.  nerve.  M.  Aphasia.  See  Aphasia.  M. 
Area,  the  portion  of  the  cerebral  hemisphere 
presiding  over  voluntary  motion,  including  the 
precentral  and  postcentral  gyri,  the  posterior 
part  of  the  three  frontal  gyri  and  the  paracen- 
tral lobule  on  the  median  surface  of  the 
hemisphere.  M.  oculi,  the  third  cranial  or 
oculomotor  nerve  suppl3ring  all  the  muscles 
of  the  eye,  except  the  superior  oblique  and 
external  rectus.  M.  Points,  the  points  on 
the  surface  of  the  body  where  the  various 
branches  of  the  motor  nerves  supplying  the 
muscles  may  be  stimulated  by  electricity. 

Motorial  {mo-t</ -re-al)  \movere  to  move].  Of 
or  pertainmg  to  motion.  M.  End-plate,  an 
eminence  of  protoplasm  within  the  sarcolem- 
ma  of  a  muscular  nber,  representing  the  ter- 
mination of  the  motor  nerve-6ber. 

Motorium  {mo-to' -re-uni)  \m(n'ere,  to  move]. 
I .  A  motor  center.  2.  The  motor  apparatus 
of  the  body,  both  nervous  and  muscular,  con- 
sidered as  a  unit. 

Mottling  {mot' -ling)  [OF.,  maUlU,  cX^itA, 
curdled].     A  spotted  condition. 

Mould  ( mdid ) .     See  MoU. 

Mountain  {maum'-ten)  [monSf  mountain].  A 
high  hill.  M.  Anemia,  ankylostomiasis. 
M.  Fever,  M.  Sickness,  i.  A  condition 
characterized  by  djrspnea,  rapid  pulse,  head- 
ache, nausea,  and  vomiting,  depending  upon 
the  rareBed  state  of  the  air  at  high  altitudes. 
This  is  properly  called  mountain -sickness.  2. 
A  form  of  typhoid  fever  occurring  in  moun- 
tainous districts. 

Mounting  (mown' -ting)  [mons^  mountain]. 
The  act  of  arranging  objects,  especially  ana- 
tomic specimens,  on  a  suitable  support  and  in 
a  proper  medium  for  ready  examination.  For 
macroscopic  specimens  the  medium  is  usually 
alcohol,  for  microscopic  specimens,  Canada 
balsam  or  glycerol. 

Mouth  (mcTvth)  [AS.,  mOS,  mouth].  The 
commencement  of  the  alimentary  canal,  the 
cavity  in  which  mastication  takes  place.  In 
a  restricted  sense,  the  aperture  between  the 
lips.  2.  The  entrance  to  any  cavity  or  canal. 
M. -breather,  a  person  who  habitually 
breathes  through  the  mouth.   M.*breathing, 


respiration  through  the  mouth  instead  of,  as 
normally,  through  the  nose 

Movement  (moov'-ment)  [movere,  to  move]. 
The  act  of  moving.  M.,  Ameboid,  a  move- 
ment produced  in  certain  cells,  as  the  white 
corpuscles,  by  the  protrusion  of  processes  of 
the  protoplasm  into  which  the  whole  cell  then 
seems  to  flow  ;  so-called  from  the  resemblance 
of  the  movement  to  that  of  the  aroeba. 
M.,  Associated,  an  involuntary  movement 
in  one  part  when  another  is  moved  volun- 
tarily. M.,  Brownian,  a  physical  phenom- 
enon, a  form  of  communicated  motion 
observed  in  aggregations  of  minute  particles, 
and  consisting  of  a  rapid,  oscillating  move- 
ment without  change  of  the  relative  position 
of  the  moving  particles.  M.,  Ciliary,  a 
lashing  movement  produced  by  delicate 
hair-like  processes  termed  cilia,  as  on  the 
epithelium  of  the  respiratory  tract  and  in 
certain  microorganisms.  M.,  Circus-,  rapid 
circular  movements  or  somersaults,  produced 
by  injury  of  the  corpus  striatum,  of  the  optic 
thalamus,  or  of  the  cms  cerebri  of  one  side. 
M.,  Communicated,  that  produced  bya  force 
acting  from  without;  opposed  to  spontane- 
ous movement  M.,  Petal,  the  movements  of 
the  fetus  in  utero.  M.,  Porced,  movement 
of  the  body  from  injury  of  the  motor  centers 
or  the  conducting  paths,  as,  /.  ;f. ,  index  M., 
when  the  cephalic  part  of  the  body  is  moved 
about  the  stationary  caudal  part ;  rolling  M., 
when  the  animal  rolls  on  its  long  axis.  M., 
Molecular.     Synonym  of  A/. ,  Brownian. 

Moza  (moks'-ah)  [from  the  Japanese].  A 
combustible  material  which  is  applied  to  the 
skin  and  ignited  for  the  purpose  of  producing 
an  eschar.  It  is  prepared  from  several  specie» 
of  Artemisia;  artificial  moxa  is  made  (rom 
cotton  saturated  with  niter.  M.-l>earer,  or 
Porte-moxa.  an  instrument  for  applying  the 
moxa. 

Mucedin  (mu'-se-din)  [miuus^  mocus].  A 
nitrogenous  substance  obtained  from  gluten. 

Mucic  Acid  (mu'-siJk)^  C^\iyji\  A  cryv 
talline  dibasic  acid  produced  by  the  oxidation 
of  gums  and  certain  sugars. 

Mucigen  (mu'-sij-en)  [wMnv/,  mucus ;  ytwiv^ 
to  produce].  A  substance  producing  mucin; 
it  is  contained  in  epithelial  cells  that  form 
mucus. 

Mucigenous  (musi/ -m-ts)  [mmcm^  mucus ; 
yrwGV,  to  produce].     Producmg  mucus. 

Mucilage  (mu'-sil-ij )  [mucUago^  moldy  mois- 
ture, from  mums].  In  pharmacy,  a  solution 
of  a  gum  in  water.  Mucilages  (roncilagtnes) 
are  employed  as  applications  to  irriuiM  sur- 
faces, particularly  mucous  membranes,  as  ei- 
cipients  for  pills,  and  to  suspend  insoluble 
substances.  The  ftillowinj;  are  enmloyed: 
Mucilago  acacix,  M.  amyli  (B.  P.),  M. 
sassafras  medullx,  M.  tragacanthg,  M.  uliit. 


MOTOR  POINTS 


FrontalU. 

Facial  (upper). 

Comigator  supercilii. 

Orbicularis  palp. 

Naaal  muscles.  | 

Zygomatici. 

Orbicularis  oris.  | 

Facial  (middle). 

Masseter. 

Levator  menti. 

Quadratus     " 

rnanffularis     ** 

Hypofflossus. 

Facial  Oower). 

Hyoid  muscles.  | 
Omohyoideus. 


Ext.    anterior 
thoracic 
toralis  major; 


n 


Phrenic  . 

Fifth  and  sixth  cer- 
vical (deltoid,  bi- 
ceps, brachialis,  su- 
pin.  longus). 

Motor  Points  of  Face  and  Neck. 


MOTOR  POINTS 


(  Ascending  frontal  and  parte* 
•<     tal     convolutions     (motor 

C    area). 

("Third    frontal     conv  lution 
<     and    insula    (center    of 

(    speech). 
Temporalis. 

Facial  (upper  branch). 
Facial  (trunk). 
Post,  auricular. 
/Facial     (middle    branch; 
(     lower  branch). 
Splenius. 

Stemomastoideus. 

Spinal,  accessory. 

Levator  anguli  scb.^ulae. 

Trapezius. 

Ddrsalis  scapulae  (rhomboids). 

Circumflex. 

(Long    thoracic,    (serratus 
t     magnus). 


Brachial  Plexus. 


I 


Crural 


Adductor  magnus. 
Adductor  longus. 


}  Tensor  vag 
femoris. 

Sartorius. 

Quadriceps  (common  pofnt). 

Rectus  femoris. 


\  Vastus « 


Moior  Points  of  Anterior  Aspect  of  Left  Thigh. 


MOTOR  POINTS 


e    1 


MOTOR  PODTTS 

111 


1      b      t 
t 


Motor  Poinu  of  Palmar  Aspect  ol  the  Left  Arm. 


Motor  Points  of  Dorsal  Aspect  of  Left  Arm. 


MOTOR  POINTS 


Sciatic 

Biceps  f  ("P-  long.) 
femo- J 

"*       I  (cap.  brev.).' 


Peroneal. 

:neni 
(cap.  ext 

Soleus. 


Gastrocnemius ) 


Flexor  long:,  hallucis, 


MOTOR  POINTS 


}  Gluteus  maxi- 
mus. 


Adductor  magrnui. 

Semitendinosus. 

Semimembranosus. 


Post,  tibial. 


f  Gastrocnemius 
(     (cap.  int.). 

Soleus. 


f  Flexor  digit. 
\     comm.  long. 

.Tibial. 


i 


Motor  Points  of  Posterior  Aspect  of  Left  Thigh  and  L«g. 


Tibialis  antiicLU. 
Ext.  digit.  long. 


Peroneu8bre\']s. 


Extensor  hal-  \ 
lucis  lottgu^.  / 


IntenHKei  j 
dorsalrs.  ( 


Perooeal. 


Gastrocnemius. 
Peroneus  long. 


>  Soleus. 

f  Flex,  hallucis 
I     long. 


Ext.  digit,  brev. 


f  Abductor 
\     min.  digit. 


a8 


Motor  PoinU  of  Outer  Aspect  of  Left  Leg. 


MUaLAGINOUS 


MULTILOBULAR 


Mucilaginous  {mu'Sil-ai'-in-us)  [munlago^ 
from  mamSf  mucus],  rertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  mucilage. 

Mucilage  {mu-sti-a^'go).     See  Mucilage, 

Mucin  {mu'-sin)  [fnucuSf  mucus].  An  albu* 
minoid  substance,  the  characteristic  con- 
stituent of  mucus.  It  is  supposed  to  be  pro- 
duced by  the  union  of  an  albuminous  body 
and  a  colloid  carbohydrate,  the  animal  gum 
of  Landwehr.  Mucin  occurs  in  saliva,  bile, 
secretions  of  mucous  membranes,  synovia,  in 
mucous  tissue,  in  certain  cysts,  etc.  It  is 
insoluble  in  water,  and  is  precipitated  by  al- 
cohol aud  acetic  acid. 

Mucinoblast  (musin'-o-biast)  [mucm^  mu- 
cus ;  ^Xaard^,  a  germ].  The  same  as  Mast 
Ce//p  q,  V,  Its  (unction  is  to  elaborate  mu- 
cin. 

Mucinogen  (rnu'sin^-chjm)  [mucuSf  mucus ; 
yewavy  to  produce].  The  antecedent  princi- 
ple from  which  mucin  is  derived. 

Mucinoid  (mu'-  sin  -  oid )  \nutcus^  mucus  ; 
t\6o^y  like].     Resembling  mucin. 

Mucinuria  (mu-sin-u^ -rf-ah)  [wMna,  mucus : 
urina,  urine].  The  presence  of  mucin  in  the 
urine. 

Muciparous  (mu-si^ -ar-tis)  [mucuSy  mucus; 
parerty  to  bring  forth].      Secreting  or  pro-* 
ducing  mucus. 

Mucocele  {mu'-ko-sil)  \mucusy  mucus;  *n^Aj7, 
tumor].  A  tumor  formed  from  the  distention 
of  the  lacrimal  sac  by  mucus. 

Mucocutaneous  (mu  ko-kuta'  nt-us^  {mu- 
cusy  mucus;  nUis^  skin  J.  Pertaining  to  a 
mucous  membrane  and  the  skin ;  pertaining 
to  the  lines  where  these  join. 

Mucoid  (mu'-koid)  [mucus,  mucus;  tl6o^^ 
like].     Resembling  mucus. 

Mucopurulent  [mu-ko-pu' -ru-Unt)  {mucus  \ 
mucus;  pus,  pus].  Containing  mucus 
mingled  with  pus. 

Mucopus  (mu'-ko-pus)  [mucus ,  mucus  ;  pus, 
pus].     A  mixture  of  mucus  and  pus. 

Mucor  {mu'kor)  [mucere,  to  be  moldy].  A 
genus  of  hyphomycctes.  M.  corymbifer, 
one  found  in  the  cerumen  of  the  external 
auditory  meatus.  M.  mucedo,  a  species 
found  on  fecal  matter  and  nitrogenous  or- 
ganic substances. 

Mucosa  {mU'k</'Sak\  [mucosus,  mucous — 
membranaunderstood].  A  mucous  membrane. 

Mucosin  (mu^-ko'sin)  [mucus,  mucus].  The 
form  of  mucus  to  whicn  the  nasal,  uterine, 
and  bronchial  mucus  owe  their  viscosity. 

Mucous  {mu'-kus)  [mucus,  mucus].  Con- 
taining or  having  the  nature  of  mucus ;  se- 
creting mucus,  as  M.  membrane:  depending 
on  the  presence  of  mucus,  as  M.  rales.  M. 
Casts,  a  term  given  to  the  casts  found  in  the 
feces  in  cases  of  membranous  enteritis.  M. 
Catarrh,  catarrhal  inflammation  of  a  mucous 
membrane.    M.  Disease,  enterocolitis,  es- 


pecially of  children.  M.  Patch,  a  flattened 
greyish-white  exudate,  occurring  in  second- 
ary syphilis  on  mucous  membranes  and  at 
roucocuuneous  junctions.  M.  Polsrp,  a  soft, 
gelatinous  outgrowth  from  a  mucous  mem- 
brane ;  it  may  be  a  true  myxoma,  but  usu- 
ally is  a  hyperplasia  due  to  chronic  inflam- 
mation. M.  Tissue,- a  form  of  connect- 
ive tissue  in  which  the  intercellular  sub- 
stance is  of  a  soft,  gelatinous  character  and 
contains  mucin.  The  cells  from  pressure 
assume  a  stellate  or  spindle-shape. 

Mucuna  (muku'-mih)  [Braz.^.  A  genus  of 
leguminous  herbs.  M.prunens,  cowhage, 
the  hairs  of  the  pods  of  which  were  formeriy 
used  as  a  vermifuge  and  counterirritant. 

Mucus  (mu^'kus)  [L.].  The  viscid  liquid 
secreted  by  mucous  membranes.  It  consists 
of  water,  mucin,  and  inorganic  salts,  together 
with  epithelial  cells,  leukocytes,  etc,  bekl 
in  suspension. 

Mud-bath.    See  Baih. 

Muguet  (mugwa^)  [Fr.].     Thrush. 

Mulberry  (mui'-hcre)  [moms,  mulberry- 
tree  ;  berry,  from  AS.,  bertge\  A  tree  of  the 
natural  order  Urticarix.  Moms  nigra  is  the 
source  of  Mori  succus  of  the  B.  P.,  the  lat- 
ter being  used  to  make  Syrupus  mori  (B. 
P.).  Both  are  employed  as  drinks  in  fevers 
and  as  additions  to  gargles  in  pharyngitis. 
The  fruit  of  Moms  alba  b  used  as  food  for 
silk -worms.  Mulberry  Calculus.  See  CW- 
cuius.     Mulberry  Mass.     See  Morula, 

Mulder's  Test.  A  test  for  glucose,  consist- 
ing in  the  addition  of  indigo  (sodium  sulph- 
indigotate)  to  the  alkalinizea  solution  and 
warming.  The  blue  color  changes  to  violet- 
red,  then  to  yellow  or  white,  it  glucose  is 
present. 

Mullein  (mul^'Cu).     See  Vcrbascum. 

Mttller's  Fibers.  The  supporting  fibers  of 
the  retina  running  transversely  to  its  lajrers, 

Mttller's  Fluid.  A  fluid  used  for  haideoiog 
tissues.  Its  composition  is  as  follows: 
Potassium  dichromate,  2  to  2.5  parts;  so- 
dium sulphate,  i  part ;  water,  loo  parts. 

Mttller's  Muscle,  i.  Small  bundles  of  noo- 
striped  muscle  in  the  upper  and  lower  lids, 
assisting  in  elevating  the  former  and  depres- 
sing the  latter.  2.  The  circular  fibers  of  the 
ciliary  muscle.  3.  The  orbital  muscle.  See 
Muscle,  MBllcf^s,  in  Muscles,  Tabic  of. 

Multi-  {mul'te)  [pi.  of  multus,  much].  A 
prefix  signifying  many. 

Multicellular  (mul-te-  trl'-  u  -  lar)  [mmlhu^ 
many  ;  cellula,  cell].     Many  celled. 

Multigravida  (mjsf/-/^-^fnn^-i</tfA)  [mnltwu^ 
many ;  grtnHdus,  pregnant].  A  pregnant 
woman  who  has  passed  through  one  or  mote 
pregnancies. 

Multilobular  (  mul- tt-lob'-ular')  [mmtrnt^ 
many;  /i^mj,  a  lobe].     Many-lobedL 


MULTILOCULAR 

Multilocular  ( mulUlok' 'U'lar\  [ntultus, 
many;  iocuius,  a  locule  or  cell].  Many- 
celled  ;  polycystic. 

Multinuclear  (multenu'kU-ar)  [multus, 
many  ;  nucleus^  kernel].  Having  several  or 
many  nuclei. 

Multipara  {mul-tip' -ar-ah)  [muittu^  many; 
parere^  to  bring  forth].  I.  A  pregnant 
woman  who  has  already  borne  one  or  more 
children.  It  has  been  customary  to  de- 
signate the  number  of  the  pregnancy  of  a 
multipara  by  the  unpronounceable  terms  II- 
para,  Ill-para,  IV-para,  etc.  More  commend- 
able would  be  the  following  terms  :  Secundi- 
para, Tertipara,  Quartipara,  Quintipara,  Sex- 
tipara,  Septimipara,  Octavipara,  Nonipara, 
Decimipara,  etc. ,  to  designate  respectively  a 
woman  in  her  second,  third,  fourth,  etc., 
pregnancy.  2.  A  woman  bearing  several  off- 
spring at  a  birth. 

Multiparous  (mul-tip^ar-us)  [muUus,  many  ; 
parerf^  to  bring  forth].  Havmg  borne  sev- 
eral children. 

Multiple  (mul^tip'l)  [mu//us^  many ;  pliare^ 
to  fold].  Manifold  ;  affecting  many  parts  at 
the  same  time.  M.  Neuritis.  See  Neuritis, 
M.  Sclerosis.     See  Sclerosis. 

Multipolar  {niul-te-p</ -lar)  [niultus^  many; 
polus^  a  pole  J.  Having  more  than  one  pole  ; 
as  M.  nerve-cells,  those  having  more  than 
one  process. 

Multivalent  (mul-iri/'al-ent)  [multus^  many ; 
valere,  to  be  worth].  In  chemistry,  com- 
bining with  more  than  two  atoms  of  a  univa- 
lent element. 

Mummification  (mum-ifik-a' -shun)  \nmm' 
myy  from  Pcrs. ,  mitm,  wax  ;  facere^  to  make]. 
The  change  of  a  i>art  into  a  hard,  dry  mass ; 
dry  gangrene. 

Mumps  fDu.,  mompeny  to  mumble].  An 
acute  infectious  disease  characterized  by 
swelling  of  the  parotid  and  at  times  of  the 
other  salivary  glands.  After  a  period  of 
incubation  of  from  two  to  three  weeks,  the 
disease  begins  with  fever  and  pain  be- 
low the  ear ;  soon  a  tense,  painful  swelling 
forms  in  the  region  of  the  parotid  gland,  ren- 
dering mastication  and  deglutition  difficult 
and  painful.  In  the  course  of  a  week  the 
swelling  subsides  without  suppuration.  The 
most  frequent  complication  is  orchitis ;  in 
rare  cases  the  ovaries  are  affected. 

Mural  {mu^-ra/)  [murus,  walll.  Pertaining 
to  a  wall,  as  a  M .  Bbroid.  M.  Gestation, 
M.  Pregnancy,  pregnancy  in  the  uterine 
extremity  of  a  Fallopian  tube. 

Murezid  (mu-reks^-id)  [murex,  the  purple- 
fish]  ,  CgH-NgOg  4- 1  IjO.  Ammonium  purpu- 
rate,  a  dichroic  crystalline  salt  obtained  from 
guano  and  used  as  a  dye.  It  is  also  formed 
when  a  solution  of  uric  acid  or  urates  is 
evaporated   with  nitric  add  and  ammonia 


MURMUR 

added  to  the  residue.  Tliis  b  the  Murezid 
Test. 

Muriate  (mM^-r^-<7/)  [wwrw,  brine].  An  old 
name  for  a  chlorid. 

Muriated  {mu^  re-a-ted)  [muria,  brine]. 
Containing  chlorin  or  k  chlorid. 

Muriatic  {mu-re-at^ -ik)  [muria,  brine].  Per- 
taining to  brine.  M.  Acid.  See  And,  Hy- 
drochlonc. 

Murmur  (mer^mer)  [L.»  a  murmur].  A 
blowing  or  rasping  sound  heard  on  ausculta- 
tion .  M .,  Accidental,  a  murmur  dependent 
on  an  accidental  circumstance,  as  e.g.^  on 
compression  of  an  artery  by  the  stetho- 
scope. M.,  Anemic.  See  J/.,  Hemic. 
M.,  Aneurysmal,  or  aneurysmal  bruit,  the 
murmur  or  bruit  heard  over  an  aneurysm. 
See  Bruit.  M.,  Arterial,  the  sound  made 
by  the  arterial  current.  M.,  Blood-.  See 
M.y  Hemic.  M.,  Cardiac,  any  adventi- 
tious sound  heard  over  the  region  of  the 
heart.  In  relation  to  their  seat  of  generation, 
cardiac  murmurs  are  designated  as  mitral,  aor- 
tic, tricuspid,  and  pulmonary ;  according  to  the 
period  of  the  heart's  cycle  at  which  they  oc- 
cur they  are  divided  into  systolic,  those  occur- 
ring during  the  systole  ;  diastolic,  those  occur- 
ring in  diastole  ;  presystolic  and  prediastolic, 
those  occurring  just  before  systole  and  dias- 
tole respectively.  M.,  Cardiopulmonary, 
one  produced  by  the  impact  of  the  heart  against 
the  lung.  M.,  Direct,  a  murmur  produced 
by  obstruction  to  the  blood-current  as  it  is 
passing  in  its  normal  direction.  M.,  Duro- 
ziez's,  the  double  murmur  sometimes  heard 
in  the  femoral  artery  in  aortic  regurgitation. 
M.,  Dynamic, one  resulting  from  tumultuous 
and  irregular  action  of  the  heart.  M.,  En- 
docardial, a  murmur  produced  within  the 
cavities  of  the  heart.  M.,  Ezocardial,  a 
murmur  connected  with  the  heart,  but  pro- 
duced outside  of  its  cavities.  M.,  Flint  s,  a 
murmur  sometimes  heard  at  the  apex  of  the 
heart  in  aortic  regurgitation.  It  is  generally 
presystolic  in  time  and  is  probably  due  to  the 
fact  that  on  account  of  the  extreme  ventric- 
ular dilatation  the  valves  cannot  be  forced 
back  against  the  walls  and  produce  a  relative 
narrowing  of  the  auriculoventricular  orifice. 
M.,  Friction-,  a  sound  produced  by  the  rub- 
bing of  two  inflamed  serous  surfaces  upon  each 
other.  M.,  Functional,  a  cardiac  murmur 
occurring  from  excited  action  of  the  heart  or 
anemic  condition  of  the  individual,  without 
any  structural  change  in  the  valves  or  orifices. 
M. ,  Hemic,  a  sound  believed  to  be  due  to 
changes  in  the  quality  or  amount  of  the  blood, 
and  not  to  lesions  of  the  vessels  or  valves.  It 
is  heard  especially  in  anemic  conditions. 
M.,  Indirect,  one  produced  by  the  blood 
flowing  in  a  direction  contrary  to  the  normal 
current.     M.,  Inorganic,  a  murmur  not  due 


{ 


) 


MURPHY'S  BUTTON 

to  valTuItr  lesions  ;  a  hemic  or  a  functional 
munnur.  M.,  Musical,  a  cardiac  murmur 
haling  a  musical  quality.  M.,  Organic,  a 
murmur  due  to  structural  changes  in  the 
heart. 


MUSCLE 

muscaria.  It  causes  depression  of  the  action 
of  the  heart  and  the  respiration,  increases 
the  excretions  of  the  salivary  and  lacrimal 
glands  and  of  the  intestines,  and  produces 
contraction  of  the  pupil. 


TABLE  OF  ENDOCARDIAL  MURMURS. 


TiMK. 

Point  of  Maximum 
Imtbnsity. 

Link  of  Conduction. 

Lbsion. 

Quality. 

Systolic. 

Center  of  mitral  area, 
above  and  to  left  of 
apex. 

At  sixth  rib  opposite 
apex,  a   line  drawn 
from    the     anterior 
fold   of   axilla    to 
lower   angle  of  left 
scapula. 

Mitral  insulfi- 
cienc>'  or  in- 
competence. 

Variable;  usually  soft, 
blowing;  may  be  dis- 
tinctly musical. 

Systolic. 

Midstemum      or     to 
rislit  of  it,  opposite 
third  rib  or  second 
interspace. 

Toward   top  of  ster- 
num, and  along  aorta 
and      its      Targe 
branches. 

Aortic  obstruc- 
tion. 

Aortic  insuffi- 
ciency or  in- 
competence. 

Mitral  obstruc- 
tion. 

Usually  loud  and  harsh. 
Harshness  is  one  of  its 
distinguishing  charac- 
teristics. 

Diastolic. 

Midstemum   opposite 
upper  border  of  car- 
tilage of  third  rib. 

Down  sternum  to  en- 
siform  cartilage. 

Soft,  blowing,  sometimes 
rough,  frequently  musi- 
cal. It  has  the  greatest 
area  of  diffusion  of  all 
the  cardiac  murmurs. 

Presystolic. 

Over   mitral    area 
around  the  apex. 

Usually     not     trans- 
mitted. 

Generally  low-pitched, 
rough,  churning,  grind- 
ing, or  blubbcnng.  Sub- 
ject to  great  variation 
of  pitch  and  quality. 

Systolic. 

Midstemum     just 
above   the  ensiform 
cartilage. 

Toward  the    epigas- 
trium. 

Tricuspid    in- 
sufficiency or 
i  n  c  ompe- 
tence. 

Tricuspid   ob- 
struction. 

Low-pitched,  superficial, 
blowing,  soft,  fiuoi. 

Presystolic. 

Midstemum  opposite 
the  cartilage  of  fourth 
rib. 

Not  transmitted. 

Undetermined. 

Often  harsh  and  aodible 
over  the  whole  pre- 
cordia;  may  be  very 
faint. 

Soft  and  blowing. 

SystoUc. 

the  left   of  sternum 
or  at    the    level   of 
third  rib. 

Upward  a  short  dis- 
tance and  to  left  of 
sternum,  stopping 
abruptly. 

Down  left  ed8:e  of  ster- 
num to  ensiform  car- 
tilage. 

Pulmonary  ob- 
struction. 

Pulmonary  in- 
sufficiency or 
i  n  compe- 
tence. 

OtastoUc 

Second  left  interspace. 

Murphy's  Button.  A  mechanic  device  for 
bringing  together  the  visceral  surfaces  of  the 
intestines  in  intestinal  anastomosis. 

Murr,  Murrain  (murt  mur^-dn)  [Fr. ,  from 
Lat.,  mori^  to  die].  I.  Any  fatal  disease  of 
cattle  and  sheep.    2.  Foot-and-mouth  disease. 

Muscn  (miis^'ke)  [L.l.  Plural  of  Afusca, 
a  fly.  M.  bispaniolje,  cantharides.  M. 
volitmntes,  floating  specks  in  the  field  of 
vision  due  to  opacities  in  the  media  of  the  eye. 

Muscardine  (mus^-kahr-dtH)  [Fr.,  a  pecu- 
liar fungus].  A  disease  of  silk -worms 
caused  by  the  fungus  Botrytis  bassiana. 

Mu»c«rin(iwi«'-if/ir.iw),(^flj,NO,.H,0.  A 
poiKMXMis  alkaloid  obtained  from  Amanita 


Muscle  (mus^'f)  [muscu/as,  a  muscle].  A 
structure  composed  chiefly  of  mtiscular  tissue, 
and  having  the  property  of  contracting.  Mus- 
cles are  of  two  kinds,  the  striped,  or  striated 
and  the  smooth,  or  unstriated,  the  first  being 
voluntary,  the  second  involuntary,  i.  /. , 
not  subject  to  the  will.  M. -casket,  a 
muscle-compartment.  M. -column.  See 
Muscular  Tissue.  M. -compartment,  ooe 
of  the  divisions  of  a  muscle- fiber  produced 
by  the  extension  of  Krause's  membrane  from 
the  sarcolemma.  M. -fiber,  the  ultimate  ele- 
ment of  which  muscular  tissue  is  made  up. 
Voluntary  muscles  consist  of  traDsvenely 
striated  fibers,  involimtary  muscles  of  ipiodle' 


MUSCLE 

shaped  fibers  or  cells.  M.,  Involuntary,  one 
not  under  the  control  of  the  will,  as  the  non- 
striated  muscles.  M.,  Nonstriated,  one  com- 
posed of  spindle-shaped  muscle-fibers.  See 
Muscular  Tissue.  M.,  Papillary,  the  mus- 
cular eminences  in  the  ventricles  of  the 
heart,  from  which  the  cordse  tendinese  arise. 
M. -plasma,  the  fluid  portion  of  the  muscle- 
tissue.  It  is  neutral  or  alkaline  and  spon- 
taneously coagulable,  and  contains  myosino- 
gen  (the  coagulable  substance),   paramyo- 


MUSCLfi 

sinogen,  myoglobulin,  myoalbamoses,  and 
albumin.  M.-rod,  one  of  the  ultimate 
divisions  of  the  dim  band  of  a  muscle- 
compartment.  M.,  Skeletal,  any  one  of 
the  muscles  attached  to  and  acting  on  the 
skeleton.  M.,  Striated,  M.,  Striped,  a 
muscle  constituted  of  striped  muscle-fibers. 
See  Muscular  Tissue.  M. -sugar.  See 
Inosite.  M.,  Unstriated,  M.,  Unstriped. 
See  M.f  Nonstriated.  M.,  Voluntary. 
Sec  M,^  Striped. 


i 


TABLE  OF  MUSCLES  (ARRANGED  ALPHABETICALLY). 

Namb. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Abductor  hallucis. 

Outer  head,  os  calcis, 
plantar  fiascia,  inter- 
muscular septum :  in- 
ner head,  internal  an- 
nular  ligament,   and 
tendon  tibialis  posti- 
cus. 

Inner    portion   of 
lower  surface  of 
base  of  great  toe 
and  inner  side  of 
Internal   sesa- 
moid bone. 

Internal  plantar 
division  of  pos- 
terior  tibial 
nerve. 

Flexes  and  abducts 
first  phalanx  of 
great  toe. 

Alxluctor  longus 
pollicis. 

See  Extensor  ossis 

metacarpi  polHcis, 

Abductor  minimi 
digiti. 

Pisiform  bone. 

First    phalanx   of 
the  little  finger. 

Ulnar. 

AbducU  UtUe  fin- 
ger. 

Abductor  minimi 
digiU. 

Outer  tuberosity  of  the 
OS  calcis  and  planUr 
fascia. 

First   phalanx   of 
the  little  toe. 

External  plantar. 

Abducts  little  toe. 

Abductor  pollicis. 

Trapezium,    scaphoid, 
annular  ligament,  pal- 
mar fascia. 

First   phalanx  of 
thumb. 

Median. 

Abducts  and  flexes 
first  phalanx  of 
thumb. 

Abductor  hallucis. 

Inner  tuberosity  of  the 
OS  calcis. 

First   phalanx   of 
great  toe. 

Internal  plantar. 

Abducts  great  toe. 

Accelerator  urinae. 

Central  tendon  of  peri- 
neum and   median 
raphe. 

Bulb,  spongy  and 
cavernous   parts 
of  the  penis. 

Perineal. 

Ejects  urine. 

Adductor  brevis. 

Ramus  of  pubes. 

Upper  part  of  the 
linca    aspera   of 
femur. 

Obturator. 

Adducts,  rotates 
externally,  and 
flexes  thigh. 

Adductor  hallucis. 

Tarsal    ends    of    the 
three    middle    meta- 
tarsal bones. 

Base  of  the   first 
phalanx  of  great 
toe. 

External  plantar. 

AdducU  great  toe. 

Adductor  longus. 

Front  of  pubes. 

Middle  of  linea  as- 
pcra  of  femur. 

Obturator. 

Adducts,  rotates 
outward,  and 
flexes  thigh. 

Adductor  niagnut. 

Rami  of  pubes  and 
ischium. 

Along  the  linea  as- 
pera of  femur. 

Obturator  and 
great  sciatic. 

Adducts  thigh  and 
rotates  it  out- 
ward. 

Adductor  minimus. 

A  name  given  to  the 
upper  portion  of  the 
adductor  magnus. 

Vdductor  pollicis. 

Third  metacarpal. 

First  phalanx   of 
thumb. 

Ulnar. 

Draws  thumb  to 
median  line. 

Inconeus. 

Back  of  external  con- 
dyle of  humerus. 

Olecranon  process 
and  shaft  of  ulna. 

Musculospiral. 

Extends  forearm. 

irrectores  piU. 

Pars  papillaris  of  the 
skin. 

Hair-follicles. 

Sympathetic. 

Elevate  the  hairs 
of  the  skin. 

MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Muscles  of  the  Face  and  Neck. 
I.  Frontal  muscle,  a.  Occipital  muscle.  5,  $. 
Epicranial  aponeurosis.  4.  Temporal  mus- 
cle. 5.  Relrahens  aurem.  6.  Orbicularis 
palpcBrnrum.  7.  I.e>-ator  labii  superioris 
rt  ala?que  nasi.  8.  Dilator  naris.  9.  Com- 
pressor naris.  9'.  Pyramidalis  luisi.  10. 
Zyf^omatic  minor.  11.  Zygomatic  major. 
12.  Masseter.  13.  Le\'atoran£uli  ons.  14. 
Le\'ator  labii  superioris.  15.  Orbicularis 
oris.  16.  Buccinator.  16'.  Depressor 
an^uli  oris.  17.  Depressor  labii  inferi- 
ons.  18.  Levator  labii  inferioris.  19. 
Stemomasioid.  ao.  Trapezius,  ai.  Dt- 
eastric  and  stylohyoid.  Z2.  Anterior 
bellv  of  di^stnc.  23.  Pulley  for  tendon 
of  digastric.  34,  34-  Omonyoid.  35. 
Sternohyoid.  a6.  Thyrohyoid.  27.  My- 
lohyoid. 38.  Splenius  capitis.  29.  Sple- 
nius  colli.  30.  Levator  anruli  scapular. 
31.  Scalenus  posticus.    3a.  Scalenus  anti- 


Muacles  of  Suprahyoid  and  Infra- 
hyoia  Regions. 
X.  Posterior  belly  of  di^stric.  a. 
Stylohyoid.  3.  Anterior  belly  of 
digastric.  4.  Tendon  and  pulley 
of  digastric.  5.  Anterior  belly  of 
right  digastric.  6.  Mylohyoid,  p^ 
7.  Hyogiossus.  8.  Sternal  fibers  3' 
of  right  stemomastoid.  9.  Ster-  ^ 
nal  hbers  of  left  stemomastoid. 
10.  Sternohyoid.  11.  Tendon  of 
omohyoid,  la.  Thyrohyoid.  13. 
Sternothyroid.  14.  Inferior  con- 
strictor of  pharynx.  15.  Trachea. 
16.  Esophagus.  17.  Rectus  capi- 
tis anticus  major.  18.  Longus 
colli.  19.  Scalenus  anticus. 
ao.  ao.  Scalenus  posticus,  ai,  ai. 
Levator  anguli  scapulae.  22. 
Splenius  capitis.  7x,  23.  Splenius 
colli.  24.  Trapezius.  25.  At- 
tachment of  stemomastoid.  26. 
Retrahens  aurem.  27.  Occipital 
portion  of  occipitofrontal.  28. 
Deltoid.  29.  Attachment  of  pec- 
torales  majores  to  sternum.  30. 
External  intercostal.  31.  Inter- 
nal intercostal. 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  MUSCLES.— Gwf/i*»i^^. 


i 


Namk. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

INNBRVATION. 

Function. 

eus  inferior. 

Arytenoid  (anteriorly). 

Epiglottis. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Compresses  sac* 
cule  of  larynx. 

Aryteooepi^lottid- 
eui  supenor. 

Apex  of  arytenoid  car- 
tilage. 

Arytenoepiglottid- 
ean  folds. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Constricts  aperture 
of  larynx. 

Arytenoideus. 

Posterior  and   outer 
border  of  one  aryten- 
oid. 

Back  of  other  ary- 
tenoid. 

Superior   and  re- 
current   1  a  r  y  n- 
geal. 

Closes  back  part 
of  glottis. 

AttoUens  aurem. 

Occipitofrontalis    apo- 
neurosis. 

Pinna. 

Temporal   branch 
of  focial. 

Elevates  pinna. 

Attrabens  aurem. 

Lateral     cranial    apo- 
neurosis. 

Helix. 

Facial. 

Advances  pinna. 

Azysoe  uvuIm. 

Posterior  nasal  spine  of 
palate  bone. 

Uvula. 

Facial  through 
sphenopalatine 
ganglion. 

Raises  uvula. 

Biceps. 

I.  Long  head— glenoid 
cavity,    a.  Short  head 
— coracoid  process. 

Tuberosity  of  ra- 
dius. 

Musculocutane- 
ous. 

Flexes  and  supi- 
nates  forearm. 

Biceps. 

Ischial  tuberosity  and 
linea  aspera. 

Head  of  fibula  and 
outer   tuberosity 
of  head  of  fibula. 

Great  sciatic  and 
external    poplit- 
eal. 

Flexes  and  rotates 
leg  outward. 

Bi  venter  cervicis. 

Transverse   processes, 
^4  upper  dorsal. 

Superior  curved 
line  of  occipital 
bone. 

It  is  a  portion  of 
the  complexus. 

Retracts  and  ro- 
tates head. 

Bowman's. 

See  Ciliaty. 

Brachialis  anticus. 

Lower  half  of  shaft  of 
humerus. 

Coronoid  process 
of  ulna. 

Musculocutane- 
ous, muscu  lo* 
spiral. 

Flexes  forearm. 

BrOcke's. 

See  Ciliaty. 

Baccinator. 

Alveolar  process  of 
maxillary  bones  and 
pterygomax  illary 
ligament. 

Orbicularis  oris. 

Buccal  branch  of 
facial. 

Compresses  cheeks, 
retracts  angle  of 
mouth. 

Bulbocavemosus. 

See  Accelerator  urina. 

Cepbalophar>>nge- 

See  Constrictor  of 

pharynx ^  superior. 

Cervicalis  ascend- 
ens. 

Angles  of  5  upper  ribs. 

Transverse   pro- 
cessesof4th,^th, 
and  6th  cervical 
vertebrae. 

Branches   of  cer- 
vical. 

Keeps  head  erect. 

:iliary. 

I.  iMngitudinal  portion 
(Briicke's   m.):  junc- 
tion of  cornea  and 
sclera:  2.  Circular 
portion  (MuUer'sm.): 
the  fibers  form  a  circle. 

I.  Outer  layers  of 
choroid.    2.  Cili- 
ary  processes. 

Ciliary. 

The  muscle  of  vis- 
ual accommoda- 
tion. 

Coccygeus. 

Ischial  spine. 

Coccyx,  sacrum, 
and    sacrococcy- 
geal ligament. 

Sacral. 

Supports  coccyx 
and  closes  pelvic 
outlet. 

Complex  us. 

Transverse     processes 
7th  cervical  and  6  up- 
per dorsal,  and  artic- 
ular processes  of  ^d  to 
6th  cervical  vertebra. 

Occipiul  bone. 

Suboccipital, 
great  occipital, 
and  branches  of 
cervical. 

Retracts  and  ro- 
tates head. 

Compreaaorna- 
riom. 

Nasal  aponeurosis. 

Fellow  muscle  and 
canine  fossa. 

Facial. 

Compresses  nos* 
tril.*^ 

MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


The  Sternoclddonaatoid  Muactcu 

Muscles  of  the  Suptmhyoid  and 

Infrahyoid  Regions. 

I.  Anterior  t>e]ly  of  digastric,  s. 
Posterior  belly.  3.  Tendon 
and  pulley  for  tendon.  4.  St  vlo- 
hvoid.  5.  Mylohyoid.  6.  Hyo- 
glossus.  7.  Sternocleidomas- 
toid. 8.  Anterior  or  sternal  por- 
tion. 9.  Posterior  or  clavicular 
portion.  10.  Left  stemoh>'oid. 
It.  Right  sternohyoid.  la.  i». 
Omohyoid.  13, 13.  Thyrohyoid. 
14,  14.  14.  Sternothyroid.  15. 
Anterior  portion  of  inferior 
constrictor  of  phar>'nx.  16.  Oc- 
cipital muscle.  17,  17.  Retra- 
hens  aurem.  18.  Trapezius. 
19.  Splenius  capitis,  ao.  Splen- 
ius  colli,  ai.  Levator  angull 
scapulae,  aa.  Scalenus  posticus. 
a3.  Scalenus  anticus.  ta.  Su- 
perior portion  of  deltoid,  a^. 
superior  portion  of  pcctoralu 
maior.  a6.  Inferior  and  an- 
terior portion  of  right  platyama 
myoides.  ar.  Depressor  anguli 
oris.  a8.  Depressor  labii  io- 
ferioris.  a9.  Masseter.  30.  Boc* 
cinator. 


4     I 


4^5 


II 


f 


$    a 


ft  .  ^ 

Inferior  Portion  of  the  Abdominal  Apooeurosis. 
I.  External  abdominal  ring.    a.  External  pillar.    3,  3.  Internal  pillar.    4,  4, 4.  4.  Gimbemat*8  ligmaacnt. 


ng.  . 

5,5.  Its  attachment.    6.  Intercolumnar  fibers.    7. 
cord.    10.  Cnixml  arch.    11,  ii.  Cribrifonn  fascia. 


il  pillar.    4.  ..... 

Linea  alba.    8.  Symphysis  pubis.    9.  SpcnoAtic 
u.  Internal  saphenous  vein. 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  MUSCLES.— Cbii/j««^r^. 


i 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

FiwcnoN. 

Compressor  na- 
rittin  minor. 

Alar  cartilage. 

Skin   at    end  of 
nose. 

Facial. 

Dilates  nostril. 

Compressor    sac* 
culilaryngis. 

Fibers  of  the  aryteno- 
epiglottideus. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Compressor  of  sac- 
cule of  larynx. 

Compressor  urc- 
ibrae. 

Ramus  of  pubes. 

Fellow  muscle. 

Perineal. 

Compresses  mem- 
branous urethra. 

Compressor   vagi- 
na;. 

The   analogue   of  the 
two    bu  Iboca vernosi 
of  the  male. 

Perineal. 

Compresses  vagi- 
na. 

Compressor  vens 
dorsalis  penis. 

Fibers   of  the   ischio- 
cavemosus. 

Fascial  sheath  of 
penis,  over  dor- 
sal vessels. 

Compressor  of  dor- 
sal vein. 

Constrictor  of  pha> 
rynx  (inferior). 

Cricoid    and    thyroid 
cartilages. 

Pharyngeal  raphe. 

Glossopharyngeal, 
pharyngeal  plex- 
us, and  external 
laryngeal. 

Contracts  caliber 
of  pharynx. 

Constrictor  of  pha- 
rynx (middle). 

Comua  of  hyoid  bone 
and    stylohyoid  liga- 
ment. 

Pharyngeal  raphe. 

Glossopharyngeal, 
and    pharyngeal 
plexus. 

Contracts  caliber 
of  pharynx. 

Constrictor  of  pha- 
r>-nx  (superior). 

Internal    pterygoid 
plate,     pterygoniaxil- 
larv    ligament,    jaw, 
and  side  of  tongue. 

Pharyngeal  raphe. 

Glossopharyngeal, 
and    pharyngeal 
plexus. 

Contracts  caliber 
of  pharynx. 

Coracobrachialis. 

Coracoid  process  of 
scapula. 

Inner    surface   of 
shaft  of  humerus. 

Musculocutane- 
ous. 

Adducts  and  flexes 
arm. 

Corrugator  cutis 
ani. 

Submucous    tissue   on 
interior  of  anus. 

Subcutaneous  tis- 
sue on  opposite 
side  of  anus. 

Sympathetic. 

Corrugates  skin 
about  anus. 

ITorrugator  super- 

cilii. 

Superciliary   ridge    of 
frontal  bone. 

Orbicularis  palpe- 
brarum. 

Facial. 

Draws  eyebrow 
downward  and 
inward. 

Trampton's. 

See  Ciliary. 

:  remaster. 

Upper   and   deep  sur- 
face of  middle  of  Pou- 
part*s  ligament. 

Spine  and  crest  of 
pubic   bone  and 
fascia  propria. 

Genital  branch  of 
genitocrural. 

Elevates  testicle. 

Iricoarytenotdeus 
lateralis. 

Side  of  cricoid   carti- 
lage. 

Angle  and  external 
surface  of  aryte- 
noid. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Closes  glottis. 

ricoarytcDoideus 
posticus. 

Back  of  cricoid  carti- 
lage. 

Base  of  arytenoid 
cartilage. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Opens  glottis. 

ricothyroid. 

Cricoid  cartilage. 

Thyroid  cartilage 
(lower  inner  bor- 
der). 

Superior  laryn- 
geal. 

Makes  vocal  bands 
tense. 

rureus. 

See  Vastus  intet-nus. 

eltoid. 

Clavicle,  acromion,  and 
spine  of  scapula. 

Shaft  of  humerus. 

Circumflex. 

Abducts  humerus. 

Erpressor  alse  nasi. 

Incisive  fossa  of  supe- 
rior maxillary  bone. 

Septum  and  ala  of 
nose. 

Facial:    buccal 
branch. 

Contracts  nostril. 

^pressor     anguli 
Tis. 

External  oblique   line 
of  inferior  maxillary 
bone. 

Angle  of  mouth. 

Facial:     supra- 
maxillary  branch. 

Depresses  angle  of 
mouth. 

pressor  epiglot- 
<Jis. 

Those    fibers    of    the 
t  h  y  r  o  e  p  i  glottideus 
that    are    continued 
forward  to  the  margin 
of  the  epiglottis. 

> 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Superficial  and  Middle  Muscular  Layers  of  the  Posterior  Aspect  of  the  Trunk. 
1,1.  Trapezius.  2.  Latissimus  dorsi.  3.3.  Lumbosacral  aponeurosis.  4,4.  Portion  of  this  aponeurosla 
tu  which  latissimus  dorsi  is  attached.  5.  Fasciculus  by  which  latissimus  dorsi  is  attached  to  crest  of 
ilium.  6.  External  border  of  latissimus  dorsi.  7.  Teres  major.  8.  Superior  border  of  lattsstmas 
dorsi,  curving^  around  teres  major,  q.  Rhomboideus  major.  10.  Rhomboideus  minor  xi.  Superior 
border  of  sermtus  fmsticus  superioris.  12,  12,  12.  Fasciculi  of  serratus  posticus  inferioris.  13.  S>tenK»> 
mastoid.  14.  Splenius.  15.  Levator  ang^uli  scapulse.  16.  Infraspinatus.  17.  Teres  minor.  18.  Teres 
major.  19.  Divided  latissimus  dorsi.  ao.  Fasciculus  of  latissimus  dorsi,  arising  from  ant:le  of 
scapuli.  21.  Inferior  portion  of  serratus  magnus.  22,  22.  Lower  portion  of  internal  oblique,  n. 
Posterior  aponeurosis  of  internal  oblique.  24.  Gluteus  maximus.  25.  Divided  gluteus  maximus.  aS. 
Gluteus  mcdius.  27.  Pyramidalis.  28.  Tendon  of  obturator  internus  and  gemelli.  39.  Quadntna 
femoria.    30.  Sacrolumbalis  and  longissimus  dorsL    31.  Deltoid.    3Z.  Triceps. 


) 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  MUSCLES.— a«/f>ii/^^. 


< 


Name. 

Origin. 

Insbrtion. 

INNBRVATION. 

FimcnoN. 

Depressor  labii  in- 
ferioris. 

External   oblique    line 
of  the  inferior  maxil- 
lary bone. 

Ramus  of  ischium  near 
deep  transversus  pe- 
rinei. 

Ensiforro    cartilage,    6 
or  7  lower  ribs,  li^a- 
menta  arcuata,  bodies 
of  lumbar  vertebrae. 

Lower  lip. 

Facial :  supramax- 
illary  branch. 

Depresses  lip. 

Depressor  urethra-. 

Fibers  of  constric- 
tor vagine  mus- 
cle. 

Diaphragm. 

Central  tendon. 

Phrenic  and  sym- 
pathetic. 

Respiration. 

Digaatric  (anterior 
belJy). 

Inner  surface  of  inferior 
maxillary  bone,  near 
symphysis. 

Hyoid  bone. 

Inferior  dental. 

Elevates  hyoid  and 
tongue. 

DiRaslric  (poste- 
rior bellv). 

Digastric  groove   of 
mastoid  process. 

Hyoid  bone. 

Facial. 

Elevates  hyoid  and 
tongue. 

Dilator   nans    an- 
terioris. 

Alar  cartilage. 

Border  of  ala   of 
nose. 

Facial:   infraorbi- 
tal branch. 

Dilates  nostril. 

Dilator  naris  pos- 
teriori*. 

Nasal  notch  of  superior 
maxillary  bone. 

Skin  at  margin  of 
nostril. 

Facial:  infraorbi- 
tal branch. 

Dilates  nostril. 

Dorsal  interossei,4. 

Sides  of  metacarpal 
bones. 

Bases    of   corres- 
ponding    pha- 
langes. 

Ulnar. 

Abduct  fingers 
from  median  line. 

Dorsal  interossei,  4. 

Sides   of    meUtarsal 
bones. 

Base  of  first  pha- 
lanx   of   corres- 
ponding toe. 

External  plantar. 

Abduct  toes. 

Erector  cUtoridis. 

Tuberosity  of  ischium. 

Each  side  of  cms 
of  clitoris. 

Erects  clitoris. 

Erector  penis. 

Ischial  tuberosity,  cms 
penis,    and     pubic 
ramus. 

Tunica  albuginea 
of  corpus  caver- 
nosum. 

Perineal. 

To  maintain  erec- 
tion. 

srector  pili. 

See  Arrectores  piH. 

Erector  spins. 

Iliac  crest,  back  of  sac- 
rum,  lumbar    and 
three  lower  dorsal 
spines. 

Divides  into  sacro- 
lumbalis.  longis- 
simus  dorsi.  and 
spinalis  dorsi. 

Lumbar     nerves, 
posterior  divi- 
sion. 

Extension  of  lum- 
bar spines  on  pel- 
vis. 

ixtensor  brevis 
digitorum(pedis). 

Os  calcis,  externally. 

First    phalanx   of 
great  toe  and  ten- 
dons of  extensor 
longus. 

Anterior  tibial. 

Extends  toes. 

xtefiAor   brevis 
lallucis. 

A  name  applied  to  that 
portion  of  the  exten- 
sor brevis  digitorum 
that  goes  to  the  great 
toe. 

ctcnsor   brevis 
ollicis. 

See  Extensor  primi  in- 

ter  nodupolKcts, 

ttensor      carpi 
Fidialis  brcvior. 

External  condyloid 
ridge  of  humerus. 

Base  second   and 
third  metacarpal. 

Posterior  interos- 
seous. 

Extends  wrist 

tensor       carpi 
idialis  lonf{ior. 

Lower  K  external  con- 
dyloid   ridge   of  hu- 
merus. 

Base   of    second 
metacarpal. 

Musculospiral. 

Extends  wrist. 

tensor  carpi  ul- 
iris. 

ist  head,  external  con- 
dyle ot  humerus.    2d 
head,  posterior  border 
of  ulna. 

Base  of  fifth  meta- 
carpal. 

Posterior  interos- 
seous. 

Extends  wrist. 

tensor  coccygis. 

Last  bone  of  sacrum  or 
first  of  coccyx. 

Lower    part   of 
coccyx. 

Sacral  branches. 

Extends  coccyx. 

n 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Diaphragm,  Inferior  Aspect. 
,  Middle  or  anterior  leaflet  of  central  tendpn.  a.  Rigrht  leaflet.  3.  Left  leaflet.  4-  Itiffat  craa.  5.  Left 
crus.  6. 6.  Intervals  for  phrenic  nerves.  7.  Muscular  fibers  from  which  the  lisamenta  arcuata  orig- 
inate. 8,  8.  Muscular  fibers  that  arise  from  inner  suriace  of  six  lower  ribs.  9.  Fibers  that  arise  from 
ensiform  cartilage.  10.  Opening:  for  inferior  vena  cava.  ti.  Opening  for  esophagus,  is.  Aortic 
opening.  13, 13.  tapper  portion  of  transversalis  abdominis.  tume<i  upward  and  outward.  14,  14. 
Anterior  leaflet  of  transversalis  aponeurosis.  15, 15.  Quadratus  lumborum.  16, 16.  Psoas  macnns. 
17.  Third  lumbar  vertebra. 


Internal  Oblique  and  Tninsvertalb  Abdo* 
minis  Muscles. 

1,1.  Rectus  abdominis,  a,  1.  Internal  ob- 
lique. 3.  X.  Anterior  leaflet  of  apo- 
neurosis 01  internal  oblique.  4.  4. 
Divided  external  oblique.  5,  5.  S^prr- 
matic  cords.  6,  6.  Inferior  portion  of 
aponeurosis  of  external  oblique.  7 
Lower  portion  of  left  rectus  abdominis 
upper  portion  removed.  8,  8.  Musculai 
portion  of  transversalis  abdominis,  o 
Aponeurotic  nortion.  10.  I'mbilicus. 
.  II.  Supra-umbilical  portion  of  lioca 
alba.  la.  Infra-umbilical  portion.  13. 
13.  Serratus  nuignus.  14.  Divided 
right  latissimus  dorsi.  15.  Divided  lefl 
latissimus  dorsi.  16.  Divided  serratos 
magnus.  17,  17.  External  intercostals. 
18,  iH.  Femoral  aponeorosis.  1^ 
Divided  internal  obliqua. 


I 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

'  TABLE  OF  MUSCLES.— a«/m«^</. 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Insbrtion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Extensor  commu- 
nis digttorum. 

External    condyle    of 
humerus. 

All  of  the  second 
and    third    pha- 
langes. 

Posterior   interos- 
seous. 

Extends  fingers. 

Extensor  indicis. 

Back  of  ulna. 

Second  and  third 
phalanges  of  in- 
dex finger. 

Posterior  interos- 
seous. 

Extends  Index-fin- 
ger. 

Extensor  1  o  n  e  u  s 
digitorum  pedis. 

Outer  tuberosity  of  tibia 
and  shaft  of  fionla. 

Second  and  third 
phalangesoftoes. 

Anterior  tibial. 

Extends  toes. 

Extensor  Ions; us 
poUicis. 

See  Extensor  secundi 

intemodii  polKcis, 

Extensor     minimi 
digiti. 

External     condyle    of 
humerus. 

Second  and  third 
phalanges  of  little 
finger. 

Posterior  interos- 
seous. 

Extensor  of  little 
finger. 

Extensor  ossis  me- 
tacarpi  poUicis. 

Back  of  radius  and  ulna 
and  interosseous 
membrane. 

Base  of  metacarpal 
of  thumb  and 
fascia. 

Posterior  interos- 
seous. 

Extends  thumb. 

Extensor  ossis  met- 
atarsi hall  uc  is 

Extensor  proprius  hal- 
lucis^ or  extensor  com- 
munis  digitorum,  or 
tibialis  anticus. 

MeUtarsal  bone  of 
hallux. 

Extensor  primi  in- 
ternodit  poUicis. 

Back  of  radius. 

Base  of  first  pha- 
lanx of  thumb. 

Posterior  interos- 
seous. 

Extends  thumb. 

Extensor  proprius 
minimi  digiti. 

Lower  part  of  ulna,  or 
posterior  ligament  of 
wrist-joint. 

Base  of  first  pha- 
lanx of  little  fin- 
ger. 

Extends  little  fin- 
ger. 

Extensor  proprius 
hallucis. 

Middle  of  fibula. 

Base  of  last  pha- 
lanx  of  great  toe. 

Anterior  tibial. 

Extends  great  toe. 

Extensor    secundi 
intemodii  pollicis. 

Back  of  ulna. 

Base  of  last  pha- 
lanx of  thumb. 

Posterior  interos- 
seous. 

Extends  thumb. 

FHexor  accessorius 
digritorum  (of  foot) 
(2  heads). 

Inner  and   outer  sur- 
face of  os  calcis. 

Tendon  of  flexor 
longusdigitorum. 

External  plantar. 

Accessory  flexor  of 
toes. 

Flexor  accessorius 
lofiKUs  diffitorum 
(of  Toot). 

Shaft  of  tibia  or  fibula. 

Tubercle  of  OS  cal- 
cis, and  joins  ten- 
don    of    long 
flexor. 

External  plantar. 

Assisu  in  flexing 
toes. 

^lexor  brevis  digi- 
torum  (of  foot). 

Inner  tuberosity  of  os 
calcis  and  plantar  fas- 
cia. 

Second  phalanges 
of  the  lesser  toes. 

Internal  plantar. 

Flexes  lesser  toes. 

''Icxor  brevis  hal- 
lucis. 

Under   surface  of  cu- 
boid, plantar  liga- 
ments,  and   external 
cuneiform. 

Base  of  first  pha- 
lanx of  great  toe. 

Internal  plantar. 

Flexes  and  slightly 
adducts  first  pha- 
lanx of  great  toe. 

"iexor  brevis  mini- 
mi digiti  (of  hand). 

Unciform  bone  and  an- 
nular ligament. 

First    phalanx   of 
little  finger. 

Ulnar. 

Flexes  little  finger. 

Icxor  brevis  mini- 
mi digiti  (of  foot). 

Base  of  fifth  meUtarsal. 

Base  of  first  pha- 
lanx of  little  toe. 

External  plantar. 

Flexes  little  toe. 

lexer  brevis  polli- 
cis (of  hand). 

2  heads — outer:  lower 
border  of  anterior  an- 
nular ligament ;  ridge 
of  trapezium;  inner: 
OS  magnum,  and  bases 
of  first,  second,  and 
third    metacarpal 
bones. 

Base  of  first  pha- 
lanx of  thumb. 

Outer  head—mc 
dian  :    palmar 
brancn.    Inner 
head—  deep  ul- 
nar. 

Flexes  metacarpal 
bone  of  thumb. 

lexor  brevis  polli- 
ris  (of  foot). 

See  Flexor  brevis  fuU- 

bids. 

Moicles  of  Anterior  Aspect  of 
Thonx. 

t.  Pectonlis  major,  a.  Its 
clavicular  portion.  3.  Its 
sternocostal  portion.  4.  Its 
humeral  attachment,  di- 
vided and  displaced  up- 
ward. 5,  5,  5.  Its  fasciculi 
of  attacnment  to  ribs.  6. 
Pectoralis  minor.  7.  Sub- 
clavius.  8.  Deltoid.  9.  In- 
ferior border  of  pectoralis 
minor,  to.  Digitations  of 
sernitus  magnus.  11.  Cor- 
responding dif^tations  of 
external  oblique.  13,  12. 
Anterior  border  of  latissi- 
mus  dorsi.  13.  Its  tendon  of 
attachment  to  humerus.  14. 
Teres  major.  15.  Suhscapu- 
laris.  16.  Long  head  of  tri- 
ceps. 17.  Lower  portion  of 
deltoid.  18, 18.  Stemomas- 
toid.  19.  Lower  portion  of 
sternohyoid,  so.  Trapezius. 


Muficlei  of  1 1  It  Anterior  Aspect 
DJ  Uie  Aody. 

.  I'tcloroU*  major*  a.  Its  clavic- 
ular laE^iculus.  3.  Fasciculus 
atiAclif.iiJ  to  3t^kiminal  auoneu- 
fufiift.  4.  4  Kxtemal  oblique. 
5,  y  &eiTatu?i  nwgnus.  6.6.  An- 
teri  ior  bordtrHjl  lAtissimus dorsi. 
7.  [>ei:ii£iA4ilmit  of  tendinous  fi- 
Ixts  oi  pctii-Tfltes  majores.  K 
Kitiilnrm  n^iTtJIage.  9,  9.  Ab- 
dumin^l  a[ir..| neurosis.  lo,  10. 
Liii<:aaITa-  xi.  Umbilicus,  u, 
I  J,  13.  TthiliEious  intersections 
of  n.-ciuiv  ^Ndominis.  13,  ij. 
ttlKiifiiiiiJ  niHltimlnal  ring.  14. 
P\rfiiiiidaU?«  15.  15.  External 
hnttltr  of  rci^  tus  sbdominis.  16. 
Srf^rnuh>uiJ  17.  Omohyoid. 
jft.  ^teriji'maSitDld.  19.  Cervical 
M>fUrni  u!  trapezius,  ao.  Del- 
ni<l  ?i  lUicpsbrachialis.  aa. 
rictlneuft.  j^.  Sartorius.  a4. 
Rectus  femoris.  as.  Tc 
vaginae  femoris. 


iO  n 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  mjSCLES.—GmHnueif. 


Name. 

Origin. 

INSBETION. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Flexor  ctrpi  radi- 
alis. 

Internal  condyle  of  ba- 
menis. 

Metacarpal    bone 
of  index  finger. 

Median. 

Flexes  wrist. 

Flexor  carpi  ulna- 
ris  (2  heads). 

I.  I ntenial  condyle,    a. 
Olecranon  and  ulna. 

5th      metacarpal, 
annular  lig.  and 
pisiform  bone. 

Ulnar. 

Flexes  wrist. 

Flexor  indicia. 

Tbe  name  given  to  the 
indicial  portion  of  the 
flexor  profundus  digi- 
torum, when  it  is  dis- 
tinct. 

Flexor  lonnisdigi- 
tomm  (of  foot). 

Shaft  of  Ubia. 

Last  phalanges  of 
toes. 

Posterior  tibial. 

Flexes  phalanges 
and  ex  tends 
ankle. 

Hexor  longus  bal- 
lucis. 

/>wer     two-thirds    of 
shaft  of  fibula. 

Last   phalanx   of 
great  toe. 

Posterior  tibial. 

Flexes  great  toe. 

"lexor  longus  pol- 
licis. 

Shaft  of  radius  and  co 
ronoid  processof  ulna. 

thumb. 

Anterior    interoj*- 
seous. 

Flexes  the  thumb. 

lexor    profundus 
digitorum. 

Shaft  of  ulna. 

Last  phalanges  by 
four  tendons. 

Ulnar  and  anterior 
interoaseotts. 

Flexes  the  pha- 
langes. 

texorsublimis 
jji^itorum    (j 
keads). 

I.  Inner  condyle,    a. 
Coroiioid  process.    3. 
Oblique  line  of  radius. 

Second  phalanges 
by  four  tendons. 

Median. 

Flexes  second  pha- 
langes. 

astrocnemius    (7 
i^ads). 

Condyles  of  femur. 

Os  calcis  by  tendo 
Achillis. 

Internal  popliteal. 

Extends  foot. 

;inellu8  inferior. 

Tuberosity  of  ischium 
and  lesser  sacrosciatic 
notch. 

Great  trochanter. 

Sacral. 

External  rotator  of 
thigh. 

:melluf  superior. 

Ischial  spine  and  lesser 
sacrosciatic  notch. 

Great  trochanter. 

Sacral. 

External  rotator  of 
thigh. 

niobyoglossus. 

Superior  genial  tuber- 
cle of  inferior  maxil- 
lary bone. 

Hyoidand  inferior 
surfaceof  tongue. 

Hypoglossal. 

Retracts  and  pro- 
trudes tongue. 

niohyold. 

Inferior  genial  tubercle 
of  inferior   maxillary 
bone. 

Bodyofhyoid. 

Hypoglossal 

Elevates  and  ad- 
vances hyoid. 

iteus  maxim  us. 

Superior   curved  iliac 
line  and  crest,  sacrum, 
and  coccyx. 

Fascia  and  femur 
below  great  tro- 
chanter. 

Inferior  gluteal 
and  sacral  plexus. 

Extends,  abducts, 
and  rotates  thigh 
outward. 

teos  meditts. 

Ilium  between  superior 
and    middle    curved 
lines. 

Oblique    line   of 
great  trochanter. 

Superior  gluteal. 

Rotates,  abducts, 
and  advances 
thigh. 

teus  minimus. 

Ilium  between  middle 
and    inferior   curved 
Ihies. 

Great  trochanter. 

Superior  gluteal. 

Rotates,  abducts, 
and  draws  thigh 
forward. 

dUa. 

Rami   of  pubes  and 
ischium. 

Tibia,  upper  and 
inner  part. 

Obturator. 

Flexes  and  abducu 
leg. 

emaculum  tes- 

Sec  Oemaster. 

irie's. 

See  TVansversus  peri- 

net,  deep.                  \ 

cia     major    et 
or. 

Tubercle  on  helix. 

Rim  of  helix  near 
summit. 

Auriculotemporal 
and  posterior  au- 
ricular. 

»n's. 

See  Compressor  saccuH 

laryngis. 

ler'a. 

See  Ciliary  and  Tensor 

tarsi. 

MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


PWMM,  niac,  Quadratiu  Lnmbonun,  aad 
Transversalis  Muscles. 

I.  Psoas  parvus,  a.  lu  divided  tendoa. 
3.  Psoas  ma^ns.  4.  Its  attachment  to 
lath  dorsal  vertebra.  5.  5. 5,  5.  Its  at- 
tachment to  bodies  of  first  lour  lumbar 
vertebrae.  6.  Its  tendon  of  attachment 
to  lesser  trochanter.  7,7.  Iliac  moacle. 
8,  6.  Inferior  and  external  fibers  of 
iliac  muscle.  9,  9.  Rectus  femoris. 
10,  10.  Obturator  extemus.  11.  Quad* 
ratus  lumborum.  12.  la,  xa,  ta.  Pos- 
terior portion  of  quadratus  lumborum. 
13.  External  portion.  14,  14-  Trmnsvcr- 
talis  abdomtnis.  15.  Iliolumbar  liga- 
ment.   16.  Crura  of  diaphmcn* 


Muscles  of  Anal  and 
Perineal  Region. 

I.I.  Bulbocavemosus 
muscle  (accelerator 
u  r  i  n  se  ).  2.  Its 
fibrous  raphe.  3.  Its 
anterior  termina- 
tion. 4.  Ischiocav- 
emosus  (erector 

¥rni5)  muscle,  s. 
endon  of  attach- 
ment to  tuber  iAchti. 
6.  Transvcrsusperi- 
nei.  7.  External 
sphincter  ani.  8 . 
Aponeurotic  inser- 
tion into  apex  of 
coccyx.  9.  Attach- 
ment lo  bulbocaver- 
nous raphe.  10.  Fi- 
bers of  insertion  in- 
to perineum,  di- 
vided. 11.  I'pper 
layer  of  external 
sphincter.  la.  In- 
ternal sphincter. 
i.^.  Levator  ani.  14* 
Obturator  intemus. 
i^.  Internal  border 
of    gluteus    maxi- 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  MVSChES.—CcH/mu^d, 


i 


Namb. 

Origin. 

INSBRTION. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Hyoglosfus. 

Comua  of  hyoid  bone. 

Side  of  tongue. 

Hypoglossal. 

Depresses  side  of 
tongue  and  re- 
tracte  tongue. 

Iliacus. 

Iliac  fossa   and   crest, 
base  of  sacrum. 

Lesser  trochanter, 
upper  part  shaft 
of  femur. 

Anterior  cruraL 

Flexes  and  roUtet 
thigh  outward. 

Iliocostal. 

Sec  Sacrolumbar. 

Iliopsoas. 

The  iliacus  and  psoas 
muscles  considered  as 
one  muscle. 

Infracostals,  lo. 

Inner  surface  of  ribs. 

Inner    surface    of 
two  or  three  ribs 
above. 

Intercostal. 

Expiration,  by  de- 
pressing ribs. 

Infraspinatus. 

Infraspinous  fossa. 

Great  tuberosity  of 
humerus. 

Suprascapular. 

Rotates  humerus 
outward. 

Interarytenoid. 

One  arytenoid  carti- 
lage. 

The  other   aryte- 
noid cartilage. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Approximates  ary- 
tenoid cartilages. 

Intercostals,  exter- 
nal, II. 

Outer  lip    of   inferior 
costal  tJorder. 

Superior  border  of 
riDs  above. 

Intercostal. 

Raise  ribs  in  inspi- 
ration. 

Intercostals,  inter- 
nal. II. 

Inner  lip  of  inferior  cos- 
Ul  border. 

Superior  border  of 
rib  below. 

Intercostal. 

Depress  ribs  in  ex- 
piration. 

Interossei  of  foot, 
dorsal  (4). 

Adjacent     surfaces    of 
metatarsal  bones. 

Bases  of  first  pha- 
langes. 

External  plantar. 

Abduct  from  the 
middle  line  of  the 
second  toe. 

Interossei  of  foot, 
plantar  (3). 

Inner  lower  surface  of 
3   outer    metatarsal 
bones. 

Bases  of  first  pha- 
langes of  three 
outer  toes. 

External  planUr. 

Adduct  the  outer 
three  toes. 

Interossei  of  hand, 
dorsal  (4). 

Five  metacarpal  bones. 

Sides   of  aponeu- 
rosis of  extensor 
communis    and 
adjacent  parts  of 
first  phalanges. 

Ulnar. 

Abduct  index,  mid- 
dle, and  ring  fin- 
gers^ aid  in  flex- 

and  extending 
second  and  third. 

nterossei  of  hand, 
palmar  (3). 

Sides  of  metacarpal 
bones. 

Aponeurosis  of  ex- 
tensor   tendons, 
adjacent  part  of 
first  phalanges. 

Ulnar. 

Adduct  index,  ring, 
and  little  fingers, 
aid  in  flexing  first 
phalanges  and  in 
extending  second 
and  third. 

iterspinales. 

Upper  surface  of  spines 
of  vertebrse,  near  tip. 

Posterior  part  of 
lower  surface  of 
spine  above. 

Internal  divisions 
of    posterior 
branches  of  spi- 
nal nerves. 

Extend  the  verte- 
brse next  above. 

tertransversales. 

Between  transverse 
processes  of  contigu- 
ous vertebrae. 

Spinal  nerves. 

Flex  the  spinal 
column  laterally. 

rhiocavernosus. 

See  Erector  penis. 

. 

rjavay'a. 

See  Depressor  uretkrtt. 

' 

tiastmns  dorsi. 

Spines  of  6  lower  dorsal 
and  lumbar  and  sacral 
vertebrae,    crest    of 
ilium,  and  3  or  4  lower 
ribs. 

Bicipital  groove  of 
humerus. 

Long  subscapular. 

Draws  arm  back- 
ward and  down- 
ward and  routes 
it  inward. 

xator  tympani. 

Spinous    process    of 
sphenoid  bone   and 
Eustachian  tube. 

Neck  of  malleus. 

Facial. 

Relaxes  mem- 
brana  tympani. 

I 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Superficial  Muscles  of  Palnar  Aspect  of  Foreann. 

I.  Lower  portion  of  biceps.  2.  Bicipital  fascia.  3. 
Tendon  of  insertion  into  radius,  a,  4.  Bra> 
chtalis  aiiticus.  ^.  Interna^  bead  of  triceps. 
6.  Pronator  radii  teres.  7.  Flexor  carpi 
radialis.  8.  Palmaris  long^s.  o.  Its  termina- 
tion in  palmar  lij^ament.  10.  Flexor  caroi  ul- 
naris.  11.  Its  atuchmcnt  to  pisiform  DOfic. 
12.  Supinator  lonKu&-  i3-  Its  attachment  to 
styloid  process  of  radius.  14,  14.  Extensor 
carpi  radialis  loneior.  15.  Extensor  carpi  ra- 
dialis bre\ior.  16.  Extensor  ossis  metacarpi 
poIli«  t*.  17.  Its  tcn«lon  of  insertion  into  base 
of  hrst  metacarpal  bone.  18.  Tendon  of  ex- 
tenvir  se<  tindi  intrrmKlii  pollicis.  19.  19. 
Flexor  suhlimis  diRilorum.  ao,  20.  Tendons 
of  this  muscle.  21.71.  Their  attachment  to 
■ecood  phalanges  of  fingers,    aa,  aa.    Attacb- 


Bicepa  aad  Coracobfadualia. 
a.  Short  bead.  $.  Long  bead.  a.  Tea- 
rf  insertioa  into  radios.  5.  Bicipital 
.  6.  Coracobracbtalts.  7.  8.  Lanins  ol 
tendon  of  insertioa  of  pectoral  is  major.  9. 
Attachment  of  lattssimns  dorsi.  10.  Teres 
major.  11.  Sobscapalaris.  la.  Brachtalb  anti- 
ens.  13.  Long,  middle,  or  scapular  bead  of 
Imemal  or  sboct  humeral  bead 
ator  loagna.    t6.  FTtmaor  carpi  ra- 


mtot  of  tendons  of  fkxor  profoadns  digitorwiB 
to  last  phalances  of  finrers.  ^,  23.  Lumbri- 
cales.  24.  Adductor  doIIks.  ty  Its  iusertsum 
into  first  phalanx  oc  thumb.  16,  a6.  Flexor 
longus  pollicis.  27.  Flexor  brevis  minimi  digiti. 
a8.  Abauctor  ounimi  digtti. 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  UVSCLES.—ConHnued. 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

INNBRVATION. 

Function. 

Levator    angali 
oris. 

Canine  fossa  of  superior 
maxillary  bone. 

Angle  of  mouth. 

Infraorbital  branch 
of  facial. 

Elevates  angle  of 
mouth. 

Levator   anguli 
scapula. 

Transverse  processes  of 
four   upper  cervical 
vertebrae. 

Posterior     border 
of  scapula. 

Fifth  cervical  and 
cervical  plexus. 

Elevates  upper 
angle  of  scapula. 

Levator  ani. 

Posterior  portion  oi 
body   and   ramus    of 
pubes,   pelvic   fascia, 
ischial  spine. 

Rectum,     coccyx, 
and  fibrous  raphe. 

Sacral    and  peri- 
neal. 

Supports  rectum 
and  vagina. 

Uvator  labii  Infc- 
rioHs. 

Incisive  fossa  of  inferior 
maxillary  bone- 

Skin  of  lower  lip. 

Supramaxillary 
branch  of  facial. 

Elevates  lower  lip. 

Levator    labii   su- 
perioris. 

Lower  margin  of  orbit. 

Upper  lip. 

Infraorbital  branch 
of  facial. 

Elevates  upper  lip. 

Levator  labii  supe- 
riorisalaequeuasl. 

Nasal  process  of  supe- 
rior maxillary  bone. 

Alar  cartilage  and 
upper  lip. 

Infraorbital  branch 
of  facial. 

Elevates  upper  lip, 
dilates  nostril. 

Levator  metiti. 

See  Levator  labii  in 

ferioris. 

Levator  palati. 

Petrous  portion  of  tem- 
poral hone. 

Soft  palate. 

Sphenopalatine 
ganglion  (facial). 

Elevates  soft  pal- 
ate. 

Levator   poJpebrK 
superiorts. 

Lesser  wing  of  sphe- 
noid. 

Uuper  tarsal  carti- 

Third  cranial. 

Lifts  upper  lid. 

Levatores  cost  a- 
rum,  12. 

Transverse    processes 
of  last   cervical   and 
dorsal  vertebrae. 

Each  to  the  rib  be- 
low. 

Intercostal. 

Raise  ribs. 

Lingoalls. 

Under  surface  of  tongue. 

and  hypoglossal. 

Elevates  middle  of 
tongue. 

LonsiMimus  dorti. 

Erector  spinse. 

Transverse     pro- 
cesses of  lumbar 
and  dorsal  verte- 
bra and  7lh- nth 
ribs. 

Branches  of  lum- 
bar and  dorsal. 

Erects  spine  and 
bends  trunk 
backward. 

Longtm  colli :~ 
I. Superior  obliqae 
portion. 

a.  Inferior  oblique 
portion. 

3.  Vertical  portion. 

Transverse    processes 
id-sth  cervical  verte- 

Bodies  of  ist-3d  dorsal 
vertebra. 

Bodies  of  three  dorsal 
and  two  cervical  ver- 
tebrae. 

Anterior   tubercle 
of  atlas. 

cesses   5tb-6lh 

cervical  vertebra 

Bodies   of  2d-4th 

cervical  vertebrae 

Lower  cervical. 

Flexes  cervical 
vertebrae. 

Lumbricales,  4.  of 
foot. 

Tendons  of  flexor  lon- 
gusdigitorum. 

First  phalanges  of 
the  lesser  toes. 

Internal   and    ex- 
ternal plantar. 

Accessory  flexors. 

^umbricales,  4,  of 
band. 

Tendons  of  flexor  pro- 
fundus digitorum. 

Tendons  of  com- 
mon extensor. 

Median  and  ulnar. 

Flex  first  pha- 
langes. 

fasseter. 

Zygomatic  arch. 

Angle  and  ramus 
ofjaw. 

Inferior  maxillar>'. 

Muscle  of  mastica- 
tion. 

fidriflr. 

See  Diaphragm. 
See  CiHary, 

lailer's. 

1  filler's  {orbiioD. 

Connected  with  the  or- 
bital   periosteum ;    it 
crosses    the   spheno- 
maxillary Assure. 

Sympathetic. 

tiller**     (superior 
palpebral). 

Connected  with  the  le- 
vator palpebrse  supe- 
rioris. 

Along   the   upper  1  Sympathetic, 
border  of  the  Ur-! 
sus.                        1 

Assists  in  raising 
upper  lid. 

i 


► 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


II— 


Flexor  Sublimte  Digitorum. 
Flexor  sublimis  dij^itorum.  a.  Its  orisrin  from 
the  epitrochlea.  3.  Its  origin  from  coronoid 
process  of  ulna.  4,  4.  Its  apontfurosis  of  at- 
tachment to  radius.  5,  5.  Superficial  tendons, 
for  middle  and  ring  fingers.  6,  6.  Deep  ten- 
dons, for  little  and  index  fingers.  7.  Mexor 
longus  pollicis.  8.  Its  tendon.  9,  9.  Bifurca- 
tion of  tendons  of  flexor  sublimis.  10, 10.  In- 
tervals between  divisions.  11,  11.  Tendons  of 
flexor  profundus.  12.  Tendon  of  flexor  brachi- 
alis  anticus.  13.  Common  tendon  of  origin  of 
saperficial  epitrochlear  muscles.  14.  Tendon 
of  biceps.  15.  Supinator  longus.  16.  Its  at- 
tachment to  styloia  process  of  radius.  17.  Ex- 
tensor carpi  radial b  longior.  18,  18.  Tendon 
of  attachment  of  pronator  radii  teres,  divided. 
ra.  Tendon  of  extensor  carpi  radialis.  ao. 
Triceps.  21.  Flexor  carpi  ulnaris.  22.  Its  at- 
tachment to  pisiform  Done.     23.  Adductor 


Triceps  Brachialis,  Posterior  Aspect. 
Long,  middle,  or  scapular  head.  2.  Its  tendon  of 
origin  from  scapula,  x.  External,  or  loor  hn- 
meral  head.  4-  Internal,  or  short  humeral  Dead. 
5.  Common  tendon.  6.  Attachment  to  olecnuxm. 
7.  Anconeus.  8.  8.  ITpper  portion  of  deltoid, 
posterior  half  removed.  9.  Lower  portion.  10. 
Supraspinatus.  11.  Infraspinatus.  12.  Teres 
minor,  middle  portion  removed,  ix.  Insertion 
of  teres  minor  into  humerus.  14.  Teres  ma)or. 
15.  Upper  extremity  of  latissimus  dorsi.  th. 
Supinator  lon^s.  17.  Extensor  carpi  radialis 
longior.  18.  Extensor  carpi  ulnaris.  19.  Flexor 
carpi  ulnaris. 


minimi  digit!.    24.  Flexor  brevb' minimi  dicHL 
25.  Adductor  brevis  pollicis. 


MUSCLE  MUSCLfi 

TABLE  OF  UVSChES.'-Cmftfiued. 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Maftifidui  spine. 

Sacrum,  iliac  spine,  ar- 
ticular processes  lum- 
bar and  cervical  ver- 
tebrs,  and  transverse 
processesof  dorsal  and 
7th  cervical. 

Laminae     and 
spines  from  last 
lumbar  to  second 
cervical   verte- 
brae. 

Posterior  spinal 
branches. 

Erects  and  rotates 
spinal  column. 

Miuculus  accesso- 
rius  ad  sacroluro- 
bftlem. 

Angles  of  six  lower  ribs. 

Angles  of  six  upper 

Branchesof  dorsal. 

Erects  spine  and 
bends  trunk  back- 
ward. 

Mylohyoid. 

Mylohyoid  ridge  of  in- 
ferior maxillary  bone. 

Body  ofhyoidand 
raphe. 

Inferior  dental. 

Elevates  and  ad- 
van  c  e  s  hyoid 
bone. 

Nasolabialis. 

Nasal  septum. 

Upper  Up. 

Facial. 

Connects  upper  lip 
to  septum  of  nose. 

Obliquus  auris. 

Concha  of  ear. 

Fossa  of  antihelix. 

Temporal  and  pos- 
terior auricular. 

Obliquus  capitis  in- 
ferior. 

Spinous  process  of  axis. 

Transverse    p  r  o- 
cess  of  atlas. 

Suboccipital    and 
great  occipital. 

Rotates  atlas  and 
cranium. 

Obliquus  capitissu- 
penor. 

Transverse  process  of 
atlas. 

Occipital  bone. 

Suboccipital    and 
great  occipital. 

Draws  head  back- 
ward. 

Obliquus  extemus. 

Eight  lower  ribs. 

Middle  line,  iliac 
crest,    Poupart*s 
ligament. 

Intercostal,  ilio- 
hypogastric, ilio- 
inguinal. 

Compresses  v  i  s« 
cera  and  flexes 
thorax. 

Obliquus  inferior. 

Orbital  plate  of  superior 
maxillary  bone. 

Sclerotic. 

Third  cranial. 

Rotates  eyeball  up- 
ward  and  out* 
ward. 

Obliquus  internus. 

Lumbar    fascia,    iliac 
crest,  Poupart^s  liga- 
ment. 

Three  lower  ribs, 
linea  alba,  pubic 
crest,  pectineal 
line. 

Intercostal,  ilio- 
hypogastric, ilio- 
inguinal. 

Compresses  y  i  •- 
cera,  flexes  tho- 
rax, and  assists  in 
expiration. 

Obliquus  superior. 

Above  optic   foramen, 
through  pulley. 

ScleroUc. 

Fourth  cranial. 

• 

Routes  eyeball 
downward  and 
inward. 

Obturator  extemus. 

Obturator  fon^en  and 
membrane. 

Digital  fossa  at 
base  of  great  tro- 
chanter. 

Obturator. 

External  rotator  of 
thigh. 

Obturator  internus. 

Obturator  foramen  and 
membrane. 

Great  trochanter. 

SacraL 

External  roUtor  of 
thigh. 

Occipitalis. 

See  Occipilo/rontalis, 

:>ccipltorrontalis. 

Superior  curved  line  of 
occiput   and   angular 
process   of  frontal 
bone. 

Aponeurosis. 

Posterior    auricti- 
lar,  small  occipi- 
tal, facial. 

Moves  scalp. 

hnohyoid. 

Upper  border  of  scap- 

Body   of  hyoid 
bone. 

Descendens    and 
communicans 
noni. 

Depresses  and  re- 
tracts hyoid  bone. 

ppK>nen9     minimi 
figitl. 

Unciform  bone. 

Fifth  metacarpal. 

Ulnar. 

Flexes  little  finger. 

pponens  polHcis. 

Trapezium,  anterior 
annular  ligament. 

Metacarpal    bone 
of  thumb. 

Median,  palmar 
division. 

Flexes  thumb. 

rbicularis  oris. 

Nasal  septum  and  ca- 
nine fossa  of  inferior 
maxilla,  by  accessory 
fibers. 

Forms    lips     and 
sphincter    of 
mouth. 

Buccal  and  supra- 
maxillary 
branches  of  facial. 

Closes  mouth. 

hicularis    pAlpe* 
raram. 

Mesal  margin  of  orbit. 

Lateral  margin  of 
orbit. 

Facial. 

Closet  eyelids. 

i 


) 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


I.  Tendon  of  tri- 
ceps, a.  Upper 
extremitv  ot  su- 
pinator fongus. 
3.  Extensor  car- 
pi radialis  lon- 
gioT.  4.  Its  at- 
tachment to  se- 
cond metacar- 
pal bone.  5.  Ex- 
tensor carpi  ra- 
dialis brevior. 
6.  lu  atuch- 
ment  to  third 
metacarpal 
bone.  7.  Ex- 
tensor ossis  meUcarpi  pollicis.  8,  8.  Extensor 
primi  itemodii  pollicis.  9.  9.  Extensor  secundi 
intemodii  pollicis.  10,  10.  Annular  ligament. 
II.  Extensor  communis  digitorum.  is.  12.  At- 
tachment of  its  four  tendons  to  the  second  and 
third  phalanges.  13.  Tendon  of  the  extensor 
indicis.  14.  Tendon  of  extensor  minimi  digiti. 
15.  Extensor  carpi  ulnaris.  16.  Its  attachment 
to  fifth  metacarpal  bone.  17.  Anconeus.  18. 
Flexor  carvi  ulnaris.  19.  Posterior  border  of 
-Ina.  ao.  OlccrBoon.  ax.  Internal  condyle  of 
iBcrua. 


Muscles  of  Dorsal  Aspect  of 

Forearm,  Superficial 

Layer. 


ti4 


I.  Tendon  of  tri- 
ceps, a.  Internal 
head  of  triceps. 
X.  Anconeus.  4. 
Humeral  attach- 
ment of  supinator 
longus.  5.  Hu- 
meral attachment 
of  extensor  carpi 
radialis  longior. 
6, 6.  Tendon  of  in- 
sertion into  sec- 
ond metacarpal 
bone.  7.  Upper 
extremity  of  ex- 
tensor carpi  radi- 
alis brevior.  8,8. 
Its  tendon  of  in- 
sertion into  third 
metacarpal  bone. 

S.  Common  ten- 
on of  the  superfi- 
c  i  a  1  and  deep 
muscles.  10.  Supi- 
nator brevis.  11. 
Radial  insertion 
of  pronator  radii 
teres.  12.  Exten- 
sor ossis  meta- 
carpi  pollicis.  13. 
Extensor  primi 
intemodii  polli- 
cis. 14.  Extensor  secuiKli  intemodii  ponicH. 
15.  Extensor  indicis.  16.  Its  tendon,  uniting 
with  corresponding  tendon  of  common  extensor 
17.  Tendon  of  extensor  minimi  digiti.  18.  Ten- 
don of  extensor  carpi  ulnaris.  19.  Flexor  carpi 
ulnaris,  displaced  to  show  flexor  profuodus  dlgi- 
torum.  ao.  Fibrous  arch  extending  from  epllm- 
chlea  to  olecranon  and  forming  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  deep  flexor,  ai.  Annular  ligament. 
22.  Dorsal  interossei.  aiL  Abductor  minhni 
digiti.  a4,  14.  Tendons  of  extensor  commanis 
digitonim. 


Muscles  of  Doml  Aspect 

of  Forearm,  Deep 

Layer. 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  MUSCLES.— CVwfA>f«^</. 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Pilttoglonus. 

Soft  palate. 

Side  and  dorsum 
of  tongue. 

Sphenopalatine 
ganglion. 

Constricts  the 
fauces. 

PuAtofnuuryn^us* 

Soft  palate. 

Thyroid  cartilage 
and  pharynx. 

Sphenopalatine 
ganglion. 

Closes  posterior 
nares. 

Palmarii  brevis. 

Annular  ligament  and 
palmar  fascia. 

Skin   of  palm    of 
hand. 

Ulnar. 

Corrugates  skin  of 
palm. 

Paimariiinterossei. 

Palmar  surfaces  second, 
fourth,  and  fifth  meta- 
carpal bones. 

Bases  of  first  pha- 
langes of  corres- 
ponding fingers. 

Ulnar. 

Adductors  of  fin- 
gers. 

PaJmarit  longus. 

Internal   condyle  of 
humerus. 

Annular  ligament 
and  palmar  fascia. 

Median. 

Renders  palmar 
fascia  tenae. 

Pectioens. 

Iliopectineal   line  and 
puoes. 

Femur  below  lesser 
trochanter. 

Anterior  crural, 
obturator. 

Flexes  and  rotates 
the  thigh  out- 
ward. 

Pectonilif  major. 

Clavicle,  sternum,  and 
costal  cartilages. 

External  bicipiul 
ridge  of  humerus. 

Anterior  thoracic, 
external  and  in- 
ternal. 

Draws  arm  down- 
ward  and  for- 
ward. 

Pectoralia  minor. 

Third,  fourth,  and  fifth 
ribs. 

Coracoid  process. 

Anterior  thoracic. 

Depresses  point  of 
shoulder. 

Peroneos  brevia. 

Middle  third  of  shaft  of 
fibula,  externally. 

Base  of  fifth  meu- 
Uraal  bone. 

Musculocutaneous. 

Extends  foot 

Peronens  lonjpis. 

Head  and  shaft  of  fib- 
ula. 

First  meUtaraal  of 
great  toe. 

Musculocutaneous. 

Extends  and  everts 
foot. 

Peroneua  tertina. 

Lower  fourth  of  fibula. 

Fifth     metatarsal 
bone. 

Anterior  tibial. 

Flexes  tarsus. 

PlanUria. 

Outer     bifurcation     of 
linea  aspera  and  pos- 
terior ligament  of 
knee-joint. 

Os  calcis  by  means 
of    the    tendo 
Achillis. 

Internal  popliteal. 

Extends  foot. 

Plantaria  interoaaei. 

Shafts  of  3d,  4th,  and 
5th  metatarsal  bones. 

Bases  of  first  pha- 
langes of  corres- 
ponding toes. 

External  plantar. 

Adduct  toes. 

Placyamm  myoidea. 

Clavicle,  acromion,  and 
fascia. 

Inferior  maxillary 
bone,    angle    of 
mouth. 

Facial  and  super- 
ficial cervical. 

Wrinkles  skin  and 
depresses  mouth. 

Popllteus. 

External     condyle    of 
femur. 

Shaft  of  tibia  above 
oblique  line. 

Internal  popliteal. 

Flexes  leg. 

Pronator     quadra^ 
tas. 

Lower  fourth  of  ulna. 

Lower  fourth  of 
shaft  of  radius. 

Anterior    interos- 
seous. 

'  r  o  n  a  t  o  r    radii 
teres. 

Internal  condyle  of  hu- 
merus and   coronoid 
process  of  ulna. 

Outer  side  of  shaft 
ofradina. 

Median. 

Pronates  hand. 

soas  masnas. 

Bodies  and  transverse 

and  all  lumbar  verte- 
brae. 

Leaser  trochanter. 

Lumbar. 

Flexes  and  rotates 
thigh  outward, 
and  flexes  trunk 
on  pelvis. 

soos  parvus. 

Bodies  of  last  dorsal  and 
first  lumbar  vertebra. 

Iliopecv    "«il   emi- 
fascia. 

Lumbar. 

Flexes  pelvis  upon 
abdomen. 

erygoid      (exter- 

Two  heads:  i. external 
pterygoid    plate  of 
sphenoid  bone:  a, 
great  wing  of  sphe- 
noid bone. 

Neck    of  condyle 
of  lower  jaw. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Draws  inferior 
maxillary  bone 
forward. 

erysoid       (inter- 

Pterygoid   fossa   of 
sphenoid  bone. 

Inner    surface  of 
angle  of  jaw. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Raises  and  draws 
inferior  maxilla 
forward. 

i 

i 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Deep  Mnscies  of  Palmmr  Aspect  of 
Forearm. 

I.  Lower  portion  of  tricept.  2.  a. 
AtUchmcnU  of  pronator  radii 
teres.  3.  Attachment  of  flexor 
carpi  radialis.  palmaris  longus. 
and  flexor  subiirois  digitorum. 
v.  Tendon  of  biceps.  5".  Ten- 
don of  brachial  is  anticus.  4.4. 
Flexor  carpi  ulnaris.  5.  Supina- 
tor lon^s.  6.  Its  distal  atUch- 
ment.  7.  Supinator  bre\' is.  /. 
Extensor  carpi  radialis  longior. 
8.  8.  Extensor  ossis  metacarpi 
pollicis.  9.  Flexor  profundus 
di^torum.  10.  Its  four  tendons. 
II.  Tendon  for  index-finfer.  12. 
la.  Tcndoo  for  middle  finger. 


Mnaclc  of  Gathrie. 
L.    B  n  i  b  ocairrrDo  • 

•as  (erector  pe- 
nis) mnacle.  2. 
Muscle  of  Guth- 
rie (transreTSvs 
periDct  p  r  o  f  n  n- 
dos).  5.  Soper^- 
cial 
■aoscle. 
temal 
am.     5. 


4     Ex- 

liincter 


Mnacle  of  Guthrie 
and  Wilson. 

I.  Bulb  of  urethra, 
a.  2.  Muscle  of 
Guthrie  (trans- 
versus  perinei 
profnndos).  3. 
Muscle  of  WO- 
son.  4.  Tiana- 
versns  perinei 
superfkialia.  5. 
External  Wfhioc' 
terani.  6w  Leva- 
tor ani. 


It.  Tendon  of  flexor  sublimis.  14.  Tendon  of  fkxor  ] 
dus  for  little  fin^r.  15.  15.  Lombricales.  16,  i6w  Att] 
of  abductor  brcvis.  17.  Opponens  pollicis.  18.  Flexor  hrrvia 
pollicis.  19.  Adductor  pollicis.  20.  Flexor  loocus  poUicts. 
21.  Its  tendon.  32.22.  Atuchroents  of  flexor  brrris  aad  m& 
ductor  minimi  digiti.    23.  Oppenena  miniim  digilL 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  MUSCLES.— OwAifw^^. 


i 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Pyramidalis. 

Pubcs. 

Lineaalba. 

Iliohypogastric. 

Renders  lines  alba 
tense. 

Pyramidalis  nasi. 

Occipitofrontalis. 

Compressor  naris. 

Infraorbital  branch 
of  facial. 

Depresses  inner 
angle  of  eyebrow. 

Pyrifonnis. 

Front   of   sacrum, 
through  great  sciatic 
foramen. 

Great  trochanter. 

Branch   of  sacral 
plexus. 

Extemal  rotator  of 
thigh. 

Quadratus  femoris. 

Tuberosity  of  the  isch- 
ium. 

Quadrate   line    of 
femur. 

Fifth  lumbar  and 
first  sacral. 

External  rotator  of 
thigh. 

Quadratus  lumbo* 
rum. 

Crest  of  ilium,  trans- 
verse   processes   of 
lower    three    lumbar 
vertebrae. 

Last  rib,   trans- 
verse    processes 
of  upper  three 
lumbar  vertebrae. 

Twelfth    thoracic 
and   upper  lum- 
bar. 

Flexes  thorax  lat- 
erally. 

Quadriceps  exten- 
sor femoris. 

Includes  the  rectus,  vastus  intemus  and  extemus,  and  crureus  muscles.    Their  com- 
mon tendon  surrounds  the  patella. 

Rectos  abdominis. 

Pubic  crest  and  fibrous 
tissues  in  front  of  sym- 
physis. 

Cartilages  of  the 
ribs,  from  the  fifth 
to  the  seventh. 

Intercostal.  Iliohy- 
pogastric, ilioin- 
guinal. 

Compresses  vis- 
cera and  flexes 
thorax. 

Rectus  capitis  anti- 
cus  major. 

Transverse    processes 
third  to  sixth  cervical 
vertebrae. 

Basilar  process  of 
occipital  bone. 

First  and  second 
cervical. 

Flexes  head  and 
slightly  rotates  it. 

Rectus  capitis  anti- 
cus  minor. 

Transverse  process  and 
lateral  mass  of  atlas. 

Basilar  process  of 
occipital  bone. 

First  cervical. 

Flexes  head. 

Rectuscapitislater- 
alis. 

Ventral   cephalic    sur- 
face of  lateral  mass  of 
atlas. 

Jugular  process  of 
occipital  bone. 

First  cervical. 

Flexes  head  latere 
ally. 

Rectus  capitis  pos- 
ticus major. 

Spine  of  axis. 

Inferior       curved 
line  of  occipital 
bone. 

Suboccipital     and 
great  occipital. 

Rotates  head. 

Rectus  capitis  pos- 
ticus minor. 

Dorsal  arch  of  atlas. 

Below    i  n  f e  r  1  o  r 
curved  line  of  oc- 
cipital bone. 

Suboccipital    and 
great  occipitaL 

Draws  head  back- 
ward. 

Rectus  extemus. 

Two  heads,  outer  mar- 
gin of  optic  foramen. 

Sclera. 

Sixth  cranial. 

Rotates  eyeball 
outward. 

Rectus  femoris. 

Anterior  inferior  iliac 
spine,  brim  of  aceta- 
bulum. 

Proximal     border 
of  patella. 

Anterior  cmral. 

Extends  leg. 

Rectus  inferior. 

Lower  margin  of  optic 
foramen. 

Sclera. 

Third  cranial. 

Rotates  eyeball 
downward. 

Rectus  intemus. 

Inner  margin  of  opt ^c 
foramen. 

Sclera. 

Third  cranial. 

Rotates  eyeball  in- 
ward. 

Rectos  superior. 

Upper  margin  of  optic 
foramen. 

Sclera. 

Third  cranial. 

Rotates  eyeball  up- 
ward. 

Retrahens  aurem. 

Mastoid  process. 

Concha. 

Posterior  auricular. 

Retracts  pinna. 

Rhoroboideus  ma- 
jor. 

Spines  of  first  five  tho- 
racic vertebrae. 

Root  of  spine   of 
scapula. 

Fifth  cervical. 

Elevates  and  re- 
tracts scapula. 

Rbomboideus    mi- 
nor. 

Spines  of  seventh  cervi- 
cal  and    first    dorsal 
vertebrae. 

Root  of  spine  of 
scapula. 

Fifth  cervical. 

Retracts  and  ele- 
vates scapula. 

Risorius. 

Fascia  over  masseter. 

Angle  of  mouth. 

Buccal  branch  of 
facial. 

Draws  angle  later- 
ally. 

RoUUcyrcs  spiuae. 

of    from    second     to 
twelfth  thoracic  verte- 
bra. 

Lamina    of    next 
vertebra  above. 

Dorsal  branches  of 
spinal. 

Rotate  spinal  col- 
umn. 

> 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Glutetu  Maximns  Muscle. 
I.  Gluteus  maximus.  a.  Its  inferior  portion.  3. 
Fibers  of  attachment  to  lines  aspera.  4*  Supe- 
rior portion.  5,  5.  Tendinous  bbers  of  inser- 
tion  into  linea  aspera.  6.  Upper  portion  of 
femoral  aponeurosis.  7.  Duplicature  of  this 
aponeurosis  at  superior  level  of  gluteus  maxi- 
mus. 8,  8.  Portion  of  its  superficial  layer  at- 
tached to  tendinous  ttands.  9.  Lower  extrem- 
ity of  tensor  vaginar  femoris.  10, 10.  Portion 
of  femoral  aponeurosis  continuous  with  ten- 
dinous fibers  of  gluteus  maximus.  xi.  Upper 
portion  of  biceps  femoris.  13.  Upper  portion 
of  semitendinosus.  13.  Upper  portion  of  semi- 
nembranosus.    14*  Gracilis. 


Gluteus  Medius  Muscle. 
X.  Inner  extremity  of  gluteus  maximus.  a.  At- 
tachment of  gluteus  maximus  to  linea  aapcrm. 
3,3.  Triangular  aponeurosis  formed  Iwr  con- 
vergence 0!  tendinous  fibers  of  upper  half  oi 
gluteus  maximus.  a.  Gluteus  medios.  $.  Its 
tendon  of  insertion  into  great  trochanter.  6. 
Upper  portion  of  femoral  aponeurosis.  7.  Pyra- 
midalis.  8.  Obturator  intemus.  9.  Superior 
gemellus.  10.  Inferior  gemellus.  11.  Quadra- 
tus  femoris.  13.  Semitendinosus.  i^  tapper 
portion  of  long  head  of  biceps.  14.  Adductor 
magnus.    15.  Gracilis.    x6.  Vastiis  cztemos. 


Femur. 

DUS. 


Pectineus  and  Adductor  Longus. 
a.  Ilium.    3.  Pubis.    4.  Pectineus.    5.  Adductor  longus.    6. 
7.  Tendon  of  rectus  femoris.    8,  8.  Orifices  for  v( 


Sus.    6.  Lower  portion  of  adductor 
s.    9.  Orifices  for  femoral 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  UVSCLES.-^Gm/iHued, 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

INNBRVATION. 

Function. 

Sacrdumbalis. 

Erector  spinae. 

Angle  of  six  lower 

Branches  of  dor- 
sal. 

Erects  spine  and 
bends  trunk  back* 
ward. 

Sartorius. 

Anterior  superior  spine 
of  ilium. 

Upper  Internal 
portion  of  shaft 
of  tibia. 

Anterior  crural. 

Flexes  leg  upon 
thigh,  thigh  upon 
pelvis;  rotates 
thigh  outward. 

Scalenua  anticus. 

Scalene     tubercle    on 
first  rib. 

Transverse     pro- 
cesses 3d-6th  cer- 
vical vertebrae. 

Lower  cervical. 

Flexes  neck  later- 
ally. 

Scalenus  medius. 

First  rib. 

Transverse     pro- 
cesses   of    six 
lower   cervical 
vertebrae. 

Lower  cervical. 

Flexes  neck  later- 
ally. 

Scalenus  posticus. 

Second  rib.    , 

Transverse      pro- 
cesses   of   three 
lower   cervical 
vertebrae. 

Lower  cervical. 

Bends  neck  later- 
ally. 

Semimembranosus. 

Tuberosity  of  ischium. 

Inner     tuberosity 
of  tibia. 

Great  sciatic. 

Flexes  leg  and  ro- 
tates it  inward. 

Semispinalis  colli. 

Transverse    processes 
four  upper  dorsal  and 
articular  processes 
four    lower    cervical 
vertebrae. 

Spines  of  second 
to   fifth   cervical 
vertebrae. 

Cervical  branches. 

Erects  spinal  col- 
umn. 

Semispinalif  dorsi. 

Transverse    processes 
sixth  to  tenth  dorsal 
vertebrae. 

Spines    last    two 
cervical  and  first 
four  thoracic. 

Branches  of  dor- 
sal. 

Erects  spinal  col- 
umn. 

Semitendinosus. 

Tuberosity  of  ischium. 

Upper  and    inner 
surface  of  tibia. 

Great  sciatic. 

Flexes  leg  on 
thigh. 

Serratus  magnus. 

Eight  upper  ribs. 

Inner    margin    of 
dorsal  border  of 
scapula. 

Posterior  thoracic. 

Elevates  ribs  in  in- 
spiration. 

Serratns     posticus 
inferior. 

Spines  of  last  two  tho- 
racic and  first  three 
lumbar. 

Four  lower  ribs. 

Tenth  and  eleventh 
intercostal. 

Depresses  ribs  in 
expiration. 

Serratus     posticus 
superior. 

Spines  of  seventh  cer- 
vical  and    first    two 
thoracic  vertebrae. 

Second,    third, 
fourth,  and  fifth 
ribs. 

Second  and  third 
intercostal. 

Raises  ribs  in  in- 
spiration. 

Soleus. 

Shaft  of  fibula,  oblique 
line  of  tibia. 

Os  calcis  by  tendo 
Achillis. 

Internal   popliteal 
and  posterior 
tibial. 

Extends  foot. 

Sphincter  ani,  ex- 
ternal. 

Tip  of  cocc>'x. 

Tendinous  center 
of  perineum. 

Perineal,  pudic, 
and  fourtn  sacral. 

Closes  anus. 

Sphincter    ani,  in- 
ternal. 

A    thickening  of   the 
circular  fibers  of  the 
intestine    an    inch 
above  the  anus. 

Hemorrhoidal 
nerves. 

Constricts  rectum. 

sphincter  vagince. 

Central  tendon  of  peri- 
neum. 

Corpora  cavernosa 
and  clitoris. 

Homologue  of  ac 
the  man. 

c^erator   urinK   in 

>phincter      vesicae 
intern  us. 

•ptiialis       cervicis 
(tufr-PMo/,    but    in- 
constant ). 

Near  the  urethral  ori- 
fice of  the  bladder. 

Vesical  nerves. 

Constricts  internal 
orifice  of  urethra. 

Spines  fidh,  sixth,  and 
seventh  cervical  and 
first  two  thoracic  ver- 
tebrae. 

Spine  of  axis, 
sometimes  spines 
of  3d  and  4th  cer- 
vical vertebrae. 

pinalis  colIL             Spines  of  fifth  and  sixth 
cervical  vertebrae. 

Spine  of  axis,  or 
third  and  fourth 
cervical  spines. 

Cervical  branches. 

Steadies  neck. 

i 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Adductor  Brevis  and  Adductor  Magnus. 
I.  Femur,  a.  Ilium.  3.  Pubis.  4.  Obturator  extemus.  5.  Upper 
portion  of  adductor  magnus.  6.  Upper  portion  of  adductor  bre- 
vis. 7.  Inferior  portion  of  adductor  brevis.  8.  Middle  portion  of 
adductor  magnus.  9.  Inferior  portion.  10.  Tendon  of  Insertion 
into  internal  condyle  of  femur.  11.  Orifice  for  femoral  vessels. 
la.  Orifice  for  internal  circumflex  artery  and  veins. 


Muscles  of  Anterior  Aspect  of 
Thigh. 

Iliacus.  a.  Psoas  magnus.  3. 
Tensor  vagiiue  femoris.  4. 
Fibrous  baud  by  which  this 
muscle  is  attached  to  external 
tuberosity  of  tibia.  5.  Sar- 
torius.  6.  Rectus  femoris.  7. 
Vastus  extemus.  8.  Vastus 
intemus.  9.  Gracilis.  10. 
Adductor  longus.  ix.  Pcc- 
tineus. 


Long  head  of  Biceps  and  Seml- 
tendinosus. 
I.  Long  head  of  biceps;  a.  Com- 
mon tendon  of  \on^  head  of 
biceps  and  semitendinosus.  3. 
Inferior  tendon  of  biceps.  4. 
Semitendinosus.  5.  Its  tendon. 
6,  6.  Its  tendinous  expansions, 
continuous  with  aponeurosis  of 
leg.  7.  Semimembranosus.  8. 
Its  inferior  tendon.  9.  Gracilis. 
lo.Itstendon.  ii.Sartorius.  la. 
Vastus  extemus.  13.  Femoral 
attachment  of  gluteus  maxi- 
mus.  14.  Insertion  of  gluteus 
medius.  15.  Gluteus  mmimus. 
16.  Tendon  of  pyriformis.  17. 
Obturator     intemus.      18. 

gluadratus  femoris.  19.  Inner 
cad  of  nstrocnemius.  ao. 
Outer  head  of  gastrocnemius, 
ai.  Plantaris.  aa.  Popliteal 
aponeurosis. 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  MVSChES.^CofUinued. 


Namb. 

Origin. 

INSBKTION. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Spinalis  dorsi. 

Last  two  thoracic  and 
ist  two  lumbar  spines. 

Remaining  thora- 
cic spines. 

Dorsal  branches. 

Erecte  spinal  col- 
umn. 

Splenitis  capitis. 

Lower  two-thirds  liga- 
mentura  nuchas,  spines 
of    seventh    cervical 
and  first  two  thoracic 
vertebrae. 

Outer    third   of 
middle     oblique 
line    of    occiput 
and  outer  surface 
of  mastoid  pro- 
cess. 

Middle      cervi- 
cal, posterior 
branches. 

Extends  head  and 
neck  and  routes 
and  flexes  later- 
ally. 

Splenius  colli. 

Spines  of  third  to  sixth 
thoracic  vertebrae. 

Dorsal     tubercles 
of  transverse  pro- 
cesses of  upper 
three  or  four  cer- 
vical vertebrae. 

Posterior  divisions 
of  lower  cervical. 

Extends,  flexes 
laterally,  and  ro- 
tates neck. 

Stapedius. 

Interior  of  pyramid. 

Neck  of  stapes. 

Facial. 

Depresses  base  of 
stapes. 

Sternocleidomas- 
toid. 

Two    heads,    sternum 
and  clavicle. 

Mastoid     process 
and  outer  half  of 
superior  oblique 
line  of  occiput. 

Spinal    accessory 
and     cervical 
plexus. 

Depresses  and  ro- 
tates head. 

Sternohyoid. 

Sternum  and  clavicle. 

Hyoid  bone. 

Descending     and 
communicating 
branches  of  the 
hypoglossal. 

Depresses  hyoid 
bone. 

Sternothyroid. 

Sternum  and  cartilage 
of  first  rib. 

Side  of  thyroid 
cartilage. 

Descendens     and 
communicans 
hypoglossi. 

Depresses  larynx. 

Styloglossus. 

Styloid  process. 

Side  of  tongue. 

Hypoglossal. 

Elevates  and  re- 
tracts tongue. 

Stylohyoid. 

Styloid  process. 

Body  of  hyoid. 

Facial. 

Draws  hyoid  up- 
ward and  back- 
ward. 

Stylopharyngeus. 

Styloid  process. 

Thyroid  cartilage. 

Glossopharyngeal, 
and    pharyngeal 
plexus. 

Elevates  pharynx. 

Subanconeus. 

Humerus    above    ole- 
cranon fossa. 

Posterior  ligament 
of  elbow. 

Musculospiral. 

Tensor  of  liga- 
ment. 

SubcUvius. 

Cartilage  of  first  rib. 

Inferior  surface  of 
clavicle. 

Fifth    and    sixth 
cervical. 

Draws  clavicle 
downward. 

Subcrureos. 

Anterior  distal  part  of 
femur. 

Synovial    sac   be- 
hind patella. 

Anterior  crural. 

Draws  up  synovial 
sac. 

Subscapolmris. 

Under  surface  of  scapu- 
la. 

Humerus,     lesser 
tuberosity      and 
shaft. 

Subscapular. 

Chief  internal  ro- 
tator of  humerus. 

Sapinator  longus. 

External  condyloid 
ridge  of  humerus. 

Styloid  process  of 
radius. 

Musculospiral. 

Flexes  and  supi- 
nates  forearm. 

Supinator     radii 
brevis. 

External     condyle    of 
humerus,  oblique  line 
of  ulna. 

Neck  of  radius  and 
its  bicipital  tuber- 
osity. 

Posterior  interos- 
seous. 

Suplnates  hand. 

>upraspinales. 

Lie  on  spinous  processes  in  cervical  region. 

>upra8pinatus. 

Supraspinous  fossa. 

Great  tuberosity  of 
humerus. 

Suprascapular. 

Supports  shoulder- 
joint,  raises  arm. 

bailors'. 

See  Sariorius. 

*empond. 

Temporal    fossa    and 
fiiscia. 

Coronoid  process 
of  mandible. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Elevates  mandible. 

ensor  palati. 

Scaphoid  fossa  and  alar 
spine  of  sphenoid. 

Sofl  palate ;  winds 
about  hamular 
process. 

Otic  ganglion. 

Renders  palate 
tense. 

i 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Short  Head  of  Biceps  and  Semimembranosat. 

Attachment  to  ischium  of  long^  head  of  biceps  and  semi- 
tendinosus.  2.  Semimembranosus.  3.  Us  superior 
tendon,  a.  Its  inferior  tendon,  5.  Middle  portion  of 
tendon.  6.  Its  anterior  portion.  7.  Its  posterior  por> 
tion.  8.  Section  of  long  head  of  biceps.  9.  Its  snort 
head.  xo.  Its  attachment  tu  head  of  fioula.  11,  11,  11. 
Adductor  ma^us.  12, 12.  Orifices  for  passaj^e  of  per- 
formtinjc  arteries  and  veins,  i^.  Vastus  extemus.  14, 
14*  Insertion  of  gluteus  maximus.  15.  Divided  ex- 
pansion of  tendon  of  this  muscle,  continuous  with  the 
aponeurosis  of  the  vastus  extemus.  16.  Attachment 
of  quadratus  femoris.  17.  Tendon  of  obturator  ex- 
temus. 18.  Attachment  of  gluteus  medius.  19.  Obtu- 
rator intemus.  20.  Tendon  of  pyramidalis.  21.  Glu- 
tens minimus,  n.  Divided  inner  head  of  gastrocne- 
mius. 23.  Outer  head.  24.  Plantaris.  25.  Popliteus. 
'€.  Soleus.  27.  Fibrous  ring  for  arter>',  vein,  and 
•snre. 


Muscles  of  Inner  Aspect  of  Thigh. 

I.  Iliacus.  a.  Psoas  magnus.  3.  Obturator 
intemus.  4.  P^Tifomiis.  5.  Gluteus 
maximus.  6.  Sartorius.  7.  Gracilis. 
8.  Scmitcndinosus.  9.  Semimembran- 
osus. 10.  Tendon  of  sartorius.  11. 
Tendon  of  gracilis.  12.  Tendon  ol 
semitendinosus.  13.  Its  expansiont. 
14.  Tendon  of  semimembranosus,  i^ 
Rectus  femoris.     16.  Vastus  intcnuts. 


MUSCLE  MUSCLE 

TABLE  OF  MVSCLES.-^Cm/inufd. 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innbrvation. 

FlWCTION. 

Tensor  ttrti. 

Crest  of  lacrimal  bone. 

Tarsal  cartilages. 

Infraorbital  branch 
of  facial. 

Compresses  puncta 
and  lacrimal  sac. 

Tensor  tympani. 

Temporal  bone.  Eusta- 
chian tube  and  caiiul, 
?(phenoid  bone. 

Handle  of  malleus. 

Otic  ganglion. 

Renders  tense  the 
membrana  tym- 
pani. 

Tensor    vaginae 
femoris. 

Iliac  crest  and  anterior 
su|»erior  spinous  pro- 
cess. 

Fascia  lata. 

Superior  gluteal. 

Tensor  of  fascia 
lata. 

Teres  m^or. 

Inferior  angle  of  scapu- 
la 

Internal     bicipital 
ridge  of  humerus. 

Subscapular. 

Draws  arm  down- 
ward and  back- 
ward. 

Tere«  minor. 

Axillary    border    of 
scapula. 

Great  tuberosity 
of  humerus. 

Circumflex. 

Rotates  humerus 
outward  and  ad- 
ducts  it. 

Thyroarytenoid- 
ens. 

Thyroid  cartilage  and 
cricothyroid      mem- 
brane. 

Arytenoid,  inferior 
and  antetior  sur- 
face. 

Recurrent     laryn- 
geal. 

Relaxes  vocal 
bands- 

Thyroepiglottid. 
cus. 

Inner  surface  of  thyroid 
cartilage. 

Epiglottis  and 
aruenoepiglot- 
tidean  fold. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Depresses  epiglot- 
tis. 

Thyrohyoid. 

Side  of  thyroid  carti- 
lage. 

Body  and  greater 
cornu    of   hyoid 
bone. 

Hypoglossal. 

Elevates  lar>'nx. 

Tibialis  amicus. 

Outer    tuberosity    and 
upper  part  of  shalt  of 
tibia. 

Internal  cuneiform 
and  first  metatar- 
sal bone. 

Anterior  tibial. 

Flexes  tarsus  and 
elevates  inner 
border  of  foot. 

Tibialis  posticus. 

Shaft    of    fibula    and 
tibia,     interosseous 
membrane. 

Tuberosity    of 
scaphoid,    inter- 
nal     cuneiform, 
and    bases    of 
second  to  fourth 
metatarsal. 

Posterior  tibial. 

Extends  tarsus  and 
inverts  foot. 

Tracbelomastold. 

Transverse     processes 
of  3d-6th  thoracic,  and 
articular  processes  of 
last  three  or  four  cer- 
vical vertebrae. 

Mastoid  process. 

Branches  of  cervi- 
cal. 

Steadies  head. 

Traicicus. 

Tragus. 

Tragus. 

Temporal  and  pos- 
terior auricufar. 

Transversalis    ab- 
dominis. 

Poupart's  ligament,  ili- 
ac  crest,    six     lower 
ribs,  lumbar  vertebrae. 

Transverse     processes 
of  third  to  sixth  thor- 
acic vertebra. 

Linea  alba,  pubic 
crest,     pectineal 
line. 

Intercostal,  iliohy- 
pogastric, ilioin- 
guinal. 

Compresses  vis- 
cera and  flexes 
thorax. 

Transvcrsalis  colli. 

Transverse     pro- 
cesses    of     five 
lower   cervical 
vertebrae. 

Cervical  branches. 

Tranaversua  auri«. 

Convexity  of  concha. 

Convexity     over 
groove  of  helix. 

Temporal  and  pos- 
terior auricular. 

Retracts  helix. 

Transvcnius  pedis. 

Head   fifth   metatarsal 
and  plantar  ligaments 
of     metatarsophalan- 
geal joints. 

First    phalanx   of 
great  toe. 

External  plantar. 

Adducts  great  toe. 

PransverBua     per- 
inei. 

Ramus  of  ischium. 

Central  tendon. 

Perineal. 

tendon. 

Trans  versus     per- 
inei»  deep. 

See    Compressor    ure- 
thra. 

• 

4 

{ 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Short  Portion  of  Birfj>*  mid 
Semimembranir'i  I  -■ . 
Attachment  to  i^^*  I  nam  at 
long[  portion  of  bin  |i'^  am! 
scmitendinosus.  j  ^mi- 
membranosus.  \,  l(si^u^jf> 
rior  tendon.  4.  lU  irifcruii: 
tendon,  v  Middle |>^ >e t upuof 
this  tendon.  6.  Ui-r^inLiM^i 
portion.  7.  ItsposKi  h-r  ii*>r- 
lion.  8.  Section  of  brnj^  p^r- 
I  ion  of  biceps.  9,  li^i  ttfuHl 
portion.  10.  lt9alUit:hin«fnl 
to  the  head  of  fibulni    1 1.  n , 

11.  Adductor  ma^uu^,     it, 

12.  Series  of  pcrfor.u  n>tiR  for 
the  passage  of  arteritis  mni 
veins.  13.  Vastus  e  Mem  us. 
14,  14.  Insertion  ot  i^hitt^-tis 
maximus.  15.  Secli^jfi  «>f  ex- 
pansion by  whiirh  tlSt-  ten- 
don of  this  musck'  ss  cnu" 
tinuous  with  the  n;K<jrheijro- 
sis  of  the  vastus^  rMi.ri'ms. 
16.  Attachment  of  qua,ri  r^t  us 
femoris.  17.  Tendon  of  ol>. 
turator  extemus,  iS.  At- 
tachment of  s^luteui  n^tMi  ius. 
19.  Obturator  internum,  so. 
Tendon  of  pyrifonriTSH  it. 
Gluteus  minimus.  33.  Tnnef 
head  of  gastrocnenilti^i.  ij. 
Outer  head.     24.    l>ivid«l 

Slantaris.  25.  Popl^iirus.  36. 
oleus.  27.  Tendinoui  hnf 
in  soleuB. 


Muscles  of  the  Leg,  Internal  Aspect. 
I.  Tibialis  amicus,    a,  3.  Its  tendon.    4-  Ten- 
dons of  extensor  communis  digitonim.    $. 
Inner  head  of  nstrocnemlus.    6.  Its  apo- 
neurosis of  or  i^n.    7.7.  Soleus.    8.  Tendo 
Achillis.  9.  Its  atUchment  to  os  cal« 
cis.    10.  Tendon  of  plantaris.    11. 
Tendon  of    tibialis  posticus,     la. 
Its  attachment  to  scaphoid  bone. 
13. 14.  Tendon  of  flexor  tonfua  dtjp- 
torum.  15.  Tendon  of  flexor  lanfn>a 
poUicis.    16,  16.  Adductor  poKicta. 
17.  Vastus  intemus.    18.  Sartorius 
19.  Its  tendon,    so.   Its  ex^nsion. 
larj^ly  removed,    ai.  Gracilis,    n. 
Its  tendon.    23.  Tendon  ol   semi- 
membranosus. 24.  Tendon  of  semi- 
tendinosus.    aSt  35.  Its  fibrous  ex- 
pansions.   a6.   Common  tendoo  ol 
gracilis  and  semitendinosua. 


Muscles  of  the  Sole  of  Foot,  Middle  Layer. 
Plexor  accessorius.  2.  Tendon  of  flexor  lonjjus  di^tomm.  j. 
Tendon  of  flexor  lon^s  pollicis.  4.  First  lumbricalis.  5. 
Tendon  of  flexor  brevis  digitomm.  6.  Flexor  brevis  minimi 
digiti.  7.  Inner  fasciculus  of  flexor  brevis  pollicb.  8.  Outer 
fasciculus.  9.  Tuberosity  of  fifth  metaursal  bone.  xo.  Fibrous 
sheath  of  peroneus  longus.    xx.  Os  calcis. 


MUSCULAR  MUSCULOMEMBRANOUS 

TABLE  OF  MVSCLES,^Con/in^4^d. 


Namb. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innbrvation.  • 

Function. 

Trapezius. 

Superior  curved  line  of 
occipital     bone,    spi- 
nous processes  of  Imst 
cervical   and   all  the 
dorsal  vertebrae. 

Clavicle,     spine 
of  scapula,  and 
acromion. 

Spinal  accessory 
and  cervical 
plexus. 

Draws  head  back- 
ward. 

Triangularis  sterni. 

Ensiform  cartilage,  cos- 
tal cartilages  o7  three 
or  four  lower  true  ribs, 
and  sternum. 

Border    of    inner 
surfaces   ad,  3d, 
4th,  and  5th  cos- 
tal cartilages. 

Intercostal. 

Expiration, 

Triceps  {j  h^ads). 

External  and  internal 
near    musciilospiral 
groove,  shaft  of  hum- 
erus; middle  or  long, 
lower  margin  of  glen- 
oid cavity. 

Olecranon  process 
of  ulna. 

Musculospiral. 

Extends  forearm. 

Vastus  externus. 

Anterior  border  great 
trochanter  and  Tinea 
aspera  of  femur. 

Tuberosity  of 
tibia. 

Anterior  crural. 

Extends  leg. 

Vastus  intern  us. 

Inner  lip  of  linea  aspera 
of  femur. 

Tuberosity  of 
tibia. 

Anterior  crural. 

Extends  leg. 

ZyKomaticus  msgor 
ei  minor. 

Malar  bone. 

Angle  of  mouth. 

Infraorbital  branch 
of  facial. 

Draw  lip  upward 
and  outward. 

Muscular  {mus^-kular)  [musculus^  mtiscle]. 
I.  Pertaining   to  or  anecting  muscles.     2. 
Having  well -developed  muscles.   M.  Rheu- 
rnatism,  rheumatism  affecting  the  muscles. 
M.  Sense,  the  sense  of  motion,  weight,  and 
position  upon  which  the  adjustment  of  the 
body  to  its  surroimdings  depends.     M.  Tis- 
sue, the  tissue  of  which  muscles  are  com- 
posed ;  it  is  of  two  principal  varieties — ^the 
striped,  striated,  or  voluntary,  and  the  un- 
striped,    nonstriated,    or    involimtary    mus- 
cular tissue.     The  striped  muscular  tissue  is 
composed  of  muscle- fibers,  the  unstriped  of 
elongated,  spindle-shaped  cells.    A  muscle- 
fiber  consists  of  sarcolemma,  muscle-nuclei, 
and  muscle-substance.     The  sarcolemma  is 
an    elastic,   homogeneous    connective-tissue 
sheath  which  lightly  invests  the  muscle- 6ber. 
The  nuclei  are  fusiform  in  shape,  are  situated 
immediately  beneath  the  sarcolenuna,   and 
run  parallel  with  the  axis  of  the  fiber.     The 
muscle-fiber  itself  consists  of  two  substances — 
a  dark,  doubly-refracting,  or  anisotropic  con- 
tractile substance,  and  a  lighter,  semifluid, 
isotropic  substance  termed  sarcoplasm.     The 
contractile  substance  consists  of  delicate  spin- 
dles, the  apposition  of  the  thicker  portions  of 
which    produces  the  dark   transverse   disc. 
The  spindles  terminate  in  minute  beads,  the 
juxtaposition  of  which  gives  rise  to  the  inter- 
mediate disc  or  membrane  of  Krause.    The 
neutral   sarcoplasm  fills  out  the  spaces  left 
between  the  spindles,  and,  as  ordinarily  the 
tapering  ends  of  the  spindle9  arc  too  delicate 
30 


to  be  seen,  the  space  between  the  intermedi- 
ate and  transverse  discs — the  lateral  disc — 
looks  homogeneous.  The  contractile  fibrillae 
into  which  the  contractile  substance  is  di- 
vided, formed  by  the  end-to-end  union  of  the 
spindles,  are  aggregated  into  bundles — the 
muscle-columns — surrounded  by  a  layer  of 
sarcolemma.  On  transverse  section  these 
muscle-columns  give  rise  to  the  appearance 
known  as  Cohnheim's  fields.  The  muscle- 
fibers  are  held  together  by  delicate  areolar 
tissue,  the  endomysium.  Several  grouped 
together  form  a  primary  bundle,  which  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  sheath  termed  the  perimysiiun. 
Fasciculi  are  aggregations  of  primary  bun- 
dles, and  are  the  units  of  which  the  complete 
muscle  is  composed,  the  latter  being  siu-- 
rounded  by  the  epimysium.  M.  Tone.  See 
ToHf,    M.  Tumor.     See  Myoma. 

Musctilaris  mucosse  (mus-ku-la' -ris  mu-k(/' 
se) .  The  layer  of  unstriped  muscular  tissue  sep- 
arating the  mucosa  (of  mucous  membranes) 
from  &e  submucosa. 

Musculature  (mus^ 'ku-la-tUr)  [muscu/us^ 
muscle].  The  muscular  system  of  the  body, 
or  a  part  of  it. 

Musculin  (mus^'kM'ltn)[musculuSf  a  muscle]. 
Extract  of  muscle-tissue.  See  Organotherapy, 

Musculocutaneous  (mus-ku'lo-ku'ta'-ne-us) 
[muscuiusy  muscle ;  cutis ^  skin].  Pertaining 
to  or  supplying  the  muscles  and  skin,  as  the 
M.  nerve  of  the  arm  or  leg. 

Musculomembranous  {mus  -ku'lo-  mem'* 
hran-us)    [musculus^    muscle;     membrana^ 


I     111 

5) 


MUSCLES 


MUSCLES 


Mu.^clcs  of  the  Leg,  Ex- 
ternAl  Aspect. 

t,  I  Tibialis  amicus,  s, 
3, 1 1 udon  of  extensor 
btf  ■{ » li  us  pollicis.  3i  3* 
bKUn&or  longvs  digt' 
lorum.  4.  Its  tendons 
For  fqur  last  toes.  5. 
Petiineustertius.  6.  lu 
stt^L  hment  to  last  two 
ftnL.iLarpal  bones.  7. 
Krr  iicuslongus.  8.  Its 
tirtidun,  9.  Peroneus 
brtnia.  10.  Its  tendon. 
[i.  Outer  head  of  gas- 
tri^cnemius.  13,12. 
SoTeus.  13.  Tendo 
Achniti.  i4.^xtensor 
brr^  ij  digitonun.  15. 
K.  Abductor  minimi 
4\«ni,  16.  Rectus  fern- 
Oft*.  17.  Vastus  exter- 
num. iB.  Its  inferior 
fiUm,  19.  Tendon  of 
htki'V^  femoris.  so.  Ex- 
irfMKil  lateral  linment 
of  kttee.  ax.  Tendon 
ol  pvplitens. 


Muscles  of  External  Aspect  of  Leg. 
•  Tibialis  anticus.    a.  Extensor  longus  dijHtontm. 


3.  Tendon  of  extensor  propiius  poJTicis. 
Peroneus  tertius.        ~  '  " 


7.  Soleus.    8.  Outer  head  of 


of  cas- 
endoQ 


5.  Peroneus  brevts.  6.  Pero- 
neus. 8.  Outer 
trocnemlus.  9,  Head  of  fibula.  la  Te 
of  biceps  femoris.  11.  Semimembranosus.  12. 
Tendon  of  rectus  femoris.  it.  Tendo  Achillis. 
lA.  External  malleolus.  15.  Annular  ligament. 
16.  Insertion  of  peroneus  tertius.  17.  Insertion 
of  peroneus  brevis.  18.  Extensor  brevis  digi- 
tonun. 19.  Abductor  minimi  digiti.  ao.Patel£i. 


Muscles  of  Anterior  Aspect  of  Leg. 
I.  Tendon  of  rectus  femoris.    a.  Tibia.    %.  Tibialis  anticus.    4-  Extensor  1ong« 
digitorum.    5.  Extensor  proprins  pollicis.    6.  Peroneus  tertius.    7.  Peroneus 
longus.   8.  Peroneus  brevis.    9.  Outer  head  of  gastrocnemius.    10.  Inner  head. 
II.  Kxtcntor  brevis  digitorum.    u.  Annuiar  ligament. 


MUSCULOPHRENIC 

membraDel.     Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of 
both  muscles  and  membrane. 
Musculophrenic  (mus-ku-lo-frm' -ik\  {mm- 
culust  muscle  ;  ^/^v,  diaphragm].      Pertain- 
ing to  or  supplying  the  muscles  and  the  dia- 
phragm, as  the  M.  nerve. 
Musculospiral  [ntus-ku-lo-spi'-ral)  [muscu- 
lus,  muscle].    I.  Supplying  muscles  and  hav- 
ing a  spiral  course.     2.  Pertaining   to  the 
musculospiral  nerve. 
Mushroom.    See  Agaric, 
Musk  [Skt.,  mushkoy  a  testicle].     The  dried 
secretions  from    the    preputial   follicles  of 
Moschus  moschiferus,  a  mammal  of  the  order 
of  Ruminaniia.      M.  (Moschus,  U.  S.  P.), 
occurs  in  grains  or  lumps,  possessing  a  pecu- 
liar, penetrating  odor.      Its  composition   is 
complex,  and   among  its  constituents  are 
ammonia,  stearin,  olein,  cholesterin,  a  vola- 
tile oil,  gelatin,  albumin,  and  certain  salts. 
M.  b  stimulant  and  antispasmodic,  and  is 
used  in  typhoid  fever  and  other  low  fevers,  in 
adynamic  pneumonia,  in  laryngismus  stridu- 
lus, and  in  hiccough.     Dose  gr.  x  (0.65). 
Mussttation  {mus-U-a' -shun)  [mussifare,  to 
mutter].     Movement  of  the  lips  without  the 
production  of  articulate  speech. 
Must  [ffiustum,  new  wine].  The  juice  freshly 
expressed  from  grapes. 
Mustard  (mus^-ttrd)    [fftustum,  must,   new 
wine,  with  Teut.  suffix].      i.    A   plant  of 
tlie  genus  Brassica  (Sinapis),  of  the  natural 
order  Cruciferw.    2.  The  seed  of  the  mustard- 
plant.     The  seeds  of  two  species  are  chiefly 
employed,  those  of  Brassica  nigra  yielding 
black  mustard,  or  Sinapis  nigra  (\J,  S  P.), 
and  those  of   Brassica  alba  yielding  white 
mustard, or  Sinapis  alba  (U.  S.  P.).     The 
seeds  contain  a  fixed  oil  consisting  of  the 
glycerol  compounds    of   stearic,    oleic,  and 
erucic  or  brassic  acid,  and  of  sinapoleic  and 
behenic  acids,  sinalbin   (in  white  mustard), 
and  fin  black  mustard)  a  volatile  oil,  oleum 
sinapis  volatile  (U.  S.  r.).     The  volatile  oil 
contains    allyl    isosulphocyanid,   the   active 
principle,  which  does   not  exist  preformed 
in  the  seeds,  but  is  produced  by  the  decom- 
Ix>sition  of  potassium  royronate,  or  sinigrin, 
under  the  influence  of  a  ferment,  myrosin. 
Mustard  is  used  in dyspepsia,as  an  emetic(dose 
?  j'U  (4*0~S-0))*  AS  a  rubefacient  and  counter- 
irritant,  c»|)ecially  in  the  form  of  mustard- 
plaster  and   in  l^aths.     Linimentum  sinapis 
compositus  b  used  locally.     Mustard -pi  aster 
(sinapisni)  is  made  by  mixing  mustard  and 
flour    with  water.     M. -paper   (charta  sina- 
j>is.   B.    P.)  is  used  locally.     M. -poultice 
(cataplasma  sinapis,  6.  P.)  is  made  by  mix- 
ing; tntuUird  and  linseed-meal  with  water. 
^utacisxn   (mu^-tas-izm)  {jivraiuofid^t  muta- 
cisml.    Xhe  too  freauent  use  of  the  m  sound, 
Aod  Its  substitution  for  other  sounds. 


MYCOSOZIN 

Mute  (mM)  [mutus,  dumb].  Dumb;  unable 
to  use  articulate  speech. 

Mutilation  (mu-tii-a^-shun)  [niuHiare^  to 
cut].  I.  The  act  of  maiming  or  disfiguring. 
2.  The  state  thereby  produced.  Also,  the 
condition  of  the  parts  remaining  after  the  ex- 
cision or  amputation  of  a  member  or  part. 

Mutism  {nm^'tizm)  [rttiUuSy  dumb].  Dumb- 
ness. 

Myalgia  {mi-aif -je-ah)  [//vf,  muscle;  AAyof, 
pain].  Pain  in  the  muscles ;  muscular  rheu- 
matism. 

Myasthenia  (mi-as'tken-i^'ah^  miaS'the'' 
ne-ak)  [//vf,  muscle;  aaOheta,  weakness]. 
Muscular  debility.  M.  gravis  pseudo- 
paralytica,  a  disease  characterized  by  an 
abnormal  exhaustibility  of  the  voluntary 
muscles,  manifesting  itself  in  a  rapid  diminu- 
tion of  contractility  both  when  the  muscle  is 
innervated  by  the  will  and  when  stimulated 
by  the  electric  current. 

Myasthenic  {mi-as-then^-ik)  f/ivc,  muscle; 
aadkveia^  weakness].  Charactenzed  by  myas- 
thenia. 

Mycelium  {nii-se^ -le-um)  [^i^XTf ,  a  fungus ; 
i}Aof,  nail,  wart,  excrescence].  The  vegeta- 
tive filaments  of  fungi,  usually  forming  inter- 
woven masses. 

Mycetoma  {mi'Set-</-fnah),  See  Fungus- 
foot, 

Mycoderma  (mi-ko-der^-mah)  [tiiicrjit  fun- 
gus; dipfia^  skin].  A  genus  of  fungi  form- 
ing membranes  upon  or  in  fermenting  liquids. 
M.  aceti,  the  microorganism  of  acetous  fer- 
mentation. 

Mycohemia  (mi-ko-hem^-eah)  [/^fx^c*  a  fun- 
gus ;  al/m,  blood].  A  condition  in  which 
fungi  are  in  the  blood. 

Mycology  (mi ' koi' -O'je)  [fiiicfK*  a  fungus; 
X^yof,  science].     The  science  of  fungi. 

Myconostoc  {mi-kon-os'-tok)  [«»'«7f ,  fungus ; 
nostoc],     A  genus  of  schizomycetes. 

Mycophylaxin  {mi-kofil-aks'-in)  [//fxJTf,  a 
fungus ;  ^t'Ao^,  a  protector].  See  ProUids^ 
Defensive, 

Mycoprotein  (mi- ko-pro' te-in)  {jiiKTfCf  a 
fungus;  protein^  from  irptJTo^,  first].  The 
albuminoid  substance  obtained  from  the 
bodies  of  bacteria. 

Mycosis  (miko'-sts)  [wi'WTC*  fungus].  I. 
A  growth  of  fungi  within  the  body.  2.  A 
disease  caused  by  the  presence  of  microor- 
ganisms in  the  body.  M.  fungoides,  an 
affection  of  the  skin  characterized  by  the  ap- 
pearance, chiefly  on  the  scalp,  face,  and 
chest,  of  pinkish  or  reddish,  nodular  or  flat- 
tened tumors,  which  may  go  on  to  ulceration. 
Itching  is  often  present.  The  disease  is 
believed  to  be  microorganismal  in  origin.  M. 
intestinalis.     Synonym  of  Anthrax, 

Mycosozin  (mi- ko- so' -tin)  [ftiftcrj^^  a  fungus ; 
<i^e(v,  to  save].     See  Sczni. 


MYCOTIC 


MYELOGENIC 


Mycotic  (mi-kof-ik)  [/ii'«a7c,  fungus].  Char- 
acterized by  mycosis;  due  to  microorgan- 
isms. M.  Endiocarditis,  that  due  to  micro- 
organismal  infection.  A  synonym  of  ulcer- 
ative or  malignant  endocarditis. 

Mydalein  (mid-a'-U-in)  [fivAakio^,  putrid]. 
A  ptomain  obtained  from  putrefying  cadav- 
eric organs.  It  produces  salivation,  dilata- 
tion of  the  pupil,  elevation  of  temperature, 
peristaltic  action  of  the  intestines,  first  a 
rise,  then  a  fall  of  temperature,  and  diastolic 
arrest  of  the  heart.    See  Ptomaim^  Table  of. 

Mydmtoxin  (mU-at'oks' in)  [/tvddeiv,  to  be 
wet;  rofwttJv,  poison],  C,H,jNO,.  A  pto- 
main obtained  from  horse-flesh  and  human 
flesh.  It  produces  symptoms  resembling 
those  of  curara-poisoning. 

Mydin  (mW-in)  \j£%Mttv^  to  be  wet],  C,H,,- 
NO.  A  nonpoisonous  ptomain  produced  in 
the  putrefaction  of  human  internal  organs. 
The  free  base  is  strongly  alkaline,  has  an 
ammoniacal  odor,  and  is  characterized  by  its 
strong  reducing  properties.  See  Ftomains^ 
TabU  of. 

Mydriasis  (mU-ri^ -as-is)  \jKv6piaoi^\  Dila- 
tation of  the  pupil  of  the  eye.  M.,  Paraly- 
tic, that  due  to  paralysis  of  the  oculomotor 
nerve.  M.  Spasmodic,  M.,  Spastic,  that 
caused  by  overaction  of  the  sympathetic  or 
dilator  nerve  of  the  iris.  M.,  Spinal,  that 
produced  by  irritation  of  the  ciliospinal  cen- 
ter of  the  spinal  cord. 

Mydriatic  (mi4ire-at^ -ik)  [fivSpiaai^^  dilata- 
tion of  the  pupil].  I.  Causing  mydriasis, 
or  dilatation  of  the  pupil.  2.  An  agent  caus- 
ing mydriasis,  or  dilatation  of  the  pupil. 

Myel  {mi' -el)  \jiv€'X6q,  marrow].  The  spinal 
cord. 

Myelencephalon  (mielensef'-alon)  \jivt- 
Xif,  marrow ;  f>ic^^oc,  brain].  I.  The 
cerebrospinal  axis.     2.  See  Meeencfpkaion. 

Myelin  (mi'-ei-in)  [/iveXiif,  marrow],  i. 
The  white  substance  of  Schwann — Che  sheath 
of  a  medullated  nerve.  2.  A  substance 
obtained  fixHn  nerve-tissue.  See  Organo- 
therapy. 

Myelinic  (mi-el-in'-iM)  [ftve'kd^^  marrow]. 
Relating  to  myelin,  or  to  myelinic  nerve- 
fibers. 

Myelitis  {miet-i'-tii)  [//w?<Jc.  marrow ;  <r<<-, 
inflammation].  I.  Inflammation  of  the 
spinal  cord.  If  it  affects  the  gray  matter, 
it  is  called  poliomyelitis ;  if  the  white 
matter,  leukomyelitis ;  if  it  extends  entirely 
across  the  cord,  transverse  myelitis.  M., 
Acute,  that  due  to  exposure  to  cold,  in- 
juries, or  to  acute  general  diseases ;  it  is 
attended  with  sensory  disturbances  and 
motor  paralysis,  complete  or  incomplete,  ac- 
cording to  the  part  of  the  cord  involved  and 
the  degree  of  the  inflammation.  M.,  As- 
cendii^,  a  form  in  which  the  inflammation 


travels  up  the  cord.  M.,  Bulbar,  that  affect* 
ing  the  medulla  and  manifesting  itself  to 
disturbances  of  the  cardiorespiratory  Appa- 
ratus, dysphagia,  vomiting,  and  other  symp- 
toms. M.,  Central,  myelitis  limited  chiefly 
to  the  gray  matter  of  the  cord.  M.« 
Chronic,  a  slowly  advancing  myelitis,  pre- 
senting generally  the  same  features  as  acute 
myelitis,  but  extended  over  a  longer  period. 
M.,  Compression-,  an  inflammation  of  the 
spinal  cord,  secondary  to  compressing  lesions 
outside  of  the  cord  f caries,  carcinoma,  ex- 
ostosis of  the  vertebrse,  aneurysm)  or  to 
'  tumors  of  the  cord  itself.  M.,  Comual, 
inflammation  affecting  the  anterior  or  pos- 
terior comua.  M.,  Descending,  a  form  in 
which  the  inflammation  extends  downward, 
following  the  pyramidal  tracts.  M.,  Diffusa, 
widely  distributed  inflammation  of  the  cord 
involving  large  areas.  M.,  Disseminated, 
one  in  which  there  are  several  foci  M., 
Focal,  one  in  which  a  small  area  is  affected. 
M.,  Hemorrhagic,  myelitis  aaoriated  with 
or  dependent  upon  hemorrhage.  M.,  Pres- 
sure-. SeeAf.,CompresnoH'.  M.,  Sclerotic, 
a  form  characterized  by  overgrowth  of  the 
interstitial  tissue,  which  undergoes  contrac- 
tion, producing  an  increase  of  hardness  of 
the  cord.  M.,  Systemic,  a  variety  in  which 
the  inflammation  is  confined  to  distinct 
systems  or  tracts  of  the  cord.  M.,  Trau- 
matic, myelitis  following  direct  injury. 
The  symptoms  of  myelitis  vary  with  the 
character  and  the  seat  of  the  lesion.  The 
sensory  disturbances  consist  of  hyperesthesia 
or  anesthesia,  girdle-pains,  and  nsoally  a 
hyperesthetic  zone  at  the  level  of  the  lesion. 
The  reflexes  are  generally  lost  in  the  begin- 
ning, but  later  become  exaggerated ;  tocnc- 
times  they  do  not  return.  Paralysis  is 
present  in  the  parts  below  the  lesion;  the 
muscles  are  flaccid  at  first,  later  rigid.  The 
sphincters  are  generally  paralyzed.  Bed- 
sores are  conmion  in  certain  fonns  of  mye- 
litis. 2.  Inflammation  of  bone  -  marrow ; 
osteomyelitis. 

Myelo-  (mi^-ei-o-)  [/ivr^,  marrow].  A  pre- 
fix denoting  reference  to  or  cooncctioa  with 
the  spinal  cord,  or  with  the  bone-marrow. 

Myelocele  {mi'-elo-sil)  [/ivrMf ,  marrow ; 
KoiXia^  cavity].  The  central  canal  of  the 
spinal  cord. 

Myelocele  (mi'-e/o-sf/)  [^or/.^,  marrow; 
K7XJ7,  tumor].     Spina  bifida. 

Myelocyte  (mi'-el-o-stt)  \jtvtX6^^  manow; 
«vroc,  cell].  I.  A  large  uninuclear  leoko- 
C3rte  containing  oeutrophile  granulet,  and 
supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  bone- 
marrow.  2.  A  free  nucleus  of  a  central  or 
ganglionic  nerve-cell. 

Myelogenic  (smi-eio-Jm' -ik)  [^wUp,  nuu- 
row ;  /Twav,  to  proance].     pTodnced  in  oc 


MYELOID 

hf  boDe-inanx>w.  M.  Leukemia,  leukemia 
doe  to  disease  of  the  bone-marrow. 

like].  Resembling  marrow.  M.  Cell, 
myeloplax.  M.  Sarcoma,  a  form  of  sar- 
coma distinguished  by  the  presence  of  multi- 
nucleated cells. 

Mjreloma  [mi-el-o^ -maK)  r^veA<$c,  marrow ; 
d/M,  tumor] .  I.  An  encephaloid  tumor.  2. 
A  giant-celled  sarcoma. 

Myelomalacia  {mi-el-o-ntai-a'-se-ah)  [fivcTud^, 
.narrow;  fiaXoKia^  softening].  A  softening 
of  the  spinal  cord. 

Myelomeningitis  (mi -el-o- men-in-ji' -Hs) 
[/itveX^,  marrow ;  ftrjfviy^^  a  membrane  ;  iTi^t 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  mem- 
branes of  the  spinal  cord ;  spinal  meningitis. 
Myelomeningocele  (mi-ei-o-mtn-in'-gO'Sii ) 
[fttwX^,  marrow ;  ft^iy^,  membrane  ;  ic^hf, 
tumor].     Spina  bifida. 

Myelomyces  (mi-elom'-is-H)  \jtvt'k6^,  mar- 
row ;  ftvKJK,  fungus] .    An  encephaloid  tumor. 
Myelon  (mi^-ei-on)  [fivtkd^t  marrow].     The 
spinal  cord. 

Myelopathy  (mi-el-op' -atk-e)  f/ivtA^,  mar- 
row ;  n-d^,  disease].  Any  disease  of  the 
spinal  cord. 

Myeloplast  (mi'-ei-o-plast)  [/iveXof ,  marrow ; 
frAncrr^,  shaped].     The  peculiar  cells  of  the 
bone-marrow  resembling  leukocytes. 
Myeloplax  (mi'-el-o-plaks)  {j^vtAd^^  marrow ; 
ir^df ,  a  placque].     One  of  the  large  multi- 
nucleated cells  found  upon  the  inner  surface 
of  bone,  and  concerned  in  its  absorption. 
Myelosclerosis  (mi-elo-skU-n/'Sis)  [//vc^.df, 
marrow  ;    att^ffpig^  hard].     Sclerosis  of  the 
spinal  cord  or  of  the  marrow  of  bones. 
MyeloBpongium  (mi^el-o-spun'-jf-um)  [fivt- 
xif,   marrow;    irrrdyyoc,  sponge].      A   net- 
work in  the  wall  of  the  neural  canal  of  the 
embryo,  composed  of  processes  given  off  by 
the  outer  extremities  of  the  spongioblasts. 
Myelosyphilosis  (mi-el-o-5if-il-</ -sis) [/n^^, 
marrow  ;   syphilis^  syphilis].     Syphilitic  dis- 
ease of  the  spinal  coid. 
Myiodeopsia,  Myiodesopsia  (mi-e-o-de-op' - 
se-ak^  mi'i-o-dts-op' -ie-ah)  [uvioSif^f  fly-like ; 
d^/i^,  vision].     The  subjective  appearance  of 
moscae  volitantes. 
Myiosis  (mi'-i-o-sis)  [ftvia^  a  fly].     The  pre- 
sence of  larvae  of  flies,  or  maggots,  in  or  on 
the  body,  as  in  the  nose  or  ear,  in  a  wound ,  or 
ufion  mucous  membranes. 
Myitis  (mi-i^-tis).     See  Myositis. 
Mylo-  \mi'-lo-\  [//vA^,  mill].     A  prefix  de- 
noting connection  with  the  fower  jaw  or  the 
nsolar  teeth. 
Mylohyoid,   Mylohyoidean   (mi-lo-hi'-oid^ 
tni'io-hi'Oid-e' -an)  \jLvhi,  mill ;  voetdr^t  hy- 
oid"! .      Pertaining  to  the  region  of  the  lower 
molar  teeth  and  the  hyoid  bone.  M.  Muscle. 
See  MuscUs,  TahU  of. 


MYOHEMATIN 

Myo-  (mi'-o-)  Hive,  a  muscle].  A  prefix  sig- 
nifying pertaining  to  muscle. 

Myoblast  (mi' -o-biast)  [//vc,  muscle ;  p^orSg, 
germ].    A  cell  developing  into  a  muscle- fiber. 

Myocarditis  (mi-o-kar-di' -tis)  [^/vf ,  muscle ; 
KapAiot  heart;  trig,  inflammation].  Inflam- 
mation of  the  myocardium,  the  muscular 
tissue  of  the  heart. 

Myocardium  (mi-o-kar'-de-um)[fjivg,  muscle; 
KapdiOf  heart].  The  muscular  tissue  of  the 
heart. 

Myocele  (mi'-o-sit)  [jjvg,  muscle ;  xfj'krj,  tu- 
mor]. The  protrusion  of  a  muscle  through 
its  ruptured  sheath. 

Myochrome  (mi'-o-krdm)  {jiv^t  muscle; 
Xpofjui,  color].  A  reddish  pigment  found  in 
muscles,  and  believed  to  be  identical  with 
hemoglobin. 

Myochronoscope  (mi-o-kro'-no-skdp)  [//vf, 
muscle;  XP^'^^*  time;  aKcmelv^  to  examine]. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  rapidity  of 
muscular  contraction  or  the  propagation  of  a 
nerve -stimulus  through  a  muscle. 

Myoclonus  (mi-ok'-lo-nus)  [/nf,  muscle; 
«cA<ivoc,  clonus].  Clonic  spasm  of  a  muscle, 
or  of  various  muscles.  M.  multiplex.  See 
Paramyoclonus  multiplex. 

Myocomma  (mi-o-iom' -ah)  [fivg^  muscle; 
xdfipa,  segment] .  Any  one  of  the  transverse 
segments  into  which  embryonic  muscle-tissue 
is  divided. 

Myodes  (mi-o'-diz)  [/ivc,  muscle;  tUog,  like]. 
Myoid. 

Myodesopsia  (mi-o-dez-ops' -e-ah).  See  Myio- 
desopsia. 

Myodynamometer  (mi-o-di-nam-om'-et-er) 
[/ivf ,  muscle ;  dvvafuiQ,  power ;  fiiTpov,  meas- 
ure].    See  Dynamometer. 

Myodynia  (mi-o-din' -e-afi)  [//i^c,  muscle; 
od{a^,  pain].     Pain  in  the  muscles. 

Myofibroma  (mi-o-fi-bro' -mak)  [//vf,  muscle ; 

fibray  fiber;  bpa^  tumor].  A  tumor  contain- 
ing muscular  and  fibrous  tissue. 

Myoglobulin  (mi-o-glob' -u-lin)  \jivg,  mus- 
cle; globulin"].  A  substance  obtained  from 
muscles,  closely  resembling  serum-globulin  in 
its  properties. 

Myogram  (mi'-o-gram)[pvc,  muscle;  yp&fifM, 
an  inscription].  The  tracing  made  by  the 
myograph. 

Myograph  (mi' -  0  -  graf)  [//vf,  muscle; 
yphj^iVy  to  write].  An  instrument  for  re- 
cording the  phases  of  a  muscular  contraction. 

Myographic  (miograf'-ik)  [^vc,  muscle; 
ypdipetVy  to  write] .   Pertaining  to  a  myograph. 

Myography  (mi -og'-ra-fe)  [pifg,  muscle; 
ypd^iv,  to  write].  I.  A  description  of  the 
muscles.  2.  The  employment  of  the  myo- 
graph. 

Myohematin  {mi-o-Aem'-at-in)  [pvc*  muscle  5 
al/ia,  blood].  A  red  pigment  found  in 
muKles. 


MYOID 


MYOTONIA 


liyoid  (mi^'M)  {j^,  muscle;  elSof,  fonn]. 
Like  a  muscle  or  muscular  tissue. 

Myoidema  {mi-M-f^-maA)  {ja/f,  muscle; 
olArffia^  a  swelling] .  The  wheal  brought  out 
by  a  sbaip  tap  on  a  muscle  in  certain  condi- 
tions of  exhaustion. 

Mjrolemma  (mi-o-Um^'ak)  [/ivc*  muscle; 
^/ifta,  covering j.     The  sarcolenuna. 

MyoUn  (mi^'O-lm)  [^,  muscle].  The  sub- 
stance fonnerly  supposed  to  fonn  the  contents 
of  a  muscular  fibrilla. 

Myolipoma  (mi-o-iip-i/ -mah)  [/tvc,  muscle ; 
Aiirof,  fat ;  bfia^  tumor].  A  myoma  contain- 
ing fatty  tissue. 

Myology  (mi-ol'-o-je)  Qnf,  muscle;  A<Jyt)f, 
science].  The  science  of  the  nature,  struct- 
ure, functions,  and  diseases  of  muscles. 

Myoma  (mi-t/'mah)  [/tvc,  muscle;  bfia^ 
tumor].  A  muscular  tumor.  If  composed  of 
nonstnped  muscular  tissue  it  is  called  liomy- 
oma ;  if  of  striped  muscular  tissue,  rhabdo- 
myoma. 

Myomalacia  (mi-o-mal-a'-si-ah^U'^,  mus- 
cle; ftaXaiUa,  softening].  5k>ttening  of 
muscles.  M.  cordis,  softening  of  a  portion 
of  the  heart-muscle,  usually  resulting  from 
thrombosis  or  embolism. 

Myomatous  (mi'</ -mai-ui)  [^,  muscle; 
bfta^  tumor].     Of  the  nature  of  a  myoma. 

Myomectomy  (mi-o-mek' -to-nu)  f/ivc,  mus- 
cle; 6/<a,  tumor;  ^xro^i^,  excision].  Excis- 
ion of  a  uterine  or  other  myoma. 

Myometritis  (mi-o-met-ri^ -eis)  [/<vf ,  muscle  ; 
fiifTpa,  uterus  ;  <n<>,  inflammation].  Inflam- 
mation of  the  uterine  muscular  tissue. 

Myomotomy  (mi-o-moi* -o-me)  [/ivf ,  muscle ; 
d^a,  tumor;  roft^,  a  cutting].  See  Afyo- 
mtctomy. 

Myoneuralgia  (mi- o  -  nu  •  ral' -  je-ak)  f/ivc* 
muscle;  vftr/»ov,  nerve;  dXyop,  pain].  Neu- 
ralgic pain  in  the  muscles. 

Myoparalysis  (mio-paral'-is-is)  [/it>c,  mus- 
cle; irapdAu7<c,  paralysis].  Paralysis  of  a 
muscle  or  muscles. 

Myopathic  {mi - o  path' •  ik)  [^vc.  muscle; 
frd^,  disease].  Depending  upon  or  relating 
to  disease  of  the  muscles.  M.  Facies,  **  facies 
myopathiaue ;  **  a  peculiar  form  of  expression 
seen  in  infantile  forms  of  myopathic  muscular 
atrophy.  It  is  characterized  by  imperfect 
movement  of  the  facial  muscles,  sinking  in 
of  the  cheeks,  and  drooping  of  the  lower  lip. 

Mjropathy  {mi  -  of  -  ath  ■  e)  [/itc  muscle; 
trd/fef ,  suflenng].     A  disease  of  the  muscles. 

Myope  {mi^-^p)  [/imv,  to  close;  w^*  ^yc » 
see  Myof>ia\     A  person  affected  with  myopia. 

Mjropencarditis  (mi-o-p^r  ikar-tii^tis)  [^itf, 
muscle ;  irr/)i,  around ;  KapAta^  heart ;  me, 
inflammation].  A  combination  of  pericar- 
ditis with  myocarditis. 

Msropia  {mii/-pf-ah)  [//ffiv,  to  close;  6^^, 
eye,  myopes  having  the  habit  of  partially 


closing  the  lids  to  avoid  spheric  abcrratiofil. 
Near-sightedness;  an  optic  defect,  nsoaUy 
due  to  an  abnormal  length  of  the  anteropos- 
terior diameter  of  the  globe,  whereby  the 
focal  image  is  formed  in  front  of  the  retina. 

Myopic  {mi'Op^'iJk)  [fthuv,  to  close;  «f, 
eye  J.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of 
myopia ;  near-sighted.  M.  Crescent,  a  yel> 
lowish-white  crescentic  area  about  the  pa* 
pilla,  due  to  atrophy  or  breaking  away  of 
the  choroid  and  exposure  of  the  sclerotic. 

Myosarcoma  (mi-o-sar-ky -mah)  [//i'c,  mus- 
cle; cdp^,  flesh;  bfM^  tumor].  A  sarcoma 
containing  muscular  tissue. 

Myosclerosis  {mi-o-skiero' -sis)  [//k,  mus- 
cle ;  <7ic^i7/i6c,  hard].  A  hardening  or  indu- 
ration of  a  muscle. 

Myosin  (mi'-o-sin)  [^vc,  muscle].  A  pro- 
teid  of  the  globulin  class,  found  in  coagulated 
muscle- plasma,  and  formed  from  the  ante- 
cedent globulin,  myosinogen.  It  is  also  found 
in  the  cornea  and  in  some  vegeubles.  M.  is 
soluble  in  strong  saline  solutions,  and  is 
changed  into  syntonin  by  the  action  of  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid  and  heat.. 

Myosinogen  (mi-o-sin' -o-Jen)  [fiv^^  muscle; 
yewav,  to  beget].  One  of  the  proteids  of 
muscle* plasma.  It  is  the  antecedent  of  my- 
osin. Its  coagulation  after  death  is  the  cause 
of  rigor  mortis. 

Myosis  (mi-</-sis)  [/i^ftv,  to  close].  See 
Miosis. 

Msrositis  (mi-o-si'-tis)  [//vf,  muscle ;  ir/f ,  in- 
flammation]. Inflammation  of  the  muscles. 
M..  Interstitial,  an  inflammation  of  the  con- 
nective tissue  of  muscle.  M.  ossificans,  a 
variety  characterized  by  the  formation  of 
osseous  deposiu  in  the  muscles.  M.,  Specific, 
M. ,  Syphilitic,  that  due  to  syphilis.  M.  tri- 
chinosa,  that  due  to  the  presence  of  trichina 
spiralis  in  the  muscles. 

Myospasm  (mi'-  o  •  spaxm)  [/i£f ,  muscle ; 
ffwaofid^,  spasm].  Muscular  spasm  :  a  cramp. 

Myosuture  (mi  •  o  -  su'-  hlr\  [«{•(•,  muscle ; 
sutura^  a  suture].     Suture  ol  a  muMrle. 

Myotatic  {mio-taf-ik)  \u'v<:^  muscle ;  rdtfif, 
a  stretching].  Produced  by  or  depending 
upon  passive  tension  of  the  muscles.  M. 
Irritability,  an  increased  irritability  of  mus- 
cles produced  by  passive  extension,  and 
giving  rise,  when  the  muscle  is  stimulated, 
to  a  M.  Contraction,  or  tendon  reflex. 

Myotic  {mi'Ot'ik).     See  Miotic. 

Myotome  {mi'-o-tdm)  [uif,  muscle;  ro^,  a 
cutting].  I.  An  instrument  for  performing 
myotomy.     2,  See  Myofomma, 

Myotomy  {mi-ot'-omr)  [«tf ,  mus^cle ;  ruu^, 
a  cutting].  I.  Division  of  a  muscle,  parbcn- 
larly  through  its  belly.  2.  The  dissectioQ 
of  muscles. 

Myotonia  {mi-o-tt/'mt-ak)  [/ivf,  muscle; 
rivo^,    tension].     I.  Muscular    spasm.     2. 


MYRCIA 

The  stretching  of  a  muscle.  M.  congenita, 
M.  hereditaria,  Thomsen^s  disease ;  an 
hereditary  disease  characterized  by  tonic 
spasms  in  the  voluntarily  moved  muscles. 
Myrcia  (mur^-se-aA).  A  genus  of  aromatic 
shrubs  of  the  natural  order  Myrtaceae.  M. 
tcris  is  the  source  of  oil  of  bay,  Oleum 
myrcise  (U.  S.  P.),  from  which  is  prepared 
bay-rum, or  Spiritus  myrciae  (U.  S.  P.).  Bay- 
rum  is  used  as  a  local  application  in  headache. 
Myriachit  imir^-e-ak-it).  See  Paimus. 
Myricin  (mir^-is-in)  [fivpltof^  the  tamariskl. 
A  constituent  of  wax  (Cera  flava) ,  insoluble 
in  boiling  alcohol.  It  consists  chiefly  of 
myricyl  palmitate,  Cjio^w-S'^si^*'  which 
is  a  compound  of  palmitic  acid  and  myricyl 
alcohol. 

Myricyl  (mir^-is-t7).     See  Myruin. 
Myringitis  [niir-in-jV -tis)  [myringa^  drum- 
membrane  ;  irt^y  inflammation].     Inflamma- 
tion of  the  membrana  tympani. 
Myringodectomy  {mir-  in  -  go  -  de¥  -  to-me) 
[tnyringa^    drum-membrane;    iKTo^iff   exci- 
sion].    Excision  of  a  part  or  of  the  whole 
of  the  membrana  tympani. 
M3rringoniyco8i8    (mir  -  in  -  go  -  mi-  ko'-  sis) 
[myringa,  drum-membrane  ;  fiiioig,  fungus]. 
Disease  of  the  drum-membrane,  due  to  para- 
sitic fungi,  especially  the  Aspergillus. 
Myringoplastic    (mir-in-go-plaP-tik)    [myr- 
inga^  drum-membrane ;   TrAdaacii/,  to  form]. 
Pertaining  to  myringoplasty. 
Myringoplasty  {ntir-in' -go-plas-U)  [myringa, 
drum-membrane;    iT7jaoaeiv^  to  shape].     A 
plastic  operation  on  the  membrana  tympani. 
Myringotome    (fnir-in' -go-tdm)    [myringa^ 
drum  membrane ;   ronijf  a  cutting].     An  in- 
strument used  in  incising  the  memorana  tym- 
pani. 
Myringotomy  (mir-in-got'-o-me)  [myringa^ 
drum-membrane;  rofjtff^  a  cutting].     Incbion 
of  the  tympanic  membrane. 
M3rri8tic   Acid   (mir  -  tr'-  tik)   [fivpil^tiv^  to 
anoint],  Ci^H^O,.     A  monooasic acid  found 
in  Myristica  fragrans,  in  cocoanut-oil,  in  sper- 
maceti, etc. 
Myristica    (mir  -  is' -  tik  -  ah)    [jtvpil^etv,    to 
anoint].     See  Nutmeg. 
M3rristicin    {mir  -  is' -  tis  -  in)    [jivpil^Ktv,    to 
anoint].     A  peculiar  fatty  body  contained  in 
nutmeg. 
Myristicol    (mir-is'-tikol)    [fivpi^nv,    to 
anoint ;  oleum,  oil],  C,oH,fO.     An  oily  sub- 
stance extracted  from  oil  of  nutmeg. 
Myronic  Acid  {mi-ran' -ik).     See  Acid, 
Myrosin  (mi'-ro-sin)  [//fpov,  ointment].     An 
albuminous  ferment  occurring  in  mustard- 
seed  p  vrhich  liberates  the  oil  of  mustard  from 
potassium  myronate. 
Myrrh  {mur)  [pf'ppa,  myrrh].     A  gum- resin 
obtained  from  Commiphora  myrrha  (U.  S.  P.] 
or  Balsamodendroo  myrrha  (B.  P.),  a  tree  ot 


MYXEDEMATOUS 

the  natural  order  Burseracese.  Myrrh  con- 
tains a  volatile  oil,  a  resin  (myrrhin),  and  a 
gum,  and  is  used  as  a  stimulant  tonic  in  dys- 
]>epsia,  pulmonary  aflections,  chlorosis,  and 
amenorrhea.  It  is  employed  as  a  local  appli- 
cation in  various  forms  of  stomatitis.  Dose 
gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  Tinctura  myrrhse. 
Dose  nv,x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  Myrrh  is  also  an 
ingredient  of  Mistura  ferri  composita,  Pilulsc 
aloes  et  myrrhse,  and  Tinctura  aloes  et 
myrrhse. 

Myrtiform  {mur'  -  iif-  orm)  [/«(?prof,  the 
myrtle ;  forma,  form].  Shaped  like  a 
myrtle-berry  or  myrtle-leaf,  as  the  myrtiform 
caruncles  (carunculae  myrtiformes) ,  and  the 
myrtiform  fossa  of  the  superior  maxilla. 

Myrtle  {mur'-tl)  {jivpn^,  the  myrtle].  A 
genus  of  plants  of  the  natural  order  Myrta- 
ceze.  The  leaves  of  Myrtus  chekan  are 
used  in  bronchitis.  Dose  of  fluid  extract, 
f^j-iij  (4.0-12.0).  The  leaves  of  Myrtus 
communis  yield  myrtol,  which  distils  be- 
tween 160°  and  180°  C.  The  leaves  are  used 
as  an  antiseptic  dressing  for  wounds.  Mjrrtol 
is  employed  as  an  antiseptic  in  bronchitis, 
cystitis,  and  pyelitis.     Dose  gr.  j-ij  (0.065- 

0.13)- 

M3ntol  {mur'-toi).     See  Myrtle, 

Myrtus  {mur'-tus).     See  Myrtle, 

Mysophobia  {mi-so-fo' -be-ah)  {jihco^,  filth; 
0<$^3of,  dread].  An  abnormal  dread  of  con- 
tact  or  of  dirt. 

Mytacism  {mif-as-izm).     See  Mutacisrh. 

Mytilotozin  {mit-il-o-toks' -in)  [/ivrtXof,  mus- 
sel; rof ««c6v,  poison],  CgH,.NO,.  A  poi- 
sonous ptomain  found  in  poisonous  mussel ; 
it  is  similar  in  action  to  curara.  See 
Ptomains,  Table  of. 

Myxedema  {miks-e-de' -mah)  [/ii^^a,  mucus; 
oidrjfm,  edema].  A  disorder  of  nutrition  in 
which  the  subcutaneous  tissue,  especially  of 
the  face  and  hands,  becomes  infiltrated  with 
a  mucin-like  substance,  giving  rise  to  a  pale, 
edematous  swelling,  which  does  not  pit  on 
pressure.  It  is  associated  with  dullness  of 
the  intellect,  slow  monotonous  speech,  mus- 
cular weakness,  tremors,  and  absence  of 
sweating.  It  is  thought  to  be  due  to  atrophy 
or  degeneration  of  the  thyroid  gland,  a  view 
that  gains  strength  from  the  facts  that  a 
similar  condition  to  that  of  myxedema  is 
produced  in  animals  by  the  removal  of  the 
thyroid  gland  (cachexia  strumipriva),  and 
that  the  administration  of  thyroid  gland  in 
myxedema  produces  a  marked  amelioration 
of  symptoms.  In  individuals  in  whom  the 
th3rroid  gland  is  congenitally  diseased  or 
absent,  a  state  resembling  myxedema  is  apt 
to  develop.     It  is  known  as  cretinism. 

Myxedematous  (miks-edem' -at-us)  [fii^a, 
mucus;  oiS/ffm,  edema].  Pertaining  to, 
afiected  with,  or  of  the  nature  of,  myxedema. 


i 


MYXOCHONDROMA 


NAPHTHALENE 


Myxochondroma  {mtJks  -  o  •  kon  -  dn/mak) 
[/tvfa,  mucus;  X^P^t  cartilage;  dfui, 
tumor].  A  tumor  containing  mucous  and 
cartilaginous  tissue. 

Myzodes  {tniks-</-Jiz)  [//if  a,  mucus  ;  ti6o^^ 
like].     Resembling  mucus. 

Myxofibroma  {miks'O'/i'bf'i/'mak)  [/it'fa, 
mucus ;  fibra^  fiber;  d/ia,  tumor].  A  fibroma 
that  has  in  part  undergone  myxomatous  de- 
generation. 

Myzoglioma  {miks-o-gU-o' -mak)  \jii}^a^  mu- 
cus ;  x^>  glue ;  d/m,  tumor].  A  glioma 
with  myxomatous  degeneration. 

Myxolipoma  (miks-o-lip-y-fmaM)  [fti'^a,  mu- 
cus; AiToc, fat;  bfia^  tumor].  A  fatty  tumor 
that  has  in  part  undergone  myxomatous 
change. 

Myxoma  (miks-o'-nMh)  [/ii'^a,  mucus ;  bfia^ 
tumor].  A  connective-tissue  tumor  after  the 
type  of  the  jelly  of  Wharton  of  the  umbilical 
cord.    It  consists  of  a  gelatinous,  mucin-con- 


taining,  intercellular  substance,  in  which  are 
scattered  peculiar  branched  or  stellate  cells. 

Myxomatous  (mikst/'mtr/us)  [ur^n,  mu- 
cus;  dfin,  tumor].  Of  the  nature  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  myxoma.  M.,  Degenera- 
tion, mucoid  degeneration.  It  attacks  epi- 
thelium and  connective  tissue,  giving  n»e  to 
the  production  of  a  gelatinous  substance 
containing  mucin.  In  epithelial  tissue  the 
cells  are  affected;  in  connective  tissue  the 
intercellular  subsunce. 

Myxosarcoma  {mik^-csar-ko'-maM)  [fti^a^ 
mucus ;  adp^^  flesh  ;  6/«i,  tumor].  A  sarcoma 
that  has  in  part  undergone  myxomatous  de- 
generation. 

Myxosporidia  {miksospor -iif -e-ak)  \u\^a^ 
mucus ;  o^rdfio^^  seed].  A  group  or  order  of 
Sporozoa,  found  as  parasitic  bodies  in  the 
muscles  and  epithelia  of  fishes;  they  pro- 
duce a  psoros]>ermosis  which  is  frequently 
wide -spread  and  destructive. 


N 


N.  The  symbol  of  nitrogen ;  n,  the  sign  of 
the  index  of  refraction. 

N.  A.     Abbreviation  for  numerical  aperture. 

N.  P.  National  Formulary ;  a  collection  of 
formulas  issued  by  the  American  Pharma- 
ceutical Association  as  a  supplement  to  the 
U.  S.  Pharmacopeia. 

Na.     Symbol  for  sodium. 

Nevus  {ny-zms).     See  Nevus. 

Nail  {nAi)  [AS.,  naegel,  a  nail].  The  homy 
structure  covering  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the 
terminal  phalanx  of  each  finger  and  toe.  It 
consists  of  intimately  united  horay  epithelial 
cells  derived  from  the  stratum  lucidum  of  the 
epidermis.  A  nail  rests  in  the  N.-bed,  a 
▼ascular  tissue  corresponding  to  the  corium 
and  the  stratum  Malpighii  of  the  skin.  N.- 
culture,  a  term  appli^  in  bacteriology  to  a 
stab- culture  showing  a  growth  along  the 
needle -track,  and  on  the  surface  a  button- 
like  projection,  giving  the  appearance  of  a 
nail  driven  into  the  gelatin.  N.-fold,  the 
portion  of  epidermis  that  covers  the  root  and 
edges  of  the  nail.  N.,  Hang-,  a  little  shred 
of  skin  hanging  from  the  finger  at  the  side  of 
the  naiJ.  N.,  Ingrowing  or  Ingrown,  an 
overlapping  of  the  nail  by  the  flesh,  from 
pressure,  attended  with  ulceration.  N.- 
matrix,  the  proximal  end  ofthe^V.-^^^//  the 
structure  from  which  the  nail  grows.  N., 
Turtle-back,  a  nail  curved  in  all  directions ; 


a  condition  seen  in  certain  trophic  disturb- 
ances. 

Nanism  {na'-ni*m)  [»^i«f,  dwarf].  Dwarf- 
ishness. 

Nanocephalous  {fMno-sff'-aim)  [yavoc, 
dwarf;  kc^o^,  head].  Possessing  a  dwarfed 
head. 

Nanoid  (if/i^-mwV/)[raM>f,  dwarf;  rl^,  like]. 
Dwarf-like. 

Nanomelia,  Nanomelus  {na  •  no  -  me'-  ie  • 
ah^  na-nom' -el'us)  [vdvof,  dwarf;  /i*>«c, 
limb].  A  monster  characterixed  by  under- 
sized limbs. 

Nanus  {n^-nm)  [vdt^,  a  dwarf].  I.  A 
dwarf.     2.   Dwarfra,  stunted. 

Nape  ^ifJ/)  [ME.,  knappe,  from  AS.,  tn^^ 
a  knoo] .  The  back  part  of  the  neck ;  the 
nucha. 

Napellin  (mt  •  peF-in)  {napeUus,  dim.  of 
napm,  a  turnip],  C,,H,pNO,|.  Aji  alkaloid 
of  Aconitum  napellus.  It  is  an  anodyne  and 
antineuralgic.     Dose,  gr.  \4>-%' 

Naphtha («tf/'-M<i^)[vdf<»a,  from  Arab.,  im/?. 
naphtha].  I .  Formerly,  any  strong-smelling, 
infiamnaable,  volatile  liquid,  as  naphtha  vitn- 
oli  (sulphuric  ether),  wood-naphtha  (methyl- 
alcohol).  2.  A  colorless,  inflammable  oil 
distilled  from  petroleum,  bituminous  shale, 
etc. 

Naphthalene, Naphthalin,  Naphtalin 
{naff'thai-in,    naf'-tkal'tn^    naf-tal-m) 


NAPHTHALOL 

[v6^,  from  Arab. ,  nafij  naphtha] ,  Cj^Hg.  A 
nydrocarbon  crystallizing  in  large,  silvery, 
rhombic  plates,  slightly  soluble  in  hot,  but 
insoluble  in  cold  water,  though  easily  solu- 
ble in  methyl  and  ethyl  alcohols,  chloro- 
form, ether,  and  benzene.  It  is  an  anti- 
septic; is  used  in  intestinal  putrefaction,  in 
typhoid  fever,  etc.  ;  locally,  in  scabies  and 
pruritus.  Dose,  gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65). 
Naphthalol  \naf -thal-ol)  [naphtha],  C.H^- 
OH.CCKJCjoH,.  A  salicylic-acid  derivative 
of  ^naphthol. 

Naphthol,    Naphtol  (na/'/hoi,   naf'-tol\ 
C'njHpH.     A   substance   found  in  co^-tar 
and  prepared  artificially  from  naphthalin.    It 
exists  in  two  isomeric  forms,  a-naphthol  and 
j3-naphthol,  and  occurs  in  the  form  of  pale, 
buffcolored  crystals,     /i-naphthol  (Naphtol, 
U.  S.  P.)  is  employed  in  dyspepsia,  and  as 
an  intestinal  antiseptic  in  diarrheas,  typhoid 
fever,  etc.     Locally,  it  is   used  in  eczema, 
prurigo,  herpes,  favus,  etc.     Dose,  gr.  v-x 
(0.32-0.65). 
Narcein    {nar'-se-in)     [mp/c//,    numbness], 
CgH^NO,.   An  alkaloid  contained  in  opium. 
It  is  sparingly  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol, 
and  forms  tine,  .silky,  inodorous,  bitter  crys- 
tals.    It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  morphin. 
Dose,  gr.  %  (0.016). 
Narcohypnia     (tMr-ko-hip'-neah)     [vaftiajy 
stupor;  vJTvoCf  sleep].     Waking  numbness; 
a  peculiar  state  in  which  the  patient  has  a 
sense  of  numbness  on  awaking. 
Narcolepsy  {nar^-ko-lep-se)    [ydpKtj^  stupor ; 
Aaf/3dittv,   to    seize].      An    uncontrollable 
tendency  to  attacks  of  deep  sleep  of  short 
duration.     It  has  been  observed  in  epilepsy 
and  other  affections. 
Narcosis  (nar-ko^-sis)  [vofwrorv,  to  benumb]. 
The  state  of  complete  unconsciousness  pro- 
duced by  a  narcotic  drug  or  an  anesthetic. 
Narcotic  (nar-koi^-ik)  [wxpKoirv,  to  benumb]. 
I.   Producing  stupor.     2.  A  drug  that  pro- 
duces narcosis. 
Narcotin  (nar'-koiin)  [vap/covv,  to  benumb], 
C^H^NOj.      An  alkaloid  of  opium,  sepa- 
rated from  morphin  by  potassium  hydroxid. 
It  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  shining  prisms, 
and   melts  at  176°  C.      It  is  sudorific  and 
antipyretic,  but  has  no  narcotic  effects.  Dose, 
Ijr.  i-iii  (0.06-0.20). 
Narcotism   (nar^-kot-izm)   [wpiwwv,  to  bc- 
numbl.     The  condition  resulting  from  the 
use  ot  a  narcotic. 
Naxcottxe  {nar^-ko'tit)  [vapiwim^  to  benumb]. 
To  put  under  the  influence  of  a  narcotic ;  to 
renaer  unconscious  by  means  of  a  narcotic. 
Naris  {na'-ris)  [L.].    One  of  a  pair  of  open- 
ings at  the  anterior  part  (Anterior  nares), 
or  at   the  posterior  part  (Posterior  nares) 
of  the  nasal  fossae. 
^f  asal  {na'-nal )  [nasuSf  the  note].     Pertain- 


NATRON 

ing  to  the  nose.  N.  Artery.  See  Arteries^ 
Table  of.  N.  Bones,  the  two  small  bones 
forming  the  arch  of  the  nose.  N.  Catarrh, 
catarrh  of  the  nasal  mucous  membrane ; 
coryza.  N.  Duct.  See  Lacrimal  Duct. 
N.  Eminence.  See  Eminmce.  N.  Fossse, 
the  cavities  of  the  nose.  N.  Ganglion,  the 
sphenopalatine  ganglion.  N.  Labyrinth, 
the  irregular  cavity  formed  by  the  turbinal 
bones  in  the  nasal  passages.  N.  Line.  See 
Lines,  Table  of.  N.  Nerve.  See  Nerves ^ 
Table  of  N.  Voice,  a  peculiar  muffled 
timbre  of  the  voice,  especially  marked  in 
cases  of  perforation  of  the  palate. 

Nascent  (nas^-ent)  Inasci^  to  be  bora].  A 
term  applied  to  gaseous  substances  at  the 
moment  of  their  liberation  from  chemic 
union. 

Nasion  (na'-ze-on)  [nasus,  nose].  The  me- 
dian point  of  the  nasofrontal  suture. 

Nasmyth's  Membrane.  The  epithelial 
membrane  enveloping  the  enamel  of  the  tooth 
during  its  development  and  for  a  short  time 
after  birth  ;  cuticula  dentis. 

Naso-  (na^-zo-)  [nasus,  nose].  A  prefix 
denoting  connection  with  or  relation  to  the 
nose. 

Nasofrontal  (na-zofron'-tal)  [nasus ,  nost  \ 

frons,  forehead].  Pertaining  to  the  nasal 
and  the  frontal  bones. 

Nasolabial  (na-zo-la'-be-al)  [nasus,  nose; 
labium^  lip] .     Pertaining  to  the  nose  and  lip. 

Nasolacrimal  {na-zo-lah^-rim-al)  [nasus, 
nose ;  lacrima,  tear].  Pertaining  to  the  nose 
and  the  lacrimal  apparatus,  as  the  naso- 
lacrimal duct. 

Nasopalatine  {na-zo-pal'-atin)[nasus,  nose ; 
palatine'].  I.  Pertaining  to  both  the  nose 
and  the  palate,  as  the  N.  nerve.  2.  Giving 
passage  to  the  N.  nerve,  as  the  N.  canal. 

Nasopharyngeal  (na-zo-far-in'-je-al)  [nasus, 
nose;  ^pvy^  pharynx].  Pertaining  to  both 
the  nose  and  the  pharynx,  or  to  the  naso- 
pharynx. 

Nasopharynx  (na-%ofar^ -inks)  [nasus,  nose; 
^pvy^,  pharynx].  The  space  between  the 
posterior  nares  and  a  horizontal  plane  through 
the  lower  margin  of  the  soft  palate. 

Nataloin  (na-tal^-o-in)  [Natal,  an  African 
state ;  aX^rj,  the  aloe],  C^HigO,,.  The  aloin 
derived  from  Natal  aloes. 

Natal  Sore.     See  Furunculus  orientalis. 

Nates  {na'-ttz)  [natis,  the  buttock].  The 
buttocks.  N.  of  Brain,  the  anterior  pair  of 
the  corpora  quadrigemina. 

Native  (na'-tiv)  [nativus,  bom].  Of  indig- 
enous origin  or  growth ;  occurring  in  its 
natural  state  ;  not  artificial.  N.  Albumins, 
a  class  of  proteids  occurring  ready-formed 
in  the  tissues. 

Natrium  (na'-tre-um).     See  Sodium. 

Natron  {fM^-trun)  [Ar.,  natrOn,  native  car- 


i 


KECK 


KECK 


Vessels  and  Nerves  of  the  Neck. 


Sabclavian  srtery.  s.  Subclavian  vein.  3.  t.  Common  carotid  artery.  4.  Interna)  joipilar  veia.  ^ 
Anterior  jurular  vein.  6.  Omohyoid  muscle.  7.  Sternohyoid  muscle.  8.  Trunk  of  pactnaogaaCrac 
nerve.  ^.  li ypofflossal  nerve.  10.  Its  terminal  portion.  11.  Its  descending  branch.  12.  Internal 
dearendini^  branch  of  cervical  plexus.  13.  Plexus  formed  by  last  two  branches.  14.  External  caroCid 
artery.  15.  Superior  thyroid  artery  and  vein.  16.  Lingual  and  facial  arteries.  17.  Facial  artery  and 
vein.  18.  Occipiul  artery.  19.  Anterior  branches  oi  the  first  four  cervical  ncrvca.  ai  " 
laryngeal  nerve. 


NATURAL 


NECTANDRA 


boDite  of  sodium],  i.  Native  sodium  car- 
booate.  2.  Soda.  3.  Sodium  or  potassium 
nitrate. 

Natural  (nat^-u-ral)  Ina/ura,  nature].  Per- 
taining to  nature.  N.  History,  a  term 
including  a  description  of  all  the  products  and 
phenomena  of  nature,  but  at  present  generally 
restricted  to  the  sciences  of  zoology  and 
botany.  N.  Philosophy,  the  science  treat- 
ing of  the  physical  properties  of  matter  at  rest 
and  in  motion ;  now  usually  called  physics. 
Nauheim  Treatment  (n<nt;^ -Mm),  See 
ScA0(t*s  Treatment  of  Heart-disease, 
Nausea  (nan/sAe-aA)  [yavalat  seasickness]. 
Sickness  at  the  stomacn,  with  inclination  to 
vomit.  N.  marina,  N.  navalis,  seasick- 
ness. 

Nauseant   (nnu/she-ant)  [inivaia^  seasick- 
ness].    I.    Nauseating;   producing  nausea. 
2.  Any  agent  that  produces  nausea. 
Nauseating,    Nauseous    {nav/ -she-a-ting^ 
now'-  she  -  us)  [vatiffta,  seasickness].     Pro- 
ducing nausea  or  loathing. 
Navel  {na^'Ve/)  [AS.,  na/e/a,  navel].     The 
umbilicus.     N.-string,the  umbilical  cord. 
Navicular  (Ha'Vik^-U'Iar)\navicula^  a  little 
ship].  Boat-shaped.  N.  Bone,  the  scaphoid 
bone  of  the  foot.     N.  Fossa,    i.  A  depres- 
sion between  the  vaginal  aperture  and  the  - 
fourchet    2.  A  dilatation  of  the  urethra  near 
the  glans  penis. 

Near-point.    The  punctum  proximum^  the 
point  nearest  the  eye  at  which  an  object  can 
be  seen  distinctly.     N.,  Absolute,  that  near- 
point  for  either  eye  alone  at  which  no  effort  at 
accommodation  is  made.    N.,  Relative,  that 
near-point  for  both  eyes  at  which  accommoda> 
tion  is  brought  into  play. 
Near-sight.    See  Myopia. 
Nearthrosis    (ne-ar-thro^-sis)    [v^of,    new; 
&p6pov,  ]omi\.     A  false  articulation. 
Nebula  {neb^ulah)  [L.].     A  cloud  ;  a  faint, 
grayish  opacity  of  the  cornea. 
Netnilixer  (ney-u-li-zer)  [nebula,  a  cloud]. 
See  Atomiur, 
Neck  {nek)  [AS.,  ^w^r^-tf,  neck].     The  con- 
stricted portion  of  the  body  connecting  the 
head  with  the  trunk ;  also,  the  narrow  portion 
of  any  structure  serving  to  join  its  parts.     See 
Cervix,       N.,   Anatomic,    the    constricted 
p»ortion  of  the  humerus,  just  below  the  articu- 
lar surface,  serving  for  the  attachment  of  the 
capsular    ligament.      N.-berg,    the    vulgar 
name  of  the  cervical  portion  of  the  thymus 
gland     of   animals.     See    Heart-berg,     N., 
£>erfo3r8liire.    Synonym  of  6^o>?V^r.    N.  Sur- 
gical, the  constricted  part  o'f  the  humerus 
just  below  the  condyles.     N.,  Wry-.   Syn- 
onym of  Torticollis, 

Necrobiosis  {nek-ro-bi-o^-sis^  [ve«c/9^,  corpse ; 
f3ioCf  life].     Molecular  deatn  of  tissue. 
f  ecroc^emc  (nek-ro-jen^-ik)  [vrxp^f,  corpse ; 


yew&Vf  to  beget].     Originating  from  dead 
substances. 

Necrometer  (nek-rom'-et-er)  [vc«p4f ,  corpse  j 
fihpovy  measure].  An  instrument  for  weigh- 
ing organs  at  an  autopsy. 

Necropsy  {nek' -rop-se)  [vtupd^,  corpse ;  A^«c, 
seeing].  The  examination  of  a  dead  body ; 
autopsy ;  postmortem. 

Necrosis  (nek-ry-sis)  [yenpS^,  corpse].  The 
death  of  cells  surrounded  by  living  tissue. 
Necrosis  proper  refers  to  death  in  mass, 
necrobiosis  to  death  of  individual  cells. 
Among  the  causes  of  necrosis  are  :  direct  in- 
jury, obstruction  of  the  circulation,  loss  of 
trophic  influence.  The  varieties  of  necrosis 
are :  coagulative  necrosis,  liquefactive  necro- 
sis, cheesy  necrosis,  dry,  and  mobt  gangrene. 
Necrosed  tissues  may  be  absorbed,  retained, 
or  thrown  off.  The  dead  tissue  is  called 
sequestrum  in  case  of  bone,  and  sphacelus  in 
case  of  soft  parts.  In  surcery  the  term  nec- 
rosis is  often  applied  specincally  to  the  death 
of  bone.  Necrosis  of  bone  is  divided  into 
N.,  Superficial,  when  the  portion  of  bone 
just  beneath  the  periosteum  is  affected  ;  N., 
Central,  when  the  internal  portions  are  in- 
volved, and  N.,  Total,  when  the  bone 
through  its  entire  thickness  is  necrotic.  N., 
Balser's  Fatty.  See  Diseases,  Table  of, 
N.,  Cheesy,  necrosis  characterized  by  the 
formation  of  a  cheese-like  material.  It  is 
usually  due  to  the  presence  of  the  tubercle- 
bacillus,  and  is  most  often  seen  in  the  lungs. 
N.,  Coagulation-,  N.,  Coagulative,  a 
variety  characterized  by  the  formation  of 
fibrin.  It  is  most  common  in  the  blood,  in 
thrombosis.  It  also  occurs  on  mucous  mem- 
branes, where  it  produces  a  false  membrane, 
chiefly  under  the  influence  of  the  bacillus  of 
diphtheria,  but  also  of  other  irritant  agents. . 
Occasionally  it  occurs  in  the  interior  of  organs 
as  the  result  of  embolism  or  thrombosis,  lead- 
ing to  the  formation  of  an  anemic  infarct. 
N.,  Colliquative.  See  iV.,  Liquefactive. 
N.,  Embolic,  coagulative  necrosis  in  an 
anemic  infarct  following  embolism.  N., 
Liquefactive,  a  process  analogous  to  coagu- 
lative necrosis,  but  instead  of  fibrin  the  pecu- 
liar reaction  of  fluids  and  cells  gives  rise  to 
the  formation  of  a  liquid.  N.,  Mercurial, 
a  necrosis  of  bones  due  to  chronic  poisoning 
with  mercury.  N.,  Phosphorus-,  a  necrosis 
of  bone,  especially  of  the  lower  jaw,  occur- 
ring in  those  exposed  to  the  fumes  of  phos- 
phorus. N.  ustilaginea,  dry  gangrene 
from  ergotism. 

Necrotic  (nek-rot' -ik)  [pficp<Jf ,  corpse].  Per- 
taining to  or  characterized  by  necrosis. 

Necrotomy  [nek-rof -o-me)  [ve«p^,  a  corpse; 
ro^fij  a  cutting].  The  dissection  of  a  dead 
body. 

Nectandra  (#r/i-Aiif^-</rtf4)   [viicrap,  nectar; 


4 


NEEDLE 


NEPHRITIS 


hfiip,  a  male].  A  tree  of  the  order  Laura- 
cese.  The  bark  of  Nectandra  rodixi  (Nec- 
taodne  cortex,  B.P.),  contains  tannic  acid, 
resin,  sugar,  albumin,  various  salts,  and  two 
alkaloids,  beberin  and  sipirin.  It  \s  tonic, 
astringent,  and  febrifuge,  and  has  been  used 
io  malarial  fevers,  but  is  much  less  antipe- 
riodic  than  cinchona.  Dose,  gr.  xx>,^j, 
fl.3-4/>);  of  t>eberin  sulphate,  gr.  ij-v 
Jo.  13-0.32). 

Needle  ^iw^V/)  [AS.,  /tW/,  needle].  A 
sharp-pomted  steel  instrument  used  for  sew- 
ing, and  for  penetrating  tissues  for  the  purpose 
of  carrying  a  ligature  through.  N.,  Aneu- 
rysm-, one  fixed  on  a  handle,  and  with  the 
eye  at  the  point,  especially  adapted  for  ligating 
vessels.  N.,  Cataract-,  one  for  operating 
upon  the  cataractous  lens  or  its  capsule.  N., 
Discission-,  one  for  insertion  through  the 
cornea,  and  breaking  the  capsule  and  sub- 
stance of  the  crystalline  lens.  N.,  Explor- 
ing, a  grooved  sharp-pointed  rod  introduced 
into  a  cavity  or  a  part  for  the  puipose  of  de- 
termining the  presence  of  fluid.  N.,  Hage- 
dom's,  a  flat  suture-needle  curved  on  its 
edge,  with  the  eye  perforating  the  side.  N.  - 
holder,  a  handle  for  clasping  a  needle.  N., 
Hypodermic,  the  fine  needle-pointed  metal- 
lic tube  attached  to  the  barrel  of  the  hypoder- 
mic syringe.  N. -knife,  one  that  nas  a 
sharp  cutting  edge ;  it  is  used  in  the  discis- 
sion of  cataracts. 

Needling  (m^'Ming)  [AS.,  nttdi,  needle]. 
The  process  of  lacerating  a  cataract  with  a 
needle,  to  afford  entrance  to  the  aqueous 
humor  and  cause  absorption  of  the  lens. 

Negative  (neg'-at-iv)  [negarf^  to  deny]. 
Denying ;  contradicting ;  opposing.  Of  quan- 
tities, less  than  nothing ;  in  physics,  opposed 
to  a  quality  termed  positive.  N.  Accom- 
modation, the  absence  of  active  accommo- 
dation ;  the  state  of  the  eye  at  rest,  or  when 
looking  at  an  object  at  an  infinite  distance. 
N.  Blood-pressuie,  pressure  which  is  less 
than  that  of  the  atmosphere.  It  exists  in  the 
large  veins  near  the  heart,  owing  to  the  aspirat- 
ing action  of  the  thorax.  N.  Chemotazis, 
the  absence  of  the  power  of  attracting  leuko- 
cytes and  wandering  cells,  or  their  actual 
repulsion.  N.  Electrode,  N.  Pole,  the 
electrode  or  pole  of  an  electric  battery  con- 
nected with  the  positive  plate  and  conducting 
N.  electricity.  N.  Variation  of  the  Mus- 
cle-current, a  diminution  in  the  strength  of 
the  muscle- current  during  tetanic  contraction. 

Neisseria  (ni'Se^-reah)  [after  Neisstr,  a  Ger- 
man ^ysidan].  A  group  of  schizoroycetes. 
Sec  Bacteria,  Table  of. 

N^laton  [Nklaton,  a  French  surgeon].  N.*s 
Catheter,  a  soft  rubber  catheter.  N.'s 
Une.  See  Lines,  TabU  of,  N.'s  Probe. 
See/y«Ar. 


Nelavan  {tuFev-an).  See  Lethargy ,  Af- 
rican. 

Nematoblast  (jtem'-a/'0-6J4u/)[ypfia,  thread ; 
fH?aaT6^,  germ].     A  spermatoblast. 

Nematoda  (ncmat'O^-dak)  [vi^/ia,  thread; 
€iSoq,  form].  A  genus  of  worms,  the  thread- 
worms, some  of  which  are  parasitic  in  man 
and  the  lower  animals.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  are  Anguillula,  Ankylostoma, 
Ascaris,  Kustrongyius,  Filaria,  Oxyuris. 
Strongylus,  Trichina,  Trichocepbalus. 

Nematode,  Nematoid  Inem^atod^  nemt^-at- 
oid)  [v^fia,  thread;  fJrtof,  form].  Thread- 
like ;  oelonging  to  or  resembling  the  Nema- 
toda, or  thread-worms;  applied  to  thread- 
worms, hair-worms,  round  worms,  pin -worms. 

Neoarthrosis  (nc  oar/Ary-sis)  [vio^,  new ; 
iptfpov,  a.  jo'inlj.     A  false  Joint. 

Neonatal  {ne-o-na' tal)  [lioc,  new;  matus^ 
bom].     Pertaining  to  the  new-bom. 

Neoplasm  ine' -oplasm)  [rfo^,  new ;  irA4tf- 
<7e<v,  to  mold].  A  circumscribed  new  growth 
of  tissue,  characterized  by  abnormality  of 
structure  or  location.  As  generally  used, 
the  term  includes  all  true  tumors,  aa  well  as 
tumor-like  growths  due  to  microorganisms, 
as  the  gumma  and  tuberculous  tumor. 
N.,  Inflammatory  Fungoid,  mycosis  fun- 
goides. 

Neoplastic  (ne'0'plas^'tik)[ykoi^  new;  rX^e- 
eeiv,  to  mold].  Pertaining  to,  or  of  the 
nature  of  a  neoplasm. 

Neoplasty  {ny-o-p/as/e)  [v/oc,  new ;  TXaa- 
eetv,  to  mold].  The  restoration  of  lost  tisMie 
by  a  plastic  operation. 

Nepeta  {nef/etah)      See  Catnip, 

Nephralgia  (nefra/'jeak)  [t'ef/xif,  kidney  ; 
hXyo^f  a  pain].  Neuralgic  pain  of  the  kid- 
ney. 

Nephrectomy  (nefrek^  to-me)  [vfap^,  kid- 
ney ;  itcTOfi^,  excision].  Excision  oif  the  kid- 
ney. N.  Abdominal,  N.  through  an  abdom- 
inal incision.  N.,  Lumbar,  N.  through  an 
incision  in  the  loin. 

Nephria  (Mcf^-re-aA).    Sec  BrigA/'s  Disease, 

Nephric  (ncf'-rik)  [ve^xk.  kidney].  Per- 
tainine  to  the  kidney. 

Nephritic '(/f^-rf/'-i>)  [from  vrfp^,  kidney  ; 
iriCf  inflammation].  I.  Pertaining  to  ne^ 
phritis.  2.  Improperly,  pertaining  to  the  kid- 
ney ;  the  correct  term  is  nephric. 

Nephritis  (ncfri'-tis)  fvc#p6r,  the  kidney; 
iTt^^  inflammationi .  Inflammatiofi  oi  tiie 
kidney.  The  inflammation  when  affectta^ 
the  epithelium  is  termed  Parencbymatoos 
N.,  which  may  be  acute  or  chronic.  It  is 
also  known  as  Tubular,  Catarrhal,  or  Des- 
quamative N.,  or,  when  affecting  especially 
the  glomerule,  as  glomerulonephritis.  That 
involving  the  connective  tissue  chiefly  ia 
called  Interstitial  N.,  and  may  also  be  1 
or  chronic    The  acute  gives  rise  bo  1  ~ 


NEPHROGENOUS 


NERVE 


of  the  kidney.  A  nephritis  in  which  both 
elements  are  involved  is  termed  Diffuse 
N.  In  Acute  Parenchymatous  N.,  or 
acute  Bright' s  disease,  the  kidney  is  en- 
larged, congested,  its  structunU  markings  are 
obscured,  the  epithelium  is  in  a  state  of  cloudy 
swelling  or  fatty  degeneration,  and  many 
tubules  contain  casts ;  in  others  the  epithelium 
is  desquamated.  The  s3rmptoms  are  fever, 
lumbar  pains,  and  often  dropsy ;  the  urine  b 
scanty  and  contains  albumin,  blood,  casts,  and 
epithelial  cells;  uremia  is  common.  In 
dhronic  Parenchymatous  N.  (large 
white  kidney)  the  kidney  is  enlarged,  pale 
or  yellow,  and  soft  ;  the  epithelium  presents 
an  advanced  stage  of  fatty  degeneration. 
Casts  are  often  present.  The  symptoms  are 
anemia,  dropsy,  gastrointestinal  disturbances, 
djrspnea,  and  retinitis;  the  urine  is 
scanty  and  contains  a  large  amount  of  albu- 
min, granular,  fatty,  and  waxy  casts,  and 
compound  granule-celb.  Acute  intersti- 
tial N.  b  due  to  septic  infection  either 
through  the  blood,  as  in  pyemia,  or  through 
extension  along  the  ureter  or  from  neighbor- 
ing structures.  In  chronic  interstitial  N. 
(granular  or  gouty  kidney),  the  kidney  is 
small,  hard,  the  capsule  is  adherent,  the  sur- 
face b  granular  and  marked  by  C3rsts.  The 
cortex  is  diminished  in  thickness.  Micro- 
scopically there  b  a  marked  increase  in  the 
connective  tissue  about  the  tubules,  the  glom- 
eruli, and  the  blood-vessels,  llie  glomeruli 
show  degenerative  changes,  the  epithelium 
is  atrophic  and  degenerated.  The  symptoms 
are  anemia,  loss  of  flesh  and  strength,  dis- 
turbances of  digestion,  dyspnea,  and  asthma- 
tic attacks ;  polyuria,  the  urine  lieing  of  a 
low  specific  gravity,  pale,  and  containing  only 
a  small  amount  of  albumin  and  but  few  hya- 
line casts.  There  is  also  hypertrophy  of  the 
heart  and  sclerosis  of  the  arteries ;  the  pulse  b 
of  high  tension,  and  the  second  aortic  sound 
is  accentuated.  Uremia  b  common.  N., 
Saturnine,  that  due  to  chronic  lead-poison- 
ing. N.,  Scarlatinal,  an  acute  nephritb 
due  to  scarlet  fever.  N.,  Tuberculous, 
that  due  to  the  presence  of  tubercle-bacilli. 
It  presents  itself  either  in  the  form  of  case- 
ating  masses  or  cavities  in  the  substance  of 
the  kidney,  or  as  miliary  tuberculosis  of  the 
organ. 

Nephrogenous  {nefroy -en-us)  [i^e^p^,  kid- 
ney ;  yfwdv,  to  oeget j.  Originating  in  the 
kidney ;  of  renal  origin. 

Nephrolith  (ruf^  ro-lUh)  [w^f,  kidney; 
AiSoc,  stone].     A  calculus  of  the  kidney. 

Nephrolithiasis  {nef-ro-lUhi' -asis)  \yt^p6q^ 
kidney;  Ai^,  stone].  The  formation  of 
renal  calculi,  or  the  diseased  state  that  leads 
to  their  formation. 

Nepbrolithotomy    {^f-  ro  -  iilh  -  ot^-o  -  me) 


[ye^pdq^  kidney ;  ^i^,  stone ;  rofi^fif  a  cut- 
ting]. An  incision  of  the  kidney  for  the 
removal  of  a  calculus. 

Nephropyosis  {nef-ro-pi-o^'Sis),  Same  as 
Pyonephrosis. 

Nephrorrhagia  {nef-ror-a'-je-ah)  [ve^^c, 
kidney;  peyvvvat,  to  burst  forth].  Renal 
hemorrhage. 

Nephrorrhaphy  {nef-ror'-a-fe)  [ve0p<$c,  kid- 
ney; ^^,  suture].  The  stitching  of  a 
floating  kidney  to  the  posterior  wall  of  the 
abdomen  or  to  the  loin. 

Nephrotomy  {nef-rot' -o-me)  [vc^p^f, kidney; 
TOfxfi^  a  cutting].  Incbion  of  the  kidney. 
N.,  Abdominal,  one  through  an  abdominal 
incbion.  N.,  Lumbar,  one  through  an 
incbion  in  the  loin. 

Nephrotyphoid,  Nephrotyphus  {nef-ro-H'- 
fotdf  nef-ro-ti^-fus)  [ve0/xif ,  kidney ;  tv^, 
stupor].  Enteric  fever  with  prominent  renal 
complications. 

Neroli  (ner^-o-U)  [Fr.].  Oil  of  orange- 
flowers. 

Nerve  (nurv)  [nervus^  nerve].  An  elon- 
gated, cord-like  structure  made  up  of  aggre- 
gations of  N. -fibers  and  having  the  property 
of  transmitting  nervous  impulses.  N.,  Accel- 
erator, the  cardiac  sympathetic  N.,  stimu- 
lation of  which  causes  acceleration  of  the 
heart's  action.  N.,  Afferent,  one  that  trans- 
mits impulses  from  the  periphery  to  the  cen- 
tral nervous  system.  N.,  Calorific,  a  N., 
stimulation  of  which  increases  the  heat  of  the 
parts  to  which  it  b  distributed.  The  term  is 
applied  to  the  dilator  nerves  and  to  those 
stimulating  functional  activity  of  organs. 
N.-cell,  a  nuiss  of  protoplasm  containing  a 
large  vesicular  nucleus  within  which  lies 
a  well-marked  nucleolus.  N. -cells  have 
one  or  more  elongated  processes,  and  in 
accordance  with  the  number  of  these  are 
designated  unipolar,  bipolar,  or  multipolar. 
The  processes  are  of  two  kinds :  the  axb- 
cylinder  process  and  the  protoplasmic  pro- 
cesses. The  axis- cylinder  (Deiter's)  process 
either  becomes  an  axis-cylinder  of  a  N. -fiber, 
or  divides  within  the  gray  matter  into  deli- 
cate filaments ;  it  gives  off  minute  branches 
termed  collaterals;  the  other  processes  are 
supposed  to  have  nutritive  and  conducting 
functions.  N. -center,  a  group  of  ganglion- 
cells  acting  together  in  the  performance  of 
a  function.  N.,  Centrifugal.  See  N. ,  Effer- 
ent. N.,  Centripetal.  See  N.,  Afferent. 
N. -corpuscles,  nucleated  corpuscles  lying 
between  the  neurilemma  and  the  medullary 
sheath  of  medullated  N. -fibers.  N.,  Cra- 
nial, a  N.  arising  directly  from  the  brain 
and  making  its  exit  through  one  of  the  fora- 
mina in  the  skull.  N.,  Depressor,  an  affer- 
ent N.,  irritation  of  which  depresses  or  in- 
hibits the  vasomotor  center.     N.,  Efferent, 


{ 


NERVES 


NERVES 


obm  canying  impulses  from  the  central  oerr- 
ous  system  to  the  periphery.  N. -ending, 
the  terminations  of  nerves  at  the  periphery  or 
in  the  nerve-centers.  N.  of  SxpreMion, 
the  facial  nerve.  N. -fiber,  a  fiber  having 
the  property  of  conducting  invisible  or  mo- 
lecular waves  of  stimulation  from  one  part  of 
an  organism  to  another,  and  so  establishing 
phjrsiologic  continuity  between  such  parts 
without  the  necessary  passage  of  waves  of 
contraction  (Romanes).  There  are  two 
kinds  of  nerve- fit>ers :  the  medullated,  or 
myelinic,  and  the  nonmeduUated,  or  amyel- 
inic.  A  typic  medullated  fiber  consists 
of  the  axis-cylinder,  which  may  be  sur- 
rounded by  a  sheath,  the  axilemma;  the 
medullary  sheath,  or  white  substance  of 
Schwann;  the  neurilemma,  or  sheath  of 
Schwann.  The  axis-cylinder  is  made  up  of 
fine  fibrillae  cemented  together  by  a  granular 
interstitial  substance,  the  neuroplasm.  The 
medullary  sheath  consists  of  a  reticulated 
framework  composed  of  a  material  resem- 
bling neurokeratin,  and  a  semifluid  substance 
filling  the  interstices,  called  myelin.  At 
regular  intervals  the  medullated  theath  is 
marked  by  interruptions,  the  nodes  of  Ranvier. 
Each  intemode,  as  the  portions  of  fiber  in- 
cluded between  two  Ranvier' s  nodes  are 
termed,  possesses  a  nerve-corpuscle.  The 
neurilemma,  sheath  of  Schwann,  or  primitive 
sheath,  is  a  delicate  elastic  membrane,  closely 
investing  the  medullary  substance.  On  its 
inner  surface  are  placed  the  nerve-corpuscles. 
The  nonmeduUated,  pale,  or  Remak's  fibers 
do  not  possess  a  medullary  sheath,  but  consist 
only  of  axis-cylinder  and  neurilenmia.  The 
nerve-corpuscles  are  more  abundant  than  in 
medullated  nerve-fibers.  Medullated  nerve- 
fibers  are  found  in  the  cerebrospinal  nerves, 
while  nonmeduUated  fibers  occur  in  the  S3rm- 
pathetic  nerves  and  tend  to  form  plexuses. 
Nerve-fibers  are  aggregated  into  fasciculi; 
these  in  turn  unite  to  form  nerve-trunks. 
Tlie  nerve-fibers  in  a  fasciculus  are  held 


together  by  the  endoneurium;  while  eadi 
fasciculus  is  surrounded  by  a  sheath  termed  the 
perineurium.  The  epineurium  holds  together 
the  several  fasciculi  composing  a  nerve-trunk. 
N.,  Frigorifica  sympathetic  nerve,  stimula- 
tion of  which  causes  a  fall  of  temperature ; 
the  vasoconstrictor  nerves  are  firigorific 
nerves.  N. -grafting,  the  transplanting  of 
a  portion  of  healthy  nerve  from  an  animal  to 
man,  to  reestablish  the  continuitv  of  a  divided 
nerve ;  neuroplasty.  N.-hemd,  the  optic 
disc  or  papilla.  N.,  Inhibitory,  one  the 
stimulation  of  which  inhibits  or  lessens  the 
activity  of  an  organ.  N.,  Motor,  one  coo- 
taining  only  or  chiefly  motor  fibeis.  N.- 
plexus,  a  grouping  of  nerves.  N.,  Pressor, 
an  afierent  nerve,  irritation  of  which  stimu- 
lates  the  vasomotor  center.  N.,  Secretofy. 
an  efferent  nerve,  stimulation  of  which  causes 
increased  activity  of  the  gland  to  which  it  is 
distributed.  N.,  Spinsl,  one  of  those  aris- 
ing from  the  spinal  coid  and  making  its  exit 
through  an  intervertebral  foramen.  There 
are  31  pairs  of  spinal  nerves.  N.*stonn» 
a  sudden  outburst  or  paroxysm  of  nervous  dts* 
turbance.  N. -stretching,  mechsnic  eloogs- 
tion  or  tension  of  a  nerve,  for  the  relief  of  neu- 
ralgia,  spasmodic  contraction,  and  other  path- 
ologic conditions.  N.,  Sympathetic,  one  of 
a  S3rstem  of  nerves  distributed  chiefly  to  the 
blood-vessels  and  to  the  viscera.  See  Sjrm- 
pathetic.  N.,  Thermic.  A  synonym  of  A., 
Calorific,  N.-tire,  neurasthenia.  N.,  Tro* 
phic,  a  nerve,  the  function  of  which  is  to  pre* 
side  over  the  nutrition  of  the  part  to  whids 
it  is  distributed.  N.,  Vasoconstrictor. 
See  A^.,  Vasomotor.  N.,  Vasodilator.  See 
A^.,  Vasomotor.  N.,  Vasomotor,  sny  ooe 
of  the  nerves  controlling  the  caliber  of  the 
blood-vessels  ;  they  are  of  two  kinds — those 
stimulation  of  which  causes  contractioo  of 
the  vessels,  vasoconstrictor  nerves,  and  those 
stimulation  of  which  causes  active  dilatation, 
vasodilator  nerves.  Ordinarily  vasomotor  is 
synonymous  with  vasoconstrictor. 


TABLE  OF  NERVES  (ALPHABETIC). 


Namb. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Abducens  (sixth    Motion, 
cranial).  | 


Arnold's. 


I  Fourth  ventricle. 


DiSTKisunoN. 
External  rectus  of  eye. 


BaAJccMi 


Sec  Auricular. \ 


I 


itonr 
cranial,    portio 
mollis  of  seventh). 


Auricular. 


Hearing. 


Sensation. 


Resiiform  body. 


Lesser  ocdpitaL 


Internal  ear. 


IntcKunient  of  poste- 
rior and  upper  por> 
tion  of  pinna. 


Vestibular,  cochlear. 


NERVES 


NERVES 


TABLE  OF  NERVES.—CofUtrtuei/, 


Name. 

Function. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branches. 

Auricular,  ante- 
rior. 

Sensation. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Integument  of  exter- 
nal ear. 

Auricular    (Ar- 
nold's). 

Sensation. 

Vagus. 

External  ear. 

Auricular,  poste- 
rior. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Retrahens  aurem,  at- 
toUens  aurem,  occi- 
pilofrontalis. 

Auricular,  occipital. 

Auricularis     roag- 
nus. 

Sensation. 

Cervical     plexus, 
second  and  third 
cervical. 

ear. 

Facial,  mastoid  and 
auricular. 

Auriculotemporal. 

Sensation. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Pinna  and  temple. 

Articular,  two  branches 
to  meatus,  parotid,  an- 
terior auricular,  super* 
ficial  temporal. 

Buccal. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Buccinator  and  orbicu- 
laris oris  muscles. 

Buccal,  long. 

Sensation,  mo- 
tion? 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Cheek. 

Superior  and  inferior 
buccinator  and  exter- 
nal pterygoid. 

Calcanean,    inter- 
nal. 

Sensation. 

Posterior  tibial. 

Fascia    and     integu- 
ment   of  heel    and 
sole. 

Cardiac     (cervical 
and  thoracic). 

Inhibition. 

Vagus. 

Heart. 

Branches  to  cardiac 
plexuses. 

Of  Caster 

See     Ptrforat 

injf ,  and  Musculo 

Cervical,  first  (an- 
terior division). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Rectus   lateralis   and 
two  anterior  recti. 

Filaments  to  vagus, 
hypoglossal,  sy  mpathe- 

Cervical,  first  (pos- 
terior division). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Recti,    obliqui,    com- 
plexus. 

Communicating     and 
cuUneous  filamenu. 

Cervical,    fourth 
(anterior  division). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Shoulder. 

Communicating  fila- 
ments, muscular,  etc. 

Cervical,      second 
(anterior  division). 

Motion  aq|l 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Communicating. 

Ascendinf^,  descending, 
communicating. 

Cervical,      second 
(posterior   divi- 
sion). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

O  b  1  i  q  u  u  s    inferior, 
scalp,  ear,  complex- 
us,  splenius,  trachelo- 
mastoid. 

Internal  or  occipitalis 
major,  and  external. 

Cervical,  third  (an- 
terior division). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Communicating. 

Ascending,  descending, 
and  communicating 
filaments. 

Tcrvical,       third 
(posterior      divi- 
sion). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Occiput,    splenius, 
complexus. 

Internal  and  external. 

!ervicaU,   fifth   to 
ei«;hth     (anterior 
divisions). 

Motion   and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Communicating. 

ervicals,  fourth  to 
eighth    < posterior 
divisions). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Muscles  and  skin  of 
neck. 

Internal  and  external 
branches. 

ervicoCacial. 

MoUon. 

Facial. 

Lower    part   of   face 
and  part  of  neck. 

Buccal,  supramaxillary, 
inframaxillary. 

bordA  tympani. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Tongue,     tympanum, 
submaxillary  gland. 

) 


NERVES 


m 


Medullated  Fiber,  with  Schwann's  Sheath. 


6.  Medullated  fiber,  with  Schwann's  sheath,  c. 
Neurilemma,  t,  t.  Ranvier's  nodes,  b.  White 
subsUnce  of  Schwann,  d.  Cells  of  the  endo- 
neurium.    a.  Axis-cylinder. 


Primitive  Fibrilla  and  Axis-cylinder. 


Medullated  Varicose  Fflw. 


Typical  Nbrvb-structitrbs. 


NERVES  NERVES 

TABLE  OF  NERVES— O^ifAifw^i/. 


Name. 

Function. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branchss. 

CilUry. 

Sensation,  nu- 
trition,    mo- 
tion. 

Ciliary  ganglion. 

Eye-baU. 

Circumflex. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Teres  minor,  deltoid, 
and  skin. 

Anterior,  posterior,  and 
articular. 

CoccygeaL 

Motion. 

Coccygeal  plexus. 

Coccygeus    and   glu- 
teus maximus. 

Cochlear. 

Hearing. 

Auditory. 

Cochlea. 

Colli,  superficialis. 

Sensation. 

Cervical  plexus. 

Platysma  myoides  and 
anterolateral     parts 
of  neck. 

Ascending  and  descend- 
ing branches. 

Communicans  ooni. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Second     cervical, 
third  cervical. 

Descendens  noni,  de- 
pressor   muscles   of 
nyoid  bone. 

Omohyoid,  ansa  hypo- 

Commnnicating. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cervical  plexus. 

Spinal  accessory. 

Ccmmunicating. 

Sensation  and 
motion. 

First  and  second 
cervical. 

Vagus,     hypoglossal, 
sympathetic. 

or  Cotunnios. 

See  Nasopala 

tine  nerve. 

Crural. 

Sensation. 

Genitocrural. 

Shiur  upper  and  cen- 
tral part  anterior 
aspect  of  thigh. 

Crural,  anterior. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Lumbar  plexus, 
second,  third, 
and  fourth  lum- 
bar nerves. 

Thigh. 

Middle  and  internal 
cuuneous,  long  sa- 
phenous, muscular,  ar- 
ticular. 

Cutaneons. 

Sensation. 

Musculospiral. 

Skin   of  arm,   radial 
side  of  forearm. 

One  internal,  two  ex- 
ternal. 

Cutaneotis. 

Sensation. 

Ulnar. 

Wrist  and  palm. 

First  and  palmar  cuta- 
neous. 

Cutaneous,  dorsal 

Sensation. 

Ulnar. 

Little  and  ring  fingers. 

Communicating  bran- 
ches. 

CuUneous,   exter- 
nal. 

Sensation. 

Second  and  third 
lumbar. 

Skin  of  thigh. 

Anterior  and  posterior. 

Cutaneous,  inters 
nal. 

SensaUon. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Forearm. 

Anterior  and  posterior 
branches. 

Cutaneous,    lesser 
internal  (of  Wris- 
berg). 

Sensation. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Inner  side  of  arm. 

Cutaneous,  middle 
and  internal. 

Sensation; 
motion  ? 

Anterior  crural. 

Skin  of  thigh. 

Communicating. 

Cutaneous,  pcrfor- 
ating. 

Sensation. 

Fourth  sacral. 

Integument   covering 
gluteus  maximus. 

CyoM*». 

See  Depressor. 

Dental,  inferior  or 
mandibular. 

Sensation. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Teeth,  muscles. 

Mylohyoid,  incisor, 
mental,  dental. 

Dentals,     anterior 
and  posterior. 

Sensation. 

Superior      maxil- 
lary. 

Teeth. 

Depressor. 

Lowering     of 
the  blood- 
pressure. 

In  the  rabbit,  from 
the  vagus. 

Heart. 

K 


3* 


MBRVES 


NERVES 


MnltipoUr  Nerve-cell  from  the  Spinal  Cord, 
c  Axis-cylinder  process,    y.  Protoplasmic  processes. 


Remak's  Fibers. 

Nerve-fibers  treated  with  silver  nitrate  and  showing 

Frohmann's  lines. 


Timasverse  Section  of  a  Nerve-fiber. 


Ftripberal  Ganglionic   Cell,  with  a   Connective-      Ganglionic  Cell,  Showing  a  Spiral  and  a  ScraigM 
tissue  Capsule.  Process. 

Typical  Nbrvb-structurks. 


NERVES  NERVES 

TABLE  OF  ^EKWES.'^Cbntmueii. 


Namb. 

FtWCTION. 

Origin. 

DlSTUBimON. 

Bramchbs. 

Detcendeu  hypo- 

Motor. 

Cervical  plexus. 

Omohyoid,   sternohy- 
oid,     sternothyroid, 
thyrohyoid,     genio- 
hyoid,    hyoglossus, 
and  muscles  of  the 
tongue. 

Mnscular,  lingual. 

DeKciidens  nonl. 

See       Descen 

detu  hypoglossi. 

Digastric. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Posterior  belly  of  di- 
gastric. 

Dorsal,  la  (anterior 
and  posterior  di- 
visions). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Muscles  and  skin  of 
trunk. 

External,  intemnl,  cuU- 
neons. 

Dorsal  (of  penis). 

Sensation. 

Pudic. 

Penis. 

Esophageal. 

Motion. 

Vagus. 

Mucous  and  muscular 
coaU  of  esophagus. 

Esophageal  plexus. 

FaciaL 

Sensation. 

Great  auricular. 

Skin  over  parotid. 

Facial  (seventh 
cranial,    portio 
dura). 

Motion. 

Floor  of  fourth 
ventricle. 

Face,  ear,  palate, 
tongue. 

Petrosals,  tympanic, 
chorda  tympani,  com- 
municating, posterior 
auricular,  digastric, 
stylohyoid,  lingual, 
temporal,  malar,  infra- 
orbital, buccal,  superi- 
or and  inferior  maxil- 
lary. 

Frontal. 

Sensation. 

Ophthalmic. 

Forehead  and  eyelids. 

Supraorbital ,  supra- 
trochlear. 

Gastric. 

Motion. 

Vagus. 

Stomach. 

Genital. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Genitocrural. 

Cremaster  muscle. 

Genitocrural. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

First  and  second 
lumbar. 

Cremaster  and  thigh. 

Genital,  crural,  com- 
municating. 

Glossophan'nKCid 
(ninth  cranial). 

Sensation  and 
taste. 

Fourth  ventricle. 

Tongue,  middle   ear, 
tonsils,    pharynx, 
meninges. 

Tympanic,  carotid, 
pharyngeal,  muscular, 
tonsillar,  lingualli 

Gluteal,  inrerior. 

Motion. 

Sacral  plexus  (sec- 
ond and   third 
sacral  nerves). 

Gluteus  maximus. 

Gluteal,  superior. 

Motion. 

Sacral  plexus. 

Glutei,  tensor  vaginse 
femoris. 

Gustatory. 

Sec  Lingual, 

Hemorrhoidal  (in- 
ferior). 

Sensation  and 
motion. 

Pudic. 

External  sphincter 
ani,  and  adjacent  in- 
tegument. 

Hepatic. 

(?) 

Vagus. 

Liver. 

Hepatic  plexus. 

fiirschfeld's.            .  Motion. 

Facial. 

Styloglossus  and  pala- 
toglossus. 

Skin    about    external 
abdominal  ring. 

iypoiCaatHc. 

Sensation. 

Iliohypogastric. 

I  ypoelossal 
(twelAh  cranial). 

Motion. 

Floor  of  fourth 
ventricle. 

Hypogloftsus  and  hy- 
oid  muscles. 

Descendens  noni  or  hy- 
poglossi.  muscular, 
thyrohyoid,  geniohy- 
oid, and  meningeal. 

i 

i 


NERVES 


NERVES 


J 
) 


Meditection  of  Brmin.  Points  of  Exit  of  Nenrei. 
I.  Falx  cerebri,  a,  a.  Its  convex  border,  with  the  greftt  longitudinal  sinus.  3.  Its  concave  border.  4,  a. 
Inferior  longitudinal  sinus.  5.  Base  of  falx  cerebri.  6.  Straight  sinus.  7.  Apex  of  falx  cer«^.  i. 
Right  half  of  the  tentorium,  seen  from  below.  9.  Ri^t  lateral  sinus.  10.  Superior  petrosal  sliiaa. 
II.  Inferior  petrosal  sinus.  12.  Posterior  occipital  sinus.  13.  Falx  cerebelli.  14.  Optic  nerve.  15. 
Motor  oculi.  16.  Pathetic.  17.  Trigeminus.  18.  Abducens.  19.  Facial  and  auditory  nerves,  so. 
Glossopharyngeal,  pneumogastric,  and  spinal  accessory  nerves,  ai.  Hsrpoglossal  nerve,  sa.  First 
cervical  nerve.    33.  Second  cervical  nerve.    34.  Upper  extremity  of  ligamentum  denticnlatmn. 


Corpora  quadrigemina. 


Eminentia  teres. 

Strise  acousticK. 
Ala  cinerea. 


Calamus  scripCorius. 


Nacktts  ol  thlfd. 
Nndcos  ol  foorth. 

Motor  nndcos  ol  fifth. 
Sensory  nucleus  of  fifth. 
Nucleus  of  sixth. 
Nucleus  of  fascial. 
Principal  nucleus  of  audi* 

tory. 
Nucleus  of    glossophaiy- 

geal. 
Nucleus  of  vagus. 
Nucleus  of    spinal 

sory. 

Nucleus  of  hypoglossal. 


Diagram  of  Fourth  Ventricle  of  Brmin  and  Adjacent  Parts,  as  Seen  from  Donal  Aspect,  to  Show  ^oi^ 
tioosof  Nerve-nadei.— <^^  £ir^.) 


NERVES 


NERVES 


TABLE  OF  NERVES— Cbi»Aii«^//. 


Namb. 

Function. 

Origin. 

DlSTRIBimON. 

Branchbs. 

Ditc. 

Sensation. 

Iliohypogastric. 

Integument   covering 
forepart    of    gluteal 
region. 

lUac. 

Sensation. 

Integument   covering 
forepart    of    gluteal 
region. 

iliohypocastric. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

First  lumbar. 

Abdominal  and  gluteal 
regions. 

Iliac,  hypogastric,  com- 
municating. 

Ilioinguinal. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

First  lumbar. 

Inguinal   region    and 
scrotum. 

Muscular,  cuuneous, 
and  communicating. 

Incisive. 

Sensation. 

Inferior  dentaL 

Canine    and     incisor 
teeth  and  correspond- 
ing portion  of  gums. 

Infiramandibular. 

See  htframax 

illary. 

Inframaxillary. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Platysma  rayoides. 

■^ 

InfivorbiUl. 

Sensation  and 
motion. 

Facial. 

Nose  and  lip. 

Palpebral,  nasal,  labial. 

Infratrochlear. 

Sensation. 

Nasal. 

Skin  and  conjunctiva 
of  inner  part  of  eye, 
lacrimal  sac. 

Intcrcoatal. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Spinal  cord. 

Muscles  and   integu- 
ment of  thorax. 

Muscular,  anterior  and 
lateral  cutaneous. 

Intercoatohnmeral. 

Sensation. 

Second    intercos- 
tal. 

Integument  of  upper 
two-thirds   of  inner 
and  posterior  part  of 
arm. 

Interosscoui,     an- 
terior. 

Motion. 

Median. 

Deep  muscles  of  fore- 
arm. 

InteroMcout,  poa- 
tcrior. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Musculospiral. 

Carpus  and  radial  and 
posterior  brachial  re- 
gions. 

See  Tympamie, 

of  the  glossopharyn 

geai. 

Labial. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Superior  maxil- 
lary. 

Muscles  and  mucous 
membrane  of  Ups. 

Lacrimal. 

Sensation. 

Ophthalmic. 

Lacrimal   gland    and 
conjunctiva. 

Of  LancUi. 

LonjKitndinal 
stnations  on 
upper  sur- 
face of  cor- 
pus callo- 
sum. 

Larynffeal,     recar- 
rent  or  inferior. 

Motion. 

Vagus. 

Larynx. 

Branches  to  all  laryn- 
geal muscles  except 
cricothyroid. 

Laryngeal,      supe- 
rior. 

Sensation  and 
motion. 

Vagus. 

Larynx. 

External — cricothyroid 
muscle  and  tJiyroid 
gland :  internal— mu- 
cous membrane  of 
larynx. 

AngomI, 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Facial. 

Mucous  membrane  of 
tongue,    palatoglos- 
sus and  styloglossus 
muscles. 

{ 


NERVES 


VERVIS 


^ 


Soperlor  or  Cerrkal  Scy- 
oicnt  of  Spinal  Cord. 


Middle   or  DomI 
Portion  <d  Cord. 


/iir 


Inferior  l^offtiOR  oc  Cofv 
and  Caoda  Eqatna. 


•.  Floor  of  foorth  rentricle.  a.  Superior  cerebellar  peduncle.  3.  Middle  cerebellar  peduncle.  4.  In- 
ferior  cerrbrllar  peduncle.  5.  Enlargement  at  upper  extremity  of  pusteromedian  column.  6.  Glos^o- 
pharvniccal  nerve.  7.  V'aifus.  8.  Spinal  accessory,  o.  o.  o.  o.  Lii^mentnm  deniiculatnm.  10.  10,  to. 
10.  Pfj^terior  root*  of  spinal  nenres.  11,  11,  11.  it.  Poslcrolatrral  Assure,  xi.  xj,  la,  12.  Gani^Ita  of 
posterior  roots.  13.  15.  Anterior  roots.  X4.  CHvision  of  united  roots  into  anterior  and  poftierior 
nerves.  15.  Terminal  extremity  of  cord.  16,  16.  Filum  terminate.  17.  X7.  Cauda  equina.  I,  VUL 
Cerrical  ncnres.    1,  XII.  Dorsal  nerves.    I,  V.  I.nmhir  nerves,    i,  V.  Sacral  nerves. 


NERVES 


NERVES 


TABLE  OF  NERVES.— CiwiA»«^^/. 


Name. 

Function. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branches. 

LiDfUtl. 

Sensation. 

Glossopharyngeal. 

CI  rcum vallate  papillae 
and  glands  of  tongue. 

Ungual. 

Taste  and  sen- 
sation. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Tongue  and  mouth. 

Loinb«r(s). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Lumbar  and   geniul 
regions. 

Anterior  and  posterior 
divisions,  lumbar 
plexus. 

Mtltr. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Lower  part  of  orbicu- 
laris     palpebrarum, 
and  eyelids. 

Malar. 

Sensation. 

Orbiul. 

Skin  over  malar  bone. 

MandibuUr. 

Set  Maxillary, 

inferior. 

Masseteric. 

Motor. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Masseter  muscle  (and 
temporal?) 

Mastoid. 

Sensation. 

Great  auricular. 

Skin  over  mastoid  pro- 
cess. 

Mastoid. 

MoUon. 

I^rocciplul. 

Skin  over  mastoid  pro- 
cess. 

Maxillary,  inferior. 

Sensation,  mo- 
tion,    and 
taste. 

Trigeminus. 

Muscles   of    mastica- 
tion, ear,  cheek, 
tongue,  teeth. 

Masseteric,  auriculo- 
temporal, buccal,  gus- 
tatory, inferior  denul. 

Maxillary,  superi- 
or. 

Sensation. 

Trigeminus. 

Cheek,  face,  teeth. 

Orbital,  sphenopalatine, 
dentals,  infraorbital. 

Median. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Pronator  radii   teres, 
flexors,  two  lumbri- 
cales,  fingers,  palm. 

Muscular,  anterior  in- 
terosseous, palmar 
cutaneous. 

Meningeal. 

Sensation. 

Glossopharyngeal . 

Pia  and  arachnoid. 

Meningeal. 

Sensation. 

Hypoglossal. 

Dura  mater. 

Meningeal. 

Sensation. 

Vagus. 

Dura    mater    around 
lateral  sinus. 

Meningeal,    recur- 
rent. 

Sensation. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Dura  mater  and  mas- 
toid cells. 

Mental. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Mucous  membrane  of 
lower  lip  and  chin. 

Motor  octtll  (third 
cranial). 

MoUon. 

Floor  of  aqueduct 
ofSylviusT 

All  muscles  of  the  eye, 
except  external  rec- 
tus, superior  oblique, 
and  orbicularis  pal- 
pebrarum. 

Vf  usculocutaneous 
(of  Caaaer). 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Coracobrachialis,    bi- 
ceps, brachialis  anti- 
cus,  forearm. 

Anterior  and  posterior. 

4  uacu  locutaneous. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

External  popliteal. 

Muscles  of  fibular  side 
of  leg,  skin  of  dorsum 
of  foot. 

Internal,  external. 

fusculcMpiral. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Back  of  arm  and  fore- 
arm, skin  of  back  of 
hand. 

Musculocutaneous,  ra- 
dial, posterior  interos- 
seous. 

[ylohyoid. 

Motion. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Mylohyoid  and  digas- 
tric muscles. 

aaal. 

Sensation. 

Dental,  anterior. 

Mucous  membrane  of 
inferior  meatus. 

i 

{ 


NERVES 


NERVES 


Brachial  Portion  of  Musculocutaneous,  Median, 
and  Ulnar  Nerves.^ //"o/tfm.) 


Terminal  Portion  of  Median  Nerve  and  of  Ulnar 
Nerve.— (/foiam.) 


.  Musculocutaneous  nerve,  s.  Branch  to  coracobrachialis.  3.  Branch  to  biceps.  4.  Branch  to  brachialb 
anticus.  5.  Anastomotic  branch  from  median.  6.  Division  of  musculocutaneous.  7.  Radial  nerve. 
8.  Its  external  cutaneous  branch.  9.  Internal  cutaneous.  10.  Its  anterior  or  ulnar  branch,  ix.  Upper 
portion  of  median  and  ulnar  nerves.  la.  Their  middle  portion.  13.  Branch  to  pronator  radii  teres. 
14.  Trunk  ^vimr  rise  to  anterior  muscular  branches.  15.  Branches  to  flexor  profundus  di^tomm. 
16.  Branch  to  flexor  lon^us  proprius  pollicis.  17.  Interosseous  branches.  18.  Palmar  cutanecMss 
branch.  19.  Branch  for  muscles  of  thenar  eminence,  ao.  External  collateral  branch  to  thumb,  ai. 
Internal  collateral  branch,  aa.  External  collateral  branch  to  index-finger,  n.  Common  trunk  of 
internal  collateral  branch  to  index-finger  and  external  collateral  branch  to  middle  finger.  34.  Trunk 
of  internal  collateral  to  middle  finger  and  external  collateral  branch  to  ring  finger,  as.  Branch  of 
ulnar  nerve  to  flexor  carpi  ulnaris.  a6.  Branches  to  two  inner  fasciculi  of  flexor  profundus  digitonim. 

S.  Cutaneous  and  anastomotic  filament.  38.  Dorsal  branch,  ao.  Superficial  palmar  branch.  30. 
[Nnmon  trunk  of  internal  collateral  branch  to  ring  finger  ana  external  collateral  branch  to  little 
finger,  ti.  Internal  o^lateral  branch  to  little  finger,  u.  Deep  palmar  branch.  33.  Branch  ol  the 
latter  to  hypothenar  muscles.  34.  Branches  to  muscles  of  fourth  interosseous  and  to  fourth  Inmbricalis. 
3&.  Branches  to  muscles  of  third  interosseous  space  and  to  third  lumbricalis.  36.  Branches  to  the 
adductor  of  the  thumb  and  to  the  muscles  of  the  first  two  interosseous  spaces. 


NERVES  NERVES 

TABLE  OF  NERVES— GwAiM^//. 


Namb. 

KtWCTION. 

Omgin. 

Distribution. 

BftAIICHBS. 

NaaaL 

Sensation. 

Maxillary,     supe- 
rior. 

Integument  of  lateral 
aspect  of  nose. 

Nasal. 

Sensation. 
Sensation. 

Ophthalmic. 

Iris,  ciliary  ganglion, 
nose. 

Ganglionic,  ciliary,  in- 
fratrochlear. 

Nasal,  inferior. 

Anterior  palatine. 

Mucous  membrane  of 
nose. 

Nasal,  superior. 

Sensation. 

Meckel's  gangUon. 

Mucous  membrane  of 
nose   and    posterior 
ethmoid  cells. 

Nasopslatine. 

Sensation. 

Meckel's  ganglion. 

Nasal  septum. 

Obcnrator. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Lumbar  plexus, 
third  and  fourth 
nerves. 

Obturator     extemus, 
adductors,  bip:^int, 
and  skin. 

Anterior  and  posterior 
articular  and  commu- 
nicating. 

Obtarator,    accea> 
scry. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Lumbar  plexus. 

Pectineos  and   hip- 
joint. 

Occipital,  smallest 
or  third. 

Sensation. 

Third  cervicaL 

Integument  of  ocdpat. 

Occipitalis  minor. 

Sensation. 

Second  cervical. 

Occipitofrootalis,  ear, 
etc. 

Communicating,  a«- 
ricular. 

Occipitalis  macnus. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

See  Motor  ocM 

Complexus,  trapeaios, 
and  scalp. 

Oculomotor. 

A. 

. 

Olfactory      (first 
cranial). 

Smell. 

Frontal  lobe,  optic 
thalamus,  island 
of  Reil. 

Schneiderian      mem- 
brane of  note. 

- 

Ophthalmic. 

Sensation. 

Trigeminus. 

Forehead,  eyes,  nose. 

FrottUl.  lacrimal,  naaal. 

Optic  (second  cra- 
nial). 

Sight. 

Cortical  center  in 
occipiul  lobe. 

Retina. 

OrbitaL 

Sensation. 

Meckel's  ganglion. 

Mucosa   of  posterior 
ethmoid    cells,    and 
sphenoidal  sinus. 

Temple  and  cheek. 

Orbital. 

Sensation. 

Superior  maxillary. 
Meckel's  ganglion. 

Temporal  and  malar. 

Palafine,    anterior    Sensation, 
or  peat. 

Hard  palate,  gums, 
and  nose. 

Palatine,  external. 

N Unite,  poatcfior 
»r  kmall. 

Sensation. 

Meckel's  ganglion. 
Meckel's  ganglion. 

Tonsil  and  soft  paUite. 

Levator  palati  and 
asygoa  uvulae. 

Thumb  and  palm. 

Motor. 

.*alinar.  cutaneous.  '  Sensation. 

Median. 

Palmar.  dc«p. 

Motion. 

Ulnar. 

Little    finger,    dorsal 
and  palmar  Interos- 
seons,  two  inner  lum- 
bricales,  abductor 
pollicis. 

Palmar,     super-    Sensation  and 
feciaL                          motion. 

Ulnar. 

Palmaris  brevis,  inner 
side    of   hand,   and 
little  finger. 

PalpcbraL                   Motor. 

Superior  maxil- 
lary. 

Auriculotem- 
poral. 

Integument  of  lower 
lid. 

Parotid.                      Sensation. 

Parotid  glaad. 

< 


NERVES  NERVES 

TABLE  OF  NERVES— C^nAifift-^. 


Namk. 

FiwcnoN. 

Origin. 

DisTmiBunoN. 

BXANCHBS. 

PiUdlmr. 

Sensation. 
MotionT 

Long  saphenous. 

Integument  over  patel- 
la and  plexus  patellse. 

Patheticus   (fourth 
cranial). 

Valve    of    Vieus- 
sens. 

Superior    oblique    of 
eye. 

Pectineus. 

Motion.               Anterior  crural. 

Pectineus  muscle. 

Perforating       ( o  f 
Cas»er). 

See     AhactUo 

ct$iam*0tu. 

Perineal. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Pudic. 

Perineum,    genitalia, 
and  ski  A  of  perineal 
region. 

Cutaneoos  and  mnscu- 
htf. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Fonrth  sacral. 

External  sphincter  ani 
and    integument    of 
anus. 

PMioMla. 

Motion. 

Padal. 

Great,  small,  external 
to  Meckel's  ganglion, 
otic  ganglion,  and 
meningeal  plexus,  re- 
spectively. 

ThMTfngtML 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Pharynx. 

Enters  into  formation 
of  pharyngeal  plexus. 

Pharynccal. 

Sensation. 

Meckel's  ganglion. 

Upper  part  of  pharynx, 
posterior  nares,  and 

FbaryoscaL 

MoUon. 

Vagus. 

Pharynx. 

Pharyngeal  plexus, 
muscles  and  mucosa. 

Pharyngeal. 

Sensation. 

Sympathetic. 

Pharynx. 

Helps  to  form  the  pha- 
ryngeal plexus. 

Phrenic. 

Motion  and  '  Third, fourth. and 
sensation.           firth  cervical. 

Diaphragm,    pericar- 
dium, pleura. 

PUatar,  extemaL 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Sensation  and 
motion. 

Posterior  tibial. 

Little   toe  and   deep 
muscles  of  foot. 

Superficial  and  deep. 

Ptasur,  tateraal. 

Posterior  tibial. 

Sole  of  foot,  adductor 
pollicia,  flexor  brevis 
digitorum,  toes. 

CuUneons,  muscular, 
articular,  digiul. 

Poeamoffaitrlc 
(tenth  cranial, 
par  vagam   or 
▼agnt). 

SensAtion  and 
motion. 

Floor  of  fonrth 
ventricle. 

Ear,  pharynx,  larynx, 
heart,  lungs,  esopha- 
gus, stomach. 

Auricular,  pharyiuceal, 
superior  and  inferior 
laryngeal,  recurrent 
laryngeal,  cardiac, 
pulmonsrv,  esophajg- 
eal.  gastric,  hepatic, 
communicating,  men- 
ingeal. 

PiopUtcnl.  external. 

Sensation  and 
motion. 

Great  sciatic. 

Extensors  of  foot, 
skin,  and  Csscia. 

Anterior  tibial,  mus- 
culocutaneous, articu- 
lar, cutaneous. 

ropUteal.  internal. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Great  sciatic. 

tibialis  posticus, 
plantaris.    soleus, 
popliteus,     skin     of 
foot. 

Articular,  musculsr. 
saphenona.  plantar. 

MoUon. 

Inlcrior  maxillary. 
Inierior  maxillary. 

External       purygoid 
muscle. 

PtcrrgoKl,     inter* 

Motion. 

Intern  si    pterygoid 
musclr. 

Padendal.  long 
(nerve   of  Soem- 
■winO. 

Sensation. 

Small  sciatic. 

Intrinment    of    geni- 
talia and  inner  and 
proximal  part  of 
thigh. 

NERVBS 


NERVES 


Extenud  Popliteal  or  Peroneal  Nerve. 
External  popliteal  nerve.  3.  Fibular  cuUncous 
branch.  3.  Commanicans  peronei.  4.  Exter- 
nal saphenous  nerve.  5.  Trunk  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  last  two.  6.  Calcanean  branches. 
7.  External  terminal  branch.  8.  Internal 
branch.  9,  o.  Musculocuuneous  nerve.  10. 10 
Its  terminal  branches.  11.  Anastomosis  of  its 
external  terminal  branch  with  internal  saphe- 
nous. 13.  Anastomosis  of  internal  terminal 
branch  with  external.  13.  Anterior  tibial  nerve. 
14.  Its  terminal  portion,  anastomosing  with 
the  musculocutaneous  and  dividing  to  form 
the  deep  dorsal  internal  collateral  oranch  to 
thegreattoe.andtl  -  .  ••  - 
to  toe  MGona  toe* 


The  Great  Sciatic  Nerve. 
,  Superior  gluteal  nerve.    2.  Inferior  gluteal  or 
small  sciatic  nerve.    3,  3.  3.  Branches  to  glu- 
teus maximus.    4.  Branch  to  psrriformis.     5. 
Genital  branch  of  small  sciatic.     6.  Femoro- 

nliteal  branch.  7,  7.  Trunk  of  great  aciatic 
(ranch  to  long  head  of  biceps.  9.  Branch 
to  short  head.  10. 10.  Branches  to  semitcndi- 
nosus.  II,  II.  Branches  to  semimembraaoaas. 
12, 12.  Branches  to  adductor  magnus.  13.  Ex- 
ternal popliteal.  14.  Internal  popltteaf  15. 
Filament  to  plantaris.  16,  16.  Branches  to 
gastrocnemius.  17.  Origin  of  external  1 
nous. 


NERVES  NERVES 

TABLE  OF  NERVES— GwAni^. 


Namb. 


Podic. 


PttloKMiary,  anteri- 
or and  posterior. 


SKral. 


Saphenous,   exter- 
nal  or  short. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Motion  and  '  Sacral  plexus, 
sensation.       i 


(?) 


Sensation. 


Vacua. 


Musculoapiral. 


Motion  and  I  Cord, 
sensation.       I 


Sensatitm. 


Saphenous,  long  or  I  Sensation, 
internal. 


Of  Scarpa. 


Sciatic,  great. 


Sciatic,  tman. 


Of  Scemmerinf. 
Sphenopalatine. 


See  Saso^ala 

Motion  and 
sensation. 


Spinal. 


Spinal     accessory 
(eleventh  cranial). 


Splanchnic,  great. 


Splanchnic,  leaser. 


Splanchnic,    renal 
or  SMwIlcal. 

Supedial. 

Stylohyoid. 

Snbacapolar. 


Sttpraacromlal. 

Sapraclavlcniar. 
descending. 


Sensation  and 
motion. 


Sensation. 


Motion  and 
sensation. 


Motion. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Motion. 


Internal  |iopliteal. 


Anterior  crural. 


tint. 


Sacral  plexus. 


Sacral  plexus. 


lonjT^ 


Superior  maxil- 
lary. 

Spinal  cord. 


Floor  of  fourth 
ventricle. 


Thoracic  ganglia. 


Tenth  and  eleventh 
thoracic  ganglia, 
great  splanchnic. 

Last  thoracic  gan> 
glion. 


DiSTKistrrioN. 


Perineum,  anus,  geni- 
talis. 


BaANCMSS. 


Lungs. 


Skin  of  radial  side  and 
hall  of  thumb;  skin 
on  |iosterior  surf««.«r 
of  ulnar  side  of 
thumb:  fikin  of  in- 
dex fingers,  middle 
finger,  snd  radial 
sloe  of  ring-linger. 


Inferior  hemorrhoidal, 
I  perineal,  cutaneotis, 
I    dorsal  of  penis. 

I  Brsnches  to  pulmonary 
'    plexuses. 

External  and  intcnaL 


Multifidus  spinse.  skin  '  Branches  to  sacral  plcx- 
of  gluteal  region.         '     ua. 


Integument  of  foot  and  I 
little  toe,  ' 


Knee,  ankle. 


I  Cutsti«ons.  patellar, 
'    communicating. 


Motion. 


Motion. 


Sensation. 
Sensation. 


Facial.  | 

Facial.  I 

Brachial  plexus. 


Cervicsl  plexus. 

'  Third  and  fourth 
cemcal.  j 


Skin  of  lesr.  muv-les 
of  back  of  thigh,  and 
those  of  leg  snd  foot. 

Articular,  mnscalar. 
popliteal. 

Perineum,    bsck    of 
thigh  snd    leg.  glu- 
teus msximus. 

Muflcular,  cutaneous, 
long  pudendal. 

Meckel's  ganglion. 

-      — 

Trunk. 

Sternocleidomastoid, 
trapezius. 

Semilunar     ganglion, 
renal  and  suprarenal 
plexuses. 

Celiac   plexus    and 
great  splanchnic. 

Renal  and  celiac  plex- 
uses. 

Stapedius  muscle. 

Stylohyoid  muscle. 

Subscapular,      teres 
major,    and    latissl- 
mus  dorsi. 

Sktn  over  deltoid. 

Skin  of  neck,  breast, 
and  shoulder. 


Scemsl.  clavicalar, 
acromial. 


SnpCMMUidibalar.    i  Sec  MimxilUry;  sm^^rwr. 


NERVES  NERVES 

TABLE  OF  NERVES.--a«Aii«^</. 


Namb. 

Function. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branchbs. 

Snpramaxillmry. 

SeeMaxillaty, 

superior. 

Supraorbital 

Sensation. 

Ophthalmic. 

Upper  lid,  forehead. 

Muscular,  cutaneous, 
and  pericraniaL 

Suprascapular. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Scapular  muscles. 

Suprasternal. 

Sensation. 

Cervical  plexus. 

Integument  over   up- 
per part  of  sternum. 

Supratrochlear. 

Sensation. 

Ophthalmic. 

Forehead  and    upper 
eyelid. 

Muscular  and  cuta- 
neous. 

Sympathetic. 

See  Sympatfu 

tic. 

Temporal. 

Motion. 

Inferior  maxillary. 

Temporal  muscle. 

Temporal. 

Sensation. 

Orbital. 

Integument  over  tem- 
poral muscle. 

TemporaL 

Motion. 

Temporofadal. 

Orbicularis  palpebra- 
rum, occipitofrontal- 
is,  attrahens  and  at- 
toUens  aurem,  corru- 
gator  supercilii. 

Muscular. 

Temporal,    supers 
ficial. 

Sensation. 

Auriculotemporal. 

Integument  over  tem- 
poral fascia. 

Temporofadal. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Upper  part  of  face. 

Temporal,  malar,  infra- 
orbital. 

Temporomalar. 

See  Orbital 

Thoracic,  posterior 
or  long.     (Exter- 
nal     respiratory 
nerve  of  ftell). 

Motion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Serratus  magnui. 

Thoracic,  spinal. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Cord. 

Muscles  and  skin  of 
thorax. 

Thoracic,  anterior 
and  exterior. 

Motion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Pectoral  is  migor  and 

Tibial,  anterior. 

Motion  fnA 
sensation. 

External  popliteal. 

Tibialis  anticus.  exten- 
sor longus    digitor- 
um,  peroneustertius. 
joints  of  foot,  skin  of 
great  toe. 

Muscular,  external,  la- 
temaL 

Tibial,  posterior. 

Motion  and 
sensation. 

Internal  popliteal. 

Tibialis  posticus,  flex- 
or  longus  digitorum, 
flexor  longus   polli- 
cis.  skin  of  heeland 
sole,  knee-joint. 

Plantar,  moacular,  cal- 

neous  or  internal  cal- 
canean,  articnlar. 

Tonsillar. 

Sensation. 

Glossopharyngeal. 

Tonsil,  soft  palate,  and 
fauces. 

Trigeminus  or  tri- 
facial  (fifth    era- 
nial). 

Motion  and 
sensation 
(taste). 

Floor  of  fourth 
ventricle. 

Skin  and  structures  of 
face,     tongue,     and 
teeth. 

Ophthalmic,  snperior 
and  inferior  maxillary. 

Trochlear. 

See      Paiheli 

ens. 

Tympanic. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

tympani  muscles. 

Tympanic. 

Sensation. 

Sympathetic. 

Tympaniira. 

NERVI  NEURAPOPHYSIS 

TABLE  OF  NERVES.— Om/ww^. 


Namb. 

FuKcnoH. 

Origin. 

DiSTUBUnON. 

Brancmbs. 

fjmpuiic  (lacob- 
soo*t  nerve). 

IfoUon. 

Glonopbaryngeal. 

Tympanum. 

Tympanic  plexus,  and 
communicating. 

Ulnu-. 

Motion  and 
■cnsation. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Muscles,  shoulder- 
joint  and  wriit-joint, 
and  skin  of  little 
finger. 

Articular,  muscular, 
palmar  cutaneous, 
dorsal,  superior  pal- 
mar, deep  palmar. 

Vafut. 

r^stric. 

VetUbular. 

SenMlion. 

Auditory. 

Utricle  and  ampulle 
of  the  semicircular 
canals. 

Vidian. 

SensmUon. 

Union    of    large 
superficial     and 
deep  petrosal. 

Sphenomaxillary  fos- 
sa, and  posterior  part 
of  upper  nasal  meat- 
us. 

Of  wmis. 

Sm  Vtfui/ar 

C€SS0ry, 

WrUberg't. 

Sec  Cuiatuous, 

Usser  imiermuL 

i 

{ 


Nenri  {mtr^-vi)  [L.].  Plural  of  Nervms,  a 
nerve.  N.  nenronim,  the  small  nenres  dis- 
tributed to  the  nerve-sheaths. 

Nervine  (mtr^-vin)  [ntnmSt  nenre].  I. 
Acting  upon  the  nenres.  2.  A  remedy  that 
caUus  nervous  excitement  or  acts  favorably 
on  nervous  diseases. 

Nervous  (mm^-vus)  [mrtms,  a  nerve].  I. 
Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  nerves  or  nerve- 
itnictures.  2.  Characterised  by  excessive 
irritability  of  the  nervdus  system.  N.  Fluid, 
a  hypothetic  fluid  supposed  to  traverse  the 
nerves  from  the  nerve-centers  to  the  peri- 

Nervootneee  (Mur^-vta'nrs)  [furvm,  nerve]. 
A  condition  of  excessive  excitability  of  the 
nervous  system,  chanulerixed  by  great  men- 
tal and  phjTsical  tmresL 

Neaelert  Reagent.  A  solution  of  potas- 
■imn  iodid,  mercuric  chlorid,  and  sodimn 
bydroxid,  used  in  estimating  the  amount  of 
anunonia  in  water. 

NetUe-raah.    See  Urtuana. 

Ncttiiuiin*a  Disease  (Mm^-mmu).  See 
Pemphigus  vegtians. 

Ncura  {mt'-nik  )  [wvpoy,  nerve].  Synonym 
of  Sturtm, 

Ne«vmd  (nu'-rmd)  [vrvpov,  a  nerve  ;  md^  to]. 
Toward  the  neural  aspect  or  axis. 

HcmdyBanua  {nurak-din-^ -wu-tLk),  See 
AWmajM/iiftf. 

Neural  (iw/-rw/)  [mpo*',  nerve].  Pertain- 
iag  to  nerves  or  nervous  tissue.  N.  Arch, 
the  part  of  the  vertebra  that  encloses  the 
spinal  cord,  formed  by  the  two  neurapophy- 
tes.  N.  Asia,  the  spinal  cord.  N.  Canal. 
I.  The  donal  ttibe  of  the  embryo,  formed 


by  the  tmion  of  the  donal  folds  and  constitut- 
ing the  earliest  traces  of  the  nervous  sjrstem. 
2.  The  bony  canal  comprising  the  cavity  of 
the  cranium  and  vertebral  column,  which  in 
the  vertebrate  animals  contains  the  central 
nervous  system.  It  is  situated  dorsad,  the 
hemal  canal,  enclosing  the  heart,  etc.,  being 
ventrad.  See  Canal^  Hemal,  N.  Groove, 
the  medullary  groove.  N.  Lamina,  the 
lateral  portion  of  uie  neural  arch  of  a  vertebra. 

Netiralgia  {nu-raf -je-ah)  [t^rvpov,  nerve; 
^>t)c,  psin].  Severe  paroxjrsmal  pain  along 
the  course  of  a  nerve  snd  not  associated  with 
demonstrable  structural  changes  in  the  nerve. 
According  to  their  anatomic  situation  the  fol- 
lowing forms  of  neuralgia  are  described: 
trigeininal  N.,  tic  douloureux,  or  prosopal- 
gia; supraorbital  N;  cervicoocdpital  N; 
cervicobrachial  and  brachial  N. ;  intercostal 
N. ;  sciatica  or  ischias ;  coccygodynia ;  vis- 
ceral N.  (as  hepatic,  gastric,  intestii^, 
uterine,  ovarian  N.).  According  to  their 
causes,  neuralgias  are  classed  as  anemic, 
malaria],  gouty,  rheumatic,  syphilitic,  dia- 
betic, toxic  {e.  ^.,  alcoholic,  saturnine}, 
hysteric,  and  reflex.  The  pain  of  N.  is 
sharp,  stabbing,  and  paroxysnusl,  lasting  usu- 
ally but  a  short  time;  tenderness  is  often 
present  at  the  points  of  exit  of  the  iwrve 
(paints  dottloureux).  Intercostal  neuralgia 
U  at  times  associated  with  herpes  zoster. 

Neuralgic  [nu-ral^ -jik)  [iripov,  nerve ;  4>>of, 
pain].  Pertaining  to,  or  aflfected  whh, 
neuralgia. 

Neurapoph3rsis  {mt-rap  off'isis)  [vtvpw^ 
nerve;  air^<T/c,  oflshoot].  Either  one  of 
the  two  apophyses  on  each  vertebra  which 


NEURASTHENIA 


NEURO- 


blend  and  form  the  neural  arch,  or  the  dorsal 
wall  of  the  spinal  foramen. 

Keuratthenia  {nu  -  ras-then-i^-aht  nuras- 
the'-ne-ah)  \yevpov^  nerve ;  aaSheia,  weak- 
ness]. A  group  of  symptoms  resulting  from 
debility  or  exhaustion  of  the  nerve-centers. 
Among  the  more  conmion  symptoms  are  a 
lack  of  energy,  undue  readiness  of  fatigue, 
disinclination  to  activity,  a  sense  of  fulness 
or  pressure  at  the  top  of  the  head,  pain  in 
the  back,  impaired  memory,  and  disturbed 
sleep;  gastrointestinal  symptoms,  such  as 
anorexia,  constipation,  fulness  after  eating ; 
Amenorrhea  and  dysmenorrhea  in  women, 
and  spermatorrhea  and  impotence  in  men. 
N.,  derebral,  N.  marked  by  depression, 
inability  to  concentrate  the  mind,  insomnia, 
irritability,  headache,  visual  disturbances, 
etc.  N.  gastrica,  nervous  dyspepsia,  a  con- 
dition of  disturbed  functional  activity  of 
the  stomach,  as  a  rule  without  retardation 
of  digestion  ;  flatulence,  pain,  palpitation  of 
the  heart,  and  constipation  are  prominent 
symptoms.  N.,  Sexual,  a  depressed  state 
of  tne  nervous  system  associated  with  distur- 
bance of  the  sexual  function ;  it  is  character- 
ixed  by  pain  in  the  back,  tender  points  along 
the  spine,  weakness  of  the  extremities,  great 
prostration  on  slight  exertion,  neuralgic 
pains,  and  other  nervous  manifestations. 

Neurasthenic  (nu  -  ras  -  ihen^-ik)  [vev/oov, 
nerve;  hMiftin^  weakness].  Relating  to, 
or  characterized  by  neurasthenia. 

Neuraxis  (nu-raks^ -is)  [yevpovt  nerve ;  d^/f , 
axis].     The  neural  axis.    • 

Neuraxon  {nu-raks^un)  [ytvpov^  nerve ;  A^/c. 
axis].  The  axis-cylinder  process  of  a  nerve- 
cell. 

Neure  (nUr)  [vcvpov].    Synonym  of  Neuron. 

Neurectasis,  Neurectasy  (nu-rfk^tas-is^ 
nu-rek'-tas-e)  [vfvpov,  nerve;  iicToai^, 
stretching].     Nerve-stretching. 

Neurectomy  (nu-rek^ -to-me)  [^vevpov^  nerve; 
iicTOfi:^,  excision].  Excision  of  a  part  of  a 
nerve. 

Neurenteric  {nu-ren-ter^ -ik)  [vrvpov,  nerve; 
hrrepov,  intestine].  Pertaining  to  the  em- 
bryonic neural  canal  and  the  intestinal  tube. 
N.  Canal,  a  temporary  communication  exist- 
ing between  the  neural  canal  and  the  intesti- 
nal tube  of  the  embryo.  It  is  also  called 
Kowalevsky's  Canal. 

Neuridin  {nu^-rid-in)  [itv/xw,  a  nerve], 
CjHj^N,.  A  ptomain  produced  in  the  putre- 
faction of  horseflesh,  beef,  human  muscle, 
fish,  cheese,  etc.  It  has  a  repulsive  odor 
and  is  nonpoisonous.    See  Ptomains^  Table  of. 

Neurilemma  {nu'ril-em' -ah)  [vevpov,  nerve ; 
^fifM,  bark].  The  sheath  encasing  a  nerve- 
fiber;  the  sheath  of  Schwann.  See  Nerve- 
fiber, 

Neurin  (ifj#^-nii)  [veiipov,  nerve],     i.  The 


albuminous  substance  forming  the  basis  of 
nerve  -  tissue.  2.  C^HuNO;  a  poisonous 
ptomain  obtained  from  decomposing  flesh 
and  in  the  decomposition  of  protagon  by  ba- 
rium hydroxid.  Its  action  is  similar  to  that 
of  muscarin.  3.  An  extract  of  nerve-tissue 
employed  therapeutically.  See  Organother- 
apy. 

Neurit  (nu^-rU)  [vnr/xw,  nerve].  Synonym 
of  Neurite. 

Neurite  {nu'nt)  \vevpov,  nerve].  The  axis- 
cylinder  process  of  a  nerve-cell. 

Neuritic  [nu-rit'-ik)  [yevpov^  nerve ;  triq^  in- 
flammation].    Pertaining  to  neuritis. 

Neuritis  {nu-ri'-tis)  [vripov,  nerve ;  irtq^  in- 
flammation]. Inflammation  of  a  nerve.  N., 
Alcoholic.  ^tN.,  Multiple.  N.,  Ascend- 
ing, inflammation  extending  from  the  pe- 
riphery of  a  nerve  centrad  to  the  spinal  cord 
or  brain.  N.,  Degenerative,  neuritis  in 
which  the  nerve-substance  proper  degener- 
ates. It  is  the  same  as  N. ,  Parenchymatous. 
N.,  Descending,  neuritis  the  result  of  ex- 
tension of  disease  from  the  spinal  cord  or  the 
brain  toward  the  periphery.  N.,  Diabetic, 
a  polyneuritis  sometimes  seen  in  diabetes,  and 
probably  the  result  of  autointoxication  with 
the  products  of  faulty  metabolism.  N.,  In- 
terstitial, inflammation  of  the  interstitial 
con  necti  ve  tissue  of  a  nerve  -trunk .  N . ,  Lipo- 
matous,  that  form  in  which  the  nerve-fiben 
are  completely  destroyed  and  replaced  by  a 
fibrous  connective  tissue  in  which  much  fat  is 
deposited.  N.,  Malarial,  neuritis  due  to  the 
malarial  poison.  N.,  Multiple,  the  simultane- 
ous inflammation  of  several  nerve -trunks,  usu- 
ally symmetrically  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  body.  Its  most  common  cause  is  alcoholic 
poisoning;  it  maybe  due  to  arsenic,  malaria, 
mercury,  lead;  to  diphtheria,  pneumonia, 
typhoid  fever,  and  other  infections  diseases. 
Beriberi  is  a  form  of  multiple  neuritis.  The 
symptoms  depend  somewhat  upon  the  cause : 
in  alcoholic  neuritis,  the  most  frequent  vari- 
ety, there  are  paresthesias  and  (Miin,  followed 
by  paralysis  of  the  legs  and  arms,  wrist-drop 
and  foot-drop,  with  edema,  loss  of  reflexes, 
and  delirium.  Anesthesia  is  slight;  there 
may  be  hyperesthesia  or  pain  ;  in  some  cases 
ataxia  is  present.  The  sphincters  are  gen- 
erally not  aflected.  N.,  Optic,  inflamm* 
tion  of  the  optic  nerve.  See  Papillitis.  N.^ 
Parenchymatous,  a  form  in  which  the  me- 
dullary substance  and  the  axis-cylinders  are 
chiefly  involved,  the  interstitial  tissue  being 
but  little  altered  or  only  afl*ected  secondarily. 
It  is  also  called  degenerative  neuritis.  N., 
Pressure-,  inflammaticm  of  a  nerre  resnlting 
from  compression. 

Neuro-  {nu^-ro-)  U'evpov,  nerve].  A  prefix 
signifying  connection  with  or  reUtioo  to  a 
nerve. 


NEUROBLAST 


NEURON 


NeuiobUtt  {nu^-rc^iast)  [vrt/pov,  oenre; 
pXaard^,  genu].  A  cell  oeriTed  from  the 
primitive  ectoderm,  and  giving  riie  to  nerve- 
fibers  and  nerve-cells. 

Neurocardiac  (HM-rokar^-de-ak)  [vrvpor, 
nerve;  xapSla,  heart].  Pertaining  to  the 
nervous  s)rstem  and  the  heart.  N.  Disease, 
exophthalmic  goiter. 

Neurocyte  (i»w^-r<»-if/)  [vtvpm,  nerve  ;  «^rof, 
cell  ] .   Synonym  of  Neuron. 

Neurodendron  {nu-ro-tUn' -drun)  fvevpov, 
nerve,  Sh^pw,  ball].     Sjmonym  of  Neuron, 

Neurodermatitis  (nu-ro-der-ma/'i^-fis)  [vrv- 
pov,  nerve  ;  6kpfta^  skin ;  iri^^  inflammation]. 
A  neurotic  affection  of  the  skin  associated 
with  itching. 

Neurodin  (nu''rodin)[yevpov^nertt^.  Acet- 
yl paraoxyphenylurethane,  a  crystalline  sub- 
i»tance  used  as  an  antineuralgic  and  antipyre- 
tic    Dose  gr.  xv-xxtiss  (1,0-1.5). 

Nettroepithelium  (nu  -  ro-ep  -  <  -  tht'-U  -  um\ 
[rffpop,  nerve;  epiifulium\  The  highly 
specialized  epithelial  structures  constituting 
the  terminations  of  the  nerves  of  spedu 
sense,  as  the  rodcells  and  cone-cells  of 
the  retina,  the  olfactory  cells  of  the  nose,  the 
hair-cells  of  the  internal  ear,  the  gustatory 
cells  of  the  taste-buds. 

Neurofibroma  {nu  'ro'fi-^ro^^moA)  [vrvpov, 
nerve ;^^r«i,  fiber;  d/m,  tumor].  A  tumor 
of  a  nerve,  composed  of  fibrous  tissue. 

Neurogenesis  {nu-ro-jen^-es-is)  [ytvpov^ 
nerve ;  ^rwov,  to  produce].  The  formatioo  of 
nerves  or  nerve  tissue. 

Neurogenetic  (nu  -  ro  •  gtn  •  et  -  ik)  [vrt)pov, 
nerve;  yrvwv,  to  produce].  Pertaining  to 
neurogenesis. 

Neuroglia  {nu'rofr'-fe-ah)  [ytvpov^  nerve; 
yXta^  glue].  The  tissue,  probably  of  ecto- 
dermic  origin,  forming  the  basis  of  the 
supporting  framework  of  the  nervous  tissue 
of  the  cerebrospinal  axis.  It  consists  of 
peculiar  cells,  the  glia-cells,  having  many  fine 
oraoching  processes. 

Netirogliar  (nu'r<»g^  le-ar)  [yrvpov,  nerve  ; 
y}ia^  gl*><]*  Pertaining  to  or  reseml>ling 
neuroglia. 

Neuroglioma  (nu  -  rv  -^1  •  •-  mnM)  [vei'pov, 
nerve;  yX/a,  glue;  bfta^  tumor].  A  tumor 
composed  of  neurogliar  tissue ;  a  glioma.  N., 
OangUonar,  N..  Oanglionare,  a  glioma 
containing  ganglion -cells. 

Neurography  {nu-ro^-ra-fe)  [w-pw,  nerve ; 
ypoHiif,  to  write].  A  treatise  on  the  anatomy 
and  physiology  of  the  nerves  and  the  nervous 
system. 

Neurokeratin  (nu  -  ro  -  ker^-  at  •  f  w )  \ytvpo¥^ 
nerve;  «^poc,  horn].  The  form  of  keratin 
found  in  nerve  sheaths  and  the  white  sub- 
stafKreof  Schwann. 

Neorolamma  (fssf-nrinw^-ai).    Synonym  of 


Neurologic  (nu-ro-lcf-ik)  [vthpov^  nerre; 
Xdyoc,  science].     Pertaining  to  neurology. 

Neurologist  (nurol* -ojisi)  [ytvpov^  nerve; 
X^yof,  science].     One  versed  in  neurology. 

Neurology  (nu-rol^-o-je)  [vevpov,  nerve ;  X^ 
7t)C,  science],  llie  branch  of  medicine  deal- 
ing with  the  anatomy,  phjrsiology,  and  path- 
ology of  the  nervous  system. 

Neuroljfsis  (nu-roi' -is-is)  [vevpov,  nerve; 
Xifot^t  solution].  Exhaustion  of  a  nerve  in 
consequence  of  overstimulation. 

Neuroma  (nu'ro^-mnk)  [vrvpov,  nerve;  bfia^ 
tumor].  A  tumor  springing  from  a  nerve. 
It  is  a  true  N.  when  made  up  of  nervous  tis- 
sue proper,  and  a  false  N.  when  consisting  of 
other  than  nervous  tissue.  False  neuromas 
may  be  fibromas,  myxomas,  gliomas,  etc. 
N.,  Amputation-,  the  neuroma  of  a  stump, 
forming  at  the  end  of  a  divided  nerve.  N., 
Amjrelinic,  a  neuroma  made  up  of  nonmed- 
ullated  nerve-fibers.  N.,  Ganglionic,  N.. 
Qanglionated,  a  neuroma  made  up  of  nerve- 
cells.  N.,  M3relinic,  one  made  up  of  medul- 
Uued  nerve-fibers.  N.,  Plesilbrm,  one 
characterized  by  the  formation  of  multiple 
enlargements  along  the  course  of  the  cutane- 
ous nerves,  giving  rise  to  the  appearance  of 
an  intertwining  network. 

Neuromatous  (nu-ro^  •maius)\vtvpov,  nerve; 
6/m,  tumor].     Of  the  nature  ol  a  neuroma. 

Neuromere  (nu' -ro-mir)  [yrvpov^  nerve; 
ftipo^y  P*t].  A  natural  segment  of  the  cere- 
brospinal axis. 

Neuromimesis  inu-ro-mi-my -sis)  [vtvpaw^ 
nerve;  fiifuffft^,  imitation].  Hystenc  phe- 
nomena resembling  true  organic  disease. 

Neuromuscular (nu-ro-mm' kular)  [yrvpov^ 
nerve;  musculus^  a  muscle].  Pertaining 
conjointly  to  nerves  and  muscles. 

Neuromyositis  (nu-ro-mio-fi' -tiss  [itv/j»iv, 
nerve;  ^vc,  muscle;  fTiC,  inflammation]. 
Myositis  associated  with  neuritis. 

Neuron  (nu'ron)  [i^i-pw,  nerve].  I.  The 
cerebrospinal  axis  uken  as  a  whole.  2.  One 
of  the  countless  number  of  units  of  whict 
the  nervous  system  is  composed.  Each  neu- 
ron consists  of  a  cell  and  a  series  of  processes. 
One  of  these  processes  is  a»  a  rule  an  axis- 
cylinder  and  terminates  free,  generally  break- 
ing up  into  a  iMindle  of  fine  fibrillar.  The 
other  processes  branch  dichntomously,  but 
also  terminate  in  free  extremities;  thev 
are  known  a^i  protoplasmic  prcKc^ses  or  den- 
drites. In  tlie  gray  matter  of  the  brain  and 
spinal  cord  the  terminal  prix^esnes  of  the  neu- 
ron form  a  dense  felt- wore,  but  not  a  commu- 
nicating reticulum.  In  every  physiologic  act 
involving  the  nervous  sy^em  at  least  two, 
usually  more,  neurons  participate.  The  neu- 
ron at  which  the  impulse  starts  is  termed 
archineuron ;  the  one  at  the  termination,  the 
tekncuron.     See  also  Ntrvt-eeiL 


NEUROPARALYSIS 


NIDUS 


Neuroparalysis  {nu-ro-par-aV -is-is)  [vewpov, 
nerve ;  TrapiXvatf,  paralysis].  Paralysis  due 
to  disease  of  a  nerve. 

Neuropathic  {nu-ro-path' -ik)  [vcwpoy,  nerve ; 
Trd^,  disease].  I.  Characterized  by  a  dis- 
eased or  imperfect  nervous  system.  2.  De- 
pending upon  or  pertaining  to  nervous  dis- 
ease. N.  Bschar,  a  bedsore  following 
disease  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Neuropathology  (««-r£/-/flM-<>/'-<>yV)rvct;pw, 
nerve ;  Trd^f,  disease ;  /iyof ,  science].  The 
pathology  of  diseases  of  the  nervous  system. 

Neuropathy  {nu-rop' -ath-i)  [vevpov,  nerve ; 
TchBoq^  disease].     Any  nervous  disease. 

Neurophysiology  [nu-ro-fiz-e-ol^ '0-je\  [vcv- 
/DOf,  nerve;  ^^OL^y  nature;  X<Jyof,  science]. 
The  phjrsiology  of  the  nervous  system. 

Neuroplasm  \nu' -ro-platrn)  [vevpov,  nerve  ; 
ffX^ativ^  to  mold].  The  protoplasm  filling 
the  interstices  of  the  fibrillar  of  nerve-cells. 

Neuroplasty  (nu^-ro-pias-U)  [vevpov,  nerve ; 
ifVioaetv^  to  mold].  Aplastic  operation  on 
the  nerves. 

Neuroretinitis  (nu-ro-ret-in-i' -tis)  [vevpov^ 
nerve;  retina,  retina;  in^,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  both  the  optic  nerve  and  the 
retina. 

Neurorrhaphy  {nu-ror' -a-fe)  [vevpov,  nerve  ; 
^1^,  suture].  The  operation  of  suturing  a 
divided  nerve. 

Neurosin  {nu-ry-sin)  [yevpov,  nerve].  A 
trade-name  for  several  preparations  contain- 
ing calcium,  glycerol,  and  phosphates. 

Neurosis  {nu-n/sis)  [yevpov,  nerve].  A 
functional  disease  of  the  nervous  system — a 
disturbance  of  the  nerve -centers  or  peripheral 
nerves  not  due  to  any  demonstrable  struc- 
tural change.  N.,  Occupation-,  N.,  Pro- 
fessional, a  functional  disorder  affecting 
groups  of  muscles  used  in  the  performance 
of  special  movements. 

Neuroskeleton  {nu-ro-sM^-et-on)  [vevpov, 
nerve ;  OKt^rdv,  skeleton] .  The  vertebrate 
endoskeleton,  or  true  skeleton;  so  called 
from  being  made  up  of  parts  that  correspond 
with  and  largely  serve  to  protect  portions  of 
the  central  nervous  system. 

Neurostearic  {nu  -  ro  ste  •  ar' ik)  [vevpov, 
nerve;  ariap,  fatl.  Pertaining  to  nervous 
tissue  and  fat.  N.  Acid,  CigHjigO,.  An 
acid  isomeric  with  stearic  acid,  occurring  in 
the  brain. 

Neurotabes  (nu-ro-ta^-bn)  [vtvpov^  nerve; 
tabes,  wasting].  A  form  oi  multiple  neu- 
ritis resembling  posterior  sclerosis. 

Neurotic  (nu-rot^-ik)  Ivevpov,  nerve].  I, 
Pertaining  to  the  nerves ;  nervous.  2.  Per- 
taining to  neuroses.  3.  Having  a  disordered 
nervous  system ;  suffering  from  a  neurosis. 

Neurotomy  (nu-rot^-o-me)  [vevpov,  nerve; 
rifivtiv,  to  cut].     The  division  of  a  nerve. 

Neutral  {nu^-tral)  [neuter,  neither].   Neither 


alkaline  nor  acid;  bland  and  soothing;  in- 
active.    N.  Mixture,  liquor  potassii  citratis. 

Neutralize  (nu^ -tral-U)  [neuter,  neither].  To 
render  neutral ;  to  render  inert ;  to  counter- 
balance an  action  or  influence. 

Neutrophile  {nu'-tro-fil)  [neuter,  neither; 
^'Aoc,  loving].  Stained  readily  by  neutral 
dyes ;  applied  to  certain  cells.  N.  Leuko- 
cytes, leukocytes  the  protoplasm  of  which 
contains  granules  colored  by  neutral  stains. 

Nevus,  Nsvus  (ne^-vus)  [L.].  i.  A  cir- 
cumscribed area  of  pigmentation;  a  mole. 
2.  An  angioma  of  the  skin,  usually  congeni- 
tal; mother's  mark.  N.  araneus.  See 
yicne  rosacea.  N.,  Capillary,  one  that  in- 
volves the  capillaries  of  the  skin.  N.,  Cuta- 
neous, a  nevus  of  the  skin.  N.  lipoma- 
todes,  a  large,  soft  mole,  containing  a 
quantity  of  fat  and  loose  connective  tissue. 
N.  matemus.  See  Nievus,  2d  definition. 
N.  pigmentosus,  a  mole ;  a  circumscribed, 
congenital  pigmentary  deposit  in  the  skin, 
varying  in  color  from  a  light  fawn  to  a  black- 
ish tint,  and  often  associated  with  hyper- 
trophy of  the  hairs.  N.  vascularis.  See 
Nevus,  2d  definition. 

Niccolium,  Nickel  {nik-ol'-e-um,  mJk^-el) 
[G.,  nickel,  nickel].  Symbol  Ni;  atomic 
weight  58  ;  quantivalence  ii,  iv.  A  metal  of 
silver- white  luster,  resembling  iron  in  physical 
properties.  See  Elements,  Table  of,  N. 
Bromid  (NiBr,  -f  3H,0)  has  been  used  in 
epilepsy.  Dose  er.  v-x.  (0.32-0.65).  N. 
Chlorid,  Ni  CI,,  has  been  used  as  a  tonic  in 
anemia.  Dose  gr.  ij  (0.13).  N.  Sulphate 
(NiSO^  +  7H,0),  has  been  used  as  a  tonic 
Dose  gr.  ss-j  (0.032-0.065). 

Nicol's  Prism  [after  William  Nieol,  of 
Edinburgh].  A  polished  prism  of  Iceland- 
spar,  cut  diagonally  across  the  principal 
axis,  the  sections  being  joined  together  by 
means  of  Canada  balsam.  It  has  the  prop- 
erty of  reflecting  the  ordinary  ray  of  light  out 
of  the  field,  while  the  so-called  polarised  raj 
is  transmitted. 

•Nicotiana  {nik-o-she-a'-noK).   See  Tabacum. 

Nicotianin  iniko-she-a^ -nin)  [after  Jean  A7- 
cot,  a  French  ambassador  to  Portugal].  The 
volatile  principle  to  which  tobacco  owes  its 
flavor. 

Nicotin  (nik^-o-tin)  [after  Jean  Ni^ot,  a 
French  ambassador  to  rortugal],  Cj^H^N^ 
A  liquid  poisonous  alkaloid  found  in  the 
leaves  of  the  tobacco-plant. 

Nictation  [nikta^ -shun).  Same  as  Nictiim- 
tion. 

Nictitating  (nikf ^it-a-ting)  [nictiiare^  to 
wink].  Winking.  N.  Membrane.  See 
Membrane.     N.  Spasm,  blepharospasm. 

Nictitation  {niktita^  skun)  [nietitart,  lo 
wink].     Abnormal  frequency  of  winking. 

Nidus  {ni^'dus)    [L.,  nest].      I.  A 


NIEMEYER'S  PILL 

point  or  focus  of  intection  ;  a  place  in  which 
an  organbm  Hnds  conditions  suitable  for 
growth  and  development.  2.  A\:ollection  of 
ganglion-cclls  at  the  deep  origin  of  a  cranial 
nerve ;  a  nucleus.  N.  hirundinis,  a  deep 
fossa  in  the  cerebellum  situated  between  the 
velum  meduliare  posterius  in  front  and  the 
Dodulus  and  uvula  behind. 

Niemeyer'a  Pill  {ne'fm-fr\  [Xumeyer^  a 
German  physician].  A  pill  of  quinin,  grain  l» 
digitalis, grain  one^alf,  and  opium,  grain  one- 
quarter.  It  i!k  used  in  pulmonary  tuberculosis, 
and  is  taken  every  six  hours. 

Night-blindness.      See  Hemerahpia. 

Night-blooming  Cereus.  See  Cactus  gran- 
difi^rus. 

Nightmare  [AS.,  neahly  niht^  night ;  mara^ 
mare].  A  dream  characterized  by  ^at  dis- 
tress and  a  »en<»c  of  oppression  or  suflocation. 

Nightshmde.  A  name  applied  to  plants  of 
the  genus  Solanum.  N.,  Deadly,  the 
Atropa  belladonna. 

Night-terrors.  Distressing  dreams  occurring 
in  children  and  cau!»ing  them  to  wake  up 
with  cries  of  fear. 

Nightingale  {nl^ting^ai)  [after  Florence 
Xif^ktingnlf^tk.  nurse].  A  short  caj>e  used  in 
hospitals  to  protect  the  shoulders  and  chest 
of  oar»ef  and  patients. 

Nigrosin  {ni'^osin)  [«i^^, black].  A  blue- 
black  anilin  dye,  used  in  staining  brain  tissue. 

Nipple  {ffiy/)  [allied  to  »f^,  the  beak 
of  a  bird,  from  AS. ,  ftfdt,  the  face].  ITie 
conic  projection  in  the  center  of  the  mamma, 
containing  the  outlets  of  the  milk -ducts.  N.- 
line,  a  vertical  line  drawn  on  the  surface  of 
the  chest  through  the  nipple. 

Ntsos  hti^'SMS)\nisut,  effort,  from  Hi/t\  to  en- 
deavor]. The  periodic  desire  for  procreation 
raanifesced  in  the  spring-season  by  certain 
species  of  animals.  AIno,  the  contraction  of 
the  diaphragm  and  abdominal  muscles  for 
the  expulsipn  of  the  feces  or  the  urine. 

Nit  [AS.,  Ani/it,  a  nit].  The  egg  or  larva 
of  the  loose. 

Niter  {Mi^'/tr)  [Arab.,i«f>riiii,  natron].  P6- 
taasium  nitrate  or  saltpeter.  N.,  Cubic, 
sodium  nitrate.  N.,  Sweet  Spirit  of, 
spiritos  aetheris  nitrosi. 

Nitrate  {mi^-fra/)[ni/er].  A  salt  of  nitric  add. 

Nitrated  {ni^traitJ)  [niier].  Combined 
with  nitric  acid. 

Nitration  {mitra'skuM)  [niter].  The  pro- 
cess ci  combining  or  treating  with  nitric  acid. 

Nitric  {ni^'trik)  [niler\  Pertaining  to  or 
containing  niter.  N.  Acid.  See  Aciii,  Xi- 
tru.  N.-acid  Test,  a  test  for  albumin,  con- 
sistmg  in  the  addition  of  nitric  acid  to  the  sus- 
pected fluid — if  albumin  is  present  a  precipi- 
tate b  fonoed.  The  test  b  usually  applied 
bf  sopcfimpoaing  the  suspected  fluid  over  the 
acad  (Heller's  test). 


NITROGEN 

Nitrification  {nitri/ika'shun)  {niUr;  fa- 
cere  ^  to  make].  The  conversion  of  the  nitro- 
gen of  ammonia  and  organic  compounds  into 
nitrous  and  nitric  acids,  a  process  constantly 
going  on  in  nature  under  the  influence  of  cer- 
tain bacteria  and  other  agencies. 

Nitrifying  (nt  /n/^-i-iM^^  [niter;  facere,  to 
make].  Converting  intu  nitrous  and  nitric 
acids.     N.  Bacillus.     See  Bacteria,  TabU 


l^tr 


i 


litril  [ni'tri/)  [niter].  A  compound  of 
cyanogen  with  an  alcohol  radicle  in  which 
the  nitrogen  is  trivalent  and  the  radicle  it 
united  to  the  remaining  carbon -atom.  The 
nitrils  are  readily  converted  into  acid^i. 

Nitrite  (ni^'tnt)  [ni4er\  A  salt  of  nitrous 
acid.  See  Amy/  nitrite  ^  Sodium  nitrite^  Po- 
tassium nitrite.  The  nitrites  produce  dilata- 
tion of  the  blood -ve!M»els,  diminution  of  the 
blood- pre!»sure,  increased  rapidity  of  the  pulse, 
and  depression  of  the  motor  centers  in  the 
spinal  cord.  'lliey  are  used  as  antispas- 
modics in  asthma  and  angina  pectoru,  in 
spasmodic  dysmenorrhea,  tetanus,  epileptic 
and  hysteric  convulsions,  and  in  cases  of  arte- 
riosclerosis with  high  arterial  tension.  Full 
doses  in  man  give  rise  to  flushing  of  the  face, 
throbbing,  and  headache. 

Nitro-  {ni^'trih)  [niter].  A  prefix  denot- 
ing combination  with  nitn>gen,  or  with  the 
radicle  NO,. 

Nitrobacteria  {ni-trobakte^-reaM)  [niter; 
bacterium].  Bacteria  that  convert  ammonia 
into  nitric  acid. 

Nitrobensol,  Nitrobenzene  {ni-troben' -u>i^ 
ni'tro-ben' -une)  CjH|N(),.  An  oily,  sweetish 
liquid  made  by  the  action  of  strong  nitric 
acid  on  benzol.  It  is  an  intermediate  product 
in  the  manufacture  of  anilin  oil,  and  b  em- 
ployed as  a  flavoring  agent  under  the  name 
of  artiflcial  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  or  oil  of 
mirbane.  It  is  a  powerful  poison,  resembling 
hydrocyanic  acid  in  action.  Persons  en- 
gaged in  iu  manufacture  often  suffer  from 
headache  and  drowsiness. 

Nitrocellulose  (ni-troser-u-lds).  See  />- 
roxyHn, 

Nitrogen  {ni^-tr&-/en)  [Arab.,  nitrun,  natron ; 
^nvdy,  to  produce].  Symbol  N;  atomic 
weight  14;  quantivalence  I,  ill,  v.  A  non- 
metallic  element  existing  firee  in  the  atmos- 
phere, of  which  it  constitutes  about  77  per 
cent,  by  weight  It  b  a  colorless,  odorless 
gas,  incapable  of  sustaining  life.  Chemic- 
ally it  b  very  inert,  and  combines  directly 
with  but  few  elemenU.  It  b  an  important 
constituent  of  all  animal  and  vegetal  tissues. 
With  hydrogen  it  combines  to  form  am- 
monia, from  which  a  multitude  of  important 
compounds  are  derived.  It  forms  several 
oxygen  •  compouTuls :  Nitrogen  monoxid, 
N,0 ;  nitrogen  dioxid,  NO ;  nitrogen  trioxkl« 


NITROGENOUS 

N,0, ;  nitrogen  tetroxid,  NO, ;  nitrogen  pent- 
oxid,  NjO..  The  oxids  combine  with  water 
to  form  acids.  With  the  halogens  nitrogen 
forms  very  explosive  compounds ;  nearly  all 
explosive  substances  are  compounds  of  nitro- 
gen. 

Nitrogenous  (ni  -  ircf  -  en  -  us)  [nitrogm]. 
Containing  nitrogen. 

Nitroglycecin  {ni-tro-glis' -er-in)  [niter;  gly- 
cerin], C|H5(N0j),.  Glonoin,  a  colorless 
oily  liquid  produced  by  the  action  of  sulphuric 
and  nitric  acids  upon  glycerol.  It  is  a 
powerful  explosive ;  physiologically  it  has  the 
actions  of  the  nitrites,  but  is  more  persistent 
than  amyl  nitrite,  which  it  most  resembles. 
Dose  gr.  jiu-A  (o.ooo3-o.cx)i3).  Spiritus 
glonoini  (U.  S.  r.),  is  a  I  per  cent,  alcoholic 
solution.  Dose  inj-ij  (0.065-0.13).  Tabel- 
1«  nitroglycerini  (B.  P.)  contain  each  gr.  yj|y 
(0.0006)  of  nitroglycerin. 

Nitrohydrochloric  Acid,  Nitromuriatic 
Acid  (ni-tro-hi-dro-kl</ -rik t  ni-tro-mu-re- 
at^-ik) .     See  Acid,  Niirokydrockloric, 

Nitroso-  {ni'tr</-so')  ^ni/er],  A  prefix  signi- 
fying combination  with  nitrosyl,  the  univa- 
lent radicle,  NO. 

Nitrosonitric Acid (ni'tro-soni^ -trik).  Fum- 
ing nitric  acid  containing  nitrous  acid  gas. 

Nitrous  {ni'-trus)  [niter],  i.  Containing 
nitrogen  as  a  univalent  or  trivalent  element. 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  nitrous  acid 
HNO,,  an  acid  having  one  atom  of  oxygen 
less  than  nitric  acid.  N.  Bther,  C,HjNO„ 
ethyl  nitrite,  a  very  volatile  liquid,  having 
properties  similar  to  those  of  amyl  nitrite.  N. 
Ozid,  N^O,  nitrogen  protoxid,  hyponitrous 
oxid,  laughing  gas.  It  is  used  as  a  general 
anesthetic  in  dentistry  and  in  minor  surgery. 
See  Anesthetic. 

Nitrosyl  (ni-try-si/).  The  univalent  radicle 
NO. 

Nocturnal  {nok^-tur-nal)  [nox,  night].  Per- 
taining to  the  night.  N.  Emission,  N.  Pol- 
lution, the  discharge  of  semen  without  coitus 
during  sleep.  N.  Enuresis,  incontinence  of 
urine  at  night  during  sleep.  N.  Epilepsy,  epi- 
lepsy in  which  the  convulsions  occur  at  night. 

Nodal  (ny-dai)  [nodus,  a  node].  Pertain- 
ing to  a  node.  N.  Point,  the  point  of  in- 
tersection of  convergent  rays  of  light  with 
the  visual  axis  of  the  eye.  The  first  nodal 
point  is  6.9685  mm.  behind  the  summit  of 
the  cornea.  The  second  nodal  point  is 
7.3254  mm.  behind  the  summit  of  the  cornea, 
or  0.1254  mm.  behind  the  lens. 

Node  (ndd)  [nodus, sl.  swelling  or  node].  I. 
A  knob,  swelling,  or  protuberance.  2.  A 
point  of  narrowing  or  constriction.  N., 
Parrot's,  one  of  the  bony  prominences  on 
the  outer  table  of  the  skull,  the  result  of 
syphilitic  periostitis.  N.,  Ranvier's,  one  of 
the  constrictions  occurring  in  the  course  of 


NORMAL 

medullated  nerve- fibers,  where  the  sheath  of 
Schwann  lies  upon  the  ax  is  cylinder.  N., 
Syphilitic,  the  localized  swelling  on  bones 
due  to  syphilitic  periostitis. 

Nodose  (ny-ddz)  [nodus,  node].  Charac- 
terized by  nodes ;  jointed  or  swollen  at  inter- 
vals. 

Nodosity  (nodos^  it-e)  [nodus,  node].  I. 
The  state  of  having  nodes.  2.  A  node.  N., 
Bouchard's,  a  nodose  condition  of  the  second 
joints  of  the  fingers,  supposed  to  be  indica- 
tive of  gastrectasis.  N.,  Hagarth*s,  N., 
Heberden's,  one  of  the  firm  nodules  on  the 
sides  of  the  distal  phalanges  of  the  fingers  in 
rheumatoid  arthritis. 

Nodular  (nod^-u-tar)  [nodus,  node].  Com- 
posed of  or  covered  by  nodules ;  resembling 
a  nodule. 

Nodule  (nod^-Ui)  [nodulus,  dim.  of  nodus, 
a  node].  A  small  node.  N.  of  Arantius. 
See  Corpus  Arantii.  N.  of  Cerebellum, 
the  anterior  termination  of  the  inferior  vermi- 
form process  of  the  cerebellum.  N.  of 
Morgagni.     Same  9&  N.  of  Arantius, 

Noematachograph  {no-e-  ma-tak' -o- graf). 
See  NemcUachograph. 

Noematachometer  (no-ematak-om' -et-er). 
See  Nematackometer, 

NoU-me-tangere  {ny-ii-me'tan^-jer-e)  [L.]. 
See  Rodent  ulcer. 

Noma  (no^-ntah)  [vofirj,  a  feeding,  from  vefi- 
eiv,  to  eat].  Cancrum  oris,  gangrsena  oris, 
gangrenous  stomatitis.  A  grave ,  usually  fatal, 
form  of  stomatitis,  occurring  in  debilitated 
children,  generally  during  the  convalescence 
from  one  of  the  exanthemata.  It  is  charac- 
terized by  the  formation  of  a  rapidly  spread- 
ing ulcer  involving  the  cheek  and  soon  be- 
coming gangrenous.  The  disease  is  micro- 
organismal  in  origin.  N.  pudendi,  N. 
vulvae,  a  similar  ulceration  occurring  about 
the  genital  region  of  female  children. 

Nonan  (no^-nan)  [nonm,  ninth].  Occurring 
every  ninth  day,  or  having  an  exacerbation 
every  ninth  day. 

Nonipara  (non-  ip^-ar-aA)  [nonus,  ninth; 
parere,  to  bring  forth].     See  Multipara. 

Normal  (nor^-mal)  [norma,  rule].  I.  Coo- 
forming  to  natural  order  or  law.  2.  Having 
the  typic  structure.  N.  Antitoxic  Se- 
rum, N.  Therapeutic  Serum,  an  anti- 
toxic blood-serum  of  which  o.  I  gram  is 
sufficient  to  neutralize  ten  times  the  fiatai 
dose  of  toxin  for  a  guinea-pig  weighing 
300  grams.  N.  Salt-solution  or  N.  Sa> 
line  Solution,  an  aqueous  soluticn  of 
sodium  chlorid  of  a  strength  similar  to  that 
of  the  body  fluids — usually  0.6-0.75  P^  cent. 
N.  Solution,  a  solution  containing  in  ooe 
liter  a  quantity  of  the  reagent  equal  to  the 
molecular  weight  in  grams,  and  redoced  «o 
that  the  replaceable  hydrogen  or  its  e^valcM 


NORMOBLAST 


NUCK,  CANAL  OF 


represents  one  gram.  A  decinormal  solution 
is  one  of  one-tenth  the  strength,  and  a  centi- 
normal  solution  one  of  one  hundredth  the 
strength  of  the  normal  solution. 

Normoblast  {nor' mo-blast)  [norma,  rule; 
pXaard^y  germ].  A  nucleated  red  corpuscle 
of  the  same  size  as  an  ordinary  red  corpuscle. 

Norri8*8  Invisible  Corpuscles.  See  Cor- 
puscle. 

Nose  {not)  [AS.,  nosu,  nose].  The  prom- 
inent organ  occupying  the  center  of  the  face, 
the  upper  part  of  which  {regio  olfactoria) 
constitutes  the  organ  of  smell,  the  lower  part 
of  which  {regio  respiratoria)  represents  the 
commencement  of  the  respiratory  tract,  in 
which  the  inspired  air  is  warmed,  moistened, 
and  deprived  of  impurities.  The  nose  consists 
of  two  symmetric  cavities,  separated  by  a  sep- 
tum, and  is  lined  internally  by  mucous  mem- 
brane (Schneiderian  membrane).  N. -bleed, 
epistaxis.  N. -piece,  a  mechanic  device 
to  be  attached  to  the  tube  of  a  microscope 
for  holding  two,  three,  or  four  objectives. 

Nosegay,  Riolan's.  The  entire  group  of 
muscles  arising  from  the  styloid  process  of 
the  temporal  bone. 

Nosema  {nos-e^-mah)  [voffeZv,  to  be  ill].  I. 
Illness,  disease.  2.  A  genus  of  Schizomy- 
cetes.     N.  bombycis.     See  Bacteria ,  Table 

Nosogeny  {nos  -  of-  en-e)  [v<5ffof ,  disease ; 
yewaVf  to  beget].  The  development  of  dis- 
eases. 

Nosography  (nos-og^-ra-fe)  [vbaoc,  disease ; 
ypd^tv,  to  write].     A  treatise  on  diseases. 

Nosology  (nos-ol^'O-Je)  [v<i<yof ,  disease ;  ?^yo^, 
science].  The  science  of  the  classification 
of  diseases. 

Nosomania  (nos-o-ma'-ne-ah)  \y6oo^,  dis- 
ease; fiavia,  mania].  I.  A  morbid  dread 
of  disease.  2.  A  delusion  that  one  is  suffer- 
ing from  disease. 

Nosophobia  {nos-o-fo' -be-ah)  [v4ffof ,  disease ; 
^y3oc,  fear].     A  morbid  fear  of  disease. 

Nostalgia  (nos-tal'-je-ah)  [ydoro^,  return ; 
^yofi  pain].     Homesickness. 

Nostoc  (nos'-tok)  [Ger.,  nostoch,  nostoc]. 
A  genus  of  algae  having  a  gelatinous  nature. 

Nostril  {nos'-tril)  [AS.,  n<^XM,  nose  ;  ^yrely 
orifice].  One  of  the  external  orifices  of  the 
nose. 

Nostrum  (nos'-trum)  [noster,  ours].  A 
quack  medicine ;  a  secret  medicine. 

Notal  {ny-tal)  [yCtroVf  back].  Pertaining 
to  the  back  ;  dorsal. 

Notanencephalia  (no-tan-en-sef-  a'  -  leaA) 
[vuTov,  back ;  dv  priv.  ;  eytdt^lo^,  brain]. 
Congenital  absence  of  the  dorsal  part  of  the 
cranium. 

Notch  [O.  Du.,  nocJk,  notch].  A  deep  in- 
dentation. N.,  Intervertebral,  one  of  the 
depressions  on  the  vertebral  pedicles,  either 


on  the  upper  or  lower  surface.  The  apposi- 
tion of  two  notches  of  contiguous  vertebrae 
forms  the  intervertebral  foramen.  N., 
I  schiatic .  See  JV. ,  Sacrosciatic .  N . ,  Ju  gu  • 
lar,  a  notch  forming  the  posterior  boundary 
of  the  jugular  foramen.  N.,  Nasal,  an 
uneven  interval  between  the  internal  an- 
gular processes  of  the  frontal  bone,  which 
articulates  with  the  nasal  bone  and  the  nasal 
process  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone.  N., 
Popliteal,  the  depression  on  the  posterior 
surface  of  the  head  of  the  tibia,  separating 
the  two  tuberosities.  N.  of  Rivinus,  the 
deficiency  in  the  osseous  tympanic  ring,  filled 
in  by  Shrapnell's  membrane.  N.,  Sacro- 
sciatic, one  of  two  notches  on  the  posterior 
edge  of  the  innominate  bone.  The  greater 
N.  is  just  above  the  spine  of  the  ischium, 
and  is  converted  into  a  foramen  by  the  lesser 
sacrosciatic  ligament ;  the  lesser  N.  is  below 
the  spine  of  the  ischium,  and  is  converted 
into  a  foramen  by  the  sacrosciatic  ligaments. 
N.,  Sigmoid,  a  deep  semilunar  depression 
separating  the  coronoid  and  condyloid  pro- 
cesses of  the  inferior  maxillar>'  bone.  N., 
Sphenopalatine,  the  notch  that  separates 
the  orbital  and  sphenoid  processes  of  the 
palate  bone.  N.,  Suprascapular,  a  notch 
in  the  superior  border  of  the  scapula  at  the 
base  of  the  coracoid  process,  for  the  passage 
of  the  suprascapular  nerve.  N.,  Supra- 
sternal, the  depression  at  the  top  of  the 
manubrium,  between  the  two  sternoclavicular 
articulations. 

Notencephalus  {no-ten-sef'-al  us)  fvorov, 
back;  e/K^^a/of,  Drain].  A  variety  of  mons- 
ter in  which  the  cranial  contents  are  in  large 
part  outside  the  skull,  resting  upon  the  back 
of  the  neck. 

Notochord  {no' -tO'kord)\yuTav ,  back ;  X^P^^* 
a  cord].  An  elongated  cord  of  cells  enclosed 
in  a  structureless  sheath,  which  in  the  embryo 
represents  the  vertebral  column ;  the  chorda 
dorsalis,  or  primitive  backbone. 

Notoroelus  (no-torn' -el-us)  [vciTov,  back ; 
fie^oCf  limb].  A  form  of  double  monster  in 
which  the  rudimentary  limbs  are  attached  to 
the  back. 

Noxious  {no^'sAus)  [noxius,  harmful]. 
Harmful ;  poisonous  or  deleterious. 

Nubecula  (nubek'-u-lah)  [dim.  of  nubes,  a 
cloud].  I.  The  cloudiness  caused  by  the 
suspension  of  insoluble  matter  in  the  urine. 
2.   A  cloudiness  of  the  cornea. 

Nubility  {nu-bil' -it-e)  [nubere,  to  marry]. 
The  state  of  sexual  development  when  mar- 
riage may  be  consummated. 

Nucha  (nu'-kah)  [L.].  The  nape  of  the 
neck. 

Nuchal  (nu'-kal)  [nucha,  nape  of  neck]. 
Pertaining  to  the  nape  of  the  neck. 

Nuck,  Canal  of.     See  CanaL 


NOSE 


NOSE 


Aeecssoiiv 
cAirriLAait 


Front  View  of  the  Skeleton  of  the  fJoac.—iGerrtsh,  cjler  Testnl.) 
Tht  upper  lateral  cartilage  is  labelled  "  lateral  cart. " ;  the  lower, "  alar  cart.** 


Transverse  Section  of  the  Nasal  Posss. 
a.  Anterior  extremity  of  middle  turbinated  bone.    3.  Middle  meatus, 
ated  bone.    5.  Inferior  meatus.    6.  Lacrimal  canal.     7.  Canallculi.     S, 
y.  Section  of  reflected  mucous  membrane.    10.  Maxillary  sinus,  or  antrum  of  Higfamore. 


I.  Nasal  septum, 

inferior  turbinated  bone. 


4.  Sac 

NlMl 


NUCLEAR 


NUCLEUS 


Nuclear  {nu^-kU-ar)  [nucleus^  nucleosl.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  a  nucleus.  N.  Fig- 
ures, the  peculiar  arrangement  of  the  mitome 
during  karyokinesis.  N.  Layer,  a  stratum  of 
gray  matter  in  the  cortex  of  the  brain.  N. 
Paralysis,  paralysis  from  lesions  of  the  nu- 
clei of  origin  of  the  nerves.  N.  Spindle, 
delicate  striae  appearing  in  the  nucleus  under- 
going mitosis,  arranged  with  the  apices  point- 
ing toward  the  poles  of  the  future  nuclei.  Its 
funcGon  probably  is  to  guide  the  movements 
of  the  mitomethreads.  N.  Stain,  a  pigment 
showing  a  strong  affinity  for  nuclei. 

Nucleated  (nu^ -kie-a-ted)  [nucleus,  nucleus]. 
Possessing  a  nucleus. 

Nuclein  (nu^-kle-in)  [nucleus^  nucleus], 
Ci^H^^N^P^Om*  An  amorphous  substance 
resembling  the  proteids,  and  forming  the 
essential  chemic  constituent  of  all  living  celb. 
It  is  composed  of  Nucleinic  Acid  and  a 
base ;  the  former  seems  to  be  the  same  for 
all  nucleins,  but  the  base  varies.  Nucleins 
are  generally  insoluble  in  dilute  acids  and 
soluble  in  dilute  alkalies.  They  are  sup- 
posed to  represent  the  germicidal  constituent 
of  blood -serum. 

Nucleoalbumin  (nu-kle-o-ai-buf-miM)  [nu- 
cleus, nucleus;  a/dumin].  A  compound  of 
a  proteid  and  nuclein,  occurring  in  cell- 
protoplasm. 

Nucleohiston  {nu-kle-o-his^-tm)  [nucleus, 
nucleus;  ^rdc,  tissue].  A  substance  com- 
posed of  nuclein  and  hbton  found  in  the 
leukocytes  of  the  blood.  Nuclein  induces 
coagulation  of  the  blood ;  histon  prevents  it. 
The  liquid  state  of  the  blood  is  supposed 
to  be  dependent  on  the  integrity  of  the  com- 
pound formed  by  these  two  bodies. 

Nucleolus  (nu-kle^ -o-lus)  [dim.  of  nucleus,  a 
nucleus].  The  small  spheric  body  within 
the  cell-nucleus.  Its  true  function  has  not  as 
yet  been  established. 

Nucleopetal  (nu-kle-o-pei'-al)  [nucleus,  nu- 
cleus ;  petere,  to  seek].  Seeking  the  nucleus 
(said  of  the  movement  of  the  male  pronu- 
cleus toward  the  female  pronucleus). 

Nucleoplasm  (nu'kleoplazm)  [nucleus, nu- 
cleus; irTudaativ,  to  mold],  i.  The  proto- 
plasm of  the  nucleus.    2.  Chromatin. 

Nucleus  (nu'-klem)  [nucleus,  from  nux, 
out].  I.  The  essential  part  of  a  typic  cell, 
usually  round  in  outline*  and  situated  near 
the  center.  2.  The  center  around  which  the 
mass  of  a  crystal  aggregates.  3.  The  central 
element  in  a  compound,  as  the  carbon  in 
hydrocarbons.  4.  A  collection  of  gray  mat- 
ter in  the  central  nervous  system  having  a 
distinct  function.  5.  The  deep  origin  of  a 
nerve.  N.  ambig^us,  N.,  Anterior,  a 
collection  of  nerve-cells  near  the  N.  of  the 
vagus.  N.  amygdalae,  an  irregular  aggre- 
gation of  gray  matter  situated  at  the  apex  of 


the  temporal  lobe  of  the  brain,  between  It 
and  the  apex  of  the  middle  ventricular  hom. 
N.  of  Bechterew,  an  ill-defined  group  of 
ganglion-celb  lying  dorsad  of  Deiters'  nu- 
cleus, and  supposed  to  give  origin  to  some 
of  the  fibers  of  the  middle  root  of  the  audi- 
tory nerve.  It  is  also  called  the  N.  vesti- 
bularis. N*f  Burdach's.  See  N.  funiculi 
cuneati,  N.,  Caudal.  See  N.,  Oculomotor. 
N.,  Caudate,  the  intraventricular  part  of  the 
corpus  striatum.  N.  cinereus,  a  term  some- 
times used  to  designate  the  gray  substance  of 
the  restiform  bodies.  N.,  Cleavage-.  Syno- 
nym of  N. ,  Segmentation-.  N.,  Daughter-. 
See  Mitosis.  N.  emboliformis,  a  small 
mass  of  gray  matter  situated  in  the  inter- 
val between  the  N.  dentatus  and  N.  fas- 
tigii,  and  lying  nearer  the  foimer.  N.  fas- 
tigii,  a  flat  expanse  of  gray  matter  on  each 
side  of  the  inferior  vermiform  process  of  the 
cerebellum  directly  over  the  roof  of  the 
fourth  ventricle.  N.  fimbriatus.  Syno- 
nym of  Corpus  dentatum.  N.  funiculi 
cuneati,  a  mass  of  gray  matter  of  the  pos- 
terior column  of  the  medulla,  lying  beneath 
the  funiculus  cuneatus.  N.  funiculi 
gracilis,  an  elongated  club-shaped  mass 
of  gray  matter  in  the  mesal  portion  of 
the  posterior  column  of  the  medulla.  N., 
Germinal,  the  N.  resulting  from  the  union 
of  the  male  and  female  pronuclei.  N., 
Gingival,  a  part  of  the  cerebellum  in  the 
fetus  (between  the  third  and  fourth  months), 
which  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  gums. 
N.,  Globic,  N.  globosus,  the  globulus,  a 
number  of  small  round  or  oval  masses  of 
gray  matter  situated  in  the  interval  between 
the  N.  dentatus  and  N.  fastigii,  lying  near 
to,  and  probably  an  accessory  detachment  of 
the  latter.  N.  gracilis,  a  column  of  gray 
matter  in  the  posterior  pyramid  of  the  med- 
ulla oblongata.  N.,  Gray,  the  gray  matter 
of  the  spinal  cord.  N.,  Intraventricular, 
the  caudate  nucleus.  N.,  Kdlliker's,  the 
gray  matter  surrounding  the  canal  of  the 
spinal  cord.  N.,  Lar3mgeal,  the  nucleus  of 
origin  of  the  nerve-fibers  of  the  larjmx. 
N.,  Lenticular,  N.  lentiformis,  the  extra- 
ventricular  portion  of  the  corpus  striatum, 
lying  between  the  internal  and  external 
capsules.  N.  of  Luys,  an  almond-shaped 
mass  of  gray  matter  with  pigmented  ganglion- 
cells  in  the  subthalamic  region.  N.  mag^o- 
cellularis,  Deiters'  nucleus;  a  nucleus  of 
gray  matter  in  the  medulla  oblongata,  situated 
mesad  of  the  restiform  column  at  the  level  of 
entry  of  the  auditory  nerve-roots.  N., 
Mother-.  See  Mother-star,  under  Karyo- 
kinesis. N.,  Motor,  a  collection  of  nerve- 
cells  in  the  central  nervous  systein  giving 
origin  to  a  motor  nerve.  N.,  Oculomotor, 
the  nucleus  of  the  ocidomotor  nerve,  lying 


NUEL'S  SPACE 


NYMPHA 


dorsad  of  the  posterior  longitudinal  bundle, 
under  the  aqueduct  of  Sylvius.  N.,  Olivary, 
a  folded  mass  of  gray  matter  in  the 
medulla  oblongata,  prcxlucing  a  swelling  on 
the  surface,  the  olivary  body.  N.  of 
Origin,  the  collection  of  ganglion-cells  in 
the  central  nervous  system  giving  origin  to 
a  nerve.  N.  psrramidalis,  the  inner  ac- 
cessory olivary  nucleus.  N.,  Red.  See 
N,  tegmenti,  N.,  Restiform,  the  gray 
matter  of  the  restiform  body.  N.,  Seg- 
mentation-, the  N.  that  appears  shortly 
after  the  fusion  of  the  male  and  female  pro- 
nuclei ;  the  last  step  in  the  process  of  fertiliza- 
tion ;  it  is  so  called  because  within  it  cleav- 
age is  first  establ'shed.  N.,  Spermatic. 
S3monym  of  the  male  pronucleus.  N.,  Still- 
ing's.  Synonym  of  N.  tegmenti.  N.,  Sub- 
ependymal, the  internal  nucleus  of  the  eighth 
or  auditory  nerve,  lying  just  beneath  the  epen- 
dyma  of  the  fourth  ventricle.  N. ,  Tegmen- 
tal, N.  tegmenti,  red  N. ;  a  mass  of  re- 
ticular substance  in  the  tegmentum  of  the 
cms  cerebri,  to  the  inner  side  of  the  sub- 
stantia nigra.  N.,  Vesicular,  a  rather  large 
cell-nucleus,  the  membrane  of  which  stains 
deeply,  while  the  central  portion  remains 
relatively  pale.  N.  vestibularis.  See  N, 
of  Bechterew.  N.,  Vitelline,  a  nucleus  re- 
sulting from  the  fusion  of  the  male  and  female 
pronuclei  vrithin  the  vitellus.  N.,  West- 
phal's,  the  N.  of  origin  of  a  part  of  the 
trochlear  fibers ;  it  is  situated  posteriorly  to 
the  trochlear  nucleus  proper.  N.,  White, 
the  white  substance  of  the  dentate  body  of 
the  olive. 

Nuel's  Space.  A  triangular  space  between 
the  outer  hair-cells  and  the  outer  rods  of 
Corti  of  the  internal  ear. 

Nullipara  {nul-ip^ -ar-ak)  [nullus^  none ;  pa- 
rerty  to  bring  forth].  A  woman  who  has 
never  borne  a  child. 

Nulliparity  {nul-ip-ar'-U-eyXnullm^  none; 
par  ere  y  to  bring  forth].  The  condition  of 
being  nuUiparous. 

Nulliparous  (nul-ip^-ar-us)  [nullus^  none; 
parere^  to  bring  forth].  Having  never  borne 
children. 

Nummular  (num'-u-lar)  [nummus,  coin]. 
Resembling  a  coin  in  form,  as  N.  sputum ; 
resembling  rouleaux,  or  rolls  of  coin. 

Nurse's  Contracture.  Tetany  occurring  in 
nursing  women. 

Nutation  (nu-ta'-shun)  [nutare,  to  nod]. 
Nodding  or  oscillation.  N.  of  Sacrum,  a 
partial  rotation  of  the  sacrum  on  its  transverse 
axis,  whereby  the  distance  between  the  upper 
extremity  or  the  lower  extremity  and  the 
anterior  pelvic  wall  is  increased. 

Nutmeg  [AS.,  hnutu^  nut;  Pers.,  musk^ 
musk].      The  seed  of   various  species  of 

•  Myriitica,  of  the  order  Myristicaceie.    Myrit- 


tica  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  is  the  seed  of  M.  frag, 
rans,  and  is  the  source  of  a  volatile  oil  (Oleum 
myristicae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.).  The  latter  con- 
tains a  stear<^ten,  myristin,  which  is  the 
glycerid  of  myristic  acid,  C|fH„0,.  N.  is 
employed  as  a  condiment,  as  a  corrective  and 
mild  flavoring  agent,  and  has  also  slight 
narcotic  properties.  Dose,  gr.  v-xz  (0.3a- 
Z.3).  Oleum  myristicae.  Dose  2  to  3  drops 
(0.13-0.2).  Oleum  myristicae  expressum 
(B.  P. )  is  also  known  as  oil  of  mace. 

Nutrient  {nuf 'tre-eni)  [nutrtrty  to  nourish], 
z.  Affording  nutrition.  2.  A  substance  that 
nourishes ;  a  food. 

Nutriment  {nu' -  trim  •  ent)  \nutrirey  to 
nourish].     Anything  that  nourishes. 

Nutrition  {nu  -  trish' -  un)  Vnutrire^  to 
nourish].  The  process  by  which  tissue  is 
built  up  and  waste  repaired. 

Nuz  vomica  {nuks  vom'-ik-oK)  [L. ,  pestilen- 
tial or  vomiting  nut].  The  seeii  of  Strych- 
nos  Nux  vomica,  an  Indian  tree  of  the  order 
Loganiaceae.  It  contains  several  alkaloids, 
the  most  important  being  strychnin  and  bni- 
cin  (q.  v.),  which  are  united  with  a  peculiar 
acid  called  igasuric  acid.  In  small  doses  it  is 
a  bitter  tonic,  stimulating  gastric  digestion ;  it 
raises  blood-pressure  by  stimulating  the  heart 
and  the  vasomotor  center,  and  stimulates  the 
respiratory  center,  and  the  motor  centers  of  the 
spinal  cord.  In  overdoses  it  produces  tetanic 
convulsions,  and  risus  sardonicus ;  the  reBex 
excitability  is  enormously  increased,  and  the 
slightest  stimulus  serves  to  bring  on  a  convul- 
sion. Death  usually  occurs  from  asphyxia 
(cramp-asphyxia),  more  rarely  from  exhaus- 
tion. Nux  vomica,  or  strychnin,  is  employed 
in  dyspepsia,  in  convalescence  from  acute 
diseases,  in  acute  infectious  diseases,  in 
shock,  in  poisoning  by  chloroform  and  opium, 
in  emphysema,  phthbis,  and  other  condi- 
tions Associated  with  dyspnea,  in  chrook 
bronchitis,  in  constipation,  in  atony  of  the 
bladder,  in  lead-palsy,  and  in  amaurosis 
from  tobacco  or  alcohol.  Dose  of  nux  vom- 
ica gr.  j-v  (0.065-0.32).  Extractum  nucis 
vomica.  Dose  gr.  ^-^  (o«oi -0016).  Ex- 
tractum nucis  vomicae  nuiduro.  Duse  J\  }— ▼ 
(0.065-0.32).  Tinctura  nucis  vomicae.  Dose 
nt  v-xxx  (0.32-2.0). 

Nyctalopia  {nik-tali/ pe-ah)  [r£f,  night; 
6V>,  the  eye].  I.  Night-vision;  the  cmli- 
tion  in  whicn  the  sight  is  better  by  night  or 
in  semidarkness  than  by  daylight.  It  is  a 
symptom  of  central  scotoma,  the  more  dilated 
pupil  at  night  allowing  a  better  illuminabon 
of  the  peripheral  portions  of  the  retina.  2. 
According  to  the  usage  of  some  writers,  tlm 
term  designates  night-blindness.  See  Nemarr 
alopia. 

Nympha  (nim'-fah)  fvir/ifa,  oymph].  A 
labium  minus  of  the  vulva. 


NYMPHOMANIA 

Njrmphoinania  (nim-fo-ma' -ne-aK)  [vCr;/^^, 

nymph;  ;<avta, madness].    Excessive  sexual 

desire  on  the  part  of  a  woman. 
Nymphomaniac  {nim-fo-ma' -ne-ak)  [yv/ju^, 

nymph  ;  /laWa,  madness].    One  affected  with 

nymphomania. 
Nystagmus     [ni-stag^ -musS    [vwrrdffiv,    to 

nod  in  sleep].     An   oscillatory  movement 


OBSTETRICIAN 

of  the  eyeballs.  It  may  be  congenital  or 
dependent  on  intracranial  disease,  especially 
meningitis,  on  multiple  sclerosis,  etc.  N., 
Lateral,  oscillation  of  the  eyes  in  the  hori- 
zontal meridian.  N.,  Rotatory,  an  oscil- 
latory, partial  rolling  of  the  eyeball  around  the 
visual  axis.  N.,  Vertical,  oscillatory  move- 
ment in  the  vertical  meridian. 


i 


O.  The  symbol  of  Oxygen ;  of  oculusy  eye ; 
of  octariusj  a  pint. 

O.  D.  Abbreviation  for  oculus  dexter^  right 
eye. 
Oak  (dk )  [AS.,  ir,  oakl.  A  genus  of  trees, 
Quercus,  of  the  order  Cupuliferae.  The  bark 
of  Quercus  alba  (U.  S.  P. ,  Quercus  cortex  and 
of  Quercus  robiu-,  B.  P.)  and  other  species, 
contains  a  peculiar  tannic  acid  known  as 
quercitannic  acid,  and  a  bitter  principle, 
quercin,  and  is  used  as  an  astringent  tonic, 
especially  in  the  form  of  the  oak- bath.  It  has 
also  been  employed  in  leukorrhea,  hemor- 
rhoids, and  prolapse  of  the  rectum.  O.-bark 
(Quercus  alba,  U.  S.  P. ;  Quercus  cortex,  B. 
P.)  is  an  astringent  tonic  containing  tannic 
acid,  and  is  mostly  employed  in  washes  and 
decoctions  for  external  use. 

Oakum  (ykum)  [AS. ,  dcumba,  tow  J.  A 
material  made  by  picking  old  rope  into  pieces. 
It  has  been  used  as  a  dressing  for  wounds, 
and  in  the  form  of  pads  to  absorb  lochial 
discharges. 

Oat  {di)  [AS.,  atas^  oats].  A  cereal  plant, 
Avena  sativa,  or  other  species  of  Avena, 
and  its  seed.  O.-meal,  the  meal  made 
from  oats.  It  is  used  in  the  form  of  a  gruel, 
as  a  food,  as  a  demulcent  and  laxative,  and 
as  an  emollient  poultice. 

Ob-  [L.].  A  prefix  signifying  on,  against, 
in  front  of,  or  toward. 

Obdormition  (ob-dor-mish^-un)  [obdormitio; 
obdormire ^X<Q  fall  asleep].  Numbness  of  a 
part  due  to  interference  with  nervous  func- 
tion ;  the  state  of  a  part  when  it  is  **  asleep. " 

Obduction  {ob-duk' shun)  [e?^,  against;  du- 
certy  to  leadl.     A  necropsy. 

O'Beime's  Tube.  A  long,  flexible  tube  used 
in  making  rectal  injections. 

Obelion  \obe^ -leon)  [<5/3cX<Jc,  a  spit].  See 
Craniometric  Points. 

Obermaier,  Spirillum  of.  A  spirillum  found 
in  the  blood  in  relapsing  fever.  See  Bac- 
teria.  Table  of. 


Obesity  (p-bes^-it-e)  [obesitas,  from ;  obedere, 
to  eat].  An  excessive  development  of  fat 
throughout  the  body ;  corpulence ;  poly- 
sarcia. 

Obex  (</-beks)  [L.,  a  barrier].  A  band  of 
white  nervous  matter  at  the  point  of  the  cala- 
mus scriptorius. 

Obfuscation  (ob/us-Aa^-sAun)  [ob^  in  front 
oi'tfuscus^  dusky].  The  act  of  darkening 
or  clouding,  as  O.  of  the  cornea. 

Object-glass  (ob^-jeAt-gias).  See  Objective 
(3d  definition). 

Objective  (ob-jeA^-tiv)  [ob^  against ;  jacere^ 
to  throw].  I.  Pertaining  to  an  object  or  to 
that  which  is  contemplated  or  perceived  as 
distinguished  from  that  which  contemplates 
or.  perceives.  2.  Pertaining  to  those  rela- 
tions and  conditions  of  the  body  perceived 
by  another,  as  O.  signs  of  disease.  3.  The 
lens  of  a  microscope  nearest  the  object. 

Obligate  {ob'-Ugat)  [obiigare,  to  bind]. 
Constrained,  bound.  O  Aerobic,  of  a  micro- 
organism, one  that  can  only  live  as  an  aerobe. 
O.  Anaerobic,  of  a  microorganism,  one  that 
can  only  live  as  an  anaerobe.  O.  Parasite, 
a  parasite  that  can  only  live  as  a  parasite. 

Oblique  {obUA'  or  ob-hA')  [^^/i^wwr, slant- 
ing].    Slanting. 

Obliquity  (ob-iiA^-wit-e)  [obiiqum^  slanting]. 
The  state  of  being  oblique. 

Obliteration  {ob-lii-er'a^-sAun)  [obliterare^  to 
efface,  from  ob,  over;  Htera^  a  letter].  Re- 
moval of  a  part ;  extirpation  ;  complete  clo- 
sure of  a  lumen. 

Obsession  (ob-sesA^-un)  [ob,  over;  sedere^ 
to  sit].     Possession  by  evil  spirits. 

Obsolescence  [obso-les' -ens)  [obso/eseere,  to 
grow  old].  The  state  of  becoming  old  or 
going  out  of  use. 

Obstetric  (ob-stet^-riA)  [obstare,  to  stand  be- 
fore]. Pertaining  to  the  practice  of  obstet- 
rics. 

Obstetrician  {ob-stet-rish'-an)  [obstare,  to 
stand  before] .     One  who  practices  obstetrics. 


OBSTETRICS 


ODONTIASIS 


I 


Obstetrics  (obstet^-tiks)  [obstare^  to  stand 
before].  The  branch  of  medicine  that  deals 
with  the  care  of  women  in  pregnancy,  labor, 
and  the  puerperium. 

Obstipation  {pb-stip-a' -shun)  [obstipare^  to 
close  tightly].     Constipation. 

Obstruction  (ob-struk^-shun)  [oby  over 
against;  j/r«^r^,  to  build].  I.  The  state  of 
being  stopped  or  blocked  up.  2.  The  act 
of  stopping  up.  3.  An  impediment  or  ob- 
stacle. 

Obstructive  (ob-struk' -tiv)  \ob^  over  against ; 
struere^  to  build].  I.  Stopping  or  blocking 
up.    2.  Due  to  an  obstruction,  as  O.  jaimdice. 

Obtund  {pbtund')  \obf  against,  upon;  tun- 
dere^  to  l)eat].  To  blunt  or  dull ;  to  lessen, 
as  to  O.  sensibility. 

Obturator  {ob' -tu-ra-tor)  [obturare^  to  stop 
up].  I.  Closing  an  opening.  2.  That 
which  closes  an  opening.  3.  Pertaining  to 
the  obturator  membrane,  muscles,  etc.  O. 
Foramen,  a  foramen  in  the  anterior  part  of 
the  OS  innominatum.  See  Foramina ^  Table 
of,  O.  Membrane,  the  membrane  closing 
the  obturator  foramen.  O.  Muscle.  See 
Muscles^  Table  of.  O.  Nerve.  See  Nerves, 
Table  of 

Occipital  (ok'Sip'-it-al)  [oeciput'\.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  in  relation  with  the  occiput.  O. 
Artery.  See  Aiieries,  Table  of  O.  Lobe. 
See  Lobe.  O.  Nerve.  See  Nerves,  Table 
of  O.  Protuberance,  the  prominence  on 
the  inner  surface  (internal)  or  on  the  outer 
surface  (external)  of  the  occipital  bone.  O. 
Triangle.     See  Triangles,  Table  of. 

Occipito-  (ok-sip' -ii'O-)  [occiput,  occiput]. 
A  prefix  denoting  connection  with  or  relation 
to  the  occipital  lx>ne  or  the  occiput. 

Occipitoanterior  (ok-sip-it-o- an-te*- re-or) 
[occiput;  anterior"].  Having  the  occiput 
directed  toward  the  front,  as  the  O.  position 
of  the  fetus  in  utero. 

Occipitoatloid  (oksipit-o-at^-loid)  [occiput; 
atlas  ;  eldoq,  form] .  Pertaining  to  the  occip- 
ital bone  and  the  atlas. 

Occipitoazoid  (ok-sip-it-oaks^-oid)  [occiput ; 
axis  ;  el6o^,  form].  Pertaining  to  tne  occip- 
ital bone  and  the  axis. 

Occipitobregmatic  (ok-sip-il-o-breg-mat^^ik) 
[occiput;  bregma"].  Pertaining  to  the  oc- 
ciput and  the  bregma. 

Occipitofrontal  (oksip-it-o-fron^tal)  [oc- 
ciput; frons,  forehead].  Pertaining  to  the 
occiput  and  forehead,  or  to  the  O.  muscle 
( Occipitofron  talis ) . 

Occipitomastoid  (ok-sip-it-omcu' toid)  [oc- 
ciput;  fiaffrbc,  nipple ;  elAo^,  form].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  occipital  bone  and  tne  mastoid 
process. 

OccipitomenUl  {ok-sipit-omen'tal)  [oc- 
ciput; mentum,  the  chin].  Pertaining  to 
the  occiput  and  the  chin. 


Occipitoparietal  (ok  -sip-it-o -par-  i^-et-al) 
[occiput ;  paries,  wall].  Pertaining  to  the 
occipital  and  parietal  bones,  or  to  the  occipital 
and  parietal  lobes  of  the  brain. 

Occipitoposterior  (ok-sip- it  o-pos-te^ -re-or) 
[occiput;  posterior].  Having  the  occiput 
directed  backward,  as  the  O.  position  of 
the  fetus  in  utero. 

Occipitotemporal  {oksipit-o  -  tem'-pcr  -  a/) 
[occiput;  tempusy  temple].  Pertaining  to 
the  occipital  and  temporal  bones. 

Occiput  (ok'-siput)  [ob,  against ;  caput,  the 
head].      The  back  part  of  the  head. 

Occlusion  (ok-lu'thun)[ob,^.%9\Tis\\  clau- 
dere,  to  shut].  I.  A  closing  or  shutting  up. 
2.  The  state  of  being  closed  or  shut  3. 
The  absorption  by  a  metal  of  gas  in  large 
quantities,  as  of  hydrogen  by  platinum. 

Occlusive  (ok-lu^-tiv)  [ob,  against ;  claudere, 
to  shut].  Closing  or  shutting  up ;  as  an  oc- 
clusive surgical  dressing. 

Occupation -disease.  One  caused  by  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  patient.  The  most  common 
variety,  the  Occupation-neurosis,  is  a  func- 
tional disturbance  of  the  part  used  in  carry- 
ing on  a  certain  occupation,  as,  e.g.,  writer's 
cramp,  telegrapher's  cramp,  etc. 

Ochlesis  (oA-le'-sis)  [bx^^o^,  crowd].  Any 
disease  due  to  over- crowding. 

Octan  {ok^-tan)  [octo,  eight].  Returning 
every  eighth  day,  as  an  octan  fever. 

Octarius  (ok-ta^-re-us)  [octo,  eight].  An 
eighth  part  of  a  gallon;  a  pint.  Sym- 
bol O. 

Octavipara  {ok-tctv-ip^-ar-ah).  See  MuM- 
para. 

Ocular  (ok'-u-lar)  [oculus,  the  eye].  I. 
Pertaining  to  or  in  relation  with  the  eye.  2. 
The  lens  of  a  microscope  that  is  turned 
toward  the  eye.  O.,  Compensating,  one 
that  compensates  for  axial  aberrations  of  the 
objective. 

Oculist  {ok' -u- list).  Synonym  of  Ophthal- 
mologist. 

Oculo-  (pk'u-lo-)  [oculus,  eye].  A  prefix 
signifying  pertaining  to  the  eye. 

Oculomotor  [ok-u-lo-mo'-tor)  [oculus,  eye; 
movere,  to  move].  I.  Pertaining  to  the 
movement  of  the  eye,  as  the  oculomotor 
nerve.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  oculomotor 
nerve,  as  the  oculomotor  nucleus. 

Oculus  (ok^  ulus)  [L.].     An  eye. 

Oculozygomatic  {ok-u  lo-u-go-maf-ik)  [ocu- 
lus, eye ;  zygoma].  Pertaining  to  the  eye 
and  the  zygoma.     See  Jadelof*s  Lines. 

Odontagra  [p-don-ta' -grah)  [odoift  tooUi ; 
hypa,  seizure].  Tootnache,  espedally  a 
form  due  to  gout 

Odontalgia  (p-don-tal' -je-ah)  [odoiv*  tooth; 
dAyof,  pain].     Toothache. 

Odontiasis  (o-don-ti' -as-is)  [h6o^,  toollij* 
Dentition ;  the  cutting  of  teeth. 


ODONTITIS 


OIL 


Odontitis  {o'don-ti' Hs)  [6<5oi'f,  tooth;  <r<f, 
iaflammationl.     Inflammation  of  the  teeth. 

OdoDto-  (o-aon^-io-)  [6<Jovf,  tooth].  A  pre- 
fix signifying  pertaining  to  a  tooth. 

Odontoblast  \o-don' to- blast)  [6f5oi'C>  tooth; 
/jAa<rr<ic,  gennl.  One  of  the  cells  covering 
the  dental  papilla  and  forming  the  dentine. 

Odontogeny  (o-Uon  tof-en-e)  [Wo/f ,  tooth  ; 
yevvav^  to  beget].  The  origin  and  develop- 
ment of  teeth. 

Odontography  (o  -  don  -  iog^-  ra  -fe)  [ocJof'f , 
tooth ;  ypfK^tKv^  to  write].  The  descriptive 
anatomy  of  the  teeth. 

Odontoid  (o-don^-toid)  [6t5oi»f,  tooth;  el6o^, 
like].  Resembling  a  tooth.  O.  Ligament. 
See  Ligament.  O.  Process,  the  dentate 
process  of  the  second  cervical  vertebra. 

Odontolith  (o-don^'to-iith\  [bdo'vq,  tooth ; 
/uBo^^  a  stone].  The  calcareous  accretion 
on  the  teeth,  popularly  known  as  tartar. 

Odontology  {odontol^'O-je)  [6<5o{>f,  tooth; 
/.rf/of,  science].  The  branch  of  knowledge 
dealing  with  tne  anatomy  and  diseases  of  the 
teeth. 

Odontoma  (o-donti/mah)  [6<$oi»f,  tooth ; 
6iia,  tumor].  A  tumor  arising  in  connection 
wiih  the  teeth  and  presenting  a  tooth-like 
structure. 

Odontonecrosis  (o-don-to-nek-ro' -sis)  [Woiy, 
tooth;  t^eKpd^f  corpse].  Necrosis  or  decay 
of  the  tissues  of  the  teeth. 

Odontopathy  [o  •  don  -  top^-  atk  -  e)  [oM^t 
tooth  ;  irdih^^  suffering].  Any  disease  of  the 
teeth. 

Odontorthosia  (o-don'tor-tho^'te-ah)  \oiov^^ 
tooth ;  op^oc,  straight].  The  operation  of 
straightening  irregularly  growing  teeth. 
Odontotherapy  (o-don-tother^-ap-e)  \oM^^ 
tooth;  <^cpaTe/a,  treatment].  The  treatment 
of  diseases  of  the  teeth. 
Odoriferous   {pdorif'-erus)    \^odor,   odor; 

ftrrey  to  carry].     Fragrant. 
O'Dwyer's  Tubes  {odwi'-enC)  [O'Dtvyer,  an 
American  physician].     Tubes  used  for  intu- 
bation of  the  larynx, 
-odyne,  -odynia  {odlny-o-din^-f-aA)  [oSijvif, 

pain].     A  sufhx  denoting  pain. 
CEdema,  CEdematous  (e-de'-mah^  e-dem'- 

at -us).     See  Edema  ^  Edematous. 
Oese  [Ger.l.     An  instrument  consisting  of  a 

platinum- wire    afHxed    to    a    glass    luindle 

and  employed  in  bacteriologic  investigation. 
CSsophagism  [e-sofajitmy    See  Esophag- 

ismus. 
^Bsophagus  (e-sof -ag-us).    See  Esophagus. 
Official  (offish' al)  [ojtcium^ duty,  service]. 

Of  medicmes,  sanctioned  by  the  recognized 
authority,  i .  e. ,  the  Pharmacopeia. 


Officinal  (o/is'in-ai)  [oficina,  a  workshop]. 
...      .      ^ .  kept  < 

caries'  shops. 


For  sale  in  the  shops ;  Itept  on  sale  in  apothe- 
caries' shops. 
Obm  {dm)  [Dr.  G.  S.  Ohm,  a  Gennao  j^y- 


sicist].  The  unit  of  electric  resistance.  The 
ohm  adopted  as  a  standard  varies ;  the  Brit- 
ish Association  O.  is  the  resistance  of  a  col- 
umn of  mercury  i  square  millimeter  in  sec- 
tion and  1. 049318  meters  long.  The  legal 
().  is  similar  to  the  B.  A.  O.,  except  that  the 
column  of  mercury  is  1.06  meters  in  length. 
The  international  O.  adopted  1893,  ^^  ^^ 
resistance  of  a  column  of  mercury  1.063  cen- 
timeters  long  and  weighing  14.4521  grams. 

Oidium  {o-id'-e-um)  [dim.  of  ^v,  egg].  A 
genus  of  parasitic  fungi.  O.  albicans,  the 
thrush- fungus. 

Oikoid  (oi'-koid)  [o/jcof,  house;  e\6oq,  like]. 
The  stroma  of  red  corpuscles. 

Oil  [oleum,  from  l^aioVy  oil].  A  liquid  of 
animal  or  vegetal,  sometimes  of  mineral, 
origin,  having  a  peculiar  feel,  and  not  mis- 
cibTe  with  water.  Animal  and  Vegetal 
Oils  are  either  volatile  or  fixed.  OU  of 
Amber.  See  Suecinum.  O.  of  Cade,  an 
oil  derived  from  the  wood  of  Juniperus 
commimis,  and  used  in  the  treatment  of 
diseases  of  the  skin.  O.,  Camphorated, 
a  solution  of  camphor  in  olive-oil.  O. 
of  Caraway,  a  volatile  oil  from  the  fruit  of 
Carum  carui.  It  is  a  carminative  and  flavor- 
ing agent  Dose  n\^  j-v  (0.065-0.32).  See 
Carum.  0.,Carron- ,  an  application  to  bums, 
consisting  of  equal  or  nearly  equal  parts  of 
linseed  oil  and  lime-water.  It  is  named  after 
the  Carron  iron-works  in  Scotland,  where  it 
was  first  employed.  O.,  Essential,  a  vola- 
tile oil,  so  called  becau.se  it  contains  the  es- 
sence or  active  principle  of  a  plant.  O., 
Ethereal,  heavy  oil  of  wine.  See  Oleum 
athereum.  O.,  Fatty,  fatty  oils  are  salt- 
like bodies,  composed  of  characteristic  acids 
(oleic,  palmitic,  and  stearic),  known  as  fatty 
acids,  and  a  base.  In  most  cases  the  base  is 
glyceryl,  the  radicle  of  the  triatomic  alcohol, 
glycerol ,  so  that  the  oils  are  said  to  be  glycerids 
of  the  several  fatty  acids.  See  O.,  Fixed. 
O.,  Fixed,  one  not  volatilizing  on  the  applica- 
tion of  heat  Fixed  oils  are  also  called  fatty 
oils,  because  they  in  part  constitute  the  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  fats.  Some  are  liquid,  as 
olive-oil,  cotton-seed  oil,  linseed-oil,  castor- 
oil,  etc.,  others  are  solid,  as  tallow  and 
beeswax,  which  chemically  belong  to  the 
group  of  oils.  See  O.^  Fatty.  O.,  Heavy 
(0/  wine),  the  product  obtained  when 
alcohol  is  treated  with  an  excess  of  sulphuric 
acid.  See  Oleum  athereum.  O.,  Mineral, 
petroleum  and  certain  of  its  derivatives. 
O.  of  Neroli,  an  essential  oil  from  the 
flowers  of  bitter  orange,  used  as  a  perfume. 
O.,  Rock-,  petroleum.  O.,  Straits-,  the 
first  oil  obtained  by  the  exposure  of  the 
livers  of  cod-fish  to  the  sun  in  casks,  on 
board  the  ships.  O.,  Sweet.  See  Olive. 
0.t  Volatile,  O.,  Essential,  one  which  is 


OINOMANIA 


OLIGOZOOSPERMIA 


i 


volatile  at  ordinary  temperatures.  Volatile 
oils  are  odoriferous,  and  are  generally  ob- 
tained by  distillation. 

Oinomania  (oi-no-ma^-nf-ah  )  \jAvoc^  wine ; 
fiavlot  madness] .  I.  A  form  of  insanity  char- 
acterized by  an  irresistible  craving  for,  and 
consequent  indulgence  in,  drink.  2.  Deli- 
rium tremens. 

Ointment  (oint^-ment)  [unguentum].  A 
fatty  material  of  the  consistence  of  butter, 
generally  impregnated  with  a  medicinal  sub- 
stance, and  used  for  application  to  the  skin. 
O.,  Maury's,  one  composed  of  one  dram  of 
mercury  nitrate  and  half  a  dram  each  of 
powdered  opium  and  rhubarb  to  an  ounce  of 
simple  ointment.  It  is  used  as  an  applica- 
tion to  ulcers. 

Oleate  iy-ieot)  \oleum,  oil].  I.  A  salt  of 
oleic  acid.  2.  A  mixtiu-e  of  oleic  acid  with 
certain  medicinal  principles. 

Olecranon  {o-Uk^-ran-on)  [uXipi;,  elbow ; 
Kpavlav,  skull].  The  large  concave  process 
at  the  upper  extremity  of  the  ulna. 

Olefiant  Gas  (o-Uf -e-ant)  \pUum,  oil ;  facere^ 
to  nuike].     See  Ethylene, 

Olefin  (o'-Uf'in)  [oleum^  o\\\facere^  to  make]. 
Olefiant  gas ;  aJso  any  one  of  a  series  of  un- 
saturated hydrocarbons  having  the  formula 

Oleic  Acid  {o-le^-ik).    See  Acid. 

Olein  (</-U-in)  [oleum,  oil],  Cj^Hn^O,. 
A  neutral  fat,  glyceryl  trioleate,  occurring  in 
olive  oil,  butter,  and  other  animal  and  vege- 
table fats.  It  is  a  colorless  oil  with  a  faint 
sweetish  taste,  insoluble  in  water,  readily 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Glee-  {y-le-0-)  [oleum,  oil].  A  prefix  to 
denote  connection  with  or  relation  to  an  oil. 

Oleobalsamic  Mixture  {p-U-o-bal-sam' -ik). 
Mistura  oleobalsamica.  A  mixture  of  the 
oils  of  lavender,  thyme,  lemon,  mace,  orange- 
flowers  cloves,  and  cinnamon,  with  balsam 
of  Peru  and  alcohol.    It  is  used  as  a  nervine. 

Oleocreosote  {o-le-o-cre' -osdf)  [oleum,  oil; 
crcosote\  A  yellowish  neutral  liquid  com- 
posed of  creosote,  33  percent.,  and  oleic 
acid.  It  is  used  in  bronchial  and  pulmonary 
diseases.     Dose  n\^x-xv  (0.65-1 .  o) . 

Oleomargarin  (o-le-o-mar^ -gar-in)  [oleum, 
oil:  fidpyapo^,  the  pearl-oyster].  An  ar- 
tificial butter  made  by  removing  the  excess  of 
stearin  from  tallow  or  suet. 

Oleoresin  (o-le-o-ret'-in)  [oleum,  oil ;  resina, 
resin].  A  substance  consisting  chiefly  of 
a  mixture  of  an  essential  oil  and  a  resin  ex- 
tracted from  plants  with  ether. 

Oleum  {o'-le-um)  [L.l.  See  Oil.  G.  aeth- 
ereum,  a  volatile,  yellowbh  liauid  consisting 
of  equal  volumes  of  heavy  oil  of  wine  and 
ether.  Heavy  oil  of  wine  is  produced  when 
alcohol  and  sulphuric  acid  are  distilled,  and 
is  a  mixture  of  ethyl  sulphate,  ethyl  sulphite, 


and  several  polymeric  forms  of   ethylene. 
G.  fizum.  a  fixed  oil.     See  Oil. 

Olfactometer  (ol-faktom'-et-er)  [olfacere,  to 
smell ;  fdrpov,  measure].  An  instrument 
for  determining  the  power  of  smell. 

Olfactory  [olfak' -tore)  [olfacere,  to  smell]. 
Pertaining  to  the  sense  of  smell.  O.  Bulb. 
See  Bulb.  G.  Cells,  the  cells  of  the  nasal 
fossae  forming  the  peripheral  end-organs  of 
the  olfactory  nerve.  O.  Center,  the  cere- 
bral center  for  the  sense  of  smell,  su|:^x>6ed 
to  be  in  the  hippocampal  gyrus.  O.  Groove. 
See  O.  Sulcus,  G.  Lobe,  the  olfactory  tuber- 
cle, olfactory  tract,  and  olfactory  bulb  con- 
sidered together.  O.  Nerve.  Sec  Nerves, 
Table  of.  G.  Region,  the  area  of  distritnition 
of  the  olfactory  nerve  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
nose.  O.  Sulcus,  the  furrow  for  the  olfactory 
tract  and  bulb  on  the  cribriform  plate  of  the  eth- 
moid bone,  and  on  the  orbital  surface  of  the 
cerebral  hemispheres.  G.  Tract,  the  central 
portion  of  the  olfactory  lobe  terminating 
anteriorly  in  the  olfactory  bulb  and  poste- 
riorly in  the  olfactory  tubercle.  G.  Vesicle, 
a  part  budded  off  from  the  cerebral  vesicle 
and  forming  the  olfactory  lobe. 

Olibanum  {o-lib'-an-um)  [Ar.,  al-htham^ 
frankincense].  Frankincense,  a  gum-resin 
produced  by  various  species  of  Boswellia.  It 
has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  balsams 
of  Peru  and  tolu,  as  an  inhalation  in  laryn- 
geal and  bronchial  inflammations,  for  fmsii- 
gation,  and  in  plasters. 

Oligaemia  (olig-e^ -me-ah).     See  Oligemia, 

Oligemia  (ol-ig-e^-me-ak)  [oTuyo^,  few;  tu^tm^ 
blood].  A  state  in  which  the  total  quantity 
of  the  blood  is  diminished. 

Oligo-  (or-ig-o-)  [oXiyo^,  few].  A  prefix 
signifying  want  or  deficiency. 

Oligochromemia  (ol-  ig-o-kro  -  me^-mw  -  mJk) 
[o^V^i  few;  XP^M^f  color;  aifia,  blood}. 
Deficiency  of  hemoglobin  in  the  blood. 

Oligocythemia  (ol-ig-o-si-tke^-meak)  [©JUj-of , 
few  ;  idrroq,  cell ;  aJ/ia,  blood].  A  dehcie»cy 
of  red  corpuscles  in  the  blood. 

Oligohydramnios  (ol-ig-  o-  hv-  dram'-  me-m) 
[puyoq,  few ;  hiijfi,  water :  iftviov,  the  am- 
nion]. A  deficiency  in  the  quantity  of  the 
amniotic  fluid. 

Oligomania  (ol-ig-o-ma^-ne-aM)  [hikiyo^^  few  ; 
fMvia,  madness].  Insanity  in  which  only  a 
few  of  the  mental  faculties  are  dei 

Oligoplasmia  {ol-igo-^a*' -me-ak) 
scanty;  irTJutaeiv,  to  mold].  A 
amount  of  plasma  in  the  blood. 

Oligospermia  (ol-ig-o-sper* -me  ok) 
few;    airkpfia,  seed].     A  deficiency 
secretion  of  semen. 

Oligozoospermia  (ol-ig-^-to-o-sper* - 
[oAiyoCi  few ;  Cv^^t  animal ;  <nT^p/ia,  seed}. 
Deficiency  of  the  spermatosoa  in  the  ap^ 
matic  floid. 


in  tbr 


OLIGURIA 


ONCOMETER 


OUruria  {oZ-i^'U^re-aA)  [iA/^of,  scanty; 
artna,  urine].  A  diminution  in  the  quantity 
of  urine  excreted. 

OU^dria  {ol-ig-id'-re-ah)  [h^yo^,  scanty; 
<4p6c,  sweat].     A  deBciency  in  the  sweat. 

Olivary  (ol'-w-a-re)  [oiiva^  olive].  Resem- 
bling an  olive  in  shape.  O.  Body,  an  oval 
mass  of  gray  matter  situated  behind  the  ante- 
rior pyramid  of  the  medulla.  O.  Patcicu- 
Itts.  See  FUlet^  Olivary,  O.  Nucleut,  the 
corpus  dcntatum  or  central  gray  matter  of  the 
olivary  body.  O.  Paduncle,  the  mass  of 
fibers  entering  the  hilus  of  the  olivary  body. 
O.  Process.    See  Process, 

Olive  (!>/''•«')  [rtA'wf,  olive].  I.  The  olive-tree, 
Oliva  europoea,  of  the  natural  order  Oleacese, 
and  its  fruit.  The  fixed  oil  expressed  from 
the  fruit  is  the  Oleum  olivse  of  the  U.  S.  P. 
and  B.  P.  It  consists  chiefly  of  olein  and  pal- 
mitin,  and  is  used  as  a  food  and  condiment ; 
in  medicine  as  a  laxative ;  in  the  treatment 
of  gallstones;  as  an  anthelmintic;  at  an 
emollient  external  application  to  wounds, 
boms,  etc. ;  and  as  an  mgredient  of  liniments, 
ointments,  and  plasters.  2.  The  olivary 
body. 

-oma  (-y-mah)  [hfta],  A  termination  de- 
noting a  tumor. 

Omagra  (cm^-a-^aA)  fw/ior,  shoulder;  iypa, 
scimre].  Gout  in  the  snoolder. 

Omalgia  (o-mal^'/e-aM)  [u^ioc,  shoulder; 
A^yo^,  P^<>J*     P^  io  ^c  shoulder. 

Omarthritis  (o-mar-tkri'-Hs)  [w/<oc,  shoul- 
der ;  Afldpo^t  joint ;  cr<c,  inflammation].  In- 
flanamation  of  the  shoulder-joint 

Omental  (o-mtn^ial)  [om^ntum^  the  caul]. 
Pertaining  to  the  omentum.  O.  Hernia. 
See  Epifioielt, 

Omentum  (o-mm'tutm)  [L.].  A  fold  of  the 
peritooeum  connecting  the  abdominal  viscera 
with  the  stomach.  O.,  Gastrocolic,  O., 
Oraat,  a  fold  of  peritoneum  attached  to  the 
greater  curvature  of  the  stomach  above  and 
after  dipping  down  over  the  intestines  re- 
turning to  enclose  the  transverse  colon.  Be- 
tween the  ascending  and  descending  folds  is 
the  cavity  of  the  great  omentum.  O.,  Gas* 
tsohepatic,  O.,  Lesser,  a  double  fold  of 
peritoneum  passing  from  the  lesser  curvature 
of  the  stooaach  to  the  transverse  fissure  of  the 
liver.  On  the  left  side  it  includes  the  esopha- 
gus ;  on  the  right  its  edges  are  five  and  in- 
close all  the  structures  issuing  from  or  enter- 
ing the  transverse  fissure  of  the  liver :  the 
hepatic  vessels  and  nerves,  and  the  bile-duct 
Behind  it  b  the  foramen  of  Winslow.  O., 
Oastioaplemc,  the  fold  of  peritoneum  pass- 
ing from  the  stomach  to  the  spleen. 

Omnivofoas  yom-niv^o-rus)  \ommis,  all; 
V0rmrt^  lo  devour].  Subsisting  oo  all  kinds 
oTIbod. 

{y-m^)  C^^*^*  shoulder].     A  prefix 


denoting  connection  with  or  relation  to  the 
scapula  or  shoulder. 

Omodynia  [o-mo-din' -t-ak)  [u^<oc*  shoulder ; 
^d{rv7,  pain].     Pain  in  the  shoulder. 

Omohyoid  (o-mo-ki^-oid)  [w/m>c,  shoulder; 
iottd^^  like  the  Greek  letter  upsilon].  Per- 
taining conjointly  to  the  scapula  and  the 
hyoid  bone.  O.  Muscle.  See  Muscles^ 
TabUof. 

Omphalic  (om-fay-ik)  [o/i^oA^,  navel].  Per- 
taining to  the  umbilicus.  O.  Duct,  the  vitel- 
line duct ;  the  duct  connecting  the  umbilical 
vesicle  with  the  fetal  intestines  during  the 
first  three  months  of  intrauterine  life. 

Omphalitis  {pmfali' -Hs)  [o/ifa>u^,  navel; 
vri/Zy  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
navel. 

Omphalo-  (om/tW-o)  [o/ifaAbc,  navel].  A 
prefix  denoting  relation  to  the  umbilicus. 

Omphalocele  {om-faf-o-sil)  [o;i^6c,  navel ; 
«^aj7,  tumor].     Umbilical  hernia. 

Omphalomesaraic,  Omphalomesenteric 
{pm-fal-<hmr%-ar'a''ik^  om-fai-c-met-eH'ter* - 
tk)  (oftfa?^,  navel ;  mtseMUry'\.  Pertaining 
conjointly  to  the  umbilicus  and  the  mesen- 
tery. O.  Arteries.  See  Arteries^  TMe  of, 
O.  Duct,  a  duct  connecting  the  intestinal 
canal  of  the  embryo  with  the  umbilical  vesi- 
cle. 

Omphalopagus  {om-faiop^ -agus)  [httt^ah^^^ 
navel ;  ingr/via«i,  to  make  fast].  A  double 
monster  imited  at  the  umbilicus. 

Omphalophlebitis  (om-fal-o-JUhi' -tis)\hf>i^' 
A^C»  navel ;  f^^f^,  vein ;  ixi^^  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  umbilical  vein. 

Omphalorrhafia  {om/ai'or-ii^'Jtak)  [hft^- 
A^,  navel ;  juriyvirvai^  to  burst  forth].  Hem- 
orrhage from  the  umbilicus. 

Omphalos  (<»«V'*/-<w)[Wa^tnav«l]*  '^^ 
umbilicus. 

Omphalosite  (om-fay  o-tu)  [&^ifaA^,  navel ; 
ffrroc,  nourishment].  A  single  monster, 
which,  lacking  the  heart,  receives  its  blood- 
supply  through  the  umbilical  vessels,  and  is, 
therefore,  incapable  of  extrauterine  existence. 

Omphalotomy  (om-fai-ot^'O-mu)  [iutfaX^^ 
navel ;  ro^,  a  cutting].  The  cutting  of  the 
umbilical  cord. 

Onanism  (y-nantMrn)  [from  Oima,  the  son 
of  ludah].  I.  Incomplete  coitus.  2.  Mas- 
turbation. 

Oncograph  (ongf-k^graf)  [6?«oc.  swelling  i 
yp64*tv^  to  record].  An  instrument  register- 
ing the  changes  of  volume  of  an  organ  placed 
in  an  oncometer. 

Oncolosy  (<»w^ii^-#-^)[6/vD(,  tumor :  A^>t»c, 
science].  The  branch  of  surgery  and  pa- 
thology relating  to  tumors. 

Oncometer  {omgJk^mt* -H-er)  [d>a»c,  mass; 
fikrfMf,  measure].  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring variations  in  the  volume  of  an  organ, 
esp^ially  of  the  kklney  or  spleen. 


{ 


ONCOTOMY 


OPERATION 


Oncotomy  (ong-kof-o-me)  [byno^j  tumor; 
TOfi^,  a  cutting].  The  operation  of  incising  a 
tumor  or  other  swelling. 

Onion  {un^-yun)  [L.,  ««iV»,  an  onion].  The 
Allium  cepa  and  its  bulb.  The  latter  con- 
tains an  oil  resembling  oil  of  garlic,  and 
consisting  largely  of  allyl  sulphid  (€'3^5)28. 
The  onion  is  diuretic,  expectorant,  and  rube- 
facient, and  is  at  times  used  in  dropsy, 
bronchitis,  etc. ;  locally,  as  an  emollient 
poultice. 

Ontogenesis,  Ontogeny  {on-to-jen^-es  is^ 
on-toy-en-t)  [wv,  hvroq^  existing ;  yvwav^  to 
beget].  The  development  of  the  individual 
organism.     See  also  Phylogeny, 

Onychatrophia  (on-ik-at-n/'fi  ah)  [6wf, 
nail;  d  priv. ;  r/w^,  nourishment].  Atrophy 
of  the  nails. 

Onychauxis  (<m  •  ik  -  awks' •  is)  [&wf,  the 
nail ;  off 9,  increase].  Hypertrophy  of  the 
nail. 

Onychia,  Onychitis  (onik^eah,  oniki^- 
tis)  [Avu^,  nail].  Inflammation  of  the  matrix 
of  the  nail.  O.  maligna.  A  form  occurring 
in  debilitated  persons,  and  characterized  by 
an  unhealthy  ulcer  in  the  matrix  of  the  nail, 
the  latter  becoming  discolored  and  thrown  off. 
O.  simplex,  O.  without  much  ulceration, 
with  loss  of  the  nail  and  its  replacement  by  a 
new  one. 

Onychogryposis  {pn-ik-o-gri-po' -sis)  \hvv^^ 
nail ;  yphnuoiCf  curvature].  A  thickened, 
ridged,  and  curved  condition  of  the  nail. 

Onychomycosis  (on-ik-o-mi-ky'sis)  [*wf, 
nail ;  fiiiof^,  fungus! .  A  disease  of  the 
nails  due  to  parasitic  tungi,  as  the  trichophy- 
ton, achorion,  etc. 

Onychophagy  {on-ik-off' -aj-e)  [6wf,  nail; 
^ytlv^  to  eat].  The  practice  of  biting  the 
nails. 

Onychosis  [pn-ik-o' -sis)  [*vi/f,  nail].  Any 
disease  of  the  nails. 

Onjrx  (<wf''-i/b)  [6vif,nail].  I.  A  nail  of  the 
fingers  or  toes.  2.  A  collection  of  pus  be- 
tween the  corneal  lamellae  at  the  most  de- 
pendent part 

Onjrxitis  (pn-iks-i' -tis).     Onychia. 

Ooblast  iy-O'blast)  [^,  an  egg ;  phurrdct  a 
germ].  A  cell  of  the  germinal  epithelium 
giving  rise  to  an  ovum. 

Oophorectomy  {p-off-or-ek' -to-me)  [^t'yegg ; 
^peiv,  to  bear  ;  eKrofiij,  excision].  Excision 
of  the  ovary. 


Oophoritis  {o-off-or-i* -tis)  r^^»egg;  ^pitv^ 
to  bear;  irig,  inflammation].  Inflammation 
of  the  ovary. 

Oophoromania  [poff-or-o-ma'  -m  ah)  [^v, 
egg;  ^peiv,  tu  bear;  ftavia^  mania].  In- 
sanity due  to  ovarian  disorder. 

Oophorrhapy  {ooff-or'a-fe)  J<;.i(ii',  egg; 
^/9f/v,  to  bear;  />a^//,  suture].  The  opera- 
tion of  suturing  an  ovary  to  the  pelvic  wall. 

Oosperm  {(/-o- sperm)  [yJov,  egg;  airipfia, 
seed].  The  cell  formed  by  union  of  the 
ovum  and  the  spermatozoon. 

Opacity  (<^/<ij^-i/-^')  [oparus,  dullj.  1.  The 
condition  of  being  impcr\'ious  to  light.  2.  An 
opaque  spot,  as  opacity  of  the  cornea  or  lens. 

Opaline  io^-pai-in]  [pTTd>>io^^  an  opall. 
Having  the  appearance  of  an  opal.  O. 
Patch,  the  mucous  patch  of  syphilis,  form- 
ing, in  the  mouth,  a  whitish  pellicle. 

Open  [AS.,  oprH"],  Exposed  to  the  air.  as 
an  open  wound ;  interrupted,  as  an  open  cir- 
cuit, one  that  is  interrupted  so  that  the 
electric  current  cannot  pass. 

Operation  {oper-a'shun)  [operation  from 
operarif  to  labor,  to  do].  I.  Anything  done 
or  performed,  especially  anything  done  with 
instruments ;  a  surgical  procedure.  2.  The 
mode  of  action  of  anything.  O.,  Capital, 
one  involving  n  risk  of  life.  O.,  High.  I. 
Suprapubic  lithotomy.  2.  The  application 
of  the  forceps  to  the  fetal  head  at  the  superior 
strait.  O.,  Indian,  for  rhinoplasty ;  a  flap 
is  taken  from  the  forehead,  with  its  pedicle 
at  the  root  of  the  nose;  hollow  plugs  are 
inserted  into  the  nostrils,  and  the  nap  is 
secured.  O.,  Italian,  for  rhinoplasty;  the 
skin  is  taken  from  the  arm  over  the  biceps ; 
the  flap  b  cut  on  three  sides,  and  after  the 
skin  has  shrunk  it  is  fltted  to  the  fresh  mar- 
gins of  the  defect,  the  arm  being  bandaged 
in  position  for  at  least  eight  days.  O.,  Major, 
an  important  and  serious  operation.  O., 
Minor,  a  comparatively  trivial  operation.  O., 
Plastic,  one  for  the  purpose  of  restoring  a  lost 
part  or  repairing  a  deformity.  O.,  Radical, 
one  removing  the  cause  of  the  disease  or  the 
diseased  part  itself.  O.,  Surgical,  one  per- 
formed by  the  surgeon  by  means  of  the  band^ 
or  instruments.  O.,  Tagliacotian.  See  O. , 
Tagliaconrs^  or  O. ,  Italian.  An  eponymic 
table  of  the  more  important  operations  is  ap- 
pended: for  a  more  extended  list  sec  GouJd*s 
Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Medieine. 


EPONYMIC  TABLE  OF  SURGICAL  OPERATIONS. 


Abba's,  lateral  anastomosis  of  the  intestines 
with  cat-gut  rings.  Adams',  osteotomy  for 
ankylosis  of  the  kip-joint,  the  neck  of  the 
femur  being  divided  subcutaneously  within 
the  capsule.  Alexander's:  i.  For  the  re- 
lief of  epilepsy :  ligation  of  the  vertebral  ar- 


tery to  diminish  the  blood-supply  to  the  brain. 
2.  For  prolapse  and  retroflexion  of  the  aten» : 
shortening  of  the  round  ligaments  for  the  par- 
pose  of  holding  the  uterus  in  its  normal  poai^ 
tion.  AUingham's  (H.),  for  inguinal  eol^ 
otomy :  the  incision  is  made  parallel  wiAte 


OPERATIONS 


OPERATIONS 


outer  third  of  Pouput's  ligament,  mod  about 
oae-half  inch  above.  Amussat's,  lumbar 
oolotomy :  a  transverse  incision  is  made,  cross- 
ing the  outer  border  of  the  qnadratus  lum- 
borum  muscle.  Anel't :  i.  For  aneurysm  : 
ligation  on  the  cardiac  side  close  to  the  aneu- 
rysm. 2.  For  stricture  uf  the  lacrimal  duct : 
<Ulatation  by  means  of  a  gold  probe,  followed 
by  the  injection  of  an  astringent  fluid  into  the 
Mc.  Annmndale's:  i.  For  dislocated  carti- 
lages :  incision  into  the  knee-joint  and  stitch- ' 
tng  of  the  dislocated  cartilages  into  their 
proper  position.  2.  For  genu  valgum  :  par- 
tial exdsion  of  IxH^  condyles  of  the  femur. 
AntyUus*,  for  aneurysm :  it  consists  in  liga- 
tion above  and  below  the  sac,  followed  l)y 
opening  of  the  aneurysm  and  evacuation  of 
its  contents.  Appolito's,  enterorrhaphy 
by  means  of  a  form  of  right  angle  continuous 
suture.  Arh-Jaesche's,  for  distichiasis : 
the  edge  of  the  fid  and  the  contained  ciliary 
bulbs  are  dissected  from  the  tarsus,  acrescen- 
tic  shaped  piece  of  skin  is  removed  from  the 
lid  above  the  flap,  and  the  edges  of  the 
wound  are  united,  thus  transplanting  the 
ciliary  bulbs  further  away  from  the  edge  of 
the  lids.  Ball's:  I.  Iliac colotomy,  in  which 
the  incision  is  made  in  the  left  linea  semilu- 
naris, and  the  bowel  secured  above  and  below 
the  fiiture  artificial  opening  by  means  of  two 
special  clamps,  which  are  removed  after 
suturing  and  opening  of  the  bowel.  2.  For 
inguinal  hernia :  the  sac  is  separated  op  to 
the  abdominal  portion  of  the  neck,  and  tnen 
twisted  around  its  own  axis,  aAer  which  the 
fandos  is  cut  away  and  the  stump  is  secured 
in  the  ring.  Barker's :  i.  For  excision  of  the 
astragalus :  the  incision  nms  from  just  above 
the  tip  of  the  external  malleolus  forward  and 
a  little  inward,  curving  toward  the  dorsum  of 
the  fool.  2.  For  excision  of  the  hip:  by  an 
anterior  incision,  commencing  on  the  6t)nt 
of  the  thigh,  one-half  inch  below  the  anterior 
aaperior  iliac  spine,  and  running  downward 
and  inward  for  three  inches.  Barwell's, 
osteotomy  for  genu  valgum:  division  of 
the  tower  end  and  upper  end  of  the  tibia 
aboTe  and  below  their  respective  epiphyses. 
Baasinl's,  fior  the  radical  cure  of  inguinal 
bemia :  the  sac  b  exposed,  twisted,  and  the 
neck  ligated  and  removed;  the  spermatic 
cord  tt  lifted,  and  the  border  of  the  rectus  is 
stitched  to  the  edge  of  the  internal  oblir^ue, 
the  transversalis  muscle,  and  the  transvcruilis 
fittcia  to  Pbupart's  ligament  under  the  cord. 
The  cord  is  placed  upon  this  layer  and  the 
border  of  the  external  oblique  is  stitched  to 
I\Mpart*»  ligament  over  the  cord.  Battey'a, 
also  called  normal  ovariotomy :  a  removal 
of  the  ovaries  for  the  purpose  of  inducing 
the  menopanse.  Beer  s,  for  cataract :  ex- 
tiactioo  by  the   flap-aethod.       Billroth'a, 


pylorectomy :  a  parietal  incision  is  made  in 
almost  a  transverse  direction ;  the  divided 
walls  of  the  stomach  and  bowel  are  brought 
together  and  united  by  sutures  on  the  side  of 
the  greater  curvature  of  the  stomach.  Bras- 
dor's,  for  aneurysm:  ligation  immediately 
beyond  the  aneurysm.  Bryant's,  lumbar 
colotomy  :  an  oblique  incision  is  made  mid- 
way between  the  last  rib  and  the  iliac  crest 
The  bowel  is  fixed  in  position  and  opened. 
Camochan's:  i.  For  elephantiasis:  liga- 
tion of  the  main  artery  of  the  limb.  2.  Re- 
moval of  the  second  division  of  the  fifth 
nerve,  together  with  the  sphenopalatine 
ganglion  as  far  back  as  the  foramen  rotundum, 
tor  the  relief  of  neuralgia.  Cheyne's,  for 
the  radical  cure  of  femoral  hernia :  after  re- 
ducing the  hernia,  a  flap  of  the  pectineus 
muscle  is  rabed  and  made  to  cover  the  her- 
nial orifice.  Chopart's,  a  method  of  ampu- 
tation through  the  foot :  the  bony  structure  is 
divided  at  the  articulation  between  the  as- 
tragalus and  the  calcaneum  t>ehind,  and  the 
scaphoid  and  cuboid  bones  anterioriy. 
Cock's,  a  method  of  external  urethrotomy  : 
the  tvethra  is  opened  behind  the  stricture 
without  a  guide,  the  knife  being  carried  into 
the  median  line  of  the  perineum  and  the  in- 
cision extended  vertically  so  far  as  is  neces- 
sary. Cooper's,  for  ligature  of  the  external 
iliac  artery :  an  incision  four  or  five  inches 
long  is  made  parallel  with  Poupart^s  ligament, 
and  nearly  an  inch  above  it,  commencing 
just  outride  the  center  of  the  ligament  aiul 
extending  outward  and  upward  beyond  the 
anterior  superior  iliac  s|Hne.  Cripps*,  iliac 
colotomy :  an  imaginary  line  from  the  anterior 
superior  iliac  spine  to  the  umbilicus  is  crossed 
at  right  angles,  I  ^  inches  from  the  superior 
spine,  by  an  incision  2  ^  inches  long.  The 
bowel  b  fixed  in  position  and  opened. 
Csemy's,  for  the  radical  cure  of  inguinal 
hernia :  the  sac  is  exposed  and  isolated  ;  the 
neck  is  tied  with  a  strong  catgut  ligature, 
and  cut  off  below  this  point;  the  stump 
is  pushed  into  the  abdominal  cavity ;  the 
borders  of  the  opening  are  freshened  and 
united  by  continuous  catgut  sutures.  Dallas', 
for  the  radical  cure  of  inguinal  and  femoral 
hernia :  afier  a  transvcr^  incision  through  the 
integument  a  special  instrument  is  introduird 
to  produce  abrasion  of  the  hernial  canal ; 
the  instrument  is  then  withdrawn,  and  thr  ex- 
ternal wound  sealed  with  iodoform- coll <m| ion, 
and  a  compress  applied.  The  canal  is  obliter- 
ated by  the  resulting  inflammatory  action. 
Diefenbach's,  for  amputation  at  the  hip- 
joint:  an  elastic  li^ture  b  applie<l  around 
the  limb,  a  circular  incision  is  made  down  to 
the  bone,  the  vcs*»eU  are  secured  and  the 
ligature  removed  ;  a  knife  is  inserted  two  in- 
ches above  the  greater  trochanter  and  the  m- 


OPERATIONS 


OPERATIONS 


cision  is  carried  down  the  outer  aspect  of  the 
bone  to  meet  the  circular  incision  ;  the  joint 
is  then  disarticulated.  Dittel's,  for  enlarged 
prostate :  enucleation  of  the  lateral  lobes  of 
the  prostate  by  an  external  incision.  Dud- 
ley's, for  retroversion  of  the  uterus:  the 
abdomen  is  opened,  and  a  strip  is  denuded 
from  the  anterior  surface  of  the  uterus,  and 
likewise  a  strip  along  the  inner  side  of  each 
round  ligament,  followed  by  suturing  of  the 
three  together.  Duplay's:  i.  For  epispadias : 
the  urethra  is  formed  at  the  expense  of  the 
corpus  spongiosum  and  corpora  cavernosa  in- 
stead of  by  flaps.  2.  For  hypospadias :  it  is  per- 
formed in  three  stages  :  (i)  straightening  of 
the  penb  and  the  formation  of  a  meatus  ;  (2) 
the  formation  of  a  canal  from  the  meatus  to 
the  hypospadiac  opening ;  (3)  junction  of  the 
old  and  new  canals.  Dupuytren's,  for  am- 
putation at  the  shoulder-joint :  two  rounded 
flaps  are  taken  from  the  outer  and  inner  as- 
pects of  the  arm ;  the  outer  flap  is  made 
first  by  transfixion  from  behind  at  a  point  two 
inches  below  the  acromion ;  the  bone  is 
then  disarticulated  and  a  short  inner  flap  cut 
from  within  outward.  Emmet's,  for  lacer- 
ated perineum  :  the  crest  of  the  rectocele  and 
the  two  lower  caruncles  are  drawn  together 
by  tenacula,  and  the  tissue  thus  folded 
together  is  denuded  as  far  into  the  sulci 
as  the  folds  extend.  V-shaped  stitches  are 
passed  from  the  center  toward  the  circum- 
ference in  the  sulci,  and  the  perineum  is 
closed  by  two  or  three  superficial  sutures. 
Esmarch's :  i.  For  amputation  at  the  hip- 
joint  :  the  soft  parts  of  the  thigh  are  divided 
to  the  bone  by  a  single  sweep  of  the  knife 
five  inches  below  the  tip  of  the  trochanter ; 
the  bone  b  then  sawn  across  and  a  second 
incision  is  made  to  join  the  flrst  from  a  point 
two  inches  above  the  trochanter,  when  the 
bone  is  shelled  out.  2.  For  ankylosis  of  the 
lower  jaw :  an  incision  about  two  inches 
long  is  made  along  the  lower  border  of  the 
jaw,  and  a  wedge-shaped  piece  of  bone  is 
removed  from  the  horizontal  portion.  Est- 
lander's,  for  empyema:  resection  of  several 
ribs  for  the  escape  of  the  pus  and  to  allow  the 
chest- wall  to  come  in  contact  with  the  lung. 
Qant's,  for  ankylosis  of  the  hip-joint :  divi- 
sion of  the  shaft  of  the  femur  just  below  the 
lesser  trochanter.  Von  Oraefe's,  for  cat- 
aract :  extraction  of  the  cataract  through  a 
scleral  incision,  with  iridectomy  and 
laceration  of  the  capsule.  Gritti's,  for 
amputation  above  the  knee-joint :  the  patella 
is  preserved  in  a  long  anterior  flap,  and,  hav- 
ing had  a  thin  slice  removed  from  its  deep  sur- 
face, is  secured  in  apposition  with  the  femur, 
the  latter  having  been  deprived  of  its  articu- 
lar surface  by  b^ing  sawn  through  the  con- 
dyles.   Halsted'8,  for  the  radical  cure  of 


inguinal  hernia :  the  same  as  Basslni't  opeia- 
tion.  Hancock's,  for  amputation  thronga  the 
foot:  a  modification  of  Pirogoff's  operadon, 
in  which  the  sawn  surface  of  the  os  calcis  is 
brought  in  contact  with  the  transverse  sec- 
tion of  the  astragalus.  Heath's,  for  fixity 
of  the  lower  jaw :  division  of  the  ascending 
ramus  beneath  the  masseter  with  a  saw  mtio- 
duced  through  the  mouth  by  means  of  a 
small  incision  above  the  last  molar  tooth. 
'  Hey's :  i.  For  amputation  through  the 
foot :  the  same  as  Lisfranc's  operation,  except 
that  the  internal  cuneiform  bone  is  sawn 
through  in  a  line  with  tly  articulation  of  the 
second  metatarsal  bone  instead  of  being  dis- 
tfhiculated.  2.  For  amputation  of  the  leg : 
the  amputation  is  made  in  the  middle  of  the 
leg  by  a  long  posterior  flap,  cut  by  transfix- 
ion, and  a  slightly  shorter  anterior  one. 
Holmes*,  for  excision  of  the  os  calcis :  an 
incision  is  made  from  the  inner  edge  of  the 
tendo  Achillis  along  the  upper  border  of  the 
OS  calcis  and  the  outer  bonier  of  the  foot  to 
the  calcaneocuboid  joint,  and  this  is  joined  by 
another  incision  running  across  the  sole,  the 
perineal  tendons  being  divided.  Huguier's, 
a  method  of  performing  colotomy :  the  right 
lumbar  operation .  Hunter's,  for  aneurysm : 
ligation  of  the  artery  on  the  cardiac  side 
of  the  aneurysm  at  some  distance  froB 
it.  Jordan's :  I.  For  ampuution  at  the  hip- 
joint  :  the  soft  parts  are  divided  down  to  the 
bone  by  the  circular  method,  as  low  down 
as  possible,  and  the  femur  is  shelled  out  by 
a  longitudinal  incision  along  the  outer  side 
of  the  thigh.  2.  For  amputation  at  the 
shoulder -joint :  the  soft  parts  are  divided  down 
to  the  bone  by  the  circular  method,  three  or 
four  inches  below  the  axilla,  and  the  humeras 
is  shelled  out  by  a  longitudinal  incision  along 
the  outer  and  posterior  aspect  of  the  Umb, 
meeting  the  circular  incision  at  right  angles^ 
Knapp's,  for  cataract-extraction  :  a  broad 
iridectomy  and  peripheral  opening  of  the  cap- 
sule ;  the  lens  is  expelled  by  gentle  pressure 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  cornea.  Kocher's : 
I .  For  excision  of  the  ankle-joint :  the  inci- 
sion is  made  beneath  the  external  roallcol«s« 
and  is  followed  by  division  of  the  peroneal 
tendons  after  being  secured  with  thruuls,  mad 
opening  of  the  joint  with  removal  of  the  di»- 
eased  parts ;  the  foot  is  replaced  and  the  tat- 
dons  sutured.  2.  For  excision  of  the  thyroid 
gland:  an  incision  is  made  in  the 
line  from  the  sternal  notch  to  the 
limit  of  the  bronchocele ;  from  this  poiat  l«o 
lateral  incisions  are  made  upward  and  omiawd 
to  a  point  a  little  below  the  angle  of  the  jaw. 
Kocher's  method  of  reducing  subcocaeoM  41^ 
location  of  the  humerus:  The  pataC  fc 
placed  upon  the  back  and  aaei 
necessary.    The  surgeon  graa|M  lki.| 


OPERATIONS 


OPERATIONS 


the  dislocated  arm  with  his  opposite  hand,  and 
with  the  other  hand  seizes  the  patient's  wrist ; 
the  elbow  is  brought  to  the  side ;  the  forearm 
is  next  flexed  to  a  right  angle  with  the  arm 
and  then  carried  outward  to  a  right  angle 
with  the  patieot*s  body  by  the  surgeon's 
hand  grasping  the  wrist ;  while  in  this  posi- 
tion the  elbow  is  raised  by  the  hand  grasp- 
ing it  and  carried  upward  and  inward  across 
the  patient's  chest,  the  olecranon  being  kept 
close  to  the  chest -wall  until  firm  resistance  is 
met ;  the  arm  is  then  quickly  rotated  upward 
and  the  patient's  hand  placed  upon  hb  oppo- 
site shoulder.  Kratke't,  for  carcinoma  of 
the  rectum :  resection  of  the  coccyx  and  of  a 
portion  of  the  sacrum  to  give  access  to  the 
rectum  high  up.  L4iborde't  Method  of  arti- 
ficial respiration:  rhythmic  traction  of  the 
tongue  to  stimulate  the  superior  laryngeal 
nenre.  Lannelongue't,  for  craniotomy: 
(a)  the  vertex  of  the  skull  is  (xposed  by 
means  of  a  single  incision  in  its  long  axii 
and  a  narrow  strip  of  parietal  bone  is  re- 
moved close  to  the  sagittal  suture ;  (^)  the 
bones  of  the  skull  are  so  cut  as  to  produce 
otaeotts  flaps  of  various  shapes.  Lairejr't, 
for  amputation  at  the  shoulder-joint :  an  in- 
dsion  IS  made  from  the  acromion  to  a  point 
2^  inches  below,  from  which  point  anterior 
and  posterior  spiral  incisions  are  carried  down 
the  arm,  meeting  on  the  inner  aspect ;  after 
disarticulation  of  the  bone  the  flap  is  brought 
op  and  secured  in  the  space  made  by  the  gap- 
ing of  the  first  incision.  Lisfranc't,  for 
amputation  through  the  foot :  disarticulation 
through  the  tarsometatarsal  joints.  Littre't, 
inguinisl  colotomy :  it  is  performed  on  the 
left  side  for  opening  of  the  sigmoid  flexure  ; 
an  incision  from  1 1^  to  3  inches  kmg  is  made 
parallel  with  the  outer  part  of  Pbupart's  liga- 
ment, and  about  ^  inch  above  it.  Loreta  t : 
I.  For  aneurysm:  the  insertion  of  a  small 
wire  into  the  sac,  and  the  use  of  electroljrsis 
as  wen.  2.  For  steno&is  of  the  orifices  of 
the  stomach:  digital  or  instrumental  divul- 
MOQ  of  the  pyloric  or  cardiac  orifice,  following 
nstrotooy.  Macewen't :  l.  For  aneurysm :  a 
kxig  pin  with  a  tapering  point  b  passed  into 
the  aneurysm  and  the  point  b  made  to  touch 
the  opposite  wall  of  the  sac ;  the  point  is  then 
naoved  over  the  inner  surface  of  the  aneurysm 
§0€  ten  minutes,  for  the  purpo^  of  causing 
irritation.  3.  For  the  radical  cure  of  inguind 
hernia  :  the  sac  U  dissected  out  and  separated 
from  its  connections,  and  then  so  drawn  op- 
ward  by  means  of  a  suture  as  to  form  a  pad 
opoQ  the  inner  surface  of  the  circumference 
of  the  ring;  the  ring  and  canal  are  then 
cSoMd  by  means  of  soturrs.  5.  (h(ro<omy 
for  genu  valgum:  supractinclyUml  division 
of  the  femur  from  the  inner  side.  Marian**, 
Cbe  old  median  perineal  operation  for  stone 
33 


in  the  bkulder.  McBorne/t,  for  the  radi- 
cal cure  of  inguinal  hernia :  after  exposing 
the  sac  the  anterior  wall  of  the  canal  b  in- 
cised and  the  sac  ligated  and  excised  at  the 
internal  ring;  the  skin  b  inverted  and 
stitched  to  the  ligamentous  and  tendinous 
structures,  the  woimd  healing  by  granulation. 
McDowell's,  oophorectomy.  McOill't, 
prosutectomy  bv  a  suprapubic  incision,  as 
in  suprapubic  Lithotomy.  Mlkulica'a,  a 
tarsectomy ;  the  same  as  Wladimircff^t 
operation.  Mttller'a :  l.  For  Cesarean  sec- 
tion :  a  modification  of  Porro's  operation, 
whereby  the  whole  uterus  b  turned  out  of 
the  abdomen  before  it  is  opened.  2.  For 
vaginal  hysterectomy :  the  uterus  b  div- 
ide! into  halves  longitudinally  ;  one  part  b 
brought  down  at  a  time,  and  the  broaid  liga- 
ment b  ligated  in  sections.  N^laton'a, 
for  amputation  through  the  foot :  subastrag- 
aloid  disarticulation  by  dorsal  and  plantar 
flaps,  larger  on  the  inner  than  on  the  outer 
side.  Panaa':  l.  For  proctotomy:  linear 
proctotomy.  2.  For  ptosb :  the  tarsal  por- 
tion of  the  Ikl  b  raised  by  sutures  and  the 
occipitofrontalb  muscle  b  caused  to  assume, 
to  a  great  extent,  the  function  of  the  levator 
palpebrK.  Phelpa,'  for  club  foot :  a  direct 
open  incbion  b  niade  through  the  inner  and 
plantar  surfaces  of  the  foot.  Pirofoff'a: 
I.  For  amputation  through  the  foot :  a  par- 
tial osteoplastic  operation  in  which  the  os 
Caleb  b  sawn  through  obliquely  from  above 
downward  and  forward,  and  the  posterior 
portion  is  brought  up  and  secured  against  the 
surface  made  by  sawing  off*  the  lower  ends  of 
the  tibia  and  fibula.  Pollock's,  for  ampuu- 
tion  of  the  knee-joint :  it  b  done  by  a  kxig 
anterior  and  a  short  posterior  skin -flap,  some- 
what rectangular  in  outline,  the  pateUa  being 
left  Porto's,  for  puerperal  hysterectomy: 
Cesarean  section,  followed  by  removal  of  the 
uterus  at  the  cervical  junction,  together  with 
the  ovaries  and  oviducts.  Ponro- Miller's, 
for  otherwise  impossible  labor :  a  modification 
of  the  Porro-operatioo  in  which  the  uterus  b 
brought  out  of  the  abdomen  before  extracting 
the  fetus.  Porro-Veit's,  for  otherwise  im- 
possible labor :  a  modification  of  the  Porro- 
operation :  the  stump  b  ligated  and  dropped. 
Pratt's,  the  practice  of  orificial  surgery. 
based  00  the  oelief  that  many  chronic  dis- 
eases are  due  to  morbid  conditions  of  the  ori- 
fices of  the  body,  particuiariy  the  anus  and 
the  urogenital  canal.  The  operation  consists 
in  the  dilatation  of  either  or  both  of  these  ori- 
fices and  the  removal  of  any  irritating  condi- 
tion that  may  be  present.  Rarosdcn's,  for 
ligation  of  the  third  part  of  the  subclavian 
artery :  a  transverse  incision  three  inches  in 
length  b  made  across  the  base  of  the  poste- 
rior triangle  of  the  neck,  about  one- half  inch 


OPERATIONS 


OPERATIONS 


above  the  clavicle.  Reverdin*s,  for  skin- 
grafting  :  a  point  of  skin  is  raised  on 
an  ordinaiy  sewing  needle,  and  shaved 
off  with  a  scalpel  or  scissors*  the  graft  is 
then  transferred  to  the  fresh  surface 
next  to  the  healthy  granulations.  Rob- 
erts*, for  deflected  nasal  septum:  a 
linear  incision  is  made  with  a  bistoury  along 
a  prominent  line  of  the  deflection,  so  as  to 
enable  it  to  be  pressed  into  its  proper  position, 
after  which  a  long  steel  pin  is  thrust  into  the 
septum  in  such  a  manner  as  to  maintain  this 
position.  Rose's,  for  the  relief  of  neuralgia 
of  the  fifth  nerve :  removal  of  the  Gasserian 
ganglion.  Saemisch's,  for  hypopyon-ulcer  : 
the  cornea  is  transfixed  and  the  intervening 
tissue,  including  the  base  of  the  ulcer,  is 
divided  by  cutting  outward.  S&nger's,  a 
method  of  performing  Cesarean  section :  a 
moditication  of  the  usual  operation  in  which 
the  uterus  is  brought  out  through  a  long  ab- 
dominal incision  before  extraction  of  the 
fetus.  Scarpa's,  for  ligation  of  the  femoral 
artery :  it  is  done  at  the  middle  of  Scarpa's 
triangle.  Schmalz's,  for  stricture  of  the 
lacrimal  duct :  the  introduction  of  a  thread 
through  the  sac,  and  as  far  into  the  duct  as 
possible.  Schticking's,  for  prolapse  of  the 
uterus :  vaginal  hysteropexia  by  means  of  a 
special  needle,  the  thread  being  passed 
through  the  uterine  cavity,  out  at  the  fundus, 
and  through  the  anterior  vaginal  vault ;  the 
two  ends  are  tied  together  and  allowed  to 
slough  out.  S^dillot's:  I.  A  method  of 
performing  amputations :  the  combination  of 
the  flap  and  circular  methods ;  the  superficial 
flaps  are  formed  from  within  outward,  and 
the  deep  muscles  are  divided  circularly.  2. 
For  amputation  at  the  ankle-joint:  this 
method  resembles  Syme's  operation,  except 
that  the  flap  is  made  from  the  inner  and 
plantar  surfaces  of  the  foot  and  ankle.  3. 
For  amputation  of  the  leg :  it  is  done  at  the 
"  place  of  election  "  by  a  large  external  flap 
cut  by  transfixion.  4.  For  amputation  of 
the  thigh  :  it  is  done  by  a  single  long  anterior 
flap,  the  structures  at  the  back  of  the  limb 
being  divided  to  the  bone  by  one  transverse 
incision.  Senn*s,  for  intestinal  anastomosis : 
the  diseased  tissue  is  excised  and  the  ends 
of  the  bowel  entirely  and  permanently  closed, 
the  continuity  of  the  canal  being  restored  by 
means  of  **  intestinal  anastomosis  by  lateral 
approximation"  without  the  use  of  bone- 
plates.  Sigault's,  for  otherwise  impossible 
labor:  symphysiotomy.  Simon's,  for  ex- 
ploration of  the  rectum  and  adjacent  parts : 
it  consists  in  introducing  the  hand  or  the 
hand  and  arm  of  the  operator  into  the 
bowel.  Smith's,  for  hemorrhoids:  crush- 
ing by  means  of  a  clamp,  and  applying  the 
Paquelin-cautery  to  the  stump  after  cutting 


away  the  projecting  part.  Syme's:  i.  Fof 
amputation  at  the  ankle-joint :  a  single  plan- 
tar flap  is  made,  from  which  the  os  calcis  is 
dissected  out,  after  disarticulation  has  been 
accomplished ;  the  malleoli  and  lower  end  of 
the  tibia  are  then  removed.  2.  For  external 
urethrotomy :  the  stricture  is  divided  through 
the  perineum  upon  a  grooved  director.  Tag- 
Uacozzi's,  for  rhinoplasty :  the  forming  of  a 
new  nose  from  a  flap  from  the  arm  secured 
in  place,  and  left  attached  to  the  arm  until 
union  has  occurred.  Tail's,  for  lacerated 
perineum :  the  flap-splitting  operation ;  the 
rectovaginal  septum  is  split  transversely  and 
from  the  extremities  of  this  incisiod  two  lat- 
eral incisions  are  made,  running  up  toward 
the  lower  terminus  of  each  nympha  and  down 
to  a  little  above  the  anal  orifice ;  these  two 
flaps  are  dissected  up ;  the  upper  one  is  drawn 
toward  the  urethra,  the  lower  one  down  to- 
ward the  anus ;  sutures  are  passed  laterally 
and  the  edges  are  brought  together.  Teale's : 
I.  For  amputation  of  the  arm  :  the  long  flap 
is  placed  upon  the  anteroexteraal  aspect  of 
the  arm ;  the  brachial  artery  and  the  median 
and  ulnar  nerves  are  divided  with  the  poste- 
rior flap.  2.  For  amputation  of  the  leg ;  a 
rectangular  flap-operation,  in  which  a  long 
anterior  and  a  short  posterior  flap  are  made, 
each  consisting  of  both  integument  and  mus- 
cle ;  the  length  of  the  anterior  flap  is  equal 
to  half  the  circumference  of  the  limb,  and  the 
posterior  flap  is  one-quarter  of  the  length. 
Thiersch's,  for  skin-grafting:  the  graft  is 
made  by  a  to-and-fro  motion  with  a  razor, 
shaving  oflf  as  long  and  as  broad  a  section  of 
the  upper  layers  of  the  skin  as  b  desired. 
Thomas's,  laparoelytrotomy :  removal  of 
the  fetus  through  incisions  in  the  abdominal 
wall  and  in  the  vagina,  without  opening  the 

Siritoneum  or  wounding  the  uterus.  Van 
uren's,  for  prolapsus  ani :  a  linear  canter- 
ization  of  the  mucosa  with  the  Paquelin-caa- 
tery.  Vemeuil's,  an  iliac  colotomy :  a 
nearly  vertical  incision  is  made,  and  a  knuckle 
of  gut  is  transfixed  and  kept  in  place  by  two 
needles  which  lie  on  the  parietes;  the  ex- 
posed bowel  is  then  stitched  to  the  margins 
of  the  parietal  wound  and  the  protruding 
knuckle  is  excised.  Wardrop's,  for  anem- 
ysm :  ligation  of  a  main  branch  of  the  artcrr 
distal  to  the  aneurysm,  leaving  a  circulation, 
however,  through  another  branch.  White's, 
for  hypertrophy  of  the  prostate :  removal  of 
the  testicles.  Whitehead's:  i.  For  ex- 
cision of  hemorrhoids :  removal  of  a  circular 
strip  of  mucous  membrane  around  the  aaoSft 
including  the  tumors.  2.  For  exctaioa  tf 
the  tongue:  removal  through  the 
using  only  scissors.  Wilde  8,  for  ,' 
or  cerebral  abscess :  the  bone  is  1 
the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  i 


OPERATIVE 


OPHTHALMOPLEGIA 


yi  inch  behind  the  auricle,  and  if  necessary 
the  bone  is  opened  with  a  drill,  gouge,  or 
trephine.  Winiwmrter't,  cholecystenter- 
ostomy:  it  is  performed  in  two  stages;*  in 
the  ftrst  the  gall-bladder  is  united  to  the 
upper  portion  of  the  jejunum  and  the  parts 
are  fixed  to  the  parietal  peritoneum  ;  in  the 
second,  after  about  five  days,  the  bowel  is 
incised  and  a  communication  is  established 
between  the  latter  and  the  gall-bladder. 
Wladimiroff  *8,  a  form  of  tarscctomy  :  the 
astragalus,  os  calcis,  and  the  soft  parts  cover- 
ing them,  are  removed ;  the  articular  surfaces 
of  the  tibia,  fibula,  cuboid,  and  scaphoid 
bones  are  sawn  off  and  the  foot  brought  into 
a  straight  line  with  the  leg.  WttUer's,  for 
the  radical  cure  of  inguiniU  hernia :  plugging 
of  the  hernial  canal  by  an  invagination  of  the 
scrotum,  and  its  retention  by  a  special  instru- 
ment, thus  exciting  adhesive  inflammation  in 
the  neck  of  the  sac.  Wyeth't,  for  amputa- 
tion at  the  hip- joint ;  the  bloodless  method : 
two  steel  mattress- needles  are  inserted  in  the 
tissues  and  rubber  tubing  is  passed  several 
times  around  the  limb  above  the  needles. 

Operative  (op^-tr-a-tiv)  [operari,  to  labor]. 
1 .  Able  to  act ;  effective.  2.  Pertaining  to 
operations. 

Operculum  (tf-Arr^-Jku/ttm)  [L.].  I.  A  lid 
or  cover,  as  O.  ilei,  the  ileocecal  valve.  2. 
The  convolutions  covering  the  island  of 
Reil. 

Opbryon  (off'-reon)  [%>6c,  eyebrow].  In 
craniometry,  the  middle  of  a  line  drawn  across 
the  (brehead  at  the  level  of  the  upper  margin 
of  the  orbits. 

OphthalmU  (off-  ihai'-  me  •  aJk)  [6f6bV<k» 
eye].  Inflammation  of  the  eye,  especially 
one  in  which  the  conjunctiva  is  involved. 
O.,  CetarrhaU  simple  conjunctivitis ;  a  hy- 
peremia of  the  conjunctiva,  with  a  mucopuru- 
lent secretion.  O.,  Caterpillar*,  inflamma- 
tion of  the  conjunctiva  or  of  the  cornea,  the 
result  of  penetration  of  the  tissues  by  the  hairs 
oC  caterpillars.  O.,  Egyptian.  See  TVa- 
€k«ma.  O.,  Qonorrheal,  an  acute  and 
severe  form  of  purulent  coniunctivitis,  caused 
by  infection  from  urethral  discharges  con- 
taining the  gonococcus  of  Neisser.  O., 
Granular.  See  Track{*ma.  O.  neona* 
torun,  a  gonorrheal  or  purulent  ophthalmia 
of  the  new-bom,  the  eyes  having  been  in- 
fected by  the  mother's  vaginal  discharges. 
O.,  NeuroparaljTtic,  disease  of  the  eye  from 
lesion  of  the  Gasserian  f^nglion  or  of  branches 
of  the  fifth  nerve  supplying  the  eyeball.  O., 
Phlyctenular,  conjunctivitis  characterized  by 
phlyctenules  or  small  vesicles  situated  in  the 
epithelial  layer  of  the  conjunctiva  or  comr*. 
O^  Purulent,  conjunctivitis  with  a  purulent 
dtacbarge.  O.,  Sympathetic,  a  severe 
deitnictive  ioflammatioo,  a  form  of  iridocy- 


clitis secondary  to  injury  or  disease  of  the  fel- 
low-eye. 

Ophthalmic  {offthay -mik)  [ofAiA^c,  eye]. 
Pertaining  to  the  eye.  O.  Artery.  See 
Arterifs^  Table  of.  O.  Ganglion,  the 
ciliary  ganglion.  See  Gangiia,  TabU  of. 
O.  Nerve     See  AVrrw,  TabU  of 

Ophthalmitis  {off-  thai-  mi^-  ti/)  [ofdloA^, 
eye;  iTi^:,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of 
the  eye. 

Ophthalmoblennm'hea  ( off-  thai-  mo  •  blen  • 
ore'-a)  [o^^^oA^,  eye;  ^?Jvi'a,  mucusj 
Blennorrhea  of  the  conjunctiva. 

Ophthalmocele.    See  Exopkthalmus, 

Ophtbalmocopia  (off*  thai-  mo  •  i</  -/^  •  aA) 
[of^A/A^,  eye  ;  x^froc,  fatigue].  Fatigue  of 
visual  power ;  asthenopia. 

Ophthalmodonesia  {.off-  that-  mo-  <fon  e^-sis) 
[b^Xfid^^  eye;  (Uvfoic,  a  trembling].  A 
voluntary  tremulous  or  oscillatory  movement 
of  the  eye. 

Ophthalmodynia  {off-  tka!  •  mo  -  din'-  e  •  ok) 
[of^fciP.^,  eye;  ooirt-y,  pain].  Neuralgic 
pain  in  the  eye. 

Ophthalmologiat  (off  -  thai  •  mol'  -  o  ■  /is/) 
[o^da^.fioc,  eye;  Wyof,  science].  One  versed 
m  ophthalmology. 

Ophth^\mo\ogy(off'iAa/'mo/^-o-Je)  [of&aX^, 
eye;  Wyof,  science].  The  science  of  the 
anatomy,  physiology,  and  diseases  of  the  eye. 

Ophthalmomalacia  (off-  thai  •  mo  •  mai-  a'- 
seah)  [of^b>^<^,  eye;  fui>MKia,  soAness]. 
Abnormal  softness  or  subnormal  tension  of 
the  eye. 

Ophthalmometer  (off - ikal -  mom^  -  et - er) 
jdfAiA/KiCt  eye;  /^^/wv,  measure],  i.  An 
mstrument  for  measuring  the  capacity  of  the 
chambers  of  the  eye.  2.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  refractive  errors,  especially  astig- 
matism. 3.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  eye  as  a  whole. 

Ophthalmometry  {off'tka/mom^etre)  [o#* 
fbA^^,  eye  ;  fdrpov,  measure].  The  deter- 
mination of  refractive  errors  by  means  of  the 
ophthalmometer. 

Ophthalmopathy  (off  that- mop' atke)  [o^ 
TO^^C.  eye ;  irdtfoc,  disease].  Any  disease  of 
the  eye. 

Ophthalmophthiais  (offthal'mcff'  tkisii). 
See  Phthisis  bulbi. 

Ophthalmoplegia  (off  thai  mo  pie'  Jf  ah )  [oe- 
Ai>.u<^,  eye;  ir/.^^v. stroke].  Paralysis of'the 
ocular  muscles.  O.  externa,  paralysis  of  the 
externa]  ocular  muscles.  O.  mtema,  paral- 
ysis of  the  internal  muscles  of  the  eye,  those 
of  the  iris  and  ciliary  body.  O.,  Nu- 
clear, due  to  a  lesion  of  the  nuclei  of  origin 
of  the  motor  nerves  of  the  eyeball.  O.,  Par- 
tial, a  fiorm  in  which  only  some  of  the  mus- 
cles are  paralyied.  O.,  Progressive,  a 
form  in  which  all  of  the  muscles  of  both  eyes 
gradoally  become  paralyxed.      O.,  Total* 


OPHTHALMOPLEGIC 


OPIUM 


^ 


that  form  ioTolving  the  iris  and  ciliary  mus- 
cle as  well  as  the  external  muscles  of  the 
eyeball. 

Ophthalmoplegic  (off-thal-mo-ple' -jik)  [6^- 
AiXfidg,  eye ;  Tr/jyyv,  stroke].  Pertaining  to 
ophthalmoplegia. 

Ophthalmoscope  (off  -  thaV -  mo  -  skdp)  [6^- 
daXfidc,  eye ;  OKowelv,  to  see].  An  instrument 
for  examining  the  interior  of  the  eye.  It 
consists  essentially  of  a  mirror  with  a  hole  in 
it,  through  which  the  observer  looks,  the 
concavity  of  the  eye  being  illuminated  by 
light  reflected  from  the  mirror  into  the  eye 
and  seen  by  means  of  the  rays  reflected  from 
the  eye -ground  back  through  the  hole  in  the 
mirror.  The  ophthalmoscope  is  fitted  with 
lenses  of  different  powers  that  may  be  re- 
volved in  front  of  the  observing  eye,  and 
these  neutralize  the  ametropia  of  either  the 
patient's  or  the  observer's  eye,  thus  render- 
mg  the  details  of  the  fundus  oculi  clear. 

Ophthalmoscopic  (pff'thal-mo-skop' -ik)  [6^- 
tfia^fidg,  eye;  aKOireiVf  to  see].  Pertaining 
to  the  ophthalmoscope  or  its  use. 

Ophthalmoscopy  [pffthal-mos' -ko-pt)  [o^- 
^XfiSct  eye ;  aiameiv,  to  see].  The  ex- 
amination of  the  interior  of  the  eye  by  means 
of  the  ophthalmoscope.  O.,  Direct,  the 
method  of  the  erect  or  upright  image,  the  ob- 
server's eye  and  the  ophthalmoscope  being 
brought  close  to  the  eye  of  the  patient.  O., 
Indirect,  (he  method  of  the  inverted  image ; 
the  observer's  eye  is  placed  about  1 6  inches 
from  that  of  the  patient  and  a  20  D.  bicon- 
vex lens  is  held  about  two  inches  in  front  of 
the  observed  eye,  thereby  forming  an  aerial 
inverted  image  of  the  fundus. 

Ophthalmostat  (pff-thal'-mo-stat)  [o^aX/wc, 
.eye;  Itn&vaif  to  cause  to  stand].  An  instru- 
ment used  in  fixing  the  eye  in  any  position 
during  an  operation  on  it. 

Ophthalmostatometer  (off-  thai-  mo  -  stat  - 
om'-et-er)  [6^a^//<if,  eye;  laravox^  to  cause 
to  stand ;  fjitficv^  measure].  An  instrument 
for  determining  the  position  of  the  eyes. 

Ophthalmotonometer  {off-thal-mo'ton-om' - 
et-er)  [6^aA/z(Jc,  eye;  r6voq^  tone;  fierpov^ 
measure].  An  instrument  for  measuring  in- 
traocular tension. 

Ophthalmotrope  (off-thai' -motrop^  [o^aA,- 
/^<if ,  eye ;  rp<J;rof ,  a  turn].  An  instrument 
used  for  the  demonstration  of  the  direction  and 
the  position  that  the  eye  takes  under  the  influ- 
ence of  each  of  its  muscles,  and  the  position 
of  the  false  image  in  the  case  of  paralysis  of 
a  given  muscle. 

Opiate  (o'-pf-nt)  [hmov^  poppy -juice].  A 
preparation  of  opium.  1 

Opiophagism,  Opiophagy  (o-pe-off'-aj-ism^ 
o-p€-off' -aj-e)  \hT:LWy  opium  ;  ^ytlv^  to  eat]. 
Opium-eating.  * 

Opisthoporia   (o-pis-tho-po-ri' -ah)    [^ttoj^cv, 


behind  ;  iropefot  going].      Involuntary  U 
ward- walking  in  an  attempt  to  go  forward 

Opisthotonus  (o  pis -that' -on  m)  [birm 
behind;  rdvoq^  tone].     A  condition  in  wl 
from  a  tetxuiic  spai>ni  of  the  muscles  of 
back   the  head   and  lower  limbs  are  I 
backward,  and  the  body  arched  forward. 

Opium  (o'-peum)  \h'Kiov^  from  6fr(if,  jui 
'ibe  inspissated  juice  obtained  by  incising 
unripe  capsules  of  Papaver  somnifcr 
of  the  order  Papaveiacea;,  occurring  in  c 
merce  in  the  form  of  brownish  cakes  ha^ 
a  narcotic  odor  and  a  bitter  taste.  O.  4 
tains  a  large  number  of  alkaloids,  of  wl 
morphin  is  the  most  important  since  it  re 
sents  the  chief  properties  of  the  drug.  0 
alkaloids  are  narcotin,  C^^HjjNO,,  cod 
Cj.HjjNO,,  thebain  or  paramorphin,  Cj^ 
NOg,  papaverin,*C2oH.2,NO^,  narcein,  C,, 
NOj,  pseudomorphin,  CjiHg^NjOj,  la 
nin,  Cj^HjjNO^.  These  bases  occur  ir 
combined  with  meconic  and  theboli 
acids.  Moist  O.  should  contain  not 
than  seven  per  cent,  of  crystallized  mor 
(U.  S.  P.)  O.  acts  as  a  narcotic,  prodi 
deep  sleep,  which,  however,  is  often  prec 
by  a  stage  of  mental  excitement  and  exhi 
tion  ;  on  awakening  there  may  l>e  headi 
nausea,  or  vomiting.  It  slows  the  pul!>< 
increases  its  force,  and  raises  blood -pres< 
small  doses  do  not  depress  the  rcspira 
large  doses  do  so  in  a  marked  degree, 
checks  the  motor  activity  of  the  stomacl 
intestines,  and  lessens  all  secretions  e: 
that  of  the  skin  ;  it  produces  contracti< 
the  pupil.  When  taken  in  poisonous 
it  causes  unconquerable  drowsiness,  pa 
into  deep  sleep,  with  slow,  full  respir 
slow  pulse,  contracted  pupils  ;  later  cyt 
develops,  the  respiration  becomes  ex 
ingly  slow,  and  the  pulse  rapid  and  fe 
death  takes  place  from  failure  of  the  re 
tion.  See  Poisons^  Table  of.  There 
chronic  form  of  O. -poisoning  produci 
the  habitual  use  of  O.  or  morphia,  and 
acterized  by  mental  depression,  a  dct< 
tion  of  the  moral  sense,  and  attacks  of 
rhea.  O.  is  used  for  the  relief  of  pain 
forms  except  that  due  to  cerebral  infl« 
tion  ;  in  insomnia ;  in  inflammation  of 
membranes;  in  spasmodic  condition 
acute  colds  ;  cough,  retention  of  urine 
iting,  diarrhea,  certain  forms  of  dy 
particulary  that  from  heart-disesise 
locally  as  an  application  to  sprain:s  a 
-  flamed  surfaces.  Dose  gr.  j  (0.065). 
Preparations  — Acetum  opii  (U. 
vinegar  of  opium,  black  drop.  Co 
opii  (B.  P.).  Empla&trum  opit  (U. 
B.  P.).  Enema  opii  (B.  P.).  Exi 
opii  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.).  Eatiactui 
liquidum  (B.  P.).    Opii  puWls.     Opi 


OPIUMISM 


ORCHl. 


odormtum  (U.S.  P.).  Pilulae  opii  (U.  S.  P.). 
PiloU  saponis  composita  (B.  P.),  contains 
about  20  per  cent,  of  opium.  PuWis  ipecac- 
uaubae  et  opii,  Dover's  powder,  contains  ten 
per  cent,  each  of  opium  and  ipecac.  Pulvis 
opii  compositus  (B.  P.),  contains  ten  per  cent, 
of  opium.  Tinctura  ipecacuanha;  et  opii 
(U.  S.  P.).  Tinctura  opii,  laudanum  (U.  S. 
P.,  B.  P. ).  Tinctura  opii  ammoniaia  (B.  P.). 
Tinctura  opii  camphorata  (U.  S.  P.),  (Tinc- 
tura camphorse  composita,  B.  P.),  paregoric. 
Tinctura  opii  deodorati  (U.  S.  P.).  Trochisci 
glycyrrhizae  et  opii  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  each 
containing  0.005  gram  of  opium.  Vinum 
opii  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  Sydenham's  lauda- 
num.     See  also  Morphin. 

Opiumism  {y-pe-um-izm)  [opium'].  The 
condition  produced  by  the  action  of  opium 
on  the  system. 

Opobalsamum  (opo-daw/sam^-um)  [bn6c, 
juice;  pd?Mafwv,  balsam].  A  resin  from 
Balsamodendron  opobalsamum,  and  Bal- 
samodendron  gileadense.  See  Ba/m  0/ 
GiUad. 

Opocephalut  (p-posef^'al-usS  [i»V',  eye;  lu^ 
aTJjf  headl.  A  monster  characterized  by 
fusion  of  the  ears,  one  orbit,  and  absence  of 
mouth  and  nose. 

Opodeldoc  {op-a-del^'dok)  [origin  obscure]. 
See  under  Soap, 

Opodymus  {o-pod' -im-us)  [Zx^i  eye;  6i6v- 
fioc,  twin].  A  monster  with  a  single  body 
and  skull,  but  with  two  distinct  faces. 

Opotherapy  {op-other'ap-e^  [o'r<Jf,  juice; 
lhtrapy\     Synonym  of  Organotherapy. 

Opponens  (op-o'-mnz)  [ob^  against;  ponere^ 
to  place].  Opposing.  A  term  applied  to  cer- 
tain muscles  that  bring  one  part  opposite  an- 
other, as  Opponens  minimi  digiti,  a  muscle 
placing  the  little  finger  opposite  the  thumb. 

Opsonic  (op-son^ -ik).  Pertaining  to  opsonin. 
O.  Index,  a  number  indicative  of  the  phago- 
cytic activity  of  a  patient's  serum  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  a  healthy  individual's 
serum,  the  same  bacteria  responsible  for  the 
patient's  disease  being  used  tor  the  test  and 
control.  Negative  Phase,  the  decrease  in 
opsonic  power  that  follows  the  injection. 
Positive  Phase,  the  subsequent  increase  of 
opsonic  power. 

Opsonin  (op^-so-nin)  [oi/HJVfZv,  to  provide 
food].  Wright's  term  Tor  that  quality  of  a 
serum  which  makes  a  microbe  more  suscep- 
tible to  phagocytosis. 

Optic  (ojy-  tii)  [oTrn/wJf ,  from  the  base,  off-, 
to  see].  Pertaining  to  vision  or  to  the  sci- . 
ence  of  optics.  O.  Atrophy,  atrophy  of  the 
optic  nerve.  O.  Axis,  the  axis  of  the  eye. 
O.  Center.  I.  The  point  in  the  main  axis  of 
the  crystalline  lens  at  which  the  rays  of  light 
meet.  2.  The  nerve  center  concerned  in  the 
▼isual  function.     O.  Chiasm,  O.  Commis- 


sure. See  Commissure,  O.  Cup,  the  con- 
cave area  formed  by  the  involution  of  the 
distal  extremity  of  the  primary  optic  vesicle. 
O.  Disc,  the  optic  papilla.  O.  Foramen. 
See  Foramina t  Table  of,  O.  Groove,  the 
groove  on  the  sphenoid  bone  for  the  optic 
chiasm.  O.  Lobes,  the  corpora  quadrigem- 
ina.  O.  Nerve.  See  Nerves,  Table  of,  O. 
Neuritis.  See  Papillitis,  O.  Papilla,  the 
circular  prominence  formed  by  the  optic 
nerve  after  its  entrance  into  the  eyeball.  O. 
Radiations,  a  large  bundle  of  nerve-fibers 
joining  the  optic  thalamus  and  the  occipital 
lobe  of  the  cerebrum.  O.  Thalamus.  See 
Thalamus,  O.  Tract.  See  Tract,  O. 
Vesicle,  a  diverticulum  from  each  side  of 
the  primary  anterior  vesicle  of  the  embryo, 
forming  the  basis  of  the  future  eye. 

Optical  (op^-tih-al)  [bnTUidq,  pertaining  to 
sight,  from  the  base  o?r-,  to  see].  Pertain- 
ing to  sight. 

Optician  (op-tish'-un)  [otrrMoJc.  from  the  base 
oiT'^  to  see].    A  maker  of  optical  instruments. 

Opticociliary  (op-tik-o-sil' -e-a-re)  [^nr/it^, 
pertaining  to  vbion,  from  the  base  on',  to 
see ;  ciliary'].  Pertaining  to  the  optic  and 
the  ciliary  nerves. 

Opticopupillary  (pp-tik-o-pu' -pil-a-re)  [hn- 
Tuid^f  pertaining  to  vision,  from  the  base  on-, 
to  see;  pupillary'].  Pertaining  to  the  optic 
nerve  and  the  pupil. 

Optics  (op'-tiks)  [otrT<A<5f,  from  the  base  cwr-, 
to  see].     The  science  of  light  and  vision. 

Optogram  (o^-to-gram'j  \oTr6^^  visible; 
ypa^tv,  to  write].  A  faint  image  stamped 
on  the  retina  for  a  brief  period  after  death. 

Optometer  (op-tom'-et-er)  [oTnd^^  visible; 
flirpov,  measure].  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  strength  of  vision,  especially  the 
degree  of  refractive  error  that  is  to  be  cor- 
rected to  render  vision  normal. 

Optostriate  (opto-stri^At)  [onr^,  visible; 
striatum f  striped].  Pertaining  to  the  optic 
thalamus  and  the  corpus  striatum. 

Ora  (o^rah)  [L.].  Margin.  O.  serrata, 
the  jagged  anterior  margin  of  the  retina. 

Oral  (o^-ral)  [w,  the  mouth].  Pertaining  to 
the  mouth. 

Orange  {or'-anj).     See  Aur ant  turn. 

Orbicular  (or-bih^-u-lar)  [orbicularis,  dim. 
of  orbis,  circle].  Circular.  A  term  applied 
to  circular  muscles,  as  the  orbicular  muscle 
of  the  eye  or  of  the  mouth  (Orbicularis  pal- 
pebrarum. Orbicularis  oris).     See  Muscles, 

Orbit  {or^'bit)  [orbita,  from  orbis,  circle]. 
The  eye  cavity,  formed  by  the  frontal,  sphe- 
noid, ethmoid,  nasal,  lacrimal,  superior  max- 
illary, and  pa)ate  bones. 

Orbital  (or^-bit-al).     Pertaining  to  the  orbit 

Orchi-,  Orchid-,  Orchio-  (pr^-ke-,  or^-kid-, 
or^'keo')  [bpxi^,  testicle].  A  prefix  signify- 
ing connection  with  or  relation  to  the  testicle. 


ORCHIALGIA 


ORIGANUM 


Orchialgia  (or-ke-al'-jeah)  \hpx^y  testicle ; 
«i^yof,  pain].     Neura%ia  of  the  testicle. 
Orchichorea  {orke-kore'  ah)  \hpx^i  testicle ; 
chorea\.    Irregular  movements  of  the  testicle 
due  to  contraction  of  the  cremaster  muscle. 
Orchidectomy    {or-kid  -ek'  -  to  -  me)    [ppx^* 
testicle ;  eicrofj^y  excision].     Castration. 
1^  Orchidotomy  (or-kui-ot^-o-we)  [ip;t'f»  ^^sti- 

^^  cle ;  Tofifft  a  cutting].    Incision  of  the  testicle. 

J  Orchiocele  (or^ -ie-o-sil )  [bpx^^j  testicle ;  m^?.;7, 

w^  tumor].      I.  A  tumor  of  the  testicle.      2. 

Scrotal  hernia. 
Orchiotomy  {or-ke-ot^-o-me).      Synonym  of 
L  Orchidotomy. 

I  Orchis  (^-iij)  rd/5;t^,  testicle],     i.  A  genus 

f  of  plants  furnishing  salep  and  vanilla.     2. 

The  testicle. 

Orchitis  (or-ki'-tis)  [bpxf-^t  testicle ;  <r/f ,  in- 
k  flammation].     Inflammation  of  the  testicle. 

I  Orcin  (or^-sin)  [Orcus,  Pluto,  from  its  dark 

r  color],  C-Hj(OH),.     A  substance  found  in 

many  licnens  of  the  genera  Roccella  and 
Lecanora.  It  is  an  antiseptic,  and  has  been 
used  instead  of  resorcin. 
Ordeal-bark  {or'-de-al-bark).  See  Erythro- 
phlomm.  Ordeal-bean,  Ordeal-nut.  See 
Physost^ma. 
Orezin  [p-reks'-in)  [*pf^<f ,  appetite] ,  Cj^H.-- 
N,.  HC1.2H,0.  Hydrochlorate  of  phenyldi- 
hydroquinazolin, — used  as  a  stomachic.  Dose 
gr.  iv-vij  (0.26-0.45). 

Organ  (or'-gan)  [bpyavw,  organ].  A  part  of 
the  body  having  a  definite  function  to  per- 
form. O.  of  Corti.  See  Ear.  O.,  En- 
amel-, a  club-shaped  process  of  epithelium 
growing  from  the  dental  ridge  and  forming  a 
cap  over  the  dental  papilla.  From  it  the 
enamel  of  the  tooth  is  developed.  O.  of 
Qiraldds,  the  paradidymis.  O.,  Jacobson*s. 
^ttt  Jacobson* s  Organ.  0.*8  of  Reproduc- 
tion, the  testicles,  and  penis  and  its  glands  in 
the  male,  the  uterus  and  its  appendages  and 
the  vagina  and  its  glands,  in  the  female.  O. 
of  Rosenmiiller.  See  Parovarium.  O., 
Segmental,  a  mesoblastic  embryonic  struc- 
ture consisting  of  three  parts — the  proneph- 
ros, the  mesonephros,  or  Wolffian  body,  and 
the  metanephros. 

Organic  (or-gan^-ik)  [bpyavov,  an  organ]. 
Having,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by  organs;  pertaining  to  the  animal  and 
vegetid  worlds;  affecting  the  structure  of 
organs.  O.  Chemistry,  the  chemistry  of 
the  carbon- compounds,  carbon  being  the 
central  element  of  compounds  occurring  in 
organized  beings.  O.  Disease,  disease  of 
an  organ  attended  with  structural  changes. 
Organism  (or^-gan  -  izm)  [organ].  A  body 
consisting  of  an  aggregation  of  organs  having 
a  definite  function  ;  a  living  being. 
Organization  (or-gan-it-a^-  shun)  [bpynvm\ 
organ].     I.  The  orderly  arrangement  of  or- 


gans or  parts.     2.    An  organism.    3. 
conversion  into  an  organ,  or  into  somet' 
resembling  an  organ,  or  into  living  tissue 

Organogenesis  {or-gan-o-jen' -es-is)  [6p>« 
organ  ;  yfwav,  to  beget].  The  proces 
the  development  of  an  organ. 

Organogenetic  (or-gan-o-Jcnet^-ik)  [fipjn 
organ;  ycwdv,  to  beget].  Pertaining 
organogenesis. 

Organography  [pr-gan-og'-rafe)  [Ap7< 
organ;  ypa^tv,  to  write].  A  dcscri| 
treatise  of  the  organs  of  an  animal  or  pU 

Organoid  (or^-gan-oid)  [bpyavov^  orj 
eldof,  like].     Resembling  an  organ. 

Organoleptic  (organ- olep'  til)  [bpyt 
organ;  ^iTTrrwc^f , taJking].  Affecting or| 
particularly  those  of  special  sense. 

Organology   {pr-gan-ol' -o-je)   [*p>«iw, 
gan ;     ^6>of,    science].     The    science 
treats  of  the  organs  of  plants  and  aiiimali 

Organotherapy  (or-gan  o  ther'-ap-e) 
yavov,  organ;  OepaTTEia^  treatment], 
treatment  of  diseases  by  the  administr 
of  animal  organs,  or  extracts  prepared 
them.  The  organs  chiefly  employed 
I.  The  testicles  (testicular  extract), 
various  nervous  affections.  From  testii 
juice  a  crystalline  substance,  spermin, 
been  isolated  and  its  use  advised  in  1 
ous  depression,  debility,  and  asthma. 
Thyroid  gland  (in  the  form  of  the  \ 
itself,  glycerol -extracts,  or  the  desic* 
gland).  It  has  been  found  of  much  * 
in  myxedema,  cretinism,  various  ch 
skin -diseases,  in  obesity,  colloid  goiter 
of  Questionable  value  in  exophthalmic  g 
3.  Pancreas  (extract  of  pancreas),  for 
betes  mellitus.  4.  Suprarenal  bodies 
tract  of  suprarenal  bodies),  for  Addi 
disease.  5.  Bone-marrow,  for  pcmi 
anemia  and  other  anemias.  Other  ex 
proposed  are  those  of  brain,  spinal  ma 
muscles,  kidney,  ovary,  heart-muscle,  $f 
thymus  gland,  and  stomach. 

Orgasm  (or'-gasm)  [bpydeiv^  to  swell], 
tense  excitement,  especially  that  occt 
during  sexual  intercourse. 

Oriental  (<>-r^-^«'-/^/)  [^rim*,  rising], 
taining  to  the  Orient  or  east.     O.  Boil. 
Furunoilus  orientaUs. 

Orientation  (o-ri  en-ta' -shun)  [i>r»W,  l 
(in  the  east)].  The  act  of  determining 
position  in  space  (subjective  O. )  or  the 
tion  of  surrounding  objects  with  referei 
each  other  (objective  O.). 

Orifice  (or'-if-is)  [orificium  ;  os,  moutli 
cfre,  to  make].     An  opening. 

Orificial  (or-if-ish^ -al)  [or^num^^n  or 
Pertaining  to  an  orifice.  O.  Surg^ery. 
Pratt's  Operation^  in  Operations^  TahJf 

Origanum  (o-rig^-an-um)  [ypiyxsvofv^  i 
ram].     A  genus  of  plants  of  the  order 


ORIGIN 


OSCHEOHYDROCELE 


ftte.  O.  majormna,  sweet  maijotiun.  It  used 
as  m  coodiment  O.  yulgare,  wild  maijonun, 
coaUias  m  pungent  oil  (Oleum  origaniK  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  terpene,  C,oH,,.  O.  is  tonic, 
excitant,  diaphoretic,  and  emroenacogue,  and 
looallj  anodyne.  It  is  also  employed  as  a 
clearing-agent  in  microscopy. 

Origin  (or^-ij'in)  [arigo^ixota  <»nW,to  arise]. 
The  beginning  or  starting-point  of  anything. 
O.,  Deep,  of  a  nerve,  its  O.  in  the  cells  of 
the  nerve-center.  O.,  Superficial,  of  a 
nerve,  the  point  at  which  it  emerges  from  the 
brain  or  cord.  O.  of  a  muscle,  the  point  of 
attachment  of  a  muscle  which  remains  re- 
latively fixed  during  contraction  of  the  muscle. 

Orinasal  (a-rt-na'-zai)  [os^  mouth;  nasus^ 
Dosel.    Pertaining  to  the  mouth  and  the  nose. 

OropoaTTllX  {o-rQ-far'  -  inks)  [<v,  mouth  ; 
fdpvy^,  pharynx].  The  pharynx  proper, 
situated  below  the  level  of  the  lower  bolder 
of  the  soft  palate,  as  distinguished  from  the 
nasopharynx. 

Otpiment  (pr'-pim-ettt ).     Arwnic  trisulphid. 

Orrhotherapy  {0r-th/A<'r'-n/^-^)[6iy>6c,  serum ; 
Bepantia^  therapy].  The  treatment  of  dis- 
ease by  the  use  of  human  or  animal  blood- 
semm  conuining  antitoxins. 

Orris  (or^'is).     See  /riJ.  2d  definition. 

Ortho-  (or^'ik^)  {hf^,  right,  straight].  I. 
A  prefix  denoting  straight,  normal,  or  true. 
3.  In  chemistry,  a  prefix  denoting  that  one 
among  several  compounds  of  the  same  ele- 
ments which  is  considered  the  normal  com- 
pound. Among  derivatives  of  the  benzol- 
ring  it  refers  to  those  formed  by  the  sub- 
stitutioo  of  two  adjacent  hydrogen  atoms. 

Orthoceptaalous  (or'tko-sef'-al-us)  [o^i^, 
straight;  xr^^i;,  head].  Having  a  skull 
with  a  vertical  index  of  from  7a  1  to  75. 

Orthodontia  {or'thodon'ske  ■  ah)  (|6p<Wf , 
straight;  oAm'y.  tooth].  The  conection  of 
irregularities  of  the  teeth. 

Ortbofnathous  (or-tkajf-mathus)  [op%, 
straight ;  }v6th^^  the  i«wj.  Straight -jawed  ; 
having  a  gnathic  angle  of  from  83^  to  90^. 

Orthometer  (ffrtkom'-H  er)  [bpB6^^  straight ; 
ui-'pov^  measure].  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  relative  degree  of  protrusion  of  the 
ejes. 

Orthopedic  (^rikcft^iiik)  [ofM*:,  straight ; 
iroif,  child].  Pertaining  to  tne  correction  of 
deformities,  especially  in  children.  O.  Sur- 
gery, the  branch  of  surgery  devoted  to  the 
correction  of  deformities. 

Orthopedics    (ortk^pe' diki).     See    Onko^ 

Jfdu  Smvery. 

Orthopedist  (or  Iko-f^dist )  [o^A;c.  straight ; 
T«2f,  child].     One  who  practices  orthopedic 


Orthophoria  (or  •  tko  •  fo' •  re  -  nk)  [op^. 
ftrsagnt ;  ^op6^^  a  tending].  A  tending  of 
the  visaal  lines  in  parallelism. 


Orthophosphoric  Acid  (or'tko-foS'/or^'iM), 
See  Acid. 

Orthopnea  (or-tkop-ne' -ok)  [V^,  straight ; 
ffvoiii,  breathing],  A  condition  marked  by 
quick  and  labored  breathing,  in  which  the 
patient  finds  relief  only  by  maintaining  ao 
upright  position. 

Orthopneic  {or-tkop-nt' -ik)  [6pA5c,  straight; 
rtvotii^  breathing].  Characterized  by  os 
thopnea. 

Orthoptic  (or-tkof -tik\  [if^f ,  straight ;  hn- 
rcK^,  seeing].  Pertaining  to  normal  binocu- 
lar vision.  O.  Training,  a  method  of  cor- 
recting the  defective  vision  of  those  having 
strabismus  or  muscular  insufficiency,  by 
stereoscopic  and  other  ocular  exercises  of 
a  gymnastic  kind. 

OrSsoscope  (ffr^-tkoskdp)  [op^,  straight; 
OKtynuv,  to  see].  An  instrument  for  exami- 
nation of  the  eye  through  a  layer  of  water, 
whereby  the  curvature,  and  hence  the 
refraction  of  the  cornea,  is  neutralized  and  the 
cornea  acts  as  a  plane  medium. 

Orthoscopic  (orikoskop'  ik) [A/>^<Jc, straight ; 
eiumrtVf  to  see].  I.  Pertainmg  to  an  ortho- 
scope or  to  orthoscopy.  2.  Applied  to  lenses 
cut  from  the  periphery  of  a  large  lens.  3. 
Having  normal  vision. 

Orthoscopy  {ortkos^-ko-pf)  [6p^,  straight ; 
OKXTKuv^  to  see].  The  examination  of  the 
eye  with  the  ortnoscope. 

Orthotonus  {ortkof -o-nui)  [o^c*  straight; 
r<h^,  tension].  Tetanic  cramp  in  which 
the  body  lies  rigid  and  straight. 

Orysa  (o-ri'-tak)  [*/ii<o,  rice].     Sec  Rice, 

Os  [l«,  gen..  oris\  The  mouth.  O.  ex- 
ternum, the  external  orifice  of  the  cervical 
canal  of  the  uterus  opening  into  the  vagina. 
O.  internum,  the  internal  orifice  of  the 
cervical  canal  opening  into  the  cavity  of  the 
body  of  the  uterus.  O.  uteri,  either  orifice 
of  the  cervical  canal  of  the  uterus. 

Os  [I^,  gen.,  osiis\  A  bone.  O.  calcis,  the 
bone  of  the  heel.  O.  capitatum.  See  O. 
tmignum  O.  cozje.  See  O.  innominatum, 
O.  femoris,  the  femur.  O.  hamatum,  the 
unciform  bone.  O.  humeri,  the  humerus. 
O.  ilii,  the  ilium.  O.  innominatum,  the 
innominate  bone.  O.  ischii,  the  ischium. 
O.  magnum,  the  third  bone  of  the  second 
row  of  the  carpus.  O.  pubis,  the  pubis.  Ossa 
suturarum,  Ossa  tnquetra,  Ossa  wormi- 
ana,  the  Wormian  bones.  O.  unguis,  the 
lacrimal  bone. 

Os.     Symbol  for  osmium. 

Oscedo  {oi-ic'-di.A  [K.].     Yawning. 

Oscheitis  {os-  ke  -  %'■  tis'  [ixrxrov,  scrotum ; 
trt^^  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
scrotum. 

Oscheocele  (os^-ke-ot//)  [dtT^ro*'.  scrotum  ; 
«j>i7,  tumor],     .^rotal  hernia. 

Oscheohydrocele   {Qs-ke-^ki'-drO'Sf/)    [^ 


OSCHEOPLASTY 


OSTEOCHONDRITIS 


X^oVf  scrotum ;  iSi^p,  water ;  w^A^,  tumor].  A 
hydrocele  occupying  the  sac  of  a  scrotal  hernia 
after  the  return  of  the  bowel  to  the  peritoneal 
cavity  and  the  shutting  off  of  the  sac  from  the 
latter. 

Oscheoplasty  (ps'-ke-o-plas-te)  \haxtw^  scro- 
tum ;  "KyJiooiLv,  to  form].  Plastic  surgery  of 
the  scrotum. 

Oscitation  (ps-it-a^  -  shun)  [oscUare^  to 
yawn].     The  act  of  yawning. 

Osculation  (os-ku'la^-skun)  [oscuJari^  to 
kiss].    The  union  of  vessels  by  their  mouths. 

-ose  (-&%)  ['OsusV.  A  suffix  denoting  a  mem- 
ber of  the  carbonydrate  group. 

-osis  {-(/-sis).  A  suffix  signifying  condition 
of,  or  state  caused  by. 

Osmate  (ox^-mdt)  [osmium'^.  A  salt  of  os- 
mic  acid. 

Osmazome  (o9^-ma%'dm)\oafiijf  smell ;  l^ufid^^ 
broth].  A  brownish-yellow  substance  de- 
veloped by  heat  in  muscular  fibers,  and  for- 
merly supposed  to  give  to  cooked  meats  their 
peculiar  flavor. 

Otmic  (n^-mik)  [oofifjy  smell].  Pertaining 
to  or  containing  osmium.  O.  Acid,  strictly, 
a  dibasic  acid,  H^OsO^ ;  as  generally  used, 
however,  osmium  tetroxid,  OsO^,  also  called 
perosmic  acid.  It  is  a  crystalline  substance , 
freely  soluble  in  water,  and  giving  off  irritant 
vapors;  locally,  it  acts  as  a  caustic.  It  is 
employed  in  microscopy  as  a  stain  for  fat  and 
as  a  fixing  agent.  In  medicine  it  has  been 
used  in  neuralgia. 

Osmidrosis  (oz-muf-r(/-sis)  [bcft^,  smell; 
Upuatgf  sweat].  The  secretion  of  a  malodo- 
rous perspiration ;  bromidrosis. 

Osmium  {pt^-me-um)  [oa/ui^,  smell].  A 
heavy  metallic  element  belonging  to  the 
platinum-group.  Symbol  Os,  specific  gravity 
22.48,  atomic  weight  190. 3,  quantivalence 
II,  IV,  VI,  VIII.     See  Osmic  Acid. 

Osmometer  (oz-mom'-et-er)  [bafi^,  smell ; 
ftkrpovy  measure].  I.  An  instnmient  for 
testing  the  sense  of  smell.  2.  An  apparatus 
for  measuring  osmosis. 

Osmosis  (oz-mi/-sis)  [uofiSct  impulse].  The 
passage  of  liquids  and  substances  in  solution 
through  porous  septa.  See  Endosmosis  and 
Exosmosis. 

Osmotic  {ot-mot'-ik)  [u(r/i4$c,  impulse] .  Per- 
taining to  osmosis. 

Ossa  {0s''ak)\V,.^pl.  of  os,  a  bone].  Bones. 
See  Os. 

Ossein  {os^-e-in)  [^os,  a  bone].  The  organic 
base  of  osseous  tissue. 

Osseoaponeurotic  (ose-o-ap-on-urot^ik)  [os, 
bone ;  aponeurosis'].  Bounded  by  bone  and 
the  aponeurosis  of  a  muscle. 

Osseous  {os^-f-us)  [os,  bone].  Bony;  com- 
posed of  or  resembling  bone. 

Ossicle  (os^-ii-i)  [ossiculum,  dim.  of  os,  a 
bone].    A  small  bone.     O.,  Auditory,  one 


of  a  chain  of  small  bones  found  ii 
tjrmpanic  cavity  of  the  ear. 

Ossiferous  {os-if -er-us)  [os,  a  bone ; 
to  bear].  Containing  or  producing 
tissue. 

Ossific  (os-if'-ik)[os,  bone ;  fcuert,  to  m 
Producing  bone. 

Ossification   {os-if-ik-a'-shun)   [os,  a  I 

facere,  to  make].     The  formation  of  b 

Ossifying  (os'-if-i-ing)  [os,  hoxvt\  fact 
make].  Changing  into  bone.  O.  C 
droma,  a  chondroma  that  is  undergoinj 
fication.  O.  Myositis,  inflammatio 
muscle,  attended  with,  or  followed  b 
position  of  bone-like  masses. 

Ostalgia  (os-tal'-je-ak)  [borkw,  bone ;  1 
pain].     Pain  in  a  bone. 

Osteectomy  (os-te-ek^ -tome)  [hcrhv^ 
eKTOfi^,  excision].      Excision  of  a  port 
a  bone. 

Osteitis  (os-te-i'-tis)  [oarkov,  bone ;  it 
flammation].  Inflammation  of  bone. 
Condensing.  See  Osteosclerosis.  O.  c 
mans,  a  rare  form  characterized  b 
production  of  deformity.  O.,  Qummi 
a  chronic  form  due  to  syphilis  and  chai 
ized  by  the  formation  of  gummata  i 
cancellous  tissue  of  the  epiphysis  or 
shaft  of  a  bone,  or  in  the  periosteum 
Rarefying.  See  Osteoporosis.  O.,  Scl 
ing.    See  Osteosclerosis. 

Osteo-  (os^'teo-)  [d(STkov,  bone].  A 
signifying  connection  with  or  relation  t€ 

Osteoarthritis  {os-te-o-ar-thri^-tis)  [* 
bone;  apdpov,  joint;  m^,  inflammi 
An  inflammation  of   the  bones   fom 

Joint. 

Osteoarthropathy  {os-te-o-ar-tArop' 
[bariov,  bone;  ipBpov,  joint;  nafh 
ease].  Any  disease  of  bony  articul 
O.,  H3rpertrophic  Pulmonary,  a  1 
characterized  by  a  bulbous  enlaracm 
the  terminal  phalanges  of  the  nnge 
toes,  a  thickening  of  the  articular  end^ 
bones,  and  a  peculiar  curvation  of  tb< 
The  condition  is  usually  associates 
disease  of  the  lungs  or  pleura,  hen 
name  osteoarthopatkie  pneumi^ue  fn 
pkianteg}ven  to  it  by  Marie » and  rcsul 
the  absorption  of  toxic  products  from 
eased  foci. 

Osteoblast    (os'-te-o-blast)    [harkov, 
phurrdg,  a  germ].     Any  one  of  ih 
of  mesoblastic  origin  concerned  in  the 
tion  of  bony  tissue. 

Osteocarcinoma  (os-te-o- kar •  siM  -  o 
[6<rr^ov,  bone;  carcinoma],  I.  C> 
carcinoma.     2.  Carcinoma  of  bone. 

Osteochondritis   ios-teo-kon-dri^-eis] 
ov,  bone ;   x^^P^*  cartilage  ;   tri^^ 
mation].     Inflammation  involTing  bo 
and  cartilage. 


OSTEOCHONDROMA 


OTHEMATOMA 


Osteochondroma  {os-U-o- kon  - drc^- mali) 
\herkw^  bone ;  x^^P^Ct  caitiUge ;  bfia, 
tumor].  A  tumor  in  part  bony  and  in  part 
cartilaginous. 

Otteociasit  (osie-ok' -la-sis)  [oariov,  bone; 
KXdew^  to  brMk].  I.  Fracture  of  booet  for 
purposes  of  remedying  deformity.  2.  The 
destruction  of  bony  tissue  by  osteoclasts. 

Osteoclast  (os^-U-o-kiasi)  [htrrkov^  bone; 
ic/d/<v,  to  break],  i.  An  instrument  for  per- 
forming osteoclasis.  2.  One  of  the  large  mul- 
tinuclear  cells  found  against  the  surface  of  bone 
in  little  eroded  depressions  (Mowship's  lacu- 
na), and  concerned  in  the  removal  of  bone. 

Osteocope(«r^*/^-<>-i4^).  ^ttOsteocopic  Paim, 

OsteoGOpic  Pain  (os-te-o-kop^-ik)  [barkw^ 
bone;  x^nt),  a  beating] .  Severe  pain  in  a  bone, 
usually  worse  at  night.  A  symptom  of  osteitis 
or  periostitis,  especially  of  sjrpnilitic  origin. 

Osteogenesis  [os-te-o-Jem^-ts-is)  [ocriov^ 
booe;  ytvvav^  to  beget].  The  development 
of  bony  tissue. 

Osteogenetic  {ps-tt'e-jin-et*-ik)  [6^/ov, 
bone;  ytwav^  to  beget  J.  Pdtaining  to,  or 
concerned  in,  osteogenesis.  O.  C^ll,  an 
osteoblast.  O.  L4i3rer,  the  deep  layer  of 
periosteum  from  which  bone  is  formed. 

Osteohalisteresis  {os'tt-o-halis-ter't'-sis) 
r&ffr^ov,  bone;  dXc,  salt ;  trrep^eiv,  to  deprive]. 
A  loss  of  the  mineral  constituents  of  bone. 

Osteoid  (os'-it'ind)  [oorkov,  bone;  tiAo^^  like]. 
Resembling  bone. 

Osteology  {os-ie-ot'-c-je)  \hcrko¥^  bone; 
'i^yfK%  science].  The  science  of  the  anatomy 
and  structure  of  bones. 

Osteol3fsis  (os-U'oi'-is-is)  [btrrhv^  booe; 
AitfiC,  dissolution].     Absorption  of  bone. 

Osteoma  (os-te-y-maA)  [6<tt^ov^  booe;  dfia^ 
tumor].  A  bony  tumor.  O.  durum,  a  tumor 
of  hard  bony  tis«ie.  O.sbumeum.  Sjmooym 
of  O.  tturum.  O.  medullare,  an  O.  contain* 
log  nurrow-spaces.  O.  spongiosum,  an  O. 
ooQtaining  cancellated  bony  tissue. 

Ostsomslacis  (os-lt-onuii-a'-se-aM)  [ocrr/ov, 
booe ;  fta}jvua,  softness].  Softening  of  bone 
from  loss  of  iu  earthy  constituents,  chiefly  in 
adults,  especially  in  women  during  pregnancy. 

Osteomyelitis  (fis-te omirii'  tis)  [oortw^ 
booe ;  fntXA^^  marrow ;  mc,  inflammation]. 
Inflammaiion  of  the  marrow  of  bone. 

Osteonecrosis  (os  •  te-^mt-kry  -  sis)  Uxnkav^ 
bone;  i«Kp<$f,  corpse].     Necrosis  of  booe. 

Osteopath,  Osteopathist  {os^-te-p-faik^  as- 
ir-f^-a^is/).  One  who  practices  osteopathy. 

Osteopsthic  (os-ie^^fiaik'-ii).  Pertaining  to 
osteopathy. 

Osteopathy  (os-U^^tk^)  [ofrr/rtv,  bone; 
ff<&Aaf ,  snfieiing].  A  school  of  medicine  based 
opoo  the  theory  that  the  body  is  a  viul,  me- 
chanical organism  in  which  structure  and  func- 
lioo  coflrdinate  and  that  disease  is  perrereioo 
of  cither,  while  its  therapeutics  is  largely  ma- 
aipvlstivs  reitofstioo  of  these  abootinalities. 


Osteoperiostitis  (aS'U'O'Per^e'OS'ti^'iis) 
[mrriov,  bone;  irepi,  around;  icrrfov,  booe; 
iri^,  inflammation].  Combined  inflammation 
of  the  bone  and  periosteum. 

Osteophyte  (as^^U-o-^/U)  [hariov,  bone;  ftrr<h', 

J»lant] .  A  bony  outgrowth  of  dendritic  nature, 
steoplsstic  {oy4eo-p/as''tik)  [barkov,  booe ; 
wXaaeetv,  to  form].  I.  Pertaining  to  the 
formation  of  booe.  2.  Pertaining  to  plastic 
operations  upon  bone.  O.  Resection,  an 
operation  in  which  a  portion  of  bone,  cut 
loose  5om  its  attachments  except  at  one 
point,  is  laid  back,  the  underljring  diseased 
structure  removed,  and  the  bone  replaced.  It 
is  also  known  as  the  Wagner- Wolff  method. 

OstecypUsty  {asf-U^c-pias-U)  \hariw^  bone; 
irA<i0ven»,  to  form].  Plastic  operations  per- 
formed upon  bone. 

Osteoporosis  (os'tt'O-por-o^-sis)  [harkw^ 
bone;  fr^poc,  a  pore].  An  enlargement  of 
the  spaces  of  bone  whereby  a  porous  appear- 
ance is  produced. 

Osteosarcoma  (os^f^^sarJki/'mm/k)  [bffrinv, 
bone ;  cdp^^  flesh ;  A^a,  tumor].  A  sarcoma 
containing  bone. 

Osteosclerosis  {os^e^^^lt^ry^sis)  [heritfv, 
bone ;  exXifpdf,  hard].  A  condition  in  which 
the  bone  becomes  hard  and  heavy;  it  is  seen 
in  sclerosing  or  condensing  oeteitis. 

Osteotome  (os^^/e^P't^m)  [oerioVf  bone; 
TOfdf,  a  cutting].  I.  An  instrument  for  cut- 
ting bone.  2.  An  instrument  used  in  cutting 
the  bones  of  the  fetal  head  in  embryotomy. 

Osteotomy  (os^e-^'O-mu)  \b<rrkov^  bone; 
To^t:^^  a  cutting].  The  division  of  a  bone. 
O.,  Cuneiform,  an  osteotomy  in  which  a 
wedge  of  booe  is  removed.  O.,  Linear,  a 
simple  division  of  a  bone.  O.,  Macswen's. 
See  Operatiom,  Table  of. 

Osteotrite  («r^-/r-<>-/ft/)  [6ffr^,booe;  rpiSeiv, 
to  rub] .    An  instrument  for  scraping  bone. 

Ostitis  (os-h'-tis).    See  OsieUis, 

Ostium  (M^-U-um)  [L.].  A  mouth  or  aper- 
ture. O.  abdominale,  the  oriflce  of  the 
oviduct  communicating  with  the  peritoneal 
cavity.  O.  internum,  the  uterine  opening 
of  the  oviduct.  O.  pharjmfeum,  the  phar- 
jmgeal  opening  of  the  Eustachian  tube.  O. 
tympnnicum,  the  tympanic  opening  of  the 
Eustachian  tube.  O.  vapn«,  the  external 
orifice  of  the  vagina. 

Otacoustic  (o^^0cs^-tiJk)  [oi^t  ear;  d«ofen', 
to  hear],  t.  Pertaining  to  or  aiding  hearing. 
2.  An  ear-trumpet. 

Otalgia  (o^al' 'jt-ah)  [mV,  ear;  ^>oc,  pain]. 
EarKhe. 

Otaphone  {(/^a/-^)  [o^*c*  ear;  44m^,  sound]. 
A  clamp  for  throwing  the  pinnse  forward  and 
outward,  and  thus  assisting  the  hearing. 

Othematoma  {dt-JUm-at^-tmah)  [oiV,  ear; 
Qfuo,  blood ;  ^ua^  tumor].  Hematoma  of 
the  external  ear,  usually  the  pinna; 
toma  tuns,  f .  f . 


OTIATRICS 


OVIDUCT 


Otiatrics  {o-te-at^-rtMs)  [o^,  ear ;  unifp,  sur- 
geon]. The  study  of  diseases  of  t^e  ear 
and  tneir  treatment. 

Otic  ((/-tik)  [«r«c^,  from  o^f,  ear].  Per- 
Uining  to  the  ear.  O.'  Qanglion.  See 
Ganglia,  Table  of , 

Otitis  (p-H'-Hs)  [ovc,  ear ;  trtc,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  ear.  It  may  affect  the 
external  ear,  O.  externa ;  the  middle  ear, 

0.  media ;  or  the  internal  ear,  O.  interna. 
When  confined  to  the  mastoid  cells  it  is 
called  O.  mastoidea,  or  mastoid  disease. 

Oto-  {f/'tO')  [oif,  ear].  A  preflx  signifying 
connection  with,  or  relation  to  the  ear. 

Otocephalus  {p-to-sef-al-us)  [o^c»  car; 
iK^dkq,  head] .  A  monster  characterized  by 
a  union  or  close  approach  of  the  ears,  by  ab- 
sence of  the  lower  jaw,  and  an  ill-developed 
mouth. 

Otocleisis  {o-to-kW -sisS  [o^y.  car;  /cXeZff^c* 
closure].     Occlusion  of  the  ear. 

Otocomte  i^o-tok' -onU) .     Stt  Oioconium. 

Otoconium  {o-to-  k</-  ne  -  ttm)  [wf ,  ear ; 
icdv£(,  dust].     An  otolith. 

Otocrane,  Otocranium  {(/'to-kran,  o-to- 
kra^-n€'Um\  [oif,  ear;  Kpatriov,  skull].  The 
cavity  of  tne  petrous  portion  of  the  skull 
holding  the  organ  of  hearing. 

Otodynia  (o-to-din^ -e-ah)  [<wf,  ear;  Itdhvri, 
pain].     Pam  in  the  ear. 

Otography  {o-tog'-ra-fe)  [oiif,  ear;  ypd^iv, 
to  write].     Descriptive  anatomy  of  the  ear. 

Otolith  {</'to-litk)  [o{y,  ear;  lido^,  stone]. 
One  of  the  calcareous  concretions  within  the 
membn*nous  labyrinth  of  the  ear. 

Otology  {O'tol'-0'jt)[ov^j  ear ;  Xdyof,  science]. 
The  science  of  the  ear,  its  anatomy,  func- 
tions, and  diseases. 

Otomassage  (</ -  to  -  mas  -  ahzh)  [<wc,  ear; 
massagt].  The  application  of  passive  mo- 
tion to  the  tympanic  membrane  and  auditory 
ossicles^ 

Otopathy  {p-top^-ath-e)  [ovf,  ear;  ird^,  dis- 
ease].    Any  affection  of  the  ear. 

Otopnaryngeal  {o-to-far-in'-je-al^  [off, 
ear;  ^{ivy^,  pharynx].  Pertaining  to  the 
ear  and  the  pharynx.  O.  Tube,  the  Eus- 
tachian tube. 

Otophone  {y-to-fln)  [oic,  ear;^wi^,  voice]. 

1.  An  ear-trumpet,  or  other  device  for  gatn- 
ering  and  intensifying  sound-waves.  2.  An 
auscultating  tube  used  in  ear-diseases. 

Otorrhea  (o-tor-e' -ah)  [oif,  ear ;  ^ia,  a  flow]. 
A  discharge  from  the  external  auditory  meatus. 

Otoscope  {(/'to-skdp)  [ovf ,  ear ;  oKonelv,  to 
examine].  An  instrument  for  examining  the 
ear,  especially  a  rubber  tube,  one  extremity  of 
which  is  inserted  into  the  ear  of  the  subject, 
and  the  other  extremity  into  the  ear  of  the 
examiner,  a  current  of  air  being  passed  by 
means  of  a  Politzer  bag  and  a  Eustachian 
catheter  through  the  middle  ear.     In  case  of 


tympanic  perforation  the  rushing  sound 
by  the  passing  air  is  audible  to  the  exas 

Otoscopy  {p'tos^ -ko'pe)  [ovf,  ear;  ff/wtri 
examine].  Examination  of  the  ear, 
cially  by  means  of  the  otoscope. 

OXoXOTdy  {o-tot'-o-meS  [oi>f,  ear;  i'oM» 
ting].     Dissection  of  the  ear. 

Ouabain  {po-a'-ba-in),  CjoH^^O,,.  A 
sonous  glucosid  from  the  wood  of  C 
schimperi.  It  is  a  depressant  to  the 
and  the  respiration,  and  has  been  us 
whooping-cough.     Dose  gr.  ^  (o.oa 

Oulitis  (po-li'-tis).     See  UlUis, 

Ounce  {owns)  \uncia,  a  contraction  of 
cia,  a  twelfth  part].  A  unit  of  measi 
weight.  Avoirdupois  O.,  the  sixteent 
of  the  avoirdupois  pound  or  437.5  { 
equal  to  31. 1  grams.  Troy  O.,  the  t 
part  of  the  Troy  pound  or  480  grains. 

Ouro-  (oo^-ro-).     See  C^o-, 

Oval  {</'Val)  [ovum^  egg].     Egg-shap 

Ovalbumin  (oval-bu^ -min)  [ovum^ eg 
bumin\     The  albumin  of  the  egg. 

Ovarialgia  (p-va-real ' -je-ak)  [ovariu 
ovary ;  dA/of,  pain].     Neuralgic  pain 
ovary. 

Ovarian  (o-va^-re-an)  [ovarium,  an  0 
Pertaining  to  the  ovaries. 

Ovario-  (o'Va' -re-o-)  [ovarium,  ovarii 
prefix  denoting  relation  to  the  ovary. 

Ovariocele  {o-va^re-o-sil)  [ovarium^  < 
«^A^,  tumor].     Hernia  of  an  ovary. 

Ovariocentesis  (o-va-rg-O'Sen-fy-tis) 

.  ium,  ovary;  ahrnjci^,  puncture].  Pi; 
of  the  ovary  or  of  an  ovarian  cyst. 

Ovariotomist  (o-va-reot^o-misi)  [ovi 
ovary;  rofiij,  a  cutting].  One  who  p< 
ovariotomy. 

Ovariotomy  [o-va-re-  of-  0  -  me)  [o%h 
ovary;  rojilii,  a  cutting].  Literally,  i 
of  an  ovary.  As  generally  used,  rem< 
an  ovary;  oophorectomy.  O.,  N* 
Battey*s  operation,  the  removal  of  an 
that  is  free  from  disease. 

Ovaritis  (p-var-i' -tis)  [ovarium,  ovar} 
inflammation].     Oophoritis. 

Ovary  (o'-var-e)  [ovarium,  an  egg- 
from  ojmm,  egg].  One  of  a  pair  of  gU 
organs  giving  rise  to  ova.  It  consist 
fibrous  framework  or  stroma,  in  wh! 
imbedded  the  Graafian  follicles,  and 
rounded  by  a  serous  covering  derive 
the  peritoneum. 

Overextension  [AS.,  o/rr,ovcTi  exit 
Excessive  extension  ;  extension  beyc 
normal  point  or  line. 

Overtone  [AS.,  ^/>r,  over;  f0ue\  j 
monic  tone  heard  above  the  fundamenti 

Ov\6m^\,  iy -vidukt)  [(nmm,e^\  «/i 
canal] .  The  Fallopian  tube ;  a  smi 
upon  either  side  of  the  ntenis  tbrougl 
the  ovule  passes  to  the  uren>^. 


OVIFEROUS 


OXYHEMOGLOBIN 


Ovilerous  (o-vif  er-us)  [avmm,  an  egg;  /errtf 
to  bear].     Producing  or  bearing  ova. 

Ovification  {ovi/ika^'Skun)  [ovum^  egg; 
facere^  to  make  J.     The  production  of  ova. 

C>vigenn  (y-iv-erm)  lovum^  an  egg;  g'tr- 
tfUM,  sprout,  bud].  A  cell  producing  or 
developing  into  an  ovum. 

Ovigerous  (o-xn/ -er-us)  [cvumt  egg ;  gtrert^ 
to  carry].     Producing  or  carrying  ova. 

Ovination  {pvin-af -ikun)  \<nns^  a  sheep]. 
Inoculatbn  with  the  virus  of  sheep-pox. 

Oviparous (ovip^ -ar-us)  \<fvumy egg ; parere, 
to  bring  forth].  Laying  eggs ;  bringing  forth 
young  in  the  egg-stage  of  development. 

Chrisac  (o'-vis-ak)  [otmrn,  egg ;  saccus^  sack]. 
The  capsule  of  an  ovum ;  a  Graafian  follicle. 

Ovoid  (^-void)  [ovum,  egg;  tldo^t  like]. 
Egg  shaped.  O.,  PeUl,  the  fetal  ellipse,  or 
the  ellipse  formed  by  the  bending  of  the  fetal 
body  in  utero. 

Ovoviviparoua  io-vo-vi-vif'-ar-us)  [ovum^ 
egg;  ftt'i/rtn«,  bringing  forth  alive].  Re- 
producing by  means  of  eggs  hatchea  within 
the  body. 

Ovule  {f/'tHJ)  [<wi*w,  egg],  i.  The  ovum 
before  its  escape  from  the  Graafian  vesicle. 
2.  A  small  egg;  especially  a  small  egg-like 
body,  as  the  O.  of  Naboth,  one  of  the  small 
cysts  resulting  from  obstruction  of  the  ducts 
of  the  glands  of  the  cervix  uteri.  O.,  Mi- 
gration of,  the  transfer  of  the  ovule*  from 
the  ovary  to  the  oviduct. 

Ovum  {t/'tmm)  [otmm^  an  egg].  The  re- 
productive cell  of  an  animal  or  vegetable;  an 
egg.  A  human  ovum  is  a  cell  consisting  of 
a  large  anxMint  of  protoplasm  (vitellus)  and 
a  large  spheric  nucleus,  the  germinal  vesicle, 
witbm  which  is  a  bright  spot,  the  nucleolus, 
or  germinal  spot.  It  is  surrounded  by  an 
inner  zone,  the  sons  pellucida,  and  an  outer, 
the  vitelline  membrane.  O.,  Alecithal, 
one  in  which  the  food-yolk  is  entirely  ab- 
sent, or  present  only  in  very  small  quantity. 
O.,  Blighted,  an  impregnated  ovum  the 
development  of  which  has  been  arrested  by 
dtMrase  (Mr  by  hemorrhage  into  the  chorion  or 
amnifxic  cavity.  O.,  Centrolecithal,  one 
in  which  the  formative  yolk  is  arranged  in  a 
regular  layer  around  the  whole  ovum,  as  well 
as  in  a  mass  at  the  center  in  which  lies  the 
germinal  vcMcle.  O.,  Holoblastic,  one  in 
which  the  food  yolk  is  scant  and  more  or  less 
tboruttgbly  intermingled  with  the  formative 
yolk,  and  in  which  germination  is  accompan- 
ied by  a  practically  uniform  ^^^entation. 
O.,  Meroblastic,  an  ovum  with  a  large 
amount  of  food-yolk  that  takes  no  active  part 
ia  the  development  of  the  embryo.  O., 
Telolechbal,  one  in  which  the  food-yolk 
tad  the  formative  yolk  divide  the  egg  into 
wo  hemispheres,  or  in  which  the  quantity 
t.  f  the  nvtritive  yolk  b  greatly  in  excess. 


Oxalate  (oJb^aUU)  [^aAic,  sorrel].  A  salt 
of  oxalic  acid. 

Oxalic  Acid  (oks-ai^-ik)  [6faA/(,.  sorrel]. 
See  AcU,  OxalU, 

Oxaluria  {oks-n-lu' -re-aK)  [o^oAic*  sorrel ; 
urina%  urine].  The  presence  of  an  excessive 
amount  of  calcium  oxalate  in  the  urine. 

Oxalyl-urea  {oks-a-lylu-re' -ah)  fo^oA/f ,  sor- 
rel ;  urea\.  Parabanic  acid,  a  substance  pro- 
duced by  oxidizing  uric  acid  or  alloxan  with 
nitric  acid. 

Oxid  {cks^'id)  [it^T*  sharp].  A  binary  com- 
pound of  oxygen  and  another  element  or 
radicle. 

Oxidation  {oks-t-da'-skun)  [o^^'C*  sharp]. 
The  act  or  prcKess  of  combining  with  oxy- 
gen. 

Oxidise  {oks^-e'dix)  [^ty,  sharp].  To  com- 
bine or  to  cause  to  combine  with  oxygen. 

Oxy-  {oks'-t')  [o^K*  sour,  sharp].  I.  A  pre- 
fix denoting  sharp  or  acid.  2.  A  prefix  deixA- 
ing  combined  with  oxygen. 

Oxy  acid  {oks'-t-^u-id)  {oxy-;  add\  See 
Acid. 

Oxyakoia,  Oxyacoa  (cks-e-a-kot^'oM^  oks-e- 
a-it/'oA)  [of 6c,  sharp  ;  atut^,  hearing].  In- 
creased acuteness  of  hearing. 

Oxysalt  (oJks'-f-sali)  [oxy- ;  m//].  A  salt 
of  an  oxy  acid. 

Oxybutyric  Acid  (cksehMti^'riJk)  [o^tV, 
acid;  butyrum,  butter],  C«H,0,.  A  fatty 
acid  found  in  the  urine  in  certain  fevers  and 
in  diabetes.  Its  presence  in  the  body  in 
diabetes,  simultaneously  with  that  of  diacetic 
acid,  is  supposed  to  be  the  cause  of  diabetic 
coma. 

Oxychlorid  {pks-tkU/ •rid\  \h^H,  ackl ;  x^^ 
p6^t  green] .  A  compound  of  a  basic  element 
or  n^de  with  both  oxygen  and  chlorin. 

Oxydum  {oks^idam).     See  Oxid. 

Oxyacoia  (<»ii-/-^-iw'-**).  Synonym  of 
Oxyak^. 

Oxygen  (oks^-e-J^n)  [i^ff*  acid;  >fwdv,  to 
produce].  A  colorless,  tasteless,  odorle^ 
gas,  one  of  the  nonmetallic  elements,  having 
an  atomic  weight  of  15.96 ;  quanti valence  11 ; 
symbol  O ;  and  constituting  one-fifth  of  the 
atmosphere,  eight-ninths  of  water,  three- 
fourths  of  organised  bodies,  and  about  one- 
half  the  crust  of  the  globe ;  it  supports  com- 
Inistion,  and  is  essential  to  the  respiration  of 
animals  and  plants.  It  combines  with  most 
elements,  its  combination  with  the  nonmetal- 
lic substances  giving  rise  to  acids  (oxyacid^). 
In  medicine  it  has  Iteen  employed  by  inhala- 
tion in  the  treatment  of  pneumonia,  pulmon- 
ary tuberculosis,  grave  anemias,  asphjrxia,  and 
poisoning  bv  opium. 

Oxygenated  {^ks'  ejfn-mt^ti)  [o^ift  "cid; 
•)rvviiv^  to  produce].  Containing  or  impreg- 
nated with  oxygen. 

Oxyhemof  lobin  {oks-t-ktm-o-gli/ -kin)  [o^if, 


OXYIODID 


PACK 


acid;  a2/ia,  blood;  globus ^  m  round  body]. 
Oxidized  hemoglobin ;  that  found  in  ar- 
terial blood. 
Oxyiodid  {pks-e-i'-o-did )  [6|{;f ,  acid ;  I^n^^, 
like  a  violet].  A  salt  formed  by  the  combi- 
nation of  an  element  with  both  oxygen  and 
iodin. 
i^  Oxymel    (oks'-im-ei)    [ofi^,    sharp;     ftkXiy 

^^  honey] .     I .  A  mixture  of  honey  and  vinegar 

or  dilute  acetic  acid.     2.   Any  preparation 
^  containing  honey  and  vinegar  (or  acetic  acid) 

as  a  vehicle,  as  O.  of  Squill. 
Ozyntic  (oks-in'-Hk)  [of (If,  acidl.     Secreting 

>acid.     O.  Cells,  cells  of  the  /undus-glands 
of  the  stomach  supposed  to  secrete  hydro- 
chloric acid. 
Oxyopia   {oks-e-t/'Pe-ah)  [of^f,  sharp;   6^', 
eye].     Increased  acuity  of  vision. 

>  Oxytocic   (oks-e-tos^-ik)  [of ff ,  sharp ;  rrficof, 

labor].      I.    Hastening  parturition.      2.  A 
drug  ihat  hastens  parturition. 


OxjOlris  {oh'€'H^'ru)[j4v^, sharp;  ov/ 
A  genus  of  nematode  worms,  the  pii 
O.  vermicularis,  the  common  seat-t 
pin  worm  infesting  the  rectum  of  chili 

Ozena  (o-te'-nak)  [dCi7,  a  stench], 
disease  of  the  nose  accompanied  b) 
discharge,  and  depending  on  atrophic 
or  syphilitic  ulceration  or  caries. 

Ozocerite  {o-to-se'-rU)  [*C7.  smell ; 
wax].  A  solid  paraffin  found  free  ii 
and  Roumania,  and  used  in  disease 
skin. 

Ozone  (</'idn)  [6Ce£v,  to  smell].  . 
tropic  form  of  oxygen,  the  molecule  i 
consbts  of  three  atoms.  It  occurs  fn 
atmosphere,  and  is  a  powerful  c 
agent.  In  medicine  it  is  employed 
infectant. 

Ozonized  (t/'tp-nltd)  [d^etv,  to  smell 
taining  ozone. 


P.  I.  The  symbol  of  phosphorus.  2.  An 
abbreviation  for  (l)  Position ;  (2)  Punctum 
proximum  (near-point). 

p.    Abbreviation  for  para-. 

Pabulum  {pad^-u-Zum)  [L.  ] .    Food. 

Pacchionian  (pak-e-o^-m-an).  Described  by 
Pacchioni,  an  Italian  anatomist  (1665- 
1726).  P.  Bodies,  P.  Glands,  small 
fibrous  outgrowths  of  the  arachnoid  which 
perforate  the  dura  and  by  pressure  produce 
depressions  in  the  cranium  f  P.  Depressions). 
The  bodies  are  found  along  the  superior 
longitudinal  sinus. 

Pachy-  {pa¥-e)  [7ra;t^f,  thick].  A  prefix 
meaning  thick. 

Pachycephaly  (pak -e-se/^ -al-g)  [nax^^^ 
thick;  Kt^Xtf,  head].  Abnormal  thickness 
of  the  skull. 

Pachydermatocele  {paJt  -  e  -  dfr-mat* -o-sll ) 
[7ra;t^f,  thick ;  dkpfia,  skin ;  KfjXri,  tumor]. 
A  tumor  due  to  thickening  of  the  skin. 

Pachydermatous  {pak-e-deH -mat-us)  \ifa- 
X^Ct  thick  ;  dipua^  skin].     Thick-skinned. 

Pachyderms,  Pachydermia  {^pak-e-der- 
mah, pak-e'der^-me-ah)[nax'iKi  thick  ;  dip^, 
skin].  I.  Thickening  of  the  skin.  2.  Ele- 
phantiasis. P.  laryngis,  extensive  thicken- 
ing of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  lar3mx. 

Pachylosis  {pak-e-ic/sis)  [7ra;t^c,  thick]. 
A  condition  of  the  skin,  especiiUly  of  the 


legs,  in  which  it  b  thick,  dry,  hi 
scaly. 

Pachymeningitis  (pak-e-men-in-ji^  • 
xff^t  thick ;  foiviy^,  membrane ;  tTi{ 
mationl.  Inflammation  of  the  du 
brain  (Cerebral  P. )  or  the  spinal  cor 
P. ).  P.,  External,  that  affecting  the 
layer  of  the  dura.  P.,  Hemorrh 
hsemorrhagica  interna,  an  efTusion 
on  the  inner  surface  of  the  dura.  P 
nal,  that  involving  the  internal  lay 
dura.     P.,  S3rphilitic,  that  due  to  s 

Pacini's  Fluid  (pahtshf^'nia),  A 
fluid  used  in  counting  the  red  bloo 
cles.  Its  composition  is:  Mercuri 
2  grams ;  sodium  chlorid  4  grams ; 
26  c.  c. ;  distilled  water  226  c.  c. 
diluted  with  three  parts  of  water  bef< 

Pacinian  (pa-sin' -e-an,  paktsh[ 
Described  by  Pacini^  an  Italian  a 
P.  Corpuscles,  elliptic,  semitr 
bodies,  that  represent  one  form  of 
tion  of  the  sensory  nerves  of  the 
peritoneum,  and  other  parts. 

Pack  {pak).  A  blanket,  cither  drj- 
in  hot  or  cold  water,  and  wrapped  1 
body.  P.,  Cold,  a  blanket  w 
of  cold  water  and  wrapped  about 
P.,  Hot,  a  blanket  wrung  out  of  ! 
and  wrapped  about  the  body.     P. 


PACKING 


PALMITIC  ACID 


blanket  wrung  out  of  warm  or  cold  water, 
and  wrapped  about  the  body. 

Packiiif  (/(liP-Mtf).  I.  The  act  of  filling  a 
wound  or  cavity  with  gaiise  or  other  mate- 
rial. 2.  The  material  used  for  filling  the 
carity. 

Pacquelin   Cautery  {pah'-kel-ang).      See 

Paf  enttecher't  Ointment  [PagensUcker^  a 
German  ophthalmologist].  An  ointment  of 
yellow  oxid  of  mercury,  used  in  ophthalmic 
practice. 

Pagct's  Abscess  (pafetx)  [Sir  J.  Paget,  an 
English  surseon].  A  residual  abscess.  P. 
Disease  of  the  Nipple.  See  Diseaus, 
Table  cf. 

Psln  (p^  [/d^'Mf  punishment,  pein].  i. 
Bodily  suffering  due  to  irritation  of  a  sensory 
nenre,  or  possibly  in  rare  cases  to  changes  in 
the  central  nerrous  system.  2.  One  of  the 
rhjrthmic  contractions  of  the  uterus  during 
labor.  P.,  After-,  that  following  labor,  and 
caused  by  the  uterus  contracting  to  expel 
clots,  etc.  P.,  Bearing-down,  pain  with 
a  sensation  of  dragging  or  bearing  down  of 
the  pelric  organs,  occurring  in  labor  and  in 
various  inflammatory  affections  of  the  female 
pelvic  organs.  P.,  False,  that  occurring 
in  the  latter  part  of  pregnancy  and  resem- 
bling labor-pain,  although  not  followed  by 
labor.  P.,  Pulgurant,  P.,  Fulgurating, 
the  intense  shooting  pain  affecting  princi- 
pally the  limbs  of  patients  suffering  from 
locomotor  ataxia.  P.,  Girdle-,  a  painml  sen- 
sation as  of  a  cord  tied  about  the  waist ;  it 
b  a  symptom  of  organic  disease  of  the 
spinal  cofd.  P.,  Orowing,  a  popular  term 
tor  the  soreness  about  the  joints  in  young 
perions  at  puberty.  Some  attribute  it  to 
tocreased  vascularity  of  the  epiphyses  of 
long  booes;  others,  to  rheumatism.  P., 
L>ancinating.  See  P.,  Fttlgurant,  P., 
Starting,  pain  caused  by  a  spasmodic  con- 
traction of  the  muscles  just  before  the  onset 
of  sleep.  It  occurs  in  joint-diseases  when 
the  cartilages  are  ulcerated. 

Painters*  Colic.     Lead-colic 

Palatal  (paT'Ot-ai)  [palafMM,  palate].  P^- 
taining  to  the  palate. 

Palate  {faP-ai)  [palatum,  palate].  The 
roof  of  the  mouth.  It  is  composed  of  the 
bard  palate,  formed  by  the  palatal  processes 
of  the  superior  maxillary  bones  and  the  pala- 
tal bones,  and  the  soft  palate,  or  velum 
palati,  consisting  of  an  aggregation  of  mus- 
dea,  the  tensor  palati,  axygos  uvube,  pala- 
toglossus, and  palatopharyngeus.  P.,  Artifi- 
cial, a  plate  of  hard  material  used  as  an 
obturator  to  doae  a  fissure  in  the  palate.  P., 
Clalt,  a  congenital  deformity  characterised 
\3j  inmmnlftc  closure  of  the  lateral  halves 
of  the  palate. 


Palatine  (pal^-a-tim)  [palatum,  palate].  I. 
Pertaining  to  the  palate,  as  the  P.  arteries.  2. 
Conveying  the  palatine  vessels  or  nerves. 

Palatoglossal  (pal-a'ta-glas^-al)  [palatum, 
palate  ;  yXitaaa,  tongue].  Pertaimng  to  the 
palate  and  the  tongue. 

Palatoglossus  (pal-a40-glos''us).  See  Mus- 
cles, Table  of. 

Palatonasal  (pal-a-tona'-tal)  [palatum, 
palate;  nasus,  nose].  Pertaining  to  the 
palate  and  the  nose. 

Palatopharyngeal  (pal-  a  -  to  'far-  in^-je  -  a/) 
[palatum,  palate;  faptty^,  pharynx].  Per- 
taining conjointly  to  the  palate  and  the 
pharynx. 

Palatopharyngeus  {peU-a-to-far-is^-je-usy 
See  MuseUs,  Table  of. 

Palatorrhaphy  (pal-a-tor^-a/e).  See  Sta- 
phylorrkaphy, 

ralatosalpfngeus  ( pal-  a -to-  sal-pm^-je-  us\ 
The  tensor  palati  muscle. 

Palatoschisis  (pal-a-tos^'kis-is)  [palatum, 
palate ;  axiot^t  cleft  1.     Cleft  palate. 

PalatouTularis  (pafa-to-uvu-la^'ris).  The 
azvgos  uvube  muscle. 

Paleontology  {paleontof -o-^)  [iraAoirff, 
old;  6v,  being;  %^>«c,  science].  The 
science  of  the  early  life- forms  of  the  earth. 

Palingenesis  (pal-  in  -jen'-  es  ■  is)  [Kd}jw, 
again ;  yivtotc,  production].  The  form  of 
development  of  an  individual  germ  in  which 
the  development  of  iu  ancestors  is  succinctly 
repeated. 

Palliative  (par-e-a-tix*)  [palliare,  to  cloak]. 
I.  Relieving  or  alleviating  suffering.  .  2.  A 
drug  relieving  or  soothing  the  symptoms  of 
a  disease  without  curing  it. 

Palm  iPaAm)  [/a/(iM,palm].  I.  The  inner 
or  flexor  surface  of  the  hand ;  the  hollow  of 
the  hand.  2.  A  palm-tree.  P.-oil,  oleum 
palmie,  a  fixed  oil  obtained  from  the  fruit 
of  Elais  guineensis.     It  is  employed  in  mak- 


i 


ing  soap. 
Pain 


Ima  (paF-mak)  [L.].  Palm.  Palms 
plicats,  the  arborescent  rugse  of  the  interior 
of  the  vagina. 

Palmar  (paftmaA  Ipalma,  palm].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  palm  of  tbe  hand.  P.  Abscess, 
an  abscess  in  the  palm  of  the  hand,  usually 
situated  beneath  the  palmar  fasda.  P.  Arch, 
one  of  the  two  curved  arches,  superfidal  and 
deep,  formed  by  the  anastomosis  of  the  radial 
and  ulnar  arteries  in  the  hand.  P.  Fascia, 
the  sheath  investing  the  muscles  of  the  hand. 

Palmaris  (palma'ris).     See  Afuscles,  Table 

^/ 

Palmella  (palmef-ak).  A  genus  of  fresh- 
water algse. 

Palmellin  [pal mul'-im).  A  red  coloring- 
prindple  of  a  fresh- water  alga,  the  PalmeUa 
cruenta,  resembling  hemoglobin. 

Palmitic  Add  (/a/«»j>'-a;.    SmAeii. 


PALMITIN 


PANGENESIS 


Palmitin  ipal' -mit-in)  [palma^  palm-tree], 
C,H5(C|,H,iO,),.  Glyceryl  tripalmitate,  a 
solid  crystallizable  substance  which,  with 
stearin,  constitutes  the  greater  proportion  of 
solid  fats. 

Palmus  (pal'-mus)  [ttoA/wJ^,  a  twitch]. 
Jumpers'  disease,  lata,  or  miryachit ;  a  form 
of  convulsive  tic. 

Palpate  ipaV-pdt)  [palpare,  to  feel].  To 
examine  by  touch. 

Palpation  (pal-pa' -shun)  [palpare^  to  feel]. 
In  physical  diagnosis,  the  laying  of  the  hand 
on  a  part  of  the  body  or  the  manipulation  of  a 
part  with  the  hand  for  the  purpose  of  ascertain- 
ing its  condition  or  that  of  underlying  organs. 
P.,  Bimanual,  the  use  of  the  two  hands  in 
examining  an  organ. 

Palpebral  (pai'-pe-bral)  [palpebra,  eyelid]. 
Pertaining  to  the  eyelid.  P.  Conjunctiva, 
the  conjunctiva  of  the  eyelid.  P.  Fissure, 
the  opening  between  the  upper  and  lower 
eyelids. 

Palpitation  (pal-pUa'-skun)  [palpiiare,  to 
quiver].  A  fluttering  or  throbbing,  especi- 
ally ofthe  heart,  of  which  the  person  is  con- 
scious. 

Palsy  {pawV'U)  [from  p<iralysis\.  Paraly- 
sis. P.,  Bell's.  See  Diseases,  Table  of. 
P.,  Birth-.  See  Birth.  P.,  Crutch-,  that 
due  to  pressure  of  the  crutch  in  the  axilla 
upon  the  nerves  of  the  brachial  plexus.  P., 
Erb's.  See  Erb's  Palsy.  P.,  Hammer-, 
that  due  to  excessive  use  of  the  hammer.  P., 
Shaking.  Synonym  of  Paralysis  agitans. 
P.,  Wasting,  progressive  muscular  atrophy. 

Paludal  (pal^'U'dal)  [palus,  marsh]. 
Pertaining  to,  or  originating  in  marshes ; 
malarial. 

Paludism  (pal'-u-dizm)  [palus,  marsh]. 
Malarial  poisoning. 

Pampiniform  ( pam-pin' -e-form)  [  pampinus, 
tendril;  forwa,  form].  Having  the  form 
of  a  tendril.  P.  Plexus.  See  Plexus, 
Spermatic, 

Pampinocele  (pam-pin'-o-sil)  [pampinus, 
tendril;  «^X<7,  tumor].  A  varicocele  of  the 
veins  of  the   pampiniform  plexus. 

Panacea  (pana-se*-ah)  [jravrUem,  all-heal- 
ing, from  "Kh^,  all ;  hmq,  a  cure].  A  rem- 
edy curing  all  diseases ;  a  cure-all. 

Panama-fever,  i.  A  pernicious  form  of 
malarial  fever  occurring  on  the  isthmus  of 
Panama.  2.  Yellow  fever.  P.-paralysis, 
beriberi. 

Panaris  (/«« -  a'  -  ris )  [panaricium,  a 
corruption  o{ paronychium,  paronychia].  See 
Par<mychia. 

Panaritium  (pan  -  ar  -  isk'  -  e  -urn).  See 
Paronychia, 

Panarthritis  {panar-thri'-tis)  [fl-dc,  all; 
hp/dpov,  joint;  rrtf,  inflammation].  Inflam- 
mation of  all  the  structures  of  a  joint 


Panax  {pa'-nais)  [?rac,  all;  dimf 
Ginseng ;  the  root  of  P.  quinquefolit 
in  China  as  a  remedy  for  many  disei 
is  a  demulcent  and  mild  purgative. 

Pancreas  (pan'-kre-as)  [iraf,  all 
flesh].  A  compound  racemose  gla 
six  to  eight  inches  in  length,  lying  tnii 
across  the  posterior  wall  of  the  a] 
the  sweetbread  of  animals ;  the  al 
salivary  gland  of  the  Germans, 
extremity,  the  head,  lies  in  contact 
duodenum ;  its  left  extremity,  the  t) 
close  proximity  to  the  spleen.  It  s 
limpid,  colorless  fluid  that  digests 
fats,  and  carbohydrates.  The  sec 
conveyed  to  the  duodenum  by  the 
atic  duct,  or  duct  of  Wirsung.  P., 
a  small,  partially  detached  portioi 
gland,  lying  posteriorly  to  its  head 
ing  occasionally  a  separate  duct  tli 
into  the  pancreatic  duct  proper. 

Pancreatic  (pankre-at'-tk)  [rrdc,  a 
flesh].  Pertaining  to  the  pancrea 
P.  duct ;  depending  upon  disease  oj 
creas,  as  P.  diabetes.  P.  Fluid  c 
the  secretion  of  the  pancreas,  a  thi< 
parent,  colorless,  odorless  fluid,  o 
taste,  and  strongly  alkaline. 

Pancreaticoduodenal  ( pan-krea 
od'en'al){naq,  all ;  Kpkaq,  flesh  ;  di 
duodenum}.  Pertaining  to  the  pan 
the  duodenum,  as  the  P.  arteries. 

Pancreatin  (pan-kre^-ai-in)  [jto^,  a 
flesh].  The  active  elements  of  the 
the  pancreas ;  also  the 'Commercial  < 
the  pancreas,  supposed  to  possess  a 
tive  action  similar  to  that  of  the  | 
juice. 

Pancreatitis  (pan-kre-at-i'-tis)  [ 
Kptng,  flesh ;  iri^^  inflammation].  ] 
tion  of  the  pancreas.  It  may  be  hen 
suppurative,  or  gangrenous.  The 
P.  is  usually  sudden,  with  severe  i 
pain,  vomiting,  tympanites,  and  t 
of  the  abdomen.     It  is  usually  fatal 

Pancreatotomy  (pankreat-ot^-oi 
all ;  Kpknq,  flesh ;  rofiif,  a  cutting], 
of  the  pancreas. 

Pandemic  { pan-dem' ii)  [na^^  aj 
people].     Epidemic  over  a  wide  ar 

Pandiculation  (pan-dik-u-la' -shu. 
diculariy  from  pandere,  to  stretch  c 
act  of  stretching  the  limbs,  espi 
waking  from  sleep. 

Pang,  Brow-.     Hemicrania. 

Pangenesis  (pan-Jen' -esis)  [trdf ,  a 
to  produce].  Darwin's  theory  of 
which  supposes  the  existence  of  ^ 
minute  particles  separated  from  the 
and  segregated  from  the  circulati 
reproductive  glands.  These  prefo 
stituents  of  all  parts  of  the  fully- fi 


PANNEURITIS 


PARABLASTOMA 


nud  or  plant  become  aggregated  in  the  germ, 
and  give  rise  by  a  process  of  evolution  lo  the 
new  organism. 

Panneuritis  (pan-nU'ri^-h's)[iTaCf  all,  every  ; 
vev/iov,  nerve  ;  irt^,  inflammation].  Multiple 
neuritis. 

PanniculuB  (pttnik^u-ius)  [dim.  of  pan- 
naSf  a  piece  of  cloth].  A  membrane  or 
layer.  P.  adiposus,  the  layer  of  subcuta- 
neous fat.  P.  camosus,  the  layer  of  mus- 
cles contained  in  the  superficial  fascia.  It  is 
well  developed  in  the  lower  animals,  but  in 
man  is  represented  mainly  by  the  platysma. 

PannuB  ipan'-us)  [L..a  cloth].  Vasculari- 
zation of  the  cornea,  usually  due  to  the  irri- 
tation of  trachoma-granulations. 

Panodic  (pattod^-iJl:).     See  Panthodic. 

Panophobia  (/r;«  -  0'f(/-  be  -  ah)  [tt^c ,  all ; 
^/3oc,  fear].  Morbid  fear  of  everything; 
a  symptom  present  in  some  cases  of  neuras- 
thenia. 

Panophthalmitis  {pan'offth,ilmi'  tis)  [n'rtf, 
all ;  o^OaAfid^,  eye ;  trt^,  mflammation].  In- 
flammation of  all  the  tissues  of  the  eyeball. 

Panosteitis  ( pan  -  os  -  (e-i^-  tis  )  [  trdc,  all ; 
offTeoVf  bone ;  /nc,  inflammation].  An  in- 
flammation of  all  the  structures  of  a  bone. 

Panotitis  ( pan-o-H' tis)  [Trdf,  all ;  oi-f.  ear; 
<r<c.  inflammation].  An  inflammation  in- 
volving all  the  structures  of  the  ear. 

Panspermatism  {pan-sptr'-inat-hm)  \na^^ 
all ;  anipfia,  seed].  The  theory  that  germs 
are  omnipresent. 

Pansphygmograph  (pan  -  sfi^'  -  mo  -graf) 
[ffdc,  all ;  ai^vyfidi^t  pulse ;  yifd<^iv^  to  write]. 
An  instrument  by  means  of  which  tracings 
can  be  taken  simultaneotisly  of  the  cardiac 
movements,  the  arterial  pulse,  and  the  respi- 
ration. 

Panthodic  (  pan  thod'ik)  [jrdf ,  all ;  *M(if , 
way].  Of  nervous  impulses,  radiating  to  all 
parts  of  the  body. 

Pantophobia  ( pan-to-ft/ -be-ah ) .  .See  Pano- 
phobia. 

Pantoscopic  ( pan-to-skop^ -ik).     See  Bifocal. 

'PaptLin  (pa^-pa-in).     Sec  Papaya, 

Papaver  ( pa-pa' -ver) .     See  Opium. 

Papaverin  (pa-pa' ver-in)  [papaver,  poppy]» 
C^HjjNO^.  A  crystalline  alkaloid  found  m 
opmm  and  thought  to  possess  narcotic  pro- 
perties.    Dose  gr.  %  (0.016). 

r9Lp9y9i( pa-pa' -yah).  Melon-tree;  pawpaw 
— the  Carica  papaya,  a  tree  of  the  order  Pas- 
siflorse.  The  unripe  fruit  yields  a  milky 
juice  containing  an  albuminous  substance, 
papain  or  papayotin,  capable  of  digesting 
flbrin  and  other  proteid-bodies.  Papain  in 
commerce  occurs  as  a  grayish  powder,  and 
has  been  used  as  a  digestant  in  dyspepsia,  as 
an  application  to  false  membranes,  warts,  epi- 
tbeltomau,  etc.     Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65). 

Papayotin  (pa-pa-yo'-Hn)^    See  Papaya, 


Papilla  (pap-il'-ah)  [L.,  a  nipple].  I. 
A  small,  nipple-like  eminence.  2.  Synon3rm 
of  Optic  Disc.  P.,  Circum vallate,  one  of 
the  large  papilla  at  the  root  of  the  tongue, 
arranged  like  the  letter  V  opening  forward. 
P.,  Clavate.  Synonym  of  /*.,  Fungiform. 
P.,  Conical.  See  /'.,  Filiform.  P.,  Den- 
tal. See  Organ,  Enamel-.  P.,  Duodenal, 
the  elevation  at  the  point  where  the  ductus 
communis  choledochus  enters  the  duode- 
num. P.,  Filiform,  any  one  of  the  papillae 
occurring  on  all  parts  of  the  tongue,  consist- 
ing of  an  elevation  of  connective  tissue  cov- 
ered by  a  layer  of  epithelium.  P.,  Fungi* 
form,  any  one  of  the  low,  broad  papillae 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  tongue,  consisting 
of  a  connective-tissue  elevation,  covered  by 
secondary  papillae.  P.,  Lacrimal,  a  small 
conic  eminence  on  the  eyelid  at  the  inner 
canthus,  pierced  by  the  lacrimal  punctum.  P., 
Renal,  the  summit  of  any  one  of  the  renal 
pyramids  projecting  into  the  renal  pelvis. 

Papillary  ( pap' -i la-re)  [papilla \.  Com- 
)K>sed  of  or  containing  papillae ;  resembling  a 
papilla. 

Papuliferous  (pap-il-if  erus)  [papilla,  pa- 
pilla ;  ferre,  to  bear].  Bearing  or  containing 
papillae,  as  a  P.  cyst. 

Papilliform  (pap-il'-iform)  [papilla,  nipple ; 

fornm,  to  form].     Shaped  like  a  papilla. 

Papillitis  (papili'-tis)  [papilla,  papilla; 
irt^  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
optic  disc ;  optic  neuritis ;  "  choked  disc.'* 

Papilloma  (papH-o'-mah)  [papilla,  papilla; 
hita,  tumor].  A  growth  on  the  skin  or  mu- 
cous memnrane  resembling  hypertrophied 
papillae.  It  is  a  benign  tumor,  occurring  in 
two  forms,  the  hard  P.,  one  growing  from 
squamous  epithelium,  and  the  soft  P.,.  one 
developed  from  columnar  epithelium. 

Papule  (pap'al)  [p<ipnla,  a  pimple].  A 
small  circumscribed,  solid  elevation  of  the 
skin.     P.,  Moist,  the  syphilitic  condyloma. 

Paquelin's   Cautery.     See  Cautery. 

Par  [L.].  A  pair.  P.  vagum,  the  vagus 
nerves. 

P9iX9i''(par'-ah-)  [napa,  beyond,  beside].  I. 
A  prefix  signifying  beyond,  beside,  near,  the 
opposite  of,  etc.  2.  In  chemistry,  prefixed 
to  a  derivative  of  the  benzol-ring,  it  indicates 
the  substitution  of  two  atoms  of  hydrogen 
situated  opposite  each  other. 

Parabanic  Acid  (parahba'-nik).  SttOxa- 
lyl-urea. 

Parablast  (par' ah- blast)  [  Trapa,  beside; 
fiXaard^,  germ].  One  of  the  two  main  divis- 
ions of  the  embryonal  tissues,  from  which  the 
blood-vessels,  lymphatic  vessels,  and  other 
connective  tissues  are  developed. 

Parablastic  (par-ah-blas'-tik)[napa,  beside; 
/3/a<Tr<if ,  germ] .     Pertaining  to  the  parablast. 

Parablastoma  (par-ah-blas-to'-man)  [iropd, 


PARACENTESIS 


PARALYSIS 


beside;  piXjoordq^  germ;  d/za,  tumor].  A 
tumor  composed  of  parablastic  tissue. 

Paracentesis  (par-ah-sen-ty -sis)  [jropd,  be- 
side ;  KivTffaic,  puncture].  Puncture ;  especi- 
ally puncture  of  the  wall  of  a  cavity  of  the 
body,  such  as  the  thoracic  wall,  cornea,  tym- 
panic membrane. 

Paracentral  {par-ah-sen^-tral)[nai}d,  beside ; 
tcivrpov,  center].  Situated  near  the  center. 
P.  Lobule,  a  convolution  on  the  mesial  sur- 
face of  the  cerebral  hemisphere  uniting  the 
upper  ends  of  the  ascending  frontal  and 
ascending  parietal  convolutions. 

Paracephaius  {parah-sef'-al-us)  [tro/wi,  be- 
side; KZ^TJiy  head].  A  monster  character- 
ized by  a  rudimentary,  misshapen  head,  and 
defective  trunk  and  limbs. 

Parachroma  {par-ah-kro^-mah)  \napa^  be- 
side; xp^f^^f  color].  Change  in  color, 
especially  in  the  natural  color  of  the  skin. 

Paracolpitis  i^par-ah-kol-pi' -tis)  fTra/cKi,  by; 
jc^Xn-oc,  vagina ;  trvQ^  inflammation] .  Inflam- 
mation of  the  connective  tissue  about  the 
vagina. 

Paracoto  (par-ah-k</ -to)  [irapd^  beside ;  Sp., 
coto^  a  cuoit].  A  South  American  tree  the 
bark  of  which  contains  a  neutral  substance, 
paracotoin,  closely  resembling  cotoin. 

Paracresylol  (par-ah-krfs'-il-ol)  [tra/wi,  be- 
side ;  cresol'].     A  derivative  of  cresol. 

Paracusia,  Paracusis  {par-aA-ku^-s^-aA, 
par-ah- ku^-sis)  [napd^  beside;  oKobeiv,  to 
hear].     Perversion  of  the  sense  of  hearing. 

Paracystitis  (/ar-<?^-jM-/j'-/ij)[7rap<i,  beside ; 
idfOTtCt  bladder;  ing,  inflammation].  In- 
flammation of  the  connective  tissue  surround- 
ing the  bladder. 

Paradidymis  (par-ah-did' -im-is)  [7rap<i,  be- 
side; didvuoQ,  testicle].  The  organ  of 
Girald^s,  the  atrophic  remains  of  the  tubules 
of  the  Wolffian  body,  lying  among  the  con- 
volutions of  the  epididymis. 

Paradoxic  Contraction.  A  slow  tonic  con- 
traction occurring  in  a  muscle  when  suddenly 
relaxed  or  when  its  length  is  suddenly 
shortened.     P.  Pulse.    See  Pulse, 

Paraesthesia  (par-es'the^-ze-ah).  See  Par- 
esthesia. 

Paraffin  (par'-af-in)  [parum^  little ;  affinis^ 
affinity].  I.  Any  saturated  hydrocarbon  of 
the  marsh-gas  series,  having  the  formula 
CqHsq^i.  2.  A  white,  odorless,  translu- 
cent hydrocarbon  obtained  from  coal-tar  or 
by  the  destructive  distillation  of  wood.  P. 
durum  (B.  P.),  hard  or  solid  paraffin,  a 
mixture  of  several  of  the  harder  members  of 
the  paraffin-series  of  hydrocarbons.  It  is 
usually  obtained  by  distillation  from  shale. 
P.,  Liquid,  a  liquid  hydrocarbon  of  the 
paraffin-series.  P.  moUe,  soft  paraffin; 
the  Petrolatum  molle  of  the  (U.  S.  P.). 

Paragammacismus  {par-ah-gam-a-sU'-mus) 


[TTopri,  beside;  ydfifia,  the  letter  g]. 
bility  to  pronounce  the  hard  g,  and  a 
other  consonants  being  substituted,  as  < 

Parageusia  ( par-aA-^^'U'aA)[napd.  b 
yevaic,  taste].  Perversion  of  the  sen 
taste. 

Paraglobulin  (par-aA-glob'-u-Jin)  [n-Oj 
bide :  globulus ^  a  little  ball].  A  gj 
found  in  blood-serum  and  other  fluids 
body.  It  is  also  called  flbroplastin,  i 
plastin,  and  serum-globulin. 

Paraglobulinuria  ( par  -  a  A  -  glob  - « -  / 
re-ah)  [»ra/>d,  beside ;  globulus,  a  lillU 
urina,  urine].  The  presence  of  parag] 
in  the  urine. 

Paragraphia  ( par  -  a  A  -gra/^-  e-ah) 
aside ;  ypd^eiv,  to  write].     A  form  of  j 
in  which  the  person  writes  the  impropc 
or  misplaces  the  words. 

Paralactic Acid(par-aAlaA^'ftA).  Sei 
Sarcolactic. 

Paralalia  (par-aAla'-UaA)  [Trtpri,  I 
>MM&^  speech].  Disturbance  of  the 
of  speech. 

Paralbumin  {par-al-bu' -min)  [n-apd,! 
albumin],  A  proteid  substance  fo 
ovarian  cysts. 

Paraldehyd  (paral^deAU)  [tta^.  1 
aide  Ay d],  CgH.,Oj.  A  polymeric  fi 
aldehyd,  occurrmg  as  a  colorless  lioui 
pulsive  odor  and  unpleasant  taste,  with 
nil  hypnotic  properties.  It  is  used  in  ci 
tremens,  mania,  tetanus,  and  other  i 
affections.     Dose,  n\^  30-60  (2.0-4.0] 

Paralexia  (par-aA-lek?eaA)  [traprt, 
Xif /Cf  speech] .  Disturbance  of  the  p 
reading,  consisting  in  the  transposi 
substitution  of  words  or  syllables. 

Paralgesia  (par-al-je^-ze-aA)  [iro/xi, 
AAyof,  pain].  An  abnormal  painfu! 
tion ;  painiul  paresthesia. 

Parallax  Ipar^-al-aAs)  [irapd,  beside 
other].  The  apparent  displacemen 
object  due  to  a  change  in  the  positioi 
observer,  or  by  looking  at  it  altemat 
one  eye,  then  with  the  other.  P.,  C 
P.,  Heteronymous,  that  in  which 
ject  moves  away  from  the  uncover 
P.,  Homonymous,  that  in  which 
ject  moves  toward  the  uncovered  e^ 
Vertical,  that  in  which  the  objec 
upward  or  downward. 

Paralogia  {par-aA-iy-je-aA)  [ira/j<i. 
X^yoc,  reason].     Difficulty  in  think i 
cally.     P.,  Thematic,  a  condition 
the  thought  is  unduly  concentrated 
subject. 

Paralysis  (paral^t's-is)  [ira/rio,  oesid 
to  loosen].  A  loss  of  motion  or  i 
tion  in  a  part.  P.,  Acute  Aacendi 
Landry's  Paraly$isj  in  Diseases,  \ 
P.,  Acute  Atrophic.    See  Z'.,    a 


PARALYSIS 


PARALYSIS 


P.,  Acute  ProgfTCssivc.  Synonym  of  /*., 
Acute  Ascending.  P.  agitans,  shaking 
palsy,  Parkinson's  disease.  P.,  Atrophic 
Spinal.  Sw  P.y  fnfantiie.  P.,  Atrophos- 
pastic.  Synonym  of  Amyotrophic  Lateral 
Sclerosis,  P.,  Beirs.  See  P.,  Facial,  P., 
Brown-Siquard's,  a  motor  paralysis  of  one 
side  of  the  body  with  sensory  paralysis  of 
the  other  side.  P.,  Bulbar,  glossolabio- 
laryngeal  paralysis.  P.,  Central,  a  paralysis 
due  to  a  lesion  of  the  brain  or  spinal  cord. 
P.,  Cerebral,  a  paralysis  due  to  a  brain- 
lesion.  P.,  Crossed,  a  paralysis  of  the  arm 
and  leg  of  one  side,  associated  with  either  a 
facial  paralysis  or  a  paralysis  of  the  oculo- 
•notor  nerve  of  the  opposite  side.  P.,Crutch-. 
See  Crutch-paralysis.  P.,  Cruveilhier's, 
progressive  muscular  atrophy.  P.,  Diph- 
theric, a  motor  paralysis  due  to  the  action 
of  the  diphtheria-poison  on  the  nervous  sys* 
tem,  chiefly  on  the  peripheral  nerves.  P., 
Duchenne's.  See  Duchenne's  Disease  in 
Diseases^  Table  of.  P.,  Brb's,  a  partial 
paralysis  of  the  brachial  plexus,  involving 
the  nerves  supplying  the  deltoid,  biceps, 
brachialis  anticus,  and  supinator  longus,  often 
the  supinator  brevis,  and  occasionally  the 
infraspinatus  and  subscapularis  muscles.  P., 
Facial,  a  paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  the  face, 
usually  of  one  side  only,  due  to  central  dis- 
ease or  due  to  a  lesion  of  the  facial  nerve. 
P.,  General  {of  the  Insane)^  general  pa- 
resis, paralytic  dementia,  paretic  dementia, 
progressive  paralysis  of  the  insane ;  an 
organic  disease  of  the  brain,  characterized  by 
progressive  loss  of  power  and  by  a  deteriora- 
tion of  the  mental  faculties,  ending  eventu- 
ally in  dementia  and  death.  The  main 
symptoms  may  be  divided  into  psychic, 
motor,  and  sensory.  The  psychic  symptoms 
are  principally  a  change  of  character  and 
delusions  of  grandeur;  the  motor  are  weak- 
ness, tremor,  disturbance  of  speech,  apoplec- 
tiform or  epileptiform  seizures,  and  Anally 
motor  paralysis ;  there  is  often  inequality  of 
the  pupils,  with  myosis  or  mydriasis  ;  sensory 
S3rmptoms  are  slight  and  consist  chiefly  in 
paresthesias.  The  causes  are  obscure — 
syphilis  and  severe  nervous  strain  are  impor- 
tant factors.  P.,  Infantile,  acute  anterior 
poliomyelitis,  acute  atrophic  paralysis,  atro- 
phic spinal  paralysis,  essential  paralysis;  a 
disease  peculiar  to  childhood,  and  character- 
ized by  sudden  paralysis  of  one  or  more  limbs 
or  of  individual  muscle-groups,  and  followed 
by  rapid  wasting  of  the  affected  parts,  with 
reaction  of  degeneration  and  deformity.  The 
paraljrsis  is  due  to  changes  in  the  anterior 
comua  of  the  gray  matter  of  the  spinal  cord, 
and  is  probably  the  result  of  infection.  P., 
Ischemic,  paralysis  of  a  part  due  to  stop- 
page of  the  circulation,  ^.^.,  paralysis  of  the 
34 


lower  limb  following  embolism  or  thrombo- 
sis of  the  femoral  artery.  P.,  Klumpke*s, 
a  paralysis  involving  the  lower  portion  of  the 
brachial  plexus,  the  eighth  cervical  and  first 
dorsal  nerves,  and  characterized  by  paralysis 
of  the  small  muscles  of  the  hand,  of  some  of 
the  muscles  of  the  forearm,  with  anesthesia 
in  the  distribution  of  the  ulnar  and  median 
nerves.  Pupillary  changes  may  be  present. 
P.,  Lead-,  a  paralysis  due  to  lead,  usually 
of  the  extensors  of  the  wrist,  causing  wrist- 
drop. It  is  nearly  always  bilateral  and  is 
caused  by  a  peripheral  neuritis  induced  by 
the  lead-poisoning.  P.,  Little's,  infantile 
cerebral  spastic  paraplegia.  P.,  Motor, 
paralysis  of  the  voluntary  muscles.  P., 
Musculospiral,  paralysis  of  the  extensors 
and  supinators  of  the  wrist,  due  to  an  injury 
or  to  inflammation  of  the  musculospiral 
nerve.  P.,  Nuclear,  one  due  to  a  lesion 
of  the  nuclei  of  origin  of  a  cranial  nerve. 
P.,  Obstetric,  any  paralysis  of  the  child 
resulting  from  injuries  received  during  de- 
livery. P.,  Peripheral,  loss  of  power  due 
to  a  lesion  of  the  nervous  motor  mechan- 
ism between  the  nuclei  of  origin  and  the 
peripheral  termination.  P.,  Postdiphther- 
ic.  See  P.,  Diphtheric.  P.,  Pseudobul- 
bar, a  symmetric  lesion  of  the  halves  of  the 
cerebrum  producing  paralysis  of  the  lips,  the 
tongue,  and  the  larynx  or  the  pharynx.  P., 
Pseudoh}rpertrophic  Muscular,  a  chronic 
disease  characterized  by  progressive  muscular 
weakness,  associated  with  an  apparent  hyper- 
trophy of  the  affected  muscles.  The  disease 
usually  begins  in  the  muscles  of  the  calf,  and 
spreads  over  the  body,  the  muscles  of  the 
hand  almost  always  escaping.  There  is 
marked  lordosis  and  a  peculiar  gait  with 
wide  separation  of  the  legs  and  swaying  of  the 
body  from  side  to  side.  The  characteristic 
symptom  is  the  manner  in  which  the  patient 
arises  from  the  floor — ^he  **  climbs  "upon  his 
legs,  on  account  of  the  weakened  state  of  the 
extensor  muscles  of  the  back.  It  is  most  com- 
mon in  young  male  children.  The  disease 
is  entirely  myopathic,  no  adequate  nerve- 
lesion  having  as  yet  been  discovered.  The 
muscles  are  the  seat  of  hypertrophy  and 
atrophy  of  muscular  flbers,  hyperplasia  of 
the  connective  tissue,  and  fatty  infiltration. 
P.,  Reflex,  the  paralysis  sometimes  fol- 
lowing immediately  upon  a  wound  of  a 
nerve,  or  the  paraplegia  sometimes  due  to 
irritation  of  an  adherent  prepuce.  Other 
so-called  reflex  palsies,  as  that  from  renal 
calculus,  are  probably  due  to  secondary 
changes  in  the  spinal  cord  or  nerves.  P., 
Spastic,  a  paralysis  associated  with  rigidity 
of  the  muscles  and  heightened  tendon- 
reflexes.  P.,  Spastic  Spinal,  lateral 
sclerosis. 


PARALYTIC 


PARAPLEGIA 


Paraljrtic  (par-ah-lit^-ik)  [irapd'kvaiq,  paraly- 
sis]. I.  Of  the  nature  of  paraljrsis ;  affected 
with  paralysis.  2.  A  person  suffering  from 
paralysis ;  also,  one  suffering  from  general 
paralysis  of  the  insane. 

Paralyzant  (par-ah-li^'zanit)  [rrapoAwiff, par- 
alysis]. I.  Causing  paralysis.  2.  An  agent 
or  drug  that  induces  paralysis.  P.,  Motor, 
a  drug  paralyzing  any  part  of  the  motor  ap- 
paratus. 

Paralyzing  Vertigo.  Sec  Gerlier^s  Disease^ 
Diseases  f  Table  of. 

Paramagnetic  ipar-ah-nutg-net^-ik)  [trapd, 
beside;  magnet \,  Exhibiting  a  polarity  in 
the  same  direction  as  the  magnetizing  force. 

Paramagnetism  (par  -  ah  -  mag^-  net  -  i%m) 
[?rapd,  beside;  magnet'].  The  phenomena 
exhibited  by  paramagnetic  substances. 

Paramastitis  {par  -  aA  -  mas-ti'-  tts)  lTraf>d, 
near;  fiaardq,  mamma;  iti^,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  connective  tissue  about 
the  mamma. 

Paramenia  (par-ah-me'-ne-ah)  [Trapd,  be- 
side;//iTveCy  menses].  Difhcult  or  disordered 
menstruation. 

Parametric  (par-ah-met'-rik)  [ffapd,  beside ; 
fifTf^t  uterus].  Pertaining  to  the  tissues 
about  the  uterus. 

Parametritis  (^ar  -  ah  -  me  -  trt^- tis)  [irapd, 
near;  n^rpa^  womb;  iriq,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  cellular  tissue  about  the 
uterus ;  pelvic  cellulitis. 

Parametrium  (par  -  ah-me' -tre-um)  [ffapd, 
near ;  fiffrpaf  womb].  The  connective  tissue 
surrounding  the  uterus. 

Paramimia  (par-ah-mim' -e-ah)  [Tra/txi,  be- 
side; fUfteicHfUf  to  mimic].  A  form  of 
aphasia  characterized  by  the  faulty  use  of 
gestures. 

Paramitome  (par-aA-mi^'tdm){^n'ap6,  beside ; 
fjuToc,  thread].  The  fluid  portion  of  the  cell- 
substance,  contained  in  the  meshes  of  the 
mitome. 

Paramnesia  (par-am-ne^-ze-aA)  [irapd,  be- 
side; fUfiv^iTKeiv^  to  remind].  Illusion  of 
memory,  especially  the  illusion  of  feeling,  as 
if  one  had  already  undergone  the  experience 
which  may  be  passing. 

Paramorphin  (parahmor' -fin).  See  The- 
bain. 

Paramusia  (par-ah-mu' -%e-ah)\T:a\M  beside; 
novaucfiy  music].  A  form  of  aphasia  in  which 
there  is  perversion  of  the  musical  sense,  re- 
sulting in  the  production  of  improper  notes 
and  intervals. 

Paramyoclonus  multiplex  { par-ah-mi-ok^ - 
lo-nus  mul'-tip-leks).  A  neurosis  marked  by 
sudden,  shock-like  muscular  contractions, 
which  are  bilateral  and  do  not  as  a  rule  affect 
the  hands  or  face.  The  etiology  is  unknown, 
and  the  disease  is  believed  to  be  analogous  to 
chronic  adult  chorea. 


Paramyosinogen  ( par-ak-mi-O'Sin^^ 
[Trapd,  beside ;  //vf ,  muscle ;  >cm 
beget].  One  of  the  proteids  of  m 
plasma,  coagulating  at  47^  C. 

Paramyotonia  ( par  -ah-mi-o-  /</-  n 
[rrapa,  aside  ;  //if,  muscle ;  r6vo^y  tone 
perversion  of  muscular  tonicity,  chirad 
by  tonic  spasms.  It  is  usually  congeni 
congenita).  See  Thomsen^s  Diseast 
easesy  Table  of. 

Paranephritis  (par-ah-nef-nf -tis)  [^ra^ 
side;    vt^p6^y    kidney;   <r(c,  infiammi 

1.  Inflammation  of  the  paranephros. 
flammation  of  the  connective  tissue  ab 
kidney. 

Paranephros  ( par-ah-ne/^ -ros)  [irapd » I 
ve^p6g,  kidney].     The  suprarenial  caps 

Parangi  (par-an'-je).     Sec  Frambesu 

Paranoea,  Paranoia  (par-ahne^-oMy  ^ 
noi'-ah)  [napd^  beside ;  vrfof ,  mind], 
aberration,  especially  a  chronic  dii»eas 
acterized  by  systematized  delusions. 

Paranoiac    (par-ahnoi'-ak)  r7ra^*a, 
vbog,  mind].     I.  Affected  with  paran 
A  person  who  is  affected  with  parano 

Paranucleus  {parah'uu'-kle-us)  [?r< 
side ;  nucleus ^  kernel].  An  irregular 
body  lying  in  the  protoplasm  of  a  c 
the  nucleus  and  perhaps  extruded 
latter. 

Parapeptone  (par-ah-pep^tdn).  S< 
tone. 

Paraphasia  (par'ah'fa'-se'ah)\napd^ 
^ai^f  speech].  A  form  of  aphasia  i 
there  is  inability  to  connect  ideas  ^ 
proper  words  to  express  the  ideas. 

Paraphimosis  (par-ahfimo' -sis)  \ji 
side ;  ^tfideiv,  to  bridle].  Retractioti  j 
striction  of  the  prepuce  behind  il 
penis. 

Paraphonia  (par-aA-fi!/-ne-ah)[rrapQ 
^Kjvfj^  voice].  Any  abnormal  concj 
the  voice. 

Paraphrasia  (par-ahfra^-te-ah)  [n 
side ;  ^paai^y  utterance].  A  form  o 
characterized  by  incoherence  of  spe* 

Paraplasm  (par^-ah-plazm)   [tra/xi, 
-rtTuaafta,  a  thing  formed].      I.   The 
stance  in  the  meshes  of  the  cell -pre 

2.  A  heteroplasm  or  false  growth. 
Paraplegia  ( par-ah-ple^Je-aA) [ffap*! 

trhryi/,  stroke].  Paralysis  of  the  Ic 
of  the  body,  or  of  the  lower  extremit 
Ataxic,  a  disease  characterized  clit 
a  combination  of  ataxia  and  exi 
tendon-reflexes,  and  anatomically  b^ 
of  the  posterior  and  lateral  cohuu 
cord.  P.,  Infantile  Spasmodic 
cerebral  paraplegia,  spasmodic  t4 
salis,  birth-palsy  ;  a  spastic  paralys. 
on  in  early  childhood,  and  usually  t 
on  a  cerebral  lesion  with  (allure  of  ] 


PARAPLEGIC 


PAREIRA 


▼elopmcDt  or  secondmry  sclerosis  of  the 
motor  tracts  of  the  spinal  cord.  The  causes 
are  injuries  during  birth,  intrauterine  cerebral 
inflammation,  or  anomalies  of  brain-develop- 
ment.    P.,  Spastic,  lateral  sclerosis. 

Paraplegic  [  par-ah-plt*  jik)  [jrapa,  beside  ; 
ir>.7)7«  ^  stroke].  Pertaining  to,  or  affected 
with,  paraplegia. 

Paraproctitis  {^parah-prok-ti'  tis)  [jrapd, be- 
side ;  n-pcjKro^-,  anus;  <r<c»  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  connective  tissue  about 
the  rectum. 

Parareducin  (par-aM-re-du^ -sin)  fjrapd,  be- 
side ;  reducere^  to  lead  back].  A  Teukomain 
found  in  conjunction  with  reducin  in  the 
urine. 

Pararhotacism  {par-ahr(/  'tas-ixm  ).  Sec 
khotacism. 

Parartbria  (par-ar'-threak\  [itaph^  beside; 
afjtffMJVf  articulation].  A  disorder  of  articu- 
late speech. 

Parasigmatism  ( par-iih-sig^ -matitm)\^::npa^ 
beside  ;  oiyfta,  the  letter  c]-  The  inability  to 
pronounce  s  ox  sh^  another  letter,  as  /,  being 
substituted.  . 

Parasinoidal  { parah-sin-oi'-dal)  [rapi,  be- 
side ;  sinus ^  sinus].  Lying  near  or  along  a 
cerebral  sinus.  F.  Spaces,  the  expansion 
of  the  cerebral  veins  just  before  emptying 
into  the  superior  longitudinal  sinus. 

Parasite  (par^-ah-sU)  [  n-a/xi,  near;  mrof, 
food].  I.  An  animal  or  vegetable  living 
upon  or  within  another  organism,  termed  the 
bost.  The  most  important  classes  of  animal 
parasjtes of  man  are  the  following :  (.\)  Pro- 
tozoa, unicellular  organisms,  as  the  Plasmod- 
ium malarise;  the  Amoeba  coli.  (B)  Metazoa, 
multicellular  organisms,  as  (a)  The  Vermes, 
or  worms,  including  the  Trematodes,  the  most 
important  of  which  are  the  Distomas ;  the  Ces- 
todes,  Tjrnix  or  tape- worms,  including  Tcenia 
solium,  Txnia  mediocanellata  or  saginata. 
Taenia  echinococcus,  and  Bothriocephalus 
latus;  the  Nematodes,  comprising  Ascaris, 
Oxyuris,  Anchylostomum,  Filaria,  Trichina, 
and  Trich()cephalus ;  {6)  the  Arthropoda, 
including  the  itch-mite,  louse,  flea,  etc.  The 
vegetable  parasites  are  the  l)acteria  and  fungi, 
f .  V.  2.  In  teratology,  a  fetus  or  fetal  parts 
attached  to  or  included  in  another  fetus. 

Parasitic  ( /tfr.^i-ji/'-/>)[irapo, beside ;  (riro^^ 
food].  I.  Of  the  nature  of  a  parasite  ;  liv- 
ing upon  or  in  an  animal  or  vegetabhe ;  as 
P.  bacteria,  P.  worms.  2.  Caus^  by  para- 
sites ;  as  P.  skin-diseases. 

Parasiticide  {par-ak'sit^'is-ld)  \iTap6^  be- 
side ;  ^iroc,  food  ;  cadere^  to  kill].  I.  De- 
structive to  parasites.  2.  An  agent  capable 
of  destroying  parasites;  especially  one  de- 
stroying the  parasites  living  upon  or  in  the 
skin. 

Parasitism  (par^-ak-si'tum)  \jrapd,  beside; 


oiro^y  food].  The  relation  that  a  parasite 
bears  to  its  host ;  infestion  by  parasites. 

Parasitogenetic  (par-ah^si-to-gen-et'-  ik) 
[Trapa,  beside  ;  crirdf ,  food ;  yrwdv,  to  be- 
get]. Produced  by  parasites ;  depending  for 
its  origin  upon  parasites. 

Parasitology  (parah'si-toI'-O'Jf)  [irapd,  be- 
side ;  cTirof,  food ;  A<iyof,  science].  The 
study  of  parasites. 

Paraspadia  (par-ah-spa' -de-ah)  [n-opci,  be- 
side ;  (TTrdfiv,  to  draw].  A  condition  ia 
which  the  urethra  opens  on  one  side  of  the 
penis. 

Parasternal  ( par-ah-ster^-nal)  [napdy  beside; 
aripvov,  sternum].  Beside  or  near  the  ster- 
num. P.  Line,  the  imaginary  vertical  line 
midway  between  the  margin  of  the  sternum 
and  the  line  passing  through  the  nipple.  P. 
Region,  the  region  between  the  sternal  mar- 
gin and  the  parasternal  line. 

Parathyroid  ( tar-ah'thi' -roid )  [irapd,  beside; 
^yp^dc,  a  shield ;  f itJof ,  like] .  I .  L3ring  be- 
side the  thyroid  gland.  2.  An  accessory 
th3rroid  gland. 

Paratoloid  (par-ak'-io-ioid).  Synonym  of 
Tubercuiin. 

Paratonia  (paraktyne-ah)  [irapd.  beside ; 
rtipoc,  stretching].  Overextension ;  exces- 
sive tension. 

Paratricbosis  (parahtrik-i/'sis)  [iropd,  be- 
side; ^p<f,  hair].  A  condition  in  which  the 
hair  is  either  imperfect  in  growth  or  develops 
in  abnormal  places. 

Paratrimnia  ( par'ahiriNt^-ah)[napd,  along ; 
Tpi^etv^  to  rub].     Intertrigo. 

Paratyphlitis  {par'ah'tifli' -tis)  [to/j^.  be- 
yond ;  rt>^A/>c,  blind;  <nc,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  connective  tissue  behind 
the  cecum. 

Parazanthin  (par-ak  %nn' -thinS  [xarwl,  be- 
yond ;  fai^,  yellow],  CH^N.O,.  Dimeth- 
yl xaiithin,  a  crystalline  leukomain  occur- 
ring in  normal  urine,  and  isomeric  with  theo- 
brumin,  which  it  resembles  in  its  action  upon 
the  organism,  pnxiucing  muscular  rigidity, 
dysimea,  and  diminution  in  reflex  excita- 
bility. 

Paraxial  [por-nks'-e-nl)  [Tarvi.  l>esiHe:  4fii\ 
a\U].     Lying  near  the  axis  of  the  body. 

Paregoric  {par-e-js^^yr^ik)  [rraovyofUKor^  con- 
soling]. I.  Soothing,  or  assuaging  2.  A 
soothing  remedy,  as  P.  Elixir,  or  simply 
paregoric,  the  tinctura  opii  camphorata. 

Pareira  (par  i' rah).  The  root  of  Chondro- 
dendron  tomentosum,  of  the  natural  Order 
Menispermacex.  It  was  formerly  called  P. 
brava.  It  contains  a  resin,  .in  alkaloid, 
pelosin,  identical  with  berberin,  a  bitter 
principle,  a  nitrogenous  substance,  calcium 
malate,  potassium  nitrate,  and  other  salts. 
P.  is  used  as  a  diuretic  in  calculous  pyelitis ; 
in  cystitis;  and  hat  also  been  employed  in 


PARENCEPHALON 


PAROTITIS 


f : 


V 


leukorrhea,  rheumatism,  and  dropsy,  and  in 
Brazil  in  the  treatment  of  snake-bite. 
Decoctum  pareira  fluidum  (B.  P.).  Dose 
fij-ij  (32.0-64.0).  Extractum  pareirse 
(B.  P.).  Dose  gr.  x-xx  (0.65-1.3).  Ex- 
tractum pareirse  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.).  Dose 
f^ss-f^j  (2.0-4.0).  Extractum  pareirae 
liquidum  (B.  P.).     Dose  f^  j  (4.0). 

Parencephalon  (par-ense/'-al-on)  [rrapd, 
beside;  c^'xi^of,  brain].     The  cerebellum. 

Parencephalus  (par-en-sef^-ai-us)  [napd^ 
beside;  c^k^^Aoc,  brain].  A  congenital 
malformation  of  the  brain.  See  Porenceph- 
aius. 

Parenchyma  {par-engf-kim-ah)  [irapd^  be- 
side ;  kyxtlVf  to  pour  in].  The  essential  or 
specialized  part  of  an  organ,  as  iistinguished 
from  the  supporting  connective  tissue. 

Parenchymatous  {^par-eng-kim'-ai-us^  or 
par-eng'ki' -mat-us)  [wapd,  beside;  iyx^'^"^* 
to  pour  in].  Pertainmg  to,  or  affecting  the 
parenchyma.  P.  Degeneration,  cloudy 
swelling.  P.  Inflammation,  inflammation 
of  the  parenchyma,  as  distinguished  from 
that  of  the  interstitial  tissue. 

Parepididymis  {^par-ep-e-did' -im-is).  See 
Paradidymis. 

Paresis  (par^-es-is)  [7rnp4,  from ;  Ihaiy  to 
let  go].  A  slight  paralysis ;  incomplete  loss 
of  muscular  power.  P.,  General.  See 
Paralysis^  General. 

Paresthesia  (par-es-the^-ze-ah)  [nap^^  be- 
side ;  aladffoic,  sensation] .  I .  Morbid  or 
penrerted sensation,  as  numbness,  formication, 
"pins-and-needlcs."  2.  Ste  Acroparesthesia . 

Paresthetic  (par-es-thet'-ik)  ^Trapd,  beside; 
dUs(hfat^t  sensation].  Pertainmg  to,  affected 
with,  or  characterized  by  paresthesia. 

Paretic  (par-et^-ik)  [napd,  beside ;  Ihai,  to 
let  go].  Pertaining  to,  or  aflfected  with  par- 
esis. P.  Dement,  a  person  suffering  from 
paretic  dementia.  P.  Dementia.  See 
ParalysiSy  General. 

Pareunia  (par-u^-ne-ah)  [rrapd,  beside ;  ehvrjy 
bed].     Coitus. 

Paridrosis  ( par-id-rt/sis)  [rropd,  beside ; 
lAp^y  sweat].  Any  abnormal  condition  of 
the  secretion  of  sweat. 

Parietal  (par-i^-etal)  [paries,  wall].  I. 
Forming  or  situated  on  a  wall,  as  trie  P. 
layer  of  the  peritoneum.  2.  Pertaining  to,  or 
in  relation  with  the  parietal  lx)ne  of  the  skull, 
as  the  P.  foramen,  P.  lobe  of  the  brain. 
P.  Cells,  cells  found  in  the  periphery  of 
the  peptic  glands  of  the  stomach,  immediately 
beneath  the  basement-membrane.  Their 
function  is  supposed  to  be  the  secretion  of 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Parietooccipital  {par-i-et  -o-ok-  sip'-  it  -  al ) 
\ paries y  a  wall;  occiput,  the  back  of  the 
head] .  Pertaining  to  the  parietal  and  occi- 
pital bones  or  lobes. 


Parietosphenoid  {par -i-H^o-sh^^ 
[paries,  wall ;  a^,  wedge ;  eiiof , 
Pertaining  to  the  parietal  and  sp 
bones. 

Parietosquamosal  ( par  -i-et-O'  skm 
sal )  [paries,  a  wall ;  squama,  a  sctlel. 
pertaming  to  the  parietal  bone  and  th 
mous  portion  of  the  temporal  bon< 
Suture,  a  suture  between  the  squamo 
tion  of  the  temporal  bone  and  the  | 
bone. 

Parietotemporal  (par-i-et'O'tem'-^ 
[paries,  a  wall ;  tempora,  the  temples 
taining  to  the  parietal  and  temporal 
P.  Suture,  the  suture  between  the 
and  temporal  bones. 

Paris  Green,  Cu(C,H,0,),.3Cu( 
Acetoarsenite  of  copper,  a  poisonous  si 
used  in  the  arts  and  for  the  destructic 
potato-bug. 

Parkinson's  Disease.  See  Paraly 
ans. 

Paronychia  {par-o-nik'-e-ah)  [rra/wi, 
bw^  nail].  An  inflammation  of  tt 
tendons  and  tendinous  sheaths  of  the 
whitlow. 

Paroophoron  {par-o-off'-o-ron)  [n 
side ;  *^,  an  egg ;  ^peiv,  to  beai 
persistent  tubules  of  the  posterior  pi 
Wolffian  body  in  the  female,  corre 
to  the  organ  of  Girald^  in  the  male 

Parosmia  (par'Ot^'Me'aA)[napdf  asi< 
smell].     A  perversion  of  the  sense 

Parostitis  (par-osti^tis)  [napd,  nea 
bone ;  iti^,  inflammation].  Inflami 
the  outer  surface  of  periosteum. 

Parostosis  {par  -  os  -  to^  -  sis)  [7rap6 
oariuv,  bone].  The  abnormau  fon 
bone  outside  of  the  periosteum,  or  ii 
nective  tissue  surrounding  the  peri< 

Parotid  (/rtr-<>/'-iV/)[n-apd.  near; 

1.  Situated  near  the  ear.  as   the    1 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  affecting  the  pare 
P.  Abscess,  an  abscess  of  the  pare 
The  term  is  sometimes  also  applied 
of  the  lymphatic  gland  lying  upon 
tid.  P.  Gland,  one  of  the  salivi 
situated  in  front  of  and  below  tbt 
ear.  It  is  a  compound  racemose 
secretes  saliva  containing;  ptyalin,t 
like  body,  potassium  sulphocyani 
of  urea,  and  mineral  salts.  I 
kno^n  as  Stensen's  duct. 

Parotiditis  (par-ot-idi' -tit).  Sec 
Parotitis  {par-oti'-tis)  [napd^  b 
ear ;  irtq,  inflammation].  Inflamni 
parotid  gland,  especially  the  specifi 
disease  known  as  mumps ;  the  n^ 
given  to  inflammation  of  the  lymp 
overiying  the  parotid  (Parotid  I 
Metastatic,  that  secondary  to  d 
where ;    it  occurs  in  infectious 


PAROVARIAN 


PASTEURIZATION 


tTphoid  ferer,  and  usually  goes  on  to  suppn- 
rmtion. 

Parovarian  (par-o-va^-re-an)  [irapA,  beside ; 
ovarium f  ovary].  i.  Situated  near  the 
ovary.     2.  Pertaining  to  the  parovarium. 

Parovarfaun  {/ar-o-va^-re-um)  [irapd,  be- 
tide ;  &variuMf  ovary].  The  remnant  of  the 
Wolffian  body  of  the  female ;  the  organ  of 
Roaenmailer. 

Paroxysm  {par^-oks-nm)  [ira/M,  beside; 
o^bvttv^  to  sharpen].  The  periodic  increase 
w  crisis  in  the  progress  of  a  disease ;  a  sud- 
den attack,  a  sudden  reappearance  o**  symp- 
toms, or  a  sudden  increase  in  the  intensity  of 
existing  symptoms. 

Paroxysmal  (paroks-itf-mai)  [trop^,  be- 
side ;  ^ifPtiv,  to  sharpen].  Of  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  a  paroxysm ;  occurring  in 
paroxysms. 

Parrot-beak  Nails.  Nails  that  are  curved 
strongly  anteroposteriorly,  like  the  beak  of 
the  parrot. 

Parrot's  Disease.  Syphilitic  pseudoparaly- 
sis.    See  Diseases,  Table  of. 

Parrot's  Nodes.  See  Si/pu  and  Symptoms^ 
Tahieof. 

Parry's  Disease.    Exophthalmic  goiter. 

Pars  (pars)  [L.].  A  part.  P.  ciliaris 
retinae,  the  part  of  the  retina  in  front  of  the 
oraserrata. 

Parsley  (pars^le)  fn-irpoc.  rock  ;  ei^uvwy  a 
kind  of  parsley],  'ihe  Apium  petroselinum, 
a  plant  of  tl.e  order  Urobellifcrx,  containing 
a  volatile  oil.  From  the  seed  a  peculiar  oily 
liquid,  termed  apiol  {q.  r.),  is  obtained.  The 
root  is  used  in  renal  diseases  and  dropsy ;  the 
juice  of  the  fresh  herbs  and  the  seeds  are 
employed  as  antiperiodics ;  apiol  is  an  em- 
nsenagogue. 

Parson's  Disease.     Exophthalmic  goiter. 

Parthcninm  {^partky-mtum)  [napiUvo^^  a 
virgin].  A  genus  of  herbs  of  the  order  Com- 
poAiK.  P.  hysterophoms  contains  parthenic 
acid  and  sevenl  alkaloids,  one  of  which, 
called  parthenin,  seems  to  be  the  active 
principle  of  the  plant  and  has  been  used  as 
an  antipyretic  and  antineuralfpc.  P.  integ- 
fiiblium,  prairie  dock,  a  perennial  plant  of 
the  Southern  U.  S.,  is  used  as  an  antiperiodic. 

Parthenogenesis  ( par  •  tken  'C'fen'esis) 
[irap'ArioCi  *  virgin ;  ytveet^,  a  be<»rltlng] .  The 
development  of  an  organism  fiom  an  unfer- 
tilised ovum. 

Partridge*t>erry  See  Gaultheria  proeum- 
htnt. 

Parturient  (par  he' re  en^  [farturire,  to 
bring  forth].  I.  Being  in  labor;  giving 
birth  ;  as  a  P.  woman.  3.  Traversed  during 
btrtb,  as  the  P.  canal. 

Paitmiometer  ( par  tm  rt- 0119^ -ei-er)  [par^ 
Hre^  to  bnng  forth;  it£rpoi\  measure].  An 
for  delermiaing  the  progieis  of 


labor  by  measuring  the  expulsive  force  of  the 
uterus. 

Parturition  ^  par  -  fu  •  risk^-  itn)  [parturitia, 
from  partunre^  to  bring  forth].  The  act  of 
giving  birth  to  young.     See  Ilabor, 

Partus  (par'tus)  [  parere,  to  bring  forth]. 
The  bringing  foith  of  offspring ;  labor.  P. 
CJesarius,  Cesarean  section.  P.  difficilis, 
dystocia.  P.  immaturus,  premature  labor. 
P.  maturus,  labor  at  term.  P.  prKcipita« 
tus,  precipitate  labor.     P.  siccus,  dry  labor. 

Parulis  (par-u'-iis)  [»ropd,  near;  wXov,  the 
gum].     Abscess  of  the  gum ;  gumboil. 

Paruria  (par-u'-re-ah)  [rrapdy  t^ide  ;  isrima, 
urine].  Atmormality  in  the  excretion  of  the 
urine. 

Parvolin  (par^-vo'lin),  C,!I„N.  I.  A  syn- 
thetic liquid  base.  2.  A  ptomain  isomeric 
with  it,  occurring  in  decomposing  fish  and 
horseflesh. 

Parvule  (par'-vAl)  [panms,  small].  A 
small  pill,  or  pellet. 

Passage  (pas'-Ai)  [passare^  to  pass].  I.  A 
channel.     2.  The  act  of  passing  from  one 

f>lace  to  another.  3.  The  mtroduction  of  an 
nKtrument  into  a  cavitv  or  channel.  4.  An 
evacuation  of  the  bowels.  P.,  Palse,  a  false 
channel,  especially  one  made  by  the  unskil- 
ful introduction  of  an  instrument  into  the 
urethra. 

Passion  (pash'  un)  [passio^  from  pati,  to 
suffer].  1.  Pain;  suffering;  as  iliac  P.,  a 
synonym  of  volvulus.  2.  An  intense  enko- 
tion  of  the  mind  ;  intense  sexual  excitement. 

Passive  (pa^'w)  \^pati^  to  suffer].  Not  ac- 
tive; not  periormed  or  produced  by  active 
efforts,  but  by  causes  coming  from  without 
P.  Congestion,  congestion  due  to  retention 
of  blood  in  a  part,  and  not  to  an  active  Bow 
of  blood  toward  the  port  P.  Inununity. 
See  Immunity,  P.  Motion,  the  movement 
produced  by  external  agency,  and  not  by  tba 
person  himself. 

Passula  {pas^  uUK)  [L.].     A  raisin. 

Paste  (pist)  [pasta;  irii^,  mess;  mitfcrrnv 
to  sprinkle].  Any  soft,  sticky  substance,  es 
pecially  a  mixture  of  starch  or  flour  and 
water.  P.,  Arsenical,  a  caustic  paste  con- 
taining arsenic  P.,  Canquoin's.  See  Cast- 
quains  Paste.  P.,  London-,  a  mixture  of 
equal  parts  of  sodium  hydrate  and  slaked  lime, 
moistened  with  alcohol.  P.,  Vienna-,  a 
mixture  of  potassium  hydrate  and  caustic 
lime  moistened  with  water. 

Pasteur's  Fluid  or  P.'s  Liquid  [Louis  /'ox- 
//wr,  a  French  scientist].  An  artificial  liquid 
for  the  cultivation  of  bacteria,  composed  of 
water  loo  p:«rts,  crystallixed  sugar  lo  parta, 
carbonate  of  ammonium  and  ashes  of  yeast, 
each  I  part. 

Pasteurisation  {^tur-i'tysMmn)  [Louis 
Pasteur^  a  French  icicntistj.     The  procew 


{ 
{ 


PASTIL 


PEARL 


N 
^ 

N 
^ 


of  checking  fennentation  in  milk,  wine,  and 
other  organic  fluids  by  heating  them  to  60^ 
or  7o<>  C. 

Pastil,  Pastille  (pas'-iil,  pastil )  [dim.  of 
pasta ^  pastel.  I.  A  small  mass  composed  of 
aromatic  substances  and  employed  in  fumi- 
gation.    2.  A  troche. 

Patch  [Low  Ger.  plakke,  a  spot] .  An  irregu- 
lar spot  or  area.  P.,  Mucous.  One  of 
the  characteristic  lesions  of  S3rphilis,  occur- 
ring in  the  so-called  secondaiy  stage,  and 
appearing  as  a  whitish  papule  or  patch  on 
mucous  membranes  and  at  mucocutaneous 
junctions.  It  is  also  called  mucous  papule 
and  condyloma  latum.  P.,  Opaline.  See 
Opaline,  Peyer's  Patches.  See  Glands^ 
Peyer's, 

Patella  (pat-el^-ah)  [dim.  o{  patina,  a  shal- 
low dish].  The  knee-pan,  a  small,  round 
sesamoid  bone  in  hont  of  the  knee,  developed 
in  the  tendon  of  the  quadriceps  extensor 
femoris  muscle. 

Patellar  (pat-el' 'ar)[ patina,  a  shallow  dish]. 
Pertaining  to  the  patella.  P.  Reflex,  or  P. 
Tendon-reflex.  See  Knee-jerk  and  Re- 
flexes, Table  of. 

Fatency  {pa'-ten-5e)[patere,  to  stand  open]. 
The  state  of  being  open ;  openness. 

Pathetic  {path-et' ik)  [nafhrrucd^:  irdBo^, 
disease].  Arousing  pity;  indicating  sad- 
ness or  sorrow;  appealing;  that  which  ap- 
peals to  or  stirs  the  passions ;  applied  to  the 
fourth  cranial  nerve  (P.  nerve),  which  inner- 
vates the  P.  muscle  (Patheticus,  superior 
oblique)  of  the  eye,  by  which  the  eye  is 
rolled  outward  and  downward. ' 

Pathetism  (path'-et-izm)  [Trd^of,  disease]. 
Hypnotism. 

Pathoanatomy  {path-o-an-af -o-me)  r;r<ift)f , 
disease ;  avaro^,  a  cutting  up].  Pathologic 
anatomy. 

Pathogenesis  {path-o-jen' -es-is)  j^Trd^,  dis- 
ease ;  ycwhv,  to  beget].  The  ongin  or  de- 
velopment of  disease. 

Pathogenic,  Pathogenetic  {path  o-jen'-ik, 
path-o-jen-et' -ik)  [»rdft)c,  disease  ;  ytvvav,  to 
beget].  Producing  disease.  P.  Microor- 
ganism, one  that  when  introduced  into  the 
system  causes  disease. 

Pathognomonic  (path-og-no-mon'-ik)  [Trd- 
^of,  disease ;  yvoifiLW,  judge].  Characteristic 
of  a  disease,  distinguishing  it  from  other 
diseases. 

Pathologic  (path-o-lo/ -ik)  [n&Bo^,  disease  ; 
Arfyof,  science].  Pertaining  to  pathology; 
pertaining  to  disease.  P.  Anatomy.  See 
Anatomy.  P.  Histology,  the  microscopic 
study  of  diseased  tissues. 

Pathologist  {path-ol'-o-jist)  \iT&do^,  disease ; 
A^of,  science].   One  versed  in  pathology. 

Pathology  (path-ol'-o-je)  [rrd^of ,  disease  ; 
MyoQ,  science].    The    branch  of   medical 


science  that  treats  of  the  modiiicatkmi 
function  and  changes  in  structure  causec 
disease.  P.,  Cellular,  pathology  that  mi 
the  cell  the  basis  of  all  vital  phenom 
and  teaches  that  every  cell  is  derived  fro 
preexisting  parent-cell.  P.,  Comparat 
a  study  of  patholo^c  processes  in  U 
animals,  for  purposes  of  tracing  resembl a 
and  differences  among  them  and  beti 
them  and  those  of  the  human  body. 
Experimental,  the  study  of  pathologic 
cesses  artificially  induced  in  lower  anir 
P.,  General,  that  department  of  patbc 
which  takes  cognizance  of  those  mc 
processes  that  may  be  observed  in  va; 
diseases  and  in  any  organ,  e.  g.,  inflan 
tion,  hypertrophy.  P.,  Geographic,  | 
ology  in  its  relation  to  climatic  and 
graphic  conditions.  P.,  Humoral,  ih< 
doctrine  that  disease  is  due  to  abnormal 
ditions  of  the  blood.  It  has  been  rei 
in  recent  times  in  a  modified  form,  ai 
now  based  on  the  theory  that  both  imm 
and  susceptibility  to  disease  reside  ii 
juices  of  the  body.  P.,  Special,  that  1 
ing  of  changes  in  function  and  structur 
curring  in  special  organs,  e.  g. ,  pneum 
P.,  Surgical,  the  pathology  of  dis 
treated  by  the  surgeon. 

Pathophobia  (path-o-fy-beah)  [n&Bo^ 
ease;  ^/3oc,  fear].  Exaggerated  drei 
disease. 

Patient  (pa'-skent)  [pati,  to  suffer]. 
person  under  the  care  of  a  physician  ;  1 
person. 

Paullinia  (pa'ithlin'-e-ah).     See  Guarm 

Paulocard^ia  (paw-lokar'-de  ah)  [ff 
pause ;  KopSia,  heart].  A  subjective  s 
tion  of  intermission  or  momentary  sto| 
of  the  heart-beat. 

Pavement-epithelium.  Epithelium  cc 
ing  of  flattened  scale-like  cells  fittc 
gether  by  their  edges  like  the  tiles  of  a 
ment. 

Pavilion  (pa-vil'-yoH)  [papilio^  a  butt 
a  tent].  The  expanded  extremity  of  a 
or  tube,  as  the  P.  of  the  ear — the  ai 
the  P.  of  the  Fallopian  tube — the  fiml 
extremity  of  the  Fallopian  tube. 

Pavor  {pa'-vor)  [L.J.  Fright;  feai 
noctumus,  night- terrors. 

Pavy's  Disease.  Intermitting  or  rec 
albuminuria. 

Pawpaw.     See  Papaya. 

Pearl  {perl)  [Fr.,  perle,  from  L.,  pir 
little  pearl].  In  pharmacy,  a  small  1 
glass  body  containing  a  dose  of  a  v 
liquid  medicine,  as  a  P.  of  amyl  1 
P.-disease,  tuberculosis  of  serous 
branes  in  the  lower  animals,  esp 
cattle,  so-called  on  account  of  th< 
manifest  lesion,  the  pearly  nodules  or  1 


PEARLY  BODY 


PELARGONIC  ACID 


which  are  often  pendulous.  P.,  Epider- 
mic, P.,  Epithelial,  one  of  the  spheroid 
concentric  masses  of  epithelial  cells  often 
seen  in  hard  papillomata,  in  squamous  epi- 
theliomata,  and  in  cholesteatomata ;  they  are 
also  called  pearly  bodies. 

Pearly  Body.     See  Pearly  Epithelial. 

Pebrine  (p/y'rin)  [Fr.].     An  infectious  epi- 
demic disease  of  silkworms. 
'  Pecquet,  Cistern  of,  or  Reservoir  of.    The 
receptaculum  chyli. 

Pecten  {pek^-ttn)  [pecten,  a  comb].  The  os 
pubis. 

Pectin  (pek^'tin)  [rn7icr<Jf,  congealed].  A 
white  amorphous  carbohydrate  contained 
in  ripe  fleshy  fruits  and  in  certain  roots, 
and  believed  to  be  formed  from  the  pectose 
found  in  unripe  fruits  by  the  action  of  acids. 
It  is  also  called  vegetable  jelly. 

Pectinate  (pek^-tindt)  lp<aen,  a  comb]. 
Arranged  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  P. 
Ligament,  fibers  of  connective  tissue  at  the 
angle  of  the  anterior  chamber  of  the  eye,  be- 
tween the  iris  and  the  cornea.  P.  Muscles, 
the  musculi  pectinati,  muscular  ridges  in  the 
auricles  of  the  heart. 

Pectineal  (pektin-e'-al)  [pecten^  a  comb]. 

1 .  Comb-shaped.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  pec- 
ten or  OS  pubis.  P.  Line,  that  part  of  the 
ileopectineal  line  found  on  the  os  pubis. 

Pectineus  {pek-tin-e^-us).  See  Muscles^  Table 

of, 
Pectiniform    (pek-Hn'-if-ortn)    Xpecten^    a 

comb;  forma,  a  form].     Comb-snaped. 
Pectoral  {Jek^to-ral)  [pectus,  breast].     I. 

Pertaining  to  the  chest,  as  the  P.  muscles. 

2.  Useful  in  diseases  of  the  chest.  3.  A 
remedy  useful  in  diseases  of  the  chest. 

Pectoralis  ( pek  -  tor  -  a'  -  lis).  See  Muscles^ 
TabU  of. 

Pectoriloquy  (pek -tor-il^ -o- hve\  [pectus, 
breast ;  loaui,  to  speak].  The  distmct  trans- 
mbsion  of  articulate  speech  to  the  ear  on 
auscultation.  It  may  b«  heard  over  cavities 
in  the  lung,  over  areas  of  consolidation  near 
a  large  bronchus,  over  a  pneumothorax  when 
the  opening  in  the  lung  is  patulous,  and  over 
some  pleural  effusions.  P.,  Whispering, 
the  transmission  of  the  whispered  words  to 
the  auscultating  ear.  The  sounds  seem  to 
emanate  directly  from  the  spot  auscultated. 

Pectose  (pek'-tds)  [?r)7/cr6f,  congealed].  A 
compound  occurring  in  unripe  fruits,  and 
giving  rise  to  pectin. 

Pectus  (pek^'tus)  [pectus,  breast].  The 
chest,  or  breast.  P.  carinatum,  keeled 
breast,  pigeon-breast;  a  narrow  chest  pro- 
jecting anteriorly  in  the  region  of  the 
itemum. 

Pedal  (pe^'dal)  [pes,  foot].  Pertaining  to 
the  foot. 

Pedatrophia,  Pedatrophy  (pcdat-ro' -fe-cUi, 


ped-af -ro-fe)  [troZf,  child:  atrophy\.  I. 
Any  wasting  disease  of  childhood.  2.  Tabes 
mesenterica. 

Pederasty  (ped^-er-as-te)  [nal^,  boy  ;  kpdeiv, 
to  love] .  Sexual  intercourse  through  the  anus. 

Pediatrics,  Pediatry  (pede'at^-riis,py-de- 
at-re)  [tratf,  child;  larpia,  therapeutics]. 
The  branch  of  medicine  dealing  with  the 
diseases  of  children. 

Pedicle  (ped^-ikl)  [pediculus,  dim.  of /«, 
foot].  I.  A  slender  process  acting  as  a  foot 
or  stem,  as  the  P.  of  a  tumor.  2.  Of  a  ver- 
tebra, the  portion  of  bone  projecting  back- 
ward from  each  side  of  the  body  and  con- 
necting the  lamina  with  the  body. 

Pediculation  (pe'diM-ula^-shun)  [pedicu- 
lus, louse].  The  state  of  one  sunering  from 
pediculosis. 

Pediculophobia  (pe-diku-lofo^-be-ah)  [pe- 
diculus, louse;  ^poCt  fear].  Morbid  dread 
of  lice. 

Pediculosis  {pe - dik -  u-iy  -  sis)  [pediculus, 
louse].  Lousiness;  a  skin-affection  charac- 
terized by  the  presence  of  pediculi  or  lice. 

Pediculus  {pe-  dik'  -  u  -  lus)  [pediculus,  a 
louse].  A  small  parasitic  hemipterous  insect, 
the  louse.  P.  capitis,  the  head-louse.  P. 
corporis,  the  body-louse.  P.  vestimenti. 
Synonym  of  P,  corporis. 

Pediluvium  ( ped  -U-u^  -ve-  urn)  [pes,  foot ; 
lavare,  to  wash].     A  foot-bath. 

Peduncle  (pe^dung-kl)  [pedunculus,  dim. 
of  pes,  foot].  A  narrow  part  acting  as  a 
support.  P.,  Cerebral,  the  cms  cerebri.  P., 
Inferior  Cerebellar,  one  of  two  bands  of 
white  matter  passing  up  from  the  medulla 
oblongata,  connecting  the  medulla  with  the 
cerebellum,  and  forming  the  lower  lateral 
wall  of  the  fourth  ventricle.  P.,  Middle 
Cerebellar,  one  of  the  bands  of  white  matter 
joining  the  pons  and  the  cerebellum.  P.  of 
the  Pineal  Gland,  a  delicate  white  band 
passing  forward  from  each  side  of  the  pineal 
gland  along  the  edge  of  the  third  ventricle. 
P.,  Posterior  Cerebellar.  Synonym  of 
P. ,  Inferior  Cerebellar.  P..  Superior  Cere- 
bellar, one  of  the  two  bands  of  white  mattei 
that  pass  from  the  cerebellum  to  the  testes  of 
the  corpora  quadrigemina. 

Peduncular  (ped-ung'-ku-lar)  [pedunculus, 
dim.  oi  pes,  foot].  Pertaining  to  a  pedun- 
cle. 

Pedunculate,  Pedunculated  {pedung^ -ku- 
lot,  ped-un^ -ku'la-ted)  [pedunculus,  dim. 
of  pes,  foot].     Having  a  peduncle  ;  stalked. 

Pelada  {pePadah)  [Fr.].  Alopecia  of  the 
scalp. 

Pelargonic  Acid  (pelar-gon' -ik\  [n-eAapy^c, 
a  stork],  C,H,gO,.  A  monobasic  crystalline 
acid  obtained  from  the  essential  oil  of  Pelar- 
gonium roseum  and  from  other  oils.  It  if 
employed  in  the  flavoring  of  wines. 


) 


PELIOSIS 

Peliosis  (pel-e-(/-sts)  [ireXi^f,  liTid].  Pur- 
pura. P.  rheumatica  (purpura)  is  charac- 
terized hj  a  purpuric  rash,  with  arthritis  and 
fever. 

Pellagra  {pfl-a'-grah)  [TriXAa,  skin;  iypa, 
seizure].  A  disease  occurring  in  Italy,  S. 
France,  Spain  and  the  Southern  States. 
Formerly  attributed,  to  diseased  maize,  now 
known  to  be  caused  by  the  insect  SimuHum 
reptans.  It  is  characterized  in  the  early 
stages  by  debility,  spinal  pains,  and  digestive 
disturbances;  later  erythema  develops,  with 
drying  and  exfoliation  of  the  skin.  In  severe 
cases  various  nervous  manifestations  arise, 
such  as  spasms,  ataxic  paraplegia,  and  mental 
disturbances.  In  cases  presenting  ataxic 
paraplegia  the  spinal  cord  has  shown  com- 
bined posterior  and  lateral  sclerosis.  Syn., 
Lombardian  Leprosy. 

Pellet  {pd'et)  {pila,  ball].     A  small  pill. 

Pelletierin  {^pel-et' -eer-in),  CgH,,NO.  A 
liquid  alkaloid  obtained  together  with  an  iso- 
meric body,  isopelletierin,  also  a  liquid  alka- 
loid, from  pomegranate-bark.  It  is  used  as  a 
teniafuge,  chiefly  in  the  form  of  the  tannate. 
Dose  >i  to  2  gr.  (0.032-0.13). 

Pellicle  (/V/^-  ikl)  [pel/is,  skin].  A  thin 
membrane,  film,  scum,  or  cuticle. 

Pellitory  (pel'-itor-e).     See  Pyrethrum. 

Pelvic  (pei^-vik)  [pelvis ^  a  basin] .  Pertaining 
to  the  pelvis.  P.  Abscess,  a  suppurative 
inflammation  of  the  connective  tissue  of  the 
pelvic  cavity,  most  common  in  women,  and 
usually  associated  with  puerperal  or  gonor- 
rheal infection.  P.  Arch.  Same  as  P,  Girdle, 
P.  Cellulitis,  inflammation  of  the  connective 
tissue  of  the  pelvis.  P.  Oirdle,  the  arch 
formed  by  the  ilium,  ischium,  and  pubis,  or 
in  the  higher  vertebrates  by  the  two  innomin- 
ate bones.  P.  Index,  the  relation  of  the 
anteroposterior  to  the  transverse  diameter  of 
the  pelvis.  P.  Inlet,  the  superior  strait.  P. 
Outlet,  the  inferior  strait.  P.  Region,  the 
region  within  the  true  pelvis. 

Pelvimeter  ( pel-vim' -et-er)  [  pelvis ^  pelvis  ; 
fitrpov^  measure] .  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  pelvic  dimensions. 

Pelvimetry  {pel-vim' -et-re)  [pelvis^  pelvis; 
fAirpoVf  measure].  The  measurement  of  the 
dimensions  of  the  pelvis. 

Table    op    Mbasurrments   op    the    Female 
Pelvis  Covered  by  the  Soft  Parts. 

Between  iliac  spines, a6    cm. 

Between  iliac  crests, 29     •• 

External  conjugate  diameter 30^  " 

Internal  conjugate  diagonal,    ....      12^  " 

True  conjugate,  estimated, 11     •• 

Right  diagonal, 22     " 

Left  diagonal, 22     " 

Between  trochanters. 31     " 

Circumference  of  pelvis 90     •• 

Pelviperitonitis  {pelve-per-e-ton-i'-tis)  [pel- 
vis; peritoniiis'].     Pelvic  peritonitis. 
Pslvis   {pel' -vis)   [pelvis,  a  basin].      I.  A 


PELVIS 

bftsin  or  basin-shaped  cavity,  as  the  P.  < 
kidney.  2.  The  bony  ring  formed  by  ih* 
innominate  boues  and  the  sacrum  and  co 
3.  The  cavity  bounded  by  the  bony  \i 
The  pelvis  consists  of  two  parts,  the  ir 
and  the  false  P. ,  which  are  separated  I 
ileopectineal  line.  The  entrance  of  iU< 
pelvis,  corresponding  to  thb  line,  is  k 
as  the  inlet  or  superior  stnit ;  the  out! 
inferior  strait,  is  bounded  by  the  sym( 
pubis,  the  tip  of  the  coccyx,  and  the 
ischia.  In  measuring  the  pelvis  the 
dinal  points  of  Capuron  are  used  as 
marks.  They  are  the  two  ileopectineal 
nences  and  the  two  sacroiliac  joints 
aequabiliter  justo  major,  one  equal) 
larged  in  all  diameters.  P.  aequab 
justo  minor,  a  pelvis  with  all  its  diar 
reduced  below  the  normal.  P.,  Ax 
{of  inlet  or  outlet)^  a  perpendicular  t 
middle  of  the  anteroposterior  diameter. 
Beaked,  one  in  which  the  pubic  bon< 
compressed  laterally  so  as  to  approach 
other,  and  are  pushed  forward ;  a  con 
seen  in  osteomalacia.  P.,  Brim  of,  tl 
trance  to  the  pelvic  cavity,  called  the 
superior  strait,  margin,  or  isthmus.  P.,  £ 
eters  of,  imaginary  lines  drawn  be 
certain  bony  points,  {a)  Of  the  inlei 
anteroposterior  (sacropubic,  or  conjti 
from  the  upper  edge  of  the  prom6nt< 
the  sacrum  to  a  point  an  eighth  of  an  in 
low  the  upper  border  of  the  pubic  symp 
it  measures  1 1  cm. ;  the  transverse,  froi 
to  side  at  the  widest  point,  measurini 
cm.  ;  the  oblique  (right  and  left),  mes 
12^  cm.  {b)  Or  the  outlet;  the  1 
posterior,  from  the  tip  of  the  coccyx 
subpubic  ligament,  measuring  9^  en 
transverse,  between  the  ischial  tut>er 
measiuing  1 1  cm.  ;  the  oblique,  fn 
under  surface  of  the  sciatic  ligaments 
junction  of  the  ischiopubic  rami.  P., 
of,  the  mass  of  skin,  connective  tissue 
cles,  and  fascia  forming  the  inferior  1 
ary  of  the  pelvis.  P.,  Justo  majoi 
P.  aquabiliter  justo  major ^  P., 
minor.  See  P.  aquabiliter  justo  mine 
Kyphotic,  one  characterized  by  incrc 
the  conjugate  diameter  of  the  inlet.  I 
crease  of  the  transverse  diameter  of  t 
let,  through  approximation  of  the  tube 
of  the  ischium.  P.,  Naegele*8  Obi 
pelvic  deforaiity  with  ankylosis  of  on* 
iliac  synchondrosis,  lack  of  developn 
the  associated  lateral  sacral  mass,  an 
defects  that  distort  the  diameters  and 
the  conjugate  oblique  in  direction 
Obliquity  of.  P.,  Inclination  of,  tb 
between  the  axis  of  the  pelvis  and  tha 
body.  P.,  Osteomalacic,  a  distorter 
characterised  by  a  lessening  of  the  tn 


PELVIS 


PELVIS 


Female  Pelvis,  Seen  from  the  Front. 


Female  Pelvis.  Viewed  in  the  Axis  of  the  Bria 
Showing  the  diameters  of  the  superior  strait. 


Outlet  of  Pelvis. 
Aliropnttrior  and  tfansvcne  diameters  ol  outlet  asan 


PELVIS 


PELVIS 


Male  Pelvis,  Seen  from  the  Front 


Infantile  Pelvis,  Viewed  in  the  Axit  of  the  Brim. 


Oblique  PeWte. 
Pcomtiikylodsof  the  hip-joint  and  distiae  of  the  right  tag; 


Oblique  Pelvis  of  Naegele. 


BMilonn  Rachitic  PeMi^ 


FELVIS 


PELVIS 


Figure-of-«Ight  Rachitic  Pelvis. 


Timnfversely  Contracted  Pelvis  of  Robert. 


Rostrated  Malacosteon  Pelvis  in  Early  Stage  of  Deformity. 


PEMPHIGOID 


PEPPER 


And  obliqae  diAmeters,  .with  great  iocreftse 
of  the  anteroposterior  diameter.  P.,  Planes 
of,  imaginary  surfaces  touching  all  points  of 
the  circumference.  The  plane  of  pelric  ex- 
pansion perforates  the  middle  of  the  sjrm- 
ph3rsis,  the  tops  of  the  acetahula,  and  the 
sacrum  between  the  second  and  third  verte- 
brae. Its  anteroposterior  diameter  is  I2|^ 
cm.,  its  transverse  diameter  is  12^  cm. 
The  plane  of  pelvic  contraction  passes 
through  the  tip  of  the  sacrum,  the  spines  of 
the  ischia  and  the  under  surface  of  the  sym- 
physis. Its  anteroposterior  diameter  is  1 1  ^ 
cm. ;  its  transverse  diameter  is  lo)^  cm. 
P.,  Rachitic,  one  characteriied  by  a  sink- 
ing in  and  forward  of  the  sacrovertebral 
angle,  with  a  flaring  outward  of  the  iliac 
crests  and  increased  separation  of  the  iliac 
spines.  P.,  Rot>eit's,  one  in  which  there  is 
an  ankylosis  of  both  sacroiliac  joints,  with  a 
rudimentary  sacrum,  both  lateral  sacral  masses 
t>eing  undeveloped,  the  oblique  and  trans- 
verse diameters  being  much  narrowed.  P., 
Simple  Plat,  one  in  which  the  only  deformity 
consists  in  a  shortening  of  the  anteroposterior 
diameter.  P.  tpinosa,  a  rachitic  pelvis  in 
which  the  crest  of  the  pubu  is  very  sharp, 
and  presents  a  spine  at  the  insertion  of  the 
psoas  parvus.  P.,  Split,  a  form  in  which 
there  is  congenital  separation  of  the  pubic 
bones  at  the  sjrmphyiiis.  It  is  often  asso- 
ciated with  exstrophy  of  the  bladder. 

Pemphigoid  (ptm'fig  oid)  [irift^^  blister^ 
ilAnf,  like].  Resembling  or  having  the 
nature  of  pemphigus. 

Pemphigus  {fem'/igm)  [iriftft^,  a  blister]. 
An  acute  or  chronic  disease  of  the  skin  char- 
acterised by  the  appearance  of  bullae  or  blebs. 
Two  principal  varieties  are  described.  P. 
vulgaris,  and  P.  foliaceus.  P.  vulgaris  is 
itseally  chronic,  the  blebs  appearing  in  suc- 
cessive crops ;  on  healing  they  leave  a  pig- 
asentcd  spot.  Itching  and  pain  may  be  pres- 
ent. P.  Ibliaceus,  is  a  rare  form  character- 
ised by  crops  of  flaccid  blebs  containing  a  tur- 
bid fluid.  The  disease  is  usually  of  long 
duration  but  eventually  ends  fatally.  The 
cause  of  P.  u  not  definitely  known.  Other 
forms  of  P.  are:  P.  neonaU>rum,  an 
acute  form  of  P.  occurring  in  infants  and 
supposed  to  be  due  to  a  microorganism.  P. 
syphiliticus,  a  bullous  eruption  due  to 
syphilb.  P.  Tegetans,  Neumann's  dis- 
ease, an  afiection  characterized  by  sore 
mooth,  followed  by  some  form  of  dermatitis 
attended  by  vesication  and  followed  by  pap- 
illaiT  growths,  gradual  emaciation,  and  death. 

Peodjeh  Sofe.     See  FmrHHatlus  orientahs. 

PtnMkaaM{^^  ifti/us)  [^tuferr,  to  hang]. 
Hanging  down  loosely. 

Fmetnttillg  (^'-e-tr^t-ting)  [prmttrare,  to 
pierce].     Entering  beyond  the  surface.     P. 


Wound,  one  that  pierces  the  wall  of  a  cavity 
or  enters  into  an  organ. 

Penetration  (pme-tra'-skmn)  [ptmeirare.Xo 
pierce].  I.  The  act  of  penetrating  or  pier- 
cing mto.  2.  Of  a  microscope,  the  focal 
depth.  3.  The  entrance  of  the  penis  into  the 
vagina. 

Penicillium  { fern  u-i/^-f -urn)  [penidUuSt  a 
brush].  A  genus  of  fongi,  of  which  the  P. 
glaucum,  or  common  blue  mold,  is  a  familiar 
example. 

Penile  (py-m/)  Ipemu'},  Pertaining  to  the 
penis. 

Penis  (pe'-nis)  [L.].  The  male  organ  of 
copulation.  It  consists  of  the  corpus  spongi- 
osum, enclosing  the  urethra,  the  two  corpora 
cavernosa,  largely  composed  of  erectile  tissue* 
and  the  glans. 

Penitis  (pe-ni^'tis)  [penis,  penis ;  rrif ,  in- 
flammation].    Inflammation  of  the  penb. 

Penniform    (peM'-i/-prm\    [penna,  feather; 

forma,  form].  Shaped  like  a  feather;  said 
of  certain  muscles. 

Pennjrroyal  (/iTM-^-nw^-a/).     Set /Mtcma. 

Pennyweight  {pfn'-t-ws/}  [AS.,  pening, 
peimy;  wegan,  weigh].  A  weight  of  24 
grains. 

Pentad  (pen'taJ)  [ir^irr,  five].  An  ele- 
ment or  radicle  having  a  valence  of  five. 

Pentamethylendiamin  ( pen-iakmeekilem' 
di-am'-in).     See  Cadax^trin, 

Pentane  {pen'  tdM)  [iriyre,  five],  C,H„. 
The  fifth  member  of  the  paraflin-series  df  hy- 
drocarbons. It  is  a  liquid  and  occurs  in 
naphtha. 

Pentmvalent  (pentat/al-ent^  ^irrtM-r,  five  ; 
XHiienSy  having  power].     Quinquivalent. 

Pentene  {pen'  tht)  [irhnt,  five].  C,H,^ 
Amylene,  one  of  the  olefin  series  of  hjrdro- 
carbons. 

Pentose  {pen't&s)  [-rhtt,  five].  Any  one 
of  a  class  of  carbohydrates  containing  five 
atoms  of  carbon.  The  pentoses  are  not  fer- 
mentable, and  on  boiling  with  dilute  hydro- 
chloric acid  yield  forfurol.  C.H.O,. 

Pentosuria  (pmto  m'-re-ok)  [pentose;  ur- 
inn,  urine].  The  presence  of  pentose  in  the 
urine.  I  rine  containing  pentose  reduces 
Fehling*s  solution,  but  does  not  ferment. 

Pepper  [piper,  from  Skt  pipp<tla\  The 
fruit  of  various  species  of  Piper,  of  the  ordci 
Pipeniceae.  P.,  Black,  is  the  Piper  of  I'. 
S.  P.  (Piper  nigrum  of  B.  P.).  It  contains 
a  neutral  principle  piperin  (Piperinum,  U.  S. 
P.),  an  acrid  resin,  and  a  volatile  oil,  and  is 
used  as  a  condiment  and  as  a  carminative 
stimulant,  and  to  a  slight  extent  b  antiperi- 
odic.  iXisc  gr.  v-xx  (0.32-I.3).  Oleo- 
resins  piperis.  Dose  n\^  ^-j  (0.016-0.065). 
Piperinum.  I)ose  gr.  j-vj  (0.065-0.4).  P., 
White,  resembles  black  pepper  but  b  lets 
active. 


PEPPERMINT 


PERFLATION 


r 


Peppermint.    See  Mentha, 

Pepsin  [tt^V'C)  digestion].  A  ferment  found 
in  the  gastric  juice,  and  capable  of  digesting 
proteids  in  the  presence  of  an  acid.  It  splits 
albumin  into  antialbumose  and  hemialbumose, 
the  former  of  which  it  separates  into  two  mole- 
cules of  antipeptone,  while  the  latter  is  acted 
upon  by  trypsin  and  split  into  two  molecules 
of  hemipeptone.  Pepsin  is  used  in  medicine 
to  aid  digestion.  Pepsinum  (U.S.  P.,  B. 
P.)  is  obtained  from  the  stomach  of  pigs. 
Dose  gr.  x-xv  (0.65-1.0).  Pepsinum 
saccharatum  (U.  S.  P.),  is  pepsin  mixed 
with  sugar  of  milk.  Dose  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65- 
2.0).  Vinum  pepsini  (Unof.),  contains 
0.3  per  cent,  of  hydrochloric  acid.  Dose 
f^ss-i  (16.0-32.0). 

Pepsinogen   {pep-sin' -o-jen)    [wlVf,  diges- 
tion ;    ytwav^  to  beget].     The  antecedent 
substance  or  zymogen  01  pepsin,  present  in 
the  cells  of  the  gastric  glands,  and  which  ' 
during  digestion  is  converted  into  pepsin. 

Peptic  (/^-/^-/li)  [TriV«f,  digestion].  I.  Per- 
taining to  pepsin.  2.  Pertaining  to  diges- 
tion. P.  Glands,  the  glands  situated  in  the 
cardiac  and  middle  thirds  of  the  stomach,  and 
secreting  pepsin  and  hydrochloric  acid.  P. 
Ulcer,  the  round  ulcer  of  the  stomach,  due 
to  erosion  of  the  mucous  membrane  by  the 
gastric  juice. 

Peptogenic  {pep-io-jen'-ik)  [;ri?rr«v,  to 
cook;  yewdi',  to  produce].  Producing  pep- 
sin or  peptones. 

Peptone  (pep'-tdn)  [Tr^trreiv,  to  cook].  A 
proteid-body  formed  by  the  action  of  ferments 
on  albumins  during  gastric  and  pancreatic 
digestion.  It  may  be  considered  a  hydrated 
albumin.  Before  the  final  formation  of  pep- 
tone, several  similar  intermediate  compounds 
are  produced,  as  hemipeptone  and  antipep- 
tone.  (See  Pepsin,)  Amphopeptone  is  a 
mixture  of  these  two.  Propeptone  or  hemi- 
albumose  is  a  mixture  of  several  intermediate 
products.  Parapeptone  is  also  an  intermedi- 
ate product  of  digestion  and  is  closely  allied 
to  syntonin.  Gelatin -peptone  is  a  peptone 
formed  in  the  digestion  of  gelatin.  Peptones 
are  soluble,  readily  diffusible,  are  not  pre- 
cipitated by  boiling,  by  nitric  acid,  or  by 
potassium  ferrocyanid ;  they  are  precipitated 
by  mercuric  chlorid,  by  tannic  acid,  and  by 
phosphomolybdic  acid ;  they  give  Millon's 
test,  and  the  xanthoproteic  and  biuret  reac- 
tions ;  they  are  levorotatory. 

Peptonemia  {pep-to-ne' -me-ah )  {wkirreiv^  to 
cook  ;  ai^My  blood].  The  presence  of  pep- 
tone in  the  blood. 

Peptonization  (  pep- to-ni-%a' -shun)  [nhrrtLv^ 
to  cook].  The  process  of  converting  proteids 
into  peptones. 

Peptonize  (pep'-to-niz)  [nkirretv^  to  digest]. 
To  digest  with  pepsin ;  to  predigest 


Peptonuria  (pep-to-nu' -re-eih)  [irhrrt 
cook;  urinat  urine].  The  presence  0 
tones  in  the  urine. 

Peptotoxin  (pep-to-toks'-in)  [^rfnre 
cook ;  To^uidVf  poison] .  A  poisonous  pi 
found  in  peptones,  and  in  putrefying 
minous  substances,  such  as  fibrin,  c 
brain,  liver,  and  muscle.  P.,  Cbolei 
toxic  substance  generated  by  the  cl 
bacillus,  and  chemically  allied  to  peplc 

Peracute  (per-ak-m^)  [per,  through ;  a 
sharp].     Very  acute. 

Perception  {per-sef -shun)  [/^,  thr 
caper e,  to  receive].  I.  The  act  of  rec 
impressions  through  the  medium  of  the  s 
2.  The  faculty  receiving  such  impressi 

Perchloric  Acid  (per-kl(/-rik)[per^  thi 
X^pkt  green],  HCIO^.  The  htghes 
acid  of  chlorin.  It  is  a  volatile  liqu 
composing  in  contact  with  organic  subst 
and  forming  salts  called  Perchlorates 

Percolate  {per'-ko-UU)  ^perco/are,  to 
through].  I.  To  submit  to  the  proc 
percolation.  2.  The  solution  obtain 
percolation. 

Percolation  (per-ho-Za'-shun)  [perfol 
strain  through].  The  process  of  exti 
the  soluble  constituents  of  a  substa 
allowing  the  solvent  to  trickle  through 
dered  mass  placed  in  a  long  conic  ves* 
percolator. 

Percussion  (per-kush'-un)  [perm, 
strike  through] .  A  method  of  physta 
nosis  applied  by  striking  upon  any  pari 
body,  with  a  view  of  ascertaining  the 
tions  of  the  underlying  organs  by  the  1 
ter  of  the  sounds  elicited.  P.,  Auscull 
percussion  combined  with  auscultatior 
best  performed  by  placing  a  double  stetfc 
at  a  fixed  point  and  percussing  gen 
around.  P.,  Immediate,  percussion  ir 
the  surface  is  struck  directly,  without  tb 
position  of  a  pleximeter.  P.,  Instruo 
the  use  of  a  special  hammer  as  a 
either  alone  or  with  a  plate  as  a  plex 
P.,  Mediate,  the  percussion  in  w 
pleximeter  is  used.  P.-wave,  the  ten 
to  the  chief  ascending  wave  of  the  sp 
graphic  tracing. 

Percutaneous  ( per  -ku-ta'  -ne^m] 
through ;  cutis^  Uie skin].  Performed  t 
the  skin,  as  P.  faradization. 

Pereinn  {per-i'-rin).  An  amorphov 
lotd  found  in  the  bark  of  Geissos| 
Ixve.  Its  hydrochlorate  and  Taleriai 
used  as  antipyretics. 

Perflation  (per-Jla'-shun)  [perfiare, 
through].     I.  A  method  of  ventiU 
which  a  current  of  air  blowing   a^ 
dwelling  is  made  to  force  its  way  in. 
act  of  forcing  air  into  a  cavitj  for  the 
of  evacuating  fluid.      ' 


PERFORANS 


PERICECAL 


Perlbrmns  (per^-for^ant^  [/rr,  through; 
ffrare,  to  bore].  Penetrating  or  perforating, 
a  term  applied  to  a  muscle  or  nerve  perforat- 
ing a  part. 

Perforated  {^per* for-ated)  [per^  through; 
/orare^  to  borej.  Pierced  through.  P. 
Space,  a  part  of  tne  base  of  the  brain  pierced 
with  many  small  holes  for  the  passage  of 
blood-vessels.  The  anterior  P.  space  is  situ- 
ated on  the  inner  side  of  the  fissure  of  Syl- 
vius, the  posterior  P.  space  between  the  cor- 
pora albicantia  in  front,  the  pons  behind,  and 
the  crurw  cerebri  on  either  side. 

Perforation  (ptrfor-a'-skun)  [/^, through; 
forare^  to  bore].  I.  The  act  of  piercing  or 
boring  into  a  part ;  especially  the  piercing  of 
the  fetal  head  during  labor.  2.  A  hole  nuKk 
through  a  part  or  the  wall  of  a  cavity. 

Perforating  (per^ •for-a'ting)  f/rr,  through ; 
/»rflr^,  to  bore].  Piercing.  P.  Ulcer.  Sec 
Uicer, 

Perforator  (per* -for-a-tor)  [per,  throu^; 
forart,  to  bore].  An  instrument  for  bonng 
through  the  fetal  skull ;  also  for  perforating 
other  bones. 

Perforatus  (per-for-^  tus)  [per,  through; 
/i^rartt  to  bore].  Perforated,  applied  to  a 
muscle  which  is  perforated  by  another  muscle 
or  by  a  nerve. 

Perfoaion  ( per  -fm^  -  tkun)  [ptr^  through ; 
fundere^  to  pour].  A  pouring  of  fluid  into 
or  through. 

Peri-  {per't')  [irep/,  around]/  A  prefix  sig- 
nifying around,  or  surrounding. 

Perianal  {p<r-e-a^'Hal)  [irepi,  around ;  anus, 
anas].  Situated  or  occurring  around  the 
anas. 

Periarteritia  (ptr-ear'tir-if  'Hs)\j:tpi, 
around  ;  ^prtffua,  artery ;  me,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  external  sheath  of  an 
artery.  P.  nodoaa,  a  thickening  of  the 
arterial  coats  in  localized  areas,  producing 
nodular  swellingi. 

Periarthritis  (per-e-ar'thri' -Hs)  [jrepf, 
around;  ^fiiOpav,  joint;  trtf,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  tissues  about  a  joint 

Periarticular  (per'e-ar'tiJk^'tt'/ar)  [mpl^ 
around ;  artiat/iu,  joint].     About  a  joint. 

Periaxial  (per-e-aks'-ial)  [n-rpc,  around; 
ajnt\  Surrounding  an  axis.  P.  Neuritia, 
inflammation  of  the  myelin  sheath  but  not  of 
the  axis-cylinder  of  a  nerve. 

Periblast  (per^eS/as/)  [trrp/, around ;  P>ae' 
r4(,  a  genu].  The  protoplasm  surrounding 
the  nucleus  of  a  cell. 

Peribronchial  ( p^  -e  -  hronf^  -kt-aJ)  [nro/, 
around;  ^p6yx<Kf  bronchus].  Surrounding 
a  bronchus ;  occurring  about  a  bronchus. 

Peribronchitis  ( /rr- e •  brtrng- ki^  tij)  [ Ttpi' , 
around ;  ^y  xoK*  bronchus ;  tri/^^  inflamma- 
nation].  Inflammation  of  the  tissue  imme- 
diately forrounding  the  bronchi 


Pericardiac,  Pericardial  (per-ekar^-de-aJk^ 
per-e-kar^'de-ai)  [wep/,  around ;  Kopdia, 
heart].     Pertaining  to  the  pericardium. 

Pericarditis  (pgr-€-iarHli^tis)[n€pi, around; 
Kopdia,  heart ;  <r<Ct  inflammation].  Inflam- 
mation of  the  pericardium.  The  s3rmptoms 
are  slight  fever,  precordial  pain,  and  tender- 
ness, cough,  dyspnea,  and  rapid  pulse.  The 
ph)rsical  signs  vary — in  -the  early  stage  there 
IS  a  distinct  friction -sound  on  auscultation, 
and  sometimes  a  fremitus  on  palpation.  In 
the  stage  of  effusion  there  is  bulging  of  the 
precordia,  a  triangular  area  of  dulness,  the 
t)ase  of  which  is  downward ;  the  heart's 
sounds  are  muffled.  In  chronic  pericarditis 
with  adhesions  there  is  often  systolic  retrac- 
tion of  the  precordia.  The  causes  of  P.  are 
rheumatism,  the  acute  and  chronic  infectious 
diseases.  Bright* s  disease,  and  extension 
of  inflammation  from  neighboring  parts.  P., 
Adhesive,  P.  in  which  the  two  layers  of  peri- 
cardium tend  to  adhere .  P. ,  Carcinomatous, 
P.  due  to  carcinoma  of  the  pericardium.  P., 
Dry,  P.  without  eff'usion.  P.,  Pibrinoua,  a 
form  in  which  the  membrane  is  covered  with 
a  fibrinous  exudate,  first  soft  and  buttery  in 
consistence,  but  later  organising.  P., 
Hemorrhagic,  a  form  in  which  the  fluid  is 
hemorrhagic.  This  is  the  case  most  often  in 
tuberculous  pericarditis;  also  in  scorbutus 
and  in  cachectic  conditions.  P.,  Localised, 
a  form  giving  rise  to  whitish  areas,  the  so- 
called  milk-spots.  P.,  Purulent,  P.  in  which 
the  effused  fluid  becomei(  purulent.  P.,  Sero- 
fibrinous, a  form  in  which  there  is  but  little 
lymph  or  fibrin,  but  a  considerable  quantity 
of  serous  fluid.  P.,  Tuberculous,  P.  due  to 
tuberculous  infection  of  the  pericardium. 

Pericardium  f/vrw#.iar^-i£r . If  m )[  irrpi.around; 
Kopdia,  heart  J.  The  closed  membranous  sac 
enveloping  the  heart.  lu  base  is  attached 
to  the  central  tendon  of  the  diaphragm  ;  its 
apex  surrounds  for  a  short  distance  the  great 
vessels  arising  from  the  base  of  the  heart. 
It  consists  of  an  outer  fibrous  coat,  derived 
from  the  cervical  fascia,  and  an  inner  serous 
coat  The  sac  normally  contains  from  5-20 
grams  of  clear  serous  liquid.  The  part  in 
contact  with  the  heart  (visceral  P.)  is  termed 
the  epicardium,  the  other  is  the  parietal  P. 
P.,  Bread-and-butter,  a  peculiar  appear- 
ance produced  in  fibrinous  pericarditis,  by 
the  rubbing  of  the  two  surfaces  of  the  mem- 
brane over  each  other.  P.,  Shaggy,  a 
pericardium  upon  which,  as  the  result  of 
fibrinous  pericarditis,  thick,  loose,  shaggy 
layers  of  fibrin  are  deposited. 

Pericardotomy  [^per-e-kar  Jot^-^wu)  [peri- 
cardtum  :  roulf,  a  cutting].  The  opcratioo 
of  o;>ening  the  pericardium. 


r 


€mctUf  blind  j.     Surrounding  the  cecum. 


PELVIS 


PELVIS 


r' 


Male  Pelvis,  Seen  from  the  Front 


Infantile  Pelvis,  Viewed  in  the  Axis  of  the  Brim. 


Oblique  PelvU. 
From  ankylosis  of  tbe  hip-Joint  and  disuse  of  the  richt  Isf  . 


Oblique  Pelvb  of  Nacfele. 


Rachitic 


PERIPROCTITIS 


PERITYPHLITIS 


oping  around  the  portal  vein,  beginning  at  its 

entrance  into  the    liver,   thence  extending 

along    the    portal  vessels    to  the  remotest 

branches. 
Periproctitis    {per  -  e  -  prok  -  ti'  -  tis)     [irepi, 

around ;  irptMcrd^f  anus ;  free*  inflammation] . 

Inflammation  of  the  areolar  tissue  about  the 

rectum  or  anus. 
Perirectal   {per-e-rek' -tal)    [n-fp/,   around  ; 

rectum^  rectum].     About  the  rectum. 
Perirenal  {per-e-re' -nal)  \rrtpi^  around  ;  ren^ 

kidney].     Around  the  kidney. 
Perisalpingitis   {per-e-sal-pinji^ -tis)    {Trtpi, 

around  ;  a^7.'Kiy^^  tube  ;  iri^f  inflammation]. 

Inflammation  of  the  peritoneal  covering  of 

the  Fallopian  tube. 
Periscopic    {per-e-skof-ik)    [irfpt,   around ; 

OKonuVy   to    seel.      Designed    for    looking 

around,  as  a  P.  lens.     See  Lens, 
Perisplenitis    {per  -  e  -  splen  - 1  ^  -  tis)    [Trepi, 

around  ;  (ttta^,  spleen ;  iric,  inflammation]. 

Inflammation  of  the  peritoneal  coat  of  the 

spleen. 
Perissad  {^per^-is-ad)    [irepiaadq^  odd].     I. 

Having  an  odd  quantivalence.  as,  e.  g.^  nitro- 

fen,  the  quantivalence  of  wnich  is  three  or 
ve.  2.  An  element  having  such  a  quanti- 
valence. 

Peristalsis  {per-e-staF -sis)  [n-e/)/,  around; 
ardXffigf  constriction].  A  peculiar  wave-like 
movement  seen  in  tubes  provided  with  longi- 
tudinal and  transverse  muscular  fibers.  It 
consists  in  a  narrowing  and  shortening  of  a 
portion  of  the  tube,  which  then  relaxes  .while 
a  lower  portion  becomes  shortened  and 
narrowed.  By  means  of  this  movement  the 
contents  of  the  tube  are  forced  toward  the 
opening.  P.,  Reversed,  peristaltic  move- 
ment opposite  to  the  normal  direction. 

Peristaltic  {per-e-stal'-tik)  [n-ept,  around  ; 
<rr4^/f,  constriction].  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling peristalsis.  P.  Unrest,  a  common 
symptom  of  neurasthenia,  consisting  in  in- 
creased peristaltic  movements  of  the  stomach 
coming  on  shortly  after  eating,  with  bor- 
borygmus  and  gurgling. 

Perisystole  {per-e-sis^to-le)  [n-fp/,  around  ; 
ovarokiiy  contraction].  The  slight  interval 
between  the  diastole  and  systole. 

Perithelium  {per-ethe'-le-um)[TTepi,  around; 
Orjyff  nipple].  The  layer  of  cells  surround- 
ing the  capiflaries  and  smaller  vessels. 

Peritomy  {per-i/^-o-me)\^nepi^  around  ;  rofti/, 
a  cutting],  i.  The  removal  of  a  strip  of 
conjunctival  and  subconjunctival  tissue  from 
about  the  cornea,  for  the  relief  of  pann'us.  2. 
Circumcision. 

Peritoneal  {per-e-ton-e' -al)  [peritoneum]. 
Pertaining  to  the  peritoneum. 

Peritoneum  {per-eion-e'-um)  [Trepi^  around ; 
reivetVf  to  stretch].  The  serous  membrane 
lining  the  interior  of  the  abdominal  cavity 


and  surrounding  the  contained  viscera, 
tracing  its  extension  we  may  begin  at  i 
diaphragm  and  take  two  layers.  From 
diaphragm  two  layers  of  peritoneum  proc< 
to  the  liver;  they  separate  to  enclose  t 
organ,  meet  again  on  its  under  aspect,  t 
pass  on,  as  the  gastrohepatic  omentum,  to 
lesser  curvature  of  the  stomach.  They  « 
brace  the  stomach,  and,  meeting  again  at 
greater  curvature,  pass  down  in  front  of 
small  intestine,'  forming  the  great  omenta 
They  are  then  reflected  upward  as  far  as 
trarsverse  colon,  which  they  enclose,  inecl 
again  at  the  back  of  the  colon,  and  procc 
ing  to  the  spine  as  the  transverse  mesocol 
Here  the  two  layers  diverge ;  the  uppci 
cends  in  front  of  the  pancreas  to  the  uc 
surface  of  the  diaphragm,  the  starting-pc 
The  lower  layer  is  reflected  from  the  sp 
over  the  small  intestines,  as  the  mesent 
From  the  root  of  the  mesentery  it  passes 
the  pelvis,  invests  the  upper  part  of  the 
tum,  and  is  thence  reflected  on  the  blad 
forming  between  the  two  the  rectovei 
pouch.  In  the  woman  it  is  reflected  I 
the  rectum  to  the  upper  part  of  the  vaf 
and  thence  over  the  uterus,  from  whit 
proceeds  to  the  bladder.  From  the  bla 
it  passes  up  the  anterior  wall  of  the  abdc 
to  the  diaphragm.  The  following  stnici 
are  completely  invested  by  peritoneum 
The  stomach,  liver,  spleen,  first  portioi 
the  duodenum,  jejunum,  ileum,  tran^' 
colon,  sigmoid  flexure,  the  upper  part  c 
rectum  and  of  the  uterus,  and  the  ovarie 

Peritonitis  (per-  e  -  ton  - 1' .  tis)  [xeptroi 
peritoneum;  frtf,  inflammation].  Inflai 
tion  of  the  peritoneum.  It  may  be  ncu 
chropic.  Acute  P.  may  be  due  to  exp 
to  cold  and  wet  (Idiopathic  P.),  tia 
tism,  perforation  of  an  abdominal  v 
extension  from  neighboring  parts, 
matism,  or  to  Bright's  disease.  The  s 
toms  are  moderate  fever,  a  wiry  pulsj 
dominal  pain,  tenderness,  and  diNten 
the  patient  lies  on  his  back  with  the  t 
flexed ;  there  is  vomiting  and  constip 
Chronic  P.  is  due  to  tuberculosis,  sy\ 
carcinoma,  nephritis,  or  it  may  tx 
sequel  of  an  acute  attack.  P.,  Adh< 
peritonitis  with  adhesion  between  tbepj 
and  visceral  layers.  P.,  Diffuse,  that 
ing  the  entire  peritoneum.  P.,  Puer] 
that  following  labor,  and  usiially  due  to 
infection.  P.,  Septic,  peritonitis  due 
microorganisms  of  suppuration . 

PeriXonsiU at{ per-e-ton^ •si/-ar)[rrrf:M^  or 
tonsillar  tonsil].     About  the  ton.siL 

Perityphlitis  {per-etif-ti' -tis)  [irr^i,  u 
n^^cic,  blind;  £nc,  inflammatioo3-  I 
mation  of  the  peritoneum  sorrouxKlit 


PERIURETHRITIS 


PESTILENCE 


Periurethritis  ( per-t-ure-thn^-Hs)  [ire/w, 
around;  ovpff^pa^  urethra;  <r<c,  inflamma- 
tion], loflammatlon  of  the  connective  tis- 
sue about  the  urethra. 

Periuterine  { per-t-u^ -ter-in)  [jrep/,  around; 
Mttrwy  uterus].     About  the  uterus. 

Perivascular  (pfr-t-vas^-ku'lar)  [peri^ 
around  ;  vascular].     About  a  vessel. 

Perkinsism  (per^- kins-ism).  A  method  of 
empiric  treatment  devised  by  Elishn  Perkins, 
a  Connecticut  physician.  It  consisted  in 
drawing  over  the  affected  part  the  extremities 
of  two  rods  (metallic  tractors)  of  different 
metals;  tractoration. 

Perleche  (1«)  (lah  pAr-Utsh)  [Fr.].  A  pecu- 
liar contagious  disease  of  the  mouth  occurring 
in  children.  It  consists  in  a  thickening  and 
desquamation  of  the  epithelium  at  the  angles 
of  the  mouth,  with  occasionally  the  formation 
of  small  Assures,  giving  rise  to  a  smarting 
sensation  in  the  lips.  The  disease  is  proba- 
bly microbic  in  origin. 

Perles'Anemia-bodies.  Small,  dub-shaped, 
actively  motile  bodies,  from  3  to  4  ^  in  length, 
found  by  Perles  in  the  blood  in  three  cases 
of  pernicious  anemia. 

Perles  or  Pearls,  Laeimec's,  the  rounded 
gelatinous  masses  of  sputum  seen  in  the  early 
stage  of  an  attack  of  bronchial  asthma. 

Perlsucht  [G.].     See  Pearl-disease. 

Permanent  (per^-man-ent)  [per,  through; 
manere^  to  remain].  Lasting;  fixed;  endur- 
ing, as  P.  teeth. 

Permanganate  (per-man'-gan-dt).  A  salt 
of  permanganic  acid.     See  Manganese. 

Permanganic  Acid  (per  -  man  -gan'  -  ti), 
HMnO|.  A  monobasic  acid  known  chiefly 
in  its  salts. 

Permeable  (per^-me-a-bl)  [per,  through; 
meare,  to  pass].  Capable  of  affording  pas- 
sage. P.  Stricture,  a  stricture  that  permits 
Che  passage  of  an  instrument. 

Pernicious  (per-nish^ -us)  [pemiciosus,  de- 
structive]. Highly  destructive ;  of  intense  se- 
verity; deadly;  fatal.  P.  Anemia,  a  disease  of 
the  blood  characterized  by  a  great  diminution 
in  the  number  of  red  corpuscles,  and  a  rela- 
dvely  smaller  diminution  of  the  hemoglobin, by 
the  presence  in  the  blood  of  poikilocytes,  ma- 
crocytes,  microcytes,  and  nucleated  red  cor- 
puscles. A  symptomatic  pernicious  anemia 
may  be  produced  by  parasites  in  the  intestinal 
canal,  by  atrophy  of  the  gastric  mucous  mem- 
brane, and  by  hemorrhage.  The  nature  of  pri- 
mary pernicious  anemia  is  still  obscure.  Most 
writer^  believe  that  the  disease  is  dependent 
upon  increased  hemolysis,  i.e.,  blood- destruc- 
tion. The  disease  most  common  in  middle 
life  is  usually  fatal,  although  recoveries  are 
reported  in  several  instances.  P.  Malaria. 
Sec  Malaria.  P.  Vomiting,  persistent,  un- 
controllable vomiting,  occurring  in  pregnancy. 


Pernio  (per^-nf-o)  [L.].  Synonym  of  Chil- 
blain. 

Peroneal  {per-o-ne^-al)  [nep6vn,  pin].  Per- 
taining to  the  fibula. 

Peroneus  (per-o-ne^-us)  \ntp6vTf,  pin].  Per- 
taining to  the  fibula.  P.  Muscle.  See 
Muscles,  Table  of. 

Peronospora  (per-o-nos'-po-rah)  [nep6vn, 
point;  air6poi,  spore].  A  genus  of  fungi 
producing  mildew.  F.  ferrani,  P.  barcin- 
one,  a  species  that  was  supposed  to  cause 
cholera.  P.  lutea,  a  species  that  has  been 
held  to  be  the  cause  of  yellow  fever. 

Per  OS  [L.].     By  the  mouth. 

Perosomus  (pe-ro-scZ-mus)  [ff»7p^»  maimed ; 
oCifia,  body].  A  monster  presenting  mal- 
formation of  the  entire  body. 

Perozid  (peroks'-id)  [per,  through;  6^{>f, 
sharp].  That  oxid  of  any  base  which  con- 
tains the  most  oxygen. 

Perplication  ( per  -  plik  -  a^  -  shun)  [  per, 
through;  plicare,  to  fold].  The  operation 
of  turning  an  incised  vessel  upon  itself  by 
drawing  its  end  through  an  incision  in  its 
own  wall. 

Per  rectum  [L.].     By  the  rectum. 

Personal  (per^-son-al)  [persona,  a  person]. 
Pertaining  to  a  person.  P.  Equation,  the 
peculiar  difference  of  indiriduals  in  their 
reaction  to  tarious  orders  of  stimuli. 

Perspiration  (per-spir-a'-shun)[perspiraiio  ; 
perspirare,  to  perspire].  I.  The  secretion 
of  sweat.  2.  The  sweat.  P.,  Insensible, 
that  which  takes  place  constantly,  the  fluid 
being  evaporated  as  fast  as  secreted.  P., 
Sensible,  that  accumulating  in  visible  drops 
or  beads ;  the  sweat. 

Perspire  (  per-spir^)  [  perspirare] .   To  sweat 

Pertussis  ( per-tus^-ts) .    See  Whooping-cough. 

Peruvian  (pe-ru^-ve-an)  f/VniJ.  Pertain- 
ing to  Peru.     P.  Bark.     See  Cinchona. 

Pervious  (per^-ve-us)  [per,  through;  tna, 
way].     Open ;  permeable. 

Pes  (pex)  [L.].  A  foot,  or  foot-like  struc- 
ture. P.  accessorius,  the  eminentia  colla- 
teralis,  a  smooth  white  eminence  in  the 
brain,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  poste- 
rior and  descending  comua  of  the  lateral 
ventricle.  P.  anserinus,  goose's  foot; 
the  radiate  branching  of  the  facial  nerve 
after  its  exit  at  the  side  of  the  face.  P. 
hippocampi  major,  the  lower  portion  of 
the  hippocampus  major.  P.  hippocampi 
minor.     The  same  as  Hippocampus  minor. 

Pessary  (pes^-ar-e)  [neaab^,  an  oval-shaped 
stone].  An  instrument  placed  in  the  vagina 
to  hold  the  uterus  in  position. 

Pestiferous  {pes- Hf  - er - ous)  [ pestis,  pest ; 

ferre,  to  bear].     Causing  pestilence. 

Pestilence  (pes' -til -ens)  [pestis,  plague]. 
Any  deadly  epidemic  disease,  especially  the 
plague. 


i 
{ 


PESTILENTIAL 


PHAGOCYTE 


Pe8tilential(/^j-/f7-«f^-j^a/)[/«/M,  plague]. 
Having  the  nature  of  or  producing  a  pesti- 
lence. 

Pestle  {pfs^-i)  [pisfii/um].  The  instniment 
with  which  substances  are  rubbed  in  a  mortar. 

Petechia  (pet-e^ - kf-ah)  [li,,  peteche.M,  flea- 
bite].  A  small  spot  beneath  the  epidermis, 
due  to  an  effusion  of  blood. 

Petechial  (pet-e^-ke-al)  [It.,  peteche,  flea- 
bite].  Characterized  by  or  of  the  nature  of 
petechise.     P.  Fever,  typhus  fever. 

Petit,  Canal  of  (pef-e^).     See  CanaL 

Petit  Mai  {p^t-e  mahl)  [Fr.,  litUe  illness]. 
A  slight  epileptic  seizure  characterized  by  a 
momentary,  scarcely  recognizable  loss  of  con- 
sciousness, often  with  an  upward  staring  of 
the  eyes  and  fibrillary  movements  of  the  facial 
muscles.     See  Epilepsy. 

Pctit's  Triangle.    See  Triangles,  Table  of. 

Petri's  Dishes.  Shallow,  double  glass-dishes, 
for  use  in  cultivating  bacteria. 

Petrifaction  ( pet -ri/ak^- shun)  [?rir^,  a 
stone;  facere,  to  make].  Conversion  into 
stone,  as  P.  of  the  fetus,  the  formation  of  a 
lithopedion. 

Petrolatum  ( pet-  ro  -  la'-  turn)  [  rr^pa,  rock ; 
oleum,  oil].  A  jelly-like  preparation  obtained 
from  the  residuum  of  petroleum,  soluble  in 
ether,  insoluble  in  water  and  idcohol,  and 
known  commercially  as  vaselin  or  cosmolin. 
It  is  used  as  a  basis  for  ointments  and  as  an 
emollient.  P.  liquidum  (U.  S.  P.),  liquid 
petrolatum.  P.  molle  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  soft 
petroleum-ointment.  P.  spissum  (U.  S.  P.), 
hard  petroleum. 

Petroleum  (pet-ro'-le-um)  [nhpa,  rock; 
oleum,  oil].  An  oily  liquid  issuing  from  the 
earth  in  various  places,  and  consisting  of  a 
mixture  of  hydrocarbons  with  small  amounts 
of  oxidation-products.  The  hydrocarbons 
belong  chiefly  to  the  paraflin-series. 

Petromastoid  i pet- ro- mas'- toid)  [irtrpa, 
stone ;  mastoid].  Pertaining  to  the  petrous 
and  mastoid  portions  of  the  temporal  bone. 
P.  Canal,  a  short  passage  connecting  the 
mastoid  sinuses  and  the  tympanic  cavity.  P. 
Foramen,  the  tympanic  orifice  of  the  petro- 
mastoid canal. 

Petrooccipital  (pet-ro-ok-sip'-ii-al)  [nkrpa, 
stone;  occiput,  occiput].  Pertaining  to  the 
petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone  and  to 
the  occipital  Ixjne. 

Petrosal  {pet-ro'-zal)  {jrhpa,  rock].  I. 
Pertaining  to  the  petrous  portion  of  the  tem- 
poral bone,  as  the  P.  sinus  (superior  and 
inferior),  P.  nerves.  2.  The  petrous  portion 
of  the  temporal  bone  itself. 

Petroselinum  {pet -ro - se - li'-num)  [wirpa, 
rock  ;  afkivov,  parsley].     See  Parsley. 

Petrosomastoid (petro-so-mas'-toid).  Syno- 
nym of  Petromastoid. 

Petrosphenoid  (pet -ro-sfe'- moid)  [nirpa. 


rock;  offp^,  wedge;  e\6o^,  like].  Per 
ing  to  the  petrous  portion  of  the  tern) 
bone  and  the  sphenoid  bone.  P.  Sot 
the  suture  between  the  temporal  bone 
the  great  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone. 

Petrosquamosal,  Petrosquamous  ipi 
skwa  -  mo  '-  sal,  pet  -  ro  -  skwa  '•  mus)  [iri 
rock ;  squama,  scale].  Pertaining  to  th^ 
trous  and  squamous  portions  of  the  tem 
bone.  P.  Fissure,  P.  Suture,  the  lin 
juncture  of  the  squamous  and  petrous 
tions  of  the  temporal  bone.  P.  Sim 
venous  passage  formed  in  the  dura  mat 
the  junction  of  the  petrous  and  squamous 
tions  of  the  temporal  bone.  It  opens 
the  lateral  sinus. 

Petrous  (pe'-trus)  [irirpa,  rock].  I.  S 
of  the  haniness  of  stone,  as  the  r.  porti^ 
the  temporal  bone.     2.  See  Petrosal. 

Pettenkoffer's  Test.  A  test  for  the  pre 
of  biliary  acids.  A  few  drops  of  the 
pected  liquid  are  dropped  into  a  fresh 
tion  of  sugar  and  dilute  sulphuric  add 
biliary  acids  be  present  a  purplish-cri 
color  is  produced. 

Peyer's  Glands  or  Patches.  Aggreg^ 
of  Ijrmph-follicles  situated  in  me  m 
membrane  of  the  lower  part  of  the  sm4 
testine,  opposite  the  mesenteric  attachn 

Pfeiffer's  Phenomenon.  When  a  m 
of  cholera-germs  and  cholera  antitoxic 
is  injected  into  the  peritoneal  cavity 
guinea-pig,  the  microorganisms  are  q 
destroyed  and  dissolved.  This  does  not 
when  normal  or  other  serum  is  employe 
are  other  organisms  destroyed  when  in 
together  with  cholera-serum.  The  sam 
nomenon  has  been  observed  in  the  c 
the  typhoid -bacillus  and  typhoid  an 
serum,  and  is  a  valuable  differential  sig 

Pfliiger's  Law.  The  law  that  a  nerve 
b  stimulated  by  the  appearance  of  catel 
onus  and  the  disappearance  of  anelectrc 
but  not  under  the  reverse  condition . 

Phacoidoscope  {fa-koid' -o-scop).  Syi 
of  Pnacoscope. 

Phacosclerosis  i/a-ko'skle-rt/-sis)  \ 
lens;   aiusfpd^,   nard].      Hardening 
crystalline  lens. 

Phacoscope    (faf-ko-skdp)    [^(unSc, 
OKtmeiv,  to  inspect].     An  instrument 
serving  the  accommodative  changes  of  tl 

Phagedena  {/aj-ed-e'-naA)  [^o/ddoiftf 
^eiv,  to  eat  J.  A  rapidly  spreading  d 
Uve  ulceration  of  soft  parts. 

Phagedenic  (/aj'ed-en'-ik)  [#«i;< 
^yetv,  to  eat].  Of  the  nature  of  phag 
P.  Chancroid,  a  chancroid  that  i 
rapidly  and  destroys  a  large  amount  ol 

Phagocyte  [fag-o-slt)  \j^yuv^  to  eat ; 
cell].  A  cell  having  the  property  of  < 
ing  and  digesting  foreign  or  other  p 


PHAGOCYTIC 


PHARYNGOCELE 


bsnnfu]  to  the  body.  Phagocytes  are  either 
fixed— endothelial  celb,  nxed  connective- 
Cbaiie  cells— or  free — the  wandering  cells  or 
leukocytes.  A  large  phagocyte  is  termed  a 
macrophage  ;  a  small  one,  a  microphage. 

Phagocytic  (fag-o-sit'-ik)  [<^)eiv,  to  eat; 
«irroc,  cell].  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  caused  by 
phagocytes. 

I^hagocytosis  {fag-o-sitt/sis)  \i^yt\v^  to 
cat ;  nrroc,  cell].  The  ingestion  of  foreign 
or  other  jparticies,  principally  bacteria,  by 
certain  ceUs.  P.  has  been  claimed  to  l>e  the 
cause  of  immanity  against  infectious  diseases. 

Phakitia  {fa-ki'-Hs)  [fax^c,  lens;  mc,  in- 
flammation]. Inflammation  of  the  crystal- 
line leos  oi  the  eye ;  a  condition  that  has, 
howerer,  not  been  observed. 

Phako-.    See  Phac<h, 

Phalacroais  {Jal-ak-ro' -sis)  [faAA«/>^,bald]. 
Baldoess. 

Phalangeal  {faian'-je-al)  \<^6Xay^f  pha- 
lanx].    Pertaining  to  a  phalanx. 

Phalanges  (falan^-jH)  [f^Xay^,  phalanx]. 
Plural  of  Phalanx. 

Phalanx  ifa'-lanki)  [#<iA<i>^,  phalanx],  i. 
One  of  the  bones  of  the  Angers  or  toes.  2. 
One  of  the  delicate  processes  of  the  head- 
plate  of  the  outer  rod  of  Corti  projecting  be- 
yood  the  inner  rod. 

Phallic  ( fal'ik)  [^aAA<^,  penis] .  Pertaining 
to  the  penis. 

Phallus  (/aP'Us)  [faXA^^c,  penis].     Penis. 

Phaneroacope  (fam^  -er-o- skdp)  [favep<ic, 
visible  ;  ffxoireiv,  to  see].  An  instrument  for 
rendering  the  skin  transparent ;  it  is  used  in 
namining  for  diseases  of  the  skin,  such  as 
Ittpna. 

Phantasm  {/an'-tatm)  [<^avT&:^eiv^  to  render 
visible].  An  illusive  perception  of  an  object 
that  does  not  exist ;  an  optic  illusion ;  an 
apparition. 

Phantom  {/an' -turn)  ^favr<iCVf  to  make  visi- 
ble]. I.  An  apparition.  2.  A  model  of  a 
part  or  the  whole  of  the  human  body  used  in 
practising  various  operations  and  procedures. 
P.»tamor,  a  tumor-like  swelling  produced 
artificially  by  the  contraction  of  a  muscle  or 
by  other  causes. 

Phannacatitic  {/ar-ma'su^'fth)  l^apfutiuifetv, 
to  adminiater  a  drug].     Pertaining  to  phar- 


Phaffmaceotics  (far-ma-su'tiks)  [(^apftwui- 

ffv,  to  administer  a  drug].     See  Pharmacy 

(istdef.). 
Phannacist    (far^  -  ma  -  sisi)   [fdp^iiMov,    a 

drug].     An  apothecary. 
PlMrmaco*  (far-ma- ko-)  l^pfiwcov,  drug]. 

A  pfefix  meaning  jpertaining  to  drugs. 
Phannaeodynamka  (/ar-ma-k»iiiHam'- 

iiy>  [^d^vHuov,  drug ;  cfi'Mi^c,  force].     The 
*.  oi  the  action  of  drugs. 

PhannacogiMsy  (/ir- 


ma-kog' -no-sis,  far-ma-kog' -no-se)  [fdpfuutov, 
drug ;  yvijai(,  knowledge].  The  science  of 
crude  drugs. 

Pharmacography  (far-ma-ki^-ra-fe).  See 
Pharmcu^nosy. 

Pharmacologist  (Jar-makoV -ojisi)  Ifdpfio- 
Kov,  drug;  ^^yoc,  science].  One  versed  in 
pharmacology. 

Pharmacology  (far-ma-kol^ -o-je)  l^pfioKov, 
drug;  ^6yof,  science].  The  science  of  the 
nature  and  properties  of  drugs. 

Pharmacopeia  (far-ma- ko-p^ -ah)  [^pfio- 
KoVf  drug;  noielv^  to  make].  A  collection 
of  formulas  and  methods  for  the  preparation 
of  drugs,  especially  a  book  of  such  formdlas 
recognized  as  a  standard,  as  the  United  States 
or  British  P.  The  former  is  issued  every  ten 
years,  under  the  supervision  of  a  national 
coounittee. 

Pharmacopeial  (far-ma- ko-pe^ -al)  l^fia- 
KoVf  drug ;  wouiv,  to  make].  Contained  in 
or  sanctioned  by  the  pharmacopeia. 

Pharmacy  (far*-ma-se)  [fapfioMiia,  the  use 
of  drugs].  I.  The  art  of  preparing,  com- 
pounding, and  dispensing  medicines.  2.  A 
drug- store. 

Pharyngeal  (fa  r-in'  -jeal)  [fdpvyi, 
pharynx].  Pertaining  to  the  pharynx.  P. 
TonsiL  See  Luschka's  Tonsil,  P.  Tu- 
bercle, a  small  elevation  near  the  middle  of 
the  inferior  surface  of  the  basilar  process  of  the 
occipital  bone,  for  the  attachment  of  the 
pharynx. 

Pharyngectomy  (far-in-jck' -io-me)  [^dpv^f, 
pharynx;  i«T«y<j^,  excision].  Excision  of 
the  pharynx. 

Pharyngismus  (far-in-jis'-mus)  [f^pvyi, 
pharynx].     Spasm  of  the  pharynx. 

Pharyngitis  [far-in-ji'-tis)  [fapi^f,  phar- 
ynx; iri^^  inflammation].  Inflammatioa  of 
the  pharynx.  P.,  Acute,  P.,  Catarrhal,  is 
due  to  expoMire  to  cold,  to  the  action  of  irri- 
tant substances,  or  to  certain  infectious 
causes,  and  is  characterized  by  (>ain  00  swal- 
lowing, by  dryness,  later  by  moisture,  and  by 
congestion  of  the  mucous  membrane.  P. 
Chronic,  this  is  generally  the  result  of  re- 
peated acute  attacks,  and  is  associated  either 
with  hypertrophy  of  the  mucous  membrane 
fP.,  Hypertrophic),  or  with  atrophy  (P., 
Atrophic).  P.,  Croupous,  P.,  Diphther* 
ic,  b  characterized  by  the  presence  of  a 
false  membrane,  the  product  of  the  actioii 
of  the  diphtheria-bacillus.  P.,  Granular,  a 
form  of  chronic  pharyngitis  in  which  the  mu- 
cous membrane  has  a  granular  appearance. 

Pharyngo-  (  far-im*  gv-)  [^4opv>f,  pharynx]. 
A  pfefix  signifying  pertaining  to  the  pharynx. 

Pharyngocele  ( far-  in'-go-sil )  [0<i/>v>  ^ , 
pharynx;  s^^,  tumor].  A  hernia  or  pooch 
of  the  pharynx  projecung  through  the  pharyn- 
geal waU. 


PHARYNGOLARYNGEAL 


PHLEBITIS 


Ik 


PhasyngolBxyngtal{/ar'in-^'hr-iH^-je-a/) 
[^pvy^t  phaiynx;  X&fwy^,  larynx].  Per- 
taining both  to  the  pharynx  and  the  larynx. 

Phaiy ngolaryngitis  {far-in  -go-lar-  in  -ji^- 
tis)  [^pvyf ,  pharynx  ;  TJipvy^^  larynx ;  rrif , 
innammation].  Simultaneous  inflammation 
of  the  larynx  and  pharynx. 

Pharyngomycosis  {far  -  in  -go  -  mi  -  kt/sis) 
[^pvy^t  pharynx ;  fihiajCf  fungus].  Disease 
of  the  pharynx  due  to  the  action  of  fungi. 

Pharyngoplegia  {/ar  -  in  -  go  -  //r'  -/>  -  a  A) 
[^/wyf ,  pharynx ;  n^ffy^y  a  stroke].  Paral- 
ysis of  the  muscles  of  the  pharynx. 

Pharyngoscope  {far-in' -go-skdp)  [^pvyf, 
pharynx  ;  awwrciv,  lo  inspect].  An  instru- 
ment for  use  in  examining  the  pharynx. 

Phaiyngoscopy  {far-ingos* -ko-pt)  [^apwyf, 
pharynx  ;  owmtlv^  to  examine].  Examina- 
tion of  the  pharynx  with  the  pharyngoscope. 

Phar3mgo8pa8m  {far-in' -go-spaxm) [^4/ovyf, 
pharynx  ;  anaafi6^t  spasm] .  Spasmodic  con- 
traction of  the  pharyngeal  muscles. 

Pharyngotome  (farin'-go-tdm)  [^pvy^, 
pharynx ;  rofi'^t  a  cutting].  An  instrument 
for  incising  the  pharynx. 

Pharyngotomy  {far-in-gof-o-me)  [^pvyf, 
pharynx;  ronii^  a  cutting].  Incision  into 
the  pharynx.  P.,  Inferior,  one  in  which 
the  tissues  between  the  hyoid  bone  and  the 
cricoid  cartilage  are  divided.  P.,  Lateral, 
incision  into  one  side  of  the  pharynx.  P., 
Subhyoidean,  that  through  the  thyrohyoid 
membrane. 

Pharyngotonsillitia  (far-in-go-ton-sil-i' -tis) 
[66pvy^,  pharjmx  ;  tonsiIlitis\.  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  pharynx  and  the  tonsil. 

Phar3mx  (far'-inx)  [^pvyf ,  throat].  The 
musculomembranous  pouch  situated  back  of 
the  nose,  mouth,  and  larynx,  and  extending 
from  the  base  of  the  skull  to  a  point  opposite 
the  sixth  cervical  vertebra,  where  it  becomes 
continuous  with  the  esophagus.  It  isiined 
by  mucous  membrane,  covered  in  its  upper 

{>art  with  columnar  ciliated  epithelium,  in  its 
ower  part  with  stratified  epithelium.  On 
the  outside  of  this  is  a  layer  of  fibrous  tissue, 
the  pharyngeal  aponeurosis.  This  in  turn  is 
surrounded  by  the  muscular  coat.  The 
upper  portion  of  the  pharynx  communicates 
with  the  nose  through  the  posterior  nares,  is 
known  as  the  nasopharynx,  and  functionally 
belongs  to  the  respiratory  tract ;  the  lower 
portion  is  divided  into  the  oropharynx  and 
laryngopharynx,  and  is  a  part  of  the  digestive 
tract.  The  fdiarynx  communicates  with  the 
middle  ear  by  means  of  the  Eustachian  tube. 
Phenacetin  (fe-nas'-ft-in)  [phenol;  acetum, 
vinegar], C,oH,^0,.  Acetphenetidin.  a  com- 
pound derived  from  phenol,  hiving  antipyretic 
andantineuralgic|ffoperties.  It  is  crystalline, 
tasteless,  and  idmo  it  insolubk  in  water.  Dose 
gr.  iv-xxx  (0.26-a.o). 


Phenate  {fi-nat)  [phenoi\  A  compouw 
phenol  and  a  base ;  a  carbolate. 

Phenet  idin  ( fe  -  mt'  -id -in)  [ph^n 
CgH,,NO.  The  base  from  which  phenat 
is  prepared  by  substitution.* 

Phenic  Acid  \pkenoi\    Sec  Add,  Carl 

Phenocoll  (fi'-no-Jko/)  [pAeno/],  C,a 
N^O,.  Amidophenacetin,  a  substance 
sembling  phenacetin,  and  the  bydrochl 
of  which  is  used  as  an  antipyretic.  ] 
gr.  x-xv  (0.65-1.0). 

Phenol  {fe'-nol )  [^ivi^,  purple-red] .  i . 
bolic  acid.  2.  Any  derivative  of  ben 
homologous  with  phenol. 

Phenolphthalein  (fe-ncl-tka' -le-in)  [0* 
purple-red  ;/^Atf//V].  A  substance  pixxl 
by  the  su:tion  of  phenol  on  phthalic  aci< 
used  generally  in  a  I  per  cent,  solution 
per  cent,  alcohol ,  as  a  delicate  test  for 
and  alkalies.  It  is  turned  red  by  alkalie 
decolorized  by  acids. 

Phenolsulphonic  Acid  {ft-nol-sulfon 
Sulpkocarbolic  Acid, 

Phenyl  {fe^-nil)  [^v^,  purple-red  ; 
matter].  The  univalent  radicle,  CJt\ 
phenol. 

Phenyl-glucoeazone  (fe-nil-glu-ko' -sa 
CjgH^N^O^.  A  yellow  crystalline  com] 
produced  in  the  phenyl-hydrazin  test  fc 
cose. 

Phenyl-glycuronic  Acid  {-giik-u-ro^ 
A  crystalline  body,  a  compound  of  \ 
and  glycuronic  acid,  occurring  in  the 
after  the  ingestion  of  phenol. 

Phenyl-hydrazin  (fe-nil-hi'-dra-xin^ . 
N,.  A  liquid  base,  crystallizing  in  plat 
hydrochlorate  of  which  is  used  as  a  t* 
sugar  (Phenyl-hydrazin  test). 

Phenylic  (fenil'ik)  [^iv/f,  purplt 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  phenyl. 

Phenyl-urethane  (fi-nil-u'-rtth  -an ) . 
NO,.     See   Euphorin. 

Phial  ift'-al)  [<^tdhf,  a  saucer].  A 
glass  bottle ;  a  vial. 

Phimosis  {f-mo'-sis)  [^tftdc^  a  m 
Elongation  and  constriction  of  the  pi 
so  that  the  latter  cannot  be  retracted  o 
glans  penis. 

Phlebectasia,  Phlebectasis  (Jfrh-^A 
ah^fleb-ek'-tas-is)  [(^7^^vt\t^\  Itcrnoi 
tation].     Dilatation  of  a  vein  ;  varicc 

Phlebectomy  {fleb-ek' -to-me)  [^XeV 
iicrofi^,  excision].     Excision  of  a  veil 

Phlebitis  (fleb-i' -tis)  \<fi^t^,  vein:  i 
flammation  J.  Inflammation  of  a  vein 
is  generally  suppurative  (sut)puratii 
and  is  the  result  of  the  extension  of  <: 
tion  from  adjacent  tissues.  It  leadi 
formation  of  a  thrombus  within  tl 
(Thrombophlebitis),  which  may  brea] 
and  cause  the  distribution  of  septic  n 
▼arious  parts  of  the  body.     When  xk 


PHARYNX 


PHARYNX 


i 
i 


Pbftryiui,  Opened  Posteriorly,  Showing  Laryific,  Toociie,  and  Soft  Fftlate. 

a.  Cartitac^noat  expansion  of  the  Eustachian  tube.  B.  Posterior  nasal  openings.  C.  Soft  palate.  D 
Uvula.  R.  £.  Posterior  pillar  of  the  palate.  F.  Tonsil.  G,G.  Pharvnx,  opened  in  median  line.  H. 
Base  of  the  tongnie.  I.  Fpixlottis.  K.  Left  glofwo-cpirlottidean  fold.  L.  Superior  opening  of  the 
larynx.  M.  Thvroid  cartila^^e.  N.  Posterior  surface  oi  thelar\'nx.  O.  Group  of  grape-like  glands 
constantly  found  in  this  position.  P.  I'pper  extremity  of  the  es(>phagus.  i.  Azygo»  uvulae  muscle, 
a.  Levator  palati  muscle,  t,  3.  Palatophar>'ngeus  muscle.  4.  Salpinropharyngcus  muscle.  5.  In- 
ternal portion  ol  the  palatopharyngeus  muscle.  6.  Fibers  proceeiiing  Trom  the  middle  of  the  palate 
and  ending  in  the  palatopharyngeus  muscle.    7.  Superior  hhers  of  the  palatopharyngeus  musc'e, 

ring  to  interlace  on  the  lateral  and  iiosterior  surface  of  the  pharynx  with  those  on  the  opposite  side. 
Inferior  fibers  of  the  palatophar\'ngeus  muscle,  being  inserted  into  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
thyroid  cartilage  near  the  base  of  the  superior  comu  and  nhar>'ngeal  aponeurosis,  q.  Anterior  fibers 
of  the  stylopharyngeus  muscle,  attached  (i)  to  the  lateral  fold  of  the  epi^ottis;  (>)  to  the 
coma  of  the  thyroid  cartilage  at  the  baae  and  superior  margin.  10.  Soperior  coaaCTictfl 
pbmrynx. 


.  ,  .  superior 

loperior  coaaCTictor  ol  the 


PHLEBO- 


PHOROMETER 


a  suppurative  process  the  P.,  called  plastic, 
adhesive,  or  proliferative,  may  give  rise  to 
obliteration  of  the  vein.  The  symptoms  of 
P.  are  pain  and  edema  of  the  affected  part, 
redness  along  the  course  of  the  vein,  the  latter 
appearing  as  a  hard,  tender  cord.  P.,  Sinus-, 
phlebitis  of  the  sinuses  of  the  dura  mater. 

Phlebo-  {JUb^o)  [^A^V»  v«'n]-  A  prefix 
denoting  pertaining  to  a  vein. 

Phlebogram  (JUy  o-graniS  [^^V»  vein; 
ypdf^iVf  to  write].  A  tracmg  of  the  move- 
ments of  a  vein  by  the  sphygmograph. 

PhleboUte,  Phlebolith  (flef-o-lit,  JUbf-o- 
lith)  [>AiVf  vein  ;  Aift^c,  stone].  Vein-stone, 
a  hard  concretion  sometimes  found  in  veins, 
and  produced  by  calcareous  infiltration  of  a 
thrombus. 

Phlebosclerosts  (JUb-oskU-rt/sis)  [^A^Vi 
a  vein ;  aKkripd^^  hard].     Sclerosis  of  a  vein. 

Phlebotomy  (fleb-of  o-me)  [^Aiy>,  vein; 
royii^  a  cutting].  0{>ening  of  a  vein  for  the 
purpose  of  blood-letting.  The  vein  most 
often  selected  is  the  median  cephalic  at  the 
bend  of  the  elbow. 

Phlegm  {^JUm)  [^Aiy/ia,  phlegm].  I.  A 
viscid,  stringy  mucus,  secreted  by  the  mucosa 
of  the  upper  air-passages.  2.  One  of  the 
four  humors  of  the  old  writers. 

Phlegmasia  (JUgma^ -%e-ah)  [^Aiyeiv,  to 
bum].  Inflammation.  P.  alba  dolens, 
milk^eg,  a  painful  swelling  of  the  leg,  be- 
ginning either  at  the  ankle  and  ascending, 
or  at  the  groin  and  extending  down  the 
thigh,  its  usual  cause  being  septic  infection 
after  labor. 

Phlegmatic  (JUg-mai^'ik)  [0^}'/ia,  phlegm]. 
Full  of  phlegm;  hence,  indifferent,  apa- 
thetic. 

Phlegmon  {JUg'-mon)  [<^Xeyfiov^,  inflamma- 
tion]. An  mfiammation  characterized  by  the 
spreading  of  a  purulent  or  fibrinopurulent 
exudate  within  the  tissues. 

Phlegmonous  {JUg^ -mon-us)  [(p^fj-yfiov^^  in- 
flanunation].  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining 
to  phlegmon. 

Phlogogenic  {flog-o-jen' -ik)  {^Vi^^  flame; 
yewav,  to  produce].     Causing  mfiammation. 

Phlogosin  (Jiog^'O-sin)  l<^Myu(nCf  inflamma- 
tion, fix)m  0A6^f  flame].  A  crystalline  body 
isolated  from  cultures  of  pyogenic  staphylo- 
cocci, and  causing  suppuration  when  injected 
beneath  the  skin  or  introduced  into  the  eye. 

Phloridain,  Phlorizin  (jUr-id^-zin,  Jior- 
*^'*tH)  [^Aotrff,  bark ;  /i/Ca»  root],  C«H,40,,>- 
.2H,0.  A  bitter  crystalline  glucostd  occur- 
ring  in  the  root  and  trunk  of  the  apple,  pear, 
and  other  fruit-trees.  It  is  said  to  possess  anti- 
P3rretic  properties.  Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65). 
Given  to  lower  animals  it  produces  glycosuria. 
P. -diabetes,  the  glycosuria  induced  in  lower 
animals,  especially  dogs,  by  the  administra- 
tioo  ofphloridain. 


Phloroglucin  {Jlo-roFiu'-sin)  \<fijn6^^  ba 
y;iv«vc,  sweet],  CaH,Oj— C;H,(0HV 
crystalline  substance  found  in  the  bark  t>{ 
cherry,  pear,  apple,  and  other  trees,  and  u 
as  a  test  for  woody  tissue  (lignin)  and  hyt 
chloric  acid. 

Phlyctena  (JUk-te' -nah)  [^Af«cTa<vo,  blisti 
A  vesicle. 

Phlyctenoid  {Jlik' -ten-oid\  [^Awcrorva,  I 
ter;  eMof,  like].     See  Phlyctenular, 

Phlyctenula,  Phlyctenule   {JUkten'u- 

flik'ten''iil\  \^'kvHT(uva^  blister].  A  I 
vesicle  or  blister. 

Phlyctenular  (flik  -  ttn'-  u  -  lar)  {^Xbiaa 
blister].  Resembling  a  phlyctenule:  cl 
acterized  by  the  fonnation  of  phlyctenule* 
P.  conjunctivitis. 

Phlyzacion,  Phlyzacium  (fli-ut'seon, 
zA^-j^-«m)  [^Av^etv,  to  inflame].  A  pust 
vesicle  on  an  indurated  base.  P.  acutt 
See  Ecthyma, 

Phocomelus  {/o-kom' -elus)  [^cimcJ^,  a  s* 
fiiTuo^t  limbl.  A  monster  with  rudimcn 
limbs,  the  hands  and  feet  being  attached 
most  directly  to  the  tnmk. 

Phonation  (/o-na^-shun)  [^vi^,  vol 
The  production  of  vocal  sound  or  artia 
speech. 

Phonatory  (fon'-ator-i)  [^w^,  voi 
Pertaining  to  phonation. 

Phonautograph    {fthtunt/ -tthgraf)     [^ 
voice;  avrd^^  self;  yp6i^tv,  to  write], 
apparatus  for  recording  automatically  th* 
brations  of  the  air  produced  by  the  voice 

Phonetic  (fo-net'-ik)  [tf^v^,  voice],  i. 
taining  to  or  representing  sounds.  2. 
taining  to  the  voice. ' 

Phonetics  (fo-net^-iks)  [^c.»^,  voice], 
science  dealing  with  the  mode  of  produ< 
of  sounds. 

Phonic  {fon'-ih)  [^«i^,  voice].  Pertai 
to  the  voice.  P.  Spasm,  a  spasm  of 
laryngeal  muscles  occurring  on  atteroptii 
speak. 

Phonograph  {/o^-no-graf)  [^on^,  so< 
ypo^v,  to  record].  An  instrument  cot 
ing  of  a  wax-coated  cylinder  revolving  u 
a  stylus  attached  to  a  diaphragm.  Th* 
brations  of  the  diaphragm,  set  in  motio 
the  voice,  cause  the  cylinder  to  be  inde 
by  the  stylus.  When  the  cylinder  is  « 
revolved  the  movement  of  the  stylus 
the  cylinder  throws  the  diaphragm  into  v 
tion  and  reproduces  the  original  sounds  c 
voice. 

Phonology  ifo-nol' o-je)  [^«m^,  voice ;  X 
science].  The  science  of  vocal  sou 
phonetics. 

Phonometer  {fo-nom'-et-er)  [^cjv^,  v< 
fikrptnf^  measure].  Ao  instrument  Uns  n 
uring  the  intensity  of  the  voice. 

Phorometer  {^fi'rom'*it'tr)\^fiktaf^  lo  t 


PHOSE 


PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC  ACID 


fifrpov,  measure].  Ad  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  relative  strength  of  the  ocular 
muscles. 

Pbote  (/^s)  r^,  ligtit].  A  subjective  sen- 
sation of  lig^t  or  color,  as,  f.g^.,  scotoma 
scintillans.  Aphote,  a  subjective  sensation 
of  shadow  or  darkness,  as,  f.  g.^  muscse  voli- 
tantes.  Centraphoses,  aphoses  originating 
in  the  optic  centers.  Centrophoses,  phoses 
originating  in  the  optic  centers.  Chromo- 
pbose,  a  subjective  sensation  of  color.  Peri* 
pheraphose8,peripheral  aphoses.  Peripher* 
ophoses,  phoses  originating  in  the  peripheral 
organs  of  vision  (the  optic  nerve  or  eyeball). 

Phosphate  {/os'-fdi)  [fuxr^poc,  phosphorus]. 
A  salt  of  phosphoric  acid.  Normal  P.,  one 
in  which  the  three  hydrogen-atoms,  or  the 
six  of  two  molecules,  are  substituted  by 
meuls.  e,  g.,  Na,PO^,  Ca3(POJ..  Acid  P., 
one  in  which  one  or  two  of  the  hydrogen- 
atoms  only  have  been  replaced  by  metals. 
P.,  Aromoniomagnesium,  a  double  salt 
of  ammonium  and  magnesium  and  phot- 
pboric  acid.  P.,  Eajthy,  a  phosphate  of 
one  of  the  alkaline  earths.  P.»  Triple, 
ammoniomagnesium  photiphate.  The  phos- 
phates are  used  in  medicine  as  tonics  and 
alteratives  in  conditions  associated  with  mal- 
nutrition of  the  bones  (rickets,  scrofula). 
Sodium  phosphate  is  employed  as  a  chola- 
gogue  axid  laxative. 

Phosphatic  (fos-fat^ik)  [<^uo^f>o^^  phos- 
phorus]. G>ntaining  phosphates ;  charac- 
terized by  the  excretion  of  large  amounts  of 
phosphates,  as  P.  diathesis. 

Phosphatid  {fos^-fatid)  [^gmt^/wc,  phos- 
phorus]. Any  one  of  a  laige  group  of 
phosphorus  compounds,  found  in  brain-sub- 
stance, and  resembling  the  phosphates. 

Pbosphaturia  (fosfatu^reah)  \^^ua^po^y 
phosphnrus ;  urina^  urine].  A  condition  in 
which  an  excess  of  phospnates  is  passed  in 
the  urine. 

Phoaphene  {fis^fht)  [^«f.  light;  fo/Vert', 
to  show].  A  subjective  luminous  sensation 
caused  by  pressure  upon  the  eyeball. 

?hoaphid  {Joi^fid )  [fwof<i/x*f ,  phosphorus]. 
A  compound  of  phosphorus  and  another 
clement  or  radicle  acting  as  a  base.  The 
pbosphids  are  used  in  medicine  as  substitutes 
for  phosphorus. 

Pboaphin  (/ps^Jin)  [fu(rf6po(,  phosphorus]. 
I.  Hydrogen  phosphid,  PH.,  a  poisonous 
gas  of  alliaceous  odor.  2.  A  substitution- 
compound  of  PH|,  bearing  the  same  relation 
to  it  that  an  amin  does  to  ammonia. 

Pboaphite  (/as^/i/  )[4uc^f)oi, phosphorus]. 
A  salt  of  phosphorous  acid. 

Pboapbofiycenc  Acid  {/as/o-g/is  e'n'Jk) 
f#uo*6pof,  phosphorus;  >Xiwk,  sweet],  C,- 
Hf  PO,.     A  Uquid  body  obtained  (rom  lea- 


Phosphomolybdic  Acid  {fos-fo-mol'-ibdik) 
[phosphorus;  molybdeMum'].  A  compound 
of  phosphoric  acid  and  molybdenum  trioxid. 
used  as  a  test  for  alkaloids. 

Phosphonium  {fosf(/'neum)  \(^^po^^ 
phosphorus].  The  hypothetic  univalent  rad- 
icle PH^ ;  it  is  analogous  to  ammonium,  NH^. 

Phosphorated  (Jos' for  a  ted)  [fua^poc, 
phosphorus].     Containing  phosphoras. 

Phosphorescence  (fosfor-is' ens)  [fciof^- 
poc,  phosphorus].  The  spontaneous  lumin- 
osity of  phosphorus  and  other  substances  in 
the  dark. 

Phosphorescent  {fos-for-es'enf)  [e<.KT#<ipoc, 
phosphorus].  Possessing  the  quality  of 
phosphorescence. 

Phosphoreted  {Jos'  -for  -eted)  [^uo^pof, 
phosphorus].     Combined  with  phosphorus. 

Phosphoric  Acid  {Jos-for'-ik).  See  Acids ^ 
Table  of, 

Phosphoridrosis  (fos-for-idro^  sis)  [phos- 
phorus; lSp6^,  sweat  J.  The  secretion  of 
phosphorescent  sweat 

Phosphoristn  {Jos' -for-itm)  [phosphorus']. 
Chronic  phosphorus  poisoning. 

Phosphorixed  {fos'forud)  [phosphorus]. 
Containing  phosphorus. 

Phosphorous  Acid  (fosfor^-us).  See  Acids, 
TahU  of 

Phosphorus  {Jos' -for  m)  [f6c,  light ;  ifi^fitw, 
to  bear].  A  nonmetallic  element,  having  a 
quanti valence  of  3  or  5,  and  an  atomic 
weight  of  31.  Symbol  P.  In  commerce  it 
is  prepared  from  bone-ash  or  from  sombrer- 
ite,  an  impure  calcium  phosphate  found  in 
West  Indian  guano.  P.  may  be  obtained  in 
several  allotropic  forms.  Ordinary  P.  is  a 
yellowish- white,  waxy  solid,  of  a  speciBc 
gravity  of  1. 837.  Red  or  amorphous  P.  is  a 
dark  red  powder,  having  a  specific  gravity  of 
2. 1 1,  insoluble  in  carbon  disulphid,  nonin- 
flammable,  nonluminous,  nonpoisonous.  Me- 
tallic rhombohedrai  P.  is  an  allotropic  form 
produced  by  heating  phosphorus  in  a  sealed 
tube  with  melted  lead.  Its  specific  gravity 
is  2.34.  Medicinally,  P.  is  used  as  an  altera- 
tive in  osteomalacia  and  in  rickets,  in  sexual 
impotence,  threatened  cerebral  degeneration, 
neuralgia,  chronic  alcoholism,  morphino- 
mania,  furunculosis,  etc.  Dose  j4^  to  ^ 
gr.  (0.00065-0.0013).  Ordinary  P.  is  ex- 
ceedingly poisonous ;  it  causes  a  widespread 
fatty  degeneration,  most  marked  in  the  liver. 
Preparations:  Elixir  phosphori  (U.  S.  P.). 
Dose  lT^^xv-f!5J  (1.0-4.0).  Oleum  phospbor- 
atum  f  U.  S.  I*..  B.  P.  ^  and  Spiritus  phosphori 
(U.  S.  P.).  Dose  nU-v  (0.065-0.32).  Pil- 
uUe  phosphori  (U.  S.  P. )  contain  each  gr.  yjj. 

Pbosphotungstic    Acid   {fos  fo  tung^stik ) 
H„PW,^Op  +  H,0.       A   crystalline    com- 
pound of  phosphoric  and  tung^tic  acids, 
as  a  test  for  slksloids  and  pepl< 


PHOSPHURET 


PHTHISIS 


Phoaphuret  {Jos' -fu-ret)  [j^^poc,  pbos- 
phorus].     A  phosphid. 

Phosphureted  (Jos'-fu-ret'ed),  Synonym 
of  Phosphoreted. 

Photo-  (/(/-to-)  [^6f,  light].  A  prefix  de- 
noting relation  to  light 


Photobiotic  {foto-bi-of-ik\  [^,  light ; 
/3/oc,  life].     Living  habitually  in  the  light. 

Photochemic  (fo-tokem'ik)  [^,  Ught ; 
XfffuUtf  chemistry  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
chemic  action  of  light. 

Photochemistry  (/i>-/<>->t/^w'-tr-/r^)[^^,light; 
X^f^ia,  chemistry].  That  branch  of  chemis- 
try treating  of  the  chemic  action  of  light. 

Photoelectricity  {fot<heUk-tris' -it-e)  [^, 
light;  electricityY  Electricity  produced  mider 
the  influence  of  light. 

Photogene  {f</-fo-jen)  [^,  light;  yewav, 
to  produce].  I.  A  retinal  impression ;  an 
after-image.  2.  A  liquid  derived  from  bitu- 
minous shale. 

Photogenic (fo-tojtn'iM)  [^, light;  yevrnvj 
to  produce].     Light-producing. 

Photograpny  (fo-tog^ -ra-fe)  [0^,  light; 
Ypd^tVf  to  write].  The  art  of  producing 
an  image  of  an  object  (Photograph)  by 
throwing  the  rays  of  light  reflected  from  it 
upon  a  surface  coated  with  a  film  of  a  sub- 
stance, such  as  a  silver-salt,  that  is  readily  de- 
composed by  light,  subsequently  treating  the 
film  with  certain  agents  (developers)  that 
bring  out  the  image,  and  then  dissolving  the 
salt  unacted  upon  by  the  light. 

Photohemotachometer  (fo-to-hem -  o - tak - 
om'-et-er)  [^or»  lights  al/«x,  blood;  rax^* 
swiftness  ;  fiirpov,  measure] .  A  hemotach- 
ometer  in  which  the  changes  in  level  of  the 
column  of  blood  are  photographed. 

Photokinetic  (foto-  kin  -  ef-  ik)  [0of ,  light ; 
KtvjfTiKdc,  causing  movement].  Causing 
movement  by  means  of  light. 

Photoljrte  (fo'-totU)  [^,  light ;  "K^itiv,  to 
loosen].  A  substance  that  is  decomposed  by 
the  action  of  light. 

Photomagnetism  ifo'to-mag^-net-izm)  f^, 
light;  maptft'\.  Magnetism  produced  by 
the  action  of  light. 

Photometer  (fo-tom'-et-er)  [^f ,  light ;  ///r- 
pov,  measure].  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  intensity  of  light. 

Photometry  { fo-tom' -et-re)  [^,  light; 
fiirpov^  measure].  The  measurement  of  the 
intensity  of  light. 

Photomicrograph  (foto-mi'-kro-graf)  [^, 
light;  /i«Kp<5c,  small ;  ypd^iv,  to  write].  A 
photograph  of  a  small  or  microscopic  object, 
usually  made  with  the  aid  of  a  microscope, 
and  of  sufficient  size  for  observation  with  the 
naked  eye.     Compare  Microphotograph. 

Photomicrography  (/<?  -  to  -  mi  -  krog'-  ra  -ft) 
j>c>f,  light ;  fUKpdCt  small ;  ypd^tv,  to  write]. 
The  art  of  producing  photomicrographs. 


Photophobia  {fo-to-fo^ -he-ak\  f^,  lij 
^^,  fear].     Intolerance  of  ItgbL 

Photophone  {Jo^-to-fin)  [^,  light ;  o 
sound].  An  apparatus  for  the  gT^}hic  rt 
sentation  of  the  character  of  s<mod-waTe 
means  of  flames. 

Photopsia  (fo-top^-se-ah)  [f«f,  light ;  \ 
sight].  Subjective  sensations  of  spark 
flashes  of  light  occurring  in  certain  mc 
conditions  of  the  optic  nerve,  the  retin 
the  brain. 

Phototherapy  (fo-to-thft^-ap-f)  [^,  li 
depaneia,  treatment].  The  treatment  of 
diseases  by  the  application  of  the  concern 
chemic  rays  (blue,  violet,  and  ultraviole 
light. 

Photozylin,  Photoxylon  {fo-foks^-i!-t*\ 
toks^'il-on)  [^«f,  light;  ^iXov,  wood] 
substance  produced  from  wood-pulp  b; 
action  of  sulphuric  acid  and  potassiur 
trate.  It  serves  as  a  substitute  for  coll< 
in  minor  surgery,  and  as  a  medium  for  m 
ing  microscopic  specimens. 

Photuria  (fo-tu'-re-uh)  [f4»c,  light ;  u 
urine].  The  passage  of  phosphors 
urine. 

Phrenetic  (fren-ft^-ik)  [^^,  mind].  1 
acal ;  delirious. 

Phrenic  {frtn'-ik)  [^pi^,  diaphragm,  oi 
I.  Pertaining  to  the  diaphragm,  as  P.  i 
P.  arteiy.     2.  Pertainii^  to  the  mind. 

Phrenitis  (fren-t' -tit)  [fpJ^v,  I.  min 
diaphragm  ;  <r/f,  inflammation],  i.  Ii 
mation  of  the  brain.  2.  Inflammation 
diaphragm. 

Phrenograph  (fren'-o-graf)  [^p^s 
phragm ;  ypa^iv^  to  write].  An  inslr 
for  registering  the  movements  of  the 
phragm. 

Phrenology  (frfn-oy -o-jf)   [^p^i\ 
A^yof,  science].     The  theory  that  the  \ 
faculties  of  the  mind  occupy  distinct  aw 
arate  areas  in  the  brain-cortex,  and  tli 

.  predominance  of  certain  faculties  can  I 
dieted  from  modifications  of  the  parts 
skull   overljring  the  areas  where  these 
ties  are  located. 

Phrenopathy  {fr en-op/ -ath-e)  [fpifv, 
frddo^f  disease].     Mental  disease. 

Phrenosin  (/rtn^-o-sin)  l^p^Vp  mine 
nitrogenous  body  obtained  from  brain- 

Phthalic  Acid  {tkal'-ik)  [from  naphtk 
CgH,0^.  A  crystalline  substance  denvc 
naphthalene. 

Phtheiriasis,  Phthinasis  [thi  -  ri^  - 
[<p^elpf  louse].     See  Pediculosis* 

Phthisic  {tiz^-ik)  [^/mc,  a  wastxn| 
Aff*ected  with  phthisis.  2.  A  person  4 
with  phthisis. 

Phthisis  (ti^-sis  or  ty-sis)  [a^*ven»,  to  i 
I.  A  wasting  away  or  consampti 
P.  bulbi,    sminldng   of  the    eyebal 


PHYLAXIN 


PHYSOSTIGMIN 


Any  disease  characterised  by  emaciation 
and  loM  of  strength,  especially  puhnonary 
tuberculosis.  P.»  Fibroid.  I.  Interstitial 
pneumonia.  2.  Chronic  tuberculosis  of  the 
lungs  attended  with  the  formation  of  fibrous 
tissue,  which  contracts,  causes  shrinking  of 
the  affected  part,  and  sometimes  broncUec- 
tasis  by  traction  on  the  bronchi.  P.  florida, 
an  acute,  rapidly  fatal  pulmonary  tuberculosis ; 
galloping  consumption.  P.,  Laryngeal, 
tuberculosis  of  the  larynx.  P.,  Pulmonary. 
I.  Tuberculosis  of  iht  lung.  2.  Any  one  of 
a  Tariety  of  interstitial  pneumonias,  such  as 
Grinders*  P.,  Miners'  P.,  Stone-cutters'  P., 
etc.  P.  ventriculi,  atrophy  of  the  mucous 
membrane  and  thinning  of  the  coats  of  the 
stomach. 

Pbylaxin  (fi-laks^-m)  [^Aof,  a  guardian]. 
A  defensire  proteid  found  in  animals  that 
have  acquired  an  artificial  immunity  to  a 
given  infectious  disease.  The  phyllaxins  are 
of  two  Tarieties;  one  having  the  power  to 
destroy  pathogenic  microorganisms,  called 
mycophyliaxin ;  one  that  counteracts  the 
poisons  of  the  microorganisms,  called  tojto- 
phyllaxin, 

Phyletic  {fiUf-ik)  [fvAw,  a  tribe].  Per- 
taining to  phylogeny. 

Phylogeneais,  Phylogeny  {fi-lo-gen'-ts-U, 
/i- lot' -en  t)  [^{'^ov,  a  tribe ;  ytvvav^  to  be- 
get]. The  evolution  of  a  group  or  species 
of  animab  or  plants  from  the  simplest  form  ; 
the  evolution  of  the  species,  as  distinguished 
from  ontogeny^  the  evolution  of  the  individual. 

Phylogenetic  (Ji  -  h-  gen  -  ef  -  ik)  [^^.ov,  a 
trit>e;  yrwdv,  to  beget].  Pertaining  to 
phylogeny. 

Phyma  (fi'-mak)  [dC'iMr,  a  growth].  I. 
Formerly,  any  one  of  a  variety  of  swellings 
of  the  skin.  2.  A  localized  plastic  exudate 
larger  than  a  tubercle ;  a  circumscribed  swel- 
ling of  the  skin. 

Phymatosia  {fi-ma-to^'sis)  \^phyma\  Any 
disease  characterised  by  the  formation  of 
ph3rmata. 

Phytalis  {Jis^alis)  [<$MmXXi^,  bladder].  A 
large  giant  epithelial  cell  of  giant -cell  carci- 
noma. 

PhjTtic  (/r'f>)  [♦^ic.  nature].  I.  The 
science  of  medicine.  2.  A  medicine,  espe- 
cially a  cathartic.  3.'  To  administer  medi- 
cines :  also  to  purge. 

Physical  (Jit'ik-al)  [^«<k^.  physical].  I. 
Pertaining  to  nature  ;  also  pertaining  to  the 
body  or  material  tbinf^s.  P.  Diagnosis, 
the  investigation  of  disease  by  direct  aid  of 
the  senses,  sight,  touch,  and  hearing.  P. 
Bxamination,  examination  of  the  (Miticnt's 
body  to  determine  the  condition  of  the  vari- 
otts  organs  and  parts.  P.  Signs,  the  phe- 
nomena observed  on  inspection,  palpation, 
percuMMMiy  aoscoltation,  meosuiation,  or  com  - 


binations  of  these  methods.  2.  Pertaining 
to  physics. 

Physician  {fizuh'-an)  [^<r,  nature].  One 
who  practises  medicine. 

Pb3rsicocbemic  {Jit-ik-o  Jkem'-U)  f^iVi^, 
nature;  xvf^fi<it  chemistry].  Pertaining  to 
both  ph3rsics  and  chemistry. 

Physics  {Jlt^'tJks)  [^/f,  nature].  The  sci- 
ence of  nature,  especially  that  treating  of  the 
properties  of  matter  and  of  the  forces  gov- 
erning it. 

Physiognomy  {/$ -e-og' -no- me)  [^i<0<Ci 
naturef(  yv^itn%  knowledse].  I.  The  science 
treating  of  the  methods  of  determining  charac- 
ter by  a  study  of  the  face.  2.  The  counte- 
nance. 

Physiolojgic  {fit-e-o-hy  iM)  [^iVif,  nature; 
%&)  Of,  science  J .  I .  Pertaining  to  physiology. 
2.  Pertaining  to  natural  or  normal  processes, 
as  opposed  to  those  that  are  pathologic.  P. 
Antidote,  an  antidote  that  neutralises  a 
poison  by  effects  on  the  system  that  are 
antagonistic  to  those  of  the  poison.  P.  Unit. 
See  Unit. 

Physiologist  {fit-e-o^ -o-jist )  [^cr/f ,  nature ; 
"kbyo^^  scienceit    One  versed  in  physiology. 

Physiology  (fite-ol'-o-je)  [^i^ic,  nature; 
A4>of,  science].  The  science  that  treats  of 
the  functions  of  organic  beings.  P.,  Morbid, 
the  study  of  diseased  functions  or  of  functions 
modified  by  disease. 

Physique  i^fittk')  [Fr.].  Physical  stractvre 
or  organization. 

Physocele  {Ji'-sosii)  [^Ikto,  air;  dp^, 
tumor].  I.  A  swelling  containing  air  or 
gas.  2.  Emphysema  of  the  scrotum ;  a 
hernia  filled  with  6atus. 

Physometra  (Ji-so-  me*-  trak)  [0v<sa^  air ; 
fi^rpa^  uterus].  A  distention  of  the  uterus 
with  gas,  produced  by  the  decomposition  of 
its  contents. 

Phjrsostigma  {fi-sthshymah)  [^<<Ta,  air; 
OTi)fMf  Stigma].  Calabar  bean ;  ordeal- 
nut.  The  seed  of  Physostigma  veneno- 
snm,  of  the  natural  order  l^eguminosese, 
which  is  used  by  the  natives  of  Africa  as  an 
ordeal -poison.  It  contains  two  alkaloids — 
eserin  or  physostigmin,  and  caUharin.  It 
acts  as  a  general  depressant,  producing  motor 
paralysis  and  in  poisofK>us  doses  causing 
death  by  paralysis  of  the  respiration.  It  is  a 
miotic,  and  in  small  doses  stimulates  the 
heart  and  intestinal  peristaUis.  In  medicine 
it  is  employed  as  a  motor  depressant  in  teta- 
nus and  other  spasms ;  as  a  stimulant  in 
intestinal  atony  and  dilatation,  in  asthma 
and  emt)h%-sema.  Preparations  :  Extractum 
physostiRmaiis  (U.  S.  P.,  B,  P.).  Dose  gr. 
's-V  to.ooS-o.oi6V  Tinctura  physostig- 
matis  (U.  S.  P.).     Dose  li\,v-xx  (0.32-I.3). 

Physostigmin  ( /S-s^s/ig^'mim)  [pkyscstig- 
flv^i],   C|^H„N,0^     An  alkaloid    fovod  la 


PHYTALBUMOSE 


PIGMENT 


the  seed  of  Physostigma  TeneDosam,  or  Cal- 
abar bean.  It  is  also  termed  eserin.  Phy- 
sostigmins  salicyUs,  eserin  salicylate,  is 
used  internally  in  doses  of  gr.  ^  (0.0008) ; 
but  its  chief  use  is  for  instillation  into  the  eye 
as  a  miotic  in  conditions  of  mydriasis,  and  to 
lessen  intraocular  tension  in  glaucoma.  It 
is  used  in  these  conditions  in  solution  c^  the 
strength  of  from  one  to  two  grains  to  the  fluid- 
ounce.  Physostigminse  sulphas,  eserin 
sulphate,  is  used  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
preceding. 

Ph3rtalbumo8e  {yi-fa/^'dumds)[^vr6p^  plant ; 
a/iumosel'     A  vegetable  albumose. 

Phyto-  (ft' -to-)  [i^dv,  plant].  A  prefix 
signifying  relation  to  plants. 

Ph3rtogenesi8  (fi-to-jen^-es-is)  [^dv,  plant ; 
ytveou^f  origin].  The  science  of  the  origin 
and  d|«relopment  of  plants. 

Phytogenous  iji-toj^ -en-us)  \^6v,  plant; 
yevvav,  to  produce] .     Produced  by  plants. 

Phytolacca  (fi-to-lak' -ah)  [^<Jv,  plant; 
laccQy  lac].  The  'poke,  P.  decandra,  a  plant 
of  the  natural  order  Phytolaccaceae,  the  fruit 
(Phytolsu:c9e  fructus,  or  poke-berry)  and  root 
of  which  (Phytolaccae  radix,  or  poke-root)  are 
official  in  the  U.  S.  P.  Poke  is  emetocathar- 
tic  and  slightly  narcotic.  It  has  been  used 
in  rheumatism,  and  locally  in  granular  con- 
junctivitis and  parasitic  skin-diseases.  Dose 
of  the  powdered  root  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0). 
Extractum  phytolaccae  radicis  fluidum  (U.  S. 
P.).     Dose  n\^v-xxx  (0.32-2.0). 

Phytoparasite  (fi-to-par^-as-lt)  [^vrdv,  a 
plant ;  napaairoq^  a  parasite].  A  vegetable 
parasite. 

Phytopathology  i^fi-to-path-ol' -o-je)  [>wrdv, 
plant;  izdBoq^  disease;  Adyof,  science].  I. 
The  science  of  diseases  of  plants.  2.  The 
science  of  diseases  due  to  vegetable  organisms. 

Ph3rtopla8m  (fi'-to-plazn^  [^<Jv,  plant; 
irXdofia,  plasma].    Vegetable  protoplasm. 

Phytosis  (Jit</-sis)  [fvr6v^  |)lant].  Any  dis- 
ease due  to  vegetable  organisms. 

Ph3rto8terin  (fitos^-ter-in)  [^vrdv,  plant; 
oriap^  fat].  A  fat-like  substance,  similar  to 
cholesterin,  present  in  plant-seeds  and  sprouts. 

Pia,  Pia  Mater  (pi-a  mah'-ter)  [L.,  kind 
or  tender  mother].  The  vascular  membrane 
enveloping  the  surface  of  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord,  and  consisting  of  a  plexus  of  blood-ves* 
sels  held  in  a  fine  areolar  tissue. 

Pia-arachnitis  ( pi-ah-ar'ak-ni^-tis)[pia^^\t.\ 
apdxvtj,  spider's  web;  <r<c»  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  pia-arachnoid ;  lepto- 
meningitis. 

Pia-arachnoid  {pi-ah-ar-ak'-noid)  [  pia^  pia ; 
iipdxvfft  a  spider's  web;  eldo^,  like].  The 
pia  and  arachnoid  considered  as  one  struc- 
ture. 

Pial  {pi'-al)  [pia,  pia].  Pertaining  to  the 
pia  mater. 


Pian  (pi'-an).     See  Frambesia. 

Piano-players*  Cramp.  A  painful  spasm 
the  muscles  occurring  in  piano-players  as  t 
result  of  overuse  of  the  muscles  in  playinj 
a  form  of  occupation-neurosis. 

Pica  (pi'-kah)  [L.,  magpie].  A  craving  I 
unnatural  and  strange  articles  of  food; 
symptom  present  in  certain  forms  of  insani 
hysteria,  and  chlorosis,  and  during  pregnan< 

Picea  (pis^-e-ah)  [L.,  the  pitch-pine], 
genus  of  coniferous  trees.  P.  alba,  t 
white  spruce.  P.  excelsa,  the  common 
or  pitch-pine.  It  yields  resin  and  lurpentii 
P.  nigra,  the  black  spruce.  P.  vulgar 
Synonym  of  P.  excelsa, 

Piceous  (pis^-e-us)  [/ix,  pitch].  Rese 
bling  pitch. 

Picolin  i^pik^-o-lin)  [  picea ,  the  pitch-pin 
oleum^  oil],  C^HjN.  Methyl -pyridin,  a liqi 
obtained  by  distillation  from  coal-tar. 

Picramic  Acid  (pikram'-ik)  [ttm^,  bitt< 
amin\  C^H^NjO^.  Picric  acid  in  whi 
one  NO,  radicle  has  been  replaced  by  NH 

Picrate  (pik^-rdt)  [irixpdc,  biuer].  A  s 
of  picric  acid. 

Picric  Acid  (piJy-riJk)  [viMpdc,  bitter].  S 
Acid,  Picric. 

Picrocarmin  (pik-ro-kar^-min)  [tm^,  1 
ter;  carmin}.  A  preparation  for  ttaini 
microscopic  specimens.  Its  composition 
as  follows:  carmin  i.o;  ammonia  5.0;  c 
tilled  water  50.0  parts.  After  solution, 
parts  of  a  saturated  watery  solution  of  pic 
acid  are  added,  and  the  mixture  allowed 
stand  in  a  wide-mouthed  bottle  until  the  a 
monia  has  evaporated.     It  is  then  filtered, 

Picrotozin  {pik-rotoks^-in)  [fftxpdf,  bitti 
T(^uc6Vf  poison].  A  bitter  neutral  princi 
prepared  from  Anamirta  paniculata  (Coccu 
indicusj.  Picrotoxin  stimulates  the  mo 
and  inhibitory  centers  in  the  medulla,  esp 
ially  the  respiratory  and  vagus  centers; 
causes  epileptiform  spasms  by  irritation 
the  motor  centers  of  the  cerebrum  or  co 
Its  action  is  much  like  that  of  strychnin, 
has  been  used  in  an  ointment  (gr.  x  to  j 
in  tinea  capitis  and  in  pediculosis.  li 
useful  for  the  night-sweats  of  phthisis  i 
in  the  complex  of  symptoms  known  as  va 
motor  ataxia.  Dose  gr.  ^  to  |^  {p.<x 
0.003). 

Piebald  Skin.  See  Leukoderma  and  Vi 
igo. 

Piedra  {pe-a^-drah)  [S.  Am.].  A  diseaae 
the  hair  marked  by  the  formation  of  hard,  \ 
head-sized  nodules  on  the  shaft  of  the  hi 
it  is  thought  to  be  due  to  a  micrococcus. 

Piezometer  (pi-e-tom^'et-er )  {vU^ttw, 
press;  //irpov,  measure].  An  apparatus 
measuring  the  degree  of  compression 
gases. 

Pigment  (pig'-mtnt)  [piftgtr*^  to  paiot]. 


PIGMENTARY 


PINKEYE 


dye-ttnfr ;  a  coloring  matter.  Pigments  may 
be  in  solution  or  in  the  form  of  granules  or 
crystals.  P.,  Hematogenous*  any  pigment 
derived  from  the  blood.  Hematogenous  pig- 
ments are  hemoglobin,  hematoidin,  hemosid- 
erin, and  the  bile-pigments,  which  are  indi- 
rectly derived  from  the  blood- pigment.  P., 
Metabolic,  a  pigment  formed  by  the  meta- 
bolic action  of  cells.  Melanin  is  the  type 
of  metabolic  pigments. 

Pigmentary  {pig'-men-ta-re)  [pingere^  to 
paint].  Pertaining  to  or  containing  pigment ; 
characteriied  by  the  formation  of  pigment. 

Pigmentation  ( pig-mfn-ta' shun)  {pingert^ 
to  paint] .  L>epo!»ition  of  or  discoloration  by 
pigment 

Pilary  { pi'-lar-e)  [/i/ms  hair].  Pert.iining 
to  the  hair. 

Pilaatered  (pi-iaj'terJ)  [pi/a,  pillar]. 
Flanged  so  as  to  have  a  fluted  appearance ; 
arranged  in  pilasters  or  columns.  P.  Femur, 
a  condition  of  the  femur  in  which  the  back- 
ward concavity  of  the  shaft  is  exaggerated 
and  the  linea  aspera  prominent. 

Pilea  {pi/»)  Ipi/a,  ball].     See  Hemorrhoids, 

Pill  [/f/w/rr,  dim.  oi  piln,  ball].  A  small, 
round  mass  containing  one  or  more  medicinal 
substances  and  used  for  internal  administra- 
tion. P.,  Blmud's.  See  Ferrttm,  P.,  Blue. 
See  Mercury,  P.,  Compound  Cathartic 
See  Colocyntkis.  P.,  Griffith's.  Synonym 
of  P,, Blaud's.  P..  Lady  Webster's,  pill 
of  aloes  and  mastic.  P. -mass,  a  cohesive 
mass  u^ed  to  hold  together  the  ingredients 
of  a  pill. 

Pillar  (pH'-ar)  [piia,  a  pillar].  A  columnar 
structure  acting  as  a  support.  P.  of  the 
Abdominal  lUng,  one  of  the  columns  on 
either  side  of  the  abdominal  ring.  P.  of  the 
Fauces,  one  of  the  folds  of  mucous  mem- 
brane on  either  side  of  the  fauces. 

Pilocarpin  ( pi-io-kar'-pin ) .     See  Piiocarpm. 

Pilocarpus  (piio-kar^pus)  [pi/us,  hair; 
aoprbf,  fruit].  Jaborandi ;  a  .South  Ameri- 
can shrub  of  the  natural  order  Rutacese,  the 
leaves  of  which  yield  two  alkaloids,  pilocarpin, 
C„H„N,0,,  and  jaborin,  C'^H^N^C)^,  which 
resembles  atropin  in  action,  labnrandi  and 
the  alkaloid  pilocarpin  taken  mtemally  pro- 
duce salivation,  perspiration,  and  contraction 
of  the  pupil.  Thry  are  employed  as  dia- 
phocetics  in  dropsy,  Bright's  disease,  uremia, 
ra  rheumatism,  and  in  the  early  stage  of  cold. 
Pilocarpin  b  used  locally  as  a  miotic.  Dose 
of  jaborandi  gr.  xx-lx  (I  3-4.0).  Kxtrac- 
IniB  jaborandi  (B.  P.)  gr.  ij-x  (o.  13-0.65). 
Eztractnm  pilocarpi  fluidum  ( l\  S.  P. )  nv^l- 
U  (2.6-4.0).  Infusum  jalmrandi  ( B.  P.). 
Dose  f.^HJ  (32,0-64.0).  Pilocaqiin  hydro 
chlorate  (Pilocarpinsehydrochloras  I'.  S.  P  ). 
Dose  gr.  1  (0.008).  PiIocar|)in  nitrate  (I*ilo- 
'--r  mtras  R  P.).     Dose  gr.  \  (0.008). 


Pilomotor  {pi-lomo'-tor)  [/i/mj,  hair;  mo- 
vere,  to  move].  Causing  movement  of  the 
hair.  P.  Nerves,  nerves  causing  contraction 
of  the  erectores  pilorum.  P.  Reflex,  the 
appearance  of  "goose-skin''  when  the  skin 
is  irritated. 

Pilonidal  (pi-Io-ni'-tlai)  [pilus^  hair; 
nidus,  nest].  Containing  an  accumulation 
of  hairs  in  a  cyst.  P.  Fistula,  a  tistula  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  rectum  depending  upon 
the  presence  of  a  tuft  of  hair  in  the  tissues. 

Pilose,  Pilous  (pi^/ds,  pi'lus)  [piiosm^ 
hairy].     Hairy. 

Pilosis  ( />f'/y-jij)  [pi/us,  hair].  The  ab- 
normal or  excessive  development  of  hair. 

PUula  (pir^u  iah)  [U].     A  pill. 

Pilular  (pii'-uiar)  [piiula,  dim.  of  pila^ 
ball].   Or  the  nature  of,  or  pertaining  to  pills. 

Pilule  (pit' Hi)  [piiula,  a  small  pill].  A 
small  pill. 

P\mtnxai(  pi-men' tak)  [Sp., /iiwiVii/*].  All- 
spice, the  nearly  ripe  fruit  of  P.  officinalis,  a 
tree  of  the  natural  order  Myrtaceie.  It  has 
a  fragrant  aromatic  odor,  due  to  the  presence 
of  a  volatile  oil.  Oleum  pimentae.  P.  is  used 
as  an  aromatic  carminative  in  flatulence  and 
locally  in  chilblains.  Dose  gr.  x-xl  (0.65- 
2.6).  Oleum  piment«.  Dose  l\ij-v. 
(0.13-0.32). 

Pimpinella  {pirn pin  e/^-^A).  A  genus  of 
umbelliferous  plants.  P.  anisum,  yields 
anise.  P.  saxifraga,  is  said  to  be  diaphor- 
etic, diurrtic,  and  stomachic,  and  has  been 
employed  in  asthma,  dropsy,  amenorrhea, 
etc.     l>osc  j^ss  (2.0). 

Pimple  {pirn' -pi)  [AS.,  p*pel,  a  pimple]. 
A  small  pustule  or  papule. 

Pincet,  Pincette  {pin  sH*)  [Fr.].  A  small 
forceps. 

Pine  ( p\n^  [  pinus\ .  A  genus  of  trees  of  the 
order  Coniferae,  yielding  turpentine,  pitch, 
tar,  and  other  sulistances. 

Pineal  ( pi'-neal )  [  pinus,  a  pine-cone].  Be- 
longing to  or  shaped  like  a  pine-cone.  P. 
Body,  P.  Gland,  a  small,  reddish-gray, 
vascular  body  situated  behind  the  third  ven- 
tricle, which  is  embraced  by  its  two  pedun- 
cles ;  it  is  al»o  called  the  conarium,  from  its 
conic  shape.  P.  Bye,  a  rudimentary  third, 
median,  or  unpaired  eye  of  certain  liiards, 
with  which  the  pineal  body  of  the  mammalia 
is  homologous. 

Pinguecula,  Pinguicula  {ping:cek'-u-lak, 
pin-xffi^n/ftJk)  [dim.  of /f'n^fj,  fat].  A 
small,  yellowish  white  patch  situated  on  the 
conjunctiva.  l>elween  the  cornea  and  the 
canthus  of  the  eye ;  it  is  composed  of  coo- 
nectire  tissue. 

Piniiorm  ( pi'-niform\  [pinm,  pine  \forwim^ 
form].     Shaped  like  a  pine-cooe. 

Pink-eye.  A  contagious  nacopanilent  coo- 
juDctivitis  occurring  especially  in  1 


PINK-ROOT 


HTYRIASIS 


) 


Pink-root.    See  Stigelia, 

Pinna  (pin^-ah)  f  L.].  The  projecting  part 
of  the  external  ear ;  the  auricle. 

Pint  (pint)  [Sp.,/»if/a,  a  spot,  from  L.,  pin- 
gerey  to  paint].  The  eighth  part  of  a  gallon ; 
octarius.     Symbol  O. 

Pinta  Disease  [Sp.^  spot].  Spotted  sick- 
ness ;  a  tropical  contagious  disease  character- 
ized by  scaly  spots  variable  in  color,  shape, 
and  size.  The  disease  usually  begins  on  the 
face  and  extremities,  and  is  probably  due  to  a 
parasite. 

Pinus  {pi'-nus).     See  Pine, 

Pip.  A  contagious  disease  of  fowls  charac- 
terized by  a  secretion  of  thick  mucus  in  the 
throat  and  mouth. 

Piper  (pi' -per)  [L.].     See  Pepper. 

Pin-worm.     See  OxyurU. 

Piperazin  (pi-per-a' -%in)^ C^H,qN,.  Diethyl- 
endiamin,  a  crystalline  substance  produced  by 
the  action  of  ammonia  on  ethylene  bromid  or 
chlorid.  It  is  readily  soluble  in  water.  In 
watery  solutions  it  acts  as  an  excellent  solvent 
of  uric  acid,  It  is  used  internally  in  cases 
of  gout,  lithemia,  diabetes,  and  as  a  sol- 
vent for  uric  acid  calculi.  Dose  gr.  xv  a 
day ;  for  hypodermic  use  it  is  best  employed 
in  a  two  per  cent,  solution. 

Piperic  {piper^-ik)  [piper,  pepper].  Per- 
taining to  or  containing  pepper.  P.  Acid, 
Ci^HiqO^,  a  monobasic  acid  obtained  by  de- 
composing piperin. 

Piperidin  {pi-per^ -id-in)  [pipfr,  pepper],  Cj- 
H„N.  A  liquid  base  produced  in  the  de- 
composition of  piperin. 

Piperin  ipi'-per-in).     See  Pepper. 

Pipet,  Pipette  (pip-ef)  [Fr.,  dim.  of  pipe], 
A  glass  tube  open  at  both  ends,  but  usually 
drawn  out  to  a  smaller  size  at  one  end. 
It  is  used  for  transferring  small  portions  of  a 
liquid  from  one  vessel  to  another. 

Pipsissewa  (pip-sis' -e-wah).  See  Chima- 
phila, 

PirogofTs  Operation.  A  method  of  ampu- 
tation at  the  ankle,  in  which  the  greater  part 
of  the  calcaneum  is  retained  to  give  length 
and  surface  to  the  stump.  See  Operations^ 
Table  of. 

Piscidia  erythrina  (pis-id' -e-ah  er-e-ihri'- 
nah)  [pisciSf  fish ;  ceedere,  to  kill].  Jamaica 
dogwood,  a  tree  of  the  order  Leguminosae, 
the  bark  of  which  has  been  used  for  stupefy- 
ing fish.  It  contains  a  neutral  principle,  pis- 
cidin.  P.  has  been  used  as  an  anod3me  in 
neuralgia,  whooping-cough,  and  in  insomnia. 
Dose  of  the  fluid  extract  f  3  j  (4.0). 

Piscidin  (pis-id' -in).  See  Piscidia  eryth- 
rina. 

Pisiform  (pis' -if-orm)  [pisum^  a  pea ;  forma, 
form].  Pea-shaped.  P.  Bone,  a  small 
bone  on  the  inner  and  anterior  aspect  of  the 
carpus. 


Pit  [AS.,  pyt,  (xom putus,  a  well  or  pill 
A  depression,  as  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  I 
armpit.     2.  To  indent  by  pressing;  to  I 
come  indented  on  pressure. 

Pitch  [ME.,  picchen,  to  throw] .  The  heij 
of  a  sound  ;  that  quality  which  deptnds  m\ 
the  relative  rapidity  of  the  vibrations  i 
produce  the  sound. 

Pitch  [AS.,  piCf  from  /iJr,  pitch],  A  ha 
but  viscous,  shining  substance,  breaking  vi 
a  conchoidal  fracture,  obtained  from  vari* 
species  of  pine  and  from  tar.  P.,  Burgun 
PU  burgundica  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  b  tfacf 
pared  resinous  exudation  of  Abies  excelsa, ) 
is  used  in  the  form  of  plaster  as  a  counteri 
tant  in  chronic  rheumatism.  Preparatio 
Emplastrum  picis  burgundicae  (U.  S.  P.)  i 
£mplastrumpicis(B.  r.) ;  Emplastrum  p 
cantharidatum  (U.  S.  P. ) ;  Emplastrum 
efaciens  (B.  P.),  warming  plaster. 
Canada  (Pix  canadensis),  is  obtained  fi 
Abies  canadense,  and  was  formerly  used 
making  plasters.  P.,  Liquid,  Pix  liqu 
(U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.).     See  Tar. 

Pith  [AS.,  /«««,  pith].  I.  The  soft  ccUi 
tissue  found  in  the  center  of  the  stalUi 
plants.  2.  To  cut  off  all  connection  of 
brain-centers  of  an  animal  with  the  peripl; 
by  piercing  the  brain  and  spinal  coiii. 

Pituita  (pit-u' -it-ah)  [L.].    Phlegm;  mu. 

Pituitary  (pit-u' -it-a-re)  [pituita,  phleg 
Secreting  or  containing  mucus.  P.  Be 
a  small,  reddish-gray,  vascular  body,  wc 
ing  about  ten  grains,  contained  within 
sella  turcica  of  the  skull.  It  consists  of 
portions,  the  large  anterior  or  oral,  and 
small  posterior  or  cerebral  division  The  a 
rior  lobe  is  derived  as  a  diverticulum  f 
the  primitive  oral  cavity ;  the  posterior  1 
descends  as  an  outgrowth  from  the  br 
conmiunicating  in  fetal  life  with  the  t 
ventricle.  The  stalk  of  this  outgrowth 
mains  as  the  infundibulum.  The  pituj 
body  has  attracted  much  attention  on  arc* 
of  pathologic  changes  in  its  structure  in 
tain  obscure  diseases,  such  as  acromeg 
myxedema,  and  others.  In  some  case) 
the  affection  first  named,  it  has  been  n 
enlarged.  It  is  also  called  hypophysis  c 
bri.  P.  Membrane,  the  Schneiderian  ix 
brane. 

Pituitous  (pit-u' -it-us)  [pituita^  phleg 
Containing  or  resembling  mucns. 

Pityriasis    (pit-ir-i' -as-is)    [jr/rvpov,   br 

1.  A  term  applied  to  various  skin-afieri 
characterized  by  fine,  branny  desquamai 

2.  Seborrhea  sicca.  P.  capillitii,  P.  cap 
alopecia  furfuracea.  P.  circinata  et  n 
ginata,  a  disease  characterized  by  an  t 
tion  of  rose-colored  spots  on  the  trunV 
limbs,  and  in  the  axillae,  associated  with  s 
fever  and  itching.     P.  pUaria.    See  A> 


KTYROID 


PLASMODIUM 


sis  piiaris.  P.  rosea.  See  P.  maculata  ei 
arnna/a.  P.  rubra,  dermatitit  exfolimtivm, 
a  chronic  inflammatoiy*  skin-disease,  begin- 
ning in  one  or  more  localized  patches,  which 
coalesce  and  gradually  invade  the  whole 
body.  The  skin  is  deep- red  in  color,  and 
covered  by  whitish  Tesiclet  that  constantly 
reibrni.  The  disease  lasts  months  or  years, 
and  generally  ends  latally.  P.  versicolor. 
See  TiMfa  versicolor. 

Pitjrroid  (pW-ir-oid)  [irtrvpov,  bran;  eMof, 
like].     Branny. 

Pis  Ipiks)  [L.].  Pitch.  P.  liquida.  See 
Tar. 

Placebo  (pia-sf^-ho)  [L.,  I  will  please,  from 
pUcere,  to  please].  A  medicine  given  for 
the  purpose  of  pleasing  or  humoring  the  pa- 
tient, rather  than  for  its  therapeutic  effect. 

Placenta  (pia-sen' -tak)  [frAoicoK,  a  cake]. 
The  organ  on  the  wall  of  the  uterus,  to  whicn 
the  embryo  is  attached  by  means  of  the  um- 
bilical cord  and  from  which  it  receives  its 
nourishment  It  is  developed  about  the 
third  DKHith  of  gestation,  from  the  chorion  of 
the  embryo  and  the  decidua  serotina  of  the 
uterus.  The  villi  of  the  chorion  enlarge  and 
are  received  into  depressions  of  the  decidua, 
and  around  them  blood -sinuses  form,  into 
which,  by  diffusion,  the  *  waste -materials 
brought  from  the  fetus  by  the  umbilical  ar- 
teries pass,  and  from  which  the  blood  receives 
oxygen  and  food-material,  being  returned  to 
the  fetus  by  the  umbilical  vein.  At  term 
the  placenta  weighs  one  pound,  is  one  inch 
thick  at  its  center,  and  seven  inches  in  diam- 
eter. P.,  Adherent,  one  that  is  abnormally 
adherent  to  the  uterine  wall  after  child* 
tMrth.  P.,  Battledore,  one  in  which  the 
insertion  of  the  cord  is  at  the  margin  of  the 
placenta.  P.  previa,  a  placenu  that  is 
fixed  to  that  part  of  the  uterine  wall  that  be- 
comes stretched  as  labor  advances,  so  that  it 
precedes  the  advance  of  the  presenting  part 
of  the  fetus.  Being  detached  before  the 
birth  of  the  child,  it  generally  causes  grave 
hemorrhage.  P.,  Retained,  one  not  ex- 
pelled by  the  uterus  after  labor.  P.  succen* 
turiata,  an  accessory  pUcenta. 

Placental  (fU-sen^tal)  [piacfnta].  Per- 
taining to  the  placenta.  F.  Murmur,  P. 
Souffle,  a  sound  attributed  to  the  circulation 
of  blood  in  the  placenta. 

Placentation  (piasem-ta'-sMum)  [pia^^enia]. 
The  fonnatJOQ  and  mode  of  attachment  of 
the  placenta. 

Placentitis  (pld-sm-ti^'tis)  [p/arm/a;  trt^, 
inflammation^.   Inflammation  of  the  placenta. 

Plafiocephaflc  {pia-jt-o-sef-al'  ik)  [ jrXiiyiof, 
oblique,  twisted;  ««fa>i^,  head].  Having 
a  skull  exhibiting  plagiocephaly. 

Plagiocephaly  {iia-Jt-^se/'aJ  e\  [nXayio^, 
obUque ;  «ifa^,  bead].    A  malformation  of 


the  head,  produced  by  the  closing  of  half 
of  the  corona]  suture,  giving  an  oblique 
growth  to  the  cranial  rooL 

Plague  (pi^)  [irAjfyi^,  a  stroke].  A  con- 
tagiotu  disease  at  present  endemic  in  East- 
em  Asia,  but  in  former  times  occurring  epi- 
demically in  Europe  and  Asia  Minor.  After  a 
period  of  incubation  of  frt>m  three  to  eight 
days,  the  disease  begins  with  fever,  pain,  and 
swelling  of  the  Ijrmphatic  glands,  chiefly  the 
femoral,  inguiniU,  axillary,  and  cervicaL 
Headache,  delirium,  vomiting,  and  diarrhea 
may  be  present  In  cases  that  are  going  on 
to  recovery  the  temperature  usually  falls  in 
about  a  week.  The  cause  of  the  disease  is 
believed  to  be  a  bacillus  found  by  Kitasato  in 
the  blood,  buboes,  and  internal  organs  of  the 
victims  of  the  plague. 

PlanU  (piam'-iak)  [L.].  The  sole  of  the 
foot 

Plantar  {plan' tar)  Ip/aniay  sole  of  the 
foot].  Pertaining  to  the  sole  of  the  foot.  P. 
Arcn.  See  ArcA,  P.  Fascia,  the  dense  trian- 
gular shaped  aponeurosis  occupying  the  mid- 
dle and  sides  of  the  sole  of  the  foot  beneath 
the  integument  P.  Reflex.  See  RfJUxes^ 
TahUojr. 

Plantaris  (plan-ta'-ris)  [planta ^soXt  of  the 
foot].     Set  A/uscUs,  TahUof. 

Plantigrade  { plan' -tegrod)  [plamta,  sole; 
gradif  to  walk].  Bringing  the  entire  length 
of  the  sole  of  the  foot  to  the  ground  in  wuk- 
ing,  as  is  seen  in  the  bear. 

PUque  (/Aii)  [Fr.].  A  patch.  P.,  Blood- 
See  Blood-Plaque, 

Plasma  (plmtf  -mah)  [n^^iWr/m,  a  thing 
molded,  from  fr^d^or^v,  to  mold].  I.  The 
fluid  part  of  the  blood  and  the  lymph.  See 
Blood-plasma,  P.-cells,  large,  granular  cells 
found  in  the  connective  tissue.  P.,  Lymph-, 
the  fluid  part  of  the  lymph.  P.,  Muscle-. 
See  Muscle,     2.  Glycerite  of  starch. 

Plasmatic  {plaM'ma/'-ijt)l plasma].  Pertain 
ing  to  plasma.  P.  Layer,  the  layer  of 
plasma  next  to  the  wall  of  a  capillary. 

Plasmin  {plas'-mim)  [plasma].  A  name 
given  to  the  precipitate  obtained  from  blood 
by  treating  it  with  a  saturated  solution  of  so- 
dium sulphate,  allowing  the  corpuscles  to 
subside,  then  precipitating  the  plasma  with 
sodium  chlorid,  and  washing  the  precipitate 
with  a  saturated  solution  of  sodium  chlorid. 

Plasmodium  (plat-my-de-um)  [ir}.aofia,  a 
thing  molded;  rIf)oc,  form].  The  mass  of 
protoplasm  formed  by  the  fusion  of  two  or 
more  amebiform  bodies.  P.  malaris,  a 
protoxoon  parasite  found  in  the  blood  of 
persons  suffering  from  malaria.  Manv  differ- 
ent forms  have  been  observed,  which  by 
some  are  held  to  be  stages  in  the  life-bi&tory 
of  the  same  organism,  by  others  to  be  differ- 
ent species,     "nie  development  and  moltipli- 


PLASMOGEN 


PLATINUM 


cation  of  the  orgaoism  take  place  within  the 
red  corpuscles.  In  intermittent  fever  the 
imall  intracorpuscular  body  enlarges  and 
gradually  fills  the  entire  cell,  becoming  pig- 
mented at  the  same  time.  The  pigment- 
granules  are  formed  from  the  hemoglobin  of 
the  blood  corpuscle.  When  the  plasmodia 
have  acquired  a  certain  size,  the  pigment- 
granules  begin  to  aggregate  at  the  center  of 
the  body.  At  this  time,  in  the  quartan  form, 
the  organism  becomes  radially  striate,  or 
roset-shaped.  The  further  step  consists  in  the 
breaking  up  of  the  organisms  into  a  number 
of  small  spheric  bodies,  the  young  plasmodia. 
The  blood-corpuscle  is  destroyed,  and  the 
small,  free  elements  enter  other  red  cells. 
Peculiar  crescentic  bodies,  intraglobular  and 
extraglobular,  have  also  been  described. 
They  may  occur  in  acute  forms,  but  are  most 
constant  in  malarial  cachexia.  The  signifi- 
cance of  certain  flagellate  bodies  has  not 
been  fully  determined. 

Plasmogen  (plaz'-mo-jen)  [nMoftay  a  thing 
molded;  yewav,  to  produce].  Formative 
protoplasm,  germ-plasm,  bioplasm. 

Plasson  Cplas'-son  \jx7JiGauvy  to  form  or 
mold].  Primitive  or  undifferentiated  proto- 
plasm ;  the  protoplasm  of  the  cell  in  the  non> 
nucleated  or  cytode  stage. 

Plaster  {pUu^-ter)  [emplastrum^  from  ev,  in ; 
irMoaeiVy  to  mold].  I.  An  adhesive,  semi- 
solid substance  spread  upon  cloth  or  other 
flexible  material  for  application  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  body.  P.,  Adhesive,  resin-plas- 
ter. P.,  Court-,  a  plaster  prepwred  by 
spreading  a  mixture  of  isinglass  upon  silk. 
P.,  Diachylon-.  Stt  Plumbum,  P.-mull, 
a  plaster  made  by  incorporating  with  mull  or 
thin  muslin  a  mixture  of  gutta-percha  and 
some  medicament  dissolved  in  benzin.  It  b 
used  in  skin-diseases.  P.,  Mustard-,  one 
made  by  spreading  upon  muslin  powdered 
mustard,  or  a  mixture  of  mustard  and  flour 
reduced  to  the  consistency  of  paste  by  the 
addition  of  water.  P.,  Spice-,  a  plaster 
composed  of  yellow  wax,  suet,  turpentine, 
oil  of  nutmeg,  olibanum,  benzoin,  oil  of  pep- 
permint, and  oil  of  cloves,  and  used  to  relieve 
abdominal  pain  in  children.  P.,  Warming, 
a  plaster  of  pitch  and  cantharides,  the  £m- 
plastrum  picis  cum  cantharide.  2.  Plaster  of 
raris,  a  mixture  of  calcium  sulphate  (gypsum) 
and  water,  having  the  property  of  becoming 
hard  during  drying.  It  is  used  for  surround- 
ing parts,  such  as  joints,  fractured  limbs,  etc., 
with  a  stiff  casing,  to  prevent  mobility. 

Plastic  {plas^-tik)  [nXdaoeiv,  to  mold].  I. 
Formative ;  building  up  tissues ;  repairing 
defects,  as  P.  surgery.  P.  operation.  2. 
Capable  of  being  molded.  P.  Lymph,  the 
inflammatory  exudate  that  covers  wounds  or 
inflamed  serous  surfaces,  and  which  becomes 


organized  by  the  development  in  it  of  b1 
vessels  and  connective  tissues. 

Plasticity  (plas-tis^-it-e)  [»rA4wetv,  lom< 
I.  Plastic  force.  2.  The  quality  of  I 
plastic. 

Plastid  {plas^-Hd)  [n'kaoaeiv.  io  mo\6^. 
elementary  organism  ;  a  cell  or  cytode. 

Plastidule  {pins' -tid-u!)  [dim  of  pU 
from  7rAd<rffetv,  to  mold].  A  protopli 
molecule ;  one  of  the  physical  units  of  v 
living  matter  is  composed. 

Plastm  (plas'-Hn)  [nAAaauv^  to  mold] 
phosphorized  proteid,  constituting  the 
proteid  of  protoplasm. 

Plate  (plM)  [irAarvf,  broad].  A  flati 
part,  especially  a  flattened  process  of  1 
as  the  cribriform  P.  of  the  ethmoid  I 
the  orbital  P.  of  the  frontal  bone,  the 
panic  P.  of  the  temporal  bone.  P.,  App 
mation-,  one  of  the  plates  of  decal 
bone  or  other  material  that  are  used  j 
terectomy  to  bring  the  resected  ends  < 
testine  together.  P. -culture,  a  mcth< 
obtaining  pure  cultures  of  bacteria  by 
ing  the  inoculated  culture-medium 
sterile  glass-plates  and  allowing  it  to  sol 
P.,  Dorsal,  one  of  the  two  longiti 
ridges  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  ci 
which  subsequently  join  to  form  the  1 
canal.  P.,  Frontal,  in  the  fetus,  a  cai 
inous  plate  interposed  between  the  1 
parts  of  the  ethmoid  cartilage  and  the 
wings  and  anterior  portion  of  the  spt 
bone.  P.,  Frontonasal,  the  middle 
facial  plates,  which  subsequently  fom 
external  nose.  P.,  Lateral  Mesob] 
the  thick  portion  of  the  mesoblast  si 
one  on  each  side  of  the  notochord. 
plate  splits  into  two  portions,  the  cute 
sions  coalescing  to  form  the  body-w 
somatopleure,  the  inner,  to  form  the  sp 
nopleure,  or  visceral  covering. 

Platinic  (plat-in'-ik)  \^plafinufn\  O 
ing  platinum  as  a  quadrivalent  eiemen 

Platinode  (plat'in-dd)  [platinum  : 
way].  The  collecting  plate  of  an  < 
battery,  so  called  because  formerly 
made  of  platinum. 

Platinous  (plal'-in-us)  [platinmm]. 
taining  platinum  as  a  bivalent  element, 

Platinum  (plat' -in-nm)  [Sp.,  piatitu 
oi  platay  silver].  A  silver- white  me 
curring  native  or  alloyed  with  other  i 
atomic  weight  195 ;  sp.  gr.  21. 5 ;  qu-nati* 
II  and  IV  ;  symbol  Pt.  It  is  fusible 
very  high  temperatures,  and  b  inM.ili 
all  acids  except  aqua  regia.  On  \ 
of  these  properties  it  is  exten»ively  t 
chemic  apparatus — crucibles,  foils,  wii 
it  is  also  employed  as  a  reagent.  1' 
aside  from  its  ordinary  metallic  fc 
a  spongy  mass  (spongy  P.)  aod    &s 


PLATY- 


PLEURITIC 


metallic  powder  (P. -black),  which  is  capable 
of  condensing  a  great  deal  of  oxygen,  and 
hence  acts  as  a  powerful  oxidizing  agent 
P.  forms  two  sets  of  compounds,  a  platinous 
series,  in  which  it  acts  as  a  dyad,  and  ^, 

flatinic  series,  in  which  it  acts  as  a  tetrad, 
latinic  chlorid,  PtCI^,  is  used  as  a  reagent 
to  detect  potassium  and  aomionium  ;  also  in 
syphilis,  in  doses  of  gr.  J-4  (0.008-0.03). 

Platy-  (p/at^-e)  [nXuTv^,  broad].  A  prefix 
signifying  broad. 

Platycephalic,  Platycephalus  i^pku-is-ef- 
al'-iky  plat'ts-ef'-al-us)  [TrAorif,  wide ;  ice- 
^/i^,  head].  Having  a  oroad  skull  with  a 
vertical  index  of  less  than  70. 

Platycnemia  {^plcU-e-kne' -me-ak)  (VAnrirf, 
broad ;  1CV7//7,  leg] .  The  state  of  being 
platycnemic. 

Platycnemic  (plat'e-kn€''mik)  [irAm^f, 
broad ;  10^/4^7,  leg].  Having  a  tibia  which 
is  exaggerated  in  breadth ;  broad-legged. 

Platyhieric  {piat-e-hi-er^ -ic)  [ffAflti^f ,  broad ; 

.  Upitq^  holy  ;  sacrum].  Having  a  broad  sac- 
rum \  having  a  sacral  index  of  more  than  loo. 

Platypellic  ipiatepel' -ik)  [a-Aori'f,  wide; 
ftiXka,  basin].     Having  a  broad  pelvis. 

Plat}rpodia  (piatepo^-Jeak)  [trXariY ,  broad ; 
«t>if,  foot].     Flat-footedness. 

Platyrrhine  {plaf -ir-in)  [  irAor{>f ,  broad; 
^,  nose].  Having  a  broad  and  flat  nose  ; 
having  a  nasal  index  above  53. 

Platytma  myoides  {^plat-ix' -mak  mi-oi^-det) 
firXarifc.  broad].     See  MuscUs,  Table  of. 

Piayfair's  Treatment.    See  Rest-cure. 

Pledget  (ple/'ft)  [origin  obscure,  perhaps 
dim.  of  plug\.     A  small  flattened  compress. 

Pleochroic  ^ple-o-kro'-ik).  See  PUochro- 
matte. 

Plcochroism  (//f-<?>K-rtf-i«iw)  [n-Aitw,  more ; 
Xpf»^%  color].  The  property  possessed  by 
some  bodies,  especially  crystals,  of  present- 
ing different  colors  when  viewed  in  the 
direction  of  different  axes. 

Pleochromatic  {ple-o-kro-mat^-ik)  [trAiwv, 
more ;  A^/^u/m,  color].  Pertaining  to  or  ex- 
hibiting pleochroism. 

Pleomorphic  (ple-o-mor^-Jik)  [nT^uv,  more; 
fiopffjt  form].     Having  more  than  one  form. 

Pleomorphism  (pie-o-mor^-fitm)  [n'XkuVt 
more  ;  fop^^  form].  The  state  of  beine 
pleomorphic,  i.  /.,  of  existing  in  widely  dxi- 
ferent  forms. 

Plesiomorphous  ( pU-se-o-mor'-fus)  [trA^/of » 
near ;  /<o/>^,  formj.  Crystallizing  in  simi- 
lar forms  but  differing  in  chemic  composi- 
tion. 

Pleestmeter  {ples-im'-et-er).  See  Plexi- 
meter. 

Pleeeor  {pies' -or).     See  Plexor, 

Plethora  (pleth'-o-rak)  \izXifi6pti,  trA^floc. 
ftilnesf].  A  state  characterized  by  an  excess 
of  blood  in  the  YCftelSi  and  marked  by 
36 


reddish  color  of  the  face,  a  full  pulse,  a  feel- 
ing of  fulness  and  tension  in  the  head, 
drowsiness,  and  a  tendency  to  nose-bleed. 

Plethoric  {pleth' -  o- rik)  [n-A^«of,  fulness]. 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  plethora. 

Plethjrsmograph  (pleth-itf-mo-graf)  [n-A/^- 
vofidg,  increase;  ypd^iv,  to  write] .  An 
instrument  for  ascertaining  changes  in  the 
volume  of  an  organ  or  part,  dependent  upon 
changes  in  the  quantity  of  the  blood. 

Pleura  {plu'rah)  [trAfypa,  rib].  The 
serous  membrane  enveloping  the  lung  (pul- 
monary P.,  visceral  P.),  and  which,  being 
reflected  back,  lines  the  inner  surface  of 
the  thorax  (costal  P.,  parietal  P.).  P., 
Diaphragmatic,  the  reflection  of  the  pleura 
upon  the  upper  surface  of  the  diaphragm. 

Pleural  {plu'ral)  [nXevpd,  rib].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  pleura. 

Pleuralgia  (plu-ral'-je-ah)  [nXevp^^  rib; 
hAyo^f  pain].     Intei;costal  neunUgia. 

Pleurapophysis  {plurap-off' is-is)  [n-Aevpd, 
rib;  a^rd^tc*  process].     One  of  the  lateral 

{>rocesses  of  a  vertebra,  having  the  morpho- 
ogic  valence  of  a  rib. 

Pleurisy  (pluf-ru-e)  Wkevpfty  rib].  Pleuri- 
tis  ;  inflammation  of  the  pleura.  It  may  be 
acute  or  chronic.  Three  chief  varieties  are 
usually  described,  depending  upon  the  char- 
acter of  the  exudate :  {a)  Fibrinous  or  plas- 
tic ;  ijf)  Serofibrinous ;  (c)  Purulent.  In 
fibrinous  P.,  the  pleura  is  covered  with  a 
layer  of  lymph  of  variable  thickness,  which, 
in  the  acute  form,  can  be  readily  stripped  off. 
Serofibrinous  P.,  is  characterized  by  the  pres- 
ence of  a  considerable  quantity  of  fluid  con- 
taining flocculi  of  lymph,  and  the  deposit  of 
some  fibrin  on  the  pleural  surface.  Purulent 
P., or  empyema, is  characterized  by  the  pres- 
ence of  a  purulent  exudate.  Acute  pleurisy 
is  marked  by  sharp  and  stabbing  pain 
(stitch)  in  the  side,  increased  by  breathing  and 
coughing ;  by  fever,  and  by  a  friction -fremi- 
tus felt  on  palpation  and  a  to-and-fro  fric- 
tion-sound heard  on  auscultation.  In  the 
serofibrinous  variety  a  liquid  effusion  takes 
place,  the  signs  of  which  are :  bulging  of  the 
mtercostal  spaces  and  chest- wall,  al  ^ence  of 
vocal  fremitus,  displacement  of  the  heart, 
movable  dulness  with  a  curved  up|)er  line, 
and  a  tympanitic  percussion -note  (Skodaic 
resonance)  beneath  the  clavicle  and  above 
the  level  of  the  effusion.  Chronic  P.  may  be 
dry  or  serofibrinous.  P.,  Encysted,  pleurisy 
in  which  the  effusion  is  circumscribed  by 
adhesions.  P.,  Hemorrhagic,  a  variety  in 
which  the  exudate  contains  blood.  P.,  Medi- 
astinal, inflammation  of  the  pleural  layers 
about  the  mediastinum.  P.,  Metapneu- 
monic, pleurisy  dependent  upon  a  pneu- 
monia. 

Pleuritic  (pht-rit^'ik)  [ifXev/td,  rib ;  (ric>  in- 


PLEURITIS 


PLUMBUM 


flmmmation].  Pertaining  to,  affected  with, 
or  of  the  nature  of  pleurisy. 

Pleuritis  {plu-ri' -tis)  [ffAevpd,  rib;  ir<f,  in- 
flammation].    See  Pleurisy. 

Pleuro-  (^ptu'-ro-)  [ffXeupd,  rib].  A  prefix 
denoting  connection  with  the  pleura  or  with 
a  side. 

Pleurodynia  {plu-ro-din'-e-ah)  [n7xvp&j  rib ; 
odhvr/f  pain].  A  sharp  pain  in  the  intercostal 
muscles,  of  rheumatic  origin. 

Pleurogenic,  Pleurogenous  (plu-ro-jen^'iM, 
plu-roy -en-us)  [ffAev/^d,  rib ;  y^vavy  to  pro- 
duce].    Originating  in  the  pleura. 

Pleuroperitoneal  ( plu  -  ro  -  per  -  e-ton-e'-al ) 
[TrAfwpd, rib;  Tre/wrdwwov, peritoneum] .  Per- 
taining to  the  pleura  and  the  peritoneiun. 

Pleuropneumonia  {ptu  -ro-nu-  nu/-  ne-ah) 
[nXevpAf  rib;  trvthfiuv^  lung].  Combined 
mflammation  of  the  pleura  and  the  limg, 
especially  a  contagious  variety  occurring  in 
cattle. 

Pleurosoma  (plu-ro-s(/-mah)  [n-Aevpd,  rib^ 
ff^/ia,  a  body].  A  variety  of  monsters  of  the 
species  celosoma,  in  which  there  is  a  lateral 
eventration  with  atrophy  or  imperfect  devel- 
opment of  the  upper  extremity  on  the  side  of 
the  eventration. 

Pleurosthotonos  (plu-rosthot^-o-ncs).  See 
Fieurothotonos. 

Pleurothotonos  {^piu-rO'thot^'O-nos)  [TrXev- 
pddev,  firom  the  side;  reivetv,  to  bend  J.  A 
form  of  tetanic  spasm  of  the  muscles  in  which 
the  body  is  bent  to  one  side. 

Pleurotomy  (plu-rot^-o-me)  [irAevpd,  rib; 
roii;fj^  a  cutting].     Incision  into  the  pleura. 

Plexiform  (pleks^-if-orm)  [plexus;  forma , 
form].     Resembling  a  network  or  plexus. 

PXtidaktitt  (pleks-im'-et-er)  [trX^ftf ,  a  stroke; 
fitrpovt  measure].  A  disc  placed  on  the 
body  to  receive  the  stroke  in  mediate  percus- 
sion. 

Pleximetric  {pleks-e-met^-rik)  [ffXj7f«c»  a 
stroke ;  fitrpcVy  measure].  Pertaining  to  or 
performed  with  a  pleximeter. 

Plexor  (pleks'-or)  [trXjyf^f,  stroke].  A  ham- 
mer used  for  performing  percussion. 

Plexus  {pleks'-us\  [plectere,  to  knit].  A 
network,  especially  an  aggregation  of  vessels 
or  nerves  forming  an  intricate  network.  P., 
Brachial,  a  plexus  formed  in  the  neck  by 
the  union  of  the  anterior  branches  of  the 
lower  four  cervical  and  the  greater  part  of 
the  first  dorsal  nerves.  Its  branches  are  the 
rhomboid,  subclavian,  suprascapular,  exter- 
nal anterior  thoracic,  musculocutaneous,  sub- 
scapular, median,  musculospiral,  posterior 
thoracic,  internal  anterior  thoracic,  internal 
cutaneous,  lesser  internal  cutaneous,  and 
ulnar  nerves.  P.,  Cervical,  a  plexus  in  the 
neck  formed  by  the  anteriol*  branches  of  the 
upper  four  cervical  nerves.  Its  branches  are 
the  superficial^  to  skin  of  the  head  and  neck ; 


and  the  deep^  the  phrenic,  communicans  o 
two     muscular,    and    two    communica 
branches.    P.,  Choroid.    See  Ckcrtid. 
Pampiniform,  the  spermatic  plexus,  a  pit 
of  veins  collecting  the  blood  from  the  test 

PUca  (/A^-i«>i)  [L.].  A  fold.  PUcje  ] 
maUe,  radiating  folds  in  the  mucous  n 
brane  of  the  cervix.  P.  polonica,  Pt 
plait ;  a  matted,  entangled  condition  of 
nair,  due  to  want  of  cleanliness  in  cei 
diseases  of  the  scalp.  P.  semilunari 
conjunctival  fold  in  the  inner  canthus  o( 
eye,  the  rudiment  of  the  membrana  nict 
of  birds. 

Plicate  (pli'-kdt)  [plUare.Xo  lo\d\  Fol 
plaited. 

Plumbic  {plum^'bik)  [plumbum,  lead], 
taining  to  or  containing  lead. 

Plumbism  (plum^-bixm)  [  plumbum ^  1< 
I..ead-poisoning. 

Plumbum  (plum' -bum)  [L.].  Lead,  a 
ish- white  metal  occurring  in  nature  cl 
as  the  sulphid,  PbS,  known  as  galena ;  at 
weight  207;  sp.  gr.  11.38;  quantiva' 
II  and  IV;  symbol  Pb.  The  salu  of 
are  poisonous,  producing,  in  sufficient  d 
gastroenteritis;  ingested  in  small  ouan 
over  a  long  period  of  time  chronic  lead-pc 
ing  is  produced.  Ste  Lead-poisoning.  PI 
bi  aceUs,  lead  aceUte,  Pb(C,H,0,)^3] 
sugar  of  lead.  It  is  used  as  an  astrii 
in  diarrhea  and  dysentery,  as  a  hemos 
and  as  an  astringent  and  sedative  in  g 
rhea,  leukorrhea,  conjunctivitis,  etc. 
gr.  j-iij  (0.065-0.20).  From  it  arcprepi 
Liquor  plumbi  subacetatis  (U.  S.  P.) 
Plumbi  si4bacetas) ;  Unguentum  plumb 
tatis  (B.  P.) ;  Suppositoria  plumbi  com| 
(B.  P.^;  Pilula  plumbi  cum  opto  (B 
Plumoi  carbonas,  lead  carbonate, 
lead,  (PbCO,),.Pb(OH)„  is  used  as  a 
sedative  in  ointments  and  in  face-pov 
The  prolonged  use  of  the  latter  has  c 
poisoning.  From  it  is  prepared  Unguc 
plumbi  carbonatis( U.  S.  P. ).  Plumbi  cl 
dum,  lead  chlorid,  PbCL,  is  used  lik 
carbonate.  Plumbi  iodidum,  lead 
Pbl,,  is  used  as  a  local  astringent  an 
sorbent  in  Unguentum  plumbi  iodidi  ( 
P.,  B.  P.)  and  Emplastrum  plumbi 
(B.  P.).  Plumbi  nitras,  lead  nitrau 
(NO3),,  is  used  locally  as  a  sedative 
coriated  surfaces,  as  sore  nipples,  ch 
hands ;  in  gonorrhea,  leukorrhca ;  in  01 
maligna,  etc.  Ledoyen's  distnfectjng 
is  a  solution  of  lead  nitrate  of  the  streni 
one  dram  to  the  ounce.  Plumbi  oxidun 
oxid,  litharge,  PbO,  is  used  for  makin 
plaster  T Emplastrum  plumbi),  as  an  ex 
application  to  irritated  surfaces,  and  i 
arts,  for  glazing  pottery,  and  as  an  ingr 
of  fluid  glass.     Lead  Plaster  with  cdr 


PLUMMER'S  PILLS 


PNEUMOMETER 


constitutes  Unguentum  diachylon  (V.  S.  P.). 
Plumbi  oxidum  nibrum,  red  lead,  minium, 
is  used  extensively  in  the  arts  as  a  paint  and 
in  the  manufacture  of  glass.  Plumbi  sub- 
acetas,  lead  subacetate,  a  basic  salt,  is  used 
in  the  form  of  Liquor  plumbi  subacetatis  (U. 
S.  P.,  B.  P.),  Goulard's  extract,  and  Liquor 
plumbi  subacetatis  dilutus  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 
lead-water,  as  a  sedative  and  astringent  in  in- 
flammations and  bums.  It  is  also  a  constit- 
uent of  Ccratum  plumbi  subacetatis.  Plumbi 
tamsas,  lead  tannate,  is  used  as  a  sedative 
astringent. 

Plummer's  Pills.    See  Antimonium. 
Plutomania     (plu-to-ma^-ne-ah)    [irAovrof, 
wealth  ;  fiavta,  madness].     An  insane  belief 
that  one  is  the  possessor  of  great  wealth. 
Pneograph  {ne'-ograf)  [irveiv,  to  breathe  ; 
ypd^tv,  to  write].     An   instrument  for  re- 
cording the  force  and  character  of  the  current 
of  air  during  respiration. 
Pneometer  {ne  -  om  '-  et-er).     S3monym  of 
SpironuUr. 

Pneoscope  (pu'-o-skdp)  [nrriv,  to  breathe; 
OKoirelv,  to  examine].  An  instrument  for 
measuring  respiratory  movements. 

Pneumarthrosis  (nu-mar-thn/sis)  [^vev/ia, 
air ;  iipffpov,  a  joint].  A  collection  of  air  or 
gas  in  a  joint. 

Pneumathemia  {numathe^-me'ah)\inf(vfia, 
air ;  aifia^  blood].  The  presence  oi  gas  in 
the  blood-vessels. 

Pneumatic  (numat^ik)  [nvevfia,  air].  I. 
Pertaining  to  air  or  gas.  2.  Pertaimng  to 
respiration.  3.  Pertaining  to  compressed  or 
rarcBed  air.  P.  Speculum.  See  Sieglis 
Speculum.  P.  Trough,  a  trough  partly  nlled 
with  water  for  facilitating  the  collection  of 
gases. 

Pneumatics  {numat^ -iks)  [nvevfui^  air]. 
The  branch  of  physics  treating  of  the  physi- 
cal properties  ot  air  and  gases. 

Pneumato-(MM-ma/^-<7-)r7rvn;/<a,  air,  breath]. 
A  prefix  denoting  pertaming  to  air,  gas,  or 
breath. 

Pneumatocele  (nu^mat'O'Sil)  [nveiffia,  air ; 
K^^JIt  tumor].  I.  A  swelling  containing  air 
or  gas.  2.  A  hernia  of  the  lung.  3.  A 
swelling  of  the  scrotum  produced  by  the 
presence  of  gas. 

Pneumatogram  {nu'-mat-o-gram)  [irvtvfia^ 
breath ;  ypdfifia,  inscription].  A  tracing 
showing  the  frequency,  duration,  and  depth 
of  the  respiratory  movements. 

Pneumatology  {nu-mat'ol* -oje)  [Trvei/io, 
breath ;  X^>t^,  knowledge],  i.  The  science 
of  respiration.  3.  The  science  of  gases ;  also 
their  use  as  therapeutic  agents. 

Pneumatometer  (nu-matont' -et-er).  See 
Spirometer. 

Pneumatometry  (nu-mat'Cm''et're)[Kvevfiat 

air;  pirpov^  measure].    1.  The  measurement 


of  the  force  of  respiration.    2.  The  treatment 
of  pulmonary   and   circulatory  diseases   by 
means  of  a  pneumatic  apparatus. 
Pneumatosis  (nu-mat-t/ -sis)  [nvevfia,  air]. 
The   presence   of   gas  or  air   in   abnormal 

filaces,  or  in  an  excessive  quantity  where  a 
ittle  exists  normally. 

Pneumatotherapy  \nu  -  mat  -  o  -  ther*-  ap  -  e) 
\Tnfn)iiay  air;  hepaTreia^  treatment].  The 
treatment  of  diseases  by  means  of  com- 
pressed or  rarefied  air. 

Pneumatothorax  (nu-mat-o-tA(/-raJ^s).  Syn- 
onym of  Pneumothorax. 

Pneumaturia  (nu-mat-u' 're-ah)\iTvevfia^  air; 
urina,  urine].  The  evacuation  of  urine  con- 
taining free  gas. 

Pneumectomy  {nu-mek^-to-me).  See  Ptuu- 
monectomy. 

Pneumo-  {nu'-mo-)  [rvef^,  air.  or  irvehfujv, 
lung].  A  prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  the 
lung.     See  Pneumono-. 

Pneumobacillus  (nu-mo-bas-il^-us).  See 
Bacteria,  Table  of . 

Pneumocele  {nu'-mo-sil).  Synonym  of 
Pneumatocele. 

Pneumocentesis  (nu-mo-sen-te'-sis)  [Tri'ti- 
fjujVy  lung;  Ktvniai^^  puncture].  Paracen- 
tesis of  the  lung,  especially  for  the  purpose 
of  evacuating  a  cavity. 

Pneumococcus  (nu-mo-kok^us).  See  Bac- 
teria.  Table  of. 

Pneumoconiosis  {nu-mo-Jkon-e-o^sis).  See 
Pntumonokoniosis. 

Pneumogastric  {nu-mo-gas' -trik)  [Trvev/iuv, 
lung;  /offT^p,  stomach].  I.  Pertaining  con- 
jointly to  the  lungs  and  the  stomach.  3. 
Pertaining  to  the  pneumogastric  or  vagus 
nerve.     P.  Nerve.     See  Nerves,  Table  of. 

Pneumograph  (nu'-mo-graf)  [irvev/wji', 
lung ;  ypd^iv,  to  write].  An  instrument 
for  recofding  the  movements  of  the  chest  in 
respiration. 

Pneumography  (nu-mog^-rafe)  [nvevfiuv, 
lung;  ypdi^Lv,  Xo  mnit],  A  descnption  of 
the  lungs. 

Pneumohemothorax  {nu  -  mo  •  hem  •  o-  tho^- 
raks)  [nvevfUL,  air  ;  a\fui,  blood ;  66pa^,  tho- 
rax]. A  collection  of  air  or  gas,  and  blood, 
in  the  pleural  cavity. 

Pneumohydropericardium  (nu-mo-hi-dro- 
per'e'kar^-de-um)\irvevfjui,  air;  v6ii»p,  water; 
pericardium"].  An  accumulation  of  air  and 
fluid  in  the  pericardial  cavity. 

Pneumohydrothorax  (nu  -  mo  -  hi  -  dro-tho^- 
raks)  [irvevfia,  air ;  vdup,  water ;  06pa^,  tho- 
rax]. A  collection  of  air  or  gas,  and  fluid, 
in  tne  pleural  cavity. 

Pneumokoniosis.    See  Pneumonohoniosis, 

Pneumohth  {nu^-mo-lith)  [irvtiftuv^  long ; 
"kido^,  a  stone].     A  calculus  of  the  la 

Pneumometer    {nu-mom^ -et-er), 
of  Spirometer, 


PNEUMOMETRY 


PNEUMONOILONIOSIS 


) 


^ 


Pneumometry  (nu  -  mom'-  et  -  re).  Same  u 
Spirometry. 

PneumonectasU,  Pneumonectmsis  {nu- 
mon-ek-ta' 'Ze-ah^  nu-mon-ek'-tas-is)  [nvev- 
fiuv,  lung ;  iKToaic,  disteotion].  Emphy- 
sema of  the  lung. 

Pneumonectomy  (numon-ek'-io-me)  [nveh- 
liuvy  lung ;  iicrof^,  excision].  Excision  of  a 
portion  of  a  lung. 

Pneumonia  {ftu-mo'-m-aA)  [irveh/icnff  lung]. 
Inflammation  of  the  lung,  pneumonitis.  Used 
without  qualification,  the  term  implies  lobar 
pneumonia,  f.  v.  P.,  Alcoholic,  the  crou- 
pous pneumonia  of  drunkards,  often  asso- 
ciated with  delirium,  and  very  fatal.  P., 
Apex-,  P.,  Apical,  croupous  pneumonia  of 
the  apex  of  a  lung.  P.,  Aspiration-,  a  bron- 
chopneumonia due  to  the  inspiration  of  food- 
particles  or  other  irritant  substances  into  the 
lung.  P.,  Catarrhal.  Synonym  of  Bron- 
chopntitmonia.  P.,  Central,  a  croupous 
pneumonia  beginning  in  the  interior  of  a 
lobe  of  the  lung.  The  physical  signs  are 
obscure  until  the  inflammation  reaches  the 
surface.  P.,  Croupous.  See  /*.,  Lobar, 
P.,  Deglutition-.  Synonym  of  P.^  Aspira- 
tion-. P.,  Desquamative,  a  form  charac- 
terized chiefly  by  an  intense  desquamation 
of  the  cells  lining  the  air- vesicles,  a  prolifera- 
tion of  the  connective-tissue  cells  of  the  septa 
between  the  vesicles,  and  the  exudation  of  a 
scanty  albuminous  fluid.  The  exudate  gen- 
erally undergoes  caseous  degeneration.  P., 
Embolic,  pneumonia  due  to  embolism  of  the 
vessels  of  the  lung.  P.,  Fibrinous.  See 
P.,  Lobar.  P.,  Fibroid,  P.,  Fibrous. 
Synonym  of  P. ,  Interstitial.  P.,  Hyposta- 
tic, a  lobular  P.  occurring  in  the  dependent 
portions  of  the  lungs  of  persons  debilitated 
by  age  or  disease,  and  depending  on  the 
weakened  circulation  and  respiration  and  the 
dorsal  decubitus.  P.,  Insular.  Synon3rm 
of  P.,  Lobular.  P.,  Interstitial,  fibroid  P., 
cirrhosis  of  the  lung ;  a  chronic  inflammation 
of  the  lung,  characterized  by  an  increase  of 
the  connective  tissue.  It  may  be  due  to  the 
inhalation  of  excessive  quantities  of  coal-dust 
or  other  irritant  particles  (pneumonokoniosis); 
it  may  be  a  termination  of  lobar  pneumonia 
or  bronchopneumonia ;  it  may  be  due  to  tu- 
berculosis, or  to  extension  of  a  chronic  inflam- 
mation from  the  pleura.  P.,  Lrobar,  crou- 
pous P.,  lung-fever;  an  acute  infectious  dis- 
ease characterized  by  an  inflammation  of  one 
or  more  lobes  of  the  lung,  the  affected  parts 
becoming  consolidated,  owing  to  the  exuda- 
tion of  cells  and  fibrin  into  the  air-vesicles. 
The  exciting  cause  is  usually  the  diplococcus 
pneumonife  of  Frfljikel,  but  other  microorgan- 
isms may  produce  it.  The  disease  sets  in 
with  a  chill,  which  is  followed  by  a  rapid 
rise  of  the  temperature,  hurried  respiration. 


cough,  and  the  expectoration  of  a  peculi 
rust-colored  sputum.  The  fever  remains  hij 
until  about  the  ninth  day,  when  it  Calls  I 
crisis.  The  disease  generally  involves  t 
lower  lobe  of  the  right  lung  and  is  accoi 
panied  by  a  fibrinous  pleurisy.  In  t 
early  stage  the  lung  b  intensely  congest 
(stage  of  congestion) ;  soon  there  is  an  C3 
dation  into  the  vesicles  causing  solidificati 
of  the  lobe  (stage  of  consolidation).  1 
lung  in  the  Deginning  of  this  stage  b  da. 
red  and  resembles  liver-tissue  (stage  of  i 
hepatization),  later  it  becomes  gray  (stage 
gray  hepatization).  In  favorable  ca 
the  exudate  is  absorbed  and  expectora 
(stage  of  resolution).  P.,  Lobuuur.  S 
onym  of  Bronchopneutnonia  and  Z'.,  Cat 
rhal.  P.,  Massive,  lobar  P.  in  which 
only  the  air-celb,  but  the  bronchi  of  an  en 
lobe,  or  even  of  a  lung,  are  filled  with 
fibrinous  exudate.  P.,  Pleurogenic, 
Pleurogenous,  P.  secondary  to  disea»e 
the  pleura.  P.,  Purulent,  one  character 
by  the  formation  of  pus;  it  appears  ar 
three  forms :  suppuration  of  the  mil 
bronchi  and  air-vesicles — purulent  cataj 
true  abscess  of  the  lung ;  suppurative  Ijmpi 
gitis  and  perilymphangitb.  F.,Septic,  lob 
P.  due  to  the  inspiration  of  septic  material  < 
septic  emboli.  P.,  Ss^philitic,  inflammati< 
the  lung  due  to  syphilis  and  manifesting  i 
as  the  white  pneumonia  of  the  fetus ;  as  g 
mata  of  the  lung ;  as  interstitial  pneumc 
taking  its  origin  at  the  root  of  the  lung 
passing  along  the  bronchi  and  vessels ;  ai 
acute  syphilitic  phthbb,  analogous  to  a 
pneumonic  phthbb.  P.,  Tubular.  Sync 
of  Bronchopneumonia.  P.,  White,  a  c 
rhal  form  of  pneumonia  occurring  in  a  « 
ilitic  fetus  and  resulting  in  death.  B 
overgrowth  of  epithelium  in  the  airvr^ 
the  celb  die,  and  fatty  degeneration  foil 
giving  the  lungs  a  white  appearatice. 
the  imprint  of  the  ribs  on  their  surface. 

Pneumonic  {nu-mon'-ik)  \7:vt\)n%j\\  \\ 
Pertaining  to  the  lungs  or  to  pneum 
P.  Phthisis,  tuberculosis  affecting  a  ^ 
lobe  of  the  lung. 

Pneumonitis  (««-»f<»«-i'-/iw)  [trvrf'/ajr,  1 
<r<f,  inflammation].    Pneumonia. 

Pneumono-  (nu-mon^-o-)  [^irvevtiun'^  1 
A  prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  the  lon^ 

Pneumonocele  (nu-mon'-o-sf/)  frrve 
lung;  idfXtf,  tumor,  hernia].  Hernia  < 
lung. 

Pneumonokoniosis  (»«-/»w»-^4'<wc 
\_irve{>fiuVf  lung ;  Kovia^  dust].  A  genera 
applied  to  chronic  induration  or  tibrv: 
fljunmation  of  the  lungs  due  to  the  lxih< 
of  dust.  Various  names  are  given 
according  to  the  kind  of  dust  cao^ng  i 
flammation :  anthracosis,  that  due  to  iJ 


POISONS  POISONS 

TABLE  OF  POISONS— OnAiiK^. 


Name. 

SVMFTOMS  OF  POISONING. 

Tkeatmbnt  and  Antidotbs. 
(Antidotes  in  JUUics.) 

AlcohoL 

Confusion  of  thougfat,  riddiness.  totter* 
in£  gait,  slight  cyanosis,  narcosis  from 
which    patient    can    be   aroused;    full 
pulse :  deep,  stertorous  breathin|[ ;  iniec- 
tion  of  eyes,  dilatation  of  pupils,  low 
temperature.    Convulsions  may  occur. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  coffee :  battery ; 
amyl  nitrite ;  hot  and  cokl  douches. 

Ammnnium   and    its 
compounds. 

Intetise  gastroenteritis  often  with  bloody 
vomiting  and  purging;  lips  and  tongue 
swollen  and  covered  with  detached  epi- 
thelium ;  violent  dyspnea ;  characteristic 
odor. 

VegetabU  acids :  demulcents. 

Antimony  and  its  com- 
pounds. 

Metallic  taste,  violent  yomiting,  becoming 
bloody :  feeble  pulse ;  pain  snd  burning 
in  the  stomach  ;  violent  serous  purging, 
becoming  bloody ;  cramps  in  extremi- 
ties, thirst,  great    debility;  sometimes 
prostration,    collapse,    unconsciousness 
and   convulsions   without  vomiting  or 
purging. 

Tmmic  acid;  demulcent  drinks; 
opium ;  alcohol ;  external  beat. 

Antipy  rin  ( i^l^fuw<m«). 

Headache,  nausea,  vomiting,  a  rash  like 
that    of  measles,   vertigo,   drowsiness, 
deafness,  confusion  of  ideas,  cyanosis, 
collapse. 

Recumbent  position;  warmth; 
strychnin:  stimulanu;  oxygen; 
artificial  respiration. 

Apomotphin. 

Violent  vomiting,  oaralysis  of  motor  and 
respiration  and  of  heart. 

Cardiac  and  respiratory  stimulants. 

pounds. 

Violent   burning   pain    in  the  stomach, 
retching,  thirst,  pursing  of  bIcK>d  and 
mucus  with  flakes  of  epithelium,  tenes- 
mus, suppression  of  urine ;  sense  of  con* 
striction  in  throat ;  pulse  small  and  fre- 
quent. 

Hydrated  sesqmtoxid  of  iron;  pre- 
cipitated cafbomate  ttf  iron;  emet- 
ics;  castor  oil ;  demulcents. 

Atropa  belladonna 
{Deadfy  NighiskatU). 
Atropin. 
Belladonna. 
Homatropin. 

Heat   and   dr>-ness   of   the   month   and 
throat;   pupils   widely  dilated,   scarlet 
rash,  noisy  delirium :    quick    puli^e,  at 
first  corded,  later  feeble;  rapid  respir- 
ations, early  strong,  late  shallow  and 
fi^ble;  retention  of    urine;   sometimes 
convulsions,  collapse,  and  paralysis. 

Evacuate  stomach:  tannie  acid: 
stimulants ;  coflSee ;  pilocarftin  :  arti- 
ficial respiration;  physostigmin  mav 
be  of  benefit ;  evacuation  of  blao- 
der. 

Cafiein. 

Burning  pain  in  the   throat,  giddiness, 
faintness,  nausea,  numbness,  abdominal 
pain,  great  thirst,  dry  tongue,  tremor  of 
extremities,  diuresis,  weak  pulse,  cold 
skin,  collapse. 

Emetics :  stimulanu ;  warmth ;  mor* 
phin  and  atropin. 

r»lahar     Bean.       See 

Pkjrwstigma,                                                   \ 

Camphor. 

Characteristic  odor;  languor,  giddiness, 
disturbance  of  vision,  delirium,  convul- 
sions,  clammy    skin,   smarting    in   the 
urinary  oriran* :  pulse  quick  and  weak ; 
no  pain,  no  vomiting,  no  purging. 

Evacuate  stomach:  stimulants; 
warmth ;  hot  and  cold  douches. 

Cannabis    Indica    (/it> 
dum  Hemp). 

Pleasurable    intoxication,   sense  of  oro- 
longation  of  time,  anesthesia  with  loss 
of  strength,  especially   in   legs;   pupils 
dilated;  rapid  pulse;  hcav>  sleep. 

Burning  in  mouth  and  stomach  ;  vomiting 
and    purging   soon    becoming    blood)  ; 
tenrsmus.  salivation,    aching   pain«    in 
back,      strangury,     priapism;     uncon- 
sciousness only  very  late;  convulsions 
at  times. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  stimulants. 

Canihaiis    vesicatoria 
{Spcnisk  nvK 
Cantbaridcs. 

Evacuate  stomach:  demulcent 
drinks;  morphin :  hot  bath  for  tb« 
strangury;  anesthcUcs  may  b« 
necessary  for  the  pain. 

Carbolic    Acid.      See 

Acid,  CarMu.                                                 1 

\ 


POISONS  POISONS 

TABLE  OF  POISONS— GwiWiMift/. 


Namb. 

Symptoms  of  Poisoning. 

Trbatmbnt  and  Antidotbs. 
(Antidotes  in  lialics.) 

Chloral  Hydrate. 

ity;  reflexes  diminished,  pulse  weak,  re- 
spirations slowed,  pupils  contracted  dur- 
ing sleep,  but  dilated  on  waking,  tem- 
perature low. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  heat  to  the  ex- 
tremities; massage;  coffee  per 
rectum;  strychnin;  amyl  nitnte; 
artificial  respiration. 

Chloroform. 

Excitement  and  intoxication  followed  by 
anesthesia   and    unconsciousness,  later 
profound  narcosis.    Pulse  and  respira- 
tions fail  progressively  or  suddenly. 

respiration ;  faradic  current ;  hot 
and  cold  douches;  amyl  nitrite; 
ammonia  injected  into  a  vein; 
evacuation  of  the  stomach  if  chloro- 
form has  been  taken  by  mouth. 

Coal-gas. 

Headache,  giddiness,  loss  of  muscular 
breathing  labored,  coma;  odor  of  the  gas. 

Fresh  air:  artificial  respiration ;  am- 
monia ;  stimulanu :  oxygen ;  cofiee ; 
hot  and  cold  douches. 

Cocain. 

Faintness.  giddiness,  nausea ;  pulse  small, 
rapid,  intermittent:  dilated  pupils,  severe 
prostration,  respiration  slow  and  feeble. 

Stimulants;  amyl  nitrite;  artificial 
respiration. 

Colchicum    autumnale 

Not  unlike  those  of  malignant  cholera ; 
griping  pain  in  the  stomach,  vomiting 
ana  continuous  purging  of  seromucous 
material;    intense    thirst,    muscular 
cramps,    great    prostration,    collapse, 
dilated  pupils,  pain  in  the  extremities. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  tannic  or  gallic 
acid;  demulcent  drinks;  stimu- 
lants; morphin. 

Conium    maculatum 
(Hemlock). 

Weakness  of  the  legs,  gradual  loss  of  all 
voluntary  power,  nausea,  ptosis,  dilata- 
tion  of  pupils,   inability  to  speak   or 
swallow. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  tannic  or  gaOic 
acid;  stimulants;  warmth;  artifi- 
cial respiration ;  atropin. 

Croton  tigliuin(CV0/OM- 
ml). 

Intense  pain  in  abdomen,  vomiting,  purg- 
ing, watery  stools,  pinched  face,  small 
and  thready  pulse,  moist  skin,  collapse. 

Evacuate  stomachy  demulcent 
drinks ;  camphor ;  stimulants ;  mor- 
phin; poultices  to  abdomen. 

Cyanogen  and  its  com- 
pounds. 

Similar  to  Acid^  Hydrocyanic^  q.  v. 

Datura   stramonium 
IThom-appU,  James- 
iaum  fVeed). 

Symptoms  and  treatment  similar  to  those 
of  Atropin,  q.  v. 

Digiulis  purpurea 
(FoxrUfve). 

Purging,  with  severe  pain,  violent  vomit- 
ing, vertigo,   feeble   pulse,  although 
heart's  action  is  tumultuous,  eyes  promi- 
nent, pupils  dilated,  sclera  blue;  deli- 
rium and  convulsions. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  tannic  and  gallic 
acids,'  stimulants;  aconite;  recum- 
bent position. 

Erytbroxylon  coca. 

See  Cocain. 

Fly,  Spanish.    See  Com 

tharis. 

Gelsemium    sempervi- 
rens   {yellow  Jessor 
mine). 

Symptoms  appear  in  about  twenty  min- 
utes; great  muscular  weakness*  diplo- 
pia, ptosis,  internal  squint,  widely  di- 
lated pupils,  dimness  of  vision,  labored 
respiration,  weak  pulse. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  atropin;  stimo- 
lants :  artificial  respiration ;  hot  and 
cold  douches. 

Hellebore,  Green  and 

White.    See  Verairum. 

Hemlock.  SeeOmiMM. 

• 

lodin   and   its  com- 
pounds. 

Pain  in  throat  and  stomach:  vomiting, 
purging,  vomit  yellow  from    iodin,  or 
blue  if  starch  present  in  stomach ;  giddi- 
ness, faintness,  convulsive  movements. 

Evacuate  stomach;  starek;  amyl 
nitrite;  morphin. 

Iodoform. 

ture,  rapid  pulse.    Symptoms  resemble 
meningitis. 

Jaborandi. 
Pilocarpin. 

Copious  sweating,  dizziness,  salivation, 
vomiting,  diarrhea,  tearing  pain  in  eve- 
balls,  myopia,  pupils  much  contractecl. 

Evacuate  stomach;  stlronlants; 
atropin. 

POISONS 


POISONS 


TABLE  OF  POISONS— CVwirfiM««/. 


Namb. 

Symptoms  op  Poisoning. 

Trbatmvnt  and  ANTiDorms. 
(Antidotes  in  IMUs.) 

Lead  acetate. 

Sweet  meUllic  taste,  vomiting  of  white 
matter,  great  thirst,  pain  in  abdomen, 
abdominal  muscles  usually  rigid,  con- 
stipation or  diarrhea  with  black  stools, 
cramps   in   the   legs,  paralysis   of  the 
extremities,  convulsions;  in  the  chronic 
forms,  a  blue  line  at  margin  of  the  gums. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  dtluie  su^uric 
acid;  Epiom  or  Glambef*s  saUs; 
milk :  morphin ;  potassium  iodid  to 
eliminate  the  poiaon. 

Lobelia  inflau  {/miian 
Tobacco), 

Severe  vomiting,  with  intense  depression 
and  prostration,  giddiness,  tremors,  con- 
vulsions, collapse. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  tannic  or  galhc 
acid;  stimulants;  strychnin; 
warmth ;  recumbent  position. 

Mercuric  chlorid. 

Acrid   metallic    taste,   burning    beat   in 
throat  and  stomach,  vomiting,  diarrhea, 
with  bloody  stools,  lips  and  tongue  white 
and  shriveled,  pulse  small  and  frequent, 
death  in  coma  or  convulsiona ;  pain  may 
be  absent.    Secondary  symptoms :  hectic 
fever,  coppery  taste,  fetid  breath,  gums 
swollen,  salivation. 

Albumin  in  some  form:  raw  white 
of  egg  or  flour ;  evacuate  stomach ; 

Morphin.    See  O^imm, 

f  Nitric  Acid.   See^rti/. 

Nitric. 

tire  body,  dicrotic  pulse,  flushed  Csce, 
mental  coofuaion,  anxiety,  auddea  col- 
lapse. 

Recumbent  poaitkM ;  coM  to  bead ; 
ergot;  atfopia. 

Nu«  vomica.     See 

Shycknos, 

Opiam. 

Morphin. 
Narcein. 
Codetn. 
Laodanum* 
• 

Preliminary  mental  excitement,  accelera- 
tion of  heart ;  soon  weariness,  sensation 
of  weight  in  the  limbs,  sleepiness,  dimin- 
ished sensibility,  pin-point  pupils ;  pulse 
and  respiration  slow  and  strong:  patient 
can  be  roused  with  difficulty ;  later  this 

respiration   slow,   irregular,   and   ster* 
torous,  pulse  rapid  and  feeble. 

I.  Evacuate  stomach  by  musUrd  or 
stomach-pump.  a.  Arouse  patient 
to  maintain  respiration  by  exercise, 
flagellation  with  wet  towels,  cold 
and  hot  douches  alternately,  y 
Stimulate  by  airopin,  coflRre.  afcobol 
if  pulse  fails;  external  heat.  Id- 
halations  of  oxyaen ;  injection  of 
dilute  solution  of  potassinm  per* 
wumganate. 

OxaUcAcid.  See^ri^. 

OxaKc, 

Pari*  Green.    See  A  rse 

nic. 

Pboftphorua. 

Vomiting  and  pain ;  vomit  may  be  lumin- 
ous   in  the  dark;  characteristic   odor. 
After  several  days  deep  jaundicr,  coffee- 
colored  vomit,  hepatic  tenderriess.  albu- 
minuria,  marked   fiill   in    temperature, 
coma,  failure  of  pulse  and  rrspiralion. 

Giddiness,  prostration,  loss  of  power  in 
tbe    lower    limbs,    muscular  twitching, 
contracted  pupils,  mind  clear. 

Snipkate  of  copper  as  an  emetic,  tbeo 
as  an  antidote  in  small  doaea  with 
opium;  purgation. 

Phytoaticma    veneno- 
awn  (Caiabar  Bemm), 

Evacuate  stomach  :  mtropm .-  strych- 
nin; stimulanu;  artificial  respira- 
tion. 

Fmssic   Acid.     See 

Santoain. 

Disturbance  of  color-vision— objects  first 
assume  a  bluish  tinge,  then  yellow ;  tinni- 
tus, diuineas,  pain  in  the  abdonten,  fail- 
ure of  respiration,  convulsions,  stupor. 

Pain,  vomitina,  bloody  stools  and  tenes- 
mus:   disordered    re«piraiiona,    coma, 
convulsions,  and  collapse. 

Evacuate  stomach;  stimulants; 
chloral. 

Savin. 

Evacuate  stomach:  castor-oil  in 
large    doae;    morphin;    poultices 

SUvcr-aalta. 

Pain,  vomiting. and  purging:  vomit  white 
and  cheesy,  rapidly  turning  black  in  the 
sunlight;    vertigo,    coma,   convulsions, 
paralysis,  and   marked  disturbance   of 
respiration. 

Salt  and  water:  evacuate  stomach; 
a  Urge  amount  of  milk. 

POKEROOT  POLIOMYELITIS 

TABLE  OF  FOlSO^S.—Contimud. 


Namb. 

Symptoms  of  Poisoning. 

Treatment  and  Antidotes. 
(Antidotes  in  UoHcm,) 

St.  Ignatius  Bean. 
Strycbnot  ignatii. 
Strychnot  nux  vomica 

Nux  vomica. 

Strychnin. 

Brucin. 

Tetanic    convulsions    in    paroxysms    at 
varying  intervals  of  from  nve  minutes  to 
hair  an  hour:  opisthotuuos  during  par- 
oxysm;    eyeballs     prominent,     pupils 
dilated,  respiration  impeded,  pulse  feeble 
and  rapid ;  anxiety. 

Evacuate  stomach ;  tannic  acid  foV 
lowed  by  an  emetic:  catbetcrize: 
keep  patient  quiet;  bromids  and 
chloral ;  amyl  nitrite  or  chloroform 
to  control  convulsions;  artificial 
respiration  If  indicated. 

Tobacco. 
Nicotin. 

Nausea,  vomiting,  weakness,  weak  pulse, 
cold  and  clammy  skin,  collapse,  pupils 
contracted,  then  dilated. 

Evacuate  stomach;  tannic  acid; 
str>-chnln ;  stimulants ;  warmth ; 
recumbent  position. 

Veratrum      album 
KWhUe  HeUibore). 

Veratrum     viride 
\^Green  Hellebore). 

Pain  and  burning  in  alimentary  tract; 
vomiting  and  diarrhea;  slow,  weak 
pulse:  labored  respiration;  pupils  usu- 
ally dilated ;  there  may  be  convulsions. 

Evacuate  stomach;  ether  hypoder- 
matically ;  opium ;  stimulants ;  co^ 
fee ;  warmth ;  recumbent  poaliion. 

Poke-root.     See  Phytolacca. 

Polar  (po'lar)  [polus^  a  pole].  Pertaining  to 
or  situated  near  a  pole.  P.  Bodies,  P.  Cells, 
or  P.  Globules,  two  minute  cells  thrown 
off  by  the  unfecundated  ovum  during  matura- 
tion. P.  Method,  a  method  of  applying 
electricity,  in  which  the  pole  the  distinctive 
effect  of  which  is  wanted  is  placed  over  the 
part  to  be  treated,  and  the  other  pole  ovei 
some  indifferent  part. 

PoUrimeter  { polar -im' -eter)  j^polus,  a 
pole ;  ukrpov^  a  measure].  An  instrument 
for  determining  the  degree  to  which  an  op- 
tically active  substance  changes  the  plane  of 
polarization  to  the  right  or  to  the  left. 

Polariscope  (po-lar'-is-kdp)  [polusy  pole; 
OKOirelVf  to  view].  An  instrument  for  study- 
ing the  polarization  of  light ;  a  polarimeter. 

Polarity  {polar*  Ue)  [polus,  polej.  The 
state  of  having  poles  or  points  of  intensity 
presenting  opposite  qualities. 

Polarization  ( po-lari-za' -shun)  [  polus^ 
pole].  I.  The  act  of  polarizing,  or  the 
state  of  being  polarized.  2.  A  coadition 
produced  in  a  ray  of  light  by  absorption,  re- 
flection, or  refraction,  by  means  of  which  the 
vibrations  are  restricted  and  take  place  in 
one  plane  only  (plane  PJ  t  or  in  curves  (cir- 
cular or  elliptic  P.).  The  plane  of  P.  is 
altered  or  rotated  when  the  light  is  passed 
through  a  quartz-crystal  or  solutions  of  cer- 
tain substances  (rotatory  P.).  3.  The  de- 
posit of  gas-bubbles  (hydrogen)  on  the  elec- 
tronegative plate  of  a  galvanic  battery, 
whereby  the  now  of  the  current  is  impeded, 
and  owing  to  the  negative  plate  covered  with 
hydrogen  being  more  electropositive  than  the 
zinc-plate,  the  difference  in  potential  between 
the  two  plates  is  reduced. 

Polarize  {po*-lar-lz)  [polus,  pole].  To  en- 
dow with  polarity ;  to  place  in  a  state  of 
polarization. 


Polarizer  (po^-lar-i-zerS  [/a/«/,  pole].  An 
object,  such  as  a  Nicol-pnsm,  by  means  oi 
which  light  is  polarized. 

Pole  (p6l)  [jrdAof,  polm,  a  pole].  I.  Either 
extremity  of  the  axis  of  a  body,  as  of  the  fetus, 
the  crystalline  lens,  etc.  2.  One  of  two  points 
at  which  opposite  physical  qualities,  ^.  ^., 
electricity  or  magnetism,  are  concentrate ; 
specifically,  the  electrode  of  a  galvanic  bat- 
tery, which  is  positive  (positive  P.)  when 
connected  with  the  electronegative  plate  of 
the  battery  (carbon,  copper,  platinum),  or 
negative  (negative  P.*)  when  connected  with 
the  electropositive  plate  (zinc).  P.-changer, 
a  switch  or  key  for  changing  or  reversing  the 
•  direction  of  a  current  produced  by  an  electric 
battery. 

Poliencephalitis  (pol-e-en'Sef-al-i'-Hs)  [ffo- 
^^>  gray  ;  ^yxi^Aoc*  brain ;  rriCi  inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation  of  the  gray  matter  of 
the  brain.  P.  acuta,  an  acute  inflammation 
of  the  cerebral  cortex,  which  when  occurring 
in  children,  gives  rise  to  infantile  cerebral 
palsy.  P.,  Anterior  Superior,  an  inflam- 
matory disease  of  the  gray  matter  of  the  third 
ventricle,  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  fotnth, 
and  of  that  about  the  Sylvian  aqueduct.  It 
is  characterized  by  ophthalmoplegia,  chiefly 
external,  and  a  peculiar  somnolent  state. 

Poliomsrelitis  {pol-e-o-mi-el-i'-tis)  [iroXi4f, 
gray ;  ftveXdCi  marrow ;  mc,  inflammation] . 
Inflammation  oT  the  gray  matter  of  the  spinal 
cord.  P.,  Acute  Anterior,  infantile  paraly- 
sis, an  acute  inflammation  of  the  anterior 
horns  of  the  gray  matter  df  the  spinal  cord. 
It  is  most  common  in  children,  coming  on 
during  the  period  of  the  first  dentition  and 
producing  a  paraljrsis  of  certain  muscle-groups 
or  of  an  entire  limb.  The  onset  is  sndden, 
and  the  paralysis  is  usually  most  extensive  in 
the  beginning,  a  certain  amount  of  improve- 
ment Uking  place  subsequently.  The  aneded 


PfJLIOMYELOPATHY 


POLYMERIDE 


motcles  Atrophy  rapidly,  the  re6exes  in  them 
are  lost,  and  reaction  of  degeneration  develops. 
From  contraction  of  antagonistic  muscles  de- 
formities occur  later  in  life.  P.,  Chronic 
Anterior.  Synonym  of  Progressivt  Muscular 
Atrophy. 

Poliomyelopathy  ( pot-  t-o  •  mi  •  el-op^-aik-e) 
\K6ki6i^^  gray;  /««^-oc»  marrow;  wa^,  dis- 
ease]. Disease  of  the  gray  maUer  of  the 
spinal  cord  and  medulla  oblongata. 

Poliosis  {pol't'(/'%is)  [troXibf,  hoary  or  gray]. 
A  condition  charactenzed  by  absence  of  pig- 
ment in  the  hair. 

Politzerization  { po/'i/s-er-t-za^sAuH)  [after 
Adam  Politur^  an  Austrian  otologist].  The 
inflation  of  the  middle  ear  by  means  of  a 
rubl)er-l«g. 

Politzer*s  Bag.  A  pear-shaped  rubber  bag 
with  a  conical  tip,  used  for  inflating  the 
middle  ear.  The  tip  is  introduced  into  the 
nostril,  and  the  bag  compressed  while  the  other 
nostril  is  closed  and  the  patient  performs  the 
act  of  swallowing.  The  latter  opens  the 
Eustachian  tut)e  and  allows  the  air  to  enter. 

PoUmkiuria  (poi  ak-e-u're-ah)  [iroXA^MC, 
often;  jvrvifa,  urine].  Abnormally  frequent 
micturition. 

Pollex  {pol'fki)  [L.].  I.  The  thumb.  2. 
The  great  toe. 

Pollution  (po/'U^-sAun)  [/o//i//r^  to  defile]. 
1 .  The  act  of  defiling  or  rendering  impure, 
as  P.  of  drinking-water.  2.  Hie  fwodoctioo 
of  the  sexual  orgasm  by  means  other  than 
sexual  intercourse. 

Poly«  {poi^'f)  [no^t  many].  A  prefix  de- 
noting many. 

Polyarthritis  (pole-ar-tkri'-Hs)  [n-oUf, 
many;  hfdpov^  joint;  irt^^  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  many  joints.  P.  rheumatica 
acuta.     See  Rheumatnm^  Acute  Articular. 

Polyarticular  (poi-c  ar-tiy-u-lar)  [froAvc, 
many ;    articulus^    ioi°0-     Aflfectiug  many 

Joints ;  the  term  multiarticular  is  preferable. 

Polyatomic  {poie-at-om'-ik)  [ro^W*  many  ; 
at0mic'\.  1.  Containing  several  atoms.  2. 
Having  several  hydrogen-atoms  replaceable 
by  bases. 

Polybasic ( poteba' -tik) \yr<iki^^ many ;  ^d^ic* 
base].  I.  Of  acids,  having  several  hydrogen- 
atoms  replaceable  by  bases.  2.  Formed  from 
a  polybasic  acid  by  the  replacement  of  more 
than  one  hydrogen -atom  by  a  base. 

Polycholia  (poic'k</ltaM)  [k-o^ic,  much; 
jpo^,  bile].     Excessive  secretion  of  bile. 

Polychromatic  (pol-ekro-mat^-ik)  [iroAitf, 
many :  XP^t**^*  color].     Many -colored. 

Poljrclinic  (pdc  kiin^-iM)  [iro>i^,  many; 
aAiviy,  a  bed].  A  hospital  in  which  many 
diseases  are  treated. 

PoljTCoria  (poi-e-ky-re-aA)  [x^oX^t,  many; 
fl^piv,  pnpil].  The  existence  of  moie  than 
one  popil  ia  the  iris. 


Polycrotic  (pd-e-krot^  ik\  {ntOS^^^  many; 
icpiroc,  pulse  J.  Of  the  pulse,  presenting  sev- 
eral waves  for  each  cardiac  sjrstole. 

Polycystic  {pol-e-sis^-tiM)  [w-oAif,  many; 
KiHTTijC,  a  sac].     Containing  many  cysts. 

Polycythemia  ipol-C'Si'tke' -mt'oh)  [iroA(t, 
many  ;  Kirm^^  cell ;  av<a,  blood].  A  state  of 
the  blood  characterized  by  an  excess  of  red 
corpuscles. 

Polydactylism  (pol-c-daJ^tiliMm)  ^iroA6f, 
many;  cJdiCTv^,  a  finger].  The  existence 
of  supernumerary  fingers  or  toes.  • 

Polydipsia  {pol-e'dQ/'Sc-ak)  [iroAi&f,  much ; 
($(Vo,  thirst].     Excessive  thirst. 

Polyemia  (pdee^ -meah)  [iroXit,  much ; 
(i\^^  bloodj.  Abnormal  increase  of  the 
total  mass  of^the  blood  ;  plethora.  P.  bsrper- 
albuminosa,  an  excess  of  albumin  in  the 
blood- plasma.  P.  poljrcjftbsemica,  an  in- 
crease of  the  red  corpuscles.  P.  seroaa« 
a  condition  in  which  the  amount  of  blood- 
serum  b  increased. 

Polyesthesia  {pol-  e-es- tke'-u-ah)  [iroXdc, 
many;  oJo^xf,  sensation].  An  abnonnality 
of  sensation  in  which  a  single  touch  is  felt  in 
two  or  more  places  at  the  same  time. 

Polygalactia  {^e-jk-a/ay-tcaJk)  [iroXif, 
much ;  yd^,  milk].  Excessive  secretion  of 
milk. 

Polygalin  [poi-ig^-alin).     See  Sauga, 

Polyganglionic  ( pot-  e  •  gang  -  glc  •  on'-  ik) 
firoX^'Ct  many;  y^yy'hav^  ganglion],  l. 
Having  several  ganglia.  2.  Affecting  sev- 
eral Ijrmphatic  glands  at  once. 

Polygnathus  {.polig*  -na-  thus)  [iroXi-c, 
many;  yvd^,  jaw].  A  form  of  monster 
in  which  the  parasite  is  attached  to  the  jaws 
of  the  host. 

Polygyria  (pol-e-jir^-e-ak)  [iroXff,  many; 
y'W*  KX'*]-  T^*  existence  of  an  excessive 
number  of  convolutions  in  the  brain. 

Polyhydramnios  ( pd -c-ki- dram*  nf-os) 
riroXirf ,  many;  i6i^,  water ;  a/ivioy,  amnion]. 
An  excessive  production  of  liquor  amnii. 

Polyidrosis  (pol-e-id-ro^ -sis)  [troAif, 
much ;  \6poat^^  sweating].  Excessive  sweat- 
ing- 

Polymastia ( pol-e-wuu'  teak)  [iroXi^, many ; 
fuurT6^,  breast].  The  presence  of  more  than 
two  breasu  or  nipples.  The  supernumerary 
organs  may  be  below  the  breast  proper,  in 
the  axilla,  or  elsewhere  00  the  body. 

Polymelia  {poi c-me'U-aA)  [iroAif,  many; 
fif^o^^  limb].  A  malformation  consbting  in 
the  presence  of  more  than  the  normal  nam- 
her  of  limbs. 

Polymelua  [potim'-ctus)  [iroAf-f,  many; 
fU^o^t  a  limb].  A  monster  having  more 
than  the  normal  number  of  limt». 

Poljrmeric  (pote-mer^tk)  fro/ if,  many; 
fi^pof,  P*^]-     Exhibiting  polymerism. 

Poljrm^ide  {po/im'-ertd)   [toAiy,  many; 


POLYMERISM 


POMATUM 


W 
^ 


fUpo^^  a  part].  In  chemistry,  a  compound 
having  the  property  of  polymerism. 
Polymerism  {poi-im'-er-hmS  [iroAi^,  many ; 
ftkpo^^  a  part].  I.  The  existence  of  more 
than  a  normal  number  of  parts.  2.  A  variety 
of  isomerism.  See  honieric  and  Polymeri- 
nation. 

Polymerization  ( pol-  e  -  mer  - 1  -  ta^-  shum) 
\no\vq,  much;  M^p<K,  a  part].  The  appar- 
ent fusion  or  union  of  two  or  more  molecules 
of  a  compound,  forming  a  more  complex 
molecule,  with  a  higher  molecular  weight 
and  somewhat  different  physical  and  chemic 
^  properties. 

Polymorphic,  Pol3rmorphou8  {pole-mor^- 
f  Jiky  pol-e-mor' -fus)    [iroX£>f,  many;    fiop^ij, 

form].   Having  or  occurring  in  several  forms ; 
^  of  a  crystal,  crystallizing  in  several  forms. 

\  Polymorphism   (pol-e-mor^-Jitm)  UroXh^f 

J  many  ;  fiop^^,   form].     The   state  of  being 

W  polymorphous. 

Polyneuritis  (poie-nu-ri^'tis).  See  Neuritis, 

Multiple, 
Poly  nuclear  (pol-e-nu^-kU-ar^^Troki)^^  many ; 
nucleus ^   nucleus].     See   Multinuclear,   the 
preferable  term. 

Polyopia,  Polyopsia  {pol-e-o^-pe-aky  pol-e- 
op^-se-ah)    [n-o^if,   many;  6Y"f»  s*g^O*     ^ 
condition  in  which  more  than  one  image  of 
an  object  is  formed  upon  the  retina. 
Polyorchis    (pol-e-or'-kis)    [n-oXi^f,    many; 
bpx^^*  a  testicle].    One  who  has  more  than 
two  testicles. 
Polyotia  {pol-e-o' -she-ah)  [woX^f,  many  ;  o^, 
ear].     A  condition  in  which  there  is  more 
than  one  auricle  on  a  side. 
'Polyp  ( poi' -ip)   [7roA{>c,  many;  irovf,  foot]. 
A   tumor    having  a  distinct    pedicle.     See 
Polypus. 
Polypapilloma    tropicum    (pol-e-pap-ilo'' 
mah)   [TToXi'f ,  many ;  papilla^  papilla  ;  bfui, 
tumor].     Frambesia. 
Polyparesis  ( polepar* -es-is)  [ttoA^c ,  much  ; 
irdpiatc,  weakness].     General  paresis. 
Polyphagia  {pol-e-fa' -je-ak)  [jroX^f,  much; 
^yuvy  to  eat].     Bulimia. 
Polypharmacy  (pol-e  -far^-  mas  -  ^)  [woAiY, 
many ;  ^pfiaxov^  a  drug].     The  prescription 
of  many  drugs  at  one  time  ;  the  excessive  use 
of  drugs. 

Pol3rpluasia  (pol'e'fra^'Ze-ah)[iro'k{>^^  much ; 
^/Micr^C*  speech].  A  morbid  state  character- 
ized by  excessive  speaking ;  morbid  loquacity ; 
verbigeration. 

Polyplastic  (pol-e-plas^-tik)  [n-o^Of,  much; 
irMaaeiVf  to  mold].  I.  Of  cells,  having 
many  substances  in  their  composition.  2. 
Undergoing  many  modifications  during  de- 
velopment. 
Pol3rpnea  {pol-ip-ne' -aK)  [ttoX^c,  many; 
friHilQy  breathing] .  Great  rapidity  of  respira- 
tion; panting  respiration. 


Polypoid  (/o/'-^-/<^)  [polypus;  ei<fof,like]. 
Resembling  a  polyp. 

Pol3rpus  {pol^e-pus)  [iroki*^,  many;  iroi^f, 
foot ;  //. ,  polypi] .  A  tumor  having  a  pedicle, 
found  especially  on  mucous  membranes,  as 
in  the  nose,  bladder,  rectum,  uterus,  etc. 
P.,  Blood-.  Synonym  oi  P.,  Pla^enial.  P. 
camosus.  Synon)rm  of  Sarcoma.  P., 
Fibrinoua,  a  polypoid  mass  on  the  uterine 
wall,  resulting  from  the  deposition  of  Bbrin 
from  retained  blood.  The  mass  may  be 
attached  to  portions  of  an  ovum  or  to  thrombi 
at  the  placental  site.     P.,  Fibrous,  a  poly* 

5 us  composed  chiefly  of  fibrous  tissue.  P., 
f  ucous,a  soft  P.  resulting  either  from  a  local- 
ized inflammatory  hyperplasia  of  a  mucous 
membrane  or  from  the  formation  of  a  true 
myxoma.  P.,  Placental,  a  fibrinous  polyp 
resulting  from  the  deposit  of  fibrin  upon  a 
portion  of  retained  placenta.  P.,  Soft.  Syn- 
onym of  P.t  Mucous.  P.,  Vascular,  a 
polypoid  angioma. 

Polyrrhea  (pol-e-re' -ah)  [»roAtf,  much;  ^oia, 
flow].     An  excessive  secretion  of  fluid. 

Polysarcia  {pole-sar^'se-ah)  [noXi>^^  much; 
ffdpf,  flesh].  Excessive  corpulency;  obe 
sity. 

Polysarcous  ( pol-e- sar^-kus)  firoArf,  much; 
ff(i/)f,  flesh].  Corpulent;  exhibiting  poly- 
sarcia. 

Pol3rscelia  (poleske'-leah)  [iroX6f,  many; 
aicihyc,  leg].     Excess  in  the  number  of  legs. 

Polyscelus  (polis'-kel-us)  [iroAwf,  many; 
ax^Aoc,  leg] .  A  monster  having  supemum 
erary  legs. 

Polyscope  (pol'-is-kdp)  [woTJb^,  much  ;  okd- 
Treiv,  to  observe].  An  instrument  provided 
with  an  electric  light  which  is  introduced 
into  a  cavity  in  order  to  illuminate  its  inter- 
nal surfaces. 

Polysomia  {pol-e-so'-meafi)  [nt>^,  many  ; 
<Tu/ia,  body].  A  monster  having  mo««  than 
a  single  body  or  trunk. 

Polyspermism  (pol-e'sper^-mitm)  [?n»>iV. 
much ;  OTripfin ,  seed  ] .  An  excessive  quant  it  y 
of  seminal  fluid. 

Polytrichia,  Polytrichosis  (pol'e'triA''-e  fth 
pol-e-trik'O' -sis)  [nokv^,  many;  9pi^,  hair]. 
Excessive  development  of  hair. 

Polyuria  (pol- e-u'  -re- ah)  [^o^ff ,  much 
urina,  urine].  The  passage  of  an  excessive 
quantity  of  urine.  The  causes  of  (emponuy 
r.  are  excessive  ingestion  of  fluida,  cold, 
suppression  of  perspiration,  the  use  of  diure- 
tics; it  occurs  in  the  crisis  of  fevers,  in 
hysteria,  and  nervous  excitement.  A  per 
manent  P.  is  met  with  in  diabetes  mellitus, 
diabetes  insipidus,  chronic  interstitial  DCphri- 
tis,  and  in  amyloid  disease  of  the  kidneys. 

Pomade  ( po-mad')  [  pomum ,  apple].  A  per 
fumed  ointment  for  applying  to  thescaUp. 

Pomatum  {po-nm^-tum).    See  Pomade, 


POMEGRANATE 


PORTA 


Pomegranate  {pum-gran'-et).  Sec  Grama- 
turn. 

Poinphol3rz  (pom' -fo-liks)  [n-oi/^Xwf,  bub- 
ble]. Cheiropompholyx ;  dysidrosis  ;  m  rmre 
disease  characterized  by  bullous  eruptions 
on  the  palms  of  the  hands  and  between  the 
fingers.  It  occurs  in  depressed  states  of 
the  nenrotts  system*  and  is  more  common  in 
women  than  in  men. 

Pomphus  {pom'-fus)  [rro/i^,  blister].  See 
Wheal. 

'omum  (po^-mum)  [L.].  Apple.  P. 
adami,  Adam's  apple,  the  prominence  in  the 
front  oi  the  neck  caused  by  the  projection  of 
the  thjrroid  cartilage. 

ft'ona  \pons^  bridge].  A  process  or  bridge 
of  tissue  connecting  two  parts  of  an  organ. 
P.  cerebelli.  Same  as  P.  Varolii.  P. 
Tarini,  the  posterior  perforated  space.  P. 
Varolii,  or  simply  Pons,  a  conrex  white 
eminence  situated  at  the  base  of  the  brain, 
and  serving  to  connect  the  various  divi- 
sions with  each  other.  It  is  placed  in  front 
of  the  medulla  oblongata,  behind  the  cere- 
brum, and  beneath  the  cerebellum,  and  rests 
upon  the  sphenobasilar  groove.  In  struc- 
ture the  pons  consists  chiefly  of  nerve-fibers, 
but  contains  also  areas  of  gray  matter,  the 
pontint  nuclei.  On  section  two  portions,  a 
superior  and  an  inferior,  are  distinguishable. 
The  latter  contains  transverse  commissural 
fibers  and  is  traversed  by  the  pyramidal 
tracts.  The  superior  or  dorsal  portion  of  the 
pons  consists  largely  of  gray  matter  which  is 
continued  up  from  below,  especially  the  for- 
matio  reticularis  and  the  dorsal  tracts  of  gray 
substance.  In  places  the  gray  matter  is 
grouped  to  form  tlie  nuclei  of  the  fifth,  sixth, 
seventh,  and  eighth  nerves.  In  the  lower 
part  of  the  pons  there  is  a  small,  folded  gray 
mass,  the  superior  olivary  nucleus.  It  b  en- 
closed by  some  transverse  fibers  known  as  the 
trapesum.  The  P.  is  connected  with  the 
medulla^  with  the  cerebellum  (by  the  middle 
peduncles),  and  with  the  cerebrum  (by  the 
crura  cerebri). 

^ontile^ Pontine  (pon'-tilypon^'On)  [pons, 
bridge].  Pertaining  to  the  pons  Varolii.  P. 
Hemiplegia,  a  hemiplegia  due  to  a  lesion 
o  the  pons.  When  the  lesion  is  situated  low 
down  in  the  pons,  below  the  decussation  of 
the  fibers  of  the  facial  nerve,  and  above  that 
of  the  pyramidal  tracts,  the  hemiplegia  is 
altemate^  i.e.,  the  ann  and  leg  on  one  side, 
and  the  face  on  the  other,  are  paralysed. 

Poplar  {pof'lar).     See  Populut. 

Popliteal  (Polite' -al)  [/<>///f,  ham,  bock, 
or  knee],  rertaining  to  or  situated  in  the 
ham,  as  P.  artery,  P.  nerve,  P.  space.  P. 
Ancoryam,  aneurysm  of  the  popliteal  arteiy. 
P.  Artery.    See  ArUria,  Tabu  of. 


sonmiferum,  a  plant  of  the  order  Papavera- 
ceie.  P. -capsules  (Papaveris  capsular,  B. 
P.)  possess  effects  similar  to  those  of  opium, 
but  far  milder  in  degree.  Decoctum  papa- 
veris (B.  P.)  is  us^  chiefly  a!i  an  anodvne 
application.  Eztractum  papaveris  (B.  P.). 
Dose  gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65).  Synipus  papa- 
veris (B.  P.).  Dose  f3ss-f,t5j  (2.0-4,0). 
Red  poppy  is  used  in  making  the  Syrupus 
rhoeados  of  the  B.  P.     Dose  f.:;  j  (4.0). 

Populin  (pof-ulin).     See  Populus. 

Populus  ( pop'-U'lus)  \\^\  Poplar,  a  genus  of. 
trees  of  the  order  Salicmeap,  several  species  of 
which  contain  salidn,  C.,H|gC)f ,  ana  populin 
or  benioyl-salicin,  C^H„0,.  Poplar-buds 
have  been  used  in  rheumatism  and  Brigbt^s 
disease.  The  leaves  and  bods  are  also  em- 
ployed for  anodyne  ointments. 

Porcupine-disease.     See  hktkyosis. 

Pore  \p^)  \n6iM^,  a  pore].  A  minute  cir- 
cular opening  on  a  s«irface,  as  a  P.  of  the 
skin,  the  opening  of  the  duct  of  a  sudori- 
parous gland. 

Porencephalia,  Porencephalus  [porensef- 
a'-le-ak,  por-en-ief -al-us)  [jr^poc,  cavity ; 
r>K4fo^»  brain].  A  condition  character- 
ixed  by  the  presence  of  depressions  on  the 
surface  of  the  brain,  due  to  a  congenital  arrest 
of  development  or  to  an  acquired  defect. 

Porencephalous  {por-en-se/'-alus)  \tr6f)o^, 
cavity;  ^^MfoAoc,  brain].  Affected  with 
porencephalia. 

Pornography  (por-nog'  'ra'fe\  [n-cS^mr,  a 
prostitute  ;  >p<ifc<v,  to  write].  I.  A  treatise 
on  prostitution.     2.  Obscene  writing. 

Porocele  (py-ro-sil)  [frupof,  callus;  x^Af, 
tumor].  A  scrotal  hernia  in  which  the  cov- 
erings are  indurated  and  thickened. 

Poroplastic  (por-oplas'-tik)  [trdpof,  pore; 
nXdoGtiv,  to  mold] .  Porous  and  plastic.  P. 
Felt,  a  porous  felt  which  is  readily  molded  ; 
it  is  nsea  in  the  preparation  of  splints  and 

Jackets. 

Porosity  {por-os^'iz-r)  [irrfpoc,  cavity].  The 
condition  of  being  porous. 

Porous  {py-nts)  [rdpof,  cavity,  pore]. 
Having  pores. 

Porphyrisation  (por-Jtr-ina'skmn)  [por- 
phyry, a  kind  of  rock].  Pulverisation,  so- 
called  because  generally  performed  on  a 
tablet  of  porphyry. 

Porrigo  {por-i'-go)  [L].  An  old  term 
applied  to  several  diseases  of  the  scalp.  P. 
decalvana,  alopecia  areata.  P.  favosa, 
fiivus.  P.  larvalia,  impetigo  of  the  scalp 
conjoined  with  ecxema. 

Porro*a  Operation.   See  Operations,  TahU  of. 

PorU  {fHfr'tah)  [L.,gate].  The  hihis  of 
an  organ  through  which  the  vessels  enter. 
P.  hepatia,  P.  jecoris,  the  transverse  fissure 
of  the  liver,  through  which  the  portal  vein 
cntcis  the  organ. 


^. 


The  Semiprone  or  Sims'  Posture.    Posterior  View 


The  Semiprone  or  Sims'  Posture.    Anterior  View. 


The  Horizontal  Posture. 


The  Trendelenburg  Posture. 


The  Knees-elbow  Posture. 


Edebohls'  Posture. 


PORTAL 


POSTEROINTERNAL 


Pdrtal  (pdr^'tai)  [porta,  gtXt],  Pertaining 
to  the  porta  or  hilat  of  an  organ,  especially  to 
the  porta  hepatis,  or  to  the  vein  entering  at  the 
porta  hepatis  (P.  Tein).  P.  Circulation, 
tba  passage  of  blood  from  the  stomach ,  spleen , 
and  intestines  through  the  portal  vein  and  the 
liver.  P.  Pisaure.  See  Fissure.  P. 
Vein,  the  large  vein  entering  the  liver  at  the 
transverse  Bs»ure,and  bringing  to  it  the  blood 
from  the  digestive  tract  and  the  spleen. 

Porte-cauttique  ( p^rt  •  kds  -  tik^ ) .  A  holder 
for  the  stick  of  caustic. 

Porter  (pdr'-ter).     See  Maii-liquors, 

Portio  {por^'ske-o)  [L.].  A  part  P.  dura, 
the  hard  part  of  the  seventh  pair  of  nerves  of 
Willis,  the  facial  nerve.  P.  inter  duram  et 
moUem,  a  small  funiculus  bet  ween  the  portio 
dura  and  the  portio  mollis  of  the  seventh 
cranial  nerve.  P.  intermedia  Wriabergii. 
Synonym  of  P.  inter  dmram  et  moiUm,  P. 
mollis,  the  soft  part  of  the  seventh  crania! 
nerve,  the  auditory  nerve. 

Port-wine  Stains.    See  Nevus. 

Poms  O^'rw)  [L.J.  Apore.  P.  acusticus 
esteraus,  the  openmg  of  the  external  audi- 
tory canal.  P.  acusticus  intemus,  the 
opening  of  the  internal  auditory  caiud  into 
the  cranial  cavitv  P.  opticus,  the  opening 
in  the  center  of  the  lamina  cribrota  of  the 
sclerotic  transmitting  the  central  artery  of  the 
retina. 

Position  (po^tisk'-un)  [ponere,  to  place]. 
Place ;  location ;  attitucle ;  posture.  P., 
Dorsal,  one  in  which  the  patient  lies  on  the 
back.  P.,  Bdebohrs.  See  P.,  Simon's. 
P.,  English.  See  /*. ,  Uft  Lateral  Recum- 
ktnt.  P..  Knee-chest,  P.,  Oenupectoral ; 
one  in  which  the  patient  rests  upon  the  knees 
and  chest,  the  arms  being  crossed  above  the 
head.  P.,  Knee-elbow,  P.,  Oenucubital ; 
ooe  in  which  the  patient  lies  upon  the  knees 
and  elbows,  the  head  resting  upon  the  hands. 
P.,  Left  Lateral  Recumbent,  P.,  Bng- 
Ush«  P.,  Obstetric ;  one  in  which  the  pa- 
tient  lies  on  the  left  side  with  the  right  thigh 
and  knee  drawn  up.  P.,  Lithotomy-,  P.. 
Dorsosscral ;  ooe  in  which  the  patient  lies 
on  the  back  with  the  legs  flexed  on  the  thighs, 
and  the  thighs  flexed  on  the  abdomen  and 
abducted.  P.  of  the  Fetus,  the  relation  of 
the  presenting  part  of  the  fetus  to  the  pelvis 
of  the  mother.  Sec  Table  of  Fetai  Positions, 
under  Fetus.  P.,  Sim's,  P.,  Semiprone ;  one 
in  which  the  patient  lies  on  the  left  side,  with 
the  right  krtee  and  thigh  drawn  up  and  the  left 
arm  placed  along  the  iMck ;  the  chest  is  inclined 
forward  so  that  the  patient  re^ts  u|khi  it.  P., 
8imon*s,  one  in  which  the  patient  lies  on 
the  back,  with  the  legs  flexed  on  the  thighs 
and  the  thighs  on  the  abdomen,  the  hips  be* 
ing  elevated  and  the  thighs  strongly  ab* 
ducted.  P.,  Trendelenbui^'s,  one  in  which 


the  patient  lies  on  the  back  on  a  plane  in- 
clined about  45^,  the  feet  and  legs  hanging 
over  the  end  of  the  table. 

Positive  {pot^'ii'iv)  [fositivus,  from  ponere, 
to  place].  Real,  existme,  actual.  In  mathe- 
matics and  physiology,  denoting  one  of  two 
Quantities  or  conditions  assumed  as  primary  or 
fundamental;  opposed  to  one  a&sumed  as 
negative;  denoting  a  quantity  greater  than 
xero;  to  be  added,  additive.  P.  Elec- 
tricity, the  kind  of  electricity  developed  by 
rubbing  glass  with  silk.  P.  Electrode,  P. 
Pole ;  the  electrode  or  pole  connected  with 
the  negative  plate  of  a  battery.  P.,  Element, 
P.,  Plate ;  that  plate  of  a  battery  which  is 
acted  upon  by  the  fluid,  /.  ^.,  the  zinc-plate  in 
the  tine -carbon  battery. 

Posology  ( posol^'Ot-e)  [rrioo^,  how  much  ; 
/rfyof,  science].  That  oranch  of  medical 
science  dealing  with  the  dosage  of  medicines. 

Post-  ipdst)  [L.].     A  prefix  denoting  after. 

Postanal  (p^st-a^-nal)  [post,  after;  anus, 
anus].     Situated  behind  the  anus. 

Postaidal  {p&staJks^'e-a/)  [post,  after;  axis, 
axis].  Situated  behind  the  axis;  in  the  arm, 
behind  the  ulnar  aspect ;  in  the  leg,  behind 
the  fibular  aspect. 

Postcentral  (postsen'-tral)  [Post,  behind; 
centrum,  center].  I.  Situated  behind  a  cen- 
ter. 2.  Situated  behind  the  central  fissure  of 
the  brain,  as  the  P.  convolution. 

Postclavicular  (pdstkla'Vik^ular)  [post, 
after;  r/<nfVw/ii,  clavicle].  Situated  behind 
the  clavicle. 

PostconvulsiTS  ( p^st-Aon-tml^siv)  [post, 
aAcr ;  com^ellere,  to  tear  awty].  Coming  on 
after  a  convulsion. 


e].    Occurring  after  the  dias- 


Postdiastolic  ( fostdi  as  toPik) \post,  after ; 

ifmirro^^,  diastole]. 

tole. 
Postdicrotic  ( pdit  di- krot*  ik)    [  post,  aAer ; 

dicrotii'\.     Occurring  after  the  dicrotic  wave 

of  the  pulse,  as  the  P.  wtve  in  the  sphygmo- 

graphic  tracing. 
Postdiphtheric   (postdi/tker^ik)    [pott, 

after;  dipktkerit] .     Occurring  after  an  attack 

of  diphtheria,  as  P.  paralysis. 
Postemlnyonic    (p^stembreon'-ik)   [p^'st, 

after;    ///J^nw,    embryo].     Occurring   after 

the  embryonic  stage. 
Postepileptic  {patfpeUftik^  [  f^oit,  after ; 

iKiXtpiHC,  epilepsy].     Occurring  ifter  an  ejM- 

leptic  attack. 
Posterior  ypdste^-reorS  [comparative  of  pas- 
terns, after,  Itehind  ] .     Placed  behind  or  to  the 

back  of  a  part. 
Posteroexternal  ( pos -ter-o- ek% - tur'-mtl ) 

[^pcsterus^   behind ;    extemat\.     Occupying 

the  outer  side  of  a  back  part,  as  the  P.  column 

of  the  spinal  cord. 
Posterointernal   {pds   ter  -  o  -in-  turf  -  nal ) 

[post,  behind;    internal \     Occupying  the 


POSTEROLATERAL 


POTASSIUM 


inner  side  of  a  back  part,  as  the  P.  column 

of  the  spinal  cord. 
Posterolateral    (pds-te-ro-lat'^r-al)     [pos- 

terus,  behind  ;  iatuSf  side].     Situated  behind 

and  at  the  side  of  a  part. 
Posteroparietal  ( pds  -te-ro  -par -i'  -  et-al ) 

ipos^ruSf  behind ;  paries,  wall].     Situated 

at  or  opposite  the  posterior  part  of  the  parietal 

bone. 
Posterosuperior  (pds -U-ro-su -pe* - re-or) 

[posteruSf     hinder;      superior ,     superior]. 

Situated  behind  and  above  a  part. 
Posterotemporal  (pds  -te-ro-  tern'  -por-al) 

[ /w/^r«j,  behind  ;   /^w/i«,  temple].     Situ- 
ated at  or  opposite  the  posterior  part  of  the 

temporal  bone. 
Postfebrile  (/dj/-/'^''-ri/)[/w/,  after ;  febris, 

a  fever].     Occurring  after  a  fever. 
Postglenoid  {pdsi ^le'-noid)  [post,  behind; 

yTJjvij,   socket;  elooq,  like].       Situated  be- 
hind the  glenoid  fossa,  as  the  P.  tubercle,  also 

called  simply  P. 
Posthemiplegic  {pM-heme-ple' -jik)   [post, 

after ;  ij/i/,  half ;  ir^iry^,  stroke!.     Occurring 

after  or  following  an  attack  of  hemiplegia. 

P.  Chorea,  choreiform  movements  in  para- 
lyzed limbs. 
Posthetomy  { pos-thet' -o-me)   [ndadfj,  penis; 

TOfiff,  a  cutting].     Circumcision. 
Posthitis  (pos-thi'-tis)  [K6adij,  prepuce ;  irt^, 

inflammation].   Inflammation  of  the  prepuce. 
Postholith  ( pos^'tho-lith)  \n6a(hj,  prepuce  ; 

Xidoc,  stone].     A  preputial  calculus. 
Posthumous    (pos'-tu-mus)     [post,    after; 

humus,  the  ground].    Occurring  after  death. 

P.  Child,  one  born  after  the  death  of  the 

father,  or  taken  by  the  Cesarean  operation 

from  the  body  of  its  mother  after  death. 
Posthyoid   (pdst-hi'-oiJ)    [post,  behind; 

voetd^,  hyoid].    Posterior  to  the  hyoid  bone. 
Posthypnotic  (pdst- hip-not' -ik)  [post,  after; 

vTTvof,  sleep].       Succeeding    the    hypnotic 

state ;    acting  after  the  hypnotic  state  has 

passed  off,  as  P.  suggestion. 
Posticus  {pdS'ti'-hus)  [L.].     Posterior. 
Postmortem   (pdst-mor'-tem)  [post,  after; 

mors,   death].       I.    Occurring   after  death. 

2.  An  examination  of  the  body  after  death  ; 

an  autopsy. 
Postnasal    (pdst -  na'  -sal)  [^post,   behind  ; 

nasus,  nosej.     Situated   behmd    the   nose. 

P.   Catarrh,  catarrhal  inflanmiation  of  the 

nasopharynx. 
Postparalytic  (  pdst  -  par -ah- lit '-ik)   [post, 

after;  nap6Xvat^,  paralysis].     Following  an 

attack  of  paralysis. 
Postpartum    (pdst-par'-tum)    [post,  after ; 

partus,  birth].     Following  childbirth;  as  P. 

hemorrhage. 
Pos^haryngeal    (pdst-far-in'-je-al)    [Mst, 

behind  ;  ^pvy^,  pluuynx].     Situated  behind 

the  pharjrnx. 


Postpone  (p&st'Pdn')  [post,  after ;  ponere,  to 
place].  Of  a  paroxysm,  to  occur  after  the 
regular  time. 

Postpyramidal  (^pdst  -pe  -  ram'-  id-al)  f/ws/, 
behind;  pyramts,  p3rramid].  Situated  be- 
hind the  pyramidal  tract  P.  Nucleus,  the 
nucleus  funiculi  gracilis. 

Postural  {pos'-tur-al)  [pon^e,  to  place]. 
Pertaining  to  posture  or  position ;  perfonned 
by  means  of  a  special  posture,  as  P.  treat- 
ment. 

Postuterine  (Mst-u' -ter-in)  [post,  behind; 
uterus,  uterus].     Situated  behind  the  uterus. 

PoUble  (po'-ta-bl)  [potare,  to  drink]. 
Drinkable ;  fit  to  drink. 

PoUsh  (pot' -ash  )  [from  Irish,  pota,  a  pot, 
and  eish\  I.  Potassium  hydroxid,  caustic 
potash.     2.  Potassium  carbonate. 

Potassa  (potas'-ah)  [L.].  Potash.  P. 
cum  calce,  Vienna-paste,  a  caustic  paste 
made  by  rubbing  together  equal  parts  of 
potassium  hydroxid  and  quick-lime.  P.  sul- 
phurata,  a  mixture  of  salts  of  potassium* 
consisting  chiefly  of  the  sulphid.  It  is  used 
in  chronic  rheumatism,  gout,  and  locally  in 
diseases  of  the  skin.  Dose  gr.  ij-x  (0.13— 
0.65). 

Potassium  (po  -  tas' -  e  -  um)  [  potash ^  frnm 
Irish,  pota,  a  pot,  and  ashy  A  silrer- 
white,  soft,  very  ductile  metal,  belonging 
to  the  alkali -group,  and  having  a  sp.  gr.  01 
0.865  '*  i^  valence  is  one,  atomic  weight  39, 
symbol  K  (from  the  Latin  ha/ium).  It 
forms  compounds  with  nearly  all  nonmetals. 
The  most  important  compounds  are :  P. 
acetate  (Potassii  acetas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 
KC,H,0„  used  in  rheumatism,  as  a  diuretic 
in  dropsies,  and  in  cutaneous  diseaises.  Dose 
gr.  XX-3J  (1.3-4.0).  P.  bicarbonate  (Po- 
tassii bicarbonas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  KHCXX,, 
used  as  an  antacid.  Dose  gr.  xx-^j  (1.3- 
4.0).  P.  dichromate,  P.  bichromate 
(Potassii  bichromas.  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  K^Cr^- 
Of,  used  as  a  caustic,  and  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  battery-fluids  and  of  preserving  fluids 
for  tissues;  it  was  fonneriy  employed  as 
an  alterative.  P.  bitartrate  (Potassii  bt- 
tartras.  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  cream  of  tartar, 
KHC4H4O,,  used  as  a  mild  cathartic  and  as 
a  hydragogue  diuretic  in  dropsies,  and  for 
making  refrigerant  drinks  in  febrile  affec- 
tions. It  is  an  ingredient  of  Pulvis  jalcpK 
compositus.  Dose  3  j-Jss  (4.0-16.0).  P. 
bromid.  See  Bromin.  P.  carbonate 
(Potassii  carbonas,  U.  S.  P..  B.  P.).  used  as 
an  antacid  in  dyspepsia  and  as  an  antiHtluc. 
P.  chlorate  (Potassii  chloras,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.),  KaO„  used  locally  and  intemaUy  in 
various  forms  of  stomatitis,  in  mercurial  pcy- 
alism,  in  pharyngitis.  Dose  g|r.  x-xx  (oJ^- 
1.3).  In  over-doses  it  is  an  irritsat  1 
From  it  are  prepared  Trodiisct  ] 


POTASSIUM 


POUPARTS  LIGAMENT 


ratift.  P.  citrate  (Potassii  citras,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.).  K,C,HjO,.H,0.  used  as  a  diaphorct 
ic  in  fevers,  in  bronchitis,  and  in  rheumat- 
ism, the  uric  add  diathesis,  etc.  Dose  gr. 
xx-xxxj[ 1. 3-2.0).  Potassii  citras  effervescens 
(U.  S.  P.)  is  used  like  the  preceding.  Dose 
3j-ij  (4.0-8.0).  P.  cyanid  (Potassii  cy- 
anidum.  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  KCN,  is  similar 
in  properties  to  hydrocyanic  acid.  Dose  gr. 
yi  (0.008).  It  is  also  used  locally  in  neural- 
gia. P.  ferrocyanid  (Potassii  ferrocyani- 
dum.  U.  S.  P..  B.  P.).  K^Fe(CN),.3H,0, 
yellow  pnissiate  of  potash,  has  been  used  in 
the  night-sweats  of  phthisis.  Dose  gr.  x-xy 
(0.65-1.0).  It  is  extensively  employed  in 
the  arts,  as  a  reagent,  and  in  pharmacy  to 
prepare  diluted  hydrocyanic  aad.  P.  hy* 
droxid.  KOH  (Potassa,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 
caustic  potash.  This  is  a  white  solid,  usually 
occurring  in  the  form  of  pcnciU,  and  having 
powerful  escharotic  properties.  From  it  are 
prepared.  Liquor  potassse  and  Potassa  cum 
calce.  The  former  is  an  antacid,  diuretic, 
and  antilithic.  Dose  n\,x-xxx  (0.65-2.0). 
P.  hjfpophotphite  (Potassii  hypophotphis, 
U.  S.  P.),  KHjPO,.  Dose  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65- 
2.0).  See  Hypophosphitt,  P.  iodid  (Po- 
tassii iodidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P),  KI,  is  used 
as  an  alterative  in  syphilis ;  in  chronic  pois- 
oning by  lead  and  mercury ;  as  an  absoroent 
of  inflammatory  exudates ;  in  chronic  rheu- 
matism, etc.  Dose  gr.  i}-x  (0.13-0.65) ;  in 
syphilis  several  drams  may  tie  administered 
daily.  From  it  are  prepared  Unguentum  iodi 
and  Unguentum  potassii  iodidi.  P.  nitrate 
(Potassii  nitras,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.).  KNO,,  salt- 
peter, b  used  as  a  refrigerant  diuretic  and 
diaphoretic ;  in  asthma  the  inhalation  of 
fumes  produced  by  burning  niter-paper 
f  paper  dipped  in  a  solution  of  3ie  nitrate  and 
dried)  is  useful.  Dose  gr.  x-xx  (065-I.3). 
From  it  are  prepared  Argenti  nitras  dilutus 
and  Charta  potassii  nitratis.  P.  permang- 
anate (Potassii  permanganas,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.),  KMnO^.  is  used  as  an  antiseptic  and  de- 
odorant, in  amenorrhea,  and  as  an  antidote 
to  opium  poisoning  and  poisoning  by  snake- 
bites. Dose  as  an  emmenagogue  gr.  j-ij 
(0.065-0.13).  It  is  also  employed  as  arc- 
agent.  Condy's  fluid  is  an  aqueous  solution 
of  P.  permanganate  (2  parts  in  100).  P.  and 
sodium  tartrate  (Potassii  et  sodii  tartras, 
U.  S.  P..  B.  P.),  K.NaC,H.0^4H,0,  Ro- 
cbelle  salt,  is  used  as  a  saline  cathartic ;  it 
b  an  ingredient  of  Seidlitz  powder.  Da»e 
Jss-j  (16.0-32.0).  P.  sulphate  (Potassii 
sulj>has,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  K.S<\,  is  used  as 
a  laxative  and  purgative.  l)osc  ^t^ss-j^iv 
(2.<>-l6,o).  P.  tartrate  (Potassii  urtras, 
B.  P.),  KjCH^O.FU),  U  used  as  a  mild 
purgative  in  lebrilc  aflections.  Duse  »}-]{] 
^4.0-32.0).  Other  compounds  are :  P.  bin- 
37 


oxalate,  salt  of  sorrel,  a  constituent  of 
wood -sorrel.  P.  biaulphaU,  KHSO^, 
has  been  used  as  a  laxative  and  refrigerant. 
Dose  3j-ij  (4,0-8.0).  P.  colMdtinitrate 
has  been  employed  in  asthma,  nephritis,  and 
valvular  heart-disease.  Dose  gr.  %-% 
fo.oi6 -0.032).  P.  ferricyamd,  K^Fe,- 
(CN),.,  is  used  in  the  arts  and  as  a  reagent. 
P.  iodate  is  used  in  stomatitis  and  pharyngi- 
tis as  a  substitute  for  P.  chlorate.  Dose  gr. 
iv-viij  (o.26-o.52|.  P.  nitrite,  KNO^  it 
used  lixe  the  other  nitrites.  Dose  gr.  iij 
(0.2).  P.  phosphate,  K^HPO^,  has  been 
used  as  an  alterative  in  scrofula  and  pulmo- 
nary tuberculosis.  Doae  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65- 
2.0).  P.  silicate,  soluble  glass,  is  used  in- 
stead of  plaster  of  Paris  for  making  fixed  dress- 
ings. P.  sulphocyanate,  KCNS,  is  a  con- 
stituent of  saliva. 

Potato-cultura.  A  culture  of  microorganisms 
on  potato. 

Potential  ip^ten' shal)  [poiems,  ablel.  I. 
Capable  of  acting  or  doing  work,  as  r.  en- 
ergy. 2.  In  electricity,  a  state  of  tension  or 
of  P.  energy  capable  of  doing  work.  If 
two  bodies  of  different  P.  are  brought 
together,  a  current  is  established  between 
them  that  is  capable  of  doing  work. 

Potio,  Potion  (py-ske'0,py'sAim)  [potip,  a 
drink].     A  drink  or  draught. 

Potoroania  (po'ta-ma'-tu-aJk)  [ir^rof,  drink ; 
ftawla^  madness].     Delirium  tremens. 

Pott's  Disease  [Perdval  /W/,  an  English 
surgeon].  Caries  of  the  vertebne,  generally 
of  tuberculous  origin.  The  symptoms  are 
stiffness  of  the  spinal  column,  pain  on  mo- 
tion, tenderness  on  pressure,  undue  promi- 
nence of  one  or  more  of  the  spines ;  in 
certain  cases  spasmodic  pain  in  the  abdomen  ; 
formation  of  abscess;  occasionally,  in  late 
stages,  paralysis.  P.*s  Fracture.  See 
Fracture, 

Pouch  [Fr.,  pockf^  a  pocket].  A  sac 
or  pocket  P.  of  Douglas,  P.,  Recto- 
uterine, cul-de-sac  of  Douglas,  a  pouch 
formed  by  a  fold  of  the  peritoneum  between 
the  uterus  and  the  rectum. 

Poultice  (p^-tis)  [puis, porridge].  A  soft, 
semiliquid  mass  made  of  some  cohesive  sub- 
stance mixed  with  water,  and  used  for  appli- 
cation to  the  skin,  for  the  purpose  of  supply- 
ing heat  and  naoisture  or  acting  as  a  local 
stimulant.     Synonym,  Catapiasma. 

Pound  [AS.,  /wW,  pound].  A  unit  of 
measure  of  weight.  The  Troy  P.  contains 
12  oz.  or  5760  grains;  the  avoirdupois  P. 
contains  16  ox.  or  7000  grains.  Svmbol 
lb.  See  WHf^his  and  Sftasmrts,  P.,  Foot-, 
the  force  necessary  to  raise  one  pound  through 
the  height  of  one  foot. 

Poopart's  L4f  ament.  See  Ugmmuni^^  TMi 


POWDER 


PREGLOBULIN 


V 


Powder  [Fr.,  poudre^  from  puhns^  powder]. 

1.  A  collection  of  fine  particles.  2.  In 
pharmacy,  a  collection  of  fine  particles  of 
one  or  more  substances  capable  of  passing 
through  a  sieve  having  meshes  of  a  certain 
fineness ;  also  a  single  dose  of  such  a  sub- 
stance.    P.,    Aromatic.      See    Cinnamon. 

,  P.,  Dover's,  Pulvis   ipecacuanhas  et  opii. 

*  See  under  Opium.  P.,  James*.  See  Anti- 
mony. P.,  Seidlitz-.  See  Potassium  attd 
sodium  tartrate.  P.,  TuUy^s,  a  powder 
composed  of  camphor,  prepared  chalk,  and 
licorice,  and  morphin  sulphate,  I  part.  It  is 
used  as  a  substitute  for  Dover's  powder. 

Pox  [  pocks f  pi.  of  pock,  a  vesicle  or 
pustule].  I.  A  term  applied  to  any  disease 
possessmg  a  vesicular  or  pustular  eruption. 

2.  Vulgarly,  syphilis.  P.,  Chicken-.  See 
Varicella.  P.,  Cow-.  See  Cow-pox,  P., 
Small-.    See  Variola. 

Practice  {pra¥-tis)  [practicarct  to  practice]. 
The  practice  of  medicine ;  the  application  of 
the  principles  of  medicine  to  the  diagnosis 
and  treatment  of  disease. 

Practitioner  (prak-tifk^-un-er)  [practicare, 
to  practice].  One  who  practices  medicine. 
(This  is  a  badly- formed  word.) 

Prae-  (pre-)  [L.].     See  Pre-. 

Prseputium  (pre-pu^-she-um).     ^it^  Prepuce, 

Prsevia  (pre'-ve-ah)  [fem.  oi  pravius,  from 
pree,  before ;  via,  a  way].  Coming  before, 
standing  before.  P.,  Placenta.  See  Pla- 
centa. 

Prairie-itch.  A  name  applied  to  various 
forms  of  skin-diseases  associated  with  pruri- 
tus, occurring  in  men  engaged  in  work  on 
prairies,  among  lumbermen,  and  others,  and 
either  due  to  scabies  or  pruritus  hiemalis. 

'9it9^yiTCi\Tiyi^z{pre-al-bumin'u'-rik)[prct, 
before;  albumen,  albumin;  urina,  urine]. 
Occurring  before  the  appearance  of  albumin- 
uria. 

Preataxic  (pre-at-aks^-ik)  [prce,  before;  h 
priv. ;  T&^iq,  order].  Occurring  before 
ataxia. 

Preaxial  (pre-aks'-e-al)[prtr,ht{oT^\  axis, 
axis].  Situated  in- front  of  the  axis;  in  a 
limb,  situated  on  the  internal  or  anterior 
aspect — in  the  arm,  on  the  radial,  in  the 
leg,  on  the  tibial  side. 

Prebacillary  ipre-bas^ -il-a-re)  [pra,  before ; 
bacillus,  bacillus].  Occurring  oefore  the  in- 
vasion of  the  system  by  bacilli. 

Precancerous  ( pre-kan' -ser-us)  [  ^/f  .before ; 
cancer\  Occurring  before  the  development 
of  a  carcinoma. 

Precardiac  ( pre-kar^-de-ak)  [prce,  before  ; 
KQpSia,  heart].     Anterior  to  the  heart. 

Precentral  {pre-sen^-tral)  [prtt,  before; 
centrum,  center].  Situated  in  front  of  the 
centred  fissure  of  the  brain.  P.  Convolu- 
tion,  a  convolution  in  front  of  the  central 


fissure  of  the  brain ;   the  ascending  {mtal 
convolution. 

Precipitant  {pre-sip^ -it-ant).  See  tmder 
Precipitation. 

Precipitate  {pre  -  sip' -  it  •  dt )  [prfcipitare, 
bom  pra,  before  ;  caput,  head].  The  solid 
substance  thrown  down  from  a  solution  of  a 
substance  on  the  addition  of  a  reagent  which 
deprives  it  of  its  solubility.  Abbreviation : 
Ppt.  P.,  Red,  Hydrargyrum  oxidum  nibnun. 
See  Mercury.  P.,  White,  N,(Hg,),CI,, 
Hydrargyrum  ammoniatum.     See  Mercury. 

Precipitate  (pre-sip'-it-at)  [precipitare,  from 
pra,  before ;  caput,  headj.  To  throw  down 
in  an  insoluble  form. 

Precipitate  {pre-sipf -it-iU)\ precipitare,  from 
pra,  before ;  caput,  head].  Headlong ; 
bas^.     P.  Labor.     See  Labor, 

PrecipiUtion  (pre-sip-it-a'-sAun)  [precipi- 
tate']. The  process  of  throwing  down  sohds 
firom  the  liquids  which  hold  them  in  solution. 
Precipitates  are  crystalline,  amorphous,  curdy, 
flocculent,  granular,  or  gelatinous,  according 
to  the  form  assumed.  The  agent  causing 
precipitation  is  the  precipitant,  the  solid 
thrown  down,  the  precipitate. 

Precordia  {pre-kor'-de-ak)  [pra,  before ; 
cor,  the  heart].  I.  A  name  applied  by  the 
ancients  to  the  diaphragm,  the  thoracic  vis- 
cera, or  the  epigastric  region.  2.  The  area 
of  the  ches4  overlying  the  heart. 

Precordial  {pre-kor^-de-al)  [pra,  before ; 
cor,  heart].     Pertaining  to  the  precordia. 

Precordium  (pre-kor'-de-um).  Singular  of 
Precordia. 

Precuneus  (pre -ku-ne^ -us)  [pra,  before  ; 
cuneus,  wedge].  The  quadrate  lobule  of  the 
parietal  lobe  situated  in  front  of  the  cuneos 
of  the  occipital  lobe. 

Prediastolic  (pre-di-as-tol'-ik)  [pra,  before ; 
^u^aTo'^,  diastole].  Occurring  before  the 
diastole. 

Predicrotic  (pre-dikrof-ik)  [pra,  before  ; 
dicrotic].  Preceding  the  dicrotic  wave  or 
elevation  of  the  sphygmographic  tracing. 

Predigest  (pre-di-jest^)  [pra,  before;  di- 
gerere,  to  digest].  To  digest  by  artificial 
means  before  introducing  into  the  body. 

Predisposing  {pre-dis-po' ting)  [pra,  be- 
fore ;  disponere,  to  dispose].  Rendering  sus- 
ceptible or  liable  to  attack. 

Predisposition  (pre-dis-po-sish'-un)  [pr^, 
before ;  disponere,  to  dispose] .  The  *talc 
of  having  a  susceptibility  to  disease. 

PTtfrontaA(pre-/run'-tal ) [pra,  befort^/rvn  f , 
forehead].  Situated  in  the  anterior  port  of 
the  frontal  lobe  of  the  brain. 

Preglobulin  (pre-glob^-u-lin)  [pra,  before  ; 
globulin].  An  albuminous  body  found  in 
cell -protoplasm,  insoluble  in  water,  soluble 
in  a  ten  per  cent,  sodium  chlorid  solution 
and  in  dilute  alkaline  solutions. 


PREGNANCY 


PREMALIGNANT 


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Pregnancy  ( /r^-  imm  •  j/) 
[/r^^fiMivx,  frcmi  /Tdf,  before ; 
gipitre^  to  beget].  Tbe  sUte 
of  being  pregnsnt,  or  with 
child ;  the  state  of  the  woman 
from  conception  to  the  expul- 
sion of  the  oTum.  The  normal 
duration  of  P.  is  280  days,  or 
ten  lunar  months,  or  nine  calen- 
dar months.  P.,  Extrauter- 
ine, ectopic  gestation ;  the  de- 
▼elopment  of  the  ovum  oatsidc 
.  of  tne  cavity  of  the  uterus. 
Pregnancy  may  take  place 
within  the  Fallopian  tube  (Tu- 
bal P.) ,  in  the  ovary  (Ovarian 
P.),  in  the  part  of  the  tube  that 
traverses  the  uterine  wall  f  In« 
terttitial  P.).  or  in  the  abdom- 
inal cavity  (Abdominal  P.). 
P.,  Falaa,  any  condition  in  the 
abdomen  that  simulates  pfeg- 
nancy.  P.,  Molar,  pregnancy 
in  which  the  ovum  is  converted 
into  a  mole.  P^  Multiple, 
that  form  in  which  the  uterus 
contains  two  or  more  develop- 
ing ova.  P.,  Mural,  a  variety 
of  extrauterine  P.  in  which  the 
ovum  develops  in  the  wall  of 
the  oterus.  P.,  Signa  of, 
those  clinical  manifestations  by 
which  the  existence  of  preg- 
nancy may  be  demonstrated. 
There  are  three  so-called  abso- 
lute signs :  Ballotteroent,  fetal 
movements,  and  the  fetal  heait- 
sounds. 

nans,  from  /nr,  before;  /kt- 
«/rv,  to  beget].  With  child; 
gravid. 

Prebemiplegic  ( /rr  -  A^m  •  e  • 
f^Jik)  [/^.  before;  #^, 
half;  irA^,  stroke].  Occur- 
ring befofe  an  attack  of  hemi- 
plegia, as  P.  chorea. 

Prthenaile(/ry  >i<if^ -it/)  [pre- 
JUnJere,  to  lay  hold  of  ]. 
Adapted  for  grasping. 

Prthenaion  {^f-kat'skum) 
Xprekendere^  to  lay  hold  of], 
llie  act  of  grasping  or  seising. 

Prehun(/r<^-/iMf)[U].  Prrss. 
P.  abdominale,  the  squeesing 
of  the  abdominal  viscera  be- 
tween the  dianhragm  and  the 
rigid  abdominal  wall,  as  in  the 
processes  of  defecation,  mictu- 
rition, and  parturition. 

Pretnalinant  {^e-mslij^- 
fMnt)    [/^«,   before;    mmUg^ 


i 

\ 


i 


PREMATURE 


PRIMARY 


!?• 


K. 


nant"].     Occurring  before  the  development 
of  malignancy. 

Premature  (pre^-mat-Hr)  [pra,  before ; 
maturare^  to  ripen].  Occurring  before  the 
proper  time,  as  P.  Ubor. 

Premaxilla  (pre-maks-il^ -ah)  [fira^  before ; 
maxilla^  jawj.     The  intermaxillary  bone. 

Premenstrual  (pre-nun^-stru-al)  [pra^  be- 
fore ;  mfnstrual\     Preceding  menstruation. 

Premolar  {prf-ni(/-lar)  [pra,  before  ;  mola, 
millstone].  I.  Situated  in  front  of  the  molar 
teeth.  2.  One  of  the  two  anterior  perman- 
ent molars. 

Premonitory  {pre-mon'-U-o-re)  [prtt,  be- 
fore; mature ,  to  warn].  Forewarning; 
foreboding,  as  P.  symptoms,  those  which 
forebode  the  onset  of  an  attack  of  a  disease. 

Prenatal  (/r^-iw'-Ztf/)  [pray  before  ;  na/us^ 
bom].     Existing  or  occurring  before  birth. 

Preoccupation  {pre-oku  -  pa^  shun)  [pra, 
before;  occuparey  to  occupy].  The  condi- 
tion of  being  so  engrossed  in  one's  own 
thoughts  as  not  to  answer  or  hear  when 
accosted. 

Preparation  i^prep-ar-a' -shun)  [prapararey 
to  make  ready].  I.  The  act  of  making 
ready.  2.  Anything  made  ready,  especially, 
in  anatomy,  any  part  of  the  body  prepared 
or  preserved  for  illustrative  or  other  uses. 

Prepatellar  {pre-pat-el' -ar)  [/nr,  before; 
patelUiy  patella].  Situated  in  front  of  the 
patella,  as  P.  bursa. 

Prepuce  (pre' -pas)  [prapuHunty  prepuce]. 
The  foreskin  of  the  penis,  a  fold  of  skin  lined 
by  mucous  membrane,  and  covering  the  glans 
penis. 

Preputial  (pre-pu'-she-ai)  [praputiumy  pre- 
puce].    Pertaining  to  the  prepuce. 

Presbycusis,  Presbykousis  (pre%-be-ko</- 
sis)  [irpiapv^y  old;  aKoveiVy  to  hear].  The 
lessening  of  the  acuteness  of  hearing  that 
occurs  in  old  age. 

Pretbyope  {prex'-be-dp)  [irpiapvc,  old ;  w^', 
eye].     One  who  is  presbyopic. 

Presbyopia  {prez-be-t/ -pe-ah)  [npiOfSv^y  old  ; 
inffy  eye].  The  condition  of  vision  in  the 
aged,  due  to  diminished  power  of  accom- 
modation from  impaired  elasticity  of  the  crys- 
talline lens,  whereby  the  near  point  of  distinct 
vbion  is  removed  ftnther  from  the  eye. 

Presbyopic  (prez-be-op'-ik)  [rrpfoiivCy  old; 
i)tl>y  eye].     Affected  with  presbyopia. 

Prescription  { pre -skrip' -shun)  [pray  before ; 
scriberey  to  write].  A  formula  written  by  the 
physician  to  the  apothecary,  designating  the 
substances  to  be  administered.  A  P.  consists 
of  the  heading,  usually  the  symbol  li  (stand- 
ing for  the  Latin  word  recipe y  imperative  of 
reciperey  io  take),  the  names  and  quantities 
of  the  ingredients,  the  directions  to  the 
apothecary,  the  directions  to  the  patient,  the 
date,  and  the  signature. 


Present  ipre-tenf)  [prasentare,  to  place  be- 
fore]. Of  a  part  of  the  fetus,  to  appear  first 
at  the  OS  uteri. 

Presentation  ( pre-zen  -ta'-shun)  [prasentarey 
to  place  before].  In  obstetrics,  that  part  of 
the  fetal  body  which  presents  itself  to  the 
examining  finger  at  the  os  uteri. 

Presphenoid  (pre-s/e'-noiJ)  [/r^-,  before; 
a<pirjVy  wedge;  cMof,  like].  'fhe  anterior 
part  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone. 

Pressor  (pres'-or)  [premerey  to  press]. 
Stimulating.     P.  Nerve.     See  Nerve, 

Pressure-sense.  The  sense  by  which 
knowledge  is  obtained  of  the  amount  of 
weight  or  pressure  which  is  exerted  upon  a 
part  of  the  body. 

Presternum  (pre ster'-num)  [pray  before; 
sternum y  the  breast- bone].  The  manubrium 
or  superior  segment  of  the  sternum. 

Presystolic  {pre-sistol'-ik)  [pray  before; 
avarok^y  systole].  Preceding  the  systole  of 
the  heart,  as  the  P.  murmur,  P.  thrill. 

Pretibial  (pre-ti/Z-e-a/)  [pray  before;  tibia ^ 
tibia].     Situated  in  front  of  the  tibia. 

Pretuberculous  (pre-tuber'ku/us)  [pra^ 
before;  tuberculuniy  tubercle].  Preceiding 
the  development  of  tuberculosis. 

Preventive  (pre-ven'-tiv)  [prei^enirty  to  an- 
ticipate, to  prevent].  Warding  off.  P, 
Medicine,  the  department  of  medicine  deal- 
ing with  the  means  and  methods  of  prevent- 
ing disease. 

Prevertebral  (pre-ver'-tebral)  [pray  be- 
fore ;  vertebra y  vertebra].  Situated  in  front 
of  the  vertebrae. 

Priapism  {pri'-ap-izm)  [irpia-Kiofid^'].  Per- 
sistent erection  of  the  penis,  usually  unaccom- 
panied by  sexual  desire.  It  is  cau.*>ed  by 
injuries  to  the  spinal  cord,  or  to  the  penis, 
and  by  vesical  calculus. 

Prickle-cell.  A  cell  possessing  delicate 
rod-shaped  processes  by  which  it  is  connected 
with  neighboring  cells.  Such  cells  are  found 
in  the  middle  strata  of  the  skin  (Prickle* 
layer). 

Prickly  Heat.     See  Miliaria. 

Primse  vise  {pri' -me  in' 'e\  [L.,  "the  pri- 
mary passages  "].     The  alimentary  canal. 

Primary  (pri' -ma-re)  [pnmusy  first].  First 
in  time  or  in  importance.  P.  Amputation, 
one  that  is  done  before  the  development  of  in- 
flammation, usually  within  the  first  twenty- 
four  hours.  P.  Bubo,  a  simple  adenitis  of 
an  inguinal  lymphatic  gland,  resulting  firmn 
mechanical  iijitation.  It  is  also  known  as 
bubon  d  WmbUe.  P.  Dementia,  a  form  of  in- 
sanity occurring  in  young  adults,  and  charac- 
terized by  an  extreme  degree  of  apathy,  the 
patient  lying  motionless,  absolutely  listless^ 
without  wants  and  seemingly  without  percep- 
tion of  his  surroundings.  P.  Lesion,  the 
original  lesion  which  forms  the  starting-point 


FRIMIGRAVIDA 


tROCESS 


for  tecondary  lesions.  P.  Sore,  the  initial 
sclerosis  or  cbtncre  of  S3rphilis. 

Primigravida  {pri'me-gr<n>' -iii-ak)  \^  primus^ 
first;  p^aindus^  pregnant].  A  woman  preg- 
nant for  the  first  time. 

Primipmrm  {^pri-mip^ -ar-ak)  [primus,  first; 
parere,  to  bear].  A  woman  bearing  or  giv- 
ing birth  to  her  fi^st  child. 

Primiparous  (pn-mip^-ar-Ms)^ primus,  first ; 
parere,  to  bear].  Bearing  a  child  or  being 
In  labor  for  the  first  time. 

Primitive  (prim'- it  -  iv)  [primus,  first]. 
First-formed  ;  original.  P.  Groove,  the  en- 
largement and  deepening  of  the  primitive 
streak.  See  P.  Streak.  P.  SUeak,  P. 
Trace,  a  streak  appearing  at  the  end  of  the 
germinal  disc,  and  indicating  the  first  trace 
of  the  embryo. 

Primordial  ( pri  mor*  deal )  [frimus,fini*, 
ordiri,  to  arise].  Exi*»tin^  in  the  t)eginning, 
first  formed,  primitive,  original,  of  the  sim- 
plest character.  P.  Kidney,  the  Wolffian 
body.  P.  Ova,  cells  Ijring  among  the  germ- 
epithelium  of  the  surface  of  the  embryonic 
ovary. 

Princeps  iprin^-seps)  [ primus,  fvnX,;  caput, 
head],  hirst,  original.  P.  cervicis,  a 
branch  of  the  occipital  artery  supplying  the 
trapezius  mascle.  P.  pollicis,  a  branch  of 
the  radial  artery,  going  to  the  palmar  surface 
of  the  thumb. 

Principle    (prin'-sipl)    [prinnpium,    from 

Cincfps'].  A  constituent  of  a  compound 
ving  a  definite  composition  and  represent- 
ing its  essential  or  cnaracterislic  properties. 
P.,  Proximate.     See  Proximate. 

Prinot  ( pri'-nos)  [  L.] .  Black  alder,  a  shrub 
of  the  order  Aquifoliaceic.  The  bark  and  the 
berries  of  P.  verticillatut  have  been  em- 
ployed as  tonics  and  astringents  in  diarrhea, 
and  locally,  as  an  application  to  ulcers.  Dose 
T$»-j  (2.0-4.3) ;  of  a  decoction  fJHJ  (3^0- 
64.0).     Unof. 

Prism  (prizm)  [irplofia,  from  irpl^nv,  to  saw]. 
A  solkl  whosr  bases  or  ends  are  similar  plane 
figures  and  whose  sides  are  parallelograms. 
In  optics,  a  transparent  solid  with  trian- 
gular ends  and  two  converging  sides.  It 
breaks  up  white  light  into  its  component 
colors  and  l)ends  the  rays  of  light  toward  the 
side  opposite  the  angle  (the  base  of  the  P. ), 
and  is  used  to  measure  or  correct  imbalance 
of  the  ocular  muscles.  P.-diopter,  P.- 
dioptry,  a  unit  of  prismatic  refractive  power : 
the  refractive  power  of  a  prism  that  deflects  a 
ray  of  light  one  centimeter  on  a  tangent  plane 
situate<l  at  a  distance  of  one  meter.  P., 
Enamel-,  one  of  the  prismatic  columns  of 
from  four  to  six  sides  composing  the  enamel 
of  teeth,  closely  packed  together  and  gener- 
ally vertical  to  the  surface  of  the  underiying 
dentine.     P.,  Nicol-.     See  Nitol-prism, 


Prismatic  (pri%mat*'ik\  [ir(>iefta,  a  prism]. 
Prism  shaped ;  produced  by  the  actioD  of  a 
prism,  as  r.  colors. 

Prismoptometer  (prism4iptom'-ee'er)[wpie' 
fxa,  prism ;  u^',  eye  ;  fiirpw,  measure].  Ao 
instrument  for  estimating  refractive  defects  of 
the  eye  by  means  of  two  prisms  placed  base 
to  base. 

Pro-  [L.].     A  prefix  meaning  before. 

Probang  iprf/bang)  [probare,  to  test].  A 
rod  of  wnalebone  or  other  flexible  materia] 
used  for  making  local  applications  to  the 
esophagus  or  larynx,  or  removing  foreign 
bodies.  P.,  Ball-,  a  probang  having  an 
ivory  bulb  attached  to  one  end.  P. ,  Horse- 
hair-, P.,  Bristle-,  one  having  on  the  end  a 
sheath  of  horsehair  or  bristles  that  can  be 
made  to  spread  like  an  umbrella  as  the  in- 
strument is  drawn  out  P.,  Sponge-,  ooe 
provided  with  a  small  sponge  at  one  end. 

Probe  (prdh)  {prepare,  to  test].  A  slender, 
flexible  rod  for  exploring  a  channel.  P., 
Anel's,  a  delicate  probe  for  exploring  or 
dilating  the  lacrimal  puncta  and  lacrunal 
canals.  P.,  Blunt,  one  with  a  blunt  extrem- 
ity. P.,  Bowman's,  one  of  a  series  of  grad- 
uated probes  used  for  dilating  the  nasal  duct. 
P.,  Drum-,  one  provided  with  a  drum  or  re- 
verberator to  enable  the  ear  to  detect  contact 
with  foreign  bodies.  P.,  Electric,  one  having 
two  insulated  wires,  so  that  contact  with  a  bal- 
let or  metal  completes  the  circuit,  and  thus  in- 
dicates the  presence  of  such  a  foreign  body. 
P.,  Eyed,  a  probe  having  a  slit  at  ooe  end 
through  which  a  tape  or  ligature  can  be 
passed.  P.,  Lacrimal,  one  u^  for  dilating 
the  lacrimal  passages.  P.,  Meerschaum-, 
a  probe,  the  end  of  which  is  tipped  with 
meerschaum,  which  becomes  streaked  with 
the  lead  by  contact  with  a  ballet  P., 
Nilaton's,  one  that  is  capped  with  an- 
glaxed  porcelain  upon  which  a  leaden  ball 
makes  a  metallic  streak.  P.,  Vertebrated, 
one  made  of  small  links  so  jointed  together 
that  it  is  very  flexible. 

Process  {pros' -es)  [processus,  from  procedrre, 
to  go].  I.  A  course  of  action;  a  group  of 
phenomena,  as  the  inflammatory  P.  2.  A 
prominence  or  outgrowth,  as  the  spinous  P.  of 
a  vertebra,  the  axis-cylinder  P.  of  a  nerve. 
P.,  Alveolar.  .See  Aheolar.  P.,  Auditory, 
the  curved  plate  of  bone  surrounding  the  ex- 
ternal auditory  meatus  for  the  greater  part  of 
its  circumference,  and  serving  for  the  attach- 
ment of  the  cartilage  of  the  external  ear.  P., 
Basilar.  .See  BasiLir.  P.,  Ciliary.  See 
Ciliary.  P.,  Conoid.  ^>et  Conoid  Tubercle. 
P.,  Coracotd.  See  Comci^id.  P.  Coro- 
noid.  X.  A  thin,  flattened  process  project- 
ing from  the  antrrior  portion  of  the  upper 
border  of  the  ramus  of  the  lower  jaw,  and 
serving  for  the  sffarhmmt  of  the  teo^ioral 


i 
i 


i 


PROCESS 


PROCESS 


^ 


muscle.  2.  A  trUngiilar  projection  from  the 
upper  end  of  the  ulna,  fonning  the  lower  part 
of  the  greater  sigmoid  cavity.  P.,  Deiters*, 
the  axis-cylinder  process  of  a  nerre-celL 
P.,  Dendritic.  See  /*.,  Protoplasmic.  P., 
Enaifonn,  the  cartilaginous  tip  at  the  lower 
end  of  the  sternum.  P.,  Ethmoid,  one  of 
the  projections  from  the  superior  border  of 
the  inferior  turbinated  bone.  P.,  Eztenud 
Angular,  the  projection  on  the  outer  extrem- 
ity of  the  supraorbital  arch  of  the  frontal 
bone.  P.,  Falciform:  I.  A  process  of  the 
fascia  lata  of  the  thigh,  forming  the  outer 
and  upper  margin  of  the  saphenous  opening. 
It  is  known  also  as  the  Falciform  P.  of 
Bums.  2.  The  falx  cerebri.  P.,  Ham- 
ular :  I.  A  hook-like  process  of  bone  on  the 
lower  extremity  of  the  internal  pterygoid 
plate,  around  which  the  tendon  of  the  tensor 
palati  turns.  2.  Of  the  lacrimal  bone,  the 
hook-like  termination  of  the  lacrimal  crest 
P.,  Internal  Angular,  the  inner  extremity 
of  the  supraorbital  arch  of  the  frontal  bone. 
P.,  Jugular.  See  fugular.  P.,  Lacrimal, 
^  a  short  process  of  the  inferior  turbinated  bone 

'^.  that  articulates  with  the  lacrimal  bone.     P., 

j|  Long  {of  the  Incus), \  slender  process  that 

^  descends  vertically  from  the  body  of  the  incus 

and  articulates,  by  the  lenticular  process,  with 
the  head  of  the  stapes.  P.,  Long  (of  the 
Malleus)  y  a  long  delicate  process  that  passes 
from  the  neck  of  the  malleus  outward  to  the 
Glaserian  fissure,  to  which  it  is  connected  by 
cartilaginous  and  ligamentous  fibers.  P., 
Malar,  a  triangular  eminence  of  the  superior 
maxilla  by  which  it  articulates  with  the  malar 
bone.  P.,  Mammillary,  one  of  the  tubercles 
on  the  posterior  part  of  the  superior  articular 
processes  of  the  lumbar  vertebrae.  P.,  Mas- 
toid. See  Mastoid.  P.,  Maxillary,  a  thin 
plate  of  bone  descending  from  the  ethmoid 
process  of  the  inferior  turbinated  bone,  and 
hoqking  over  the  lower  ^Agt.  of  the  orifice  of 
the  antrum.  P.,  Natal  {of  the  Superior 
Maxilla),  a  thick,  triangular  process  of  bone 
that  projects  upward,  inward,  and  backward 
by  the  side  of  the  nose,  forming  a  part  of  its 
lateral  wall.  P.,  Odontoid,  the  tooth-like 
process  of  the  axis  which  ascends  and  ar- 
ticulates with  the  atlas.  P.,  Olecranon-, 
the  olecranon.  P.,  Olivary,  a  small  oval 
eminence  situated  behind  the  optic  groove 
of  the  sphenoid  bone.  P.,  Orbital  {of  the 
Palate  Bone),  a  process  directed  upward 
and  outward  from  the  upper  portion  of  the 
palate  bone.  P.,  Orbiul  {of  the  Superior 
Maxilla),  a  process  projecting  from  the 
orbital  margin  of  the  superior  maxilla.  P., 
Palate,  a  thick  process  projecting  hori- 
zontally inward  from  the  inner  surface  of 
the  superior  maxillary  bone,  and  forming 
oart  of  the  floor  of   the  nostril    and  the 


roof  of  the  month.  P.,  Postglenoid,  a 
small  tubercle  separating  the  glenoid  fossa 
firom  the  auditory  process.  P.,  Protoplas- 
mic. I.  Any  one  of  the  processes  of  nerve- 
ceils  that  are  not  continued  as  axis-cylinders. 
2.  A  pseudopod  of  an  ameboid  celL  P^ 
Pterygoid  (of  the  Palate  Bone),  a  pyramidal 
process  projecting  from  the  posterior  border 
of  the  palate  bone  and  articulating  with  the 
sphenoid  bone.  P.,  Pterygoid  (^M^.^^- 
noid  Bone),  one  descending  perpendicuiaHy 
from  the  point  of  junction  of  the  body  with 
the  greater  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  and 
consisting  of  an  external  and  internal  plate.  P. 
of  Rau.  Synonym  of  P. ,  Long^of  tht  Mat- 
leus).  P.,  Short  (of  the  Incus),  a  conic  pro- 
cess projecting  almost  horizontally  backward 
from  the  body  of  the  incus  and  attached  by  lig- 
amentous fibers  to  the  margin  of  the  opening 
leading  into  the  mastoid  celb.  P.,  Short 
(of  the  Malleus),  r  slight  projection  from  the 
root  of  the  manubrium  of  the  malleus,  lying 
in  contact  with  the  tympanic  membrane.  P., 
Sphenoidal,  a  thin  plate  of  bone  directed 
upward  and  inward  from  the  vertical  plate 
of  the  palate  bone.  P.,  Spinous  (i/  the 
Ilium),  a  prominent  eminence  on  the  ante- 
rior or  posterior  border  of  the  ilium.  The 
upper  process  on  the  anterior  border  is  the 
anterior  superior  spinous  process  ;  below  it  is 
the  anterior  inferior  spinous  process.  On  the 
posterior  border  there  are  also  two  processes 
— a  posterior  superior  and  a  posterior  inferior. 
P.,  Spinous  (of  the  Sphenoid  Bone),%  rougli 
prominence  descending  from  the  posterior 
part  of  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone. 
It  receives  the  attachment  of  the  internal 
lateral  ligament  of  the  jaw  and  the  tensor 
palati  muscle.  P.,  Spinous  {of  the  Tth'a), 
an  eminence  of  bone  on  the  upper  surface  of 
the  tibia,  between  the  two  articular  surges, 
and  nearer  to  the  posterior  than  the  anterior 
border.  P.,  Spiiu>us  (of  a  Verteh-a),  the 
prominent  backward  projection  from  the 
middle  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  arch 
of  a  vertebra.  P.,  Styloid  (of  the  Fibula), 
a  pointed  eminence  projecting  upward  from 
the  posterior  portion  of  the  head  of  the  fibula. 
P.,  Styloid  (of  the  Radius),  a  projection 
from  the  external  border  of  the  lower  ex- 
tremity of  the  radius.  P.,  Styloid  {of  the 
Temporal  Bone),  %  sharp  spine  about  an  inch 
in  length  descending  downward,  forward, 
and  inward  from  th^  inferior  surface  of  the 
petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  P^ 
Styloid  (of  the  Ulna),  a  projection  from  the 
inner  and  posterior  portion  of  the  lower  ex- 
tremity of  the  ulna.  P.,  Superior  Maxil- 
lary, an  eminence  on  the  face  of  the  embryo 
which  gives  rise  to  the  superior  maxilla  and 
the  malar  bone.  P.,  Superior  Vermiform, 
the  upper  part  of  the  me<JUan  lobe  of  the  cere- 


PROCESSUS 


PROFESSIONAL 


bellum,  connecting  the  two  lateral  hemi- 
spheres. P.,  Tempoiml,  the  posterior  angle 
of  the  malar  bone  by  which  it  articu- 
lates with  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  tem- 
poral bone.  P.,  Transverse,  a  process  pro- 
jecting outward  from  the  side  of  a  vertebra,, 
at  the  junction  of  the  pedicle  and  the  lamina. 
P.,  Unbranched.  Synonym  of  y.,  Axis- 
cylinder.  P.,  Unciform  \of  the  Ethmoid 
Boni),  a  hook-like  projection  from  the  inferior 
portion  of  each  lateral  mass  of  the  ethmoid 
Done.  It  articulates  with  the  ethmoidal  pro- 
cess of  the  inferior  turbinated  bone.  P., 
Unciform  {of  the  Hippocampat  Gyrus) ^  a 
hook -like  projection  from  the  anterior  end  of 
the  gyms  hippocampi.  P.,  Unciform  {o/the 
Unciform  Botte),  a  hook-like  projection  from 
the  palmar  surface  of  the  unciform  bone. 
P.,  Vaginal  {of  Peri/oneum),  the  process 
of  peritoneum  which  the  testicle  in  its  descent 
carries  in  advance,  and  which  in  the  scrotum 
forms  the  tunica  vaginalis  testis.  P.,  Va- 
rinal  {o/  the  Sphenoid  Bone)^  a  projection 
uom  the  inferior  surface  of  the  body  of  the 
sphenoid  bone,  running  horizontally  inward 
from  near  the  base  of  the  pterygoid  process. 
P.,  Vaginal  {of  the  Temporal  Bone),  a 
sheath-like  plate  of  bone  which  extends  from 
the  carotid  canal  to  the  mastoid  process.  It 
separates  behind  into  two  laminae  that  en- 
close the  styloid  process.  P.,  Xiphoid,  the 
ensiform  cartilage.  P.,  Zygomatic  {ojf  the 
Matar  Bone)^  along,  serrated  process  which 
articulates  with  the  zygomatic  process  of  the 
temporal  bone.  P.,  Zygomatic  {of  the 
Temporal  Bone)^  a  long  projection  from  the 
lower  part  of  the  squamous  portion  of  the  tem- 
poral bone,  articulating  with  the  malar  bone. 
Proceaaas  (proses' -us)  [L.].  A  process. 
P.  ad  cerelmim,  the  superior  cerebellar  ped- 
uncle. P.  ad  meduUam,  the  inferior  ped- 
ancle  of  the  cerebellum.  P.  ad  pontem,  the 
middle  peduncle  of  the  cerebellum.  P.  ad 
taataa,  the  superior  cerebellar  peduncles.  P. 
clavatus.  a  thickening  on  the  posterior 
pyramid  of  the  medulla  near  the  apex  of 
the  (bofth  ventricle.  P.  cochlearifbrmis, 
a  thin  plate  of  bone  separating  the  canal 
(o€  the  Eustachian  tube  from  that  for  the 
tensor  tympani  muscle.  P.  e  cerebello  ad 
cerebrum,  the  superior  cerebellar  peduncle. 
P.  e  cerebello  ad  meduUam,  the  inferior 
cerebellar  peduncle.      P.  e  cerebello  ad 

rtem.  tiie  middle  cerebellar  peduncle, 
e  cerebello  ad  testes,  the  superior 
peduncles  of  the  cerebellum.  P.  gracilis, 
a  long  delicate  process  passing  from  below 
the  neck  of  the  malleus  to  the  Glaserian 
fissure.  P.  hamatus.  Synonym  of  Process^ 
Umtiform. 
PlocuScfitia  {pro-se-den' -she-esh)  [pro,  be- 
fore ;  cmdere,  to  fall].     Prolapse. 


Procreation  {fro-kre-a^-shun)  [procreare, 
to  bring  forth].  The  act  of  begetting  off- 
spring. 

Proctalgia  {proktat'-Je-ah)  [irpcMcr<(f , anus ; 
bXyo^,  pain].     Neuralgic  pain  in  the  rectum. 

Proctectomy  {prok  -  teh' -  to  -  me)  [jrpcjcr^, 
anus;  eicrofi^f  excision].  Excision  of  the 
rectum. 

Proctitis  (proh'ti'-tis)  [irptMsrdf,  tLiwu;  iri^, 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  anus  or 
rectum. 

Procto-  (proh'-to-)  [jrpurrrfc,  anus].  A  pre- 
fix signifying  anus  or  rectum. 

Proctocele  {prok*  tosH)  [rrpu«frrfc»  anus; 
KtfAji,  hernia].     Prolapse  of  the  rectum. 

Proctodeum,  or  Proctodseum  ( prok-tode^- 
um)  [ir/NJcroc,  the  anus;  daitiv,  to  divide]. 
An  invagination  of  the  ectoderm  in  the  em- 
bryo that  grows  inward  toward  the  cloaca  until 
the  ectoderm  and  entoderm  come  into  con- 
tact ;  the  membrane  formed  between  the  two 
finally  breaks  through,  the  gut  then  opening 
externally. 

Proctodynia  {proktodin'e-ah)  [ir/>u(crrff. 
anus  ;  wHn^,  pain].  Pain  about  the  anus  or 
in  the  rectum. 

Proctoplasty  ( prok'  -  to  -  plas  -  te)  [  jrpcjimif , 
anus ;  irX4ff<Te<y,  to  form].  Plastic  surgery 
of  the  anus. 

Proctoptosis  {prok  -  top  -  ty  -  sis)  [npuKr6^, 
anus;  frruo<c,  •  falling].  Prolapse  of  the 
rectum. 

Proctorrhaphy  {prok  -  tor*  -  a  -fe)  [irpurrrff , 
anus;  ^o^,  suture].  Suture  of  the  rectum 
or  anus. 

Proctotomy  ( prok-tof  o-me^  [irpunr^,  anus ; 
rtmij,  a  cutting].  Incision  into  the  rectum, 
especially  for  stricture. 

Procursive  {pro-kur'-sit^  [/'^t  forward; 
currere,  to  run].  Running  forward,  as  P. 
epilepsy,  a  form  in  which  the  patient  runs 
during  the  epileptic  attack. 

Prodromal  {pro  Jro'-mal)  [irp4,  before; 
^p6fUK,  a  running].  Precursory;  of  the 
nature  of  a  prodrome. 

Prodrome  {pnZ-drdm)  [irpd,  before;  SpAuo^, 
a  running].  A  forerunner  of  a  disease;  a 
symptom  mdicating  the  approach  of  a  dis- 
ease. 

Productive  { pro  -  duk' -  tiv)  [pro,  before; 
ducerCy,  to  lead].  Forming,  especially  form- 
ing new  tissue,  as  a  P.  inflammation. 

Proencephalus  {proen-sef''alus\  [t^»4,  be- 
fore; f>if*>a>.of,  lirain].  A  monster  charac- 
terized by  a  protrusion  of  the  brain  through 
a  fissure  in  the  frontal  region. 

Professional  ( proffsk'-un-al )  [  pnyftteri^  to 
prefer*].  I.  Pertaining  to  a  profession, 
especially  to  the  medical  profession ;  in  keep- 
ing with  medical  ethics.  2.  Produced  by 
the  practice  of  a  profession,  as  P.  neurosia 
(writer's  cramp,  telegrapher's  cramp,  etc.). 


PROFUNDUS 


PRONUCLEUS 


• 


Proftindut  (pro'/un''dus)[  profundus^  deep]. 
Deep-seated ;  applied  to  certaio  muscles,  and 
in  the  feminine,  profunda,  to  certain  arteries. 
See  Arteries^  Table  of. 

Progenitor  (pro-jen'  -  it -or)  \^pro^  before  ; 
gignere^  to  beget].     Ancestor,  or  forefather. 

Progeny  (prof-en-e)  [pro,  before;  gignen, 
to  begetl .     Offspring ;  descendants. 

Proglottis  (proglof -is)  [w/kJ,  before  ;  yy^a- 
eOf  tongue:  //.,  Prqglotiides].  A  mature 
segment  of  a  tapeworm. 

Prognathous  ( prog' -na  thus)  [n-prf,  before  ; 
yvSboq^  jaw].  Having  a  projecting  lower 
jaw. 

Prognosis  {proF  no' -sis)  [npd,  before ;  yv«- 
(r<c,  knowledge].  A  judgment  in  advance 
concerning  the  duration,  course,  and  termina- 
tion of  a  disease. 

Prognostic  (prog-nos'-tik)  [^rpd,  before; 
yviioiq,  knowledge].  Pertaining  to  prognosis. 

Prognosticate  (prog-nos'-tiJk-dt)  [trpd,  be- 
fore ;  yvCtaiCf  knowledge].  To  give  a  prog- 
nosis. 

Progression  (pro-gresh'-un)  [progredi,  to 
advance].  The  act  of  advancing  or  moving 
forward.  P. ,  Backward,  a  backward  walk- 
ing, a  rare  symptom  of  certain  nervous  lesions. 
P.,  Cross-legged,  walking  with  the  legs 
almost  crossing,  a  condition  sometimes  ob- 
served in  bilateral  hip-disease  and  in  cerebral 
spastic  palsy. 

Progressive  (pro-gres'-iv)  Xprogredi^  to  go 
forward].  Gradually  extending.  P.  Mus- 
cular Atrophy,  chronic  anterior  poliomyeli- 
tis in  which  the  large  ganglion-cells  of  the 
anterior  horns  are  gradually  destroyed,  which 
leads  to  atrophy  of  the  muscles.  P.  Ossi- 
fying Myositis,  a  chronic  inflammation  of 
muscles,  associated  with  a  tendency  to  bony 
deposits  in  them. 

Projectile  (projek'-til)  [/>r(>, before;  fiuere, 
toUirow].  Throwing  forward.  P.  Vomit- 
ing, a  form  of  vomiting  sometimes  observed 
in  diseases  of  the  brain,  in  which  the  ma- 
terial is  suddenly  projected  out  of  the  mouth 
to  some  distance,  generally  without  nausea. 

Projection  (pro-jek'-shun)  [pro^  before; 
jacere,  to  throw] .  i .  The  act  of  throwing  for- 
ward. 2.  A  part  extending  beyond  the  level 
of  the  surrounding  surface.  3.  The  refer- 
ring of  impressions  made  on  the  organs  of 
sense  to  the  position  of  the  object  producing 
them.  P. -systems,  the  name  given  to  the 
pathways  connecting  the  cerebral  cortex  with 
the  periphery.  The  first  P. -system  corres- 
ponds to  the  fibers  passing  through  the  corona 
radiata;  the  second,  to  the  tracts  proceeding 
downward  to  the  gray  matter  from  the  third 
ventricle  to  the  end  of  the  spinal  cord  ;  the 
third,  to  the  peripheral  nerves. 

Prolapse  {pro-laps')  [prolabi,  to  slip  down]. 
The  falling  forward  or  downward  of  a  part. 


P.  of  the  Cord,  premature  expulsion  of  the 
umbilical  cord  during  parturition.  P.  of 
the  Iris,  protrusion  of  the  iris  through  a 
corneal  wound. 

Proliferate  (proli/''er-at)[ proles^ offspring ; 

fif^f*  to  bear].     To  multiply  ;  to  generate. 

Froliferation  (pro-lif-er-a'-shun)  [prola, 
offspring  ;  ferre^  to  bear].  The  act  of  pro- 
liferating or  multiplying,  as  P.  of  cells.  P., 
Atrophic,  the  multiplication  of  cells  in  atro- 
phic tissues. 

Proliferative,  Proliferous  ( pro-lif'-er-  ativ^ 
pro-lif ' -er-us)  [proles,  offspring  ;  ferre,  to 
bear].  Multiplying;  characterized  by  the 
formation  of  new  tissues  or  by  cell-proli- 
feration. P.  Cyst,  a  cyst  in  which  the  lining 
epithelium  proliferates  and  produces  pro- 
jections from  the  inner  surface  of  the  cyst. 

Prolific  {pro-lif'-ik)  [proles,  oflEspring;  fa- 
cere^  to  make].     Fruitful. 

Proligerous  ( pro^ij ' -er-us)  [proles,  off- 
spring ;  gerere,  to  bear].  Germinating ; 
producing  offspring.  P.  f)i8C.  See  Discus 
proligerus. 

Prominence  (prom'-in-ens)  [pro,  before ; 
minere,  to  jut].  I.  A  projection  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  part,  especially  on  a  booe.  2.  The 
state  of  being  prominent.  P.,  Genital*  an 
accumulation  of  cells  on  the  ventral  aspect 
of  the  embryonic  cloaca,  from  which  the 
generative  organs  are  developed. 

I^montory  (prom' -onto^re)  [/ro,  before  ; 
mons^  mountain].  A  projecting  prominence. 
P.  of  the  Sacrum,  the  prominence  formed 
by  the  angle  between  the  upper  extremity  of 
the  sacrum  and  the  last  lumbar  vertebra. 

Pronation  {pro-na'-sAun)  [pronare,  to  bend 
forward].  I.  The  condition  of  being  prone ; 
the  act  of  placing  in  the  prone  position.  2. 
Of  the  hand,  the  turning  of  the  palm  down- 
ward. 

Pronator  (pro-na'-tor)  [pronare^  to  bend 
forward].  That  whicn  pronates,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  several  muscles.  See  Musclti^ 
Table  of. 

Prone  {prdn)  [pronus^  prone].  Ikying  with 
the  face  downward  ;  ojf  the  arm,  having  the 
palm  directed  downward ;  the  opposite  ol 
supine. 

Pronephron,  Pronephros  (pro-f^ef^-roH, 
pro-nef'-ros)  [7rp<i,  before;  vrfyKkc,  a  kid- 
ney]. The  anterior  of  the  three  segments 
of  tne  WoliHan  body  opening  by  means  of  the 
MUllerian  duct  into  the  cloaca.  It  b  the  tir^i 
part  of  the  urogenital  system  to  be  di^eren 
tiated  in  the  vertebrate  embryo. 

Pronucleus  {pro-nu'-kle-us)  [pro^  before : 
nucleus,  nucleus].  One  of  the  two  nucleai 
bodies  of  a  newly  fecundated  ovum,  the  male 
P.  and  the  female  P. ,  the  fusion  of  which  re-- 
sulu  in  the  formation  of  the  first  ctobtyoak 
nucleus. 


PROOF-SPIRIT 


PROSTATOTOMY 


Proof-spirit.    Sec  Spint. 

Prootic  (pro-o^'tik)  [?rp4,  before;  o^,  ear]. 
In  front  of  the  ear. 

Propane  (pr</'pdn)  [propioniA  C,Hg.  A 
hydn>carbon,the  third  member  of  the  marsh- 
gas  series,  occurring  in  petroleum. 

I^op-cells.  Columnar  or  fusiform  cells  placed 
in  the  intervals  of  the  rods  and  hair-cells  of 
the  organ  of  Corti.  They  are  also  known  as 
supporting  cells  and  cells  of  Deiter. 

Propenyl  (pry-penUy     Sec  Glyceryl, 

Propepsin  { pro-pep' -nn)  [trp6,  before;  nkif' 
Ttiv,  to  cook].  The  zymogen  of  pepsin, 
found  in  the  cells  of  the  gastric  glands. 

Propeptone  { pro-pep' -fdn).  Sec  under  Pep- 
tone. 

Propeptonuria  (pro-pep-ton-u'-re-ah)  {np6^ 
before ;  peptone  ;  nrina ,  urine  J .  The  appear- 
ance of  propeptone  in  the  unne.  It  is  said 
to  occur  in  fevers,  diphtheria,  osteomalacia, 
and  during  the  administration  of  storax  or 
phosphorus. 

Properitoneal  (pro-pere-ton-e^'Ol)  [jrp4,  be- 
fore ;  vtptr6vatavt  peritoneum].  Situated  in 
front  of  the  peritoneum.  P.  Hernia,  a 
hernia  the  sac  of  which  extends  in  various 
directions  within  the  abdominal  walls. 

Prophylactic  ( pro-Jit-aJk''tiJh[irpo^^daottv, 
to  keep  guard  before].  I.  Pertaining  to  pro- 
phylaxis. 2.  A  remedy  or  agent  that  pre- 
vents the  development  of  disease. 

Prophylaxis  { pro-fil-aks' -is)  [irpofvA>ii«iw«v, 
to  keepguard  before] .  Prevention  of  disease ; 
measures  preventing  the  development  or 
spread  of  disease. 

Propionic  Acid  {pro-pe'on'-iJk)^wpi!/nc,  first ; 
ir/uw,  fat],  C,HfO,,  a  monobasic  acid  of  the 
iatty  acia  series,  occurring  in  sweat,  chyme, 
and  occasionally  in  diabetic  urine. 

Proprius  (pro'-pre-us)  [L.].  Individual; 
special,  as  Flexor  proprius  poUicis,  the 
jpectal  flexor  of  the  thumb. 

Proptosis  (prop- ty- sis)  {^p6,  forward; 
ffTuaif,  a  tailing].  A  falling  downward ; 
prolapse. 

Propulsion  (fro-puf-shttn)  [pro^  before; 
peUere,  to  push].  I.  The  act  of  poshing  or 
driving  forward.  2.  A  falling  forward  in 
walking,  a  condition  seen  in  paralysis  agitant. 
Sec  Festination, 

Propyl  (prypii)  [propionic^,  C,H^  The 
radicle  of  propane. 

Propylamin  { pro-pit' -amin)  [fropyl,  from 

C9pionie ;  arnin'].  A  liquid  basic  compoand 
ving  the  formula  C|H|N,  and  existing  in 
two  forms,  a  normal  P. ,  boiling  at  47^. , 
and  tsopropylamin,  boiling  at  3i-5^C. 
Nonnal  P.  has  been  obtained  from  cultures 
of  bacteria  of  feces ;  isopropylamin  has  been 
fMmd  among  the  distillation-prodocts  of  beet- 
root molasses.  See  /domains,  Tabte  of. 
PiOf9yl€n«  {Jry-pit-in)  [propyl,  from  pro- 


pionie'\,  C,H,.  A  gaseous  hydrocarbon  be- 
longing  to  the  series  of  the  olefins. 

Pro  re  nata  ( pro  re  na'-tak)  [L.  ].  A  phrase 
signifying  according  to  the  arcumstances  of 
the  case. 

Proscolex  {pro-sky- leks)  [  )rp6,  before; 
aaiiihi^^  a  worm;  pi,,  Proseoliees'].  The 
embryo  of  a  cestode  worm  immediately  after 
leaving  the  egg. 

Prosector  (pro-sek'tor)  [pro,  for;  seetor, 
cutter].  An  officer  of  a  medical  college  who 
prepares  subjects  for  anatomic  dissection,  or 
to  illustrate  didactic  lectures. 

Prosencephalon  (pros-en-sef  alon)  [irp^, 
before;  tyKk^aXjo^,  brain].  The  forebrain ; 
that  part  of  the  anterior  cerebral  vesicle  from 
whicn  are  developed  the  hemispheres,  the 
corpus  cal locum,  the  anterior  commissure, 
the  fornix,  the  septum  lucidum,  the  anterior 
perforated  space,  the  olfactory  lobes,  and  the 
corpus  striatum. 

Prosopalgia  (proso-pof-je-aX)  [irp69«Mrov, 
face  ;  ^>oc,  pain].  Face-ache ;  neuralgic 
pain  in  the  distrioution  of-  the  trigeminal 
nerve ;  tic  douloureux. 

Prostatalgia  (pros-tataf-Je-ak)  [npo&r&riK, 
prostate;  AA^t^f,  pain].  Pain  in  the  pros- 
tate  gland. 

Prosute,  or  ProsUte  Gland  (pros'-tMt) 
[7rpo<rrdn7c,  prostate ;  irptf,  before ;  lor^vai^ 
to  standi.  The  organ  surrounding  the  neck 
of  the  bladder  and  beginning  of  the  urethra 
(prostatic  urethra).  It  consists  of  two  lateral 
lobes  and  a  mkldle  lobe,  and  is  composed  of 
muscular  and  glandular  tissue,  the  prostatic 
glands.  The  prostate  often  becomes  enlarged 
in  advanced  life,  and  may  then  interfere  with 
the  emptying  of  the  bladder. 

Prostatectomy  { pros-ta-teJk' to-me)  [irpoe- 
rArtf^f  prostate ;  iicro/itf,  excision].  Excision 
of  the  prostate. 

Prostatic  (pros-taf-iA)  [irpogrdnyc,  prostate] . 
Relating  to  the  prostate.  P.  Calculus,  a 
stone  lodged  in  the  prostate  gland.  P. 
Plexus.  I .  A  collection  of  veins  surround- 
ing the  neck  and  base  of  the  bladder  and  the 
prostate  gland.  3.  A  plexus  of  nerves  de- 
rived from  the  pelvic  plexus,  and  distributed 
to  the  prostate  gland,  seminal  vesicles,  and 
erectile  tissue  of  the  penis.  P.  Urethra, 
that  pottioo  of  the  urethra  surrounded  by  the 
proetate  gland. 

Prostatitis  ( prosta-ti'-tis)  rirpogrdnff,  pros- 
tate ;  tTv^,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of 
the  prostate  gland. 

Prostatorrhea  {fros-ta-tor-e'-^)[irpoorATif^, 
prostate;  ^a,  flow].  A  thin  ivcthral  dis- 
charge coming  from  the  prostate  gland  in 
cases  of  prostatitis  or  masturbation. 

Prostatotomy  (prostmtof-&-me)[npotn^TiK, 
prostate:  rwiti,  a  cutting].  Incisioa  into 
the  prostate  gUnd. 


PROSTHESIS 


PROTOPLASM 


• 


Pro0thetit  (pros^-thesis)  {tt^,  to ;  Bkei/Q^  a 
placing].  Replacement  of  a  missing  part 
oy  an  artificial  substitute. 

Prosthetic  {pros-thef -ik)  [Tr/tkJf ,  to ;  dicrif ,  a 
placing].     Pertaining  to  prosthesis. 

Prosthetics  {pros-ihet* -iks)  [fl-piif,  to  ;  Bkau^y 
a  placing].  The  branch  of  surgery  that 
deals  with  prosthesis. 

Prostrate  {pros' -trot^  [P^^*  before;  sier- 
nerty  to  spread].     Lying  at  full  length. 

Prostration  (pros-tra'-shun)  [pro,  before; 
stemere,  to  spread].  I.  The  condition  of 
being  prostrate.  2.  Extreme  exhaustion  of 
nervous  or  muscular  force.  P.,  Nervous, 
general  exhaustion  from  excessive  expendit- 
ure of  nervous  energy. 

Protagon  ( pro^ -tag-on)  fTrpciTOf,  first ;  dyeiv, 
to  lead],  Cj^HjjjNjPOjj.  A  crystalline 
glucosid  found  in  nervous  tissue,  and  yield- 
ing when  boiled  with  baryta  the  decomposi- 
tion-products of  lecithin. 

ProUdbumose  (prdt-al'-bu-mds).  Same  as 
Protoalbumose. 

Protamin  (pro'-ta-min)  [w/o«rof,  first; 
amin],  CigH|,N,0,.  Anorganic  base  found 
with  nuclein  in  &ie  spawn  of  salmon. 

Protean  {pro'-te-an)  [Proteus,  a  Grecian  sea- 
god  who  had  the  power  of  changing  hb 
shape].  Taking  on  many  shapes;  as  a  P. 
disease,  P.  eruption.. 

Protective  (pro-tek'tiv)  [pro,  before; 
tegere,  to  cover].  Covering  so  as  to  shield 
against  harm ;  guarding  against  harm,  as  a  P. 
dressing.  P.  Proteids.  See  Proteids,  De- 
fensive, 

Froteid  (pro'-te-id)  [fl-pwroc,  first].  Any 
one  of  the  important  and  essential  nitrogen- 
ous constituents  of  animal  (animal  P.)  and 
vegetable  (vegetable  P. )  tissues.  They  are 
colloid,  noncrystallizable,  and  levorotary,  are 
precipitated  from  solutions  by  alcohol  and 
various  metallic  salts,  and  coagulated  by  heat 
and  mineral  acids.  Proteids  are  divided 
by  Landois  into :  (a)  native  albumins  :  serum- 
albumin,  egg-albumin,  metalbumin,  and  par- 
albumin ;  (b)  derived  albumins, ox  albuminates: 
acid-albumin,  syntonin,  alkali -albumin,  and 
casein;  (c)  globulins:  crystallin,  vitellin, 
paraglobulin,  or  serum-globulin,  fibrinogen, 
myosin,  globin ;  (d)  fibrins ;  (e)  coagu- 
lated proteids  ;  (f)  albumoses  and  peptones  ; 
(g)  lardacein.  pC,  Bacterial,  one  formed 
by  the  action  of  a  microorganism.  P., 
Bacterial  Cellular,  any  proteid  found  in 
the  bodies  of  bacteria.  P.,  Defensive, 
one  of  the  proteids  existing  in  the  blood 
and  rendering  the  system  immune  to  in- 
fectious diseases. 

Protein  (pro'-te-in)  [nporog,  first].  A  sub- 
stance formerly  regarded  as  a  proteid  de- 
prived of  its  sulphur,  and  looked  upon  as  an 
alkali-albumin. 


Proteolysis  {pro-te-ol' -is-ii)  [ir/>urof,  first; 
A{/a<Ci  solution].  The  change  produced  in 
proteids  by  ferments  that  convert  them  into 
difiusible  bodies. 

Proteolytic  {pro-teolit'-ik)  [Trpwroc,  first; 
X{xr<f,  solution].  Pertaining  to,  character- 
ized by,  or  effecting,  proteolysis. 

Proteose  (pro^-te-6s)  [Trpwrof,  first].  Any 
one  of  a  group  of  bodies  formed  in  gastric  dt> 
gestion,  intermediate  between  the  food-pio- 
teids  and  the  peptones,  called  anttpeptone, 
hemipeptone,  etc. 

Proteus  (pry-te-us^  [L.].  A  genus  of  bac- 
teria.    See  Bacteria,  Table  of. 

Prothesis  (proth'-es-is).     See  Prosthesis. 

Prothetic  (prothef-ik).     See  Prosthetic, 

Protio^d {prd-ti'-o^id)['frpoToc,  first ;  iMk, 
like  a  violet^.  A  salt  containing  the  least 
amount  of  lodin  of  the  iodids  of  the  same 
base.     See  Proto-. 

Proto-  (prd'-to-)  [npw^,  first].  I.  A  pre- 
fix signifying  first.  2.  In  chemistry,  a  prefix 
signifying  &t  lowest  of  a  series  of  com- 
pounds of  the  same  elements,  as  protoiodid. 
protochlorid,  protoxid. 

Protoalbumose  (pro-to-aF-bu-mbs).  See 
Albumose. 

Protoblast  { pro' -to-blas/\[irp€rroc,  fast;  pXao- 
r^,  germ].     A  cell  witnout  a  cell- wail. 

Protocatechuic  Acid  {pro-to-kat-e-chtf-ik) 
[-npCxTw;,  first ;  catechu^  CyHjO^,  Dioxy- 
benzoic  acid,  an  acid  sometimes  occurring  in 
the  urine. 

Protochlorid  { pro-to-hlc^ -rid).  See  Proto- 
(second  definition). 

Fhrotogaster  (pro-to-gas' -ter)  [ir/)«Tof,  firrt  ; 
yaariip,  stomach].  The  primitive  intestinal 
cavity  of  a  gastrula. 

Protoglobulose  (pro-to-glob' -u-lds)  [wpinoQ, 
first ;  globulus,  a  ball].  One  of  the  primary 
products  of  the  digestion  of  globulin. 

Protoiodid  (pro-to-i'-o-did).  Synonym  of 
Protiodid, 

Protoleukocjrte  (pro-to-lu'-  ho-sft)  [vpiivoc, 
first;  2£vK6g,  white;  Kifro^,  cell].  One  of 
the  minute  lymphoid  cells  found  in  the  red 
bone-marrow  and  also  in  the  spleen. 

Protomyosinose  (pro-to-mi-o'-sin-ds)  (jr/w- 
To^,  first ;  /ii>c,  muscle].  A  product  ch  the 
primary  digestion  of  myosin. 

Protonephron  (pro-tonef'-ron)  [ir/jfifrof, 
first;  ve^pdc,  kidney].  The  pronephron, 
metanephron,  and  mesonephron  taken  to- 
gether ;  the  primitive  kidney. 

I^otopathic  { pro-to-path' -ik)  [irpwroc^  first; 
TrdWof,  disease^.  Primary;  relating  to  the 
first  lesion ;  idiopathic ;  opposed  to  deutero- 
pathic. 

Protoplasm  (pro'-to-plasm)  [*rp6roc,  first; 
ir'K&aotnf,  to  mold].  The  viscid  material 
constituting  the  essential  substance  of  living 
fells,  npon  which  all  the  vital  functions  or 


PROTOPLASMIC 


PSEUDENCEPUALUS 


notritioD,  secreUon,  growth,  repcodactioo, 
imubilitj,  motility,  depend.  When  bighlj 
m«gni6ed  the  protoplasm  of  most  celb  ap* 
pears  as  a  network  (spongioplasm),  contain- 
ing a  more  fluid  substance  (hjaloplasm)  in 
its  meshes. 

ProtopUsmic  (pra  ta'piat'-mik)  ^rpwroc, 
first ;  irXoffarn',  to  naold].  I.  PertaininfC  to 
protoplasm.  2.  Composed  of  protoplasm. 
P.  Procett.     Sec  Process. 

Protospmsm  { pro^ -to-spatm^  \jTpign^^  first; 
airapfiict  spasm  J.  A  spasm  beginning  in  ooe 
part  and  extending  to  others. 

Protosulphate  {protthsul'-fM).  See  Froto- 
(2ddef.). 

Prototype  ( pryto-np)  [?rp«rof ,  first ;  rirrof , 
type].  An  original  type  ;  a  type  after  which 
others  are  copi^. 

Protosid  {pro'toks'-id).  See  Proio-  (2d 
def. ). 

Protoxoon  ( pr&'tihty'0m)[irpuroct  first ;  Cv*** 
animal  ] .  One  of  the  lowest  class  of  the  animal 
kingdom,  comprising  organisms  which  con- 
sist of  simple  cells  or  colonies  of  cells,  and 
which  possess  no  nenroos  s>'stem  and  no  dr* 
dilatory  organs. 

Protyl  {pn/'tii)  [jrpwrof.  first].  The  sup- 
posed primitive  aniTcrsal  element. 

Proud  Flesh.    Exuberant  granulation  tissue. 

Provisional  (pro-vitM'unal)  [/n»,  before; 
viiUre^  to  see].  For  temporary  use,  as  P. 
callus. 

Prozimad  (proks^-im-oii)  [proximust  near- 
est ;  ad,  toward].  Towanl  the  proximal  end. 

Prox  imal  ( proks*  ■  im  -a  I )  [  pr^ximus,  nearest] . 
Nearest  to  the  body  or  the  median  line 
of  the  body,  or  some  other  point  considered 
as  the  center  of  a  system. 

Proximate  [^proks'-im-At)  Iproximus^  near- 
est]. Nearest;  immediate,  as  P.  cause. 
P.  Principle,  a  substance  existing  under  its 
own  form  in  the  animal  solids  or  fluids,  and 
that  can  be  extracted  by  means  not  altering 
or  destroying  its  chemic  properties. 

Prune -juice  Expectoration.  A  peculiar 
bloody  sputum,  of  a  dark  purple  color,  re* 
^embling  prune-juice.  Il  occurs  in  low 
forms  of  croupous  pneumonia,  in  gangrene 
and  carcinoma  of  the  lung. 

Prunum  ( pru'num)  [I J]  Prune,  the  fruit 
of  Pjrunus  doroestica,  of  the  order  Rosacete. 
Prunes  are  laxative. 

Pninua  {pm^-mm)  [L.].  A  genus  of  trees 
of  the  order  Rosaceae.  P.  aomettica,  is 
the  source  of  the  prune.  P.  aerotina, 
yields  wild-cherry  bark  (Prunua  Vir- 
finiana,  U.  S.  P.).  which  contains  a  toI- 
atile  oil,  hydrocyanic  acid,  tannic  acid,  a 
resin,  and  other  sul)stances.  It  is  used  as  a 
tooic  and  sedative  in  gastric  d^'hility  and 
general  irritation  of  the  system,  and  is  a  com- 
■100  ingredient  of  cough-mixtures.    P^para* 


tKxis:  Extractum  pruni  rir 
Dose  f 5J  (4.0).     Inlusum  pruni  Tirginuuue. 
Dose      f^^ij-fj^iij     (64.0-96^).      Syrupus 
pruni  virginianae.     Dose  f  Jss  (16.0). 

Pruriginoua  (ptn-ri/'im'Us)  {^prmrirt^  to 
itch].     Pertaining  to  or  resembhng  prurigo. 

Prungo  (pruri^-go)  [prurire^  to  itch].  I. 
A  chronic  inflammatory  disease  of  the  skin, 
characterised  by  mmall  pale  papules  and 
severe  itching.  The  papules  are  deeply 
seated,  and  are  most  prominent  on  the  ex- 
tensor surfaces  of  the  limbs.  The  disease 
begins  in  eariy  life  and  is  usually  incurable. 

.  2.  Pruritus. 

Pruritic  {prm-rit^ik)  [pntrirt,  to  itch]. 
Pertaining  to  pruritus ;  itching. 

Pruritus  (pru-ri'-tMs)  [prurirt^  to  itch]. 
Itching,  a  peculiar,  uncomfortable  sensation 
due  to  irritation  V>f  the  peripheral  sensory 
nerve,  and  leading  to  scratching.  It  may  be 
a  s3rmptom  of  other  diseases  of  the  skin,  or 
an  independent  neurosis.  The  latter  receives 
iu  name  from  the  part  affected,  as  P.  ani,  P. 
vaginie.  P.  hlemalit,  a  form  affecting  cer- 
tain persons  only  in  winter,  especially  in  dry 
climates.  P.  senilis,  the  P.  of  the  aged, 
at  times  due  to  degenerative  changes  in 
the  skin. 

Prussian  Blue.  The  ferrocyanid  of  iron, 
used  in  the  arts  as  a  djre ;  it  was  formerly 
employed  in  medicine  as  a  febrifuge,  tonic, 
and  alterative.     Dose  gr.  iij-v  (0.2-0.32). 

Pruaaiate  {^prus'-e-Si  ).  A  salt  of  prussic,  or 
hydrocyamc  acid. 

Pnissic  Acid.     See  Acid^  Hydrtyanic. 

Psalterium  (sa/'ty-rr-mm)  [faXr^ptoy^  a 
lute].  The  third  compartment  of  the  stomach 
of  ruminants.     It  is  also  called  manyplies. 

Psammocarcinoina  (sam-^kmr-siM-ymaA) 
[^Ki^i^ioc,  sand;  carnm^ma'^.  A  carcinoma 
containing  calcareous  deposits. 

Psammoma  {sam-y-tmaA)  [^^i^ioc,  sand  ; 
kfM,  tumor].  A  firm  tumor  found  in  the 
membranes  of  the  brain,  the  choroid  plexus, 
and  in  other  parts,  and  characterized  by  the 
presence  of  peculiar  mineral  concretions. 
The  tumor  is  generally  a  fibrosarcooia. 

Psammous  {sam^-m)  [inuftof,  sand]. 
Sandv;  sabulous. 

Pseud-,  Pseudo-,  (/ifc/-,  stt'-do-)  [ifrvdffc, 
false].     A  prefix  meaning  false. 

Pseudaconitin  (sMdik'^fi^itm)  [V»w%, 
false;  <f«Mfi>^],  c!^H|,NO,,.  An  extremely 
poisonous  alkaloid  from  Acooitum  ferox. 

Pseudacousma,  Pseudacusis  {sm-dak-cMf- 
moA,  sM-dak-m^'sif,  [V»vtf^,  false ;  OMoittP, 
to  hear].  A  disturbance  of  bearing  in  which 
the  person's  own  voice  sounds  strange  or 
peculiar. 

Pseudarthrosis  {sM-dmr/kn/sis)  [fnrd^^ 
false ;  Apfipov,  a  joint] .     A  false  jdnt. 

Pssudanctpbaltis   [m-den-stf' -^mt)  [fcr 


PSEUDESTHESIA 


PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS 


(%,  false;  iyKi^aXog,  brain].  A  species  of 
monster  characterized  by  a  partial  develop- 
ment  of  the  frontal,  parietal,  and  occipital 
bones,  while  the  brain  is  represented  by  a 
bunch  of  membranes,  blood-vessels,  connec- 
tive, and  possibly  nervous  tissue,  at  the  base 
of  the  skull. 

Pteudesthesia  (su-ties-the' -u-ah)  [iftvd^i^ 
false  ;  aZo%ric»  feeling].  An  imaginary  sen- 
sation for  which  there  is  no  corresponding 
object ;  a  sensation  in  parts  of  the  body  that 
have  been  removed  by  accident  or  surgical 
operation. 

Pteudo-  {su^-do-).     See  Pseud-. 

Pteudoactinomycosis,  Pseudactinomyco* 
sis  (sU'do-ak-tin'Omi-iy'SiSf  su'dak'tin-o- 
mi-ky-sis)  [^ewJj^f ,  false ;  iucriq^  ray  ;  ^('hotc* 
fungus].  A  form  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis 
in  which  the  sputum  contains  granular  bodies 
resembling  the  grains  of  actinomycosis.  They 
consist  of  a  crystalline  substance  similar  to 
leucin. 

Pseudoangina  (su-do-an-n' -naK)  [Vwv(^, 
false ;  angere^  to  strangle].  False  angina ; 
hysteric  angina;  an  attaclc  of  cardiac  pain 
somewhat  resembling  angina  pectoris  but  less 
grave  in  character,  longer  in  duration,  and 
usually  not  associated  with  organic  heart- 
disease.  It  occurs  in  neurotic  women,  and 
is  generally  brought  on  by  emotional  excite- 
ment. 

Pseudoarthrosis  {su-do-ar-ikn/'sis).  See 
Pseudarthrosis. 

Pseudobacterium  (m-  do- bak -te' - re-um) 
[^ewJi^f,  false;  pcuaifpiov,  a  little  rod  or 
staff].     Any  object  resembling  a  bacterium. 

Pseudobulbar  ( su-do-bul^-bar)  fy^wJi^, 
false;  /SoA^.bulb].  Not  really  bulbar.  P. 
Paralysis,  synmietric  disease  of  both  cere- 
bral hemispheres  involving  the  centers  or 
paths  of  the  nerves  of  speech,  and  thus  re- 
sembling disease  of  the  medulla  oblongata. 

Pseudocele  (su'-do-sil)  [y^vdiTf,  false; 
ico2Aoc,  hollow].  The  fifth  ventricle  of  the 
brain. 

Pseudocrisis  ( su-do-kri^-sis)  [V'ewJi^,  false ; 
/(piff<c,  separating].  A  false  crisis  ;  a  sudden 
fall  of  temperature  resembling  the  crisis  of  a 
disease,  but  subsequently  followed  by  a  rise 
of  temperature  and  a  continuation  of  the 
disease.     P.  is  common  in  pneumonia. 

Pseudocroup  (  iu'-do-krUp)  [y^wJi^f ,  false ; 
A.S.,  hrdpan^  to  cry  aloud].  False  croup; 
larjmgismus  stridulus. 

Pseudocyesis  (su-do-si-e' -sis)  [V«wJi^,  false; 
K()7jfftCf  pregnancy].  False  pregnancy;  the 
belief  in  the  existence  of  pregnancy  on  the 
part  of  a  woman  when  none  exists. 

Pseudodiphtheria  (su-do-  dif-  the'-  re  -  ah) 
ry»fv<J)^,  false  ;  diphtheria].  An  inflamma- 
tion characterized  by  the  presence  of  a  false 
membnme  not  due  to  the  Klebt-LOffler  ba- 


cillus. P.-bacillus,  a  nonpathogenic  ba- 
cillus resembling  in  form  and  growth  the 
true  diphtheria-bacillus.  It  is  now  consid- 
ered an  attenuated  form  of  the  true  bacillus. 

Pseudoephedrin  (tu-do-ef'-ed-rin),  C,oH,j- 
NO.  An  alkaloid  found  in  Ephedra  vulgaris 
and  isomeric  with  ephedrin. 

Pseudoerysipelas  (tu-do-er  -e-  sip^-  el  -  as) 
[V«i;J^C»  false  ;  efysipelas'] .  Inflammation 
of  the  subcutaneous  cellular  tissue  resem- 
bling erysipelas. 

Pseudoglioma  ( su-do-gli-y-mah)  ry«««%, 
false;  y'kia,  glia;  bfsa,  tumor].  A  name 
given  to  inflammatory  changes  of  the  vitreous 
humor,  due  to  iridochoroiditis,  and  resem- 
bling glioma  of  the  retina. 

Pseudogonococcus  {su-do-gon-c-hah^-ms) 

J'tlfevS^i^  false  ;  gonocoecus'],  A  diplococcos 
bund  in  the  normal  urethra,  resemibling  the 
gonococcus. 

Pseudogonorrhea  (su-do-gon-or-e'-aA)  [^«v- 
di^,  false;  gonorrhea],  A  simple  nonspecific 
urethritis. 

Pseudohermaphrodism  ( su-do-her-ma' -frp- 
ditm)  [V»fw%,  false;  htrmaphrodism].  A 
condition  simulating  hermaphrodism. 

Pseudohydrophobia  (su-do-  hi  -  dro  -fc^-  be  • 
ah)  [V«vdi^Ct  false;  vtkip,  water;  f^5o(. 
fear].  A  condition  resembling  hydrophobia, 
at  times  produced  by  dread  of  the  disease ; 
lyssophobia. 

Pseudohypertrophic  {su-do-hi-fer-tro^-Jik) 
rynM%,  false ;  vnkp^  over ;  rpo^,  nutrition], 
rertaining  to  or  characterized  by  pseudohy- 
pertrophy. P.  Muscular  Paralysis.  See 
Paralysis^  Pseudohypertrophic. 

Pseudohypertrophy  (su-do-hi-per^'tr9-fe) 
\y\>€v6rf^^  false;  torep,  above;  rpo^,  nutri- 
tion]. False  hypertrophy;  increase  in  the 
size  of  an  organ  or  part  on  account  of  over- 
growth of  an  unimportant  tissue.  It  b  ac- 
companied by  diminution  in  function. 

Pseudoleukemia  {su-do-/u-he^-me-ah)  [ikv- 
di^,  false ;  Uuhemia].  See  HodgkifCs  Dis- 
ease, P.,  Infantile,  Von  Jaksch's  disease* 
a  form  of  anemia  occurring  in  young  cfaiUlren, 
usually  dependent -on  a  rachitic  diathesis,  and 
not  associated  with  much  leukocytosis. 

Pseudoleukocythemia  (su-do- iu-  ho-si-the' 
me-ah)  [^wJi^,  false ;  Aninc^,  white ;  «fric. 
cell ;  al/^,  blood].  Synonym  of  Psemdsiem- 
kemia. 

Pseudolipoma  (su-do-lip-y-mah)  [i^vvd^r. 
false  ;  Aitroc,  fat;  A/ia,  tumor].  A  localiaed 
edema  resembling  an  accumulation  of  In, 
occurring  above  &e  clavicle  and  about  te 
knee,  especially  in  cases  of  rheumatiia. 

Pseudomembimne     (su-do-  mem  '  -  krm\ 

{'^Ifevd^,  false ;  membrmna^  membraiicj.     A 
alse  membrane,  such  as  is  seen  in  <" 
Pseudomembranous    (M-^#^amK< 
[^f«vd^.    false ;     imamkrunm^ 


PSEUDONEUROMA 


PSYCHIC 


Chancterixed  by,  or  perUining  to  false  mem- 
branes. P.  Inflammation,  any  inflamma- 
tion characterized  by  the  formation  of  a  false 
membrane. 

Pteudoneuioma  {sU'dO'nu'ry-maA)[i>evd^9 
false ;  vevpov^  nenre  ;  5/ia,  tumorj.  A  fsUe 
neuroma.     See  Neuroma, 

Paeudoparalytis  im  -  do  -par  -al'  -is-is) 
[y«v<fi^,  false;  TrapoAuffcf,  paralysis].  Par- 
alysis of  motion,  apparently  but  not  really 
due  to  a  lesion  of  the  nenrous  system.  P. 
of  Rickets,  the  inability  to  walk  in  serere 
cases  of  rickets,  due  to  distortion  of  the 
bones.  P.,  Syphilitic,  an  inflammatory 
condition  of  the  epiphjrses  of  the  bones  in 
sjrphilis  causing  a  marked  impairment  of 
motion. 

Pseudoparmsite  (tu-do-par^-a-ai)  rv>ev(%, 
false ;  irapd,  beskie ;  oirof^  food].  Any  ob- 
ject resembling  a  parasite. 

Pteudopod,  PaeudopcxUum  (su'-do-pod, 
su-do-py -de-um)  [Y«w^,  false;  nwf,  foot]. 
A  protrusion  of  a  portion  of  the  substance  of 
an  ameboid  cell. 

PseudoacarUtinm  (sm-dO'Skar-la'te^'noA) 

J'i(f€vS^t  false;  scarlaiiHa^  scariet  ferer].  A 
ebrile  disease  associated  with  a  rash  like  that 
of  scarlet  fever,  occurring  as  a  result  of  gon- 
orrhea, or  after  puerperal  infection. 

Paeudoederoait  (su-do-ikU-ro^  sis)  [V«v('^» 
false ;  oOjip&^^  hard].  An  afiection  similar 
in  symptoms  to  multiple  sclerosis  of  the 
nenrous  system,  but  without  the  anatomic 
lesions. 

Pseodosmia  (m-€M -nu-ak)  [^^*nidikt  false; 
00^,  smell] .  Perversion  of  the  ^ense  of 
smell ;  an  olfactory  hallucination. 

Pseodostoma  (su  -  dot'-  to  -  wuiM)  [V>n;<%, 
(alse ;  ar^fta^  mouth].  An  apparent  aper- 
ture between  endothelial  celb  that  have  beea 
stained  with  silver  nitrate. 

Pseudotabes  (su-d^taf -hH)  [V>fv«%.  ialse; 
iabts,  a  wasting].  A  disease  simulating  or 
resembling  tabtt  dorsalis  or  tabes  mesenteries. 

Pseudotuberculosis  (su'do'tu-htrku-U^'Hs) 
[^^ruJ^C*  false  ;  tuherculosis\  A  disease  re- 
sembling tuberculosis,  but  not  caused  by  the 
tubercle-bacillus. 

Pseudotyphoid  (su-do-ti^pkaid)  [iftvd^K^ 
false  ;  typhoid"].  Spurious  typbokl,  a  disease 
simulating  typhoid  fever,  but  in  which  the  true 
lesions  of  this  disease  as  wcU  as  the  typhoid 
bacilli  are  absenL 

Pseudozanthin  (sudo-wan^tkim)  rvrv%, 
fslse;  ^av<fef.  yellow],  i.  CJl.NjO,  a  leu- 
komain  isolated  from  fresh  beef.  2.  A 
body  isomeric  with  xanthin,  obtained  by 
action  of  sulphuric  acid  upon  uric  add. 

Psiloais  (siiy-sis)  Uh>a^,  bare].  I.  The 
removal  of  the  hair  trom  a  part ;  depilatton. 
X.  A  certain  form  of  tropical  diarrhea. 

Psoas  (i#^*«f)  [fte,  k»n].    Ooeof  two  mus- 


cles, P.  magnus  and  P.  parvus.  See  MmS' 
cits,  Tabl€  of.  P.-al>scess,  an  abscess,  usn 
ally  dependent  upon  tuberculous  disease  of 
the  vertebra,  making  its  way  along  the  sheath 
of  the  psoas  muscle  and  pointing  at  the  front 
of  the  thigh,  below  Poupart's  ligament,  to 
the  outer  side  of  the  spine  of  the  pubis. 

Psodymus  {sod'-im-us)  [^/fbo,  loin  ;  diJt/pic, 
double].  A  monster  with  two  heads  and 
chests,  and  conjoined  abdominal  and  pelvic 
cavities. 

Psora  {so^-roA)  [f^tpa,  from  y^Sttv,  to  scratch]. 
Scabies. 

Psoriasic  {so-re-as^-iJk),    See  Psoriatic. 

Psoriasis  (so-ri'-as-is)  fy*^,  the  itch].  A 
chronic  inflammatory  disease  of  the  skin, 
characterized  by  the  development  of  reddish 
patches  covered  with  whitish  scales.  The 
disease  affects  especially  the  extensor  sur- 
fisces  of  the  body.  P.  annularis.  Synonym 
of  P.  circinata.  P.,  Buccal,  P.  buccalis. 
Synonym  of  Liukoplakia  buecoHs.  P.  cir- 
cinata,  P.  in  whicn  the  central  part  of  the 
lesions  has  disappeared,  leaving  nng -shaped 
patches.  P.  diffusa,  a  form  in  which  there 
IS  coalescence  of  large  contiguous  lesions. 
P.  guttata.  See  P.  punctaia.  P.  gyrata, 
P.  with  a  serpentine  arrangement  of  the 
patches.  P.  imnctata«  a  form  in  which  the 
lesions  consist  of  minute  red  papules  which 
rapidly  become  surmounted  by  pearly  scales. 
P.  universalis,  a  form  in  which  the  lesions 
are  all  over  the  body. 

Psoriatic  (so-reat'-ik)  Uf^pa,  itch].  Per- 
taming  to,  or  afiectcd  with  psoriasis. 

Psorophthalmia  (so-roff-ttuW-wu^k)  [iN^. 
itch ;  ifdioV^.  eye].     Marginal  blepharitis. 

Psorosperm  (so^-ro-sperm)  f  V^^,  the  itch ; 
airipuaf  seed].  A  unicellular  organism  be- 
longing to  the  Protoaoa ;  a  coccidium. 

Psoroepermial,  Psoroepermic  (so-ro-spirm^- 
e-al^  s^r9-sperwt' -ik)  [V'^tpo,  itch ;  oiripfta^ 
seed].  Pertaining  to,  or  afiected  with  psoro- 
sperms. 

Psorospermiasis  {s^ro'Sperm'i''aS'is)[i>iipa, 
itch;  ffirip/M,  seea].  A  state  characterised 
by  the  pcesence  of  paorosperms. 

P»orospermosis  {so-ro-sperm-y-sis)  [i'^»p^ 
itch ;  awipfUL,  seed].  A  diseased  cooditioQ 
associated  with  the  presence  of  psofosperms. 
P.,  Proliferative  Follicular.  Synonym  of 
Keratosis  folHcutaris  and  Darier's  Dueate. 

Psychiatric  {si-kt-ai'-rik^  \^'7cH%  mind; 
tarpeiOf  healing  art].  Pertaining  to  psychi- 
atry. 

Psychiatry  {siJH^-at-re)  [^t^,  mind ;  ior- 
peia,  healing  art].  The  science  and  treat- 
ment of  the  diseases  of  the  mind. 

Psychic,  Psychical  (si^-kiJt,  si'-kik-al) 
hl^X^»  mind].  Pertaining  to  the  mind.  P 
Blindness.  See  iVordbiindneu.  P. 
Desfhsss.    See  Dtafims,    P.  Infectiofi, 


PSYCHO- 


PTYALAGOGTJE 


mental  infection ;  the  development  of  a  men- 
tal condition  or  disease  through  an  influence 
acting  upon  the  mind. 

Psycho-  (si^-ko-)  [fvx^,  mind|.  A  prefix 
denoting  connection  with  the  mmd. 

Psychoauditory,  Psychauditory  (si-ko-att/- 
dit'O-rty  si-kav/ -dit-o-re)  \^xh%  mind ;  audire^ 
to  hear].  Pertaining  to  the  psychic  percep- 
tion of  sound.  P.  Area»  the  cortical  area 
concerned  in  the  conscious  perception  of 
sound. 

Psychocortical  (si-ko-kor'-tik-al)  \;^xh% 
mind ;  cortex ^  cortex].  Pertaining  to  that 
part  of  the  cerebral  cortex  concerned  in  the 
conscious  perception  of  sensations. 

Psycholosfy  (si-kol^-o-Je)  [V^;r^,  mind; 
Xdyof,  science].  The  science  having  for  its 
object  the  investigation  of  the  mind  or  con- 
sciousness. 

Psychometry  (sikom'-et-re)  [Vw;rt,  mind; 
fiirpoVf  measure].  The  measurement  of  the 
duration  of  psycnic  processes. 

Psychomotor  (si-ko-fiK/tor)  [Vw;rJ^,  mind; 
moveref  to  move].  Pertaining  to  voluntary 
movement,  as  the  P.  area,  disposed  chiefly 
along  each  side  of  the  central  fissure. 

Psychoneurosis  {si-ko-nu-ro'-iis)  \_^x^^ 
mind;  vevpov,  nerve].  Mental  disease  not 
dependent  on  any  organic  lesion. 

Psychopathia  (si-ko-pa^-the-ah).  Psycho- 
pathy. P.  Sexualis,  P.  characterized  by 
perversion  of  the  sexual  functions. 

Psychopathy  {si-kop^-ath-e)  I'pvx^,  mind ; 
wiOoc,  disease].     Any  disease  of  the  mind. 

Psychophysical  {si-ko-fiz^-ik-al)  [Vw;t^, 
mind;  ^vauid^,  physical].  Pertaining  to 
psychophysics.  P.  Law.  See  Law^  Fech- 
ner's. 

Psychophysics  (si-ko-Jiz'-iks)  ['^xh*  mind  ; 
ftxjiKdCt  phjrsical].  The  study  of  mental  pro- 
cesses by  physical  methods ;  the  study  of 
the  relation  of  stimuli  to  the  sensations  which 
they  produce,  especially  the  determination  of 
the  differences  of  stimulus  required  to  pro- 
duce recognizable  differences  of  sensation ; 
experimental  psychology. 

Psychosensory  (si  •  ko  -  sen^  -  so-re)  [Vw;t^, 
mind  ;  sensus,  sense].  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
cerned in  the  conscious  perception  of  sen- 
sory impulses. 

Psychosis  (si-hZ-sis)  [tfwxv*  mind].  A  dis- 
ease of  the  mind,  especially  one  without 
demonstrable  organic  lesions. 

Psychothc^apy(«-i^?•M^r^-a/-^■)  [^;t^,  mind; 
depaireia,  treatment].  The  treatment  of  dis- 
ease by  mental  influence,  or  by  suggestion. 

Psychrometer  {si-krom^-et-er)  [^\wxp6qy  cold; 
/ifrpov,  measure].  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  atmospheric  moisture  by  estimat- 
ing the  amount  of  cold  required  to  precipitate 
it 

Psychrophore   {si'-kro-fir)  \^^xf^i  cold; 


^opeiv,  to  carry].  An  instrument  for  apply- 
ing cold  to  deeply-seated  parts,  as  e.  g,,tL 
double-current  catheter  for  appl3ring  cold  to 
the  posterior  part  of  the  urethra. 

Psychrotherapy  (sikro-theH-ap-e)  [V'VjtP^f, 
cold;  depaKcia,  treatment],  llie  treatment 
of  disease  by  the  use  of  cold. 

Psydracia  (si  dra^-se-ah)  [inSpai,  blister, 
pimple].     An  old  term  for  eczema. 

Ptarmic  (/ar^- mik)  [ffroppSf,  a  sneezing] .  i . 
Pertaining  to  the  act  of  sneezing ;  sternuta- 
tory. 2.  A  substance  that  prcxluces  sneez- 
ing. 

Pterion  (te'-re-on)  [irrep6v,  wing].  See 
Craniometric  Points, 

Pterygium  (ter-if-e-um)  [dim.  of  flr^ptif, 
wing].  A  triangular  patch  of  mocoos 
membrane  growing  on  the  conjunctiva,  usu- 
ally on  the  nasal  side  of  the  eye.  The  apex 
of  the  patch  points  toward  the  pupil,  the  un- 
shaped  base  toward  the  canthus. 

Pterygoid  (Ur'-ig-oid )  [nr^fnif ,  wing ;  eWoc, 
like].  I .  Wing-shaped,  as  the  P.  plate  of  the 
sphenoid  bone.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  P.  cmnal, 
r.  plate,  P.  plexus,  etc. 

Pterjrgomaxillary  (ter -ig-o-  maks' -U-a-re) 
[ttt^^, wing;  e2(¥oc,like;  mtfxt/Ai, maxilla], 
rertaining  to  the  pterygoid  process  and  the 
maxilla.  P.  Fissure,  an  elongated  fissure 
formed  by  the  divergence  of  the  superior 
maxillary  bone  from  the  pterygoid  pnxess  of 
the  sphenoid  bone.  P.  Ligament,  a  liga- 
ment extending  from  the  apex  of  the  internal 
pterygoid  plate  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  in- 
ternal oblique  line  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Pterygopalatine  (ter-ig-o-pal'-at-iti^lrrripni^^ 
wing;  palatineV  Situated  between  the 
pterygoid  plate  of  the  sphenoid  bone  and  the 
palate  bone,  as  the  P.  canal. 

Ptilosis  (ti  lysis)  [TnHXaVy  feather].  Loss  of 
the  hair,  especially  loss  of  the  eye-lashes. 

Ptisan  (tis^-an)  [irnadvi;,  peeled  barley],  t. 
Barley-water.  2.  A  decoction  of  barley  used 
as  a  medicinal  drink. 

Ptomain  (io^-ma-in)  [7rra/w»,  corpse].  A 
basic  compound  resembling  the  alkaloids, 
formed  during  the  decomposition  of  animal 
or  vegetable  tissues;  a  putrefactive  or  animal 
alkaloid.     See  Table, 

Ptomainemia  (to-ma-in-e^-me-ak)  [irrima, 
corpse ;  a'lfiay  blood].  The  presence  of  [do- 
mains in  the  blood. 

Ptomatropin  (to-maf -ro-pin)  [Tru/ia,  cofpse ; 
atropitiX,  A  ptomain  resembling  the  atroptn 
in  its  physiologic  and  chemic  properties,  and 
found  in  decomposing  meat,  in  the  orgaw 
of  patients  dead  of  typhoid  fever,  etc 

Ptosis  (lo^-sis)  [fr/jrreiv,  to  fall].  T>TOCfka^ 
of  the  upper  eyelid,  due  to  paralysb  or 
atrophy  of  the  levator  palpebre  superiocis. 

Ptyalagogue  (li-al^-a-gog)  [irHfcUar,  i  " 
&yuy6f,  leading].     A  siala^^isneu 


PTOMAINS 


PTOMAINS 


TABLE  OF  PTOMAINS. 


Name. 

Formula. 

Source. 

Phv8Iolog;c 
Action. 

AmidovalerUnic  acid. 

C»H„NO,. 
'c»H„N.  ~ 

Putrefying  fibrin  and  meat. 

Nontoxic. 

Amylamifi. 

Cod>liver  oil,  bom»  putrid  yeast. 

Toxic. 

AMUin. 

C,H,N4. 

Cod-liver  oil. 

Toxic. 

BcUin. 

C»H„N(V 

Mussel,  buman  urine. 
Cod-liver  oil. 

Nontoxic. 

Butylamiii. 

C^HnN. 

Toxic  (?). 

Cadavcrin. 

C»H„N» 

Putrefying  animal  tissues,  cultures  of 
comma-bacillus. 

SlighUy  toxic. 

Caproylamio. 

S«e  Hexylamtn.      ^ 

Cbolio. 

C»H„NO,. 

Decomposing  animal  tisjiues,  proteus 
and  comma  bacillus  cultures. 

Toxic. 

Collidin  (?). 

C.H„N. 

Putrid  mixture  of  pancreas  and  gela- 
tm. 

Dietbylamln. 

C^HtiN. 

Putrefying  fisb  (pike). 

Nontoxic. 

Diliydroiutidio. 

C,H„N. 
C,H:N. 

Cod-liver  oil. 

Toxic. 

Dlmethylamin. 

Putrid  gelatin,  yeast,  fisb. 

Nontoxic. 

Ecsemiu. 

Extracted  from  tbe  urine  in  eczema.  A 
while,  crystalline  substance,  soluble 
in  water,  frebly  alkalme  in  reaction. 

Putrefying  yeast,  wheat-flour. 

Toxic. 

Etiiylamin. 

C,H,N. 

Nontoxic. 

Ethylidencdiamin  (7). 

Putrefying  haddock. 

Toxic. 

Gadinin. 

C,H,tNO^ 

Decomposing  haddock. 

Toxic 

Hexylamin. 

C»HuN. 

Putrid  yeast. 

Putrefying  mackerel,  horse-flesh,  and 
ox-flesh. 

Toxic. 

HydrocoUidln  (7). 

C,H»,N. 

Toxic. 

Hydrocoridin. 

CwHuN. 
CH»N. 

C»HuNO> 

Agar-cuUure  of  bacterium  album. 
Putrefying  fish. 
Putrefying  horse-flesh. 

Methylamio. 
Metfayl-ruAnidin. 

Nontoxic. 
Toxic. 

Morrboic  acid. 

Cod-liver  oil. 

Morrbuin. 

Ci»Nt:N». 

Cod-liver  oil. 

Diuretic  and   dia- 
phoretic. 

Maacarin. 

C»HuNO,. 

Decomposing  haddock. 

Putrefying  human  organs. 

Putrefying  human  organs. 

Putrid    buman    tissues,   blood-serum 
cultures  of  bacillus  of  typhoid  frver. 

Poisonous  mussel  (M>t{Ius  edulift). 

Putrefying  flesh. 

Toxic. 

Myda)ein. 

C^Hi.NCV 
C»HuNO. 

C*HuNO^ 
C»H„NO. 

Toxic. 

Mydatozin. 

Toxic. 

•Mydin. 

Nontoxic. 

Mytilotoxio. 

Toxic. 

Neyridin. 

Nontoxic. 

NeuriD. 

Putrefx  ing  flesh. 

Toxic. 

Parvolin  (?). 

Putrefying  mackerel  and  horse-flesh. 
Decomposing  proteid  substances. 

reptoiozin. 

Tozic. 

K 


PTYALIN  PUBERTY 

TABLE  OF  PTOMAINS.— a«A«i/^fl^. 


1^;. 

^ 


Namk. 

Formula. 

Source. 

Pirv*stoLOCic 

Action. 

Phlogoftin. 

Cultures  of  staphylococcns  pyogenes 
aureus. 

Powerful  tocal  irri 
tant. 

Propylamin. 

C,H^. 

Gelatin-cultures  of  bacteria  of  human 
feces. 

Putresdn. 

QHijNj. 

Putrefying  flesh,  gelatin,  etc. 

Slightly  toxic. 

Pyocyanin. 

ChHhNO^ 

Cultures  of  bacillus  pyocyaneus. 

Nontoxic. 

Pyridin-basc  (?). 

CioHiftN. 

Putrefying  sea-polyps. 

Pyridio'basc. 

C.H„N. 

Putrefying  sea-polyps. 

Saprin. 

C6H„N,. 

Nontoxic. 

Spasmotoxin. 

Cultures  of  tetanus  bacillus. 

Toxic 

Susotoxin. 

C,oH«N,(?). 

Cultures  of  hog-cholera  bacillus. 

Toxic. 

Tetanin. 

C„H»N,04. 

Cultures  of  tetanus-bacillus. 

Toxic. 

Tetaootoxin. 

CftHnN  (?). 

Cultures  of  tetanus-bacillus. 

Toxic. 

Triethylamin. 

CeH„N. 

Putrefying  fish  (haddock). 

Nontoxic 

Trimethylamin. 

C,H.N. 

Herring-brine. 

Nontoxic 

Triroethylenediamin. 

C,H,oN,(?). 

Beef-broth  cultnres  of  comma-bacillus. 

Toxic 

Typhotoxin. 

C,H„NO,. 

Beef-broth  cultures  of  bacillus  of  ty- 
phoid fever. 

Toxic 

Tyrotoxicon. 

Poisonous  cheese,  ice-cream,  milk,  etc. 

Toxic. 

Unnamed. 

C6H„N,04. 

Flesh,  bones,  etc. 

Toxic 

Unnamed. 

C«Hi,NO,. 

Cultures  of  tetanus-bacillus. 

Nontoxic. 

Unnamed. 

CtHioN^ 

Sugar  undergoing  alcoholic  fermenta- 

Nontoxic. 

Unnamed. 

CTHijNOr 

Putreiying  horse-flesh. 

Toxic. 

Unnamed. 

CtH„N,0.. 

Flesh,  bones,  etc. 

Toxic. 

Unnamed. 

CwHiftN. 

Putrid  fibrin. 

Toxic 

Unnamed. 

Ci,H«N4. 

Fermenting  cane-sugar. 

Unnamed. 

C,4H„N,0. 

Putrefying  fibrin. 

Unnamed. 

CitH|»N4. 

Putrefying  mackerel,  horse-flesh,  and 
ox-flesh. 

Unnamed. 

CiiHnN. 

Unnamed. 

C»H^04. 

Urine  in  influenuu 

Toxic,    causing 
fever,  and  killing 
animals   in  eight 
hours. 

Ptyalin  (/f^-<j/-m)[7rT(»aAw,saliva].  Adimstat- 
ic  ferment  found  in  saliva,  having  the  property 
of  converting  starch  into  dextrin  and  sugar. 
The  starch  6rst  becomes  converted  into  achroo- 
dextrin  and  erythrodextrin  ;  these  by  hydra- 
tion into  maltose,  and  the  latter,  by  fiuther 
hydration,  into  dextrose. 

Ptyalinogen  (/i-tf/-iV-tfyWi)[irH»aAw,  saliva; 


yfwav,  to  produce].  The  hypothetic  Ante- 
cedent of  ptyalin. 

Ptyalism  {ti'al-itm)  [irr{»oAov,  saliva] .  Sali - 
yation.  P.,  Merctiruil(or  simply  P.).  See 
Salivatum. 

Ptyalize  (H^-alu)  [irriKiAov,  saliva].  To 
produce  ptyalism. 

Puberty  {^pu'-ber-te)  \^pubertas^  from>a»Am 


PUBES 


PULSE 


adalt].  I.  The  period  at  which  the  genera- 
tive organs  become  capable  of  exercising 
the  function  of  reproduction,  signalixed 
in  the  boy  by  a  change  of  toicc  and  discharge 
of  semen,  in  the  giii  by  the  appearance  of 
the  menses. 
Pobes  (/>##'  ^)   [L.].     I.  The  pubic  hair. 

2.  The  hairy  region  covering  the  oa  pubis. 

3.  The  OS  pubis,  or  pubic  lx>ne ;  that  por- 
tion of  the  OS  innominatum  forming  the  front 
of  the  pelvis. 

Pubic  [pM^'Sik)  [pm^eSf  pubes].  Pertaining 
to  the  pubes. 

Pubiotomy,  Pubeotomy  (pubeoi^-ome) 
[puhfs^  pubes;  ro^,  a  cutting].  The 
operation  of  dividing  the  pubic  bone  to  facili- 
tate delivery  in  cases  of  pelvic  malforma- 
tion.    See  also  Symphysiotomy. 

Pubofemoral  (pu-  60  -ftm'-  or-  al )  [ptt^a, 
pubes;  femur ^  femurj.     Pertaining  to  the 

jmbes  and  the  femur. 

Pubovesical  (pu-bQ-ws'-ikai)  [pu^s^ 
pubes;  vesica,  bladder].  Pertaining  to  the 
pobes  and  bladder. 

Puccoon,  Yellow.  The  Hydrastis  canaden- 
sis. 

Pudendal  {pmJem^  da/)  [p$tdere,  to  be 
ashamed].     Pertaining  to  the  pudenda. 

Pudendum  [Msden*  dum)  [fttdere,  to  be 
ashamed].  The  external  genital  organs,  es- 
pecially tnose  of  the  woman,  generally  used 
in  the  plural.  Pudenda. 

Pudic  \pu''dik)  Tp$idirMs,  from  pmdere,  to 
be  ashamed].  Pertaining  to  the  pudenda, 
as  the  P.  artery. 

Puerile  (pu'-eril)  [puer,  boy].  Boyish; 
childish  ;  pertaining  to  childhood.  P.  Ree- 
piratkm,  exaggerated  breath-sounds  with 
expiration  prolonged  and  high-pitched,  such 
as  is  heard  in  healthy  children. 

Puerpera  {pm-mr^perah)  [ptter,  child  ;  pa- 
rere,  to  beiarl.  A  woman  who  is  in  labor, 
or  has  recently  been  delivered. 

Puerperal  {pu-mr'-peraJ)  {pturperaY  Per- 
taining to,  caused  by,  or  following  childbirth, 
as  P.  convulsions,  P.  eclampsia.  P.  Pever, 
an  acute,  febrile  disease  of  women  in  child- 
.  bed,  due  to  septic  infection.  P.  Insanity, 
insanity  occurring  during  the  puerperium, 
Qsoally  within  five  or  ten  days  after  delivery. 
It  may  take  the  form  of  mania  (P.  mania), 
melancholia  (P.  meUmcholia),  or  dementia 
(P.  dementia]. 

Puerperium  {pmerj^-re-um)  [puer, child ; 

farere,  to  bear].  The  state  of  a  woman  in 
labor  or  of  one  who  has  just  been  delivered  ; 
the  period  from  delivery  to  the  time  when  the 
uterus  has  regained  its  normal  siae,  which  is 
about  six  weeks. 

Puff-balL    See  Lyc^perd^. 

Pu«U,  PugiUua  {p^'jil,  pu-jii'-mt)  [U]. 

3« 


Pulex  [pu'-leks)  [L.].  The  flea;  an  insect 
parasitic  on  the  skin  of  man  and  animals. 
F.  irritans,  a  species  common  in  Europe 
and  parasitic  on  the  skin  of  man ;  its  bite 
causes  severe  itching  and  localised  swelling. 
P.  penetrans,  the  chigoe,  or  jigger- flea,  a 
species  the  female  of  which  burrows  under 
the  skin  of  the  feet  to  deposit  its  ova,  pro- 
ducing a  severe  irritation  that  may  proceed 
to  serious  inflammation. 

Pullulation  (ptUn  ia'skun)  [ pu/Zulare,  to 
put  forth,  to  bud,  to  sprout].  The  act  of 
sprouting  or  budding,  a  mode  of  reproduction 
seen,  ^.  /.,  in  the  yeast-plant. 

Pulmometer  {puimom'efer)  [^pulmo,  a 
lung ;  fsirpw,  measure].     See  Spirometer. 

Pulmometry  (puimom'-etre)  [ puimo, lung ; 
ukrpw,  measure].     See  Spiromutry. 

Pulmonary  i^pmi'-monare)  [^pm/mo,  lung]. 
Pertaining  to  or  affecting  the  lungs,  as  r. 
arteries,  P.  emphysema. 

Pulmonic  (ptUmom'ik)  [puimo^  lung].  I. 
Pertaining  to  the  lungs;  pulmonary.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  pulmonary  artery,  as  P. 
valves.  3.  Produced  at  the  P.  valve,  as  P. 
murmur.     P.  Pever,  croupous  pneumonia. 

Pulp  [puipa\  I.  The  soft  fleshy  part  of 
fruit.  2.  'l*he  soft  part  in  the  interior  of  an 
organ,  as  the  P.  ol  the  spleen,  the  P.  of  a 
tooth. 

Pulpefaction  { put  pefak'- shun)  [pulpa, 
pulp  ;  faeere,  to  make].  Conversion  into  a 
pulpy  substance. 

Pulpy  {fu/^'Pe)  [pmlpa,  pulp].  Resembling 
pulp;  characterized  by  the  formation  of  a 
substance  resembling  |Mtlp. 

Pulsatile  {puI^satU)  [pelUrt,  to  strike]. 
Pulsating;  throbbing. 

PulsatiUa  (pm/'Sa/'i/''aA)  [L.J.  The  herb 
of  Anemone  pnlsatilla  and  of  Anemone  pra- 
tensis,  of  the  order  Ranunculaceae,  contain- 
ing a  crystalline  principle,  anemooin,  C|^H,,- 
Og.  P.  is  employed  in  amenorrhea,  dysmenor- 
rhea, and  in  inflammatioas  of  mucous  mem- 
branes. Anemonin  is  used  in  bronchitis  and 
asthma.  Doaegr.  t^  (aoaa).  I)ose  ol  P. 
in  powder,  gr.  ij-iij  (0. 1 3-0. 20). 

Pulsatinf  {puT  sa  ting)  [peiiere,  to  strike!. 
Exhibiting  pulsation.  P.  AorU,  the  pul- 
sation of  the  abdominal  aorta  seen  in  nervous 
and  anemic  persons.  P.  Empyema,  an 
accumulation  of  pus  in  the  pleural  cavity  that 
transmits  the  pulsations  of  the  heart. 

Pulsation  (puism^skmrn)  Ipm/sati^,  (mm  pel- 
Ure^  to  strike].  A  beating  or  throbbing.  P., 
Suprasternal,  pulsatioo  at  the  suprasternal 
notch.  It  may  be  due  to  aneurysm,  dilated 
aortic  arch,  or  the  presence  of  an  anomal- 
ous artery. 

Pulse  (/w/r^)  [pmhm,  the  pulse].  The  in- 
termittent change  in  the  shape  of  an  artery 
dae  to  an  increase  in  the  tension  of  its  walls 


PULSE 


PULVIS 


following  the  contnurtion  of  the  heart.  The 
pulse  is  usually  counted  at  the  wrist  (radial 
P.^,  but  may  be  taken  over  any  artery  that  is 
palpable,  as  the  temporal,  brachial,  femoral, 
dorsalis  pedis,  etc.  JP.,  Anacrotic,  one  the 
sphygmographic  tracing  of  which  is  charac- 
terized by  notches  in  the  ascending  limb.  P., 
Angry.  Synonym  of  /^,  IVify,  P.,  Cap- 
illary, an  intermittent  611ing  and  emptying 
of  the  capillaries  of  the  skin.  It  is  common 
in  aortic  regurgitation,  and  is  seen  under  the 
finger-nail  or  on  the  forehead.  P.,  Cata- 
crotic,  one  with  an  elevation  in  the  line  of 

»^-^  descent  in  the  sphygmographic  tracing.     P., 

Cordy,  a  tense  pulse.     P.,  Corrigan's.   See 

/  Corrigan's  Pulse,     P.-curve,  the  tracing  of 

0^  the  pulse,  called  a  sphygmogram,  made  by 

the  sphygmograph.     P.,  Dicrotic,  one  in 

*f  *  which  the  dicrotic  wave  or  recoil  wave  is  ex- 

aggerated.    It  is  observed  when  the  arterial 

^  tension  is  low,  and  gives  to  the  6nger  the  im- 

^  pression  of  two  beats.     P.,  Entoptic,  the 

subjective  illumination  of  a  dark  visual  Beld 

with  each  heart-beat,  a  condition  sometimes 

noted  after  violent  exercise,  and  due  to  the 

'  mechanic  irritation  of  the  rods  by  the  pulsat- 

f  ing  retinal  arteries.     P.,  Full,  one  in  which 

the  artery  is  Blled  with  a  large  volume  of 
blood  and  conveys  a  feeling  of  being  dis- 
tended. P.,  HsLfd,  one  characterized  by 
high  tension.  P.,  High  Tension,  one  due 
to  increase  of  the  peripheral  resistance,  to- 
gether with  a  corresponding  increase  in  the 
force  of  the  ventricular  systole.  It  is  gradual 
in  its  impulse,  long  in  duration,  slow  in  sub- 
siding, with  difficulty  compressible,  and  the 
artery  between  the  beats  feels  like  a  firm 
round  cord.  P.,  Hyperdicrotic,  P.,  Hyper- 
dicrotous,  a  pulse  of  which  the  aortic  notch 
falls  below  the  base  line,  indicating  very  low 
tension,  a  symptom  of  great  exhaustion.  P., 
Infrequent,  one  the  rhythm  of  which  is 
slower  than  normal ;  i.  /.,  in  which  the  heart- 
beats are  fewer  in  a  given  time  than  nor- 
mal. P.,  Intermittent,  one  in  which  one 
or  more  beats  are  dropped.  P.,  Irregular, 
one  in  which  the  beats  occur  at  irregular 
intervals,  or  in  which  the  force,  or  both 
rhythm  and  force,  vary.  P.,  Jerky,  a  pulse 
in  which  the  artery  is  suddenly  and  markedly 
distended,  as  in  aortic  regurgitation.  P., 
Jugular,  pulsation  of  the  jugular  veins  in  the 
neck.  It  is  due  to  tricuspid  regurgitation. 
P.,  Locomotive.  Synonym  of  CorrigafCs 
Pulse.  P.,  Low  Tension,  one  sud- 
den in  its  onset,  short,  and  quickly  de- 
clining. It  is  easily  obliterated  by  pressure. 
P.,  Paradoxic,  one  that  is  weaker  during 
inspiration,  a  condition  sometimes  observed 
in  adherent  pericardium.  P.,  Quick,  one 
that  strikes  the  finger  rapidly,  but  leaves  it 
also  rapidly.     P.,  Slow,  one  indicating  a 


lengthened  systolic  contraction  of  the  heart 
and  prolonged  diastole, — often  used  to  signify 
a  pulse  of  slow  rate.  P.,  Soft,  a  pulse  thai  is 
readily  compressed.  P.,  Thready,  one 
that  is  scarcely  perceptible,  feeling  like  t 
thread  under  the  finger.  P.,  Venous,  a  pulse 
observed  in  a  vein.  P.,  Water-hammer. 
See  Corrigan's  Pulse.  P.,  Wiry,  a  small, 
rapid,  tense  pulse,  feeling  like  a  cord  under 
the  finger.     It  is  observed  in  acute  paitonitis. 

Pulsimeter  (pul -sim^ -et  er)  [pulsus^  pulse; 
fitrpov,  measure].  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  rate  or  force  of  the  pulse. 

Pulsus  (pul^'sus)  [L.].  Pulse.  P.  alter- 
nans,  one  in  which  there  is  a  regular  alterna- 
tion of  strong  and  weak  beats.  The  weak 
beat  may  be  imperceptible,  in  which  case 
two  heart-beats  correspond  to  only  one  beat 
of  the  pulse.  P.  bigeminus,  one  in  which 
the  beats  occur  in  pairs,  so  that  a  longer 
pause  follows  every  two  beats.  P.  celer,  a 
quick,  short  pulse.  P.  celer  et  altua,  a 
quick,  full  pulse,  seen  especially  in  aortic  re- 
gurgitation. P.  paradoxicus,  P.  para- 
doxus. See  Pulse^  Paradoxic.  P.  quad- 
rigeminus,  P.  trigeminus,  a  pulse  in  which 
a  pause  occurs  after  every  fourth  or  third 
beat  respectively. 

Pultaceous  (pul-ta^-shus)  [puis,  pottage]. 
Having  the  consistence  of  pulp  or  pottage. 

Pulverisation  {pul-ver-i-sa^ -shun)  [puhfis, 
powder].  The  act  of  reducing  a  substance 
to  powder. 

Pulverulent  (pul-ver* -u-lent)  [puhds,  pow- 
der].  Resembling,  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
powder. 

Pulvinar  (puV-vin-ar)  [L.,  couch].  The 
posterior  portion  of  the  optic  thalamus. 

Pulvis  [L.,  //.  pulveres\  A  powder.  P. 
antimonialis.  See  Antimony.  P.  aroma- 
ticus,  a  mixture  of  cinnamon,  ginger,  nut- 
meg, and  cardamon  seeds ;  used  as  a  carmina- 
tive. Dose  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  P.  cretae 
compositus,  consists  of  prepared  chalk, 
powdered  acacia  and  sugar,  and  is  used  as  a 
mild  astringent  Dose,  gr.  x-  3;  j  (o.  65-4.  o) . 
P.  efifervescens  compositus,  Seidlitz-pow- 
der,  a  preparation  consisting  of  two  pow- 
ders :«  the  white  paper  contains  35  grains  of 
tartaric  acid,  the  blue  paper,  40  grains  of 
sodium  bicarbonate  and  2  drams  of  Rochelle 
salt.  P.  glycjrrrhixe  compositus,  con- 
sists of  senna,  licorice,  fennel,  washed  sul- 
phur, sugar ;  it  b  used  as  a  laxative*  Dose, 
J^ss-ij  (2.0-8.0).  P.  ipecacuanhse  et  opii. 
ee  Dover's  Powder.  P.  jalaps  compoai* 
tus,  consists  of  jalap,  35  parts;  cream  of 
tartar,  65  parts  ;  it  is  used  as  a  hydragc^ue 
cathartic.  Dose  .s^ss-j  (2.0-4.0).  P.  rbei 
compositus,  consists  of  rhubarb,  magDesia, 
and  ginger;  it  is  used  as  a  mild  laxadva. 
Dose  3ss-j  (2.0-4.0). 


PUMP 


PURULENT 


Pamp.  An  apparatus  either  drawing  up  a 
liquid  into  its  hollow  chamber,  or,  after 
sucking  up  the  liquid,  forcibly  ejecting  it 
from  one  end.  P.,  Air-,  one  used  to 
exhaust  the  air  from  a  chamber  or  to  force 
more  air  into  a  chamber  already  filled  with 
air.  P.,  Breast-,  a  pump  for  removing 
milk  from  the  breast.  P.,  Stomach-,  one 
for  removing  the  contents  of  the  stomach  in 
cases  of  poisoning. 

Pumpkin-seed.  The  seed  of  Cucurbita 
pepo  of  the  order  Cucurbitacese  (Pepo  of 
the  U.  S.  P.).  The  seed  is  used  against 
tapeworm.     Dose  iiv  (128.0). 

Puncta  ( ^nJi^-/aA)\p\.  oipufutum^  a  point]. 
See  Punctum.  P.  dolorosa,  tender  or  pain- 
ful points  at  the  exit  or  in  the  course  of 
nerves  the  seat  of  neuralgia ;  also  called  Val- 
leix's  points.  P.  lacrimalia,  the  oriBces  of 
the  lacrimal  canaliculi  in  the  eyelids  near 
the  inner  canthus.  P.  vasculosa,  minute 
red  spots  studding  the  cut  surface  of  the 
white  central  mass  of  the  brain.  They  are 
produced  by  the  blood  escaping  from  divided 
blood-vessels. 

Puncute,  Punctated  {pHnk'-tdt,  punk'  ta- 
teti)  [punctum,  point].  Dotted;  full  of 
minute  punctures. 

Punctum  (/i/ifi''-/«w)  [L.].  A  point.  P. 
cjecum.  Set  B/ind  Spo/.  P.  proximum, 
See  Mar  Point.  P.  remotum.  See  Par 
Point. 

Puncture  (punk' char)  [pungere^  to  prick], 
A  hole  made  by  a  pointed  instrument.  P., 
Lumbar,  puncture  of  the  spinal  canal  for 
the  withdrawal  of  cerebrospinal  fluid  in  hy- 
drocephalus, first  suggested  by  Quincke. 

Punctured  ( punk'-tUrd )  [  pungcre^  to  prick] . 
Produced  by  a  prick,  as  P.  wound. 

Pungent  {pun'jent)  [pungere,  to  prick]. 
Acrid ;  penetrating :  producing  a  pricking  or 
painful  sensation. 

Pupil  (pu'-pi/)  ipupiUa,  a  little  giri;  the 
name  is  believed  to  be  derived  from  the 
small  images  seen  in  the  pupil].  The  aper- 
ture in  the  iris  of  the  eye  for  the  passage  of 
light.  P.,  Argyll  Robertson,  a  myotic 
pupil  that  responds  on  accommodative  effort, 
Dut  not  to  light, — a  condition  seen  in  locomotor 
ataxia.  P.,  Artificial,  an  aperture  made 
by  iridectomy  when  the  normal  pupil  is 
occluded. 

Pupillary  (pu'-pila-re)  [pupif\.  Pertain- 
ing  to  the  pupil.  P.  Membrane,  a  mem- 
brane covering  the  eye  of  the  fetus  until  the 
seventh  month  of  gestation.  P.  Membrane, 
Persistent.  See  Membrane.  P.  Reflex. 
See  Reflexes,  Table  of. 

Pupillometer  {pu-pil-om'-et-er)  [pupilla, 
pupil;  fifrpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  pupil  of'^the  eye. 

Pupilloscopy  {pti-pi/'CS^'ko-pe)  Ipttpit/a, 


pupil ;  ffKoireiv^  to  inspect].     Examination  of 

the  pupil ;  skiascopy. 
Purgation   (pur -ga' -shun)    [purgare,    to 

cleanse].     The  act  of  purging. 
Purgative  (pur'-ga-tiv)lpurgare,  to  purge]. 

1.  Producing  purgation.      2.  A   drug  pro- 
ducing copious  evacuations  of  the  bowel. 

Purging  Nut.  The  seed  of  Curcas  purgans, 
having  cathartic  properties. 

Purge  (/«f7)[/«/jfar^,  to  purge].  l.Tocause 
free  evacuation  of  the  bowel.  2.  A  drug  that 
causes  free  evacuation  of  the  bowel. 

Puriform  (pu' -re-form)  [/kj,  pus ;  forma, 
form].     Resembling  pus. 

Purkmje  (poor* -kin-ye)  [I.  E.  Purkinje,  a 
Bohemian  physiologist,  1787-1869].  P.*s 
Cells,  large  ganglion-cells  of  the  cerebellar 
cortex,  disposed  as  a  single  row  at  the 
junction  of  the  nuclear  and  the  molecular 
layer,  and  presenting  pyriform  or  flask -shaped 
bodies,  60^70  }i  in  their  longest  diameter. 
P/s  Figures,  shadows  of  the  retinal  blood- 
vessels upon  the  retina.  P.'s  Vesicle,  the 
nucleus  of  the  human  ovum;  the  germinal 
vesicle. 

Purldnje-Sanson's  Images.  Three  pairs  of 
images  of  one  object  seen  in  an  observed 
pupil :  the  first,  erect,  reflected  from  the 
anterior  surface  of  the  coraea ;  the  second, 
erect,  reflected  from  the  anterior  surface  of 
the  lens ;  the  third,  inverted,  reflected  from 
the  posterior  capsule  of  the  lens. 

Purple,  Visual.     See  Rhodopsin. 

Purpura  (pur* -pur-ah)  [L.].  A  disease 
characterized  by  hemorrhages  into  the  skin, 
taking  the  form  of  petechias,  maculae,  or 
large  patches.  It  may  occur  as  an  indepen- 
dent affection,  or  be  symptomatic  of  other  dis- 
eases. P.  fiilminans,  a  grave  form  of  P., 
developing  in  young  children  as  a  sequel  to 
acute  infectious  diseases.  It  is  of  short  dura- 
tion, is  marked  by  extensive  extravasations, 
grave  constitutional  symptoms,  and  usually 
ends  fatally.  P.  hemorrhagica,  morbus 
maculosus  Werlhofii ;  land -scurvy.  See 
Werlhops  Disease,  under  Diseases.,  Table  of 

Purpuric  (purpu'  rik)  [purpura,  purple] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  purpura. 

Purpurin  (pur'-pu-rin)  [purpura,  purple], 
Ci^HgOj.  I.  A  dye  present  with  alizarin  in 
the  madder- root,  but  also  prepared  artilicially. 

2.  Uroerythrin,  a  red  coloring  matter  some- 
times present  in  urinary  deposits. 

Purring  Thrill.  A  fine  trembling  vibration 
like  the  purring  of  a  cat,  perceived  by  palpa- 
tion over  the  precordium.  It  may  l>e  due  to 
aneurysm,  or  to  valvular  heart-lesion,  espe- 
cially mitral  stenosis. 

Purulence  (pu'-ru-lens)  [pus,  pus].  The 
state  of  being  purulent. 

Purulent  (pu'ru-lent)  [pus*  pus].  Having 
the  character  of  or  containing  pus ;  character- 


4 

( 


PURULOID 


PYLEPHLEBITIS 


ized  1^  the  formation  of  pus.  P.  Catarrh, 
an  inflammation  of  a  mucous  membrane  ac- 
companied by  the  production  of  pus.  P. 
£deina,  a  general  infiltration  of  pus  together 
with  much  fluid. 

Puniloid  (pu'-ru-ioid)  [fms,  pus;  eidoc, 
like].  Resembling  pus ;  puriform. 
Pu8[L.].  A  liquid  substance  consisting  of 
cells  and  an  albuminous  fluid  (liauor  puris) , 
formed  in  certain  kinds  of  inflammation. 
P.,  Blue,  pus  colored  blue  by  the  bacillus 
pyocyaneus.  P.-corpuscles,  the  corpuscles 
found  in  pus.     P.,  Curdy,  pus  containing 

1^  cheesy-looking  flakes.      P.,  Ichorous,  pus 

>  that  is  thin  and  acrid.     P.,  Laudable,  a 

J  whitish,  inodorous  pus,  formerly  thought  to 

^  be  essential  to  the  healing  of  wounds.     P., 

^  Sanious,  pus  mixed  with  blood.     P. -tube. 

^  See  Fyosalpinx. 

I  Pustula  maligna.     Anthrax. 

^f  Pustulant  (/«^-/»-/<zi»/)  [/»j/i#A7,  a  pustule]. 

^  I.  Causing  the  formation  of  pustules.     2.  An 

irritant  substance  giving  rise  to  the  formation 
of  pustules. 

\  Pustular   (pus'-tu-iar)    [pustula,   pustule]. 

Characterized  by  the  presence  of  pustules. 

^  Pustulation  (pusiu  la^ -shun)  [pustula, pus- 

tule]. The  formation  of  pustules. 
Pustule  {pus'tul)  [pustulay  pustule].  A 
small  circumscribed  elevation  of  the  skin  con- 
taining pus.  P.,  Malignant,  anthrax. 
Pustulocrustaceous  (pus-tu-lo-krus-ta^- 
shus)  [pustula,  pustule;  crusta,  crust]. 
Characterized  by  the  formation  of  pustules 
and  crustn. 

Putamen  {pu-ta^-men)  [putamen,  husk],  i. 
The  stone  of  a  drupe,  or  shell  of  a  nut.  2. 
The  outer  darker  part  of  the  lenticular  nu- 
cleus of  the  brain. 

Putrefaction  {putre-fak^ -shun)  [putridus, 
putrid;  facere,  to  make].  The  decompo- 
sition of  nitrogenous  organic  matter  under 
the  influence  of  microorganisms,  accompan- 
ied by  the  development  of  disagreeable 
odors,  due  to  the  evolution  of  ammonia, 
hydrogen  sulphid,  and  other  gases,  and  the 
production  of  aromatic  bodies.  In  addition, 
many  other  compounds  are  formed,  among 
which  ptomains  are  the  most  important.  The 
end-products  are  water,  nitrogen,  methane, 
and  carbon  dioxid. 

Putrefactive  (pu-tre-fak^-tiv)  [putridus, 
putrid ;  facere,  to  make].  Pertaining  to  or 
causing  putrefaction. 

Putrescent  ( pu-tres' -etU)  [putrescere,  to  be- 
come rotten].  Undergoing  putrefaction. 
Putrescin  {pu-tres'-in)  [putrescef-e,  to  be- 
come rotten],  C^H^N-.  A  poisonous  pto- 
main,  a  clear,  rather  thin  liquid,  of  a  disa- 
greeable odor,  boiling  at  is6°-i57«*C.  See 
Ptomains,  Table  of. 
Putrid  (pu'-trid)  [putridus,  rotten].     Rot- 


ten; characterized  by  putrefaction.  P. 
Fever.     Synonym  of  Typhus  Fever, 

Putrilag^e  (puftHl'&j)  [putris,  rotten]. 
Putrescent  material. 

Pyemia  (pi-e^-meah).     See  Pyemia. 

Pyarthrosis  {pi-ar-thro^-sis)  [niw,  pus; 
&pdpov,  joint].     Suppuration  of  a  joint. 

Pyelitis  (pieli'tis)  [ nifth^, a  trough ;  iric, 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  pelvis 
of  the  kidney.  It  may  be  due  to  the  urita- 
tion  of  calculi,  to  tuberculosis,  or  to  acute 
specific  fevers,  but  most  commonly  is  sec- 
ondary to  diseases  of  the  bladder.  It  is 
marked  by  pain  and  tenderness  in  the  lumbar 
region,  by  a  remittent  fever,  and  by  the  pres- 
ence in  the  urine  of  albumin,  mucus,  epithe- 
lial cells  from  the  pelvis  of  the  kidney,  pus- 
corpuscles  in  large  amount,  and  frequently 
blood.  The  urine  is  generally  add.  P., 
Calculous,  that  due  to  calculi. 

Pyelonephritis  (pi-el-o-nef-ri^'tis)  [irf-exof, 
trough;  vefp6c*  kidney  ;  trie,  inflammation]. 
Inflammation  of  the  kidney  and  its  pelvis. 

Pyelonephrosis  (pi-el-o-nef-ro^-sis).  Sjm- 
on3rm  of  Pyelonephritis. 

Pyemia  (pi-e^-me-ah)  [nvov,  pus;  ai/ia, 
blood].  A  disease  due  to  the  presence  of 
pyogenic  microorganisms  in  the  blood  and 
the  formation,  wherever  these  organisms 
lodge,  of  embolic  or  metastatic  abscesses. 
The  symptoms  are  intermittent  or  remittent 
fever,  associated  with  sweats  and  chills,  rapid 
emaciation,  slight  jaundice,  abscesses  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  body,  and  often  a  purpuric 
eruption.  The  disease  is  generally  ntal. 
P.,  Arterial,  a  name  given  to  pyemia  pro- 
duced by  disorganization  of  a  cardiac  throm- 
bus and  the  dissemination  of  emboli  through 
the  arterial  circulation. 

Pyemic  (pi-em'-ik,  pi-e'-mik)  [nhw,  pas; 
al/ia,  blood].  Pertaining  to  or  aflected  with 
pyemia. 

Pygodid3rmu8  (pi  -  go  -  did' -  im  -  us)  [irw>i^, 
buttock ;  6i6vfto(,  twins].  A  double  monster 
united  by  the  buttocks. 

Pygomelus  {pi-gom'-el-us)  [nvyij,  buttock  ; 
^Aac,  member].  A  monster  with  a  parasite 
attached  to  the  hypogastric  region  or  to  the 
buttock. 

Pygopagus  { pi-gop^  ag'us)  [ffvyi^,  buttock  ; 
Trd^of,  joined].  A  monster  with  conjoined 
buttocks  or  backs. 

P3rin  (pi' -in)  [trvov,  pus].  An  albumiiKMis 
substance  of  complex  constitution  occurring 
in  pus.  It  may  be  separated  by  adding 
sodmm  chlorid  and  filtering. 

Pylephlebitis  (pile-flebi^-tis)  [id>Ji,  gate; 
^Xf^,  vein ;  iri^,  inflammation].  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  p<Mtal  vein.  The  condition  is 
usually  secondary  to  disease  of  the  intestines, 
is  generally  suppurative  in  character,  and 
gives  rise  to  the  symptoms  of  pyemia. 


PYLETHROMBOSIS 


PYRETOGENIN 


Pylethrofnbosis  ipi-U-ihrombt/sis)  [iriTji^ 
gmte;  6p6ftPo(,  clot].  Thrombosis  of  the 
portal  Tein. 

Pylorectomy  (fi-lo-re^ -to-me)  [rn'A4jp<if»  • 
gmte-keeper;  tKTOfdj,  excision].  Excision 
of  the  pylorus. 

Pyloric  {pi'lo^-rik)  [fryXupSq^  a  gate-keeper]. 
Pertaining  to  the  pylorus.  P.  QUuids, 
glands  situated  in  the  region  of  the  pylorus 
and  secreting  the  gastric  juice. 

Pylorus  {pi'iy-rus)  [iniiupd^,  gate-keeper]. 
I.  The  circular  opening  of  the  stomach  into 
the  duodenum.  2.  The  fold  of  mucous  mem- 
brane and  muscular  tissue  surrounding  the 
aperture  between  the  stomach  and  the  duo- 
denum. 

Pyo-  (pi^'O)  [nvov^  P***]-  A  prefix  denoting 
pertaining  to  pus. 

Pjrocolpos  (pi'^koi'-p0s\  frtwi',  pus;  kSX- 
iroc,  Tagioa].  An  accumulation  of  pus  within 
the  vagina. 

PyoctjSiin  (pi-oy  tan-in).     See  Pyokianin, 

^rocyanin  Xpi-o-si'-an-in)  [trwv,  pus  ;  «(«• 
voc,  blue],  C^fli^NO,.  A  colored  substance 
derived  Irom  blue  pus,  and  from  cultures  of 
the  bacillus  pyocyaneus. 

Pyocyte  {pi'o  si/)  [rriw,  pus ;  icitoCt  cell], 
A  pus-corpuscle. 

Pyogenic  ( pi-o-jen'-ik)  [irwv,  pus  ;  yrwdv, 
to  beget].  Producing  pus.  P.  Membrmnc, 
the  thin,  yellow  layer  of  tissue  forming  the 
wall  of  an  abscess  P.  Microorranisms, 
the  microorganisms  producing  pus.  The  ordi- 
nary P.  microorganisms  are  the  staphylococci 
and  the  streptococci.  Under  certain  circum- 
stances pus  may  be  produced  by  the  pneu- 
mococcus  of  Frinkel,  the  bacillus  coli  com- 
munis, the  bacillus  of  typhoid  fever,  the 
gonococcus,  and  others. 

Pyohaemia  (pio-hymeak).     See  Pyemia. 

I^roid  {pi'dd)  [ttvov,  pus;  fIcJof,  like]. 
Resembling  pas. 

Pyoktanin  ( pi '0¥  tan-in)  [rtw,  pus ;  ktzI- 
vtiv^  to  kill].  A  name  given  to  methyl -violet 
and  methyl-blue  on  account  of  their  germi- 
cidal properties.  P.  has  been  used  in  diph- 
theria, cystitis,  gonorrhea,  ulcers,  and  inflam- 
mations of  the  conjunctiva,  and  as  an  injec- 
tion in  carcinoma. 

Pyometra  (/>io-«iX-/m^)[na«ov,  pus  ;  ^^pa^ 
womb].    A  collection  of  pus  in  the  uterus. 

Pyonephrosis  (piomf-rysis)  [xtov,  pus; 
vcf^,  kidney].  An  accumulation  of  pus  in 
the  pelvis  of  the  kidney. 

Pyopericarditis  {pi^hper-t-kar-di' -tis) [ Ti«ov, 
pus;  pericarditis].    Suppurative  pericarditis. 

I^fophthalmia  Xpioff-fhal^-mt-ak)  [riov, 
pus;  hfdaXfid^^  ^^j-     Purulent  ophthalmia. 

Pyophylactic  (piofilay-tik)  [rriw,  pus; 
fvA^otfftv,  to  guard].  Protecting  against 
P.  Membrane,  the  pyogenic  mem- 


pva.     i 
brant. 


Pyopneumothorax  (pi-o-nu-mo'thi/'rais) 
ftrvov,  pus;  irvevfta,  air;  B6pa^,  thorax]. 
An  accumulation  of  air  or  gas  and  pus  in  the 
pleural  cavity. 

iSrorrhea  (pi -or ^ -ah)  [rriov,  pus ;  Itoia,  a 
flow].     A  purulent  discbarge. 

Pyosalpinx  (pi-o-sa/^-pinAs)  [triw,  pus; 
edXwty^,  tube  J.  An  accumulation  of  pus  in 
the  Fallopian  tube. 

Pyothorax  (/i-o-M</-mi'j)[irvov,  pus ;  66pa^. 
thorax].  An  accumulation  of  pus  in  the 
pleural  cavity ;  empyema. 

Pyoxanthin,  Pyoxantbose,  { pi-o-utn^  thin^ 
pi-o-Man^ -tkos)  [iriov,  pus ;  fai^df ,  yellow]. 
A  yellow  substance  sometimes  found  in  pus, 
and  resulting  (rom  the  oxidation  of  pyo- 
cyanin. 

Pyramid  {piy-amtW)  [irvpa/Jc].  A  solid 
having  a  polygonal  base  and  triangular 
planes  for  its  sides,  which  meet  at  a  point 
called  the  apex  or  vertex.  P.,  Anterior,  one 
of  the  two  pyramidal  bundles  of  white  mat- 
ter on  either  side  of  the  anterior  median 
Assure  of  the  medulla.  P.  of  the  Cere- 
bellum, a  conic  projection  forming  the  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  inferior  vermiform  pro- 
cess. P.  of  Perrein,  one  of  the  prolongations 
of  the  Malpighian  pyramid  into  the  cortex 
of  the  kidney  ;  it  is  also  known  as  medul- 
lary ray.  P.,  Malpighian,  one  of  the  conic 
masses  composing  the  medullary  substance 
of  the  kidney.  P.,  Posterior,  one  of  the 
two  narrow  bundles  of  white  matter  placed 
on  either  side  of  the  posterior  median  fissure 
of  the  medulla  oblongata.  They  are  con- 
tinuous with  the  posterior  median  columns  of 
the  spinal  cord. 

Pyramidal  {/^ram^ida/)  [ri^pouic,  pyra- 
mid]. Shaped  like  a  pyramid.  P.  Tracts. 
See  7>acts. 

Pyramidalis  ( pr  mm  id  a'  •  Hi) .  Pyramtdal , 
as  P.  muscle.     See  Afusi/^s^  Table  of. 

P3rrethrum  (pi  re'thrum\.  Pelliiory;  the 
root  of  Anacyclus  pyrcthrum,  a  plant  of 
the  order  Composite.  P.  is  used  as  a  «ia1a- 
gogue  and  masticatory  in  headache,  tooth- 
ache, and  neuralgic  affections  of  the  face. 
It  is  employed  either  in  powder  or  in  the  form 
of  the  tincture,  Tinctura  pyrethri  (U.  S.  P.). 

Pyretic  (piret^ik)  [ffiY>«r<k.  fevrr].  Per- 
taining to  or  affected  with  fever. 

Pyretin  (pi '-re -tin)  [trt-^wToc.  fever].  A 
name  given  to  various  eropyreumatic  sub- 
stances found  in  pitch. 

Pyretogenic,  Pjrretog^enous  (pi-ret  oj-m'' 
i>,  pi- ret- of'en'Hs)[ Tvprrof .  fe vr r ;  7 rwav^  to 
produce].     Causing  or  producing  fever. 

PjrretOgenin  ( pi  -ret-oj^-en-  in)  [inyirrof , 
fever ;  ^fi-vdv,  to  produce].  A  substance 
formed  by  microorganisms,  and  said  to  have 
the  property  of  oroducing  fever  when  ioocii- 
laied  into  animals. 


PYRETOLOGY 


QUADRATE 


^ 
) 


Pyretology  (pi-ret-oV-o-je)  [7n;/)er4f ,  fcTcr ; 
yj»y(K%  treatise].  The  science  on  the  nature 
of  fevers. 

Pyrexia  (/i -  reks ' -e- ah)  liripe^iCf  fever]. 
Elevation  of  temperature  above  the  normal ; 
fever. 

Pyrexial  (pi'rfJks^'e-a/)[iripe^i^,  fever].  Per- 
tAining  to  pyrexia. 

Pyridin  (pi^ -rid-in)  {irvp,  fire],  CjHjN.  A 
liquid  base  obtained  as  a  distillation-product 
from  tobacco,  coal-tar,  and  other  organic 
matter,  and  forming  the  first  of  a  long  and 
important  series  of  homologous  bases.  P. 
has  been  used  in  asthma  by  inhalation.  P. 
Tricarboxylic  Acid,  C5H,(CO.H),N,  is  an- 
tiseptic,  antip3rretic,  antiperiodic,  and  anti- 
spasmodic. It  has  been  used  in  malaria, 
asthma,  and  typhoid  fever.  Dose  gr.  ij-x 
(0.13-0.65). 

PyTMorxn(pir^ -e-/orm)  [pyrus^  pear ;  forma^ 
a  form].     Pear-shaped. 

Pyriformis  (/i>-/-/<v^-wtf).  Pyrifonn,asP. 
muscle.     See  Musdes^  TabU  of, 

Pyro-  ( pi'-ro-)\nvpf  fire] .  A  prefix  signif3ring 
fire  or  heat. 

Pyroarsenic  Acid  (pi-ro-ar-sen'-ik)  [iri>p, 
fire  ;  arsenicum,  arsenic],  H^AsjO^.  A  tetra- 
basic  acid  produced  when  arsenic  is  heated 
to  i8o»  C. 

Pyroboric  Acid  {pi-ro-b(/ -rik)  [nvp,  fire; 
boron]^  Yififi^.  A  dibasic  acid  produced 
by  heating  boric  acid. 

Pyrocatechin  {pi-ro-kcW -e-chin)  [trOp,  fire  ; 
catechu\,  C^H A  =  C^H. (OH ),.  Catechol ; 
a  crystalline  substance  formed  by  the  dry 
distillation  of  catechu  and  sometimes  occur- 
ring in  the  urine.  It  has  been  used  as  an 
antipyretic.     Dose  gr.  j-ij  (0.065-0. 13). 

Pyrodin  (/i-r^-^/m)  [ffvp,  fire],  CgH^.C-H,- 
O.NjH,.        Hydracetin,     acetyl-phenyf-hy- 

.  drazin ;  a  crystalline,  poisonous  substance, 
used  as  a  substitute  for  chrysarobin  in  psori- 
asb,  and  in  other  cutaneous  affections  ;  also 
as  an  antipyretic.    Dose  gr.  ^-iij  (0.03-0.2). 

Pyrogallic  Acid  i^pi-ro-gal* -ik).     See  Acid, 


Pyrogenic  {pi-ro-jen^-ik)  [wvp,  fire;  yepvaWf 
to  produce].     Producing  fever. 

Pyroligneous  {pi-ro-lig'-m-us)  [irvp,  fire; 
lignum y  wood].  Pertaining  to  the  destruc- 
tive distillation  of  wood.  P.  Acid,  wood- 
vinegar.     See  Acidy  Pyroligneous, 

Pyromania  (/i  -  ro  •  ma'-  ne  -  ah)  [irvp,  fire ; 
fiavia,  madness].  A  monomania  for  incen- 
diarism. 

Pyrometer  (pi-ront' -et-er )  (jrvp,  fire ;  fikrpov, 
measure].  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
intensity  of  heat  of  too  high  a  degree  to  be 
estimated  by  the  ordinary  thermometer. 

PyFophosphoric  Acid  {pi-ro-fos-for'-ik). 
See  Acids^  TabU  of. 

Pyrosis  {piro' -sis)  [wvp,  fire].  An  affection 
of  the  stomach  characterized  by  a  burning 
sensation,  accompanied  by  eructations  of  an 
acrid,  irritating  fluid ;  heartburn. 

Pyrosoma  bigemina  {piro-so-mah  bijem^- 
in-ah^  [PyruSy  pear;  oufMy  body].  The 
parasite  supposed  to  cause  Texas  fever  in 
cattle. 

Pyrotoxina  bacterica  {pi-ro-toks'-in-ak 
bak-ter'-ik-ah)  Vi^py  fire;  To^uc6vy  poison]. 
A  pyrogenic  substance  believed  to  be  pro- 
duced by  many  forms  of  bacteria. 

Pyroxylin  {pi- rohs'-il-in)  [jrip,  fire;  ^iXov, 
wood].  Gun-cotton  ;  cotton-fiber  treated  with 
a  mixture  of  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  by 
which  the  cellulose  is  changed  into  various 
nitrocompounds.  Soluble  gun-cotton,  Py- 
roxylinum  of  the  U.  S.  P.,  is  used  in  the 
preparation  of  collodiom.  The  explosive 
gun-cotton  is  the  hexanitrate  of  cellulose. 

Pyrrol  (pir^-ol)  [nvpy  fire;  oleum,  oil], 
C4H4(NH).  A  liquid  base  obtained  in  the 
distillation  of  Dippel's  oil  and  other  organic 
substances.     P.  tetriodid.     See  lodol. 

Pythogenic  {pi-tho-jen'-ik)  [fl-i^tv,  to  rot ; 
ytwavy  to  produce].  Producing  or  arising 
from  decomposition.  P.  Fever.  Synonym 
of  Typhoid  Fever, 

Pyuria  {pi-u'-re-ah)[nvovy  pus ;  MnW,  urine]. 
The  passage  of  urine  containing  pus. 


Q.  8.     Abbreviation  of  quanium  sufficii— 
much  as  suffices. 

Quack  (kwak ).  One  who  practices  quack- 
ery ;  a  pretender  of  medical  skill ;  a  vender 
of  nostrums ;  a  medical  charlatan. 

Quackery  (kwak'-er-e).  The  practice  of 
medicine  by  a  quack. 

Quadrangular    (kwod-rang' -gu-lar)   [qttad- 


rangulumy  a  four-cornered  figure].  Having 
four  angles,  as  the  Q.  lobe  of  the  cerebellum. 

Quadrant  (kiood'-rant)[quadratuSy  squared]. 
I.  The  fourth  part  of  a  circle,  subtending  an 
angle  of  90  degrees,  a.  One  of  the  four 
regions  into  which  the  abdomen  may  be  di- 
vided for  purposes  of  ph3rsical  diagnosis. 

Quadrate  (kwod'-nu)  [quadnUms,  squste]. 


QUADRATUS 

Square ;  four-sided.  Q.  Lobule.  See  Pre- 
cuntus. 

Quadratus  {kwod-ra' -hisS  [L.].  Squared; 
having  four  sides.  Q.  Muscle.  See  Mm- 
cUs,  Table  of, 

Quadri-  {kvjod'-re-)  [L.].  A  prefix  deboting 
four,  or  four  times. 

Quadribasic  {kwod-re-ba' -sik)  \jquadri,  four ; 
basU^  base].  In  chemistry,  applied  to  an 
acid  having  four  replaceable  hydrogen-atoms. 

Quadriceps  (kwoii^ -re-seps)  [quadri^  four; 
<aput^  head].  Four-headed,  as  a  Q.  muscle. 
See  Muscles,  Table  of. 

Quadrigeminal  (kitfod-re-jem'-in-al)  [quad- 
nj^eminus^  fourfold].  Fourfold;  consisting 
of  four  part<i,  as  the  Q.  bodies.  See  Corpora 
quadri^emina . 

Quadriurate  {Jhtvd-re-u^-rdl)  [quadri,  four; 
ura/ey  A  term  applied  to  the  hjrperacid 
urate  of  human  urine,  and  the  urine  of  birds 
and  reptiles.  The  quadriurates  have  the 
general  formula  of  MH(CjH,N40,).H,CjH,. 
N4O,. 

Quadrivalent  {Jhaod  ♦  m*'  -  a/  •  en/ )  [quadri, 
four;  valere,lo  be  worth].  In  chemistry, 
having  a  combining  power  equivalent  to  that 
of  four  hydrogen-atoms. 

Quadruplet  (kwod-ru^-plet)  [quadruplare,  io 
make  fourfold].  Any  one  of  four  children 
bom  at  one  birth.  * 

Quaker-button.  A  popular  name  for  nux 
vomica. 

Qtialitative  (kwol^  -e'ta-Hv)  [qua/i/as,  quality] . 
Pertaining  to  quality.  Q.  Analysis.  See 
Amafysis, 

Quantitative  {kwon'-tit-a-tiv)  ^quantus,  how 
much].  Pertaining  to  quantity.  Q.  An- 
alysis.    See  Analysis, 

Quantivalence  (kwon-tTt/'alens)  ^auamlus, 
how  much  ;  valere,  to  be  worth].  The  com- 
bining power  of  an  element  or  radicle  ex- 
pressed in  terms  of  the  number  of  atoms  of 
hydrogen  with  which  it  wilf  unite.  Univa- 
lent or  monad  atoms,  as  chlorin,  are  saturated 
with  one  atom.     Bivalent  or  dyad  atoms  re- 

Suirc  two ;  trivalent  or  triad,  as  boron,  take 
iree ;  quadrivalent  or  tetrad,  quinquivalent 
or  pentad,  sexvalent  or  hexad,  require  two, 
three,  four,  five,  and  six  atoms  of  hydrogen 
respectively. 
Quarantine  (kwor^an/in)  [It,  juaramla, 
forty].  The  time  (formerly  forty  oays)  dur- 
ing which  vessels  or  travellers  from  ports  in- 
fected with  contagious  or  epidemic  diseases 
are  required  by  law  to  remain  outside  the 
port  of  their  destination,  as  a  safeguard  against 
the  spreading  of  such  diseases.  2.  Also,  the 
place  of  detention.  3.  The  act  of  deuining 
vessels  or  travellers  from  suspected  ports  or 
places  for  purposes  of  inspection  or  disinfec- 
tion. Q.,  Land-,  the  isolation  of  a  person  or 
district  on  land  for  similar  purposes. 


QUERCIN 

Quart  (hv&rt )  [quarfus,  fourth].  The  fourth 
part  of  a  gallon. 

Quartan  (Jhifor^-lan)  [quartus,  fourth],  i. 
Recurring  on  the  fourth  day.  2,  A  form  of 
intermittent  fever,  the  paroxjsms  of  which 
occur  every  fourth  day.  Q.,  Double,  a 
variety  characterised  by  milder  and  severer 
paroxysms,  each  occurring  every  fourth  day. 

Quarter-evil  (kwor^'tfr-e-vii).  An  infec- 
tious disease  of  cattle  prevalent  during  the 
summer- months,  and  characterized  by  the 
appearance  of  irregular  emphysematous 
swellings  of  the  subcutaneous  tissue  and  mus- 
cles, especially  over  the  quarters,  hence  the 
name.  It  is  also  called  symptomatic  anthrax, 
or  black-leg. 

Quartipara  (kwor  -  tip^  -  ar-  ah)  [quartus, 
fourth ;  parere,  to  bring  forth].  A  woman 
in  her  fourth  pregnancy.     See  Multipara, 

Quartiparous  (hoor  •  tip'  -ar-  us)  (quartus, 
fourth ;  parere,  to  bring  forth].  Pregnant 
four  times. 

Quassation  {kwas  -  a' -  mAuh)  [qttassatio,  a 
shaking  or  shattering].  The  reduction  of 
barks,  roots,  and  oChtf  drugs  to  moneb,  in 
preparation  for  further  pharmaceutic  treat- 
ment ;  cassation. 

Quassia  (kwcsh^-eah  )  [after  Quassi,  a  negro 
slave  who  first  used  itl.  The  wood  of  sev- 
eral trees  of  the  order  Simarube«.  Q.  of  the 
U.  S.  P.  and  B.  P.  is  the  wood  oT  Picrxna 
excelsa,  and  contains  the  bitter  principle, 
quassin,  CmH^^O.,.  Q.  is  a  simple  bitter, 
and  is  used  in  ayspepsia  and  constipation ; 
in  the  form  of  an  enema  it  is  employed 
against  seat- worms.  Preparations:  kxtrac- 
tum  quassia  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  dose  gr. 
j-iij  (0.065-0. 2) .  Extractum  quassix  fiuidum 
(U.  S.  P.),  dose  f^ss-j  (2.0-4.0).  Infi»- 
sum  quassix  (B.  P.),  dose  i^'\\  (64.0). 
Tinctura  quassise  (U.  S.  P.)  dose,  (3J  (4.0). 
Quassin,  dose  gr.  ^  (0.006). 

Quassin  (Jhvas'iH).    See  Quassia. 

Quaternary  (kwater^-nare)  [quatermi,  four 
each].  I.  Consisting  of  four  elements.  2. 
Fourth  in  order. 

^thtwMn{kebra¥kim),     S>ce  Quebruihi 

Quebracho  (ke-brah  Jko)  [from  Pg.  quehrah 
enko,  ax-breaker].  The  Aspidosperma  que 
bracho- bianco,  of  the  order  Apocynace.e. 
It  contains  the  following  alkaloids : — Aspido- 
spermin,  C„HmN,0,  ;  aspidospermatin,  C„- 
H^N,0, ;  aspidosamin,  C^;  quebrachin, 
C,jH,fN,0,,  iJid  quebrachamin.  Q.  is  used 
in  emphysema,  bronchitis,  and  in  asthma. 
Extractum  adispermatis  Auidum  (U.  S.  P.), 
dose  n^xv-f^j  (1.0-4,0).  Dose  of  aspido- 
spermin  gr.  \-^  (0.016-0.032). 

Queen-root.     See  Stillingia. 

Quercin  {kwer*'Sim\  [quercus^  oak],  C-H^- 
(()H)g.  A  bitter  cry&tallizable  carbohydimte 
extracted  from  acorns  and  oak -bark. 


) 


QUERCITANNIC  ACID 

Quercitannic  Acid  {kwer-se-tan^'ik)  [^uer- 
lus,  oak ;  tannin^  tannin],  Ci^HigOL.  A 
variety  of  tannic  acid  found  in  oak -bark. 

Quercite  (tiver^sU)  [quercus,  oak],  C^H^- 
(OH)..     A  sweet  principle  found  in  acorns. 

Quercitrin  (ihver'-stt-nn)  [t/uercusy  oak ; 
cUrus^  lemon],  C,, HjgO^.  A  glucosid  found 
in  the  bark  of  Quercus  tinctoria. 

Quercus  (kiver''his)[h.'].  The  oak.*  Sec 
Oak. 

Quicklime  [AS.,  rrwV,  alive ;  //w^].  Calcic 
oxid. 

Quicksilver  [AS.,  cwic,  alive ;  silver]. 
Mercury. 

Quickening  (kwik'' en-ing)  [AS.,  cwic, 
alive].  'I'he  first  feeling  on  the  part  of  the 
pregnant  woman  of  fetal  movements,  occur- 
ring between  the  fourth  and  fifth  month  of 
pregnancy. 

Quill-suture.     See  Suture, 

Quillaja  {kunl-a' -yah)  [Chilean,  quiUean^  to 
wash].  A  genus  of  trees  of  the  order 
Rosacese.  The  bark  of  Q.  saponaria  (Quillaja, 
U.  S.  P.),  soap-bark,  contains  saponin,  and 
produces  a  froth  when  agitated  in  water.  Q .  is 
used  in  pulmonary  affections  and  as  a  sternu- 
tatory, and  in  the  arts  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 
Tinctura  quillajae  (U.  S.  P.),  dose  f  3  j  (4.0). 

Quince  {quins).     See  Cydonium. 

Quincke^s  Capillary  Pulse.  See  Pulse^ 
Capillary, 

Quincke's  Operation.  See  Puncture^  Lum- 
bar. 

Quinidin  (kwin' -id  -  in)  [Peruvian,  kina, 
bark],  C«,H„N,0,.  An  alkaloid  of  cin- 
chona-baik  isomeric  with  quinin,  which  it  re- 
sembles in  action,  differing  only  in  being  less 
powerful.  Q.  sulphate  (Quinidinse  sulphas 
U.  S.  P.)  is  used  as  an  antiperiodic,  in  doses 
of  gr.  xx-lx  (1.3-4.0). 

Quinic  (kivin^-ik)  ^Peruvian,  kina,  bark]. 
Pertaining  to  quinm.  Q.  Acid,  C^Hj^Og, 
an  acid  occurring  in  cinchona-bark,  in  the 
ivy,  oak,  elm,  ash,  coffee-plant,  etc. 

Qmnin  (kun'-nin  and  kwin-in'  are  common 
pronunciations,  but  as  the  Fr.  qu  is  merely 
copied  from  the  Sp.  qu  (which  had  a  A  sound) 
and  as,  moreover,  the  Peruvian  word,  from 
which  our  word  was  originally  derived,  had 
a  k  sound  (without  the  u  element),  it  follows 
that,  at  least,  from  an  etymologic  standpoint, 
our  pronunciation  should  be  kin-^')  [Peru- 
vian, kina,  bark],  C„H,^N,0,.3H,0.  A 
bitter  amorphous  or  crystalline  alkaloid  ob- 
tained from  the  bark  of  various  species  of  cin- 
chona. It  is  soluble  in  900  parts  of  water, 
readily  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  in 
chloroform,  and  gives  a  beautiful  emerald - 
green  color  when  it  or  its  salts  are  treated 
with  a  solution  of  chlorin  and  then  with 
ammonia.  Q.  acts  as  a  stimulant  to  the 
nervous  system,  causing  in  large  doses  cere- 


QUINOTANNIC  ACID 

bral  congestion  and  lessening  of  the  reflexes; 
it  is  a  slight  respiratory  stimulant  and  a  de- 
pressant to  the  circulation ;  it  lessens  the 
ameboid  movement  of  the  white  corpuscles, 
and  during  fever  is  strongly  antipyretic ;  it 
also* possesses  antiseptic  properties.  In  large 
doses  it  causes  ringing  in  the  ears,  a  feeling 
of  fullness  in  the  head,  dizziness,  slight  deaf- 
ness, and  at  times  disturbances  of  vision ;  oc- 
casionally also  a  rise  of  temperature  (Q.- 
fever^.  Q.  is  used  as  an  antiperiodic  in 
malaria,  in  which  disease  it  has  a  specific 
action ;  it  is  also  employed  as  an  antipyretic 
in  other  febrile  affections,  as  a  tonic  in  con- 
valescence, as  a  stimulant  to  the  uterus  dur- 
ing parturition,  in  whooping-cough ,  coryza, 
and  in  hay-fever.  Doses  of  Q.  sulphate 
(Quininse  sulphas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  the 
salt  most  commonly  employed — in  malaria 
gr.  v-xxiv  (0.32-1.6)  before  the  parox- 
ysms; and  gr.  ij-iv  (0.13-0.26)  as  a  prophy- 
lactic ;  as  a  tonic  gr.  j-ij  (0.065-0.13);  in 
whooping-cough,  gr.  iss  (o.  10)  for  each  year 
of  the  child's  age,  or  locally  in  solution  of 
gr.  i-ij  (0.065-0.13)  to  the  ounce  (32.0)  by 
the  atomizer.  Other  salts,  given  in  about 
the  same  doses  as  the  sulphate  are :  Q.  t>i- 
sulphate  (Quininse  bisulphas,  U.  S.  P.); 
Q.  hydrobronoate  (Quininx  hjrdrobromas, 
U.  S.  P.);  (J.  hydrochlorate  (Quintnsr 
hydrochloras,  U.  S.  P.);  Quinin  and  urea 
hydrochlorate,  employed  for  hypodermic 
use  chiefly.  Q.  sulphovinate  has  been 
used  hypodermically ;  Q.  tannate  has  been 
employed  in  whooping-cough  ;  Q.  valerian- 
ate is  used  in  doses  of  gr.  j-ij  (0.065-0.13) 
in  nervous  debility  and  hemicrania.  From 
Q.  are  prepared  Ferri  et  quininse  citras  and 
Ferri  et  quininae  citras  solubilis.  See  /rr- 
rum.  From  Q.  sulphate,  Syrupus  ferri,  qui- 
ninse et  strychninse  phosphatum  is  prepared. 

Quininism,  Quinism  (kunn^'in-ixsn,  kann'- 
ism)  [Peruvian,  kina^  bark].     Cinchonism. 

Quinoidin  {kwin-m'-din).  See  Ckinrndi- 
num.  Q.,  Animal-,  a  basic  substance  ob- 
tained from  animal  tissues  and  having  the 
property  of  fluorescence  like  quinin. 

Quinolin  {Jfrwin^-c-lin\  [^quimn']^  C,HjN. 
A  liquid  alkaloid  obtained  in  the  destructive 
distillation  of  quinin,  or  cincbonin,  with 
potassium  hydroxid.  It  is  antipyretic  and  anti- 
septic. Q.  h3rdrochlorate,  Q.  salicylate, 
and  Q.  tartrate,  have  been  used.  Dose  of 
the  last  gr.  xt  (i.o). 

Quinone  (hmn^-dn)  [quinin"],  C,H^O..  A 
yellow  crystalline  substance  obtaineid  by  ticat- 
ing  quinic  acid  with  manganese  dioxid  and 
sulphuric  acid.  It  b  the  lowest  member  of  a 
senes  of  bodies  known  as  quinones. 

Quinotannic  Acid  (Jhm'n-^tan^-iJk)  Lfmmm  i 
tannin'].  A  form  of  tannic  add  immd  hk 
dnchona-btik. 


QUINOVIN 

Quinovin  (kwin^ - ovin)  [PeruTian,  itiM, 
^'*'^]*  ^"a^^i*  KinoviDy  a  bitter  glocosid 
found  in  cinchona-bark. 

Quinquivalent  (kwinkxtfh^-al'enf)  [(miH- 
qiu,  fivtf ;  iHiiftf^  to  be  worth].  Having  a 
valence  of  Hve  ;  capable  of  combining  with 
Hve  atoms  of  hydrogen  or  their  equivalent. 

Quinsy  {kwin' y)  \ja%i\\  dog;  a>x"»'.  *o 
choke].  Acute  inflammation  of  the  tonsils, 
usually  tending  to  suppuration. 

Quintan  ( hvin'-tan)  \quinius^  fifth].  An 
intermittent  fever,  the  paroxysms  of  which 
recur  every  four  days,  t.  e. ,  on  the  5th,  9th, 
13th,  etc. 

Quintspara  (kwinUp^ -a-rah).  See  Muiti- 
para. 


RACHITIS 

Quintuplet  (kwin-htf  tUt)  Xquiniupiex,  five 
fold].  One  of  five  children  bom  at  one  time. 

Quitch-grass  \kwUch' -gras).  See  Triticum 
repent, 

Quis  (kwit)  [qtutsere,  to  ask  (?)  ].  A  reci- 
tation, conducted  by  questions  and  answers, 
in  which  the  student  familiarizes  himself  with 
his  studies. 

Quisser  (kwitf-er)  [qtutsere^  to  ask  (?)  ]. 
One  who  conducts  a  quis. 

Quotidian  (kwoi-id' -ean)  [quot^  as  many  as  ; 
</iVx, day].  I.  Recurring  every  day.  2.  An 
intermittent  fever,  the  paroxysms  of  which 
recur  daily.  Q.,  Double,  a  fever  having 
two  paroxysms  a  day,  nsoally  differing  in 
character. 


R.  The  abbreviation  of  Recipe,  take ;  of  right, 
of  Reaumur,  and  of  resistance  (electric). 

Rabic  (rayik )  [rabies,  rage].  Pertaining  to 
rabies,  as  R.  virus. 

Rabid  (ra^^t</)  [rMdus,  mad].  Affected 
with  rabies,  or  hydrophobia;  pertaining  to 
rabies,  at  R.  virus. 

Raines  {ra^-de/s)  [L.].  Lyssa,  or  hydro- 
phobia. The  latter  term  is  generally  applied 
to  the  human  disease  consequent  upon  the 
bite  of  a  rabid  dog  or  other  animal.  Rabies 
is  an  acute  infectious  disease  of  animals  de- 
pendent upon  a  specific  virus,  and  commu- 
nicable to  man  by  inoculation.  All  animals 
are  liable  to  the  disease,  but  it  occurs  moat 
frequently  in  the  wolf,  the  cat,  and  the  dog, 
and  is  chiefiy  propagated  by  the  latter,  which 
is  specially  susceptible.  The  nattire  of  the 
poison  is  as  yet  unknown ;  it  has  a  apedal 
affinity  for  the  nervous  system,  and  is  found 
in  the  secretions,  particularly  in  the  saliva. 
Sec  Hydropho^a. 

Racemose  {ras'-e-mts)  [racemtu,  a  bunch 
of  grapes].  Resembling  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
as  R.  gland.  R.  Aneurysm,  aneurysm  by 
anastomosis. 

Rachialgia  {rakea^ jeak)  [^;t<C>  spine; 
^X^,  P^]*  Neuralgic  pain  in  the  spinal 
column. 

Rachidial  {rakid'eal)  [^x<<'*  ^^  spine]. 
Pertaining  to  the  spine. 

Rachidian  {raktd' e-an)  [^^ic,  spine]. 
Spinal;  vertebral. 

Rachilysis  {ra-kiP  iS'iiS[)>(kx*^'>  »pine;  Xfwf, 
a  loosening].  A  method  of  correcting  lat- 
eral curvature  of  the  spine  by  apprapriate 
tiactioo  and  pressure. 


Rachiodynia  (f»-ir-«-</rit^-^-ail)  [i^Ar<C» 
spine ;  o<Hrv7,  pain].  Spasmodic  pain  in  the 
spinal  column. 

Rachiotomy  (rm-ke-of -o-wU)  [^;r<C*  tpine  ; 
TifiV€tv,  to  cut].  X.  The  operation  ci  cutting 
into  or  through  the  vertebral  column.  2. 
The  operation  of  cutting  through  the  ^Moe 
of  the  fetus  to  facilitate  delivery. 

Rachiachiais  (rakis^  Ais  is).  See  Spina 
bijida. 

Rachitic  (ra-kii^-ik)  [/xi^tc*  spine  ;  tric,  in- 
flammation]. Affected  with,  resembling,  or 
produced  by  rachitis  ;  rickety.  R.  RoMtry, 
the  row  of  nodules  appearing  on  the  riba,  at 
their  junction  with  the  cartil^^,  in  rachitb. 

Rachitia  (ra-ki'-tis)  [^jr<f*  spine;  ^T^i, 
inflammation].  Rickets,  a  constitutioiial  dis- 
ease of  infancy,  characterised  by  impaired 
nutrition  and  changes  in  the  bones,  the 
symptoms  being  a  diffuse  soreness  of  the 
body,  slight  fever,  and  profuse  sweating 
about  the  head  and  neck,  and  changes  in  the 
osseous  system,  consisting  in  a  thickening  of 
the  epiphyseal  cartilages  andperiosteum  and 
a  softening  of  the  bones.  Through  the  ac- 
tion of  the  muscles  00  the  soft  bones  vanoos 
deformities  are  produced,  while  the  perios- 
teal hyperplasia  leads  to  nodular  hyperostoses, 
especially  about  the  head,  giving  ine  latter  a 
square  appearance  (caput  quadratum).  Den- 
tition and  closure  of  the  fontanels  are  de- 
layed. Nervous  symptoms  are  often  present, 
as  feverishness,  laryngismus  stridulus,  and 
convulsions.  The  liver  and  spleen  are  usually 
enlarged.  The  etiology  is  obscure  —  it 
has  been  ascribed  to  deficiency  in  the  earthy 
salts,  to  defect  in  the  osteoblasts,   and  to 


RADESYGE 


RAMUS 


microomnismal  infection.  R.  adoltoram, 
osteomalacia ;  moUities  ossium. 

Radesyge  {rah-da-su^ -ge)  [Norwegian].  A 
disease  also  known  as  Scandinavian  sypnilis, 
or  Norwegian,  leprosy,  and  characterized  by 
ulceration  and  other  cutaneous  lesions.  It 
is  probable  that  under  the  name  of  R.  are 
included  syphilitic  and  leprous  lesions. 

Radiad  (ra' -de-ad)  [radius^  a  spoke;  ad^ 
toward].     Toward  the  radial  side. 

Radial  (ra^-de-al)  [radius^  a  spoke].  1. 
Radiating  ;  diverging  from  a  common  center. 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  in  relation  with  the  radius 
or  bone  of  the  forearm,  as  the  R.  artery. 

Radiant  (ra'-de-ant)  [radius^  a  spoke]. 
Radiating ;  diverging  from  a  common  center. 

Radiate  (ra^-</^- J/)  [rtf^/rW,  a  spoke].  Di- 
verging from  a  central  point. 

RacUation  (ra-de-a^shun)  [radiare,  to  radi- 
ate]. I.  llie  act  of  radiating  or  diverging 
from  a  central  point,  as  R.  of  light;  diverg- 
ence from  a  center  ;  having  the  appearance 
of  rays.  2.  In  cerebral  anatomy,  certain 
groups  of  fibers  that  diverge  after  leaving 
their  place  of  origin.  R.,  Optic,  a  large 
strand  of  fibers  continuous  with  those  of  the 
corona  radiata,  derived  mainly  fh>m  the 
pulvinar,  the  external  and  internal  geniculate 
bodies,  and  the  optic  tract,  and  radiating 
into  the  occipital  lobes.  R.,  Striothala- 
mic,  a  system  of  fibers  connecting  the 
corpus  striatum  with  the  optic  thalamus  and 
the  subthalamic  region.  R.,  Thalamic,  cer- 
tain tracts  of  fibers  from  the  optic  thalami, 
that  radiate  into  the  hemispheres. 

Radical  {rad'-ik-al)  [radix,  a  root].  1.  Be- 
longing to  the  root;  going  to  the  root,  or 
attacking  the  cause  of  a  disease,  as  a  radical 
operation.     2.  See  RaduU  (2d  def.). 

Radicle  (rad'-ik-l)  [dim.  of  radix\.  l.  A 
little  root,  as  R.  of  a  nerve,  one  of  the 
ultimate  fibrils  of  which  a  nerve  is  com- 
posed ;  R.  of  a  vein,  one  of  the  minute  ves- 
sels uniting  to  form  a  vein.  2.  An  atom  or 
group  of  atoms  constituting  the  essential 
part  of  the  molecule  of  a  compound ;  a 
group  of  atoms  that  remains  intact  in  the 
ordinary  decomposition  of  the  molecule ; 
especially  a  group  of  atoms  that  acts  in  com- 
bination as  a  simple  element  but  is  incapable 
of  existence  in  the  free  state,  as  NH^,  am- 
momium,  Cgll^,  phenyl.  R.,  Alcohol-,  one 
that  forms  an  alcohol  when  combined  with 
the  elements  of  water. 

Radicular  {rad-i¥-u-lar).  Pertaining  to  a 
mot  or  to  a  radicle ;  specifically,  pertaining 
to  the  roots  of  the  spinal  nerves. 

Radio-  (ra^-df-o)  [radius,  a  spoke].  A  pre- 
fix denoting  connection  with  the  radius. 

Radiobicipital  (ra-de-o-bi-si//-it-ai)  [radi- 
ust  radius ;  diceps,  two-headed].  Pertaining 
to  the  radius  and  the  biceps. 


Radiocarpal  (ra-de-o-kar^-pal)  \radim^  radi- 
us ;  Kapiric,  carpus].  Pertaining  to  the  radios 
and  the  carpus. 

Radiodigital  {ra'deo-dtf -it-al^  {radim^  ra- 
dius; digitus^  a  digit].  Pertaimng  to  the 
radius  and  the  fingers. 

Radiography  {ra-de-og' -ra-fe).  See  Skiagra- 
phy. 

Radiohumeral  (ra-deo-hu' -mer-ai)  \radiux, 
radius;  humerusy  the  humerus].  Pertaining 
to  the  radius  and  the  humerus. 

Radiopalmar  {ra-de-o-pal'-mar)  \radim,  ra 
dius ;  palma^  palm].  Pertaining  to  the  radios 
and  the  palm. 

Radioulnar  {rade-o-ul' -nar)  [radius,  radius; 
»/mi,  ulna].  Pertaining  to  the  radius  and  ulna. 

Radius  (ra^-de-us)  [radius,  a  spoke  of  a 
wheel].  I.  A  ray.  2.  The  outer  of  the 
two  bones  of  the  forearm. 

Radix  (ra'dix)  [L.].     A  root 

Radzyge  (rad-ti^-ge).     See  Radesyge, 

Rag-picker's  disease,  **  Hademkrankbcit" 
An  acute  febrile  disease  occurring  in  work- 
men engaged  in  sorting  rags  in  paper-factories. 
It  is  supposed  to  be  due  to  the  inhalation  of 
anthrax-bacilli  or  spores,  and  is  characterized 
by  an  exudation  into  the  pulmooaiy  tissue, 
bronchial  glands,  and  pleural  cavity. 

Railway-spine.  A  term  given  by  Erichsen 
to  a  varied  group  of  spinal  symptoms  con- 
sequent on  slight  injuries  or  concussions  re* 
ceived  in  railway-accidents.  The  condition 
is  classed  with  the  traumatic  neuroses,  arni  is 
a  form  of  neurasthemia.  It  is  frequently  a 
cause  for  litigation.     See  Eriehsen*s  Disease. 

Raine/s  Corpuscles  or  Tubes.  Psoro- 
sperms  occurring  in  the  muscles  of  the  pig 
and  other  animals. 

Raisins  (ra^-tins).     Dried  grapes. 

Rale  {rahi)  [Fr.,  rAler,  to  rattle!.  An  ad- 
ventitious sound  heard  over  the  chest  during 
respiration  and  indicating  some  local  disturb- 
ance. Rales  are  either  dry  or  moisi  (pro- 
duced by  the  bubbling  of  air  through  liquid), 
sonorous  or  sibilant.  They  are  also  classified 
according  to  their  place  of  production,  into 
laryngeal,  tracheal,  bronchial,  vesicular,  cav- 
emousy  pleural,  pericardial.  A  table  of 
rales  is  appended. 

Ramification  (ram-e-Jih-a^ -shun)  [ramus,  a 
branch;  facere,  to  make].  I.  Tne  act  or 
state  of  branching.     2.  A  branch. 

Ramify  {ram'-e-fi)  [ramus,  a  branch ;  y^r-r^r/, 
to  make].     To  form  branches;  to  branch^ 

Ramus  (ra^-mus)  [L.].  I.  A  branch,  espe- 
cially of  a  vein,  artery,  or  nerve.  2.  A  slender 
process  of  bone  projecting  like  a  branch  or 
twig  from  a  large  bone,  as  the  R.  of  the 
lower  jaw;  ascending  R.  of  the  ischium; 
ascending  or  horizontal  R.  of  the  pubes.  R. 
communicans,  a  branch  of  a  sptoal  nerrc 
comiecting  it  with  the  sympathetic  ganglia. 


RALES 


RALES 


TABLE  OF  RALES. 


VAaimr. 


Amphoric. 


Bubbling,  large. 


Bubbling, 
dium. 


Bubbling, 
tmiill. 


Cavernous. 


Clicking. 


Contonating. 


Crmckling,  dry. 


Crackling, 
large. 

Crackling, 
mcdiom. 

Crackling, 
small. 

Crepitant. 


When  Heard. 


Inspiration     and 
expiration. 


Inspiration     and 
expiration. 


How  AND  Where 
Produced. 


By  movement  of  air  in 
a  tense-walled  cavity 
containing  air  and 
communicating  with 
a  bronchus. 


By  passage  of  air 
through  frothy  mucus 
in  the  trachea  and 
larger  bronchi. 


Inspiration     and    By   passage   of  air 
expiration.  through  mucus  in  the 

larger  tubes. 


Inspiration     and 
expiration. 


Inspiration     and 
expiration. 


Inspiration  only. 


Inspiration     and 
expiration. 


In  inspiration. 


Inspiration     and 
expiration. 


Chiefly  in  inspira- 
tion. 


Dry. 


Chiefly  in  inspira- 
tion. 


End  of  inspiration. 


Inspiration     and 
expiration. 


By  passage  of  air 
through  mucus  in  the 
bronchioles. 


By  passage  of  air 
through  a  small  cavity 
with  flaccid  walls, 
that  collapse  with  ex- 
piration. 


By  passage  of  air 
throuieh  softening 
material  in  smaller 
bronchi. 


When  bronchial  tubes 
are  surrounded  by 
consolidated  lii 


By  the  breaking  down 
of  lung-tissue. 


By  fluid  in  very 
cavities. 


Character. 


Large,  musical, 
and  tinkling. 


Larger  than  the 
medium  bub- 
bling;  moist. 


Larger  than  the 
small  babbling ; 
moist. 

Small,  moist ;  like 
the  bursting  of 
small  bubbles. 


Hollow  and  metal- 
lic. 


Small,  sticky. 


Bright,  clear,  ring- 
ing. 


Sharp,  short, 
clicking. 


Larger  than  the 
medium  crack- 
ling; dry. 


CONDITtON  IN  WHICH 

Heard. 


In  tuberculous  and  al^ 
scess-cavities. 


Bronchitis  and  pull 
ary  engorgement, 


In  capillary  bronchitis, 
especially  in  children. 


In  capillary  bronchitis, 
especially  in  children. 


In  the  third  stage  o( 
pulmonary     toherca- 


In    pulmonary    tuber- 
culosis, early  stage. 


( 


Tuberculous 
monia. 


pneu- 


In  the  second  or  soften- 
ing stage  of  pulmon- 
ary tuberculosis  and 
in  pulmonary  gan- 
grene. 

In  palmonarv  tuber- 
culosis and  pneu- 
monia, after  forma- 
tion of  small  cavities. 


Bv  fluid    in   the   finer 
Bronchi. 


Larger    than    the    Softening   of   tuber 


small  crackling: 
dry. 


Bv  fluid   in   the   finer 
bronchi. 


^mall.  dr\  :  like 
the  breaking  of 
small  shells. 


culous  deposit  or 
pneumonic  e  x  n  d  a  • 
tion. 

Softrning  of  tuber* 
culous  deposit  ot 
pfieumonic  exuda- 
tion. 


By  passage  of  air  into    Small;  like  rub- <  Pneumon  ia  .     early 


vesicles  collamcd,  or  .    bing  the  hair  be- 
containlng     fibrinous  I    tween  the  fing- 
exudation.  Usually 
at    the    base    of   the 
lungs. 


stage;  edema  of 
lung^;  h^rpostatic 
pneumonia ;  localized 
in  pulmonary  tuber- 
culosis. 


Bv  narrowinir  of  the 
bronchial  lubes  from  i 
thickrning  of  the  mu-  1 
cous  linini^.  from  spas- 
modic contraction  of 
the  muscuUr  coat, 
vi^'id  mucus  within, 
or  pressure  from  with- 
out. 


Large  and  sono- 
rous, or  small 
and  hissing,  or 
whisthug. 


In  bronchitis,  asthma. 
and  KKaltzed  in  be> 
KinnmK  pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 


RANCID 


RAPHE 


TABLE  OF  RALES.— G?«/i>f«/«/. 


) 


Varikty. 

Whbn  Heard. 

How  AND  Where 
Pmoducbd. 

In  the  trachea  or  1ar>nx. 

By  the  rubbing  together 
of  serous  surfaces, 
roughened  by  inflam- 
mation or  deprived  of 
their    natural    secre- 
tion. 

TuABArTRB         Condition  in  which 
Character.                    Heard. 

\ 

Extrathoracic. 

1 

Friction. 

Inspiration     and 
expiration ;  most 
distinct   at    the 
end    of   inspira- 
tion. 

Grazing,  rubbing, 
grating,  creak- 
ing, or  crackling. 

In  pleurisy  and  peri- 
carditis. 

Gurgling. 

Inspiration     and 
expiration. 

By  the  passage  of  air 
through  fluid  in  cavi- 
ties, on  coughing. 

Larger    than    the 
large    bubbling ; 
moist;    like   the 
bursting  of  large 
bubbles. 

Pulmonary  tuberculo- 
sis after  formatioa  of 
cavities. 

Guttural. 

In  the  throat. 

Moist. 

By  the  passage  of  air 
through  bronchi  con- 
taining fluid. 

Mucous     (of 
Laennec). 

Inspiration     and 
expiration. 

By  viscid  bubbles  burst- 
ing in  the  bronchial 
tubes. 

A  modification  of 
the  subcrepitant. 

Pulmonary  emphyse- 
ma. 

Rale    redux. 
ralederetour. 

Inspiration     and 
expiration. 

By  the  passage  of  air 
through    fluid  in   a 
bronchial  tube. 

Crackling,  un- 
equal. 

In  pneumonia,  in  the 
stage  of  resoiutioo. 

Sibilant. 

Inspiration     and 
expiration. 

By   narrowing  of  the 
smaller  bronchi  from 
viscid    mucus  adher- 
ing to  the  walls,  from 
thickening  of  the  lin- 
ing membrane  or  spas- 
modic contraction. 

High-pitched  and 
even   hissing  or 
piping. 

In  bronchitis,  asthma, 
and  localized  in  be- 
ginning pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 

Sonorous. 

Inspiration     and 
expiration. 

By  lessened  caliber  of 
the  larger  bronchi, 
from  spasm,  tumefac- 
tion of^  mucous  lining 
or  external  pressure. 

Low-pitched    and 
snoring. 

Most  frequent  in  bron- 
chitis and  spasmodic 
asthma. 

Subcrepitant. 

Inspiration     and 
expiration. 

By   passage   of  air 
through  mucus  in  the 
capillary  bronchial 

Small,  moist. 

Capillary  bronchitis. 

Rancid  (ran'-sid)  [ratuufus,  sour].  Having  a 
rank  or  musty  smell  or  taste  ;  a  term  applied 
to  fats  and  oils  that  have  undergone  decom- 
position with  the  development  of  volatile 
principles. 

Rancidity  (ran-sid'-it-e)  [rancidus,  rancid]. 
The  state  of  being  rancid. 

Range  (ran))  [Fr.  ranger ,  to  dispose]. 
Scope,  extent.  R.  of  Accommodation. 
See  Accommodation. 

Ranine  {ra^-n^n)  [rana,  a  frog].  I.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  frog.  2.  Pertaining  to  a  ranula  or 
to  the  region  in  which  a  ranula  occiu^,  as  R. 
artery. 

Raniila  (ran'-u-lah)  [rana,  frog].  A  cystic 
tumor  beneath  the  tongue,  due  to  the  occlu- 
sion of  the  duct  of  the  sublingual  or  submax- 


illary gland,  or  of  a  mucous  gland  of  the  fioor 
of  the  mouth ;  frog-tongue. 

Ranvier's  Noides  {ron(gyve'd%)  {^anritr, 
a  French  histologist].     See  A^ode. 

Rape  (rdp)  {rapere^  to  seiae].  Sexual  int«T- 
course  with  a  woman  against  her  will  or  with- 
out her  consent. 

Raphania  (ra/a' -ne-aU)  [^ifaWc,  radish}. 
A  nervous  affection  attended  with  spasmodic 
disorder  of  the  joints  and  the  limbs.  It  haa 
been  attributed  to  a  poisonous  principle  in  the 
seeds  of  the  wild  radish,  which  become  mixed 
with  grain.  The  affection  is  allied  to  opt- 
ism  and  pellagra. 

Raphe  (raf'a)  [IMf,  s  seam].  A  tcHB  «t 
ridge,  especially  one  indicating  the  Has  «f 
jimction  of  two  symmetric  hahm^. 


RAREFACTION 


REACTION 


Rarefaction  {rar-e-fak' -skHn)  {rarm^  rmre ; 
facere,  to  make].  The  act  of  rarefying  or 
of  decreasing  Xnt  density  of  a  substance,  es- 
pecially the  air.  R.  of  Bone,  the  process  of 
rendering  bone  more  porous. 

Rarefy  (ra^re-/)  [rants,  rare;  ftuere^  to 
make].     To  nuike  less  dense  or  more  porous. 

Rarefying  Osteida.    See  OsUoporosis, 

Raah  [OF.,  rasche^  from  radere^  to  scrape]. 
A  faperftcial  eruption  of  the  skin  or  mucous 
membrane.  R.,  Caterpillar-,  a  localized 
eruption  attributed  to  the  irritant  action  of 
the  hairs  of  certain  caterpillars.  R.,  Drug-, 
one  produced  by  drugs.  R.,  Medicinal.  Sice 
R.^  Drug:  R.,  Mulberry-,  an  eruption  re- 
sembling an  exanthem  of  measles,  sometimes 
occurring  in  typhus.  R.,  Nettle-%  See 
Urticaria.  R.,  Rose-.  See  Roseola.  R., 
Scarlet.  See  ScarUi  Fever.  R.,  Tooth-, 
any  rash  attributed  to  dentition. 

Raapatory  (ras^-pa-io-re)  [raspaiorimm,  from 
radere^  to  scrape].  A  rasp  or  file  for  trim- 
ming the  rough  surfaces  of  hones  or  for  re- 
moving the  periosteum. 

Raapberry  (rax'bere).  The  fruit  of  Rubus 
idaeus,  a  plant  of  the  order  Rosaceae.  A 
sjrmp  fSyrupus  rubi  idiei,  U.  S.  P.)  is  used 
as  a  TUiicle  and  as  a  drink  in  fevers. 

Raaura  {ratu'rah)  [L.].  i.  The  process 
of  rasping,  shaving,  or  scraping.  2.  Scrap- 
ings ;  filings. 

Ratanhia,  Ratany  (rat-an*  eak ,  rai^ane) 
[PeruT.,  ra/anay     See  Krameria. 

Ratbke'a  Pouch  (raf-kAt)  [M.  H.  Rath- 
ke,  a  German  anatomist].  A  diverticulum 
from  the  oral  cavity  into  the  cranial  cavity, 
forming  the  anterior  lobe  of  the  pituitary 
body. 

Rational  (  ra' - skon  -a/)  [  m/)M,  reason ]. 
Baaed  upon  reason ;  reasonable.  In  thera- 
peutics, opposed  to  empiric.  R.  Formula, 
m  chemistry,  a  structural  formula.  See 
Formula.  R.  Symptoms,  the  symptoms 
elicited  by  questioning  the  patient,  as  op- 
posed to  those  ascertained  by  physical  exam- 
inatioii. 

Ratsbane  {ratt^-kan).  i.  Arsenous  trioxtd. 
2.  A  name  given  to  any  rat -poison  contain- 
ing arsenic 

Rattle  (rat^'l)  [AS.,  hreetelan,  to  rattie].  A 
rale.  R.,  Death-,  a  gurgling  sound  ob- 
serred  in  dying  persons,  due  to  the  passage 
of  the  air  throi^  mucus  in  the  trachea. 

Rau,  Process  of.  The  long  process  at  the 
junction  of  the  handle  with  the  neck  of  the 
malleus. 

Rauber's  Layer.  A  superficial  stratum  of  flat 
cells  occurring  in  the  center  of  the  embryonal 

rat  an  early  stage  in  the  development  of 
blastodermic  membranes. 
Rattachlkrand  (romsA^-kromd).    The  German 
I  for  blackleg. 


Ray  (ra)  [radius,  ray].  I.  A  beam  of  light 
or  heat ;  one  of  the  component  elements  of 
light  or  heat.  2.  One  of  a  number  of  lines 
diverging  from  a  common  center.  R.,  Ac- 
tinic, a  solar  ray  that  produces  chemic 
changes.  R.,  Cathode,  R.,  R6ntgen.  See 
X-rays.  R.,  Chemic.  See  R.,  Aetinic. 
R.-fungU8.  See  Actinomyces.  R.,  Medul- 
lary, of  the  Kidney,  any  one  of  the  bundles 
of  tubules  that  are  the  continuation  into  the 
cortex  of  the  Malpighian  pyramids. 

Raynaud's  Disease  (ra-nH).  A  trophoneu- 
rosis characterized  by  three  grades  of  inten- 
sity :  (a)  Local  sjrncope,  observed  most  fre- 
quently in  the  extremitjes,  and  producing  the 
condition  known  as  dead  fingers  or  dead  toes. 
(b)  Local  asphyxia,  which  usually  follows 
local  syncope,  but  may  develop  independ- 
ently. The  fingera,  toes,  and  ears  are  the 
parts  usually  alfected.  In  the  most  extreme 
degree  the  parts  are  swollen,  stiff,  and  livid, 
and  the  capillary  circulation  is  almost  stag- 
nant, (c)  Local  or  symmetric  gangrene. 
Small  areas  of  necrosis  appear  on  the  pads  of 
the  fingers  and  of  the  toes,  also  at  the  edges 
of  the  ears  and  tip  of  the  nose.  Occasion- 
ally symmetric  patches  are  seen  on  the  limbs 
or  trunk,  and  in  severe  cases  terminate  in  ex- 
tensive gangrene.  Some  cases  are  attended 
by  hemoglobinuria.  The  pathology  of  the 
disease  is  obscure. 

Re*.     A  Latin  prefix  signifying  back  or  again. 

Reaction  (re  -  ak'-  skun'j  [fv,  again  ;  agere, 
to  act].  I.  Counteraction;  opposite  action  ; 
interaction.  2.  The  response  of  an  organ 
or  part  to  a  stimulus.  3.  In  chemistry,  {<t) 
interaction  of  two  or  more  substances  when 
brought  in  contact ;  (k)  the  response  to  a 
certain  test,  as  Aciil  R.,  AlkaHsu  A*., 
responding  to  the  test  for  add  and  alkali 
respectively.  R.,  Amphigenous,  R.,  Am- 
photeric. See  Ampkoteric.  R.  of  De- 
generation, the  R.  obtained  when  an  elec- 
tric stimulus  is  applied  to  a  muscle  deprived 
of  its  trophic  nerve-influence.  It  is  charac- 
terised by  the  following  conditions:  Dimi- 
nution or  abolition  of  the  excitability  of  the 
muscles  for  the  faradic  current,  with  a  tem- 
porary increase  in  excitability  for  the  galvanic 
current.  In  the  nerves  there  is  a  diminution) 
or  abolition  of  both  fuadic  and  galvanic  ex 
citability.  The  reactions  of  the  muscle  tc 
the  galvanic  current  (the  true  R.  of  degeoer 
ation)  may  be  formulated  as  follows : — 

An  CiC  ^  C«C1C    \  Muscle  in  first  stage  of 
An  OC  —  Ca(X'     |     defvnention. 
An  CIC  >  CaOC    \  Muscle  in  more  advanced 
An  OC  <  CaOC     f     stage  of  defeneration. 
AnCiC   a  anodal  closing  contrsctioa;  AnOC     - 
anodai  openinfc  contraction:  CaCIC  *  cathodal 
cloainc  contraction ;  CaOC  ~  cathodal  opening 
cootractloa. 


REAGENT 


RED 


R.,  ElectriCi  a  response  in  a  muscle  or  a  part 

Eroduced  by  electric  stimulation.  R.  of  £z- 
austion,  a  variety  of  R.  to  electric  excitation 
seen  in  states  of  exhaustion,  in  which  a  cer- 
tain reaction  produced  by  a  given  current- 
strength  cannot  be  reproduced  without  an  in- 
crease of  current-strength.  R.,  Hemiopic 
Pupillary,  of  Wernicke,  a  reaction  obtained 
in  some  cases  of  hemianopia  in  which  a 
pencil  of  light  thrown  on  the  blind  side  of  the 
retina  gives  rise  to  no  movement  in  the  iris, 
but  thrown  upon  the  normal  side  produces 
contraction  of  the  iris.  It  indicates  that  the 
lesion  producing  the  hemianopia  is  situated 
at  or  anterior  to  the  geniculate  bodies.  R., 
Myotonic,  a  R.  seen  in  Thomsen's  disease, 
in  which  there  is  quantitative  increase  in  the 
faradic  excitability.  R.,  Neutral,  a  R.  indi- 
cating the  absence  of  both  acid  and  alkaline 
properties.  R.-period,  R.-time,the  interval 
between  the  application  of  a  stimulus  and  the 
beginning  of  the  corresponding  motor  act. 

Reagent  {re-a'-jent)  \re^  again;  agere^  to 
act] .  A  substance  used  to  produce  a  chemic 
reaction. 

Real  Focus.  See  Focus,  R.  Image.  See 
Image, 

Realgar  (re-al'-gar)  [Arab.,  dust  of  the 
mine ;  rahj\  dust ;  a/,  the ;  ghdr^  mine] .  Ar- 
senous  disulphid,  As,S,. 

Reamputation  (re-am  -pu-ta'  -  shun)  [r^, 
again ;  amputation\.  An  amputation  upon 
a  member  on  which  the  operation  has  been 
performed  before. 

Reaumur's  Thermometer.  See  Ther- 
mometer. 

Receiver  (re-se^-ver)   [recipire^  to  receive]. 

1.  The  vessel  receiving  the  products  of  dis- 
tillation. 2.  In  an  air-pump,  the  jar  in  which 
the  vacuum  is  produced. 

Receptaculum  {re-sep-tah^-u-lum)  [redpere, 
to  receive].  A  receptacle.  R.  cnyli,  the 
sac-like  beginning  of  the  thoracic  duct  oppo- 
site the  last  dorsal  vertebra. 

Recetsut  (re-ses'-us)  [^L-l-  A  depression  or 
recess.  R.  hemiellipticus.  See  Fovea 
hemiellipHca.  R.  hemisphsericus.  See 
Fovea  hemispharica.  R.  pharyngeus,  a 
pouch -like  process  of  the  mucosa  of  the 
pharynx  situated  below  the  opening  of  the 
Eustachian  tube. 

Recipe  (r^j^-i*^-/).  I.  The  imperative  of  r/a]^ 
ere^  used  as  Uie  heading  of  a  physician's  pre- 
scription and  signifying  take.     Symbol   R. 

2.  Also  the  formula  itself. 

Reciprocal  Proportions,  Law  of.  See 
LaWt  DaltofCs. 

Reclination  (rek-lin-a'-shun)  [reclmare^  to 
recline].  An  old  operation  for  cataract, 
called  also  <<  couching,"  in  which  the  fens 
was  pushed  back  into  the  vitreous  chamber. 

KtCTtintTiX{rei^-re-ment)[re(rementumf  from 


re,  again ;  crescere,  to  grow].     A  secretioa 
that  is  reabsorbed  after  fulfilling  its  fiiDctioa. 

Recrementitous  (reh-re-men-tish'-us)  [recre- 
ment']. Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
recrement. 

Recrudescence  (re-kru-des^ -ens)  [r/,  again; 
crudescere,  to  become  raw].  An  increase  io 
the  symptoms  of  a  disease  after  a  remission 
or  a  short  intermission. 

Rectal  (reh^'ta/).  Pertaining  to  the  rectum 
or  performed  through  the  rectum.  R.  Ali- 
mentation. See  Alimentation.  R.  Crises, 
attacks  of  rectal  pain  and  tenesmus  occuning 
in  locomotor  ataxia. 

Rectification  ( rek-tif-ik-a' -shun  )  {rectus^ 
straight ;  facere,  to  make].  I.  A  straighten- 
ing, as  R.  of  a  crooked  limb.  2.  The  r^lisdl- 
lation  of  weak  spirit  in  order  to  strengthen  it 

'RtzXMSy  {rek^ -tif-i)  [rectus,  stnight ;  /acere, 
to  makej.  To  make  right  or  straight ;  to  re- 
fine. Rectified  Spirit,  alcohol  containing 
84  per  cent  of  spirit 

Rectitis  (rek-ti'-tis).     See  Proctitis. 

Recto-  {re¥-to-).  A  prefix  meaning  pertain- 
ing to  the  rectum. 

Rectocele  {rei^-to-sll)  [rectum,  rectmn; 
djTjif  tumor].  Prolapse  of  the  rectum  into 
the  vagina. 

Rectotomy  [rek-tof-o-me)  [rectum^  rectnm ; 
riftveiv,  to  cut].  The  <^ration  of  cutting 
into  the  rectum. 

Rectourethral  {rek-tou-re'-thraJ)  [rectum^ 
rectum  ;  urethra].  Pertaining  to  the  rectum 
and  the  urethra. 

Rectouterine  (rek-to-u^-ter-in)  [rectmm, 
rectum ;  uterus].  *  Pertaining  to  the  rectnm 
and  the  uterus. 

Rectovaginal  ( rek-to-vaf  -in -a/)  [  recimm, 
rectum ;  vagina,  vagina].  Pertaining  to  the 
rectum  and  the  vagina.  R.  Fistula,  aa 
opening  between  the  vagina  and  the  rectum. 

Rectovesical  (reh  -  to  -  ves'  -  ik  -  a/)  [rectatm^ 
rectum;  vesica,  the  bladder].  Pertaining 
to  the  rectum  and  the  bladder. 

Rectum  {rek^-tum\  [rectus,  straight].  Tbe 
lower  part  of  the  large  intestine,  exteodin^ 
from  the  sigmoid  flexure  to  the  anus.  It  be- 
gins opposite  the  left  sacroiliac  synchoodrocn, 
passes  obliquely  downward  to  the  middle  of 
the  sacrum,  and  thence  descends  in  tbe 
median  line  to  terminate  at  the  anus. 

Rectus  (rectus)  [L.].  Straight;  applied 
to  anything  having  a  straight  courae,  as  an 
artery  (artcriae  rectac  of  the  kidney)  or  a  nms- 
cle.     R.  Muscle.     Sec  Muscles,  TahU  4/. 

Recurrens  (re-kur^-ren%)  [re,  back  ;  currrrr, 
to  run].     Relapsing  fever. 

Recurrent  (re-hur^-ent)  [re^  back ;  currerr^ 
to  run].  I.  Returning.  2.  In  anatomy, 
turning  back  in  its  course,  as  R.  laiyngoal 
nerve.     R.  Fever,  relapsing  fever. 

Red  [AS.,  read,  red].     The  least  1 


REDUCE 


REFLEX 


of  the  spectral  colors;  of  a  color  resemb- 
ling that  of  the  blood.  R.  Bark.  See  Cin- 
chona, R.-blindness.  Stt  Blindness ^Colar-, 
R.  Ouxn,  a  red  papular  eruption  of  infants ; 
also  called  stropnolus.  R.  Lead,  red  lead 
ox  id,  formerly  used  in  plasters.  R.  Nucleus. 
See  Xucleus.  R.  Pepper.  See  Capsicum. 
R.  Precipitate.  See  Mercury.  R.  Soften- 
ing^, a  form  of  acute  softening  of  the  brain 
or  spinal  cord,  characterized  by  a  red  puncti- 
form  appearance  due  to  the  presence  of  blood. 

Reduce  {re-dUs')  [rtf  back  ;  ducere,  to  lead]. 
I .  To  restore  a  part  to  its  normal  relations,  as 
to  R.  a  hernia  or  fracture.  2.  In  chemistry, 
to  bring  back  to  the  metallic  form ;  to  deprive 
of  oxygen. 

Reduced  {redHsd')  [re,  back;  duccrc,  to 
lead].  I.  Restored  to  the  proper  place.  2. 
In  chemistry,  brought  back  into  the  metallic 
form  as  R.  iron.  3.  Diminished  in  sise. 
R.  Eye.     See  £yc. 

Reducible  [re-du^-sibl^  [re,  back  ;  ducere^ 
to  lead].     Capable  of  bemg  reduced. 

Reducin  (re-du'-sin).  A  leukomain,  C,,- 
II^NfO^  found  in  urine. 

Reduction  (reduk* -shun)  [re,  back ;  ducere, 
to  lead].  The  act  of  reducing.  R.  en 
matte,  the  R.  of  a  strangulated  hernia  still 
surrounded  by  its  sac,  thus  failing  to  relieve 
the  strangulation. 

Reduplicated  (re-du'-piikated)  [re,  again; 
dup/icare,  to  double] .  Doubled,  as  R.  heart- 
sounds.     See  Reduplication, 


Reduplication  {re-du-plika' -shun^  [r/,again; 
duplicare,  to  double].  A  doubling.  R.  of 
the  Heart-soundt,  a  doubling  of  either  the 
ftrst  or  second  sound  of  the  heart 

Redux  {re^'duJh)  TL.].  Returning.  R., 
Crepitut,  the  small  mucous  rales  heard  in 
the  early  stage  of  the  resolution  of  lobar 
pneumonia. 

Reel,  Cerebellar.  The  peculiar  staggering 
gait  in  diseases  of  the  cerebellum,  particularly 
in  tumor. 

Refine  (re-fm')  [re,  again ;  finire,  to  finish]. 
To  purify ;  to  separate  a  substance  from 
foreign  matter. 

Reflection  {re-flek^  shun)  [re,  back ;  JUctere, 
to  bendl.  A  bending  or  turning  back  ; 
specifically^  the  turning  back  of  a  ray  of  light 
from  a  surface  upon  which  it  impinges  without 
penetrating. 

Reflector  (re-Jleh' tor)  [re,  back  ;  ^ctere,  to 
bend].  A  polished  surface  by  which  light  is 
reflected. 

Reflex  (re^-Jt^ks^re,  back  ;  Jtectere,  to  bend]. 
I.  Anything  reflected  or  thrown  back.  2.  A 
reflex  act.  R.  Act,  an  act  following  im- 
mediately upon  a  stimulus  without  the  inter- 
vention of  the  will.  R.  Arc,  the  mechanism 
necessary  for  a  R.  action ;  it  consists  of  an 
afferent  or  sensory  nerve ;  a  nerve-center  to 
change  this  sensory  impulse  into  a  motor 
one ;  and  an  eflcrent  or  motor  nerve  to  carry 
a  motor  impulse  to  the  muscle  or  group  of 
muscles. 


TABLE  OF  REFLEXES. 


Namk. 

How  Obtaikbd. 

Abdominal. 

Sharp,  sudden  strokinc 

marrin  of  riba  down- 
ward. 

Contraction  of  moscles  about    Shows  intefcrity  of  spinal 
umbilicoa.                                '    cord  from   eifhtn   to 
1    twelfth  doraal  nerve. 

ADkle<kmas. 

By  sudden  complete 
flexion  of  foot,  by  press* 
ing  hand  against  sole. 

Clonic  contractions  of  tendo  ' 
Achillis.  dependent  upon  al-  1 
temate  contraction  and  re-  ' 
taxation   of    anterior   tibial  < 
and  calAmusclea.                      1 

Biccp*.                     j  Tapping  tendon  of  bi- 
ceps. 

Contraction  of  biccpa muadc.     Normal;   increased  by 
•    causes   increasinc  knee> 
■    jerk. 

Bulbocavernous.      1  See  Virile, 

t 

Chin. 


See  Jaw^erk. 


CilioapinaL 


By  irritation  of  the  skin    Pupillary  dilaution. 
of  the  neck. 


Corneal. 


Cremasteric. 


Same  as  EytHd'<lcsnrt. 

Stimulation  of  skin  on 

I    front  and  inner  aspect , 
of  thigh. 


Retraction  of  testicle  on  same    Show«  inteKrit y  of  cord  bc> 
side.  I    tween  the  fint  and  vecood 

pairs  of  lumbar  nerves. 


REFLEX  REFLEX 

TABLE  OF  REFLEXES.— a»A««^</. 


Namb. 

How  Obtained. 

Effect  Produced. 

Reflex  on   opposite  side  of 
body. 

Significance. 

Crossed. 

StimulaUon  of  one  side 
of  body. 

Deep. 

Reflexes  developed  by  percussion  of  tendons  or  bones. 

Dorsal. 

Same  as  Erector  spina. 

Stimulation  of  skin  in 
fifth  or  sixth  intercos- 
tal space  near  axilla. 

Dimpling  in  the  epigastrium, 
due  to  contraction  of   the 
highest  fibers  of  the  rectus 
abdominis  muscle. 

Local    contraction    of   these 
muscles. 

Epigastric. 

Shows  integrity  of  cord 
from  fourth  to  seventh 
dorsal  nerves. 

Erector  spiose. 

Stimulation  of  skin 
along  border  of  erector 
spinse  muscle. 

Integrity  of  dorsal  region 

Eyelid-closure. 

Irritation  of  conjunctiva. 

Closure  of  lid. 

Femoral. 

Irritation  of  skin   on 
upper  anterior  aspect 

Plantar  flexion  of  first  three 
toes  and  of  the  foot,  and  ex- 
tension of  the  knee-joint. 

Di  sease  of  spi  nal  cord .  ^x"- » 
in  some  cases  of  trans- 
verse myelitis. 

Front-tap. 

See  Tendo  AchiUis. 

Gluteal. 

Firm  sudden  stroking  of 
skin  over  buttock. 

Contraction  of  glutei. 

Shows  integritv  of  cord  at 
fourih  and  fifth  lumbar 
nerves. 

Interscapular. 

See  Scapular. 

Iris-contraction. 

See  i*upiUary. 

Jaw-jerk,   or  jaw* 
clonus. 

Downward  stroke  with 
a  hammer  on  the  lower 
jaw  hanging  passively 
or  gently  supported  by 
the  hand. 

Clonic  movements  of  inferior 

Rarely  present  in  health - 
increased  in  sclerosis  of 
lateral  columns  of  cord. 

Knee-jerk. 

By  striking  patellar  ten- 
don after  rendering  it 
tense  by  flexine  the 
knee  at  right  angle. 

Contraction  of  q  u  a  d  r  i  c  e p  s 
muscle,  the  foot  being  jerked 
forward. 

Normal  in  health.  Absent 
in  locomotor  ataxia,  ite- 
structive  lesions  of  lower 
part  of  cord,  multiple 
neuritis,  affections  of 
the  anterior  gray  comaa. 
infantile  paralysis,  men- 
ingitis, diphtheric  par- 
alysis, atrophic  p  a  I  •  ▼  , 
pseudohypertrophic 
muscular  paralysis,  dia- 
betes, etc.  Increased  in 
diseases  of  the  pyramidal 
tracts,  in  spinal  irrita- 
bility, tumors  of  brain, 
cerebrospinal  sclerosis, 
lateral  sclerosis,  after 
epileptic  seizures  or  uni- 
lateral convulsions. 

Laryngeal. 

Irritation  of  fauces, 
larynx,  etc. 

Cough. 

Lumbar. 

Same  as  Erector  spina. 

Nasal. 

IrriUtion  of  Schneide- 
rian  membrane. 

Sneering. 

Obliqnus. 

Irritation  of  skin  below 
Poupart's  ligament. 

Contraction  of  fibers  of  exter- 
nal  oblique  in  females:  cor- 
responds to  cremasteric  in 
males,  although  it  can  also 
be  caused  in  males. 

PalaUl. 

Irritation  of  palate. 

Swallowing. 

Palmar. 

Tickling  of  palm. 

Contraction  of  digital  flexors. 

Shows  that  cervical  region 
of  cord  is  ncrmat. 

Patellar. 

Same  as  Knee-Jerk. 

Patellar,  Paradox- 
ic. 

Percussing  patellar  ten- 
don with  the  patient  in 
the  dorsal  decubitus. 

Contraction  of  the  adductor, 
but   not  of  the   quadriceps 
muscle.    If  the  patient  be  in 
the  sitting  posture  the  nor- 
mal reflex  is  elicited. 

Spinal  concussion. 

Penis. 

See  VirOe. 

Periosteal. 

Tapping  the  bones   of 
the  forearm  or  leg. 

Sharp    contractions    of    the 
muscles. 

Indicates  disease  of  Uw 
lateral  columns  of  spinni 
cord. 

REFRACT'  REFRACnVITY 

TABLE  OF  KEFLEXES.^Gf^$Hm^^d. 


Name. 

How  Obtainbd. 

SicmncANCS. 

Peroacal. 

clea    when    tense    or 
when  the  foot  it  turned 
inward. 

Pharyngeal. 

IniUtion  of  pharynx. 

Swallowing. 

PlanUr. 

Stroking  tole  of  foot. 

Pinching  the   olatysma 
myoidcs  muscle. 

Contraction  of  toes. 

Platysma. 

Dilatation  of  pupil. 

Pupillary. 

Exposure  of  retina  to 
light. 

Contraction  of  iris. 

Absent  in  basal  meningi- 
tis,  etc. 

Pupillary,     para- 
doxic. 

Stimulation  of  retina  by 
"Ijht. 

Dilatation  of  pupil. 

Scapular. 

Irriution  of  interscapu- 
lar region. 

Contraction  of  scapnlar  mua- 
cks. 

Shows  integrity  of  cord  be- 

dorsal  and  lower  two  or 
three  cervical  nerves. 

Skin. 

See  Ptatysma. 

Sole. 

Same  as  Plantar, 

SpinaL 

Those  reflex  actions  emanating  from  centers  in  the  spinal  cord. 

Superficial. 

Such  as  sre  developed  from  irriution  of  the  skin. 

Tendo  Achillis.  or 
froot-up  contrac- 
tion. 

By  striking  muscles  on 
anterior   part   of  leg, 
while  in  extension,  the 
foot  being  extended  by 
the  hand  upon  the  sole. 

Reflex  contraction  of  gastroc- 
nemius* 

Considered  as  a  delicate 
Irritability. 

Toe. 

Strong  flexion  of  great 
toe. 

Invohintary  flexion  of  IboC, 
then    flexion    of   leg,   and, 
lastly,  flexion  of  the  thigh  on 
the  pelvis. 

Met  with  in  cases  hi  which 
the  knee-jerk  and  other 
tendon-reflexes  art 

Virile. 

Sharp  percussion  of   Retraction  of  bolbocavemoas 
back     of    penis,    the      portion, 
sheath     having     been 
made  tense.                    | 

Occurs  in  health. 

Wrist-ckmoa. 

By  pressing  hand  back- 
ward, causing  extreme 
extension. 

A   series   of  Jerking   OKnre- 
menu  of  the  hand. 

In  the  late  rigidity  of 
hemiplegia. 

( 


Refrmct  [rt'frakt*)  \re^  back ;  frangfre^  to 
break].  I.  To  bend  back.  2.  To  change 
directioQ  by  refraction.  3.  To  estimale  tne 
degree  of  ametropia  present  in  an  eye. 

RemcU  dosi  {refr^tak  da^-si)  [L. ].  In 
broken  doses. 

Refraction  ire-frak' shMn)  [re,  back ;  ^rmn- 
rere^  to  break].  I.  The  act  of  refracting  or 
Dending  back.  2.  The  deviation  of  a  ray  of 
light  from  a  straight  line  in  passing  obliqaelr 
from  one  transparent  medium  to  another  of 
different  density.  3.  The  state  of  refractive 
power,  especially  of  the  eye ;  the  ametropia 
or  emroeiropia  present.  R.,  Angle  of,  the 
angle  formed  by  a  refracted  ray  of  li^ht  with 
ibe  perpendiciilar  at  the  point  of  1 
39 


R.,  Double,  the  power  possessed  hj  certain 
subatmnces,  as  Iceland-HMU-.  of  dividing  a  ray 
of  light  and  thtis  producing  a  doable  image  of 
an  object  R.,  Djmamic,  the  static  refraction 
of  the  eye«  pltu  that  secured  by  the  action  of 
the  accommodative  apparatnt.  R.,  Inden 
of,  the  refractive  power  of  any  substance  as 
compared  with  air.  It  is  the  quotient  of  the 
angle  of  incidence  divided  by  the  angle  of 
revactioo  of  a  ray  passing  through  the  sub- 
stance. R.,  Static,  that  of  the  eye  when 
accommodatioo  is  at  rest 

Refractive  (refrok' -th*^  [r/,  back  ;  friingere^ 
to  break].  Refracting  ;  capable  of  refracting 
or  bending  back ;  pertaining  to  refractioo. 

Rtfractiiritj    (rt-frmk-Hv^Jt't)    \re^    back; 


REFRACTOMETER 


REINSCH'S  TEST 


^> 


frangerey  to  break].  Power  of  refrftcdon ; 
ability  to  refract. 

Refractometer  {re'frak'tom'-et-er)\rey  back ; 

frangere,  to  break ;  fiirpov,  measure].  I. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  refraction 
of  the  eye.  2.  An  instrument  for  the  deter- 
mination of  the  refractive  indices  of  liquids. 

Refractory  {re-frak' -tor-e)  [r^,  back  ;  fran- 
^/r^,  to  break],  i.  Re'sisting  treatment.  2. 
Resisting  the  action  of  heat ;  slow  to  melt. 

Refracture  (re-frak^ -tUr)  ^rg,  back;  /ra«- 
gere,  to  break].  The  breakmg  again  of  frac- 
tured bones  that  have  joined  by  faulty  or 
improper  union. 

Renrangibility  {re-fran-jib-il' -ite)  [f/, back; 

frangere^  to  break].  Capability  of  undergo- 
ing refraction. 

Refresh  (rtf-^«A')[r^,  again ;  friscus^  new]. 
In  surgery,  to  give  to  an  old  lesion  the  char- 
acter of  a  fresh  wound. 

Refrigerant  {re  -frif  -  tr  -  anf)  \refngerans, 
fitjm  re^  again  \frigusy cold].  I.  Cooling ;  les- 
sening fever.  2.  A  medicme  or  agent  hav- 
ing cooling  properties,  or  lowering  body-tem- 
perature. 

Refrigeration  {rt^j-era' shun)  [re^  again; 
JriguSt  cold].  The  act  of  lowering  the  tem- 
perature of  a  body,  by  conducting  away  its 
heat  to  a  surrounding  cooler  substance. 

Refusion  (re-fu'-zAun\  [refusion  an  over- 
flowing]. The  act  of  withdrawing  blood 
from  the  vessels,  exposing  it  to  the  oxygen  of 
the  air,  and  passing  it  back  again. 

Regeneration  {re-jen-er-a' -shun)  \re,  again  ; 
generarey  to  beget].  The  repair  of  lost  or 
diseased  structures. 

Regimen  {ref -im-en)  {regere^  to  rule] .  The 
regulated  use  of  food,  and  the  sanitary  ar- 
rangement of  surroundings  to  suit  existing 
conditions  of  health  or  disease. 

Region  (re^-Jun\  [regio,  a  region].  One  of 
the  divisions  of  the  body,  possessing  either 
natural  or  arbitrary  boundaries.  Rs.  of  the 
Abdomen.  See  Abdomen,  R.,  Epigastric. 
See  Abdomen.  R.,  H3rpochondriac.  See 
Abdomen.  R.,  Hypogastric.  Set  Abdomen, 
R.,  Iliac.  See  Abdomen.  R.,  Infraazillary, 
the  space  between  the  anterior  and  posterior 
axillary  lines.  R.,  Infraclavicular,  the 
space  just  below  the  clavicle.  R.,  Infra- 
mammary,  the  space  between  a  line  dravni 
along  the  upper  border  of  the  xiphoid  cartil- 
ige  and  the  margin  of  the  false  ribs.  R.,  In- 
frascapular,  the  region  on  either  side  of 
the  vertebral  column  below  a  horizontal  line 
drawn  through  the  inferior  angle  of  each 
scapula.  R.,  Infraspinous,  that  included 
between  the  spine  of  the  scapula  and  a  line 
passing  through  the  angle  of  the  scapula. 
R.,  Inguinal,  the  region  of  the  groin.  R., 
Interscapular,  the  space  between  the 
icaptilg.     R.,  Ischiorectal,  the  region  be- 


tween the  ischium  and  the  rectum.  R^ 
Lumbar.  See  Abdomen,  R.,  Mammaxyr 
the  space  on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  chest  ■ 
between  the  third  and  the  sixth  ribs.  R., 
Precordial,  the  surface  of  the  chest  covering 
the  heart.  R.,  Supraclavicular,  the  space 
above  the  clavicle.  R.,  Supraspinous,  the 
region  corresponding  to  the  supraspinous 
fossa  of  the  scapula.  R.,  Umbilical.  See 
Abdomen. 

Regional  {re'-Jun-al)  [region"].  Pertaining 
to  a  region.  R.  Anatomy,  the  branch  of 
anatomy  that  treats  of  the  relations  of  the 
structures  in  a  region  of  the  body  to  each 
other  and  to  the  body-surface. 

Regressive  (re-gres^-iv)  [r^,  back ;  gradi^  to 
go].     Going  back,  returning,  subsiding. 

Regular  (reg^-u-lar)  [regere^  to  rule].  Ac- 
cording to  rule  or  custom.  R.  School  of 
Medicine,  the  great  mass  of  the  profession, 
whose  practice  is  based  on  the  results  of  ex- 
perience and  experimental  research  without 
adherence  to  any  exclusive  theory  of  thera- 
peutics. R.  Physician,  one  belonging  to  the 
regular  school. 

Regurgitation  (re'gur-jt/'a^-sAun)[re,  again ; 
gurgitare^  to  engulf].  I.  A  back-flow  of 
blood  through  a  heart- valve  that  is  defective. 
2.  The  return  of  food  from  the  stomach  to 
the  mouth  soon  after  eating,  without  the  or- 
dinary eflbrts  of  vomiting. 

Reichert's  Cartilage.  The  cartilaginous 
structure  that  appears  in  the  embryo  on  the 
hyoid  arch,  eventually  becoming  the  styloid 
process,  the  stylohyoid  ligament,  and  the 
lesser  comu  of  the  hyoid  bone. 

Reichmann's  Disease.  A  chronic  dbease 
of  the  stomach  characterized  by  permanent 
gastric  hypersecretion,  associated  with 
marked  dilatation  of  the  stomach,  with  thick- 
ening of  its  walls,  and  hypertrophy  of  the 
glands.  It  is  accompanied  by  violent  attacks 
of  pain  with  vomiting,  and  may  be  followed 
by  the  formation  of  a  round  ulcer  on  the  wall 
of  the  stomach. 

Reid's  Base  Line.  A  line  drawn  from  the  in- 
fraorbital ridge  through  the  middle  of  the  ex* 
temal  auditory  meatus,  and  used  for  localiz- 
ing the  fissures  of  the  brain  on  the  skuU. 

Reil,  Island  of.     See  Island  of  Keii. 

Reimplantation  (re-im-plan-ta' -shvn)  [rr, 
again  ;  plantare^  to  plant].  In  dental  sur- 
gery, the  replacing  of  a  drawn  tooth  into  its 
socket. 

Reinfection  (re-in-fek'-shun)  [re,  again ;  w- 

ficere^  to  infect].  Infection  a  second  time 
with  the  same  kind  of  virus. 

Reinoculation  {re -in -ok-u- la' -shun)  [re^ 
again;  inoctilare^Xo'iTkocvXtXt},  InoculaUoa 
a  second  time  with  the  same  kind  of  viitis. 

Reinsch's  Test. .  A  test  for  arsenic.  The 
suspected  fluid  is  strongly  acidulated  with 


REGION 


REGION 


REINVERSION 


RESILIENCE 


hydrochloric  acid  and  boiled,  some  slips  of 
bright  copper  being  added ;  a  grapsh  coating 
on  the  copper  may  be  shown  to  be  arsenic  by 
heating  in  a  glass  tube  held  obliquely,  when, 
if  it  b  arsenic,  a  crjrstalline  coating  will  be 
sublimated  on  the  glass  above  the  copper. 

Reinversion  (re-in-vrr^ -shun)  [r^,  again; 
invertere,  to  turn  upside  down  J.  The  act  of 
reducing  an  inverted  uterus  by  the  applica- 
tion of  pressure  to  the  fundus. 

Reissn^s  Membrane.  The  membrane  ex- 
tending from  the  lamina  spiralis  to  the  outer 
wall  of  the  cochlea,  separating  the  scala 
media  from  the  scala  vestibulL 

ReUpse  (re-laps^)  [rr,  again  ;  iabi^  to  falll. 
A  return  of  an  attack  of  a  disease  shortly 
after  the  beginning  of  convalescence. 

Rslmpsing  Fever.  An  acute  infectious  dis- 
ease due  to  the  spirocha;ta  Obermaieri .  After 
a  period  of  incubation  of  from  five  to  seven 
days,  the  disease  sets  in  with  chill,  fever,  and 
pains  in  the  back  and  limbs.  The  spleen  en- 
larges, sweats  and  delirium  occur,  and  the 
symptoms  continue  for  five  or  six  da3rs,  then 
suddenly  cease  by  crisis.  After  a  variable  in- 
terval ,  usually  in  about  a  week,  a  second  par- 
oxysm occurs,  which  may  be  followed  by  a 
third  and  fourth.  The  disease  prevaib  where 
conditions  of  overcrowding  and  defective  food- 
supply  obtain ;  hence  the  name,  famine- 
fever. 

Relaxant  (re-la ks^ -ant)  [rr,  again  ;  i^ar^, 
to  loosen].  I.  Loosening;  causing  relaxa- 
tion.    2.  An  agent  that  diminishes  tension. 

Relaxation  {relaksa'-shun)  {re,  again ; 
laxarf^  to  loosen].  A  dimunition  of  ten- 
sion in  a  part;  a  diminution  in  functional 
activity,  as,  e.  g. ,  R.  of  the  skin. 

Remak*8  Fibers  {rem '  -  aks)  [Remak^  a 
German  physiologist].  See  Fiber.  R.*» 
Ganglion,  a  ganglion  of  nerve -cells  in  the 
sinus  venosus  of  the  frog*s  heart. 

Remedial  {re-me'-de-al )  [r/,  again ;  mederi^ 
to  heal].  Having  the  nature  of  a  remedy  ; 
relieving ;  curative. 

Remedy  (rem^-ed-e)  [re^  again  ;  nuderi^  to 
heal].  Anything  used  in  the  treatment  of 
disease. 

Remission  (re-mish'-un)  [r^.back  ;  mittere^ 
to  send].  I .  Abatement  or  subsidence  of  the 
symptoms  of  a  disease.  2.  The  period  of 
diminution  of  the  symptoms  of  a  disease. 

Remittent  {re-mit^-eni )  [r^,  back ;  miUere,  to 
send].  Characterized  by  remissions.  R. 
Fever,  a  malarial  fever  characterized  by  pe- 
riods of  remission  without  complete  apyrexia. 

Ren  PL.].     Kidney. 

Renal  {re^-nal)  rf^«.  kidney].  Pertaining 
to  the  kidney.  K.  Calculus,  a  concretion 
in  the  kidney.  R.  Inadequacy,  the  condi- 
tion in  which  the  amount  of  urinary  solids, 
and  often  the  quantity  of  urine  itself,  is  con- 


siderably diminished.  It  is  probably  doe  to 
an  exhausted  condition  of  the  epithelial  cells 
of  the  kidney. 

Renilorm  (ren'-e-form)  [rem,  kidney ; /crma, 
form].     Kidney-shaped. 

Rennet  (ren'-et)  [AS.,  rinnan^  to  run].  The 
prepared  inner  membrane  of  the  fomth 
stomach  of  the  calf,  or  an  infusion  of  this 
membrane.  It  contains  a  milk-curditng  fer- 
ment that  decomposes  casein. 

Rennin  (ren^-in)  [AS.,  rinnoM,  to  run].  The 
milk -curdling  ferment  of  the  gastric  juice ; 
also  called  rennet. 

Repellent  {repei^-ent)  [re,  back  ;  pe/lere,  to 
push].  I.  Driving  back.  2.  Caitting  reso- 
lution of  morbid  processes. 

Repercolation  {re  -per-  ko-ia'  -  shun")  [ re, 
again;  percoiare,  to  percolate].  Repeated 
percolation  ;  the  passage  of  a  percolate  for  a 
second  time,  or  oftener,  through  the  perco- 
lator. 

Repercussion  (re-per-kusk'-Mn)  [re,  again ; 
/^rrw/rr^,  to  percuss].  I.  Ballottement  2.  A 
driving  in  or  dispersion  of  a  tumor  or  eruption. 

Repletion  {re-pie^ -shun\  [re,  again ;  pttre,  to 
fill].     The  condition  of  being  fiill. 

Reposition  {re-p^suk''Mn)[re,  back ;  panere, 
to  place].  The  act  of  returning  into  place, 
as  R.  otthe  uterus. 

Repositor  (re-pox' -Uor)  [re,  back ; ponere,  to 
place].  An  instrument  for  replacing  parts 
that  nave  become  displaced,  especially  for 
replacing  a  prolapsed  umbilical  cord ;  an  in- 
strument used  in  the  replacement  of  a  dis- 
placed uterus. 

Reproduction  (re-pro-duk' -shun)  [re,  again ; 
producere,  to  produce].  The  act  of  produc- 
ing again;  the  procreation  of  one's  kind;  the 
producing  of  something  like  that  lost 

Reproductive  (re-pro-duk^ -tiv)  [re,  again ; 
prodtuere,  to  produce].  Pertaining  to  re- 
production, as  the  R.  organs. 

Repulsion  (repul'-shun)  [re,  back;  peUtre, 
to  drive,  to  push].  I.  The  act  of  repelling 
or  driving  iMck  or  apart.  2.  The  in6aence 
tending  to  drive  two  bodies  apart ;  the  oppo- 
site of  attraction. 

Resection  (re-5ek'-skun\[re^  again ;  tecnre,  to 
cut].  The  operation  of  cutting  out.  R.  of 
a  Joint,  the  cutting  away  of  the  end:>  of  the 
bones  forming  a  joint,  or  a  portion  of  bone, 
nerve,  or  other  structure. 

Reserve  Air.     See  RespiroHim, 

Reservoir  of  Pecquet  {pek-a') .  See  Recepia- 
culum  chyli. 

Residual  Air  (re-tid^-m-ai).  See  Rexpiration. 

Residue  (ret'-id-u)  [re,  again ;  sedere,  to  sit]. 
That  remaining  after  a  part  has  been  re- 
moved. 

Resilience  {retW  eem\  [re,  back ;  taiirt,  to 
leap].  The  quality  of  being  elastic  or  re- 
silient 


RESILIENT 


RESPIRATION 


Resilient  (re'tU'-e-eMt )  [re,  back ;  saiire^  to 
leap].  Rebounding;  elastic.  R.  Stricture, 
one  that  contracts  again  immediately  after 
being  dilated. 

Retin  (res^-in)  [resina"].  One  of  a  class  of 
Tegetable  substances  exuding  from  various 
plants,  and  characterized  by  being  soluble  in 
alcohol,  in  ether,  and  in  the  volatile  oils,  and 
insoluble  in  water ;  they  are  readily  fusible, 
and  inflammable.  They  are  obtained  in 
pharmacy  by  treating  the  substances  contain- 
ing them  with  alcohol,  and  then  precipitating 
the  alcoholic  solution  with  water.  The  chief 
resins  are  Resina  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  from 
turpentine  ;  Kesina  copoibae  (U.  S.  P.),  dose 
gr.  x-xx  (0.65-1.3);  Resina  jalapce  (U.  S. 
P.,  B.  P.  ),dose  gr.  i}-v  (0.13-0. 32 J  ;  Resina 
podophylli,  dose  gr.  H->^  (o.ooH-0.032) ; 
Resina  scaouionii  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  dose 
gr.  iv-viij  (0.26-0.52).  R.  -  plaster,  em- 
plastrum  resinae ;  adhesive  plaster. 

Resinous  {m^  -  in-us)  ^resina,  a  resio]. 
Having  the  nature  of  a  resm. 

Resistance  (re-zis^-taHs)  [resistare,  to  with- 
stand]. In  electricity,  the  opposition  offered 
by  a  conductor  to  the  passage  of  the  current. 
R.-coil,  a  coil  of  wire  for  increasing  the 
resistance  in  a  circuit.  R.,  Essential,  or  R., 
Internal,  the  resistance  to  conduction  within 
the  battery  itself.  R.,  Extraordinary,  or 
R.,  External,  the  resistance  to  conduction 
outside  of  the  battery. 

Resolution  (retoiu'shun)  [resohtre,  to 
resolve].  The  return  of  a  part  to  the  normal 
state  after  a  pathologic  process. 

Resolve  {re-toh/)  [resoH/ere^  to  dissolve]. 
I.  To  return  to  the  normal  state  after  some 
pathologic  process.  2.  To  separate  anything 
into  its  component  parts. 

Resolvent  (ry-W-tiw/)  [resohere,  to  dis- 
fldve].  I.  Causing  solution  or  dissipation  of 
tissue,     a.  An  agent  causing  resolution. 

Resolving  Power.  The  capability  of  a  lens 
of  making  clear  the  finest  details  of  an  object 

Resonance  (rn'-^nans)  [re,  again ;  scnare, 
to  sound].  I .  The  sound  obtained  on  striking 
a  hollow  object,  especially  the  note  obtained 
on  percussing  the  chest  or  abdomen.  2.  The 
soiumI  of  the  voice  as  transmitted  to  the  ear 
applied  to  the  chest.  R..  Cracked-pot,  a 
sound  elicited  by  percussing  over  a  pulmon- 
ary cavity  communicating  with  a  bronchus. 
R.,  Skodaic,  the  increased  percussion -reson- 
ance over  the  upper  part  of  a  lung  when  the 
lower  part  is  compressed  by  a  pleural  effusion. 
R.,  Tympanitic,  a  hollow  sound  elicited  on 
percussion  over  the  intestines  and  over  large 
pulmonary  cavities  with  thin  yielding  walls. 
R.,  Vesicular,  the  normal  pulmonary  R. 
R.,  Vesiculotympanitic,  an  admixture  of 
vesicular  and  trmpanitic  R.  R.,  Vocal, 
the  sound  heard  00  auscaltatioo  of  the  chest 


during  prdinary  speech.  R.,  Whispering, 
the  sound  heard  on  auscultation  of  the  chest 
during  the  act  of  whispering. 

Resonator  (ret^'O-na-tar)  [re,  again  ;  sonare, 
to  sound].  An  instrument  used  to  intensify 
sounds. 

Resorcin  (re-zcr^-sin)  [resina,  resin ;  Orcus, 
Pluto],  CgH^COH),.  A  crystalline  substance 
isomeric  with  pyrocatechin  aiKl  hydroquinone, 
and  usually  prepared  by  fusing  sodium  ben- 
sene  disulphonate  with  sodium  hydroxid.  It 
is  an  antipyretic  and  antiseptic,  but  is  chiefly 
used  in  omtments  for  chronic  skin -diseases. 
Dose  gr.  ij-iv  (0.13-0.26). 

Resorption  (re-soff^skun)  [re,  again  ;  scr- 
here,  to  absorb].  The  absorption  of  morbid 
deposits,  as  of  the  products  of  inflammation. 

Respirable  (res' -^r-a-bl)  [re,  again ;  spirare, 
to  breathe].  Capable  of  being  inspired  aiKl 
expired ;  capable  of  furnishing  the  gaseous 
interchange  m  the  lung  necessary  for  life. 

Respiration  {res-pir-a' -shun)  [re,  again; 
spirare,  to  breathe].  I.  Tne  mterchange 
between  the  gases  of  living  organisms  and 
the  gases  of  the  medium  in  which  they  live, 
through  anv  channel,  as  cutaneous  K.  2. 
The  act  of  breathing  with  the  lungs  ;  the 
taking  into  and  the  expelling  from  the  lungs 
of  air.  It  consists  of  two  acts — inspiration,  or 
the  taking  in  of  the  atmospheric  air,  and  ex- 

E 'ration,  the  expelling  of  the  modified  air. 
xpired  air  contains  less  oxygen  and  more 
cartwn  dioxid  than  inspired  air.  The  volume 
of  air  taken  into  the  lungs  and  given  out 
during  an  ordinary  R.  (tidal  air)  is  500  c.c. ; 
the  volume  that  can  be  inspired  in  addition 
by  a  forcible  inspiration  {comptemental  air) 
is  1500  c.c.  ;  that  which  remains  in  the  chest 
af\er  a  normal  expiration  [reserve  or  supple- 
mental air)  is  1500  c.c. ;  the  amount  remain- 
ing in  the  chest  after  the  most  complete  ex- 
piratioo  (residua/ air)  is  from  1200-1600  c.c 
The  volume  of  air  that  can  be  forcibly  ex- 
pelled after  the  most  forcible  inspiration  is 
termed  vi/al  or  respiratory  capacity  and  is 
equal  to  the  tidal  air,  complemental  air,  and  re- 
serve air,  or  about  3500  cc.  See  Breath  and 
Breathing.  R.,  Abdominal,  a  type  of  R. 
caused  by  the  contraction  of  the  diaphragm 
and  the  elasticity  of  the  abdotninal  walls  and 
viscera.  It  b  more  common  in  men  than  in 
women.  R.,  Artificial,  the  artificial  produc- 
tion of  the  normal  respiratory  movements. 
Set  Artificial  Respiration.  R.,  Costal,  a  type 
of  R.  in  which  the  chest  movement  predomi- 
nates over  the  diaphragmatic  movement,  seen 
especially  in  women.  R.,  Metainoq>bos- 
injg,  a  form  of  R.  in  which  in»pirattun  is  al 
first  harsh,  but  toward  the  end  becomes  blow- 
ing and  accompanied  by  adventitious  sounds. 
It  is  produced  by  the  entrance  of  air  into  a 
cavity  through  a  nairow  opening. 


.  RESPIRATOR 


RETINOSCOPY 


Respirator  {res-ptr-a^-tar)  [r/,  again ;  ipirarty 
to  breathe].  An  appliance  by  which  the  in- 
spired air,  in  passing  through  it,  is  warmed, 
purified,  or  medicat^. 

Respiratory  (res'-pir -a-to-re^  [re,  again ; 
ipirare,  to  breathe].  Pertaining  to  respira- 
tion. R.  Bundle,  the  ascending  root  of 
the  glossopharyngeal  nenre,  probably  arising 
in  the  posterior  horns  of  the  cord.  R.  Center. 
See  Center,  R.  Murmur,  the  sound  pro- 
duced by  the  air  entering  and  escaping  from 
the  lungs  during  respiration.  R.  Nerve,  one 
of  two  nerves  supplying  important  muscles 
of  respiration.  Tne  external  is  the  posterior 
thoracic  nerve ;  the  internal,  the  phrenic  nerve. 
R.  Quotient,  the  ratio  of  the  amount  of  oxy- 
gen taken  in  by  the  lungs  to  the  carbon  dioxid 
given  off  in  the  same  period  of  time.  R. 
Tract,  all  the  air-passages  and  air-cells  con- 
cerned in  respiration. 

Restiform  {res^-te-form)  \resHs,  a  rope ;  format 
form].     Corded  or  cord-like.     R.  Body,  a 
part  of  the  medulla  oblongata,    which   as 
V  the  inferior  cerebellar  peduncle  connects  the 

medulla  with  the  cerebellum.     It  contains 
fibers  from  the  lateral  column  of  the  spinal 
9'  cord  fthe  lateral  Cerebellar  tract),  from  the 

posterior  column,  and  from  the  inferior  olivary 
nucleus. 

Restitution  (res  -Ht-u'  -  shun)  \re,  again  ; 
j  statuere^  to  set  up].     The  act  of  restoring. 

Resuscitation  (re-sus-U-a^'Skun)  [re,  again  ; 
suscitare,  to  raise  up].  The  bringing  hicV  to 
life  of  one  apparently  dead. 

Retch  [AS.,  hrac,  a  cough].  To  strain  at 
vomiting. 

Rete  (re'te)  [L.].  A  net  or  net-like  struc- 
ture. R.  Malpighii.  See  R.  mucosum. 
R.  mirabile,  a  cluster  of  fine  vessels  produced 
by  the  splitting  of  an  artery  into  numerous 
branches.  If  the  branches  do  not  reunite,  it 
is  called  tmipolar  R.  mirabile ;  if  they  reunite, 
bipolar  R.  mirabile.  R.  mirabile  duplex, 
a  R.  mirabile  consisting  both  of  veins  and 
arteries.  R.  mucosum,  the  deeper  layers 
of  the  epidermis.  R.  testis,  the  network  of 
seminal  tubules  in  the  corpus  Highmori  of  the 
testicle. 

Retention  (re-ten' shun)  [re,  back;  tenere, 
to  hold].  The  act  of  retaining  or  holding 
back.  R.-cyst.  See  Cyst.  R.  of  Urine, 
the  holding  of  the  urine  in  the  bladder  on 
account  of  some  hindrance  to  urination. 

Reticular  (ret-ik^-u-iar)  [reticulum,  dim.  of 
rete,  net].  Resembling  a  net ;  formed  by  a. 
network.  R.  Formation.  See  Formatio, 
R.  Lamina,  the  membrane  covering  the 
organ  of  Corti.  R.  Layer  of  the  Skin,  the 
deep  layer  of  the  skin,  consisting  of  interlac- 
ing bands  of  white  and  yellow  nbrous  tissue. 

Reticulated  (ret-ik' u-lated).  See  Reticu- 
lar, 


Reticulum  (re-tik^'U-lum)  [reticulum,  dim. 
of  rete,  net].     A  network. 

Retina  (reP-in-oA)  [rete,  a  net].  The  deli- 
cate membrane  of  the  eye  representing  die 
terminal  expansion  of  the  optic  nerve,  and 
extending  from  the  point  of  entrance  of  the 
nerve  forward  to  its  termination  in  the  ora 
serrata.  It  consists  of  the  following  layers, 
named  from  behind  forward :  (a\  the  pig- 
ment-layer; (b)  the  neuroepithelial  layer, 
comprising  the  layer  of  rods  and  cones 
(Jacob's  membrane,  bacillary  layer),  the 
outer  limiting  membrane,  and  the  outer  nu- 
clear layer ;  (c)  the  cerebral  layer,  compris- 
ing the  outer  reticular  layer  (outer  granular 
layer),  the  inner  nuclear  layer,  the  inner  reti- 
cular layer  (inner  granular  layer),  thegan- 
glion-cell  layer,  the  nerve-fiber  layer.  Tnese 
layers  are  cemented  together  by  a  supporting 
framework  of  connective  tissue,  the  hbeis  of 
Miiller,  or  radiating  fibers. 

Retinaculum  (ret-in-ak^-u-lum)  [re,  back; 
tenere,  to  hold].  A  band  or  membrane  hold- 
ing back-  an  organ  or  part.  R.  ligamentl 
arcuati,  the  short  external  lateral  ligament 
of  the  knee-joint.  R.  Morgagni,  R.  of  the 
Ileocecal  Valve,  the  ridge  formed  by  the 
coming  together  of  the  valve-segments  at 
each  end  of  the  opening  between  the  cecum 
and  the  ileum.  R.  peroneorum  inferius, 
a  fibrous  band  running  over  the  peroneal  ten- 
dons  as  they  pass  through  the  grooves  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  calcaneum.  R.  peroneo- 
rum superius,  the  external  annular  ligament 
of  the  ankle-joint.  R.  tendinum,  the  anna« 
lar  ligament  of  the  wrist  or  ankle. 

Retinal  (ret'-in-al)  [retina\.  Pertaining  to 
or  affecting  the  retina. 

Retinitis  Jret-in-i' tis)  [retina,  retina;  <r/c, 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  retina. 
R.,  Albuminuric,  R.  due  to  nephritis.  R., 
Diabetic,  R.  occurring  in  diabetes.  R., 
Hemorrhagic,  R.  associated  with  hemor- 
rhages. R.,  Leukemic,  a  form  occurring  in 
leukemia  and  characterized  by  pallor  of  the 
retinal  vessels  and  optic  disc  and  hemor- 
rhages. 

Retinochoroiditis  (  ret  -  in-o-ko-roi  -  tli'  -  tis  ) 
[retina,  retina;  AT^ptfw,  the  chorion  ;  cIcVk, 
like ;  iTic,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of 
the  retina  and  choroid. 

Retinol  iref  inol)  [Im'vtj,  a  resin],  C„H,^ 
A  liquid  hydrocarbon  obtained  in  the  dc' 
structive  distillation  of  resin.  It  is  used  as 
a  solvent  and  has  also  been  employed  in 
gonorrhea. 

Retinoscopy  (ret  -  in-osf  -ko- pe)  [retina,  ret- 
ina ;  GKoneiv^  to  observe].  A  method  of  de- 
termining the  refraction  of  the  eye  by  ob- 
servation of  the  movements  of  the  retina] 
images  and  shadows  through  the  ophthalmo- 
scopic mirror;  skiascopy. 


RETORT 


RHAMNUS 


Retort  {re- tort' \  [re^  back;  torquert^  to 
twist].  A  vessel  employed  in  distillation, 
consisting  of  an  expanded  globular  portion 
and  a  long  neck,  and  containing  the  liquid 
to  be  distilled. 

Retractile  (retrak'-tH)  [re,  back ;  trahere^ 
to  drawl.     Capable  of  being  drawn  back. 

'K'tXnxXmtf  {re'trak'tU''U-e)  [r^back;  tra- 
krre^  to  draw].  The  power  of  retracting  or 
drawing  back. 

Retraction  (re-trak^'Shun)  [re,  back;  tra- 
here,  to  draw].  The  act  of  retracting  or 
drawing  back;  a  R.  of  the  muscles  after 
amputation. 

Retractor  {re-trak^  -tor)  [retroA^e^  to  draw 
back].  An  instrument  for  drawing  back  the 
lips  of  a  wound  so  as  to  give  a  better  view  of 
the  deeper  parts. 

Retrahent  aurem  (re-tra' -  Aem  aw-rem). 
Drawing  back  the  ear.     See  Muscles^  TabU 

of- 

Retro-  {re'-tro-)  [retro,  back].  A  prefix 
meaning  backward  or  behind. 

Retrotmlbar  (re-tro-hul^'bar)  [retro,  back  ; 
bulbus,  bulb]*.  Situated  or  occurring  behind 
the  eyeball.  R.  Neuritis,  inflammation  in 
the  orbital  part  of  the  optic  nerve. 

Retrocedent  (retro-se' -dent)  [retro,  back; 
cedtre,  to  go].  Going  back;  disappearing 
from  the  surface.  R.  Gout,  a  form  of  gout 
in  which  the  joint-inflammation  suddenly 
disappears  and  is  replaced  by  aflectioos  of  the 
internal  organs. 

Retrocesaion  {retro-sesk'-un)  [retro,  back ; 
cedere,  to  go].     The  act  of  going  back. 

Retroclusion  (retro-k/u'tAitM)  [retro,hmck ; 
elaudere,  to  shut].  A  form  of*  acupressure 
in  which  the  pm  is  passed  first  above  the 
artery  into  the  tissues  on  the  other  side,  then 
below  the  artery  into  the  tissues  upon  the 
side  first  entered. 

Retrocollic  {re-tro-koy -ik)  [retro,  back ;  coi- 
Hs,  the  neck  J.  Pertaining  to  the  muscles  at 
the  back  of  the  neck.  R,  Spaam,  spasm  of 
the  muscles  at  the  back  of  the  neck,  causing 
retraction  of  the  head. 

Retroflexion  {re-troflek' ^shun)  Fr^fr^,  back  ; 

JUctere,  to  bend].  The  state  of  being  bent 
backward.  R.  of  the  Utema,  a  condition 
in  which  the  uterus  is  bent  backward  upon 
itself,  producing  a  sharp  angle  in  its  axis. 

Retfx>gTade  ( ret*-  ro  grdd,  or  re*- tro  -grdd) 
[retro,  backward ;  gradi,  to  go].  (k>ing 
backward  ;  undoing.  R.  Embouam,  em- 
bolism in  which  the  embolus  has  gone  against 
the  normal  direction  of  the  blood -stream. 

Retrography  {re-tror'-ntfe)  [retro,  back  ; 
fpA^tv,  to  write].  Backward  writing ;  mir- 
ror-writing. 

Retroinatuar  (retro-in^m-lar)  [retro,  be- 
hind ;  insula,  island].  Situated  behind  the 
iriaod  of  Reil,  as  the  R.  coovolutkos. 


Retronasal  {ri-tro-na'-MoI)  [fr/rv,  behind ; 
nasus,  nose].  Situated  behind  the  nose  or 
nasal  cavities. 

Retroocular  (re-tro-oy-u-lar)  [retro,  be- 
hind; ocuius,  the  eye].     See  Retrobulbar . 

'Rttio^mXoTit9X{re'tro-per-e-ton'e''al)[retro, 
behind ;  w€piT6tKuoif,  peritoneum].  Situated 
behind  the  peritoneum. 

Retn>phar3rngeal  {re-tro'/ar'm*-/e'a/)[retro^ 
behind;  fiptfy^^the  pharynx].  Situated  be- 
hind the  pharynx,  as  R.  abscess. 

Retropulsion  (re-tro-Jmi^-sMtttt)  [retro,  back  ; 
pelUre,  to  drive].  I.  A  driving  or  turning 
back,  as  of  the  fetal  head.  a.  A  running 
backward ;  a  form  of  walking  sometimes  aeen 
in  paralysis  agitans. 

Retfoatemal  {retro-ster* -nal)  [retro,  back ; 
stemum\     Situated  behind  the  sternum. 

Retrotaimal  {re-trO'tar^'Sat)  [retro,  back; 
Topodc,  tarsusj.  Situated  behind  the  tarsus, 
at,  e.  g, ,  the  K.  fold  of  the  conjunctiva 

Retrouterine  (re'trO'U'-ter'in)[retro, behind ; 
uterus,  uterus].  Behind  the  uterus.  R. 
Hematocele,  a  blood-tumor  behind  the 
uterus  in  the  pouch  of  Douglas. 

Retrovaccination  {re -tro-  vak  -  sin  -  a'-  shun) 
[retro,  back ;  va{cination\  Vacdnatioo 
with  virus  from  a  cow  that  had  been  inocu- 
lated with  the  virus  of  smallpox  from  a 
human  tnbiect 

Retroveraion  {re'trO'Ver''skun)  [retro,  back- 
ward ;  vtriere,  a  turning].  A  turning  back. 
R.  of  Utema,  a  condition  in  which  the 
uterus  is  tilted  backward  without  curvature 
of  its  axis. 

Retrovcrted  (re-tro-ver^-ted)  [retro,  back- 
ward ;  vertere,  to  turn].  Tilted  or  turned 
backward,  as  a  R.  uterus. 

Reuaa's  Teat.  A  test  for  atropin,  eonaist- 
ing  in  the  development  of  an  odor  of  blos- 
soms when  the  substance  is  treated  with  sul- 
phuric acid  and  an  oxidixing  agent. 

Rerulaant  (re-vu^ -sant)  \re,  back  ;  veliere, 
to  pluck].  I.  Causing  revulsion.  2.  See 
/(evulsit^, 

Revulaion  (re-xmy-skun)  [re,  back ;  vetlere, 
to  pluck].  A  plucking  or  driving  backward ; 
specifically,  the  diverting  of  disease  from  one 
pisrt  to  another  by  the  sudden  withdrawal  of 
the  blood  from  the  part 

Revulaive  (fr-tW-w)  [re,  back ;  veHere,  to 
pluck].  I.  Causing  revulsioo.  2.  An  agent 
that  causes  revulsion. 

RhatKlomyoma  (rab-do-mi-y-mmk)  [t>6SAn^, 
a  rod ;  ftv^,  a  muscle  ;  btta,  a  tumor].  A  form 
of  myoma  characterized  by  the  presence  of 
striated  muscular  fibers. 

Rhachi-.     See  Racki-, 

Rhagadea  {rag' -ad- n)  [^^,  fissure]. 
Linear  cracks  or  fissures,  especially  in  the 
skin. 

Rhamnos  (rmm'-mm)  [^d/ivof,  bockihoroj. 


REFLEX  REFLEX 

TABLE  OF  REFLEXES.— a«AVf«^^. 


Namb. 

How  Obtained. 

Effect  Produced. 

Reflex  on   opposite  side  of 
body. 

SlGNlPICANCB. 

Crossed. 

Stimulation  of  one  side 
of  body. 

Deep. 

Reflexes  developed  by  percussion  of  tendons  or  bones. 

Dorsal. 

Same  as  Erector  spinet. 

Epigastric. 

Stimulation  of  skin  in 
fifth  or  sixth  intercos- 
tal space  near  axilla. 

Dimpling  in  the  epigastrium, 
due  to  contraction  of   the 
highest  fibers  of  the  rectus 
abdominis  muscle. 

Local    contraction    of   these 
muscles. 

Shows   integrity   of  cord 
from  fourth   to  seventh 
dorsal  nerves. 

Erector  spioae. 

Stimulation  of  skin 
along  border  of  erector 
spinas  muscle. 

Integrity  of  dorsal  region 

Eyelid-closure. 

Irritation  of  conjunctiva. 

Closure  of  lid. 

Femoral. 

Irritation  of  skin   on 
upper  anterior  aspect 
of  thigh. 

Plantar  flexion  of  first  three 
toes  and  of  the  foot,  and  ex- 
tension of  the  knee-joint. 

Disease  of  spinal  cord,*^., 
in  some  cases  of  trans- 
verse myelitis. 

Front-tap. 

See  Tendo  AchiUU. 

Gluteal. 

Firm  sudden  stroking  of 
skin  over  buttock. 

Contraction  of  glutei. 

Shows  integrity  of  cord  at 
fourth  and  fifth  lumbar 
nerves. 

Interscapular. 

See  Scapular. 

Iris-contraction. 

See  Pupillary. 

Jaw-jerk,   or  jaw- 
clonus. 

Downward  stroke  with 
a  hammer  on  the  lower 
jaw  hanging  passively 
or  gently  supported  by 

Clonic  movements  of  inferior 
maxilla. 

Rarely  present  in  health ; 
increased  in  sclerosis  of 
lateral  columns  of  cord. 

Knee-jerk. 

By  striking  patellar  ten- 
don after  rendering  it 
tense  by  flexine  the 
knee  at  right  angle. 

Contraction  of  quadriceps 
muscle,  the  foot  being  jerked 
forward. 

Normal  in  health.  Absent 
in  locomotor  ataxia,  de- 
structive lesions  of  lower 
part  of  cord,  multiple 
neuritis,  afiectlons  of 
the  anterior  gray  comua, 
infantile  paralysis,  men- 
ingitis, diphtheric  par- 
alysis, atrophic  palsy, 
pseudohypertrophic 
muscular  paralysis,  dia- 
betes, etc.  Increcused  in 
diseases  of  the  pyramidal 
tracts,  in  spinal  irriU- 
bility,  tumors  of  brain, 
cerebrospinal  scleroais. 
lateral  sclerosis,  after 
epileptic  seizures  or  uni- 
lateral convulsions. 

Laryngeal. 

Irritation  of  fauces, 
larynx,  etc. 

Cough. 

Lumbar. 

Same  as  Erector  spina. 

Nasal. 

Irritation  of  Schneide- 
rian  membrane. 

Sneezing. 

Obliquus. 

Irritation  of  skin  below 
Poupart's  ligament. 

Contraction  of  fibers  of  exter- 
nal oblique  in  females;  cor- 
responds to  cremasteric  in 
males,  although  it  can  also 
be  caused  in  males. 

Palatal. 

Irritation  of  palate. 

Swallowing. 

Palmar. 

Tickling  of  palm. 

Contraction  of  digital  flexors. 

Shows  that  cervical  region 
of  cord  is  ncrroal. 

Patellar. 

Same  as  Knee-jerk. 

Patellar,  Paradox- 
ic. 

Percussing  patellar  ten- 
don with  the  patient  in 
the  dorsal  decubitus. 

Contraction  of  the  adductor, 
but   not  of  the   quadriceps 
muscle.    If  the  patient  be  in 
the  sitting  posture  the  nor- 
mal reflex  is  elicited. 

Spinal  concussion. 

Penis. 

See  VirUe. 

Periosteal. 

Tapping  the   bones   of 
the  forearm  or  leg. 

Sharp    contractions    of    the 
muscles. 

Indicates   disease   oT    th« 
lateral  columns  of  spinal 
cord. 

RHINOLALIA 


RHUS 


Rhinolalia  {ri  no-la' -U-ah  )  [^/c,  the  note ; 
AoAi^i,  speech].  Imperfect  articutmtion  due 
to  undue  closure  (K.  clausa),  or  undue  patu- 
lousness  ^R.  apcrU),  of  the  posterior  nares. 

Rbinologic  {ri-nohj' -ik)  [/>ic,  nose ;  A<i>of, 
science].     Pertaining  to  rhinology. 

Rhinolo^t  {ri-Moi'-o-jist)  [/><c»  nose  ;  ^^/oc. 
science].  A  specialist  in  the  treatment  of 
diseases  of  th:  nose. 

Rbinology  iritMl' -o-Je)  [pt'c,  nose ;  A<S>of, 
science].  The  science  of  the  anatomy,  func- 
tions, and  diseases  of  the  nose. 

Rhinometer  {rinom^ -ei-er)  [^'c,  nose;  /li 
Tpov^  measure].  An  instrument  for  measur- 
iuff  the  nose. 

Rhlnophyma  {rino-Ji' -moA)  [^,  nose 
fvfia^  tumor].  A  form  of  acne  rosacea  of  the 
nose  characterised  hj  a  marked  hypertrophy 
of  the  blood-vessels  and  the  connective  tissue, 
producing  a  lobulated  appearance  of  the 
nose. 

Rhinoplasty  {ri'-no-plas-tej  [^tf ,  nose ;  ir'^Ao- 
oetv,  to  mola].  A  plastic  operation  upon 
the  nose.  R.,  Indian.  See  Operation^  In- 
dian^  in  OperaHom^  TabU  of.  R.,  Tagliaco- 
tian.  See  Operation^  Tagltofotian,  in  Opera- 
tionst  TabU  of. 

Rhinopoljrput  (rinopoP  -ipus)  [^,  note ; 
polvpusV.     Polypus  of  the  nose. 

Rhinorrnagia  {rinor-a* jeak)  [^I'c,  nose; 
fiifyvwat,  to  burst  forth].  Hemorrhage  from 
the  nose. 

Rhinoacleroma  {n-  no -skit  -  ro'-mah^  [^/c, 
nose;  <T«>9p<$c»  hard;  bfta^  tumor].  A  new 
growth  of  almost  stony  hardness,  affecting 
Uie  anterior  nares  and  adjacent  parts.  The 
disease  commences  in  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  anterior  nares  and  adjoining  skin,  the 
lesions  consisting  of  flat,  isolated,  or  coales- 
cent  nodules.  The  cause  is  thought  to  be  a 
bacillus. 

Rhinoacope  {ri'-no-sHp)  [^V«  nose ;  mtoirrlv, 
to  observe].  An  instrument  for  examination 
of  the  cavities  of  the  nose. 

Rhinoscopy  (n-«<v^-iK>-/r)  [^if,  nose;  otto- 
ntlv,  to  observe].  Examination  of  the  nasal 
Uv^sx  by  means  of  the  rhinoscope ;  that  of  the 
anterior  nares  is  termed  anterior  R. ;  that  of 
the  posterior  nares.  posterior  R. 

Rhiaome  {ri^tom)  l^isa,  looC].  A  subter- 
ranean stem,  having  roots  at  its  nodes  and  a 
bud  or  shoot  at  its  apeK. 

Rhodophan  {ro'-4io'/an)[})66w^  rose ;  fav^^ 
appearing].  A  red  pigment  found  in  the 
retinal  cones. 

Rhodopain  (ro-dop'  sin)  \)A6ov^xo^\  6^, 
ere].  The  visual  purple  contained  in  the 
retinal  rods. 

RboMdos  Petala(fr^aw^ /r/^a-Aii),  Rbci- 
aa  (rX-Af).     See  under  Poppy, 

Rhomboid  {rom'-bcid)  [;^/i|3oc,  a  rhomb; 
fidofy  resemblance].     Having  a  shape  simi- 


lar to  that  of  a  rhomb,  a  quadrilateral  6giire 
with  opposite  sides  equal  and  parallel,  and 
oblique  angles.  R.  Fossa,  the  fourth  ven- 
tricle of  the  brain.  R.  Ligament.  See 
Ligamunts^  TabU  of. 

Rhonchial  (rong'-it-al)  [poyx^*  a  snoring]. 
Relating  to  or  produced  by  a  rhonchus,  as  K. 
fremitus. 

Rhonchus  {rong'-kus)  Vioyx^t  more].  A 
rattling  sound  produced  in  the  throat  or 
bronchial  tubes  during  respiration.  See 
RaU, 

Rhotacism  (r^-  tas  •  hm\  [^,  the  letter  r]. 
The  use  of  the  r  souna  in  place  of  other 
speech-sounds;  the  too-strong  utterance  of 
the  letter  r. 

Rhubarb  (m'-barb)  [L.,  Rkeum"\.  A  genus 
of  plants  of  the  order  Polygonaces.  The 
bark  of  Rheum  officinale,  or  Rheum  palm- 
atum  (Rheum,  U.  S.  P.,  Rhei  radix,  B. 
P.),  contains  chrysophanic  acid,  tannic  acid 
(rheotannic  acid),  and  several  coloring  prin- 
ciples, and  is  used  as  a  laxative,  stomachic, 
and  astringent  Its  chief  uses  are  in  dyspep- 
sia with  constipation,  in  the  diarrhea  of  chil- 
dren, and  in  the  beginning  of  bilious  fevers. 
Dose  gr.  t-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  Preparations  and 
doses:  Eztractum  rhei  (U.  S.  P..  B.  P.),gr. 
x-xv  (0.65-1.0).  Extractum  rhei  fluidum 
(U.  S.  PJ,  mx-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  Infusum 
rhei  (B.  P.),  f|j-ij  (32.0-64.0).  Mtstura 
rhei  et  sodae  flJ.  S.  P.),  f3ss-j  (2.0-4.0). 
Pilulse  rhei  (U.  S.  P.),  each  of  which  coo- 
tains  gr.  iij  (0.20)  of  rhubarb.  Piluls^  rhei  com- 
noaitK  (U.  S.  P.^,  Pilula  rhei  composiu  (B. 
r.),  contain  rhubarb  aiKl  aloes.  Dose  2-4 
pills.     Pulvis  rhei  compositus  (U.  S.  P..  B. 


P.),  Gregory's  powder,  jss-j  (2.0-4.0) 
Syrupus  ihei  (U.  S.  P.,  R  P.),  (x\  (4.0). 
Syrupus  rhei  arouMticus  (U.  S.  P.),  f^  j  (4.0) 


Both  of  the  foregoing  are  used  chiefly  for 
children,  in  the  doses  given.  Tinctura  rhei 
(U.  S.  P..  B.  P.).  f3 j-ij  (4.0-8.0).  Tinctura 
rhei  aromatica  (U.  S.  P.Yfzss^  (2.0-^0). 
Tinctura  rhei  dulds  (U.  S.  P.),  f3;-iij  (4-0- 
12.0).  Vinum  rhei  (B.  P.),  f5j-iv  (4.0- 
16.0). 
Rhus  (rus\  [hov^t  tomsc,  gen.,  rAms],  A 
genus  of  snrubs  or  small  trees  of  the  order 
Anacardieie.  The  berries  of  R.  glabra,  or 
sumach  (R.  glabra,  U.  S.  P.).  are  used  as  an 
astringent  in  inflammatioos  of  the  mouth  and 
throat,  in  the  form  of  a  decoction  or  the 
official  Extractum  rbois  glabrae  fluidum.  R. 
tozicodendfon,  the  poison  ivy,  is  a  powerful 
irritant  and  produces  in  susceptible  persons  a 
violent  dermatitis  with  vesicles  and  intense 
itching  (ivy-poisoning).  The  active  agent 
seenu  to  be  an  add  called  toxicodendric  acid. 
In  overdoses  taken  internally  it  acts  as  a 
narcotic  poison.  It  has  been  employed  in 
chronic  meiimatim  and  in  incontinence  of 


i 


RHYTIDOSIS 


RONTOGRAPHY 


urine.  R.  venenata,  swamp-sumach,  is  also 
poisonous. 

Rhytidosis  {rtt'id'(/ sis)  [Iwric,  a  wrinkle]. 
A  wrinkling. 

Rib.  One  of  the  24  long,  flat,  curved  bones 
fonning  the  wall  of  the  thorax.  R.,  False, 
one  of  the  five  lower  ribs  not  attached  to  the 
sternum  directly.  R.,  Floating,  one  of  the 
last  two  ribs  which  have  one  end  free.  R., 
True,  one  of  the  seven  upper  ribs  that  are 
attached  to  the  sternum. 

Rice  {rls).  The  Oryza  sativa,  a  plant  of  the 
Grammeae;  also  its  seed.  R.  is  used  as  a 
food,  as  a  demulcent,  and,  in  the  form  of  rice- 
water,  as  a  drink  in  fevers. 

Rice-water  Evacuations.  The  name  given 
to  the  bowel-discharges  in  cholera. 

Richter's  Hernia.     See  Diseases^  Table  of, 

Ricin  (ris^'in)  Iridnus,  castor-oil].  A 
poisonous  proteid  found  in  the  castor-oil 
bean. 

Ricinin  {ris'-in-in)  [ricinus,  castor-oil].  A 
poisonous  crystalline  substance  obtained  from 
castor-oil. 

Ricinus  {ris^-in-us)  [L.,  a  tick,  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  seed  to  that  insect] .  The 
R.  communis,  or  castor-oil  plant,  a  plant  or 
tree  of  the  order  Euphorbiaceae.  The  fixed 
oil  expressed  from  its  seeds  is  the  Oleum 
ricini  or  castor-oil  of  the  pharmacopeia,  and 
is  used  as  a  cathartic  in  constipation,  colic, 
and  irritative  diarrheas.     Dose  f.^  ss  (16.0). 

Rickets  irik'-ets)  [k&x^q,  spine].  See 
Rachitis. 

Rider's  Bone.  An  osseous  formation  in  the 
adductor  muscles  of  the  leg,  from  long-con- 
tinued pressure  of  the  leg  against  the  saddle. 

Rigidity  {rij-id ' -it-e)  Wigidus,  stiff  J.  Stiff- 
ness; immobility.  K.,  Cadiavenc,  rigor 
mortis.     R.,  Postmortem-,  rigor  mortis. 

Rigor  {ri'-gor)  [rigoTy  fix)m  rigere^  to  be 
cold].  Chill.  R.  mortis,  the  muscular 
rigidity  that  occurs  a  short  time  after  death, 
due  to  chemic  changes  resulting  in  coagula- 
tion of  the  muscle-plasma  and  the  develop- 
ment of  an  acid  reaction. 

Rima  (ri^-mah).  A  chink.  R.  glottidis, 
the  cleft  between  the  true  vocal  bimds ;  the 
glottis. 

Rimula  {rim'-u-lah)  [dim.  of  rima,  a  chink]. 
A  small  cleft  or  fissure,  especially  of  the 
spinal  cord  or  the  cerebellum. 

Rmg-worm.  Tinea  trichophytina,  a  conta- 
gious disease  of  the  skin  due  to  a  vege- 
table ()arasite,  the  trichophyton.     See  Tinea. 

Rinne's  Test  {rin'-net).  A  test  to  determine 
the  condition  of  the  various  parts  of  the  ear, 
performed  by  applying  a  vibrating  tuning-fork 
first  over  the  mastoid  process,  leaving  it  there 
until  the  patient  seems  no  longer  to  hear  the 
sound,  and  then  as  quickly  as  possible  bring- 
ing it  immediately  m  fincMit  ot  the  external 


meatus,  avoiding  all  contact  with  the  head  or 
ear.  If  the  patient  is  then  able  to  hear  the 
sound  of  the  tuning-fork  once  more,  it  indi- 
cates that  the  conduction  through  the  air  is 
better  than  through  the  bone. 

Riolan's  Muscle  {re'-o-lanz).  The  ciliaiy 
portion  of  the  orbicularis  palpebrarum. 

Risorius  ( ri-z(/ -re-us)  [ritlere,  to  laugh]. 
Laughing.  R.  Muscle.  See  Muscles,  Table 
of. 

Risus  (ri^-ms)  [L.].  A  grin  or  laugh.  R. 
sardonicus,  the  sardonic  grin,  a  peculiar 
grinning  distortion  of  the  face  produced  by 
spasm  of  the  muscles  about  the  mouth,  seen 
in  tetanus. 

Ritter's,  or  Ritter-Valli's  Law.  The  law 
that  if  a  nerve  is  separated  from  its  center,  the 
irritability  is  at  first  increased,  the  primary  in- 
crease as  well  as  the  subsequent  decrease  of 
irritability  traveling  from  the  central  to  the 
peripheral  end. 

Rivini,  or  Rivinus,  Ducts  of.  The  excretory 
ducts  of  the  sublingual  gland. 

Rivolta's  Disease.  Synonjrm  of  Actinomy- 
cosis. 

Rob.  A  confection  made  of  fruit-juice,  espe- 
cially of  that  of  the  mulberry. 

Roberts'  Test.  For  glucose  in  the  orine. 
See  FermentaHoH'test.  Every  degree  of  spe- 
cific gravity  lost  corresponds  to  0.23  per  cent 
of  glucose. 

Robertson's  Pupil.  See  Pupil,  Argyll 
Robertson*s. 

Roborant  (ry-bo-ranl)  [robur,  ao  oak]. 
Tonic,  strengthening. 

Roccella  {rok-sel'-ak) .  A  genus  of  plants  of 
the  Roccelleae.  R.  tinctoria,  the  litmus- plant. 

Rochelle  Salt  (ro-shel^).  Potassium  and 
sodium  tartrate. 

Rock-oil.    See  Petroleum. 

Rodent  Ulcer.  Jacob's  Ulcer ;  noli  me  tan- 
gere;  a  superficial  ulceration  of  the  skin, 
occurring  usually  in  the  eyelid  or  the  side  of 
the  nose,  and  frequently  persisting  for  3rean ; 
it  is  a  form  of  epithelioma. 

Rods  and  Cones,  Rod-and-Cone  Lajrer. 
See  Retina. 

Rolandic  {ro-lan^-dik).  Described  by  Ro- 
lando, as,  e.  g.,  the  R.  fissure. 

Roller-bandage.  A  bandage  made  into  a 
cylindric  roll. 

Romberg's  Sign  or  Symptom.  The  in- 
creased incoordination  of  movement  in  loco- 
motor ataxia  caused  by  placing  the  feet  in 
juxtaposition  and  closing  the  eyes.  It  b  also 
called  the  Brach- Romberg  symptom. 

Rongeur- forceps  (r^g-tkur) .  A  strong  pair 
of  forceps  for  breaking  off  pieces  of  booe, 
especially  in  enlarging  a  trephine-opening. 

R5ntgen  Rays.     See  X-rays. 

Rdntography  {roent^-ra-fe).  Sm  SH^ 
graphy. 


ROOT 


RUBEOLA 


Root  [Icel.,  rot^  '^^l*  '*  '^^  descending 
axis  of  a  plant  2.  1  ne  part  of  an  organ  em- 
bedded in  the  tissues,  as,  e.g. ,  the  R.  of  a  tooth. 
R.  of  a  nerve,  one  of  two  bandies  of  nerve- 
fibers,  the  anterior  and  posterior  roots,  joining 
to  form  a  nerre  trunk.  R.-theath,  the  epi- 
thelium of  the  hair-follicle.  R. -sone,  a  name 
given  to  the  column  of  Burdach  of  the  spinal 
cord. 
Rom  (ry-taA)  [L.].  See  Rose, 
Rosacea  (ro-ta'-se-ak).  See  Acnt  rosacea, 
Rotanilin  {ro'%an''il'm)[rosa,xoit\  ami/in']^ 
C,gH||N,0.  A  colorless,  crystalline  deriva- 
tive of  anilin.  R.  hydrochlorid  or  R.  acetate 
is  the  red  dye  fuchsin. 
Roeary,  Rachitic.  See  Rachitis, 
Roae  (rds)[}t6dWf  from  Arab. ,  ward,  a  rose]. 
A  genus  of  plants  of  the  order  Rosacea. 
The  petals  of  the  Pale  Rote  (Rosa  centi- 
folia,  U.  S.  P.,  Rosse  centifolix  peUla,  B.  P.) 
are  used  in  the  preparation  of  R. -water 
(Aaua  rosje  fortior,  U.  S.  P.,  and  Aqua  rose, 
U.  S.  P. ,  B.  P. )  and  cold  cream  ( Unguentum 
aquse  rosae,  U.  S.  P.).  The  petals  of  the 
Red  Rose  (Rosa  gallica,  U.  S.  P.,  Rose 
gallicse  petala,  B.  P. )  are  slightly  astringent 
and  tonic,  but  are  chiefly  employed  as  a  vehicle. 
From  them  are  prepared  Confectio  rosae  ( U. 
S.  P.);  Confectio  rosae  gallicae  (B.  VA\  E». 
tractum  rosse  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.),  used  as  an 
astringent  and  vehicle,  dose  f jj-ij  (4-0- 
8.0) ;  Pilulie  aloes  et  mastiches.  Lady  Web- 
ster's dinner  pill,  used  as  a  laxative.  The 
fruit  of  the  Dog-Rote  (Rosse  caninse  fructus, 
B.  P.)  is  used  in  Europe  as  a  vehicle.  From 
Rosa  damascena  is  prepared  Oleum  rosse  (U. 
S.  P.),  attar  or  otto  of  rose,  employed  as  a 
perfume  and  flavoring  agent  R«-cold,  hay- 
fever,  so-called  because  believed  to  be  due  to 
exhalations  from  the  rose. 
Roaemary  {rH' -ma-re)  [rosman'fius,  marine 
dew ;  from  ros,  dew  ;  marinusy  marine!.  The 
Rosmarinus  oflicinaJis,  a  plant  of  the  or- 
<ler  Labiatae,  yielding  a  volatile  oil  (Oleum 
rosmarini,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  used  as  a  stimu- 
lant and  in  rubefacient  liniments.  Dose 
ll\^iij-vj   (0.20-0.39).     From    it  is  prepared 


Viij-vj   (p  20- 
pirit  of  R.  (S 


spirit  of  K.  (Spiritus  rosmarini,  B.  r.),  used 
as  a  perfume  and  in  liniments* 

RoaenmiiUer't  Body  or  Organ.  The  paro- 
varium. 

Roaeola  (rou^-^loA)  [roseus,  rosy).  I. 
Rote- rash,  a  name  given  to  any  rose- colored 
eruption.  2.  Synonym  of  Rubella.  R. 
cholerica,  an  eruption  sometimes  appearing 
in  chvilera.  R.,  Syphilitic,  an  eruption  of 
rose-colored  spots  appearing  early  in  second- 
ary syphilis.  R.  typhosa,  the  eruption  of 
typhoid  or  typhus  fever.  R.  vaccina,  a 
general  rose-colored  eruption  sometimes  oc- 
cumng  during  vaccinia. 

Rovbl  {^in)  \resima\    Colophony. 


Rotmarinut  (rvs  -ma-ri^  -  mu).  See  Rost- 
mary, 

RotoUc  Acid  (ro-tol'-ik),  C,.Hj.O,.  A 
substance  used  as  a  test  for  acids  and  alka- 
lies. Adds  decolorise  it;  with  alkalies  it 
gives  a'  red  color. 

Rottellum  {ros-lel'-um)  [dim.  of  rostrum,  a 
beak].  A  little  beak,  especially  the  hook- 
bearing  portion  of  the  head  of  certain  worms. 

Rottrum  (ros^-trum)  [L.l.  A  beak  ;  a  pro- 
tection or  ridge,  as  the  K.  of  the  sphenoid 
booe  or  of  the  corpus  callosum. 

Rot  [AS.,  rotiam,  to  rot].  Decay.  R.,  Po- 
tato-.    See  Mildew. 

Rotary  {ro'tare)  [rotare,  to  turn,  from  rota, 
wheel].  Producing  or  characterized  by  ro- 
tation. 

Rotation  (ro-ta^-shun)  [rotare,  to  turn,  from 
rota,  wheel].  The  act  of  turning  about  an 
axis  passing  through  the  center  of  a  body,  as, 
/.  g,,  R.  of  the  eye,  R.  of  the  arm. 

Rotator  (ro-ta^-tor)  [rotare,  to  turn].  Any- 
thing, especially  a  muscle,  that  produces  rota- 
tion. 

R5theln  (rtg'-tein).     See  Ruhetla, 

Rottlera  {rotW-rah).    See  Kamala. 

Rotula  (rofu'loM)  [dim.  of  rota^  wheel]. 
The  patella. 

Rouleau  (roo-li)  \¥i. ;  pi.  rouleaux].  A 
roll,  espeaally  a  roll  of  red  blood-corpuscles 
resembling  a  roll  of  coins. 

Round  Ligament,  i.  One  of  the  ligaments 
of  the  uterus,  passing  through  the  inguinal 
canal.  2.  One  of  the  ligaments  of  the  liver, 
lying  in  the  longitudinal  Assure.  3.  One  of 
the  ligaments  of  the  hip-joint — ^ligamentum 
teres. 

Round  Worm.    The  Ascaris. 

Rubber  (ruy-er).  Caoutchouc,  India-rubber. 
R.-dam,  a  sheet  of  rubber  used  to  confine 
the  flow  of  secretions  or  of  discharges  from  a 
wound. 

Rubefacient  {ru-be-fa'seent)  [ruber,  red ; 

facere,  to  make].  I.  Causing  redness  of  the 
skin.  2.  An  agent  that  causes  redness  of 
the  skin. 

Rubella  (rubeF-ak)  [dhn.  o( rubeola\  Epi- 
demic roseola;  Carman  measles:  French 
measles ;  Rdthein  (G. ).  An  acute  contagious 
eruptive  disease,  of  short  duration  and  mild 
character.  After  a  period  of  incubation 
varying  from  one  to  three  weeks,  the  disease 
sets  in  abruptly  with  pains  in  the  limbs,  sore 
throat,  and  slight  fever.  The  eruption  ap> 
pears  at  the  end  of  the  first  day,  and  coiuists 
of  red  papules,  and  disappears  usually  with- 
out desquamation  in  about  three  days.  The 
disease  is  associated  with  enlargement  of  the 
superficial  cervical  and  posterior  auricular 
glands.     See  Exanlhemata^  Table  of. 

Rubeola  {ru-be' o-lak)  [rubtus,  red].  See 
Mecula, 


RUBIA 


SACCHARIMETER 


Rubia  {ruf-be-ah).  The  R.  tinctomm  or 
dyers'  madder,  containing  the  coloring  prin- 
ciples alizarin  (C|4Hg04)  and  purpurin  (Q^- 
H.O5).     R.  is  used  as  a  dye. 

Rubigo  (ru'bi'-go)  [L.].     Rust. 

Rubus  (ru'btis)  [L.].  Blackberry.  A 
genus  of  plants  of  the  order  Rosaceae.  The 
bark  of  the  root  of  R.  canadensis,  R.  vil- 
I08U8,  and  R.  trivialis  is  the  R.  of  the  U. 
S.  P.,  and  is  used  as  an  astringent  tonic  in 
diarrhea.  Dose  gr.  xx-xxx  (1.3-2.0).  Ex- 
tractum  rubi  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.).  Dose 
f^ss-j  (2.0-4.0).  Syrupus  rubi.  Dose 
fzj-ij  (4.0-8.0).  The  fruit  of  R.  idaeus 
(R.  idaeus,  U.  S.  P.),  the  raspberry,  is  used 
to  prepare  Syrupus  rubi  idaei,  which  is  used 
as  a  tonic. 

Ructus  {ruk^-tus)  [L.].  A  belching  of  gas 
from  the  stomach. 

Rue  (n#)  [AvTJ^,  rue].  The  Ruta  graveolens, 
a  plant  of  the  order  Rutaceae,  yielding  an  oil 
(Oleum  rutae,  B.  P.),  which  is  a  local  irritant 
and  has  been  employed  in  amenorrhea  and 
menorrhagia.     Dose  n\^ij-T  (0.13-0.32). 

Ruga  (ru^-gak)  [LJ.     A  fold  or  ridge. 

Rugose  {ru^-gds)  ^ruga^  a  fold].  Charac- 
terized by  folds. 

Rugosity  {rugos^-Ui)  [ruga,  fold].  A  con- 
dition of  being  in  folds. 

Rugous  {ru^-gus).     See  /Rugose. 

Rum  [Malay,  brain^  rum].  A  spirit  obtained 
from  the  molasses  of  the  sugar-cane  by  fer- 
mentation and  distillation. 

Rumen  {ru^-men)  [L.].  The  first  stomach 
of  ruminants,  also  called  the  paunch,  from 


which  the  food  b  returned  to  the  mouth  for 
remastication. 

Rumez  (ru'-ffuks)  [L.].  Yellow  dock,  a 
genus  of  plants  of  the  order  Polygonacese. 
llie  root  of  R.  crispus  (Rumex,  U.  S.  P.) 
is  astringent  and  tonic,  and  has  been  em- 
ployed externally  and  internally  in  various 
diseases  of  the  skin.  Extractum  rumicis 
fluidum  (U.  S.  P.).     Dose  fjj  (4.0). 

Rumination  {ru-min-a^'Shun)  [rumiMarf^ 
to  chew  cud].     See  Merycismus. 

Rump  [Icel.,  rumpe^  rumpj.  The  region 
near  the  end  of  the  backbone ;  the  buttocks. 

Rupia  (ru'-pe-ah)  \fi{moq^  filth].  A  form  otf 
eruption  occurring  especially  in  tertiary  syph- 
ilis, and  characterized  tnr  the  formation  of 
large,  dirty-brown,  stratified,  conic  crusts. 

Rupial  (ru'-pe-al)  [^i^n-of,  filth].  Resem- 
bling or  charactenzed  by  rupia. 

Rupture  (rufZ-tUr)  \nimpert^  to  break].  I. 
A  forcible  tearing  of  a  part,  as,  e,g, ,  R.  of  the 
uterus,  R.  of  the  bladder.     2.  Hernia. 

Rust  [AS.,  rust^  rust].  I.  The  oxid  and 
hydroxid  of  iron  formed  on  the  surface  of 
iron  exposed  to  the  air.  2.  A  disease  com- 
mon on  cereals,  causing  rust-like  masses  to 
break  out  on  the  tissues  of  the  plant. 

RuU  {ruf'tah)  [L.].    See  Rut, 

Rutting  {ruining)  [ME.,  r«/,  rut].  The 
period  of  sexual  excitement  in  female  ani- 
mals coincident  with  the  rupture  of  ovisacs. 

Ruysch,  Membrane  of.    See  Membrane. 

Rye  {n)  [AS.,  ryga,  rye].  The  Secale  ce- 
reale  and  its  grain.  The  grain  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  bread.     See  Graminacett. 


S.  I.  The  symbol  of  sulphur.  2.  An  abbre- 
viation for  sinisterf  left ;  in  prescriptions,  for 
signa,  sign. 

S.  romanum.  The  sigmoid  flexure  of  the  colon. 

Sabadilla  {sabad-il'-ah).  Cevadilla,  the 
Schcenocaulon  oflicinale  (Asagraea  officin- 
alis), a  plant  of  the  order  Melanthaceae,  con- 
taining the  alkaloids  veratrin,  sabadin,  and 
sabadinin.  S.  is  an  emetocathartic,  and  was 
formerly  used  as  a  teniacide  and  to  destroy 
vermin  in  the  hair.  Its  chief  value  is  as  a 
source  of  veratrin.     It  is  official  in  the  B.  P. 

Sabbatia  [sab-a^ -she-ah)  [after  Liberatus 
Sabbati^  an  Italian  botanist].  A  genus  of 
the  order  of  Gentianacaea.  8.  angularis  is 
the  American  centaury. 

Sabina  {sa-bi^-nah)  [L.].     See  Savim. 


Sabulous  (say 'U- his)  [sabulum^  saad]. 
Gritty;  sandy. 

Saccate,  or  Saccated  (sak'at^  sak'-a-ied] 
[saccus^  a  sacl.  Sac-shaped ;  contained  in  a 
sac;  encysted. 

Saccharated  (sak' -ar-a-ted)  \^o6xxapw, 
sugar].     Containing  sugar. 

Saccharification  (saJk-ar-i/'ik-a^-skutix  [mu- 
X^pov,  sugar;  /aeere,  to  make].  The  act 
of  converting  into  sugar. 

Saccharimeter  {sak-ar-im^-et'er)  \a^x*H^^'* 
sugar;  fitrpov,  measure].  An  i^iparmtus 
for  determining  the  amount  of  sugar  in 
solutions,  either  in  the  form  of  a  hydro- 
meter, which  indicates  the  strength  in  sugar 
by  the  specific  gravity  of  the  solution ;  or  of 
a  polarimeter,  which  indicates  the  strength  in 


SACCHARIN 


SAFFRON 


mgar  by  the  number  of  degrees  of  rotation 
of  the  plane  of  polarization. 

Saccharin  (saJr-ar-in)  [adKxapov,  sugar], 
CjH|SO,N.  A  cr3rstalline  substance  nearly 
280  times  sweeter  than  cane-sugar,  and  used 
as  a  substitute  for  the  latter  iu  diabetes.  It 
is  also  employed  as  an  antiseptic. 

Saccharine  (sak'-ar-in)  [oaKxapov^  sugar]. 
Containing  sugar ;  sugary  ;  as  sweet  as  sugar. 

Saccharometer  (sak  ar - om ' -eter)  [oaKxa- 
pov,  sugar;  /uTfjov,  measure].  See  Sac- 
charimeter. 

Saccharomyces  (sakaromi'  sh)  \pnKx<^- 
pov,  sugar ;  /i^'XTCt  fungus].  A  genus  of  uni- 
cellular Tegetable  organi&ms  of  which  the 
yeast-plant  is  a  common  example. 

Saccharose  (stfJt^tir  ds)  [aduxapm',  sugar], 
C„H„()„.  I.  A  crysulline  carbohydrate, 
cane-sugar,  occurring  in  the  juice  of  many 
plants,  chiefly  in  sugarcane,  in  some  varieties 
of  maple,  and  in  beet-roots;  it  melts  at  l6o^ 
C. ;  at  190-200®  C  it  changes  into  a  brown 
Doncrystallizable  mass  called  caramel,  used 
in  coloring  liquids.  It  is  not  directly  fermen- 
table, and  does  not  reduce  alkaline  copper- 
solutions.  2.  Any  one  of  a  group  of  carbo- 
hydrates isomeric  with  cane-sugar. 

Saccharum  (sak'nr-um)  [(7^;(npov,  sugar]. 
Sugar.  The  S.  of  the  pharmacopeia  (Saccha- 
rum, U.  S.  P.,  S.  purificatum,  B.  P.)  is 
cane-sugar.  Sec  Saccharose^  first  definition. 
S.  lactis,  milk-sugar. 

Sacciform  (sak' -si/'Orm)    [saccus,  a  pouch; 

forma,  form].     Resembling  a  sac. 

Saccular  (sak'-ular)  [saccus,  sac].  Sac- 
shaped,  as,  /.  ^. ,  a  S.  aneurysm. 

Sacculated  (sak'-  u- la -ted)  \saccus^  sac]. 
Dirided  into  small  sacs. 

Sacculation  {sak-u-la' -shun)  \saccus^  sac]. 
I.  The  sute  of  being  sacculated.  2.  The 
formation  of  small  sacs. 

Saccule  (ia¥-iU)  [saccutus,  dim.  of  sac^  a 
lac].  I.  A  small  sac.  2.  See  Saccuius^ 
aecood  definition. 

Sacculus  (sak^'M-lus)  [dim.  saccus^  sac].  I. 
A  small  sac.  2.  The  smaller  of  two  vesti- 
bular  sacs  of  the  membranous  labyrinth  of 
the  ear.  S.  laryn|^t,  the  laryngeal  pouch 
between  the  superior  Tocal  bands  and  the  in- 
ner surface  of  the  th3rroid  cartilage. 

Saccua  (sa^us)  [L.].  A  sac.  8  endo- 
Ijrmphaticua.  A  small  sac  contained  in  the 
aqoediict  of  the  vestibule  and  serving  to  es- 
taolish  a  communication  between  the  endo- 
lymph  and  the  sutklural  space. 

Sachae'a  Test.  A  test  for  sugar  in  the  urine, 
consisting  in  the  reduction  of  the  test  solu- 
tion, a  solution  of  mercuric  iodid,  potas- 
ftiom  iodid,  and  potassium  hydrate.  It  is 
generally  employed  as  a  quantitative  tc&t. 

Sacrad  (sa'-kraJ)  [sacrum^  the  sacmm; 
«/,  to]*     Toward  the  facmm. 


Sacral  (sa^-kral)  [sacrum,  sacrum].  Per 
taining  to  the  sacrum. 

Sacra  media  (sa^krah  mt'-de-ah")  \arteria 
understood].  The  artery  running  down  the 
middle  of  the  anterior  surface  of  the  sacrum 
and  representing  the  termination  of  the 
aorta. 

Sacro-  [sa^'kro-')  \sacrum^  sacrum].  A  pre- 
fix denoting  relation  to  the  sacrum. 

Sacroanterior  {sahrQan-te'  re-or)  [sacrum, 
sacrum ;  anterior\  Of  the  fetus,  having  the 
sacrum  directed  anteriorly. 


Sacrococcygeal  (sa-krokoksH'-e-al)  [sa- 
crum, sacrum  ;  ndtucv^,  coccyx].  Pertainmg 
to  the  sacrum  and  the  coccyx. 


Sacrocozitis  (sa-kro-koks-i' -Hs).  See  Sacro- 
iiiac  Disease. 

Sacroiliac  {sa-kro-U^-c-ah)  [sacrum,  sacrum  ; 
iiium,  ilium].  Pertaining  to  the  sacrum  and 
the  ilium.  S.  Disease,  an  inflammation, 
usually  tuberculous,  of  the  sacroiliac  joint, 
characterized  by  pain,  tenderness,  and  swell- 
ing, and  elongation  of  the  limb. 

Sacrolumbalis  (sa  -  kro  -  lum  -  bo'- its) .  See 
Muscles,  Table  ef. 

Sacrolumbar  {sakrolum^-ltar)  [sacrum,  sa- 
crum; lumbus,  loin].  Pertaining  to  the  sa- 
crum and  the  loins.  S.  Angle,  the  angle 
formed  by  the  articulation  of  the  sacrum  and 
the  last  lumbar  vertebra. 

Sacroposterior  (sa-kro-^ste'  •re'Cr)[sacrum, 
sacrum;  pcstericr\  Of  the  fetus,  having 
the  sacrum  directH  backward. 

Sacrosciatic  {sakro-si afik)  [sacrum,  sa- 
crum ;  sciaHc\  Peruining  to  the  sacrum 
and  the  ischium,  as  the  S.  notch,  S.  liga- 
ments. 

Sacrouterine  (sa-krou'-terin)  [sacrum,  sa- 
crum ;  uterus,  uterus].  Pertaining  to  the 
sacrum  and  the  uterus. 

Sacrovertebral  (sa-kro-ver^-te-bralVl^sacrum: 
vertebra,  vertebra] .  Pertaining  to  the  sacrum 
and  the  vertebrae. 

Sacrum  {so*  -  krum)  [sacer,  sacred ;  «f , 
bone,  understood] .  A  curved  triangular  bone 
composed  of  five  united  vertcbtw,  situated  be- 
tween the  last  lumbar  vertebra  above,  the 
coccyx  below,  and  the  two  ossa  innominata  00 
either  side,  and  forming  the  posterior  bound- 
ary of  the  pelviv 

Saddle-joint.  An  articulation  in  which 
each  surface  is  concave  in  one  direction  and 
convex  in  the  other. 

Saddle-nose.  A  nose  of  which  the  bridge  is 
sunken  in. 

Saemisch's  Ulcer  ( xa'-mish).  A  serpiginous 
ulcer  of  the  cornea.     See  Diseases,  Table  of. 

Septum  {sef-tum).     See  Septum, 

Saffron  {saf'ron\  [Arab.,  tafarin,  saffron]. 
The  Crocus  sativus,  a  plant  of  the  order 
Irideae.  Iu  stigmas  ^Crocus,  U.  S.  P. ,  B. P.) 
contain  a  glucosid,  coloring  matter  (crodn). 


SAFRANIN 


SAURETIN 


i 


and  a  bitter  prindpie.  S.  is  wed  as  a  color- 
iog  and  flaronii^  sg^oty  aod  in  the  form  of  a 
tea  to  bring  ont  the  cnytion  of  the  ctanthrm- 
atons  diseases. 

Safranin  {taf ' -ra-nin)  [FT.fSa/ram,  safiroo], 
Cj^H^N^.  A  coal-tar  dye  used  in  micros- 
copy, especially  in  stndjring  karyokhiesis.  It 
is  a  powerful  cardiac  and  respiratory  poison. 

Salrene  {sa/'-rtn)  [Fr.,  safran,  sa£En»],  C^- 


fras. 


A  hydrocarlxm  oUained  from  sassa- 


Safrol  {saf'-rol)  [Fr. ,  sa/ran,  saffi-on ;  oUum, 
oil],  C^Hi^O,.  fbe  stearopCene  of  the  oil 
of  sas&afras,  used  in  headache,  neuralgia, 
and  subacute  rheumatism.  Dose  TI\,x-jlx 
(0.65-1.3). 

Sagapenum  (sag-a-pe^-num),  A  fetid  gum- 
resin,  believed  to  be  the  concrete  juice  of 
Ferula  persica.  Its  properties  resemble  those 
of  asafetida  and  galbanum. 

Sage  (saj)  [snivia].  The  Salvia  officinalis, 
a  plant  of  the  order  Labiats.  Its  leaves 
(Salvia,  U.  S.  P.)  contain  several  terpenes, 
an  oil,  salviol,  C^^H^S),znd  camphor.  S.  is 
tonic,  astringent,  and  aromatic,  and  is  used 
in  dyspepsia.  It  was  formerly  employed  in 
colliquative  sweats.  Dose  gr.  xx-xxx  (1.3- 
2.0^. 

Sagittal  (saf'U-ai)  [sagt/ta,  an  arrow].  I. 
Arrow*like,  as  the  S.  suture  of  the  skull. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  anteroposterior  median 
plane  of  the  body.  8.  Nucleus,  the  nu- 
cleus of  the  oculomotor  nerve. 

Sago  (sa^'go)  [Malay,  sdgUf  sago].  The 
starch  obtained  from  the  sago-palms,  used 
as  a  food  and  demulcent.  S.-spleen,  a  spleen 
presenting  on  section  the  appearance  of  sago- 
grains,  as  a  result  of  amyloid  degeneration 
of  the  Malpighian  bodies. 

Saigon  Cinnamon.  A  variety  of  cinnamon 
obtained  from  Saigon,  the  capital  of  French 
Cochin  China. 

Saint  Anthony's  Fire.   Erysipelas ;  anthrax. 

Saint  Oothard's  Disease.  Ankylostomiasis. 

Saint  Hubert's  Disease.     Hydrophobia. 

Saint  Ignatius*  Bean.     See  IgnaHa. 

Saint  Vitus'  Dance.    Chorea. 

Sal  [sal^  salt].  I.  Salt.  2.  Any  substance 
resembling  salt.  8.  aeratus,  sodium  bicar- 
bonate. S.  alembroth.  See  Aiembroth. 
S.  ammoniac,  ammonium  chlorid.  S. 
communis,  common  salt.  8.  de  duobus, 
potassium  sulphate.  S.  Qlauberi,  sodium 
sulphate.  8.  Idssingense,  a  salt  obtained 
from  the  mineral  springs  of  Kissingen,  in 
Bavaria.  S.  seignetti,  potassium  and  sodium 
tartrate.  S.  sodse,  crystallized  sodium  car- 
bonate.   S.  volatiUs,  ammonium  carbonate. 

Salaam  Convulsion  {sa-lahm^)\^kx2\i. ^  salm^ 
saluting].  A  clonic  spasm  of  the  muscles 
of  the  trunk,  producing  a  bowing  movement ; 
it  is  uiually  due  to  h]rsteria. 


Salamandaria  (jv/'tf-aa^v^-ibr-sa).     See 

LtuJkomutins,  Takli  0/. 
Salep  {saf-^)  [Arab..  i«4/^,  ^^^\     The 

dried  tubers  of  various  speoes  of  the  geoos 

Orchid  and  the  genus  Eolophia.     S.  is  ase^ 
as  a  food,  like  sago  and  tapioca. 

Saleratus  isal-er-a' -hu).     See  Sal  aeratut. 

Salicin  (ia/'-w-MT)  [saUx,  willow] ,  C„H„1  y 
A  crystalline  glucosid  found  in  the  bark 
and  leaves  of  the  willow.  S.  iSalicinnm, 
U  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  is  used  as  a  sofastitnte  for 
salicylic  add,  in  doses  of  gr.  xi^xxx  \  I  3  - 
2.0). 

Salicjlage  (saF-ts-il-Sj)  [ax/kx,  willow] 
The  addttioa  of  salicylic  acid  to  foods  ior 
their  preservation. 

Salicjlaniid  (sal-is-iJ'-am-id)[salix,  willow ; 
tfiwi^],  CjH^|OH)CONHy  A  tasteless 
compound  produced  by  treating  methyl  sal- 
icylate with  an  alcoholic  solotioo  of  am- 
monia, and  used  as  a  substitute  for  salicylic 
add. 

Salicylate  (sal-is'-il-df^  [saHx^  willow].  A 
salt  of  salicylic  add.  The  salicylates  of 
lithium,  methyl,  and  sodium,  which  are  ofi- 
cial,  and  those  of  ammonium  and  strontiaflci, 
which  are  unofficial,  are  used  in  rheumaibm, 
in  doses  of  gr.  x-xv  (o.65>i.o).  Bismuth 
S.  is  employed  as  an  intestinal  antiseptic ; 
naphtol  S.  is  betol ;  phenyl  S.  is  salot. 

Salicylated  (sal is^-iJa-t/d)  [saHx,  willow]. 
Impregnated  with  salicylic  acid. 

Salicylic  Acid  (sa/isi/^iJt).  Sec  Add, 
Sali^lic, 

Salicyltiric  Acid  (sal-is-il-u^-rik)  {saUx^  wil- 
low; uric\  A  compound  of  glycol  and 
salicylic  acid  found  in  the  urine  after  the 
administration  of  salicylic  add. 

Salifiable  {sali/i^^a-bl)  [sai,  salt;yf/n*,  to 
become].  Forming  a  salt  by  union  with  an 
acid. 

Saligenin  {saJ-if-en-in)  [sa/ix,  willow ;  yei^ 
pav,  to  produce],  C^HgO^.  Orthooxybcntyl- 
alcohol,  a  substance  obtamed  from  salicin  by 
boiling  with  dilute  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric 
acid. 

Salimeter  (saJim^-et-er)  [sal,  salt ;  fdh-pnv, 
measure].  An  hydrometer  for  ascertaining 
the  strength  of  saline  solutions. 

Saline  [sa'-lin  or  sa'-hn) [jo/,  salt].  I .  Sahy ; 
containing  salt  or  substances  resembling  salt. 
S.  Solution,  a  0.6  per  cent,  solution  of 
sodium  chlorid ;  pormal  S.  solution.  2.  A 
salt  of  an  alkali  or  alkaline  earth. 

Salip3rrin  (salip^-ir-in^  sal-e-pi' -rin\  [w/ir, 
willow ;  trv/),  fire],  Cj,H„NjO.C,H^O,.  .Sal- 
icylate  of  antipyrin,  consisting  of  57.7  parts 
of  salicylic  add  and  42.3  parts  of  antipyrin  : 
it  is  soluble  in  water,  and  is  used  in  rheum- 
atism, neuralgia,  and  as  an  antipyretic. 
Dose  gr.  xv-xxx  (1.0-2.0). 

Saliretln  (sal-t-ref -in)  [saliXf  willow;  p^- 


SALIVA 


SALT 


iMf,  resin],  C,4H|40,.  Ao  amorphoos  resin- 
oos  body,  produced  bj  treating  saligenin 
with  mcids. 

Saliva  (ia-/i^-vai)  [L.].  The  mixed  secretion 
of  the  parotid,  submaxillary,  sublingual,  and 
mucous  glands  of  the  mouth.  It  is  opalescent, 
tasteless,  alkaline,  and  has  a  specific  gravity  of 
from  I004-ioo9,and  contains  serum-albumin, 
globulin,  mucin,  urea,  an  amylolytic  fennent 
called  ptyalin,  and  a  proteolytic  and  a  lipo- 
lytic ferment ;  also,  salts,  among  which  is 
potassium  sulphocyanid,  derived  especially 
from  the  parotid  gland.  Among  formed  ele- 
ments are  epithelial  cells,  salivary  corpuscles, 
and  bacteria.  The  functions  of  saliva  are  to 
moisten  the  food  and  lubricate  the  bolus,  to 
dissolve  certain  substances,  to  facilitate 
tasting,  to  aid  in  deglutition  and  articula- 
tion, and  to  digest  starches,  which  it  converts 
into  maltose,  dextrin,  and  glucose. 

Salivary  (ja/'-iv-tf-r^)  [/tf/wtf, saliva].  Per- 
taining to  or  producing  saliva ;  formed  from 
saliva.  S.  Calculus,  a  calcareous  coocretioD 
found  in  the  salivary  ducts. 

Salivate  (ttW-tv-atj  [saiivare^  to  spit  out]. 
To  cause  an  excessive  discharge  of  saliva. 

Salivation  (sai-wa'-shum)  [sa/iva,  saliva]. 
An  excessive  secretion  of  saliva;  a  concu- 
tion  produced  by  mercury,  pilocarpin,  and  by 
nervous  disturbances. 

Salix  (sa'/iJks)  [L.].     See  m/Uw, 

Salol  (utl^'o/)  [sa/ix,  willow],  C,,H,,0,. 
Phenyl  salicylate;  a  white  crystalline  sub- 
stance, used  as  an  intestinal  and  urinary  anti- 
septic, and  as  a  substitute  for  salicylic  acid. 
It  is  decomposed  in  the  intestines  into  sali- 
cylic add  and  phenol.  Dose  gr.  v-xv  (0.3a- 
1.0). 

Salophen  (W  -  0  -fen)  [Wijr,  willow],  C- 
H^OH.c6,.C,H4.NH  (C,H,0)  =  C„H„. 
NO4.  Acetylpanmidophenyl  salicylate,  a 
crystalline  substance  containing  fifty  per  cent, 
of  salicylic  add,  and  used  as  a  substitute  for 
the  latter,  and  as  an  intestinal  antiseptic 
Dose  gr.  xv  (l.o). 

Salpini^cctofny  {ial-pm-jtk' -t^-mi^  [aiiXwiyf , 
tube  ;  kKTopdi^  exdsionj.  Excision  of  the 
Fallopian  tube. 

Salpinptic  (sal-fiing-JW-ik)  [aAXmy^,  tube ; 
iriCt  infiammation].  Pertaining  to  or  af- 
fected with  salpingitis. 

dalpinritis  {saipimgJi^'Hs)  \c6Xmy^,  tube  ; 
rric,  inflammation].  I.  Infiammation  of  the 
Fallopian  tube.  2.  Inflammatioo  of  the 
Eustachian  tube. 

Salpinfo-  {sal-pim/^  go)  [<wi?»ri7f,  tube].  A 
prefix  denoting  relation  to  the  Fallopian  or  the 
Eustachian  tube. 

Salpingo-cmhorectomy  (snt-ptng-g^-^-^ 
f^r-thf'to-m!)  [«iAtriyf ,  tube ;  i^v^  ejfg ;  4op<Sf , 
bearing ;  it^roft^,  excision].  Excision  of  the 
Fallopian  tube  aind  the  ovary. 


Salpingo-oophoritia  {sal-ping-g^-c^far-i^' 
iis)\fsSkKiy^,  tube ;  ^v,  em ;  fo^,  bearing ; 
uii^^  inflammation],  Infiammation  of  the 
Fallopian  tobe  and  the  ovary. 

Salpingostaphylinua  (sal  ■fing-gO'Staf'il'i' - 
nui)  [odAirix^,  tube;  ora^vijff  uvula].  The 
abductor  muscle  of  the  Eustachian  tube.  S. 
intemua.  Synonym  of  Levator pakoi.  Sm 
MuscUs^  Tabu  of. 

Salpingostomy  (sal-piMg'gos^-tO'me)  [odA- 
w<7f,  tube;  9T6fia^  mouth].  The  operation 
of  making  an  artificial  fistula  between  a  Fal- 
l<H)ian  tube  and  the  body-surface. 

Salpingotomy  (sal-ping-gof -owu)  [odAirixf, 
tube ;  ro/cf^,  a  cutting].  The  operation  of 
cutting  into  a  Fallopian  tube. 

8alt[M/,salt1.  I.  Sodium chlorid.  2.  Any 
compound  of  a  base  and  an  acid.  S.,  Acid, 
a  salt  formed  from  a  dibasic  orpolybasic  add 
in  which  only  a  part  of  the  replaceable 
hydrogen-atoms  has  been  replaced  by  the 
base.  S.,  Basic,  a  S.  containing  an  excess 
of  the  bask  element,  and  formed  by  the  union 
of  a  nonnal  salt  with  a  basic  oxid  or  hydroxid. 
S.,  Bay-,  sodium  chlorid ;  also  the  sea-salt 
obtained  by  the  evaporation  of  sea- water  by 
solar  heat  S.,  Common,  sodium  chlorid. 
S.,  Diuretic,  potassium  acetate.  S.,  Double, 
one  in  which  the  hydrogen-atoms  of  an  acid 
are  replaced  by  two  metals.  S.,  Epsom-, 
magnesium  sulphate.  S.-frog,  a  frog  from 
whose  vascular  system  all  blood  has  been 
artificially  removed  and  replaced  by  normal 
salt-solution  ;  it  is  also  known  as  Cohnheim*s 
frog.  S.,  Qlauber*s,  sodium  sulphate.  S., 
Halogen,  S.,  Haloid,  anv  salt  of  the  halo- 
gen-elements, bromin,  chlorin,  fluorin,  and 
lodin.  S.,ifonsel's,sttbsulphate  of  iron,  used 
chieflv  in  solution  as  a  stvpuc  S.,  Neutral, 
one  formed  by  the  replacement  of  all  the 
hydrogen-atoms  of  an  add  by  a  base  or  a 
radicle.  S.,  NormaL  Synonym  of  5., 
Neutrmi.  S.-rbeum,  chronic  ecxema.  S., 
Rochelle-,  sodium  and  potassium  tartrate. 
S.,  Rock-,  native  sodium  chlorid,  occurring  in 
crystalline  masses.  S.,  Sea-,  the  sodium  chlo- 
rid obtained  by  the  evaporation  of  sea- water. 
S.,  Smellini^,  any  pungent,  irritant  salt  which 
when  inhaled  nstuuly  acts  reflexly  as  a  respi- 
ratory or  circulatory  stimulant  Ammonium 
caHwoate  is  generally  used.  S.-solution,  a 
solution  of  sodium  chlorid  in  distilled  water. 
One  containing  from  0.6  to  0.75  per  cent  of 
sodium  chlorid  is  known  as  a  normal  ot  physi- 
ologit  salt' solution ^kdA  is  used  in  physiologic 
experiments  00  living  tissues.  In  medicine,  it 
has  been  employed  to  restore  to  the  system 
the  fluids  lost  by  severe  hemorrhage  or  pro- 
fuse diarrheal  discharges.  The  solution  is 
introduced  into  the  subcutaneous  li&sues  or 
into  a  Tein;   sometimes  also  into  the  rec- 


SALTS 


SANTONICA 


Salts .  A  saline  cathartic ,  especially  magnesium 
sulphate,  scxlium  sulphate,  or  Rochelle-salt. 

Saltatoric,  Saltatory  (sal-tat'Or'-ik^  sal'-tat- 
o-re)  \saUare^  to  dance].  Dancing  or  leap- 
ing. S.  Spasm,  a  clonic  spasm  that  causes 
the  patient  to  leap  or  jump  when  he  attempts 
to  stand. 

Saltpeter  {sawit-pe'-ter)  [w/,  salt;  irkrpa, 
rock].  Potassium  nitrate.  S.,  Chile-,  sodium 
nitrate. 

Salubrious  isa-lu'-bre-us)  [salus^  health]. 
Healthful. 

Salufer  (sal'-u-fer)  \salus^  health ;  ferre^  to 
bring].     Sodium  silicofluorid. 

Salve  (jtfAv)  [AS.,  sealf^  salve}.  Ointment 
S.,  Ijeshler  8,  compound  resm  cerate. 

Salvia  {sal'-ve-aK)  [L.l.     See  Sage. 

Salzer's  Operation.  Excision  of  the  whole 
of  the  third  division  of  the  fifth  nerve. 

Sambucus  (sam-bu^-kus)  [L.-1-  Elder;  a 
shrub  or  tree  of  the  order  Caprifoliacese. 
The  flowers  of  S.  canadensis  (Sambucus, 
U.  S.  P. ,  B.  P.)  and  the  berries  are  sudorific ; 
the  latter  have  been  used  as  an  alterative  in 
rheumatism  and  syphilis.  The  inner  bark  has 
been  employed  in  epilepsy,  dropsy,  and  vari- 
ous chronic  diseases.  Aqua  sambuci  (B.  P.) 
b  used  as  a  vehicle. 

Sanative  {san'-a-tiv)  [sanare^  to  heal].  Pro- 
moting health ;  healing. 

Sanatorium  (san-at-o^-re-um)  [sanare^  to 
heall.  An  establishment  for  the  treatment 
of  the  sick;  especially  a  private  hospital. 
See  SanUarium. 

Sanatory  (san^-at-o-re).     See  Sanative, 

Sand  [AS.,  sand^  sand].  An  aggregation 
of  fine  grains  of  silicic  oxid.  S.-bath.  I. 
A  vessel  containing  dry  sand  in  which  a  sub- 
stance requiring  a  slowly  rising  or  uniform 
temperature  may  be  heated.     2.  See  Bath, 

Sandalwood,  i.  Red  saunders  (Santalum 
rubrum,  U.  S.  P.,  Pterocarpi  ligni,  B.  P.), 
the  wood  of  Pterocarpus  santalinus,  of  the 
order  Leguminosae.  It  is  used  as  a  coloring 
agent.  2.  The  wood  of  Santalum  album,  of 
the  order  Santalaceae,  containing  a  volatile 
oil.  Oleum  santali  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  used 
in  bronchitis  and  gonorrhea.  Dose  it\^xv-xx 
(1.0-I.3). 

Sandarac  (san^-dnr-ak).  A  white,  trans- 
parent resin  produced  by  Callitris  quadri- 
valvis,  a  tree  of  North  Africa.  It  is  now 
little  used  except  as  a  varnish  and  incense. 

Sane  (san)  \sanust  whole].     Of  sound  mind. 

Sanguification  [sang-gwif-ik-a' -shun)  [san- 
guts,  blood;  facere,  to  make].  I.  The 
formation  of  blood.  2.  Conversion  into 
blood,  as,  e.  g,,  the  S.  of  substances  absorbed 
from  the  intestinal  tract. 

Sanguinaria  (sang-gwin-a^-re-ah)  [sanguis , 
blood].  Blood -root,  a  genus  of  plants  of  the 
order  Papaveracese.      The    rhizome  of   S. 


canadensis  (Sanguinaria,  U.  S.  P.)  coo- 
tains  several  alkaloids,  of  which  sanguinarin, 
C„H,5N04,  is  the  most  importam;  it  is 
emetic  and  narcotic ;  in  large  doses  an  irritant 
and  convulsant.  It  is  used  chiefly  as  an  ex- 
pectorant in  bronchitis.  Dose,  as  an  expec- 
torant, gr.  j-T  (0.065-0.32) ;  as  an  emetic, 
gr.  v~x  (0.32-0.65).  Extractum  sanguinaris 
fluidum  (U.  S.  P.),dose  n^  j-x  (0.065-0.65); 
Tinctura  sanguinariae  (U.  S.  P.),  dose  n\,xxxp- 
Ix  (2.0-4.0). 

Sanguine  (sang^-gwin)  [sanguis,  blood  1. 
I.  Resembling  blMxi ;  bloody.  2.  Hopeful; 
active,  as  S.  temperament. 

Sanguineous  (sang-gwin^-e-us)  [sanguis, 
blood].  I.  Pertaining  to  the  blood;  coo- 
taining  blood.  2.  Sanguine.  S.  Cyst,  a 
cyst  containing  blood-stained  fluid. 

Sanguinolent  (sang-gwin'-o-lent)  [sanguis, 
blood].     Tinged  with  blood. 

Sanguis  (sanp-gttns)  [L.],     Blood. 

Sanguisuga  (sang-gwi-su^-gah)  [sanguis, 
blood;  Xftr^^r^,  to  tuck].     See  Zir/r). 

Sanies  (sa'-ne-H)  [L.l.  A  thin,  fetid,  green- 
bh,  seropurulent  fluid  discharged  from  an 
ulcer,  wound,  or  fistula. 

Sanious  {sa'-ne-us)  [sanies^.  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  sanies,  as  S.  pus. 

Sanitarium  (san  -it- a'  -re-  um)  [sauttas, 
health].  A  place  where  the  conditions  arc 
such  as  especially  to  promote  health ;  a  re* 
sort  for  convalescents. 

Sanitary  (san^-it-a-re)  [sanitas,  health].  Per- 
taining to  health.  8.  Science,  the  science 
that  includes  a  consideration  of  all  that  can 
be  done  for  the  prevention  of  disease  and 
the  promotion  of  the  public  health. 

Sanitation  (san-it-a'-shun)  [sanitas,  health]. 
The  act  of  securing  a  healthful  conditiim ; 
the  application  of  sanitary  measures. 

Sanity  (san^-it-e)[sanitas,  from  j<7«mx,  sound]. 
Soundness  of  mind. 

Santalum  isan' -taJ-um).  See  Sandal-we^ 
(2d  def.). 

Santonica  {san  -ton^-ik-  ah)  [fsavroinM^Vy 
wormwood].  Levant  wormseed,  the  nnex- 
panded  flower-heads  of  Artemisia  pauciflora 
(U.  S.  P.),  or  A.  maritima,  var.,  Stechman 
niana  (B.  P.),  of  the  order  Compa«it}e,  the 
essential  constituent  of  which  is  santonin, 
CijHigO,  (Santoninum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  f*.) 
Santonin  is  a  neutral  crystalline  principle, 
producing,  in  overdoses,  xanthopsia,  giddi- 
ness, stupor,  at  times  convulsions,  and  death 
from  failure  of  respiration.  The  urine  is  col- 
ored yellow.  S.  and  santonin  are  used  as 
vermicides  against  the  lumbricoid  worm. 
Dose  of  S.  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0) ;  of  Santo- 
nin, gr.  j-ij  (0.065-0.13);  Trochisci  sanlo- 
nini  (U.  S.  P.)  contain  each  al)out  one-half 
grain  (0.033)  santonin ;  Trochisd  santontni 
(B.P.) 


contain  each  one  grain  santooin. 


SANIONIN 


SARCOSIN 


Sodium  santoninate  was  formerly  used  as  a 
substitute  for  santonin,  but  has  produced 
poisoning. 

Santonin  {san'-to-nin).     See  Santonica. 

Santorini's  Cartilage  {saMHto-r^-Hiz)  [San- 
torini,  an  Italian  anatomist].     See  Cartilage, 

Saphenous  (sa/e^-nus)  [ea/^ufVTKt  manifest]. 
Apparent ;  superficial ;  manifest ;  applied  to 
two  veins  of  the  lower  limb»  the  internal  or 
long  S.  vein  and  external  or  short  S.  vein, 
situated  just  beneath  the  surface;  also  ap- 
plied to  the  nerves  accompanying  these  veins. 
S.  Opening,  an  openine  in  the  fascia  lata  at 
the  upper  part  of  the  uiigh  through  which 
the  long  S.  vein  and  nerve  pass. 

Sapid  {sa'pid\  [saptre^  to  taste].  Capable 
of  being  tasted. 

Sapo  {sa^'pc)  [L.].     See  Soap. 

Saponaceous  {sup-otia^'Seus)  [sapo,  soap]. 
Having  the  nature  of  soap. 

Saponification  (sa-poH'tf-tk-a'-shuM)  [sapo, 
soap ;  facere,  to  makej.  The  act  of  con- 
verting into  soap ;  the  process  of  treating  a 
neutral  fat  with  an  alkali,  which  combines 
with  the  fatty  acid,  forming  a  soap. 

Saponify  {sa  pon'-efi)  [sapo,  soap ;  facere,  to 
make].  To  convert  into  soap  ;  to  convert  a 
neutral  fat  by  the  action  of  an  alkali  into  free 
glycerol  and  a  salt  of  the  alkali,  the  latter 
forming  a  soap. 

Saponin  {sap'onin)  [sapo,  soap],  C„Hj|Cl,g, 
A  glucoi»td  contained  in  the  roots  of  soap- 
wort  and  other  plants,  and  in  aqueous  solution 
forming  a  strong  lather. 

Sapotoxin  {sap-otoks'-im)  [sapo,  soap ;  ro^t- 
K&v^  poison]  «C|f  HgoO,^.  A  poisonous  glucosid 
obtained  from  saponin. 

Sapphism  (sa/^itm)  [from  Zan^,  Sttppko^  a 
Greek  poetess.].     Tribadism. 

Sapremia  {sapre^-mtt-ah )  [tsa'rrpdq,  putrid ; 
akfia,  blood]  A  febrile  condition  due  to 
introduction  into  the  blood  of  the  ptomains 
|)ruduced  in  putrefaction. 

Saprin  {sap'-rin)  [anrrpd^,  putrid].  A  non- 
poisonous  ptomain  formed  in  the  putrefaction 
of  animal  tissues. 

Saprogenic,  Saprogenous  (sap  •  ro-jtn'-ik, 
$aprof^'€H-us)  [«ifl'/*df ,  putrid  ;  ynt'hv,  to 
liegctl.  I.  Causing  putrefaction.  2.  Pro- 
duced by  putrefaction. 

Saproph3rte  (sap' -ro-fU)  firatrp^c,  putrid; 
#iTov,  a  plant].  A  vegetable  organism  living 
on  dead  organic  matter. 

Saproph3rtic  {sap-ro-fit'-ik)  [ffnr^,  putrid  ; 
ftT^v,  plant].  Growing  in  dead  organic 
matter,  as,  e.g.,  S.  bacteria. 

Sarcin  {4ar''SiH)[oix^,  flesh].  See  IhpoA an- 
thin. 

Sarcina    {sar-n'naA)    [L.,  a   bundle].     A 
gctiu«  of  .Schixomycetes  consisting  of  cocci 
dividing  in  three  directions,  thus  producing 
cubic  masses.     See  Bacteria,  Table  tf, 
40 


Sarco-  (sarf'  ko  -)  [ffiipf,  flesh].  A  ynSoi 
denoting  composed  of  or  pertaining  to  nesh. 

Sarcocele  (sar'ko-sil )  [a^^  flesh ;  w^Xj;,  a 
tumor].     Any  fleshy  swelling  of  the  testicle. 

Sarcocystis  \sar  -  ko  -  sis' -  tis)  [o^p^^  flesh; 
Kvaru;,  cyst].  A  group  of  the  sporozoa.  S. 
Miescheri,  a  parasite  found  in  pork  and  beef. 

Sarcode  {sar'kdd)  [ad/j^,  flesh].  Proto- 
plasm. 

Sarcolactic  Acid  (sarko-lak'tik).  See  Aciii, 

Sarcolemma  (sar-ko-Um' ah)  [ffdpf,  fle^; 
^fifMf  husk].  The  delicate  membrmne  en- 
veloping a  muscle-flber. 

Sarcoma  (sar  •  k^-  mah)  [odp^,  flesh ;  bfta, 
tumor].  A  tumor  made  up  of  embryotud 
connective  tissue.  It  is  characterized  by  a 
great  preponderance  of  cells  and  very  little 
homogeneous  or  fibrillar  intercellular  sub- 
stance. S.,  Alveolar,  one  in  which  groups 
of  sarcoma  cells  are  contained  in  alveola** 
spaces.  S.,  Angiolithic.  Synonym  of  Psam- 
momn.  Chondrosarcoma,  one  containing 
cartilaginous  tissue.  S.,  Oiant-celled,  one 
containing  giant  cells  a-*  a  prominent  feature. 
Lymphosarcoma,  a  round  celled  sarcoma 
in  which  the  cells  are  held  in  a  reticulum. 
S.,  Melanotic,  a  sarcoma,  usually  spindle - 
celled,  in  which  the  cells  contain  melanin. 
S.,  Myeloid.  See  S. ,  Giant  celled.  Myxo* 
sarcoma,  one  which  in  part  has  undergone 
myxomatous  degeneration.  S.,  Round* 
celled,  one  made  up  of  round  cells.  There 
are  two  varieties,  the  small  round-celled  and 
the  large  round  celled  sarcoma.  S.,  Spindle- 
celled,  one  made  up  of  spindle  cells.  It  is 
also  known  as  recurrent  fil  roid. 

Sarcomatosis  [sar-ko-rnat-t/sis  [sarcoma^ 
The  formation  of  multiple  sarcomatous  growths 
in  various  parts  of  the  l)ody. 

Sarcomatous  (^ar  ko'  mtat  us)  [<to/j^,  flesh; 
bfia,  tumor].  Of  the  nature  of  or  resembling 
sarcoma. 

Sarcomere  (sar'-ko-m/r)  [06 f^,  flesh ;  wr/xif . 
a  part].  One  of  the  segments  into  which  a 
muscle  tihril  appears  to  be  divided  by  trans- 
ver^t  septa. 

Sarcoplasm  {sar'-  ko  - plazm)  [tja/*^,  flesh; 
n/anntn\  to  mol  11.  The  hyaline  or  finely 
granular  intertii>rillar  material  of  muMrle- 
tissue. 

Sarcoplast  •sar'-ko  p/ast)[<rap$.  flesh;  ir/ati 
attv,  to  mold].  A  cell  lying  l^etween  mus.u 
lar  fibrillar  and  capible  of  developing  into  a 
muscular  fil>er. 

Sarcoptes  [^ar-  top'-rfz)  [cn/ii,  flr%h;  wix- 
Ttiv,  to  cut].  .\  genus  of  mites,  including 
S.  hominis.  the  itch  mite. 

Sarcosepsis  ( tar  k-^  -  s^-p'-  sis)  [rn,ii,  flesh ; 
sef^sis^.  The  presnce  of  l«cten.L  directly  in 
the  tissues. 

Sarcosin  {sar'-kosin)  [edft^,  flesh],  C,H,- 
NOf     Methylglycocoll,    a    crystalline    »ob- 


( 


SARCOSPORIDIA 


SCAB 


stance  produced  when  creatin  and  caffein  are 
heated  with  baryta. 

Sarcosporidia  {sar-ko-spor-id' -e-ah)  [ff<i/9f, 
flesh  ;  airopdg,  seed].  A  variety  of  psoro- 
sperms  found  in  the  muscles  of  cattle,  sheep, 
swine,  and  other  mammals. 

Sarcostyle  (sar^-kostU)  [ffdpf,  flesh  ;  arv- 
Aof,  a  pillar].  One  of  the  flne  longitudinal 
fibrillae  of  which  a  striated  muscle-flber  is 
composed  and  into  which  it  can  be  split  up. 

Sarcous  (sar^-kus)  [odp^^  flesh].  Pertain- 
ing to  muscle.  S.  Element,  one  of  the 
dark  prisms  of  the  ultimate  fibrillae  of  striped 
muscle-fibers. 

Sardonic  Qrin  (sar-don^ik)  [2apd(5,  Sar- 
dinia, because  resembling  the  grimace  pro- 
duced by  eating  a  certain  Sardinian  plant]. 
See  Risus  sardonicus. 

Sarkin  [sar^-kin).     See  Hypoxanthin. 

Sarsaparilla  {sar  -  sap  -  ar  - 17'-  ah)  [Sp.  ] . 
The  Smilax  omcinalis  and  other  species  of 
Smilax,  of  the  order  Liliacese.  The  root 
(Sarsaparilla,  U.  S.  P.,  Sarsse  radix,  B.  P.) 
contains  a  crystalline  glucosid,  parillin,  C^^- 
H,oO,g.  S.  has  been  employed  as  an  altera- 
tive in  syphilis,  rheumatism,  and  scrofulous 
affections.  Preparations  and  doses  :  Decoc- 
tum  sarsae  (B.  P.),  f.^iv-vj  ( 1 28.0-1 92.0). 
Decoctum  sarsaparillae  compositum  (U.  S. 
PJ,  Decoctum  sarsse  compositum  (B.  P.), 
fjiv-yj  (1 28. 0-192.0);  Extractum  sar- 
saparilljB  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.),  n^xxx-lx 
2.0-4.0) ;  Extractum sarsse  liquidum  (B.  P. ), 
f  3  ij-iv  (8.0-16.0) ;  Extractum  sarsaparillae 
fluidum   compositum   (U.  S.  P.),  Tl\^xxx-lx 

! 2.0-4.0);  Syrupus  sarsaparillae  compositus 
U.  S.  P.),  f3J-iv  (4.0-16.0). 

Sartian  Disease  (sar^-sAun).  An  endemic 
affection  of  the  tropics,  characterized  by  red 
indurated  spots  that  finally  ulcerate. 

SartoriuB  (sar-i</'re'Us)[sartor^  tailor].  The 
tailor's  muscle,  so-called  from  being  concerned 
in  crossing  the  one  leg  over  the  other.  See 
MuscUs^  Table  of. 

Sassafras  (sas^-a-fras)  [Sp.,  from  saxijraga^ 
from  saxuntt  rock ;  frangerty  to  break  J.  The 
S.  variifolium,  a  tree  of  the  order  Laurineae. 
The  root-bark  (Sassafras,  U.  S.  P.,  Sassafras 
radix,  B.  P.)  is  employed  as  an  aromatic 
stimulant.  The  pith  (Sassafras  medulla,  U. 
S.  P.)  yields  a  mucilage  (Mucilago  sassafras 
medullae,  U.  S.  P.)  that  is  used  as  an  appli- 
cation to  inflamed  eyes,  and  as  a  demulcent 
drink  in  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
branes and  kidneys. 

Sassy  Bark  (sas-e).     See  Casca. 

Saturated  {sat^-u-rated)  [sa/urare,  to  fill], 
I.  Of  a  liquid,  containing  in  solution  all  of 
a  substance  that  it  can  dissolve.  2.  Of  a 
chemic  compound,  having  all  the  aflSnities 
of  its  component  atoms  satisfied,  a  term 
especially  applied  to  the  hydrocarbons. 


Saturation  {sat-U'raf-skun)  [satttrare,  to 
fill].  I.  A  state  in  which  a  liquid  holds  in 
solution  all  of  a  substance  that  it  can  dissolve ; 
the  state  of  being  or  becoming  saturated.  2. 
Of  a  chemic  compound,  a  state  in  which  the 
affinities  of  all  its  atoms  are  satisfied. 

Satureja  {sa-Zur-y-ya),  A  plant  of  the  or- 
der Labiatae.  8.  hortensis  resembles  thyme, 
and  is  used  as  a  culinaiy  herb. 

Saturnine  (sat'-ur-nin)  [Satumus^  a  Roman 
deit^  ;  the  alchemists'  name  for  lead].  Per 
tainmg  to  or  produced  by  lead. 

Saturnism  (sat^  -ur-nizm)  [Satumus^  a 
Roman  deity ;  the  alchemists'  term  for  leod]. 
Lead-poisoning;  plumbism. 

Satyriasis  (sat-ir-i^ -as-h)  [earvpo^^  a  satjrr]. 
Excessive  venereal  desire  in  the  man. 

Saunders  [sawn^-dert).     See  Santalum, 

Sauriderma  (saw^re-der' -mak)  \p^pa^  lir- 
ard;  d^p/za,  slcin].     Ichthyosis. 

Sauriosis  {saw  -  re -o'- sis)  \oa\tpa,  lizard]. 
Ichthyosis. 

Sausage  -poisoning .  A  state  of  gastroenteri  - 
tis  produced  by  the  ingestion  of  decomposed 
sausage.  It  is  also  known  as  botulism  or 
allantiasis. 

Savill's  Disease.  An  epidemic  skin-disease 
characterized  by  the  appearance  of  a  papular 
rash,  followed  by  a  branny  desquamation*  and 
by  marked  constitutional  symptoms.  A  £stal 
result  may  follow. 

Savine  {sav'-in).  Juniperus  sabina,  a  shrub 
of  the  order  Coniferae.  The  tops  (Sabina, 
U.  S.  P.,  Sabinae  cacumina,  B.  P.^  contain 
a  volatile  oil  (Oleimi  sabinae)  and  possess 
maiked  irritant  properties.  S.  is  employed 
in  amenorrhea,  chronic  rheumatism,  gout, 
and  as  a  local  application  to  warts,  ulcers, 
and  parasitic  affections  of  the  skin.  Prepara* 
tions  and  doses :  Extractum  sabinse  flwdum 
(U.  S.  P.),  ntiij-v"j  (0.20-0.52);  Tmcturm 
sabinae  (B.  P.),  W^xx-f^j  (1.3-^.0):  Un- 
guentum  sabinae  (B.  P.).  Dose  of  the  oil, 
lt\^ij-v  (0.13-0.32). 

Saw  [AS.,  saga^  saw].  An  instrument  hav- 
ing a  thin  blade  with  sharp  teeth  on  one  edge. 
and  used  for  dividing  bcmes  and  other  hard 
substances.  S.,  Butcher's,  one  in  which 
the  blade  can  be  fixed  at  any  angle.  S., 
Chain-,  one  in  which  the  teeth  are  set  in  links 
movable  upon  each  other,  the  saw  beirig 
moved  by  pulling  alternately  upon  one  and 
the  other  handle.  S.,  Crown-.  See7>r^Mr. 
S.,  Hey's,  a  serrated  disc  affixed  to  a  han« 
die,  and  used  for  enlatging  an  opening  in  a 
bone. 

Sayre's  Apparatus  or  Tacket.  A  jacket  of 
plaster-of- Paris  molded  to  support  the  spine 
m  diseases  of  the  vertebral  column. 

Scab  Ucabere^  to  scratch].  I.  The  cmst 
formed  by  the  desiccation  of  the  aecredoo  of 
an  ulcer.     2.  Scabies. 


SCABIES 


SCARLET   FEVER 


Scabies  (ska^-be-H)  [scabere^  to  scratch]. 
Itch ;  A  disease  of  Uie  skin  caused  by  an 
animal  parasite,  the  Sarcoptes  scabici,  or  itch 
mite.  The  insect  forms  burrows  or  cuniculi 
beneath  the  skin,  and  causes  irritation,  with 
vesicles,  papules,  or  pustules,  which  are  fre 
quently  m(Kli6ed  by  scratching. 

Scabrides  {sJha  bnY -^  h)  [siob^,  rough] 
Roughness;  scabbiness. 

8c«1ji  (ska'/aM )  [  L.  ] .  A  suircase  or  ladder. 
S.  media,  the  space  between  the  membrane 
of  Reissner  and  the  basilar  membrane,  con 
taining  the  essential  peripheral  organs  of 
hearing.  S.  tympani,  the  canal  lying  be 
low  the  osseous  lamina  and  the  basilar  mem 
^ne  of  the  internal  ear.  S.  vestibuli,  the 
canal  bounded  by  the  osseous  lamina  and  the 
membrane  of  Reissner.     See  Ear. 

Scald  {shrw/t/)  [excaidere,  to  wash  in  hot 
water].  The  bum  caused  by  hoC  liquids  or 
Tapon. 

Scald  (skawld)  [Icel.,  skalH,  a  bare  head]. 
A  disease  of  the  skin  accompanied  by  the 
formation  of  scabs. 

Scale  (skal)  [AS.,  sceaU,  a  husk ;  a  scale]. 
The  dry  semiopaque  lamina  of  homy 
epidermb,  shed  from  the  skin  in  health  and 
in  various  diseases. 

Scale  [scala^  ladder].  Anything  bearing 
nnarks  placed  at  regular  interrals  and  used 
as  a  standard  in  measuring,  as  barometric  S. 

Scalene  (iifa^-//i»)[9KoA7t'6c,  uneven].  Hav- 
ing unequal  sides.  S.  Muscle.  See  Seal- 
muSt  Musf/fs,  Table  of. 

Scall  {skawl).     See  ScaU,  2d  definition. 

Sealp  [AS.,  sceaU,  a  shell  br  husk].  The 
hairy  integument  covering  the  cranium. 

Scalpel  (skalpei*)  [scaljfrre^  to  cut].  A  small 
knife  having  a  convex  edge. 

Scalprum  (skai'-prum)  Uialpere^  to  scrape]. 
A  toothed  raspatory  used  in  trephining  and 
in  removing  carious  bone. 

Scaly  (xiJ^./f)  [  AS, /r/'irii',  scale].  I.  Re- 
sembling scales ;  characterized  by  scales,  as 
S.  desouamation.  2.  Covered  with  or  hav- 
ing scales. 

Scanning,  or  Scanning  Speech  \scanJert^ 
to  climb].  A  peculiar,  slow,  and  measured 
form  of  speech,  occurring  in  various  nervous 
aflectioos,  especially  in  multiple  sclerosis. 

Scaphocephalic,  Scaphocephalous  {^skaf-^- 
uf-al^'ik^  skaf'O-ief* -al-us)  [0«uif«7,  a  skiff; 
c«^i^,head].  Having  a  boat -shaped  head, 
from  early  ossification  of  the  sagittal  suture, 
which  projects  like  the  keel  of  a  boat. 

Scaphocephaly  (skaf- o-srf' -al  -  e)  ^pnh^^ 
boat;  icf^o^,  head].  The  condition  of 
having  a  skull  characterized  by  a  projecting 
keel-like  sagittal  suture,  due  to  its  premature 
ossification. 

Scaphoid  (ska/^-M)  [<nu^i7,  boat;  W<foCt 
like].      Boat-shaped.     S.  Abdoman,  the 


•  sunken  abdomen,  seen  in  meningitis  and  in 
great  emaciation.  S.  Bone,  a  name  given 
to  a  boat-shaped  bone  of  the  tarsus  and  of 
the  carpus.  S.  Fossa,  i.  A  depression  in 
the  base  of  the  internal  pterygoid  plate  of 
the  sphenoid  bone.  2.  A  depression  net  ween 
the  helix  and  antihelix  of  the  auricle. 

Scapula  (skitp^'U-lak)  [L.].  The  shoulder- 
blade,  the  large,  flat,  triangular  bone  forming 
the  back  of  the  shoulder. 

Scapular  (skaj/'ular)  [scapula^  the  shoulder- 
blade].  Pertaining  to  the  shoulder-blade. 
S.  Line,  a  vertical  line  drawn  on  the  back 
through  the  inferior  angle  of  the  scapula.  S. 
Point,  a  tender  point  developed  in  neuralgia 
of  the  brachial  plexus  and  situated  at  the  in- 
ferior angle  of  the  scapula.  S.  Reflex.  See 
Reflfxes^  Table  of.  S.  Region,  the  region  of 
the  back  corresponding  to  the  position  of  the 
scapula,  the  spine  of  which  divides  it  into  a 
supraspinous  and  an  infraspnous  region. 

Scapulary  (skap'u  la  re)  [scapmla^  scapula! 
A  bifurcated  bandage,  the  two  ends  of  whicn 
pass  over  the  shoulders,  while  the  single  end 
passes  down  the  back,  all  three  being  fastened 
to  a  body  bandage. 

Scapulo-  (skap^-M-lo-)  [scapula^  scapula].  A 
prefix  denoting  relation  to  the  scapula. 

Skapuloclavicular  {ikap  U'lo-kla- rtV^- m • 
lar)  [seaptila^  scapula;  eltrvis,  key].  Per- 
taining to  the  scapula  and  the  clavicle. 

Scapulohumeral  (sJkap -ulo- km'-  mer - al ) 
[Kd/tf/tf,  scapula;  kumems^  humerus]. 
Pertaining  to  tne  scapula  and  the  humerus. 

Scar  {skar)  [L.,  esekara^  scar,  from  tcx^ptt^ 
a  fire-place].     See  Cieairir. 

Scarfskin  (skarf^skin)  [AS.,  scearfe,  a  frag- 
ment ;  skiM\     The  epidcnnb  or  cuticle. 

Scarification  (skarj/ik-a^-'hiM)  [searifi- 
care,  to  scarify].  Tne  operation  of  making 
numerous  small,  supertkrial  incisions. 

Scarificator  (skarifika^-ivr)  [uart^cae^- 
to  scarify].  An  instrument  used  in  scarifi- 
cation, consisting  of  a  number  of  small  lan- 
cets operated  by  a  spring. 

Scarify  {skar*  if  i)  \scarifieare,  to  scarify}. 
To  make  a  number  of  sniall,  superficial  ina 
sions. 

Scarlatina  {^ikarlmie' futK)  fPcrs.,  utgalMi, 
scarlet  cloth].  5^  Scarlet  Fever.  S.  an- 
g:inosa,  scarlet  fever  with  marked  inflamma- 
tion of  the  throat.  S.  maligna.  See  Scar- 
let Fetter, 

Scarlatinal,  Scarlatinous  (skar-  Ut-i'  nal, 
scar-lati'-mus,  skar-laf-in-us)  [searlatimms, 
scariet].  Pertaining  to  or  caused  by  scariet 
fever.  S.  Nephritis,  the  acute  catarrhal 
nephritii  arising  in  the  course  of  or  during 
the  convalescence  from  scarlet  fever. 

Scarlet  Fever.  An  acute,  contagious,  febrile 
disease,  baring  a  period  of  incubation  vary- 
ing from  sevml  boors  to  a  week,  lettinf  la 


< 


SCARPA'S  FASCIA 


SCHWEINEROTHLAUF 


with  Tomiting  or  a  chill,  which  is  followed 
by  high  fever,  rapid  pulse,  sore  throat,  and 
the  appearance  at  the  end  of  the  first  or 
the  second  day  of  the  disease  of  a  puncti- 
form,  scarlet- red  eruption.  The  tongue,  at 
first  heavily  coated  and  red  at  the  tip  and 
edges,  soon  shows  prominence  of  the  papillae, 
which  are  red  and  swollen  (strawberry- 
tongue).  The  eruption,  at  the  appearance 
of  which  all  the  symptoms  become  intensi- 
fied, gradually  fades  after  five  or  six  days, 
and  is  followed  by  a  scaly  desquamation. 
A  peculiarity  of  scarlet  fever  is  the  tendency 
to  involve  the  kidneys.  Malignant  Scarlet 
Fever  is  characterized  by  an  abrupt  onset, 
high  fever,  convulsions,  coma,  and  death, 
usually  before  the  appearance  of  the  erup- 
tion. 

Scarpa's  Fascia  ^Scar^^  an  Italian  anato- 
mist]. The  deep  layer  of  the  superficial 
abdominal  fascia. 

Scarpa's  Foramen.  See  Foramina,  Table 
of, 

Scarpa's  Liquor  \ Scarpa,  an  Italian  anato- 
mist].    The  endoiymph. 

Scarpa's  Triangle.    See  TriangU, 

Scatol  {skaf-toiy     See  SkatoL 

Scatula  (skat^'U-lah)  PL.].  An  oblong,  flat 
box  for  powders  or  pills. 

Scavenger  (skai/'en-jer)  [AS. ,  scedwian,  to 
show].  One  who  cleans ;  a  remover  of 
waste  and  filth.  S.-cells,  wandering  cells 
that  take  up  debris.  S.-cells  are  common  in 
the  nervous  system. 

Schacher's  Ganglion.  The  ophthalmic 
ganglion. 

Schede's  Method.  A  method  of  treating 
caries  of  bone.  The  diseased  tissue  is  scraped 
away  and  the  cavity  allowed  to  fill  with  a 
blood-clot.  The  latter  is  kept  moist  and 
aseptic  by  a  covering  of  gauze  and  protective. 

Scheiner's  Experiment.  An  experiment 
illustrating  refraction  and  accommodation  of 
the  eye.  The  person  looks  through  two  pin- 
holes made  in  a  card  and  placed  at  a  less  dis- 
tance than  the  diameter  of  the  pupil.  If  the 
eye  is  emmetropic,  or  if  accurately  focused, 
the  two  sets  of  rays,  passing  through  the  pin- 
holes, unite  and  form  a  single  image.  In  a 
myopic  or  a  hyperopic  eye  the  object  appears 
double. 

Schema  {ske^-mah)  [axw°'*  form].  I.  A 
simple  design  to  illustrate  a  complex  me- 
chanism.    2.  An  outline  of  a  subject. 

Schematic  (ske-mat' -ik)  [oxvf^a,  form]. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  schema. 
S.  Eye,  one  showing  the  proportions  of  a 
normal  or  typic  eye. 

Scherlievo  (skar-U-a^-vo)  [Itol.  ].  A  form  of 
ulcerative  syphilis  prevalent  in  the  Austrian 
seaports  during  the  last  century. 

Schenrlen's  Bacillus  {skoir^'lent) .    A  bacil- 


lus at  one  time  thought  to  be  the  cause  <A 
carcinoma. 

Schindylesis  {skin-dil-e^-sis)  [axof^^'^iC* 
a  cleavage].  A  form  of  articulation  in  which 
a  plate  of  one  bone  is  received  into  a  fissure 
of  another  bone. 

Schisto-  (skis' -to-)  \oxurr6^,  cleft].  A  pre- 
fix meaning  split  or  fissured. 

Schistocephalus  (skis-to-sef'-aius)  [ax*^^* 
cleft ;  KE^dkij,  heaul].  I.  Having  a  fissured 
skull.     2.  A  monster  with  a  fisst^ed  skull. 

8chistoc3rte  (skis' -to-cU)  [pxior6^,  defli 
ici^oc,  cell].  A  blood-corpuscle  in  the  stagt 
of  dividing. 

Schistoglossia  (skis-lo-g/os'-e-aA)  [ax^^^t 
cleft ;  yXSxraa,  tongue] .     Cleft  tongue. 

Schistoprosopus  (sku-to-proso' -pus^  [<yx«^- 
r^,  cleft;  irpdai^Trov,  face].  1.  Having  a 
cleft  or  fissured  face.  2.  A  monster  having 
a  fissure  of  the  face. 

Schistorrhachis  (skis tor' -akis)  [ox^^^* 
cleft ;  i>axuQf  spinel.     Spina  bifida. 

Schistosomus  (sku-to-so'-mus)  \Gxtor6^* 
cleft ;  aijfiay  a  body].  A  variety  of  monster 
in  which  there  is  a  lateral  or  median  eventra- 
tion extending  the  whole  length  of  the  ab- 
domen, the  lower  extremities  l^ing  absent  or 
rudimentary. 

Schistothorax  (skis-totko'-raks)  [<TAr«rf<r, 
cleft;  ftipof,  chest].     Fissure  of  the  thorax. 

Schizogenesis  (skiz-o-Jen'esis)  [pxKftv* 
to  cleave  ;  ykveot^t  production].  Reproduc- 
tion by  fission. 

Schizomycetes  (skiso-mi-se'-tes)  [oxV^nv, 
to  cleave ;  /i*('*a7f ,  a  fungus].  The  cleft  fungi 
or  bacteria,  so-odled  because  multiplying  hy 
fission. 

Schlemm,  Canal  of.  A  channel  within  the 
sclera  close  to  the  corneal  juncture,  whereby 
the  aqueous  humor  finds  its  way  into  the 
general  circulation. 

Schlemm's  Ligament.  One  of  two  liga- 
ments connected  with  the  shoulder -joints. 

Schneiderian  Membrane  (shm-de'-rc-an) 
[C.  V.  Schneider y  a  German  anatomist]. 
The  nasal  mucous  membrane. 

Schttnlein's  Disease.  See  Diseases,  TahU 
of, 

Schott*s  Method.  A  method  of  treating 
heart-disease  by  resisted  exercise  and  special 
forms  of  baths. 

Schrager's  Lines  (shrah' -geri),  A  coarse 
striation,  concentric  with  the  outline  of  the 
pulp-cavity,  produced  by  the  parallel  curviogs 
of  dentinal  tubules. 

Schreiner's  Base  (skri'-nurz)  •  5^  Sper- 
min. 

Schwann,  Sheath  of.  The  oeunfemina  of  a 
nerve-fiber. 

Schwann,  White  Substance  ot  Tb* 
myelin  of  a  medullated  nerve-fiber. 

Schweinetothlauf     {skwi  ^na^rdi*  -  Uvf) 


SCHWEINFURTH  GREEN 


SCLEROSIS 


[Ger.].  Rouget  du  pore  [Fr.].  Hog-ery- 
sipelas, mn  infectious  disease  of  nogs,  charac- 
terized by  fever  and  an  eruption  of  reddish 
or  brownish  spots,  and  due  to  a  special  bacil- 
lus. See  Bacillus  erysipelatos  suisy  Bacteria , 
Tabic  of, 

Schweinforth  Qreen  (skuAn'-fooH).  ^jtko- 
n3rm  of  Paris-green, 

Sciatic  {si-af-ik)  \iOxy>Vy  ischium].  I.  Per- 
taining to  the  ischium,  as,  c,  g. ,  the  S.  notch. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  sciatic  nerve,  as  S.  neu- 
ralgia. 

Sciatica  (si-cU*  ikah)  \ischiaticttSy  from  «t- 
X^y  ischium].  A  disease  characterized  by 
neuralgic  pain  along  the  course  of  the  sciatic 
nerve.  It  usually  follows  exposure  to  cold 
and  wet,  and  is  dependent  upon  inflammation 
of  the  nerve.  In  addition  to  pain  there  are 
numbness  and  tingling,  tenderness  along  the 
course  of  the  nerve,  and  eventually  wasting 
of  the  muscles. 

Scilla  {sU'-ak)  [L.].     Ste  Sfuill. 

Scirrboid  (skir^-oid)  [oiup}!6^y  hard;  eldo^, 
like].     Resembling  a  scirrhus. 

Scirrhoma  (j>b>-<^-ma^)[ffKip^,hard;  bfta^ 
tumor].     See  Scirrhus. 

Scirrhosarca  (skir'0'sar''kak)\eiup))6^th9xd ; 
(nipf,  flesh].  Haidening  of  the  flesh,  espe- 
cially of  new-bom  infants ;  sclerema  of  in- 
fants. 

Scirrhous  (skir^-us)  [oiul>l)6c,  hard].     Hard. 

Scirrhus  (sJh'r^-us)  [<T/up/^c>  hardj!  A  hard 
carcinoma. 

Scissors  (sit''Ors\[scinclerey  to  cut].  An  in- 
strument consisting  of  two  blades  held  to- 
gether by  a  rivet,  and  crossing  each  other  so 
Uiat  in  closing  they  cut  the  object  placed 
between  them. 

Scissura  (sit- u^ -rah)  [scindere,  to  cut].  A 
fissure. 

Sclera  (skiy-rah)  [aichipd^,  hard].  The 
sclerotic  coat  of  the  eye ;  the  firm,  fibrous, 
outer  membrane  of  the  eyeball,  continuous 
with  the  sheath  of  the  optic  nerve  behind  and 
with  the  cornea  in  front 

Scleral  (skle^-ral)  [oiO^pdCt  hard].  Per- 
taining to  the  sclera. 

Scleratitis  (skle-rat-i'-Hs).  Same  as  Scler- 
Uis. 

Sclerectasia  (skle-rek-ta'-te-ah)  [<T<cX)7p^, 
bard;  iirni^i(,  extension].  Localized  bulg- 
ing of  the  sclera. 

Sclerectomy  (skle-rcy'to-mc)[aKhip6^^  hard : 
iicroft^,  excision].  Excision  of  a  portion  of 
the  sclera. 

Sclerema  {sklere'-mah)  [oKhipd^,  hard]. 
A  hardening.  S.  adultorum.  See  Sclera- 
derma.  8.  neonatorum,  a  disease  of  the 
newborn,  characterized  by  a  hardening  of 
the  subcutaneous  tissue,  especially  of  the 
legs  and  feet,  and  probably  dependent  on  a 
coagolatioo  of  the  fat. 


Scleriasis  {skle-ri^-as-is)  [oKknpd^,  hard]. 
Scleroderma. 

Scleritis  (skle-ri'-Hs)  \aKXrip6q,  hard;  tr/f, 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  sclerotic 
coat  of  the  eye.  It  may  exist  alone  (sim- 
ple S.  or  episcleritis)  or  may  be  combined 
with  inflammation  of  the  cornea,  iris,  or 
choroid. 

Sc\txO'(skle^-r0-)[aKkiip6^,h.9xd'].  I.  A  pre- 
fix  meaning  hard.  2.  A  prefix  denoting  con- 
nection with  the  sclera. 

Sclerochoroiditis  ( jii^-fv-^<^m</-f  ^-/^)  [oKht- 
p6c,  hard ;  choroid ;  iri^,  inflammation].  In- 
flammation of  the  choroid  and  the  sclerotic 
coat  of  the  eye. 

Sclerocomeal  (skle-rokor^-neal)  [ffx^p^, 
hard ;  comeus^  homy].  Pertaining  con- 
jointly to  the  sclerotic  coat  and  the  cornea 
of  the  eye. 

Sclerodactylia,  Sclerodactyly  (sklero'dak- 
til'-e-ahy  skle-ro-dak^ -Hl-e)  [oKhjpdQ^  hard  ; 
(kbcrvAoc,  finger].  A  disease  of  the  fingers 
(or  toes)  allied  to  scleroderma.  It  is  usually 
symmetric,  occurs  chiefly  in  women,  and 
leads  to  marked  deformity. 

Scleroderma  (skle  -  ro  -  der  '-  mah)  [oKX^pd^, 
hard;  (5^p/<a,skin1.  A  disease  characterized 
by  a  progressive  induration  of  the  skin,  oc- 
curring either  in  circumscribed  patches  (see 
Morphea)  or  difi'usely.  The  skin  becomes 
hard,  pigmented,  and  firmly  attached  to  the 
underlying  tissues  ;  destructive  changes  may 
also  occur,  and  joints  may  become  immobile 
from  adhesions  of  the  skin.  The  cause  of 
S.  is  not  known. 

Sclerogenous  (shle  -  ro/-  en  -  $4s)  [oiOinpdt, 
hard ;  yewavt  to  beget].  Producing  a  hard 
substance. 

Scleroma  (skle-ro'-mah)  [oKhipd^y  hard]. 
Abnormal  hardness  or  induration  of  a  part. 
S.  adultorum.    Synonym  of  Scleroderma. 

Scleromucin  {skle  -  ro  -  mu' ■  sin)  [iricX^p^c, 
hard ;  mucus ,  mucus].  A  gummy  substance 
obtained  from  ergot,  and  considered  one  of 
its  active  principles. 

Scleronsnds  (shleron-ik^sis)  [oKhfpd^^  hard ; 
vt'fff  •  pridcmg].     Puncture  of  the  sclera. 

Sclerosarcoma  (shlc'rosar-hy-mah)  [<tk/j7 
p6^f  hard ;  odp^f  flesh ;  bfut,  tumor].  A  hard, 
fleshy  tumor  of  the  gums. 

Sclerosed  (shle^-rdzd)  [aidnpd^,  hard].  Af 
fected  with  sclerosis ;  hardened. 

Sclerose  en  plaques  (shla-ros^  on{g)-plahk). 
Synonym  of  Sclerosis^  Multiple. 

Sclerosis  (skle -ro^- sis)  [atcA^p^c,  hard]. 
Hardening,  especially  a  hardening  of  a  part 
from  an  overgrowth  of  fibrous  tissue ;  applied 
particularly  to  hardening  of  the  nervous  syitero 
from  atrophy  or  degeneration  of  the  nerve- 
elements  and  hyperplasia  of  the  interstitial 
tissue ;  also  to  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the 
arteries  characterized  by  thickening  of  their 


{ 


SCLEROSKELETON 


SCROFULA 


coats.  S.,  Diffuse,  one  extending  through 
a  large  port  of  the  brain  and  cord.  8.,  Dis- 
seminated, a  form  in  which  numerous  scler- 
otic patches  are  scattered  through  the  brain 
and  cord.  S.,  Insular.  See  S.,  Multiple, 
S.,  Lateral.  ^>et  Lateral  Sclerosis,  S.,  Mul- 
tiple. See  Charcots  Disease ^  in  Diseases ^ 
Table  of. 

Scleroskeleton  (sklero-skel' -et-on)  [oKXnp6^t 
hard ;  eKiXtriv^  a  dry  body].  The  part  of 
the  skeleton  including  the  bones  occurring  in 
tendons  and  ligaments. 

Sclerostenosis  (skle-rO'Sten-o^ -sis)  \pKk'np6i;^ 
hard;  arhojctCt  constriction].  I.  Sclerosis 
with  stenosis.     2.  Scleroderma. 

Sclerotic  (skle'rof'ik)[aKhip6^t  hard].  Hard, 
indurated.     S.  Coat.    See  Sclera. 

Sclerotica  (skle-rot^  ik-ah)  [ff«Aj7p6f,  hard]. 
See  Sclera. 

Scleroticochoroiditis  (skle-rot-ik-o-ko-roid- 
i'-tis).     See  Sclerochoroiditis. 

Scleroticonyxis  {skle  -  rot-ik-on-ik^  -  sis). 
See  Scleronyxis. 

Sclerotitis  ( skle - ro-ti '  -tis)[ aicXtfpd^,  hard, 
sclera ;  trie,  inflammation].     See  Scleritis, 

Sclerotium  (sklero^-she-um)  [tr/cA^p^,  hard]. 
A  thick  mass  of  hyphae  constituting  a  resting- 
stage  in  the  development  of  some  fungi,  as 
the  ergot. 

Sclerotome  {skl^  •  ro  •  idnt)  [  oiikijpd^y  hard ; 
Hfiveiv,  to  cut].  I.  A  knife  used  in  sclerot- 
omy. 2.  A  hard  tissue  separating  successive 
myotomes  in  certain  of  the  lower  vertebrates. 

Sclerotomy  (skle-rot^  -o-me)  \oKhtp6^,  hard ; 
rifsveip,  to  cut].  The  operation  of  incising 
the  sclera.  S.,  Anterior,  the  making  of  an 
incision  through  the  sclera  anterior  to  the 
ciliary  body,  and  entering  the  anterior  cham- 
ber, as  is  done  in  glaucoma.  S.,  Posterior, 
S.  by  an  incision  through  the  sclera  behind 
the  ciliary  body,  and  entering  the  vitreous 
chamber. 

Scolex  (sJiyieJh)  [an^hf^,  a  worm].  The 
head  of  a  tapeworm,  giving  rise  to  the  chain 
of  proglottides. 

Scoiiorachitic  (skole-o-ra-kit^  ik)  [(0Koki6^y 
curved;  Ixixi^t  spine;  irt^,  inflammation]. 
Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  scoliosis  and 
rickets. 

Scoliosis  (sJko'le-o^ -sis)  [ffico^^,  curved]. 
A  morbid  lateral  curvature  of  the  spine. 

Scoliotic  (sko-le-ot*  -ik)  [okoTuS^^  curved]. 
Pertaining  to  or  marked  by  scoliosis. 

Scoop  [AS.,  skopOy  a  scoop].  An  instrument 
resembling  a  spoon,  for  the  extraction  of 
bodies  from  cavities,  as  an  ear-S.,  lithotomy- 
S. 

Scoparin  (skof -par-iri).     See  Scoparius. 

Scoparius  (sko-pa'-re-us)  [scopa,  a  broom]. 
The  Cytisus  scoparius,  a  shrub  of  the  order 
Leguminosse.  The  tops  (.S. ,  U.  S.  P. ,  Sco- 
parii  cacumina,  B.  P.)  contain  the  alkaloid 


spartein,  C^jH^^N,,  and  a  neutral  principle; 
scoparin,  C,|H„O|0.  S.  is  diuretic  and  ca- 
thartic, these  actions  probably  depending 
upon  scoparin.  Extractum  scoparii  fluidum 
(U.  S.  P.).  Dose  ntxx-xl  (1.3-2.6).  For 
properties  of  spartein  see  Spartein. 

Scopolamin,  Scopolein  ( skopo^ -lam-in, 
sko-py-le-in).     See  Scopolia. 

Scopolia  (sko-po^-le-ah)  [after  Scopoli^  an 
Italian  naturalist].  A  genus  of  the  Solana- 
cese,  resembling  the  genera  Atropa  and  Hy- 
oscyamus.  The  rhizome  of  S.  japonica  and 
S.  camiotica  contains  the  alkaloid  scopolamin 
or  scopolein,  Cj^HftNO^,  used  as  a  mydriatic 

Scorbutic  {skor-bu^ -tik)  {scorbutus y  scurvy]. 
Pertaining  to,  affected  with,  or  caused  by 
scorbutus. 

Scorbutus  (skorbu' -tus)  [L.].    See  Scurvy. 

Scotodinia  (sko-to-din'-e-ah)  [ax^roc,  dark- 
ness; dlvoc,  a  whirl].  Vertigo  associated 
with  the  appearance  of  black  spots  before  the 
eyes. 

Scotograph  (sky-to-graf)  \tfK6roCy  darkness ; 
yp6^tVy  to  write].  I.  An  instrument  for 
aiding  the  blind  to  write.  2.  A  name  given 
to  the  picture  produced  by  means  of  the  so- 
called  X-ra)rs,     See  X-rays. 

Scotoma  (sko-to'  'mah\  fax^of,  darkness]. 
An  area  in  the  visual  neld,  rajrs  of  light  from 
which  are  not  at  all  (Absolute  S^  or  im- 
perfectly (Relative  S.)  perceived.  S.,  Cen- 
tral, one  limited  to  the  region  of  the  visual 
field  corresponding  to  the  macula  lutea.  S., 
Color-,  color-blindness  limited  to  a  part  of 
the  visual  6eld,  and  which  may  exist  without 
interruption  of  the  6eld  for  white  lighL  8., 
Flittering,  a  S,  with  serrated  marghia  ex- 
tending peripherally  and  producing  a  large 
defect  in  the  visual  field.  It  is  also 
called  fortification-spectrum.  S.,  Negative,  a 
defect  due  to  the  destruction  of  the  retinal 
center,  and  which  is  not  noticeable  to  the 
patient.  S.,  Positive,  a  S.  perceptible  to 
the  patient  as  a  dark  spot  before  his  eyes. 
S.,  Relative,  a  scotoma  within  which  per- 
ception of  light  is  only  partially  impaired. 
S.,  Ring-,  S.,  Annular,  a  zone  of  scotoma 
surrounding  the  center  of  the  visual  field. 
S.  scintillans,  S.,  Scintillating.  See  S., 
Flittering. 

Screatus  (skre-a^  tus)  [L.].  I.  A  hawking. 
2.  A  neurosis  characterized  by  paroxysms  of 
hawking. 

Scrivener's  Palsy.     See  fVriter^s  cramp. 

Scrobiculus  (skro-bik^-u-lus)  [L.].  .\  small 
pit.  S.  cordis,  the  depression  at  the  epi- 
gastrium ;  the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

Scrofula  (skrop  u-lak)  [tcro/a,  a  sow].  A 
term  formerly  applied  to  a  peculiar  conaitioa 
characterized  by  enlargement  of  the  lym- 
phatic glands  and  necrosis  of  the  bones ;  ic  is 
at  present  considered  a  fbnn  of  tobercolosia. 


SCROFULIDE 


SECONDARY 


Scfofulidtt  (skrof'-m-iiJ)  [scro/a,  tow].  See 
Scrofulotlerm, 

Scrofulodenn  (skro/'-  u-lo-derm)  [scro/a, 
sow ;  6ipfta^  the  tkin].  A  disease  of  the 
skin  due  to  scrofula,  and  generally  character- 
ixed  bj  superficial  irregular  ulcers  with  under- 
mined edges.  The  cause  is  the  tubercle- 
bacillus. 

Scrolulosis  (skrof-M-lt/'Sis)  [scro/a,  sow]. 
The  sute  characterized  by  the  presence  of 
scrofula ;  a  scrofulous  diathesis. 

Scrofulous  (sJkro/^- m  • /us)  [scrota,  sow]. 
Having  the  nature  of,  affected  with,  or  pro- 
duced by  scroiula. 

Scxotal  {skn/'tal)  [scrotum^  scrotum].  Per- 
taining to,  or  contained  in  the  scrotum,  as  S. 
hernia. 

Scrotum  (skn/'tum)  [L.].  The  pouch  con- 
taining the  testicles,  consisting  of  skin,  dartos, 
spermatic  fascia,  cremasteric  fascia,  infundi* 
bmliform  fascia,  and  parietal  tunica  Taginalls. 

Scruple  (skrti' - pl)[scruptiius^A\m, oiscrupus^ 
•  sharp  stone].  In  apothecaries'  weight,  20 
grains ;  represented  b^  the  sign  ^ . 

Scurf  (iktrf)  ^AS.,  scurfs  scurf  J.  A  bran- 
like desquamation  of  the  epidennis,  especially 
from  the  scalp ;  dandruff. 

Scurvy  (sker'-ve)  [AS.,  smrf^  scurf].  A 
disease  obsenred  among  persons  who  have 
been  deprived  of  proper  food  for  a  length  of 
time ;  it  is  characterixied  by  spongy  gums,  ex- 
travasations of  blood  beneath  the  skin, 
hemorrhages  from  the  mucous  membranes, 
fetor  of  the  breath,  and  painful  contractions 
of  the  muscles.  It  is  most  common  among 
sailors  living  on  salt-meats.  8.,  Land-.  See 
Purpura  kamorrkagica, 

Scufvy-grass.  The  Cochlearia  officinalis,  a 
plant  of  the  order  Crudferft,  the  properties 
of  which  reside  in  a  volatile  oil  resembling 
oil  of  mustard.  S.  is  used  in  scurvy  an^  in 
chronic  rheumatism. 

Scute  (ikat)  UnOum^  a  shieldl.   See  Scutum, 

Scutellaria  [skutei -a' -rt-nf^  [scuieilum,  a 
little  shield].  A  genus  of  the  Labiatae.  S. 
lateriflora,  skullcap,  is  the  S.  of  the  U.  S.  P., 
and  is  employed  in  neuralgia,  chorea,  deli- 
rium tremens,  and  other  nervous  affections. 
Kxtractum  Scutellariae  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.). 
Dose  f^HJ  (4«o-8o)-  Dose  of  Scu- 
tellarin,  an  impure  precipitate  from  an  alco- 
holic tincture,  gr.  iij-iv  (0.20-0.26). 

Scutulum  (skZ^-tu-lum)  [dim.  of  scutum^  a 
shield].  Any  one  of  the  thin  plates  of  the 
eruption  of  favus. 

Scutum  {sku'-tum)  [scutum,  a  shield].  A 
shield-like  plate  of^  bone.  8.  t3fmpamcum, 
the  semilunar  plate  of  bone  separating  the 
attic  of  the  tympanum  from  the  outer  mas- 
toid cells. 

Scybala  (tiy-aJak),      Plural  of  Scybaium, 

f  »• 


Scybalous  (tiy-alus)  [atA^aXov,  fecal  mat- 
ter] .     Of  the  nature  of  a  scybalum. 

Scyoalum  (siy-aium)  [tncbpakov,  fecal  mat- 
ter]. A  mass  of  abnormally  hard  fecal 
matter. 

Seamstress's  Cramp.  A  painful  cramp  af- 
fecting the  fingers  of  seamstresses ;  an  occu- 
pation-neurosis analogous  to  writer's  cramp. 

Searcher  (serck'-er)  [circarc,  to  go  around]. 
A  sound  used  for  the  detection  of  stone  in 
the  bladder. 

Sea-sickness.  A  condition  occurring  in  per- 
sons aboard  ships,  produced  by  the  rolling 
of  the  ship,  and  characterised  by  vertigo, 
nausea,  retching,  and  prostration.  A  simi- 
lar state  may  be  induced  by  riding  in  cars, 
elevators,  etc. 

Sea-tangle.     5>ee  Laminaria, 

Seat-worm.     See  Oxyuris. 

Sebaceous  [seba*  skus)  \sebum,  suet,  fat]. 
Pertaining  to  sebum ;  secreting  sebum,  as 
the  8.  Glands  or  Follicles,  compound  sac- 
cular glands  associated  with  the  hair-follicles, 
and  secreting  a  semifluid  substance,  the 
sebum,  composed  of  oil -droplets  and  broken- 
down  epithelial  cells.  S.  Cyst,  a  cystic 
tumor  formed  by  occlusion  of  the  duct  of  a 
S.  gland,  with  retention  of  the  secretion, 
dilatation  and  thickening  of  the  wall  of  the 
gland.  It  contains  a  grayish- white,  cheesy 
materiaL 

SebadiUa  {scbadii^  ak).     See  Sabadilla. 

Sebiparous  {sebip'-ar-us)  [sebum,  fat;  pa- 
rercy  to  produce].     Secreting  sebum. 

Sebolith  (scb^'C-iitk)  [sebum,  (at;  Aiaoc, 
stone].     A  concretion  in  a  sebaceous  gland. 

Seborrhea  (sebor-e^ -nk)  [sebum,  suet ;  ^o, 
a  flow].  A  functional  disease  of  the  seba- 
ceous glands,  characterised  by  an  excessive 
secretion  of  sebum,  which  collects  upon  the 
skin  in  the  form  of  an  oily  coating  or  of 
cnisu  or  scales.  8.  congestiTs,  Lupus 
erythematosus.  S.  capillitii,  S.  capitis, 
S.  of  the  scalp.  8.  corporis,  S.  of  the 
trunk.  8.  faciei,  S.  of  the  face.  8.  nigra, 
8.  nigricans,  seborrhea  with  the  formation 
of  dark -colored  crusts,  the  coloration  being 
usually  from  dirt.  8.  oleosa,  a  form 
characterized  by  an  excessive  oiliness  of  the 
skin,  especially  about  the  forehead  and  note. 
8.  sicca,  the  commonest  form  of  S.,  char- 
acterised by  greasy,  brownish-gray  scales. 

Sebum  (se'-bum)[\^'^.  The  secretion  of  the 
sebaceous  glands.     See  Sebace<ms  Glands, 

Secale  [seka'  U\\\^\  Rye.  8.  comutum. 
See  Efy:ot, 

Secondary  (r^i^-jtfir-i/tf-rtf')  [secundarius^  from 
secundus,  second].  I.  Second  in  the  order 
of  time  or  dcvelo^iment,  as  the  S.  lesions  of 
syphilis.  2.  Second  in  relation ;  subotdi- 
nate;  produced  by  a  cause  considered  primary. 
S.  Amputation,  an  amputation  done  ate 


SECOND  INTENTION 


SEMEN 


the  subsidence  of  inflammatory  symptoms. 
S.  Cataract.  See  Cataract.  S.  Coil,  the 
coil  of  wire  in  which  the  induced  current  is 

generated.  S.  Degeneration,  of  nerve 
bers,  a  degeneration  following  injury  or 
disease  of  the  trophic  centers.  S.  Hemor- 
rhage.    See  Hemorrhage. 

Second  Intention.     See  Healing. 

Second  Nerve.    The  optic  nenre. 

Secrete  (se-knt')[seeemere^  to  separate].  To 
separate;  specincally,  to  separate  from  the 
blood,  or  form  out  of  materials  furnished  by 
the  blood  a  certain  substance  termed  a 
secretion. 

Secretion  (se-kre'-shun)  [secemere^  to  se- 
crete] .  I .  The  act  of  secreting  or  forming  from 
materials  furnished  by  the  blood  a  certain 
substance  which  is  either  eliminated  from  the 
body  or  is  used  in  carrying  on  special  func- 
tions. 2.  The  substance  secreted.  S.,  Ex- 
ternal, a  S.  thrown  out  upon  the  external 
or  internal  surface  of  the  body.  8.,  Inter- 
nal, a  S.  that  is  not  thrown  out  upon  a 
surface,  but  is  absorbed  into  the  blood. 

Secretory  (se^-Jkre-to-re)  [secemere^  to  separ- 
ate]. Pertaining  to  secretion;  performing 
secretion. 

Sectio  (sek^sheo)  [L.].  See  Section.  S.  ab- 
domims.  See  Celiotomy.  S.  agrippina,  Cesa- 
rean section.  8.  alta,  suprapubic  C3rstotomy. 
S.  cadaveris,  an  autopsy.  S.  ctesarea, 
Cesarean  section.  S.  franconiana,  supra- 
pubic cystotomy.  S.  lateralis,  lateral  lithot- 
omy.    8.  mediana,  median  lithotomy. 

Section  {seA^-sAun)  [secare,  to  cut].  I.  The 
act  of  cutting  or  dividing.  2.  A  cut ;  a  cut 
surface.  S.,  Abdominal.  See  Celiotomy. 
S.,  Cesarean.  See  Cesarean  Operation.  S., 
Frontal,  a  S.  dividing  the  body  into  dorsal 
and  ventral  parts.  S.,  Sagittal,  a  S.  parallel 
with  the  sagittal  suture,  and  hence  with  the 
median  plane  of  the  body,  and  serving  to 
divide  the  body  into  equal  parts. 

Secundines  {seJk^-  un  -  dint)  [secunduSf 
second].  The  placenta,  part  of  the  umbilicus, 
and  the  membranes  discharged  from  the 
uterus  after  the  birth  of  the  child. 

Secundipara  {se-kundip^-ar-ah)  [secundus, 
second  ;  parere,  to  bring  forth] .  See  Mul- 
tipara. 

Sedation  (se-dd^-sAun)  [sedare^  to  soothe]. 

1.  A   state  of  lessened   functional   activity. 

2.  The  production  of  a  state  of  lessened 
functional  activity. 

Sedative  (sed'-at-iv)  [sedare,  to  soothe].     I. 

Quieting  or  lessening  functional  activity.     2. 

An  agent  lessening  functional  activity. 
Sediment   (sed^-im-ent)    [sedimentumy  from 

sedere^  to  sit].     The  material  settling  to  the 

bottom  of  a  liquid. 
Sedimentation  {sed-imen-ta' -shun)   {sedim- 

ttUHMf  sedunent,  from  sedere,  to  sit].     The 


process  of  producing  the  deposition  of  a 
sediment,  especially  the  rapid  deposition  by 
means  of  a  centrifugal  machine. 

Segnnent  {seg^-ment  )[segmentumt  horn  secare, 
to  cut].  A  small  piece  cut  from  the  peri- 
phery of  anything ;  a  part  bounded  by  a 
natural  or  imaginary  line. 

Segmental  (seg-men'-tal)  [segmenium,  a 
segment,  from  j^^-^ir^,  to  cut].  I.  Pertaining 
to  a  segment;  made  up  of  segments.  2. 
Undergoing  or  resulting  from  segmentation. 
S.  Duct,  the  duct  of  the  pronephros.  S. 
Organs,  a  tubular  structure  found  in  the 
embryos  of  amniotic  animals,  and  comprising 
the  pronephros,  the  mesonephros,  and  the 
metanephros. 

Segmentation  {seg'men'ta^sAtin)Ufg'»entum, 
a  segment,  from  secare,  to  cut].  The  process 
of  dividing  into  two  equal  parts,  as,  ^.^.,  the 
S.  of  the  ovum.  S.-cavity,  the  central 
space  in  the  ovum  produced  by  S.  S.-cells. 
See  S^'sphere.  S.-nucleus.  See  Nudms. 
S.-spbere,  one  of  the  cells  of  an  ovum  formed 
byS. 

Seidlitz-powder  (^</^-/f/8).  Pulvis  efiferves- 
cens  compositus.     See  Potassium. 

Selection  (se-lek' shun)  [seligere,  to  choose]. 
The  act  of  choosing.  S.,  Natural,  the  selec- 
tive action  of  external  conditions,  whereby 
characters  favorable  to  the  species  of  animal 
or  plant  are  preserved.  S.,  Sexual,  the  selec- 
tion produced  by  preferences  of  the  one  sex 
for  a  member  of  the  other  sex  in  some  way 
specially  endowed. 

Self-abuse,  Self-pollution.  See  Masturba- 
tion, 

Self-limited.  Limited  by  reason  of  inherent 
qualities ;  applied  to  diseases  that  run  a  defi- 
nite  limited  course  independent  of  treatment. 

^e\\%{sel'ak)  [L.].  A  saddle.  S.  turcica 
[Turkish  saddle] ,  the  pituitary  fossa  of  the 
sphenoid  bone,  lodging  the  pituitary  body. 

Selters,  Seltzer  Water  {sel'ters,  ttUs'er). 
An  effervescent  mineral  water  obtained  at 
Selters  in  Prussia. 

Semeiography  {sem-i-og^-ra-fe)  [  eiffieipr, 
sign ;  ypd^iv,  to  write].     Symptomatology 

Semeiology  (sem-i-ol'-o-je)  [cn/fifMn*,  sign ; 
A^oc,  dbcourse].     Symptomatology. 

Semeiotic  (sem-i-ot^-ik)  [orjfuiav,  sign]. 
Pertaining  to  s3rmptoms. 

Semeiotics  (sent-i-ot^-iAs)  [a/fftei€fv^  ^S°l* 
Sym  ptomatology . 

Semelincident  {sem-el-in^-sid-ent )  [semeK 
once;  incidere,  to  happen].  Happening 
only  once  in  the  same  person;  as  a  S. 
disease. 

Semen  (se^-meft)  [serere,  to  sow],  i.  A 
seed.  2.  The  fecundating  fluid  of  the  male, 
chiefly  secreted  by  the  testicles,  composed  of 
liquor  seminis,  seminal  granules,  oil-glaboic% 
and  spermatozoa. 


SEMI- 


SENSIBILITY 


Semi-  (sem^-eA  [L.].  A  prefix  denoting  half. 

Scmicirculmr  {sem-e-sir^'ku'larS  [semiy  hmlf ; 
circuluSf  a  circle].  Having  the  form  of  a 
half-circle.     S.  Canals.    See  Ear. 

Semilunar  (sem-^-iu^ -nar)  \semi^\k^\{\  luna, 
moon].  Resembling  a  half-moon  in  shape, 
as,  e.  ^.,  the  S.  bone  of  the  carpus,  the  S. 
cartilage  of  the  knee,  the  S.  ganglion  of  the 
abdominal  sympathetic  nerve  or  of  the  tri- 
facial nerve  (Gasserian  ganglionj,  the  S. 
valves  of  the  heart.  S.  Space  ot  Traube, 
the  tympanitic  area  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
left  chest  corresponding  to  the  stomach. 

Semimembranous  {sem  -  e  -  mem'  -  bra  -  nm) 
[semif  half;  membranosus,  like  a  mem- 
brane] .  Partly  membranous,  as,  e.  g. ,  the  S. 
muscle  ( Semimembranosus ).  See  Muscles ^ 
TabU  of. 

Seminal  [sem'-in-al)  Xsemen^  seed].  Per- 
taining to  the  semen.  S.  Cyst,  a  C3rst  of  the 
spermatic  cord  or  testicle  containing  semen. 
S.  Vesicles.     See    Vesicles. 

Seminiferous  {sem-in-if -er-us^^semeny  seed ; 

ferre^  to  carry  J.  Producing  semen,  as  the 
S.  tubules  of  the  testicle. 

Seminormal  {scme-noH-mal)  \semiy  half; 
norma^  rule].  Half-normal.  S.  Solution, 
one  containing  in  solution  half  the  quantity 
of  the  substance  contained  in  the  normal 
solution. 

Semis  (se'mts)  [L.].  Half;  abbreviated 
in  prescription  to  ss.,  which  b  placed  after 
the  sign  indicating  the  measure. 

Semispinalis  (seme-spi-na^'lis).  See  Af us- 
eless Table  of  . 

Semisulcus  {sem  -  e  -  sul'  •  kus)  \semif  half; 
sulcus t  a  sulcus].  A  half-sulcus  which 
uniting  with  another  sulcus  forms  a  complete 
sulcus. 

Semitendinous  (sem-e-ten' -din-us^  [semi, 
half;  tendot  a  tendon].  Partly  tendmous,  as, 
e.  g.,%  S.  muscle  (Semitendinosus).  See 
Muscles,  Table  of. 

Senega  (sen'-ega)  [L.].  The  Polygala  sen- 
ega, a  plant  of  the  order  Polygalese.  Its 
root  (S..  U.  S.  P..  Sencgae  radix,  B.  P.)  con- 
tains  a  bitter  principle,  senegin  or  polygalic 
acid  for  polygalin) ,  which  is  probably  identi- 
cal with  saponin.  S.  is  used  as  a  stimulant, 
expectorant,  and  diuretic  ;  in  large  doses  it  is 
emetocathartic.  It  is  chiefly  employed  in 
bronchitis  and  laryngitis,  as  a  diuretic  in 
dropsy,  and  in  amenorrhea.  Dose  gr.  x-xx 
(0.65-1.3).  Extractum  senegse  fluidum  (U. 
S.  P.).  Dose  lt\^x-xx  (0.6J-1.3).  Infusum 
senegse  (B.  P.).     Dose  ffj  (32.0).     Syru- 

ris  senega  (U.  S.  P.).     Do5e  f »j-ij  (40- 
o).      Tincture    senegae    (B.    P.).      Dose 
f;;j  (4.0).     Polygalic  acid  is  employed  in 
doses  of  from  gr.  V-j  (0.016-0.065). 
Senegin  {sen' -e-^in).     See  Senega. 
Senile  {s?'n\l\  [senilis,  resembling  the  state 


froduced  by  old  age;  from  senex,  old], 
'ertaining  to  or  caused  by  old  age. 

Senility  (sen'il''it-e)[senilis,  firom  senex,o\^'\. 
The  state  of  being  senile;  the  weiUcness 
characteristic  of  old  age. 

Senn's  Bone-plates  [after  Nicholas  Senn, 
an  American  surgeon].  Plates  of  decalcified 
bone  used  in  intestinal  anastomosis. 

Senn's  Test.  The  introduction  of  hydrogen- 
gas  into  the  bowel  through  the  rectum,  for 
the  detection  and  localization  of  an  abnor- 
mal opening. 

Senna  (sen' -ah)  [Arab.,  sena"].  The  leaflets 
of  various  species  of  Cassia,  a  genus  of  the 
order  Leguminosae.  S.  of  the  U.  S.  P.  is  de- 
rived from  Cassia  acutifolia.  S.  of  the  B.  P. 
is  of  two  varieties — Alexandrian  S.,  from 
Cassia  acutifolia,  and  Bast  India  or  Tin- 
nevelly  S.,  from  Cassia  angustifolia.  S. 
contains  cathartic  acid,  a  glucosid  rep- 
resenting the  purgative  properties  of  S., 
the  bitter  principles,  sennapicrin  and  senna- 
crol,  and  a  coloring  matter,  cluysophan.  S.  is 
used  as  a  purgative,  generally  in  combination 
with  an  aromatic  to  prevent  griping.  Dose 
zss-ij  (2.0-8.0).  Preparations  and  doses: 
Confectio  sennae  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.J.  Dose 
(8.0).     Extractum  sennae  fluidum  (U. 


rv. 


).  Dose  f3J-iv  (4.0-16.0).  Infusum 
sennse  (B.  P.).  Dose  f  iiv  (128.0).  Infusum 
sennae  compositum  (U.  S.  P.),  black  draught, 
contains  S., manna,  and  magnesium  sulphate. 
Dose  f  5  iv  (128.0).  Pulvis  glycyrrhizae  com- 
positus(U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  compound  liquorice 
powder.  Dose  gr.  xxx-lx  (2.0-4.0).  Syru- 
pus  sennae  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.).  Dose  fjj-iv 
(4.0-16.0).  Tmctura  sennae  (B.  P.).  Dose 
>3Hv  (40-16.0). 

Sennacrol  (sen'-ak-rol)  [Av2h.,sena,  senna; 
acris,  sharp].     See  Senna. 

Sennapicrin  (sen-apik'-rin)  [Arab.,  sena, 
senna;  irutpdc,  bitter].     See  Senna. 

Sensation  {sen-sa'-snun)  [sensatio,  from  sen- 
tire,  to  feel].  A  feeling  or  impression  pro- 
duced by  the  stimulation  of  an  afferent 
nerve. 

Sense  (sens)  \sensus,  from  sentire,  to  feel]. 
I.  Any  one  of  the  faculties  by  which  stimuli 
from  the  external  world  or  from  within  the 
body  are  received  and  transformed  into  sen- 
sations. The  faculties  receiving  impulses 
from  the  external  world  are  the  senses  of 
sight,  hearing,  touch,  smell,  and  taste,  which 
are  the  special  senses,  and  the  muscular  and 
temperature-sense.  Those  receiving  impulses 
from  the  internal  organs  (visceral  senses)  are 
the  hunger-S.,  thirst-S.,  and  others.  2.  A 
sensation. 

Sensibility  (sen-sib-il' -il-e)  [sensibililas,  from 
sen/ire,  to  feel].  The  ability  to  receive  and 
feel  impressions ;  of  a  nerve  or  end-organ,  to 
receive  and  transmit  impulses. 


i 


SENSIBLE 

Sensible  {sen^-sibl)  [smsibilis,  from  sentire, 
to  feel.]  Perceptible  by  the  senses,  as,  e.g., 
S.  perspiration ;  capable  of  receiving  an  im- 
pression  through  the  senses. 

Sensitive  (sen^-sit-iv)  [sensiHvus],  I.  Capa- 
ble of  feeling ;  capable  of  transmitting  sen- 
sation.    2.  Reacting  to  a  stimulus. 

Sensorial  (sen-so^-re-ai)  [^tensorium^  the 
organ  of  sensation].  Pertaining  to  the  sen- 
sorium. 

Sensorimotor  ( sen-so-re-mo' -tor )  {sensm, 
feeling;  motor\.  Both  sensory  and  motor; 
concerned  with  the  perception  of  sensory 
impulses  and  with  motor  impulses.  S.  Cen- 
ters, centers  that  are  concerned  both  with  the 
perception  of  sensation  and  with  motor  im- 
pulses. 

Sensorium  (sen-so'-re-Mm)  [L.].  A  center 
for  sensations,  e.specially  the  part  of  the 
brain  concerned  in  receiving  and  combining 
the  impressions  conveyed  to  the  individufu 
sensory  centers. 

Sensory  (sen^-so-re)  [sentire^  to  feel].  Per- 
taining to  or  conveying  sensation.  S. 
Aphasia.  See  Aphasia.  S.  Aura,  an 
aura  affecting  the  special  senses.  S.  Cross- 
way,  the  posterior  third  of  the  posterior 
limb  of  the  internal  capsule,  where  the  af- 
ferent fibers  conveying  sensory  impulses 
cross  to  the  opposite  side.  S.  Epilepsy, 
various  disturbances  of  sensation  occurring 
in  paroxysms  that  replace  the  epileptic  con- 
vulsion.  S.  Nerve,  one  that  conveys  sen- 
sations from  the  periphery  to  the  centers. 

Sentient  isen^-s/te-ent)  [sentire,  to  feel]. 
Capable  or  feeling. 

Separator  {sep^-ar-a'tor)  [separare,  to  sepa- 
rate]. I.  Anything  that  separates,  especially 
an  instrument  for  separating  the  teeth.  2.  An 
instrument  for  detaching  the  pericranium  or 
periosteum. 

Sepsin  (sep^-sin)  [a^etv,  to  make  rotten]. 
A  poisonous  ptomain  obtained  from  decom- 
posed yeast  and  blood.  See  Ftomains,  Table  of. 

Sepsis  (sep^-sis)  £07^^].  A  state  of  poison- 
ing produced  by  the  absorption  of  putrefac- 
tive substances.  S.,  Puerperal,  sepsis 
occurring  after  childbirth,  from  absorption  of 
putrefactive  products  from  the  parturient 
canal. 

Septan  {sep^-ian)  \septem,  seven].  Recur- 
ring every  seventh  day,  as,  e.  g.,  S.  fever. 

Septemia  {sep-te'-me-ah).     See  Septicemia. 

Septentrionalin  {septen-tre-o-nal'  iti).  An 
alkaloid  obtained  from  Aconitum  lycoctonum. 
It  is  a  sensory  paralyzant,  and  has  been  sug- 
•gested  as  a  local  and  general  anesthetic. 

Septic  (sep^'tik)  [<T77rnic<Jf,  putrid].  Per- 
taining to  or  produced  by  putrefaction.  S. 
Intoxication,  a  form  of  poboning  result- 
ing from  the  absorption  of  products  of  putre- 
faction. 


SEQUELA 

Septicemia  {sep-te-se'-me-ah)  [oijmtKbc,  po- 
trid;  alfta,  blood].  An  infection  charac- 
terized by  the  presence  in  the  blood  of 
bacteria;  clinically  the  term  is  also  used  to 
include  toxemia,  whether  or  not  there  is  in- 
vasion of  the  blood  by  bacteria.  S.,  Mouse-, 
a  form  of  S.  occurring  in  mice  and  produced 
by  the  bacillus  murisepticus.  It  is  usually 
fatal  in  from  40  to  60  hours,  the  animal  be- 
coming early  apathetic.  S.,  Rabbit-,  a  form 
of  S.  occurring  in  rabbits  and  due  to  a  special 
bacillus,  the  bacillus  septicemise  hsemor- 
rhagicae,  or  bacillus  of  chicken-cholera.  S., 
Sputum-,  a  form  of  S.  produced  by  inocula- 
tion with  microorganisms  found  in  sputum, 
especially  the  pneumococcus. 

Septicemic  {sep-te-sem'-iky  seP'te-se^-mik) 
[<T77m«5c,  putrid ;  al/^a,  blood  J.  Pertaining 
to  or  affected  with  septicemia. 

Septicin  (sep^-tisin)  [<rwriK6c,  putrid].  A 
ptomain  obtained  from  decaying  flesh. 

Septicopyemia  (sep'tik-o-pi-e* -me-ah)  \tntw- 
Tucdg,  putrid ;  irvov,  pus ;  o/^,  blood].  Com- 
bined septicemia  and  pyemia.  S.,  Primary, 
that  in  which  the  general  infection  is  produced 
by  the  same  bacteria  as  those  causing  the 
primary  lesion,  and  ^,  Secondary,  that  in 
which  the  general  infection  is  due  to  other 
bacteria  than  those  causing  the  primary  lesion. 

Septimipara  {sep-tim-ip' ar-ak)  {septimuts^ 
seventh 4  parere^  to  bear].      See  Multipara. 

Septivalent  (septiv'-alent)  [septem^wtvtn\ 
vaUre^  to  be  worth].  Having  an  atomicity 
of  seven. 

Septometer  (septom^eter)  [septum ,  septum, 
1st  def.  ;  crrnrdg^  putrid,  2d  def. ;  fiirpov^ 
measure],  i.  An  instrument  for  determining 
the  thickness  of  the  nasal  septum.  2.  Ao 
apparatus  for  determining  organic  impurities 
in  the  air. 

Septum  (sep^-tum)  [sepire,  to  hem  in],  A 
partition;  a  divbion-wall.  S.  atriorum, 
S.  auricularum,  the  S.  between  the  right 
and  left  auricles  of  the  heart.  S.  crunUe, 
the  layer  of  areolar  tissue  closing  the  femoral 
ring.  S.  lucidum,  a  thin  translucent  sep- 
tum forming  the  internal  boundary  of  the 
lateral  ventricles  of  the  brain  and  enclosing 
between  its  two  lamina  the  fifth  ventricle. 
S.,  Nasal,  the  S.  between  the  two  nasal 
cavities.  S.,  Pectiniform,  that  between  the 
corpora  cavernosa  of  the  penis.  S'.,  Recto- 
vaginal, the  tissue  forming  the  partition 
between  the  rectum  and  the  vagina.  S. 
ventriculorum,  the  S.  between  the  two 
ventricles  of  the  heart. 

Septuplet  {sep^'tU'plet),  One  of  seven  off- 
spring bora  from  a  single  gestation. 

Sequela  (se-kwe^-lah)  [seyui^  to  follow].  A 
diseased  or  abnormal  condition  following  an 
attack  of  a  disease,  and  direcUy  or  indirectly 
dependent  upon  it. 


SEQUESTRATION 

Sequestrmtion  (se-kwes-tra^'sktm)  [septus- 
trare^  to  sepftratel.  I.  The  formation  of  a 
sequestnira.  2.  The  isolation  of  persons 
sunering  from  disease  for  purposes  of  treat- 
ment or  of  protecting  others. 

Sequestrectomy  (se-kwcstrek^tthme).  See 
Se<fuestrot(mty. 

Sequestrotomy  {se-kwei-troi' -o-mi)  [seques- 
trum^ sequestrum;  ro^Ji^  a  cutting].  The 
operation  of  removing  a  sequestrum. 

Sequestrum  {se-kutes'-trum)  [seques/rare,  to 
separate].  A  dead  piece  of  bone  that  has 
l>ecome  separated  from  the  living  bone. 

Seralbumin  {serai-hu'-min)  [serum^  serum  ; 
nihumin^.  Serum  •  albumin,  the  albumin 
found  in  the  blood. 

Serial  (se^-rr-a/j  [series ,  a  succession].  Fol- 
lowing in  regular  order ;  occurring  m  rows. 
S.  Sections,  microscopic  sections  made  in 
consecutive  order  and  arranged  in  the  same 
manner. 

Sericeps  (ser^-is-eps)  [oripiK6^,  silken ;  forceps, 
forceps].  A  device  made  of  loops  of  ribbon, 
used  in  place  of  the  forceps  in  making  trac- 
tion upon  the  fetal  head. 

Sero-  (se^-ro-)  [sentm,  serum].  A  prefix 
denoting  serous. 

Serocystic  {se-ro-sis'-tik)  [serum,  serum; 
Kvari^,  bladder].  Composed  of  cysts  filled 
with  a  serous  Huid. 

Serofibrinous  Ise-ro-Ji' brin-us)  [serum,  sc- 
rum ;  /iMny  Composed  of  serum  and  fibrin, 
as,  e.  g.,%.  S.  exudate;  characterixed  by  the 
production  of  a  S.  exudate,  as,  e.g.,  a  S.  in- 
flamraation. 

Serolin  {se^ro-Hn)  [serum,  serum ;  oleum, 
oil].  A  neutral  fatly  constituent  of  blood, 
occurring  in  small  amount ;  its  nature  is  un- 
determined. 

Seropurulent  (se-ro-pu'-rwlent)  [serum,  se- 
rum; pus,  pus].  Composed  of  serum  and 
pus,  as,  e.  g.,tL  S.  exudate. 

Seropus  (se^-ro-pus)  [serum,  serum;  pus, 
pus  J.     A  fluid  consisUng  of  serum  and  pus. 

Serosa  (se-ry-saM)  [serosus,  serous;  mem- 
hraua,  understtxxl].     A  serous  membrane. 

Seroserous  {se-  ro-  se'-rus)  [serum,  serum]. 
Pertaining  jointly  to  two  serous  surfaces. 

Serosjfnovitis  (sero-si-no-vi^'tis)  [serum, 
serum ;  synotn/is'] .  A  synovitis  accompanied 
by  an  increase  of  the  synovial  fluid. 

Serotherapy  {se'ro'/Aer^'aP'e)[serum,  serum ; 
$€pantia,  therapy].  The  treatment  of  dis- 
ease by  means  of  the  blood -serum  of  animals 
or  individuals  that  are  immune  to  or  con- 
valescent from  an  infectious  disease. 

Serotina  {ser  -  oti  '  -  nak)  [serotinus,  late]. 
See  Decidua  serotina. 

Serous  (se^-rus)  [serum,  serum].  I.  Per- 
taining to,  characterixed  by,  or  resembling 
serum,  a.  Producing  serum,  as  s  S.  gland  ; 
cootsiniog  lenun,  as  a  S.  <7st     S.  S£Fu- 


SESAMOID 

sion,  an  effusion  of  serum.  S.  Exudate, 
an  exudate  consisting  largely  of  serum.  S. 
Inflammation,  an  inflammation  charac- 
terized by  the  formation  of  a  S.  exudate. 
S.  Membrane.     See  Membrane. 

Serpens  {ser^-pens)  [L.].     Creeping. 

Serpentaria  {serpen  ta^-rea A)  [L.].  Vir- 
ginia snake-root,  the  root  of  several  species 
of  Aristolochia,  of  the  order  of  Anstolo- 
chiacete.  The  rhixoma  and  rootlets  of 
Aristolochia  serpentaria  and  Aristolochia  reti- 
cuUu  constitute  the  S.  of  the  U.  S.  P. 
(Serpentariae  rhixoma,  B.  P.).  S.  contains  a 
volatile  oil,  a  bitter  principle,  and  a  nitrogen- 
ous principle  called  aristolochin.  It  u  a 
stimulant,  tonic,  diaphoretic,  and  diuretic, 
and  is  used  in  the  eruptive  fevers  to  bring 
out  the  eruption,  in  intermittent  fever,  and  in 
dyspepsia.     Extractum  serpentarise  fluidum 


compoiiu  (U.  S.  P.,B.  P.).    Dosef^j  (4.0J. 

Serpentine  {ser^-pentin)  [serpens,  serpent]. 
Sinuous;  snake-like. 

Serpiginous  (ser-pif-inus)  [serpiginosus, 
from  serpere^  to  creep].  Creeping.  S.  Ul- 
cer, one  that  extends  in  one  direction  while 
healing  in  another. 

Serpigo  (ser-pi^-go)  [L.].     Ringworm. 

Serrate,  Serrated  (ser^at^  ser'-es-ted )  [serra, 
a  saw].  Provided  with  sharp  projections 
like  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 

Serration  (sera' -shun)  [serra,  a  saw].  The 
state  or  condition  of  bemg  serrate. 

Serrstus  (ser-a'tus)  ^L.  j.  Serrated ;  ap- 
plied to  muscles  arismg  or  inserted  by  s 
series  of  processes  resembling  the  teeth  of  a 
saw.     See  Muscles,  Table  of. 

Serre-flne  (sArfht')  f  Fr.].  A  small  spring- 
forceps  for  seixmg  and  compressing  bleeding 
vessels. 

Serre-nosud  {s^r-n^^  V^^V  ^"  instrument 
used  for  drawing  tight  a  ligature  thrown 
around  s  part,  as  around  the  pedicle  of  a 
tumor. 

Serrulate  (ser'-u-Ut)  [serrula,  dim.  of  irms, 
a  saw].     Minutely  notched  or  serrated. 

^erum  {se'-rum)  [U].  I.  The  clear, 
yellowish  fluid  separating  from  the  blood 
after  the  coagulation  of  the  fibrin.  2.  Any 
clear  fluid  resembling  the  S.  of  the  blood. 
S.-albumin,  the  albumin  found  in  the 
blood-seram  and  other  animal  fluids.  S.- 
globulin.  See  PnraglolmHn.  S.  lactia, 
whey.     S.-unit.     See  Unit. 

Sesame  {ses'-am-e).     See  Sesamum. 

Sesamoid  {ses'-am-oid )  [(rtfaaftov,  sesame; 
rlcVoc,  like].  Resembling  a  sesame-seed. 
S.  Bone,  a  small  bone  developed  in  a  ten* 
don  subjected  to  much  pressure. 


SHOULDER.JOINT 


SHOULDER.JOINT 


I.  Deltoid. 


Diagramnuitic  Section  of  Shoulder  throagh  Bicipitml  Groove.~(ff^^.) 
a.  Acromion.     3.  Subacromial  bursa.    4.  Glenoid  ligament.    5.  Capsule  of  ihoulder-ioint. 


6.  Glenoid  cavity.    7.  Long  tendon  of  bicept.    8.  Glenoid  ligament.    9.  Synovial  membrane  lining 
capsule  and  ensheatning  biceps  tendon.    10.  Inner  fold  of  capsule  and  lynovUlmemk  ... 

articular  portion  of  biceps  tendon,    xa.  Humerus. 


1  membrane,   xi.  Extra- 


Ligaments  of  the  Scapula  and  Shoulder-joint.— (fFt/lron.) 
I.  Superior  acromioclavicular  ligament.  2.  Coracoclavicular  ligament 'trapexoid).  v  Coracoclavicttlar 
ligament  (conoid).  4.  Coraco-acromial  ligament.  ^.  Transverse  ligament.  6.  Capsular  ligament. 
7.  Coracohumeral  ligament.  8.  The  lon^  tendon  of  the  biceps  issuing  from  the  capsular  ligament 
and  entering  the  bicipital  groove.  9.  Extracapsular  portion  of  shoulder-socket,  formed  by  under 
surface  of  acromion  and  coraco-acromial  ligament. 


SESAMUM 


SICKNESS 


8esmmuin  {ses^-am-um)  To^a/iovy  A  genus 
of  pUnts  of  the  order  Pedaliacese.  8.  in- 
dicum  and  S.  orientale  yield  a  bUnd, 
sweetish  oil,  sesame-oil,  teel-oil,  benne-oil 
(Oleum  sesami,  U.  S.  P.),  employed  like 
olive-oil. 

Sesqui-  {sfs^-Awe-)  [L.].  A  prefix  denoting 
one  and  one-half. 

Sesquiozid  (ses-kwt-oks^-id)  [sesfui-^  one 
and  one-half;  6fic>  acid].  A  compound  of 
oxygen  and  another  element,  containing 
three  parts  of  oxygen  to  two  of  the  other 
element 

Sesquisalt  (ses' 'kwe-sawlt)  [sesqui,  one  and 
one>half ;  salf],  A  salt  containing  one  and 
one-half  times  as  much  of  the  acid  as  of  the 
radicle  or  base. 

Sessile  (ses'-U\  [sessilist  from  sedere,  to  sit]. 
Attached  by  a  broad  base ;  not  pedunculated ; 
as,  e,  g.^A  S.  tumor. 

Seton  (se'ton)  [seta,  a  bristle].  I.  A  thread 
or  skein  of  threads  drawn  through  a  fold  of 
the  skin,  so  as  to  produce  a  fistulous  tract ; 
it  is  used  as  a  counterirritant  2.  The  tract 
thus  produced. 

Setscnenow's  Inhibitory  Csnter  [setck'-en- 
0ft.),  A  cerebral  center  for  the  mhibitioa 
of  reflex  movements,  situated  in  the  corpora 
quadrigemina  and  the  medulla  oblongata. 

8even-^y  Fever.    Relapsing  fever. 

Serum  (jX-vmot)  [L.].    Suet. 

Sewer-gss.  The  mixture  of  gases  emanating 
from  sewers. 

Sewing  Spasm.    See  Seamstresses  Cramp. 

Sextan  (uJks^'tan)  [sex,  six].  Occurring 
every  sixth  day,  as,  e.g.,%  S.  fever. 

Seztipara  {seks'tip^'ar-aM)  [sex,  six ;  pesrtre, 
to  b^l.     See  Multipara. 

Seztuplet  (seksf'tuplet)  [sex,  six].  One  of 
six  offspring  of  a  single  gestation. 

Sexual  \sek?-ual)  [sexus,  sex].  Pertaining 
to  or  characteristic  of  sex,  as  the  S.  organs. 

Sexvalent  {seks'-val-ent)  [sex,  six;  valere, 
to  be  worth].  Having  an  atomicity  of  six 
as  comparea  with  that  of  hydrogen. 

Shadowgram.    See  X-rays. 

Shadow-test.     See  Skiaseopy. 

Shakes  (shdJks).    See  .4gue. 

Shaking  Palsy.    See  Paralysis  agitans. 

Sharpey's  Perforating  Fibers.  Transverse 
or  perpendicular  fibers  transfixing  and  join- 
ing the  lamellae  of  bone. 

Shaven-beard  Appearance.  A  peculiar 
appearance  of  the  agminated  glands  of  the 
intestine  in  typhoid  fever,  resembling  that 
of  a  recently-shaven  beard. 

Sheath  {skitk)  [AS.,  scoi^,  sheath].  A 
covering.  8.,  Primitive,  8.  of  Schwann. 
See  NeuriUmmsa. 

Shetp-pox.  A  contagious  pustular  disease  of 
sheep,  similar  to  cow-pox. 

Sherry-wins  (sker^-e).    See  Vi$smm  xeriaum^ 


Shin  [AS.,  seina,  shin].  The  sharp  ante- 
rior margin  of  the  tibia.    8. -bone,  the  tibia. 

Shingles  {sAit^-gles).     Herpes  xoster. 

Ship-fever.    Typhus  fever. 

Shiver  (skiiZ-er)  [ME.,  ckiveren,  to  shiver]. 
A  slight  tremor  or  shaking  of  the  body  due 
to  cold,  etc. 

Shock  [  Fr. ,  shoe,  shock] .  i .  A  sudden  grave 
depression  of  the  system  produced  by 
operations,  accidents,  or  strong  emotion.  It 
is  due  to  a  profound  influence  on  the  nervous 
system.  If  not  fatal  it  is  followed  hj  a  stage 
oif  reaction.  2.  The  agent  causing  a  general 
or  local  depression,  as,  ^.  /-.,  an  electnc  S. 

Shoddy  Fever.  A  diseased  condition  caused 
by  the  inhalation  of  the  du9t  in  shoddy- 
factories  ;  it  is  characterised  by  feverishness, 
headache,  nausea,  dryness  of  the  mouth, 
dyspnea,  cough,  and  expectoration. 

Shoemaker's  Spasm.  An  occupation -neu- 
rosis, analogous  to  writer*s  cramp,  occurring 
in  shoemakers. 

Short  Circuit.  One  in  which  an  electric 
current  encounters  an  abnormally  small  re- 


Short-sight.     Myopia. 

Shoulder  (sh^t^-der)  PAS. ,  sculder,  shoulder]. 
The  region  where  the  arm  joins  the  trunk, 
formed  oy  the  meeting  of  the  clavicle  and  the 
scapula,  and  the  overlying  soft  parts.  S.* 
blade,  the  scapula.    S.-gkdle.    See  GirdU. 

Show  [sko)  [AS. ,  sceeewian,  to  look].  I .  A 
bloody  discharge  from  the  birth-canal  prior 
to  labor.  3.  The  first  appearance  of  a  men- 
strual flow. 

Shower-bath,   ^tt  Bath, 

Shrapnell's  Membrane.    See  Membrane. 

St    A  symbol  for  silicon. 

Sialagogue  (staf -a-gwr)  [oiakm,  spittle; 
^ywy6^,  leading].  I.  Producing  a  flow  of 
saliva.  3.  A  drug  producing  a  flow  of 
saliva. 

Sialorrhea  {si-aJ-^-y  a)[oia}jov, spittle ;  ^mu, 
a  flow].  Salivation.  S.,  Pancreatic,  a  flow 
of  pancreatic  juice. 

Sibbens  (siy-ens)  [Gael.,  suhkan,  raspber- 
ries]. A  disease  iormeriy  endemic  in  the 
Scotch  highlands,  and  by  some  identified  with 
syphilis,  ij  others  with  yaws. 

Sibilant  {siy-ii-emt )  [sikilare,  to  hiss].  Hiss- 
ing or  wnistling,  as,  /.  ^. ,  a  S.  rale. 

Sibilus  (siy-il'us)  [siMUre,  to  hiss].  A 
sibilant  rale. 

Sick  [AS.,  sedc,  sick].  lU;  not  well  S.- 
headache,  migraine. 

Sickness  (siy-mes)  [AS.,  seic,  sick].  I .  The 
state  of  being  unwell.  2.  Nausea.  S., 
African  Sleeping.  See  African  Letkargy. 
S.,  Falling,  epilepsy.  S.,  Green,  diloro- 
sb.  S.,  Monthly,  the  menstrual  epoch. 
S.,  Mountain-,  a  sensation  of  nausea,  with 
impeded    respiration  and  irregular    bean's 


SIDEROSIS 


SIGN 


action,  due  to  the  rarefied  air  of  high  alti- 
tudes. 

Siderosis  (sid-fr-y-sis)  [aidtipq^^  iron].  A 
pigmentation  by  a  deposit  of  particles  of  iron  ; 
specifically,  a  chronic  interstitial  pneumonia 
caused  by  the  inhalation  of  particles  of  iron. 

Siegle's  Otoscope  or  Speculum.  An 
instrument  consisting  of  a  glass-covered 
box  with  a  conical  projection  and  a  rubber 
tube  attached  laterally.  When  the  conical 
projection  is  inserted  firmly  into  the  external 
auditory  canal,  and  the  air  is  compressed  or 
rarefled,  the  movements  of  the  drum-mem- 
brane may  be  observed.  It  is  also  used  for 
the  purpose  of  rendering  the  articulations  of 
the  ossicles  mobile. 

Sieve  (siv)  [AS.,  si/e,  sieve].  An  apparatus 
with  a  reticulated  bottom,  used  for  the  separa- 
tion of  fine  from  coarse  particles.  The  gauge 
of  th^  sieve  is  usually  expressed  in  the  num- 
ber of  meshes  per  square  inch. 

Sigaultian  Operation,  Sigault's  Operation 
[J.  R.  SigauUf  a  French  obstetrician].  S)rm- 
physiotomy. 

Sigh  (si)  [AS.,  Hcan^  to  sigh].  A  pro- 
longed and  deep  inspiration  followed  by  a 
shorter  expiration ;  suspirium. 

Sight  (sit)  [AS.,  siht,  sight].  The  act  of 
seeing ;  the  special  sense  concerned  in  seeing. 


S.,  Day-,  hemendopia.  S.,  Far,  S.,  Long, 
hyperopia.  S.,  Night-,  nyctalopia.  S., 
Old,  presbyopia.     S.,  Short,  myopia. 

Sigmatism  (sig^ -mai-hm)  [signia^  the  Greek 
letter  s\  I.  Defective  utterance  of  the 
sound  of  s.  2.  The  too  frequent  use  of  the  s 
sound  in  speech. 

Sigmoid  (sig^-moid\  [aiyfta^  the  letter  j; 
eUoQy  likeness].  Snaped  like  the  letter  S. 
S.  Cavities,  two  depressions  on  the  head  of 
the  ulna ;  the  greater  is  for  articulation  with 
the  humerus  ;  the  lesser^  on  the  outer  side  of 
the  coronoid  process,  is  for  articulation  with 
the  radius.  S.  Plextire,  an  S-shaped  bend 
in  the  colon  between  the  descending  portion 
and  the  rectum,  usually  occupying  the  left 
iliac  fossa.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  S.  flexure 
of  the  colon,  as  the  S.  artery,  the  S.  meso- 
colon. 

Sigmoidostomy  (sig-moi-^os^-fo-me)  [ff/^/m, 
the  letter  / ;  crdfia,  mouth].  The  formation 
of  an  artificial  anus  in  the  sigmoid  flexure 
of  the  colon. 

Sign  (sin)  ^signum,  a  mark].  A  mark  or 
evidence ;  m  a  restricted  sense,  a  physical 
S.  S.,  Objective,  S.,  Physical,  one  appa- 
rent to  the  observer.  S.,  Subjective,  one 
only  recognized  by  the  patient.  A  table  of 
Epimymic  Signs  and  Symptoms  is  appended. 


TABLE  OF  EPONYMIC  SIGNS  AND  SYMPTOMS  OF  DISEASES. 


Namb. 

DESCaiPTION. 

How  Elicitko. 

DiSBASR  IN  WHICH 
PaESBNT. 

SiGNIFICAMCB. 

Abadie's  sign. 

Spasm  of  the   levator 
palpebrae     superions 
muscle. 

Inspection. 

Exophthalmic  goi- 
ter. 

Alli8*s  sign. 

Relaxation  of  the  fascia 
between  the  crest  of 
the    ilium   and   the 
trochanter  major. 

Inspection. 

Fracture    of    the 
neck  of  the  fe- 
mur. 

Argyll  Robertson 
pupil. 

A  pupil  that  acts  In  ac- 
commodation but  not 
to  light. 

Usual  tests  for  ac- 
commodation 
and  light. 

Locomotor  ataxia. 

Baccelli's  sign 
{aphonic  pectori- 
loquy.) 

Reverberation    of   the 
whispered    voice, 
heard     through    the 
chest-wall. 

Whispered    voice 
of  patient  aus- 
cultate^l  through 
the  chest. 

Pleural  eflfusion. 

Baruch's  sign. 

The  resistance  of  the 
rectal  temperature  to 
a  bath  Of  75°  for  fif- 
teen     minutes,    with 
friction. 

Immersion  in  bath 
of75*»F. 

Typhoid  fever. 

Bemhardt's  symp- 
tom. 

Paresthetic  and  painful 
sensations  on  the 
outer  and  anterior  as- 
pect of  the  thigh,  in 
the  distribution  of  the 
external  cutaneous 
nerve. 

Condition  is  sub- 
jective. 

In  some  cases  de- 
pended   on     dis- 
placement of  ex* 
temal    couneoos 
nerve. 

SIGN  SIGN 

TABLE  OF  EPONYMIC  SIGNS  AND  SYMPTOMS  OF  DISEASES.— (#itAiw»#/. 


Namk. 


I 


DicscmimoN. 


How  Elicitbo. 


I  I 

DiSBASB  IN  WHICH 

Pkbsknt. 


Bicrmer'g    change    See  Cerhmrdts  chamft .  Paretic  dementia, 
of  sound.  I    of   iound    (in    tnis  ■ 

I    Ubie). 


Biemacki't  symp-  < 
torn. 


Analgesia 
nerve. 


of    ulnarl 

I 


Bouillaud,     Tinte- 
raent    ni6talliqae  i 
of.  I 


A  peculiar  clink 
times    heard    at 


the 


right  of  the  apex-beat 
on'     ' 


^tbc  heart. 

See   Rombtrg'M 
torn. 


vnmp^ 


Brach- Romberg 
symptom. 

Brow  n>S^uard's  i  Hcmlparaplegia     with 

paralysis.  hemianesthesia  of  op- 

_      '    posite  side 

Burton's  sign. 


Cheyne-Stokes' 
respiration. 


ChToatek's  sign. 


Clark's      (Alonzo) 
sign.  I 


Corrigan's  line. 


Blue  line  at  junction  of 
teeth  with  gums. 

A  succession  of  respir* 
ations  becoming  pro- 
gressivelv  shorter  and 
more  shallow,  then  an 
intermission  of  vary- 
ing duration,  followed 
by  progressive  in- 
crease in  depth  and 
length  of  respirations. 

Sudden  spasm  of  one 
side  of  the  face. 

Obliterationof  the 
hepatic  dnlness  due  to 
tympanitic  distention 
of^tjie  sbdomen. 

A  purple  line  at  the 
junction  of  the  teeth 
with  the  gums. 


Visual     examina- 
tion. 


SlUNinCANCK. 


Cardiac  hypartro- 
phy. 


Lesion  of  lateral 
half  of  spinal 
cord 

Chronic  ltad-poi« 
soning. 

In  various  affec- 
tions in  which 
the  brain  U  im- 
plicated. Cere- 
bral edema.  Ur^ 


A  slight  tap  upon    Postoperative  tet« 
the   side  of  the      any, 
fisce.  I 

Percussion.  |  Appendicitis    sod  I  Thcpresenceofihe 

other    prritonesi  I     Inflated  bowel,  or 
I    iofUmmAtions.  of  gas  In  front  of 

I  th4>  Itvrr. 


Visual 
tion. 


examina-    Chronic     copper* 
I    poisoning. 


Corrigan's  pulse.  I 
Dalrymple's  sign.  | 
Davldsohn's  sign. 


ilna-  .  Esopbtbatmlr  goi- 
ter. I 


DmmoKMd's  whiff. 


Dietl's 


A  forcible  pulse-wave.  !  By  finger  or  sphyg-    Aortic  insuffUlen- 
which  quickly  recedes.'     mograpb.  '    cy.  | 

Abnormal  widening  of,  Vitnal     exami 
the  palpebral  apertore. ,    tion. 

Reflection   of   light     Electric    light 
throngh  the  papU  in  '    the  mouth, 
translnminat  lon^ 

A  whiff  heard  at  the    Anscnltatioa. 
open    mouth,   during  ; 
respiration     proceeo-  ■ 
log  froa  the  gloctts.     | 

Sharp  paroxrtmsl  ■ 
pains  orrarrinr  in) 
ca*e     of     movable, 

kidney. 


Aortic  anearysm. 


I  Health. 


•^r,t)rr«*t«      (turn 


Daroxiex's     mar- 

A  HonM^   marrour  or- 

AMcvltatioa. 

A €» f II <   tm fmn>« 

mar. 

ra^Kffit.S    heard    ta 
tbr  (emoral  srtrry. 

lefKe, 

Farre's  tabcrclca. 

on  the  ura<.c  af  the 
h\rT. 

Palpal  Ml. 

PtUpovltch-s  sigft. 

A    »affr'*-'.ke    ffA'jrn 
tJ'*n  of  "^  '^  ;  TO-  '••■M 

Impntifm. 

Jyp9^H4  (r*vr 

aad  soics  rii  <#«t 

SIGN  SIGN 

TABLE  OF  EPONYMIC  SIGNS  AND  SYMPTOMS  OF  DISEASES.— Gwtftif««/, 


Namb. 

Description. 

How  Elicited. 

Disease  in  which 
Present. 

Significance. 

Fisher's  brain-mur- 
mur. 

A  systolic  murmur  over 
the  anterior  fontanel 
or    in    the    temporal 
region  of  infants. 

Ausculution. 

RickeU  and  other 
conditions. 

Flint's  murmur. 

A  second  murmur  fre- 
quently heard  at  the 
apex ;  it  has  a  rumb- 
ling quality  and  may 
be  presystolic,  and  is 
probably  produced  at 
the  mitral  orifice. 

Auscultation. 

Aortic  incompe- 
tence. 

Foerster's  shifting 
type. 

Variations  in  the  field 
of  vision. 

Perimetric    limiu 
differ   according 
asthevaredeter- 
minea  by  moving 
the  disc  from  the 
center    outward 
or  from  without 
to  the  center. 

Anesthesia  of  the 
retina,  traumatic 
neuroses,  etc. 

Friedreich's  respi- 
ratory change  of 
sound. 

The  pitch  of  the  percus- 
sion-note becomes  in- 
creased at  the  height 
of  a  deep  inspiration. 

On  percussion. 

Pulmonary  tuber- 
culosis and  other 
conditions. 

Friedreich's  sign. 

Diastolic    collapse    of 
the  cervical  veins. 

Palpation.    In- 
spection. 

Adherent  pericar- 
dium. 

Garel's  sign. 

Absence    of    luminous 
perception  on  the 
afTected   side  of  the 
walls   and   sinuses 
about     the    mouth— 
antrum  of  Highmore. 

Electric      transil- 
lumination. 

Disease  of  the  an- 
trum. 

Gerbardt's  change 
of  sound. 

A  change  of  percussion- 
note  according  to  the 
patient's  position, 
whether  upright,  lying 
on  the  back,  or  on  the 
side.    Due  to  changes 
in  the  form  of  the  air- 
space and   fluid-con- 
tenU  of  the  thoracic 
cavity. 

Percussion  in  the 
different  posi- 
tions. 

Pneumothorax, 
cnlods. 

Gerbardt's  sign. 

Absence  of  movement 
of  larynx  in  dyspnea 
due  to  aneurysm  of 
aorta. 

Inspection. 

other  causes,  the 
movements      of 
larynx  are  exten- 
sive. 

Glasgow's  sign. 

Svstolic     sound      in 
brachial  artery. 

Ausculution. 

Latent    aneurysm 
of  aorta. 

von  Graefe's  sign. 

Failure  of  the  upper  lid 
to  follow  the  eyeball 
in     glancing    aown- 
ward. 

By   having   the 
patient     alter- 
nately rotate  the 
eyes     up     and 
down. 

Exophthalmic  goi- 
ter. 

Grancher's  sign. 

The    expiratory   mur- 
mur eouals  in  pitch 
that  or  the   inspira- 
tory. 

Auscultation. 

Pulmonary      con- 
densation. 

Obstrudioa  to  ex- 
pired air. 

Gubler's  tumor. 

A  prominence  seen  on 
the    dorsum    of   the 
carpus. 

By  flexing  carpus. 

Wrist-drojp  of 
chronic  lead-poi- 
soning. 

ProbablT  some 
effusion  into  the 
synovial  sacs. 

Guyon's  sign. 

Renal  ballottement. 

Palpation. 

Floating  kidney. 

SIGN  SIGN 

TABLE  OF  EPONYMIC  SIGNS  AND  SYMPTOMS  OF  DISEASES— Ow/^ittfr^/. 


Namb. 

DncRimoN. 

How  EUCITBD. 

PRBSBNT. 

SlCNtnCAMCS. 

Hebcrdcti's  nodot- 
iUes. 

Hard  nodules,  osnally 
on  the  distal  joints  of 
the  fingers. 

PalpaUon. 

Rhcnmatoid    ar* 
thritis,  nsnaUy  in 
advanced  lifef 

Hegar't  tign. 

A  softening  of  the  low- 
er uterine  segment. 

By    forefinger    in 
the  rectum   and 
the  thumb  in  the 
vagina. with  pres- 
sure firom  above. 

Pregnancy. 

Hick's     (Braxton) 
sign. 

Intermittent  uterine 
contraction.  Begins  to 
be  apparent  at  end  of 
third  month.     Maj 
also  be  produced  by 
any  tumor   that  dis- 
tends oterus. 

PalpaUoa. 

Pregnancy.   ' 

Hippocrattc  (acics. 

An  anxious  face,  with 
pinched  features  and 
sunken  eyes. 

By    involuntary 
contraction  of  the 
facial  muMTlcs. 

In  peritonitis  and 
&tal  diseases. 

Hippocratic     fin- 

Clubbinff  of  the  finger- 
tips, With  Incurvation 
of  the  nails. 

Inspection. 

Pulmonary  tuber- 
culoais  aiid  other 
wasting  diseases. 

Hippocratic    tuc- 
cussion. 

Splashing  sound. 

By  shaking  body 
of  patient. 

Pvopneumothorax; 
nydropneumo- 
thorax. 

Air  and  fluid  in  tha 
pleural  cavity. 

H  utchinton'a 
patch. 

Dull-red  coloration  o( 
the  cornea. 

CUiary  injection. 

Interstitial  kerati- 
tis. 

SyphUis. 

Hutchinson's  teeth. 

Upper  central  perma- 
nent incisor  teeth  are 
peg-shaped,    and 
notched  on   the  cut- 
ting edge. 

Inspection. 

Inherited  syphilis. 

Hutchinson's    trio 
of  symptoms. 

Notched  teeth,  intersti- 
tial keratitis,  and  oti- 
tis. 

Inherited  syphUit. 

jaccoud's  sifn. 

Prominence  of  the 
aorU  in  the  supraster- 
nal notch. 

Inspectkw. 

Leukemia  (and 
paeudolenkemia). 

jacquemin's  sign. 

Violet  color  of  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  va- 
gina;   appears  about 
the    fourth    week    of 
gestation. 

Inspection. 

Pregnancy. 

Venous  congestion. 

Jaddoi's  lines. 

Various   lines  on   the 
(ace  of  infiuits. 

Inspection. 

Various   diseased 
conditions. 

Sce/s^rlsTi  Imus 

Jortsetme'asicn. 

Pulse  does  not  become  |  Change    of   posl- 
accelerated  on  chang-      tion  as  described, 
ing  from  the  borixon- , 
tal  to  the  erect  posi- 
tion.                              1 

Pregnancy. 

Josscraud's  sign. 

A  loud  metallic  second 
sound   over  the  pul- 
monic area. 

Auscuhatioa. 

Acnte  pericarditU. 

Keen's  sign. 

Increased    diameter 
through  the  leg  at  the 
malleoli. 

Fracture  of  fibiUa 
(Pott's). 

KOster's  sign. 

Presence  of  a  c>stic  to-    Palpation  and  In- 
mor   in   the    median      spiectioa. 
line   anterior   to  the 
utema. 

1 

Ovarian  dermoids. 

4« 


SIGN  SIGN 

TABLE  OF  EPONYMIC  SIGNS  AND  SYMPTOMS  OF  DlSEASES.^GmHmued. 


Namb. 

DBSCRtmON. 

How  EuaTKD. 

DiSBASB  IN  WHICH 

PBBSBzrr. 

SiGNIPICAMCS. 

Laennec's  perles. 

Rounded  gelatinous 
masses. 

In  sputum. 

Bronchial  asthma. 

Mucons  moldt  of 
the  smaller  bron- 
chial tubes. 

Laennec't  rale. 

A   modified   subcrepi- 
tant  rale. 

Auscultation. 

Pnlmonaryem- 
physema. 

Mucus  in  the 
bronchioles. 

Litten's  sign. 

See    Diaphragm  -pke- 

ncmenon. 

Mannkopfs  symp- 
tom. 

Increase    in    the    fre- 
quency of  the  pulse. 

By  pressure  on 
peripheral  poinU. 

Pain. 

Not  present  in 
simulated  pain. 

Oliver's  sign. 

Tracheal  tugging. 

By   grasping    the 
larynx    between 
the   thumb    and 
finger  and  pres- 
sing upward. 

Aneurysm  of  the 
aorta. 

Palmoplantar  sign. 

See  FilipwitcICi  sign. 

Parkinson's  facies. 

Face    expressionless, 
"wooden;"    move- 
ments  of    the   lips 
slow;    eyebrows  ele- 
vated.    The  whole 
expression   is  immo- 
bile and  mask-like. 

InspecUon. 

Paralysis  agitana. 

Parkinson's  mask. 

See  Parkinson's  fades. 

Parrot's  nodes. 

Osteophytes  of  the 
skull. 

Palpation. 

Of     typhilitic 
origin. 

Inherited  syphUia. 

Parrot's  sign. 

DilaUtion  of  the  pupil. 

By    pinching   the 
skin  of  the  neck. 

MeningiUs. 

Paul's  sign. 

A  feeble  apex-beat,  with 
a  forcible  impulse  over 
the  body  of  the  heart. 

Palpation. 

Pericarditis. 

Pericardial  adbo- 
sions. 

Porter's  sign. 

See  Olivet's  sign. 

Polt's  boss. 

Projecting  spinous  pro- 
cess. 

PalpaUon. 

Pott's  disease. 

Vertebral  caries. 

Quincke's  pulse 
or  symptom. 

Blanching  of  the  finger- 
nails at  each  diastole 
of  the  heart. 

Inspection. 

Aortic  insufficien- 
cy. 

Very  marked  re- 
gurgitation. 

Raynaud's  phe- 
nomena. 

A  white  and  cold  con- 
dition of  the  fingers, 
alternating  with  burn- 
ing heat  and  redness. 

Raynaud's  disease, 
q.v. 

Vasomotor  d  i  s  - 
turbance. 

Rittcr's  tetanus. 

Tetanus  of  a  muscle. 

By  suddenly  break- 
ing   the    circuit 
while    a    strong 
constant   cur- 
rent ispassing 
through  a  nerve. 

Health. 

Ritter-Rollet    phe- 
nomenon. 

Flexion  of  the  foot  by 
gentle  electric  stimu- 
lation.    Extension  of 
the  foot  by  energetic 
stimulation. 

Voltaic  or  faradic 
stimulation. 

Romberg's    symp- 
tom. 

Swaying  of  the  body. 

By       standing 
patient  with  feet 
close    together 
and    with    eyes 
shut 

Locomotor  ataxia. 

SIGN  SIGN 

TABLE  OF  EPONYMIC  SIGNS  AND  SYMPTOMS  OF  DlSEASES,^Gm/iM$ud. 


Namb. 

Dbscription. 

How  EUCITKO. 

DiSBASB  IN  WHICH 
PRBSBNT. 

SlCNlPtCAMCB. 

RoMobach's  sign. 

reflex. 

In  inflammatory  in- 
testinal diseases. 

Rosenthml't  hyper- 
acid vomiting. 

The  vomiting  of  very 
add  material 

Exaggerated     se- 
ction of  HO  in 
the  gastric  Juice. 

Rossbach's     dis- 

Segtiin's     signal 
tympCom. 

The  contraction  of  one 
muscle  or  group  of 
muscles,  preceding 
the  epileptic  attack. 

InvolunUr>*. 

Epilepsy. 

Skecr's  symptom. 

A  small    circle   that 
forms  in  the  iris  near 
the  pupil  in  both  eyes 
simultaneously. 

Inspection. 

Tuberculous  men- 
ingitis. 

Skoda's  consonat- 
ing  rales. 

Bronchia]  rales  heard 
through  consolidated 
pulmonary  tissue. 

AnsculUtion. 

Pneumonia. 

Mucus  in  bronchial 
tubes  surrounded 
by  consolidated 
structure. 

Skoda's  resooance, 
sign,  or  tympany. 

A  tympanitic  note  on 
percussion. 

chest  above  a 
larce  pleural  el^ 
fusion  or  above 
the  line  of  con- 
solidation   in 
pneumonia. 

.Heard   when   a 
pleural    effusion 
extends  up  to  the 
4th  rib  or  above. 

Vicarious  action  of 
the  portion  of 
lung  not  involved 
jag«c  or  upper 

Suirs^gn. 

Difficultv  in  descend- 
ing  stairs. 

Early  symptoms  of 
locomotor  aUxia. 

Stellwag's     syrop>    Apparent  widening  of 
torn.                            the  palpebral  aperture. 

Retraction  of  up- 
per eyelid. 

ter. 

Stokes's  sign. 

Violent    throbbing    in 
the  abdomen  to  the 
right  of  the  umbilicus. 

Palpation. 

Acute  enteritis. 

Tache  c6r6brale. 

The  appearance  of  a 
redliiii; 

Bv    drawing    the 
the  skin. 

Tuberculous  men- 
ingitis,    acute 
levers,  and  other 
conditions. 

Tamier'ssign. 

The  eflacement  of  the 
angle  between  the  up- 
per and  lower  uterine 
segmenu. 

Digital    ezamina- 
tion. 

Pregnancy. 

Inevitable  abor- 
Uo«. 

Trousseau's     phe- 

Muscular  spasm,  which 
continues  as  long  as 
pressure  is  applied. 

Pressure    on    the 
large  arteries  or 
on    the  nerve- 
trunk. 

Tetany. 

Heightened  nenro- 
bility. 

Troosaeau's  spots. 

See  Tackt  ch^fbraU. 

Vallcix's  points. 

Tender  spou  akmg  the 

Pressure.                |  Neuralgia* 

Vigonrottx's  symp- 
tom. 

Diminished  electric 
resistance  of  skin. 

Electric    stimula- ■  Exophthalmic 
tion.                      1    goiter. 

^Veoer^ s  symptom* 

Paralysis  of  the  oculo- 
motor  nerve   of  one 
side  and   hemiplegia 
of  the  opposite  side. 

Wernicke's  symp- 
tom. 

See  Reactiom,  Newno^ 

{ 


SIGNA  SINAPIN 

TABLE  OF  EPONYMIC  SIGNS  AND  SYMPTOMS  OF  DISEASES— On/^wiad: 


Name. 

Dbscription. 

How  EUCITBD. 

DiSBASB  IN  WHICH 

Present. 

Significance. 

Westphart      foot- 
phenomenon. 

Ankle-clonus. 

By  suddenly  flex- 
mg  foot  on  leg. 

Lateral  sclerosis 
and  various  other 
conditions. 

Westphal's     para- 
doxic contrac- 
tion. 

The  tonic  contraction 
of  a  muscle  caused  by 
the  passive  approxi- 
mation of  its  extremi- 
ties. 

In  anterior  tibial, 
by  rapid   dorsal 
flexion  of  the  foot. 

Paralysis  agitans 
(Westphal),  and 
sclerosis  of  the 
posterolateral 
columns  of  the 
cord. 

We8tphal*8  sign. 

Abolition  of  the  knee- 
jerk. 

Percussion     over 
the    quadriceps- 
tendon. 

Locomotor  ataxia, 
destructive  lea- 
ions  of  lower  part 
of  cord,  periphe- 
ral neuritis,  etc. 

Weatphal-Erb 
symptom. 

Same    as    IVestphal's 
sign. 

Williams'  tracheal 
tone. 

A  dull  tympanitic  re- 
sonance, becoming 
higher   pitched  on 
opening  the  mout4i. 

Percussion. 

Pleural  effusion. 

Arises  fh>m  the  vi- 
bration of  air  la 
a  large  bronchus 
surrounded   by 
compressed  lung. 

Wintrich'ssign. 

Change   in    the   pitch 
when    the   moutn    is 
opened  and  closed. 

Percussion. 

Tuberculosis  of 
lung. 

Pulmonar>'  cavity. 

Signa  (sig^-nah)  [signarey  to  make  a  sign]. 
Mark.  In  prescription- writing,  a  term  placed 
before  the  physician's  directions  to  the  pa- 
tient concerning  the  medicine  prescribed ; 
abbreviated  to  S.  or  Sig. 

Signature  (sig^-nat-HA  [signare^  to  make  a 
sign].  I.  The  part  of  the  prescription  that 
is  to  be  placed  on  the  label.  2.  A  distin- 
guishing character.  Doctrine  of  Signa- 
tures, a  theory  that  the  medicinal  uses  of 
plants  or  other  objects  can  be  determined 
from  the  signatures  or  peculiar  characters. 

Sikimin  (sik' -im-in)  [sikkimy  a  region  of  the 
Himalaya].  A  poisonous  principle  derived 
from  Illicium  relig^osum. 

Silent  Region  of  the  Spinal  Cord.  The 
gray  matter  of  the  cord. 

Silica  (sil^'ik-ah)  [silexy  Hint].  Silicon  dioxid, 
SiOj,  occurring  in  nature  in  the  form  of 
quartz,  Hint,  and  other  minerals. 

Silicate  (sil^'ik-at)  [silexy  flint].  A  salt  of 
silicic  acid. 

Silicic  Acid  {siiis'-ik)  [«7^jr, flint].  H4Si04. 
A  tetrabasic  acid,  forming  the  silicates.  See 
Sodium  silicate. 

Silicon  (sil'-ik-on)  [silex,  flint].  A  nonme- 
tallic  element  occurring  widely  distributed  in 
nature  as  silica,  SiO,,  and  in  the  form  of 
silicates.  Atomic  weight  28.3  ;  symbol  Si ; 
valence  four.  It  resembles  carbon  in  its 
cbemic  behavior. 


Silicosis  {sil'ik'</ -sis)  [si lex ^  flint].  A  de- 
posit of  particles  of  silica  in  the  tissues; 
specifically,  a  chronic  fibroid  condition  of  the 
lung  or  the  bronchial  l3rmpbatic  glands,  pro- 
duced by  the  inhalation  of  particles  of  silica. 

Silk-worm  Gut.  The  thread  drawn  from  the 
silk-worm  killed  when  ready  to  spin  the 
cocoon. 

Silver  (sil^-ver).     See  Argentum, 

Silver-fork  Deformity.  A  peculiar  deformity 
of  the  wrist  and  hand  in  Colles*  fracture,  re- 
sembling a  fork. 

Simaruba  (sim-ar-iZ-bah ).  A  genus  of  trees 
of  the  order  Simarubeje.  The  bark  of  the 
root  of  S.  officinalis  has  been  used  as  a  simple 
bitter. 

Simple  (sim'-pl)  [simplex^  single].  Not 
complex ;  consisting  of  but  one  substance,  or 
containing  only  one  active  substance ;  not 
compound. 

Simples  (sim'-ph)  [simplex^  simple].  A 
term  for  herbs  having  a  medicinal  value. 

Sims'  Position.     See  Postures,  Table  of. 

Sims*  Speculum  [J.  Marion  Sitns,  an  Ameri- 
can gynecologist].     See  Speculum, 

Simulation  {sim-ula'-shun)  [simutare,  to 
feign].     A  feigning  or  counterfeiting. 

Sinalbin  (sin-al^-bin).     See  Mustard, 

Sinapin  {sin'-ap-in)  [ff^van-t,  mustard].  Cj,- 
H^NOg.  A  substance  occurring  as  a  sulpho- 
cyanate  in  white  mustard. 


SINAPIS 


SITOMANIA 


Sinapis  (sin  a^ -pis)  [aivairt^  mustard].  See 
Mustard. 

Sinapism  (sin^-ap-itm)  [aivairtf  mustard]. 
A  mustard-plaster. 

Sinapized  (sin'-ap-lMd)  [aivani^  mustard]. 
Containing  mustard. 

Sincalin  \sing^-ka-Iin).  A  base  found  in 
mustard  and  identified  with  chblin. 

Sincipital  (sin  -  sip'  -  it  -  al)  [sinciput\  Per- 
taining to  the  sinciput. 

Sinciput  («V -«)>-«/ )  \semi^  half;  caputs 
head].  The  superior  and  anterior  part  of 
the  head. 

Sinew  (sin'-u)  [AS.,  sinu^  sinew].  See 
Tendon. 

Singultus  (sing'gui'-tus).     See  Hiccough. 

Sinigrin  (sin' -ig-rin).     See  Mustard. 

Sinistrad  (sin'-is-trad)  {sinister^  left;  ad^ 
toward].     Toward  the  left 

Sinistral  (sin'-is-trai)  [sinister,  left].  On 
the  left  side. 

Sinistrin  (sin'-is-trin)  [sinister,  left].  A 
substance  resembling  dextrin,  found  in 
squills. 

Sinus  (si'-nm)  [sinus,  a  gulf  or  hollow].  I. 
A  hollow  or  cavity ;  a  recess  or  pocket  2. 
A  large  channel  containing  blood,  especially 
one  containing  venous  blood.  3.  A  suppura- 
ting  tract.  S.,  Air-,  a  cavity  within  bones 
containing  air,  especially  one  communicating 
with  the  nasal  passages.  S.,  Aortic.  See 
S.  of  Valsalva.  S.,  Cavernous,  a  lam 
venous  S.  extending  from  the  sphenoid  to- 
sure  to  the  apex  of  the  petrous  portion  of 
the  temporal  bone,  communicating  behind 
with  the  inferior  and  superior  petrosal 
sinuses  and  receiving  the  ophthalmic  vein 
in  front.  S.,  Circular,  a  venous  S.  sur- 
rounding the  pituitary  body,  and  communicat- 
ing on  each  side  with  the  cavernous  S. 
S.,  Coronary  {of  the  heart),  a  large  venous 
S.  in  the  transverse  groove  between  the  left 
auricle  and  left  ventricle  of  the  heart.  S., 
Frontal,  one  of  the  two  irregular  cavities 
in  the  frontal  bone  containing  air  and  com- 
municating with  the  nose  by  the  infundib- 
ulum.  S.,  Inferior  Longitudinal,  a  venous 
S.  which  extends  along  the  posterior  half  of 
the  lower  border  of  the  falx  cerebri  and  ter- 
minates in  the  straight  S.  S.,  Inferior 
Petrosal,  a  large  venous  S.  arising  from  the 
cavernous  S. ,  running  along  the  lower  margin 
of  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone, 
and  joining  the  lateral  S.  to  form  the  internal 
jugular  vein.  S.  of  Kidney,  the  prolonga- 
tion inward  of  the  hilum  of  the  kidney.  S. 
of  the  Larynx,  the  ventricle  of  the  larynx. 
S.,  Lateral,  a  venous  S.  which  begins  at  the 
torcular  Herophili  and  runs  borixontallyon  the 
inner  surface  of  the  occipital  bone  to  the  base 
of  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone, 
where  it  unites  with  the  inferior  petrosal  S. 


to  form  the  internal  jugular  vein.  S.  of 
Morgagni,  the  interval  between  the  upper 
border  of  the  superior  constrictor  muscle  and 
the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital  bone.  S., 
Occipital,  a  small  venous  S.  in  the  attached 
margin  of  the  falx  cerebelli,  opening  into  the 
torcular  Herophili.  S.  pcNCulans.  See 
Uterus  masculinus.  S.,  Prostatic.  See 
Uterus  masculinus.  S.,  Rhomboid,  S. 
rhomboideus,  the  fourth  ventricle  of  the 
brain.  S.,  Sphenoid,  the  air-space  in  the 
body  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  communicat- 
ing with  the  nasal  cavity.  8.,  Straight,  a 
venous  S.  running  from  the  inferior  longitudi- 
nal S.  along  the  junction  of  the  falx  cerebri  and 
tentorium  to  the  lateral  S.  S.,  Superior  Lon- 
gitudinal, a  venous  S.  which  runs  along  the 
upper  edge  of  the  falx  cerebri,  beginning  in 
front  at  the  crista  galli  and  terminating  at  the 
torcular  Herophili.  S.,  Superior  Petrosal, 
a  venous  S.  running  in  a  groove  in  the  petrous 
portion  of  the  temporal  bone  extending  from 
the  posterior  part  of  the  cavernous  S.  to  the 
lateral  S.  S.,  Terminal,  S.  terminalis,  a 
vein  that  encircles  the  vascular  area  of  the 
blastoderm,  and  empties  either  by  one  trunk, 
the  anterior  vitelline  vein,  into  the  left  vitel- 
line vein,  or  by  two  tnmks  into  both  vitelline 
veins.  S.,  Transverse,  a  S.  uniting  the 
inferior  petrosal  sinuses.  S.,  Urogenital, 
the  canal  or  duct  into  which,  in  the  embryo, 
the  Wolffian  ducts  and  the  bladder  empty, 
and  which  opens  into  the  cloaca.  S.  of 
Valsalva,  one  of  the  pouch-like  dilatations 
of  the  aorta  or  pulmonary  artery  opposite  the 
segments  of  the  semilunar  valves. 

Sinus-phlebitis  (si-nus-ftebi' -tis)  [sinus,  a 
gulf;  phlebitis"].  Inflammation  of  one  of 
the  sinuses  of  the  cranial  cavity. 

Sinus-thrombosis  (si-nus-thromby-sis)  [si- 
nus, a  gulf;  thrombosis'].  Thrombosis  of  the 
sinuses  of  the  dura  mater  of  the  brain.  It  is 
usually  septic  in  character  and  is  apt  to  lead 
to  pyemia.  The  most  frequent  cause  is  dis- 
ease of  the  middle  ear. 

Siphon  (si'fon)  [ai^v,  a  tube].  A  tube 
bent  at  an  angle,  one  arm  of  which  is  longer 
than  the  other,  for  the  purpose  of  removing 
liquids  from  a  cavity  or  vessel. 

Siphonoma  (si-fon-o'-mah)  [<si^,  siphon ; 
bfUL,  tumor].  A  tumor  composed  of  fine 
tubes ;  also  Known  as  Henle*s  tubular  tumor. 

Sirenomelus  (si-renom' -el-us)  [aupitiv,  mer- 
maid; fikTjt^,  limb].  A  form  of  monster  in 
which  the  lower  extremities  are  intimately 
fused,  the  feet  being  absent. 

Sirup  [sir'-up).     See  Syrup. 

Sitiopbobia  (site-ofo^be-ah).  See  Sitoph^ 
bia. 

Sitomania  (si-to-ma'-ne-ah)  [olro^,  food; 
ftavia,  madness].  I.  A  periodic  craving  for 
food;  periodic  bulimia.     2,  Sttopbobia. 


SITOPHOBIA 


SMEGMA 


Sitophobia  (si'to-fi/ be-ah)  [ffJrof,  food; 
^poCt  fear].     Morbid  aversion  to  food. 

Situs  (si^'hds)  [situs,  site].  A  position.  S. 
viscerum  inversus,  an  anomaly  in  which 
the  viscera  of  the  body  are  changed  from  the 
normal  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  body. 

Sitzbath  {si/s^-da/A)  [Ger.,  ^Ito^aseat ;  da/A'\, 
A  hip-bath ;  a  bath  taken  in  a  sitting  pos- 
ture. 

Skatol  (skat'-oi)  [(ricardc» g^n.  of  anup,  dung], 
C,H,N-.  A  nitrogenous  compound  pro- 
duced by  the  decomposition  of  proteida  in 
the  intestinal  canal. 

Skeletal  [skel' -et-al)  \skeleton\.  Pertaining 
to  or  connected  with  the  skeleton  or  support- 
ing structure  of  a  body. 

Skeletization  (skel-eti-za' -shun)  \oKtktrhv, 
skeleton].  The  process  of  convertmg  into  a 
skeleton  ;  gradual  wasting  of  the  soft  parts, 
leaving  only  the  skeleton. 

Skeletogenous  (skel-et-oj' -en-us)  {pta'ktTiv, 
skeleton;  yewdv,  to  produce].  Producing  a 
skeleton  or  skeletal  tissues. 

Skeletography  {skel-  et-  og'-ra-fe)  \pKiktr6v, 
skeleton ;  ypd^iv,  to  write].  A  description 
of  the  skeleton. 

Skeletology  {skel-et-oV -o-je)  lentXerdv,  skele- 
ton; X^yog,  science],  llie  branch  of  ana- 
tomy treating  of  the  skeleton. 

Skeleton  (skei^-et-on\  [fficeXfr^v,  a  dried  body, 
from  OKkAXeiVy  to  ary  up].  A  supporting 
structure,  especially  the  bony  framework 
(osseous  S.)  supporting  and  protecting  the 
soft  parts  of  an  organism.  S.,  Cartilaginous, 
the  cartilaginous  structure  from  which  the 
bony  S.  is  formed  through  ossification. 

Skiagraphy  (ski-ag'-ra-fi).    See  Skiagraphy. 

Skiascopy  (ski-tt?-  ko  -pt)  [tiicia,  shadow  ; 
aiamelif,  to  seel.     See  Retinoscopy. 

Skin  [ME.,  sktn^  skin].  The  protective  cov- 
ering of  the  body  composed  of  the  epider* 
mis,  scarf-skin,  or  cuticle,  and  the  corium, 
or  true  S.  The  epidermis  consists  of  a  deep 
layer,  the  stratum  Malpighii,  and  three  super- 
ficial layers,  the  stratum  granulosum,  the 
stratum  lucidum,  and  the  stratum  corneum. 
The  corium,  derma,  or  true  S.,  consists  of  a 
papillary  and  reticular  layer  (stratum  papil- 
lare  and  stratum  reticulare),  the  former  pro- 
jecting upward  in  the  form  of  papillse.  The 
true  S.  is  made  up  of  elastic  tissue,  white 
fibrous  tissue,  and  nonstriped  muscular  tissue 
(the  arrectores  pili).  The  subcutaneous  tissue 
consists  of  fibroelastic  and  adipose  tissue. 
The  appendages  of  the  S.  are  the  nails, 
hairs,  and  sw^at-  and  sebaceous  glands, 
which  are  derivatives  of  the  epithelial 
layer  of  the  S.  In  the  skin  are  also  placed 
terminal  nerve-organs  subserving  the  sense 
of  touch.  S.-bound  Disease.  See  ScUro- 
derma.  S.,  Glossy,  a  peculiar  shiny, 
glazed  skin  seen  in  conditions  ia  which  the 


trophic  nerve-supply  to  the  S.  is  cut  off,  as 
after  injury  to  a  nerve.  S.,  Qoose-.  See 
Goose-skin.  S. -grafting,  the  application  of 
pieces  of  the  outer  layers  of  healthy  skin  to  a 
granulating  surface  for  the  purpose  of  hasten- 
ing its  cicatrization. 

Skiography  {ski-og* -ra-fe)  [otda^  shcdow; 
ypd^tv,  to  write].  Photography  by  the  Rfiot- 
gen  or  X-rays.  Skotography,  Skiagraphy, 
Radiography,  Electrography,  Electroskio- 
graphy,  Rdntography,  and  the  New  Photo- 
graphy are  some  of  the  names  that  have  been 
proposed  to  designate  the  method. 

Skoda's  Sign,  S.'s  Resonance,  or  S.'s 
Tympany  [Skoda,  an  Austrian  physician]. 
The  tympanic  percussion-note  above  the  level 
of  a  pleural  emision. 

Skodaic  Resonance.    See  Skoda's  Si^. 

Skotography  {^sko-tog'-ra-fe).  See  Skio- 
grafhy. 

Skull  (skul)  [Icel. ,  scdi,  a  bowi;] .  Tlie  bony 
framework  of  the  head,  consisting  of  the 
cranium  and  .the  face.  The  cranium  is  made 
up  of  the  occipital,  frontal,  sphenoid,  and 
ethmoid  bones,  and  the  two  parietal  and  two 
temporal  bones.  The  face  is  composed  of 
two  nasal,  two  superior  maxillary,  two  lacri- 
mal, two  malar,  two  palate,  and  two  inferior 
turbinated  bone,  and  the  vomer  and  inferior 
maxillary  bone.  S.-cap.  I.  The  top  of  the 
skull.     2.  See  Scutellaria. 

Skunk-cabbage.  The  Dracontium  foHidum. 
the  rhizome  of  which  is  stimulant,  antispafr- 
modic,  and  narcotic,  and  has  been  used  in 
asthma,  rheumatism,  hysteria,  and  dropsy. 

Sleep.  The  periodic  state  of  rest  in  which 
voluntary  consciousness  and  activity  cease. 
S.-epilepsy.  See  Narcolepsy.  S.,  Hyp- 
notic, S.,  Magnetic,  S.,  Mesmeric.  See 
Hypnotism.  S.-walking.  See  Somnam- 
bulism. 

Sleeping  Sickness.    See  African  Lethargy'. 

Slender  Column.  See  Funiculus  gracilis. 
S.  Lobe  of  Cerebellum,  a  small  lobe  in  the 
inferior  surface  of  the  cerebellum. 

Slide  (slid).  A  small,  rectangular  plate  of 
glass  upon  which  objects  intended  for  ex- 
amination with  the  microscope  are  placed. 

Sling.  A  swinging  bandage  for  supporting 
an  arm  or  other  part. 

Slough  {sluf)  [ME.,  slouk,  the  skin  of  a 
snake].  A  mass  of  soft  tissues  destroyed  by 
gangrene. 

Sloughing  {slu/^  -in^)  [ME.,  slouh,  the  skin 
of  a  snake].  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  sloughs. 

Small-pox.     See  Variola. 

Smee-cell.     See  Batteries^  Table  of. 

Smegma  {sm^-mah)  [ts^fta,  a  cleansing 
substance].  Sebimi.  S.  preputii,  or  simply 
S. ,  the  substance  secreted  by  the  sebaceous 
glands  of  the  prepuce. 


SKELETON 


SKELETON 


Booy  Skdcloo.-(#r«*«A#r^ 


SMELL 


SODIUM 


Smell.     I.  The  perception  of  odor.    2.  Odor. 

Smelling-salts.  A  name  applied  to  various 
preparations  of  ammonium  caroonate  flavored 
with  aromatic  substances. 

Smilaz  {sfni^-iaks).     See  SarsapariUa. 

Smith's  Cramp.  An  occupation-neurosis 
occurring  in  smiths  and  characterized  by 
painful  cramps  in  the  arm  or  hand. 

Sn.     Symbol  for  tin  (L. ,  stannum). 

Snake-ioot.  See  Cimicifuga^  Senega^  and 
Serpentaria. 

Snare  [AS.,  snear^  a  cord].  A  loop  of  wire 
or  other  material  used  in  removing  projecting 
growths. 

Sneeze  (sttiz)  lAS.,/mdsan,  to  sneeze].  A 
sudden,  noisy,  spasmodic  expiration  through 
the  nose. 

Snellen's  Types.    See  Test-typet, 

Snore,  Snoring  [ME.,  snoren^  to  snore] . 
I.  To  breathe  through  the  nose  in  suoi 
manner  as  to  cause  a  vibration  of  the  soft 
palate,  thereby  producing  a  rough,  audible 
sound.     2.  The  sound  so  produced. 

Snow-blindness.    See  Blindruss. 

Snuffles.  Coryza,  especially  of  infants, 
which  is  frequently  due  to  inherited  syphilis. 

Soap  \sap<ii\,  A  chemic  compound  made 
by  the  union  of  certain  fatty  acids  with  an 
alkali  or  other  metal.  AccorcUng  to  the  alkali 
used,  the  S.  formed  is  a  potash-S.,  soda-S., 
ammonia-S.,  lead-S.,  lime-S.,  etc.  S.-bark. 
See  Quillaja.  S.,  Castile,  S.  made  from 
olive-oil.  S.,Hard.  %^^ Soda-S,  Potash-S. 

Ssoft  S. )  is  made  from  linseed-oil  and  potash 
Sapo  mollis,  U.  S.  P. )  or  from  olive-oil  and 
potash  (Sapo  mollis.  B.  P.L  From  it  is  pre- 
pared Limmentum  saponis  mollis,  U.  S.  P. 
Soda-S.  is  made  from  soda  and  olive  oil 
(Sapo,  U.  S.  P.,  Sapo  durus,  B.  P.).  From 
it  are  prepared  Emplastrum  saponis  (U.  S. 
P. ,  B.  r.),  used  as  a  local  sedative ;  Linimen- 
tum  saponis  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.^,  liquid 
opodeldoc,  used  as  a  sedative  liniment  in 
rheumatic  affections  and  sprains.  Soda-S. 
also  enters  into  the  composition  of  various 
pills.     S.,  Soft.     See  Potash-S. 

Sk>b.  A  convulsive  inspiration  due  to  contrac- 
tion of  the  diaphragm  and  spasmodic  closure 
of  the  glottis. 

Socaloin  (so-kal^-oin)  [Sorotra,  an  island  in 
the  Indian  Ocean  ;  dAo^,  aloes].     See  Alo€s. 

Socia  parotidis  (so^-seah  par-ot' -id-is).  A 
small  separate  lobe  of  the  parotid  glana. 

Socket  (wi'.<r/)[ME.,  wi^/].  The  concavity 
into  which  a  movable  part  is  inserted. 

Soda  (so^-dah)  [Ital.,  from  L.,  solidus,  solid]. 
I.  Sodium  oxid,  Na.O.  2.  Sodium  carbonate 
or  sodium  bicarbonate.  S.,  Baking, 
sodium  bicarbonate.  S.,  Caustic,  sodium 
hydroxid.  S.-soap.  Set  Soap.  S.,  Wash- 
ing, sodium  carbonate.  S.-water,  water 
impregnated  with  carbon  dioxid. 


Sodic  {so^'dik)  [soda,  soda].  Derived  fnxQ 
or  containing  soda. 

Sodium  (so^-df-um)  [sfida'].  A  metallic  ele- 
ment  of  the  alkaline  group  of  metals,  melt- 
ing at  95-6^  C,  and  having  a  specific  gravity 
of  0.97,  an  atomic  weight  of  23,  and  a 
valence  of  one.  Symbol  Na,  from  the  Latin 
natrium.  S.  occurs  widely  distributed  in 
nature,  and  forms  an  important  constituent 
of  animal  tissues.  It  has  a  strong  aflfinity 
for  oxygen  and  other  nonmetallic  elements. 
It  is  also  a  constituent  of  many  medicinal 
preparations,  the  most  important  of  which 
are  the  following:  S.  acetate  (Sodii  Acetas, 
U.  S.  P.),  NaC,H.0,.3H,0,  isdiuretic.  Dose 
gr.  xx-zij  (1.3-8.0).  5.  arsenate  (Sodii 
arsenas,'  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  N,HAsO,.7H,0, 
is  used  like  the  other  preparations  of  arsenic. 
Dose  gr.  ^ff-\  (0.005-0.02).  From  it  is 
prepared  Liquor  sodii  arsenatis.  S.  auro- 
chlorid,  chlorid  of  gold  and  sodium.  See 
Aurum.  S.  benzoate  (Sodii  benzoas,  U. 
S.  P.,  B.  P.),  NaCyH^O.,  is  used  in  gout, 
rheumatism,  lithemia,  miiuenza,  etc.  Dose 
zj-ij  (4.0-8.0).  S.  bicarbonate  (Sodii 
bicarbonas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  NaHCO.,  is 
used  as  an  antacid  in  dyspepsia,  gout,  rheu- 
matism, lithemia,  and  diabetes.  Dose  gr.  s- 
v^']  (0.65-4.0).  S.  bisulphite  (Sodii  bisul- 
phis,  U.  S.  P.),  NaHSO,,  is  used  to  check 
gastric  fermentation,  and  as  a  parasiticide  in 
skin-diseases.  Dose  gr.  viij-xxx  (0.52-2.0). 
S.  borate,  or  borax  (Sodii  boras,  U.  S.  P.» 
B.  P.).  Na,B^O,.loH.O,  is  used  in  dys- 
menorrhea, in  uric  acid  diathesis,  in  stoma* 
titis.  and  as  an  antiseptic.  In  overdoses  it  is 
a  depressant  poison.  S.  bromid  (Sodii 
bromidum,  U.  S.  P..  B.  P.),  NaBr,  U  used 
like  the  other  bromids.  Dose  ^ss-^ij 
(2.0-8.0).  S.  carl>onate  (Sodii  carbonas. 
U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.).  Na,C0,.I0H,0.  is  used  as 
an  antacid,  and  locally  in  diseases  of  the 
skin  and  in  superficial  bums.  Dose  gr.  x^ 
gss  (0.65-2.0).  Dried  S.  carbonate  (Sodii 
carbonas  exsiccatus,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  is  used 
like  the  carbonate.  Dose  v-xv  (0.32-1.0). 
S.  chlorate  (Sodii  chloras,  U.  S.  P.),  Na- 
C10„  has  medical  properties  similar  to 
those  of  potassium  chlorate,  but  is  more  sola* 
ble.  Dose  gr.  v-xv  (0.32-1.0).  S.  chlcH 
rid  (Sodii  chloridum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  NaQ, 
common  salt,  is  a  constituent  of  aninial  fluids 
and  tissues  and  of  food.  In  medicine  it  is 
used  as  a  stomachic  ;  in  hemoptysis ;  as  an 
application  to  sprains  and  bruises ;  as  a  tonic 
and  stimulant  in  the  form  of  salt-water  baths ; 
as  a  cathartic ;  and  in  the  form  of  a  0.6-^.75 
per  cent  solution  to  replace  the  loss  of  fluids 
from  hemorrhage  or  profuse  diarrhea,  being 
used  as  an  intravenous,  subcutaneous,  on 
rectal  injection.  S.  citrate  is  used  as  a 
purgative.     Dote  3x-xiv  (4.0-56.0).     8. 


SODIUM 

citrotartrate  (^Sodii  citrotartras  efTerrescens, 
B.  P.)  is  refngerant  and  laxative.  Dose 
.^  j-jj  (4.0-8.0).  S.  copaivate,  NaCj^H^O^, 
IS  used  like  copaiba.  S.  dsthioealicylate  is 
used  like  salicylic  acid  in  rheumatism.  Dose 
gr.  iij  (0.2).  S.  ethylate,  NaOCLH^,  is 
used  as  a  caustic.  8.  hydrate,  S.  hy- 
droxid,  soda,  caustic  soda  (Soda,  U.  S.  P., 
Soda  caustica,  B.  P.),  NaOH,  is  an  extremely 
corrosive  substance,  occurring  in  the  form  of 
white  pencils ;  it  is  used  as  a  caustic  and  as 
An  antacid,  like  the  bicarbonate.  From  it  is 
prepared  Liquor  sodae  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P). 
Dose  n\,v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  S.  hjrpochlo- 
rite,  NaOCl,  is  a  constituent  of  Uquor  sodae 
chlorate,  U.  S.  P.  (Liquor  sodse  chlorinate, 
B.    P.),  Labarraque's  solution.     8.   ^^ypo- 

?ho6pAlte  (Sodii  hypophosphis,  U.  S.  r.,B. 
.),  NaII,PO,.H,0,  b  used  like  the  other 
hypophosphites  in  pulmonary  tuberculosis, 
scrofula,  rickets,  etc.  Dose  gr.  x-xxx  (0.65- 
2.0).  S.  h3rposalphite  (Sodii  hyposulphis, 
U.  S.  P.),  Na,S,0,.5H,0,  is  used  to  check 
fermentation,  and  locally  in  parasitic  diseases 
of  the  skin  and  mouth.  Dose  gr.  x-xx 
(o.65>i.3).  8.  iodid  rSodii  iodidum,  U.  S. 
r.,  B.  P.),  Nal,  is  used  like  potassium  iodid. 
8.  nitrate  (Sodii  nitras,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 
NaNOy,  has  been  used  in  dysentery.  Dose 
JEss-li  (16.0-32.0).  8.  nitrite  (Sodu 
nitris,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  NaNO,.  is  used  like 
the  other  nitrites,  but  its  effects  are  more 
slowly  ptxxluced  and  more  permanent.  Dose 
gr.  j-iij  (0.065-0.2).  Sec  Xitrite,  8. 
nitroprussid,  Na.F,(CN)(NO,  is  used  as  a 
reagent  8.  ortnopboephate,  8.  phos- 
phate (Sodii  phosphas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 
Na,HP04.I2H,0,  is  a  purgative  and  chola- 
gogue,  and  is  used  in  jaundice,  gall-stones, 
diurhea  of  children,  and  rickets.  Dose  gr. 
iij-x  (0.2-0.6$)  for  children;  gr.  xx-xl 
(1.3-2.6)  for  adults;  as  a  purgative,  ^j-ij 

i 32.0-64.0).  Sodii  phosphas  eflfervescens 
B.  P.)  is  used  like  the  phosphate.  Dose 
gi}-iv  (8.0-16.0).  8.  and  Potaaaium  tar- 
trate, Rochclle  salt.  See  Potassium,  8. 
mrrophoaphate  (Sodii  pyrophosphas,  U.  S. 
P.),  Na^PjO^.  loH,0,  is  used  for  preparing 
ferric  pyrophosphate.  8.  salicylate  (Sodii 
taltcylas,  U.  S.  P..  B.  P.),  NaC\Hj^O^  has 
the  properties  and  uses  of  salicylic  add. 
Dose  gr.  xv-xxx  (1.0-2.0).  8.  santoni- 
nate.  See  Saftomn.  8.  silicate,  Na,SiO,  or 
Na^i.O,,  is  used  in  preparing  Liquor  sodii 
silicatis,  which  is  employed  as  a  surgical 
dressing.  8.  siUcofluorid,  Na^iF^,  is  said 
to  be  antiseptic.  Its  solution  is  known  as 
smiufer.  8.  sosiodol  is  used  as  a  parasiti- 
cide in  skin-diseases  and  as  an  antiseptic. 
8.  sulphate,  Glauber's  salt  (Sodii  sulphas, 
U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  Na.S(Violi,0.  is  a  hy 
dnyjgue  csthartic  and  diuretic.     Dose  j  ss- 


SOLUBILITY 

ij  (16.0-32.0).  Sodii  sulphas  efienrescenfl 
(B.  r. )  is  used  for  the  same  purposes.  Dose 
3  ij-iv  (8.0-16.0).  8.  sulpnite  (Sodii  sul- 
phis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  Na.S0,,7H,0,  is 
used  like  S.  hyposulphite.  8.  sulphocar- 
bolate  (Sodii  sulphocarbolas,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.),  NaS0,C,H,(0H).2H,0,  is  used  locally 
as  an  antiseptic  and  internally  as  an  antisep- 
tic in  intestinal  fermentation.  Dose  gr.  x- 
XXX  (0.65-2.0).  8.  tartrate,  NajC^H^O^.- 
2H,0,  is  used  as  an  antacid  and  as  a  refrig- 
erant in  fevers.  See  S.  citretartrate.  8. 
valerianate  (Sodii  valerianas,  B.  P.)  is 
used  as  a  nervous  stimulant  Dose  gr.  j-v 
(0.065-0.32). 

8odomy  {sod'-om-e)  [Sodom,  a  city  of  ancient 
Palestine].    Sexual  connection  by  the  anus. 

8€Bmmermg's  Yellow  8pot.  The  macula 
lutea. 

80ft.  Yielding  readily  to  pressure ;  not  hard. 
8.  Palate.  See  Palate.  8.  Water,  one 
containing  but  little  mineral  matter  and 
forming  free  lather  with  sosp* 

Softening  (so/'-tning).  Toe  act  of  becom- 
ing soft 

8olanin  (so'lan-in)  [so/attum,  the  night- 
shade]. An  alkaloid  found  in  various  species 
of  solanum. 

Solanum  (so-Za^  Mttm)  [L.].  A  genus  of  the 
Solanacese  including  tne  tomato,  potato,  bitter^ 
sweet,  and  black  nightshade.  8.carolinense, 
horse-nettle,  has  been  used  in  epilepsy. 

Solar  Plexus  (so^-lar)  [so/ans,  from  W,  the 
sun ,  so  called  because  of  the  radiating  nerves] . 
A  plexus  consisting  of  a  network  of  nenres 
and  ganglia  (Solar  Oan|^lia)  and  situated 
behind  the  stomach  and  in  front  of  the  aorta 
and  crura  of  the  diaphragm.  It  receives  the 
great  splanchnic  nerves  and  filaments  from 
the  right  pneumogastric  nerve,  and  supplies 
branches  to  all  the  abdominal  viscera. 

Sole  (W)  [AS.,  so/e,  sole].  The  plantar 
surface  of  the  foot  S.-reflex.  See  /te- 
MexeSy  Tabltof, 

Soleus  {so'lt'-us\,  A  flat  muscle  of  the 
calf.     See  MrncUs,  Table  of. 

Solferino  (solfer-t' -no^  [an  Italian  city,  the 
scene  of  a  battle].     A  synonym  of  Ftt<ksin. 

Solid  (Wi</)  [solitiuiX  I.  Firm;  dense; 
not  fluid  or  gaseous.  2.  Not  hollow.  3.  A  firm 
body ;  a  bc^y  the  molecules  of  which  are  in 
a  conditit>n  of  strong  mutual  attraction. 

Solidiam  {s&l'ulhm)  [solidm,  solid].  The 
theory  that  disea<tes  depend  upon  alterations 
in  the  solids  of  the  body. 

Solitary  {sol^itare)  [solitanus^  solitary]. 
Single ;  existing  separately ;  not  collected 
together.  8.  Bundle,  a  strand  of  nerve- 
fil)ers  in  the  medulla  8.  Follicles,  8. 
Glands,  minute  l3rmphatic  nodules  in  the 
mucous  mem^irane  of  the  intestine^. 

Solohility  (sol  mbU'-it-e)   [sotuHHs,  from 


SOLUBLE 


SOUND 


solvere y  to  dissolve].  The  state  of  being 
soluble. 

Soluble  {soV'U-bl)  IsoMi/is],  Capable  of 
being  dissolved. 

Solution  {so-lu^-shun)[soiutiOf  (rom solvere,  to 
loosen].  I .  A  separation  or  break,  as  S.  of  con- 
tinuity. 2.  The  process  of  dissolving  a  solid, 
or  of  being  dissolved.  3.  A  liquid  in  which  a 
substance  has  been  dissolved.  S.f  Dono- 
van's. See  Arsenie.  S.,  Fowler's'.  See  Arse- 
nic, S.,  Labarraque's.  See  Sodium.  S., 
Monsel's.  See  Ferrum,  S.,  Normal.  See 
Normal,  S.,  Normal  Saline.  See  Saline, 
S.,  Saturated.    See  Saturated, 

Solutol  isol'U'-tol)  \solverey  to  dissolve].  An 
alkaline  solution  of  cresol  in  sodium  cresy- 
late,  used  as  a  disinfectant. 

Solvent  (sol'-  vent)  {solvere,  to  dissolve].  I. 
Capable  of  dissolving.  2.  A  liquid  capable 
of  dissolving. 

Solved  (sol^-ve-ol),  A  neutral  solution  of 
cresol  in  sodium  cresylate,  used  as  a  disin- 
fectant. 

Solvine  (sol'-  vin)  [solvere,  to  dissolve].  One 
of  a  series  of  liquids  obtained  from  certain 
oils  by  the  action  of  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid ;  it  b  a  powerful  solvent,  and  also  pos- 
sesses the  property  of  dissolving  the  red  cor- 
puscles. 

Somacule  (so'-mak-Al)  [dim.  of  ootpUi,  the 
body].  A  physiologic  unit  corresponding  to, 
but  greatly  more  complex  than,  the  chemic 
molecule. 

Somatic  (so-mat^-ik)  [atifmriKd^,  from  ao^tn, 
body].  I.  Pertaining  to  the  body.  2.  Per- 
taining to  the  framework  of  the  body  and 
not  to  the  viscera. 

Somatology  (so-mat-ol'  -o-je)  [aufAa,  body ; 
^y<K,  science].  The  study  of  anatomy  and 
physiology,  or  of  organized  bodies;  biology 
apart  from  psychology. 

Somatome  (so'-mat-dm)  [adfia,  body ;  TOfifj, 
a  cutting].  A  transverse  segment  of  an  or- 
ganized body ;  a  somite. 

Somatopleure  {so-mat' -oplar)  [aCifia,  the 
body ;  ir'kEvpd,  the  side].     The  body- wall. 

Somite  (so'-mlt)  [oCifm,  the  body],  i.  A 
segment  of  the  body  of  an  embryo.  2.  One 
of  a  series  of  segments  of  the  mesoblast  on 
each  side  of  the  dorsal  ridge  of  the  embryo ; 
a  protovertebra ;  a  protovertebral  or  meso- 
blastic  S. 

Somnal  (som'-nal)  [somnus,  sleep].  A  crys- 
talline substance,  a  compound  of  chloral  hy- 
drate and  urethane.  It  is  diuretic  and  hyp- 
notic.    Dose  gr.  xxx  (2.0). 

SomTitanbulism(som'nam'-^-lizm)[somnus, 
sleep;  ambulare, to  walk].  I.  The  condition 
of  half-sleep,  in  which  tne  senses  are  but 
partially  suspended ;  also  sleep-walking, 
a  condition  in  which  the  individual  walks 
daring  sleep.    2.  The  type  of  hypnotic  sleep 


in  which  the  subject  is  possessed  of  all  his 
senses,  often  having  the  appearance  of  one 
awake,  but  whose  will  and  consciousness  are 
under  the  control  of  the  hypnotizer. 

Somnifacient  {som-  ne-fa'-shent )  \io$imus, 
sleep;  facer e,  to  make].  I.  Produdog 
sleep.     2.  A  medicine  producing  sleep. 

Somniloquence,  Somniloquism,  SomnUo* 
quy  (som-nil'  -o-kwens,  som-nil'-o-JhwiMm, 
sam-nil'-o-kwe)  [somnus,  sleep;  loqui,  to 
talk].     The  act  of  talking  during  sleep. 

Somnolentia  (som-no-lm'-ske-aA)  [L.]. 
Sleep-drunkenness,  a  condition  of  incom- 
plete sleep  in  which  a  part  of  the  faculties 
are  abnormally  excited,  while  the  others  ore 
in  repose. 

Sonometer  {so-nom'-et-er)  [sonus,  a  sound ; 
fdrpw,  a  measure].  I.  An  instrument  for 
determining  the  pitch  of  sounds  and  their 
relation  to  the  musical  scale.  2.  An  instru- 
ment for  testing  hearing. 

Sonorous  (so-no'-rus)  [sonus,  sound] .  Capa- 
ble of  producing  a  musical  sound ;  of  rales, 
low-pitched. 

Soot-cancer.  Epithelioma  of  the  scrotum ; 
so-called  from  its  frequency  in  chimney- 
sweeps. 

Sophistication  (so-fis-tik-a' ^hun )  [tfo^iortxi^, 
deceitful] .  The  adulteration  or  imitation  of 
a  substance. 

Sopor  (so'-por)  [L.].  Sleep,  especially  the 
profound  sleep  symptomatic  of  a  morbid  con- 
dition. 

Soporiferous  (so-por-if'-er-m).     See  Sopor- 

Soporific  {so'por-if -ik)  [sopor,  sleep  \faeere, 
to  make].  I.  Producing  sleep.  2.  A  rem- 
edy producing  sleep. 

Sorbefacient  (sor-be-fa'-shent)  [sorhert,  to 
suck ;  faeere,  to  make].  Promoting  ab- 
sorption. 

Sordes  (sor'-dh)  [sordere,  to  be  foul].  Filth, 
dirt,  especially  the  crusts  that  accumulate  on 
the  teeth  and  lips  in  continued  fevers. 

Sore.  I.  Painful ;  tender.  2.  An  ulcer  or 
wound. 

Souffle  (j0<^:/f)  [Fr.].  A  blowing  sound.  S., 
Fetal,  an  inconstant  murmur  heard  over  the 
uterus  during  pregnancy,  and  supposed  to  be 
due  to  the  compression  of  the  umlHlical  cord. 
S.,  Funic  or  Funicular,  a  hissing  sound,  syn- 
chronous with  the  fetal  heart-sounds,  heard 
over  the  abdomen  of  a  pregnant  woman,  and 
supposed  to  be  produced  in  the  umUItca) 
cord.  S.,  Splenic,  a  sound  said  to  be  audi- 
ble over  the  spleen  in  cases  of  malaria  and 
leukemia.  S.,  Placental,  S.,  Uterine,  a 
sound  heard  in  the  latter  months  of  preg^ 
nancy,  and  caused  by  the  entrance  of  blood 
into  the  dilated  arteries  of  the  uterus. 

Sound  [i.  sonus,  sound ;  2.  Fr.,  sonder,  to 
probe].      I.    The    sensation   produced   by 


SOUTHERNWOOD 


SPECULUM 


stimulation  of  the  auditory  nerve  by  aerial 
vibrations.  2.  An  instrument  for  introduc- 
tion into  a  channel  or  cavity,  for  determining 
the  presence  of  constriction,  foreign  bodies, 
or  other  morbid  conditions,  and  for  the  purpose 
of  treatment. 

Southern- wood.     See  Artemisia. 

Southey*8  Drainage-tubes.  Small  tubes 
employed  for  draining  away  the  fluid  from 
limbs  that  are  the  seat  of  extensive  anasarca. 

Sosin  {so^-xin)  [<y<C<e<v,  save,  keep].  A  de- 
fensive proteid  occurring  naturally  in  the 
animal  body.  One  capable  of  destro3ring 
microorganisms  is  termed  a  mycosonn^  one 
antagonizing    bacterial    poisons,    toxosotin, 

Sosiodol,  ^ziodolic  Acid  {so-Mi'-o-dol,  so- 
st'O-doi'-ik)  r<jwC''v,  to  save;  Utdij^^  like  a 
violet],  C,H,I,(SO,H)OH.  A  crystalline, 
odorless  powder  used  as  an  antiseptic,  disin- 
fectant, and  parasiticide,  chiefly  in  the  form 
of  its  salts,  of  which  the  following,  have  been 
employed :  Sodium  S.,  potassium  S.,  zinc  S., 
and  mercury  S. 

Soxolic  Acid  (so'Z(/-lik).     See  Aseptol. 

Space-sense.  A  sense  by  which  we  judge 
of  the  relation  of  objects  in  space ;  it  is  a  part 
of  the  sense  of  sight. 

Spanemia  (span-e' me-ah)  [<Tfr<Sv<f ,  scarcity ; 
a</ax,  blood].     Anemia. 

Spanish  Fly.  See  Cantharis.  S.  Wind- 
lass.   See  Windlass. 

Sparadrap  (spar* -a-draf)  \sparadrapum\ 
A  plaster,  spread  upon  cotton,  linen,  silfc, 
leather,  or  paper. 

Spargosis  (spar-g(/ -sis)  [ffirapydetv,  to  be 
distended].  I.  Enlargement  of  the  breasts 
from  accumulation  of  milk.    2.  Elephantiasis. 

Spartein  (sfar^ -U-iny.  An  alkaloid  found  in 
Scoparius,  the  sulphate  of  which  (Sparteinse 
sulphas,  U.  S.  P. )  is  used  as  a  cardiac  stimu- 
lant and  diuretic.  Dose  gr.  %-yi  (o.oi- 
0.032). 

Spasm  (spasm)  [anaafidc,  spasm].  A  sudden 
muscular  contraction.  S.,  Clonic,  a  S. 
broken  by  relaxations  of  the  muscles.  S., 
Habit-,  a  S.  acquired  from  habit.  S., 
Handicraft.  See  Occupation-neurosis.  S., 
Tetanic,  S.,  Tonic,  a  S.  that  persists  with- 
out relaxation  for  some  time. 

Spasmo-  (spat^-mo-)  [ffiraofidCf  spasm].  A 
prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  spasm. 

Spasmodic  (spat-mod ^-ik)  [<rKaofi6^^  spasm]. 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  spasm.  0. 
Spinal  Paralysis.     See  Lateral  Sclerosis. 

Spasmophilia  (spatmofil^ -e-ah)  r<nra(T//^, 
spasm;  ^"kJktiVy  to  love  J.  A  roorDid  tend- 
ency to  convulsions. 

Spastic  (spas' -tik )  [(yjro<yT«ttJf ,  spastic] .  Per- 
taining to  or  characterized  by  spasm;  pro- 
duced by  spasm.  S.  Diplegia.  See  Para- 
plegia, InfantiU  Spasmodic.  S.  Paralysis. 
See  Paralysis. 


Spasticity  {spas  -  its' -  it  -  e)  [oiraoTLKd^,  from 
ondciv^  to  draw].    ITie  state  of  being  spastic. 

Spatula  (spaf-U'lah)  [L.,  dim.  of  spatha^  a 
ladle].  A  flexible  blunt  blade  used  for 
spreading  ointments. 

Spay  [Gael.,jr/<7M].     To  remove  the  ovaries. 

Spearmint  (spir* -mint).  See  Mentha  viri- 
dis. 

Species  (spe^-shH)  [L.].  I.  A  subdivision 
of  a  genus  of  animals  or  plants  the  individuals 
of  which  are  either  identical  in  character  or 
difler  only  in  unimportant  and  inconstant  de- 
tails. 2.  A  powder  made  from  the  leaves  or 
other  parts  of  various  plants,  and  used  to  pre- 
pare a  medicinal  infusion. 

Specific  (spe-sif'-iJk)  [species,  species;  fa- 
cere,  to  mMce].  I.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  spe- 
cies, or  to  that  which  distinguishes  a  thing  or 
makes  it  of  the  species  of  which  it  is.  2.  A 
medicine  which  has  a  distinct  curative  influ- 
ence on  an  individual  disease.  3.  Produced 
by  a  single  microorganism,  as  a  S.  disease ; 
in  a  restricted  sense,  syphilitic.  S.  Gravity. 
See  Gravity.     S.  Heat.     See  Neat. 

Specificity  {spes-if-is'-it-e)  [species^  species; 

faceret  to  make].  The  quality  of  being 
specific. 

Specillum  (spe-sil'-umS  [L.].     A  probe. 

Specimen  (spes'-im-en)  [L.J.  An  example; 
a  sample. 

Spectacles  (spek^-  tak  -  U)  [spectacuhtm,  a 
show,  from  spectare^  to  view].  A  pair  of 
lenses  set  in  a  frame,  and  used  for  the  cor- 
rection of  optic  defects  of  the  eye. 

Spectral  (spek'-tral)  [spectrum,  image]. 
Pertaining  to  a  spectrum. 

Spectrometer  (hek-trom'-et-er)  [spectrum; 
fikrpw,  measure].  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  deviation  of  a  ray  of  light  produced 
by  a  prism  or  diffraction -grating,  or  for  ascer- 
taining the  wave-length  of  a  ray  of  light. 

Spectrometry  {spek-trom' -et-re)  [spectrum, 
image  ;  fitrpov,  measure].  The  use  of  the 
spectrometer. 

Spectroscope  (}pe¥ -troskdp)  [spectrum,  an 
image;  enoneiv,  to  see].  An  instrument  for 
the  production  and  examination  of  the  spec- 
trum. 

Spectroscopic  (spektroskop' -ik)  [spectrum, 
image  ;  onxmuv,  to  view].  Pertaining  to  the 
spectroscope. 

Spectrum    (spek'-trum)    [L.,    an    image]. 

1.  The  band  of  rainbow -colors  produced  by 
decomposing  light  by  means  of  a  prism  or  a 
diffraction-grating.  2.  An  after-image,  or 
ocular  spectrum.  S.-analsrsis,  determina- 
tion of  the  nature  of  bodies  by  the  character 
of  their  spectra. 

Speculum  (spek'u-lum\  fL.].    I.  A  mirror. 

2.  An  instrument  for  dilating  the  opening  of 
a  cavity  of  the  body  in  order  that  the  interior 
may  be  more  easily  visible,  as  vaginal  S. ,  rectal 


SPEECH 


SPHENOETHMOID 


) 


S.,  nasal  S.,  etc.  S.,  Sims',  a  vaginal  S. 
invented  by  J.  Marion  Sims. 

Speech  [AS.,  sprecan,  to  speak].  I.  The 
(acuity  of  expressing  thought  by  spoken  words ; 
the  act  of  speaking.  2.  The  words  spoken. 
S. -center,  the  cerebral  center  for  speech. 
See  Center, 

Sperm,  Sperma  (spur^-mah)  [ffirip/ia,  seed]. 
The  semen.     S.-cell,  a  spermatoblast. 

Spermaceti  (sper-mas-e^ -te)  r<jjrip/ia,  seed; 
lOTrof,  whale],  Ci,HjiO,.C,Hg,.  A  white, 
semitransparent  substance  (Cetaceum,  U.  S.  P. , 
B.  P.),  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  various  UXs 
of  which  cetyl  pahnitate,  CijH8,(C„H„0,), 
is  the  most  important.  It  is  obtained  from 
the  head  of  the  sperm-whale,  and  b  used 
internally  as  an  emollient  and  as  an  ingredient 
of  various  ointments.  Ceratum  cetacei  (U. 
S.  P.)  and  Unguentum  cetacei  (B.  P.)  are 
prepared  from  it. 

Spermatic  (spur-mat^ -ik)  [anipfta,  seed]. 
I.  Pertaining  to  the  semen.  2.  Conveying 
the  semen ,  as,  e.  g, ,  the  S.  cord.  3.  Pertaining 
to  the  S.  cord,  as,  e,  g. ,  the  S.  fascia. 

Spermatin  {spur^ 'mat-in)  [ankpfia,  seed]. 
An  odorless,  mucin-like  sul^tance  found  m 
semen. 

Spermato-  {spur-mat^ -o-)  [oirkpfiay  seed].  A 
prefix  meanmg  pertaining  to  the  semen. 

Spermatoblast  (spur^-mat'O-blttst)  \ai^ipfta, 
seed ;  pXaffrdc,  sprout].  A  cell  resultmg  fit>m 
the  division  of  the  spermatogenic  cell  and 
developing  into  a  spermatozoon. 

Spermatocele  {spur^-mat-O'se/)  [airipfM, 
seed;  jd^Ai;,  tumor].  A  spermatic  cyst  or 
encysted  hydrocele  containing  spermatozoa. 

Spermatocystitis  {spur  -  mat  -  o-sis  -ti^  -tis) 
[eiripfia,  seed ;  Kinrng,  cyst ;  trie,  inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation  of  the  seminal  vesi- 
cles. 

Spermatocyte  ispur^-mat-o-slt)  [mrkpfia, 
seed  ;  idrroc,  cell].  The  germinal  cell  from 
which  the  spermatozoon  develops. 

Spermatogenesis,  Spermatogeny  {spu$er 
mat-a-jen^-es-is,  spur-mat-of-en-e)  [anipfia, 
seed;  yewav,  to  produce].  The  formation 
of  spermatozoa. 

Spermatogenic  (spur-mat-o-Jen' -ik)  [oiripfta, 
seed ;  yewav,  to  beget].  Producing  sperma- 
tozoa, as,  ^.  ^.,  the  S.  cells  of  the  testicle. 

Spermatogonium  {spur  •  mat  -  0  •  go'-  ne  -  uni) 
[tfirippa,  seed;  yov^,  generation].  A  forma- 
tive seminal  cell  or  mass  of  spermatoblasts. 

Spermatophore  {spur' -mat  -  0  -  fdr)  \ankppa, 
seed ;  ^petv,  to  bear].  I.  The  part  of  the 
spermospore  that  is  not  converted  into  a 
spermatoblast.  2.  A  semitransparent  capsule 
surrounding  a  group  of  spermatozoa. 

Spermatorrhea  (spur-mat'Or-e^-aA)  [tmipiM, 
seed;  })oia,tL.  flow].  Involuntary  discharge 
of  semen  without  sexual  excitement. 

Spermatospore  {spur* -mat-o-spdr)  lairip/ta. 


seed ;  airdpoct  a  seed].  A  primitive  o^ 
giving  rise  by  division  to  spermatoblasts. 

Spermatozoid  {spur-mat-o-zy -id).  See 
SpermatotooM, 

Spermatozoon  {spur-mat  o-to'-on)  [tnrfpfta, 
semen ;  C^t  animal].  The  male  element 
capable  of  fecundating  the  ovum.  It  con- 
sists of  an  oval  head,  and  a  long,  mobile 
cilium  or  taiL  It  is  the  essential  element  of 
the  semen. 

Spermaturia  {spur-mat-u'-re-oA)  [ffnipftOj 
seed ;  urina,  urine].  The  presence  of  se- 
men in  the  urine. 

Spermin  (spur^-min)  [ffir^pfta,  seed],  C^H^N. 
A  nonpoisonous  base  obtained  from  sputum, 
human  semen,  the  organs  of  leukemic  pa- 
tients, etc.  It  has  l)een  used  in  neurasthenia, 
senile  debility,  diabetes  mellitus,  and  pul- 
monary tuberculosis.  S.  phosphate  consti- 
tutes the  Charcot- Leyden  crystals. 

Spermoblast  {spur* -mo-blast).  See  Sperma- 
toblast, 

Spermoplasm  (spur*-  mo  -plaxm)  [fffrlp/ia, 
seed ;  9rA(i<Tveiv,  to  mold].  The  protoplasm 
of  the  spermatoblast. 

Spermosphere  {spur* -mo-sfir)  [mripfu,  seed; 
a^pa,  sphere].     A  mass  of  spermatoblasts. 

Spermospore  {spur*-mo-spdr).  See  Sperma- 
tospore, 

Sphacelate,  Sphacelated  {sfas* -el-dt^  sfiu*- 
il-a-ted)  [ojkixe^,  dead].  Necrosed ;  gan- 
grenoos;  mortified. 

Sphacelation  ( sfas-el-a'-skun )  [  0^(i«r>oci 
dead].  The  formation  of  a  sphacelus ;  moist 
gangrene. 

Sphaceloderma  {sfas-el-o-der* -mah)  {ts^hm 
Aoc,  dead;  Sippa,  skin].  Gangrene  of  the 
skin,  especially  symmetric  gangrene,  or  Ray< 
naud's  disease. 

Sphacelus  {sfas'-el-us)  [fffdiceXoc,  gangrene]. 
A  slough. 

Sphserobacteria  {sfe  -ro  -  bak  -te^-re^ah). 
See  Spherobacteria, 

Spheno-  {sfe^-no-)  [afffv,  wedge].  A  prefix 
denoting  pertaining  to  the  sphenoid  bone. 

Sphenobasilar  {sfe -no-bat' -il-ar)  [tf^, 
wedge  ;  ^lust^,  base].  Pertaining  conjointly 
to  the  sphenoid  bone  and  the  baalar  portion 
of  the  occipital  bone. 

Sphenocc^ital  {sfe  -  nok  -  sip*  -it -at)  [o)^, 
wedge ;  occiput,  occiput].  Pertaining  to  the 
sphenoid  and  the  occipital  bone. 

Sphenocephalus  {sfi-no-  sef'-al-  us)  [0#v» 
wedge ; /ce^oAi^,  heibd] .  A  variety  of  monster 
in  which  the  two  eyes  are  well  separated,  the 
ears  united  under  the  head,  the  jaws  and 
mouth  distinct,  and  the  sphenoid  bone  altered 
in  shape,  so  that  it  b  analogous  in  form  to 
what  is  found  normally  in  birds. 

Sphenoethmoid  {sfe-no-eth' -moid)  [o^, 
wedge ;  17^/1^,  sieve ;  tlAo/^,  like].  ReUdiag 
to  both  the  sphenoid  and  ethmoid  bones. 


SPHENOID 


SFUJOMA 


Sphenoid  {s/y-HM\  [<t^,  wedge ;  tlSo^, 
Uke].  Wedge-shaped,  as  the  8.  bone,  or  S. 

Sphenoido-  {sff-MM^-i/o-)lof^v,  wedge;  eWof, 
like].     Pertaining  to  the  sphenoid  tx>ne. 

wedge ;  from,  forehead] .  Pertaining  to  the 
sphenoid  and  frontal  bones. 

Sphenoidoparietal  (sft-ttoi'dihpar-i'-ei-al) 
(04^,  wedge ;  paries ^  wall].  Pertaining  to 
the  sphenoid  and  parietal  bones. 

SphenomaxUlary  [sft-no-  maks'-  U-  a  •  re) 
fa^,  wedge  ;  maxilla^  maxilla].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  sphenoid  and  maxillary  bones,  as, 
e,  g, ,  the  S.  fossa. 

Sphenooccipital  {s/e-mo-ok-sip^-it'O/),  See 
SpkenocdpUal, 

Sphenoorbital  (sfe-no-or*  bU-al)  [of<^, 
wedge;  orbita,  orbit].  Pertaining  to  the 
sphenoid  bone  and  the  orbit 

Sphenopalatine  (sfe-tM  - paF -ai-in)  [ofi^, 
wedge ;  feUatum,  palate].  Pertaining  to  the 
sphenoid  bone  and  the  palate,  as,^./.,  the  S. 
foramen. 

Sphenoparietal  {sfeno-par-i' -et-al)  [of^, 
wedge ;  paries,  wall].  Pertaining  to  the 
sphenoid  and  parietal  bones. 

Sphenopetroeal  {sfe-no-pe-iro' -sal)  [of^, 
wedge ;  whpa,  rock].  Pertaining  to  the 
sphenoid  bone  and  the  petrous  portion  of  the 
temporal  bone. 

Sphenotic  {sfe-iu/'Hk)  \p^,  wedge;  o^, 
ear].  A  part  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  existing 
as  a  distinct  bone  in  the  fetus,  and  forming 
the  parts  adjacent  to  the  carotid  groore. 

Sphenotribe  (i/S/ntf-zn^)  [tff(^,  wedge; 
Tpi^iv^  to  rub  J.  An  instrument  for  cnuh- 
ing  the  basal  portion  of  the  fetal  skull. 

Spheric,  Spherical  {s/er^-iJk,  s/er^-ik-al), 
HaTing  the  shape  of  or  pertaining  to  a  sphere. 
8.  Aberration.    See  Aberration, 

Spherobacteria  (s/e'ro-bak-te^ 're^k)[o^dipa, 
sphere;  ^atcr^ptov,  a  rod].     The  micrococci. 

Spherometer  ({/^-r#w^-«/-/r)[0falpa,  sphere ; 
ftkrpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  degree  of  currature  of  a  sphere 
or  part  of  a  sphere,  espedallr  of  optic  lenses, 
or  of  the  tools  used  for  grinding  them. 

Sphincter  (^ng/fter)  {p^yytw^  to  bind]. 
A  muscle  surrounding  aiM  closing  an  orifice, 
as,  e.  g,,  the  anal  S.,  the  pyloric  S.,ctc. 

Sphincterotomy  (sfingk-ter-ot^-o-me)  [spkiste- 
ier;  Tofiii,  a  cutting].  The  operation  of  in- 
cising a  sphincter. 

Sphingoln  UpAin^ -go-in)  [o^yyttv,  to  bind]. 
A  ^eukomain  derived  from  cerebral  tissue. 

Sphyfmic  {ifig^mik)  {ofvYfi6^,  pulse].  Pta*- 
taining  to  the  pulse. 

Sphygmo-  (sfig^f^^)  \ofvyu6^,  pulse].  A 
prefix  signifying  pertaimng  to  the  pulse. 

Sphygmochronograph  (s/ig  -  mo  -  kry  -  no - 

to  writej.     A  form  of  sphygmograph. 


Sphjrgmogram  (sji^'$m4hgram)  \o^vyfA6^, 
pulse ;  ypa^tv,  to  write].  The  traang  inade 
by  the  sphygmograph. 

Sphygmograph  (sfig^-mo-graf)  [a^yf^^ 
pulse;  yp6fetv,  to  write].  An  instrument 
tor  recording  graphically  the  features  of  the 
pulse  and  the  variations  in  blood  pressure. 

Sphygmofraphic  (jfig-mo-graf' -ik)  \ofvy- 
^f,  pulse;  ypdfeiv,  to  write].  Pertaining 
to  the  sphygmograph. 

Sphygmolc^  (sfig - moP - o  je)  [efia/^. 
pulse ;  yjiy^,  treatise].  The  branch  of  medi- 
cine dealing  with  the  characters  of  the  pulse. 

Sphygmomanometer  (sfig-mo-musn'omi'-ei- 
er)  [pfvyfibt,  pulse;  ftavdc,  rtre;  fih-pop, 
measure].  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
tension  of  the  blood-current. 

Sphygmometer  {s/g-mom^  -et-er).  See 
^kj^gtmfgrapA, 

Sphygmophone  (sfig^mo-fin)  [9foyft^, 
pulse;  fuvii,  sound].  A  sphygmograph  in 
which  the  vibrations  of  the  puUe  produce  a 
sound. 

Sphygmoscope  {sfig^mo-skdp)  [ofvyftA^, 
pulse;  OKOKtlv,  to  examine].  An  instrument 
for  showing  the  movements  of  the  heart  or 
the  pulsations  of  a  blood-vessel. 

Sphjrgmoejrstole  {sfig-mo-siy  to-ie)  [<sfuyfi6^, 
pulse ;  awrrxA^,  contraction ].  That  part  of 
the  sp^ygmogram  produced  under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  oirdiac  s3rstole  imoo  the  pulse. 

Sphyrotomy  (^-rot'-o-me)  [o^ntpa,  malleus ; 
re^,  a  cuttingj.  An  operatioo  consisting  in 
the  removal  01  the  malleus  or  its  handle,  to- 
gether with  a  portion  of  the  membrana  tym- 
pani. 

Splca  (spi'-kaJk)  fL.].  A  spike.  S.-band- 
age.    See  Bandage. 

Sttcnle  {spik'-Bl )  [dim.  of  spiea,  a  spike]. 
A  minute,  sharp-pointed  body,  as  a  S. of  bone. 

Spider-cella.  ihe  cells  of  the  neuroglia. 
SeeDeifers*  Ceils. 

Spigelia  {spiJe'-UaM)  [after  Adrian  van  der 
Spiegei,  a  Belgian  physician].  Pink -root, 
a  genus  of  plants  of  the  order  LoganiaceK. 
The  rhiaome  and  rootlets  of  8.  marilandica 
(S.,  U.  S.  P.)  contain  a  volatile  alkaloid, 
•pigelin,  and  are  used  as  an  anthelmintic 
against  the  round  worm.  Dose  gr.  x-xx 
(0.65-1.3)  for  a  child;  ^Hj  (4- 0-^0)  for 
an  adult.  Dose  of  Extiactum  spigelije  fluidum 
(U.  S.  P.)  n\^x-xx  (0.65-1.3)  for  a  child; 
■3  Hi  (4- 0-8.0)  for  an  adult. 

Spigelian  Lobe  (spiiy-leam)  [after  Adrian 
▼an  der  Spierei,  a  Belgian  ph^dan].  A 
small  lobe  m  the  liver  prmecting  from  the 
badL  part  of  the  inlerior  surface  ol  the  right 
lobe. 

Spikenard  (spik'nard  ).  A  name  given  to 
the  rhizome  of  various  species  of  Valeriana. 

Spfloma  (spilo'inaJk).  See  Nmms  vascw 
imrit* 


SPINAL  CORD 


SPINAL  CORD 


Vertebral  Column,  Lateral  Aspect 
1-7.  Cervical  vertebrae.  »-i9.  Dorsal  verte- 
brae. 20-24.  Lumbar  vertebrae.  A,  A. 
Spinous  processes.  B,  B.  Articular 
facets  of  transverse  processes  of  first 
ten  dorsal  vertebrae.  C.  Auricular 
surface  of  sacrum.  D,  D.  Foramina 
in  transverse  processes  of  cervical  ver- 
tebrae. 


Upper  cervical  re^on 


Cervical  enlargement ; 
upper  part. 


-  Middle  part. 


■  Lowest  part. 


•  Upper  dorsal  region. 


'  Lower  dorsal. 


Lumbar  region ; 
upper  part. 


.  Middle. 


.  Lower  part. 


.  Sacral  region. 


Transverse  Sections  of  Spinal  Cord,  Showing  the  Shapes 
of  the  Gray  Matter  at  Different  Levels.— {Omrrod.) 

The  white  matter  has  been  stained  black  (according  to 
Pal  and  Weigert's  method),  while  the  gray  matter  re- 
mains unstained.  • 


SPINAL  CORD 


SPINAL  CORD 


•(>crf* 


Columns  of  Spinal  Cord.— ( /"ram  T^-son.) 
K.  C.  Anterior  comroiMure.    P.  C.  Posterior  commissure.    I.  r.  s.  Intermediate  |^y  subsUncc.    P.  Cor. 
Posterior  comu.    c.  c.  p.  Caput  comu  posterioris.     L.  L.  L.  Lateral  limltmi^  layer.     A.-L.  A.  T. 
Aoierolateral  ascending  tract,  which  extends  along  the  periphery  of  the  cord.^(Gawtr».) 


Floor  of  fourth  reo- 
iricle.  ».  Superior 
cerebellar  pedun- 
cle. 3.  Middle  cere- 
t>ellar  peduncle.  4. 
Inferior    cerebellar 

C^uncle.  5.  £»• 
rgement  at  upper 
extremity  of  pos- 
teromedian column. 
6.  Glossopharyn- 
geal nerve.  7. 
Vagus.  8.  Spinal 
accessory.  9,9,9,9. 
L  igamentumdentic- 
ulatum.    to,  10,  10, 

10.  Posterior  roots 
of  spinal  nerves.  11. 

11,  II,  11.  Postero- 
lateral fissure.  i>, 
i>,  13.  12.  Ganglia 
of  posterior  roots. 
13.  13.  Anterior 
roots.  14.  Division 
of  united  roots  into 
anterior  and  poste- 
r  i  o  r  nerves.  15. 
Terminal  extremity 
of  cord.  16,  16. 
F  i  1  u  m  terminate. 
17.  17.  Caada 
equina.  I.  Vlll. 
Cervical  nerves.  I, 
XII.  Dorsal  nerves. 
I.  V.  Lumbar 
nerves.  I.V.  Sactal 
nervca. 


( 


Superior  or  Cervical  Seg- 
l  ol  Spinal  Cord. 


Middle  or  Dorsal  Por-     Inferior  Portion  of  Cofd 
tioa  of  Cord.  and  Cauda  Equina. 


SPILOPLAXIA 


SPIRITUS 


Spiloplaxia  {spi-lo-plah' -e-akS  [(nr/^of ,  spot ; 
rrAdf,  a  broad  surface].  A  synonym  of 
Leprosy, 

Spina  \spi'-nah)  [L.].  Spine.  S.  bifida, 
a  protrusion  of  the  spinal  membranes  through 
a  congenital  cleft  of  the  lower  part  of  the 
vertebral  column.  S.  cervina.  See  Buck- 
thorn. 

Spinal  {5pi^-nal)\jpinay  spine].  I.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  spine.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  S. 
cord.  S.  Accessory  Nerve.  See  Nervis^ 
Table  of,  S.  Canal.  See  Canal,  Vertebral. 
S.  Column,  the  vertebral  column,  composed 
of  ▼ertebne,  intervertebral  cartilages,  and  lig- 
aments. S.  Cord,  the  neural  structure  occu- 
pying the  vertebral  canal  and  extending  from 
the  atlas  to  the  6rst  lumbar  vertebra,  and 
terminating  in  the  filum  terminale.  It  is 
covered  by  the  S.  membranes  (the  pia  mater, 
arachnoid,  and  dura  mater)  and  is  divided 
into  symmetric  halves  by  the  anterior  and 
posterior  median  fissures.  These  halves  are 
joined  together  by  the  anterior  white  commis- 
sure and  the  gray  commissure.  In  the  middle 
of  the  latter  is  the  central  canal,  a  continua- 
tion of  the  ventricular  cavities  of  the  brain. 
Each  half  of  the  S.  cord  consists  of  an  in- 
ternal mass  of  g^y  matter  and  an  outer 
covering  of  white  matter.  The  former  is 
subdivided  into  the  anterior  and  posterior 
horns,  which  are  made  up  of  ganglion -cells, 
nerve-fibers,  and  delicate  fibrillse,  and  a  modi- 
fied neuroglia,  the  substantia  gelatinosa.  The 
white  matter  is  divided  by  the  two  gray 
horns  into  three  columns:  the  anterior, 
lateral,  and  posterior.  These  are  again  sub- 
divided into  distinct  physiologic  tracts.  Thus 
the  anterior  column  includes  the  direct  pyra- 
midal tract  (Tilrck's  column)  and  the  ante- 
rior ground-bundle,  or  anterior  radicular  zone, 
which  is  continuous  with  the  adjacent  part 
of  the  lateral  column.  In  the  latter  the  fol- 
lowing tracts  are  distinguished :  the  crossed 
pyramidal,  direct  cerebellar,  anterolateral 
(Gowers*  tract),  and  mixed  lateral  tract. 
The  posterior  column  contains  the  postero- 
median tract  (Goll's  column)  and  the  postero- 
lateral or  posteroexternal  tract  (Burdach's 
column).  The  spinal  cord  is  the  conductor 
of  impulses  from  and  to  the  brain,  as  well 
as  a  center  for  reflex  acts.  S.  Epilepsy. 
See  Epilepsy.  S.  Irritation,  a  form  of 
neurasthenia  characterized  by  pain  in  the 
back,  tenderness  along  the  spines  of  the 
vertebrae,  fatigue  on  slight  exertion,  and  oc- 
casionally numbness  and  tingling  in  the  limbs. 
S.  Nerves,  the  31  pairs  of  nerves  arising 
from  the  S.  cord,  and  grouped  into  8  Cervical, 
12  Dorsal,  5  Lumbar,  5  Sacral,  I  Coccygeal. 
Elach  arises  by  two  roots,  a  dorsal  (gangli- 
ated)  root  and  a  ventral  (anterior,  nongan- 
gliated)  root     On  the  dorsal  root  is  the 


spinal  ganglion.  Beyond  the  ganglion  the 
two  roots  unite  to  form,  in  the  spinal  canal, 
the  mixed  trunk  of  a  spinal  nerve.  The 
anterior  roots  supply  efferent  fibers  to  all  the 
voluntary  muscles  of  the  trunk  and  extremi- 
ties, to  the  smooth  muscular  fibers  of  the 
bladder,  ureter,  uterus,  etc. ,  vasomotor,  in- 
hibitory, secretory,  and  trophic  fibers.  The 
posterior  roots  carry  afferent  impulses. 

Spinalis  (spi-na' 'lis\  \spina,  spine].  I. 
Spinal.  2.  A  muscle  attached  to  the  spi- 
nous processes  of  the  vertebrae.  See  Muscles ^ 
TabU  of. 

Spinant  (spi^-nanf)  [spina,  spine].  A  drug 
or  other  agent  increasing  the  reflex  excitability 
of  the  spinal  cord  ;  strychnin  is  a  spinant. 

Spindle-tree.     See  Euonymus. 

Spine  (j/Im)  [spina,  %  thorn] .  I.  A  sharp 
process  of  bone.  2.  The  back-bone  or  ai>inal 
column. 

Spinobulbar  (spi-no-buF-bar)  [spina,  spine; 
bulbus,  the  medulla  oblongata].  Pertaining 
to  the  spinal  cord  and  the  medulla  oblongata. 

Spinoneural  (spi-no-nu^-ral)  [x/iim,  spine; 
vevpov,  nerve].  Pertaining  to  the  spinal  cord 
and  the  peripheral  nerves. 

Spinous  (spi'-nus)  [spina,  spine].  Resem- 
bling or  pertaining  to  a  spine,  as,  e.  g.,  the  S. 
process  of  the  tibia  or  of  a  vertebra. 

Spintherism  (spin' -ther-i%m)  [trrtvSepiCefv, 
to  emit  sparks].  The  sensation  of  sparks 
dancing  before  the  eyes. 

Spiral  (jr/i'-ra/)  [j/i>^,  a  spire].  I.  End- 
ing like  the  threads  of  a  screw,  as,  e.  g.,a.  S. 
bandage.     2.  A  curve  having  a  S.  course. 

Spirem  {spi'-rem)  [spira,  a  coil,  a  twist]. 
The  close  skein,  or  mother  skein,  of  chroma- 
tin-fibrils  in  a  cell  undergoing  mitotic  diti- 
sion. 

Spirillum  (spi-ril' -urn)  [spirillum,  dim.  of 
spira,  a  coil].  A  genus  of  bacteria  having  a 
spiral  shape.  See  Bacteria,  TabU  of.  S.- 
fever.     See  Relapsing  Fever. 

Spirit  (spiH 'U)[spiritus,  breath,  from  spirare, 
to  breathe].  I.  The  soul.  2.  An  alcoholic 
solution  of  a  volatile  substance.  See  Spiritus. 
3.  Alcohol.  S.,  Com-,  whisky  obtamed  by 
the  distillation  of  com.  S.,  Potato<-,  whisky 
obtained  by  the  distillation  of  potatoes.  8., 
Proof-,  diluted  alcohol  (Alcohol  dilutam.  U. 
S.  P. ;  Spiritus  tenuior,  B.  P.)  containing 
about  41  per  cent,  by  weight  of  absolute 
ethyl  alcohol.  S.,  Rectified,  (Spiritus  rec- 
tificatus,  B.  P.),  containing  16  per  ccnL  of 
water. 

Spirituous  (spir'itU'Us)  [spiritus,  spirit]. 
Alcoholic ;  pertaining  to  alcoholic  liquors. 

Spiritus  (spir'it-us)  [L],  See  Spirit.  S, 
frumenti,  whisky,  a  spirit  obtained  by  the 
distillation  of  fermented  grain.  8.  chloro- 
formi  is  used  as  a  carminative.  Dose  nv.  ^~ 
Ix  (0.65-4.0).     S.  juniperi,  gin  or  whisky 


SPIROBACTERIA 


SPLENO- 


with  which  juniper-berries  and  hops  have  been 
distilled.  S.  OKdoratus,  cologne- water.  S. 
vini  gallici,  brandy;  a  liquor  obtained  by 
the  distillation  of  wine.  For  other  varieties 
of  Sptritus,  see  the  different  drugs. 

Spirobacteria  (spiro-bak-te' -reah)  [spira,  a 
spiral;  ^atcT^fjiov,  bacUt^ium\  Spiral  bac- 
teria. 

Spirocheta,  Spirochoeta  (spi  -ro-kt^-tah) 
[spirn,  a  coil ;  ;t<"r7»  a  bristle].  A  genus  of 
bacteria  characterized  by  flexible,  spiral  fUa- 
nient^.     See  Bacteria  ^  Table  of. 

Spirograph  (spi' -ro-graf)  [spirare^  to  breathe ; 
ypd^tv,  to  write].  An  instrument  for  register- 
ing the  movements  of  respiration. 

Spirometer  (spi  -  rom' -  et  -  er)  Ispt'rare,  to 
breathe ;  filrpov,  a  measure].  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  quantity  of  air  taken 
in  and  given  out  in  forcible  respiration. 

Spirometry  (spi  -  rom^ -  et  -  re)  [spirare,  to 
breathe ;  Jiirpov^  measure].  The  determina- 
tion by  means  of  the  spirometer  of  the  amount 
of  air  taken  in  and  given  out  during  respira- 
tion. 

Spirophore  (spi^-ro/br)  \^spirare,  to  breathe  ; 
ffpeiv,  to  carry].  An  instrument  for  per- 
forming artificial  respiration. 

Spirulina  (spi-ru-li'-nah)  [spirula,  from 
spira^  a  coil].  A  spiral  microorganism  of 
spindle  shape. 

Spissated  (spis^ated).    See  Impissaied. 

Spissitude  (spis^  it-ad )\^spissare,  to  thicken]. 
The  state  of  being  inspissated. 

Spittle  {spit^'l).     See  Saiiva. 

Splanchnic  {spfangk' -nik)  \oT^>Myxv<i^  vis- 
cera]. Pertaining  to  or  supplying  the  viscera. 
S.  Nerves,  three  nerves,  the  great,  lesser, 
and  least,  or  renal  S. ,  derived  from  the  sym- 
pathetic system. 

Splanchno-  (splangk' -no-)  [onTMyxya^  vis- 
cera]. A  prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  the 
viscera. 

Splanchnography  (splangk-nog^ra-fe).  See 
Splanehnoiogy. 

Splanchnology  (spiangknol'  oje)  [onMy- 
Xva^  riscera ;  Aojof,  treatise].  The  branch 
of  anatomy  treating  of  the  viscera. 

Splanchnopleure  (spiangJ^  no-plur)  [en'kdy' 
Xva^  viscera ;  7rXn»pa,  the  side].  The  visceral 
layer  of  mesoderm  forming  tne  covering  of 
the  digestive  tube. 

Splanchnoscopy  {splangkncs'-kope)  [oirMy- 
;tv«,  viscera;  (TKOTreiv,  to  examine].  Visual 
examination  of  the  viscera. 

Splanchnoskeleton  (splangkno-ske^  et-m) 
jVirX4y;ifvo,  viscera;  oiuktj^v^  skeleton]. 
That  portion  of  the  skeleton  related  to  the 
viscera. 

Splanchnotomy  {splangk-not^-o-me)  [oir^Ay- 
xva,  viscera;  rijivetv,  to  cut].  Dissection 
of  the  viscera. 

Splay-foot.    See  Ta/ifes, 
4a 


Spleen  (jr/Z/w)  l(rn^v,  spleen].  One  of  the 
abdominal  viscera,  situated  just  below  the 
diaphragm  on  the  left  side,  and  connected 
with  the  hematopoietic  system.  It  is  covered 
by  a  fibroelastic  capsule  from  which  trabecular 
radiate  into  the  organ.  In  the  spaces  formed 
by  these  are  found  collections  of  lymphoid 
tissue  (the  Malpighian  corpuscles)  and  the 
splenic  pulp.  The  Malpighian  corpuscles 
surround  the  small  branches  of  the  splenic 
artery.  The  splenic  pulp  consists  of  a  delicate 
reticulum  containing  large  connective -tissue 
cells,  lymphoid  cells,  and  red  corpuscles.  The 
spleen  receives  a  large  amount  of  blood,which 
in  passing  from  the  termination  of  the  splenic 
artery  to  the  beginning  of  the  splenic  vein  b 
probably  not  held  within  walb,  but  comes  in 
direct  contact  with  the  lymphoid  tissue.  The 
S.  normally  weighs  about  200  grams.  S., 
Accessory,  a  detached  portion  of  splenic 
tissue  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  spleen.  S., 
Floating.  SccS.,fVandenng.  S.  Sago-, 
one  of  which  the  Malpighian  follicles  are  the 
seat  of  amyloid  change.  S.,  Wandering, 
one  that  is  movable,  owing  to  relaxation  of 
its  attachments. 

Splen-  (splen)  \ai:7fiv^  spleen].  A  prefix 
denoting  pertaining  to  the  spleen. 

Splenadenoma  {splenad'en-(/  ntah)  [an-^J^r, 
spleen;  arf//v,  gland;  o/ia,  tumor].  Hyper- 
plasia of  the  lymphoid  tissue  of  the  spleen. 

Splenalgia  {splen-al' -je-ah)  \pitHi\\  spleen; 
oXyo^y  pain].      Neuralgic  pain  in  the  spleen. 

Splenculus  {splen' -kulus)  [(rn-Aj/i',  spleen]. 
An  accessory  spleen. 

Splendid  Line  of  Haller.    See  Lines^  Table 

of 

Splenectomy  (jr//?w-<'>K-/tf-w^)[<nr^',spleen ; 
tKTOfjJit  excision].     Excision  of  the  spleen. 

Splenemia  {splen-e* •me-ah\  [(ttt^i',  spleen; 
ai^Mx,  blood].     Splenic  leukemia. 

Splenic  {spfen'-ik)  [(nrXZ/v,  spleen].  Pertain- 
ing to  or  affecting  the  spleen .  S.  Apoplexy, 
S.  Fever.     See  Anthrax, 

Splenif^cation  (splenif-ik  a'  shun)  [<T»rAi^, 
spleen  ;  facere,  to  make].     See  Splenitation. 

Splenified  {splen-if-ld')  [air^Jiv,  spleen ;  fa- 
cere,  to  make].  Of  a  tissue,  resembling  the 
tissue  of  the  spleen,  as,  e,  g.,  S.  bone-marrow. 

Splenitis  (splen -i'tis)  [tnr'kfpf,  spleen  ;  «r/c, 
inflammation].     Inflammation  of  the  spleen 

Splenium  {sple* -nt-um)  [cnrAjTv/ov,  bandage ^ 
I.  A   bandage.     2.  The  rounded    posterior 
extremity  of  the  corpus  callosum. 

Splenius  (spW-ne-w)  [cTTrAj/v/ov,  bandage]. 
Shaped  like  a  splenium,  as,  e.  g. ,  the  S.  muscle 
or  simply  splenius.     See  Muscles,  Table  of, 

Splenbation  {splen  i-ta'  -  shun)  [<nr/^, 
spleen].  The  cnange  in  an  organ,  especially 
the  lung,  produced  by  congestion,  whereby  it 
comes  to  resemble  the  tissue  of  the  spleen. 

Spleno-  (splen' '0-).     Same  as  Splen-. 


( 


SPLENOCELE 


SPOROGENESIS 


Splenocele  {spUn^'O-sil^  [onXfyv^  spleen; 
«i^Aj7,  tumor].     Hernia  of  the  spleen. 

Splenocolic  (spUn-o-koI'-ik)  [(nrA)^,  spleen ; 
icidXov,  colon] .  Pertaining  to  the  spleen  and 
the  colon. 

Splenomalacia  {spUno-mal-a^-se-ah)  [atrX^v^ 
spleen ;  fiaXatda,  softness].  Softening  of  the 
spleen. 

Splenomegalia,  Sp\enomegaly{splen-o-fmg'' 
a'-U'Oh^  splen-o-meg' 'ol'i)  [atrXiv,  spleen ; 
fUyag,  large].  Enlargement  of  the  spleen, 
especially  simple  enlargement  of  the  spleen 
without  leukemia ;  by  some  it  is  considered 
merely  as  Hodgkin*s  disease  of  splenic  t3rpe. 

Splenopathia  {sp/en-o-pa/A^'f-aAy  Spleno- 
pathy.  S.  leukocythaemica,  splenic  leuko- 
cythemia. 

Splenopathy  {sp/eH'Op^-atA'/)[airXiv,  spleen ; 
irdSoCf  suffering] .  Any  disease  of  the  spleen. 

Splenopexis  (sp/m - o -peJks^ -is)  [  eT^^v, 
spleen;  ir^^t^,  a  fixing  in].  Fixation  of  a 
wandering  spleen  to  the  abdominal  wall  by 
means  of  sutures. 

Splenophrenic  (splen-o-fren'-ik)  [cttt^j^, 
spleen;  ^pi^,  diaphragm].  Pertaining  to 
the  spleen  and  the  diaphragm. 

Splenopneumonia  ( splen-o-nu-mt/ -ne  -  ah  ) 
[ffTrXi^p,  spleen ;  mfehfujv,  lung].  Pneumonia 
with  splenization  of  the  lung. 

Splenotomy  (sp/tn-o/^-o-mt)  [(tttAi^,  spleen ; 
riftveiVf  to  cut].  I.  The  operation  of  incis- 
ing the  spleen.     2.  Dissection  of  tlie  spleen. 

SpUnt  [Swedish ,  splinte^  a  kind  of  spikej .  A 
piece  of  wood,  metal,  or  other  matenal  for 
keeping  the  ends  of  a  fractured  bone  or  other 
movable  parts  in  a  state  of  rest. 

Spodogenous  (spo-doj' -en-usS  r<nr<KJ<Jf ,  ashes ; 
ytvvavy  to  produce].  Pertammg  to  or  pro- 
duced by  waste-material,  as,  ^.^.,S.  enlarge- 
ment of  the  spleen,  a  swelling  of  the  spleen 
produced  by  the  accumulation  of  the  detritus 
of  red  corpuscles. 

Spondyl-,  Spondylo-(jr/<7»'-</iA,  jr/<w'-</«7-tf-) 
f<T7rdvdvAof,  vertebra].  A  prefix  denoting 
pertaining  to  a  vertebra. 

Spondylvthritis  {spon-dil-ar-thri' -tis)  [<nr^- 
ovXof,  vertebra;  hpOpov,  joint;  <r<f,  inflam- 
mation ] .  I  nflammation  of  a  vertebral  articu- 
lation. 

Spondylitis  {spondili^ -tis)  \pT:6vMjo^^  a 
vertebra ;  iri^y  inflammation].  Inflammation 
of  a  vertebra,  especially  Tuberculous  S.,  or 
Pott's  disease. 

Spondylizema  ( spon-dil-i-te' -mah )  \jFn6v' 
ov^,  vertebra ;  l^t^a^  a  subsiding].  The 
settling  of  a  vertebra  into  the  place  of  a  sub- 
jacent one  that  has  been  destroyed. 

Spondylolisthesis  (spon-dil-  0  •  lU-tke^  -  sis) 
fffirdvSvXoc,  vertebra ;  b?ua6rfatCf  a  slipping]. 
Deformity  of  the  spinal  column  produced  by 
the  gliding  forward  of  the  lumbar  vertebrae  in 
such  a  manner  that  they  overhang  the  brim 


and  obstruct  the  inlet  of  the  pelvis ;  esped^ 
ally  the  separation  of  the  last  lumbar  vertebra 
from,  and  its  sli|^ing  forward  on,  the  sacrum. 

Spondylolisthetic  {spon-dil -o-lis- thtt' - ik) 
fjjrrdv^Aof,  vertebra  ;  bXlodrffrt^^  a  slipping]. 
Pertaining  to  or  caused  by  spondylolisthesis. 

Spondylotomy  (spon-dil- ot^o- me)  \piK6v6v- 
Xof,  vertebra;  roiiri^  a  cutting].  See  RacKi' 
otomy. 

Sponge  (spunj)  {^6yyo^],  A  marine  ani- 
mal of  the  class  rorifera,  having  a  poroas, 
homy  skeleton ;  also  the  skeleton  itself,  used 
as  an  absorbent.  S.-bath,  the  i^lication 
of  water  to  the  surface  of  the  body  by  means 
of  a  S.  S.-graft.  See  Grafi,  S.-tent 
See  Ten/, 

Spongiform  ( spun^  -je  'form  )  [  ff?r4>7of , 
sponge;  forma ^  a  formj.  Resembling  a 
sponge. 

Spongin  (spun^-jin)  [(yrr<J>7'0f,  sponge].  The 
homy  substance  forming  the  skeletal  fibers 
of  the  sponge. 

Spongioblast  [spun' -je-o-blast)  \jTir&Yy<K%  * 
sponge ;  /?Xa<Tr<jJ;,  a  germ].  A  variety  of 
cell  derived  from  the  ectoderm  of  the  em- 
bryonic neural  tube,  and  forming  later  the 
neuroglia. 

Spongiopilin  (spun  -je^o  -pi'-  lin)  [<m6)  )nc» 
sponge;  iri^,  feltl.  Felted  or  woven  doth, 
into  which  tufts  of  sponge  are  incorporated 
and  one  side  of  which  is  coated  with  rubber; 
it  is  used  as  a  poultice. 

Spongioplasm  (spun'-je-o-pla»m)  toTrdyyoc* 
sponge ;  nXdcainf,  to  mold].  The  nnc,  clas- 
tic, protoplasmic  threads  forming  the  reticu- 
lum  of  cells. 

Spongy  (jr/««'-;V)[<y7r<5yyof,  sponge].  Having 
iht  texture  of  sponge.  S.  Portion  of  the 
Urethra,  that  contained  in  the  corpus  spon- 
giosum  of  the  urethra. 

Spontaneous  (spon-ta'-ne-m)  [spons^  will]. 
Voluntary ;  occurring  without  extraneous  im- 
pulse;  automatic. 

Spoon.  An  instmment  consisting  of  an  oval 
or  circular  bowl  fixed  to  a  handle ;  it  is  used  in 
surgery  to  scrape  away  dead  tissue,  granula- 
tions, etc. 

Sporadic  (spor-ad'-ik)  [(T?ropo<tuc4f,  scat- 
tered]. Scattered;  occurring  in  an  isolated 
manner.     S.  Cholera,  cholera  morbus. 

Spore  (spdr\  [ff7r<Jpoc,  seed].  A  seed ;  a  repro- 
ductive bony  of  lower  vegetable  organisms,  as 
of  bacteria. 

Sporiferous   (spor-if -er-us)   [<Tirdpoc,   seed; 

fi*^<%  to  bear].     Spore -bearing. 

Sporoblast  (spor^  -  0  -  blast)  fffTrdpoc,  seed; 
P?MaT6^f  germ].  One  of  the  four  round 
bodies  produced  by  the  process  of  endoge- 
nous cell-formation  in  a  coccidium. 

Sporoc3fSt  (j;^r^-<7-xM/)[(T7r<J/wf,»eed;  td^anc, 
a  bag].     The  mother-cell  of  a  spore. 

Spofogenesis    (spor  -  o-jen'-  es  -  is)    {trHpioc* 


SPOROGONY 


STAFF 


seed  ;  yiveai^,  generation].  The  develop- 
meni  of  spores  ;  reproduction  by  spores. 

Sporogony  {spor-og* -o-ni).    See  Sporogentsis. 

Sporophore  {spor^ -o/or)  [ffrrd/ioc.  seed ;  ^p- 
e*v,  to  bear].  That  portion  of  a  fungus 
bearing  the  spores. 

Sporozoa  (spor-o-tt/ -ah)  [crn-rf/wf ,  seed  ;  Cv^*'* 
an  aniraalj.  A  class  of  parasitic  Protozoa 
including  the  Gregarinidia,  parasitic  in  vari- 
ous worms  and  arthropods;  the  Coccidia, 
or  oviform  psorosperms,  parasitic  in  the  hepa- 
tic and  intestinal  epithelium  of  various  mam- 
mals, including  man ;  the  Saracosporidia,  or 
tubuliform  psorosperms,  parasitic  in  the  mus- 
cles of  various  animals;  the  Myxosporidia, 
the  pi>orosperms  of  fishes ;  the  Microsporidia, 
the  psorosperms  of  articulates. 

Sporulation  (  spor  -  u  -  la'  -  shun  )  [  andpoCt 
spore]  The  production  of  spores.  S., 
Arthrogenous,  the  change  of  bacteria  into 
resistant  forms,  which  are  capal)le  of  ger- 
minating again  under  favorable  conditions. 

Spot.  See  Macula.  S.,  Blind.  See  Blind 
Spot. 

Spotted  Fever.  I.  Cerebrospinal  fever.  2. 
Typhus. 

Sprain  (spran)  [OF.,  esprdndre^  from  L., 
^j/nw^r^,  to  press  out].  A  wrenching  of  a 
joint  producing  a  stretching  or  laceration  of 
the  ligaments.  S.-fracture,  an  injury  in 
which  a  tendon  is  torn  from  its  attachment 
together  with  a  shell  of  bone. 

Spray  {spra\.  A  liquid  blown  into  minute 
particles  by  a  strong  current  of  air. 

Spruce  (spras).     Sec  Ptcra. 

SpTUt  (spru).     Synonym  o(  TTirush. 

Spunk  i^spungk).     See  Agaricus. 

Spurge  {sperj).     See  Eupatorium. 

Spurious  {spu* -r'e-us)  [spun us ^  false].    False. 

Spurred  Rye.    See  Ergot. 

Sputum  (spu'-tum)  [spuere,  to  spit ;  //. ,  Sputa^ . 
The  secretion  ejected  from  the  mouth  in  spit- 
ting. It  consists  of  saliva  and  mucus  from 
the  nasal  fossa  and  the  fauces.  In  diseased 
conditions  of  the  air-passages  or  lungs  it  may  be 
purulent,  mucopurulent,  fibrinous,  or  bloody^ 
S.  crudum,  the  scanty,  viscid  expectoration 
of  the  early  stages  of  acute  bronchitis.  S., 
Nummular,  a  sputum  characterized  by  round, 
coin-like  masses;  it  is  seen  in  pulmonary 
tul)erculosis.  S.,  Rusty,  the  dark -colored 
sputum  of  lobar  pneumonia,  the  color  of  which 
is  due  to  the  admixture  of  blood. 

Sputum -septicemia  (spu-tumsep-tc-H  '^mt- 
ah).     See  Septicemia, 

Squama  (skwa'-mah)  fL.].  A  scale  or  scale- 
like mass,  as,  e.  g. ,  the  §.  ct  the  temporal  bone. 

Squamoparletal  (skwa  mo  -par -  i^  -et-al) 
[sfuanuif  scale  f  paries,  wall].  Pertaining  to 
the  squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone. 

Squamosal  (siwa  my -sal)  [squama^  scale]. 
The  squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone. 


Squamosphenoid  (skwa  -  mo  -  s/e^  •  noid) 
[squama J  scale;  sphenoid^  Pertaining  to 
the  squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone 
and  to  the  sphenoid  bone. 

Squamotemporal  (skwa  -  mo  -  tem'  -po-ral) 
[j^ama,  scale  ;  temporal^.  Pertaining  to 
me  squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone. 

Squamous  {skwa'mus)  [squamosus,  scaly]. 
I.  Of  the  snape  of  a  scale,  as,  e.  g.,  the  S. 
portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  2.  Scaly.  S. 
Suture,  the  suture  between  the  squamous 
portion  of  the  temporal  bone  and  the  frontal 
and  parietal  bones. 

Squamozygomatic  (skwamoti-go-nuif -ik) 
[squama,  scale  ;  zygomatic'X .  Pertaining  to 
Uie  squamous  and  zygomatic  portions  of  the 
temporal  bone. 

Square  Lobe.  I.  The  lobus  quadratus  of 
the  liver.  2.  A  lobe  on  the  upper  surface  of 
the  cerebellar  hemisphere. 

Squarrous  (shvar^-us)  [ioxdpa,  a  scab]. 
Scurfy. 

Squill  (sJhvil).  The  bulb  of  Urginea  mari- 
tima  (U.  S.  P.),  or  Urginea  scilla  (B.  P.J, 
of  the  order  Liliaceae.  Squill  (Scilla,  U.  S. 
P.,  B.  P.)  contains  several  bitter  principles, 
scillitin,  scillipicrin,  scillitoxin,  and  scillin  ; 
a  carbohydrate,  sinistrin,  and  other  sub- 
stances. S.  b  expectorant,  diuretic,  and 
emetocathartic,  and  is  used  in  dropsy  and  in 
croup.  Dose  gr.  j-ij  (0.065-0.13).  Pre- 
parations and  doses :  Acetum  scillse  ( U.  S.  P. , 
B.  P.), n^x -XXX  (0.65-2.0);  Extractumscillae 
fluidum  (U.  S.  P.). X\  ij-iij  (0.13-0.20) ;  Oxy- 
mel  scillae  (B.  P.),f.!5j-ij  (4.0-8.0);  Pilula 
scills composita  (B.  P.  ),gr.  v-x  (0.32-0.65) ; 
Syrupus  scillae  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  f^ss-j 
(2.0-4.0);  Syrupus  scillae  compositus, iiive- 
syrup,  n\,  xx-xxx  (1.3-2.0) ;  Tinctura  scilloe, 
(U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.^,  rr\,  v-xxx  (0.32-2.0). 

Squint  (shwint)  [origin  obscure].  See  Stra- 
bismus. 

Squirting  Cucumber.    See  Elaterium, 

Sr.     Symbol  for  strontium. 

Ss.     Abbreviation  for  srmis,  one-half. 

Stabile  (sta'  bil)  [stuhilis,  from  stare,  to 
stand].  Not  moving;  fixed.  S.  Current, 
an  electric  current  j>roduced  by  holding  the 
electrodes  in  a  fixed  position. 

Staccato  Speech.     See  Sra fining  Speech. 

Stadium  (sta'-dc-um).  [L.].  Stage.  S. 
acmes,  the  height  of  a  disease.  S.  aug- 
ment!, the  period  in  which  there  is  increase 
in  the  intensity  of  the  disease.  S.  caloris, 
the  period  during  which  there  is  fever ;  the 
hot  stage.  S.  decrementi,  defervescence 
of  ft  febril;  disease;  the  period  in  which 
there  is  a  decrease  in  the  severity  ot  the 
disease. 

Staff,  ^n  instrument  for  passing  into  the 
bladder  through  the  urethra  and  used  as  a 
guide  in  operations  for  stricture. 


i 


STAGE 


STARCH 


Stage  {sidj)  [stare ^  to  stand].  I.  A  definite 
period  of  a  disease  characterized  by  certain 
symptoms ;  a  condition  in  the  course  of  a 
disease.  2.  The  horizontal  plate  projecting 
from  the  pillar  of  a  microscope,  for  support- 
ing the  slide  or  object.  S.,  Algid,  a  condi- 
tion characterized  by  subnormal  tempera- 
ture, feeble,  Bickering  pulse,  various  nervous 
symptoms,  etc.  It  occurs  in  cholera  and 
other  diseases  marked  by  exhausting  intes- 
tinal discharges.  S.,  Amphibolic,  the  S. 
of  a  disease  intervening  between  its  height 
and  its  decline.  S.,  A8ph3rxial,  the  pre- 
liminary S.  of  Asiatic  cholera,  marked  by  ex- 
treme thirst,  muscular  cramps,  etc.,  due  to 
loss  of  water  from  the  blood.  S.,  Cold,  the 
rigor  or  chill  of  an  attack  of  a  malarial 
paroxysm.  S.,  Expulsive  {of  labor)  ^  the 
stage  which  begins  when  dilatation  of  the 
cervix  uteri  is  complete  and  during  which  the 
child  is  expelled  from  the  uterus.  See  Labor. 
S.,  First  [of  laborV  that  stage  in  which  the 
molding  of  the  fetal  head  and  the  dilatation 
of  the  cervix  are  affected.  S.,  Hot,  the 
febrile  S.  of  a  malarial  paroxysm.  S.  of 
Invasion,  the  period  in  the  course  of  a 
disease  in  which  the  system  comes  under  the 
influence  of  the  morbific  agent.  S.  of  La- 
tency, the  incubation -period  of  an  infectious 
disease,  or  that  period  intervening  between 
the  entrance  of  the  virus  and  the  manifesta- 
tions of  the  symptoms  to  which  it  gives  rise. 
S.,  Placental  (of  labor)  ^  the  period  occu- 
pied by  the  expulsion  of  the  placenta  and 
fetal  membranes.  S.,  Preemptive,  the 
period  of  an  eruptive  fever  following  infection 
and  prior  to  the  appearance  of  the  eruption. 
S.,  Second  (of  labor).  See  5.,  Expulsive. 
S.,  Sweating,  the  third  or  terminal  S.  of  a 
malarial  paroxysm,  during  which  there  is 
sweating.  S.,  Third  (of  labor).  See  5., 
Placental 

Stain  (j/J»)[from  distain^  fix)m  </«V,  priv. ;  tin- 
gere^  to  color].  I.  A  discoloration.  2.  A 
pigment  employed  in  microscopy  to  color  the 
tissues  or  to  produce  certain  reactions.  The 
common  microscopic  stains  are  hematoxylin, 
carmin,  osmic  acid,  and  the  anilin  dyes. 

Stammer  (stam'-er)  [AS.,  stamur^  stam- 
mering]. To  speak  mterruptedly  or  with 
hesitation. 

Standard  (stan' -dard)  [extendere^  to  spread 
out].  Something  used  for  comparison.  S.- 
solution,  a  solution  containing  a  definite 
quantity  of  a  reagent. 

Stannic  (stan^-ik)  [stannum,  tin].  Contain- 
ing tin  as  a  tetrad  element. 

Stannous  (stan' -us)  [stannum,  tin].  Con- 
taining tin  as  a  dyad  element. 

Stannum  (stan'-um)  [L.l.     See  Tin. 

Stapedectomy  (sta-fe-aek^-to-me)  [stapes ; 
kicrofjdf,  excision].     Excision  of  the  stapes. 


Stapediovestibular  (sta'Pe-de-oveS'tay'tt- 
lar)  [stapes;  vestibulum,  vestibule].  Relat- 
ing to  the  stapes  and  the  vestibule. 

Stapedius  (sta-pe'-de-us)  [stape5\  Sec 
Muscles^  Table  of. 

Stapes  (sta'-pH)  [  L. ,  a  stirrup] .  The  stirrup- 
shaped  bone  of  the  middle  ear,  articulating 
with  the  incus  and  the  fenestra  ovalis. 

Staphisagria  (stafis'ag'-reah)[(STa^^^  dried 
grape;  bypu(K%  wildj.  The  Delphinium 
staphisagria,  of  the  order  Ranunculacec. 
The  seeds  (S.,U.  S.  P.,  Staphisagrise semina. 
B.  P.)  contain  the  alkaloids  delphinin,  C^- 
Hj^NOj,  delphinoidin,  C4,H^N,0,,  ddphi> 
sin,  C^H^jNjO^,  and  staphisagrin,  C^H^- 
NO..  S.  has  been  used  locally  as  an 
application  in  rheumatism,  and  as  an  oint- 
ment to  destroy  lice  and  itch-mites. 

Staphylinophaiyngeus  (stafil-ino-far-in^' 

je-us)  [ara^TJj,  uvula;  ^dpvy^,  pharynx]. 
The  palatophaiyngeus.  See  Muscles^  Table 
of 

Staphylinus  (stafil-i'-nus)  [<rra^^i^,  uvula]. 
I.  Palatal.  2.  Set  S.  medius,  S.eztemus, 
the  tensor  palati.  S.  intemus,  the  levator 
palati.  S.  medius,  the  azygos  uvulae  muscle. 
See  Muscles,  Table  of 

SUphylitis  (stafili' -tis)  [cjto^w^,  uvula; 
rrtc,  inflammation].  InfUunmation  of  the 
uvula. 

Staphylo-  (staf'Ho-)  [ora^vT^iiy  uvula].  A 
prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  the  uvula. 

Staphylococcemia  (stafilo-kok-se'  -me-ah) 
[aTa^'>Jl,  grape ;  x<$«cicoc,  a  berry;  Oiiui^  blood], 
'llie  presence  of  staphylococci  in  the  blood. 

Staphylococcus  (stafil-o-kok' us)  [orofv/^, 
grape;  k&kko^,  a  berry].  See  Bacteria, 
Table  of. 

Staphyloma  (stafil'o''mah)[ara^Ji,^;n:^\ 
dfM,  tumor].  A  bulging  of  the  cornea  or 
sclera  of  the  eye.  S.,  Anterior.  See  AVra- 
toglobus.  S.  comeae,  a  bulging  of  the  coraea, 
due  to  a  thinning  of  the  membrane,  with  or 
without  previous  ulceration.  S.,  Postenor, 
S.  posncum,  a  backward   bulging  of  the 

•  sclerotic  coat  at  the  posterior  pole  of  the  eye. 

Staphyloplasty  (staf'-iloplas-te)  [fSTta^OJi, 
uvula  ;  "nTJusfstiv,  to  mold].  A  plastic  opera- 
tion for  the  closure  of  cleu  palate. 

Staphylorrhaphy  (staf-il-or'afe)  fffrtt^'y^, 
uvula;  ^o^,  suture].  Suture  of  a  cirft 
palate. 

Staphylotomy  (stafil-otf -o-me)  [<rro*t>^. 
uvula;  ro\iij,  a  cutting].  I.  The  opentioa 
of  incising  or  removing  the  uvula.  2.  The 
operation  of  incising  a  staphyloma. 

Star-anise.     See  Illicium. 

Starch  (j/iirM)  [AS.,  stearc,  stiff;  L..  Amtr- 
lum\.  A  carbohydrate  widely  distributed  In 
the  vegetable  kingdom,  occurring  in  pecnltar 
concentrically  marked  granules  or  gfams. 
When  heated  with  water  the  granules  sweU 


STARGRASS 


STELLATE 


i 


up,  burst,  partially  dissolve,  and  form  S.  paste. 
The  soluble  portion  is  called  granulose,  the 
insoluble  is  cellulose.  lodin  produces  a 
characteristic  blue  coloration  with  S.  The 
roost  important  varieties  of  S.  are :  potato-S. , 
leguminous  S. ,  wheat-S.  (Amylum,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.),  sago-S.,  rice-S.  S.,  Animal.  See 
Glycogen.  S.,  Com-,  a  highly  nutritive  S. 
obtained  from  Indian  com.  S. -enema, 
an  enema  consisting  of  starch- water.  S., 
Iodized,  starch  that  has  been  acted  upon  by 
lodin.  S.-water,  a  mixture  of  wheat-S.  and 
water,  used  chiefly  as  an  emollient  enema. 

Star-grass.     See  Alttris. 

Stars  of  Verheyn  {fdr-hin^).  The  star- 
shaped  figures  formed  by  the  stellate  veins  of 
the  kidney,  beneath  the  capsule. 

Starvation  (siar-va' -shun)  [AS.,  steorfan^  to 
die].  Deprivation  of  food  ;  the  state  pro- 
duced by  deprivation  of  food. 

Stasis  {sta'-tis)  [<Tr<imc,  from  laravai^  to 
stand].  A  standstill  of  the  current  of  any  of 
the  fluids  of  the  body,  especially  of  the  blood. 

Stas-Otto  Method.  A  method  of  extracting 
alkaloids  or  ptomains  from  tissues.  It  de- 
pends upon  the  facts  that  the  salts  of  the  al- 
kaloids are  soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol, 
and  generally  insoluble  in  ether,  while  the 
free  alkaloids  are  soluble  in  ether,  and  may 
be  removed  from  alkaline  fluids  by  agitation 
with  ether.  The  method  consists  in  treating 
the  mass  with  90  per  cent,  alcohol  and  tar- 
taric or  oxalic  acid ;  digesting  the  whole  for 
some  time  at  about  70®  C.  and  filtering ;  the 
filtrate  is  evaporated  at  a  temperature  not  ex- 
ceeding 35®  C. ,  and  the  residue  taken  up  with 
absolute  alcohol,  filtered,  and  evaporated 
again  at  a  low  temperature.  The  residue  is 
dissolved  in  water,  alkalinized,  and  agitated 
with  ether.  After  separation,  the  ether  is 
removed  and  allowed  to  evaporate.  The 
residue  may  be  further  purified  by  redissolv- 
ing  in  water  and  again  extracting  with  ether. 

Static  {^stat'-ik)  \orariK6^^  from  Xarovm^  to 
stand].  At  reit ;  [pertaining  to  matter  or  force 
at  rest  or  in  eauilibrium.  S.  Breeze,  a 
method  of  admmistering  static  electricity, 
con<4isting  in  the  withdrawal  of  a  static  charge 
from  a  patient  by  means  of  a  pointed  elec- 
trode.    8.  Electricity.     See  Electricity. 

Statics  (stat^-iks)  [<Trar/x<Jf,  from  i<yrdvcu,  to 
stand].  The  science  relating  to  forces  in  a 
condition  of  equilibrium. 

Station  (sta'-shun)  [statio,  from  stare,  to 
stand].     Standing  position  or  attitude. 

Stationary  (sta'-shun-a-re)  [statio,  from  stare, 
to  stand].  Standing  still ;  not  moving.  S. 
Air,  the  amount  of  air  which  is  constantly 
in  the  lungs  during  normal  respiration. 

^tatometer  (stat-om'-et-er)  [<Trcr<if ,  standing ; 
•trpov,  measure].  An  instrument  for  measur- 
%  the  degree  of  exophthalmus. 


SUtus  (sta^-tus)  [L.].  A  sute.  S.  arthri- 
ticus,  tne  nervous  manifestations  preceding  an 
attack  of  gout.  S.  epilepticus,  a  condition 
in  which  epileptic  attacks  occur  in  rapid  suc- 
cession, the  patient  not  regaining  conscious- 
ness during  the  interval.  S.  presens,  the 
state  of  a  patient  at  the  time  of  examination 
S.  typhosus.   See  Typhoid  State. 

Stauroplegia  istawrople' jeah)  [erratYxif, 
crossed;  rrA^y^,  a  stroke].  Crossed  hemi 
plegia. 

Stavesacre  (stOvt-a'-ker").    See  Staphisagria. 

Steapsin  (steap'sin)  [ariap,  fat].  A  fer- 
ment assisting  in  the  saponification  of  the  fats 
and  found  in  the  pancreatic  juice. 

Stearate  (ste^-arO/)  [ariap,  fat].  A  salt  of 
stearic   acid.     Glycerol  S.  is  called  stearin, 

Stearic  Acid  (ste-ar^-ik)  [ffriap,  fat].  See 
Acid,  Stearic,  and  Stearin. 

Stearin  (ste^ar-in)  [arkap,  fat],  CjHjO,- 
(CjgHjjO,),.  A  compound  of  stearic  acid 
and  glyceryl  occurring  in  the  harder  ani- 
mal fats,  especially  in  tallow.  It  crystallizes 
in  white,  pearly  scales. 

Stearopten  {stearof-ten)  \priap,  fat ;  flny- 
v6q,  winged,  volatile].  The  crystalline  sub- 
stance occurring  naturally  in  solution  in  a 
volatile  oil. 

Stearrhea  (steare^ah)  [ariap,  fat ;  ^xa,  a 
flow].     See  Seborrhea. 

Steatite  iste^atlt).     See  Talcum. 

Steato-  ( ste'at'O' )  \oriap,  fat] .  A  prefix 
meaning  fatty. 

Steatocele  {ste^-at-osfl)  [or tap,  fat;  Ki)}.rj^ 
tumor].  A  swelling  formed  by  the  collection 
of  fatty  matter  in  the  scrotum. 

Steatoma  (ste-at-y-mak)  [arkap,  fat;  bpa, 
tumor].    I.  A  sebaceous  cyst.     2.  A  lipoma. 

Steatopygia  (ste-at-0'pi/-eah)  [orinp,  fat; 
nvyij^  buttock].  Enormous  fatness  of  the 
buttock,  common  among  the  women  of  some 
African  tribes. 

Steatopygous  (steatop'ig  us)  [orkap,  fat; 
nvyii,  buttock].  Characterized  by  excessive 
development  of  the  buttocks. 

Steatorrhea  (ste-at-or-e^-ah)  [arkap,  fat ; 
l)ola,  flow].     See  Seborrhea. 

Steatosis  (j/^-<i/-<?'-j/j)  [or^ap,  fat].  I.  Fatty 
degeneration.  2.  An  abnormal  accumulation 
of  fat. 

Steatozoon {steat-o-zo'-on)  [arkap, fat ;  ^yov, 
an  animal].  The  parasite,  Demodex  foUicu- 
lorum,  contained  in  comedones. 

Steel.  A  form  of  iron  holding  an  interme- 
diate position  between  cast  iron  and  wrought 
fron  and  containing  from  0.5  to  1.5  per  cent, 
of  carbon.  S.,  Tincture  of,  tincture  fern 
chloridi ;  see  under  Ferrum.  S.,  Wine  of. 
Synonym  of  Vinum Jerri,  under  Ferrum, 

Stellate  (stel'dt)  [stella,  a  ftar].  Star- 
ihaped. 


{ 


STELLULiE  VERHEYNII 


STERNOMASTOID 


Stellulae  Vcrheynii.    See  Stars  of  Verheyn, 

Stellwag's  Symptom.  Stt  Signs  and  Symp- 
toms^ Table  of. 

Steno-  {sten^'O-)  [<rrcv4f ,  narrow].  A  prefix 
meaning  narrow  or  constricted. 

Stenocardia  {sten-o-kar' -de-ah)  \oTtv6^^  nar- 
row; jcapc^ia,  heart].     Angina  pectoris. 

Stenocephalous  {sten-o-sef^-al-us)  [crrfvdf, 
narrow;  Kt^a^i],  head].  Having  a  head 
narrow  in  one  or  more  of  its  diameters. 

Stenocephaly  [sten-o-sef  -ale)  [orewif,  nar- 
row ;  K£^'kijy  head].  Narrowing  of  the  head 
in  one  or  more  of  its  diameters. 

Stenochoria  [sten-o-ko' -re-ah)  [<Trevdf,  nar- 
row;  x^P^^y  space].     Narrowing;  stenosis. 

Stenopeic  {sten-o-pe' -ik)  \prtv6q^  narrow; 
hrccuo^^  pierced].  Pertaining  to  or  having  a 
narrow  slit;  applied  to  lenses  that  allow 
the  passage  of  rays  only  through  a  narrow 
slit. 

Steno's  Duct.     See  under  Duct. 

Stenosis  {sten-o''Sis')\aTtv6^^  narrow].  Con- 
striction or  narrowing,  especially  of  a  channel 
or  aperture,  as,  ^.^.,  aortic  S.,  mitral  S.,  etc. 

Stenotic  (sten  -  ot^  -  ik)  [<yrcv<if,  narrow]. 
Characterized  by  stenosis ;  produced  by  sten- 
osis. 

Stensen's  Duct.    See  Duct. 

Stensen's  Experiment.  Compression  of  the 
abdominal  aorta  of  an  animaj,  so  as  to  cut 
off  the  blood-supply  to  the  lumbar  region  of 
the  spinal  cord.  It  leads  to  rapid  paralysis 
of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  body. 

Stensen*s  Foramen.    See  Foramina^  Table 

of 
Stephanion  (stef-an^  -e-on)   [ark^vo^^  a 

wreath  or  crown  J.    See  Craniometric  Points. 
Steppage-gait  ystep' -dj-gtU).     The  peculiar 

high-stepping  gait  seen  in  tabes  dorsalis  and 

certain  forms  of  multiple  neuritis. 
Stercobilin   (ster-ko-bi^-lin)    [stercus,  dung; 

bills,  bile].    A  coloring-matter  found  in  feces, 

and  identical  with  hydrobilirubin. 
Stercoraceous     (ster-ko-ra^ -shus)      [stercus, 

dung].     Fecal ;  having  the  nature  of  feces ; 

containing  feces,  as,  e.  g. ,  S.  vomiting. 
Stercoral  {ster'-ko-ral).     See  Stercoraceous. 
Stercoremia  {ster -ko- re*  -me -  ah\  [s/ercus, 

dung;    alfiGf  blood].      A  condition  of  the 

bloc^  resulting  from  arrest  of  intestinal  ex- 
cretion and  the  absorption  of  toxic  matters 

from  the  feces. 
Stercorin  (ster^-ko-rin)  [stercus,  dung].     An 

extractive  from  the  feces  resembling  choles- 

terin. 
Stercus  {ster^ -his)  [L.,dung].     Feces. 
Stere  {stir)  [arepedg,  solid].     A  measure  of 

looo  liters ;  a  kiloliter. 
Stereometry  (ste-re-om^ •et're)[(nep€6g^  solid ; 

fthpov,  measure].     The  measurement  of  the 

capacity  of  a  hollow  body. 
Stereophantoscope  {ste  -re-o  -fan^-  to-skdp) 


[ffrepe^,  solid ;  fovrdf ,  visible ;  OKdnuv,  to 
see].     See  Stereophoroscope. 

Stereophoroscope  {stereo  for''0'Sk^)\fmp' 
ed^f  solid ;  ^peiv,  to  carry ;  OKonelv,  to  $e^ 
A  stereoscopic  zoetrope,  an  instrument  for 
producing  a  series  of  images  apparently  in 
motion. 

Stereoplasm  {ste^-re-0'Plazm)r(nef>e6^tio\id ; 
TrXdaaetv,  to  mold].  The  solid  part  of  the 
protoplasm  of  cells. 

Stereoscope  (ste' -re-o-skdp)  [ffrep€<5f ,  solid  ; 
OKtmelv,  to  see].  An  instrument  by  which 
two  similar  pictures  of  the  same  object  are 
made  to  overlap  so  that  the  reflected  images 
are  seen  as  one,  thereby  giving  the  appear- 
ance of  solidity  and  relief. 

Stereoscopic  {ste -re-o- sko^ ■  ik)  [trr^pr^f , 
solid;  (TicoTreZv,  to  view].  Pertaining  to  ste- 
reoscopy.  S.  Vision,  binocular  vision.  See 
Stereoscope. 

Sterile  (ster'-U)  [sterilis,  barren].  I.  Not  fer- 
tile; not  capable  of  reproducing.  2.  Free 
from  microorganisms  or  spores. 

Sterility  {ster-il^ -it-e)  [stcrilis,  sterile].  The 
condition  of  being  sterile. 

Sterilization  {ster-il-i-za^-sAun)  [sterilis,  bar- 
ren]. The  act  of  rendering  anything  sterile; 
the  destruction  of  microorganisms,  partico* 
larly  by  means  of  heat.  S.,  Intermittent, 
a  method  of  sterilization  in  which  an  interval 
of  time  is  allowed  to  elapse  between  the 
several  heatings,  giving  an  opportunity  for 
any  spores  present  to  develop  into  adult 
microorganisms,  in  which  form  they  teadtly 
succumb  to  the  action  of  heat. 

Sterilized  {ster^  -  il-  Izd)  [sterilis,  sterile]. 
Rendered  sterile. 

Sterilizer  (j/^r'-i/-i-v/)  [j/^/7w, sterile].  An 
apparatus  for  destroying  the  microorganisms 
attached  to  an  object,  especially  by  means  of 
heat. 

Sternal  {stur'-nal)  [sternum:  aripvov,  ster- 
num].    Pertaining  to  the  sternum. 

Stemo-  (stur^-no-)  [sternum  ;  (sriptKw,  ster- 
num]. A  prefix  denoting  connection  with  the 
sternum. 

Sternoclavicular  (stur-no -kla  -  ink'  -u-lar) 
[sternum^  sternum  ;  clavicle'].  Pertaining  to 
the  sternum  and  the  clavicle. 

Sternocleidomastoid  {stur  -  no  -cli-  do- mas'- 
toid)  [mipvov,  sternum;  kXfic^  l^cy;  mas- 
toid ] .  Pertaining  to  the  sternum,  the  clariclc, 
and  the  mastoid  process,  as,  e.  g.,  the  S.  mus- 
cle.    See  Muscles,  Table  of 

Sternocostal  {stur-no- kos''tal)[stemum,  ster- 
num; costa,  dixxh'].  Pertaining  to  the  sternum 
and  the  ribs. 

Sternohyoid  {stur-  no  -  hi'  -  oid)  [(sripvav^ 
sternum  ;  hyoid"].  Pertaining  to  the  sternum 
and  the  hyoid  bone,  as,  e.g.,,  the  S.  masde: 
See  Muscles,  Table  of 

Stemomastoid  {stur-nc- may -toid)  [trriftya^ 


STERNOPAGUS 


STIMULUS 


sternum  ;  mastoid^  Pertaining  to  the  ster- 
num and  the  mastoid  process. 

Stemopagu 8  (stur  -  nop'  -  ag  •  us)  [aripvov , 
sternum;  ?r(i}'0(,  fastened].  A  double  monster 
the  parts  of  which  are  united  by  the  sternum. 

Sternothyroid  {sturno-thi' -roid)  [orepvov, 
sternum  ;  thyroid'^.  Pertaining  to  the  ster- 
num and  the  thyroid  cartilage,  as,  e.  ^.,  the  S. 
muscle.     See  Muscles^  Table  of. 

Sternotracheal  (stur-no-tra^  -ke-al)  [oripvav, 
sternum ;  trachfd] .  Pertaining  to  the  ster- 
num and  the  trachea. 

Sternum  {r/er'-num)  [L. ;  aripvov,  breast- 
bone]. The  flat,  narrow  bone  in  the  median 
line  m  the  front  of  the  chest,  composed  of 
three  portions,  the  manubrium,  the  gladiolus, 
and  the  ensiform  or  xiphoid  appendix. 

Sternutation  (stur-nu-ta* -shun)  [stemutatio, 
a  sneezing].     The  act  of  sneezing. 

Sternutatory  (stur-nuf -tat-o-re)  [stemutare^ 
to  sneeze].  I.  Producing  sneezing.  2.  An 
agent  that  causes  sneezing. 

Stertor  {stur* -tor)  [L.,  a  snoring].  Sonorous 
breathing,  or  snoring ;  the  raspmg,  rattling 
sound  produced  when  the  larynx  and  the  air- 
passages  are  obstructed  by  mucus. 

Stertorous  {stur' to-rus)  {stertere,  to  snore]. 
Characterized  by  stertor,  as,  e.  ^.,  S.  breathing. 

Stetho-  (stetA'o)  [ar^do^j  chest].  A  prefix 
denoting  pertaining  to  the  chest. 

Stethograph  {steth' -ograf)  {arifio^y  chest; 
ypA^tv,  to  wnte].  An  instrument  recording 
the  respiratory  movements  of  the  chest. 

Stethoroeter  {steth-om' -eter)  {arrfio^y  chest ; 
fitrpov,  measure].  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  degree  of  expansion  of  the  chest. 

Stethophonometer  [sUth-o-fo  -  noni'  -et-er) 
[trr^ttef ,  chest ;  ^>^,  sound ;  /drpoPf  meas- 
ure]. An  instrument  for  measuring  the  phe- 
nomena elicited  by  auscultation. 

Stethoscope  (stfih'-o-skdp)  [arfjSo^,  breast; 
0KO7reiv,  to  view].  An  instrument  for  as- 
certaining the  condition  of  the  organs  of 
circulation  and  respiration  by  the  sounds 
made  by  these  organs.  It  consists  of  a  hollow 
tube,  one  end  being  placed  over  the  locality 
to  be  examined,  the  other  at  the  ear  of  the 
examiner.  The  binaural  S.  consists  of  a 
Y-shaped  tube,  the  flexible  branches  being 
applied  each  to  an  ear  of  the  listener. 

Stethoscopic  (stetho  skop'iA){aTfj6o^,  chest ; 
etunrtiv,  to  vew].  Pertaining  to  or  detected 
by  means  of  the  stethoscope. 

Stethoscopy  {sUth-os' ko-pe)  [arrfio^,  chest ; 
0Koirelv,  to  view].  Examination  with  the  aid 
of  the  stethoscope. 

Sthenic  {sfAen'-iA)  [a6ivo<:,  strength]. 
Strong,  active.  S.  Fever,  a  form  of  fever 
markai  by  high  temperature,  quick  and  tense 
pulse,  and  highly  colored  urine. 

Stibium  (sHy-tum).     See  Atttimonium, 

Sticking  Plmster.    Resin-pUtfter. 


Stiff-neck  Fever.  Epidemic  cerebrospinal 
meningitis. 

Stigma  ( stig'-mah  )  [  ariypa,  point].  A 
small  spot  or  mark,  especially  a  spot  of  hem- 
orrhage in  the  palfli  or  sole  corresponding  to 
the  nail-marks  of  Christ,  occurring  in  hysteric 
persons.  2.  Any  one  of  the  marks  or  signs 
characteristic  of  a  condition ;  generally  used 
in  the  plural,  as  hysteric  stigmata.  3.  That 
part  of  a  pbtil  which  receives  the  pollen. 
Stigmata  maydis.     See  Zea  mays. 

Stigmatic  (stig-maf-ik)  [criyfta^  spot]. 
Pertaining  to  a  stigma. 

Stigmatization  (siig-  mat-i-za' -shun)  [ariyfrn, 
point].     The  formation  of  stigmata. 

Stilet,  Stilette  (sti-Uf)  [Fr.,  dim.  o( stiVus,  a 
point].  I.  A  small,  sharp-pointed  instru- 
ment enclosed  in  a  cannula.  2.  A  wire 
passed  into  a  flexible  catheter. 

Still-bom.     Bom  lifeless. 

Still-birth.     The  birth  of  a  dead  child. 

Stillicidium  (sti/'is-id'-e-um)  [sft//a,  a  drop ; 
cadere,  to  fall  down].  The  flow  of  a  liquid 
drop  by  drop.  S.  lacrimarum,  overflow  of 
tears  from  obstruction  of  the  canaliculus  or 
nasal  duct ;  epiphora.     S.  narium,  coryza. 

Stilling's  Canal.     See  Canal  of  Stilling. 

Stillingia  {stil-in'-je-ah)  [after  Benjamin 
Stillingfleety  an  English  botanist].  A  genus 
of  plants  of  the  order  Euphorbiaceae.  The 
root  of  S.  sylvatica,  queen's  root  or  queen's 
delight  (S.,  U.  S.  P.),  is  used  as  an  alterative 
in  syphilis,  scrofula,  diseases  of  the  skin, 
etc.  Dose  of  Extractum  stillingise  fluidum 
(U.  S.  P.)f3ss-j(2.o^.o). 

Stimulant  (stim'-ulant)  [stimulus,  a  goad]. 
I.  Stimulating.  2.  An  agent  that  causes 
stimulation.  S.,  Cardiac,  one  that  increases 
the  heart's  action.  S.,  Cerebral,  one  that 
exalts  the  action  of  the  cerebrum.  S., 
Diffusive,  one  that  has  a  prompt  but 
transient  eflect.  8.,  Hepatic,  one  that 
excites  the  activity  of  the  liver. 

Stimulate  (stim'-u-ldl)  [stimulare,  to  stimu- 
late]. To  quicken;  to  stir  up;  to  excite; 
to  increase  functional  activity. 

Stimulation  istim-ula' -shun)  [stimulus,  i 
goad].  I.  The  act  of  stimulating.  2.  The 
eflect  of  a  stimulant. 

Stimuline  (stim'-u-lin)  [stimulus,  a  goad]. 
A  substance  capable  of  stimulating  the 
phagoc3rtic  action  of  cells. 

Stimulus  {stim'u-lus)  [L.].  A  goad;  an 
impulse ;  anything  capable  of  causing  stimu- 
lation. S.,  Adequate.  St^S.,  Homologous. 
S.  ,Chemic,  one  due  to  or  produced  by  chemic 
means.  8.,  Heterologous,  one  acting  upon 
the  nervous  elements  of  the  sensory  apparatus 
along  their  entire  course.  S.,  Homologous, 
one  acting  only  upon  the  end-organ.  S., 
Mechanic,  one  acting  by  mechanic  means, 
at,  /.  g.f  pinching  or  striking. 


{ 


STIRRUP,  STIRRUP-BONE 


STRAMONIUM 


Stirrup,  Stirrup-bone  {stir^-up).  The 
stapes. 

Stitch.  I.  A  sadden,  sharp,  lancinating  pain. 
2.  See  Suture. 

Stoma  (si(/-mah)  [trrd/la,  mouth].  I.  A 
mouth.  2.  A  pore,  as  that  between  endothe- 
lial cells,  establishing  direct  communica- 
tion between  adjacent  lymph-channels. 

Stomach  (stum'-ak)  [aT6fiaxo^\  The  most 
dilated  part  of  the  alimentary  canal,  situated 
below  the  diaphragm  in  the  left  hypochondri- 
ac, the  epigastric,  and  part  of  the  right  hypo- 
chondriac regions.  It  is  connected  at  one 
end  (cardiac  end)  with  the  esophagus,  at  the 
other  (pyloric  end)  with  the  duodenum.  Its 
wall  consists  of  four  coats — the  serous,  mus- 
cular, submucous,  and  mucous.  The  mucous 
coat  contains  the  gastric  glands  (cardiac  and 
pyloric  glands),  which  secrete  the  gastric 
juice  and  mucus.  S.-cough,  a  reflex  cough 
excited  by  irritation  of  the  stomach.  S.- 
pump,  a  pump  for  withdrawing  the  contents 
of  the  stomach.  S.-tooth,  a  lower  canine 
tooth,  especially  one  of  the  6rst  dentition. 
S.-tube,  a  flexible  tube  for  irrigation  or 
evacuation  of  the  stomach. 

Stomachal  (stum^ -ak-ai)  [ard^x^*  the 
stomach],     rertaining  to  the  stomach. 

Stomacmc  (stum-ak^-ik)  [arSfiaxo^t  stomach] . 
I .  Pertaining  to  the  stomach.  2.  Stimulat- 
ing the  secretory  activity  of  the  stomach.  ^. 
An  agent  having  this  property. 

Stomatitis  (stom-ai-i^ -Hs)  [oT($/ia,  mouth ; 
<ri(,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
mouth.  S.  aphthoaa,  S.,  Aphthous.  See 
Aphtha.  S.,  Catarrhal,  a  simple  form  char- 
acterized by  swelling  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, pain,  and  salivation.  S.,  Gangren- 
ous. See  Cancrum  oris.  S.,  Mercurial, 
that  arising  from  poisoning  by  mercury.  S., 
Mycotic.  See  Thrush.  S.,  Scorbutic,  that 
due  to  scurvy.  S.,  Ulcerative,  a  form  char- 
acterized by  the  formation  of  small  ulcers  on 
the  cheeks,  lips,  and  tongue,  with  copious 
salivation,  pain,  fetid  breath,  slight  fever,  and 
at  times  great  prostration. 

Stomato-  (stom^ -at'O-)  \<rr6fia^  mouth].  A 
prefix  meaning  pertaining  tu  the  mouth. 

Stomatomycosis  (stom  -  at-o-mi-  k</  -  sis) 
[(Tr^//a,  mouth;  fii'iof^i  fungus].  A  disease 
of  the  mouth  due  to  fungi,  especially  the 
oidium  albicans. 

Stomatonecrosis,  Stomatonoma  Utom-at- 
O'tte- kr</'  sis,  stom  -  a/ -  on^-o-mah).  See 
Cancrum  oris. 

Stomatopathy  {stom-at-op' -ath-i)  \pT6^^ 
mouth  ;  n-d^,  disease].  Any  disease  of  the 
mouth. 

Stomatoplasty  {stom' -at-oplasti)  {ar6fM, 
mouth ;  nTtdoonVy  to  form].  A  plastic  oper- 
ation upon  the  mouth. 

Stomatoscope    {stom' -at'O- skip)    [ardfUt 


mouth  ;  atumeiv,  to  inspect].  An  instmroent 
for  inspecting  the  cavity  olthc  mouth. 

Stomocephalus  (stom-o-se/'-aZ-us)  [ftr6fM, 
mouth;  icf^/^,  head].  A  variety  of  mon- 
ster in  which  there  is  the  same  deformity  as  in 
rhinocephalus  or  in  cyclocephalus,  associated 
with  a  defect  of  the  maxillary  bones,  so  that 
the  skin  hangs  in  folds  around  the  mouth. 

Stomodcum  ( stam -o-  de' - um  )  [ irr^^^ 
mouth ;  <?at><v,  to  divide].  The  primitive 
oral    cavity  of  the    embryo,    formed    by   a 

'  depression  of  the  ectoderm  and  afterward 
forming  the  mouth  and  upper  part  of  the 
pharynx. 

Stone.  A  hardened  mass  of  mineral  matter. 
See  Calculus.  S.,  Blue,  copper-sulphate 
crystals.     S.,  Gall-,  a  biliary  calculus. 

Stool.     The  evacuation  of  the  bowels. 

Stop-needle.  A  lance-pointed  needle  used  in 
the  operation  of  discission,  having  an  en* 
largement  or  shoulder  upon  the  shank  to  pre- 
vent too  deep  penetration. 

Storax  (sto'-raks) .     See  Styrax. 

Strabismal,  Strabismic  (stra-bis'-Mai,  stra- 
biz'-mik)  [arpaput^d^  y  from  arpap6ct  crooked]. 
Relating  to  or  aflected  with  strabismus. 

Strabismus  {strabit' mus)  [arpaptafi^^  from 
aTpap6ct  crooked].    Squint ;  that  abnormality 

'  of  the  eyes  in  which  the  visual  axes  do 
not  meet  at  the  desired  objective  point, 
in  consequence  of  incoordinate  action  of 
the  external  ocular  muscles.  S.,  Alternat- 
ing, one  in  which  either  eye  fixes  alternately. 
S.,  Concomitant,  one  in  which  the  squint- 
ing eye  has  full  range  of  movement.  S.» 
Convergent,  one  in  which  the  squinting  eye 
is  turned  to  the  nasal  side.  S.,  Divergent* 
one  in  which  the  squinting  eye  is  turned  to 
the  temporal  side.  S.,  External.  See  5., 
Divergent.  S.,  Internal.  See  5". ,  Converg- 
ent. S.,  Paral3rtic,  that  due  to  paralysis  of 
one  or  more  muscles.  S.,  Spastic,  that  due 
to  a  spastic  contraction  of  an  ocular  muscle. 

Strain  (strdn)  [OF.,  estraindre,  from  L., 
stringere,  to  draw  tight].  I.  Excessive 
stretching ;  overuse  of  a  part.  2.  The  con* 
dition  produced  in  a  part  by  overuse, as,  e.  g., 
eye-strain.  3.  To  overexert ;  to  use  to  ex- 
cess ;  to  make  violent  eflbrts. 

Strait  {strut)  [Fr. ,  itroit,  from  strictus,  drawn 
tight].  A  narrow  or  constricted  passage, 
as,  e.  g.,  the  inferior  or  superior  S.  of  the  |^- 
vis.  S.-jacket,  a  strong  jacket  placed  on  the 
insane  or  delirious  to  prevent  injury  to  them- 
selves or  to  others. 

Stramonium  {stra-mo'-ne-um).  The  Datura 
stramonium,  Jamestown  or  Jimson  weed,  a 
plant  of  the  order  Solanacese.  The  leaves 
fStramonii  folia,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  and  seeds 
(Stramonii  semen,  U.  S.  P.,  Stramonii  semina, 
B.  P.)  contain  two  alkaloids,  daturin,  identi- 
cal with  atropin,  and  hyoscyamin.     The  ac 


STRANGLING 


STROBOSCOPIC 


tion  of  S.  resembles  that  of  belladonna.  It  is 
used  in  asthma,  dysmenorrhea,  neuralgia, 
rheumatism,  and  pains  of  syphilitic  origin. 
In  asthma  the  leaves  may  be  smoked  in  a 
tobacco-pipe.  Ix>cally  S.  is  employed  as  an 
ointment  or  cataplasm  in  irritable  ulcers  and 
inflamed  surfaces.  Dose  of  the  seeds  gr.  j 
(0.065) ;  of  the  leaves  gr.  ij-iij  (0.13-0.20). 
Extractum  stramonii  seminis,  U.  S.  P.  (£x- 
tractum  stramonii,  B.  P.).  Dose  gr.  ^-^ 
(o. 01 0-0. 01 6).  Extractum  stramonii  seminis 
^uidum.  U.  S.  P.  I>ose  ny-ij  (0.065-0. 13). 
Finctura  stramonii  seminis,  U.  S.  P.  Dose 
rt\^v-xxx  (0.32-2.0). 

Strangling.     See  Stratigulation, 

Strangulated  {strange gulated^  \strangU' 
iartj  to  strangle].  I.  Choked.  2.  Com- 
pressed so  that  the  circulation  is  arrested,  as, 
f.  g. ,  S.  hernia. 

Strangulation  {strong  gula'-skuii)  [s/rangu- 
largy  to  choke].  I.  The  act  of  choking. 
2.  Constriction  of  a  part  producing  arrest  of 
the  circulation,  as,  e.  g.^  S.  of  a  hernia. 

Strangury  {strang' -gu-ri)  [arfihy^,  a  drop; 
oi'poVf  urine].  Painful  urination,  the  urine 
being  voided  drop  by  drop. 

Strap.  I.  A  long  band,  as  of  adhesive  plas- 
ter. 2.  To  compress  a  part  by  means  of 
bands,  especially  bands  of  adhesive  plaster. 

Stratification  (strate-fika'  shun)  [stratum, 
a  layer;  facere,  to  make].  Arrangement  in 
layers. 

Stratified  (strnt^-e-fld)  [stratum,  a  layer; 

facercy  to  make].     Arranged  in  layers. 

Stratiform  (straf -e-form)  [stratum^  stratum ; 
forma,  form].  Formed  mto  a  layer.  S. 
Fibrocartilage,  fibrocartilage  lining  bony 
grooves  through  which  the  tendons  of  mus- 
cles pass. 

Stratum  (stra'-tum)  [L.,  from  stemere,  to 
strew].  A  layer.  S.  corneum,  8.  granu- 
losum, S. lucidum,  S.  Malpighii.  See  Skin. 

Strawberry  -  tongue.  The  characteristic 
tongue  of  scarlet  fever,  in  which  the  vessels 
of  the  fungiform  papillse  become  turgid,  caus- 
ing the  papilke  to  stand  out  as  red  points,  in 
marked  contrast  with  the  thick  coating  of 
liir  on  the  filiform  papilla. 

Streak  (strfk).  A  furrow,  line,  or  stripe.  S., 
Medullary.  See  AMuiiary  Groove.  S., 
Primitive,  an  opaque  band  extending  some 
distance  forward  from  the  posterior  margin 
of  the  area  pellucida  and  forming  the  first 
noticeable  sign  of  the  development  of  the 
blastoderm.  S.,  Meningitic.  See  Tache 
chribraU. 

Strengthening  Plaster.  Emplastrum  robo- 
rans,  or  iron-plaster. 

Strephotome  (stref-  o  -  tdm)  [arpk^tv,  to 
twist ;  ri/iveiv,  to  cut].  An  instrument 
shaped  like  a  corkscrew,  used  to  secure  union 
in  toe  operation  for  the  imdical  core  of  hernia. 


Streptobacteria  {strep  -  to  -  bak  -te*  -re-ah] 
[(TT/aenTiif,  twisted;  (iaKT^piov,  bacterium]. 
Short,  rod-shaped  bacteria  forming  chains. 

Streptococcemia  {stre/^-  to  -  kok  -  se^-  me  ah) 
[streptocorcus  :  ai/io,  blood].  A  state  of  the 
blood  characterized  by  the  presence  of  strep- 
tococci. 

Streptococcus  {strep-tokok'-kus)  [orptTnb^, 
twisted;  KbiiKoq,  a  Kernel].  See  Bacteria, 
Table  of,  S.-angina,  angina  due  to  strep- 
tococci. 

Streptothriz  (strep' -to-thriks)  [tfTpenrb^, 
twisted;  ^p/f,  the  hair].  See  Uadothrix, 
under  Bacteria,  Table  of 

Stretcher  {strech'-er).  A  cot  or  litter  for 
carrying  the  sick. 

Stria  (stri'-ah)  [L.].  A  streak  or  white  line. 
Acoustic  or  Auditory  Stride,  transverse 
white  lines  on  the  lower  part  of  the  floor  of  the 
fourth  ventricle,  which  unite  with  the  auditory 
nerve-roots.  Stride  gravidarum,  the  atrophic 
striae  observed  upon  the  abdomen  in  pregnant 
women.  Striae  longitudinales,  long, 
slightly  elevated  lines  on  the  upper  surface 
of  the  corpus  callosum. 

Striate,  Striated  {stri'&t,  stri'dteJ)  [stria, 
a  furrow].  Striped.  8.  Body,  the  corpus 
striatum.     S.  Muscle.     See  Muscle, 

Striation  {stri-a'-shun)  [stria,  furrow].  I. 
The  state  of  being  striated.  2.  A  striated 
structure. 

Stricture  {strik'-tUr)  [strictura,  from  strin- 
gere,  to  draw  tight].  A  narrowing  of  a  canal 
firom  external  pressure,  or  as  a  result  of  in- 
flammatory or  other  changes  in  its  walls. 
S.,  Cicatricial,  a  S.  due  to  cicatricial  tissue. 
S.,  Functional.  See  S.,  Spasmodic.  S., 
Impermeable,  or  S.,  Impassable,  one  not 
permitting  the  passage  of  an  instrument.  S., 
Irritable,  one  in  which  the  passage  of  an 
instrument  causes  great  pain.  S.,  Organic, 
one  due  to  structural  changes  in  or  about 
a  canal.  S.,  Spasmodic,  one  due  to 
muscular  spasm. 

Stricturotome  {strik'tu-rotdm)  [strictura, 
stricture ;  rkftveiv,  to  cut].  An  instrument 
for  dividing  a  stricture. 

Stricturotomy (strikturot'ome)  [strictura, 
stricture;  riftvetv,  to  cut].  The  operation  of 
incising  a  stricture. 

Stridor  {stri'-dor)  [stridere,  to  make  a  creak- 
ing sound].  A  peculiar,  harsh,  vibrating 
sound  produced  during  expiration. 

Stridulous  {strid' -U'lus)  [stridere,  to  make  a 
creaking  sound].  Characterized  by  stridor. 
S.  Laryngismus.     See  Laryngismus. 

Strobilus  (strob''ilus)[strobilus,  a  pine-cone]. 
The  tape- worm. 

Stroboscope  {strob'-o-skdp).     5>ee  Zoetrope, 

Stroboscopic  (strob-oskop^-ik)  [<frp60o^,  a 
twisting;  CKoireiv,  to  view].  Pertaining  to 
the  stroboscope. 


i 


STROKE 


STYRAX 


Stroke  {strdk),  A  sudden  attack ;  the  word  is 
used  colloquially  for  apoplexy  and  paralysis. 

Stroma  ystrcZ-mah)  [arpcifia^  a  bed].  The 
tissue  forming  the  framework  for  the  essen- 
tial part  of  an  organ. 

Strongylus  (stron^-jil-us)  [<rr/w>yy{»Xof ,  round] . 
A  genus  of  nematode  worms  found  in  the 
lower  animals,  and  occasionally  in  man. 

Strontium  (siron'-sh^-um)  [after  Strontian, 
in  Scotland].  A  metallic  element  t>elonging 
to  the  group  of  alkaline  earths.  It  has  a 
speciBc  gravity  of  2.5,  an  atomic  weight  of 
87.3,  and  a  valence  of  two.  Symbol  Sr.  It 
combines  with  oxygen  to  form  S.  ozid,  or 
strontia,  SiO.  S.  bromid,  SrBr,.6H,0  (Stron- 
tii  bromidum,  U.  S.  P.),  has  been  used  in 
epilepsy,  diabetes,  gastrectasis,  rheumatoid 
arthritis,  and  lithemia.  Dose  gr.  xv-xxx 
(1.0-2.0).  8.  iodid,  SrI,.6H,0  (Strontii  iodi- 
dum,  U.  S.  P.),  is  used  like  the  other  oxids. 
S.  lactate,  Sr(C,H508),.3H,0  (Strontii 
lactas,  U.  S.  P.),  is  used  in  nephritis,  albu- 
minuria, rheumatism,  and  gout.  Dose  gr. 
x-xxx  (0.65-2.0). 

Strophanthus  {strof-  an'  -  thus)  [<n*/xJ^, 
a  twisted  band ;  di^o^ ,  flower].  A  genus  of 
plants  of  the  order  Apocynaceae,  some  of  the 
species  of  which  are  used  for  the  preparation 
of  arrow  poison  in  Africa.  The  seeds  of  S. 
hispidus  (S.,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  contain  a 
crystalline  glucosid,  strophanthin,  and  an  al- 
kaloid, inein.  S.  is  a  muscle-poison,  but  in 
small  doses  is  a  cardiac  and  perhaps  a  vascu> 
lar  stimulant.  It  is  used  in  the  same  cases 
as  digitalis.  Dose  of  Tinctura  strophanthi 
(U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  Tl\,v-xv  (0.32-1.0) ;  of  stro- 
phanthin  gr.  jj^^b  {0.0002-0.0003). 

Strophulus  (stro/^'U-ius)  [arpd^^  a  twisted 
band].  Red  gum,  tooth-rash ;  a  form  of 
miliaria  occurring  in  infants.  S.  prurigi- 
nosus,  an  eruption  occurring  in  children,  and 
characterized  by  disseminated,  intensely  itch- 
ing papules. 

Structural  (struk^-tu-ral)  [structural  struc- 
ture]. Pertaining  to  or  anecting  the  struc- 
ture. 

Struma  {stru'-mah)  [L.].  I.  Scrofula.  2. 
Goiter. 

Stnimiprivus  {stru  -  me-pri'-  vus^  {struma  ; 
privus^  deprived  of].  Deprived  of  the  thy- 
roid gland ;  due  to  the  removal  of  the  thyroid 
gland,  as  cachexia  strumipriva. 

Strumous  (stru'-mus)  [struma'].    Scrofulous. 

Strychnin  (strik'-nin)  [<Tr^;p*oc,  strychnin], 
C„H„N,q,.  One  of  the  alkaloids  of  Nux 
vomica.  S.  sulphate,  (C,,Hj,NjO,),.H,- 
SO,.5H^O)  (Strychninae  sulphas,  U.  S.  P.J. 
Dose  of  the  alkaloid  or  salt  gr.  ^  (0.003). 
For  properties  and  uses  see  Nux  vomica. 

Strychninism  (strik^-  nin  •  hm)  [arpvxvo^t 
strychnin].  The  state  of  being  under  the 
influence  of  strychnin. 


Strychnos  (striJk'-nos).  A  genus  of  planti 
of  the  order  Loganiacese,  several  spedes  of 
which  yield  strychnin  and  brucin. 

Stump  [Icel.,  stumpr^  stump].  The  portioa 
of  a  limb  or  other  part  left  attached  to  the 
body  after  an  amputation. 

Stun  [AS.,  stunian^  to  make  a  dinj.  To 
render  temporarily  insensible,  as  by  a  bk>«. 

Stupe  (stup)  [stupa,  tow].  A  cloth  used  for 
applying  heat  or  countenrritation ;  especially 
a  cloth  wrung  out  of  hot  water  and  sprinkled 
with  a  counterirritant,  as,  e.  g. ,  turpentine  S. 

Stupefacient,  Stupefkctive  {stu-pe-fa* -shent^ 
stU'Pe  fak* -tiv)  [stupcre^  to  be  stunned ;  fa- 
cere^  to  make].     Narcotic. 

Stupor  (stu'-p&r)  [L.].  A  state  of  paxtial 
unconsciousness  from  which  the  individual 
can  be  roused. 

Stuttering  (stut^-er-ing)  [Icel.,  stauta^  to 
stutter].  A  hesitation  in  speech  due  to  an 
inability  to  enunciate  the  sylhU>les  without 
repeated  eflbrts. 

Stye  (sti).     See  Hordeolum, 

Style,  Stylet  (j/l/.  sti-lef)  [<yrWof.  pillar]. 
I.  A  probe.  2.  A  wire  inserted  into  a  cath> 
eter  or  cannula,  in  order  to  stiffen  the  instm* 
ment  or  to  perforate  the  tissues.     See  StiUt. 

Stylo-  [sti'-lo')  [<rrt>Aof,  pillar].  A  prefix 
denoting  pertaining  to  the  styloid  process  of 
the  temporal  bone. 

Styloglossus  isti'loghs^'us).  See  Muscles , 
Table  of. 

Stylohyoid  (sti-lo-ki'-oid)  [orvXa^,  ptllar; 
hyoid  ].  I .  Pertaining  to  the  styloid  process  of 
the  temporal  bone  and  the  hyoid  bone,  as,  /./., 
the  S.  muscle.  See  Muscles^  Table  ef.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  S.  muscle. 

Styloid  (sti'-loid  )[oTv'kjo^,  pillar ;  eI«5oc,  like]. 
Resembling  a  stylus. 

Stylomastoid  (sti  -  lo  -  mas'  -  toU)  [ffrvAof, 
pillar;  mastoid"].  Pertaining  to  the  styloid 
and  mastoid  processes. 

Stylomazillary  (stilo-maks' 'il'a-re\  [arvko^^ 
pillar;  maxilla,  maxilla].  Pertaining  Ua  the 
styloid  process  and  the  maxilla. 

Stylopharyngeus  i^sti-hfar-in-je' 'Us).  See 
Muscles^  Table  of. 

Stylus  (sti'-lus)  PL.,  a  stake].  A  pointed  in- 
strument for  making  applications. 

Styptic  (stip''tik)[(ST\ynTiK6^,  astriagent].  I. 
Checking  hemorrhage  by  contracting  the 
blood-vessels.  2.  An  agent  that  oiecks 
hemorrhage  by  causing  contraction  of  the 
blood-vessels. 

Styracin  (sti'-ra-sin).     Sec  Stjmix, 

Stjrraz  (sti'raks)  [(m'»/)af,  storax].  Storax; 
a  balsam  obtained  from  the  inner  bark  of 
Liquidambar  orientalis,  or  oriental  sweet- 
gum.  It  contains  a  volatile  oil,  styrol,  sev- 
eral resins,  an  amorphous  substance  called 
storesin,  cinnamic acid,  and  styracin  (the  cin- 
namate  of  cinnamyl).     It  is  stimulant,  ex- 


STYRONE 


SUBINFLAMMATION 


pectorant,  and  antiseptic,  acting  like  benxoin 
and  tolu,  and  i»  used  in  bronchial  affections 
and  catarrh  of  the  urinary  passages.  Exter- 
nally it  is  an  antiseptic  and  parasiticide.  It 
is  a  constituent  of  Friar^s  balsam.  Dose  gr. 
▼-XX  (0.32-1.3). 

8t3rrone  (sti^-rdn)  Hrrfpaf,  storax].  Cinna- 
mic  alcohol,  C^H,oO. 

Styryl  Alcohol  (sH'-ril)  [crH-pof,  ttorax]. 
Sec  Styrofu, 

Sub-  [L.].  A  prefix  denoting  under  or  be- 
neath ;  in  chemistry,  a  prefix  denoting  (l) 
the  lower  of  two  compounds  of  the  same  ele- 
ments; (2)  denoting  a  basic  salt. 

Sobacetmte  {sub-tu' -etdt )  \sub^  under ;  ace- 
turn,  vinegar].     A  basic  acetate. 

Subacid  {iub-as'-id)  \sub^  under;  acidum^ 
acid].     Moderately  acid. 

Subacromial  {subak-n/ 'meal)\sub^  under; 
4uromial\     Below  the  acromion. 

Subacute  {tub-akm*)  [sub,  under;  acutus, 
sharp].     Moderately  acute. 

Subanconeus  [sub-an-kony-m).  See  Mus- 
cUs,  Table  of. 

Subaponeurotic  (sub-ap-onu-raf-ik)  [sub, 
under;  ap&nturosisy  Beneath  an  aponeu- 
rosis. 

Subarachnoid  {subar-ak^-noid  )[pib^  under ; 
am<hnoi4i'\.  Beneath  the  arachnoid  mem- 
brane, as,  e.  e. ,  the  S.  space. 

Subarcuate  hub  -  ar*-  ku-dt)  [sub,  under ; 
arcus^  an  arc  J.     Slightiy  arcuate. 

Subastragalar,  Subastragaloid  (sub  •  as- 
tra^-al ar,  sub-as-tra^ -ai-oid)  [sub,  under; 
at/raj^a/usy      B^low  the  astragalus. 

Subcalcanne  {^ub-ka/ka-rtn)  [jm^,  under  ; 
taii^arine'].  Situated  beneath  the  calcarine 
6ssure,  as  the  S.  convolution. 

Subcapsular  {sub  kaf/ -sular)  [sub^  under; 
capsula,  capsule].     Beneath  a  ca))sule. 

Subcarbonate  {sub'kaHh{m'at)[^suh^  under; 
(arbo^  charcoal  J.     A  basic  cartx)naie. 

Subclavian  {subkla'  vean)  [iub^  under; 
clnxnsy  key].  I'>'ing  under  the  cla?icle,  as, 
t.  g. ,  the  S.  artery. 

Subclavicular  {iub  -  k!a  -  ink'-  u-lar)  [sub, 
under;  clax'is,  key].     Beneath  the  clavicle. 

Subclavius  {subkia't^^us).  See  MuscUs, 
Table  of. 

Subconjunctival  (sub  -  kon  -jun^k  -  ft'-  vai ) 
\mb,uiAtT  \  coMJuHitwa'].  Situated  beneath 
the  conjunctiva. 

Snbconaciousness  (subkon^'skusnfs)  [sub, 
under;  eonscius,  knowing].  Imperfect  con- 
sciousness; that  state  in  which  mental  pro- 
ces^s  take  place  without  the  mind  being 
distinctly  congous  of  its  own  activiiy. 
Subcoracoid  (sub-kor^  nk-otd)  [sub,  under; 
nbpa^,  a  crow  ;  e)boc,  like].  Situated  below 
the  coracoid  process. 
Subcortical  (subki^Hkai)  [sub,  under; 
e^rttjc,  cortex].     Beneath  the  cortex. 


Subcranial  (sub  - kra' -He-al^  [sub,  under ; 
KpQvlov,  cranium].  Situatea  beneath  the 
cranium. 

Subcrepitant  (sub-krep' -it-ant)  [f«^, under; 
crepilare,  to  make  a  crackling  noise].  Al- 
most crepitant,  as,  e.g,,  S.  rale.     See  Rale. 

Subcrureus  (sub-kru-re'-us).  See  Muscles, 
Table  of 

Subculture  (sub-kul'-tUr)  [sub,  under;  cul- 
tura,  ctilturej.  In  bacteriology,  a  secondary 
culture  made  from  a  primary  culture. 

Subcutaneous  (sub-kuta'  -ne-us^[sub,  under; 
cutaueus,  from  cutis,  the  ikin].  Beneath  the 
skin;  hjfpodermic. 

Subcuticular  (sub-ku-tik' -u-lar)  [sub,  under ; 
cutis,  skin].  Beneath  the  epidermis,  as,  e.g., 
a  S.  stitch. 

Subdiaphragmatic  (tub-di-a-frag-maf-ik) 
[sub,  under ;  di6^payfta,  di^hragm].  Under 
uie  diaphragm. 

Subdural  (sub-du' -ral)  [sub,  under;  dura, 
dura].     B«ieath  the  dura. 

Subencephalon  (sub  •  en  -  sef^  -  a/*  9n)  [sub, 
under;  kyKk^iokov,  brain].  The  medulla  ob- 
longata, pons,  and  corpora  quadrigemina  taken 
together. 

Subendocardial  Isub-en-do-kar'-deal)  [sub, 
under;  ivdov,  within;  Kopbta,  heart].  Be- 
neath the  endocardium. 

Subepidermal,  Subepidermatic,  Subepi- 
dermic  (sub-ep-e-der'  tnal ,  subep-edcr-mat^- 
ik,  subep-eder*  -mik)[sub,  under;  iff<,upon  ; 
iipfia,  skin].  Situated  beneath  the  epider- 
mis. 

Subepithelial  (sub  ep-e  tke^ ■le-al\[mb,  under; 
im,  upon ;  ^>^,  nipple].  Situated  under  an 
epithelial  iiurface. 

Suberin  (su^bcr  in)  [subcr,  cork].  The  im- 
pure cellulose  forming  the  cellular  tissue  of 
cork. 

Subfascial  (sub/atA'e  al)  [sub,  under;  fas- 
cia,  fascia].      Beneath  the  fascia. 

Subfebrile  (sub  ft b'- HI)  [sub,nTiAtT\  febris, 
fever].     Slightly  febrile. 

Subflavous  (sub fla'-x'$is^[sub,  under  \Jtajms, 
yellow].     Somewhat  yellow. 

Subgallate  (subgal'lat).  A  basic  gallate. 
S.  of  Bismuth,  BiC\H/\.  Dermatol,  an 
odorless,  yellow  powder  used  as  an  antisejHic 
in  diseases  of  the  ga«<tn>intestinal  tract  and 
locally  as  a  suf>$titute  for  iodoform.  Dose 
gr.  T-x  (0.32-0.65). 
Subglenoid  (sub-t^/e^  noiJ)  [sub,  under;  gle- 
noid"]. Beneath  the  glenoid  fossa,  as,  e.  g., 
S.  dislocation  of  the  humerus. 
Subhyoid  {subbi'-oid)  [sub,  under;  voetbif^, 

hyoid].     Beneath  the  hyoid  tone. 
Subiculum  [sub-ik^-u-lum)  [subcx,  a  layer]. 
The  uncinate  jryrus. 

Subinflammation  (sub  •  in  /am  -  a'  -  skttn'j 
[j«^,  under;  m/ftj »/«///;,», inflammation].  A 
slight  degree  of  inflammatioo. 


i 


SUBINTRANT 


SUBSCAPULAR 


Subintrmnt  (sub-in' -trant)  [suhintrare^  to 
enter  secretly].  Entering  secretly;  applied 
to  malarial  fevers  in  which  a  new  paroxysm 
begins  before  the  termination  of  the  prece<l- 
ing  one. 

Subinvolution  {sub-in-vo-iu'-shun)  [sitb^  un- 
der; involution  a  rolling  up].  Imperfect 
involution.  S.  of  the  Uterus,  the  im|)er- 
feet  contraction  of  the  uterus  after  delivery. 

Subjacent  {sub- ja' -sent \  \subn  under;  jarere, 
to  lie].     Lying  beneath. 

Subject  (suy-jekt)  [sub^  under:  jacere,  to 
throw].  I.  An  individual  that  serves  for 
purposes  of  experiment  or  study,  or  that  is 
under  observation  or  treatment.  2.  A  cadaver. 

Subjective  [^sub-jek' -tiv)  {sub^  under  ^jacere^ 
to  Uirow].  I.  Pertaining  to  the  individual 
himself.  2.  Of  symptoms,  experienced  by 
the  patient  himself,  and  not  amenable  to  phy- 
sical exploration. 

Sublatio  {sub-la' -she- o)  [L.].  Removal. 
S.  retinae,  detachment  of  the  retina. 

Sublimate  (sub'-lim-tit)  [^sublimare,  to  lift 
up  high].  A  substance  obtained  by  sublima- 
tion. S.,  Corrosive,  mercuric  chlorid.  See 
Mercury. 

Sublimation  (sub-lim-a'-shun)  [sublimare,  to 
lift  up  high].  The  vaporization  and  conden- 
sation of  a  volatile  solid. 

Sublime  (subtlm)  [sublimare^  to  lift  up 
high].  I.  To  subject  to  sublimation.  2.  To 
undergo  sublimation. 

Sublingual  {sub-ling' -gwal)  [sub^  beneath  ; 
lingua n  tongue].  I.  Lying  beneath  the 
tongue.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  parts  lying  be- 
neath the  tongue. 

Sublinguitis  (sub-ling-givi'-tis)  [sub^  under ; 
/fff^M<i,  tongue ;  <r/c»  inflammation].  Inflam- 
mation of  the  sublingual  gland. 

Sublobular  (sublob'-u-lar)  [sub^  under; 
lobulus^  a  lobule].  Situated  beneath  a  lobule. 
S.  Veins,  the  radicles  of  the  hepatic  veins, 
situated  at  the  base  of  a  cluster  of  lobules. 

Subluxation  (subluks-a'-shun)  [sub^ under ; 
luxatioy  luxation].     Incomplete  luxation. 

Submammary  {sub-mam' -a-re)  [mby  under ; 
mamma^  breast].  Situated  beneath  the 
breast. 

Submarginal  (sub-mar'-jin-al)  [sub^  under ; 
margOy  margin] .  Situated  near  the  border  or 
margin. 

Submaxillary  {submaks'-il-a-re)  [sub,  un- 
der; maxilla^  maxilla],  i.  Lying  beneath 
the  lower  maxilla,  as,  e.  g.,  the  S.  gland.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  S.  gland. 

Submental  (sub-men' -tal )  [sub,  under ;  men- 
turn,  chin].     Situated  under  the  chin. 

Submerge  (sub-merf)  \sub,  under ;  mergere, 
to  dip].  To  place  under  the  surface  of  a 
liquid. 

Submersion  (sub-mer'shun)  [sub,  under; 
mirgere^\X}6x^,     The  act  of  submerging; 


the  condition  of  being  under  the  snxiace  of  a 

liquid. 
Submucous     (sub-mu^-Jkus)     [su^,    under, 

murosus,  mucous].     Situated  SenGrOh  a  mo 

cous  membrane. 
Subnasal  (jM^-/ir7''-s///)  [sub,  under;  nasus, 

nose].     Situated  below  the  nose.     S.  Poant. 

See  Craniometric  Points. 
Subnitrate    (sub    ni'  -  trot)    [sub,  under ; 

nit  rum,  niter].     A  basic  nitrate. 
Subnormal     (sub-nor'-mal)     [sub,    under; 

norma,  rule].     Below  normal. 
Subnucleus   (subnu'-kle-us)    [sub,   under; 

nucleus,  nucleus].     Any  one  of  the  smaller 

groups   of  cells  into  which  a  large  nerve- 
nucleus  is  divided  by  the  passage  through  it 

of  nerve-bundles. 
Suboccipital  (sub-ok-sip'-it-al)  [sub,  under; 

occiput'L     Situated  beneath  the  occiput. 
Suboxid    (sub-oks'id)     [sub,   under;    6^i%, 

acid].     One  of  two  oxids  containing  the  less 

oxygen. 
Subparietal   (sub-par-i'etal)  [sub,  under; 

paries,  wall].     Situated  beneath  the  parietal 

bone,  convolution,  or  fissure. 
Subpatellar   (sub-fat-el' -ar  )   [  sub,  under ; 

patella,  knee-capj.      Situated    beneath   the 

patella. 
Subpeduncular  (sub pedung^-ku-lar)   [sub, 

under ;    pedunculus,    peduncle].      Situated 

beneath  a  peduncle. 
Subpericardial   (subper-e-kar'-deal)    [suk, 

under;  Trept,  around ;  Kopdia,  heart].     Situ- 
ated beneath  the  pericardium. 
Subperiosteal     (  sub-per-e-os' -U-al )     [  stA, 

under;  t^tpi,  around;   bariov,  bone].     Be- 
neath the  periosteum. 
Subperitoneal    (subper-eton-e' -al)    [smb, 

under;    neptrbvaiof,  peritoneum].     Beneath 

the  peritoneum. 
Subphrenic   (sub-fren'-ik).     Synonym    of 

Subdiaphragmatic. 
Subpleural  (sub-plu'-ral)  [jtf^, under;  rrXtt^ 

pa,  side].     Beneath  the  pleura. 
Subpontme  (subpon'-tin)  [sub,  under ; /«w, 

pons].     Beneath  the  pons. 
Subpreputial    {sub  -pre  •  pu'  -  she-  at)   [m^, 

under ;  preputium,  prepuce].     Beneath  the 

prepuce. 
Subpubic  (subpu'bik)  [sub,  under ;  pmbts, 

pubis].     Situated  beneath  the  pubic  arch  or 

sympbjrsis. 
Subpulmonary   ( sub-pul'-mona-re  )   [  rub, 

under  ipulmo,  the  lung].     On  the  ventral 

side  of  the  lungs. 
Subretinal     {sub-ret^ -in  al)     [sub,    under; 

retina,  retina].     Beneath  the  retina. 
Subsalt.     A  basic  salt. 
Subscapular  (sub-shap'-u-lar)  [sub,  under ; 

scapula,  the   shoulder-blade].      I.  Beneath 

the  scapula,  e.  g.,Ms  the  S.  muscle,  or  Sob' 

scapularis.    2.  Pertaining  to  the  S.  wuicle. 


SUBSCAPULARIS 


SUDATORIUM 


Subscapularis  ( sub-skapu-la' -ris ) .  See 
Muscles^  Table  of. 

Subscription  {sub-sJkrip^sAun)  [suS,  be- 
neath ;  scribere^  to  write].  TDat  part  of  a 
prescription  containing  the  directions  to 
the  pharmacist,  indicating  how  the  ingredi- 
ents are  to  be  mixed  and  prepared. 

Subserous  {mb-se' -rus)  \sub^  under ;  serosus, 
serous].     Beneath  a  serous  membrane. 

Subspmous  {sub-spi'-nus)  [sub^  under; 
spina,  spine].  I.  Beneath  a  spine.  2. 
Beneath  the  spinal  column. 

Sttbstsge  {stib'stAj).  The  parts  beneath  the 
stage  of  a  microscope,  including  the  dia- 
phragm, condenser,  illuminator,  and  other 
accessories. 

Substance  of  Rolando.  See  Substantia 
gelatinosa. 

Substantia  (sub-stan^ -ske-ah)  [L.].  Sub- 
stance. S.  cinerea,  the  gray  matter  of  the 
nervous  sjrstem.  S.  ferruginea.  Synonym 
of  Locus  carulius.  S.  fusca.  Sec  Locus 
niger.  S.  gelatinosa,  a  peculiar  gelatinous 
tisiiue  found  in  the  spinal  cord  near  the  tip 
of  the  posterior  horn.  S.  grisea,  the  gray 
matter  of  the  spinal  cord.  S.  nigra,  the 
locus  niger.  S.  propria,  the  essentia]  tissue 
of  a  part ;  especially  the  middle  layer 
(lamina  propria)  of  the  tympanic  mem- 
brane. 

Substernal  (sub-stur'-nal^^sub,  under;  ster- 
num\.     Beneath  the  sternum. 

Substitution  (substii-u'shun)  [sub^  under ; 
siatuere,  to  place].  The  replacement  of  one 
thing  by  another.  In  chemistry,  the  replac- 
ing of  one  or  more  elements  or  radicles  in  a 
compound  by  other  elements  or  radicles. 

Subsulphate  {subsul^/dt )  [sub,  under ;  sul- 
phur,  sulphur].     A  basic  sulphate. 

Subsultus  {^sub'SuF  tus)\sub^  under  ;  saitire, 
to  leap].  A  jerking  or  twitching.  S.  ten- 
dinum,  involuntary  twitching  of  the  muscles, 
especially  of  the  hands  and  feet,  seen  in  low 
fevers. 

Subtarsal  (sub-tar^ -sat)  [jir^,  beneath ;  tar- 
sus].    Beneath  the  tarsus. 

Subthalamic  (sub-tkalam'ik)  [sub,  under ; 
^bXofio^,  thalamus].  Beneath  the  optic  thai- 
amus. 

Subtrochanteric  (sub trokanter^ik)  [sub, 
under;  rpo^vn^p,  trochanter].  Below  the 
trochanter. 

Subtrochlear  (subtroif-Uar)  [sub,  under; 
Tpoxt>ua^  pulley] .     Beneath  the  trochlea. 

Sutningual  (suiung^gwal)  [sub,  under; 
unguis,  nail].     Beneath  the  nail. 

Suburethral  (subu  re^tbrai)  [jM^, beneath ; 
uretkra\     Beneath  the  urethra. 

Sttbvagvud  {sub- va/ -in -a/)  [ji#^,  beneath  ; 
vagina,  sheath].  Beneath  a  sheath.  S. 
Spiace,  the  space  beneath  the  sheath  of  dura 
mater  surrounding  the  optic  nerve. 


Subvert ebral  (sub-vcr^tcbra/)  [sub,  under; 
vertebra,  verteora].     Beneath  a  vertebra. 

Subzonal  (sub-ur-nai)  [sub,  under;  C^^» 
zone].     Beneath  the  zona  pellucida. 

Subxygomatic  ( sub  -  %i  -go  -  mat^  •ik)[sub, 
under;  ^iryu/ut,  zygoma].  Below  the  zy- 
goma. 

Succedaneum  {sub-seda^-ne-um)  [sub, 
under ;  cedere,  to  go].  A  substitute.  S., 
Caput.     See  Caput. 

Succenturiate  (suksen-tu^-re-^)  [succentu- 
riare,  to  receive  as  a  substitute].    Accessory. 

Succinate  (suA^sin-at)  [succiuum,  amber]. 
A  salt  of  succinic  acid. 

Succinic  Acid  (suksin^-ik).     See  Add, 

Succinum  (suk-si'-num)  [L.].  Amber,  a 
fossil  resin  found  in  the  alluvial  deposits  of 
Central  Europe,  and  thought  to  be  derived 
from  an  extinct  species  of  pine.  It  contains 
a  volatile  oil,  Oleum  succini,  used  in  hysteria, 
whooping-cough,  amenorrhea,  and  locally  as 
a  rubefacient  in  chronic  rheumatism,  whoop- 
ing-cough, and  infantile  convulsions.  Dose 
nv,v-xv  (0.32-1.0). 

Succuba  (suk*  ubak\  [sub,  under;  cumbere, 
to  lie].  A  female  acmon  formerly  believed 
to  consort  with  men  in  their  sleep.  Cf.  Jn- 
cubus. 

Succulent  (sub^-u/cnt)  [sua-us,  a  juice]. 
Juicy. 

Succus  (sub^'Us)  FL.].  I.  A  vegetable 
juice.  2.  An  animal  secretion.  S.  enteri- 
cus,  the  intestinal  juice,  secreted  by  the 
glands  of  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane. 
It  is  thin,  opalescent,  alkaline,  and  has  a 
speciHc  gravity  of  loi  I .  lu  chief  function 
is  probably  to  act  as  a  diluent.  It  contains 
an  amylolytic  and  a  proteolytic  ferment  S. 
gastricus,  the  gastric  juice. 

Succussion  (sub-usy-un)  [sub,  under; 
fuaiere,  to  shake].  A  shaking,  especially  of 
the  individual  fnjm  side  to  side,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  determining  the  presence  of  fluid  in 
a  cavity  or  hollow  organ  of  the  body.  S.- 
sound,  S. -splash,  the  peculiar  splashing 
sound  heard  when  the  patient  i^  shaken  in 
hydropneurouChorax  or  pyopneumothorax,  or 
in  cases  of  dilated  stomach  containing  fluid. 

Sucrose  {su'krds).     See  Sncckarum. 

Suction  {suk'-skun)  [suctio,  a  sucking] 
The  act  of  sucking. 

Sudamen,  Sudamina  {su'da'men,sudam'- 
in-ab)  [sudor,  sweat].  An  eruption  of 
translucent  whitish  vesicles,  due  to  a  nonin- 
flammatory disturbance  of  the  sweat  gland», 
consisting  in  a  collection  of  sweat  in  the  ducts 
of  the  sweat  glands  or  beneath  the  epidemii>, 
and  occurring  in  fevers  and  profuse  sweat- 
ing. 

Sudation  {su  da'skun)  [sudare,  to  sweat] 
The  act  of  sweating. 

Sudatorium  (su-dat-y -re-urn)  [sudor,  sweat] 


{ 


SUDOR 


SULPHUR 


I.  A  hot  air-bath.  2.  A  room  for  the  ad- 
ministration of  a  hot  air-bath. 

Sudor  {su'-ddr)  [L.].  Sweat  S.  anglicus. 
See  Miliaria.  S.  cruentus.  Synonym  of 
Hematidrosis»  S.  noctumus,  night-sweat. 
S.  sanguinosus.  See  Hematidrosis.  S. 
urinosus.     See  Uridrosis. 

Sudoral  (su^-dor-al)  [sudor,  sweat].  Per- 
taining to  or  charactenzed  by  sweating. 

Sudoriferous  (su-dor-i/^-er-us)  [sudor,  sweat; 

firre,  to  bear].     Producing  sweat 

Sudorific  {su-dor-if'-ik)  [sudor,  sweat ;  /a- 
cere,  to  make].  I.  Inducing  sweating.  2. 
An  agent  inducing  sweating. 

Sudoriparous  {su-dor-ip^ -ar-us)  [sudor, 
sweat;  par  ere,  to  beget].     Secreting  sweat 

Suet  {su'-ef)  [sebum,  vitK\,  The  internal  fat 
of  the  abdomen  of  the  sheep  or  cattle. 
Mutton-S.  (Sevum,  U.  S.  P.,  Sevum  pne- 
paratum,  B.  P.)  consists  of  stearin,  palmitin, 
and  olein,  and  is  used  as  an  emollient  and  in 
the  preparation  of  ointments. 

Suffocation  (suf-o-ka'-shun).  Interference 
with  the  entrance  of  air  into  the  lungs  by 
means  other  than  external  pressure  on  the 
trachea. 

Suffocative  Catarrh.    Capillary  bronchitis. 

Suffumigation  (suf-u-miga' -shun)  [suffu- 
migatu>\,  I.  The  act  of  fumigating  mim 
underneath.  2.  A  substance  used  for  fumi- 
gation. 

Suffusion  {suf-u'-thun)  [sub,  under;  fun- 
dere,  to  pour].  A  spreading  of  a  liquid  over 
a  surface ;  an  extensive  superficial  extravasa- 
tion of  blood. 

Sugar  (jA<w^-rtr)  [ME.,  nff^r,  sugar].  The 
generic  name  of  a  class  of  sweet  carbohy- 
drates. See  Saccharum.  Chemically,  sugars 
are  divided  as  follows :  Cane-sugar,  Ci,H„- 
O,,;  glucose  (grape-sugar  or  starch -sugar), 
Cf  H^Of ;  lactose,  sugar  of  milk  ;  and  inosite, 
a  variety  found  in  certain  muscular  tissues 
and  in  the  juice  of  asparagus.  S.,  Beet-, 
saccharose  obtained  from  species  of  Beta, 
especially  the  common  beet.  Beta  vulgaris. 
S.,  Diabetic,  glucose.  S.,  Fruit-,  levulose. 
S.,  Grape-,  glucose  in  the  solid  state.  S., 
Invert.  Set  Invert.  S.,  Maple-,  saccharose 
obtained  from  the  sugar-maple.  Sugar- 
house  Eczema,  an  eczema  sometimes  ob- 
served in  laborers  employed  in  sugar  refin- 
eries. 

Suggestible  (sug-jW -tib-l)  [suggerere,  to 
suggest,  from  sub,  under ;  gerere,  to  bring]. 
Amenable  to  suggestion. 

Suggestion  {sug-jes^ -chun)  [suggerere,  to 
suggest,  from  sub,  under;  gerere,  to  bring]. 
I.  The  artificial  production  of  a  certain  psy- 
chic state  in  which  the  individual  experiences 
such  sensations  as  are  suggested  to  him  or 
ceases  to  experience  those  which  he  is  in- 
structed not  to  feel.     2.  The  thing  suggested. 


S.,  Po8th3rpnotic,  the  command  to  do  cer- 
tain acts  given  the  subject  wlule  in  tbe 
hypnotic  stage,  and  causing  him  to  execute 
these  acts  after  his  return  to  his  normal  cdo- 
dition.  S. -therapy,  treatment  of  disoriered 
states  by  means  of  suggestion. 

Suggillation,  Sugillation  (suJ-i/a^'skmM) 
[sugillare,  to  beat  black  and  blue].  An 
ecchymosis  or  bruise. 

Sulcate  (sul^-kdi)  [sulcus,  a  furrow].  Far- 
rowed; grooved. 

Sulcus  (suJ^'kus)  [L.].  A  furrow  or  groove; 
applied  especially  to  the  fissures  of  the  brain. 
For  subheadings  see  Fissures.  S.,  Intra- 
parietal,  that  dividing  the  superior  from  tbe 
inferior  parietal  lobule.  S.,  Ftecentral,  one 
situated  in  fix>nt  of  the  fissure  of  Rolando 
and  running  nearly  parallel  with  it.  8.  spi- 
ralis, the  grooved  extremity  of  the  lamias 
spiralis  of  the  cochlea.  S.,  VerticaL  Saase 
as  S.,  Precentral. 

Sulfonal  (suy-fo-nal).     See  SulpkimaL 

Sulph-  (sul/A.     See  Sulpho-. 

Sulphaxninol  (sul-fam' -in-ol)  [sulphur,  sul- 
phur; awiVi],  CjjHjSNO-.  Thioxydiphenyl- 
amin,  a  powder  obtained  by  the  action  of 
sulphur  on  the  salts  of  methoxydipheoylamin. 
It  is  used  as  an  antiseptic  in  diseases  of  the 
antrum  and  frontal  sinuses  and  in  laryngeal 
tuberculosis. 

Sulphanilic  Acid  {sul-fan-il' ik)  [sulphmr, 
sulphur].     See  Acids,  Table  of. 

Sulphate  (sul^/at)  [sulphur,  sulphur].  A 
salt  of  sulphuric  acid. 

Sulphid  (sul^-fid)  [sulphur\  A  compound 
of  sulphur  with  an  element  or  basic  ndide. 

Sulphinid  {sul^ -Jin-id).     Saccharin. 

Sulphite  (suy-fii)  [sulphur],  A  salt  of  sul- 
phurous acid. 

Sulpho-  (st4l^'/o')[^sulphur,  sulphur].  A  pre- 
fix denoting  contaming  sulphur. 

Sulphocarbolic  Acid  (sul-fo-harbol^-ih). 
See  Acids,  Table  of. 

Sulphonal  (sul^fo-nal)  [sulphur,  sulphur], 
CfHjf  SjO^.  Diethylsulphon  -  dimethyh^e- 
thane,  a  crystalline  substance  soluble  in  1$ 
parts  of  boiling  water  and  about  450  parts  <£ 
cold  water.  It  is  used  as  an  hypnotic  in 
insomnia  from  functional  causes.  Dose  gr. 
x-xl  (0.65-2.6). 

Sulphophenol  (sul-fo-fe^ -not).  Sec  Sulpht^ 
carbolic  Acid. 

Sulphosalicylic  Acid.  See  Salicybulpkomi^ 
Acid. 

Sulphovinic  Acid  {sulfo-vi'-nic\  C,H^,- 
HSO4,  ethylsulphuric  acid,  a  monobasic  acid 
formed  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  00 
alcohol. 

Sulphur  (sul^'fur)  [L.,  probablv  from  Skt, 
fuh/Ari,  sulphur].  A  nonmetallic  element 
found  native  in  volcanic  regions  (volcanic  S  ), 
and  occurring  combined  with  several  metali^ 


SULPHURATED 


SUPPOSITORY 


especially  iron  and  copper,  in  the  form  of 
sulphids,  called  iron  and  copper  pyrites.  S. 
can  exist  in  various  allotropic  forms.  The 
ordinary  S.  is  a  yellow,  brittle  solid,  having  a 
specific  gravity  of  2,  and  an  atomic  weight  of 
31.98.  Symbol  S.  Its  valence  is  two,  four, 
and  six.  S.  combines  with  oxygen  to  form  sul- 
phurous oxid  (S.  diozid),  SO,,  and  sulphuric 
oxid  (S.  trioxid),  SO,,  which  by  uniting  with 
water  form  corresponding  acids — ^sulphur- 
ous  acid,  H^SO,,  and  sulphuric  acid,  H,S04. 
Other  acids  are  also  formed :  hyposulphurous 
acid,  HjSO,,  thiosulphuric  acid,  H,S,Os,  ^^^ 
a  series  of  acids  termed  thionic  acids,  viz., 
H,S,0-,  H,S,Oe,  H,S,Oe,  and  H,S,0.. 
With  hydrogen  S.  forms  the  offensively- 
smelling  gas,  hydrogen  sulphid  (hydrosul- 
phuric  acid  or  sulphureted  hydrogen),  H,S. 
With  metals  and  other  bases  it  forms 
sulphids.  S.  is  laxative  and  diaphoretic. 
It  has  been  used  in  hemorrhoids,  chronic 
rheumatism,  gout,  and  locally  in  diphtheria 
and  in  various  diseases  of  the  skin,  especially 
acne  and  scabies.  S.  is  used  in  the  form  of 
S.  lotum  (U.  S.  P.),  washed  sulphur,  dose 
zss-Jss  (2.0-16.0);  S.  prsecipitatum  (U. 
S.  P.,  B.  P.),  dose  ;5j-iij  (4.0-12.0);  S. 
sublimatum  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  sublimed  S. 
S.  iodid  (Sulphuris  iodidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 
S,I,,  employed  in  various  skin-diseases. 
From  it  is  prepared  Unguentum  iodidi  (B.  P. ). 
Unguentum  sulphuris  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  is 
prepared  from  washed  S.  Sulphurous  oxid, 
SO.,  is  employed  as  a  disinfectant  by  fumi- 
gation. 

Sulphurated  {ml' -fu-ra-ted^  [sulphur ^  sul- 
phur]. Combined  with  sulphur.  S.  Potassa. 
See  Potassa  sulphurata. 

Sulphuret  (sul' -fu-ret^^sulpkurX.    A  sulphid. 

Sulphureted  {sul-furef •ed\  [sulphur^  sul- 
phur]. Combined  with  sulphur.  S.  Hydro- 
gen.   See  Sulphur. 

Sulphuric  (sul-fu'-rik)  [sulphur,  sulphur]. 
Combined  with  sulphur;  derived  from  sul- 
phur trioxid,  SO,.  8.  Acid.  See  Acid^ 
Sulphuric^  and  Sulphur, 

Sulphurous  {sul-fu'-rus  or  sul'-Ju-rus)  [sul- 
phur, sulphur].  I.  Of  the  nature  of  sul- 
phur. 2.  Combined  with  sulphur ;  derived 
from  sulphur  dioxid,  SO,.  S.  Acid.  See 
Add,  Sulphurous,  and  Sulphur. 

Sulphydrate  (sulf-hi'-drat)  [sulphur,  sxA- 
phur;  idtip,  water].  A  compound  of  a  base 
with  the  univalent  radicle,  Sulphydryl,  SH. 

Sulphydric  Acid.  Used  improperly  as  a 
synonjrm  of  sulphureted  hydrogen. 

Sumbul  (sum'-bul).  The  Ferula  sumbul  of 
the  order  Umbelliferse.  The  root  (Sumbul, 
U.  S.  P.,  Sumbul  radix,  B.  P.)  contains 
angelic  add,  C^H^O,,  and  a  little  valerianic 
add,  C.H,pO,.  S.  is  used  as  a  nervine  in 
oeuiasthenia,    hytteriiy    and     in     anemia, 


chronic  bronchitis,  etc.  Dose  Jss-ij  (2.0- 
8.0).  Tinctura  sumbul  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 
ntxx-fjj  (1.3-4.0). 

Summer-complaint.  See  Cholera  infantum. 

Summer-rash.     Lichen  tropicus. 

Sun-bum.  Superficial  inflammation  of  the 
skin  caused  by  exposure  to  the  sim.  S.- 
stroke,  insolation. 

Super-  (su^-per-)  [L.,  above  or  upon].  A 
prefix  denoting  above,  upon,  or  excessive. 

Superalimentation  (su  -per  •  al-  im  •  en  -  ta'- 
shun)  [super,  over;  alimentation'].  Over 
feeding. 

Superciliary  {su-per-sil''e'a're)[super,ahove ; 
cilium,  eyelash].  Pertaining  to  the  eye- 
brow. 8.  Entropion,  incurvation  of  hairs 
of  the  eyebrow  against  the  conjunctiva. 

Supercilium  (super-sil' -euni)  [L.].  The 
eyebrow. 

Stipereztension  (super-eks-ten'-shun)  [super, 
over;  extendere,  to  extend].  Excessive 
extension. 

Superfecundation  {su-per-fe-kun-da' -shun) 
[super,  over ;  fecundus,  fertile].  The  fertili- 
zation of  more  than  one  ovum  of  the  same 
ovulation  resulting  from  separate  acts  of 
coitus. 

Superfetation  (su-per-fita'-shun)  [super, 
over;  fetus\  A  fertilization  of  an  ovum 
when  there  is  another  from  a  previous  ovula- 
tion in  the  uterus. 

Superficial  (su-per/tsh'-al)  [super,  over; 
fades,  face].  Confined  to  or  pertaining  to 
the  surface. 

Superflcialis  (su-perfishe-a'-lis)  [L.].  i. 
Superficial.  2.  A  superficial  part,  as,  e, ^., S. 
volae,  a  superficial  branch  of  tne  radial  artery. 

Superimpregnation  ( su  -per-  im  -preg-na'- 
shun)  [super,  over;  imprecation'].  See 
Superfetation. 

Superior  (su-pe'-re-or)  [comparative  of  su- 
perus,  high].  Higher;  denoting  the  upper 
of  two  parts. 

Supernumerary  (su-per-nu' 'mer'a-re)[super, 
over;  numerus,  a  number].  Existmg  in 
more  than  the  usual  number. 

Supersalt  (su'-per-sawlt).     An  acid  salt. 

Supersaturate  (super-sat' u-rdt)  [super, 
over ;  saturare,  to  saturate].  To  saturate  to 
excess ;  to  add  more  of  a  substance  than  a 
liquid  can  dissolve. 

Supination  (su-pin  a' -shun)  [supinus,  on  the 
back].  I.  The  turning  of  the  palm  of  the 
hand  upward.  2.  The  condition  of  being 
supine. 

Supinator  (su'- pin -a- tor).  Sec  Musdes, 
TabUof 

Supplemental  isup-le-men' -tal)[sub  ;  plere, 
to  fill].  Additional.  S.  Air.  See  Respira- 
tion. 

Suppository  (sup -ot'  -it-o-  re)  [suppositpri- 
um^  from  sub,  under ;  pcnere,  to  place].     A 


4 


SUPPRESSION 


SUPRATROCHLEAR 


solid  medicated  compound  designed  to  be  in- 
troduced into  the  rectum,  urethra,  or  vagina. 
Its  consistency  is  such  that  while  retaining 
its  shape  at  ordinary  temperatures,  it  readily 
melts  at  the  temperature  of  the  body.  The 
basis  of  most  suppositories  is  oil  of  theo- 
broma.  For  urethral  suppositories  a  mix- 
ture of  gelatin  and  glycerol  is  used. 

Suppression    {sup-resh^-un)    \jub^    under; 

primere,  to  press].  A  sudden  cessation  of 
secretion,  as,  e.g.^  S.  of  the  urine  or  menses. 

Suppurant  (sup'-u-rani)  [suppuration].  I. 
Promoting  suppuration.  2.  An  agent  pro- 
moting suppuration. 

Suppuration  {supu'ra^'sAuM)[su^f  beneath  ; 
pus].     The  formation  of  pus. 

Suppurative  (sup^-u-ra-tiv)  [suppuration]. 
I.  Producing  pus.  2.  An  agent  that  favors 
suppuration. 

Supra-  (su'-prah-)  [L.,  above].  A  prefix 
signifying  upon  or  above. 

Supraacromial  (su  -prah  -ak-ro'  -me-al) 
[supra,  above ;  acromion] .  Situated  above 
the  acromion. 

Supraauricular  {su-  praA  -  aw  -  nVK  -  u-  Usr) 
[xftr/Ttf,  above ;  auricle].  Above  the  exter- 
nal ear.  S.  Point.  See  Craniometric 
Points. 

Suprachoroid  {su  -prah  -  ko^  -  roid)  [supra, 
above ;  choroid].  Above  the  choroid  or  the 
choroid  plexus. 

Supraclavicular  (su-prah  -  kla-  vih'  -  u-  /ar) 
[supra,  above;  clavis,  key].  Above  the 
clavicle. 

Supracondylar,  Supracondyloid  {suprah- 
kon^-dil-ar,  su-prahkon^-dil-oid)  [supra, 
9hove\  condy/c].     Above  the  condyles. 

Supracostal  {su-prah-hos^-ta/)[supra,  above ; 
costa,  rib].     Above  the  ribs. 

Supracotyloid  {su-prah-kot^ -il-oid)  [supra, 
above ;  cotyloid].    Above  the  cotyloid  cavity. 

Supraglenoid  (su-prah-gW-noid)  [supra, 
above ;  glenoid].     Above  the  glenoid  cavity. 

Supraglottic  [su-prah-glof -ik)[supra,  above ; 
yAtJTTif,  glottis].     Above  the  glottis. 

Suprah3roid  {su-prah-hi'-oid )  [supra,  above ; 
hyoid].     Above  the  hyoid  bone. 

Supramalleolar  [su-prah-male'-O'lar)  [supra, 
above;  malleolus,  malleolus].  Above  the 
malleoli. 

Supramammary  (su-prah-mam'-a-re)  [supra, 
above ;  mamma,  fcnreast].   Above  the  mammae. 

Supramarginal  (su-prah-mar^-jin-al)  [supra, 
above ;  margo,  margin].  Above  an  edge  or 
margin,  as,  e,  g.,  the  S.  convolution  of  the 
brain. 

Supramastoid  (su-prah-mas'-toid)  [supra, 
above;  fioardc,  nipple;  fWof,  like].  Above 
the  mastoid  process. 

Supramaxillary  {su-prah-maks^ -il-a-re)  [su- 
^ra,  above;  mcucUla,  inaxilla].  Pertaining 
to  tne  superior  maxilla. 


Supranuclear  (su-prah-nu'-ilear)  [supra, 
alx>ve  ;  nucleus].     Above  a  nucleus. 

Supraoccipital  (su-prahok-sip^ -it-al)  [supra^ 
above ;  occipuf].  I.  Above  the  occipital 
bone.    2.  The  upper  part  of  the  occipital  booc. 

Supraorbital  {su  -prah  or'  -  bit  ai\  [supra, 
above ;  orbita,  orbit].  I.  Above  the  orbit, 
as,  e.  g.,  the  S.  n<rrve.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
S.  nerve. 

Suprapatellar  {su-prahpatel'-ar)  [suitra 
above ;  patella,  patella].     Above  me  paieiia 

Suprapelvic  {suprah pel' 'Vik)[supra, nbo^x. , 
pehns^.     Above  the  pelvis. 

Suprapineal  {su -prah  -pi' -ne- al)  [suprn^ 
above ;  pineal].     Al«ove  the  pineal  gland. 

Suprapontine  {su  -prah  -pen  '  -  tin)  [supra, 
above  ;  pirns,  bridge].  Above  or  in  the  su- 
perior part  of  the  pons. 

Suprapubic  {su  prah-pu'-bik)  [supra,  above  ; 
pubis,  pubis].     Above  the  pubes. 

Suprarenal  (jw-/ra A- nr'-iftf/)  [supra,  above; 
ren,  the  kidney].  I.  Above  the  kidney,  as, 
e.g.,  the  S.  ca[)sule.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
suprarenal  capsule.  S.  Body,  S.  Oipsule, 
a  small  triangular  organ  situated  above  the 
kidney,  and  consisting  of  an  external  or  corti- 
cal, and  an  internal  or  medullary  portion. 
The  cortex  consists  of  polygonal  cells  dis- 
posed in  three  layers,  the  zona  glomerulosa^ 
tofrn  fasciculata,  and  xona  reticularis. 
Fibrous  septa,  derived  from  the  capsule, 
extend  into  the  organ  and  separate  the  groups 
of  cells.  The  medulla  contains  cords  and 
networks  of  polygonal  cells,  and  in  it2» 
center  ganglion  •  cells  and  nonmedallated 
nerve-fibers.  The  function  of  the  S.  body  is 
not  definitely  known — it  is  believed  to  bear 
some  relation  to  pigment-production. 

Suprascapular  {su-prahskap'-ular)  [supra^ 
above  ;  scapula,  the  shoulder-blade].  Above 
or  in  the  upper  part  of  the  scapula. 

Supraspinal  {su  -prah  spi'  •  nal )  [supr*^ 
above  ;  spina,  spine],     .^bove  a  spine. 

Supraspinales  (su- prah -spina' lit).  See 
Muscles,  Tabu  of, 

Supraspinatus  (su- pra-spi-na'-tus)  [sttpra^ 
above  ;  spina,  spine].  Above  the  spme,  as 
the  S.  muscle.     .Sec  Muscles,  Table  of. 

Supraspinous  {su  •  prah  -  spi' -  nus)  [supra^ 
above;  spina,  spine].  Above  the  spinooi 
process  of  the  scapula  or  of  a  vertebra.  S 
Fossa,  the  triangular  depression  above  the 
spine  of  the  scapula. 

Suprasternal  {su  -  prah  stur' -nal)  [supra, 
above;  sternum,  sternum].  Above  the 
sternum. 

Supratemporal  {su- prahtcm' poral )  [supra, 
over;  tempus,  time].  Above  the  temporal 
region. 

Supratrochlear  (su-prahtrok'-lear)  [supra, 
above;  trochlea].  Above  the  trochlea  or 
pulley  of  the  superior  oblique  muscle. 


SUPRAVAGINAL 


SUTURE 


Supravaginal  (su-prah-vai'-inal)  [supra, 
over ;  va^  ina,  yaginal .  I .  Above  a  sheath ;  on 
the  outside  of  a  sheath.   2.  Above  the  vagina. 

Sura  (su''rah\  [L.].     The  calf  of  the  leg. 

Sural  {su'-ral)  [sura,  calf].  Pertaining  to 
the  calf  of  the  leg. 

Surcingle  {sur^-sin-gl)  [jw/^r,  over ;  cingu- 
lunty  a  belt].  The  tail  ofthe  corpus  striatum. 

Surdity  (sur^'dit-e)  [surditas].     Deafness. 

Surdomutitas  (sur-do-mu^-tit-as)  [surdus, 
deaf;  mutus^  mute].     Deaf-mutism. 

Surgeon  (sur^-jun)  [OF.,  cirurgien,  from 
;^e/p,hana;  ipyeiv,  to  work].  One  who 
practices  surgery. 

Surgery  {sur^-jer-e)  [OF. ,  cirurgU,  from  x^^t 
hand ;  Ipyeiv,  to  work].  The  branch  of  medi- 
cine dealing  with  diseases  requiring  operative 
procedure.  S.,  Antiseptic,  the  application 
of  antiseptic  methods  in  the  treatment  of 
wounds.  S.,  Major,  that  in  which  the 
operations  are  important  and  involve  risks  to 
life.  S.,  Minor,  that  part  of  S.  including 
procedures  not  involving  danger  to  life,  as, 
^.  g.y  bandaging,  the  application  of  splints, 
dressings,  sutures,  counterirritation,  cauter- 
ization, and  blood-letting.  S.,  Plastic, 
repair  of  defects  by  transference  of  tissue. 

Surgical  (sur^-jik-al)  [surgery],  i.  Per- 
taining to  surgery.  2.  Produced  by  S.  opera- 
tions. 8.  Kidney,  suppuration  of  the  kid- 
ney due  to  disease  of  the  genitourinary  tract. 
S.  Neck  of  the  humerus,  the  constricted 
part  of  the  shaft  below  the  tuberosities,  so 
called  because  it  is  a  common  seat  of  fracture. 

Sursumduction  (sursumduk' shun)  [sur- 
sum,  up;  ducere,  to  lead].  The  power  of 
the  two  eyes  of  fusing  two  images  when 
one  eye  has  a  prism  placed  vertically  before  it 

^}l%Q^Xil^Ik  isu-sotok' -sin)  [juj,  pig;  ro^udxv, 
poison],  C,qH^N..  a  ptomain  found  in 
cultures  of  tne  bacillus  of  hog-cholera. 

Suspension  {sus-pen^ -shun)  \sub,  under; 
pendere,  to  hangj.  Hanging;  a  mode  of 
treatment  of  tabes  dorsalis  and  other  nervous 
disease,  in  which  the  patient  hangs  by  the 
neck,  chin,  and  shoulders. 

Suspensory  (sus-pen^ -so-ri)  [sub,  under; 
pendere,  to  hang].  Serving  for  suspension, 
as,  e,  g. ,  S.  ligament,  S.  bandage. 

Sustentaculum  (sus-Un-tak' -ulum)  [susten- 
tare,  to  support].  A  support.  S.  tali,  a  pro- 
cess of  the  OS  calcis  supporting  the  astragalus. 

Susumis  (su-su' •rus)vL.\     A  soft  murmur. 

Sutural  (su'hi-ral)  [sutura,  suture].  Per- 
taining to  a  suture. 

Suture  (su^-tilr)[sutura,  from  suere,  to  sew]. 
I.  A  line  of  Joining  or  closure,  as,  e.g.,%, 
cranial  S.  The  following  are  the  most  im- 
portant cranial  sutures:  S.,  Basilar,  the 
junction  between  the  basilar  surface  of  the 
occipital  bone  and  the  posterior  surface  of  the 
body  of  the  sphenoid.  8.,  Coronal,  the 
43 


union  of  the  frontal  with  the  parietal  bones 
transversely  across  the  vertex  of  the  skull. 
S.,  Ethmofrontml,  the  union  between  the 
frontal  and  ethmoid  bones.  S.,  Ethmo- 
lacrimal,  the  union  between  the  lacrimal 
and  -ethmoid  bones.  S.,  Ethmosphenoid, 
the  union  between  the  sphenoid  and  ethmoid 
bones.  S.,  Frontal,  a  S.  which  at  birth  joins 
the  two  frontal  bones  from  the  vertex  to  the 
root  of  the  nose,  but  which  afterward  becomes 
obliterated.  S.,  Prontomalar,  Uie  union 
between  the  malar  and  frontal  bones.  S.. 
Prontomazillary,  the  union  between  the 
superior  maxillary  and  frontal  bones.  S., 
Frontonasal,  the  union  between  the  nasal 
and  frontal  bones.  S.,  Frontoparietal. 
See  5".,  Coronal.  S.,  Frontospbenoid,  the 
union  between  the  alae  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
and  the  frontal  bone.  S.,  Frontotemporal, 
the  union  between  the  frontal  and  temporal 
bones.  S.,  Intermaxillary,  the  union  be- 
tween the  superior  maxillary  bones.  8., 
Intemasal,  the  union  between  the  nasal 
bones.  8.,  Interparietal.  See  5.,  Sagittal, 
8.,  lugal.  See  5.,  Sagittal,  8.,  Lamb- 
doid,  the  union  between  the  two  superior 
borders  of  the  occipital  bone  and  the  parietal 
bones.  8.,  Longitudinal.  See  5.,  Sagittal, 
8.,  Mastooccipital.  See  5.,  Occipitomas- 
toid, 8.,  Mastoparietat  See  5.,  Parieto- 
mastoid. 8.,  Mazillolacrimal,  the  union 
between  the  lacrimal  and  superior  maxillary 
bones.  8.,  Mediofrontal.  See  S. ,  Frontal, 
8.,  Metopic.  See  5.,  Frontal,  8.,  Naso- 
maxillary, the  union  between  the  superior 
maxillary  and  nasal  bones.  8.,  Occipital. 
See  S,,  Lambdoid.  8.,  Occipitomastoid, 
the  union  between  the  mastoid  portion  of  the 
temporal  bone  and  the  occipital  bone.  8., 
Occipitoparietal.  Set  S.,  Lambdoid.  8., 
Palatine,  the  union  between  the  palate 
bones.  8.,  Parietomastoid,  the  union  be- 
tween the  mastoid  portion  of  the  temporal 
bone  and  the  parietal  bone.  8.,  Petrooc- 
cipital,  the  union  between  the  occipital  bone 
and  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal.  8., 
Petrospnenoid,  the  unkm  between  the  great 
wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone  and  the  petrous 
portion  of  the  temporal.  8.,  Sagittal,  the 
union  between  the  superior  borders  of  the 
parietal  bones.  8.,  Sphenomalar,  the 
union  between  the  malar  bone  and  the  great 
wing  of  the  sphenoid.  8.,  Sphenoparietal, 
the  union  between  the  ala  magna  of  the 
sphenoid  bone  and  the  parietal  bone.  8., 
Sphenotemporal,  the  union  between  the 
temporal  and  the  sphenoid  bone.  8., 
SquamoparieUl,  8.,  Squamosal,  the 
union  between  the  squamous  portion  of  the 
temporal  bone  and  the  parietal  bone.  8., 
Squamosphenoid,  the  union  between  the 
great  wing  of  the  sphenoid  and  the  squamow 


4 


SUTURE 


SUTURE 


Quilted  Sutures. 


Hare-lip  Suture. 


* 


f"' 


Quilled  Suture. 


I 


Button-suture. 


Interrupted  Suture. 


Jobert's  Suture. 


SUTURE 


SUTURE 


Suture  of  Lc  Dentu. 


Tendon-AUture  of  he  Fort.  Tcndon-^ulure.— ( WbiJIer^ 


Tongue  and  Groove  Sature. 


Lenibert*t  Sature. 


^ 


0 


z? 


•  I 


C7 


0'^ 


Sutures  for  Immediate  Gastroetomy. 


Soturcs  for  ImnedUue  Gattrottomx. 


SUTURE 


SUTURE 


Gely*s  Suture. 


Einmert*8  Method. 


SWALLOW'S  NEST 


SYMPATHETIC 


portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  2.  A  stitch  or 
series  of  stitches  used  in  closing  the  lips  of 
a  wound.  S.,  Buried,  one  completely  cov- 
ered by  and  not  involving  the  skin.  S., 
Catgut-,  one  in  which  the  material  em- 
ployed is  catgut.  S.,  Circular,  one  that  is 
applied  to  the  entire  circumference  of  a 
divided  part,  as  the  intestine.  S.,  Cob- 
blers', one  made  by  arming  a  needle  with  two 
threads.  S.,  Continuous,  or  Glovers',  one 
in  which  the  thread  passes  across  the  wound 
continually  in  the  same  direction,  and  is  tied 
only  at  the  beginning  and  end.  S.,  Czemy's, 
for  intestinal  wounds,  one  in  which  the  needle 
is  passed  from  the  serous  surface  through  the 
wound,  down  to,  but  not  including,  the  mucous 
membrane,  and  through  the  wound  on  the  op- 
posite side,  and  out  on  the  serous  surface.  S., 
Czemy-Lsmbert,  the  application  of  Lembert 
sutures  after  the  Czemy  sutures  are  in  place. 
S.,  Dry,  one  carried  through  adhesive  plaster 
strips  applied  to  the  lips  of  the  wound.  S., 
Hare-lip,  or  S.,  Twisted,  one  in  which  the 
edges  of  the  wound  are  transBxed  with  pins 
aqd  approximation  secured  by  twisting  or 
wrapping  the  ends  of  the  pins  with  thread. 
S.,  Interrupted,  one  of  a  series  of  sutures 
passed  through  the  margins  of  the  wound, 
and  each  of  which  is  tied  separately.  S., 
Lembert's,  an  intestinal  S.  for  wounds  in 
which  the  needle  is  passed  transversely  to  the 
wound  through  the  peritoneal  and  muscular 
coats,  and  out  again  on  one  side  of  the  wound, 
and  then  carried  across  the  wound  and  made 
to  penetrate  the  two  outer  coats  as  before.  S., 
Pin-.  See  5.,  Hare-lip.  S.,  Quill-,  S., 
Quilled,  one  in  which  a  doubled  thread  is 
passed  and  tied  over  quills  or  pieces  of  a  soft 
catheter.  S.,  Relaxation-,  one  introduced 
some  distance  from  the  wound-margin,  carried 
through  its  depths,  and  made  to  emerge  at 
some  distance  on  the  opposite  side,  to  relieve 
the  tension  of  the  wound-sutures  proper.  S., 
Shotted,  one  in  which  both  ends  of  the  S. 
are  passed  through  a  perforated  shot,  which 
is  then  tightly  compressed.  S.,  Subcutic- 
ular, a  buried,  continuous  S.,  in  which  the 
needle  is  passed  horizontally  into  the  true 
skin  back  and  forth  until  the  wound  is  closed. 

Swallow's  Nest.  The  nidus  hirundinis,  a 
deep  fossa  of  the  cerebellum  between  the 
commissure  of  the  flocculus  and  the  uvula. 

Swallowing.     Deglutition. 

Swamp-sassafras.  The  Magnolia  glauca, 
the  bark  of  which  is  aromatic  and  diaphoretic. 

Sweat  (swet)  [AS.,  jti«4/,  sweat].  The  secre- 
tion of  the  sudoriferous  glands,  consisting  of 
a  transparent,  colorless,  aqueous  fluid,  holding 
in  solution  neutral  fats,  volatile  fatty  acids, 
cbolesterin,  traces  of  albumin  and  urea,  free 
lactic  acid,  sodium  lactate,  sodium  chlorid, 
potasiitun  chlorid,  and   traces  of   alkaline 


phosphates.  S.-gland,  one  of  the  small 
glands  secreting  the  sweat,  situated  in  the 
true  skin  and  subcutaneous  areolar  tissue, 
consisting  of  a  convoluted  tube  from  which 
the  excretory  duct  passes  outward  through  the 
skin.  In  its  passage  through  the  epidermis 
the  duct  is  more  or  less  spiral. 

Sweating  Sickness.    See  Miliaria, 

Swedish  Movements.  Certain  systematic 
gymnastic  exercises  intended  to  exercise  and 
develop  the  human  body,  and  affect  function 
nutrition,  etc. 

Sweet.  Having  a  taste  like  that  of  sugar  o: 
honey.     S.-bread,  the  thymus  gland. 

Swine-fever.     Hog- cholera. 

Swine-plague.  An  infectious  disease  of 
swine,  due  to  the  bacillus  of  swine-plague. 

Swoon.     Syncope. 

Sycosiform  (si-ko'-se-form)  [sycosis ;  fortna^' 
form].     Resembling  sycosis. 

Sycosis  {^si'ki/ -sis)  fovicov,  a  fig].  An  in- 
flammatory disease  artecting  the  hair-follicles, 
particularly  of  the  beard,  and  characterized 
by  papules,  pustules,  and  tubercles,  perfor- 
ated by  hairs,  together  with  infiltration  of  the 
skin  and  crusting.  S.  parasitaria,  S., 
Parasitic,  barber's  itch,  a  disease  of  the 
hair-follicles,  usually  affecting  the  region  cov- 
ered by  the  beard,  and  due  to  the  presence 
of  the  trichophyton  fungus. 

Sydenham's  Chorea.    See  Chorea, 

Syllabic  Utterance.     Scanning  speech. 

Sylvester's  Method.  See  ArtTfidal Respira- 
tion, 

Sylvian  {sil'-vean).  Described  by  the  ana- 
tomist Sylvius  (1478-1555).  S.  Artery,  the 
middle  cerebral  artery,  lying  in  the  fissure  of 
Sylvius.  S.  Aqueduct.  See  Aqueduct,  S. 
Fissure.    See  Fissure. 

Sym-  («'«-).     The  same  as  Syn-. 

Symbiosis  (j«>i-^^-^-jm)[(K'v, with;  ^/of,life]. 
The  intimate  association  of  two  different  liv- 
ing organisms,  dependent  on  each  other. 

Symblepharon  (sim-blef ' -aron)  [(t{'»»,  to- 
gether; ^Xi^pof,  the  eyelid].  Adhesion 
of  the  eyelids  to  the  eyeball,  known  as 
Anterior  S.,  when  the  edge  of  the  lid  is  ad- 
herent ;  Posterior  S.,  when  the  adhesion  is 
at  the  conjunctival  fold  ;  and  Total  S.,  when 
the  entire  lid  is  adherent. 

Syme's  Operation.  See  Operationst  Table  of, 

Symmelus  or  Symelus  (sim^-el-us)  [oi'v^  to- 
gether ;  /iiXof,  limb].  A  sp>ecies  of  monster 
characterized  by  imperfect  development  of 
the  pelvis  and  lower  extremities,  with  more 
or  less  intimate  fusion  of  the  latter. 

Symm^nc,  Symmetrical  {simet'-rik,  sim- 
et''rik-al)[abv,  together ;  fihpov^  a  measure]. 
Pertaining  to  or  exhibiting  symmetry.  S. 
Gangrene.     See  Sphaceloderma. 

Sympathetic  (sim-pathet^-ik)  [ainf^  with; 
irdi^of,  suffering],     i.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 


< 


0 


SYMPATHIC 


SYNDACTYLIA 


duced  by  S3niipathy.  2.  Conveying  sjrm- 
pathy  or  S.  impulses,  as,  e.g.^  the  S.  Sys- 
tem, a  system  of  ganglia  (S.  ganglia) 
forming  a  chain  from  the  cranium  to  the  end 
of  the  spinal  column,  connected  together  by 
nerve- Bbers,  and  supplying  the  viscera  and 
blood-vessels.  At  intervals  the  S.  nerves  and 
ganglia  form  plexuses  (S.  plexuses).  See 
FlexuSfZXid,  Ganglia^  Tabic  of.  S.  Irritation, 
irritation  of  an  organ  arising  from  irritation  of 
another  related  organ,  as,  e,  g.^  S.  irritation 
of  one  eye  from  irritation  of  the  other.  S. 
Ophthalmia,  inflammation  of  one  eye  arising 
subsequent  to  inflammation  of  the  other  eye. 

Sympathic  {sim-path^-ik).     See  Sympathetic. 

Sympathy  (sim^-path-e)  [airvy  together ;  ird^- 
of,  suffering].  The  mutual  relation  between 
parts  more  or  less  distant,  whereby  a  change 

*  in  the  one  has  an  effect  upon  the  other. 

Symphyseal    (sim  -fiz^-  e-ai)   [symphysis]. 
Pertaining  to  a  symphysis. 

Symphysiotomy  (sim-fiz-e-ot'-o-me)  [aijfi- 
fwsi^t  symphysis;  rowi^,  a  cutting].  The 
operation  of  dividing  the  symphysis  pubis,  for 
the  purpose  of  increasing  the  diameters  of 
the  pelvic  canal  and  facilitating  labor. 

Symphysis  (sim' -Jiz-is)[ai)Vy  together;  ^fciv, 
to  grow].  The  line  of  junction  of  two 
bones,  as,  e,  g. ,  S.  pubis. 

Symplocarpus  foetidus  {sim-plo-kar' -pus  fet' - 
id-us).  Dracontium  foetidum,  or  skunk-cab- 
bage, the  rhizome  of  which  is  stimulant, 
antispasmodic,  and  narcotic,  and  has  been 
used  in  asthma,  chronic  rheumatism,  chorea, 
hysteria,  etc.     Dose  gr.  x-xx  (0.65-1.3). 

Symptom  {simp'-t0m)[ai)v,  together;  nrufia, 
a  falling].  The  change  in  a  patient  occur- 
ring during  disease  and  serving  to  point  out  its 
nature  and  location.  See  Signs  and  Symp- 
tomSf  lable  of.  S.,  Constitutional,  S., 
General,  one  produced  by  the  effect  of 
the  disease  on  the  whole  body.  S.,  Local, 
one  produced  by  localisation  of  the  disease 
in  a  special  part.  S.,  Objective,  one  ob- 
served by  the  physician.  S.,  Subjective, 
one  observed  only  by  the  patient. 

Symptomatic  (simp-torn •at' -ik)  [symptom']. 
I.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
symptom.  2.  Affecting  symptoms,  as,  r  ^., 
S.  treatment.     S.  Anthrax.     See  Black-Ug. 

Symptomatology  (simp  -  tom  -  at  -  o/'-  o  -jeS 
[symptom  ;  "kdyoq^  treatise] .  The  science  of 
symptoms;  the  symptoms  of  disease  taken 
together  as  a  whole. 

Sympus  (j«w-/«j) [<rt^,  together;  wvC'f,  foot]. 
A  monster  in  which  there  is  a  coalescence 
of  the  lower  limbs. 

Syn-  (sin)  [aW].  A  prefix  signifying  with 
or  together. 

Synadelphus  (sin-ad-ei'-fus)  [ohv^  with; 
drJeX^f,  brother].  A  monster  having  eight 
limbs  with  but  one  head  and  trunk. 


S3m«sthe8ia  {sin-es-the^ze-ah).  Sec  Syna- 
thesia. 

Synalgia  (sin'aVje-ah)[ohi>^  together;  SAjiof, 
pain].  Pain  felt  in  a  distant  part  from  an 
injury  or  stimulation  of  another  part, 

Synanthema  (sinan' -themah)  [ovxax^uv^ 
to  blossom  together].  A  group  of  eflSores- 
cences  on  the  skin. 

Synaptase  {sin-ap'-toz).     See  Emutsin. 

Synarthrodia  (sin  ar-thro'-de-ah).  See  Syn- 
arthrosis. 

Synarthrodia!  (sin-ar-thro'-de-al)  [ax'v,  to- 
gether; &p6poVf  a  joint].  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  a  synarthrosis. 

Sjmarthrosis  (sin'ar-thro'-sis)[oinfy  together; 
^p^pov,  joint].  A  form  of  articulation  io 
which  the  bones  are  immovably  bound  to- 
gether without  any  intervening  synovial 
cavity.  The  forms  are  Suture,  in  which 
processes  are  interlocked;  Schindylesis ^  in 
which  a  thin  plate  of  one  bone  is  inserted 
into  a  cleft  of  another;  and  Gomphosis,  in 
which  a  conic  process  is  held  by  a  socket. 

Syncephalus  (sin-sff'-al-us)  [oirv,  together; 
Kc^aXriy  head].  A  monster  with  two  heads 
fused  into  one. 

Synchondrosis  (sinhon-dn/'Sis)  [trirv,  to- 
gether; ;^(5v(fpoc,  a  cartilage].  A  joint  in 
which  the  surfaces  are  connected  by  a 
growth  of  cartilage. 

Synchondrotomy  (sin-hon-drof-o-me)  [»<•», 
together;  ;tdv(J/w)f, cartilage ;  ri/iveiVy  to  cut]. 
A  division  of  the  cartilage  uniting  bones, 
especially  of  that  of  the  symphysis  pubis. 

Synchronous  (sin'-kro-nus)  fail',  together; 
XP^Ct  time].    Occurring  at  the  same  time. 

Synch3r8is  scintillans  (sin' -his  is  sin'-Zt/- 
lanz)  [ff{7;t*wCt  a  mixing  together].  The 
presence  of  bright,  shining  particles  in  the 
vitreous  humor  of  the  eye. 

Synclonus  (sin'-kio-nus)  [tsinf^  with  ;  ic^Awf, 
clonus].  I.  Qonic  movements  occurring 
simultaneously  in  several  muscles.  2.  A 
disease  thus  characterized,  as,  ^.  ^. ,  chorea. 

Syncopal  (sin'-ko-pai)[ohvy  together;  H/remiv, 
to  strike  or  cut].  Pertaining  to  or  diaracter- 
ized  by  syncope. 

Syncope  (sin'-ko-pe)  [cvv,  together;  Jc^Tmr, 
to  strike  or  cut].  Swooning  or  fainting, 
a  partial  or  complete  temporary  sus|>ensioa 
of  the  functions  of  respiration  and  circulation 
from  cerebral  anemia. 

Syncytial  (sin-sif  e-al)[fs{^^  together ;  ct^xif, 
a  hollow].     Pertaining  to  a  syncytium. 

Syncytium  (sin-sit' -e-um)  \(fvx\  together; 
/arof,  a  cell].  A  mass  of  protoplasm  with 
numerous  nuclei. 

Syndactylia,  Syndactylism.  S3mdacty]y 
(sin-dak-til' -e-ah^  sin-dtrh'-til-itm^  ssn-daf- 
til-e)  [ffi'v,  together;  tJei/crv^of,  fingerl.  Ad- 
hesion between  fingers  or  toes  ;  webbed  fin* 
gers,  webbed  toes. 


SYNDECTOMY 


SYPHIUS 


Syndtctomy  {sin-iey -to- me)  [<jin>,  together; 
ieetv^  to  bind ;  eicrofi^,  a  cutting  out].  See 
Feritomy, 

Syndesmitis  {sin-det-mi' -tis)  \a\}v6to}io^^  a 
ligament;  ir<c,  inflammation].  I.  Inflam- 
mation of  a  ligament.     2.  Conjunctivitis. 

Syndesmography  (sin-dex-mog' -ra-fe)  [ahh- 
Sea^wCf  ligament;  ypa^iv^  to  write].  The 
branch  of  anatomy  treating  of  ligaments. 

Syndesmology  [sindn-mol'-o-je)  \avv6t<s^^ 
ligament ;  A^^t^,  treatise].  See  Syndesmo- 
f^aphy. 

Syndesmosis  (nndexmo^ -sis)  [fff-v^Jw/iac, 
ligament].  A  form  of  articulation  in  which 
the  bones  are  connected  by  ligaments. 

Sjmdesmotomy  {sin-det-mot' -o-mt)  [oCrvdnr- 
/40C»  ligament ;  rifivetv,  to  cut].  I.  Dissec- 
tion of  the  ligaments.  2.  The  division  of  a 
ligament. 

Syndrome  (sin'-drdm)  [mV,  together ;  rfpd/i- 
oc,  a  running].  The  aggregate  s3rmptoms 
of  a  disease ;  a  complex  of  symptoms.  3.  of 
Weber,  paralysis  of  the  oculomotor  nerve  of 
one  side  and  of  the  extremities,  the  face,  and 
the  hypoglossal  nerve  of  the  other  side.  It 
is  usually  due  to  a  lesion  limited  to  the  inferior 
and  inner  part  of  one  cerebral  peduncle. 

Synechia  (stHe-ki'-ah  or si-ny-kf-ah)  [oirv, 
together  ;  l;t^<v,  to  hold].  A  morbid  union 
of  ports ;  especially,  adhesion  of  the  iris  to  a 
neighboring  part  of  the  eye,  termed  Anterior 
8.,  when  the  adhesion  is  to  the  cornea ; 
Posterior  3.,  when  to  the  lens;  and  Totsl 
S.,  when  the  entire  iris  is  adherent. 

Synechotomy  (sin-eJ^'Ot^-o  mt)  [^symetAia ; 
rifivetVy  to  cut].     The  division  of  a  synechia. 

Synergic  (^'/fKr^yi^)  [ci/*',  together ;  ipyov, 
work] .     Pertaining  to  synergy. 

Sjmergist  (sin'-ur-jist)  [cri'v,  together ;  kpyov^ 
work].     An  agent  cooperating  with  another. 

Synergy  {sin^-ur-je)  (oiv^  together;  kpyov, 
work].  The  cooperative  action  of  two  or 
more  agents  (synergists)  or  organs. 

Synesthesia  {sinesthy-uah)  [aiv,  with; 
ala^tCt  sensation].  A  sensation  felt  in  one 
part  of  the  body  as  the  result  of  an  irritation 
of  a  distant  organ  or  part. 

Syngenesis  (siHjrrt^fsu)  [tfi'v^  together; 
ykvtot^,  generation].  I.  The  theory  that 
the  embryo  is  the  product  of-  the  union 
of  the  male  and  female  elements ;  also  the 
theory  that  the  embryo  contains  within  itself 
the  germs  of  all  future  generation*  developed 
from  it.  2.  Reproduction  by  union  of  male 
and  female  elements. 

Syngignoscism  (sm/ty-fuhshm)  [oi-v,  to- 
gether; ytyv^ortv^  to  know].  Hypnotism, 
so  termed  from  the  agreeing  of  one  mind 
with  another. 

Synisesis  (jm  11  Vjij)  [<ti^, together ;  Ifni', 
to  sit].  Closure.  S.  pupillx,  closure  of 
the  pupil. 


Synkinesis  (sin-kin-e^'Sis)  [oinf,  togethei ; 
Ktvtjatc,  movement].  Involuntary  movement 
taking  place  in  one  part  of  the  body  syn- 
chronously with  or  in  consequence  of  a  vol- 
untary or  reflex  movement  in  another  part. 

Sjrnneurosis  (sin-nu-rt/sis).  See  Syndis- 
mosis, 

Synocha  (sin^o-koA).    See  Synochus. 

Sjrnochus  (/fV-<>-iM/)  [ffiFV,  together;  ix'^^f 
to  hold  on  J.     Any  continued  (ever. 

33mophthalmus  (sin-off- thai  ^-mus).  See 
Cyclops. 

Synorchism  {sm-or^-kum)  [oiv,  together; 
bpxt^f  testicle].  Partial  or  complete  fusion 
of  the  two  testicles. 

S3mostosis  (sm-os-ty-sis)  {civ,  together; 
bffrhvt  bone].  A  union  of  mnmally  separate 
bones  by  osseous  material. 

Synotus  (sin-y-tm)  [(K^i^,  together ;  o^,ear]. 
A  monster  characterised  by  fused  ean. 

Synovimisim-y've-aA)  [criv,  with ;  9^,  an 
egg].  The  clear,  alkalme,  lubricating  flnkl 
secreted  within  synovial  membranes. 

Synovial  (sin-y-v€-ai)\syn4nnaiiStitOBi\  <siv^ 
together ;  i^^  egg]*  Pertaining  to  the  syno- 
via.    S.  Membrane.    See  Membrant, 

SynoTitis  {^in-o-vi' -Hs)  \synofvia  \  trt^t  »n- 
flammaUonj.  Inflammation  of  a  synovial 
membrane. 

Synthesis  (sin'-tkts-is)  [ffirf,  with;  rdHpnu^ 
to  place].  In  chemistry,  the  artiflcial  for- 
mation of  a  compound  by  combining  its  con- 
stituents. 

Synthetic  {sin/ket^-iJk)  [oiv,  with ;  TSfptoi^ 
to  place].  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by 
synthesis. 

Syntonin  (sin' to  nin)  [0{'vro»«c,  contracted]. 
An  acid-albumin  obtained  by  the  action  of 
dilute  hydrochloric  acid  apon  the  myosin  of 
muscle. 

Syphilide  (sif'-U-id)  {syp^i/is).  Any 
disease  of  the  skin  due  to  S3rpiiilis.  Syphilides 
may  be  erythematous,  macular,  acneiform, 
lenticular,  squamous,  vesicular,  pustular, 
bullous,  tubercular,  rupial,  etc  3.,  Second- 
ary, any  S.  occurring  during  the  secondary 
stage  of  syphilis.  S.,  Tertiary,  any  S.  oc- 
curring during  the  tertiary  stage  of  syphilis. 

Syphilis  (sif'-ilu)  [origin  obscure].  A 
chronic  infectious  disease,  characterized  by 
a  variety  of  structural  lesions  of  which  the 
chancre,  the  mucous  patch,  and  the  gumma 
are  the  most  distinctive.  A  bacillus  has 
been  found  in  the  lesions  by  Lustgarten  and 
others,  but  whether  it  is  the  real  cause  or  not 
has  not  been  definitely  determined.  The 
disease  is  generally  acquired  in  sexual  con- 
gress, hence  iu  earliest  manifestations  appear 
upon  the  genital  ofgans,  but  any  abraded 
surface  of  the  body,  if  brought  in  contact 
with  the  syphilitic  poison,  may  give  entrance 
to  the  infcctioo.     The  earliest  lesion  of  ac* 


i 


0 


SYPHILIS 


SYRINGOMYELOCELE 


quired  syphilis  is  the  chancre^  initiai  sclera- 
sis,  or  primary  sore,  which  appears  after  a 
period  of  incubation  varying  from  two  to 
three  weeks.  It  is  usually  a  reddish-brown 
papule  with  an  ulcerated  central  spot,  and 
has  a  slight  serous  or  purulent  discharge. 
Taken  between  the  fingers,  it  is  found  to 
nave  a  peculiar  cartilaginous  hardness.  Mi- 
croscopically it  consists  of  an  accumulation 
of  round  cells,  epithelioid  cells,  with,  perhaps, 
a  giant  cell  here  and  there.  The  blood- 
vessels present  a  hyperplasia  of  the  intima,  to 
which  in  part  the  induration  of  the  chancre 
is  due.  Very  soon  after  the  appearance  of 
the  chancre  the  nearest  lymphatic  glands 
become  enlarged  and  indurated — the  indoUni 
buboes  of  syphilis.  The  mucous  patch,  con- 
dyloma latum,  moist  papule,  OT  mucous  tuber- 
cle is  located  upon  mucous  membranes,  at 
mucocutaneous  junctions,  or  where  two  skin- 
surfaces  are  in  habitual  contact,  and  is  a  flat, 
scarcely  elevated  patch,  generally  covered  by  a 
whitish  pellicle.  The  gumma  or  gummy  tumor 
is  a  rounded  nodule,  varying  in  size  from 
the  dimensions  of  a  pea  to  those  of  a  small 
apple.  Its  favorite  seats  are  the  periosteum 
of  flat  bones,  the  membranes  of  the  brain, 
the  liver,  spleen,  and  testicle.  It  is  usually 
soft  and  contains  in  its  interior  a  gelatinous 
** gummy"  material.  Another  important 
though  not  distinctive  lesion  produced  by 
S3rphilis  is  a  difiuse  sclerosis  of  the  blood- 
vessels, especially  of  the  parenchymatous 
oiigans.  The  clinical  course  of  S3rphilis  is 
generally  divided  into  three  stages:  the 
primary  (Primary  S.),  characterized  by  the 
presence  of  the  chancre  and  the  indolent 
bubo;  the  secondary  (Secondary  S.),  by 
the  mucous  patch,  cutaneous  eruptions,  sore 
throat,  and  general  enlargement  of  the 
lymphatic  glands;  the  tertiary  (Tertiary 
S.),  by  the  gumma  and  by  severe  skin-lesions. 
Between  the  appearance  of  the  chancre  and 
the  secondary  manifestations  a  period  of  six 
weeks  usually  elapses.  The  tertiary  phe- 
nomena follow  the  secondary  after  a  stage  of 
quiescence  of  variable  length.  S.  also  bears 
an  important,  but  as  yet  obscure,  relation  to 
certain  diseases  of  the  nervous  system,  such 
as  locomotor  ataxy  and  paretic  dementia. 
S.  can  be  transmitted  from  parent  to  offspring 
(Hereditary  S.,  Congenital  S.).  S.,  Ex- 
tragenital, S.  in  which  the  first  lesion  is 
situated  elsewhere  than  on  the  genital  organs. 
S.  insontium,  S.  of  the  innocent,  t.  e.,  S. 
acquired  in  an  innocent  manner,  or  non- 
venereal  S.  S.,  Marital,  S.  acquired  in 
lawful  wedlock.  S.,  Nonvenereal.  Syno- 
nym of  S>  insontium,  S.  oeconomica,  a 
form  of  syphilis  insontium,  in  which  the 
disease  is  acquired  through  eating  and 
drinking  or  household  utensils,  or  by  inci- 


dental contact  with  syphilitic  persons.  8. 
technica,  S.  acquired  in  following  ooe's 
occupation,  as  by  physicians,  midwive&, 
nurses.  S. ,  Venereal,  S .  acquired  in  ille^  - 
imate  sexual  intercourse.  S.,  Visceral,  S. 
of  the  viscera — the  lesions  are  either  inflam- 
matory or  gummatous. 

Sjrphilitic  {si/Hi/'ic)  [syphilis'].  Pertaining 
to  or  afiected  with  syphilis. 

Syphilization  (sif-il-i-sa^-shun)  [syphilisy 
I.  Inoculation  with  syphilis,  especially  in- 
oculation for  the  purpose  of  conferring  im- 
munity to  future  attacks.  2.  The  sute  |>ro- 
duced  by  inoculation  with  syphilis. 

Syphiloderm  {sif -ilo-derm)\syphilis ;  6ipfta^ 
skin].     See  Syphilide. 

Syphllographer  (si/Hog^  rafer)  [syphilis,- 
ypdipetv,  to  write].  One  who  writes  on 
syphilis. 

Syphilography  {si/Hog^  ra-/e)  [syphilis: 
ypa^iv,  to  write].     A  treatise  on  syi^ilis. 

Syphiloid  (sif'-tl-oid)  [syphilis;  cicJof,  like], 
I.  Resembling  syphilis.  2.  A  disease  resem- 
bling syphilis. 

Sjrphiloma  (sifilo^-mah)  [syphilis;  bua, 
tumor].     A  syphilitic  gumma. ' 

Sjrphilophobia  (sifilo-fo^-beah)  [syphilis, 
syphilis;  ^/^c«  dread].  I.  A  condition  in 
which  the  patient  imagines  himself  to  be  in- 
fected with  syphilis.  2.  A  morbid  dread  of 
syphilitic  infection. 

Syriac  Ulcer.     Synonym  of  Diphtherial. 

S}rringe  (sir^inj)  [(wptyi,  a  pipe].  An  ap- 
paratus for  injecting  a  liquid  into  a  cavity. 

Syringitis  (sir-in-jV-tis)  [avpty^,  tube ;  tn^, 
inflammation].  Inflanunation  of  the  Eusta- 
chian tube. 

Syringomyelia  (sir-inggo-mi-e'-Ieah)  [ci,*- 
ly^,  tube;  //wXjjf,  marrow].  A  condition 
characterized  by  the  presence  of  cavities  in 
the  substance  of  the  spinal  cord.  It  is  he- 
lieved  to  be  the  result  of  faulty  development 
either  affecting  the  central  canal,  so  that  the 
latter  remains  in  an  embryonal  condition, 
and  sends  a  diverticulum  into  the  posierior 
portion  of  the  cord,  which  may  become  cqq- 
stricted  off,  or  groups  of  embryonal  neuroglta- 
cells  remain  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  cen- 
tral canal  or  in  the  posterior  portion  of  the 
spinal  cord,  and  in  later  life  take  on  active 
development  and  form  a  gliomatous  tumor. 
The  degeneration  of  the  latter  then  gives  ri«e 
to  cavities  in  the  cord.  S.  occurs  usually 
between  the  ages  of  20  and  30,  and  ts 
characterized  by  progressive  atrophy  of  the 
muscles,  especially  of  the  upper  extremity, 
by  loss  of  the  pain-sense  and  temperature- 
sense,  with  preservation  of  the  tactile  and 
muscular  sense  (the  so-called  **  dissociatioo- 
symptom*'),  and  by  vasomotor  and  trophic 
changes  in  the  skin,  joints,  etc. 

Syringomyelocele  {sir  •  ing  -go-mi^-el^thsU  > 


SYRINGOTOME 


TACHE 


[^ovpiy^,  tube ;  five^dg^  marrow ;  KotXia, 
cavity].  A  form  of  spina  bifida  in  which  the 
protruding  mass  consists  of  membranes  and 
nerve-sul^tance,  and  the  cavity  of  which 
communicates  with  the  central  canal  of  the 
spinal  cord. 

Syrini^otome  (siring^ -gofdm)  [avpty^,  tube ; 
rifiveiVf  to  cut].  An  instrument  jfor  incising 
a  fistula. 

Syringotomy  (sir'tng-got'-o-me)  [ovptyf, 
tube;  rofiff,  a  cutting].  The  operation  of 
cutting  a  fistula,  especially  a  fistula  in  ano. 

c^yrup  (sir^-up)  [syropus,  syrup],  I.  A  con- 
centrated solution  of  sugar  in  water  (Syrupus, 
U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.).  2.  A  preparation  com- 
posed of  a  solution  of  a  medicinal  substance 
m  syrup. 

Sjmipy  {sir^up-e)  [siropus^  syrup].  Resem- 
bling a  syrup. 

Syssarcosis  (sis-ar-ky-sis)  [oinfy  together; 
a&p^^  flesh].  The  union  of  bone  by  the  in- 
terposition of  muscular  tissue. 

Syssomus  (sissy -mus)  [ovv^  together ;  aij/ia. 


body].  A  double  monster  joined  by  the 
trunks. 

System  (sis' -tern)  [awsrfjfia^  from  criv,  to- 
gether; MTrdpoi,  to  stand].  I.  A  methodic 
arrangement.  2.  A  combination  of  parts 
into  a  whole,  as  the  digestive  S.,  the  nerv- 
ous S.  3.  The  body  as  a  whole.  S.-dis- 
ease,  S.-lesion,  a  disease  of  the  cerebro- 
spinal axis  affecting  a  tract  of  nerve-fibers  or 
nerve-cells  having  common  anatomic  rela- 
tions and  physiologic  properties. 

Systematic  (sis-Umai' -ik)  [system'\.  Per- 
taining to  or  affecting  a  system. 

Systemic  {sis-tem'-ik)  \sysUm'\.  i.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  system.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
whole  organism. 

Systole  {sis'-to-U)  [<yw,  together;  ariXXeiv^ 
to  place].     The  contraction  of  the  heart. 

Systolic  f^-/^/^-f>6)  [systo/e].  Pertaining  to 
the  systole ;  occurring  during  systole. 

Syzygium  {sit-ij ' -e-um)  [trv^iyto^t  yoked]. 
A  genus  of  East  Indian  trees.  S.  jambo- 
lanum  is  used  in  diabetes. 


T.  I.  An  abbreviation  for  tension.  2.  An 
abbreviation  for  temperature. 

Tabacosis  (tab-ak-(/-sis)  f/a^arMw,  tobacco]. 
A  state  of  poisoning  produced  by  the  exces- 
sive use  of  tobacco. 

Tabacum  (tab-ak^-um).     See  Tobacco. 

Tabatiire  anatomique  {tahb-aht'-e-ar  ahn- 
aht'dm^'ik)  [Fr., anatomic  snuffbox].  The 
depression  at  the  base  of  the  thumb  between 
the  tendons  of  the  extensor  primi  and  exten- 
sor secundi  intemodii  pollicis. 

Tabby-cat  Striation.  Peculiar  markings 
occurring  on  muscles  that  have  undergone 
extreme  fatty  degeneration,  especially  seen  in 
the  heart-muscle. 

f  abella  {ta-bcl'-ah)  [L.].     A  troche. 

Tabes  (ta'-bH)  [L.].  A  wasting  or  con- 
sumption. T.  dorsalis,  locomotor  ataxy,  a 
disease  dependent  upon  sclerosis  of  the  pos- 
terior columns  of  the  spinal  cord.  The  symp- 
toms are  lightning-pains,  unsteadiness  and 
incoordination  of  voluntary  movements,  ex- 
tending to  the  upper  extremities;  disorders 
of  vision,  among  others  the  Argyll  Robertson 
pupil ;  cutaneous  anesthesia ;  girdle-sense ; 
abolition  of  the  patellar  reflex ;  diminution 
of  sexual  desire ;  disturbance  of  the  sphinc- 
ters. T.,  Hereditary.  Sec  Friedreich's 
Ataxia.  T.  mesenterica,  tuberculous  dis- 
ease of  the  mesenteric  glands  in  children, 


with  progressive  wasting.  T.,  Spasmodic, 
lateral  sclerosis  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Tabetic  (tab-et^-ik).     See  Tabic. 

T9ibiQ(tay  ik)  [tabes,  yt9stiTi^\  I.  Affected 
with  tabes;  of  or  pertaining  to  tabes.  2. 
Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  tabes  dorsalis. 

Tabid  [tab^-idy    Sec  Tabic^  1st  definition. 

Tablature  {tab'-Zat-ar)  [tabu/a,  a  table]. 
Separation  into  tables,  as  exemplified  in  the 
frontal,  parietal,  and  occipital  bones. 

Table  {ta'-b/)  [tabu/a],  i.  A  flat-topped 
piece  of  furniture,  as,  e.  g.,  an  operation 
T.,  examining  T.  2.  A  flat  plate,  espe- 
cially one  of  bone,  as,  e.g.^  a  T.  of  the  skull. 

Tablespoon.  A  large  spoon,  equivalent  to 
about  15  c.c  ,  or  4  fluidounces. 

Tablet  (tab^-let)  {tabula,  a  Uble].  A  loz- 
enge ;  a  troche. 

Tache  {tahsk)  [Fr.].  A  spot.  Taches 
blanches,  certam  white  spots  described  by 
Hanot  as  occurring  on  the  liver,  especially 
on  its  convex  surface,  in  infectious  diseases. 
Microscopically  they  present  a  leukocytic 
infiltration  and  bacteria.  T.  bleuAtre,  a 
spot  of  a  delicate  blue  tint,  sometimes  ob- 
served on  the  skin  of  typhoid  fever  patients. 
T.  c^i^brale,  T.  m^ning^ale,  the  red  line 
made  when  the  finger-nail  is  drawn  over  the 
skin ;  due  to  vasomotor  paresis  and  occurring 
especially  in  meningeal  irritation. 


i 


TACHYCARDIA 


TANSY 


Tachycardia  (tak-e-kar^-de-ah)  [rax^^y 
quick ;  Kopdiay  heart].  Excessive  rapidity 
of  the  heart's  action.  T.,  Essential,  T. 
occurring  in  paroxysms,  and  due  to  functional 
disturbance  of  the  cardiac  nerves. 

Tactile  {tak'-til)  {tactus^  touch].  Pertaining 
to  the  sense  of  touch.  T.  Cells,  cells  repre- 
senting special  sensory  nerve-endings,  found 
in  the  deeper  layers  of  the  epidermis,  or  the 
adjacent  stratum  of  corium.  T.  Corpuscles, 
special  sensory  nerve-endings  exhibiting  more 
complexity  of  structure  than  the  T.  cells. 

Tactus  Uak'-tus)  [tangere^  to  touch].  Touch. 
T.  eruditus,  T.  expertus,  special  sensitive- 
ness of  touch  acquired  by  long  experience. 

Tsedium  vitse  {te'-de-umvi^-ti)  [L.].  Weari- 
ness of  life. 

Tsenia  (te'-ne-ah)  [L.,  a  band].  I.  A  band 
or  band-like  structure.  T.  fomicis,  one  of 
the  peduncles  of  the  pineal  gland.  T. 
hippocampi,  the  corpus  fimbriatum  of  the 
hippocampus  major.  T.  semicircularis,  a 
narrow  band  on  the  floor  of  the  lateral  ven- 
tricle, between  the  caudate  nucleus  and  the 
optic  thalamus.  T.  violacea,  a  bluish,  longi- 
tudinal band,  on  the  floor  of  the  fourth  ven- 
tricle.    2.  See  Tap€Worm. 

Tagetes  (ta-fe'-tH).  A  genus  of  plants  of 
the  order  Compositse.  T.  erecta  and  T. 
patula,  French  marigold,  African  marigold, 
are  used  as  substitutes  for  calendula. 

Tagliacotian  Operation  {tah-U-akki/ -she- 
an)  [after  Tagitacozti^  an  Italian  surgeon]. 
See  Operations  y  Table  of . 

Tagma  (tag'-mah)  [rdy/wi,  that  which  has 
been  arranged,  from  rdaaeiv,  to  arrange]. 
An  aggregate  of  molecules. 

Tail  {(0/),  I.  The  caudal  extremity  of  an 
animal.     2.  Anything  resembling  a  tail. 

Tailor's  Spasm.  An  occupation -neurosis 
occurring  in  tailors,  and  characterized  by 
spasm  of  the  muscles  of  the  arm  and  head. 

talc,  Talcum  (fa/k)  [Arab.,  fa/g,  talc], 
4Mg0.5SiOj.  II  fi.  A  silicate  of  magnesium, 
a  white,  greasy  powder,  used  as  a  dusting 
powder.  It  is  also  termed  steatite  or  soap- 
stone;  the  latter,  however,  contains  also 
aluminum. 

Talipes  {tal'-ip-H)  [talus ^  ankle  ;  /Vj,  foot]. 
Club-foot,  a  deformity  depending  upon  con- 
traction of  one  or  more  muscles  or  tendons 
about  the  foot,  either  congenital  or  acquired. 
T.  calcaneus,  T.  in  which  the  patient  walks 
upon  the  heel  alone.  T.  equinus,  T.  in 
which  the  heel  is  elevated  and  the  weight 
thrown  upon  the  anterior  portion  of  the  foot. 
T.  planus,  flat-foot,  splay-foot.  T.  valgus, 
T.  in  which  the  foot  is  everted.  T.  varus,  a 
variety  the  reverse  of  the  last,  in  which  the 
foot  is  bent  inward.  Combinations  of  these 
occur,  called  T.  equinovarus^  T.  equinoval- 
guSf  T»  calcaneovarus,  T.  calcaneovalgus,  etc. 


Tallow  (tal^'o)  TO.  Dutch,  (a^A,  tallow]. 
The  fat  extracted  from  suet,  the  solid  Cat  of 
cattle  and  sheep  and  other  ruminants. 

Talo-  (ta^'lo)  [talus,  ankle].  A  prefiz  de- 
noting pertaining  to  the  ankle  or  to  the  as- 
tragalus. 

Talus  (/a'-/iw)  [L.].  I.  The  astragalis.  2. 
The  ankle. 

Tamarind  (/tfw'-ar-iW)[Arab.,  Aawr,  a  ripe 
date ;  //ind^  India].  The  Tamarindus  in- 
dica,  a  tree  of  the  order  Leguminosae.  Its 
fruit  (Tamarindus,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  is  laxa 
tive  and  refrigerant.  Dose  SJ-Jj  (4.0-32.0). 

Tamar  indien.  An  aromatic  confection  of 
senna. 

Tambour  (tarn' -boor)  [Fr.].  A  dmn ; 
a  drum-like  instrument  used  in  physiologic 
experiments,  and  consisting  of,  a  metal 
cylinder  over  which  is  stretched  an  elastic 
membrane,  and  from  which  or  to  which 
passes  a  tube  for  transmitting  a  current  of  air. 
It  is  connected  with  another  apparatus  upon 
which  changes  in  pressure  in  the  T.  are  re- 
corded. 

Tampon  {tam'-pon)  [Fr.].  1.  A  plug  of 
cotton,  sponge,  or  other  material,  inserted 
into  the  vagina,  nose,  or  other  cavity.  2. 
To  plug  with  a  tampon. 

Tamponade  {tam-pondd')  [Fr.].  The  act 
of  plugging  with  a  tampon. 

Tanacetum  (tan-ase^-tum).     See  Tansy, 

Tanghinia  (tan-gin^ -e-ah).  The  T.  vene- 
nifera,  the  ordeal-bean  of  Madagascar,  a  car- 
diac and  respiratory  poison.  Its  active  prin- 
ciple is  tanghinin. 

Tangle.    See  Laminaria, 

Tannate  (tan^-dt)  [tannin].  A  salt  of  tan- 
nic acid. 

Tannic  Acid.    See  Jcid,  Tannie. 

Tannigen  {tan'-ij-en)  [tannin;  yeweiv,  to 
produce].  A  grajdsh-yeilow  powder  derived 
from  tannic  acid,  and  used  as  an  intestinal 
astringent. 

Tannin  (tan' -in).     See  Acid^  Tannic. 

Tanret's  Test.  A  test  for  albumin,  consist- 
ing in  the  development  of  a  precipitate  when 
an  albuminous  solution  is  brought  in  contact 
with  the  reagent,  composed  of  mercuric  chlo- 
rid,  potassium  iodid,  acetic  acid,  and  distilled 
water. 

Tansy  (tan'-ze)  [O.  Fr.,  tanosie,  from  Low 
L.,  tanaeetum,  from  oBavaala,  immortality]. 
The  Tanacetum  vulgare,  a  plant  of  the  order 
Compositae.  The  leaves  and  tops  (Tanace- 
tum, U.  S.  P.)  contain  a  bitter  principle, 
tanacetin,  C||  11,404,  tannic  acid,  and  an  es- 
sential oil  (Oleum  tanaceti).  T.  is  an  aro* 
matic  bitter  and  irritant  narcotic,  and  has 
been  used  in  malaria,  in  hysteria,  and  as  an 
emmenagogue  and  anthelmintic.  In  over- 
doses it  produces  abdominal  pain,  vcamtin{t 
epileptiform   convulsions,   and    death   itom 


TAP 


TARSUS 


failure  of  respiration.  Dose  gr.  xxx-gj 
(2.0-4.0)  ;  of  the  oil  rT\^j-iv  (0.065-0.26). 

Tap.  I.  A  sudden  slight  blow.  2.  To  empty 
of  fluid,  as,  e.  g. ,  to  tap  a  hydrocele. 

Tapetum  (ta-pe^ -turn)  [Tdrry^,  a  mat, or  rug]. 
I.  The  layer  forming  the  roof  of  the  poste- 
rior and  middle  cornua  of  the  lateral  ventri- 
cles of  the  brain ;  it  is  composed  of  Bbers  from 
the  corpus  callosum.  2.  The  brilliant, 
greenish  layer  of  the  eyes  of  nocturnal  ani- 
mals, which  are  by  it  visible  in  the  dark. 
It  is  also  known  as  the  tapetum  lucidum. 

Tapeworm.  One  of  the  Cestoda,  a  class  of 
worms  parasitic  in  man  and  the  lower  ani- 
mals. The  adult  worm  {strobiius)  consists 
of  a  head  (scoiex)  and  numerous  segpnents 
(proglottides),  which  are  capable  of  leading 
for  some  time  a  separate  existence,  are  her- 
maphroditic, and  contain  numerous  ova.  If 
the  ova  are  swallowed  by  the  proper  host, 
they  develop  into  embryos  (proscolices), 
which  are  transformed  into  the  cystuerci, 
containing  the  scolices.  If  the  meat  of  ani- 
mals containing  living  scolices  is  eaten,  the 
latter  develop  into  the  mature  tapeworm,  or 
strobiius.  T.,  Beef-  (Taenia  mediocanel- 
lata  or  saginata),  also  termed  the  unarmed 
T. ,  the  cysticercus  of  which  occurs  in  beef. 
T.,  Dog-  (Taenia  echinococcus),  also  called 
hydatid  T.  The  mature  parasite  lives  in  the 
intestine  of  the  dog,  the  scolices  occur  in  the 
internal  organs  of  man  and  give  rise  to  the 
echinococcus  or  hydatid  cysts.  T.,  Fish-, 
T.,  Broad,  T.,  Swiss  (Bothriocephalus 
latus) ,  the  cysticercus  of  which  occurs  in  6sh. 
T.,  Pork-  (Taenia  solium),  also  known  as 
the  armed  T. ,  from  the  presence  of  several 
booklets  on  the  head,  is  derived  from  pork 
which  contains  the  cysticerci.  Other  tape- 
worms occasionally  found  in  man  are :  Taenia 
cucumerina  or  elliptica,  most  frequent  in  the 
dog  and  cat ;  Taenia  nana  has  been  found  in 
man  in  Italy ;  Taenia  leptocephala,  common 
in  the  mouse,  has  also  been  observed  in  man. 

Tapinocephalic  {tap-in-osef-al^-ik)  [roirw- 
v^,  low ;  Ke<pa}.^f  nead].  Affected  with  tap- 
inocephaly. 

Tapinocephaly  {tap-in-o-se/^'af-e)  rrairetvd^, 
low ;  icf^^,  head].  Flatness  of  the  top  of 
the  cranium. 

Tapioca  {tap-e-o'-kak)  [Sp.].  A  variety  of 
■starch  obtained  from  the  cassava  or  manioc 
plant,  Jatropha  manihot.  It  is  used  as  a 
food. 

Tapotement  (tap-dt-monig))  [Fr.].  In  mas- 
sage, the  operation  of  percussing  or  tapping. 

Tapping  (tat/-ing).     See  Paracentesis. 

Tar  (toMr)  fAS.^teoru,  tar].  An  empyreu- 
matic  liquid  resin  obtained  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  the  wood  of  various  species  of 
Pinus,  of  the  order  Coniferae.  Tar  (Fix 
liquids,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  contains  a  great 


variety  of  compounds,  among  which  are 
pyroligneous  acid,  toluene,  xylene,  pseudo- 
cumene,  cresol,  phenol,  guaiacol,  creosol, 
paraffin,  naphtalene,  pyrocatechin,  etc.  It  is 
employed  in  chronic  bronchitis  and  in  dis- 
eases of  the  urinary  tract;  externally  in 
tinea  capitis,  psoriasis,  chronic  eczema,  and 
other  affections  of  the  skin.  Preparations; 
Sjrrupus  picis  liquidae  (U.  S.  P.),  dose  f^  j- 
ij  (4.0-8.0) ;  Unguentum  picis  liquidae  (U. 
S.P.,B.  P.). 

Tarantism  (tar^-antizpt).  A  choreic  affec- 
tion, ascribed  to  the  bite  of  a  tarantula,  and 
supposed  to  be  cured  by  dancing. 

Taraxacum  {taraks'akum).  Dandelion, 
the  T.  officinale  (T.  dens-leonis),  a  plant  of 
the  order  Compositae.  Its  root  (T.,  U.  S.  P., 
Taraxaci  radix,  B.  P.)  contains  two  crystal- 
line principles,  taraxacin  and  taraxacerin, 
and  is  used  in  chronic  congestion  of  the  liver 
and  spleen.  Preparations  and  doses :  De- 
coctum  taraxaci  (B.  P.),  fj  ij  (64.0) ;  Extrac- 
tum  taraxaci  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  gr.  x  (0.65); 
Extractum  taraxaci  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.),  f^j 
(4.0);  Succus  taraxaci  (B.  P.),  f^ij-iv  (8.0- 
16.0). 

Tardieu's  Spots.  Ecchymotic  spots  found 
beneath  the  pleura  and  the  pericardium  after 
death  from  strangling.  They  have  also  been 
observed  in  death  from  asphyxia  due  to 
other  causes. 

Tarsal  (tar^sal)  [rapffcJc,  instep].  I.  Per- 
taining to  the  tarsus  of  the  foot.  2.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  tarsus  of  the  eye. 

Tarsalgia  (tar-sai^-Je-ah)  [rapoSq,  tarsus; 
dXyof,  a  pain],  rain,  especially  one  of 
neuralgic  character,  in  the  tarsus. 

Tarsectomy  (tar-sek^to  me)  [rapad^,  tarsus; 
kKTOfifj,  excision].     Excision  of  tarsal  bones. 

Tarsitis  (tar-si^-tis)  \rapa6^,  tarsus;  <r/f, 
inflammation].     Inflammation  of  the  tarsus. 

Tarso-  (tar' -so-)  [rafyod^^  tarsus].  A  prefix 
denoting  pertaining  to  the  tarsus. 

Tarsometatarsal  (tar  •  so  -  met  •  ah  -  tar'-  sal ) 
[rofXTiJf,  tarsus;  metatarsus'].  Relating  to 
the  tarsus  and  metatarsus. 

Tarsophalangeal  (tar  -  so  -fa  -  Ian'  je-al) 
[rap<y<5Cf  tarsus;  ^^ayf,  phalanx].  Per- 
taining to  the  tarsus  and  phalanges. 

Tarsoplasty  (tar' so-plas-te)  [rapod^,  tarsus  ; 
n'k&aaeiv,  to  form].  Plastic  surgery  of  the 
eyelid. 

Tarsorrhaphy  (tar- sor' -a-fe)  [rap<T<JCf  tar- 
sus ;  ^o^,  suture].  The  operation  of  sewing 
the  eyelids  together  for  a  part  or  the  whole 
of  their  extent. 

Tarsotomy  (tar-sof-o-me)  \r<ipo6q,  tarsus; 
rop,ii^  a  cutting].  I.  The  operation  of  cutting 
into  the  tarsus      2.  Tarsectomy. 

Tarsus  (tar'-sus)  \rapa6^y  tarsus].  I.  The 
instep,  consisting  of  the  os  calcis,  astragalus, 
cuboid,  scaphoid,  internal,  middle,  and  ex* 


TARTAR 


TELOLECITHAL 


teraal  cuneifoim  bones.  2.  The  outilage  of 
the  eyelid,  called  the  tarsal  cartilage,  a  dense 
connective  tissue  forming  the  support  of  the 
lid. 

Tartar  (tar^-iaA  [Low  L.,  farfarum,  from 
Arab.,  </«r</,  aregs].  i.  A  hard  mineral 
deposited  on  the  inside  of  wine-casks,  and 
consisting  mainly  of  acid  potassium  tartrate 
(Cream  of  T.).  T.  emetic,  antimony  and 
potassium  tartrate.  See  Antimony.  2.  A 
hard  incrustation  on  the  teeth,  consisting  of 
mineral  and  organic  matter. 

Tartarated  [tar*  tar-ated)  \tartar\  Con- 
taining tartar.  T.  Antimony,  tartar  eme- 
tic.    See  Antimony. 

Tartaric  Acid.     See  Acid^  Tartaric. 

TarUrized  (tarf-tarlzd).      See  Tartarated, 

Tartarus  (tar^-tar-us)  [L.].     Tartar. 

Tartrate  {tar*  trot).     A  salt  of  tartaric  acid. 

Tartrated  {tar'-tra-ted ).  Containing  tartar ; 
combined  with  tartaric  acid. 

Tashkend  Ulcer  (tash-kend^).  See  Sartian 
Disease. 

Taste  (tost),  i.  The  sensation  produced  by 
stimulation  of  special  organs  in  the  tongue 
(T. -organs)  by  soluble  bodies.  2.  The 
faculty  by  which  these  sensations  are  appre- 
ciated. T.,  After-,  a  secondary  T.  per- 
ceived after  the  immediate  T.  has  ceased. 
T.-bud,  an  oval,  flask-shaped  body,  em- 
bedded in  the  epithelium  of  the  tongue,  and 
serving  the  sense  of  taste. 

Tattooing  (tat-too^ -iftg)  [Tahitian].  The 
production  of  permanent  colors  in  the  skin 
oy  the  introduction  of  foreign  substances, 
such  as  carbon,  India  ink,  etc.,  a  common 
practice  among  sailors.  T.  of  the  Cornea, 
a  method  of  hiding  leukomatous  spots. 

Taurin  (taitZ-rin)  [taurus,  bull],  C^H^NSOj. 
Amidoethylsul phonic  acid,  a  crystalline  de- 
composition-product of  bile. 

Taurocholic  Acid  {taw-ro-kol'-ik).  Sec 
Acid. 

Taxis  (taks^-is)  [rdfif,  from  rAaaeiv^  to 
arrange].  An  arranging;  a  manipulation, 
especially  manipulation  for  the  reduction  of 
hernia. 

T.-bandage.     See  Bandage. 

Te.     Symbol  for  Tellurium. 

Tea  (te)  [Chinese].  I.  The  dried  leaves  of 
Thea  chinensis,of  the  order  Temstroemiacea, 
used  for  preparing  a  beverage,  also  called 
tea.  2.  Any  vegetable  infusion  used  as  a 
beverage. 

Teale*8  Amputation.  See  Operations, 
Table  of. 

Tears.    The  secretion  of  the  lacrimal  gland. 

Tease  (th).  To  tear  a  tissue  into  its  com- 
ponent parts  with  needles. 

Teaspoon.  A  small  spoon  holding  about 
4C.C.,  or  one  fluidram. 

Teat  {tit).    Nipple. 


Tectocephaly  (tek-to-sef^ -al-e)  [tectum^  a 
cover;  wt^tOJi^  head].  The  state  of  baring 
a  roof-shaped  skull. 

Tectorial  (tek-ty-re-al)  [tectorium,tk,  covct\. 
Serving  as  a  roof  or  covering.  T.  Mem* 
brane.     See  Membrane  of  Corti. 

Teel-oil.     See  Sesame-oil. 

Teething  [AS.,  /<r5,  tooth].  The  eruption  of 
the  6rst  teeth  in  an  infant ;  dentition. 

Tt^ja^n  (teg^men)  [tegere,  to  cover],  A 
cover.  T.  tjrmpani,  the  roof  of  the  tym- 
panic cavity. 

Tegmental  (teg-men^ -tal)  [tegere,  to  cover]. 
Pertaining  to  die  tegmentum.  T.  Nucleus, 
the  red  nucleus.     See  NucUtis. 

Tegmentum  {teg  -  men'  •  turn)  [tegere,  to 
cover].  A  covering ;  specifically,  the  dorsal 
portion  of  the  cms  cerebri  and  pons  Vsroli]. 

Tegument  (teg^-ument)  [tegere,  to  cover]. 
The  integument. 

Teichmann's  Ciystals.    Hemin-crystaU. 

Teichopsia  (ti^of/se-ah)  [rei;tof>  **U ; 
^V^tr,  vision].  A  temporary  amblyopia,  with 
subjective  visual  images  like  foruficatioo- 
angles ;  it  is  probably  due  to  vasomotor  dis- 
turbances of  the  visual  center. 

Tela  (te^'lah)  [L.].  A  web  or  tissue.  T. 
choroidea,  the  membranous  roof  of  the 
third  and  fourth  ventricles  of  the  brain.  T. 
vasculosa,  the  choroid  plexus. 

Telangiectasis  (telanje-ek^ -ta-sis)  \ri>ja^^ 
end ;  ayyeiovy  vessel ;  iiraotc,  a  stretoitogj. 
Dilatation  of  groups  of  capillaries  or  smaller 
blood-vessels. 

Telangiectatic  {tel-an-je-ek-tat'-ik)  [rtAof, 
end;  ayyeiw,  vessel;  iKraai^y  a  stretching]. 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  telangiecta&i». 

Telangioma  (tel-anfe-o'-mah)  {riTM^,  end; 
ayytloVf  vessel ;  bfia,  tumor].  A  tumor  com* 
posed  of  dilated  capillaries. 

Telegony  (teleg^-on-e)  [riAof,  end;  >w*, 
semen].  The  influence  of  the  paternal  seed 
upon  the  oflispring  of  a  woman  or  animal  by 
a  later  husband  or  male. 

Telegrapher's  Cramp.  See  Occupatiem' 
disease. 

Telepathy  (te-le// -ath-e)  [n?A«.  far;  iroAar. 
disease].  The  action,  real  or  supposed,  of 
one  mind  upon  another  when  the  two  persons 
are  separated  by  a  considerable  distance; 
thought-transference. 

Telluric  {tellu^-rik)  [tellus,  earth].  Derived 
from  the  earth. 

Tellurium  {tellu' -reum)  [tellus,  the  earth]. 
A  nonmetallic  element  of  bluish-white  color. 
having  a  specific  gravity  of  6.24,  a  quanb- 
valence  of  two,  four,  or  six,  an  atomic  wdglu 
of  128.     Symbol  Te. 

Telolecithal  {Ul-o-les' -iih-al)  Irtl^,  end; 
Tiiiaffogt  yolk].  Of  an  ovum,  having  a  rela> 
lively  large  mass  of  food-yolk  placed  ecceo* 
trically. 


TELOLEMMA 


TENOTOME 


Telolemma  (tel-  o  -  Um^-  ah)  [rkh)^,  end  ; 
Xififia,  husk].  The  membrane  covering  the 
eminence  ofDoyere,  or  the  point  of  entrance 
of  a  motor  nenre  into  a  muscular  Bber. 

Temperament  {tem'-pfr-ameni)  {temp^a- 
mentum\  A  term  applied  to  mental  dispo- 
sition and  physical  constitution  of  an  individ- 
ual, as,  ^.  ,^.,  the  bilious,  lymphatic,  nervous, 
and  sanguine  temperaments. 

Temperature  {tern' -per  a-tar)  \temperatura\. 
The  degree  of  intensity  of  heat  of  a  body, 
especially  as  measured  by  a  scale  termed  a 
thermometer.  T.,  Absolute,  that  reckoned 
from  the  absolute  zero  of  temperature,  esti- 
mated at  — 2730  C.  T.,  Normal,  the  tem- 
perature of  the  body  in  a  state  of  health,  /.  f.^ 
98.6°  F.  T.-sense,  the  sense  by  which 
differences  in  temperature  are  appreciated, 
consisting  of  a  sense  for  cold  {ctyesthesia) 
and  a  heat-sense  {thermoesthesia).  These  are 
represented  on  the  surface  by  different  nerve - 
endings,  the  so-called  cold  and  hot  points. 

Temple  [tern' pi)  [iempus,  time]  The  por- 
tion of  the  head  behind  the  eye  and  alx>ve 
the  ear. 

Temporal  {tern' poral)  [Umptis,  time  (tem- 
ple)]. Pertaining  to  the  temple,  as,  e.  g.^ 
the  T.  bone,  T.  artery. 

Temporo-  [fem^ po-ro-)  [tempus^  time].  A 
prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  the  temple. 

Temporoauricular  [temporoawrik^  ular) 
[tempus^  time ;  auricular\.  Pertaining  to 
tbe  temporal  and  auricular  regions  of  the 
head. 

Temporooccipital  (tem- poro-ok-siy-  it-  al) 
[tempus,  lime  ;  occiput,  occiput].  Pertaining 
to  the  temple  and  the  occiput. 

Temporofacial  {tem-poro-fa' shal)  [fempus^ 
time;  focus,  face].  Pertaining  to  the  tem- 
ple and  the  face. 

Temporomalar  (temporoma'lar)  \tempusy 
time;  w/i/n,  cheek].  Pertaining  to  the  tem- 
poral and  malar  bones. 

Temporomastoid  {tern  po-ro-  mas'  •  toid ) 
\tempm,  time;  mastoid\  Pertaining  to  the 
temporal  and  mastoid  regions  of  the  skull. 

Temporomaxillary  {temporomaksiF  are) 
^tempus,  \Xm^\  i/mxiVAi,  maxilla].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  temporal  region  and  the  upper  jaw. 

Temporoparietal  (tem-po-  ro -par  -  i'  -  etal) 
\tempusy  time;  paries,  wall].  I.  Pertaining 
to  the  tempond.  and  parietal  bones.  2.  Per- 
taining to  the  temporal  and  parietal  lobes  of 
the  brain. 

TemporoBphenoidal  (tempo- ro  sfe-noid'  al) 
\ttmpus,  time ;  sphenoid \  Pertaining  to,  or 
m  relation  with,  the  temporal  and  sphenoid 
bones. 

Tenacious  (te  -  na' -  shus)  [tenaxt  tough]. 
Tough;  cohesive. 

Tensity  (te-nas' -it-e)  \tenaeitas\     Tough- 


Tenaculum  {ien-ak' -u-lum)  [/^if/r^,tohold]. 
A  hook -shaped  instrument  for  seizing  and 
holding  parts. 

Tendinitis  (ten-din-i'tis).     See    Tenontiiis. 

Tendinous  (len'-din-us)  [tendon"].  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  nature  of  tendon. 

Tendo  {ten' -do)  [L.].  A  tendon.  T. 
Achillis,  the  common  tendon  of  the  gas- 
trocnemius and  soleus  muscles  inserted  into 
the  heel. 

Tendon  [tendere,  to  stretch].  A  band  of 
dense  6brous  tissue  forming  the  termination 
of  a  muscle  and  attaching  the  latter  to  a 
bone.  T.,  Central,  the  aponeurosis  in  the 
center  of  the  diaphragm.  T.-reflex,  a  reflex 
produced  by  stimulating  the  tendon  of  a 
muscle. 

Tendosynovitis  {ten -do -si-no  vi'tis).  See 
Tenosynovitis. 

Tenesmus  (te-nez' -mus)  [rtiveiv,  to  stretch]. 
A  straining,  especially  the  painful  straining 
to  empty  the  bowels  or  bladder  without  the 
evacuation  of  feces  or  urine. 

Tenia  {te'-ne-ah).     See  Tapeworm, 

Teniacide  (te'ne-as-id)  [tania,  tapeworm 
ceedere,    to    kill].     I.  Destructive    of    tape- 
worms.    2.  An   agent    that    destroys   tape 
worms. 

Teniafuge  {te* -neaf-aj)  \tania,  tapeworm 

y>/^/if^,  to  drive].  I.  Expelling  tapeworms. 
2.  An  agent  that  expeb  tapeworms. 

Tennis-arm,  T.-elbow.  A  strain  of  the  el 
bow,  said  to  be  frequent  in  tennis-players. 

Teno-  {ten'-oA  {revuv,  tendon].  A  prefix 
meaning  pertammg  to  a  tendon. 

Tenon,  Capsule  of.  A  fibroelastic  mem- 
brane surrounding  the  eyeball.  It  is  covered 
by  a  continuous  layer  of  endothelial  plates, 
and  corresponds  to  a  synovial  sac. 

Tenonitis  {tenon-i'-tis)  [Tenon,  an  anatom- 
ist: iTt^,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of 
Tenon's  capsule. 

Tenontitis  {tenon-ti'-tis)  [rkvuv,  tendon; 
mc«  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  a 
tendon. 

Tenontography  (ten-on-tog' ra- fe)  [r/vtw, 
tendon  ;  ypn^tv,  to  write].  The  descriptive 
anatomy  of  the  tendons. 

Tenontology  (fen-on-tol'-o-fe)  [rhijv,  ten- 
don ;  A^Jj'Of ,  treatise] .     See   Tenontography. 

Tenorrhaphy  {ten  ot'-a-fe)  [r^WiW,  tendon  ; 
ha^,  suture].  The  uniting  of  a  divided 
tendon  by  sutures. 

Tenosuture  {ten-o-su' -tar).  Same  as  Ten- 
orrhaphy. 

Tenosynovitis  (ten-osin-o-vi'-tis )  [rkvijv, 
tendon;  synmna,  synovia;  tri^,  inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation  of  a  tendon  and  of  its 
sheath. 

Tenotome  (ten'o-tdm)  [rkvuv,  tendon; 
rifiveiv,  to  cut].  A  knife  for  performing 
tenotomy. 


TENOTOMY 


TEST 


Tenotomy  (tm-ot'-o-me)  [rhuv,  tendon; 
rifiveiVf  to  cut].  The  operation  of  cutting  a 
tendon. 

Tension  {ttn'-shun^  [fendere^  to  stretch]. 
I.  The  act  of  stretcning.;  the  state  of  being 
stretched.  2.  In  electricity,  the  power  of 
overcoming  resistance.  T.,  Intraocular,  the 
pressure  of  the  ocular  contents  upon  the 
sclerotic  coat.  It  may  be  estimated  by 
means  of  an  instrument  called  tonometer,  or 
by  palpation  with  the  6ngers,  and  is  recorded 
by  symbols  as  follows :  Tn  =  normal  ten- 
sion ;  T-i-I,T-|-2,  T-[-3  indicate  various 
degrees  of  increased  T.,  and  T  —  I,  T  —  2, 
T  —  3  corresponding  degrees  of  decreased 
T.  T.  of  Oases,  the  tendency  of  a  gas 
to  expand  on  account  of  the  mutual  repulsion 
of  its  molecules. 

Tensor  (ten'-sor)  \Jenderey  to  stretch].  A 
stretcher ;  a  muscle  that  serves  to  make  a 
part  tense.     See  Muscles^  Table  of. 

Tent  \Jenta\ .  An  instrument  made  of  com- 
pressed sponge,  T.,  Sponge-,  laminaria,  T., 
Laminaria,  tupelo,  T.,  Tupelo-,  or  other 
material  that  increases  in  volume  by  the  ab- 
sorption of  water ;  it  is  used  chiefly  for  dilating 
the  cervix  of  the  uterus. 

Tenth  Cranial  Nerve.  The  pneumogastric 
or  vagus  nerve. 

Tentorium  (/en-fo^-rf-um)  [tentorium^  a 
tent].  The  partition  between  the  cerebrum 
and  the  cerebellum  formed  by  an  extension 
of  the  dura  mater. 

Tephromyelitis  (tef-ro-mi-el  -i' -tis)  [rc^p<JCf 
ashen;  myelitis].     See  Poliomyelitis. 

Tephrosis  (tef-ro'-sis)  [re0p<if,  ashen].  In- 
cineration. 

Tepid  bath.    See  Bath, 

Teratic  {ter-at'-ik)  [ri/oaf,  a  monster]. 
Monstrous. 

Teratism  (ter^-at-tzm)[T(p<tgt  a  monster].  An 
anomaly  of  conformation,  congenital  or  ac- 
quired. 

Teratogeny  (ter-at-of -en-e)  [ripaf,  a  mons- 
ter; ytvvdVf  to  beget].  The  formation  or 
bringing  forth  of  monsters. 

Teratoid  {/^-<j/-<7*i/)[r^paf,  monster;  cWof, 
like].  Resembling  a  monster.  T.  Tumor, 
a  complex  tumor  due  to  the  growth  of  tissue 
embryologically  misplaced. 

Teratology  (ter-at-ol' -o-je)  [r^/wif ,  monster ; 
'K6yo^y  science].  The  science  of  malforma- 
tions and  monstrosities. 

Teratoma  (terat-o^ -mah)  [rkpaq^  monster; 
d//a,  tumor].  A  tumor  containing  teeth,  hair, 
and  other  material  not  found  in  the  part 
wherein  it  grows,  and  resulting  from  an  em- 
bryonic misplacement  of  tissue  or  from  the 
inclosure  of  parts  of  a  rudimentary  fetus. 

Terchlorid  {ter-klo'-rid^lter^  three;  x^P^t 
green].     S)monymof  Trichlorid. 

Terebene  {ter'-eb-irC)  \rtpk^ivQoq^  terebinth - 


tree],  C|oH,g.  A  hydrocarbon  obtained  by 
the  oxidation  of  oil  of  turpentine  by  means 
of  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol, 
and  is  used  in  bronchitis,  dyspepsia,  and 
diseases  of  the  genitourinary  tract.  Dose 
n\,v-x  (0.32-0.65). 

Terebinthina  {Jer-eb-in' thin-ak)  \rtpi^ivBo^^ 
terebinth-tree].     See  Turpentine. 

Terebinth inate  (ter-eb-in^-iAin-tu)  [repi^n- 
60^,  terebinth-tree].  I.  Containing  turpen- 
tine. 2.  A  meml)er  or  derivative  of  the  tur- 
pentine-group. 

Terebration  (ter-eb-ra^-s/tunS  [terebrare^  tt 
bore].     The  operation  of  bonng. 

Teres  (te^-riz)  [terere,  to  rub].  I.  Round, 
as,  e,  g.^  the  ligamentum  T.  2.  A  muscle 
having  a  cylindrical  shape,  as,  e.g.^  T.  major, 
T.  minor.     See  Muscles^  Table  of. 

Ter  in  die  [L.].     Three  times  daily. 

Term  [r^p/za,  a  limit].  A  limit;  the  time 
during  which  anything  lasts. 

Terminal  (tur^-min-al)  [terminalis^  from 
ripfuij  limit].  Pertaining  to  the  end ;  placed 
at  or  forming  the  end. 

Ternary  (tur^-na-te)  [ter^  three  times].  Of 
chemic  compounds,  made  up  of  three  elemenu 
or  radicles. 

Teroxid  {tur-oks'-id)  [/^,  three ;  offf,  acid] 
A  trioxid. 

Terpene  Uur^-pen)  [a  modified  form  of  tere- 
beney  One  of  a  number  of  hydrocarl«oni 
having  the  formula  C]oH|g,  and  contained  in 
many  volatile  oils. 

Terpin  (tur^pin).     See  Terebene. 

Terra  (/^r^-tf^)[L.].  Earth.  T.  alba,  white 
clay.  T.japonica,  catechu.  T.  ponderosa, 
baryta  or  barium  sulphate.  1 

Terrain-cure  (ter  -  anigykHr)  [Fr.].  A 
method  of  treatment  consisting  in  mountain - 
climbing,  dietetics,  etc. ,  for  plethora,  corpu- 
lence, neurasthenia,  chlorosis,  incipient  pul- 
monary tuberculosis,  etc. 

Tersulphate  (tur-sul^ fdt)  [ter,  thrice;  sul- 
phate']. A  salt  in  which  the  base  is  united 
with  three  sulphuric  acid  radicles. 

Tertian  (tur^-she-an)  [tertius^  third].  Recur- 
ring every  other  day,  as,  e.g.^  T.  fever,  a  form 
of  intermittent  fever. 

Tertiary  {tur' -she-a-re^  [tertitis,  third] .  Thiid 
in  order.     T.  Syphilis.     See  Syphilis. 

Tessellated  {tes' -el-a-ted)  [tessellatus ^  from 
tessera ,  a  square] .  Formed  into  little  squares ; 
checkered.  T.  Epithelitmi,  flattened  epi- 
thelial cells  joined  at  their  edges. 

Test  [testumy  crucible].  I.  A  trial.  In 
chemistry,  a  characteristic  reaction  which 
distinguishes  one  body  from  others,  2.  The 
reagent  for  producing  a  special  reaction.  T.- 
meal,  one  given  for  the  purpo?*e  of  studying 
the  secretory  power  of  the  stomach.  T.- 
paper,  paper  impregnated  with  a  chesnic  le- 
agent,  and  used  for  detecting  the  preaence  ol 


TESTA 


TETRAPUS 


certain  tabstancei  or  conditions  which  caose 
a  change  in  the  color  of  the  paper.  T.- 
tube,  a  cylinder  of  thin  glass  closed  at  one 
end,  used  in  Tarious  chemic  procedures.  T.- 
types,  letters  or  figures  of  diflerent  sixes  to 
test  acuteness  of  vision.  Those  most  com- 
monly  employed  are  Snellen's  teat-types,  a 
series  of  letters  which  at  proper  distances 
subtend  an  angle  of  five  minutes. 

TesU  (usf'tah)  [L. ].  A  shell.  T.  ovi,  egg- 
shell.  T.  praeparata,  crushed  and  powdered 
oyster-shell. 

Testibrachium  (ies-U-bra^-ke-um)  [testis,  tes- 
tis; brackiumt  arm].  The  process  con- 
necting the  cerebellum  with  the  testis  of  the 
brain  ;  the  superior  peduncle  of  the  cerebel- 
lum. 

Testicle  (tes^-tU-/)  [testuuiusy  dim.  of  testis]. 
See  Testis,  1st  dciinition.  T.,  IrriUble, 
neuralgia  of  the  testicle.  T.,  Undescended, 
the  condition  in  which  a  testicle  remains 
either  in  the  pelvis  or  the  inguinal  canal. 

Testicular  (tes-tiA^-Miar)  [testieulm,  a  tes- 
ticle]. Pertaining  to  the  testicle.  T.  Juice, 
a  juice  extracted  from  the  testicles  of  animals, 
and  used  in  the  treatment  of  various  nervous 
conditions. 

Testis  (test^'is)  [L.].  I.  One  of  the  two 
glandular  bodies  m  the  scrotum  that  secrete 
the  semen.  T.,  Descent  of,  the  passage  of 
the  testes  through  the  inguinal  canal  into  the 
scrotum.  T.  muliel)ris,  the  ovary.  2.  One 
of  the  posterior  pair  of  tubercles  of  the  cor- 
pora auadrigemina. 

Tetanic  (tetan'-ik)  [riravoc,  tetanus].  I. 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  tetanus.  2.  Pto- 
ducin^  teunus. 

Tetaniform  Uet-am'-e-form)[rkra¥o^,  tetanus; 

forma,  form].     Resembling  tetanus. 

Tetanilla  {tet-amil' -ok )  [rfrovoc,  tetanus]. 
Tetany. 

Tetanin  (tet^-esn-in)  [rfrovof,  tetanus],  C,,- 
Hj^NyO^.  A  ptomain  obtained  from  cultures 
of  the  bacillus  of  tetanus  in  beef-broth,  and 
from  the  tissues  of  patients  suffering  from 
tetanus.  It  produces  s3rmptoms  of  tetanus 
in  the  lower  animals.   See  Ptomains,  Table  of. 

Tetanisation  [tetani'Ma'-shun)  \rkrav9^,  tet- 
anus]. The  production  of  tetanus,  or  of 
tetanic  spasms. 

Tetanoid  (tet^-am-oiel)  [riravoi,  tetanus; 
tUof,  resemblance].     Kesembling  tetanus. 

TetanomoCor  {tetano-mo^tor)  [r^Tovof,  tet- 
anus; motor,  %.  mover].  An  instrument  for 
stimulating  a  nerve  mechanically  and  produc- 
ing tetanus  of  the  supplied  muscle. 

Tetanotozin  (tetan-otoks^'in)  [rkravo^,  tet- 
anus; ro^cx^,  poison],  C^HnN.  A  poison- 
ous ptomain  obtained  from  cultures  of  the 
badllus  of  tetanus.  It  produces  first  tremor, 
then  paralysis  and  violent  convulsions.  See 
Ptmrnmims^  Table  of 


Tetanus  [tef-an-us^  [r^rovoc*  from  rtivtn,  to 
stretch].  I.  An  infectious  disease  character- 
iied  by  tonic  spasm  of  the  voluntary  muscles, 
an  intense  exaggeration  of  reflex  activity,  and 
peculiar  convulsions.  It  is  due  to  a  bacillus, 
the  bacillus  of  T. ,  and  has  a  period  of  incuba- 
tion of  from  ten  to  twelve  or  more  days.  The 
first  s3rmptoro  is  usually  trismus  or  lock-jaw, 
which  is  soon  followed  by  spasms  of  the  other 
muscles.  The  poison  may  enter  through  a 
wound  (traumatic  T.);  at  times  no  point 
of  entrance  is  discoverable  (idiopathic  T.). 
Puerperal  T.  follows  labor.  T.  neonato« 
rum  is  due  to  infection  of  the  umbilicus  or 
the  circumcision- wound. 

Tetany  (tef-ane)  \tetanus\  A  disease 
characterised  by  intermittent,  bilateral,  pain- 
ful, tonic  spasms  of  the  muscles,  especially 
of  the  upper  extremities.  It  is  most  common 
in  young  adults  but  may  occur  in  others. 
The  cause  appears  to  be  a  toxic  agent.  It 
occurs  in  connection  with  typhoid  fever, 
gastrointestinal  inflammation,  in  rickets,  dila- 
tation of  the  stomach,  and  after  extirpation 
of  the  thjrroid  gland. 

Tetra-  (tefrah)  [rfrpo,  four].  A  prefix 
meaning  four. 

TetratMisic  (tet^-rakbasik)  [rhfM,  four; 
P^t^,  base].  Having  four  atoms  of  replace- 
able hydrogen. 

Tetrabracmua  (tetroA-bra'-keus)  \rkrpa, 
four;  Ppaxiuv,  arm].  A  monster  naving 
four  arms. 

TetrachiruB  {tet-rahki'-rm)  Xrhpa,  four; 
X'^t  hand].     A  monster  with  four  hands. 

Tetracoccus  {tettroA-Aob^-us)  [rtrpa,  four; 
c^ucoc,  berry].  A  micrococcus  occurring  in 
groups  of  four. 

Tetrachlorid  {tetraJk-biyriil)  \rhpa,  four; 
chlorid].  A  binary  compound  consisting 
of  an  element  or  radicle  and  four  chlorin- 


Tetracid  {tet-ras^  id)  [rkrpa,  four;  aM], 
Having  four  atoms  of  hydrogen  that  are  re- 
placeable by  acid  radicles. 

Tetrad  (tefrad)  {rkr^m^  four].  An  element 
having  an  atomicity  of  four. 

Tetralodopyrrol  (tet -  traki-o-Jo  -pir*  •  rol). 
Set/odol. 

Tetramaaia  (/«^rai-jPM^-f/-«i)  [rirpa,  four; 
^MiC<^«  breast).  The  presence  of  four  breasts 
or  mammary  glands. 

Tetramethylenediamin  (tet-  rah  -  metA-iltm- 
diam'in),  C\H^(NH.),.     Putrescin, 

Tetrametbyl-putresctn  (tetrakmetAU-pm- 
tres^'in),  C,H^N,.  A  crystalline  base  de- 
rived from  putrescin,  having  very  poisonous 
properties. 

Tetranopeia  {tetranof -seak)  \rkr^^  four; 
^l^C»  vision].  A  contraction  of  the  field  of 
vision  limited  to  one  quadrant. 

Tetrapus  {tet^-ruApus)  [r^rpa,  four;  tro^Ci 


TETRASCELUS 


THENAR 


footj.  I.  Having  four  feet.  2.  A  monster 
having  four  feet. 

TetraBcelus  (M-ras^-ei-us)  [rirpa,  four; 
aKjfXo^,  leg].     A  monster  having  four  legs. 

Tetraster  {tet-ras'-ter)  [rfrpa,  four ;  wrriip^ 
star].  A  Icaryokinetic  figure  characterized 
by  an  arrangement  of  four  stars,  due  to  a 
fourfold  division  of  the  nucleus. 

Tetratomic  {tet-rat-om' -ik)  [rfrpa,  four; 
&TOfioc,  indivisible].  I.  Containing  four 
atoms.  2.  Having  four  atoms  of  replaceable 
hydrogen. 

Tetravalent  {fet-raiZ-ai-ent),  See  Qttad- 
trvaUnt, 

Tetronal  (tei^ron-al)  [rhpa,  four],  CjH,^- 
S^O^.  Diethylsulpbondiethylmethane,  an 
hypnotic  resembling  sulphonal.  Dose  gr.  x- 
XX  (0.65-1.3). 

Tetroxid  (tet-roks' -id)  [rfr^,  four;  oxid^ 
A  binary  compound  composed  of  a  base  and 
four  atoms  of  oxygen. 

Tetter  {tet'-er)  [AS.,  teter\,  A  name  for 
various  skin -eruptions,  particularly  herpes, 
eczema,  and  psoriasis. 

Texas  Fever.  An  infectious  disease  of  cat- 
tle, characterized  by  high  fever,  hemoglobin- 
uria, and  enlargement  of  the  spleen.  The 
disease  is  probably  due  to  a  specific  organism. 

Textural  {teks^-tu-ral)  [textura^  texture]. 
Pertaining  to  the  tissues. 

Thalamencephalon  (thal-am-en'sef'-al-on) 
[0(iAa/M>c,  couch;  tvKk^oJ^ov^  the  brain].  The 
posterior  portion  of  the  anterior  brain-vesicle ; 
the  interbrain. 

Thalamic  (thal-am' -ik)  \thalamus\  Per- 
taining to  the  optic  thalamus. 

Thalamocortical  {thai-  am-o-  kor'-  tik  -  a/) 
[6^Aa/M>c,  couch ;  cortex^.  Pertaining  to  the 
optic  thalamus  and  the  cortex  of  the  brain. 

Thalamolenticular  (Mtf/-<jw-<?-/if«-rt'/t^-tt-iiir) 
[d&kafio^t  chamber ;  Unticutar],  Pertaining 
to  the  optic  thalamus  and  the  lenticular  nu- 
cleus. 

Thalamus  (thaV-am-us)  [dd/la/zof,  couch]. 
A  mass  of  gray  matter  at  the  base  of  the  brain, 
develoi>ed  from  the  wall  of  the  vesicle  of  the 
third  ventricle,  and  forming  part  of  the  wall 
of  the  latter  cavity.  The  posterior  part  is 
called  the  pulvinar.  The  T.  receives  fibers 
from  all  parts  of  the  cortex,  and  is  also  con- 
nected with  the  tegmentum  and  with  6bers  of 
the  optic  tract.  It  is  also  termed  T.  opticus, 
or  optic  T. 

Thalassotherapy  (tkal-as-o-ther' ap-e)  [pak- 
aaoa,  sea ;  Oepaireia,  treatment] .  Treatment 
of  disease  by  sea-voyages,  sea-bathing,  etc. 

Thallin  (thal'-in)  \paXk6^,  a  green  shoot], 
CjoHjjON.  A  liquid  basic  substance, 
the  tetrahydroparamethyloxychinolin.  Tlie 
sulphate  and  tartrate  are  used  as  germicides 
and  antip3rretics,  and  have  been  employed  in 
typhdd  fe^er  and  the  fever  of  j^thisis.  Dose 


gr.  j-iv  (0.065-0.26).  In  gonorrhea  the  sul- 
phate is  employed  as  an  injection  in  the 
strength  of  a  1.5  per  cent,  solution. 

Thalhum  {thai' -e-um)\fiaXK6^^  a  green  shoot]. 
A  metallic  element  having  an  atomic  weight 
of  203.7,  a  specific  gravity  of  1 1.8 ;  symbol. 
Tl.  The  salts  are  poisonous.  See  EUmmis^ 
Table  of. 

Thallophyte  (thai' o-fu)  \Pii716q,  a  green 
shoot ;  ^vrd V,  a  plant] .  One  of  a  class  of  very 
low  cryptogams. 

Thanato-  [than'-at-o-)  [Bavaro^,  death].  A 
prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  death. 

Thanatognomonic  (than-at-cg-no-man' -ik) 
[ftivarof,  death ;  yv^fiuv^  ^gn].  Indicative 
of  death. 

Thanatoid  {than'-atoid)  [B^varo^^  death; 
t\6oqy  like].     Resembling  death. 

Thanatometer  (than  at-om' -et-tr)  [Bawta^ 
death  ;  furpov,  measure]  A  thermometer 
introduced  into  a  body-cavity  to  determine  if 
the  depression  of  temperature  is  so  great  as 
to  be  a  sign  of  death. 

Thanatophobia  (than-at-o-/i/-6e-ah)  Tftava- 
rof,  death;  fd^og,  dread].  A  morbid  fear 
of  death. 

Thea  {thy  -ah) .  Tea,  the  dried  leaves  of  The* 
chinensis,  a  shrub  of  the  order  Temstrcemi- 
aceae,  containing  the  alkaloid  Thein,  C^H,,- 
N4O1,  identical  with  caffein.  T.  is  astringctit 
and  gently  stimulant  to  the  nervous  s^'stem ; 
its  infusion  is  used  as  a  beverage. 

Thebain  (thy-ba-in)  [Ov^at,  Thebes],  C^- 
H,|NO,.  An  alkaloid  found  in  opium,  anal- 
ogous to  strychnin  in  its  physiologic  effects^ 

Thebesius,  Foramina  of.  See  J^'oramtma, 
TabU  of. 

Thebolactic  Acid  (thebolaJytiJk).  A  varicff 
of  lactic  acid  occurring  in  opium. 

Theca  (th^kah)  [BiiKri,  a  sheath].  A  sheath, 
especially  one  of  a  tendon.  T.  cerebri,  the 
cranium.  T.  cordis,  the  pericardium.  T. 
vertebralis,  the  membranes  of  the  spinal 
cord. 

Thecal  (th^-kal )  [B^Ktf,  a  sheath] .  Pertain* 
ing  to  a  sheath. 

Thecitis  (the-si'  tis)  [Bi/Kff,  a  sheath ;  rrtc,  in- 
flammation]. Inflammation  of  the  sheath  of 
a  tendon. 

Thein  (thy-in).     See  Th^a. 

Thelyblast  (thel' e-blast)  [^/Aiy,  female: 
fiXaardg^  germ].  The  female  element  of  the 
bisexual  nucleus;  the  ovum  after  the  polar 
globules  have  been  extruded. 

'Hienad  (thynad)\Bkvap,  palm ;  ad,  toward]. 
Toward  the  thenar  eminence. 

Thenal  (tht'nal)  [Bevap,  the  palm].  Per- 
taining to  the  palm,  or  the  thenar  eminence. 

Thenar  (thr'-nar)  [Bh^nf),  palm].  I.  The 
palm  of  the  hand.  2.  The  fleshy  proou- 
nence  of  the  palm  corresponding  to  the  base 
of  the  thumb,  also  called  T.  Eminence. 


THEOBROMA 


THERMOMETER 


Theobroma  {tkeo-brt/ntah)  [^r<ic,  a  god; 
Ppctfia,  food].  A  genus  of  irees  of  the  Sier- 
culiaceae.  The  !»ceds  of  T.  cacao  yield  a 
fixed  oil  (Oleum  theobromatis,  U.  S.  P.), 
and  contain  the  alkaloid  theobromin,  C^H,- 
N^O,,  which  is  closely  related  to  catTein  and 
xanthin.  The  se^ds  arc  used  in  the  prepara-- 
tiun  of  chocolate  and  cocoa;  the  oil  (butter 
of  cacao)  is  employed  as  an  ingredient  of 
cosmetic  ointments  and  for  making  pills  and 
suppositories.  Theobromin  t^cis  similarly  to 
calfein.  The  salicylate  of  sodium  and  theo- 
bromin, called  diur€tin^  is  an  active  diuretic. 
Dose  gr.  xv  (l.o). 

Theobromin  (theobro^-Mtn),  Sec  Tfuih 
broma. 

Theomania  {theoma'neah)  [^f<ic.  »  god  ; 
fiavia,  madness].  I.  Religious  mania.  2. 
Insanity  in  which  the  patient  believes  him- 
self to  be  a  divine  being. 

Theophyllin  {theofil^m)\jhea^  tea;  ^vyynv^ 
leaf],  migN/),.  An  alkaloid  occurring  in 
tea  and  isomeric  with  Uieobromin  and  with 
paraxanthin. 

Therapeutic  (ther-aftu'  tik)  [tirpazevuK^, 
treatment].  Pertaining  to  therapeutics;  cura- 
tive. T,  Test,  a  method  of  diagnosis  by  ad- 
ministering certain  remedies  known  to  influ- 
ence a  given  disease.  ^.  ^.,  quinin  in  malaria, 
potassium  iodid  and  mercury  in  syphilis. 

Therapeutics  {ther-ap-u*  tiks)  {JiefxiirevrtK^, 
Btpaneia^  treatment].  The  branch  of  medi- 
cal science  dealing  with  the  treatment  of  dis- 
ease. 

Therapeutist  {ther  ap  -  u' -  Hst)  lfiffxi:Ttia, 
treatment].     One  skilled  in  therapeutics. 

Therapy  [thtr'ap-e)  [^*/jaircia,  treatment]. 
See  TherapmtiiS. 

Theriaca  [Jheri'-ak  ak)  VhanoKii^  from  %)«- 
oi',  a  wild  beast,  I jecause  believed  to  be  good 
against  the  poison  of  animals].  Trt*a<.le; 
molasses.  T.  Andromachi,  Venice  treacle, 
a  compound  containin;;  nearly  seventy  ingre- 
dients, and  used  as  an  antidote  against 
poisons. 

Therm  [Oipun,  heat].  The  amount  of  heat 
required  to  raise  the  tem|>crature  of  one  gram 
of  water  frt>m  o°  C.  to  i°  C;  it  is  equal  to  looj 
calories. 

Thermiesthevia  (thurnusekt^te-ah).  ^>^ 
Th^rmesthtiia. 

Thermal  {/kur^mal)  [Ofpuff,  heat]  I 
Pertaining  to  heat.  2.  Hot,  as,  ^.  ^.,  T. 
spring. 

Thermanestheeia  {tkur  man-es-tky-u-ah) 
Sec  Tkurm'Hj»estkfsiti. 

Thermesthesia  {thur  mrsfkt'zfah)  [t^tpuj}, 
heal  ;  mfrt^r^nn,  sensation].  1.  'llie  heat 
sense.     2.  Sensitiveness  to  heal. 

Thermic  (tkur^mik)  [t^tpfirf,  heal].  Per 
tatning  to  heat  T.  Fcver,  sunstroke  ;  heat 
fever. 


Thermo-  (tkur^-m^-)  [Bip/ui,  heat].  A  pre- 
fix meaning  heat. 

Thermoanesthesia  {/kur-m^an^s-zky^gf' 
ak)  [dtpfitff  heat ;  anfstkesia^.  Xaj/h  of  the 
perception  of  thennal  impressions,  a  condi- 
tion sometimes  present  in  syringomyelia. 

Thermocautery  {tkurmo-kav/ 'ter-e).  See 
Cautery. 

Thermochroic  ( tkurmo-krv^'ik)  [  6l^p/flf, 
heat;  Xi*^^*  color].  Transmitting  some 
thermal  (ays  and  absorbing  others. 

Thermoelectricity  ( ikurmoeiektru^'ii'f) 
[tf^Pfiff,  heat ;  e/ecfrui/y].  Electricity  gener- 
ated  by  heat. 

Thermogenesis  (tkur-mo-Jen'-fs-is)  Wpfai, 
heat ;  jrwdv,  to  produce].  The  production 
of  heat. 

Thermofl^enetic,  Thermogenic,  Thermo- 
genous  (tkurmo'jen-ei^'ik^  tkur-mo-jen'-ik^ 
tkur-mo/  en-tis)  [(tikpfoj,  heat ;  yrwdi^,  to  pro- 
duce]. Pertaining  to  thermogenesis;  pro- 
ducing heat. 

Thermograph  {tkur^-mo-graf)  [fHpfitf^  heat ; 
ypd^tVf  to  write].  A  device  for  registering 
variations  of  temperature  automatically. 

Thermohyperesthesia  ( /kmr  -  mo-ki-per-et- 
tht'-se-ak)  [tffpfif,  heat ;  itrrp,  above ;  oto- 
OtfoiCf  sensation].  Abnormal  sensitiveness 
to  the  application  of  bet  bodies. 

Thermomhibitory  ( tkur-moimkib'  ii-ore) 
[Oipfui^  heat;  inkiiiUiy].  Inhibiting  the 
production  of  heat 

Thermolysis  (tkiirmoi'isu)  [Bipfuf,  heat; 
Ai'fffCt  a  loosening].  I.  Dissipation  of  ani- 
mal heat.  2.  Chemic  decomposition  by 
means  of  heat. 

Thermolytic  itkurmoiit^ik^  [Orpftn,  heat; 
•    ?i>T/f,  a  loosening].  Pertaining  to  thermolysis. 

Thermometer  ( tkur-mom'  et  er  )  [  W/p^, 
heat;  ^r/Mn',  measure].  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  intensity  of  heal,  consisting  of 
a  substance  capable  of  expamling  and  con- 
tracting, and  a  gratluated  scale  b\  means  of 
which  variations  in  the  volume  of  the  sub- 
stance can  l»e  determine*!.  In  the  ordinary 
T.  the  ex|»ansive  s'ibsiancc  is  mercury  (mer- 
curial T. ),  expamling  into  a  vacuous  capillary 
tul>e,  the  degree  of  he.it  W\x\i  measurr<1  by  the 
length  of  ihc  column  of  mercury.  T..  Centi- 
grade, T.,  Celsius-,  one  in  which  the  frees- 
ing-point  is  at  o°  aivl  the  lH)iling-|K)inl  at  loo°. 
T.,  Clinical,  a  self  reui^iering  ittermoinetef 
for  ascertaining  the  UMlily  temperature.  T., 
Fahrenheit-,  one  in  which  the  inierral  be- 
tween the  freezing  {Kjint  and  the  boiling  point 
is  divideil  into  iXo  et^ual  fiarts,  each  called  a 
dejjrrc,  the  zero-point  b<*ing  "^2  degrees  or 
division*  l>rlow  the  freezing- point  of  water. 
T.,  Reaumur-,  one  in  which  ihe  freezing- 
point  of  water  is  o°  and  the  boiling  point  8o*. 
T.,  Self-registering,  one  that  by 
of  an  uxlex  shows  tlM  highest  (maziman 


K 


THERMOMETRIC 


THOMSEN'S  DISEASE 


T.)  or  lowest  (minimum-T.)  temperature  to 
which  it  has  been  exposed.  T.,  Surface-, 
one  for  registering  the  surface-temperature 
of  any  portion  of  the  body. 

Thermometric  (ihur-mo-met^-rik)  [ffipfitj, 
heat ;  fierpuv,  measure].  Pertaining  to  a 
thermometer. 

Thermometry  (fkur  -  mom'-  et  -  re)  [dipf^, 
heat ;  fiirfxw,  measure].  The  measuring  of 
temperature  by  means  of  the  thermometer. 

Thermopile  \thur^-mo-pU)  [(^^/y*^,  heat ; 
pil/].  A  contrivance  consisting  of  a  series 
of  connected  metallic  plates,  in  which,  under 
the  influence  of  heat,  a  current  of  electricity 
is  produced,  which  acts  upon  a  registering 
index.  By  means  of  it  very  minute  amounts 
of  heat  can  be  measured. 

Thenndpol3rpnea  {thur  -  mo  -pol-  ip -  ne^-ah) 
[OipfiTft  heat ;  iroAi-f ,  many ;  irveiv,  to  breathe] . 
Rapid  respiration  due  to  high  temperature. 

Thermostat  (ihur^  -  mo-  siat)  [Bipfuj^  heat ; 
<TTor6f ,  standing].  A  device  for  automati- 
cally regulating  and  maintaining  a  constant 
temperature. 

Thermosystaltic  ( thur  -mo -sis-  tal'-  tik ) 
[Oipfjoff  heat ;  avariXkeiv,  to  contract].  Con- 
tracting under  the  influence  of  heat ;  per- 
taining to  muscular  contraction  due  to  heat. 

Thermotactic,  Thermotaxic  {thur-mo-tak' - 
tiky  thur-mo-taks^-ik)  [Oepfjtrj^  heat;  rdaoeiv, 
to  arrange].  Regulatmg  the  heat  of  the 
body,  as,  f.g.^B,  T.  center. 

Thermotaxis  (thur-mo-taks^'is)  [Oipfiif,  heat ; 
T(i^/f,  from  rdoaeiv,  lo  arrange].  The  regu- 
lation of  the  bodily  heat. 

Thermotherapy  {thur-mo-ther' -ap-e )  [dlpfir^f 
heat ;  Oepaneia,  cure].  Treatment  of  disease 
by  heat. 

Thiersch's  Method  of  Skin-grafting.  A 
method  in  which  long,  broad  strips  of  skin 
are  removed  from  the  arm  or  leg  and  placed 
on  a  wound  which  has  previously  been  de- 
prived of  its  granulations  by  means  of  a 
sharp  curet. 

Thigh  (M/ )  [AS. ,  fheoA,  thigh].  The  part  of 
the  lower  limb  extending  from  pclvb  to  knee. 

Thilanin  (thV-ian-in)  [ptlov,  sulphur;  lano- 
/in"].  A  brownish -yellow  substance  derived 
from  and  resembling  lanolin.  It  contains  3 
per  cent,  of  sulphur,  and  is  used  in  the  treat- 
ment of  eczema  and  other  diseases  of  the  skin. 

Thio-  (/Ai^'0-)[deiovy  sulphur].  A  prefix  de- 
noting containing  sulphur. 

Thioacid  (/A/'-oas^-ii/).  One  of  a  group  of 
acids  produced  by  the  substitution  of  sulphur 
for  the  oxygen  in  an  oxygen -acid. 

Thioalcohol  {thi-o-al' ko-hol\  See  Mer- 
captan. 

Thiocyanic  Acid  (thi-osi-an'-ik),  CNHS. 
Sulphocyanic  acid,  a  monobasic  acid  forming 
the  thiocyanates  or  sulphocyanates.  Potas- 
sium thiocyanate,  CNKS,  occurs  in  saliva. 


Thioether   {thi-o-e^'ther).     See  Alkytstd- 

phids. 

Thiol  (thi^'ol)  \Btlov,  sulphur  J.  A  substance 
prepared  from  gas-oil  by  heating  with  sulphur, 
and  occurring  in  a  dry  and  a  liquid  form.  It 
has  been  used  as  an  application  to  ulcers  and 
in  diseases  of  the  skin. 

Thionin  {thi'-o-nin)  \puovy  sulphur],  C„H^- 
N,S.  A  sulphur-compound  of  the  aromauc 
group,  used  as  a  stain  in  microscopy.  Its 
solutions  are  of  a  dark  blue  color. 

Thiophene  Uhi'-o-fin)  [de'tov,  sulphur],  C^- 
H^S.  A  hydrocarbon  of  the  aromatic  series ; 
a  colorless,  oily  liquid,  miscible  with  water. 
T.  sodium  sulphonate,  CH^S.NaSO,,  is  a 
white  powder;  it  is  used  m  prurigo.  The 
iodid,  CH,I,S,  has  been  used  as  a  substitute 
for  iodoform. 

Thioresorcin  (thio-rez-or* sin)  \ptlov,  mA- 
phur;  r«<7m>»J,  CjH^(SO),.  A  compound 
of  sulphur  and  resorcin  used  as  a  powder  xa 
ointment  as  a  substitute  for  iodoform. 

Thiosinamin  {/Ai-o-sin^-amin)  [Oeiov,  sul- 
phur; sinapis,  mustard],  C^HgN,S.  A 
crystalline  substance  prepared  from  mustard- 
oil  and  ammonia.  It  is  used  in  lupus,  glan* 
dular  enlargements,  and  night-sweats. 

Thiosulphuric  Acid  (/Ai'0'Su/-/u^'n'k)[6t2w, 
sulphur;  su/pkur'],  H^S^O,.  An  acid  de- 
rived from  sulphuric  acid  by  the  substitutioa 
of  sulphur  for  part  of  the  oxygen. 

Thiourea  (thi-ou-re'-ah)  [dslov^  sulphur; 
urea],  CS(NH,),.  Sulphocarbamid  ;  a  deri- 
vative of  urea  in  which  sulphur  replaces  the 
oxygen  of  the  latter. 

Third  Cranial  Nerve.  The  oculomotor 
nerve.     See  Nerves^  Table  of. 

Thirst  {thurst)  [AS. ,  thurst],  A  desire  for 
drink. 

Thiry's  Fistula  (thee^-rH).  A  fistula  (at 
obtaining  the  intestinal  juice.  A  piece  of 
intestine  about  four  inches  long  is  separated 
from  the  bowel,  without  dividing  the  mes- 
entery and  its  blood-vessels.  One  end  of  the 
tube  is  closed,  the  other  is  stitched  to  the 
abdominal  wound.  The  two  ends  of  intestine 
from  which  the  piece  was  cut  out  arc  then 
united  by  sutures.  From  the  excised  piece  a 
pure  intestinal  juice  b  obtained. 

Thlipsencephalus  (thiip  -  sen  -  sef'-  al-  tu ) 
[0X4^,  pressure ;  eyai^/or,  brain j.  A  mon- 
ster in  which  there  is  extensive  exposure  of 
the  base  of  the  skull  from  nondeveloproent 
of  the  occipital  bone  and  even  of  the  upper 
vertebrae. 

Thomsen's  Disease  rsfter  J.  Tkomsrm^  a 
German  ph3rsician].  Myotonia  congenita, 
a  disease  commonly  congenital  and  occurring 
in  families,  and  characterized  by  tonic  spasm 
or  rigidity  of  the  muscles,  coming  on  when 
they  are  first  put  in  action  after  a  period  of 
rest.     As  the  muscles  are  used  the  sdfibesi 


THOMSONIANISM 


THUMB 


gradually   wears   off.     See   Diseases,    Table 

of- 

Thomsonianism  {tom-s(/-nean-izm\  A 
system  of  medicine  introduced  by  Samuel 
Thomson  (i  769-1843),  of  Massachusetts.  It 
insisted  on  the  use  of  vegetable  remedies 
only. 

Thoracentesis  (iho-ras-en-fe^-sis)  [O^pa^, 
chest ;  Khrrr/oic,  a  piercing].  Puncture  of 
the  thorax  for  the  removal  of  fluid. 

Thoracic  (tJn>-ras^-ik)  [d^ita^,  thorax].  Per- 
tai fling  to  or  situated  in  the  chest  or  thorax, 
as ,  <r.  ^. ,  the  T.  aorta.  T.  Duct.  See  Duct. 
T.  Index.     See  Index. 

Thoraco-  {tho*  rak-o-)  [66pa^y  thorax].  A 
prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  the  thorax. 

Thoracocentesis  (thorakosen-te^'sis).  See 
Thoracentesis. 

Thoracodidymus  (tho  -  rak  -  o  -  did'-  im  -  us) 
[6>6/xif ,  chest ;  SiSvfio^f  double].  A  double 
monster  joined  by  the  thoraces. 

Thoracodynia  (tho-rako-din^ -e-ah)  [<?«pa^, 
thorax  ;  o6'wri,  pain].     Pain  in  the  chest. 

Thoracometer  (thorak-om'-et-er)  lB6pai, 
thorax  ;  fiirpovy  a  measure].     A  stethometer. 

Thoracopagus  {tho-rak-of/ -ag-us)  [ff6pa^, 
thorax  ;  mfyvvvaif  to  join].  A  double  mon- 
ster with  portions  of  the  thoraces  coalescent. 

Thoracoplasty  {tho'-rak-o-plas-te)  [^<ipa^, 
thorax ;  irXaooetv,  to  form].  Plastic  opera- 
tion upon  the  thorax. 

Thoracoscopy  {tho-rakos'  ko-pe)  [06pa^y 
thorax ;  aKorrelv^  to  examine] .  Examination 
of  the  chest,  especially  by  the  stethoscope. 

Thoracotomy  (tAo  -  raJ^ -ot^  -  0-  me)  [^i/jo^, 
thorax;  rkfiveiVy  to  cut].  Incision  of  the 
thorax  or  chest- wall. 

Thoradelphus  {tho-rad-el ' -fus)  [B6pa^,  tho- 
rax ;  aS€?j^gj  brother].  A  monster  consist- 
ing of  two  individuals  united  above  the  um> 
bincus,  with  one  head,  four  lower,  and  two 
upper  extremities. 

Thorax  (tAo^-ra^s)  [^w/Kxf].  The  chest ;  the 
franiework  of  bones  and  soft  tissues,  bounded 
by  the  diaphragm  below,  the  ribs  and  ster- 
num in  front,  the  ribs  and  dorsal  portion  of 
the  vertebral  column  behind,  and  above  by 
the  structures  in  the  lower  part  of  the  neck, 
and  containing  the  heart  enclosed  in  the  peri- 
cardium, the  lungs  invested  by  the  pleura,  and 
the  mediastinal  structures.  T.,  Regions  of. 
See  Regions. 

Thorn-apple.     See  Stramonium. 

Thomwaldt's  Disease.  See  Diseases,  Table 
of. 

Thorough-wort.     See  Eupatorium. 

Thought-transference.     See  Telepathy. 

Thread-worm.     See  Oxyuris. 

Three-day  Fever.     Synonym  of  Dengue. 

Threpsology  (threp-sol^  oje)  [^/t>^V'f»  n^^"* 
tion ;  A^Jyoc,  treatise].  Tb?  scicocc  of  nutri- 
tion. 


Threshold  (thresh^  old).  The  lower  limit  of 
stimulus  capable  of  producing  an  impression 
upon  consciousness. 

Thrill.  A  fine  vibration  felt  by  the  hand. 
A  thrill  may  be  felt  on  palpation  over  an 
aneurysm,  over  a  heart  the  seat  of  valvular 
disease,  and  over  hydatid  cysts.  T.,  Pur- 
ring, a  thrill  resembling  that  felt  when  the 
hand  is  placed  on  the  back  of  a  cat. 

Throat  (thrdt)  [AS.,  throte,  throat].  I.  The 
anterior  part  of  the  neck.  2.  The  pharynx 
and  larynx  ;  the  fauces.  T.,  Sore,  pharyn- 
gitis. 

Throb.     A  pulsation  or  beating. 

Throbbing  [throb' -ing).  A  rhythmic  beat- 
ing. T.  Aorta,  exaggerated  pulsation  of 
the  abdominal  aorta  perceptible  to  the  pa- 
tient. 

Thrombo-  (throm'-bo')  [Bpdfi^oc,  thrombus], 
A  prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  a  thrombus. 

Thromboarteritis  (throm  -bo-ar-  ter  -  i'-  tis) 
[Opdfi/ioc,  thrombus  ;  apreipia,  artery ;  iriq, 
inHammation].  Inflammation  of  an  artery 
associated  with  thrombosis. 

Thromboid  (throm' -boid)  [dp6fi^,  throm- 
bus ;  elSog,  like].     Resembling  a  thrombus. 

Thrombophlebitis  {throm  -  bo  -fieb  -i'  -  tis) 
[dp6fi^,  thrombus ;  ^Xi^,  vein ;  «rif ,  inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation  of  a  vein  associated 
with  thrombosis. 

Thrombosis  (throm -by -sis)  Tdpdfi^,  throm- 
bus].    The  formation  of  a  thrombus. 

Thrombotic  (throm -bot'-ih)  [tfpdfi^,  throm- 
bus]. Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  throm- 
bosis. 

Thrombus  (throm' -bus)  [dpbfi^o^,  clot].  A 
clot  of  blood  formed  within  the  heart  or 
blood-vessels,  due  usually  to  a  slowing  of 
the  circulation  or  to  alteration  of  the  blood 
or  vessel -walls. 

Through -Illumination.    Transillumination. 

Through-drainage.  A  method  of  drainage 
in  which  a  perforated  tube  is  carried  through 
the  cavity  to  be  drained,  so  that  the  latter 
can  be  flushed  through  and  through  by  the 
injection  of  fluid  into  one  end  of  the  tube. 

Thrush.  A  form  of  stomatitis  due  to  a  spe- 
cific fungus,  the  Oidium  albicans,  or  Saccha- 
romyces  albicans,  and  characterized  by  the 
presence  of  diffuse,  white  patches.  It  occurs 
especially  in  weakly  children,  but  may  aflfect 
adults  depressed  by  wasting  diseases. 

Thuja  (thu'-yah,  thu'-jah).  A  genus  of  trees 
of  the  order  Coniferae.  T.  occidentalis, 
arbor  vitse,  has  been  used  in  intermittent 
fever,  rheumatism,  and  scurvy,  and  as  an 
emmenagogue. 

Thumb  (thum).  The  digit  on  the  extreme 
radial  side  of  the  hand,  differing  from  the 
other  digits  in  having  but  two  phalanges, 
and  in  that  its  metacarpal  bone  is  separately 
movable. 


THORAX 


THORAX 


Contents  of  the  Thorax,  Showing  the  Diaphragm  in  Its  Relations  to  the  Heart  and  Lungs. 
Left  ventricle,  a.  Right  ventricle.  3.  Anterior  coronary  artery.  4.  Left  auricle.  5.  Right  auricle. 
6.  Superior  vena  cava.  7.  Pulmonary  artery.  8.  Origin  of  aorta.  9.  Arch  of  aorta.  10.  Innominate 
artery.  11.  Right  carotid.  la,  12.  Subclavian  artenes.  13.  Scalenus  anticus.  14.  First  rib.  15, 
Larynx.  16.  Trachea.  17,  17.  Pneumogastrics.  18,  x8.  Pbrenics.  19.  Right  lung.  ao.  Left  lung, 
ax,  ax.  Diaphragm.    aa»  aa.  Seventh  pair  of  ribs. 


Thorax.    Anterior  View. 
I.  Manubrium  stemi.    2.  Gladiolus.    3.  Ensiform  cartilage  of  xiphoid  appendix.    4.  Circumference  of 
apex  of  thorax.    5.  Circumference  of  base.    6.  First  rib.    7.  Second  rib.    8,  8.  Third,  fourth,  fifth, 
sixth,  and  seventh  ribs.    9.  Eighth  ninth,  and  tenth  ribs.    10.  Eleventh  and  twelfth  ribs.    11, 11. 
Costal  cartilages. 


THUS 


TIC 


ThuB  [L.,  Mttj].  True  frankincense,  or  oli- 
banum. 

Thymacetin  {thi-mas^-etht)  [dvfwv^  thyme ; 
/2r^///w.vinegar],C,H,(CH,)(C3n,)(OC,H5). 
NH(C,H30).  A  derivative  of  thymol  used 
as  an  antineuralgic.  Dose  gr.  iij-xv  (0.2- 
l.o). 

Thyme  (flm)  [&vfiov,  thyme].  The  genus 
Thymus,  of  the  order  Labiatae.  Thymus 
vulgaris  yields  a  volatile  oil  (Oleum  thymi, 
U.  S.  P.),  in  which  are  found  cymene,  thy- 
mene,  and  thymol. 

Thymic  (thi'-mU,  also  for  first  definition, 
ti^'tnik)  [dbfio^f  thyme].  I.  Pertaining  to  or 
contained  in  thyme.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
thymus  gland.  T.  Asthma,  a  form  of 
laryngismus  stridulus,  consisting  in  a  tem- 
porary suspension  of  respiration,  attributed 
to  enlargement  of  the  thymus. 

Thymol  (ti^-mol^  ihi'-mol)  [(Hvfiov^  thyme ; 
oUumj  oil],  C,oH„HO.  A  phenol  derived 
from  the  volatile  oils  of  Thymus  vulgaris, 
Monarda  punctata,  and  Carum  ajowan.  It  is 
a  crystalline  solid,  melting  at  44°  C. ,  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  and  is  used  as 
a  local  antiseptic  and  deodorant  in  ulcers, 
leukorrhea,  and  stomatitis,  as  an  intestinal 
antiseptic,  and  as  an  anthelmintic.  Dose  gr. 
i-ij  (0.065-0.13). 

Thymus  {thi^-tnus)  [dbfwc,  thymus].  The 
T.  gland,  an  organ  situated  in  the  anterior 
superior  mediastinum.  It  continues  to  de- 
velop until  the  second  year  of  life,  afterward 
remains  stationary  until  about  the  fourteenth, 
and  then  undergoes  fatty  metamorphosis  and 
atrophy.  The  T.  consists  of  lobules  largely 
composed  of  lymphadenoid  tissue  in  which 
minute  concentric  bodies,  the  corpuscles  of 
Hassal,  are  found.  The  latter  are  remnants 
of  epithelial  structures.  2.  A  genus  of 
labiate  plants.     See  Thyme. 

Thyreo-  (thi'-reo).     See  Th^^o-. 

Thyro-  (fhi^-ro)  [fhped^,  a  shield,  and 
hence,  from  similarity  of  shape  and  func- 
tion, the  thyroid  gland  or  cartilage].  A 
prefix  signifying  relationship  to  the  thyroid 
gland. 

Thyroarytenoid  (ihi  -ro- arit'  -en- oid) 
[Ovpedg,  shield ;  aryUnoiif\.  Pertaining  to  the 
uiyroid  and  arytenoid  cartilages,  as,  e.  g. ,  the 
T.  ligaments  ;  T.  muscle  (Th3a'oarytenoi- 
deus). 

Thyrocele  (thi'-ro-sil)  [dvpe6^y  thyroid; 
Kfj^rit  a  tumor].  A  tumor  affecting  the  thy- 
roid gland ;  goiter. 

Thyroepiglottic  (thi  -  ro-ep-e  -  glot '  - 1/6) 
[«^pe<Jc,  shield;  epiglottis\.  Pertaining  to 
the  thyroid  cartilage  and  the  epiglottis,  as, 
e.g,^  the  T.  muscle  (Thyroepiglottideus). 
Th3rrohyoid  {thiro-hi^'oid)  fft;pf<Jf,  shield  ; 
hyoid\  Pertaining  to  the  thyroid  cartilagt 
and  hyoid  bone,  as,  ^.  ^.,  the  T.  membrane. 


Thyroid  (thi*-roid\  [Ovpedc,  shield;  elSoc, 
likej.  I.  Shield-snaped.  2.  Pertaining  to 
the  T.  gland.  3.  Pertaining  to  the  T.  carti- 
lage. 4.  Pertaining  to  the  T.  foramen.  T. 
Cartilage,  the  largest  of  the  laryngeal  carti- 
lages, united  at  an  angle  in  front,  called  the 
pomum  Adami.  T.  Foramen.  See  Fora- 
mepty  Obturator.  T.  Qland,  one  of  the  so- 
called  ductless  glands,  lying  in  front  of  the 
trachea,  and  consisting  of  two  lateral  lobes, 
connected  centrally  by  an  isthmus.  The  or 
gan  is  composed  of  follicles  lined  by  epithe- 
lium, producing  a  peculiar  colloid  material. 
The  function  of  the  organ  is  not  definitely 
known,  but  is  supposed  to  be  the  production 
of  some  substance  necessary  to  the  body — an 
internal  secretion  that  may  counteract  poisons 
produced  in  the  system.  Hypertrophy  of  the 
gland  (goiter)  is  sometimes  associated  with  a 
peculiar  disease  known  as  exophthalmic 
goiter ;  absence  of  the  gland  leads  to  cretin- 
ism or  myxedema.  An  extract  prepared 
from  the  T.  gland  of  animals  (T.  Extract) 
and  other  preparations  of  the  gland  are  used 
medicinally.     See  Organotherapy. 

Thyroidectomy  {thiroidek^ -to-me)  [%w4f, 
shield ;  Uroft^f  excision].  Excision  of  the 
thyroid  gland. 

Thyroidm  {thi-roi^  din)  [Bvptdc,  shield; 
eMof,  like].  An  extract  of  the  thyroid 
gland. 

Thyroiditis  (thi-roi-di' -tis)  \pvpt6^^  shield; 
tr(c>  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
thyroid  gland. 

Thyroidotomy  {thi-roi-dof -0'me\  \pvpt6^, 
shield;  rofiiiy  a  cutting].  Incision  of  the 
thyroid  gland. 

Thyrotomy  (thirot' -o-me)  [dvped^^  shield; 
TOfifj,  a  cutting].  Incision  or  splitting  of  the 
thyroid  cartilage. 

Tibiai  (tiy-e-ah)  [L.,  shin].  The  larger  of 
the  two  bones  of  the  leg,  commonly  called 
the  shin-bone,  articulating  with  the  femur, 
fibula,  and  astragalus. 

Tibial  (til/e-al)  [tibiae  tibia].  Pertaining 
to  or  in  relation  with  the  tibia,  as,  e.  g.^  the 
T.  muscle  (Tibialis),  T.  artery,  T.  nerve. 

Tibio-  {tiy-eo)  [tibia,  tibia].  A  prefix 
meaning  pertaining  to  the  tibia. 

Tibiofemoral  (tibe-o-fem' •oral)[tibia,  tibia; 
femur y  femur].  Pertaining  to  the  tibia  and 
the  femur. 

Tibiofibular  (tib-eo-fiy  u-lar)  Uibia,  tibia ; 
fibula y  fibula].  Pertaining  to  the  tibia  and 
the  fibula. 

Tibiotarsal  (tib-e-o-tar'-sal)  [tibia,  tibia; 
rapod^f  tarsus].  Pertaining  to  the  tibia  and 
the  tarsus. 

Tic  {tih)  [Fr.].  A  twitching,  especially  of 
the  facial  muscles.  T.  convulsif,  T.,  Con- 
vulsive, spasm  of  the  facial  muscles.  T. 
douloureux,  neuralgia  of  the  trifacial  nerve. 


i 

i 


TICK 


TITILIJVTION 


Tick  (fU),  A  name  applied  to  several  species 
of  Acarus. 

Tickle  {tiy-l).  To  touch  so  as  to  cause  a 
peculiar  sensation  (tickling,  or  titillation), 
usually  associated  with  laughing  and  reflex 
muscular  movements. 

T.  i.  d.  An  abbreviation  for  ter  in  die^  three 
times  a  day. 

Tidal  Air.  See  Respiration.  T.  Wave. 
See  Wave. 

Tiglium  (t^'le-um).  The  Croton  tiglium  of 
the  order  Euphorbiacese.  It  contains  a  fixed 
oil,  croton  oil  (Oleum  tiglii,  U.  S.  P.,  Oleum 
crotonis,  B.  P.),  which  is  a  powerful  local 
irritant,  and  is  used,  locally,  as  a  counter- 
irritant  in  gout,  rheumatism,  neuralgia,  glan- 
dular swellings,  etc.  It  is  an  active  purga- 
tive, especially  useful  in  cases  when  a  prompt 
effect  is  desired,  as  in  mania,  coma,  etc. 
Dose  I  to  2  dreys  (0.065-0.13). 

Tilia  (til'-e-ah)  [L.J.  A  genus  of  exogenous 
trees — the  linden,  or  basswood. 

Timbre  {tam'-ber)  [Fr.].  The  peculiar 
quality  of  a  tone,  other  than  pitch  and  inten- 
sity, that  makes  it  distinctive.  It  depends 
upon  the  overtones  of  the  vibrating  body. 

Tin.  A  silvery- white,  metallic,  malleable 
element,  having  a  specific  gravity  of  7. 3,  an 
atomic  weight  of  118,  an  atomicity  of  two  or 
four.  Symbol  Sn,  from  the  Latin  stannum. 
T.  Chlorid,  stannous  chlorid,  SnCl,  -j-  2H,0, 
is  used  as  a  reagent. 

Tincture  (tingk'-tar)  [tinetura,  from  tingere^ 
to  tinge].  I.  A  solution  of  the  medicinal 
principles  of  a  substance  in  a  fluid  other  than 
water  or  glycerol.  2.  Specifically,  an  alco- 
holic solution  of  a  medicinal  substance.  T., 
Ammoniated,  one  made  with  ammoniated 
alcohol.  T.,  Ethereal,  one  made  with 
ether. 

Tinea  {tin^-e-ah)  [L.,  a  moth,  a  worm]. 
Ringworm;  a  generic  term  applied  to  a 
class  of  skin-diseases  caused  by  parasitic 
fungi,  formerly  applied  to  many  spreading 
cutaneous  diseases.  T.  amiantacea,  T.  as- 
beetina,  seborrhea.  T.  circinata.  See  T. 
trichophytina.  T.  cruris.  See  T.  tricho- 
phytina.  T,  decalvans,  alopecia  areata. 
T.  favosa,  favus.  T.  fiirfUracea,  seborrhcea 
sicca.  T.  imbricata,  Tokelau  ringworm, 
Bowditch  Island  ringworm,  a  disease  occur- 
ring in  the  East  Indies,  and  characterized  by 
the  formation  of  concentric  scaly  patches  and 
intense  itching.  T.  kerion,  a  markedly  in- 
flammatory form  of  ringworm  of  the  scalp 
(T.  tonsurans),  giving  rise  to  the  formation  of 
an  edematous,  boggy  swelling  discharging  a 
mucoid  secretion.  T.  lupinosa,  favus.  T. 
sycosis.  See  T.  trichophytina.  T.  tarsi,  ble- 
pharitis ulcerosa.  T.  tonsurans.  See  T.  tri- 
chophytina. T.  trichoph3rtina,  ringworm,  a 
spreading,  contagious  disease  of  the  skin  due 


to  a  vegetable  fungus,  the  Trichophyton.  On 
the  nonhairy  parts  of  the  body  ( T.  trichopkr- 
tina  corporis^  T.  circinata)  it  presents  itself 
by  spreading,  scaly  patches,  tending  to  clear 
in  the  center.  On  the  thighs  and  scrotum 
( T.  trichophytina  cruris)  it  is  apt  to  assume 
the  appearance  of  eczema,  hence  it  is  also 
called  Eczema  tnarginattim.  The  nails  may 
be  aflected  (  7!  trichophytina  unguium),  be- 
coming grayish,  opaque,  and  brittle.  On  the 
scalp  (  T.  trichophytina  capitis ,  T.  tonsurans) 
it  forms  rounded,  grayish,  slightly  elevated, 
scaly  patches,  with  brittleness  and  loss  of  the 
hair.  Ringworm  of  the  bearded  region  (  T. 
trichophytina  barbay  T,  sycosis^  parasitic  syco- 
sis, barber's  itch)  forms  at  nrst  rounded, 
scaly  patches,  which  soon  become  nodular 
and  lumpy,  and  tend  to  break  down.  T. 
versicolor,  a  disease  of  the  skin  due  to  a 
vegetable  parasite,  the  Microsporon  furfur. 
It  is  characterized  by  brownish-yellow  mac- 
ules that  coalesce  to  form  extensive  areas  of 
eruption.     There  is  usually  slight  itching. 

Tingible  (tin/ibl)  [tingere^  to  tinge]. 
Capable  of  being  stained  ;  stainable. 

Tinkling  (tingk'ling).  A  chinking  sound, 
heard  over  a  pneumothorax  or  a  large  pulnoon- 
ary  cavity  ;  also  called  metallic  T. 

Tinnitus  (tin-i'-tus  or  tin^-it-$*s)  [tinnire,  to 
tinkle].  A  subjective  ringing,  roaring,  or 
hissing  sound  heard  in  the  ears,  also  called 
T.  aurium. 

Tisane  Ue-zahn^).     See  Ptisan. 

Tissue  [tish^'u)  [Fr.,  tissu,  from  L.,  texere, 
to  weave].  An  aggregation  of  similar  cells 
and  fibers,  forming  a  distinct  structure,  and 
entering  as  such  into  the  formation  of  an  organ 
or  organism.  T.,  Adipose,  fatty  tissae  a 
form  of  connective  T.  consbting  of  fat-cells 
lodged  in  the  meshes  of  areolar  T.  T.,  Areo- 
lar, a  form  of  connective  T.  consisting  of 
cells  and  delicate,  elastic  fibers  interlacing 
in  every  direction.  T.,  Cancellous,  the 
spongy  T.  of  bones.  T.,  Cartilaginous, 
See  Cartilage.  T.,  Connective,  a  general 
term  for  all  those  tissues  of  the  body  that 
support  the  essential  elements  or  parenchyma. 
Tl)e  most  important  varieties  are  adipose  T., 
areolar  T.,  osseous  T. , cartilaginous  T.,  elasdc 
T. ,  fibrous  T. ,  lymphoid  T.  T.,  Epithelial 
See  Epithelium.  T.,  Erectile,  a  spongy  T, 
that  becomes  expanded  and  hard  when  filled 
with  blood.  T.,  Lymphoid,  a  form  of  con- 
nective T.  in  which  reticular  meshes  contain 
lymphoid  cells.  T.,  Mucous,  a  connective 
T.  such  as  is  present  in  the  umbilical  cord 
of  the  fetus.  T.,  Muscular.  See  Mmde. 
T.,  Nervous.  Sec  Nerve.  T.,  Osseous. 
See  Bone. 

Titillalion  (titH'a^'Shun){titillare,  to  tickle]. 
The  act  of  tickling  *,  the  sensation  produced 
by  tickling. 


TITRATION 


TONIC 


Titration  (Hira'shun)  [Fr.,  titre,  sUndard 
of  fineness].  Volumetric  analysis  by  the 
aid  of  standard-solutions. 

Titubation  (tit -u-ba^- shun)  [tUubare,  to 
stagger].  A  staggering  gait  seen  especially 
in  diseases  of  the  cerebellum. 

Tl.     Symbol  of  thallium. 

Tobacco  {to-baJ^-o)  [Sp.,  tahaco,  tobacco]. 
The  Nicotiana  tabacum,  a  plant  of  the  order 
Solanacese,  the  dried  leaves  of  which  (Ta- 
bacum,  U.  S.  P.,  Tabaci  folia,  B.  P.)  con- 
tain a  liquid  alkaloid,  nicotin,  Cj^Hj^N,, 
which  is  also  present  in  the  seeds  and  root. 
Nicotin  is  one  of  the  most  active  poisons 
known.  Tobacco-smoke  contains  a  series 
of  bases,  among  which  are  pyridin,  picolin, 
lutidin,  collidin,  panrolin,  and  others.  T. 
is  used  as  a  sedative  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
world,  being  smoked,  chewed,  or  used  as 
snuff.  Its  physiologic  action  is  that  of  a 
nauseant,  antispasmodic,  and  depressant ;  it 
is  also  a  local  irritant.  In  medicine  it  has 
been  employed  as  a  relaxant  in  intestinal 
obstruction,  being  given  in  the  form  of  an 
enema,  but  it  is  now  rarely  used  except  in 
asthma  and  locally  in  hemorrhoids.  T.- 
amblyopia,  amblyopia  produced  by  the  pro- 
longed and  excessive  use  of  T.  T.-heart, 
an  irritable  state  of  the  heart,  characterized 
by  irregular  action  and  palpitation,  product 
by  excessive  indulgence  in  T.  T.,  Indian. 
See  Lobelia. 

Tocodynamometer  (tokodinamom^  eter) 
fr^Koc,  birth;  dynamometer^.  An  instrument 
tor  measuring  the  force  of  the  expulsive  efforts 
of  the  uterus  in  childbirth. 

Tocology  (tok-ol'-o-je)  [rAroc,  childbirth; 
X4yof,  science].     The  science  of  obstetrics. 

Toe  [AS..  td\.  A*  digit  of  the  foot.  T.- 
reflex.     See  Reflexes^  Table  of. 

Toilet  (toi'iet)  [OF.,  toiiette,  a  doth].  In 
surgery,  the  cleitnsing,  washing,  and  dressing 
of  an  operative  wound. 

Tokelau  Ringworm.     See  Tinea  imbrieata. 

Tolerance  {toF-er-ans)  [toiirare^  to  bear]. 
The  ability  of  enduring  the  influence  of  a 
drug  or  poison,  particularly  when  acquired 
by  a  continued  use  of  the  substance. 

Tollen's  Teat.  A  test  for  glucose,  consisting 
in  the  reduction  of  an  ammoniacal  solution 
of  silver  nitrate  to  metallic  silver. 

Tolu  {to -In')  [Santiago  de  Toin  in  New 
Granada,  where  it  was  first  obtained].  Bal- 
sam of  tolu  (Balsamum  tolutanum.  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.^,  a  balsam  obtained  from  Toluifera 
balsamum,  of  the  order  Leguminosse.  It  is 
used  as  a  stimulant  expectorant  Dose  gr. 
x-xxx  ( 0.65-2.0).  Preparations  and  doses : 
Syrupus  toluianus,  U.  S.  P. ,  B.  P.,  (3  j  U.o) ; 
-—  ~     -    PT,  rgj-ij 


Tinctura  tolutana,   U.  S.  P.,   B 
(4.o-«.o). 
Toluene  (toT-n-in)   [to/m],  C|H,. 


Methyl- 


benzene  ;  a  hydrocarbon  obtained  from  coal- 
tar,  and  also  produced  in  the  dry  distillation  of 
tolu-balsam  and  many  resins. 

Toluidin  (to/- n'- id- in)  [/o/w],  C^H^.NH,.  A 
homologue  of  anilin,  prepared  from  toluene. 

Toluol  (tot^'uoi).     Same  as  Toluene. 

Tomentum  (tomen' -turn)  [L.].  A  lock  of 
wool.  T.  cerebri,  the  network  of  small 
blood- vesseb  of  the  pia  penetrating  the  cortex 
of  the  brain. 

Tome's  Fibers.     See  Fibers  of  Tome, 

Tomomania  (tom-o^ma' -nt-ah)  \ro^ii^  a  cut- 
ting; ftavia^  madness].  An  excessive  de- 
sire  to  perform  operations. 

Tone  (t^n^l  [r^vof,  from  reivetv^  to  stretch]. 
I.  A  distinct  sound.  2.  The  normal  state 
of  tension  of  a  part  or  of  the  body. 

Tonga  (tong^-gah).  A  mixture  of  various 
barks,  probably  of  Prcmna  taitensis  and 
Raphidophora  vitiensis,  brought  from  the 
Feejee  Islands,  and  used  in  neuralgia.  Dose 
of  a  fluid  extract  fSTss  (2.0). 

Tongue  (tunj^).  Tne  movable  muscular  or- 
gan attached  to  the  floor  of  the  mouth,  and 
concerned  in  tasting,  masticating,  swallow- 
ing, and  speaking.  It  consists  of  a  number 
of  muscles,  and  is  covered  by  mucous  mem- 
brane from  which  project  numerous  papillae, 
and  in  which  are  placed  the  terminal  organs 
of  taste.  T.,  Black,  a  condition  in  which 
the  dorsal  surface  of  the  tongue  is  covered 
with  a  black  coating.  T.-depressor.  a 
spatula  for  pushing  down  the  tongue  dur- 
ing the  examination  of  the  mouth  and  throat. 
T.,  Pern-leaf  Pattern,  a  name  given  to  a  T. 
presenting  a  well-marked  central  furrow 
(midrib)  with  lateral  branches.  T.,  Pilmy, 
one  with  whitish,  symmetric  patches  on  t^cHh 
sides.  T.,  Purred,  a  coatetl  T.,  the  papilbe 
of  which  are  prominent,  giving  the  mucous 
membrane  the  appearance  of  a  whitish  fur. 
T.,  Geographic,  one  with  localized  thicken- 
ing of  the  epithelium,  giving  to  the  surface 
the  appearance  of  a  geographic  chart.  T., 
Hairy,  one  with  a  hyperplasia  of  the  papilbe, 
giving  rise  to  hair-like  projections,  T., 
Strawberry,  a  hyperemic  T.,  the  fungiform 
papillae  of  which  are  very  prominent;  it  is 
seen  especially  in  scarlet  fever.  T.-twal* 
lowing,  a  condition  in  which  there  is  an  ab- 
normal mobility  of  the  organ,  so  that  it  falls 
backward,  giving  rise  to  danger  of  suffo- 
cation. T.-tie,  a  congenital  shortening  of 
the  frenum  of  the  T..  interfering  with  its 
mobility  ;  ankyloglossia.  T.,  Wooden,  one 
the  seal  of  actinomycosis. 

Tonic  (ton^iJt)  [roi^of,  tone].  I.  Pertain- 
ing to  tone  ;  pniducing  normal  tone  or  ten- 
sion. 2.  An  agent  producing  normal  tone 
of  an  organ  or  part.  T.,  Cardiac,  one 
strengthening  the  heart-muscle.  T.,  Intes- 
tinal, one  strengthening  the  tone  oif  the  in- 


TONGUE 

rLOID    PMOCEBS 


TONGUE 


oniQi 


Under  Surface  of  Tongue  and  the  Sublingual  Space,  Showing  Openings  of  Salivary  Ducts. 

The  mucosa  of  the  left  side  is  partly  removed,  and  shows  the  ranine  artery,  the  lingual  nerve,  and  the 

gland  of  Blandin.— (C7^rruA,  c^fter  Testut.) 


TONICITY 


TORPID 


testifies.  T.,  Nervine,  one  increasing  the 
tone  of  tiie  nervous  system.  T.,  Stomachic, 
one  increasing  the  tone  of  the  stomach.  T., 
Vascular,  one  increasing  the  tone  or  tension 
of  the  blood-vesseb.  3.  Characterized  by 
continuous  tension  or  contraction,  as,  e.  g.<^ 
a  T.  spasm,  T.  convulsion. 

Tonicity  {to  -  nis^-  it  -  e)  \r(ivoq^  tone].  The 
condition  of  normal  tone  or  tension  of  organs ; 
a  state  of  tone. 

Tonka  Bean  (tong^kah  bin).  The  seed  of 
Dipteryx  odorata,  a  tree  of  South  America ; 
it  contains  coumarin,  and  is  used  as  a  flavor- 
ing agent. 

Tonometer  {ton-om' -et-er)  \r(fvoq^  tone,  ten- 
sion ;  fiktfXiVf  measure].  An  instrument  to 
measure  tension,  as,  e.  g. ,  that  of  the  eyeball. 

Ton%i\(ton^-sii) \^tonsilla].  I .  A  small,aImond- 
shaped  body,  situated  on  each  side  of  the 
fauces,  between  the  anterior  and  posterior 
pillars  of  the  soft  palate.  It  consists  of  an 
aggregation  of  from  ten  to  eighteen  lymph- 
follicles,  and  is  covered  by  mucous  mem- 
brane, which  dips  into  certain  depressions 
called  crypts.  2.  A  small  lobe  of  the  cere- 
bellar hemisphere,  situated  on  the  inferior 
mesial  aspect.  T.,  Paucial.  See  Tonsil, 
fst  def.  T.,  Lingual,  an  accumulation  of 
lymphadenoid  tissue  at  the  base  of  the 
tongue.  T.,  Phar3mgeal,  a  mass  of  lym- 
phadenoid tissue  in  the  pharynx,  between 
the  Eustachian  tubes. 

Tonsillar  (ton'-sil-ar)  [tonsiila,  tonsil].  I. 
Pertaining  to  the  tonsil,  as,  e,  g.,  the  T.  artery. 
2.  Affecting  the  tonsil,  as,  i.g.,  T.  abscess. 

Tonsillitis  (ton-sil-i^ -tis)  [tonsilla,  tonsil ; 
<r^,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
tonsil.  T.,  Follicular,  a  form  in  which  the 
follicles  are  especially  involved  and  project 
as  whitish  points  from  the  surface  of  the 
tonsil.  T.,  Herpetic,  a  form  characterized 
by  an  eruption  of  herpetic  vesicles,  which 
soon  rupture,  leaving  small,  circular  ulcers 
that  coalesce  and  become  covered  with  a 
fibrinous  exudation.  The  disease  has  an 
acute  onset,  a  continuous  fever,  and  a  critical 
decline,  affects  those  subject  to  herpes  else- 
where, and  tends  to  recur.  T.,  Lacunar. 
Same  as  7^,  Follicular.  T.,  Mycotic,  a 
form  of  T.  due  to  fungi.  T.,  Pustular, 
one  characterized  by  the  formation  of  pus- 
tules, as  in  small-pox.  T.,  Suppurative. 
Synonym  of  Quinsy. 

Tonsillotome  (ton'silotdm)  [tonsilla,  ton- 
sil ;  rofiijy  a  cutting].  An  instrument  for 
removing  or  cutting  off  the  tonsil. 

Tonsillotomy  (ton -  sil-  ot^ -o-  me)  [tonsillar 
tonsil;  rofjJj^  a  cutting].  The  operation  of 
cutting  out  the  tonsil. 

Tonus  (to^-nus)  [rdvoq,  tone].     See  Tone. 

Tooth  (tooth)  [AS.,  to^,  tooth].  One  of  the 
small,  Done-liice  organs  occupying  the  alve- 


olar processes  of  the  upper  and  lower  jaws, 
and  serving  for  tearing  and  comminuting  the 
food.  The  teeth  begin  to  appear  in  the  human 
being  about  the  seventh  month  ;  by  the  end 
of  the  third  year,  the  eruption  of  the  so-called 
temporary,  deciduous,  or  milk-teeth, 
numbering  20,  is  completed.  The  permanent 
teeth  begin  to  replace  the  deciduous  teeth 
about  the  seventh  year.  In  the  adult,  the 
permanent  teeth  number  32,  or  16  in  each 
jaw,  and  are  divided  as  follows :  2  ineisors, 
I  canine,  2  bicuspids,  and  3  molars  in  each 
lateral  half  of  the  jaw.  Each  tooth  is  com- 
posed of  a  crown,  the  exposed  part,  a  con- 
stricted part,  called  the  neck,  and  a  part 
within  the  alveolus,  called  iht/angox  root. 
In  structure  a  tooth  consists  of  an  outer  hard 
substance,  the  enamel,  encasing  the  crown ; 
the  detUine,  within  the  enamel;  and  the 
pulp,  a  soft  vascular  tissue  filling  the  pulp- 
cavity.  The  dentine  of  the  root  is  surrounded 
by  the  cement  or  crusta  petrosa.  T.,  Eye-, 
the  upper  canine  tooth.  Teeth,  Hutch- 
inson's. Stt  Hutchinson^ s  Teeth.  T.,  Stom- 
ach-, the  lower  canine  tooth.  T.,Wisdom, 
the  third  molar  tooth. 

Tophaceous  (to  -fa  '  -  shus)  \t6^,  stone]. 
Of  the  nature  of  tophi ;  sandy,  or  gritty. 

Tophus  (to' -fus)  \rb^,  stone].  I.  The 
hard,  stone-like  deposits  occurring  in  gout, 
especially  about  the  knuckles  and  the  carti- 
lages of  the  ear,  and  consisting  of  sodium 
urate.     2.  The  tartar  of  the  teeth. 

Topic,  Topical  (top'-ik,  tof-ikal)  [rdfl-of, 
place].     Lx)cal. 

Topoalgia  (top-o-al' -je-ah)  [rbno^,  place; 
i^y(K,  pain].  Localized  pain,  common  in 
neurasthenia,  and  often  appearing  suddenly 
after  emotional  disturbances. 

Topographic  (top-o-graf ' -ik)  \r6-no^,  place  ; 
ypdi^iv,  to  write].  Pertaining  to  a  locality. 
T.  Anatomy,  the  study  of  the  regions 
occupied  by  a  part,  or  in  which  anything  oc- 
curs. 

Topography  (top-og'-ra-fe)  [rrfrrof,  place ; 
ypa^w,  to  write].  A  study  of  the  regions 
of  the  body  or  its  parts,  as,  e.g.,  cerebral  T. 

Torcular  Herophili  (tor'-kular  heroff'il-i) 
[L.,  the  wine-press  of  Herophilus].  The  ex- 
panded extremity  of  the  superior  longitudinal 
sinus,  placed  in  a  depression  on  the  inner 
surface  of  the  occipital  bone.  It  receives 
the  blood  from  the  occipital  sinus,  and  from 
it  is  derived  the  lateral  sinus  of  the  side  to 
which  it  is  deflected. 

Tormen.     See  Tormina. 

Tormina  {tor'  •  min  -  ah)  [  pi.  of  tormen,  a 
racking  pain].     Griping  pams  in  the  bowels. 

Tomwaldt's  Disease.  See  Thomwaldt^s 
Disease. 

Torpid  (tor'-pid)  [torpere,  to  be  numb]. 
Affected  with  torpor. 


{ 


TORPIDITY 


TOXICOLOGY 


Torpidity  {tor-pui'-U-e),    Sec  Totfor, 

Torpor  \tar^-por)  [L.J.  Sluggishness,  in- 
activity. T.  retin«,  dulled  perceptive  power 
of  the  retina. 

Torrefaction,  Torrefication  {lor-e-fuk' - 
sAuHf  tor-e-fik-a' -shun)  \jorrefacere y  to  dry 
by  heat] .  Roasting ;  drying  by  meanh  of 
high  heat. 

T<»riccllcanVacuum(^-r^./i^^'/'-^.«/l)[7V• 
riceili,  an  Italian  physicist].  The  vacuum 
above  the  mercury-column  of  a  barometer. 

Torsion  {tor' -shun)  [torqutret  to  twist].  A 
twisting. 

Torticollis  (torte-coy -is)  [tortus^  twisted; 
coUum^  neck].  Wry-neck,  a  contraction  of 
one  or  more  of  the  cervical  muscles,  usually 
of  one  side,  resulting  in  an  abnormal  position 
of  the  head.  T.,  Rheumatic,  stiff-neck,  a 
form  due  to  rheumatism  of  the  sternocleido- 
mastoid or  other  muscle  of  the  neck.  T., 
Spasmodic,  spasmodic  contraction  of  the 
muscles  of  the  neck  of  one  side,  especially 
the  sternocleidomastoid,  causing  a  drawing 
of  the  head  toward  the  opposite  side. 

Torula  {tor^-u-lah)  [toruius^  a  small  tuftl. 
I.  A  genus  of  fungi  reproducing  by  bud- 
ding, many  species  of  which  are  alcoholic 
ferments.  T.  cerevisise.  See  Saccharomyces 
cerevisia.     2.  A  chain  of  spheric  bacteria. 

Torus  (tor' us)  [L.].  i.  A  surface  having 
a  regular  curvature,  with  two  principal  merid- 
ians of  dissimilar  curvature  at  right  angles  to 
each  other.  2.  An  elevation  or  prominence. 
3.  The  tuber  cinereum  of  the  brain.  T.  fron- 
talis, a  protuberance  in  the  region  of  the 
frontal  sinuses,  at  the  root  of  the  nose.  T. 
palatinus,  a  protuberance  on  the  surface  of 
the  hard  palate,  marking  the  point  of  junction 
of  the  intermaxillary  and  palatomaxillary 
sutures. 

Touch  {tuck)  [Yt.ytouch^r'],  i.  The  tactile 
sense.  2.  The  act  of  judging  by  the  tactile 
sense;  palpation,  especially  palpation  of  a 
part  with  the  finger,  as  rectal  T.,  vaginal  T. 
T.-corpuscle,  a  tactile  corpuscle. 

Tour  dc  Maitre  {toor-d' -rndtr)  [Fr.,  the 
master's  turn].  A  method  of^  passing  a 
catheter  into  the  bladder  in  which  it  is  intro- 
duced into  the  urethra  with  the  convexity 
upward,  the  shaft  lying  obliquely  across  the 
left  thigh  of  the  patient,  and  as  the  point 
enters  the  bulb,  the  handle  is  swept  around 
toward  the  abdomen,  when  the  beak  passes 
into  the  membranous  urethra,  and  is  carried 
into  the  bladder  by  depressing  the  shaft  be- 
tween the  patient's  thighs.  A  sound  may  be 
introduced  into  the  uterus  in  an  analogous 
manner,  by  entering  the  instrument  with  the 
convexity  upward,  and  then  sweeping  the 
shaft  around. 

Tourette's  Disease  [Gilles  de  la  Tourette, 
a  French  physician].     A  convulsive  form  of 


tic,  characterized  by  motor  incoordHiation 
with  echolalia  and  coprolalia. 

Tourniquet  {toor'-nik-et)  [Fr. .  from  toumer, 
to  turn].  An  instrument  for  controlling  tbe 
circulation  by  means  of  compression,  usually 
consisting  of  two  metallic  plates  united  by  a 
thumb-screw,  and  a  strap  provided  with  a  pad. 
The  strap  is  fastened  about  the  part,  the  pad 
being  made  to  lie  over  the  artery  to  be  oc- 
cluded. The  screw  is  placed  diametrically 
opposite  the  pad,  and  the  strap  tightened  by 
separating  the  metallic  plates  of  the  screw. 
T.,  Dupuytren's,  one  for  compressing  the 
abdominal  aorta,  consisting  of  a  semicircle 
of  metal  with  a  pad  at  one  extremity.  T., 
Esmarch's,  one  consisting  of  a  stout,  elastic 
rubber  band  applied  above  the  proximal  turn 
of  an  elastic  bandage  passing  around  the  pait 
to  be  rendered  bloodless.  T.,  Field-,  one 
consisting  of  a  strap  and  buckle  with  a  pad  to 
be  placed  over  the  artery.  T;,  Horse-shoe, 
one  shaped  like  a  horse-shoe,  to  compress 
only  two  points,  and  thus  permit  venous  re- 
turn. T.,  Provisional,  one  applied  loosely, 
so  that  it  may  be  tightened  at  once  upon  tbe 
recurrence  of  hemorrhage.  T.,  Signorini'a* 
See  T.f  Norse-shoe. 

Tow.  The  coarse  part  of  flax  or  hemp,  used 
as  an  absorbent. 

Tox-,  Toxico-,  Tozo-  (toks-,  toAs'-tk-o-, 
to/ks'-O')  [to^ik6v,  poison].  A  prefix  signify- 
ing poisonous,  or  caused  by  a  poison. 

Tozalbumin  (toAsalbtt'min)  [to^uu6i%\  poi- 
son ;  albumin].  A  poisonous  proteid.  Toz- 
albumins  have  been  obtained  from  cultmcs 
of  bacteria  and  from  certain  plants. 

Toxemia  (toks-e'-me-oA)  [rofofdv,  poison: 
a2/<a,  blood].  Blood-poisoning,  a  conditioa 
of  the  blood  in  which  it  contains  |ioisonoQS 
products,  either  those  produceil  by  the  body- 
cells  or  those  due  to  the  growth  of  microor- 
ganisms. 

Toxemic  (toksem'-ik^  toks-e'-mik)  [To^£«4r, 
poison ;  at///i,  blood].  Pertaining  to^  af- 
fected with,  or  causea  by  toxemia. 

Toxic  (toks'-ik)  [ro^iKdv^  poison].  Poison- 
ous ;  produced  by  a  poison. 

Toxicant  (toks'-tkant)  [ro^tK6iVt  poison].  I. 
Poisonous  or  toxic.     2.  A  poisonous  agent. 

Toxicity  (toks-is' -it-e)  [ro^ui&Vt  poisonous]. 
The  quality  of  being  toxic. 

Toxicodendron  (toksik-o-den'-dron).  See 
Rhus, 

Toxicoderma  (toks-ik-o-der' wiah)  [tv^ix^, 
poison ;  Sipfuti  skin].  Disease  of  the  ^ia 
due  to  poison. 

Toxicogenic  {tohs  -  ih-o  •  jen'  -  ik)  [  rof info, 
poison;  ytwavt  to  produce].  Prodtictng 
poisons. 

Toxicohemia  {toks'ik'0'he''me'ak).  Sac 
Toxemia. 

Toxicology  (tohs-ih-o/''0-Je)[To^us6v,  \ 


TOXICOMANIA 


TRACTORATION 


X6fyof,  science].  The  science  of  the  nature 
and  eflfects  of  poisons,  their  detection,  and 
the  treatment  of  their  effects. 

Toxicomania  (toks-ik-o-ma^ -nt-ah)  Frofoc^i^, 
poison;  /lavm,  madness].  I.  Morbid  desire 
to  consume  poison.     2.  Toxiphobia. 

Toxicosis  {toks'ik'(/'Sis)  [to^ikov^  poison]. 
A  state  of  poisoning. 

Toxiferous  (toks-i/'-rr  us)  [rof  <«^,  poison ; 
/rrrr^  to  bear].  Producing  or  conveying 
poison. 

Toxin  ifoks'-in)  [to^ik6%\  poison].  An  amor- 
phous nitrogenous  poi«ion  formed  by  bacteria 
in  both  living  tissues  and  dead  substances. 

Toxinicide  {toksin^-is-iJ)  [rof<«6r,  poison ; 
cad- re ^  to  kill].  Any  substance  that  de- 
stroys a  toxin. 

Toxiphobia  (toks-e-fi/ -bt-ah)  [to^lk^^  poi- 
son ;  ^Joc,  fear].  Morbid  dread  of  being 
poisoned. 

Toxophylaxin  (tox-o-fil-aky-in)  [to^ulAv^ 
poison  ;  ^t'>a^,  a  protector].    See  Fkyiaxin. 

Toxososin  (eoks'^s</'%iH)  [ro^iKiv,  poison; 
o^eiv,  to  save].     Sec  Sozin. 

Toynbee's  Experiment  [  Toynbte^  an  Eng- 
lish otologist].  The  rarefaction  of  the  air 
of  the  middle  ear  by  swallowing,  with  co- 
incident closure  of  the  mouth  and  nares. 

Trsbecula  (trabek'ulah)  [L.,  a  small 
beam;  //.,  Trtibeculir\  Any  one  of  the 
fibrous  bands  extending  from  the  capsule 
into  the  interior  of  an  organ. 

Trabs  cerebri  (trahs  ser^fb-n)  [L.].  The 
corpus  callosnm. 

Trace  (/r<ir).  A  mark.  T.,  Primitira.  See 
Primitive  Trace. 

Tracheal  (ira'-ke-aJ)  [rpaxf'ta^  trachea]. 
Pertaining  to,  or  produced  in  the  trachea. 
T.  Tugi^ng,  the  downward  tagging  move- 
ment of  the  larynx,  sometimes  observed  in 
aneurysm  of  the  aortic  arch. 

Trachealis  Mascle  {trakea^lis)  [rpaxela^ 
trachea].  The  intrinsic  transverse  muscle- 
fibers  found  in  the  trachea. 

Tracheitis  (tra-i^-i'-tis)  [rpaxt'iat  trachea; 
me,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
trachea. 

Trachelo-  {traJk'-elo)  [rp4 ^^Xof,  neck].  A 
preflx  denoting  pertaining  to  the  neck. 

Trachelomastoid  ( trak  -el-^  ma^  •  fmd ) 
[TfMixn^*  neck;  masfoi</y  Pertaining  to 
the  neck  and  the  mastoid  process. 

Tracheloplasty  {trak' -el-oplaste)  \rpii  xn^% 
neck;  ^X&ootiv^  to  mold].  Plastic  operation 
on  the  neck  of  the  uterus. 

Trachelorrhaphy  (trak-elor^-a-fe^l[rphxfi^% 
Deck  ;  h^'  suture].  Repair  of  a  lacmtion 
of  the  cervix  uteri. 

Trachelotomy  {trak-el-ot'-^wU)  \rfAxn^% 
neck ;  roK^,  a  cutting].  Incision  Into  the 
cervix  uteri. 

Tracbaobconchitia  (/r«-ir-#4fwy'<if'-/!u) 


Kr^taXfMi  trachea;  Qp6yx^,  bronchus;  tT^^^ 
inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the  trachea 
and  bronchi. 

Tracheocele  (tra'-ke-o-sH)  [r/xi;j'fia,  trachea; 
Ktf'Xjj^  tumor].  I.  Protrusion  of  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  trachea.     2.  Goiter. 

Tracheoesophageal  {trake-^e-sofaf -e-al) 
[rpojt'ia,  the  trachea ;  o<mifa>of ,  esophagus]. 
Pertaining  to  the  trachea  and  the  esophagus. 

Tracheolarsmgeal  {tra -keo- larin'-je-ai ) 
[rpa;jT«i,  trachea;  X<4/n7f,  larynx].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  trachea  and  the  larynx. 

Tracheoscopy  {trake-os'-ko-pe)  [r/wj^fwi, 
trachea;  etumr'tv^  to  inspect].  Inspection 
of  the  interior  of  the  trachea  by  means  of  a 
laryngoscopic  mirror  and  reflected  light. 

Tracheostenosis  (trake-thsteny-sis)  [rpa* 
;t'ria,  trachea;  miviJOtCf  stenosis].  Stenosis 
of  the  trachea. 

Tracheotomy  (fra-ke-ot^^o-me)  [rpaxt'ta^ 
trachea ;  ro/ii^,  a  cutting].  The  operation  of 
cutting  into  the  trachea  through  the  cricothy- 
roid membrane,  or  through  the  cricoid  cartil- 
age and  the  upper  part  of  the  trachea.  T., 
Inferior,  one  performed  below  the  isthmus 
of  the  thyroid  glaiui.  T.,  Superior,  one 
performed  above  the  isthmus  of  the  thyroid 
gland.  T.-tube,  a  metal  tube  placed  in  the 
opening  made  in  tracheotomy,  and  through 
which  breathing  is  carried  on. 

Trachoma  (tra-Jky-muA)  [rftaxix*  rough]. 
Granular  conjunctivitis,  granular  lids ;  a  con- 
tagious disease  of  the  eyelids  characterised 
by  small,  sago-like  elevations  on  the  conjunc- 
tiva, and  later  by  cicatricial  contraction  and 
deformity  of  the  lids.  The  friction  of  the 
elevations  {T.-framala/i^s)  against  the  cor- 
nea often  produces  ulcer  or  pannus. 

Trachomatous  {fra-Jky-mat-mj)  Irpaxi'i, 
rough].  Affected  with  or  pertaining  to 
trachoma. 

Tract  [traettu],  A  distinct,  more  or  less  de- 
fined  region  having  considerable  length,  es- 
pecially a  collection  of  fibers  in  the  central 
nervous  system. 

Traction  Uray-sAnn)  [fraAere,  to  draw]. 
The  act  of  drawing  or  pulling.  T.«aneu* 
rysm,  an  aneurysm  due  to  traction  00  the 
aorta  by  an  incompletely  atrophied  ductus 
Botalli.  T.,  Axis-,  traction  in  the  axis  or  di- 
rection of  a  channel,  as  of  the  pelvis,  through 
which  a  body  is  to  be  drawn.  Axia«T.  Por- 
cepa,  an  obstetric  forceps  for  performing 
axis-traction  in  the  delivery  of  the  fetns. 
T. -diverticulum,  a  circumscribed  laccaU- 
tion  of  the  esophagus  from  the  traction  of  ad- 
hesions. T.,  Elastic,  traction  by  an  elastic 
force. 

Tractor  (trak' for)  [tuaAere,  to  draw],  f. 
An  instrument  for  making  traction.  2.  See 
Prrkimsum. 

Tractoration  {trak-4^'it''SkmM)  [trakere,  to 


i 
{ 


TRACTUS 


TRANSVERSE 


drawl.  Treatment  by  metallic  tncton.  See 
Perktnsism. 

Tractus  (irak^-hts).     See  Tract, 

Trag^canth  {trag'-  a  -  kanth)  [rpay&iun^  ; 
TpAyo^,  goat;  ^ai^,  thorn].  A  gummy 
exudation  from  various  species  of  Astragalus, 
of  the  order  Leguminosse,  constituting  the 
Tragacantha  of  the  U.  S.  P.  and  B.  P.  It 
resembles  gum-arabic,  and  is  used  as  a  de- 
mulcent, and  b  added  to  water  to  suspend 
insoluble  powders  and  for  making  troches. 
Preparations:  Mucilagotragacanthg,U. S.  P., 
B.  P.;  Pulvis  tragacanthae  compositus,  B.  P., 
dose  gr.  xxx-,:^j  (2.0-4.0);  Glycerinum 
tragacanthse,  B.  P. 

Tragicus  (trafik-us).  Sec  Muscles,  Table 
of. 

Tragus  {tra' -gus)  [rp&yo^,  goat].  The 
small  prominence  of  cartilage  projecting  over 
the  meatus  of  the  external  ear. 

Trance  (trans)  [transire,  to  pass  over].  A 
form  of  abnormal  sleep  from  whicn  the 
patient  ordinarily  cannot  be  aroused,  and 
which  is  dependent  upon  h3rsteria  (hysteric 
T.)  or  hypnotism. 

Trans-  {trans^  across].  A  prefix  denoting 
through  or  across. 

Transection  {tran-sek' -shun)  [Miffj,  across ; 
secure^  to  cut].  A  section  made  across  the 
long  axis  of  a  part 

Transfer  {trans' -fer)  \trans,  across ;  ferre^ 
to  carry].  The  change  of  anesthesia  or  hy- 
peresthesia from  one  part  of  the  body  to 
another,  a  phenomenon  present  in  some  cases 
of  hysteria. 

Transference  (trans-fer'-ens)  [/raiw,  across ; 
ftrrct  to  carry].  I.  See  Transfer,  2.  See 
Thought -transfer. 

Transfix  (trans fiks')[transy  across  \figere,Xo 
fix].     To  pierce  through  and  througn. 

Transfixion  (trans-fik' -shun)  \trans^  across ; 
figere^  to  fix].  The  act  of  piercing  through 
and  through. 

Transforation  {trans  -for  -  a'  -  shun)  [trans, 
across  ;  forare,  to  pierce].  The  act  of  per- 
forating, a^,  e.g.^  T.  of  the  fetal  skull. 

Trsmsformation  (trans-for-maf 'shun)\traHSy 
across ;  fomtare,  to  form].  A  change  of 
form  or  constitution  ;  degeneration. 

Transfusion  {trans-fu' -zhun)  [trans,  across  ; 
fundere,  to  pour].  The  pouring  of  liquid 
from  one  vessel  to  another ;  especially  the 
introduction  into  a  vessel  of  the  body  of 
blood  or  other  liquid.  T.,  Arterial,  T.  of 
blood  into  an  artery.  T.,  Direct  or  Imme- 
diate, the  T.  of  blood  from  one  person  to 
another  without  exposure  of  the  blood  to  the 
air.  T.,  Indirect  or  Mediate,  the  intro- 
duction of  blood  that  was  first  drawn  into  a 
vessel.     T.,  Venous,  T.  into  a  vein. 

Transillumination  {trans-il-lu-min-a' -shun) 
[trans,  through ;  iiluminare,  to  illuminate]. 


Illumination  of  the  walls  of  a  carity  by  a 
light  passed  through  them. 

Translation  {trans-la' -shun)  [trans, 

ferre,  to  bear].     A  change  of  location. 

Translucent  (trans-lu'-setit )  [trans,  ac 
lucere,  to  shine].  Permitting  a  partial  t 
mission  of  light ;  somewhat  transparent. 

Transmigration  {trans-mi-gra''shun)[trtt$u, 
Mcxoss;  m$grare,  to  wander].  A  wandering 
across  or  through ;  as,  e.  g. ,  T.  of  the  ovmn ; 
T.  of  the  white  corpuscles.  T.,  External, 
the  passage  of  an  ovum  from  one  ovary  to 
the  opposite  oviduct  without  traversing  the 
uterus.  T.,  Internal,  the  passage  o(  the 
ovum  through  its  proper  oviduct  into  the 
uterus  and  across  to  the  opposite  oviduct. 

Transmission  (trans  •  mish'  -  un)  [trans, 
across;  iyrii^/^r<^,  to  send].  The  commnnica- 
tion  or  transfer  of  anything,  especiany 
disease,  horn  one  person  or  place  to  another. 

Transparent  (trans-pa' rent )  [trans,  1 


par  ere,  to  appMcar].  Having  the  propertY  of 
permitting  the  passage  of  light-rays  without 
material  obstruction ,  so  that  objects  beyond 
the  body  can  be  seen. 

Transpiration  (trans-pir-a' -shun)  [trans, 
across ;  spirare,  io  breathe].  I.  The  act  of 
exhaling  fluid  or  gas  through  the  skin.  2. 
The  material  exhaled. 

Transplantation  (trans  -plan  -ta'  -  skun\ 
[trans,  across;  plantare,  to  plant].  The 
operation  of  transplanting  or  of  applying  to  a 
part  of  the  body  tissues  taken  from  another 
body  or  from  another  part  of  the  same  body. 
See  Graft, 

Transposition  (trans-pc-sish'-un)  [trtnu, 
across ;  fumere,  to  place].  A  change  of  po- 
sition. T.  of  the  Viscera,  a  change  in  the 
position  of  the  viscera  whereby  Uiey  aie 
placed  on  the  side  opposite  to  that  nonnally 
occupied. 

Transudate  (trans' -u-dat)  [trans,  through ; 
sudare,  to  perspire].  A  liquid  or  other  nib- 
stance  produced  by  transudation. 

Transudation  (trans-  u  -  da'-  shun)  [tr<tns^ 
through ;  sudare,  to  perspire].  I.  The  pass- 
ing of  fluid  through  a  membrane,  especially 
of  blood-serum  through  the  vessel-walls^  2, 
Transudate. 

Transversalis  (trans  -  ver  -  so'-  Us)  [trmm, 
across;  vertere,  to  turn].  Transverse;  an 
artery  (T.  colli)  or  a  muscle  (T.  abdonimst 
running  transversely.  See  Arteries,  Tahk 
of,  and  Muscles,  Table  of,  T.  Fascia,  the 
Uscia  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  T.  mnsde, 
between  the  latter  and  the  peritoneum. 

Transverse  (trttns-vers')[trans,  across:  frr» 
tere,  to  turn].  Cross- wise  ;  at  right  angles 
to  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  body.  T. 
Presentation,  a  presenution  of  the  fetus  at 
right  angles  to  Hit  longitudinal  axis  of  the 
uterus. 


TRANSVERSUS 


TRIANGLE 


Transveraus  {trans-ver^ -sus)  [L.].  Trans- 
verse, as  T.  muscle.     Sec  Muscles^  Table  of. 

Trapeziometacarpal  (tra  -pe-te-o-  nut  -  ah- 
kar^'Pal)  [trapezium;  metacarpal ^  Per- 
taining to  the  trapezium  and  the  metacarpus. 

Trapezium  {tra-pe' -te-um)  [rpdTrf^a,  table]. 
I.  The  first  bone  of  the  second  row  of  carpal 
bones.  2.  A  tract  of  transverse  fibers  situated 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  pons,  enclosing  the 
superior  olivary  nucleus,  and  connected  with 
the  accessory  auditory  nucleus. 

Trapezius  {tra-pe^ -%e-us)  [rpdnel^a^  table]. 
.See  Muscles,  Table  of. 

Trapezoid  {trap'-et-oid)  [rpanei^a,  a  table; 
eMof,  like].  A  geometric  four-sided  figure 
having  two  parallel  and  two  diverging  sides. 
T.  Bone,  or  simply  T. ,  the  second  bone  of 
the  second  row  of  the  carpus.  T.  Ligament. 
See  Ligaments^  Table  of 

Traube's  Semilunar  Space  {troii/  -  bn). 
See  Semilunar,  T.  Curves,  T.-Hering^s 
Curves,  curves  in  the  tracing  of  the  blood- 
pressure  occurring  independent  and  after  the 
cessation  of  the  respiration. 

Trauma  (trav/-mah)  [rpavfrn,  a  wound].  A 
wound  ;  an  injury. 

Traumatic  {/raw-»fa/'-i^)[rp<ii»//o,  a  wound]. 
Pertaining  to  or  caused  by  a  wound  or  injury. 

Traumaticin(/!raz£/- w<i/^-i j-i«)  [rpavfia,  trau- 
ma]. A  solution  of  gutta-percha  in  chloro- 
form used  for  closing  superficial  wounds. 

Traumatism  {trav/  -  mat  -  izm)  Irpavfia, 
wound].  I.  The  condition  produced  by 
trauma.     2.  Improperly,  trauma. 

Traumatol  (tra^t/-m(lt'ol)[Tp(lv^af  a  wound], 
lodocresol,  C^H-IO,  obtained  by  the  action 
of  iodin  on  cresol.  It  is  an  odorless,  reddish- 
violet  precipitate  containing  54  per  cent  of 
iodin,  soluble  in  chloroform  and  sulphid  of 
carbon,  insoluble  in  water,  acid,  and  alco- 
hol. It  is  a  surgical  antiseptic,  used  pure  as 
a  dusting-powder  and  in  5-10  per  cent 
pastes  and  ointments. 

Treacle  (tre^aJkl).  The  uncrystallized  residue 
remaining  after  the  refining  of  cane-sugar. 

Treatment  (trlt^-ment)  [tractare,  to  treat]. 
The  means  employed  in. effecting  the  cure 
of  disease ;  the  management  of  disease  or 
of  diseased  patients. 

Trehalose  (tre-Aal^-os),  C„H„0„.  A  carbo- 
hydrate resembling  sugar,  derived  from  ergot 
and  from  Trehala  manna. 

Trematode  {trem^  -at-bd)  [rp^fia,  hole; 
eiSo^,  like].  A  member  of  the  Trematoda, 
a  class  of  worms,  some  of  which  are  parasitic 
in  man  and  the  lower  animals. 

Tremograph  {trem^  -  o-^af\  Urentere^  to 
shake  ;  ypa^,  a  writing].  A  device  for  re- 
cording tremor. 

Tremor  {trem^-or)  [tremere,  to  shake!.  A 
trembling  of  the  voluntary  muscles.  T.,  Pi- 
brillary,  tremor  caused  by  consecutive  con- 


tractions of  separate  muscle-fibrillae.  T., 
Intention-,  one  appearing  on  voluntary 
movement.  T.,  Purring.  Synonym  of 
Thrill,  Purring, 

Tremulous  (trem^ -u-lus)  [tremere,  to  shake]. 
Trembling,  quivering,  as,  e,  g, ,  T.  iris. 

Trendelenburg  Posture.  See  Postures, 
Table  of 

Trephine  {tre-fln^)  [rpimavov,  from  rpvirdv, 
to  bore].  An  instrument  for  cutting  out  a 
circular  piece  of  bone,  usually  from  the  skull. 

Trephining  {trefi' -ning)  \trephine\  The 
operation  of  cutting  out  a  piece  of  bone  with 
a  trephine. 

Trepidation  {tr^-id-a'-shun)  [trepidare,  to 
tremble].  I.  Trembling.  2.  A  peculiar 
oscillatory  movement  at  times  seen  in  the 
muscles  after  hemiplegia. 

Tri-  [rp€i^,  or  tres,  three].  A  prefix  denot- 
ing three. 

Triacid  (tri-as^-id)  [tres,  three;  acidum, 
acid].  Of  an  alcohol,  containing  three  atoms 
of  hydrogen  replaceable  by  a  bi»e. 

Triad  [tri' -ad)  [tres,  three].  See  Quantiv- 
alence. 

Trial-glasses,  or  T.-lenses.  A  graduated  set 
of  concave,  convex,  cylindric,  and  prismatic 
lenses  used  in  testing  vision. 

Triallylamin  (trial-il-am'-in).  A  volatile 
base  having  the  formula  (C,Hj),N. 

Triamin  (tri-am'-in),  A  compound  derived 
from  three  molecules  of  ammonia  in  which 
the  hydrogen  has  in  part  or  wholly  been  re- 
placed by  bases. 

TTimnglt  (tri'-anggl)  [/r«,  three;  angulus, 
angle].  A  figure  having  three  sides  and  three 
angles.  T.  of  Bryant.  See  T,  Iliofemoral. 
T.,  Carotid,  Inferior  iT.  of  necessity),  Xo- 
cated  in  the  neck ;  it  is  Dounded  in  front  by 
the  median  line  of  the  neck,  behind  by  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  stemomastoid,  and 
above  by  the  anterior  belly  of  the  omohyoid. 
Its  floor  is  formed  by  the  longus  colli  below 
and  the  scalenus  anticus  above.  The  com- 
mon carotid  artery,  internal  jugular  vein, 
vagus  nerve,  superficialis  colli  nerve,  a 
branch  of  the  communicans  noni,  the  inferior 
thyroid  artery,  the  recurrent  laryngeal  nerve, 
the  sympathetic  nerve,  the  trachea,  thyroid 
gland,  and  larynx  are  the  important  structures 
within  it.  T.,  Carotid,  Superior  ( T.  of  dec 
tion),  a  T.  located  in  the  neck;  it  is  bounded 
behind  bv  the  stemomastoid,  in  front  by  the 
anterior  oelly  of  the  omohyoid,  and  above 
by  the  posterior  belly  of  the  digastric.  Its 
floor  is  formed  by  the  thyrohyoid,  hyoglos- 
sus,  and  inferior  and  middle  constrictors  of 
the  pharynx.  The  important  structures  con- 
tained within  it  are  the  common  carotid 
artery  and  its  bifurcation  into  the  external 
and  internal  carotids,  the  superior  thyroid 
artery,  the  lingual  artery,  the  facial  artery, 


( 


i 


TRIANGLE 


TRIANGLE 


the  occipital  and  ascending  laryngeal  arteries, 
the  internal  jugular  vein  and  the  veins  cor- 
responding to  the  arteries  mentioned,  the 
descendens  noni,  hypoglossal,  pneumogastric, 
S3rmpathetic,  spinal  accessory,  superior  laryn- 
geal, and  external  laryngeal  nerves.  T., 
Cephalic,  a  T.  on  the  anteroposterior  plane 
of  the  skull,  bounded  by  lines  joining  the 
occiput  with  the  forehead  and  with  the  chin 
and  a  line  joining  the  latter  two.  T.,  Digas- 
tric. See  T'.,  Submaxillary.  T.  of  Elbow, 
a  T.  lying  in  front  of  the  elbow  with  the  base 
directed  upward  toward  the  humerus,  and 
bounded  externally  by  the  supinator  longus 
and  internally  by  the  pronator  radii  teres. 
Its  floor  is  formed  by  the  brachialis  anticus 
and  supinator  brevis.  Its  contents  are  the 
brachial  artery  and  veins,  the  radial  and 
ulnar  arteries,  the  median  and  mu&culc^iral 
nerves,  and  the  tendon  of  the  biceps.  T.  of 
Election.  See  7'.,  Carotid^  Superior.  T., 
Facial,  a  T.  formed  by  lines  uniting  the 
basion  with  the  alveolar  and  nasal  points  and 
a  line  joining  the  tatter  two.  T.,  Frontal, 
a  T.  bounded  by  the  maximum  frontal  dia- 
meter and  lines  joining  its  extremities  and 
the  glabella.  T.  of  Hesselbach,  a  T.  at 
the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen,  bounded 
below  by  the  deep  epig^astric  artery,  on  the 
outer  side  by  Poupart's  ligament,  and  on 
the  inner  side  by  the  margin  of  the  rec- 
tus muscle.  T.,  Iliofemoral,  a  T.  located 
at  the  hip.  Its  hypothenuse  is  formed  by 
N^laton's  tine,  a  second  side  by  the  con- 
tinuation outward  of  a  line  drawn  through 
the  two  superior  iliac  spines,  and  the  third 
by  a  line  drawn  at  right  angles  to  this  from 
the  summit  of  the  greater  trochanter.  T., 
Inferior  Occipital,  a  T.  having  the  bimas- 
toid  diameter  for  its  base  and  the  inion  for 
its  apex.  T.,  Infraclavicular,  a  T.  situated 
below  the  clavicle ;  it  is  bounded  above  by 
the  clavicle,  below  and  to  the  inner  side  by 
the  upper  border  of  the  great  pectoral  muscle, 
and  to  the  outer  side  by  the  anterior  border 
of  the  deltoid.  It  contains  the  axillary 
artery.  T.,  Inguinal.  Same  as  7!,  Scar- 
pa's, T.  of  Lesser,  a  T.  located  in  the 
neck.  Its  boundaries  are  as  follows :  at  its 
upper  border  the  hypoglossal  nerve ;  the  two 
sides  are  formed  by  the  anterior  and  posterior 
bellies  of  the  digastric  muscle.  It  is  covered 
by  the  skin,  superficial  and  deep  fasciae,  and 
apex  of  the  submaxillary  gland.  The  floor 
is  formed  by  the  hyoglossus  muscle.  It  con- 
tains the  ranine  vein  and  hjrpoglossal  nerve. 
T.,  Lumbocostoabdominal,  a  T.  bounded 
anteriorly  by  the  external  oblique,  superiorly 
by  the  lower  border  of  the  serratus  posticus 
inferior  and  the  point  of  the  1 2th  rib,  poste- 
riorly by  the  outer  edge  of  the  erector  spinse, 
and  inferiorly  by  the  internal  oblique.     T., 


Mylohyoid,  the  space  bounded  by  the  mylo- 
hyoid and  the  two  bellies  of  the  digastric. 
T.  of  Necessity.  Same  as  T.,  Grrotiti,  In- 
ferior. T.  of  the  Neck,  Anterior,  a  tri- 
angle bounded  anteriorly  by  a  line  extending 
from  the  chin  to  the  sternum,  posteriorly  hy 
the  anterior  margin  of  the  stemomastoid , 
the  base  being  formed  by  the  lower  border  of 
the  body  of  Uie  inferior  maxilla  and  a  con- 
tinuation of  this  line  to  the  mastoid  process 
of  the  temporal  bone.  It  is  sulxlivided  into 
three  smaller  triangles  by  the  digastric  muscle 
above  and  the  anterior  belly  of  the  omohyoid 
below.  These  arc  named  from  below  upward 
the  inferior  carotid ^  the  superior  carotid^ 
and  the  submaxillary.  T.  of  the  Neck, 
Posterior,  a  T.  bounded  anteriorly  by  the 
stemomastoid  muscle,  posteriorly  by  the  an» 
terior  margin  of  the  trapezius;  the  base  is 
formed  by  the  upper  border  of  the  clavicle ; 
the  apex  corresponds  to  the  occiput.  It  i* 
divided  by  the  posterior  belly  of  the  omo- 
hyoid muscle  into  two  triangles,  the  occipital 
or  upper f  and  the  subclavion  or  lower.  T., 
Occipital,  a  T.  with  the  following  bound- 
aries: anteriorly,  the  stemomastoid  muscle: 
posteriorly,  the  trapezius,  and  below,  the 
omohyoid  muscle.  Its  important  contents 
are  the  spinal  accessory  nerve,  the  ascending 
and  descending  branches  of  the  cervical 
pliexus,  and  the  transversalis  colli  artery  and 
vein.  T.  of  Petit,  a  T.  bounded  below  by 
the  crest  of  the  ilium  and  laterally  by  the 
external  oblique  and  latissimus  dorsi.  T., 
Scarpa's,  a  T.  located  in  the  proximal  third 
of  the  thigh.  The  boundaries  are  externally 
the  sartorius  muscle,  internally  the  adductor 
longus  muscle,  and  above  Poupart*s  ligamenL 
Its  important  contents  are  the  femoral  artery 
and  vein,  the  anterior  crural  nerve,  and  the 
crural  branch  of  the  genitocrural  nerve.  T., 
Subclavian,  a  T.  bounded  above  by  the 
posterior  belly  of  the  omohyoid  muscle,  be- 
low by  the  upper  border  of  the  clavicle.  Its 
base  is  formed  by  the  stemomastoid  muscle. 
It  contains  the  subclavian  artery  and  occa- 
sionally the  vein,  the  brachial  plexus  of 
nerves,  the  suprascapular  vessels,  the  trans- 
versalis colli  artery  and  vein,  and  the  external 
jugular  vein.  T.,  SubmaxiUaiy,  a  T. 
formed  above  by  the  lower  border  of  the 
body  of  the  inferior  maxilla  and  a  continua- 
tion of  this  line  to  the  mastoid  process  of  the 
temporal  bone,  below  by  the  posterior  belly 
of  the  digastric  and  the  stylonyoid  muscle, 
and  anteriorly  by  the  middle  line  of  the 
neck.  It  contains  the  submaxillary  gland, 
the  facial  artery  and  vein,  the  submenta! 
artery,  the  mylohyoid  artery  and  nerve,  and 
the  stylomaxillary  ligament,  behind  which  is 
the  external  carotid  artery.  T.,  SuboccSpJ- 
tal,  a  T.  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  o^k. 


TRIANGULAR 


TRICORNIS 


formed  by  the  rectus  capitis  posticus  major, 
and  superior  and  inferior  oblique  muscles,  and 
containing  the  vertebral  artery.  T.,  Supra- 
meatal,  of  McEwen,  a  space  bounded  by 
the  lower  posterior  edge  of  the  zygomatic 
root  and  the  superior  posterior  edge  of  the 
external  auditory  canal. 

Triangular  (/ri-<i«^-^-^r)[/nfl«t^/<f].  Hav- 
ing three  sides  or  angles,  as,  e.g.<t  the  T. 
ligament 

Triangularis  {tri-ang-gu- ia^-ris),  A  tri- 
angular muscle.     See  MuscUs^  Table  of, 

Triatomic  {triat-om' -ik)  {tres^  three ;  atom\ 
I.  Consbting  of  three  atoms.  2.  Having 
three  atoms  of  replaceable  hydrogen. 

Tribadism  [trib' -ad-izm)  \rpi^uvy  to  rub]. 
Sexual  intercourse  between  women  produced 
by  friction  of  the  genitals. 

Tribasic  (tri-ba^-sik)  [tres,  three;  basis^  a 
base].  Having  three  hydrogen -atoms  re- 
placeable by  bases. 

Tribrommethane  (tri-brdm-meth' -dn)  [/r«, 
three;  bromin ;  methane\,     Bromoform. 

Tribromid  (/n-^rd»i'-i</)  [rpeZf,  three ;  /?f)6- 
fuoq^  stenchj.  A  compound  of  bromin  con- 
taining three  atoms,  of  bromin  to  one  of  the 
base. 

Tricalcic  (tri-kal''sik)[trest  three  ;  caicium\ 
Containing  three  atoms  of  calcium. 

Triceps  (tri'-seps)  [tres^  three ;  caputs  head]. 
Three-headed ;  a  muscle  having  three  heads 
of  origin.     See  Muscles ^  Table  of. 

Trichauxis  (trik-awks' -is^  [</ptf, hair;  avx- 
^i^,  increase].     Hypertrichosis. 

Trichiasis  {trik-i^-as-is^  [pp'^*  *  hair].  A 
state  of  abnormal  position  of  the  eyelashes, 
so  that  they  produce  irritation  by  friction 
upon  the  globe.  T.  of  the  Anus,  an  in- 
curvation of  the  hairs  about  the  anus,  so 
that  they  irritate  the  mucous  membrane. 

Trichina  {trik-i'-nah )  [dp/f ,  a  hair] .  A  genus 
of  nematode  worms,  of  which  one  species, 
the  T.  spiralis,  is  parasitic  in  the  hog  and 
at  times  in  man.     See  Trichinosis, 

Trichinosis  {trik-in-t/ -sis)  {trichinaX.  A 
disease  produced  by  the  ingestion  of  pork 
containing  the  Trichina  spirtUis.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  nausea,  vertigo,  fever,  diar- 
rhea, prostration,  stiffness  and  painful  swell- 
ing of  the  muscles,  edema  of  the  face,  and 
in  some  cases  perspiration,  insomnia,  and 
delirium. 

Trichinous  (trik'-in-us)  [trichina"].  In- 
fested with  or  containing  trichinae. 

Trichloracetic  Acid  {triklbras-e' tik ).  See 
Acid^  Trichloracetic. 

Trichlorid  (tri-kldr^id)  [rpe^,  three;  chlo- 
rid],  A  compound  containing  chlorin  in 
the  proportion  of  three  atoms  to  one  of  the 
base. 

Trichlorphenol  [tri-kldr-fe'  -nol)  [rpetf, 
three;    x^^if  green;  /henol'},  C,H,Cl,- 


rOH).  A  derivative  of  phenol  used  as  a 
disinfectant. 

Tricho-  (trih^'O)  [Opl^,  hair].  A  prefix  de- 
noting pertaining  to  a  hair. 

Trichocephalus  {trikosef-alus) [<9p/f , hair ; 
Ke<paX^f  head].  A  genus  of  nematode  worms, 
the  thread  worms.  T.  dispar  is  parasitic  in 
the  intestines,  especially  the  large  intestine. 

Trichoglossia  (trihoglos^-e-ah  )  [dpi^t  hair ; 
yXoaaa,  tongue].  Hairy  tongue,  a  thickening 
of  the  papillae,  producing  an  appearance  as 
if  the  tongue  were  covered  with  hair. 

Trichoid  (trik^-oid)  [Bpi^f  hair ;  cZcJof,  like]. 
Resembling  hair. 

Trichology  (trik-oV -o-je)  [^p/f ,  hair ;  A<iyof , 
science] .     The  science  of  the  hair. 

Trichomatose  {trik-o' -mcU-ds)  Idpii,  hair]. 
Matted  together. 

Trichomatosis  (trik  -  o  -  mat  -  o' -  sis)  [ffpi^t 
hair] .  An  affection  of  the  hair  characterized 
by  a  matted  condition  due  to  fungoid  growths. 
See  Plica  Polonica. 

Trichomonas  {trih-om'-o-nas)  [Opl^,  hair; 
fiovd^f  a  monad].  A  genus  of  mfusorians. 
T.  vaginalis,  a  species  occasionally  found 
in  the  vagina. 

Trichomycosis  (trih  -  o  -  mi  -  Mo^  -  sis)  [6pi^, 
hair  ;  fihiajg,  a  mushroom].  A  disease  of  the 
hair  produced  by  a  vegetable  parasite. 

Trichonosis,  Trichonosus  {trih-on-o^-sis, 
trih'on-o^-sus)  f^p/f,  hair;  vAfo^,  disease]. 
Any  disease  of  the  hair. 

Trichopathy  {trik  -  of/  -  ath  -  e)  [Opi^,  hair; 
irddo^,  disease] .     Any  disease  of  the  hair. 

Trichophyton  [trikoff^iton)  [Opii,  hair; 
^6v,  a  plant].  A  fungus  parasitic  upon 
the  hair,  and  causing  tinea  trichophytina,  or 
ringworm. 

Trichorrhexis  {trik-or-eks^ -is)  [Bpi^,  hair; 
^7f{{-»  *  breaking].  Brittleness  of  the  hair. 
T.  nodosa,  an  atrophic  condition  of  the 
hair,  affecting  more  often  the  male  beard,  and 
characterized  by  irregular  thickenings  resem- 
bling nodes  on  the  hair-shaft,  the  hairs  often 
bretdcing  with  a  •* green-stick  fracture*'  im- 
mediately through  a  node. 

Trichosis  {trih-y-sis).     See  THchonosis, 

Trichotillomania  ( trik-o- til- o- ma^-ncah) 
Ifipi^j  hair;  ri/ikeiv,  to  pluck  out;  pavm^ 
mania].  An  uncontrollable  impulse  to  pull 
out  one's  hair. 

Trichroic  {tri-kryik)  \rpel^^  three;  XP^* 
color].     Possessing  trichroism. 

Trichroism  (tri'-kro-itm)\Tpei^^  three  ;  XP^^ 
color].  The  property  of  exhibiting  three 
different  colors  when  viewed  under  three  dif- 
ferent aspects. 

Tricipital  (tri  -  sip  ^  -  it-al)  [triceps ^  three- 
headed].  I.  Three-headed.  2.  rertaining 
to  the  triceps. 

Tricomis  (tri-kor^ -nis)  [tres^  three ;  comu^ 
horn].     Having  three  horns. 


{ 


TRICROTIC 


TRISPLANCHNIC 


Tricrotic  {tri-krof -ik)  [rpcZf ,  three ;  ic/)4rof , 
stroke].  Having  three  waves  corresponding 
to  one  pulse-beat 

Tricrotism  {tri'-krot-i%m)  [rptiq,  three; 
Kp&ro^f  stroke].  The  quality  of  being  tri- 
crotic. 

Tricuspid  {tri-kus' -pid)  [/r«,  three ;  cuspis^ 
point].  I.  Having  three  cusps,  as,  e.g,^  the 
T.  valve.  2.  Affecting  or  produced  at  the 
T.  valve. 

Triethylamin  {tri-eth-il-am'-in\\rpti^^  three; 
ethyl ;  amin'\,  C,H,jN.  A  ptomain  obtained 
from  putrid  haddock.  See  Ptomainsy  Table  of. 

Trifacial  Nerve  [tri-fa' -shal)   Ures^  three; 

fades t  face].  The  fifth  cranial  nerve,  so- 
called  because  it  divides  into  three  main 
branches  that  supply  the  face. 

Trifolium  (tri-fc/ -le-um)  [tres^  three ;  folium^ 
leaf].     Clover. 

Trigeminal  {trijem^-in-al)  [ires,  three ; 
geminus,  twin-bom].  I.  Triple;  dividing 
into  three  parts,  as,  e.  g.,  the  T.  nerve.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  T.  nerve.     See  Trifacial, 

Trigeminus  {trijem'-inus)  [ires,  three; 
gemini,  double].     The  trifacial  nerve. 

Trigger-finger.  A  condition  in  which  flexion 
or  extension  of  a  finger  is  at  first  impeded, 
but  finally  accomplished  with  a  jerk. 

Trigone  (iri^-gdn)  [rpeiq,  three;  yuvia, 
angle].  Triangle.  T.  of  the  bladder, 
Trigonum  vesicae,  or  simply  T.,  a  smooth, 
triangular  space  on  the  inside  of  the  bladder, 
immediately  behind  the  orifice  of  the  urethra. 
T.,  Olfactory,  the  gray  root  of  origin  of  the 
olfactory  tract. 

Trihydrate  {tri-hi^-drOl)  [rpsiq,  three;  hy- 
drate']. A  compound  containing  the  hy- 
droxyl -radicle  in  the  proportion  of  three  to 
one  atom  of  the  base. 

Trihydric  (lri-hi^-drik)[Tpeiq,  three;  hydric]. 
Containing  three  atoms  of  hydrogen  replace- 
able by  bases. 

Trihydroxid  (trihi-droksf -id).  See  Trihy- 
drate. 

Triiodid  {tri-i'-O'did)  [r/>elf,  three;  iodid], 
A  compound  containing  iodin  in  the  propor- 
tion of  three  atoms  to  one  of  the  base. 

Trimethylamin  (Iri-meth-il-am' -in)  [tres, 
three ;  methyl;  amin\.  A  colorless  liquid 
ptomain  obtained  from  herring-brine  and 
various  animal  and  vegetable  substances.  See 
Ptomains,  Table  of 

Trimethylenediamin  ( tri  -  meth  -il'tn-  di- 
am^-in)  [tres,  three;  methylene;  diamin].  A 
ptomain  obtained  from  cultures  of  the  comma- 
bacillus  on  beef-broth.  It  causes  convulsions 
and  muscle-tremor.    See  PtomainSy  Table  of 

Trimethyl-xanthin  {trimethilzan' -thin). 
See  Caffein. 

Trinitrate  (/r;-ifi'-/rJ/)[/r«, three;  nitrate']. 
A  nitrate  containing  three  nitric-acid  nuu- 
cles. 


Trinitrin  (tri-ni'-trin).    See  Nitrogfyeerin. 

TrinitroceUulose  (tri-ni-tro-sel' -u-l^s).  See 
Pyroxylin. 

Trinitrophenol  {trini-tro-fe* -not ).  See 
Picric  Acid. 

Triocephalus  {tri-o-sef'-al-usS  [rpf/f,  three; 
Kei^TJf,  head].  A  monster  characterized  by 
an  absence  of  the  ocular,  nasal,  and  boccal 
apparatus,  the  head  being  merely  a  small 
spheroidal  mass. 

Triolein  (tri  -^  -le-  in)  [ires,  three  ;  ^emm, 
oil].     See  Olein. 

Trional  (tri^-on-al)  [r/oeif,  three],  CjHj- 
CH,— C— (SOjCjHj),.  Diethylsulphoneme. 
thylmethane,  an  hypnotic.   Lkxe  gr.  xv  (i^). 

Triorchid  (trior^kid)  [rpetf,  three ;  *pjr<C, 
a  testicle],  i.  Having  three  testicles.  2. 
An  individual  having  three  testicles. 

Trioxid  (trioks'-id)  [rpeic,  three;  axid\ 
A  compound  containing  oxygen  in  the  pro- 
portion of  three  atoms  to  one  of  the  base. 

Tripalmitin  (tri-pal^-mit-in)  [rpel^,  three ; 
palmitin].     See  Palmitin. 

Tripier's  Amputation.  One  differing  from 
Chopart's  only  in  that  the  portion  of  the  o« 
calcis  below  the  sustentaculum  tali  is  remored. 

Triple  {trif-l)  [/n>/«j,  triple].  Threefold. 
T.  Phosphate,  ammoniomagnesic  phos- 
phate, a  phosphate  occurring  in  urine  and  in 
phosphatic  calculi. 

Triplet  {trip^-let)  [/rf>/«j,  triple],  t-  One 
of  three  children  bom  at  one  birth.  3.  In 
optics,  a  system  consisting  of  three  lenses. 

Triplex (/ny./^jr)  PL.].     Triple.     T.  PiUs, 

.  Pilulse  triplices,  pills  containing  three  princi- 
pal ingredients. 

Triploblastic  {trip  -  lo  -  blas^  -  tik)  [rpor^Uo? , 
threefold ;  pXturri^,  germ].  Possessing  three 
blastodermic  membranes. 

Triplopia  (trip-lo^'pe-ah)  [rptirXdoc,  triple; 
6^,  eye] .  A  disturbance  of  vision  in  whidi 
three  images  of  a  single  object  are  seen. 

Triquetrous  {tri-kwet^-rus)  [triquetruSy  three- 
cornered].  Three-cornered,  as,  e.  g.,  the  T. 
bone  (os  triquetrum),  a  Wormian  bone.  See 
Triquetrum. 

Triquetrum  {tri  -  kwet^  -  rum)  [tri^metrus, 
three-comered].  I.  Any  one  of  the  Wor- 
mian bones.  2.  The  cuneiform  bone  of  the 
carpus. 

Triradial,  Triradiate  {tri-ra' -de-aly  trira'' 
de-at)  [treSy  three;  radius,  ray].  Radiadng 
in  three  directions. 

Trismus  (triz^-mus)  [r/>«T)u6f ,  from  rp/\:«/v,  to 
gnash].  Lockjaw,  a  tonic  spasm  of  the  mns- 
cles  of  mastication.  T.  nascentium,  T. 
neonatorum,  a  form  of  T.  occurring  in  new- 
bom  infants,  and  supposed  to  be  due  to  sepdc 
infection  of  the  umbilical  stump. 

Trisplanchnic  {tri  •  splangk*  -  nik)  [rpd<, 
three;  (nrXay;pw,  viscus].  Distributed  to 
the  viscera  of  the  three  largest  cavities  of  tke 


TRISTEARIN 


TROPON 


body,  as  the  T.  nerve  (the  sympathetic 
nerve). 

Tristearin  (tri-ste' -ar-in)  \rp€i^^  three ;  mkap, 
fat].  QHjCCigHjsO,),.     See  SteaHn, 

Trisubstituted  {tri - sub^  - stit -u-ted)  \tresy 
three;  substUuere^  to  substitute].  Having 
three  atoms  or  radicles  substituted  by  other 
atoms  or  radicles. 

Trisulphid  {trisul^ -fid)  [tres^  three;  sul- 
phur\.  A  compound  containing  sulphur  in 
the  proportion  of  three  atoms  to  one  of  the 
base. 

Triticeoglossus  [trit-is-e-o-glos' -us)  {triii- 
r»w,  wheat;  yXcJdffa,  tongue].  An  anoma- 
lous muscle  having  its  origin  from  the  ar)rten- 
oid  cartilage  and  its  insertion  in  the  side  of 
the  tongue. 

Triticeous  {tritish' -us)  [frilicum,  wheat]. 
Having  the  shape  of  a  grain  of  wheat.  T. 
Nodule,  corpus  triticeum.  a  small  cartilagin- 
ous nodule  in  the  thyrohyoid  ligament. 

Triticum  (irit^ -ik-um)  [L.].  A  genus  of  the 
Gramineae.  T.  of  the  U.  S.  P.  is  the  rhi- 
zome of  Agropyrum  repens,  and  is  used  in 
cystitis  and  irritable  bladder.  Dose  of  Ex- 
tractum  tritici  fluidum,  U.  S.  P.,  f^iij-vj 
(120-24.0).  T.  sativum,  T.  vulgare,  is 
wheat. 

Tritoxid  (tritoks' -id)  [rpiro^,  third ;  of (^, 
acid].     Same  as  Tn'oxtd. 

Triturate  (irit^-u-rdi)  [tritttrare^  from  terere^ 
tomb].  I.  To  reduce  to  fine  powder.  2. 
A  finely  divided  powder.  In  the  U.  S.  P., 
a  medicinal  substance  rubbed  up  with  milk- 
sugar.  T.,  Tablet-,  a  T.  compressed  into 
tablet- form. 

Trituration  (trit-u-ra^ -shun)  [triiurarey  from 
Urtre,  to  rub].  The  process  of  reducing  a 
solid  substance  to  a  powder  by  rubbing. 

Trivalent  (trii/ -ai-ent)  [tres^  three;  valere^ 
to  be  worth].  Combining  with  or  equivalent 
to  three  atoms  of  hydrogen. 

Trivalvc  {tri^-vaiv)[trts,  three ;  valva^  door]. 
Having  three  valves. 

Trocar  (tr(/-kar)  [Fr.,  trois-quarts,  from  its 
triangular  point].  An  instrument  for  pierc- 
ing the  wall  of  a  cavity  in  paracentesis. 

Trochanter  {tro-kan'-tfr)  [rf^xavH^pf  from 
rpox^t  a  wheel  or  pulley].  One  of  two  pro- 
cesses on  the  upper  extremity  of  the  femur 
below  the  neck.  The  greater  T.  is  situated 
on  the  outer,  and  the  lesser  T.  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  bone. 

Trochanteric  {tro-kan-Ur^-ik)  [^rpoxavr^Pf  a 
trochanter].     Pertaining  to  a  trochanter. 

Troche  {Jr(/'ke)  {rpoxo^y  wheel].  A  I02- 
enge. 

Trochiscus  (tro-hY-kus).     See  Troche. 

Trochlea  (trok'U-ah)  \rpoxChSay  pulley].    A 

part  having  the  nature  of  a  pulley.     T.  of 

the  Humerus,  a  surface  acting  as  a  pulley 

at  the  lower  extremity  of  the  humerus.     T. 

45 


of  the  Superior  Oblique,  T.  of  the  Orbit, 

the  ligamentous  ring  or  pulley,  attached  to 
the  upper  margin  of  the  orbit,  which  trans- 
mits the  tendon  of  the  superior  oblique  muscle 
of  the  eye. 
Trochlear  (trok'-Uar)  [rpox^kia^  a  pulley]. 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  pulley. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  T.  muscle.  3.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  T.  nerve. 

Trochlearis  {trok  lea^-ris)  [rpoxi^ua^  a  pul- 
ley]. Pulley-shaped,  as,  e.g.^  the  T.  muscle 
or  simply  T. ,  the  superior  oblique  muscle  of 
the  eye. 

Trochoides  (tro-koi'-diz)  \rpoxb^y  wheel]. 
A  pivot- joint  or  pulley  jomt,  such  as  the 
atlan to-axial  joint 

Tropacocain {tro -pa-Ay -ka-in)  [atropin ; 
cocain"].  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  a  small- 
leaved  coca-plant  of  Java. 

Tropseolin,  Tropeolin  (tro-pe^  o-lin).  One 
of  a  group  of  orange  anilin  dyes,  so  called 
from  the  resemblance  of  their  colors  to  those 
of  the  flowers  of  Tropaeolum,  the  garden  nas- 
turtium. Its  solutions  are  turned  brown  by 
free  acids  and  are  used  as  a  test  for  such  acids. 

Tropein  {tr</ -pe-in),  A  salt  of  tropin  and  an 
organic  acid. 

Trophesy  {trof-es-e)  [rpo^j^,  nourishment]. 
Same  as  Trophoneuroits. 

Trophic  [trof-ik)  [r^io^i^,  nourishment].  Per- 
taining to  nutrition.  T.  Center,  a  collection 
of  ganglion-cells  regulating  the  nutrition  of  a 
nerve  and  through  that  of  the  part  supplied. 

Trophology  {trof-ol' -o-ji)  \rpo^^  nourish- 
ment ;  A^iyof,  science].  The  science  of  nutri- 
tion. 

Trophoneurosis  (trof-o-nu-ro' -sis)  [rpo^, 
nourishment ;  vevpoi>,  nerve].  Any  disease 
of  a  part  due  to  disturbance  of  the  nerves  or 
nerve -centers  with  which  it  is  connected. 

Trophoneurotic  {trof-o-nu-rot* -ik)  [rpo^, 
nourishment ;  vevpov^  nerve].  Pertaining  to 
or  caused  by  a  trophoneurosis. 

Trophopathy  (trof-op' -ath-e)  {rpo^^  nourish- 
ment ;  7rdft)c,  disease  J .  A  disonler  of  nutrition. 

Tropic  Acid  [trop^'ik)  [from  atropin\  Qy 
H]qO..  An  acid  produced  by  treating  atropin 
with  baryta-water,  alkalies,  or  acids. 

Tropidin  (trof-id-in\  \<Uropin\  CgH,j,N. 
A  substance  resulting  from  the  decomposition 
of  atropin  in  the  presence  of  hydrochloric 
and  glacial  acetic  acids;  it  is  an  oily  fluid 
having  an  odor  like  coniin. 

Tropin  {trof-in)  \atropin\  C,H,jNO.  A 
crystalline  base  obtamed  in  tne  decomposition 
of  atropin. 

Tropometer  (trop-om^ -eter)  [rpom^,  a  twin ; 
fdrpov,  a  measure].  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  various  rotations  of  the  eyeball. 

Tropon  (tr(/-pon)  [rpo^,  nourishment].  An 
albuminous  substance  obtained  from  animal 
and  vegetable  sources,  containing  90  per  cent 


i 

i 


TROY  OUNCE 


TUBERCULOCIDIN 


of  albumin.  It  is  a  light  brown  nonhygro- 
scopic  powder,  intended  as  a  nutriment  for 
convalescents.  One  teaspoonful  to  one  table- 
spoonful  to  be  given  with  each  meal  in  cocoa, 
soup,  etc. 

Troy  Ounce.  A  imit  in  Troy  weight,  equal 
to  480  grains. 

Troy  Weight.     See  IVeights  and  Measures. 

True.  Real;  not  false.  T.  Aneurysm. 
See  Aneurysm.  T.  Corpus  luteum,  the 
corpus  luteum  of  pregjnancy.  T.  Pelvis, 
that  part  of  the  pelvic  cavity  situated  below 
the  iliopectineal  line.  T.  Ribs.  See  Ribs, 
T.  Skin,  the  corium.  T.  Vocal  Bands, 
the  inferior  bands,  or  those  concerned  in  the 
production  of  the  voice. 

Truncal  (trung^kal)  [iruncus^  a  trunk]. 
Pertaining  to  a  trunk. 

Trunk  [truncus].  I.  The  body  except  the 
head  and  limbs.  2.  The  main  stem  of  a 
nerve  or  artery. 

Truss  (trus)  [Tr.ttrousse'].  An  apparatus  for 
maintaining  a  hernia  in  place  after  reduction. 

Trypsin  (trij/-sin)\rpi^tq^  a  rubbing].  The 
proteolytic  ferment  of  the  pancreatic  juice, 
which  in  an  alkaline  medium  converts  pro- 
teids  into  peptones. 

Trypsinogen  {trip-sin' -o-jen)  [jP^'V^f »  *  ™^- 
bing;  yewav,  to  produce].  The  zymogen 
from  which  trypsin  is  formed. 

Tryptic  {trip^-tik)  [rplfi^,  a  rubbmg].  Per- 
taining to  or  caused  by  trypsin. 

Tryptone  (tny-  tdn\  [rpi-^i^t  a  rubbing]. 
Peptone  formed  by  the  action  of  trypsin. 

Tsuga  (tsu'-gah).  A  genus  of  Coniferae,  a 
species  of  which,  T.  canadensis,  yields  Can- 
ada pitch. 

Tubal  (tu'-bal)  Uuba ,  a  tube] .  Pertaining  to 
a  tube,  especially  the  Fallopian  tube  or  the 
renal  tubules. 

Tube  (tub)  \tuba\ .  A  hollow  cylindric  struc- 
ture, especially  the  Fallopian  T.  or  the 
Eustachian  T.  T. -casts,  casts  of  the  renal 
tubules ;  they  indicate  disease  of  the  kidneys. 
T.,  Drainage-,  a  hollow  tube  of  glass,  rub- 
ber, or  other  material  inserted  into  a  wound 
or  cavity  to  allow  of  the  escape  of  fluids. 
T.,  Crooke's,  T.,  Qeissler's,  T.,  Hittorf 't. 
See  X-rays. 

Tuber  {tu'ber)  [/m^^t,  a  bump  or  swelling]. 
I.  A  thickened  portion  of  an  underground 
stem.  2.  Any  rounded  swelling.  T.  cin- 
ereum,  a  tract  of  gray  matter  extending  from 
the  optic  chiasm  to  the  corpora  maromillaria, 
and  forming  part  of  the  floor  of  the  third 
ventricle. 

Tubercle  (iu'-bur-kl)  \juberculum^  a  tu- 
bercle]. I.  A  small  nodule.  2.  A  rounded 
prominence  on  a  bone.  3.  The  specific 
lesion  produced  by  the  tubercle-bacillus,  con- 
sisting of  a  collection  of  round  cells  and  epi- 
theliod  cells,  with  at  times  giant-cells.     T., 


Adductor-,  a  slight  protuberance  at  the  lower 
end  of  the  internal  supracondylar  line  of  the 
femur,  giving  attachment  to'  the  tendon  of  the 
adductor  magnus.  T.,  Amygdaloid*  a 
prominence  on  the  roof  of  the  descending 
comuof  the  lateral  ventricle.  T.,  Anatomic, 
a  wart-like  tuberculous  growth  sometimes 
appearing  on  the  hands  of  dissectors.  T., 
Anterior,  a  tubercle  at  the  anterior  part  of 
the  extremity  of  the  transverse  process  of  cer- 
tain vertebrae.  T. -bacillus.  See  Ba^teria^ 
Table  of.  T.,  Carotid,  a  prominence  of  the 
sixth  cervical  vertebra  on  Uie  anterior  part  of 
its  transverse  process.  T.,  Conoid,  a  broad 
projection  of  the  clavicle  on  its  posterior  bor- 
der at  the  union  of  its  middle  and  ooler 
thirds,  to  which  the  conoid  ligament  is  at- 
Udied.  T.,  Deltoid,  a  projection  on  the  an- 
terior border  of  the  clavicle,  giving  origin  to 
a  part  of  the  deltoideus.  T.,  Pibrout,  a 
tubercle  (3d  def.)  which  has  been  modified 
by  the  formation  of  connective  tissue  within 
its  structure.  T.,  Genial,  one  of  tbe 
tubercles  on  each  side  of  the  middle  line  00 
the  inner  surface  of  the  lower  maxilla.  T^ 
Genital,  the  rudimentary  penis  or  clitoris  in 
the  urogenital  region  of  the  embryo  in  front  of 
the  cloaca,  T.,  Gray.  See  T.,  Miliary,  T. 
of  Lower,  a  small  eminence  on  the  wall  of  the 
right  auricle,  between  the  orifices  of  the  vcnK 
cavae.  T.,  Lymphoid,  a  T.  (3d  def.)  coO' 
sisting  chiefly  of  round  or  lymphoid  cells. 
T.,  Mammillary.  See  Corpora  albicantia. 
T.,  Miliary.  See  T.,  31/  def.  T.,  Olfac 
tory.  See  Bulb,  Olfactory.  T.,  Painlol,  a 
painful  nodule  in  the  subcutaneous  tissue  in 
the  region  of  the  joints.  T.,  Posterior,  a  T, 
at  the  posterior  end  of  the  lumbar  and  sercral 
of  the  thoracic  vertebrae.  T.,  Pterygnoid,  a 
T.  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  infevior 
maxilla ;  it  gives  attachment  to  the  internal 
pterygoid  muscle.  T.  of  Rolando,  one  of 
the  rounded  masses  close  under  the  surface 
of  the  lateral  columns  of  the  medulla  ob- 
longata, formed  by  the  enlarged  dorsal  boms 
of  the  gray  matter.  T.,  Scalene-,  a  T.  on  the 
first  rib,  giving  attachment  to  die  anterior 
scalene  muscle. 

Tubercular  Uu-bur' -ku-lar)  [tubercu/um^  m 
tubercle].  Characterized  by  the  formaiioo 
of  tubercles. 

Tuberculin  (tu-bur' -ku-lin)  [tubercufs$m^  a 
tubercle].  A  glycerol -extract  of  cultures  of 
the  bacillus  of  tuberculosis.  It  Is  a  brownish, 
neutral  liquid,  soluble  in  water,  and  is  used 
as  a  means  of  diagnosing  tuberculosis.  espe< 
cially  in  the  domestic  animals  ;  when  injected 
into  tuberculous  individuals  a  reaction  is 
produced  which  differs  from  that  grveo  by 
healthy  individuals.  It  is  also  known  as 
paratoloid. 

Tuberculocidin  {tu-bur-ku-lo-si'-dtH)  \tmier- 


TUBERCULOSIS 


TUMOR 


aUum^  tubercle  ;  cctdere,  to  kill].  An  albu- 
mose  obtained  from  tuberculin  by  precipita- 
tion with  platinum  chlorid.  It  is  said  to 
possess  the  beneficial  effects  of  tuberculin 
without  producing  an  injurious  reaction. 

Tuberculosis  (tU'6ur-iu-/(/-sis)  [tubercu- 
lum^  a  tubercle].  An  infectious  disease  due 
to  the  bacillus  tuberculosis,  discovered  by 
Koch.  The  lesion  produced  by  the  growth  of 
the  bacillus  is  the  tubercle  (miliary  or  gray 
tubercle  or  nodule),  a  small,  grayish,  trans- 
lucent  nodule,  from  ^^  to  2  mm.  in  diameter, 
firmly  imbedded  in  the  surrounding  tissues. 
By  the  coalescence  of  neighboring  tubercles 
larger  masses,  the  so-called  tuberculous  in- 
filtrations, are  produced.  The  tendency  of 
tuberculous  lesions  is  to  undergo  cheesy 
necrosis.  For  this  degeneration  two  factors 
are  responsible :  the  absence  of  blood-ves- 
sels and  the  action  of  peculiar  poisons 
elaborated  by  the  bacillus.  The  breaking 
down  of  tuberculous  areas  in  the  interior  of 
organs  gives  rise  to  cavities,  which  may  be 
seen  in  muscles,  bones,  brain,  lymphatic 
glands,  and  elsewhere,  but  are  most  pro- 
nounced in  the  lungs.  On  surfaces — skin 
and  mucous  membranes — tuberculosis  often 
leads  to  the  formation  of  ulcers.  The  most 
frequent  seats  of  tuberculosis  are  the  lung,  the 
intestinal  tract,  the  lymphatic  elands,  the 
serous  membranes,  the  bones,  the  skin,  the  tes- 
ticle, the  epidid3rmis,  the  brain,  the  Fallopian 
tubes,  the  uterus,  the  spleen.  The  symptoms 
of  tuberculosis  vary  with  the  localization 
of  the  disease.  A  few  general  phenomena 
are  common  to  nearly  all  forms,  viz. :  emaci- 
ation, loss  of  strength,  anemia,  fever,  and 
sweats.  T.,  Acute  Miliary,  an  acute 
febrile  disease,  characterized  by  the  forma- 
tion of  minute  tubercles  in  great  numbers  in 
various  parts  of  the  body.  It  is  due  to  the 
discharge  into  the  circulatory  stream  of 
tubercle-bacilli.  Three  forms  are  usually 
described  :  ( X )  a  general  or  typhoid  form ;  (2^ 
one  with  marked  pulmonary  symptoms ;  (3) 
one  in  which  cerebral  symptoms  predominate. 
T.,  Avian,  tuberculosis  affecting  birds. 
T.,  Bovine,  tuberculosis  occurring  in  cattle ; 
pearl -disease.  T.,  General  Miliary.  See 
71,  Acute  Miliary,  T.,  Larsmgeal,  tuber- 
culosis of  the  larjmx,  usually  secondary  to 
tuberculosis  of  the  lungs,  but  in  rare  cases 
primary.  T.,  Miliary,  tuberculosis  char- 
acterized by  the  formation  deposit  of  miliary 
tubercles.  T.,  Surgical,  tuberculosis  of 
parts  amenable  to  surgical  treatment,  as  the 
bones  and  joints. 

Tuberculous  {tu-bur* -ku-lus)  [tuberculum, 
tubercle].  Affected  with  or  caused  by 
tuberculosa. 

Tuberculum  {tu-bur^'ku-lum)  [L.].  See 
Tubercle. 


Tuberose  {tuf-ber-^)  [tuberl.  Resembling 
a  tuber. 

Tuberosity  {hi-ber-os^-it-e)  {tuber,  a  swell- 
ing]. A  protuberance  on  a  bone.  T., 
Greater,  a  rough  projection  on  the  outer  side 
of  the  head  of  the  humerus.  T.  of  the 
Ischium,  a  thick,  downward  projection  of 
the  ischium,  on  which  the  body  rests  in  sit- 
ting. T.,  Lesser,  a  small  tuberosity  in  front 
of  the  head  and  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
bicipital  groove  of  the  humerus. 

Tuberous  {tu^-ber-us)  [tuberosus].  Like  a 
tuber,  as,  e,  g. ,  T.  angioma. 

Tuboabdominal  {tu-bo-ab-dom' -inal^  \tuba, 
a  tube ;  abdomen,  abdomen].  Pertainmg  to 
a  Fallopian  tube  and  to  the  abdomen. 

Tuboovarian  {tu-bo-o-va' -re-ati)  [tuba,  a 
tube;  ovary"].  Pertaining  to  the  Fallopian 
tube  and  the  ovary. 

Tubouterine  [tuba,  tube;  uterus,  uterus]. 
Pertaining  to  the  Fallopian  tube  and  the 
uterus. 

Tubular  {tu'-bu-lar)  [tubulus,  a  small  tube] . 
I.  Shaped  like  a  tube.  2.  Pertaining  to  or 
affecting  tubules,  as,  e.  g,,  T.  nephritis.  3.  Pro- 
duced in  a  tube,  as,  e.g.,  T.  breathing.  T. 
Membrane.     See  Neurilemma. 

Tubulature  (tu'-bulat-mr)  [tube,  tube]. 
The  short  tube  of  a  retort  or  receiver. 

Tubule  {tu''bal\  [tubulus,  dim.  of  tubus,  a 
tube].  A  small  tube.  T.,  Seminiferous, 
any  one  of  the  tubules  of  the  testicles.  T., 
Uriniferous,  one  of  the  numerous  winding 
tubules  of  the  kidney. 

Tubulus  (tu'-bulus)  [L.].     A  tubule. 

Tufneirs  Treatment.  A  treatment  for  an- 
eurysm, consisting  in  absolute  rest,  a  dry  diet, 
and  the  administration  of  potassium  iodid. 

Tuft,  Malpighian.    See  Malpighian  Bodies, 

Tugging,  Tracheal.   See  Tracheal  Tugging. 

Tumefaction  (tu-me/ak^-shun)  Uumere,  to 
swell ;  facere,  to  make].     A  swelling. 

Tumor  {tu'-mor)  [tumere,  to  swell].  I.  A 
swelling.  2.  A  new  growth  not  the  result  of 
inflammation.  The  classification  given  on 
next  page  is  based,  at  least  as  regards  classes 
A  and  B,  on  the  blastodermic  origin  of  the 
dominant  tissue  of  the  tumor.  T.  albus, 
white  swelling ;  tuberculous  enlargement  of 
a  joint.  T.,  Benign,  one  which  does  not 
give  rise  to  metastasis  or  recur  after  removal. 
T.,  Gubler*s,  a  prominence  on  the  back  of  the 
wrist  seen  in  wrist-drop.  T.,  Gummy,  a 
syphilitic  gumma.  T.,  Heterologous,  one 
composed  of  tissue  differing  from  that  in 
which  it  grows.  T.,  Homologous,  one 
composed  of  tissue  resembling  that  from 
which  it  grows.  T.,  Malignant,  one  which 
gives  metastasis  or  recurs,  or  does  both,  and 
eventually  destroys  life.  T.,  Phantom. 
See  Phantom- tumor.  T.,  Splenic,  a  term 
sometimes  applied  to  an  enlarged  spleen. 


i 


TUNGSTEN 


TURPENTINE 


A.    Mbsodbrmic  Tumors. 


X.  Sarcoma. 


2.  Fibroma. 

3.  Myxoma. 

4.  Lipoma. 

5.  Chondroma. 

6.  Osteoma. 

7.  Hemangioma. 

8.  Lymphangioma. 

9.  Myoma. 


Large. 
Small. 
Lympho* 
sarcoma. 


Lari 
Sma] 


fii. 


Roand-cell. 

Spindle- 
cell. 

Giant-cell. 

Melanotic. 

Alveolar. 

Endothelioma. 

Angiosarcoma. 

Cylindroma. 

Chloroma. 
.  Psammoma. 
'  Hard. 

Soft. 


'  Hvaline. 
Fibrous. 

O.  durum  or  O.  ebumeum. 
O.  spongiosum ;  O.  medul- 

lary. 
Telangiectatic. 
Cavernous. 
Simple. 
Cystic. 
Liomyoma. 
Rhabdomyoma. 


B.     ECTODBRMIC  AND  EnTODBRMIC  TUMORS. 

X.  Glioma. 


3.  Neuroma. 


3.  Epithelioma. 


N.  myeliuicum. 
N.  amyelinicum. 


Adenoma. 

Carcinoma.  ^ 

Epithelial 
cystoma. 


Tubular. 
Racemose. 
Squamous. 
Cylindric, 
Glandular. 
C.  simplex. 
C  papilli- 
ferum. 


C.    Tbratoid  Tumors  or  Tbratomata. 

X.  Dermoid  cyst. 
a.  Cholesteatoma. 

Tungsten  (/fi«t^-j/^w)[Swed.,  heavy  stone]. 
A  metallic  element  having  a  specific  gravity 
of  19. 1,  an  atomic  weight  of  183.5.  Symbol 
W  (from  the  German  name  Wolfram).  It 
forms  Tungstic  Acid,  H,Wo^,  the  latter 
combining  with  bases  to  form  Tungstates, 
which  are  used  as  reagents. 

Tunic  (tu^-nii)  [tunica] .  A  coat  or  mem- 
brane. 

Tunica  {tu^-nikah)  [L.].  A  tunic.  T.  ad- 
ventitial the  outer  coat  of  an  artery.  T. 
albug^ea  oculi,  the  sclerotic  coat  of  the 
eye.  T.  albuginea  ovarii,  the  compact 
connective  tissue  immediately  under  the  epi- 
thelium  of  the  cortex  of  the  ovary.  T. 
albuginea  testis,  the  fibrous  covering  of  the 
testis.  T.  intixna,  the  inner  coat  of  an 
artery.  T.  media,  the  middle  coat  of  an 
artery.  T.  ruyschiana,  the  layer  of  capil- 
lary vessels  of  the  choroid  coat  of  the  eye. 
T.  vaginalis,  the  serous  covering  of  the 
testis  derived  from  the  peritoneum.  T.  vas- 
culosa,  the  vascular  layer  of  the  testis, 
called  also  the  pia  mater  of  the  testis. 


Tunnel-anemia.    See  Ankylostomiasis. 

Tunnel-disease.    See  Caisson-disease. 

Tupelo  (tu'pel-o).  The  Nyssa  grandiden- 
tata,  of  the  order  Comacese.  Its  root  has 
been  used  for  making  tents  (T.-tent). 

Turbinal  {tur^-bina/)  [turbo  ^  top].  I.  Tur- 
binated.    2.  A  turbinated  bone. 

Turbinated  [tur' -bina-ted)  [turbo ^  a  top]. 
Top-shaped ;  scroll-shaped.  T.  Bone,  one 
of  the  three  (superior,  middle,  and  inferior) 
bony  projections  upon  the  outer  wall  of  eacb 
nasal  fossa.  They  are  covered  by  an  erectile 
vascular  mucous  membrane. 

Turck's  Column.     See  Column, 

Turgescence  (tur-jes'-ens)  [turgescere^  to 
become  swelled].     Swelling. 

Turgid  {tur'-jid)  [turgidus,  swollen]. 
Swollen,  congested. 

Turmeric  Uur' -mer-ik)  f/irrwimrtf, turmeric]. 
The  Curcuma  longa,  a  plant  of  the  Zingibera- 
ceae.  Its  rhizome  contains  a  yellow  coloring 
matter,  curcumin,  C,.H,,0^.  Its  solution  in 
alcohol  is  turned  reddish-brown  by  alkalies, 
and  has  been  used  as  a  test  for  the  latter. 
Paper  tinged  with  an  alcoholic  solution  (T.* 
paper)  may  be  used  instead. 

Turning  {lum'-ing).     See  Version. 

Turpentine  {tur^ -penfln)  [repi(in'$o^,  tere- 
binth]. A  concrete  or  liquid  oleoresin  ob- 
tained from  various  species  of  Conifene.  The 
ordinary  or  white  T.  (Terebinthina,  U.  S. 
P.,  Thus  americanum,  B.  P.),  derived  from 
Pinus  palustris  and  other  species  of  Pinus, 
contains  a  volatile  oil,  oil  or  spirits  of  T. 
(Oleum  terebinthina?,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 
This  when  pure  consists  only  of  carbon  and 
hydrogen,  but  on  exposure  absorbs  oxygen. 
Oil  of  T.  is  stimulant,  diuretic,  and  anthel- 
mintic ;  in  large  doses  it  acts  as  a  cathartic ; 
locally  it  is  a  rubefacient.  In  overdoses  it 
acts  as  an  irritant,  especially  to  the  kidneys, 
producing  bloody  urine  and  strangury.  It  u 
used  as  a  stimulant  in  typhoid  and  other  low 
fevers ;  in  tympanites  ;  as  a  hemostatic  ;  in 
chronic  renal  diseases,  dysentery,  and  whoop- 
ing-cough ;  as  an  inhalation  in  bronchitis ;  as 
a  cathartic  in  the  form  of  enema,  and  as  a 
teniafuge.  Dose  n\^v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  Phs 
parations:  Confectio  terebinthinse  (B.  P.), 
Dose  f^ss-j  (2.0-4.0).  Enema  terebinthios 
(B.  P.)  ;  Linimentum  terebinthina  (U.  S-  P., 
B.  P. ) ;  Linimentum  terebinthinse  aceticnm 
(B.  P.) ;  Oleum terebinthins  rectificatum  (U. 
S.  P.).  Dose  TT\^v-xxx  (0.32-2.0).  Unguen- 
tum  terebinthinse  (B.  P.).  T.,  Canada 
(Terebinthina  canadensis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  is 
obtained  from  Pinus  balsamea,  and  under  Ibe 
name  of  Canada  balsam  is  used  as  a  monnt- 
ing  medium  in  microscopy.  T.,  Cbian« 
collected  on  the  island  of  Chios,  from  the 
Pistacia  terebinthus,  was  formerly  used  m 
cancer.      T.,    Common    Buropean,  T*« 


TURPETH 


TVPHOMALARIAL 


Bordeuz,  is  obtained  from  several  species 
•f  pine,  chiefly  Pinus  sylvestris  and  Pinos 
maritima.  It  yields  large  quantities  of  oil 
of  T.  T.,  Strasburg,  is  derived  from  Abies 
picea.  T.,  Venice,  is  obtained  from  Larix 
europsea,  and  yields  oil  of  T. 

Turpeth  {tur^-peth)  [Pers., /Mri^<i</,  a  purga- 
tive root].  The  Ipomcea  turpethum,  a  pur- 
gative plant  resembling  jalap,  found  in  Asia. 
T. •mineral,  subsulphate  of  mercury,  used 
as  an  emetic.     See  Mercury, 

Tussilag^  (ttis-il-a'-^o'S.  A  genus  of  plants 
of  the  order  Q>mpositae.  The  leaves  of  T. 
farfara,  coltsfoot,  and  also  other  parts  of  the 
plant  are  used  as  a  demulcent  in  pulmonary 
affections  associated  with  cough. 

Tutsis  (his' -is)  [L.].  A  cough.  T.  con- 
vulsiva,  whooping-cough. 

Tussive  (/i#r'-iv)  [ /www,  cough].  Pertain- 
ing to  or  caused  by  cough. 

Tutamina  oculi  Uu  -  tarn' -in  -  ah  ok^-u-U  ). 
The  appendages  of  the  eyes. 

Twelfth  Cranial  Nerve.  The  hypoglossal 
nerve.     See  Nerves^  Table  of. 

Twin.  One  of  two  individuals  bom  at  the 
same  birth. 

Tyloma  {ti'i</'mah)  [riiXo^t  callus].  A 
callus. 

Tylosis  {H-lo^'sis)  [i^Xof,  callus].  A  state 
characterized  by  the  formation  of  callus. 

Tympanic  (Urn-pan' -ik)  [rv/xTravov,  a  drum]. 
Pertaining  to  the  tympaniun.  T.  Bone,  T. 
Plate,  the  thin  plate  of  bone  separating  the 
tympanum  from  the  cranial  cavity.  T. 
Membrane.  Sec  Membrane.  T.  Tegmen, 
the  bony  plate  forming  the  roof  of  the  tym- 
panum. 

Tympanites  {tim  -pan  -  i'  -  tlz)  [rifiiravov^ 
drum].  A  distention  of  the  abdominal  walls 
from  accumulation  of  gas  in  the  intestines  or 
peritoneal  cavity. 

Tympanitic  (tim-pan-it'-ik)  [riffinavov,  a 
drum].  Caused  by  or  of  the  nature  of 
tympanites.  T.  Resonance,  the  note  ob^ 
tained  on  percussing  a  cavity  distended  with 
gas. 

Tympanitis  {tim-pan-i'-tis)  [rhfinavov^  drum; 
tri^y  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
tympanum ;  otitis  media. 

Tympanoeustachian  {tim  -pan  -  o-u-sta'-ke- 
an)  [rinnavoVy  drum  ;  Eustachitts,  an  ana- 
tomist]. Pertaining  to  the  tympanum  and 
the  Eustachian  tube. 

Tympanohyal  [tim  pan-o-hi' -al)  M/iffovov, 
drum ;  ioeiS^Ct  hyoid].  A  small  cartilage 
of  the  human  fetus  subsequently  fusing  with 
the  styloid  process  of  the  temporal  bone. 

Tympanum  (tim' -pan-um)  [ri/i7ravov,drum]. 
The  middle  ear. 

T3rphlitis  (tif-li'-tis)  [ri^A^f,  cecum;  /nf, 
inflammation].     Inflammation  of  the  cecum. 

'Typhoid  (ti* -foid)    [rv^,  stupor;    cMof, 


like].  Resembling  typhus.  T.  Fever, 
enteric  fever,  abdt>minai  typhus,  ileotyphus. 
An  infectious  disease  caused  by  the  iMcillus 
typhosus  discovered  by  Eberth.  It  is  intro- 
duced into  the  body  with  the  food  and  drink- 
ing water,  and  is  found  in  the  intestines, 
the  spleen,  and  the  fecal  discharges,  but 
may  also  occur  in  the  various  complicat- 
ing lesions.  The  principal  lesions  of  typhoid 
fever  are  an  enlargement  and  necrosis  of 
Peyer's  patches,  and  enlargement  of  the 
spleen  and  the  mesenteric  glands.  The 
mucous  membrane  of  the  intestines  is  also  the 
seat  of  a  catarrhal  inflammation.  After  a 
period  of  incubation  of  from  two  to  three 
weeks  the  disease  sets  in  with  weakness, 
headache,  vague  pains,  a  tendency  to  diar- 
rhea, and  nose-bleed.  The  temperature 
gradually  rises,  being  higher  each  evening 
than  the  previous  evening,  and  reaches  its 
maximum  (I04**-I05**  F.)  in  from  one  to  two 
weeks.  It  then  remains  at  this  level  for  from 
one  to  two  weeks,  and  Anally  sinks  by  lysis. 
The  pulse  is  soft  and  dicrotic,  but  often  not 
as  rapid  as  would  be  expected  from  the  high 
temperature.  The  tongue  is  at  first  coated  on 
the  dorsum  and  red  at  the  tip  and  edges,  but 
soon  becomes  dry,  brown,  and  tremulous,  and, 
like  the  teeth  and  lips,  covered  with  sordes. 
There  is  usually  complete  anorexia,  the 
bowels  are  loose,  the  stools  having  a  peculiar 
•* pea-soup'*  color.  At  times  constipation 
exists.  Slight  congestion  of  the  lungs  with 
cough  is  usually  present  On  the  seventh, 
eighth,  or  ninth  day  the  peculiar  eruption  ap- 
pears— it  consists  of  small,  slightly-elevated, 
rose-colored  spots,  disappearing  on  pressure, 
and  coming  out  in  successive  crops.  Nervous 
symptoms  are  prominent  in  typhoid  fever, 
and  are  headache,  slight  deafness,  stupor, 
muttering  delirium,  carphologia,  subsultus 
tendinum,  and  coma  vigil.  Complications 
are  frequent,  the  most  important  bemg  intes- 
tinal hemorrhage,  perforation  of  the  bowel, 
peritonitis,  pneumonia,  and  nephritis.  Re- 
lapses are  fairly  common,  although  second 
attacks  are  rare.  Abortive  typhoid  is  charac- 
terized by  an  abrupt  onset  of  symptoms,  which 
subside  quickly,  convalescence  following  in 
a  few  days.  Walking  typhoid  is  a  variety  in 
which  the  sjrmptoms  are  so  mild  that  the 
patient  disreganls  them  and  walks  about. 
Grave  accidents  may  in  such  a  case  develop 
suddenly.  T.  State,  the  condition  of  stupor 
and  hebetude,  with  dry,  brown  tongue,  sordes 
on  the  teeth,  rapid,  feeble  pulse,  incontinence 
of  feces  and  urine,  and  rapid  wasting,  seen  in 
typhoid  fever  and  other  continued  fevers. 
Typhomalarial  (ti' -fomala'  real)  [ri^, 
stupor;  malaria].  Exhibiting s3rmptoms of 
both  t3rphoid  and  malarial  fevers.  T.  Fever, 
a  fever  having  t3rmptoms  both  of  typhoid  and 


^ 


TYPHOMANIA 


ULCUS 


of  malarial  fever,  but  probably  malarial  in 
nature. 

Typhomania  (ti-fo-ma^-ne'ah)[rv^,  stupor; 
navia,  madness j.  The  lethargic  state,  with 
delirium,  sometimes  observed  in  typhus,  ty- 
phoid, and  other  low  fevers. 

Typhotoxin  {H-fo-toks' -in)  \tv^^  stupor; 
To^uc6i>f  poison].  A  ptomain  produced  by 
the  typhoid  bacillus.  It  is  isomeric  with  the 
base  C^H^fNO,,  obtained  from  putrefying 
horseflesh,  and  induces  lethargy,  paralysis, 
and  death. 

Typhous  (ti^'/us)  [r«^,  stupor].  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  nature  of  typhus. 

Typhus  {ti^-fus)  [rv^y  stupor].  Jail-fever, 
ship- fever.  An  acute  contagious  disease 
chiefly  characterized  by  a  petechial  rash, 
marked  nervous  symptoms,  and  a  high  fever, 
ending  by  crisis  in  from  ten  to  fourteen  days. 
The  only  peculiar  lesion  noted  postmortem  is 
a  dark  fluid  state  of  the  blood,  and  a  staining 
of  the  endocardium  and  intima  of  the  blood- 
vessels. After  a  period  of  incubation  of  from 
a  few  hours  to  two  weeks,  the  disease  sets  in 
abruptly  with  pains  in  the  head,  back,  and 
limbs,  the  fever  rising  rapidly  to  104®  or 
105®  F.  The  nervous  symptoms  resemble 
those  of  t3rphoid  fever.  The  eruption  ap- 
pears on  the  fourth  or  fifth  day  as  rose-col- 


ored spots  scattered  all  over  the  body,  and 
quickly  becoming  hemorrhagic.  It  does  noC 
disaopearon pressure.  The cluef  complications 
are  hypeipjrrexia,  pneumonia,  and  nephritis. 

Tyrein  (Herein)  [rv/xJf,  cheese].  Coagu- 
lated casein. 

Tyroid  Ui^-roid)  Jrt/jdf,  cheese ;  e2<Joc,like]. 
Cheese- like. 

Tyroma  {tiro'-mah)  [Tvp<5c,  cheese],  l.  A 
caseous  mass.     2.  A  tuberculous  tumor. 

Tyrosin  {H'-ro-sin)  [rvpd^,  cheese],  C,H,j- 
NO,.  A  crystalline  amidoacid,  a  decomposi- 
tion-product of  proteids. 

Tyrosinase  {ti-ro^-sin-az)  [rv/xJf,  cheese]. 
An  oxidizing  enzyme  found  in  many  fungi, 
in  dahlia  and  beet  root  It  acts  upon  all  the 
cresols. 

Tyrosis  (ti-r(/'sis)  [rup^c,  cheese].  Caseation. 

Tyrotoxicon  {itro-^oJks^-iJk'OM)lrvp6c,  cheese; 
To^ucdVf  poison].  A  ptomain  obtained  from 
poisonous  cheese,  milk,  ice-cream,  etc  It 
induces  vertigo,  nausea,  vomiting,  chills, 
rigors,  severe  pains  in  the  epigastric  region^ 
dilatation  of  the  pupils,  griping  and  purging, 
a  sensation  of  numbness  or  pins  and  needles, 
especially  in  the  limbs,  and  marked  prostra- 
tion, or  even  death.  The  poison  is  thought 
to  be  the  cause  of  the  summer-diarrhea  of 
infants.     See  Ptomains^  TabU  of: 


u 


Ucambin,  Ukambin  (« -  kam'  -  bin).  An 
African  arrow  poison  with  the  effects  of  stio- 

J^hanthin,  but  more  powerful, 
latrophia   {oolat-ro'-fe-ah)    {c^'kav^   gum; 
arpo^la,    atrophy].      A    shrinkage    of    the 
gums. 

Ulcer  (ul^'Ser)  [ulcus].  A  loss  of  substance 
occurring  on  the  skin  or  mucous  membrane, 
and  due  to  a  gradual  necrosis  of  the  tissues. 
U.,  Atheromatous.  A  loss  of  substance  in 
the  wall  of  an  artery  or  the  endocardium, 
due  to  the  breaking  down  of  an  atheromatous 
patch.  U.,  Chancroidal.  See  Chancroid. 
U.,  Curling's,  an  ulcer  of  the  duodenum  ob- 
served after  severe  burns  of  the  body.  U., 
Follicular,  a  small  ulcer  on  a  mucous  mem- 
brane having  its.  origin  in  a  lymph-follicle. 
U.,  Fungous,  one  covered  by  fungous  granu- 
lations. U.,  Indolent,  one  with  an  indu- 
rated, elevated  edge,  and  a  nongranulating 
floor,  usually  occurring  on  the  leg.  U.,  In- 
flamed, one  surrounded  by  marked  inflam- 
mation. U.,  Jacob's.  See  U.y  Rodent.  U., 
Marjolin's,  an  ulcer  having  for  its  seat  an 


old  cicatrix.  U.,  Perforating,  an  ulcer  that 
perforates  the  tissues  of  a  part,  particularly 
the  foot  or  the  stomach.  U.,  Phagedenic, 
one  which  rapidly  eats  away  the  tissues.  U^ 
Phlegmonous.  Synonym  of  U.^  Inflamed. 
U.,  Rodent,  a  form  of  ulcer,  probably  epitheli- 
omatous,  which  gradually  involves  and  eats 
away  soft  tissues  and  bones.  U.,  Round, 
the  peptic  ulcer  of  the  stomach.  U.,  Ser* 
piginous,  one  healing  in  one  place  while 
spreading  in  another.  U.,  Tuberculous, 
one  due  to  the  tubercle-bacillus.  U.,  Vari* 
cose,  an  ulcer  due  to  varicose  veins. 

Ulcerate  {t^-ser-lU)  [ulcus,  ulcer].  To  he- 
come  converted  into  or  affected  with  an 
ulcer. 

Ulceration  (ul-ser-a^-sAun)  [ulcus,  a  sorcl. 
The  formation  of  an  ulcer;  a  process  of 
liquefaction- necrosis  or  molecular  death  on  • 
free  surface. 

Ulcerative  (ul' -ser-a  -  Hv)  [ulcus ^  ulcer]. 
Pertaining  to  ulceration;  characterized  by 
ulceration. 

Ulcus  {ul'-kus)  [L.].    See  UUtr. 


ULITIS 


UNION 


Ulitto  {ft'H^'Hs)  [chXmf,  gum ;  iti^^  ioflamma- 
tion].     Inflammation  of  the  gums. 

Ulmut  (u/^-mus)  [L.].  The  Ulmos  fuWa. 
or  elm,  of  the  order  Urticacete.  Its  bark 
(Ulmos,  U.  S.  P.,  elm,  slippery  elm)  is  used 
as  a  demulcent  in  diarrhea,  dysentery,  and 
diseases  of  the  urinary  tract ;  as  a  poultice  in 
inflammations,  and  in  the  form  of  tents  for 
dilating  the  os  uteri.  Preparation :  Mudlago 
ulmi,  U.  S.  P. 

Ulna  (u/^'HaA)  [L.,  a  cubit].  The  bone  on 
the  inner  side  of  the  forearm,  articulating 
with  the  humerus  and  the  head  of  the  radius 
above  and  with  the  radius  below. 

Ulnar  {ui'-nar)  [M/Maris,  ulnar].  I.  Per- 
taining to  or  in  relation  with  the  ulna,  as, 
e,  g.^  me  U.  artery,  U.  nerve.  2.  Pertaining 
to  the  U.  artery  or  U.  nerve. 

Ulnaria  {ulna^ris)  [L.].  I.  Ulnar.  2. 
The  U.  muscle,  a  muscle  on  the  ulnar  side 
of  the  forearm. 

Ulnocarpal  (ulnckar^-pai)  [uinaf  ulna; 
capir^,  carpus].  Pertaining  to  the  ulna  and 
the  carpus. 

Ulnoradial  {ul-ncra'-de-al)  [mAm,  ulna; 
radius,  radius].  Pertaining  to  the  ulna  and 
the  radius. 

Uloid  (u  '  '  UU)  \wkii,  scar;  eldof,  like]. 
Scarlike. 

Ulonliagia  (ul-ifr-a'-Je-^ik)  [cvXov^  gum; 
ff^yvifvat,  to  burst  forth].  Bleeding  from  the 
giuna. 

Ultimate  (tW-tim-M)  [uitimus,  superl.  of 
uUra,  beyond  1.  Farthest ;  most  remote  ; 
last ;  final.     U.  Principle.     See  PrinapU, 

Ultimum  (tJ^'timum)  [L.].  Last.  U. 
moriens  Hast  dying).  I.  The  right  auricle ; 
io  called  nom  the  belief  that  it  is  the  last 
part  of  the  heart  to  cease  its  contractions, 
a.  The  upoer  part  of  the  trapezius  muscle 
which  usually  escapes  in  progressive  muscu- 
lar atrophy. 

UmbUical  (mmbirik-ai)  [mmMinu,  the 
navel].  I.  Pertaining  to  the  umbilicus,  as, 
/.  g. ,  the  U.  cord,  U.  vessels.  2.  Pertaining 
to  the  U.  cord  or  U.  vessels.  U.  Region, 
the  central  of  the  regions  into  which  the 
abdomen  is  divided  for  purposes  of  phys- 
ical diagnosis.  U.  Ring,  the  aperture, 
closed  in  the  adult,  through  which  the  um- 
bilical vessels  pass  in  fetal  life.  U.  Souffle, 
the  peculiar  sowid  heard  occasionally  over 
the  umbilical  cord  of  the  fetus.  U.  Veaide, 
the  part  of  the  yolk-sac  remaining  outside 
of  the  embryo  and  supplying  nutriment  to  it 
through  the  omphalomesenteric  duct. 

Umbilicated  (umbil''iJka-4eJ)  [Mmbilunt, 
navel].  Having  a  depression  like  that  of  the 
naTel. 

Umbilication  ( um-bil- ik-a'-skMn) \Mmbi tints, 
navel].  I.  A  depression  like  that  of  the 
navel.     2.  The  state  of  being  umbilicated. 


UmbUicua  {urn- Si/'i^-his)  [U).  The 
navel,  the  round,  depressed  cicatnx  in  the 
median  line  of  the  abdomen,  marking  the 
site  of  the  aperture  which  in  fetal  life  gave 
passage  to  the  umbilical  vessels. 

Umbo  (urn' -bo)  [L.].  A  boss,  or  boasela- 
tion ;  any  central  convex  eminence,  as,  e,  g., 
the  U.  of  the  membrana  tympanl 

Unavoidable  Hemorrhage.  See  Hemor* 
rha^e. 

Uncia  {un'-se-ak)  [L.].     An  ounce. 

Unciform  (un' -se-form)  \umus,  a  hook; 
forma,  form].  Hook-shaped.  U.  Bone, 
a  hook -shaped  bone  in  the  second  row  of 
the  carpus.  U.  Proceaa,  a  hook-shaped 
process  on  the  ethmoid  and  other  bones. 

Uncinate  (uh' -sinst)  [untus,  hook]. 
Hooked.  U.  Convolution,  U.  Oyrua,  the 
continuation  of  the  hippocampal  convolution^ 
or  gyrus  fomicatus,  ending  in  a  hook -like 
process  near  the  end  of  the  temporal  lobe. 

Unction  (unk'-skuH^  [Mmgmre,  to  anoint]. 
I.  The  act  of  andntmg.     2.  An  ointment. 

Unctuoua  {unk'-tu-us)  [ungture,  to  anoint]. 
Greasy,  oily. 

Uncus  {ungf'kus)  [L.].  I.  A  hook.  2. 
The  hook -like  anterior  extremity  of  the  un- 
cinate gyrus  of  the  brain. 

Undulation  (uM-duia^-shuH)  [utululatic, 
from  Muia,  a  wave].     A  wave-like  motion. 

Ungual  (ung^'gwal)  [ungMis,  a  claw],  i. 
Pertaining  to  a  nail.  2.  Resembling  a  nail 
in  sixe,  as  the  U.  bone  (the  lacrimal  bone). 

Unguent  (un'-gwent)  [ungutntum,  oint- 
ment!.    See  Ointiment. 

Unguiculate  {ttng-gwiy-u-ld/)  [mnguis^ 
nail].     Having  nails  or  claws. 

Unguis  (ung^gwis)  [L.].  I.  A  nail.  2. 
The  lacrimal  bone. 

Uni-  (ti^-ne-)  [mhus,  one],  A  prefix  de- 
noting one. 

Uniaxial  (ttne-ais^-e-a/)  ^uttms,  one  ;  aw, 
axis].     Having  bat  one  axis. 

Unicellular  {M-nrstl^'tt'lar)  Tmnms,  one; 
tellulny  dim.  of  teUa,  a  cell].  Composed  of 
but  one  cell. 

Unicom  {u^-tu-kortC)  \unm  one;  comu^ 
horn].     Having  a  single  horn. 

Unilateral  {unelaf  erd)  [unms^frnt ;  UUm, 
side].  Pertaining  to  or  aJfTecting  but  one 
side. 

Unilocular  {u-ne-  to¥  •  u  •  tar)  [timus,  one ; 
Ucu/hs,  dim.  of  /ortUt  a  place],  tlaving  but 
one  loculus  or  cavity. 

Unmudear,  Uninudeated  {M-m^Hu^kU' 
ar^  M-neMH^-ki^'ateJ)  [unus,  one;  nucleus , 
nucleus].     Having  but  a  single  nucleus. 

Uniocular  {M-ne-ok'  ular)  [unus,  one;  ocu- 
ius^  eye].  Pertaining  to  or  performed  with 
one  eye. 

Union  {ikn' •  yun)  [muV,  oneness].  See 
Healing. 


UNIPARA 


URESIS 


Unipara  {u-nip^'ar-ah)  [unus^  one;  parere^ 
to  bear].  A  woman  who  has  borne  but  one 
child. 

Uniparous  iM-nip^ -ar-us)  \unu5y  one ;  parere^ 
to  produce].     Having  borne  but  one  child. 

Unipolar  {u-ne-po' -lar)  [m/ii/j,  one ;  polus^  a 
pole].  I.  Having  but  one  pole  or  process. 
2.  I^rtaining  to  one  pole. 

Unisexual  {u  -  ne - seh' -u-al)  \unus^  one; 
sexus^  sex] .  Provided  with  the  sexual  organs 
of  one  sex  only. 

Unit  {u'-nit )  \unu5^  one].  I .  A  single  thing ; 
a  group  considered  as  a  whole,  or  as  fonning 
one  of  many  similar  groups  composing  a 
more  complex  body.  U.,  Physiologic,  a 
term  used  by  Herbert  Spencer  to  express  a 
unit  between  the  chemic  and  the  morpho- 
logic units  in  complexity,  and  of  an  aggrega- 
tion of  which  units  the  body  is  composed, 
and  which  represents  the  character  of  the 
species.  2.  A  quantity  with  which  others 
are  compared.  The  most  important  units 
are:  The  Electric  Units— 6^  of  Capacity, 
the  farad ;  U.  of  Current,  the  ampere ;  U.  of 
Electromotive  Force,  the  volt;  U,  of  Power, 
the  watt ;  U,  qf  Quantity,  the  coulomb ;  U, 
of  Resistance,  tfie  ohm.  U.  of  Force,  the 
dyne;  U.  of  Heat,  the  calorie;  U.  of 
Light,  the  light  of  a  standard  candle,  f.  e,, 
a  spermaceti-candle  burning  1 20  grains  per 
hour;  U.  of  Length,  U.  of  Volume,  U. 
of  Weight.  See  Weights  and  Measures, 
U.  of  Work,  the  erg.  U.,  Serum-,  U., 
Immunizing,  according  to  Behring,  one 
cubic  centimeter  of  an  antitoxic  blood-serum, 
of  which  0.1  c.c  protects  a  guinea-pig  of  500 
grams  against  lo  times  the  fatal  dose  of 
diphtheria-toxin . 

Unitary  {u' -nit-a-re)  [unus,  one].  I.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  qualities  of  a  unit. 
2.  Pertaining  to  monsters  having  the  organs 
of  a  single  individual. 

Univalent  (u-niv^-al-ent)  [unus,  one ;  valere, 
to  be  worth].  Having  a  valence  of  one; 
capable  of  replacing  a  single  hydrogen-atom 
in  combination. 

Unorganized  {un-or^-gan-Hd)  [un,  not; 
dpyavov,  organ].  Without  organs;  not  ar- 
ranged in  the  form  of  an  organ  or  organs. 

Unpolarized  (un-po^-tar-lzd)  [un,  not; 
polus,  pole].     Not  polarized. 

Unstriated  (un-stri^a-ted)  [mm,  not;  stria, 
stripe].     Not  striated,  as,  e.g.,  U.  muscle. 

Ununited  (un-u-ni^-ted)  [un,  not;  unus, 
one].     Not  united,  as,  e.  g.,  an  U.  fracture. 

Unv^ell.     I.   Ill ;  sick.     2.  Menstruating. 

Urachus  (u^-ra-kus)  [avpov,  urine;  kxttv, 
to  hold].  The  allantoic  stalk  connecting 
in  the  fetus  the  bladder  with  the  allantois, 
in  after-life  represented  by  a  fibrous  cord 
passing  from  the  apex  of  the  bladder  to  the 
umbilicus. 


Ural  (u^-ral)  [olpov,  urine].  Chloral-urc^ 
ane,  CC1.CH  :  OH.NHCO,C,Hj.  An  hyp- 
notic.    Dose  gr.x-xx  (0.65-1.3). 

Uramin  (u-ram'-in).    See  Cuanidin, 

Uranalysis  {u-ran-al'-is-is).    See  UrinaJysii, 

Uraniscoplasty  {u-ran-is'  ko-pltiste)  [o^cwv- 
ioKo^,  palate ;  -KTUusativ,  to  form].  A  plasdc 
operation  for  the  repair  of  cleft  palate. 

Uraniscorrhaphy  {u-ran  -is-kor^  -^-fi)  [<«>p<n>- 
loKoq,  palate ;  }>a^,  suture].  Suture  of  a 
palatal  cleft ;  staphylorrhaphy. 

Uranium  {u-ra'-ne-um)  [Uranus,  Uranus]. 
A  heavy  white  metal.  See  Elements,  Tattle 
of  Its  phosphate  and  nitrate  are  used  as  tests 
for  phosphoric  acid.  The  salts  are  very  poi- 
sonous. 

Uranoplasty  {u'-ran-o-plas-te).  Same  as 
Uraniscoplasty. 

Urare,  Urari  (u-rak'-re).     See  Curare, 

Urate  (u'-rOt)  [olpov,  urine].  A  salt  of 
uric  acid. 

Uratic  {u-rat^-iJk)  [ovpav,  urine].  Pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  urates.  U.  Dia- 
thesis, a  condition  in  which  there  is  a  ten- 
dency to  the  deposition  of  urates  in  the  joints 
and  elsewhere  ;  a  tendency  to  gout. 

Uratoma  {u-ra-to^ -mah)  [urate ;  d/ia,tunior]. 
A  concretion  composed  of  urates,  and  occur- 
ring chiefly  about  the  joints ;  a  tophus. 

Urea  (u-re^-ah)  [ovpov,  urine].  CO(NH,V 
The  chief  nitrogenous  constituent  of  urine, 
and  principal  end-product  of  tissue- metamor- 
phosis ;  it  occurs  also  in  the  blood,  the  lymph, 
and  the  liver. 

Ureameter  {u-re-am^-e-ler)  [urea ;  fdrpav, 
measure].  An  apparatus  for  determining 
the  amount  of  urea  contained  in  a  liquid. 

Ureametry  {u-re-am'-et-re)  [urea ;  fitrpot^ 
measure].  The  determination  of  the  amount 
of  urea  m  a  liquid. 

\JtedeiTnA{u're'de^-maA)[wpov,  urine ;  oMq/io, 
a  swelling].  Distention  of  tissues  from  ex- 
travasation of  urine. 

Uredo  (u-re^-do)  [uredo,  a  blight],  l.  A 
genus  of  fungi.     2.  Urticaria. 

Ureid  {u^ -re-id)  [urea^  A  compound  of 
urea  and  an  acid  radicle. 

Uremia  (u-re^ -me-ah)  [ovpw,  urine  ;  oi//n, 
blood].  The  symptoms  due  to  the  retention 
in  the  blood  of  excrementitious  substances 
normally  excreted  by  the  kidneys ;  it  is  chai- 
acterized  by  headache,  vertigo,  vomiting, 
amaurosis,  convulsions,  coma,  sometimes 
hemiplegia,  and  a  urinous  odor  of  the  breath. 

Uremic  {u-rem^-ik,  u-re^-mik)  [wfxn\  urine; 
nlfia,  blood].  Due  to  or  characterized  by 
uremia. 

Ureometer  (u-re-om^-et-er)  [urea;  fdrfW„ 
measure].     See  Ureameter, 

Ureometry  {u-re-om'-et-re).  Sec  Ureotnetry, 

Uresis  (u-re^-sis)  [obpffoicl.  Same  as  Uri- 
nation, 


-URET 


URIDROSIS 


-uret  {-u^-ret).  A  suffix  denoting  m  binary 
compound  of  carbon,  sulphur,  etc.,  with 
another  element ;  in  modem  chemistry  the 
suffix  14/  is  used. 

Ureter  (u-re^-Ur)  [ovpriTfjp,  ureter].  The 
long,  narrow  tube  conveying  the  urine  from 
the  pelvis  of  the  kidney  to  the  bladder. 

Ureteral  (u  -  re'  -  ttr  -  al)  [wprirfjp^  ureter]. 
Pertaining  to  the  ureter. 

Ureteralgia  (u-  re- ter- al' -jeah)  [ovptrHjp, 
ureter;  dAyof,  pain].  Neuralgic  pain  in  the 
ureter. 

Ureteric  (u-re-  ter'  -  ik)  [ovptiriip,  ureter] . 
Pertaining  to  the  ureter. 

Ureteritis  {^u-re-ter-i'-Hs)  [^ovptfT^p,  ureter; 
iTi^f  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  a  ure- 
ter. 

Ureterolith  {u-re'-ter-o-Hth)  [ovptfr^p,  ureter ; 
Xido^,  stone].     Calculus  in  the  ureter. 

Ureterotomy  (u're-ter-ot'-o-me)  [ovpririjp^ 
ureter;  rofiif,  a  cutting].  Incision  of  the 
ureter. 

Ureterouterine  {ure-ter-o-u'-ter-in)  lovpnr^p, 
ureter;  u/erus,  uterus].  Pertainij^g  to  ihe 
ureter  and  the  uterus. 

Ureterovaginal  (u-re-fer-o-vaZ-m-a/)  [ovp- 
JTTT^p,  ureter ;  vrt§7»<x,  vagina].  Pertaining  to 
the  ureter  and  the  vagina. 

Urethane  (u'-reth-dn)  [ovpov,  urine ;  ether"], 
I.  NHiCOjCjHj,  ethyl  carbamate.  An  hyp- 
notic. Dose  gr.  xx-Ix  (1.3-2.6).  2.  In  a 
wider  sense,  any  ester  of  carbamic  acid  is 
called  a  urethane. 

Urethra  {u-re' -thrah)  [ovpifdpa^  urethra]. 
The  canal  through  which  the  urine  is  dis- 
charged, extending  from  the  neck  of  the  blad- 
der to  the  meatus  urinarius.  It  is  divided  in 
the  man  into  the  prostatic  portion ^  the  mem- 
branous portion^  and  the  spongy  or  penile  por- 
tion,  and  is  from  8  to  9  inches  long.  In  the 
woman  it  is  about  l%  inches  in  length. 

Urethral  (u-re' -  thral)  [ohpffipa,  urethra]. 
Pertaining  to  the  urethra;  produced  in  or 
arising  from  the  urethra,  as,  e.g.^  U.  fever. 
U.  Arthritis,  gonorrheal  rheumatism. 

Urethralgia  {u-re-thrai'jeah)  [ovprfdpa,  ure- 
thra ;  aXyoCt  pain] .  Neuralgic  pain  in  the 
urethra. 

Urethritis  (uretAri'-tis)  [ovpifdpa,  urethra; 
<rcf,  inflammation].  Inflanmiation  of  the 
urethra.  U.,  Anterior,  inflammation  of  the 
part  situated  anterior  to  the  anterior  layer  of 
the  triangular  ligament.  U.,  Posterior,  in- 
flammation of  the  prostatic  and  membranous 
portions.  U.,  Simple,  a  nonspecific  inflam- 
mation of  the  urethra.  U.,  Specific,  that 
due  to  the  gonococcus  ;  gonorrhea. 

Urethro-  (ure'-tkro-^  \wpi]Opa^  urethra].    A 

J  prefix  denoting  pertammg  to  the  urethra, 
rethrocele   {u-re' -thro-sel)    [ovpfjOpa^  ure- 
thra;   Kfj'kri^  a  tumor].     A  protrusion  of  the 
wall  of  the  female  urethra. 


Urethrometer  {u-re-throm'-et-er)  [wpffipa^ 
urethra;  fiirpoVf  measure].  An  instrument 
for  determining  the  caliber  of  the  urethra  or 
for  measuring  the  lumen  of  a  stricture. 

Urethroplasty  {u-re'-tAro-ptas-te)  [ovpifipa, 
urethra;  ir'kaaaetv ,  io  form].  Plastic  opera- 
tion upon  the  urethra. 

Urethrorrhagia  {u-re-thror-a'-je-ah)  \cn)pij- 
SpOf  urethra ;  pt/yvhvai,  to  burst  forth]. 
Hemorrhage  from  the  urethra. 

Urethrorrhea  {u-re-thror-e'-ah)  [ovpifipa^ 
urethra ;  f)ola^  a  flow].  A  morbid  discharge 
from  the  urethra. 

Urethroscope  {u  -  re  '  -  thro  -  skdp)  [ovp^pa, 
urethra;  OKoneiv,  to  view].  An  instrument 
for  inspecting  the  interior  of  the  urethra. 

Urethroscopy  {u-re-thros'-ko-pe)  \w)pifipa^ 
urethra  ;  (JKOJreiv,  to  view].  Inspection  of 
the  urethra. 

Urethrospasm  {u-re' -thro-spaxm)  [wpifipa^ 
urethra;  anaofid^,  spasm].  A  spasmodic 
stricture  of  the  urethra*. 

Urethrostenosis  (u-re-tkro-sten-o'-sis)  [ovp^- 
Opa^  urethra;  arhnjatq,  a  constriction]. 
Stricture  of  the  urethra. 

Urethrotome  {u-re' -thro-tdm)  [ovpijSpa^  ure- 
thra ;  roptfi,  a  cutting].  An  instrument  used 
for  performing  urethrotomy. 

Urethrotomy  {u-re-throf -o-me)  [ovpffdpa^ 
urethra;  ro^,  a  cutting].  The  operation  of 
cutting  a  stricture  of  the  urethra.  U.,  Ex- 
ternal, division  of  a  stricture  by  an  incision 
from  without.  U.,  Internal,  division  of  a 
urethral  stricture  from  within  the  urethra. 

Urethrovaginal  {u-re-  thro  -  vaf  -  in  -  al) 
lovp^pa,  urethra;  vagina,  vagina].  Per- 
taining to  the  urethra  and  the  vagina. 

Urethrovesical  {u-rethro-ves'-ii-a/)  [ovp^ 
Spa,  urethra;  vesura,  bladder].  Pertaining 
to  the  urethra  and  the  bladder. 

Uric  Acid  {u'-rih)  [oipov,  urine],  C^H^N^O,. 
A  dibasic  acid ;  one  of  the  nitrogenous  end- 
products  of  metabolism.  It  is  found  in  the 
urine  and  in  the  spleen.  Its  accumulation  in 
the  blood  (lithemia,  uricacidemia)  is  associated 
with  marked  disturbances,  and  according  to 
some  writers  produces  the  phenomena  of 
gout.     It  may  also  form  urinary  calculi. 

Uricacidemia  {u-rik-as-ide' -me-ak)  [ovpov^ 
urine;  acidus,  acid;  al/m,  blood].  The 
presence  of  an  excess  of  uric  acid  in  the 
blood  ;  also  the  condition  associated  with  an 
excess  of  uric  add  in  the  blood,  and  charac- 
terized by  various  nervous  symptoms,  and 
perhaps  also  responsible  for  the  phenomena 
of  gout. 

Uricemia  {u-re-se' -me-ak).  See  Uricacide- 
mia. 

Uridrosis  {u  -  rid-  ro'  -  sis)  [wpov,  urine  ; 
<(f/MJC*  sweat].  The  secretion  of  a  sweat 
containing  urea,  uric  acid,  or  other  urinary 
constituents  which    may  be    deposited    io 


URINA 


UROMELUS 


crystalline  form  upon  the  skin  (U.  crjrstal- 
Una). 

Urina  {u-ri^-nah)  [L.].     Urine. 

Urinal  {u'-rin-al)  lurina,  urine].  A  vessel 
for  receiving  urine. 

Urinalysis  (u-rin-ai' -is-is\  [urina^  urine; 
Xhaig,  a  loosening].     Analysis  of  the  urine. 

Urinary  (m' -rin-a-re)  [urtna,  urine].  Per- 
taining to  the  urine.  U .  Organs,  the  organs 
concerned  in  the  secretion  and  excretion  of 
the  urine,  including  the  kidneys,  ureters, 
bladder,  and  urethra.  U.  Sediment,  the 
deposit  formed  after  urine  has  been  allowed 
to  stand  for  some  hours  in  a  vessel. 

Urinate  (u'-rin-at)  [uriftt  urine].  To  dis- 
charge urine  from  the  bladder. 

Urination  (u-rin-a' -shun)  [urina,  urine]. 
The  act  of  voiding  urine. 

Urine  {u'-rin)  [urina] .  The  fluid  excreted 
by  the  Icidneys.  In  health  urine  has  an  amber 
color,  a  slightly  acid  reaction,  a  faint  odor,  a 
saline  taste,  and  a  specific  gravity  of  about 
ioi8.  The  average  quantity  excreted  in  24 
hours  is  about  1200  c.c,  or  40  ounces,  of 
which  about  62.5  grams  are  solids.  Among  the 
solids  urea  is  the  most  important,  of  which 
35  grams  are  excreted  in  the  day.  Other 
solid  constituents  are  uric  acid  (0.75  grams 
in  the  day),  hippuric  acid,  creatimn  and  other 
extractives,  sodium  chlorid,  phosphates  and 
sulphates  of  calcium,  magnesium,  potassium, 
and  sodium.  The  most  important  abnormal 
constituents,  present  in  disease,  are  albumin, 
sugar,  blood,  pus,  acetone,  diacetic  acid,  fat, 
chyle,  tube-casts,  various  cells,  and  bacteria. 

Urinemia  (u-rin-e' -me-ah)  [urina,  urine; 
alfia,  blood] .  The  presence  of  urinary  con- 
stituents in  the  blood ;  uremia. 

Uriniferous  {u-rin-if' -er-us)  [urina,  urine; 

ferre,  to  bear].  Carr3ring  or  conveying 
urine,  as,  e.  ^.,  U.  tubule. 

Uriniparous  (u-rin-i//-ar-us)  [urina,  urine ; 
parere,  to  produce].     Secreting  urine. 

Urinogenital  (« -rin-o  -jen'  -  it-al)  [urina, 
urine ;  yewdif,  to  produce].     Urogenital. 

Urinology  (u-rin-oi^-o-je).     See  Urology. 

Urinometer  (u-rin-om'-et-fr)  [urina,  urine ; 
fiirpov,  measure].  An  hydrometer  for  ascer- 
taining the  specific  gravity  of  urine. 

Urinometry  {u-rin-om^ -et-ri)  [urina,  urine ; 
fitrpov,  measure].  The  determination  of  the 
specific  gravity  of  the  urine  by  means  of  the 
urinometer. 

Urinose,  Urinous  («'•  rin  -  ds,  u^  -  rin  -  us\ 
[urina,  urine].  Having  the  characters  of 
urine,  as,  e.  g.,  a  U.  odor. 

Uro-  {u'-ro-)  [ohpov,  urine].  A  prefix  denot- 
ing pertaining  to  urine  or  uric  acid. 

Urobacillus  (u-ro-bas-il' -us)  [avpoy,  urine; 
baciilus].  A  bacillus  occurring  in  urine. 
See  Bacteria,  Table  of. 

Urobilin   {u-ro-bil'-in)   [ohpov,  urine;   bilis. 


bile],  CgjH^N^O,.  A  yellowish-brown, 
amorphous  pigment  derived  firom  bilirubin. 
It  is  the  principal  pigment  of  the  urine,  and 
is  increased  in  febrile  and  other  conditions. 
U.-jaundice,  a  jaundice  supposed  to  be 
due  to  the  presence  of  U.  in  the  blood. 

Urobilinuria  (u-ro-bil- in-u^-reoA)  [^fpov, 
urine ;  bilis,  bile ;  urina,  urine].  The  pres- 
ence of  an  excess  of  urobilin  in  the  urine. 

Urocanin  (u-ro-kan^-in).  See  Urocanimic 
Acid. 

Urocaninic  Acid  (u-ro-kan-in^-  ik)  [dprnf, 
urine ;  canis,  dog],  C^H^N-O,  -f  2H,0.  An 
acid  found  in  the  unne  o\  dogs  when  there 
is  a  diminution  in  the  amount  of  urea.  B7 
heating  it  is  decomposed  into  carbonic  acid, 
water,  and  a  base,  Urocanin,  C,iH|^,0. 

Urocele  (u'-ro-sil)  [ovpov,  urine;  k^,  a 
tumor].  A  swelling  of  the  scrotum  from 
extravasation  of  urine. 

Urochrome  (u^-ro'krdm)[oi^pw,  nnn^',  xp^- 
fta,  color].  A  yellow  coloring  matter  found 
in  urine. 

Uroc3ranogen  (u-ro-si-an'-o-gen)  [ovpov, 
urine ;  idavo^,  blue].  A  blue  pigment  found 
in  urine. 

Uroedema  (u'rede'-mah).     See  Uredema, 

Uroerythrin  {u-ro-er^-ilA-rin)  [ovpov,  urine ; 
ipvdpdc,  red].  An  amorphous,  reddish  pig- 
ment with  an  acid  reaction,  occurring  in  the 
urine  in  rheumatic  and  other  diseases. 

Urofuscohem atin  ( U'ro-fus-ko-htm^-ai-in ) 
[oipov,  urine ;  fuscus,  dark ;  oXua,  blood]. 
A  red  pigment  derived  from  hematin,  occur- 
ring in  the  urine. 

Urogenital  (u-ro-jen^-it-al)  [olpov,  urine; 
yevvav,  to  produce].  Pertaining  to  Uie  urin- 
ary and  genital  organs.  U,  Sinus,  the 
anterior  part  of  the  cloaca,  into  which  the 
urogenital  ducts  open. 

Uroglaucin  (u-ro-glau/ sin)  [olpov,  urine ; 
yTucnnoSc,  green].  A  blue  pigment,  at  times 
occurring  in  urine,  as,  e.  g.,  in  scarlet  fever, 
and  supposed  to  result  from  the  oxidation  of 
a  chromogen. 

Urogravimeter  {u-ro-grav-im^-et-er).  See 
Urinometer. 

Urohematin  (u-rohent^-at-in)  [ot*pov,  urine ; 
Aematin'] .  The  coloring-matter  of  the  urine, 
so  called  because  it  is  a  modified  hematin. 

Urolith  (u'-ro'litk)  [ovpov,  urine;  A^oc*  * 
stone] .    A  calculus  occurring  in  the  urine. 

Urology  (u-rol^ -o-je)  [oi^pov,  urine;  A^t)f, 
science].     The  study  of  the  urine. 

Urolutem  {u-ro'lu^-te-in)  ^oipov,  urine; 
luteus,  yellow].  A  yellow  pigment  some- 
times found  in  urine. 

Uromelanin  {u-ro-me^ -an-in)  [ovf)ov,  urine; 
melanin'],  A  olack  pigment  sometimes  found 
in  the  urine,  derived  from  the  decomposition 
of  urochrome. 

Uromelus  [u-rom' 't'lui)  [o£>/»^,  tail ;  /i^Aop, 


URINARY  SEDIMENTS 


Blood. 


URINARY  SEDIMENTS 


# 


Cystin. 


f^9Ci 


Calcium  Caruoiiattr. 


Hif»puric  Acid. 


^    ♦   ^ 


Calcium  Oxalate. 


•/^ 


^  :^ 


^    w^^ 


Indigo. 


Leucin  and  Tyrosin. 


m^^. 


Calcium  Sulphate. 


% 


Magnesium  Phosphate. 


Urinary  SedimenU.— (/</7^r  7>ja«i.  Holland,  Casxebmam,  Lmmdou,  BtaU,  amd  v.  Jmksch.) 


i 


UROMETER 


USTULATION 


limb].  A  monster  in  which  there  is  more  or 
less  complete  fusion  of  the  limbs,  with  but  a 
single  foot. 

Urometer  {u-rom'-et-fr).    See  Urinometer, 

Uropittin  (u-ro-pU^ -in)  [oipov,  urine ;  TrtTra, 
pitch],  CbH,oN,0,.  a  nitrogenous  deriva- 
tive of  urochrome. 

UropUnia  {u-ro-pla' -ne-aK)  [ovpw,  urine; 
nXdvtff  a  wandering].  The  presence  of 
urine  in  other  localities  than  the  urinary 
organs ;  the  discharge  of  urine  from  an  ab- 
normal orifice. 

Uropoiesis  (u-ro-poi-e^'sis)  [olpov^  urine; 
iToiietv,  to  make].  The  secretion  of  the 
urine  by  the  kidneys. 

Uropoietic  {u-ro-pcuei'-ik)  Tobpov^  urine; 
iroiieiVf  to  make] .     G>ncemea  in  uropoiesis. 

IJTOThodhi (u-ro-rod^ -in)  [oipov, urine;  l>6Sw, 
rose].  A  red  pigment  found  in  urine  and 
derived  from  uroxanthin. 

Urorosein  (u-ro-nZ-u-in)  [ovpov,  urine; 
rosa,  rose].  A  rose-colored  pigment  found 
in  the  urine  in  various  diseases. 

Uix>nibin  (u-ro-ru'-bin)  [obpov^  urine ;  ruber^ 
red].  A  red  pigment  obtained  by  treating 
urine  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  also  in  the 
preparation  of  uropittin. 

Uronibrohematin  ( u-ro-ru-brO'han^'at4n) 
[olpoVf  urine ;  ruber^  red ;  hematin],  A  pig- 
ment obtained  from  urine  of  leprous  patients. 

Urosacin  {u-ry-sas-in).    See  Urorkodin, 

Uroscopy  {u-ros^-ko-pA  {ohpov,  urine;  oko- 
ireliff  to  view].     Exammation  of  the  urine. 

Urosepsis  {u-ro-sep^ -sis)  \(A}poVy  urine ;  OTV'iCt 
sepsis].  The  condition  of  intoxication  due 
to  the  extravasation  of  urine. 

Uroseptic  («-ri>-j^-/ii)  [oipov,  urine;  sepsis]. 
Relating  to  or  characterized  by  urosepsis. 

Urostealith  {u-ro-ste' -al-ith)  \6bpWy  urine ; 
arkap^  fat ;  Xi^,  stone].  A  fat-like  substance 
occurring  in  some  urinary  calculi. 

Urotheobromin  {u-ro-the-o-br</-min).  See 
Paraxanthin, 

Urotoxic  {u-ro-toks' -ik)  Xc^pov^  urine  ;  ro^t- 
KdVf  poison].  I.  Pertaining  to  poisonous 
substances  eliminated  in  the  urine.  2.  Per- 
taining to  poisoning  by  urine  or  some  of  its 
constituents.  U.  Coefficient,  the  number 
of  urotoxies  formed  in  24  hours  by  one  kilo- 
gram of  an  individual.  The  normal  urotoxic 
coefHcient  in  man  is  about  0.4,  f.^.,  a  man 
produces  for  each  kilogram  of  body-weight 
.4  urotoxies,  or  sufficient  poison  to  kill  400 
grams  of  animal. 

Urotozy  {u^-ro-foks-e)  [ohpov^  urine ;  ro^ucSv, 
poison].  The  unit  of  toxicity  of  urine — the 
amount  necessary  to  kill  a  kilogram  of  living 
substance. 

Uroxanthin  {u-ro-zan^-thin)  [olfxtv^  urine; 
^av66^f  yellow].  A  yellow  pigment  occur- 
ring in  human  urine  and  yielding  indigo-blue 
on  oxidation. 


Urrhodin  {u^-rod-in).    Sec  Urorkodin. 

Ursin  (ur^-sin),     Stt  Arbutin, 

Urtica(«r'-/ii-a^)[L.].  Nettle.  I.  A  gains 
of  plants  of  the  order  Urticacese.  U.  d&ica, 
the  common  nettle,  and  U.  urens,  the  dwarf 
nettle,  are  used  as  diuretics,  load  irritants, 
and  hemostatics.     2.  A  wheel. 

Urticaria  {ttr-tik-a' -re-ah)  \urtica^  a  nettle]. 
Nettle-rash,  hives ;  a  disease  of  the  skin  char- 
acterized by  the  development  of  wheals, 
which  give  rise  to  sensations  of  burning  and 
itching.  They  appear  suddenly  in  large  or 
small  numbers,  remain  for  from  a  few  minutes 
to  several  hours,  and  disappear  suddenly. 
The  disease  may  be  acute  or  chronic,  and  is 
due  to  agencies  acting  upon  the  vasomotor 
system,  such  as  gastrointestinal  disorders,  the 
ingestion  of  certain  foods,  as  shell-fish,  straw- 
bOTies,  etc.  U.  bullosa,  U.  characterized 
by  the  formation  of  bulUe.  U.  fiactitia, 
U.,  Factitious,  dermographia,  dermograph- 
ism, the  form  produced  in  individuals  with 
an  irritable  skin  by  any  slight  external 
irritation.  U.,  Giant-,  U.  gigans.  See  U. 
ctdematosa.  U.  hiemorrhiagica,  purpura 
urticans,  a  variety  characterized  by  hemor- 
rhage into  the  wheals  from  rupture  of  the 
extremely  congested  capillaries.  U.  medica- 
mentosa, U.  from  the  use  of  certain  drugs. 
U.  oedematosa,  giant-urticaria,  a  variety 
characterized  by  the  sudden  appearance 
of  large,  soft,  edematous  swellings  of  the 
skin  and  subcutaneous  tissue,  which  may 
measure  several  inches  in  diameter.  U. 
papulosa,  lichen  urticatus,  a  form  occurring 
in  children,  in  which,  as  a  result  of  the  in> 
flammatory  effusion,  a  small,  solid  papule  re- 
mains after  the  subsidence  of  the  wheal.  U. 
pigmentosa,  a  rare  type  which  begins 
within  the  first  few  months  of  life  and  con- 
sists of  large,  reddish,  wheal-like  tubercles 
that  eventually  change  to  a  brownish-red  or 
yellowish  color.  U.  tuberosa,  a  forai  in 
which  the  wheals  assume  a  tuberous  form 
and  become  very  large,  as  big  as  a  walnut, 
hen's  egg,  or  even  larger.  U.  vesiculosa, 
U.  characterized  by  the  presence  of  vesicles. 

Urticarial,  Urticarious  {urtik-a' -re-cl,  ur- 
tik-a' -re-us)  [urticaria^  nettle-rash].  Per- 
taining to  urticaria. 

Urtication  {ur-tik-a^-skun)  [urH<a,  nettle], 
I.  Flagellation  with  nettles,  a  method  of 
treatment  fqrmerly  employed  in  paralysis 
and  to  produce  local  irritation.  2.  A  sen- 
sation as  if  one  had  been  stung  by  nettles. 

Ustilago  (us-tii-a'-go)  [L.].  A  genus  of 
pMuasitic  fungi,  the  smuts.  U.  majrois,  com- 
smut,  a  fungus  parasitic  upon  maize  or  Indian 
com.  In  properties  it  resembles  ergot  of 
rye. 

Ustulation  (us-tu-ia'shun)  [ustuUUiti],  The 
act  of  roasting,  drying,  or  parching. 


URINARY  SEDIMENTS 


URINARY  SEDIMENTS 


Phosphates,  Triple.    Ammonio-nugncsium  Phos- 
phate. 


Put. 


Cholesterin. 


Urea. 


Urates  of  Sodium,  Ammonium,  and  Potassium. 


♦oA 

Uric  Acid. 


Blood  Cast. 


Epilhcllum.  Hyaline  Casu. 

Urinary  SedimcnU.— (vV?^^  7>j#»,  HoUamd^  Cajttbmam,  Lamdois^  Bflt^  and  v.  /ai^cA.) 


i 


USTUS 


UVULOPTOSIS 


Ustus  {us^'tus)  [urerCf  to  bum].  Calcined ; 
burned. 

Uterine  (u^-ter-in)  [uterus'}.  Pertaining  to 
the  uterus. 

Uteritis  {u-ter-i^'tis)  [uterus,  uterus;  irtf, 
inflammation].     See  Metritis, 

Utcro-  (u^-ter-o-)  [utemSf  uterus].  A  prefix 
denoting  pertaining  to  the  uterus. 

Uteroabdominal  (u-ter-o-ad- dom^-in-al) 
[uterus;  abdomen].  Pertaining  to  the 
uterus  and  the  abdomen. 

Uterofixation  {u-ter-o-fiks-a'-shun).  See 
Hysteropexy, 

Uterogestation  {u-ter-o-jes-ta^ -shun)  [uterus ; 
gestatio,  gestation].  Gestation  within  the 
cavity  of  the  uterus. 

Uteroovarian  lu-ter-o-o-va' -re-an)  [uterus; 
ovary].  Pertaining  to  the  uterus  and  the 
ovaries. 

Uteropexia,  Uteropezy  (u-ter-o-peks'-eah, 
u^-ter-O'peks-e).     See  Hysteropexy . 

Uteroplacental  {u-ter-o-pla-sen^-tal  )[uterus; 

placenta].  Pertaining  to  the  uterus  and  the 
placenta. 

Uterosacral  (u- ter-o-sa '-kral )  [uterus ; 
sacrum].  Pertaining  to  the  uterus  and  the 
sacrum. 

Uterotomy  {u-ter-ot^-o-me).  See  Hystero- 
tomy, 

Uterus  (u^-ter-us)  [L.].  The  womb,  the 
organ  of  gestation,  receiving  the  ovum  in  its 
cavity,  retaining  and  supporting  it  during  the 
development  of  the  fetus,  and  becoming  the 
principal  agent  in  its  expulsion  during  parturi- 
tion. It  is  a  pear-shaped,  muscular  organ, 
three  inches  long,  two  inches  wide,  and  one 
inch  thick,  and  is  divided  into  three  portions, 
the  fundus,  the  body,  and  the  cervix.  The 
fundus  is  the  upper  and  broad  portion ;  the 
body  gradually  narrows  to  the  neck,  which  is 
the  contracted  portion.  The  orifice,  os  uteri, 
communicates  with  the  vagina.  The  inner 
surface  is  covered  with  mucous  membrane  con- 
tinuous with  that  of  the  vagina.  The  outer  sur- 
face of  the  fundus  and  body  is  covered  with 
peritoneum.  The  whole  organ  is  suspended 
in  the  pelvis  by  means  of  the  broad  ligaments. 
The  Fallopian  tubes  enter,  one  on  either  side 
of  the  fundus,  at  the  comua  of  the  organ.  U. 
bicomis,  a  uterus  divided  into  two  horns  or 
compartments  on  account  of  an  arrest  of  de- 
velopment. U.  cordiformis,  a  heart-shaped 
uterus,  a  form  due  to  faulty  development.  U. 
duplex,  a  uterus  that  is  double  from  failure 
of  the  Miillerian  ducts  to  unite.  U.,  Oravid, 
a  pregnant  uterus.  U .  masculinus,  the  little 
passage  formed  by  the  smus  pocularis  in  the 
substance  of  the  prostate.    U.  unicornis,  a 


uterus  having  but  a  single  lateral  half  with 
usually  only  one  Fallopian  tube ;  it  b  the  result 
of  faulty  development.  . 

Utricle  (u'-trik-i)  [utricu/us,  dim.  of  ii/rr,  t 
small  bag].  I.  A  delicate  membranous  sac 
communicating  with  the  semicircular  canals 
of  the  ear.  2.  The  sinus  pocularis  of  the 
prostate  gland. 

Utricular  (u-triJ^ -ular)  [utricle'^.  I.  Per- 
taining to  the  utricle.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
utenis. 

Utriculus  {u-trik'-u-lus)  [L.].  See  Vtridt 
U.  hominis.     See  Uterus  masculinus, 

Uva  (u'-vah\  [L.].  A  grape.  U.  ursi,  the 
Arctostaphylos  uva  ursi,  or  bearberry,  of  the 
order  Ericaceae.  Its  leaves  (Uva  ursi,  U.  S. 
P.,  Uvas  ursi  folia,  B.  P.)  contain  a  bitter, 
crystalline  glucosid,  arbutin,  CfH^O^,  split- 
ting up  into  glucose  and  nydroquinooe, 
C^HfO,.  Uva  ursi  is  astringent  and  tonic, 
and  b  used  in  chronic  nephritb,  pyelitis, 
C3rstitis,  incontinence  of  urine,  gleet,  leukor- 
rhea,  etc.  Dose  gr.  xx-xj  (1.3-4.0).  Pre- 
parations and  doses:  Extractum  uvse  uni 
(U.  S.  P.),gr.  xv-xxx  (l.a-2.0) ;  Extractom 
uvse  ursi  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.),  fij  (4.0);  In- 
fusum  uvae  ursi  (B  P.),  fjj-ij  (32.0-04.0V 

Uvea  {u^-ve-ah^  [uva,  grape].  The  pig- 
mentea  layer  of  the  eye,  comprising  the  iris, 
ciliary  body,  and  choroid. 

Uveal  (u^-ve-al)  [uvea,  a  grape].  Pertain- 
ing to  tne  uvea. 

Uveitis  [u-ve-i'-tis)  [uvea;  eric,  inflamma- 
tion].    Inflammation  of  the  uvea. 

Uvula  (at/'U-laA)[L.].  The  conic  appendix 
hanging  from  the  free  edge  of  the  soft  palate 
and  formed  by  muscles  (azygos  uvulae,  levator 
and  tensor  palati) ,  mucous  membrane,  and  con- 
nective tissue.  U.  of  the  Cerebellum,  a  small 
lobule  of  the  inferior  vermis  of  the  cerebellum, 
forming  the  posterior  boundary  of  the  fborth 
ventricle.  U.,  Vesical,  a  prominence  at 
the  internal  orifice  of  the  urethra. 

Uvulaptosis  (Ov-u-lap-ty-sis)  [uvula,  nrvi^; 
•m-CxTtg,  falling].  A  relaxed  and  pendulous 
condition  of  the  uvula. 

Uvular  (Ov^-u-ldr)  [uvula].  Pertaining  to 
the  uvula. 

Uvulatome  (av^-u-lat-dm)  [uvula,  uvula; 
TOfifj,  cutting].  An  instrument  used  in  per- 
forming uvulatomy. 

Uvulatomy  {thf-u-lat^-o-mr)  [mmla,  uvula ; 
TOfi^,  a  cutting].  The  operation  of  cutting 
off  the  uvula. 

Uvulitis  (Uv-u-li^-tis)  [mmla,  uvula;  ir^f, 
inflammation].     Inflammation  of  the  urola. 

Uvuloptosis  {Hv-u-lop-ty-sis).  Sec  Ckmla^ 
tosis. 


VALERIC  ACID 


V.  I.  Abbreviation  of  vision,  or  acuity  of 
vision.     2.  The  symbol  of  vanadium. 

Vaccina  {yak-si' -nah).     See  Vaccinia. 

Vaccinal  {vak'  sinai )  [yacca,  a  cow].  Per- 
taining to  vaccination  or  to  vaccine. 

Vaccinate  (7^-^/6' -5//i<i/)  [i/rtcvrt,  a  cow] .  i. 
To  inoculate  with  the  virus  of  vaccinia.  2. 
To  inoculate  with  any  virus  in  order  to 
produce  immunity  against  an  infectious  dis- 
ease. 

Vaccination  {vak-sin-a'-shwt)  [yacca^  a 
cowl.  Inoculation  with  the  virus  of  cow- 
pox  m  order  to  protect  from  small-pox. 

Vaccinator  (vak'sin  a-tor)  [yacca^  a  cow]. 
One  who  vaccinates. 

Vaccine  {yak' sin \  [yacca^  cow].  The  vi- 
rus used  in  performing  vaccination.  V., 
Bovine,  that  derived  from  the  cow.  V., 
Humanized,  that  from  vaccinal  vesicles  of 
man.     V. -lymph.    See  Vaccine. 

Vaccinella  (I'ak-^incl'-ah)  [yacca,  cow]. 
Spurious  vaccinia. 

Vaccinia  (vaksin'  e-ah)\yaccii,  cow].  Cow- 
pox,  a  contagious  disease  of  cows  transmis- 
nible  to  man  by  vaccination  and  conferring 
immunity  against  smalUpox.  In  the  human 
subject  inoculated  with  cow-pox  a  small 
papule  app^ar^  at  the  site  of  inoculation  in 
from  one  to  three  days,  which  becomes  a 
vesicle  about  the  hfth  day,  and  at  the  end  of 
the  Brst  week  is  pustular,  umbilicatvxl,  and 
surrounded  by  a  red  areola.  Desiccation 
begins  in  the  second  week  and  a  scab  forms, 
which  soon  falls  off,  leaving  a  white,  pitted 
cicatrix. 

Vacciniola  {yaksin-i'o-lah)  [dim.  of  vac- 
cinia\  A  secondary  eruption,  sometimes 
following  vaccinia  and  resembling  the  erup- 
tion of  small -pox. 

Vaccinophobia  (vaksin-o-fo' -hc-ah)  [vacca^ 
cow ;  ^/Jof ,  fear] .  Morbid  dread  of  vaccina- 
tion. 

Vaccinosyphilis  {vaksin-O'Sif'-il-is)  [yacca, 
cow;  jy/A//iV,  syphilis].  Syphilis  conveyed 
by  vaccination  with  contaminated  virus. 

Vacuolar  (vak'-uo-Zar)  [rmcuns^  empty]. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  vacuole. 

Vacuolation  (vak-H-o-ia'-shun)  [vacuus, 
empty].  The  formation  of  vacuoles;  the 
state  of  being  vacuolated. 

Vacuole  (vak'-u-d/)  [vacuus,  empty].  A 
clear  space  filled  witn  air  or  fluid  in  the 
interior  of  a  cell. 

Vacuum  {vak'-u-um)  [L.].  A  space  from 
which  the  air  has  been  exhausted. 

VasTf^bonda'  Disease.  Parasitic  melano- 
derma, a  pigmentation  of  the  skin  from 
chronic  irritation  by  pediculi. 


Vagal  (t/tf'-^tf/)  [wf^flr^.  to  wander].  Per- 
taining to  the  vagus  nerve. 

Vagina  (t/<i-y/'-«/iA)[L.].  i.  A  sheath.  2.  The 
musculomembranous  canal  extending  from 
the  vulval  opening  to  the  cervix  uteri,  en- 
sheathing  the  latter  and  the  penis  during 
copulation.  V.  cordis,  the  pericardium.  V. 
femoris,  the  fascia  lata. 

Vaginal  (vaj'-in-ai)  [vagina,  a  sheath].  I. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  sheath,  as, 
e.  g.y  the  V.  tunic  (tunica  vaginalis  of  the 
testicle).     2.  Pertaining  to  the  vagina. 

Vaginalis  (vaj-in-a'-lis)  [va^'na,  a  sheath]. 
Vaginal. 

Vaginismus  {vaj-  in  -  iV  -  mus)  [vagina^ 
sheath].     Painful  spasm  of  the  vagina. 

Vaginitis  (vajin-i'-tis)  [vagina,  sheath; 
<nc.  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
vagina. 

Vagino-  (vaf-in-o-)  [vagina,  vagina].  A 
prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  the  vagina. 

Vaginovesical  {yajino-ves' ik-al).  Sec 
Vesicovaginal. 

Vagitus  (vaji'-fus)  [vagire,  to  cry].  The 
cry  of  an  infant  V.  uterinus,  the  cry  of  a 
child  while  still  in  the  uterus. 

Vagotomy  {va-got'o-tne)  [vagus,  vagus ; 
ro^rj,  a  cutting] .    Division  of  the  vagus  nerve. 

Vagus  (va'-gus)  [vagare,  to  wander].  The 
pneumogastric  nerve.  See  Nerves,  Table 
of.  V. -pneumonia,  pneumonia  following 
section  of  the  vagi  in  the  lower  animals,  and 
due  to  the  aspiration  of  food  into  the  air-pas- 
sages. 

Valence,  Valency  {va'-  lens,  va'-  ten  •  se) 
[valere,  to  be  worth].  The  relative  com- 
bining capacity  of  an  atom  compared  with 
that  of  the  atom  of  hydrogen. 

Valerian  (vale'-re-an).  The  Valeriana  offi- 
cinalis and  other  s(>ecies  of  the  order  Vale- 
rianeie.  Its  root  (Valeriana,  U.  S.  P.,  Va- 
lerianae rhizoma,  B.  P.)  contains  a  volatile 
oil,  from  which  valerianic  acid  is  obtained. 
V.  is  employed  as  a  mild  nervous  stimulant 
in  hysteria,  migrain,  low  fevers,  etc.  Dose 
of  the  oil,  n\^  iv-v  (o.  26-0. 32) .  Preparations 
and  doses :  Extractum  valerians  fluidum, 
U.  S.  P.,  ft^j  (4-o) ;  Infusum  valerians, 
B.  P..  f^^j-'ii  (32.0-64.0) ;  Tinctura  Vale- 
rianae, U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.,  and  Tinctura  vale- 
riance  ammoniata,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.,  f3J-iij 
(4.0-12.0). 

Valerianate  {vale'rean-at).  A  salt  of 
valerianic  acid.  The  following  are  official : 
those  of  ammonium,  iron,  quinin,  and  zinc. 

Valerianic  Acid  [yal-ere-an'ik).  See  Acid^ 
Valeric. 

Valeric  Acid  (vaU^-rik).    See  Add, 


A 
i 


VALGUS 


VARICES 


Valgus  (val^-gus)  [L.].  Bowed  out  Genu 
valgum,  bow-legged  ;  Talipes  valgus,  Pes  val- 
gus, or  simply  V.,  splay-foot,  a  condition  in 
which  the  arch  of  the  foot  is  depressed  so  that 
the  inner  side  of  the  sole  rests  upon  the  ground. 

VuXi&ol  (vol' 'Ui'0l)\valerian;  menthol\  The 
chemically  pure  combination  of  menthol  and 
valerianic  acid  with  the  addition  of  30  per 
cent,  free  menthol.  It  is  a  colorless,  somewhat 
viscous  fluid  with  a  pleasant  odor  and  cooling 
taste.  It  is  claimed  to  have  powerful  ana- 
leptic and  carminative  properties,  but  its  thera- 
peutic importance  seems  due  to  the  fact  that  it 
is  an  excellent  solvent  and  vehicle  for  menthol. 

Vallecula  (val-ek'-ulah)  [yaliis,  valley].  A 
shallow  groove  or  depression.  V.  cerebelli, 
the  depression  between  the  cerebellar  hemi- 

Vallet's  Mass.     See  Ferrum,         [spheres. 

Valley  of  the  Cerebellum.     See   Vallecula 

Valli-Ritter*8  Law.     See  Law,     [cerebelli, 

Valsalva's  Sinus.    See  Sinus. 

Value,  Globular  (valeur  globulaire),  A  frac- 
tion of  which  the  numerator  is  the  percentage 
of  hemoglobin,  and  the  denominator  the  per- 
centage of  red  corpuscles.  It  indicates  the 
percentage  of  hemoglobin  in  a  corpuscle. 

Valve  (valv)  [yalva^  door],  i.  A  device 
placed  in  a  tube  or  canal  so  as  to  permit  free 
passage  one  way,  but  not  in  the  opposite  di- 
rection. 2.  A  fold  of  membrane  acting  as  a 
valve,  as  V.  of  the  heart.  V.,  Aortic,  the 
valve  consisting  of  three  semilunar  segments, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  aorta  with  the 
heart.  V.,  Bauhein's,  the  ileocecal  V.  V., 
Bicuspid.  Sec  V. ,  Mitral,  V.,  Coronary, 
the  valve  protecting  the  oriBce  of  the  coronary 
sinus  and  preventing  regurgitation  of  blood 
during  the  contraction  of  the  right  auricle.  V., 
Eustachian,  that  between  the  inferior  vena 
cava  and  the  right  auricle  of  the  fetus.  V.  of 
Hasner,  an  imperfect  V.  at  the  inferior  mea- 
tus of  the  nose.  V.,  Heister*s,  a  fold  of 
mucous  membrane  at  the  neck  of  the  gall- 
bladder, v..  Ileocecal,  the  folds  of  mucous 
membrane  at  the  junction  of  the  ileum  and 
cecum.  V.  of  Kerkring,  any  one  of  the  val- 
vulse  conniventes.  V.,  Mitral,  the  V.  that  con- 
trols the  opening  from  the  left  auricle  to  the 
left  ventricle ;  it  is  constituted  of  two  leaflets. 
v..  Pulmonary,  the  valve  composed  of 
three  semilunar  leaflets,  and  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  pulmonary  artery  and  the 
right  ventricle.  V.,  Semilunar,  the  three 
valves  guarding  the  orifice  of  the  pulmon- 
ary artery  and  aorta.  V.-test  (Azoulays)^ 
auscultation  of  the  heart  while  the  patient 
is  lying  with  the  arms  raised  perpendicu- 
larly and  the  legs  lifted  obliquely.  V.  of 
Thebesius,  the  coronary  valve  or  fold  of 
the  endocardium  of  the  right  auricle  which 
protects  the  coronary  sinus.  V.,  Tricuspid, 
that  which  controls  the  opening  from  the 


right  auricle  to  the  right  ventricle :  it  consists 
of  three  segments.  V.  of  Varolitis,  the 
ileocecal  valve.  V.  of  Vieussens,  a  thin 
leaf  of  medullary  substance  forming  the 
roof  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  fourth 
ventricle  of  the  brain. 

Valvula  {yal' -vu-lafiS  [dim.  of  tHih*a^  a 
valve].  A  small  valve.  Valvulie  coniii« 
ventes  (valves  of  Kerkring),  the  transverse 
folds  of  mucous  membrane  of  the  small  in- 
testine. 

Valvular  {val' -vu-lar)  [yahula,  a  small 
valve].  Pertaining  to  or  originating  at  a 
valve. 

Valvulitis  U'cU-vu-li'-tis)  [valvula,  a  small 
valve ;  trie,  inflammation].  Inflammatioo  of 
a  valve,  especially  of  a  cardiac  valve. 

Vanadium  (van  a^ -de-urn)  [Fanat/is,  a  god- 
dess of  the  Scandinavian  mythology].  A 
rare  metallic  element     See  Eletnenti,  Table 


V^n 


Manilla  (van-il^-aA)  [L.].  A  genus  of 
plants  of  the  order  Orchideae.  The  fruit  of 
V.  planifolia  (V.,  U.  S.  P.)  contains  an  aro- 
matic crystalline  principle.  Vanillin,  C,H^  • 
OCHj.OH.COH  =  CgHgO,,  which  is  the 
methyl-ether  of  protocatechuic  aldehyd.  V. 
is  usea  as  a  flavoring  agent  and  as  an  ingre- 
dient of  a  test-solution  for  hydrochloric  acid 
(phloroglucin-vanillin  test). 

Vanillism  (van-il^-itm)  [vanilla^  A  fonn 
of  dermatitis,  characterized  by  marked  itch- 
ing, occurring  among  vanilla-workers. 

Van  Swieten*s  Liquor  or  Solution  {van 
swe'-tent),  A  solution  of  mercuric  chlorid 
2  grains,  alcohol  3  drams,  distilled  water 
sumcient  to  make  4  ounces. 

Vapor  (va^-por)  [L.].  A  gas,  especially  the 
gaseous  form  of  a  substance  which  at  ocdi- 
nary  temperatures  is  liquid  or  solid. 

Vapores  uterini.    Synonym  of  Hysteria, 

Vaporarium  {va-pcr-a'-re-um)  [L.J.  A 
vapor-bath  ;  an  establishment  for  giving  va- 
por-baths. 

Vaporization  (va-por-i-»a^-shun)  [vap^r, 
vapor] .  The  conversion  of  a  solid  or  liquid 
into  a  vapor. 

Vaporize  (va^-por-U)  \vap0r,  vapor].  To 
convert  into  vapor. 

Varicella  (var-is-el^-ah)  [dim.  of  variola, 
small-pox].  Chicken-pox;  an  acute,  conta- 
gious disease  of  childhood,  characterized  by 
an  eruption  of  transparent  vesicles,  which 
appear  in  successive  crops  on  diflerent  f«ns 
of  the  body.  The  incubation-period  is  about 
two  weeks.  The  disease  is  usually  mild, 
and  runs  its  course  in  two  or  three  days.  In 
rare  cases  complications,  such  as  nephritis, 
develop. 

Varicelloid  (var-is-el^-oid)  [varicella,  vari- 
cella; eMoc,  like].     Resembling  varicella. 

Varices  (var^-is-h)  [L.].     Plural  of  yarix. 


VARICIFORM 


VASOMOTOR 


Variciform  {var-is' -i/'Orm)  [varix,  a  swollen 
vein  ;  forma ^  a  form].  Having  the  form  of 
a  varix. 

Varicocele(«'ar^-i>t-<'-j^/)[v<i/xir,  varix;  io^Aj/, 
a  tumor].  Dilatation  of  the  veins  of  the 
spermatic  cord,  forming  a  soft,  elastic  swell- 
ing. 

Varicose  (var^ikds)  [varix,  varix].  I.  Of 
blood-vessels,  swollen,  knotted,  and  tortuous. 
2.  Due  to  V.  veins,  as  V.  ulcer.  V.  Aneu- 
rysm.    .See  Aneurysm. 

Varicosity  (var-ik-os'-it-e)  [varix,  varix]. 
The  condition  of  being  varicose  ;  a  varicose 
portion  of  a  vein. 

Variola  (va-ri^ -o-lah)  [varius,  variegated, 
spotted].  Small-pox,  a  contagious  infectious 
disease  ushered  in  with  severe  febrile  symp- 
toms, which,  in  the  course  of  two  or  three 
days,  are  followed  by  a  papular  eruption 
spreading  over  all  parts  of  the  body.  Dur- 
ing the  succeeding  two  weeks  the  eruption 
passes  through  the  stage  of  vesicles  and 
pustules,  the  latter  going  on  to  the  formation 
of  crusts.  The  falling  off  of  the  crusts 
leaves  a  pitted  appearance  of  the  skin  (pock- 
marks).  The  period  of  incubation  is  about 
thirteen  days.  V.  confluens,  V.,  Con- 
fluent, a  severe  form,  in  which  the  pustules 
spread  and  run  together.  V.,- Discrete,  a 
form  in  which  the  pustules  preserve  their 
distinct  individuality.  V.,  Hemorrhagic, 
small -pox  in  which  hemorrhage  occurs  into 
the  vesicles,  which  gives  them  a  blackish 
appearance.  V.,  Malignant,  black  small- 
pox, a  severe  and  very  fatal  form  of  the 
hemorrhagic  type.  V.,  Mitigated,  V., 
Modified.     See  Varioloid. 

Variolation,  Variolization  {var-e-o-la' -shun, 
var-e-o-H-za^-shun)  [variola,  variola].  The 
inoculation  of  small-pox. 

Varioliform  {var-i^ -o-lif-orm)  [variola,  vari- 
ola; forma,  form].     Resembling  variola. 

Varioloid  (var^-eo-loid)  [variola,  variola; 
eMof,  like].  A  mild  form  of  variola  occur- 
ring in  persons  that  have  been  vaccinated  or 
inoculated  with  small -pox  virus. 

Variolous  (var-i^-o-lus)  [variola"].  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  nature  of  variola. 

Varix  (va'-riks)  [varus,  crooked].  A  di- 
lated and  tortuous  vein.  V.,  Aneurysmal. 
See  Aneurysmal  Varix,  under  Aneurysm, 
Arteriovenous.  V.  lymphaticus,  dilatation 
of  the  lymphatic  vessels,  especially  that  due 
to  the  Filaria  sanguinis  hominis. 

Varus  {ya'-rus).  Bowed  in.  Genu  varum, 
in-knee ;  Talipes  varus,  Pes  varus,  or  sim- 
ply v.,  cross-foot,  a  condition  in  which  the 
foot  is  turned  inward. 

Vaa  {vas"\  [L.].    A  vessel.     V.  aberrans,  a 
blind  tube  projecting  from  the  lower  part  of 
the  epididymis.    V.  deferens,  the  excretory 
duct  of  the  testis, 
46 


Vasa  (va'-zah)  [L.].  Plural  of  vtfj,  a  vessel. 
V.  afferentia,  the  oranches  of  a  lymphatic 
or  lacteal  vessel  entering  a  lymphatic  gland. 
V.  brevia  (short  vessels),  the  gastric  branches 
of  the  splenic  artery.  V.  efferentia.  I. 
The  terminal  ducts  of  the  rete  testis.  2.  The 
efferent  vessels  of  lymphatic  glands.  V. 
intestini  tenuis,  small  vessels  arising  from 
the  superior  mesenteric  artery  and  distributed 
to  the  jejunum  and  ileum.  V.  recta,  the 
tubules  of  the  rete  testis.  V.  vasorum,  the 
vessels  supplying  the  arteries  and  veins  with 
blood.    V.  vorticosa.    See  Vena  vorticoste. 

Vascular  {vas^-ku-lar)  [vasculum,  a  small 
vessel].  Consisting  of,  pertaining  to,  or 
provicied  with  vessels. 

Vascularity  {vas-ku-lar^-it-e)  [vasculum,  a 
small  vessel].    The  quality  of  being  vascular. 

Vascularization  (  vas  -  ku  -  lar-i  -%a^-  shun  \ 
[vasculum,  a  small  vessel].  The  process  ot 
becoming  vascular. 

Vasculum  (vas'-ku-lum)  fL.].  A  small 
vessel.    V.  aberrans.   See  Vas  aberrans. 

Vaselin  (vat'-el-in)  [Ger.,  tVasser,  water; 
Ihuov,  oil].     See  PetroUUum. 

Vasifactive  (va-ze-fak^-iiv)  [vas,  vessel; 
facere,  make].  Giving  rise  to  new  blood- 
vessels. 

Vaso-  (va'-toA  [vets,  a  vessel].  A  preBx  de- 
noting pertainmg  to  a  vessel. 

Vasoconstrictor  {va-to-konstrik'-for)  [vas, 
vessel;  constringere,  to  constrict].  See 
Vcuomotor, 

Vasodentine  {va-to-den'-tin)  [vas,  vessel; 
dens,  a  tooth].  Dentine  possessing  blood- 
vessels. 

Vasodilator  (iMt-to-di-la^-tor)  [vas,  vessel; 
dilator^  a  dilator].     See  Vasomotor. 

Vasofactive  {ya-to-fak'-tiv).  See  Vaso- 
formative. 

Vasoformative  (va  -  to  -for'-  mat  -  iv)  [vas, 
vessel ;  formare,  to  form] .  Forming  or  pro- 
ducing vesseb. 

Vasohypertonic  {va-to-hi-prr'ton' -ik).  See 
Vasomotor, 

VasohjTpotonic  {va-tohi-poton^ili).  See 
Vcuomotor, 

Vasoinhibitory  (va-uo-inhib'-itore)  [vas, 
vessel ;  inkibere,  to  inhibit].  Inhibiting 
vasomotor  action,  especially  vasoconstrictor 
action. 

Vasomotor  {va-zo-mo^-tor)  [vas,  vessel ; 
motor,  from  movere,  to  move].  Regulating 
the  tension  of  blood  vessels.  V.  Centers, 
centers  situated  in  the  medulla  oblongata  and 
spinal  cord,  and  governing  the  caliber  of  the 
blood-vessels.  V.  Nerves,  the  nerves  pass- 
ing to  the  blood-vessels ;  they  are  of  two 
kinds,  the  vasoconstrictor  (vasohypertonic) 
nerves,  or  those  stimulation  of  which  causes 
contraction  of  the  blood-vessels,  and  the 
vasodilator  (vasohypotonic)  nerves,  sttmula- 


< 


VASOTONIC 


VEIN 


tion  of  which  causes  dilatation  of  the  Tes- 
sels. 

VaBotonic  (va  -  zo  -  ton  '  -  ik)  \yas^  vessel ; 
tonic'].  Pertaining  to  the  normal  tone  of  the 
blood-vessels. 

Vastus  {vas^'tus).  i.  Large;  extensive. 
2.  A  large  muscle  of  the  thigh.  See  Mm- 
cUSf  Table  of. 

Vatcr'^  Ampulla  (fahf-tert)  [  Voter,  a  Ger- 
man  anatombt].     See  Ampulla. 

Vater's  Corpuscles.  See  Pacinian  Corpus- 
cles. 

Vectis  (vek^-tis)  [veAere,  to  carry] .  An  in- 
strument similar  to  the  single  blade  of  a 
forceps,  used  in  hastening  the  delivery  of  the 
fetal  head  in  labor. 

Vegetable  (ve/-et'abl)  [vegetare,  to  quick- 
en]. I.  A  plant,  especially  one  used  as 
food.  2.  See  Vegetal.  V.  Albumin.  See 
Phytalbumose.  V.  Proteids.  See  Proteid. 
V.  Sulphur.     See  Lycopodium. 

Vegetal  (ve/-et-al)  \vegetare,  to  quicken]. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  plants ;  characteristic  of 
plants. 

Vegetarian  {vej-et-a^ -re-an)  [yegetare,  to 
quicken].  One  who  lives  on  vegetable  food 
alone. 

Vegetarianism  {vej-et-a' -re-an-izm)  \yege- 
tare,  to  quicken].  I.  The  doctrine  that 
vegetable  food  is  the  only  kind  proper  for 
man.  2.  The  practice  of  living  only  on 
vegetable  food. 

Vegetation  {vej-et-a' -shun)  [vegetare^  to 
quicken].  An  outgrowth  resembling  a  plant 
in  outline,  as  the  fibrinous  projections  on  the 
cardiac  valves  in  endocarditis,  papillomata, 
polypoid  growths,  etc.  V.,  Adenoid,  growths 
of  lymphoid  tissue  in  the  nasopharyngeal 
cavity. 

Vegetative  (ve/ -et-a-tiv)  [vegetarcy  to 
quicken].  Having  the  power  of  growth,  like 
a  plant. 

Vehicle  (ve^-hik-l)  [veAiculum^  from  vcAere, 
to  carry].  An  excipient  or  substance  serv- 
ing as  a  medium  of  administration  of  medi- 
cines. 

Vein  (van)  [vena"],  A  blood-vessel  carrying 
blood  from  the  tissues  to  the  heart.  Veins, 
like  arteries,  have  three  coats,  but  less  well 
developed  ;  many  also  possess  valves.  V., 
Angular,  a  continuation  of  the  frontal  vein 
downward  to  become  the  facial  at  the  lower 
margin  of  the  orbit.  V.,  Axillary,  a  large 
vein  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  brachial 
veins.  Veins,  Azygos  (three  in  number), 
situated  in  front  of  the  bodies  of  the  thoracic 
vertebrae ;  they  are  a  means  of  communication 
between  the  superior  and  inferior  venae  cavae. 
v..  Basilar,  a  large  vein  passing  back 
over  the  cms  cerebri  to  unite  with  the  veins 
of  Galen.  V.,  Basilic,  a  vein  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  arm.    Veins,  Brachial,  the  veins 


accompanying  the  brachial  artery.  V., 
Brachiocephalic.  See  V.,  JnnominaU. 
Veins  of  Breschet,  the  veins  of  the  diploe. 
v.,  Cephalic,  a  large  vein  of  the  arm,  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  median  cephalic  and 
superficial  radial  and  opening  into  the  axillary 
vein,  v.,  Coronary,  i.  The  great  cardiac 
vein,  a  vein  opening  into  the  coronary  sinus 
of  the  heart.  2.  See  ^'.,  Gastric,  Veins, 
Emissary,  small  veins  passing  through  the 
cranial  foramina  and  connecting  the  cerebral 
sinuses  with  external  veins.  V.,  Facial,  a 
continuation  of  the  angular  vein ;  it  joins  tho 
internal  jugular  at  the  level  of  the  hyoid  bone. 
V.,  Femoral,  Common,  a  short,  thick 
trunk  corresponding  to  the  femoral  artery ;  it 
becomes  the  external  iliac  at  Poupart's  liga- 
ment, v..  Femoral,  Deep,  a  vein  accom- 
panying the  femoral  artery ;  it  empties  into 
the  superficial  femoral.  V.,  Femoral, 
Superficial,  a  name  given  to  the  femoral  vein 
before  it  is  joined  by  the  deep  femoral  vein 
to  form  the  common  femoral  vein.  Veins 
of  Galen,  two  large  veins  of  the  brain,  con- 
tinuations of  the  internal  cerebral  veins,  and 
opening  into  the  straight  sinus.  V.,  Gas- 
tric, a  vein  accompanying  the  artery  of  the 
same  name.  Veins,  Hemiazygos,  small, 
accessory  veins  of  the  azygos  veins.  Veins, 
Hemorrhoidal,  a  plexus  of  veins  surround- 
ing the  rectum.  V.,  Iliac,  Common,  a 
vein  formed  opposite  the  sacroiliac  synchon- 
drosis by  the  confluence  of  the  external  and 
internal  iliac  veins.  V.,  Iliac,  External,  a 
continuation  upward  of  the  common  femoral ; 
it  extends  from  the  lower  border  of  Pouptrt's 
ligament  to  the  lower  border  of  the  sacroiliac 
synchondrosis.  V.,  Iliac,  Internal,  a  short 
trunk  extending  from  the  great  sacroiliac  syn- 
chondrosis. Veins,  Innominate,  two  large 
valveless  veins  returning  the  blood  from  the 
head,  qeck,  and  upper  extremity.  V., 
Jugular,  Anterior,  a  vein  beginning  at 
the  level  of  the  chin  and  ending  at  the 
clavicle  in  the  external  jugular  vein.  V^ 
Jugular,  External,  a  vein  formed  at  the 
angle  of  the  lower  jaw  by  the  union  of  the 
posterior  auricular  and  temporomaxillary 
veins ;  it  empties  into  the  subclavian.  V., 
Jugular,  Internal,  a  continuation  of  the 
lateral  sinus,  beginning  at  the  jugular  fos&a, 
accompanying  the  internal  and  common 
carotid  arteries,  and  joining  the  subclavian 
vein  to  form  the  innominate.  V.of  MarshalL 
See  F.,  Oblique.  V.,  Median  Basilic,  a 
vein  uniting  with  the  superficial  ulnar  to  form 
the  basilic.  V.,  Median  Cephalic,  a  vein 
uniting  with  the  suf>er^cial  radial  to  form  the 
cephalic.  V.,  Median,  Deep,  a  vein  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  outer  vena  comes  of  the 
ulnar  artery  and  the  muscular  and  radial  re- 
current veins.     V.,  Median,  Superficial, 


VEINS 


VEINS 


CX:C»PfTAL  V 

INT    JUQULAR    V 
EXT    JUGUL4B  V 
rtiGHT  AND   LtfT 


CEPHALIC  V 


MEDIAN  BASILIC  V 
MEDIAN  CEPHA1.IC  '4 


SUPERFICIAL   VEINS 

(RADIAL.  MCDfA^    UL^AR 

AND  Kl^TljLtMH 


LONG  SAPNCMA  V 

(SUPt^FfCiAL 


TCWPOAAL  V.  • 

rACtAL  V. 
EXT    ANT.  JuaULAR  >#EINS- 

NT.  JUCUiAfI  V. 
EXT    iUGULAR  V. 
Sl^aCLAViAN  V 

PULWONAHIf  «t 

AKiLCARV  W. 

SCAPULAR  Vf  lAif 

,CEPM4|.»C  ^, 


VENC  COMjTES 


COW 


^tHM  GOUfftB 


< 


SliP€RriCiAL 

DOft&Ak   AJ1CH 


Scheme  of  Veins.— (^/triMi.) 


VELAMENTOUS 


VENTILATION 


one  starting  at  the  anterior  plexus  of  the 
wrist  and  uniting  with  the  deep  median  to 
form  the  median.  V.,  Oblique  {of  Mar- 
shalt)^  a  vein  crossing  the  dorsal  portion  of 
the  left  auricle  of  the  heart.  It  is  the  rem- 
nant of  the  left  duct  of  Cuvier.  V.,  Oph- 
thalmic, a  short  trunk  carrying  the  blood 
from  the  eye  and  emptying  into  the  cavernous 
sinus,  v..  Popliteal,  one  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  venae  coraites  of  the  anterior 
and  posterior  tibial  arteries  ;  it  accompanies 
the  popliteal  artery,  and  becomes  the  femoral 
vein  at  the  junction  of  the  lower  with  the 
middle  third  of  the  thigh.  V.,  Portal,  a 
short  trunk  entering  the  liver  at  the  trans- 
verse Bssure  and  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
superior  mesenteric  and  splenic  veins.  Veins, 
Pulmonary,  four  veins,  two  from  each  lung, 
returning  the  aerated  blood  from  the  lungs 
to  the  heart.  V.,  Radial,  Superficial,  a 
▼ein  accompanying  the  musculocutaneous 
nerve  up  the  radial  side  of  the  forearm.  V., 
Renal,  a  vein  accompanying  the  renal  artery. 
v.,  Saphenous,  Long  or  Internal,!  long 
superficial  vein  running  up  the  inner  aspect  of 
the  leg  and  thigh,  terminating  in  the  femoral 
vein  below  Poupart*s  ligament.  V.,  Sa- 
phenous, Short  or  External,  a  superBcial 
vein  running  up  the  outer  aspect  of  the  foot, 
leg,  and  back  of  the  calf,  and  emptying  into  the 
popliteal  vein.  V.,  Spermatic,  one  retuni- 
ing  the  blood  from  the  testicle ;  on  the  right 
side  it  terminates  in  the  inferior  vena  cava  and 
on  the  left  in  the  left  renal  vein.  V. ,  Splenic, 
one  returning  the  blood  from  the  spleen, 
and  forming  the  portal  vein  by  its  union  with 
the  superior  mesenteric  vein.  V.,  Sub- 
clavian, a  continuation  of  the  axillary  vein, 
uniting  with  the  internal  jugular  vein  to  form 
the  innominate  vein  at  the  sternoclavicular  ar- 
ticulation, v.,  Temporomazillary,  one 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  temporal  and 
internal  maxillary  veins  in  the  parotid  gland ; 
it  terminates  in  the  external  jugular.  V.  of 
Trolard,  a  vein  of  the  cerebrum  passing 
along  the  posterior  branch  of  the  fissure  of 
Sylvius  and  emptying  into  the  superior 
petrosal  sinus.  V.,  Ulnar,  one  running  from 
the  wrist  up  the  anterior  and  inner  surface  of 
the  forearm.  V.,  Umbilical,  a  vein  con- 
veying the  blood  from  the  placenta  to  the 
fetus. 

Velamentous  {vel-am-fn'-tus)  [veiantfn^  a 
veil].     Resembling  a  veil. 

Vella*s  Fistula.  An  intestinal  fistula  for 
obtaining  gastric  juice. 

Vellication  (vel-ika'-shun)  \yelHcare^  to 
twitch].  Spasmodic  twitching  of  muscular 
fibers. 

Velosynthesis  {ve  -  lo  -  sin'-  thts  -  is) .  See 
Staphylorrhaphy, 

Velpeau's    Bandage    {^veF-pd»)    [Velpeau^ 


a  French  surgeon].  A  bandage  used  in 
fractured  clavicle. 

Velum  {ve^'ium)  [vilmmt  veil,  sail].  A  veil 
or  veil-like  structure.  V.,  Anterior  Medul- 
lary. See  yinusms,  Vahe  of.  V.  inter- 
positum,  the  membranous  roof  of  the  third 
ventricle.  V.  palati,  the  soft  palate.  V., 
Posterior  Medullary,  the  commissure  of  the 
flocculus  of  the  cerebellum. 

Vena  {ye'-nah)  [L.].  A  vein.  See  Vem. 
V.  cava  inferior,  a  vein  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  two  common  iliac  veins  and 
emptying  into  the  right  auricle  of  the  heart 
It  receives  lumbar,  right  spermatic,  renal, 
suprarenal,  phrenic,  and  hepatic  veins.  V. 
cava  superior,  a  vein  formed  by  the  unkn 
of  the  innominate  veins,  and  conveying 
the  blood  from  the  upper  half  of  the  body 
to  the  right  auricle.  V.  comes,  VenK 
comites,  a  vein  or  veins  accompaoyiog 
an  artery  in  its  course.  Venie  Oaleni, 
the  two  tnmks  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
vein  of  the  corpus  striatum  and  that  of  the 
choroid  plexus;  they  empty  into  the  straight 
sinus.  Ven«e  Thebesii,  small  veins  by 
which  blood  passes  from  the  walls  of  the 
heart  to  the  right  auricle.  Venie  vorticose, 
the  venous  network  and  trunks  of  the 
choroid  coat  of  the  eye. 

Venenation  (ven-en-a' -shun)  [venenum^  a 
poison].      The  condition  of  a  poisoning. 

Venenatus  {ven-en-a'-tus)  \wnmMmt  a 
poison].     Poisonous. 

Venereal  {yen-e'-re-al)  [Venus ^  the  goddess 
of  love].  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by 
sexual  intercourse.  V.  Diseases,  gonorrhea, 
syphilis,  and  chancroid. 

Venery  {yen'-ere)  [ Venus^  the  goddess  of 
love].     Sexual  intercourse. 

Venesection  {yen-e-sek' -shun)  [rrmi,  vein ; 
secare^  to  cut].     See  Blood-UUing. 

Venom  {v<n' -om)\y€nenum^  poison].  Poison, 
especially  a  poison  secreted  by  certain  rep- 
tiles and  insects. 

Venomous  (ven^-om-us)  [venenum,  a  poi- 
son].    Poisonous ;  secreting  venom. 

Venosity  (ven-os^-it-e)  [yena^  vein].  A 
condition  in  which  the  arterial  blood  shows 
venous  qualities. 

Venous  (vf'-nus)  [veno5us\  Pertaining  lo 
or  produced  in  a  vein.  V.  Hum,  the  mur- 
mur or  rushing  sound  heard  in  auscultation 
of  a  vein. 

Venter  (vm'-ter)  [L.].  i.  The  belly  or 
abdomen.  2.  The  belly  of  a  muscle.  3. 
The  cavity  of  the  abdomen.  4.  The  con- 
cavity of  any  expanded  part,  as,  e,  ^.,  the  V. 
of  the  scapula,  V.  of  the  ilium. 

Ventilation  {ven-tii-a^-shun)  [ventilare,  to 
fan].  The  act  or  process  of  supplying  firesh 
air ;  the  act  or  process  of  purifying  5ie  ait 
of  a  place. 


VENTRAD 


VERRUCOSE,  VERRUCOUS 


Ventrad  {ven'-trad^  [ven/fr,  belly;  a</,  to- 
ward].    Toward  the  ventral  aspect. 

Ventral  (vtn^-trai)  {venter^  belly].  Per- 
taiDing  to  the  belly. 

Ventricle  (ven'-irik-l)  [ventricu/us,  dim.  of 
venter y  a  bel!y].  A  small  cavity  or  pouch. 
V.  of  Arantius,  a  culdesac  at  the  lower  end 
of  the  fourth  V.  Ventricles  of  the  Brain, 
cavities  in  the  interior  of  the  brain,  compris- 
ing the  two  lateral  ventricles,  the  third,  and 
the  fourth  ventricles.  V.  of  Cord,  the  central 
canal  of  the  spinal  cord.  V.  of  Lar3mx,  a  de- 
pression between  the  true  and  false  vocal 
bands.  V.,  Left,  of  Heart,  that  upon  the 
dorsal  and  left  side  of  the  heart,  and  which, 
through  the  aorta,  forces  the  blood  through- 
out the  body.  V.,  Right,  of  Heart,  that 
forcing  the  blood  through  the  pulmonary  ar- 
tery into  the  lungs. 

Ventricular  {ven-trik' -u-lar)  [ventricuius^ 
a  ventricle].  Pertaining  to  a  ventricle.  V. 
Aqueduct.     See  Aqueductus  Syivii, 

Ventrofixation  {ven-tro-fiks-a' -shuti)  [ven/er, 
belly;  fixation].  The  stitching  of  a  dis- 
placed uterus  to  the  abdominal  wall. 

Ventroinguinal  (ven-tro-in^-gwin-al)  [ven- 
ter, belly ;  inguinal].  Pertaining  to  the 
abdomen  and  the  groin. 

Ventrotomy  [ven-trot* -o-me)  \%f enter ^  belly; 
rofiii^  a  cut].     Celiotomy. 

Venule,  Venula  {ven'-Ul,  ven' 'U'laK)\yenula, 
dim.  of  vena y  a  vein].     A  small  vein. 

Veratrin  (ver-at'-rin).  Veratrina  (U.  S.  P.), 
a  mixture  of  alkaloids  obtained  from  the  seeds 
of  Asagrsea  officinalis  ( Sabadilla) ,  of  the  order 
Liliaceae.  It  is  a  local  irritant,  and  produces 
tetanic  convulsions  followed  by  paralysis ;  it 
first  stimulates,  then  paralyzes  the  vasomotor 
center.  It  is  used  externally,  in  the  form  of 
an  ointment,  in  rheumatism,  gout,  and  neural- 
gia. Preparations:  Unguentura veratrinae (U. 
S.  P.,  B.  P.) ;  Oleatura  veratrinae  (U.  S.  P.). 

Veratroidin  (ver-at-roi' -din ) .    See  Veratrum. 

Veratrum  {ver-ai^-rum).  A  genus  of  plants 
of  the  order  Liliaceae.  The  rhizome  and  roots 
of  V.  viridc,  American  hellebore  (V.  viride, 
U.  S.  P.;  Veratri  viridis  rhizoma,  B.  P.). con- 
tain the  alkaloids  jervin  and  veratroidin. 
The  former  is  a  depressant  to  the  vasomotor 
centers  and  the  motor  centers  of  the  spinal 
cord.  In  toxic  doses  it  produces  slowness 
of  the  pulse,  fall  in  blood -pressure,  relax- 
ation, epileptiform  convulsions,  paralysis,  and 
death  from  failure  of  the  respiration.  Vera- 
troidin is  irritant  and  produces  vomiting  and 
purging;  it  is  also  depressant  to  the  motor 
centers  of  the  spinal  cord  and  to  the  pulse. 
When  veratrum  viride  is  administered  the  com- 
bined action  of  the  alkaloids  is  obtained,  and 
consists  chiefly  in  slowing  of  the  pulse  and 
lessening  of  blood-pressure,  with  vomiting  in 
the  case  of  large  doses.     It  is  employed  in 


sthenic  inflammations,  as  pneumonia,  i>erito- 
nitis,  in  puerperal  eclampsia,  and  in  excessive 
cardiac  hypertrophy.  Preparations  and  doses : 
Extractum  veratri  viridis  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.), 
n\^j-iij  (0.065-0.20) ;  Tinctura  veratri  viridis 
(U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  nt  j-iij  (0.065-0.20).  V. 
album,  white  hellebore,  resembles  V.  viride 
in  general  properties. 

Verbascum  {verbas^-kum)  [L.].  Mullein, 
a  genus  of  plants  of  the  order  Scrophulariaccic. 
The  leaves  and  flowers  of  V.  thapsus  have 
been  used  as  demulcent  in  catarrhal  inflam- 
mation of  mucous  membranes  and  as  an  ap- 
plication to  hemorrhoids. 

Verdigris  {ver^-digris)  [Fr.,  verd  de  gris, 
probably  from  L.,  viridis,  green ;  as,  brass]. 
Copper  acetate. 

Verheyen,  Stars  of.  Venous  plexuses  of 
stellate  form  situated  on  the  surface  of  the 
kidney,  beneath  its  capsule. 

Vermicide  (ver^ -mis-ia)  [vermis,  a  worm; 
cadere,  to  kill].  An  agent  that  destroys  in- 
testinal worms. 

Vermicular  {ver-mik^-u-lar)  [vermis,  worm] . 
Worm-like. 

Vermiculation (ver-mikula' -shun)  [vermis, 
worm].  A  worm-like  motion;  peristaltic 
motion. 

Vermiform  {ver^ -mif-orm)  [vermis,  worm ; 
forma,  a  form].  Worm-shaped.  V.  Ap- 
pendix. See  Appendix.  V.  Process,  In- 
ferior, v.,  Superior,  the  inferior  and  super- 
ior surfaces  of  the  middle  lobe  of  the  cere- 
bellum. 

Vermifuge  (ver^ -mif -aj)  [vermis,  worm; 
fugare,  to  expel] .  An  agent  that  expel»  in- 
testinal worms. 

Vermination  ( ver-min-a' -shun  )  [  v^rmis^ 
worm].     Infestion  with  worms. 

Vermmous  {yer* -min-us)  [vermis,  worm]. 
Infested  with  worms. 

Vermis  (ver^-mis)  [L.].  I.  A  worm.  2. 
The  middle  lobe  of  the  cerebellum. 

Vernal  {ver^-nai )  [vemalis,  of  the  spring]. 
Pertaining  to  the  sprmg.  V.  Conjunctivitis, 
a  form  of  conjunctivitis  recurring  each  spring 
or  summer,  and  disappearing  with  frost 

Vemin  (ver^-nin),  C,,H,j,NgOg.  A  leuko- 
main-base  found  in  young  vetch,  clover, 
ergot,  etc.,  and  yielding  guanin  on  heating 
with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Vemix  caseosa  [L.,  cheesy  varnish].  A 
sebaceous  deposit  covering  the  surface  of 
the  fetus. 

Verruca  (ver - ru' - kah)  [L.].  Wart.  V. 
necrogenica,  anatomic  tubercle,  dissection- 
tubercle,  a  warty  excrescence  found  on  the 
fingers  of  those  who  frequently  handle  the 
tissues  of  tuberculous  subjects. 

Verrucose,  Verrucous  \ver^-u-kds,  ver^-u- 
kus)  [verrucca,  wart].  Warty;  covered 
with  or  having  warts. 


{ 


VERSION 


VESICLE 


Version  (ver'-xkun)  [verfere^  to  turn].  Turn- 
ing ;  an  opermtion  whereby  one  part  of  the 
fetus  is  made  to  replace  another  at  the  mouth 
of  the  uterus.  V.,  Bipolar,  V.  by  acting 
upon  both  poles  of  the  fetus.  V.,  Cephalic, 
turning  of  the  fetus  so  as  to  bring  the  head  to 
present.  V.,  Combined,  bipolar  V.,  con- 
sisting of  a  combination  of  external  and  in- 
ternal V.  v.,  External,  that  effected  by  ex- 
ternal manipulation.  V.,  Internal,  that  per- 
formed by  entering  the  hand  within  the 
uterus,  v.,  Podalic,  that  in  which  one  or 
both  feet  are  brought  to  the  mouth  of  the 
uterus.  v..  Spontaneous,  the  process 
whereby,  without  external  influence,  a  trans- 
verse position  is  changed  into  a  longitudinal 
one. 

Vertebra  (ver^-ieb-rah)  [vertere^  to  turn]. 
One  of  the  bones  forming  the  spinal  or  verte- 
bral column.  There  are  33  vertebrae,  divided 
into  7  cervical,  12  thoracic  or  dorsal,  5  lum- 
bar, 5  sacral  (the  sacrum),  4  coccygeal  (the 
coccyx ) .  A  typical  vertebra  consists  of  a  body 
and  an  arch,  the  latter  being  formed  by  two 
pedicles  and  two  laminae.  The  arch  supports 
seven  processes:  4  articular,  2  transverse, 
and  I  spinous.  V.,  Basilar,  the  last  Iiunbar 
vertebra.  V.  dentata,  the  axis.  V.  pro- 
minens,  the  seventh  cervical  vertebra. 

Vertebral  (ver^-tebrai)  [vertebra"].  I.  Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  a  vertebra; 
made  up  of  or  possessing  vertebrse.  2.  Per- 
taining to  the  vertebral  artery.  V.  Artery. 
See  Arteries,  Table  of. 

Vertebrarterial  {verteb-rar-te^-re-al)  [ver- 
tebra, vertebra;  aprepela,  artery].  Giving 
passage  to  the  vertebral  artery,  as  the  V.  for- 
amina in  the  transverse  processes  of  the  cer- 
vical vertebrae. 

Vertebrate,  Vertebrated  (ver^-tebrdt,  ver^- 
teb-ra-ted)  [vertebra,  vertebra].  Having  a 
vertebral  column ;  resembling  a  vertebral 
column  in  flexibility,  as,  e.g.,  a  V.  catheter. 

Vertebro-  (ver^-tebro-)  [vertebra,  vertebra]. 
A  preflx  denoting  pertaining  to  a  vertebra. 

Vertebrochondral  (ver-teb  -  ro  -  kon'  •  drai) 
[vertebra,  vertebra ;  x^P^f  cartilage]. 
Connecting  the  costal  cartilages  with  the 
vertebrae. 

Vertebrocostal  (ver-teb-ro-kos^-tol)  [verte- 
bra,  vertebra;  costn,  rib].  Pertaining  to  the 
vertebrae  and  the  ribs. 

Vertebroiliac  (ver-teb-ro-t'/^-e-aJk)  [vertebra, 
vertebra ;  t'/ium,  ilium].  Pertaining  to  the 
vertebrae  and  the  ilium. 

Vertebrosacral  (ver-teb-ro-sa^-kral)  [verte- 
bra, vertebra  ;  sacrum,  sacrum].  Pertaining 
to  the  vertebrae  and  the  sacrum. 

Vertebrosternal  {yer-teb-ro-stur* -nal )  [ver- 
tebra, vertebra;  stemum\  Extending  from 
the  spinal  column  to  the  sternum.  V.  Ribs, 
the  true  ribs. 


Vertex  {ver^-teks)  [L.].  The  crown  or  top 
of  the  bead.  V.-presentation,  a  presenta- 
tion of  the  vertex  of  the  fetal  skull. 

Vertical  {ver* -tikal)  [vertex],  i.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  vertex.     2.  Perpendicular. 

Verticomental  {ver-tik-o-men'-tal)  [z^ertex, 
vertex;  mentum,  chin].  Pertaining  to  the 
vertex  and  the  chin. 

Vertiginous  (ver-ti/-in-us)[vertere,  to  turn]. 
Resembling  or  aflected  with  vertigo. 

Vertigo  {ver^-ttg-o)[L.,  from  vertere,  to  turn]. 
Giddiness,  dizziness ;  a  sensation  of  lack  of 
equilibrium.  It  may  be  due  to  disease  of  the 
ears  {auditory  or  aural  V.),  the  eyes  (ocular 
V.\,  the  brain  (cerebral  V,),  the  stomach  (gat- 
trtc  v.),  the  blood,  etc.  V . ,  Epileptic,  ver- 
tigo associated  with  or  preceding  an  attack 
of  epilepsy.  V.,  Essential,  one  not  due  to 
any  discoverable  cause.  V.,  Labyrinthine. 
See  Mhtiire*s  Disease.  V.,  Objective,  one 
in  which  objects  seem  to  the  patient  to  move. 
v..  Paralyzing.  See  Gerlier's  Disease.  V., 
Subjective,  one  in  which  the  patient  has  a 
sensation  as  if  he  himself  were  moving. 

Verumontanum  (ver-u-monta^-num)  [vent, 
a  spit ;  moHs,  a  mountain].  The  caput  gal- 
linaginis,  a  longitudinal  ridge  on  the  floor  of 
the  prostatic  urethra. 

Vesalius,  Foramen  of.  A  small  foramen  in 
the  greater  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  trans- 
mitting a  small  vein. 

Vesica  (ves'-ikah)  [L.l     The  bladder. 

Vesical  (ves'-ikal)  tvesica,  a  bladder]. 
Pertaining  to  the  bladder.  V.  Calculus,  a 
stone  in  the  bladder.  V.  Crisis,  severe 
paroxysmal  pain  in  the  bladder  occurring  in 
locomotor  ataxia. 

Vesicant  (ves^-iJk-ant\  [vesicare,  to  blister], 
I.   Blistering.     2.  A  blistering  agent. 

Vesication  (ves-ik-a^-shun)  [vesicare,  to 
blister].  The  formation  of  a  blister;  a 
blister. 

Vesicatory  (ves^ -ik-at-o-re)  [vesicare,  to  blis- 
ter J.     I.  Blistering.     2.   A  blistering  agent. 

Vesicle  (ves'-ik-l)  [tvji'm/n,  dim.  of  vesica, 
bladder].  I.  A  small  bladder;  especially  a 
small  sac  containing  fluid.  V.,  Allantoic, 
the  internal  hollow  portion  of  the  allantoi<w 
v..  Auditory,  an  ectodermic  sac,  a  part  of 
the  cerebral  vesicle,  from  which  the  internal  ear 
is  formed.  V.,  Blastodermic.  See  Blasto- 
derm, v.,  Cerebral,  an  expansion  of  the 
anterior  extremity  of  the  neural  tube  of  the 
embryo,  subsequently  forming  the  brain.  V., 
Germinal,  the  nucleus  of  the  ovum.  V., 
Oraaflan.  See  Follicle,  Graafian.  V., 
Optic,  a  hollow  process  of  the  cerebral  vesicle 
forming  the  essential  part  of  the  eye.  V., 
Otic.  See  V.,  Auditory.  V.,  Seminal, 
one  of  the  two  little  sacs  situated  at  the  base 
of  the  bladder  and  serving  as  reservoir*  for 
the  semen.    V.,  Umbilical.    See  YoUk-sac, 


VESICO- 


VICARIOUS 


2.  A  small  blister  on  the  skin,  as,  e,  g.^  an 
herpetic  or  small-pox  vesicle. 

Vesico-  {ves'-ik-o-^  {vesica^  bladder].  A 
prefix  denoting  pertaining  to  the  bladder. 

Vesicoabdominal  (ves-ik-o-ab-dom' -in  -  ai ) 
[z/«»V<2,  bladder ;  abdomen^  dhAomtn].  Per- 
taining to  the  abdomen  and  the  urinary  blad- 
der. 

Vesicocele  (ves^ -ik-o-sil)  [vesica^  bladder; 
KfjTujf  hernia] .     Hernia  of  the  bladder. 

Vesicocervical  {ves4k-o-ser''Vik-al\  [wx- 
ica^  bladder;  cervix^  cervix].  Pertaming  to 
the  cervix  uteri  and  the  urinary  bladder. 

Vesicoprostatic  {ves-ik-o-pros-tat' -ik )  [t/«- 
fV<?,  bladder  ;  Tr/werrar^,  prostate].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  prostate  gland  and  the  urinary 
bladder. 

Vesicorectal  {ves-ik-o-rek' -tal^  Vvesica^  blad- 
der; rectum ^  rectum].  Pertaining  to  the 
bladder  and  the  rectum. 

Vesicospinal  {^es  -ik-o-  sfd^- nal )  [vesica, 
bladder;  s^na,  spine].  Pertaining  to  the 
urinary  bladder  and  the  spinal  cord. 

Vesicoumbilical  (ves  -  ik-o-um  •  bU^-  ik  -  at ) 
[z/^'jfVa,  bladder ;  umbilicus ,MvcM'^\Qyxi\  Per- 
taining to  the  umbilicus  and  the  urinary 
bladder. 

Vesicouterine  {ves-ik-o-  u'  -  ter-in\  [vesica, 
bladder;  uterus,  uterus].  Pertainmg  to  the 
uterus  and  the  urinary  bladder. 

Vesicovaginal  {ves-ik-o-vat^-in-al)  [vesica, 
bladder;  vagina,  vagina].  Pertaining  to 
the  bladder  and  the  vagina. 

Vesicula  {ves-ik' -u-Iah)  [dim.  of  vesica,  a 
bladder].  A  vesicle.  V.  graafiana.  See 
Follicle,  Graafian,  Vesiculs  Nabothi. 
See  Ovule,  second  definition.  V.  prostatica, 
the  sinus  pocularis.  Vesiculs  seminales. 
See  Vesicle,  Seminal. 

Vesicular  (vesik^-u-lar)  [vesicula,  a  little 
bladder].  I.  Pertaining  to  or  composed  of 
vesicles.  2.  Produced  in  vesicles,  as,  e.  g.,  V. 
breathing,  V.  murmur.  V.  Column,  a 
column  of  ganglion -cells  at  the  base  of  the 
posterior  horn  of  the  spinal  cord.  V.  Col- 
umn, Posterior.  ^>tt  Column  of  Clarke.  V. 
Eczema,  eczema  attended  with  the  forma- 
tion of  vesicles.  V.  Rale,  the  crepitant  rale. 

Vesiculated  {ves -ik^'U- la-ted)  [vesicula,  a 
little  bladder].     Composed  of  vesicles. 

Vesiculation  (ves-ik-u-la^-shun)  [vesicula,  a 
little  bladder].  The  formation  of  vesicles ; 
the  state  of  becoming  vesiculated. 

Vesiculitis  {vesiku-li^  •tis)[vesicula,  vesicle ; 
irt^,  inflammation].  Inflammation  of  the 
seminal  vesicles. 

Vesiculobronchial  (ves  -ik-u-lo-  brong'- 
ke-al)[vesicula,  vesicle ;  ppdyx^^*  bronchus]. 
Both  vesicular  and  bronchial. 

Vesiculocavernous  (ves -ik-u- lo-kcn/- er- 
nus)  [vesicula,  vesicle;  cavemous].  Both 
▼esicular  and  cavernous. 


Vesiculotympanitic  {yes  -  ik  -  u-  lo-tim- pan- 
it^ -ik)  [vesicula,  vesicle;  rifiiravov,  drum]. 
Both  vesicular  and  tympanitic. 

Vessel  (ves^-el)  [Fr.,  from  vajrw/ww,  vessel]. 
A  receptacle  for  fluids,  especially  a  tube  or 
canal  for  conveying  blood  or  lymph. 

Vestibular  (ves  -lib' -u- lar)  [yestibulum, 
porch].     Pertaining  to  the  vestibule. 

Vestibule  (ves^-tib-Ul )  [vestibulum,  a  porch]. 
An  approach ;  an  antechamber.  V.  of  the 
Ear,  the  oval  cavity  of  the  internal  ear, 
which  forms  the  entrance  to  the  cochlea. 
V.  of  the  Nose,  the  anterior  part  of  the 
nostrils.  V.  of  the  Vagina,  V.  of  the 
Vulva,  a  triangular  space  below  the  clitoris 
and  between  the  nymphse. 

Vestigial  (i/es-tij^-e-al)  [vestigium,  a  vestige]. 
Of  the  nature  of  a  vestige  or  trace;  rudi- 
mentary. V.  Fold,  a  fibrous  band  of  the 
pericardium  representing  the  obliterated  left 
innominate  vein. 

Vesuvin  (ves-u^-vin)  [Vesuvius,  a  volcano 
near  Naples].  Bismarck  brown,  triamido- 
benzol ;  it  is  used  as  a  stain  in  microscopy. 

Veterinarian  (vet  -  er-in-a^-re-an)  [veterin- 
arius,  from  veterina,  a  beast  of  burden]. 
One  who  practices  veterinary  medicine. 

Veterinary  (vet'  -  er  -  in  -  a-re)  [veterinarius, 
from  veterina,  a  beast  of  burden].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  domestic  animals.  V.  Medicine, 
medicine  as  applied  to  the  domestic  animals. 

Via  (vi'-ah)  [L.].  A  way.  Vise  naturales, 
the  natural  passages.     See  Prima  via. 

Viability  (vi-ab-il' -ite)  [viabilis,  viable]. 
The  state  of  being  viable. 

Viable  (vi'ab-l)  [r/tf^i/w,  viable].  Capable 
of  living;  likely  to  live;  applied  to  a  fetus 
capable  of  living  outside  of  the  uterus. 

Vial  (vi'-al)  [^dhf].     A  small  bottle. 

Vibcx  (vi'-beks)  [L.,//.,  Vibices],  A  linear 
ecchymosis. 

Vibrate  (vi'-brdt )  [vibrare,  to  shake].  To 
move  to  and  fro. 

Vibratile  (vi' -bra-til \  [vibrare,  to  shake]. 
Moving  to  and  fro ;  vibrating. 

Vibration  (vi-bra' -shun)  [7/i"^r<ir^,  to  shake]. 
The  act  of  moving  to  and  fro. 

Vibrio  (ifiy-re-o)  [vibrare,  to  vibrate].  A 
genusof  Schizomycetes.  SeeBacteria,  Tablet/. 

Vibrissa  (trib-ris'-ah)  [L.].  One  of  the 
hairs  near  the  opening  of  the  anterior  nares. 

Viburnum  (i/i-bur'-num).  A  genus  of  the 
Caprifoliacese.  V.  opulus,  cranberry-tree, 
cramp-bark  (V.  opulus,  U.  S.  P.),  is  used  in 
dysmenorrhea,  scurvy,  asthma,  etc.  Dose  of 
Extractum  viburin  opuli  fluidum,  U.  S.  P., 
fgj-ij  (4.0-8.0).  V.  prunifolium,  U.S.  P., 
is  used  in  dysmenorrhea,  threatened  abortion, 
menorrhagia,  etc.  Dose  of  Extractum  viburin 
prunifolii  fluidum,  U.  S.  P.,  fjj-ij  (4.0-8.0). 

Vicarious  (in-ka'-re-us)  [vices,  changes]. 
Taking  the  place  of  something  else  ;  of  an 


i 


VICE 


VISCOSE 


habitual  discharge,  occurring  in  an  abnormal 
situation,  as,  e.  g,^  V.  menstruation. 

Vice  [tAs)  \yitium^  vice].  I.  A  physical 
defect,  as,  ^.  ^. ,  a  vice  of  conformation.  2. 
A  moral  defect ;  a  bad  habit. 

Vichy  Water  {ve-she),  A  mildly  laxative 
and  antacid  mineral  water  obtained  from 
Vichy,  in  France,  and  used  in  rheumatic  and 
gouty  conditions  and  in  disorders  of  the  liver. 

Vicq  d*Axyr*8  Bundle  {vik-daA-zin)  [  Vicq 
d'Azyr^  a  French  anatomist].  A  bunale  of 
nerve- fibers  passing  from  the  mammillary 
body  to  the  anterior  nucleus  of  the  optic 
thalamus. 

Vidian  (vid'-e-an).  Described  by  or  named 
after  Vidus,  an  Italian  anatomist,  as,  e,  g.^  the 
V.  canal  in  the  sphenoid  bone ;  the  V.  artery, 
which  traverses  the  V.  canal ;  the  V.  nerve, 
which  also  passes  through  the  V.  canal,  and 
is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  great  petrosal 
nerve  and  carotid  branches  of  the  sym- 
pathetic, and  enters  Meckel's  ganglion. 

Vieirin  (in-e^-irin).  A  principle  from  the 
bark  of  Remijia  vellosiiy  one  of  the  Cuprea 
barks.  It  is  an  amorphous,  white  substance 
with  an  aromatic  odor  and  bitter  taste.  It  is 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  chloroform,  and  is 
used  as  a  febrifuge  instead  of  quinin.  Dose 
gr.  j-iv  several  times  daily. 

Vienna  Paste  yye-eti' -ah).     See  Potassium, 

Vigouroux's  Sign  (vigooroaz).  See  Signs 
and  Symptoms^  Table  of, 

Villatte's  Liquor.  A  preparation  used  for  in- 
jecting into  carious  bones,  consisting  of  zinc 
sulphate  and  copper  sulphate,  each  15  grains, 
liauor  plumbi  subacetatis,  half  a  dram,  and 
dilute  acetic  add,  three  and  a  half  drams. 

Villose,  Villous  {vil^-Os,  vil'-us)  [villus^ 
a  tuft  of  hair].  Pertaining  to  a  villus;  cov- 
ered with  villi ;  characterized  by  the  forma- 
tion of  villus-like  projections. 

Villosity  {vH'Os^'U-e)  \viilus,  a  tuft  of  hair]. 
The  state  of  being  villous. 

Villus  (vil'-us)  [L.,  a  tuft  of  hair].  I.  One 
of  the  minute  dub-shaped  projections  from  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  intestine,  consisting 
of  a  lacteal  vessel,  an  arteriole,  and  a  vein, 
enclosed  in  a  layer  of  epithelium.  2.  One 
of  the  vascular  tufts  of  the  chorion. 

Vinasse  (ve-nas^)  [Fr.].  Potash  obtained 
from  the  marc  or  residue  of  the  wine-press. 

Vinculum  (vin^-ku-ium)  [L.].  A  band. 
Vincula  accessoria  tendmum,  the  slen- 
der tendinous  Blaments  which  connect  the 
phalanges  with  the  flexor  tendons. 

Vinegar  {vin^-e-gar)  [Fr.,  «/i«,  wine;  aigre^ 
sour].  I.  An  impure  solution  of  acetic  acid, 
obtained  by  acetous  fermentation  of  wine, 
beer,  cider,  etc. ,  or  by  the  dry  distillation  of 
wood.  It  is  used  as  a  condiment  2.  A 
solution  of  a  medicinal  substance  in  vinegar  or 
acetic   acid.     The  vinegars    are   those   of 


cantharides  (Acetum  cantharidb,  B.  P.)«  of 
ipecac  (Acetum  ii>ecacuanh8e,  B.  P.),  of 
opium  (Acetum  opii,  U.  S.  P.),  and  of  squill 
(Acetum  sdllje.  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.). 

Vinous  {vi^'Hus)  [vinum^  winej.  Having 
the  nature  of  wine  ;  containing  wme. 

Vinum  (vi^-ntwt)  [L.].     See  h^ine. 

Viola  {vi^-oltih)  [L.].  A  genus  of  plants  of 
the  Violacefe,  including  V.  tricolor,  hearts- 
ease, V.  odorata,  V.  cucullata.  V.  odorau 
as  well  as  other  species  are  used  in  bron- 
chitis. 

Violet  (vi'-o-Ui)  [vio/a,  violet].  I.  One  of 
the  colors  of  the  spectrum,  very  closely  re- 
sembling the  purple  of  violets  and  possessing 
the  greatest  refrangibility  of  the  spectral 
colors.  2.  A  violet  dye-stuff.  V.,  Gentian, 
a  violet  anilin  dye  used  for  staining  in  histo- 
logic  and  l)acteriologic  work.  V.,  MethyU. 
See  Methyl-vioUt. 

Violinist's  Cramp,  Violin -player's  Cramp. 
An  occupation-neurosis  occurring  in  violin- 
players,  and  characterized  by  spasm  of  the 
fingers  used  in  playing. 

Virgin  (vur'-jin)  [  ^firgo].  A  woman  who 
has  never  had  sexual  intercourse. 

Virginal  [vur^Jinai  )  [yirgo^  a  virgin].  Per- 
taining to  virginity. 

Virginity  {Timr-jin^ -it-e)  [vitgo^  a  virgin]. 
The  condition  of  being  a  virgin. 

Virile  {inr^-il)  [viriiis,  from  wr,  a  roan]. 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the  man. 
V.  Member,  the  penis. 

Virility  {^rU'-ite)  \yirilitasy  The  condi- 
tion of  being  virile  ;  procreative  power. 

Virtual  Focus  {vur'-tuaJ  /</kus).  See 
Focus. 

Virus  (vi^-rus)  [L.].  The  poison  of  an  infec- 
tious disease,  especially  one  found  in  the 
secretion  or  tissues  of  an  individual  or  animal 
suffering  from  an  infectious  disease.  V., 
Humanised,  vaccine-lymph  taken  from  the 
vaccine-pustule  of  a  human  subject. 

Vis  [L.J.  Force;  energy;  power.  V,  a 
fronte,  a  force  that  attracts.  V.  a  tergo,  a 
force  that  pushes  something  before  it  V. 
formativa,  energy  manifesting  itself  in  the 
formation  of  new  tissue  to  replace  that  which 
has  been  destroyed.  V.  medicatrix  naturs, 
the  healing  power  of  nature  apart  from 
medidnal  treatment. 

Visceral  (rt>^-^-a/)[viirMJ,  a  viscus].  Per- 
taining to  a  viscus.  V.  Clefts.  See  Oefi, 
Viscerai. 

Viscid  {vis^'id)  [viscidus'].  Sticky;  adhe- 
sive ;  glutinous. 

Viscidity  (visid^-it-e)  [viscidus^  visddj.  The 
state  of  being  viscid.     Same  aa  Vist^stty, 

Viscin  (rns^-in)  [viscum^  birdlime].  A  mu- 
cilaginous extract  of  mistletoe. 

Viscose  (vis^-Jtds)  Ivismm^  bird-lime].  A 
gummy  product  of  viscous  fennentadoa. 


VISCOSE,  VISCOUS 


VOLA 


Viscose,  Viscous  (vis^-kds,  vis^-kus). 
Viscid. 

Viscosity  {vis-kos^-it-e).  The  state  of  being 
viscous. 

Viscum  (vis'-kum)  [L.].  Mistletoe,  s  genus 
of  plants  of  the  order  Loranthaceae,  growing 
as  parasites  upon  trees.  V.  album,  European 
mistletoe,  and  V.  flavescens,  or  Phoraiden- 
dron  flavescens,  American  mistletoe,  con- 
tain a  vibcid  principle,  viscittf  which  is  the 
chief  constituent. 

Viscus  {vis^-kus)  [L.  :  //.,  Viscera].  Any 
one  of  the  organs  enclosed  within  one  of  the 
four  great  cavities,  the  cranium,  thorax,  ab- 
dominal cavity,  or  pelvis;  especially  one 
within  the  abdominal  cavity. 

Visible  (viz'-ibl)  {vUeie,  to  see].  Capable 
of  being  seen. 

Visibility  [inzib-il' -ite)  \}ndere^  to  see]. 
The  state  of  being  visible. 

Vision  {vizh'un)  \yidere^  to  see].  The  act 
of  seeing;  sight.  V.,  Binocular.  See 
BitKKular.  v..  Central,  vision  with  the 
macula  lutea.  V.,  Direct,  ^ce  V.^  Central. 
v.,  Double.  See  Diplopia,  V.,  Indirect, 
vision  with  other  parU>  of  the  retina  than  the 
macula.  V.,  Solid,  or  V.,  Stereoscopic,  the 
perception  of  relief  or  depth  of  objects  ob- 
tained by  binocular  virion. 

Visual  [viz/t' u-ai )  [visualise  from  vidercy 
to  see].  Pertaining  to  vision.  V.  Purple, 
a  pigmentary  substance  in  the  retina  reacting 
to  light  in  a  peculiar  manner,  and  thought  to 
be  intimately  connected  with  vision.  See 
Rkodopsin. 

Visuoauditory  {^t-u-o-av/ -dit-o-re)  \yidere, 
to  see ;  audirty  to  hear].  Pertaining  to 
hearing  and  seeing ;  of  nerve- fibers,  connect- 
ing the  visual  and  auditory  centers. 

Vital  (vi^-tai )  [yitay  life].  Pertaining  to  life. 
V.  Capacity,  the  volume  of  air  that  can  be 
expelled  from  the  lungs  after  a  full  inspiration. 
V.  Statistics,  statistics  of  the  births,  deaths, 
marriages,  and  diseases  in  a  community. 

Vitalism  (vi^-tal-izm)  [yi/ay  life].  The  doc- 
trine that  ascribes  the  phenomena  exhibited 
by  living  organisms  to  the  action  of  a  vital 
force  distinct  from  mechanic  or  chemic  force. 

Vitalist  {vi^'tal  is/)  [vi/a,  life].  A  believer 
in  vitalism. 

Vitals  (vi^'/a/z)  [vita,  life].  A  vulgar  term 
for  the  organs  essential  to  life. 

Vitellary  (vi/^-e/a-re)  [yiteliuSy  yolk].  Per-, 
taining  to  the  vitellus. 

Vitellin  (t^t-el^-in)  UntelluSy  yolk],  A  globu- 
lin found  in  eggyoik. 

Vitelline  {vitel'iny  vit^-el-in)  \yitellus^ 
yolk].  Pertaining  to  the  vitellus  or  yolk. 
V.  Artery,  an  artery  passing  from  the  yolk- 
sac  to  the  primitive  aorta  of  the  embryo. 
V.  Duct,  the  omphalomesenteric  duct. 
V.    Membrane,  the  true  membrane  of  the 


ovum,  lying  inside  of  the  zona  pellucida.  V. 
Veins,  veins  returning  the  blood  from  the 
yolk-sac  to  the  primitive  heart  of  the  embr>'o. 

Vitellus  {yit-el'-us) [ L.  ].  A  yolk,  Specifically 
the  yolk  of  the  egg  of  the  common  fowl, 
Gallus  domesticus. 

Vitiligo  [yit-il-i* -^0)  [L.].  Piebald  skin,  a 
disease  of  the  skm  characterized  by  a  disap- 
pearance of  the  natural  pigment,  occurring  m 
patches  and  leaving  whitish  areas. 

Vitiligoidea  {yit-ii-ig-oi ^  -  de  *  ah)  [vitiligo; 
tido^y  like].     Xanthoma. 

Vitreous  (vit^-re-us)  [vi/reus,  from  vitrum, 
glass].  Glassy.  V.  Chamber,  the  portion  of 
the  globe  of  the  eye  posterior  to  the  crystalline 
lens.  V.  Degeneration,  hyaline  degenera- 
tion. V.  Humor,  V.  Body,  or  simply  the 
Vitreous,  the  transparent,  jelly-like  substance 
filling  the  posterior  chamber  of  the  eye.  V. 
Table,  the  hard,  brittle,  inner  Uble  of  the 
skull. 

Vitriol  (vit'-re-ol)  [vitriolunty  from  vitrum, 
glass].  I.  Sulphuric  acid,  more  commonly 
called  oil  of  V.  2.  Any  crystalline  salt  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  v..  Blue,  copper  sulphate.  V., 
Qreen,  ferrous  sulphate  or  copperas.  V., 
White,  zinc  sulphate. 

Vitrum  (vit^rum)  [L.  ].     Glass. 

Vivification  {viV'i/ik-a^'shun)[vivtiSy  living; 

faeerey  to  make].  The  act  of  making  alive 
or  of  converting  into  living  tissue. 

Viviparity  ( vivip-ar^ -ii-e)  [  vivusy  alive  ; 
parerty  to  bring  forth].  Tne  bringing  forth 
of  living  offspring;  the  state  of  l^ing  vivi- 
parous. 

viviparous  ^  vivip'-ar-us )  [  vivuSy  alive  ; 
parerty  to  bnng  forth].  Bringing  forth  the 
young  alive,  distinguisned  from  cnHparous, 

Vivisection  {yiv-is-ek' -shun)  [vivuSy  alive; 
secarey  to  cut].  The  dissection  of  a  living 
animal ;  experimentation  upon  an  aninuu 
while  still  alive. 

Vivisector  {viv-is-ey-tor)  [vivusy  alive; 
secarey  to  cut].  One  who  practises  vivisec- 
tion. 

Vleminckz's  Solution.  An  application  used 
for  treating  acne,  consisting  of  lime  I  part, 
sulphur  2  parts,  and  water  20  parts. 

Vocal  (vy-kat^j  [voxy  the  voice].  Pertain- 
ing to  the  voice ;  i>ertaining  to  the  organs 
producing  the  voice.  V.  Bands,  V.  Cords. 
See  Larynx,  V.  Fremitus,  the  thrill  con- 
veyed to  the  hand  when  applied  to  the  chest 
during  speaking.  V.  Resonance,  the  re- 
sonance produced  by  the  voice  as  heard  on 
auscultating  the  lung. 

Voice  (vcis)  [vox"].  The  sounds,  especially 
articulate  sounds,  produced  by  the  vibration 
of  the  vocal  bands  and  modified  by  the  reso- 
nance-organs. 

Vola  (vo'lah)  FL.].  The  palm  of  the  hand 
or  the  sole  of  the  foot. 


VOLAR  . 


VULVOVAGINITIS 


Volar  (vo'-lar)  Ivola},  Pertaining  to  the 
palm  or  the  sole. 

Volatile  {vol^-ai-il)  [volatilise  from  volare^ 
to  fly].  Passing  into  vapor  at  ordinary  tem- 
peratures ;  evaporating.  V.  Oils.  See  Oils^ 
Essential, 

Volatilization  (vol-at-il-i-za^ -shun)  [volare, 
to  fly].     The  act  of  volatilizing. 

Volatilize  (vor -at-il-H)  [yolare,  to  fly].  To 
convert  into  vapor  by  means  of  heat ;  to  pass 
into  vapor. 

Volsella  (vol-ser-ah)  \yellere,  to  pluck].  A 
forceps  having  one  or  more  hooks  at  the  end 
of  each  blade. 

Volt  {vblt)  [from  Volta^  an  lulian  scientist]. 
The  unit  of  electromotive  force,  or  the  force 
sufficient  to  cause  a  current  of  one  ampere  to 
flow  against  a  resistance  of  one  ohm.  V.- 
ampere,  the  amount  of  pressure  developed 
by  a  current  of  one  ampere  having  an  electro- 
motive force  of  one  volt ;  also  called  a  watt. 

Voltaic    {volta'-ik).  Described   by  or 

named  after  Volta,  an  Italian  scientist.  V. 
Electricity,  galvanism. 

Voltaism  (vol'-ta-itmS.     See  Galvanism. 

Voltameter  (vdltam^-et-er)  [volt;  fUrpov^  a 
measure].  An  instrument  for  ascertaining 
the  electromotive  force  of  a  current  in  volts. 

Voltmeter  (vdlt^'fne-ter\  [volt;  fiirpotf,  meas- 
ure].    A  synonym  of  yoltameter, 

Voltolini's  Disease  {vdl-toWniz).  See 
Diseases,  Table  of. 

Volumetric  [vol-u-met^-rik)  [volumen,  a  roll ; 
f^TpoVy  measure].  Pertaining  to  measure- 
ment by  volume.  V.  Analysis.  See  An- 
alysis. 

Volumometer  (vol-u-mom^-e-ter)  [volumen, 
volume ;  fikvpov,  measure].  An  apparatus 
used  for  the  purpose  of  measuring  changes  in 
volume. 

Voluntary  (vol' -unta-re)  [voluntarius"]. 
Under  the  control  of  the  will ;  performed  by 
an  exercise  of  the  will.  V.  Muscle,  striped 
muscle. 

Volvulus  (vol'-vu-lus)  [volvere,  to  roll]. 
A  twisting  of  the  bowel  so  as  to  occlude 
the  lumen,  occurring  most  frequently  in  the 
sigmoid  flexi^. 

Vomer  (v(/-mer)  [L.,  a  plowshare].  The 
thin  plate  of  bone  situated  vertically  between 
the  nasal  fossae,  and  forming  the  posterior 
ooriion  of  the  septum  of  the  nose. 

Vomerine  ivo'-tner-in)  [vomer ,  vomer].  Per- 
taining to  the  vomer. 

Vomica  {yom' -ik-ali)  [vomere,  to  vomit].  A 
cavity  formed  by  the  breaking  down  of 
tissue ;  especially  a  cavity  in  the  lung. 


Vomit  (vom'-U)  [vomere,  to  vomit].  I.  To 
expel  from  the  stomach  by  vomiting.  2. 
Vomited  matter.  V.,  Bilious,  vomit  stained 
with  bile.  V.,  Black,  the  characteristic 
vomit  of  yellow  fever,  a  dark  fluid  consi^ng 
of  blood  and  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 
v.,  Coffee-ground,  vomit  consisting  of 
broken-down  blood  and  the  contents  <^  the 
stomach  ;  it  is  frequently  seen  in  carcinoota 
of  the  stomach. 

Vomiting  {vom' -it-ing)  [vomere,  to  vomit]. 
The  forcible  ejection  of  the  contents  of  the 
stomach  through  the  mouth.  V.,  Perni- 
cious, a  variety  of  vomiting  occasionally  seen 
in  pregnancy  and  becoming  at  times  so  ex- 
cessive as  to  threaten  life.  V.,  Stercora* 
ceous,  the  ejection  of  fecal  matter  in  the 
vomit,  usually  due  to  intestinal  obstruction. 

Vomito  negro  (yo-me'to  na'-gro) .  i .  Bladk 
vomit.     2.  Yellow  fever. 

Vomiturition  (vomit-u-rish'-un)  [vomituri- 
tu>].  InefTecttuU  attempt  at  vomiting ;  retch- 
ing. 

Vomitus  (vom'-it-$4s)  [vomere,  io  vomit].  I. 
Vomited  matter.  2.  The  act  of  vomiting. 
V.  cruentus,  bloody  vomiL 

Vox  (voks)  [L.].     Voice. 

Vulcanite  (vur-kanU)  [  Vulcan,  the  god  of 
fire].     Vulcanized  caoutchouc. 

Vulcanize  {vul'-kan-u)  [  Vulcan,  the  god  of 
fire].  To  subject  india-rubber  to  the  prooeats 
of  vulcanization,  a  process  wherein  it  is 
treated  with  sulphur  at  a  high  tempermtore, 
and  thereby  is  rendered  either  flexible  or 
very  hard  (vulcanite). 

Vulnerary  (vul'-ner-a-re)[vtil9tus,K  wotmd]. 

1.  Pertaining  to  wounds;  healing  wounds. 

2.  An  agent  useful  in  healing  wounds. 
Vulnus  (vul'-nus)  [L.].     A  wound. 
Vulsella  (vul-sel'ah).     See  Volsella. 
Vulva  {vul'  vah)  [vohere,  to  roll  up].     The 

external  organs  of  generation  in  the  woman. 

Vulval,  Vulvar  (vul'val,  vul'var)  [vuh'^iy 
Pertaining  to  the  vulva. 

Vulvitis  (vul-vi'-fis)  [vulva,  vulva ;  mc, 
inflammation].     Inflammation  of  the  vulra. 

Vulvo-  {vul'-vo-)  [vulva,  vulva].  A  prefis 
denoting  pertaining  to  the  vulva. 

Vulvovaginal  (vul-  vor^aj'  -  in  -  al)  [cwAv, 
vulva;  va^^na,  vagina].  Pertaining  to  the 
vulva  and  the  vagina.  V.  Oland,  a  smaU 
gland  situated  on  each  side  of  the  vulra 
near  the  vagina ;  the  gland  of  Bartholin. 

Vulvovaginitis  {vul-vo-vaj-in-i'-tis)  [wm/- 
va,  vulva;  vagina,  vagina;  mc,  inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation  oif  the  vulva  and  th* 
vagina. 


w 


WAVY  RESPIRATION 


w 


W.    The  symbol  of  tungsten  (wolfram). 

Wachendorfs  Membrane.  The  pupillary 
membrane. 

Wafer  {wa^-fer).  A  thin  layer  composed  of 
moistened  flour,  and  used  to  enclose  pow- 
ders that  are  taken  internally. 

Wagner's  Corpuscles.  Oral-shaped  bodies 
at  the  termination  of  nerve-fibers,  concerned 
in  the  sense  of  touch. 

Wahoo  {wah-ho(/).     See  Euonymus. 

Waldenburg's  Apparatus  {wakl'  -  den- 
doorgz).  An  apparatus  constructed  on  the 
principle  of  a  gasometer,  and  used  for  com- 
pressing or  rarefying  air,  which  is  inhaled, 
or  into  which  the  patient  exhales. 

Wallerian  Degeneration  (wal-ie^-rean) 
[from  iVaiUr^  an  English  physician].  De- 
generation of  nerves  after  separation  from 
their  trophic  centers. 

Wall-eye.  A  colloquial  name  for  leukoma 
of  the  cornea. 

Walnut  iwol^-nut).     Stt  Juglans. 

Wandering  (won'  -der-ing).  I.  Moving 
about,  as,  e.  g.y  W.  cells.  2.  Abnormally 
movable,  as,  e.  g.^  W.  spleen. 

Warburg's  Tincture.  A  very  complex 
liquid  first  prepared  by  Dr.  Warburg,  and 
employed  as  an  antiperiodic  and  diaphoretic. 
It  is  used  especially  in  pernicious  forms  of 
malaria.  Its  composition  is  as  follows: 
Aqueous  extract  of  aloes,  28  grains; 
rhubarb,  448  grains;  angelica-seed,  448 
grains ;  elecampane,  224  grains ;  saffron, 
224  grains;  fennel,  224  grains  ;  gentian,  112 
grains;  zedoary-root,  1 12  grains;  cubeb,  1 12 
grains;  myrrh,  112  grains;  white  agaric, 
112  grains;  camphor,  112  grains;  quinin 
sulphate,  1280  grains ;  dilute  alcohol,  enough 
to  make  8  pints. 

Ward's  Paste.    Confection  of  black  pepper. 

Wardrop's  Disease.     Malignant  onychitis. 

Wardrop's  Operation.  See  OperoHonSy 
Table  of. 

Warehousemen's  Itch.  Palmar  eczema  oc- 
curring among  the  workmen  in  warehouses. 

Warm-blooded.  A  term  applied  to  animals 
that  maintain  a  uniform  temperature,  what- 
ever the  changes  in  the  surrounding  medium. 

Warming  Plaster.  See  Cantharis  and 
PUch. 

Warren's  Pat  Columns.  Slender  columns 
of  fatty  tissue  passing  from  the  subcutaneous 
adipose  tissue  to  the  base  of  the  hair-follicles. 
They  are  well  developed  over  the  dorsum  of 
the  body,  particularly  near  the  median  line. 

Wart  [AS.,  wearte^  wart].  A  hyperplasia 
of  the  papillae  of  the  skin  forming  a  small 
projection.     See  Verruca,    W.,  Anatomic, 


W.,  Postmortem-.  Sec  Tubercle^  Ana- 
tomic. 

Warty.  Resembling  a  wart;  covered  with 
warts. 

Wash.  See  Lotion,  W.,  Black.  See  Mer- 
cury.    W.,  Yellow.     See  Mercury. 

Washerwoman's  Itch.  Eczema  of  the 
hands  occurring  in  washerwomen. 

Washing  Soda.     Sodium  carbonate. 

Wasting  Palsy.  See  Progressive  Muscular 
Atrophy. 

Watchmaker's  Cramp.  An  occupation -neu- 
rosis occurring  in  watchmakers,  and  charac- 
terized by  painful  cramps  of  the  muscles  of 
the  hancb. 

Water  (wazt/-ter).  I.  A  transparent,  in- 
odorous, tasteless  fluid,  boiling  at  212^  F. 
(100®  C),  and  freezing  at  32®  F.  (o®  C). 
Chemically  it  is  hydrogen  monoxid,  H^O.  2. 
A  mineral  water.  3.  A  solution  of  a  medicinal 
substance  in  water,  as,  e.  g.^  W.  of  ammonia 
(Aqua  ammonite),  chlorin-W.  (Aqua  chlori), 
etc.  W.-bag,  a  rubber  bag  in  which  water 
of  varying  degrees  of  temperature  can  be  in- 
troduced for  topical  application.  W.-bed. 
See  Bed.  W.-brash.  See  Pyrosis.  W. 
of  Crystallization,  the  water  contained  in 
certain  crystals,  to  which  their  crystalline 
structure  is  due.  W.-glass,  solution  of 
sodium  silicate.  W. -hammer  Pulse.  See 
Corrigan's  Pulse.  W.,  Hard,  water  contain- 
ing soluble  calcium  salts,  and  not  readily 
forming  a  lather  with  soap.  W.,  Javelle,  a 
solution  of  potassium  hypochlorite,  KCIO. 
W.,  Mineral,  a  natural  water  containing 
mineral  substances  in  solution. 

Waterbome.  Of  a  disease,  produced  by 
contaminated  drinking  water. 

Water  on  the  Brain.     Hydrocephalus. 

Watt  (wot)  [after  James  H^att,  a  Scottish 
engineer].     One  voltampere.     See  Volt. 

V/Bve  {wdv)[^AS.fWaJian,  to  waver  in  mind]. 
I.  A  movement  in  a  body  which  is  propagated 
with  a  continuous  motion,  each  particle  of 
the  body  vibrating  through  a  fixed  path,  usu- 
ally a  closed  curve  2.  One  of  the  curves  in 
a  series  of  curves  representing  a  wave-like 
motion.  W. -length,  the  distance  between 
corresponding  points,  usually  the  crests,  of 
two  adjacent  waves.  W.,  Tidal,  in  the 
sphygmogram,  the  wave  succeeding  the  per- 
cussion-wave, and  due  to  the  volume  of  blood 
poured  out  from  the  heart  reaching  the  art- 
eries. 

Wavy  Respiration.  Cog-wheel  respiration, 
a  type  of  breathing  in  which  inspiration  or 
expiration  is  not  continuous,  but  jerky  and 
interrupted. 


i 


WAX 


WEIGHT 


Wax  (waks).     See  Cera. 

Waxy  {waks^-e).  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling wax.  W.  Cast,  a  tube-cast  composed 
of  amyloid  or  similar  material.  W.  De- 
generation, amyloid  degeneration.  W. 
Kidney,  W.  Liver,  amyloid  kidney  or  liver. 

Wean  (win)  [AS.,  ivenian^  to  accustom]. 
To  cease  to  give  suck  to  an  infant  by  accus- 
toming it  to  take  food  from  other  sources  than 
the  mother's  breast. 

Webbed  Fingers,  Webbed  Toes.  Union 
of  adjacent  fingers  or  toes  by  a  thin  band  of 
tissue. 

Weber  {web^er).     Same  as  Coulomb. 

Weber's  Law  {web'-erz)  FH.  Weber,  a  Ger- 
man  physiologist].  A  law  that  when  a 
stimulus  is  increased  in  geometric  propor- 
tion, the  sensation  is  increased  in  arithmetic 
proportion,  or,  in  other  words,  the  reaction 
varies  as  the  logarithm  of  the  stimulus. 

Weber's  Test.  A  test  for  hearing  performed 
by  placing  a  vibrating  tuning-fork  on  the 
vertex.  In  case  of  disease  of  the  external 
or  middle  ear  of  one  side,  it  will  be  heard 
best  on  the  affected  side ;  in  case  of  disease 
of  the  internal  ear  of  one  side,  it  will  be 
heard  best  on  the  unaffected  side. 

Weeping  Bczema.     Moist  eczema. 

Weeping  Sinew.  Sc^Gaug/ion,  2d  definition. 

Weigert's  Fibrin-stain  (ivi^gurtt)  [IVei- 


gert^  a  German  pathologist].  A  stain  for  fi- 
brin, consisting  in  the  application  of  a  solotioo 
of  geniian-violet,  then  one  of  iodio  in  potas- 
sium iodid,  followed  by  one  of  anilin-oil  tod 
xylol.     Fibrin  is  stained  blue. 

Weigert's  Method,  i.  A  method  of  staining 
the  myelin  of  nerve-fibers  with  bematoxyris. 
2.  A  method  of  staining  the  neuroglia  acoird- 
ing  to  a  modi  Bed  Weigert's  fibrin -method,  after 
the  lissuer  has  been  fixed  in  formalin ,  subjected 
to  a  mordant  of  copper  acetate,  acetic  acid, 
and  chromalum,  and  a  reducing  agent  com- 
posed of  pota:;sium  permanganate  and  a  sob- 
tion  of  sodium  sulphite  containing  a  chfo- 
mogen  derived  from  naphthalin. 

Weight  {wdt ).  The  force  with  which  bodin 
tend  to  approach  the  earth's  center.  Wn 
Atomic.  See  Atomic.  W.,  Molecular. 
See  Molecular.  Weights  and  Measures: 
The  U.  S.  standard  unit  of  weight  is  the  Troy 
Pound  ;  the  standard  unit  of  liquid  mcaswe 
is  the  Winchester  Wine  Gallon,  containicig 
231  cubic  inches.  The  Imperial  Galkn, 
adopted  by  Great  Britain,  contains  277.274 
cubic  inches.  The  standard  unit  of  the  U. 
S.  and  British  linear  measure  is  the  yard. 
The  actual  standard  of  length  of  the  U.  S. 
b  a  brass  scale  82  inches  long  in  the  U.  S. 
Treasury  Department.  The  yard  is  betwcci 
the  27th  and  the  63d  inch  of  this  scale. 


TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

TKOY  WEIGHT. 

Grains. 
24  =      X  dwt. 
480  =    ao  dwts.  =    X  oz. 
5760  a  240  dwts.  =  xa  oz.  ae  X  lb.  «>  33.8x6  cu.  in.  of  distilled  water  at  69°  Pahr. 

AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

Drams.      Ounces. 

16  =  I  =    437.5  erains  Troy. 

256  =        16  =       I     lb.    =    x.ai53  lb.  Troy. 
6,400  =       400  =      25     lbs.  =    I  quarter. 
25,600  =    1,600  =100      ••     =a    4  quarters  ■«    i  cwt. 
512,000  =  32,000  =  2000      ••     —  80       "         =  ao    ••      =  I  ton. 


APOTHRCARIBS*  WEIGHT. 

Grains 
20  =     I  scruple. 
60  =     3  scruples  =    i  dram. 
480  ^    24      "  —    8  drams  =    i  oz. 

5760  =  288      *         =  96     "       =12  ounces  *•  x  lb. 


APOTHRCARIBS*  MEASURE. 


60  minims  = 
8  fluidrams     = 

16  fluidouiices  =■ 
2  pints  = 

4  quarts  = 


I  fluidram. 
I  fluidottoce. 
I  pint. 
I  quarL 
I  gallon. 


LIQIHD,  OR  WINB-MEASintB, 

Gills. 

I  =»  7.2187  cu.  in. 

a—       I  pint  =  28.875       cu.  In. 
=       2  pints  =        I  quart    =  55.75  cu.  in. 

3a  =       8     •'  =       4  quarts  =      i  gallon. 

aoi6  =    504     "  =252     *•       =    6t  gallons  =  i  hogshead. 

4032  =  1008     "  =    504     "       =  126      "        —2  hogsheads  =  i  pipe. 

8064  =»  aoi6  '  "  =  1008     "       =  252      "        =4         "  a  2  pipes  -•  i  tun. 


Sq.  Inches.    Sq.  Feet. 
144=         I 
1296=         9       = 
39,204  =      272.25  =     , 
1,568,160  »  10,890      s  12 
6,272,640  =  43.560 


SQUARE  MEASiniE. 


I      sq.  yard. 
30.25  sq.  yards  =     i  perch, 
no      "       "     =  40  perches  =»  i  rood. 
4840      ••       "     «-  160       •*       «« 4  roods «» I  acr» 


Inches. 

36- 

I 

i 

5380 

foot 
feet 

„ 

= 

WEIGHT  WEIGHT 

TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.— an/iiiii^^. 

LINEAR  MBASURB. 


I     yard. 

a     yards  =      i       fathom. 

5*5     "       "■      »'75  fiithomt  =      i  perch, 
aao       "       =1x0  *•         =»    40  perches  =  i  furlong. 

1760       "       «  880  ••         =-  3J0      ••         =8  furlongs  —  i  nllc. 


SOLID  MBASURB. 

Co.  fn. 

1,738  «    I  cubic  foot. 
46/^36  »  27  cubic  feet  »  i  cubic  yard. 


DRY  MBASURB. 

PinU. 

1  =»  33.6  cubic  inches. 

a  =    I  quart   =  67.2  cubic  inches. 

8  =>   4  quarts  =  i  gallon    ^  a68.8  cubic  inches. 
16  =>   8     •*      =7  gallons  =-  i  peck    «  537.6  cubic  in 
64332      "       =8      ••       «-4  pecks  =  ibushel. 


Milligram 

Centigram 

Decigram 

Gram 

Decagram 

Hectogram 

Kilogram 

Myriogram 

?uintal 
oaneau 


METRIC  WEIGHTS. 

Gram.  Troy  Gr. 

.001  =      .01543 
.01    =      .15432 
.1      =     i.543»3 
1         -  I54ja35  = 
10 
100 
1000 
10,000 

lOO/MO 
I|0O0,O0O 


Avoir. 
Ox.        Avoir.  Lb. 
.03526  «         .0022047  ' 
.3528    -         .022047 
3.52758  -         .2204737 
35.2758    =       2.204737 

-  22.04737 

-  220.4737 

-  2204.737 


METRIC  DRY  AND  LIQUID  MBAStntB. 


Lit.        U.  S.  Cu.  In. 


MiUiliter 

Centiliter 

Deciliter 

Utcr 

Decaliter 

Hectoliter 

Kiloliter 

MyriaUter 


a.  10 

«  100 


V        1000 
^   10,000 


I  =       .061  " 

-  .61  = 

-  6.1      - 

*-    61.02    — 

»  610.16    « 
U.  S.  Cu.  Ft. 

-  3.531  - 

-  35^31    - 

-  353.1      - 


Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry  ^.^ 

.  Liquid  26414 
\  Dry         283.7 


U.S. 
.00845  Ri". 
.0018    pint. 

gill. 

pint. 

gill  ">  0.21 13  pint 

pint. 

pints  —  i.oj(7  quarts. 

pints  ">  .906  quart. 

gallons. 

quaru  '•1.13s  pints. 

fsllons. 
ushels. 
K  lions, 
sbels. 


.0845 
.018 

.18 
2. 1 13 

1.8 

26414 

2.837 

264.141 

».374 


gallons. 
bnshels. 


METRIC  UNBAR  MEASURE. 


Meter. 
Millimeter*  »  am 

Centimeterf  ■=  .01 

Decimeter     «  .1 

Meter  =  i 

Decameter  «  10 
Hectometer  —  100 
Kilometer  «  1000 
Myriameter  *■  10.000 


U.  S.  In. 

=«  .03937  =- 
-  .3937  " 
»    3.9g      - 


•  Nearly  the  ^  of  an  inch. 


Ft. 

.00328 
.03380 

33607  - 

3».8o7  - 

3»8.o7  - 

3.280.7  - 

32.807 


Yd 

.10936 
1.0916 

109.J6 
1093.6 


iTi  H  2ii 


t  Full  H  of  an  inch. 


Mile. 
-    .0631347 
>^    .6213466 
6.213466 


METRIC  SQUARE  MEASURE. 


Sq.  Meter.    U.  S.  Sq.  In. 
Sq.  Centimeter   »       .01  »  .155  =" 

Sq.  Decimeter     *-       .1    —  15.5     =- 

Centiarc  «      i       =       1549.88    — 

Are  —    10      —  154.9W        — 

Hectare  ■■  too  ^ 

Sq.  Kilometer     —       .18607  Sq.  MUe. 
Sq.  Myriameter  —    38.607 


Sq.  Ft.               Sq.  Yd. 

.10763  -            .01196 

Acre. 

10.763      =           1.196      - 

4xni! 

1076.3         -       119.6         - 

.0247 

107.630            -  11,999 

M7 

M.;s 

i 
i 


WEIL'S  DISEASE 


WESTPHAL'S  CONTRACTION 


TABLE  FOR  CONVERTING  METRIC  WEIGHTS  INTO  TROY  WEIGHTS. 


H 

?  < 
So 

Approximatb 

Equivalknts 

IN  Troy 

Wbights. 

i 
5 

So 

Approximatb 

Equivalents 

IN  Troy 

Weights. 

5 

< 

3 

II 

z 

«3 

IN  Troy 

WEICiiTS. 

o 

0 

1 

i 

a 

1 

S 

c 

1 

8 

a 

9 

n 

e 

2 
0 

i 
6 

1 

£  1  • 

O.OI 

0.02 

0.03 

0.04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.07 

O.0S 

0.09 

O.I 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.7 
0.8 
0.9 

1.0 
2.0 

0.1543 
0.3086 
0.4630 
0.6173 
0.7717 
0.9260 
1.0803 

1.2347 
1.3890 

1-543 
3-086 
4.630 
6.173 
7.716 
9-259 
10.803 
12-346 
13.889 
15-432 
30.865 

*   * 

X 

i 
i 

A 

1 

I 

li 
li 
I* 

3 
4| 

6* 
71 

9i 
io| 
"i 
14 

15* 

I0| 

3-0 
4.0 
5.0 
6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
9.0 

lO.O 
11.0 
X2.0 
13-0 
14.0 
15.0 
16.0 
17.0 
18.0 
19.0 
20.0 

az.o 
22.0 

46.297 
61.729 
77.X62 
92.594 
108.026 

123.459 
138.891 
154.323 
169.756 
185.188 
200.621 
216.053 

231-485 
246.918 
262.350 
277-782 
293-215 

308.647 

324.079 
339-512 

H 
li 

171 

12| 

8 

3i 
18A 
14| 

9l 

5i 

1 

16 

Hi 

6A 

24 
I7t 
134 

8| 

4iV 
I9i 

23.0 
24.0 
25.0 
26.0 
27.0 
28.0 
29.0 
30.0 
31. 0 
32.0 
40.0 
45.0 
50.0. 
60.0 
70.0 
80.0 
90.0 

lOO.O 

354.944 
370.376 

385.809 

401.241 
416.673 

432.106 

447.538 
462.970 
478^03 

493.835 
617.294 

694.456 

771.617 
925.941 
1080.264 
1234.588 
1388.911 
1543.235 

' ' 

5 

»o| 
Si 

t| 
^H 

:♦ 

3 

13I 

'7A 

'<4 
ni 

6 

1 
»4l 

9 

3k 

TABLE  FOR  CONVERTING  TROY  WEIGHTS  INTO  METRIC  WEIGHTS. 


I 

7. 

IS 

i 

S3 

i 

s 

i 

i 

'f. 

7. 

i 

■in 

i 

i 

; 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

2 

< 

s 

< 

% 

< 

< 

< 

< 

■^ 

% 

u. 

BC 

K 

Of 

0< 

« 

m 

B< 

Bt 

at 

at 

. 'J 

C 

0 

31 

0 

0 

0 

0 
61 

u 

76 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C 

a<^8 

16 

1.037 

2.009 

46 

2.980 

3.95> 

4.924 

91 

5.896 

300 

19.44<» 

0.1296 

;i 

1.102 

32 

':?',i 

% 

3.045 

62 

4.017 

u 

4989 

92 

i:Si 

360 

iyv» 

0.1944 

1.166 

33 

3.110 

63 

4.082 

7« 

5.118 

93 

400 

25.  «o 

0.2592 

«9 

1. 23 1 

34 

2.203 

49 

3.175 

64 

4.»47 

79 

94 

6.090 

4to 

ji.t*-:. 

0.3240 

20 

1.296 

35 

2.368 

50 

3.234 

65 

4.211 

80 

5.248 

95 

6.155 

.SOO 

§^ 

0.3888 

21 

1.361 

36 

2.332 

51 

3.304 

66 

4.276 

81 

96 

6.220 

600 

0.4536 
0.5184 

22 
23 

1.426 
1.490 

% 

2.397 
2.462 

52 
53 

3.369 

3-434 

% 

4.406 

83 
83 

5.378 

% 

6.285 
6.350 

^ 

45^ 

0.6480 

24 

1.555 

39 

2-527 

54 

3.499 

69 

4.471 

84 

5.442 

99 

6.414 

900 

58-3»3 
62.207 

25 

1.620 

40 

2.592 

.55 

3-.S64 

70 

4.535 

85 

5.507 

100 

6.479 

960 

0.7130 

26 

1.685 

4» 

2.656 

.S6 

3.628 

71 

4.600 

86 

5572 

120 

7.776 

1000 

*4.79« 

0.7776 
0.8424 

S 

1.749 

42 

^•7" 

% 

3.693 

72 

•4.665 

il 

5-637 

\t 

9-719 

1.814 

43 

2.786 

^•51^ 

73 

4730 

88 

5.702 

n.66A 
12.958 

0.9072 

29 

1.869 

44 

2.851 

59 

74 

'^ 

«9 

tS? 

200 

0.972 

30 

1.944 

45 

2.916 

60 

3888 

75 

90 

240 

15.552 

Weil's  Disease  (wUz).  See  Diseases,  Table 
of- 

Weir  Mitchell  Treatment  {ivir  mitchel) 
[S.  Weir  Alitchell,  an  American  neurologist]. 
The  rest-cure,  a  treatment  for  certain  func- 
tional nervous  conditions,  consisting  in  abso- 
lute rest  in  bed,  with  massage,  electricity, 
and  the  administration  of  abundant  food,  esi>e- 
cially  milk. 


Wen.     A  sebaceous  cyst. 

Werlhoff '8  Disease  [P.  G.  Werlkof,  a  Ger- 
man physician].  Purpura  bacmorrhagica. 
See  Diseases,  Table  of. 

Wernicke's  Sign.  See  Rea^tum,  Hemkfi: 
Pupillary. 

WestphaPs  Nucleus.     See  Kuclem. 

Westphal's  Paradoxic  Contrmction.  The 
contraction  of  a  muscle,  as  the  tibialis  anti- 


WESTPHAL'S  SIGN 


WINE 


cus,  caused  by  the  passive  approximation  of 
its  extremities,  observed  in  cases  of  combined 
sclerosis  of  the  posterior  and  lateral  columns, 
in  paralysis  agitans,  and  other  diseases. 

Westphal's  Sign  or  S3nnptom.  The  loss 
of  the  knee-jerk  in  locomotor  ataxia. 

Wet-pack.     See  Pack. 

Wharton's  Duct  [Thomas  Whariim,  an 
English  anatomist].  The  duct  of  the  sub- 
maxillary gland. 

Wharton's  Jelly,  Whartonian  Jelly.  The 
mucoid  tissue  of  the  umbilical  cord. 

Wheal  (-«w^/)[AS.,^«/^/<r,wheal].  A  whitish 
or  pinkish  elevation,developing  suddenly  upon 
the  skin,  and  lasting  usually  but  a  short  time. 
Wheals  are  produced  by  urticaria,  the  bites 
of  insects,  or  the  sting  of  a  nettle.  It  is  also 
ctlled  pomphus,  or  urtica. 

Whealhouse's  Operation.  A  variety  of  ex- 
ternal urethrotomy. 

Wheat  (^iw?/).     ^t  TritUum. 

Wheese  {hwit).  To  breathe  hard;  to 
breathe  with  difficulty  and  with  an  audible 
whistling  sound. 
.  Whey  (hwa).  The  liquid  part  of  milk  sepa- 
rating from  the  curd.  W.-cure,  the  admin- 
istration of  whey  as  a  method  of  treating 
certain  diseases. 

Whip-worm  (hwif/-wmrm).  The  Tricho- 
cephalus  dispar. 

Whisky,  Whiskey  (kwis^-ke)  [Gael.,  «jjr^, 
water].  See  Spiritus  fntmtnti,  W.-nose. 
See  Acnt  rosacea. 

Whisper  {hwis^-perV  A  low,  soft,  sibilant 
sound  produced  by  tne  passage  of  the  breath 
through  the  glottis  without  throwing  the 
vocal  cords  into  vibration. 

Whispering  Pectoriloquy.    Sec  Pectcrilo- 

White  {htvU)  [AS.,  kwU,  white].  I.  Hav- 
ing  a  color  produced  by  reflection  of  all  the 
rays  of  the  spectrum;  opposed  to  black. 
2.  Any  white  substance,  as  W.  of  egg. 
W.  Cell,  W.  Corpuscle,  the  leukocyte. 
W.  Commissure,  the  anterior  commissure 
of  the  spinal  cord.  W.  Lead,  basic  lead 
carbonate.  W.  Leg.  See  PhUgniasia  alba 
dolens.  W.  Leprosy,  vitiligo.  W.  Line, 
the  lines  alba,  W.  Matter,  the  part  of  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord  consisting  of  medul- 
lated  nerve 'fibers,  and  having  a  white  color. 
W.  Mustard,  sinapis  alba.  See  Mustard, 
W.,  Pearl-,  bismuth  subnitrate.  W.  Pneu- 
monia, pneumonia  alba.  W.  Precipitate, 
hydrargyrum  ammoniatum.  See  Mercury. 
W.  Sortening,  softening  of  nerve-substance 
in  which  tne  ahected  area  presents  a  whitisQ 
color,  due  to  fatty  degeneration  following 
anemia.  W.  Substance  of  Schwann,  the 
myelin-sheath  of  medullaled  nerve-fibers. 
W.  Swelling,  tuberculous  arthritis.  W. 
Vitriol,  rinc  sulphate. 


Whites  {hafUz),     See  Leukorrhea, 

Whitlow  {hwW'lo),  See  Panaris.  W., 
Painless.  See  Morvan's  Disease,  in  Dis- 
eases.  Table  of. 

Whooping-cough  (hoc/  ping  kawf\  An 
infectious  disease  characterized  by  catarrhal 
inflammation  of  the  air-passages  and  peculiar 
paroxysms  of  cough  ending  in  a  loud  whoop- 
ing inspiration.  It  is  most  frequent  in  chil- 
dren, and  is  probably  due  to  a  specific  micro- 
organism. The  disease  begins  with  symptoms 
of  coryza  and  bronchitis,  which  in  from  one 
to  two  weeks  arc  followed  by  the  so-called 
parox3rsmal  stage,  characterized  by  a  violent 
cough,  at  the  close  of  which  occurs  a  loud 
whoop  and  often  vomiting.  This  stage  lasts 
from  three  to  four  weeks  and  is  succeeded  by 
the  stage  of  decline.  Complications,  such  as 
catarrhal  pneumonia,  emphysema,  atelectasis, 
hernia,  cerebral  hemorrhage,  and  others,  may 
occur. 

Wickersheimer*s  Fluid  (wik^ -ershi-mert), 
A  fluid  employed  for  the  preservation  of  ana- 
tomic specimens,  consisting  of  arsenious  acid, 
sodium  chlorid,  pota&sium  sulphate,  carbon- 
ate, and  nitrate,  dissolved  in  a  mixture  of  gly- 
cerol, methyl-alcohol,  and  water. 

Wilde's  Incision  ^  H^iide,  an  Irish  otologist]. 
See  Operations^  7 able  of, 

Williams*  Tracheal  Tone.  The  peculiar 
resonance  sometimes  found  in  the  second 
intercostal  space  in  cases  of  very  large 
pleural  effusion.  It  is  a  dull  tympanitic 
resonance,  becoming  higher  on  opening  the 
mouth,  and  arising  from  the  vibrations  of 
air  in  a  large  bronchus  surrounded  by  com- 
pressed lung. 

WUlis,  Chords  of  [T.  Willis,  an  English 
anatomist].  Fibrous  bands  which  extend 
transversely  across  the  inferior  angle  of  the 
superior  longitudinal  sinus. 

Willis,  Circle  of.     See  Circle. 

WUlow  (ttnl^-o)  [AS.,  welig,  willow].  Salix, 
a  genus  of  trees  of  the  order  Salicacese,  the 
bark  and  leaves  of  which  contain  salicin. 
Salix  alba  and  Salix  nigra  have  been  used  in 
spermatorrhea,  neuralgia,  and  malaria. 

Winckel's  Disease.  An  epidemic  disease 
of  children,  characterized  by  cyanosis,  jaun- 
dice, and  hemoglobinuria.  See  Diseases, 
Table  of. 

Windage  (unn'-dej).  The  compression  of 
air  said  to  be  produced  by  the  passage  of  a 
ball  close  to  the  body,  and  to  give  ri>e  to  an 
injury  called  wind-contusion. 

Windlass,  Spanish.  A  form  of  tourniquet 
consisting  of  a  handkerchief  ti^  about  a 
part  and  twisted  by  means  of  a  stick. 

Window  {unn^'do).  i.  An  aperture  in  a 
wall  fur  the  admission  of  light  and  air.  2. 
A  small  aperture  in  a  bone.     See  Fenestra. 

Wine   (win)   \iHmtm\      i.  The  fermented 


WINEGLASS 


WURALI 


juice  of  the  grape,  W.,  Red  (Vinum  ru- 
brum,  U.  S.  P.),  is  the  fermented  juice  of 
fresh  colored  f^pes.  The  most  important 
▼arieties  are  claret  or  Bordeaux  and  port 
W..  White  (Vinum  album.  U.  S.  P.). is  the 
fermented  juice  of  grapes  freed  from  seeds, 
stems,  and  skins.  The  most  important  varie- 
ties are  sherry  ( Vinum  xericum^ ,  Madeira, 
Catawba,  etc.  Wines  consist  chiefly  of  wa- 
ter and  alcohol,  the  latter  varying  from  6  to 
22  per  cent,  (from  lo  to  14  per  cent,  in  the 
official  wines).  In  addition,  they  contain 
volatile  oil,  enanthic  ether,  grape-sugar, 
traces  of  glycerol,  coloring  matter,  tannic, 
malic,  phosphoric,  carbonic,  and  acetic  acids, 
potassium  bitartrate,  and  calcium  tartrate. 
Wine  is  used  as  a  beverage  in  most  civilized 
countries,  and  in  medicine  as  a  stimulant  like 
alcohol.  2.  A  solution  of  a  medicinal  sub- 
stance in  wine. 

Wineglass.  A  measure  holding  nearly  two 
fluidounces. 

Wing.     See  Ala, 

Winogradsky,  Nitrifying  Bacillus  of.  See 
Bacteria,  Table  of . 

Winslow,  Foramen  of  [J.  B.  Winslcw,  a 
Danish  anatomist].   See  Foramina,  Table  of. 

Winslow,  Ligament  of.  The  posterior 
ligament  of  the  knee-joint. 

Wintergreen.     See  GauUheria. 

Winter-itch.     See  Pruritus  hiemalis. 

Wintrich's  Sign.  The  change  in  the  pitch 
of  the  j>ercussion-note  over  a  pulmonary 
cavity  when  the  mouth  is  open  or  closed. 

Wirsung,  Canal  of  [wir^-soong].  The  ex- 
cretory duct  of  the  pancreas. 

Wisdom-tooth.  The  last  molar  tooth,  which 
is  the  last  of  all  the  teeth  to  appear. 

Witch-hazel.    See  Hamamelis. 

Wolffian  (wool^fean).  Described  by  C.  F. 
IVolff,  a  German  anatomist.  W.  Body, 
the  mesonephros,  or  primordial  kidney,  the 
central  portion  of  the  segmental  organs  of 
the  embryo.  Its  excretory  duct  is  the  W. 
Duct. 

Wood.  The  hard  part  of  trees;  the  part 
within  the  bark.  W.-alcohol,  methyl- 
alcohol.  W.-oil.  See  Gurfun  Balsam, 
W.- spirit,  methyl-alcohol.  W. -vinegar, 
vinegar  obtained  by  the  dry  distillation  of 
wood. 

Wooden  Tongue.     See  Actinomycosis. 

Wool-fat.  ^e  Lanolin.  Wool-sorters' 
Disease,  anthrax. 

Woorara  {woo-rar* -ah).     See  Curare. 

Word-blindness.  See  Aphasia,  W.- 
deafhess.    See  Deafness, 


Working  Distance.  In  a  microscope,  the 
distance  between  the  object  and  the  objective. 

Worm  (jourm).  i.  A  member  of  the  clas» 
Vermes,  of  the  division  Invertebrata,  es- 
pecially one  parasitic  in  roan  or  animals. 
W.,  Bladder-,  the  Taenia  echinococcus.  W., 
Guinea-,  W.,  Medina-,  the  Filaria  medi 
nensis.  Het:  Fflaria.  W.,  Pin-, W.,  Seal-. 
See  Oxyuris.  W.,  Thread-.  See  Oxyum 
and  Triihocephalus.  W.,Whip-.  See  Tri- 
chocephalus. 

Wormian  Bone  ( rvur ' -  me-  an)  [Olaus 
Worm,  a  Danish  physician,  158S-1654]. 
Any  one  of  the  small  supernumerary  bones 
found  in  the  sutures  of  the  skull, 

Wormseed  {wunn^sfd).  I.  See  Chenopo- 
dium.     2.   See  Santonica. 

Wormwood  {7tmrm'woo<l).  See  AhsifUkum, 

Worsted  Test.     .See  Holmgren's  Test, 

Woulfe's  Bottles.  An  apparatus  consisting 
of  a  series  of  three-necked  bottles  conn€K:tcd 
by  suitable  tubes  and  used  for  washing  gases 
or  saturating  liquids  therewith. 

Wound  (woond)  [AS.,  wund,  wound].  A 
solution  of  continuity  of  an  external  or  internal 
surface  of  the  body.  W.,  Contused,  one 
produced  by  a  blunt  l)ody.  W.,  Incised* 
one  caused  by  a  cutting  instrument.  W., 
Lacerated,  one  in  which  the  tissues  arc  torn. 
W,,  Open,  one  having  a  free  external  open- 
ing. W.,  Poisoned,  one  in  which  septic 
materials  are  introduced.  W.,  Punctured, 
one  made  by  a  pointed  instrument.  W., 
Subcutaneous,  one  with  a  very  small  ex- 
ternal opening  in  the  skin. 

Wrisberg,  Cartilages  of  [H.  A.  WHsberr, 
a  German  anatomist].  See  Cartilage.  Vi^ 
Nerve  of:  i.  A  small  branch  of  the  brach- 
ial plexus  supplying  the  skin  of  the  arm. 
2.  A  small  nerve  arising  from  the  medulla 
oblongata  and  coursing  between  the  facial 
and  auditory  nerves.     See  Nerves^  Table  */". 

Wrist  (rist)  [AS.,  wristX  The  part  join'mg 
the  fore-arm  and  the  hand.  See  Carpus, 
W.-clonus.  See  Reflexes,  Table  of  W.- 
drop,  a  paralysis  of  the  extensor  muscles  of 
the  wrist  and  fingers  causing  a  dropping  of 
the  hand.  W. -joint,  the  articulation  be- 
tween the  fore-arm  and  the  hand. 

Writer's  Cramp.  An  occupation- neurosi* 
occurring  in  those  who  write  a  great  deal, 
and  characterized  by  painful  spasm  of  the 
fingers  when  an  effort  at  writing  is  made. 

Writing  Hand.  A  peculiar  position  assumed 
by  the  hand  in  paral3r5is  agitans. 

Wry-neck  (ri'-nek).     See  Torticollis, 

Wurali  {wu-ra'-le).     Some  as  Curare, 


WRIST-JOINT 


WRIST  JOINT 


LigamcnU  of  the  Anterior  Aspect  of  the  Wrist  and  Hand. 
-(5a//<r.) 

.  Radius,  a.  Interosseous  mcrobrmne.  3.  Articulation  b^ 
tween  the  lower  end  of  ulna  and  trianfcular  fibrocartilage 
opened.  4.  Space  for  anterior  interosseous  artery.  5. 
External  lateral  ligament  of  wrist.  6.  Lower  end  of  ulna. 
7.  Anterior  linment  of  wrist.  8.  Internal  lateral  lifament 
of  wrist.  9.  Tubercle  of  scaphoid.  10.  Pisiform  bone.  11. 
Trapezium.  12.  Hook  of  unciform.  13.  Articulation  be- 
tween trapezium  and  first  meUcarpal.  14.  Anterior  llfa- 
roent  of  carpus.  16.  Lifaments  uniting  metacarpals  with 
one  another  and  with  carpus. 


Sections  Showinjf  the  Disposition  of  the  Chief  Synovial  Mem* 
branes  of  the  Wrist-joint.— (Wi7joi».)  (The  reflection  of 
the  membranes  over  the  articular  cartilages  is  erroneous. 
It  should  cover  only  the  ligamentous  structures.) 

I.  Sacciform  membrane.  11.  Second  synovial  membrane.  III. 
Third  or  large  synovial  membrane.  IV.  Synovial  mem- 
brane between  (he  trapezium  and  metacarpal  bone  of 
thumb.  That  of  the  pisiform  bone  is  not  visible  in  this 
view.  V.  Sy'novial  membrane  between  unciform  and  two 
inner  metacarpals,  i.  Radius.  2.  I'lna.  3.  Internal  lat- 
eral ligament.  4.  External  lateral  ligament.  5.  Cunei- 
form bone.  6.  Semilunar.  7.  Scaphoid.  8.  unciform. 
9.  Os  magnum.  10.  Trapezoid.  11.  Trapezium.  12.  In- 
terarticular  fihrocartilage.  13.  Metacarpal  bone  of  thumb. 
14.  Metacarpal  bone  of  little  finger.  X.  Interosseous 
metacarpal  ligaments.  Interosseous  ligaments  are  also 
•ccn  connecting  the  bones  of  each  row  01  the  carpus. 


t.  Radios. 
47 


Lower  End  of  Radios  and  Ulna.  wHh  Trluifiifair  Fihrocartilage.  -( M^t/imi.) 

2.  Ulna.    3.  Intcrarticolar  fihrocartilage.    4.  Articular  surface  of  radius.     6. 

•acciformia. 


MembffMM 


XANTHELASMA 


XEROSIS 


Xanthelasma  (tanthflat' -moM)  [favOd^, 
yellow ;  ihiafm^  a  lamina].     See  Xanthoma. 

Xanthic  {tan^thik\  \Jav66^,  yellow].  I. 
Yellow.     2.   Pertaining  to  xanthin. 

Xanthin  (tan' -thin)  [^ave6q,  yellow],  CH^- 
N4O,.  A  leukomain  found  in  nearly  all  the 
tissues  and  liquids  of  the  animal  economy, 
and  also  in  many  plants ;  it  occurs  in  minute 
quantities  in  urine,  also  in  guano.  It  is 
formed  in  the  decomposition  of  nuclein  by 
dilute  acids.  It  is  a  colorless  powder,  almost 
insoluble  in  cold  water,  but  readily  soluble 
in  dilute  acids  and  alkalies,  and  acts  as  a 
muscle-stimulant,  especially  to  the  heart. 

Xanthinuria  (tan/hin-u'reah)  [fav^df, 
yellow;  urina^  urine].  The  presence  of 
xanthin  in  excess  in  the  urine. 

Xantho-  {zan'-tAo-)  [fai^f,  yellow].  A  pre- 
fix meaning  yellow. 

Xanthochromia  {zan-tho-krf/'mf-ah)  [f ov^rff , 
yellow ;  xP^^V^t  '  color].  A  yellowish  dis- 
coloration of  the  skin. 

Xanthocreatinin  {zan  -  tho  -kre-  of  -  in  -  in) 
[i^avbdq,  yellow;  ic/ofac,  flesh],  CjHjqN^O. 
A  leukomain  found  in  muscle,  crystallizing  in 
yellow  crystals  and  resembling  kreatinin.  It 
produces  depression,  somnolence,  fatigue, 
frequent  defecation,  and  vomiting.  See  Leu- 
AcmainSf  Table  of, 

Xanthocyanopia,  Xanthocyanopsia  {tan- 
tho-si-an-0  '  -pe-ah^  tan-tho-si-an-op  '•  se-ah) 
[fat^6f,  yellow  ;  ici^vof,  blue ;  AV»<f,  sight]. 
A  defect  of  color-vision  in  which  yellow  and 
blue  are  perceived,  while  red  is  imperceptible. 

Xanthoderma,  Xanthodermia  (%an-tko- 
der'-mahy  tan-tho-der' -me-ak)  \^av^6q^  yel- 
low ;  6kp^a^  skin].  A  yellow  discoloration 
of  the  skin. 

Xanthodontous  {%an-th<hdon' -tus)  [fav^<5f, 
yellow;  otJoiff,  tooth].  Having  yellow 
teeth. 

Xanthokreatinin.     See  Xanthocreatinin. 

Xanthoma  {zan-tho'-mah)  [fai^(5c»  yellow; 
d//a,  tfimor].  Xanthelasma;  anew  growth 
of  the  skin  occurring  as  flat  or  slightly  raised 
patches,  or  nodules  from  a  pin's  head  to  a  bean 
m  size,  and  of  a  yellowish  color.  The  flat 
lesions  (X.  planuni)  usually  occur  about  the 
eyelids ;  the  elevated  or  tubercular  variety 
(X.  tuber cuUitum^  X.  tuberosum)  on  the  neck, 
trunk,  and  extremities.  Histologically  the 
lesions  consist  of  connective  tissue  under- 
going a  partial  fatty  degeneration.  X.  dia- 
beticorum, a  rare  disease  of  the  skin  asso- 
ciated with  diabetes  mellitus,  the  lesions  of 
which  are  denser  and  firmer  than  those  of  true 
xanthoma,  and  are  dull -red,  discrete,  and 
solid,  with  a  yellowish  point  at  the  apex. 


Xanthopathy  {zan-thop' -atk-e)  [^avtftfc,  yel* 
low ;  TTcWtec,  a  suffering].  Sec  Xanthcder- 
ma. 

Xanthophane  {tan' •tho-fin)\^av^^  yellow ; 
0a<vctv,  to  show].  A  yellow  pigment  found 
in  the  retinal  cones. 

Xanthoproteic  (tantko-pry-te-ik)  [^a>^, 
yellow  ;  protein'].  Derived  from  or  related 
to  xanthoprotein.  X.  Reaction,  the  deep- 
orange  color  obtained  by  the  addition  of  am- 
monia to  proteids  that  have  been  heated  with 
strong  nitric  acid. 

Xanthoprotein  {xantho-pro' -tein)  FfoyMc, 
yellow ;  protein].  A  yellowish  suDttaoce 
formed  from  proteids  by  the  action  of  nitric 
acid. 

Xanthopsia  (zan-thop' -se-ah)  [^av0^Ct  yel- 
low ;  6^£f ,  vision].  \  ellow  vision,  the  condi- 
tion in  which  objects  look  yellow. 

Xanthozylum  (tanthoks' -H-um)  [^aiS6^,  yel- 
low ;  ^hXoVf  wood].  Prickly  ash,  a  genus  of 
trees  of  the  order  Kutace^e.  The  bik  of  X. 
americanum  and  X.  Clava-Herculis  (X.,  U. 
S.  P.)  contains  a  crystalline  principle,  xan« 
thozylin,  and  b  irritant,  stimulant,  and 
slightly  diaphoretic.  It  is  used  in  chronic 
rheumatism  and  as  an  emmenagogue.  Dooe 
gr.  X-3SS  (0.65-2.0).  Dose  of  Extractnm 
xanthoxyli  fluidum,  U.  S.  P.,  f^ss-^  (2.0- 
4.0). 

Xenogenesis  {»en-o -Jen' -es-is)  [  f ^voc* 
stranger;  >H-f(Tif, birth].     See  Heterogtnew, 

Xero-  (u'-ro)  [fvp<Jf.  dry].  A  prefix  mean> 
ing  dry. 

Xeroderma,  Xerodermia  (zero-der^-mak^ 
u-ro-der* -me-ah)  [KVP^y  dry;  ^9t^%  skin]. 
I.  An  abnormal  dryness  of  the  skin.  2.  A 
disease  characterized  by  dryness  and  hanh* 
ness  of  the  skin,  discoloration,  and  a  fine  scaly 
desquamation ;  by  some  it  is  considered  a  mild 
form  of  ichthyosis.  X.  pigmentostim,  atro- 
phoderma pigmentosum,  angioma  pigmento- 
sum atrophicum,  melanosis  lenticularis  pro- 
gressiva, Kaposi's  disease ;  a  rare  disease 
of  the  skin,  usually  beginning  in  childhood, 
and  characterized  by  disseminated  pigment- 
spots,  telangiectasis,  atrophy  of  muscles,  and 
contraction  of  the  skin,  generally  followed  by 
the  development  of  ulcers,  and  ending  in 
death. 

Xeroma  {zero'-mah).     See  Xerophthalmia 

Xerophthalmia  (ze-roff-thal'meah^  [^np^% 
dry  ;  o0^A//^c»  eye].  A  dry  and  tnickened 
condition  of  the  conjunctiva,  sometimes  {al- 
lowing chronic  conjunctivitis  or  disease  of 
the  lacrimal  apparatus. 

Xerosis  (ze-ro'-sis)  [^jyp^,  dry].  A  state  of 
dryness,  especially  of  the  skin  (see  Xer^der- 


XEROSTOMIA 


YOLK 


ma)  or  of  the  conjunctiva  (see  Xerophthal- 
mid). 

Xerostomia  (te-ro-sti/ -mg-ah)  [f7p<5f,  dry  ; 
orduaf  mouth].  Dry  mouth,  a  peculiar  con- 
dition characterized  by  suppression  of  the 
secretion  of  the  salivary  and  buccal  glands. 

Xerotic  {ze-ro/'-ik)  [^>//>of,  dry].  Charac- 
terized by  xerosis  ;  dry. 

X-rays,  or  Rontgen-rays.  The  peculiar 
ether-rays  or  waves  discovered  by  Prof. 
Rdntgen  of  WUrzburg.  A  vacuum-tube  of 
gl.iss  (called  a  GfissUr  Tube^  a  Hittorfs  or  a 
Crookfs'  Tube)  is  used  with  two  wires  sealed 
through  the  glass.  These  wires  are  connected 
with  the  two  poles  of  a  battery,  and  R5ntgen 
found  thfit  the  rays  from  the  cathode  (Cathode 
Rays)  had  peculiar  penetrative  powers 
through  matter  opaque  to  other  ether-rays, 
and  by  means  of  these  rays  photographs 
(** ShaJoTvgrams^')  may  be  taken  of  bones, 
metallic  substances,  etc.,  situated  in  the  tis- 
sues. Herz,  and  especially  Lenard,  prior  to 
Rdntgen,  had  discovered  this  penetrating 
power  of  the  cathode  rays,  but  failed  to  make 
the  application  suggested  by  R5ntgen. 

Xiphisternum    {ttf-  is  •  fur^  -  num)     [^<>oc, 


sword;  aripvov^  breast-bone].  The  xiphoid 
cartilage. 

Xiphocostal  (zif-o-kos'-tai)  [ft^,  sword; 
^osta^  rib].  Pertaining  to  the  xiphoid  carti- 
lages and  the  ribs. 

Xiphodymus  (zif-od^imus)  [^/>of ,  sword  ; 
<f/(Jt;/iOf,  double].  A  double  monster  with 
united  pelvic  and  thoracic  cavities,  two  legs, 
and  with  an  occasional  rudimentary  third 
*eg. 

Xiphopagus  {zif-^f/agus)  [f/^of,  sword; 
TTdjof,  fixed].  A  monster  united  by  the 
xiphoid  cartilages. 

Xylene  {zi'-Un)  \^v'kjciv,  wood].     See  Xylol. 

Xylo-  (zi^'lo-)  \JiXov,  wood].  A  prefix 
meaning  pertaining  to  or  derived  from  wood. 

Xyloidin  (zi-loi' -din)  [^v'aov,  wood  ;  fMof, 
like],  C,H,NO,.  A  white,  inflammable 
substance  obtained  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid 
upon  starch  or  various  forms  of  woody  filler. 

Xylol  (zi^'lol)  [^'vAovy  wood ;  oleum^  oil], 
CgH,j.  Dimethyl  benzene,  a  volatile  hydro- 
carbon used  in  microscopy  as  a  clearing-agent 
and  as  a  solvent  for  Canada  balsam. 

Xyphoid  (zif-oid)  [0>of .  sword ;  cMof,  like]. 
Sword-shaped,  ensiform. 


Y-ligament.  The  iliofemoral  ligament.  See 
Ligaments,  Table  of. 

Yard.  A  measure  used  in  the  U.  S.  and  in 
England,  equal  to  three  feet. 

Yarrow  (yar'-o).     See  Achillea. 

Yawning  (yav/'tting)  [AS.,  gdnian,  to 
yawn].  An  involuntary  stretching  of  the 
muscles  accompanied  by  a  deep  inspiration, 
occurring  during  the  drowsy  state  preceding 
the  onset  of  sleep. 

Yaws  {yaivz).     See  Frambesia. 

Yeast  Xytst)  [AS.,  gist,  yeast].  The  name 
applied  to  various  species  of  Saccharorayccs. 
Yeast  acts  as  a  ferment  producing  the  alcoholic 
fermentation.  Y.,  Beer-,  Y.,  Brewer's,  the 
Cerevisiae  fermentum  of  the  B.  P.,  produced 
by  the  Saccharomyces  cerevisiae.  '  It  is  used 
as  a  stimulant  and  locally  as  a  poultice  (Cata- 
plasma  fermenti,  B.  P.)  and  deodorant  to  gan- 
grenous ulcers.  Y. -poultice,  a  poultice  con- 
taining yeast. 

Yellow  i^yel^-o)  \^k?>.,  geolo,  yellow].  Of  a 
color  like  that  of  gold;  producing  such  a 
color.  Y.  Fever,  an  acute  infectious  disease 
of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  Amer- 
ica, and  probably  due  to  a  specific  organism. 
After  a  period  of  iocubation  vaiyiDg  from  a 


few  hours  to  several  days,  the  disease  begins 
with  a  chill  and  pain  in  the  head,  back,  and 
limbs.  The  temperature  rises  rapidly  to  from 
I03'*-I05°  P.,  vomiting  occurs,  the  bowels  are 
confined,  the  urine  scanty  and  albuminous. 
A  remission  follows,  after  which,  in  severe 
cases,  the  temperature  rises  to  its  original 
height,  jaundice  develops,  and  the  vomited 
material  becomes  dark  from  the  presence  of 
blood  (black  vomit).  Hemorrhages  may 
occur  from  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane. 
The  disease  is  very  fatal,  death  occurring  in 
the  tjrphoid  state  or  from  uremia.  Y.  Pre- 
cipitate, yellow  ox  id  of  mercury.  Y.-root. 
See  Hydrastis.  Y.  Spot,  the  macula  lutea. 
Y.  Wash,  a  lotion  of  yellow  ox  id  of  mercury. 

Yerba  Santa  (yar^bah  san'-tah)  [Sp.,  sacred 
herbs! .     See  Eriodictyon. 

Yolk  [AS.,  geoleca,  yolk].  I.  llie  nutritive 
part  of  an  ovum,  consisting  chiefly  of  Y.- 
cells  or  Y.-granules.  Y.-sac,  the  umbili- 
cal vesicle,  the  sac  containing  the  food  of  the 
embryo.  2.  The  yellow  portion  of  the  egg 
of  birds.  The  yolk  9f  the  hen*s  egg  is  the 
Vitellus  of  the  U.  S.  P.  (Ovi  vitellus.  B.  P.^. 
and  forms  a  constituent  of  Glyceritooii  viteili 
(U.  S.  P.). 


I 


WAX  WEIGHT 

W«z  (wmJb).     See  Orw.  ^rrt,  m.  Cummi  pacbokcBt].  A  Hvn  far  I- 

Wazy   (ancir^-^^.     PettaiDrag   to  or  rescB-  Lrm,  ooMMsdng  m  ifcc  jfn Jk Mif  of  a  iAmiib 

bixBg  wax.     W.  Cast,  a  tube-cast  cooiposcd  li^  gcniian-ritict,  tkea  oaeof  ioda  ia  pctt»> 

of  asjlotd  or  soalar  maicnal.     Vlf.   Dc-  iJam  icKiMl.  <oOo«ed  bv  one  of  axuUaou  md 

gcoetatioo,    aajlotd    de^^roeracko.       Vlf.  x\VA,     1-ifarin  » aaird  bine. 

Kidney,  Vi,  Lhrcr,  afliT..4d  kidoeT  or  Htct.  Wciccit's  Method,    i.  A  Mctbod  of  ttnai^ 

Weaa  (wM)   [AS.,  ^r^tUam,  to  accQ^^al].  the  ■rrJio  of  aerre  6bexs  vidi  tw  ■muTja- 

To  cease  to  gire  sock  to  ao  iniant  br  accsfr-  2.   A  akctbod  of  seau^aig  tke  aesragfaa  acconi- 

toauag  it  to  take  food  £roa  ochcr  sources  than  inj  lo  a  mocu*¥^  Wctgot's  Ana-aKl&od,  akr 

the  Mother's  breast.  tbe  ti^sarha- tern  bx«d  aftnafia^sabyeded 

Vlfebbed  Fincara,  Vlfebbed  Toes.     Unioa  to  a  nordaae  of  copfter  acetate,  aoeoc  aad, 

of  adjacent  fingers  or  toes  br  a  thin  band  of  and  chrom^aat,  and  a  redauag  ageac  oob- 

tis»oe.  puscd  of  p^wa-^;.»  pervaagaMAe  and  a  ada- 

Weber  (snrt^^^.     SaaK  as  G*m\-m^.  tka  of  soiian   scu|^u:e  ooauiaiag  a  ckny 

Vlfeber's  Law  {ter^'-^rzi  [H.  H'e^^r,  a  Ger-  aogeadermd  finc^  aapiahalm. 

BMa   phrsk4ogist].       .\    law    that   wbea   a  Vlfeight  i-mtt  i.    The  iorcc  with  which  bodies 

stinados  is   increftsed   in   geotnetnc   proper-  lend  to  approach  tbc  cjrtb'^  ceaacr.     W.. 

tion,  the  scnsaDcn  is  increased  tn  anthiactic  Atoaiic.     See    M.-mu.     Vi^  MoWrnlir 

ptoportioo.  or,  in  other  words,  the  reactioo  Sec  Mjh^.-mUt.    Weights  and  Mtaauni: 

varies  as  the  logarithm  of  the  stimolas.  The  U.  S.  ^iiMlad  aait  of  weight  ts  the  Tnv 

Weber's  Test.   .\  test  for  bearing  pcrior»ed  Poand  ;  the  <itaiMlanl  cak  of  L  ^aKi  awjihit 

by  placing   a  ribradog   tan'og-fork  oo  the  b  the  Wincheaaer  Wtoe  ij«r«nn.  coatamag 

Teitex.      In  case  of  disease  of  the  eiteraal  231    cnbvc    inches.       The  Isperitl    Galka, 

or  Buddie  car  of  ooc  side,  it  will  be  heard  adopted  bjr  Great  Braun.  coauias  277  7:4 

best  on  the  afiected  side ;  in  case  of  disease  cafaic  inches.      Tbe  aaadwd  cnit  of  the  I'. 

of  the  internal  ear  of  one  side,  it  will  be  S.  and  Britbih  linear  tajuiL  b  the  yard. 

heard  best  00  the  aaaoeaed  stde.  The  actaal  staadaid  of  length  of  the  IS.  > 

Vlfee|Mng  Eeremi      Mot^  ecxeaka.  is  a  bras  scale  &2  inches  long  in  the  t'.  S. 

Vlfeeping  Sinew.  StcGan-St^-m*  2d  d<  faiitina.  Treasarr  Dcpatfcnt.     The  jard  is  baam 

Vlfeigeit's  Fibrin-atain  ^av'  /irr/s;   [  in*-  the  27th  and  the  03d  inch  of  this  scale. 

TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

=      I  dwt. 
4S0  =     30  dwts.  =>     I  oc. 

S?6o  =  3«o  dwts.  =  12  ox.  »  I  lb.  »  sxJtit  en.  aa.  of  di«iled  water  at  <^ 

AVOOtDCPOtS  WOCVT. 

I^ams.      Otmces. 

ife  =           1  =    437.5  grajas  Tror. 

156  =         s€  =       1  ~  m,    =  i-*iss  lb.  Troy. 

6,^  =        #ac  =      as     2».  =«  i  qvaner. 

•5-^'oc  ^^    •  ^^**  ^^    **'^      "*     ^  4  ^asrttia  ^    i  cw%_ 
512.^00  =  52.000  =  aooB      "ata       "          =  jm    -      ==  1  tern. 


Grvas 

4Sc  =    a4       * 
5760  =jSS*  ^96"       =x»  oances » x  ft^  4  qcarts 

I  =  7JT§-  re  Hi. 

4  =■        1  ;  :-t    =  jS-^       ea.  m. 

8  =        2  p  =s»  =        1  qoan    =  55-^5  ca  ia. 

31=       i     "       =       4  qtxns  =      I  jar*c«. 

aorf  =<!o***=Kj^        =63  galjOBS  —  1 

405a  =  loaS     -      =    K£^      "        =ij6~         =»  biitibiadi  «  1 

•064  =  au6     "      =  1006      "        =a5j«*         =4  -  »« 

SQCAaa  MEASraa. 

Sq.  Incbes.    Sq.  Feet. 

144  =  I 

1396  -=         9^1       sq.  TardL 
?;.  204  =      T-2-35  =      TBj;  sq-  rards  =      1  perch. 
x,S6E.:6o  »  icftoc       =17:0       -        -      =■   4*  perdMS  ^se  i  raad. 
6.^:2^640  =  4>56o      =4&#o       "       *"      =  Jia       -       »4V«ods< 


WEIGHT  WEIGHT 

TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASVKES.—Qm/intt^d. 


Inches. 
It  *= 

36- 

I 

I 

16.5 
660 
5>«o 

foot 
feet 

** 

■= 

LINEAR  MBA8URB. 


I     yard. 

a     yards  =      i       fathom. 
5-5     "       -      »-75  iathorot  —      i  perch, 
o       •«       =>  no  *•         ^40  perches  ="  i  furlong. 

»  1760       "       «=  880  "        »  390      **        —  8  furlongs  «■  i  mile. 


SOLID  MBA8URB. 

Co.  In. 

1.738  »    I  cubic  foot. 
46^656  -  rj  cubic  feet  =- 1  cubic  yard. 


DRY  MEASURE. 

Pinu. 

1  -^  33.6  cubic  inches. 

a  ^    1  quart   »=  67.2  cubic  inches. 

8^4  quarts  —  1  gallon    -^  a6S.8  cubic  inches. 
16  ^   8     "       =  a  gallons  =  1  peck    «=  537.6  cubic  in 
64»3a      "       — 8      *•       =4  pecks  —  ibushel. 


METRIC  WEIGHTS. 


Milligram  - 
Centigram  ^ 
Decigram  = 
Gram  =■ 

Decagram  = 
Hectogram  = 
Kilogram  = 
Myriogram  — 
Quintal  => 
Tonneau       = 


Gram. 


Troy  Gr. 


I 

10 

100 

1000 

10.000 

100.000 

1,000,000 


.001  =      .01543 

.01  =  .1543a 
.1  =-  1.54323 
»  15-43235 ' 


Avoir. 
Oi.        Avoir.  Lb. 
.035»8  -         .ooaao47  * 
.3528    =         .oasa47 
3-.V758  =  .»»4737 

3$a758    =        a.»4737 
=-      M.04737 
»    aao4737 
-  a»4.737 


METRIC  DRV  AND  LIQUID  MRAStntE. 


Mmillter  - 
Centiliter  * 
Deciliter  > 
Liter 

Decaliter  > 
Hectoliter  > 
Kilollter  ' 
IfyriaUter 


Lit. 
.001 


U.  S.  Cu.  In. 


I 

10 

100 

1000 

10,000 


.061  = 

=-       .61  =» 

«     6,1  =• 

—  61.0a  = 

«  610.  i6    =- 
U.  S.  Cu.  Ft. 

-  3-53*  = 


-  35^31    - 

-  353.1      -    [ 


Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 


.00845 
4)oi8 

.018 
.845 
.18 
a.ii3 

1.8 

26^14 

2»37 

a6A.i4i 

M-374 

a64M 

283.7 


U.S. 
gill, 
pint, 
gill, 
pint. 

gill  =o.aii3  piaL 
pint. 

pints  "  1.M7  quarts. 
pinU  =  .908  quart, 
gallons, 
quarts  <•  1.135  pints. 

EBllona. 
uahels. 
gallons, 
bushels, 
gallons, 
bushels. 


METRIC  LINEAR  MEASt/RE. 


Meter. 
Millimeter*  -  .001 

Centimetert  =  .01 

Decimeter     —  .1 

Meter  =•  i 

Decameter  «  10 
Hectometer  =-  100 
Kilometer  «-  1000 
Myriameter  *=  10.000 


U.  S.  In. 
=•      .03937  =■ 

-  .3937    " 

-  3-937      - 

-  39.3685    " 


•  Nearly  the  A  of  an  inch. 


Ft. 

.003a8 
.03280 
.32807  - 
32807      - 

-  3»A>7      - 

-  316.07        - 

-  3.280.7 
32.807 


Yd 

.10936 
1.0936 
10936 
109.36 
1093.6 


==  10.9^ 
ill  Hof  a 


t  Full  }%ot  tM  Inch. 


Mile. 
=.    .o6ai3A7 
»    .6x13466 
«  6.ai3466 


METRIC  SQUARE  MEASURE. 

Sq.  Meter.    U.  S.  Sq.  In. 
Sq.  Centimeter   -       .01-  .155-       Sq.  Ft. 

Sq.  Decimeter     -        .1    =•  15  5      =•  •>o763  - 

Centiare  -      i       -       i549W    -  10.763      - 

Are  -    10       -  I54,9»        -       >076.3         - 

Hectare  -  100  _,^       -  107.6JO  - 

Sq.  Kilometer     -       .38607  Sq.  MUe. 
Sq.  Myriameter  —   38.607 


Sq.Yd. 
.01196 
1. 196     — 
1 19.6         — 
n.9S9 


-  S4.7W 


Acre. 
.000J15 


s^ 


YOUNG'S  RULE 


ZINC 


Young*8  Rule.  A  rule  of  dosage  in  chil- 
dren. The  dose  is  obtained  by  adding  12  to 
the  age  and  dividing  the  result  by  the  age, 
and  making  the  quotient  the  denominator  of 
a  fraction  the  numerator  of  which  is  I.  The 
fraction  represents  the  proportion  of  the 
adult  dose  to  be  given  to  the  child. 

Young-Helmholtx  Theory  of  Color-vision. 
Color-vision  depends  upon  the  presence  in 


the  retina  of  three  different  sets  of  fibers  whidi 
respond  to  stimulation  by  a  sensation  of  red, 
green ,  or  violet  respectively.  A 1 1  other  colon 
are  simply  combinations  of  the  three  primary 
colors.  The  excitation  of  any  one  set  is  a 
matter  of  wave-length.  The  longest  waves 
excite  the  red,  the  shortest  the  violet^  and 
those  of  intermediate  length  the  greca 
fiben. 


Zanaloin  ( ta-nal'-o-in  )  [  Zantibar  ;  aMrj, 
aloes].  The  aloin  derived  from  Zanzibar 
aloes. 

Zea  (z^-aA)  [C^a,  a  sort  of  grain].  A  genus 
of  grasses.  Z.  mays,  maize,  Indian  com ; 
also  its  stigmas  (Z.,  U.  S.  P.).  It  has  been 
used  as  a  diuretic  in  cjrstitis,  gonorrhea,  and 
cardiac  dropsy. 

Zeiss's  Glands.  Sebaceous  glands  the  ducts 
of  which  open  on  the  free  edge  of  the  lids. 

Zeoscope  (xe^-o-skdp)  [C^e<v,  to  boil ;  mcoireiv, 
to  view].  An  apparatus  for  determining  the 
alcoholic  strength  of  a  liquid  by  means  of  its 
boiling  point. 

Zestocausis  (us'to-kaw^-sis)  {j^eard^^  boil- 
ing; ica/e<v,  to  buml.  Cauterization  with  an 
instrument  heated  by  steam ;  it  b  called  a 
zfstofaMiter}', 

Zinc.  A  bluish-white  metal  having  a  specific 
gravity  of  from  6.9  to  7.2,  an  atomic  weight 
of  65.1,  and  a  valence  of  2.  Symbol,  Zn. 
In  nature  it  occurs  in  two  principal  forms,  as 
a  sulphid,  called  blende^  and  as  a  carbonate 
and  silicate,  termed  calamine.  When  melted 
and  poured  into  water  it  becomes  granular 
(Zincum  granulatum,  B.  P. ).  Zinc  is  used  to 
prepare  zinc  sulphate  and  zinc  chlorid,  and 
for  generating  hydrogen.  The  compounds  of 
zinc  are  poisonous,  and  the  slow  ingestion  of 
it  produces  a  chronic  intoxication  resembling, 
but  less  severe  than,  that  produced  by  lead. 
Z.  acetate  (Zinci  acetas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 
Zn(C,HjO,)y2H,0,  is  used  locally  in  oph- 
thalmia and  gonorrhea,  in  solutions  of  from 
1-2  grains  to  the  fluidounce  (0.065-0.13  to 
30  c.c.)  of  water.  Z.  bromid  (Zinci  bromi- 
dum,  U.  S.  P.),  ZnBr.,  has  been  used  in 
epilepsy.  Dose  gr.  j-ij  (0.061-0. 13).  Z. 
carbonate  (Zinci  carbonas  prsecipitatus,  U. 
S.  P.;  Zinci  carbonas,  B.  P.),  (ZnCO,),.3- 
Zn(HO)„  is  used,  generally  in  the  form  of 
prepared  calamine,  as  a  dusting-powder  on 
excoriated  surfaces  or  in  the  form  of  a  cerate. 
Z.  chlorid  (Zinci  chloridum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.), 


ZnCI,,  is  used  chiefly  as  an  escharotic  in  car- 
cinoma and  spreading  ulcers,  as  an  injection 
in  gonorrhea,  and  as  an  astringent  in  conjunc- 
tivitis. It  is  also  employed  as  a  disinfectant 
and  for  preserving  anatomic  preparations. 
Liquor  zinci  chloridi  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.)  is 
used  as  disinfectant  and  preservative.  Bur- 
netf  5  disinfecting  fluid  is  a  solution  of  zmc 
chlorid.  Z.  cyanid,  Zn(CN)y,  has  been 
used  in  chorea,  epilepsy,  neuralgia,  gastra) 
gia,  and  uterine  colic.  Dose  gr.  %-\  (0.016- 
0.065).  Z.  ferrocyanid,  Zn,Fe(CN),  ^  3- 
H,C),  is  used  like  Z.  cyanid.  Dose  gr  j-iv 
(0.065-0.26).  Z.  iodid  (Zinci  iodidi.  U.  S. 
P.),  Znl,,  has  been  used  in  chorea,  scrofoJa, 
and  hysteria,  and  locally  as  an  astringent,  like 
the  chlorid.  Dose  gr.  ss-ij  (0.032-0.13). 
Z.  lactate,  Zn(C,H50,),.3H,0,  has  been 
used  in  epilepsy.  Dose  gr.  ij-x  (0.13-0.65). 
Z.  oxid  (Zinci  oxidum,  U.  S.  P..  B.  P.), 
ZnO,  is  an  amorphous  white  powder,  and  b 
used  internally  in  chorea,  epilepsy,  whooping- 
cough,  and  gastrointestinal  catarrh  ;  locally, 
as  a  desiccant  to  excoriated  surfaces,  in  the 
form  of  powder  or  ointment  (Unguentui 
zinci  oxidi,  U.  S.  P.;  Unguentum  zinci,  B. 
P.).  Dosegr.ij-viij  (0.13-0.52).  Z.  fdioa- 
phid  (Zinci  phosphidum,  U.  S.  P.),Zn,P,,is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  substitute  for  |iha»- 
phorus.  Dose  gr.  ^  (0.003).  ^-  sulphate 
(Zinci  sulphas,  U.  S.  P.,B.  P.),  ZnSo,.  white 
vitriol,  is  tonic,  astringent,  and  emetic.  It  b 
used  in  gastric  catarrh,  as  an  emetic,  and  lo- 
cally in  ophthalmia,  gonorrhea,  leukorrfaea, 
and  as  a  caustic  in  ulcers,  condylomata,  etc 
In  overdoses  it  b  a  gastrointestinal  irritant. 
Dose  gr.  %-%  (0.016-0.032) ;  as  an  emetic. 
gr.  x-xxx  (0.65-2.0).  Z.  sulphocarboiata 
(Zinci  sulphocarbolas,  B.  P.),  Zn/C^H^SO^)^- 
H,0,  b  used  as  an  antiseptic  and  astringent 
Z.  valerianate  (Zinci  valerianas,  U.  S.  P.^ 
B.  P.),  Zn(C5H,0,V2H,0,  b  uaed  io 
ralgia,  epilepsy,  hysteria,  and  diabeCes  f 
das.     Dote  gr.  j-4j  (0.065-0.13). 


ZINGIBER 


ZOOPHOBIA 


Zingiber  {%in''jiber\  [l^tyyipepiCt  pnger]. 
Ginger,  a  genus  of  plants  of  the  Scitaminese. 
The  rhizome  of  Z.  officinale  contains  a  volatile 
oil,  And  is  used  as  a  stimulant  and  carminative 
in  dyspepsia,  flatulence, and  intestinal  atony; 
externally  it  is  rubefacient.  Dose,  gr.  x-xx 
(0.65-1.3).  Preparations  and  doses:  Ex- 
tractum  zingiberis  fluidum  (U.  S.  P.),  TT\^x-xx 
(0.65-1. 3j;  Oleoresina  zingiberis  (U.  S.  P.), 
n\j  (0.065);  Pulvis  aromaticus  (U.  S.  P., 
Pulvis  cinnamomi  compositus,  B.  P.),  gr. 
x-xxx  (0.65-2.0) ;  Pulvis  rhei  compositus 
(U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  ZSS.3J  (2.0.4.0); 
Syrupus  zingiberis  (U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.),  f3J 
(40) ;  Tinctura zingiberis  (U.  S.  P..  B.  P.), 
3ss-j  (2.0-4.0) ;  Tinctura  zingiberis  fortior 
(b.  P.),  TT\^v-xx  (0.32-1.3) ;  Trochisci  zingib- 
eris (U.  S.  P.),  each  containing  TT\^iij  of  the 
tincture. 

Zn,    The  symbol  for  zinc. 

Zoanthropy  {zoan' -thro-pe)  \C,(^^  animal; 
ivOpumo^,  a  man].  A  form  of  insanity  in 
which  the  [>erson  imagines  himself  trans- 
formed into  or  inhabited  by  an  animal. 

Zoetrope  {t(/-e-trdp)  [C«ji^,  life;  r^c/v, to 
turn].  An  instrument  that  by  the  revolution 
of  a  series  of  pictures  before  the  eye  gives 
the  appearance  of  a  person  or  animal  in 
motion,  the  pictures  successively  representing 
single  phases  of  a  compound  act 

Zomotherapy  {to  -  mo-ther^ -ap-e).  Muscle 
opotherapy. 

Zona  (K/'nah)  [L.].  i.  A  belt  or  girdle.  Z. 
arcuata,  the  inner  zone  of  the  basilar  mem- 
brane, extending  from  the  lower  edge  of  the 
spiral  groove  of  the  cochlea  to  the  external 
edge  of  the  base  of  the  outer  rods  of  Corti. 
Z.  cartilaginea,  the  Hmbus  of  the  spiral 
lamina.  Z.  ciliaris,  the  ciliary  processes 
collectively.  Z.  denticulata,  the  inner 
zone  of  the  basilar  membrane,  together 
with  the  limbus  of  the  spiral  lamina.  Z. 
fasciculata,  the  central  portion  of  the  cor- 
tex of  the  suprarenal  capsule,  composed 
of  tube-like  transverse  bands.  Z.  glo- 
merulosa,  a  part  of  the  cortical  portion 
of  th6  suprarenal  capsule,  having  a  net-like 
appearance  on  section,  situated  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  organ.  Z.  orbicularis,  a  thick- 
ening of  the  capsular  ligament  around  the 
acetabulum.  Z.  pectinata,  the  outer  portion 
of  the  basilar  membrane,  extending  from  the 
rods  of  Corti  to  the  spiral  ligament  Z. 
pellucida,  the  thick,  solid,  elastic  envelop 
of  the  ovum,  corresponding  to  the  cell- wall 
of  a  cell ;  it  is  also  called  the  vitelline  mem- 
brane. Z.  tecta,  the  inner  portion  of  the 
basilar  membrane,  bearing  the  organ  of  Corti. 
2.  See  Herpes  toster.  Z.  ophthalmica. 
Herpes  zoster  of  the  ophthalmic  nerve. 

Zonal  (u/'tta/)[sopMf  zone].  Pertaining  to 
a  gifdle  or  to  a  band-like  structure. 


Zone  (tdn)  [tona,  band].  See  Zona.  Z., 
Comu-radicular,  the  external  part  of 
Burdach*s  column  abutting  on  the  middle 
third  of  the  internal  border  of  the  posterior 
horn,  and  representing  approximately  the 
posterior  root-zone.  Z.,  Hyaterogenous, 
a  region,  as  the  ovarian  or  submammary  region, 
where  pressure  in  hysteric  women  calls  forth 
an  h^teric  attack. 

Zonesthesia  {ufH'eS'fAe^-se-aA)[C<i»vv,  a  belt; 
aiaOrfijic,  sensation].     See  Girdle- sensation. 

Zonular  (zon'-uiar)  [Monu/a,  a  little  zone]. 
Pertaining  to  or  in  the  shape  of  a  zone  or 
band,  as,  e.  g.,  Z.  cataract. 

Zonule  (ton^-a/)  {zonula ^  a  little  zone].  A 
small  band.  Z.  of  Zinn,  the  suspensory  liga- 
ment of  the  crystalline  lens  of  the  eye. 

Zoo-  (zo^'o)  [Cv><^>  An  animal].  A  prefix 
meaning  animal,  or  pertaining  to  an  animal. 

Zoobiology  {uho-bi-ol' -o-gy)  [C^>  animal ; 
/3/of,  life;  X4yof,  science].     Animal  biology. 

Zoochemia,  Zoochemistry  (zo-o-ke^-me-ah^ 
zo - o ' kem' ' is ' tre)  fC^Kn^f  animal;  ;p7/icta, 
chemistry].  The  chemistry  of  aniooal  life 
and  tissues. 

Zoodynamica  (zo-^-di-nam^ -iJks)  [C^t  ani- 
mal; dvvofuCt  power].     Animal  phjrsiology. 

Zoogenesis  (zo-o-jen^ -es-is)  [f^ktov^  animal; 
yewav^  to  beget].  The  generation  of  ani- 
mal forms. 

Zoogenous  (zo-of-en-us)-  [C^»  animal; 
yewaVf  to  beget].  Developed  or  derived 
from  animals. 

Zooglea  (zo-og^'U-ah)  [C^i  animal ;  yXo/^f, 
a  sticky  substance].  A  stage  in  the  life- 
history  of  certain  bacteria,  in  which  they  lie 
embedded  in  a  gelatinous  matrix. 

Zoograft  {z(/ -o-graft^  [C^ov,  animal ;  graft  \ 
A  graft  of  tissue  derived  from  an  animal. 

Zoografting  {to-o-graf  -ting )  [Cvov,  animal ; 
graft\  GrafUng  with  tissue  taken  from  the 
lower  animals. 

Zooid  {zi/-oid)  [Cvwv, animal ;  eIA)f,  like].  I. 
Resembling  an  animal.  2.  Any  one  of  a  series 
of  more  or  less  independent  forms  resulting 
from  the  development  of  a  single  ovum. 

Zoology  {zool' -o-je)  fC^o*'.  animal ;  A4yof ,  a 
treatise].  That  branch  of  biology  treating  of 
the  form,  nature,  and  classification  of  animals. 

Zoonomia,  Zoonomy  (toono'me-ah,  zo- 
on'-o-me)  [Cv^,  animal ;  v6^o^^  law!.  The 
principles  or  laws  of  animal  life ;  zoobiology. 

Zooparasite  (zo-opar^-asU)  [Cvwv,  animal ; 
Tcap6atTo^,  parasite].     An  animal  parasite. 

Zoopathology  {to-o-pathol' -oje)  [C^wv,  ani- 
mal;  Trdflof,  surfering ;  A<i)'Of,  science].  The 
science  of  the  diseases  of  animals. 

Zoophagous  {zo-off  ag'us)  [Cv»[^,  animal; 
^7e<v,  to  eat],     ^bsisting  on  animal  food. 

Zoophobia  {zo-o-ft/ -be-ah  )  [C^ov*  animal ; 
^0(K,  fear].  Morbid  dread  of  certain  ani- 
mals. 


i 


ZOOSPERM 


ZYMOTIC 


Zoospenn  {%</ - o - spumt)  [C^t  animal; 
anepfia,  seed].     See  Spermatotoim. 

Zoospore  {zo'-o-spdr)  [Cv'o*'*  animal ;  <nr6poc, 
seed].     A  motile  spore. 

Zootomist  {zo  -  o/^  -  o-  mist)  [C^v,  animal ; 
To^rj^  a  cutting].  One  who  dissects  animals; 
a  comparative  anatomist. 

Zootomy  {zo-ot^-o-me)  [(^ifiov^  animal ;  rofiif^  a 
cutting].     The  dissection  of  animals. 

Zoster  (zos'  -ter)  [J^tMjHjp^  a  girdle].  See 
Herpes  zos/er. 

Zygspophysis  {si^-aP'0j"^-is-is)[l^vy6vj  yoke ; 
apophysis\.  The  articular  process  of  a  ver- 
tebra. 

Zygoma  {zi-go' -mah)  [^{>yw/ia,  the  cheek- 
bone]. The  arch  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
zygomatic  process  of  the  temporal  bone  and 
the  malar  bone. 

Zygomatic  {zi-go-maf 'ik)\J^{)yopLa^  zygoma]. 
Pertaining  to  the  zygoma. 

Zygomsticus  {zigo-maf -ik-us)  [^iryofiay  zy- 
goma]. One  of  several  small  subcutaneous 
muscles  arising  from  or  in  relation  with  the 
zygoma.     See  Afusc/es,  Table  of. 

Zymase  (zi^-rnds).     See  Micr<tzyme. 

Zyme,  Zymin  (slw,  zi^-min)  [Cv/wz,  leavtfn]. 
An  organized  ferment.     Cf.  Enzyme. 

Zymic  {zi^-mik)  [C^fifft  leaven].  Of  or  per- 
taining to  organized  ferments. 

Zymo-  (n^-mo)   [C^/«7,  leaven].      A  prefix 


meaning  pertaining  to  or  produced  by  fer- 
mentation. 

Zymogen  {zi'-mo-jefi)  [Ct'W7»  leaven  ;  }mw\ 
to  produce].  The  substance  existing  in  the 
glands  secreting  a  digestive  juice,  and  which, 
when  set  free,  splits  into  a  ferment  (enzyme) 
and  a  proteid. 

Zymogenic  (n-mojen'-ik)  [Ci//7,  leaven ; 
)ewdv,  to  produce].  I.  Causing  fermenu- 
tion.  2.  Pertaining  to  or  producing  a  z3rmogen. 

Zymology  (zi •  mol ' - o  je)  [Ct/07.  leaven; 
yuJyof,  science].  The  science  dealing  with 
fermentation. 

Zymometer  {zi-mom'-et-er)  [C«/^,  leaven; 
fikrpovy  measure].  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring fermentation. 

Zymophyte  {zi' -mo-fU)  [Cia*J7,  leaven; 
^vrdv,  plant].  A  microorganism  producing 
ifermentation. 

Z3rmose  (zi'-mds)  [C^/«7,  leaven].  See  En- 
zyme. 

Zymosimeter  {zimo-sim^'et-er).  See  Zy- 
mometer. 

Zymosis  («-w</-Jtf)[C('/W7.  leaven],  i.  Fer- 
mentation. 2.  The  condition  of  one  affected 
with  a  zymotic  disease.  3.  An  infectkns 
disease. 

Zymotic  (zi-mot^-ik)  [J^i'fitf,  leaven].  Per- 
taining to  zymosis;  produced  by  zymosis. 
Z.  Disease,  an  infectious  disease. 


APPENDIX  A. 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

By  Judson  Daland,  m.  d., 
or  PbilmdelpbU. 

The  writer  has  given  considerable  thought  to  the  question  of  classification  of  mineral 
waters,  and  after  a  thorough  study  of  those  hitherto  brought  forward,  is  strongly  of  the 
opinion  that  the  heading  under  which  a  spring  U  placed  should  indicate,  as  near  as  may 
be,  the  chief  therapeutic  action  of  that  spring. 

While  a  purely  chemical  classification,  such  as  the  excellent  one  suggested  by  Dr.  A.  C 
Peale,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Surrey,*  is  scientifically  more  accurate,  it  is  feared  thkt 
the  practical  physician  would  be  confiised  when  be  came  to  make  hu  selection,  by  the 
large  number  of  subdivisions  necessitated  by  this  plan  of  division. 

Though  realizing  fiilly  the  imperfection  of  the  present  classification,  it  has  seemed  that 
the  needs  of  those  consulting  this  work  would  be  best  subserved  by  its  adoption. 

Occasionally  a  spring  possesses  the  marked  characteristics  of  more  than  one  class.  Such 
springs  are  entered  under  both  groups. 

All  analyses  have  been  reduced  to  the  U.  S.  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches,  so  as  to  simplify 
the  comparative  study  of  the  value  of  the  different  waters,  and  for  the  sake'  of  brevity,  the 
principal  ingredients  are  represented  by  their  chemical  formuUe  as  follows: — 


Lithium  bicarbonate,     . 

.  Li(CO,),. 

Fenum  bicarbonate, 

.   .  Fe(HCO,), 

Ammonium  bicarbonate. 

.  NH.HCO^ 

carbonate,    . 

.   .FeCCV 

Sodium  biborate,  .    .    . 

.  2B,0,-|-ioH,0, 

sulphate,      . 

.   .FeSO,. 

carbonate,    .   . 

.  Na,CO,, 

oxide, .   .   . 

.    .FeO, 

bicarbonate,     . 

•     — 1      jf 
.  Na,HCCV 

Calcium  sulphate,    . 

.   .   .CaSOp 

chloride,  .   .   . 

.NaQ, 

bicarbonate. 

.   .Ca(HCOb)^ 

sulphate, .    .    . 

.NajSO^, 

carborsato,  . 

.   .CaCOp 

Magneshmi  carbonate,  . 

.  MgCX)p 

chloride,     . 

.   .   .CaCV 

bicarbonate, 

.  Mg(HCO,)^ 

phosphate. 

.   .   .  Ca,(PO.)^ 

chloride.    . 

.MgCV 

H,S.    Sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas. 

sulphate,    . 

.  MgSO^. 

CCV    Carbonic  ackl  g 

as. 

I.  DIURETIC  WATERS. 
These  springs  owe  their  action  chiefly  to  the  incrrased  quantity  of  water  taken  by 
patients,  who  thus  flush  out  all  the  emunctories,  especially  stimulating  the  flow  of  urine. 


*  In  a  paper  read  l>eforc  Ibc  American  CUmatoIogica)  Asaociatioa. 


In  practical  medicine,  waters  of  this  class  are  used  very  extensively,  and  justly  so.  They 
are  of  undoubted  value  in  many  conditions.  It  b  needless  to  dwell  upon  the  great  benefit 
to  be  derived  fix)m  the  increased  use  of  ordinary,  pure  drinking  water,  as  this  is  universally 
recognized,  but  in  practice  it  b  found  that  patients  take  these  diuretic  waters  more  willingly, 
in  larger  amounts  and  for  a  longer  time  than  the  ordinary  drinking  water,  of  which  they 
soon  become  satiated.  Ordinarily  it  b  best  to  take  a  large  tumbler  of  thb  water  before 
breakfast,  between  meals  and  a^.  bed-time,  thus  using  two  to  three  pints  in  the  twenty-four 
hours.  I  may  be  permitted  to  mention  a  few  of  the  ordinary  conditions  in  which  these 
waters  produce  their  best  results ;  and  as  fiist  in  importance  are  the  diatheses,  lithaemic, 
gouty,  riieumatic,  oxalic,  phosphatic  and  uric  acid.  Good  results  have  also  been  obtained 
in  renal  calculus,  acute  and  chronic  congestion  of  the  kidnejrs,  acute  nephritb  and  at  times 
in  the  course  of  chronic  Bright's  disease  and  diabetes.  As  the  use  of  pure  water,  in  large 
amounts,  produces  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  bile  and  at  the  same  time  renders  it  more 
thin,  as  was  proven  several  years  ago  by  Bidder  and  Schmidt,  these  waters  are  used  with 
excellent  result  in  acute  and  chronic  hepatic  congestion,  catarrhal  inflammation  of  the 
mucous  membrane  lining  the  biliaiy  passages,  known  as  catarrhal  jaundice  and  gall  stone, 
both  during  the  attack  and  in  the  interval. 

I  append  a  few  analyses  in  full  of  typical  springs  belonging  to  thb  group,  followed  by 
a  full  list  of  qnings  of  thb  class,  with  amount  of  each  active  ingredient  in  a  U.  S.  gallon 
of  231  cubic  inches  : — 


SWEET  SPRINGS,  BEDFORD,  PENNSYLVANIA. 
(Analyst,  F.  A.  Genth.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Carbonate  of  calcium,     .   .   .   .0.522  grs. 

"            magnesium,   .   .   .  0.135  " 
Silicic  add,  .   ,   , 0.654  " 


Free   carbonic 
527**  F. 


1.3"  " 
add  .66  cu.  in.      Temp. 


POLAND  SPRING,  SOUTH  POLAND,  MAINE. 
(Analyst,  C.  F.  Chandler.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains— 
Sulphate  of  potassa,  .   .   .   .      0.1562  grs. 

Chloride  of  sodium, 0.2636  ** 

Carbonate  of  sodium,    ....  0.1333  ^ 
"  caldum,   ....  1.2287  " 

**  magnesium,     .   .  0.5412  ^ 

Oxide  of  iron  and  alumina,        traces. 

Silica, I. "97   ** 

Organic  and  volatile  matter,  .    .  0.2332  •* 


SUMMIT  MINERAL  SPRING,  HARRISON,  CUM- 
BERLAND COUNTY,  MAINE. 

(Analyst,  F.  L.  Bartlctt.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Carbonate  of  sodium  and  potas- 
sium,    14019  grs. 

Chloride  of  sodium, 1713  " 

Carbonate  of  caldum, 9904  « 

Carbonate  of  magnesium,      .   .    .2476  *' 
Oxide  pf  iron  and  aluminium,  dbtinct  trace. 

Silicum, 9800  grs. 

Silicic  acid  (in  solution). 

Organic  and  volatile  matter,  .    .    .2375   « 


Total, 


3.6759 


BERKELEY  SPRINGS,  MORi>AN  CX>UNTY, 
WEST  VIRGINIA. 
(Analyst,  A.  A.  Hayes.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Calcium  carbonate, 5.000  grs 

Sodium  chloride, 896  " 

Caldum  chloride, 208  •* 

Magnesium  sulphate, 360  *< 

(Daldum  crenate, 3640  *' 

Ferrous  crenate, 080  " 

"      silicate, 640  «* 

Loss, 064  *• 


Temperature,  46®  F.    Total,    .  4.0287 


Temperature,  74**  F.    Total,    .  10.888 


CAPON      SPRINGS,      HAMPSHIRE      CX>UNTY,  CRESSON      MAGNESIA      SPRING,      CAMBRIA 

WEST  VIRGINIA.  COUNTY,  PENNSYLVANU. 

(Analyst,  J.  W.  Mallet.)  (Anmlytt,  F.  A.  G«nth.) 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains—  One  U.  S.  gaUon  (231  cu.  in.)  cootttn»- 

Sulphate  of  calcium. 477  g«.      Sulphate  of  calcium 0.109  grs. 

*«        potassium, 136  «*  Chloride  of  magnesium,    .   .   .    0.559   " 

Crenateofinm, ,080  «  "         calcium, 1.304  " 

Chloride  of  sodium, 240  «  **        sodium, l.aJ9  " 

CaAooate  of  calcium,    .   .   .       6.701   «        Bicarbooate  of  iron, 0.017   *• 

"          sodium 475   -  •*            manganese,  .   ,    trace 

««          magnesium,  .   .    ,      .160  ••  **            magnesium,  .   .    0414  «* 

«          iron, 033   "  "            calcium,    .   .   .    0.02a   •• 

Alumina, 014  «  **            sodium,     .   ,   ,    1^5   " 

Organic  matter, 164  "  *'            potassium,     .   .    0.J06  " 

—  Phosphate  of  calcium,   ....    0.004  ** 

9-774  "        Alumina, 0.008  ** 

Carbonic  acid, 6.898   -        Silicic  add, a9l4   " 


Nitrogen. 2.962   «        Nitrous  acid, . 

^"^rfS^ »-i^6   •^        Carbonic  acid, 0.663 


Temperature,  65.50®  F. 


6.874 


BEDFORD    CHALYBEATE    SPRING,  BEDFORD 
COUNTY,  PENNSYLVANIA. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Sulphate  of  calcium, 2.741  gra. 

Phosphate  of  calcium,    ....      .033  ** 

Carbonate  of  calcium,    ....    8.885    ** 

**  magnesium,  .   .   .    I.201    ** 

•*  iron, .443   •• 

**  manganese,  .   .    .    trace 

•*  sodium, 395   •• 

•*  potassium,    ,   .    .      .132   •* 

Chloride  of  sodium, 120  " 

Silicic  acid 793   •* 


14.942   • 
Carbonic  acid, 12  cu.  in. 


All  Healing  Spring,  Catoosa  County,  Georgia.     MgCO,  7,  CaSO^  39. 

Alum  Spring,  Onslow  County,  North  Carolina. 

Artesian  Well,  Winslow,  Camden  County,  New  Jersey. 

Ashley  Springs,  North  Carolina. 

Augusta  Springs,  Augusta  County,  Virginia.     See  Strft>\ing  Springs. 

Bath  or  Berkeley  Springs,  Morgan  County,  Virginia.     74°  F. 

Birchdale  Spring,  Concord,  N.  H. 

Black  Barren  Spring,  Lancaster  County,  PumsylTsnia. 

Bryant's  Springs,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky.     Nomben  I,  II  and  III. 


Buf&lo   Lithk  Springs,  Mecklenbui^  County,  Virginia.    CiSO^  and  Ck(HOO,),  39^ 

Li(CO,),  2,  H,S,  6.68  cubic  inches.     Temperature  60®  F. 
Capon  Springs,  Hampshire  County,  West  Vii^ginia.    65.5®  F. 
Chalk  Creek  Hot  Springs,  Chalk  Creek,  Colorado.     1300  F. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  Bedford  Springs,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania.    CkCO,  9,  CaS04  $, 

FeCO,  trace,  CO,  21  cubic  inches.     52.70°  F. 
Chenowith  Chalybeate  Spring,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Cheny  Hill  Phosphate  Spring,  Otsego  County,  New  York.    Ca,(PO^),  14. 
Cherry  Valley  Phosphate  Spring,  Otsego  County,  New  Vorit. 
Clymerara  Spring,  Manor  of  Maryland,  Maryland. 
Cola  Springs,  Browns  Mills,  New  Jersey. 
Concord  Spring,  Concord,  New  Hampshire. 
Daggy  Spring.     See  Greencastle. 
Dew  Drop  Spring.     See  Greencastle. 
Epsom  Spring,  in  Wyandotte  Cave,  Indiana.     MgS04  24. 
Estill  Chaljrbeate  Spring,  Estill  County,  Kentucky.     CO,  41  cubic  inches. 
Estill  Red  Sulphur  Spring,  ^still  County,  Kentucky.    CX),  40  H,S  .56  cubic  indies. 
Farmville  Lithia  Water,  Farmville,  Virginia.     NaCl  5,  NaSO^  3,  Li(CO,),  3,  Fe(CO,),  I. 

K,Al,(SO,),  2. 
Fayette  Spring,  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Field  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 

Florida  Spring,  Montgomery  County,  New  York.     (NaHCO,),  22. 
Glen  Alpine  Springs,  Burke  County,  North  Carolina. 
Greencastle  Daggy  Spring.     Ca  CO,  14. 

Greencastle  Dew  Drop  Spring,  Putnam  County,  Indiana.    CaCO,  12. 
Grove  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky.     CaCO,  10. 
Hawkin's  Mineral  Springs,  Wayne  County,  Indiana. 

Healing  Spring  (New),  Bath  County,  Virginia.    Ca  CO,  18,  CO,  5  cubic  inches.     88®  F. 
"  "       (Old)       "  ««  "  Ca  CO,  18,  CO,  4    **         «•  85®  r. 

Hot  Springs,  Garland  County,  Arkansas.     93**  to  105®  F. 
Howard  Well,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 
Hubbardston  Well,  lona  County,  Michigan.     CaCO,  17. 
Jerusalem  Mineral  Spring,  Cannan,  New  Hampshire. 
Jordan  Chalybeate  Spring,  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia.    Co^  6. 
Kimberling  Springs,  BUnd  County,  Vuginia. 
Lebanon  Spring,  Columbia  County,  New  York.     73**  F. 
Leslie  Spring,  Ingham  County,  Michigan.     CaCO,  18.     CO,  12  cubic  inches. 
Limestone  Spring,  Bedford  Springs,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania.     CaCO,  7,  CO,  21 

cubic  inches.     51.8**  F. 
McVittey's  Saltillo  Springs,  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania.    Ca  (HCO,),  la 
Magnesia  Spring  (Cresson  Springs),  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Magnesia  Spring.     See  Versailles  Spring. 
Marion  Artesian  Well,  Grant  County,  Indiana. 

Marranetta  Mineral  Spring,  Harrisonburg,  Virginia.    CaCO,  1 5,  Mg  CO,  7.    $c^  F. 
Massanutten  Spring,  Rockingham  County,  Viiginia.     59.7®  F. 
Mineral  Spring,  ten  feet  from  May's,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Mineral  Spring,  at  the  Mound  in  Madison  County,  Indiana. 


Minneqaa  Spring,  Bradford  Gninty,  Pennsylvania. 

Missioquoi  Springs,  Franklin  County,  Vermont.    NaHCO,  8.     COj  ? 

Monitor  Spring.     See  Versailles  Spring. 

New  Spring.    See  Healing  Spring. 

Northport  Mineral  Spring,  Northport,  Maine. 

Nuckoirs  Springs,  Grayson  County,  North  Carolina. 

Old  Spring.     See  Healing  Spring. 

Orkney  Springs  (Bear's  Wallow  Spring),  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia.    CO,  5. 

Orkney  Springs  (Healing  Spring),  Shenandoah  County,  Viiginia.     CO,  3. 

Ourry  Spring.    See  Versailles  Spring. 

Perry  Spnngs,  Pike  County,  Illinois.     CaCO,  14.    4^**  to  50"  F. 

Pine  Grove  Mineral  Spring,  Dover,  Stratford  County,  New  Hampshire.    45®  F. 

Plummer  Bromine  Arsenic  Spring,  Ashe  County,  North  Carolina. 

Poland  Mineral  Spring,  South  Poland,  Maine. 

Rawley  Springs,  Rockingham  County,  Virginia. 

Red  Sulphur  Spring.     See  Estill  Springs. 

Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West  Virginia.     54**  F. 

Rock  Spring,  I^ancaster  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Saltillo  Spring.     .See  McVittey's  Spring. 

Santa  Barbara  Hot  Sulphur  .Springs,  near  SanU  Barbara,  California.    Na,CO,  17.     112^ 

to  122°  F. 
St  Helena  White  Sulphur  Springs,  No.  7,  Napa  County,  California.    CaQ  -f  Na^SO^  27 

64.5®  to  97**  F. 
Stone  Sulphur  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 
Stremmers  Gettysburg  Lithia  Spring,  Adams  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Striblbg's  Chalybeate  Spring,  Augusta  County,  Virginia. 
Stribling's  Sulphur  Spring,  Augusta  County,  Virginia. 
Sweet  Springs,  Bedford,  Pennsylvania.     Temperature  52.7®  F. 
Thompson's  Springs,  Ashe  County,  North  Carolina. 
Underwood  Spring,  Falmouth  Forcside,  Maine. 
Van  Cleuve's  Mineral  Spring,  Crawfordsville,  Indiana.     CaCOi|  lo. 
Versailles  Magnesia  Springs,  Brown  County,  Illinois.     CO,  24  cubic  inches.    58®  F. 
Versailles  Monitor  Springs,  Brown  County,  Illinois. 
Versailles  Ourry  Springs,  Brown  County,  Illinois. 

Virginia  Arsenic,  Bromine  and  Lithia  Spring,  Roanoke,  Virginia.     CaCO,  6,  Mg  SO  43. 
Warner  Spring.  Albion,  Michigan.     Ca(HCO,),  17. 

White  Qiflf  Mineral  Springs,  Monroe  County,  Tennessee.    Three  grains  of  Mg(HCp,)r 
Yellow  Springs,  Green  County,  Ohio.     5a®  F. 

II.  IRON  WATERS. 

These  owe  their  virtues  to  the  presence  of  iron,  whkrh  nsoally  exists  in  the  form  of  the 
bicarbonate  of  the  protoxide,  held  in  solution  by  an  excess  of  carbonic  add  gas.  The 
amount  of  carbon  dioxide  is  often  considerable,  rendering  the  water  decidedly  addukxis. 
In  many  of  our  mineral  springs,  like  those  at  Crrsson.  for  instance,  the  iron  exists  as 
ferrous  sulphate,  with  more  or  less  ferric  sulphate  from  the  oxidation  of  the  former. 

The  ordinary  indications  lor  the  use  of  iron  are  well  met  oy  the  use  of  the  wsten 
btVongiig  to  this  class. 


Those  springs  containing  sulf^ate  of  magnesiiim  tnd  sodium,  and  alkalies,  in  addition 
to  iron,  such  as  those  chalybeate  springs,  containing  alum,  give  excellent  results  in  chrooic 
gastric  or  intestinal  catarrhal  inflanunation,  especially  when  associated  with  diarrhoea. 
Thorp's  Spring,  Texas,  or  the  New  Almaden  Vichy,  of  California,  should  be  of  special 
service  in  chlorosis  as  well  as  in  the  ordinary  anaemias.  The  following  list  conq)rises  the 
most  important  members  of  this  group,  together  with  several  examples  where  the  analysis 
is  given  in  detail : — 

Iron  and  Alum  Waters. 


CHURCHILL  AlUM,  VIRGINIA. 

OneU.S  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Sulphate  of  magnesium,   .    .    .  86.064  grs. 

«*      ««  calcium,     ....  88.832  •* 

"      «*  potassium,     .   .   .    2440  •« 

*•      "  ammonium,       ,   .    0.640  ** 

«      "  sodium,      ....    1.944  ** 

Chloride  of  sodium, 4.624  ** 

Persulphate  of  the  sesquloxide  of 

iron, 51*264  " 

Bisulphate  of  the  sesquioxide  of 

iron 83.352  " 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron,    24.184  <* 

Persulphate  of  alumina,   .   .    .  72.928  « 

Silica, .  10424  «« 

Phosphoric  acid, trace 

426.696  ** 


BATH  ALUM  SPRINGS,  BATH  COUNTY,  VA. 
(Analyst,  A.  A.  Hayes.) 
One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains— 
Chloride  of  sodium, 
Sulphate  of  calcium,     ....    2.539  C*^ 


*«       "   magnesium,  .    .    .    1.282 

"       "   potassium,     .    .    .    0.258 

Crenateof  ammonium,     .    .    .    1.776 

Silicate  of  sodium, 3*i5o 

Protosulphate  of  iron,       .    .    .  21.776 

Alumina, 12.293 

SiUca, 

43.084 
Free  carbonic  add,  8  cubic  inches. 


CRBSSON  ALUM  SPRINGS,  CAMBRIA  COUNTY, 
PENNA. 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Sulphate  of  ferric  oxide,      .   .  83.390  grs. 

"      "    alummium,   .   .    .  21.205  " 

«*      "    ferrous  oxide,       .  16.253  " 

«*      "    magnesium,  .   .    .  27.699  •* 

•      «    calcium,    ....  40.202  " 

•*      "    lithium,     ....    0.047  " 

««      "    sodium,     ....    0.704  ** 

««      "    potassium,     .    .   .    0426  •* 

Chloride  of  sodium,      ....    0.023  " 

Bicarbonate  of  iron,      ....    3.784  •* 
"           **   manganese,  .   .    trace 
«           "  calcium,   .   .    . 
Phosphate  of  calchim,                  trace 

Silicic  acid, 1.868  * 

145.565    " 


SHARON  CHALTBKATK  SPRING,  SCHOHARIE 
COUNTY,  N.  Y. 

One  U.S. Gallon  (231  cu. in.) contains — 
Sulphate  of  magnesium,     .   .   .  20.56  gn. 

"      "  caldum, 16.27    " 

•*      "  sodium, 12.35    " 

"      •*  iron 24.00    ** 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  I  cubic  inch. 
Temperature,  48**  F. 


Simple  Iron  Water. 

schuyler  chalybeate  spring,  sghut- 
ler  county,  ill. 

(Analyst,  Dr.  Blancy.) 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Graina.  Graina. 

Sulphate  of  caldum,    .   .73.936  73-9^ 

**      <*  magnesium,      2.984  2.98a 

**      **  iron,      .   ,   .  69.960  69.959 

Alkaline  sulphate,    .   .   •    7.832 


Silica, 


1.31a 


7.836 
1315 


NEW  ALMAOEN  VICHY,  SANTA  CLARA 
COUNTY,  CAUFORNIA. 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains— 
Sodium  bicarbonate, 201  grs. 

**      chloride, 33    " 

Caldum  sulphate,    1  tA   ** 

"       carbonate,! '* 

Bfagnesium  sulphate, 12    ** 

Ferri  carbonate,      5    " 

325    - 


156.024  156.028 
Iron  and  Aperients. 

thorp's   spring,  HOOD   COUNTY,  TEXAS. 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains— 

Ferri  caibooate 40  grs. 

Sodium  sulphate, 80   «< 

«     caibooate, loo   •< 


ajo 


F^  carbonic  add  gas,  238  cu.  in. 

AdirondadL  Spring,  Whitehall,  New  York.    CaCO|  15,  MgOO^  13,  FeCO,  4,  00,  54.15 

cubic  inches.    52^^  F. 
Bath  Alum  Spring,  Bath  County,  Va.    Na  I.  Alum  9,CaFeOl4,CO,  II  ca.in.    Na  2. 

FeO  21,  Alum  12  CX),  8  cu.  in. 
Bedfofxl  Alum  Springs,  Bedford  Countj,  Virginia.    FeSO«  23^,  MgSO^,  13,  CkS04  19. 
Catter  Spring.    See  Rock  Enoo  Spring. 
Care  Spring,  Bath  Countj,  Virginia.    FeCO,  2. 
Church  HiU  Alum  Springs,  Near  Richmond,  Va.    Fe^SO^),  135,  FeSO,  24,  MgSO«  86, 

CaS0.89,Al,(SO,),73^ 
Columbia  Springs,  Columbia  County,  N.  Y.     NaQ  84,  CaSO«  65,  MgO,  31,  CaCl,  22, 

Fed,  $}4,  H,S  4^  cubic  mches. 
Congress  Spring,  SanU  Clara  Ca,  California.     NaCO,  123,  NaQ  I18,  ¥tO\  13. 
Crab  Orchard  Add  Spring,  Genesee  County,  New  York.     H^^  83,  CaS04  40,  FeS04  I4. 
Cresson  Springs,  Cambria  County,  P^nnsylTania. 

Iron  Spring.    FcSO^  and  Fe(  HCO,),  29.  CaSO*  49f  MgS04  23. 

Alum  Spring.     FeSO^  and  Fe(HCO,),  53,  CaSO^  40.  MgSO.  28,  and  AI^SOJ,  St 
grains. 
Fauquier  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Fauquier  County,  West  Virginia.    FeSO^  2.    55*  F. 
Geyser  Spa  Spring,  Sonoma  County,  CaUfomia.    NaHCQ,  23.  Mg(HCO,),  10,  FeCO^  4. 
Iron  Ute  Maniton  Spring,  Cokvada    CaCO^  70,  Na,CO^  70,  FeCO,  7, 00,  ?.    44*  F. 


Jordan  Rockbridge  Alum,  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia.     FCSO4  iSj4  CO,  6  cu.  in. 
Kittanning  Mineral  Spring,  Armstrong  G>unty,  Pennsylvania.    FeSO^  24)^,  MgSO^  27, 

CaSO^es. 
Linwood  Spring,  Linwood,  Iowa.     FeCO,  27,  NaCl  93,  NaHCO,  40,  MgCl,  23. 
Manitou  Spring.     See  Iron  Ute. 

N^XL  Soda  Spring,  Napa  County,  California.     FeCO,  16,  MgCO,  52.     68^  F. 
Ifapa,  Soda  Sprii^,  Napa  County,  California.     MgCO,  26,  NaHCO,  13,  Fe,(CO,),  8. 

68<»F. 
New  Almaden  Vichy,  SanU  Qara  County,  California.     NaHCO,  201,  NaQ  33,  CaSO^ 

and  Ca(HCO,),  73,  MgSO^  12,  FeCO,  5.  CO,  238  cubic  inches. 
New  London  Alum  Springs,  Campbell  County,  Virginia.     FeSO^  23^,  MgSO^  13, 

CaS04i9. 
Oak  Orchard  Spring,  Genesee  County,  N.  Y.     HjSO^  133,  FeSO^  33,  CaSO^  13. 
Ocean  Spring,  Jackson  County,  Mississippi.     FeO  5,  NaCl  48. 
Ojo  Caliente  Spring,  Cjo  Caliente,  New  Mexico.     Na,CO,   115,  NaQ.  32,  FeCO,  6. 

loo*»F. 
Owasso,  Chalybeate,  Owasso,  Shiawassee  County,  Michigan.     FeCO,  12,  MgCO,  11. 
Pftdfic  Congress  Spring,  ten  miles  S.  W.  Santa  Clara,  California.     FeCO,  14,  NaCl  and 

Na,CO,  242.     50°  F. 
Pacific  Congress  Spring,  near  SanU  Qara,  California.     NaCl  119,  Na,CO,  123,  FeCO, 

14.    500  F. 
Ranch  Spring,  Estes  Park,  Colorado.     Fe(HCO,),  2.     58®  F. 
Richfield  Iron  Spring,  Otsego  County,  New  Vorit.    CaSO^  and  Ca(HCO,),  17,  Mg(HCp,), 

12,  FeO  5,  CO,  16.    460  F. 
River  Spring,  Estes  Park.  Colorado.     Fe(HCO,),  4.     58®  F. 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia.     FeS04  5,  Alumina  18. 
Rock  Enon  Spring,  Frederick  County,  Va.    FeCO,  14,  MgS04  ^3* 
Saline  Chalybeate  Spring,  Schuyler  County,  Illinois.     Fe,(S04),  70,  CaSO^  74. 
Schuyler  County  Springs,  Schuyler  County,  Illinois.    CaS04  74,  FeS04  7®- 
Sharon  Chalyb«Ue  Spring,  Schoharie  County,  New  York.     FeS04  24,  MgS04  21.    48®  F. 
Sparta  Artesian  Well,  Sparta,  Monroe  County,  Wisconsin.     FeCO,  9  grains. 
Stribling  Springs,  Augusta  County,  Virginia.       K,A1,(S04)4  16,  FeSO,  9,  CaS04  12. 
Stryker's  Mineral  Water,  Stryker,  Ohio.     K,S04  185,  MgCl,  119,  NaQ  232,  FeCO,  10. 
Tar  Spring,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.     FeCO,  4,  CaCO,  21. 
Thorp's  Spring,  Hood  County,  Texas.     FeCO,  40,  NajSjO,  80,  Na,CO,  100. 
Variety  Springs,  AugusU  County,  Virginia.     FeS04  5  (NH4),S04  12,  CaS04  13. 

III.  CARBONIC  ACID  WATERS. 

These  owe  their  chief  virtue  to  the  presence  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  though  many  of  them 
contain  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths  in  sufficient  quantity  to  give  them  a  special  action. 

Though  springs  of  this  class  are  very  numerous,  it  is  remarkable  to  observe  how  Ire 
quently  information  as  to  the  exact  amount  of  free  carbonic  gas  is  wanting,  and  that  has 
been  noted  where  the  analysis,  as  regards  the  mineral  constituents,  has  been  conducted 
with  great  care  and  accuracy.  Then,  too,  it  would  appear,  in  many  instances,  the  water 
is  sent  some  distance  for  analjrsis,  so  that  considerable  escapes  and  the  water  at  the  spring 
actually  contains  a  larger  quantity  of  the  gas  than  is  shown  by  the  analjrsis.  Many  springs 
cootaining  free  carbonic  add  gas  also  contain  such  large  quantities  of  active  morganic 


wUtancea  «•  to  compel  us  to  classify  them  under  some  one  of  the  other  groo|M.  Tbt 
waters  belonging  to  this  cUss  are  peculiarly  agreeable  both  to  the  palate  and  to  the  eye. 
Their  bright,  sparkling  appearance  constantly  tempts  one  to  their  use,  and  thus  patients 
receiTe  large  quantities  of  water  almost  without  effort.  Fever  patients  find  these  waters 
very  agreeable,  and  the  addition  of  this  gas  acts  as  a  sedative  to  the  gastro-mucous  mem- 
brane, and  when  taken  cold  and  in  sips  relieves  nausea  and  tends  to  check  vomiting.  This 
water  when  added  to  milk  is  admirably  received  by  some  patients  with  irritable  stomach, 
and  occasionally  milk  will  be  accepted  in  this  fbnn  when  it  is  absolutely  refused  in  iu  purt 
state.    Another  very  popular  use  to  which  these  waters  are  put  is  in  diluting  wines. 

Wherever  a  water  surcharged  with  the  gas  is  indicated,  these  springs  are  of  especial 
value,  particularly  those  containing  a  moderate  amount  of  the  alkalies.  The  following 
analyses  are  offered  as  examples  of  this  group,  to  which  belong  the  well-known  ApoUinaris, 
Giesshabel  and  Vichy  springs: — 


SWEET  SPRINGS,  WEST  VIRGINIA. 
(Aoalytt,  W.  B.  Rog^crt.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  m.)  contains— 

Chloride  of  sodium, 0.136  grs 

**      **   magnesium.    .   .   .    0.312  •• 

"      **   calcium, 0.144  " 

Sulphate  of  sodium, 6.344  ** 

**       •*   magnesium,     .   .    .  IO.392  ** 

««      "   calcium, 13,168  •* 

Carbonate  of  sodium,     ....  ** 

"       ••  calcium,    ....  30.556  «« 

••       *«  magnesium,  .   .   .    0.824  " 

Oxide  of  iron, 0.144  " 

Silicic  acid,      ........    0.021  ** 

Iodine, trace 

Earthy  pbo^)hates, trace 

62.041 
Free  carbonic  acid,  88  cubic  inches. 

GIBSSHtTBLIR  (NEAR    CARLSBAD).  BOHEMIA. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Sodium  carbonate 56.768  gn. 

Calcium       •«         12.672    •* 

Magnesium*'  2.720   •* 

Ferrous        ••         0.032   •• 

Fbtassium    **         5.248   *' 

**       sulphate, 1.776   " 

«•       chk)ride, 3.008   •* 

Silica, 5.248   - 

0.136   " 

87.936 


CLYSMIC    NATURAL   SPRING    WATER,  WAU- 
KESHA, WISCONSIN. 
(Analyst,  Rathbcnc.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains^ 

Chloride  of  sodium, 1. 170  grs. 

Sulphate  of  potassa, 0.456    ** 

Sulphate  of  soda, a56o   ** 

Bicarbonate  of  lime, 16.044    ** 

Bicarbonate  of  magnesia,     .    .  13-563    ** 

Bicarbonate  of  iron, 0.038    " 

Bicarbonate  of  soda,     ....    1.261    ** 

Phosphate  of  soda, 0.032    '* 

Silica, 0.72a    " 

Oganic  matter, 1.616    " 

Alumina, trace 

Carbonic  acid  (?)  35.462 

SUMMIT    SODA    SPRINGS,    ALPINE    COUNTY, 
CAUFORNIA. 

One  U.  S.  galkm  (231  cu.  in.)  contains^ 

Bicarbonate  of  calcium 43-^0  grs. 

Carbonate  of  magnesium,    .    .    .    4.20  ** 
"        "   sodium,      ....    9.50  " 

Chloride    "        -        26.2a  - 

Oxide  of  iron 1.75  " 

Silica, 2.06  " 

Alumina, 1. 75   •• 

Potassium, trace 

88.68 
Carbonic  acid,  1 86. 35  cubic  inches. 


AFOLUNARIS  SPRING,   NEUENAHR,  RHENISH   PRUSSU. 
(Analyst.  Mohr.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Chloride  of  sodium, 20.79  P^ 

Sulphate  of  soda, 12.2      ** 

Caitxmate  of  soda, 55.07    " 

"        *♦    lime. 14.6      " 

••        "   magnesia.  ....  23.93    •• 

Oxide  of  iron, 0.22    " 

Silicic  acid 1^    •* 

1278^ 
Carbonic  acid,  376  cubic  inches. 


Bladon  Solphnr  Spring,  Choctaw  County,  Alabama.     COy  86  cubic  incbes,  and  H,8 

1.30  cubic  incbes. 
Bladon  Vicby  Spring,  Choctaw  County,  Alabama.    CO,  no  cubic  inches. 
Blue  Lick  Springs,  Maysville,  Kentucky.    NaCl  8,  MgQ  76,  CaSO^  59,  00,  46  cafaic 

inches,  H,S  6  cubic  inches. 
Clarendon  Gaseous  Spring,  Rutland  County,  Vennoot    CO,  46.16  cuhk:  inches.    50^  F. 
aysmic  Spring,  Waukesha,  Wisconsin.    Mg(HCO,),  14,  Qi(HCO,),  16,  CO,  amount  not 

given. 
Saratoga  Vichy  Springs,  Saratoga  County,  New  York.    NaQ  128,  Na,CO,  82,  Ca(HCO,), 

95»  MgCO,  41,  CO,  3.83  cubic  inches. 
Summit  Soda  Springs,  Alpine  County,  California.    NaQ  26,  Ca(HCO,),  43,  CO,  186.35 

cubic  inches. 
Sweet  Chalybeate  Spring,  Alleghany  County,  West  Virginia.    CaS04  33,  CO,  104  cubic 

inches.    75**  F. 
Sweet  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West  Virginia.    CaCO,  and  CaS04  43f  CX),  85.86  cubic 

inches.    74^  F. 

rV.  PURGATIVE  WATERS. 

These  waters  depend  for  their  action  largely  upon  sulphate  of  sodium  and  magnesium 
and  associated  salts  held  in  solution.  An  examination  of  the  analyses  of  the  qvings  thus 
classified  shows  that  chloride  of  sodium,  carbonates  of  the  alkAlies  and  alkaline  earths 
with  free  carbonic  acid  are  very  frequently  associated. 

Some  of  these  springs  contain  so  small  an  amount  of  salts  diat  their  action  is  but  mildly 
laxative,  while  others  are  actively  purgative. 

When  a  gentle  saline  laxative  is  indicated  these  waters  often  give  better  results  than  the 
same  amount  of  Epsom  or  Glauber's  salts  dissolved  in  pure  water,  and  are  therefore  of 
greater  service. 

In  congestion  of  the  liver,  chronic  gastric  catarrh,  with  atony,  jaundice,  lithsemia,  gout, 
and  In  the  obese,  the  regular  use  of  a  water  of  this  class,  properly  selected  and  adminis- 
tered, yields  excellent  results. 

Most  of  the  Saratoga  waters  are  purgative  and  are  more  agreeable  than  many  otben, 
from  the  laige  quantity  of  free  carbonic  acid  gas  present  Analyses  in  frdl  are  given  of 
Congress,  Hathom  and  Seltzer,  as  examples  of  these  important  and  valuable  springs. 

Following  the  typical  examples  here  given  will  be  found  analyses  of  Carlsbad^  Hnnyadi 
Janos,  Friedrichshall  and  Ofrier  Rakozy. 

aiAB  ORCHARD  SPRINGS,  UNCOLN  COUNTY,  KY. 
(Analyst,  Prof.  A.  Peters.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cubic  inches)  contains— 
Carbonate  of  magnesium,      7.640  grs.       Sulphate  of  magnesium,  .  205.280  gn. 
**        "  iron,    .   .   ,     trace  "        **  calcium,    .   .    10.792    «« 

«         «•  calcium,     .    53.184    "        Silica, 3.264   *• 

Chloride  of  sodium,    ,   .    17,728   "        Loss  and  moisture,  .   .   .    34-584   •* 
Sulphate  of  potasshun,    .      9.912    «  40I-454   " 

"        "  sodium,     .   .    59.072    " 
Carbonate  of  calcium,  magnesium,  iron  and  silica. 


PAGASSA  HOT  SPRINGS,  2$   MILES  FROM  HEADWATRRS  OF  SAN  JUAN  RIVER,  COL. 

(Anmlyst,  Prof.  O.  Loew.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cubic  inches)  contains — 

No.  I.  No.  1.  No.  3.  No.  4. 

Grains.  Graini.  Grains.  Grains* 

Carbonate  of  sodium, 2.745  1.945 

"          "  lithium, 0.415  trace  trace 

"  calcium^ 34-456  34.74«  3«-834  ^^ 

<*          *<  magnesium,     ....      2.832  2.289  ^'49  3*  127 

Sulphate  of  potassium, 4>i^  4-07^  3-^7^  4*146 

**        "  sodium, 129449  128.597  130.769  131. 160 

Chloride  sodium, 17.082  17146  18.227  17409 

Sflicicacid 3.329  3.043  3.230  2.230 

Ofganic  matter trace  trace  trace  trace 

194472  191-844  i^IlSi  191.370 

Temperature  from  loi  to  140^  F. 

LOUISVILLE,  OR  DUPONT'S  ARTESIAN  WELL,  LOUISVILLE,  KENTUCKY. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cubic  inches)  contains — 

Carbonate  of  sodium, .   .      1.896  grs.  Sulphate  of  sodium,    .   .    72.296  gra. 

**         **  magnesium*      1.632   **  **        **  magnesium^     77*336  ** 

"         **  iron,   .   .   .      a256  «*  u        u  alnniinum,    .    01.800  •* 

"         "  calcium,     .      4.160  •«  "        "  calcium,    .    .    29432  " 

Chloride  of  potassium,     .      4.224   '*  Phosphate  of  sodium, .   .      1-544  ** 

**       "sodium,     .   .621.520  <'  Iodide  of  magnesium,     .        .352  '* 

M       «<  magnesium,  .    14.776  **  Bromide  of  magnesium, .        464  ** 

«       «  aluminum,     .      I.208   "         Silica, 888  ** 

**       **  calchun,    .   ,    65.728   "         Organic  matter, 712  " 

•*       "  lithium,     .   .      0.104   •*         Lots 8.120  «* 

Sulphate  of  potassium,    .      3.224  «*  ^1.672  •• 

Carbonic  add,  6.16  cubic  inches.  Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  2.00  cubic  bche& 
Nitrogen,  1.36  cubic  inches. 

SARATOGA  SPRINOS,  SARATOGA  OOUKTY,  N.  Y. 
(Analyst,  C  P.  Chandler.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cubic  mches)  contams— 

Concress.  Hathom.  SeHscr. 

Grmins.  Grains.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  sodium, 7472  2.976  20416 

"        "  magnesium, 75-152  104.756  23.904 

**        **  iron,      0.248  a8o8  1.240 

**        **  calcium, 99-992  118.520  62412 

**        *•  lithium, 2.992  a5& 

**        **  struntium, trace  trace  trace 

"        **  barium, 0.760  1424  trace 

Chloride  of  potassium, 8.048  9.592  1.336 

«*      **  sodium, 400440  509.960  134-288 

Sulphate  of  potassium, 0.888  trace  0.552 

Pbon)hate  or  sodium, 0.016  0.008  trace 

Iodide  of            ••       ai38  0.200  0.03a 

Bromide  of        ••       8.55a  1.556  0.63a 

Fluoride  of  calcium, trace  trace  trace 

Biborate  of  sodium, trace  trace 

Alumina, trace  aia8  0*376 

Silicon, 0.840  1.256  2.560 

Organic  matter, trace  trace  trace 

602.636  750.992  248.336 

Carbonic  add  gas, 362.00  ca.  in.  376.00  ol  in.  320.00  co.  is. 

4« 


Alburgh  Springs,  Grand  Isle  County »  Vennont,  15  grains  of  Ka,S04  and  K^SO^. 
Avon  New  Bath,  Livingston  County,  New  York.    CaCO,  27,  Na^^  and  NaCl  44.    So^F. 
Ballston  Springs,  Saratoga  County,  New  York— 
Ballston  Artesian  lithia  Well.    NaQ  750,  CaCO,  165,  MgCO,  107,  Li,CO,  6,  CO, 

426  cubic  inches.    52^  F. 
Franklin  Artesian  Well.     NaQ  659,  Ca(HCO,),  202,  Mg(HCO,),  178,  NaHCO,  94. 

KQ  34,  LiHCO,  7,  CO,  460  cubic  inches.    52<>  F. 
Sans  Soud.    NaCl  144,  CaCO,  43»  Mg(HCO,),  39,  FeCO,  6. 
United  States.    NaQ  425,  CaCO,  29,  CO,  244  cubic  inches.    50^  F. 
Washingtcm  LithU  WeU.    NaQ  645.  Mg(HCO,),  158,  CaHCO,  178,  Li,HCO  II, 
Fe(HCOj),  2,  CO,  338  cubic  inches.    49<>  F. 
Bedford  Springs,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvaniar— 
Anderson  magnesia.    CaS04  100,  MgSO^  40.    57.2^'  F. 
Anderson  magnesia.    Iron  CaS04  90,  MgSO^  39,  FeCO,  trace.    57.2<>  F. 
Bedford  Sulphur.    CaSO^  73,  MgSO^  33,  H,S  trace,  CO,  6  cubic  inches.    62.6®  F. 
Beer  Springs,  Oregon,  MgS04  4^,  MgCX),  12,  CaCO,  15,  NaQ  9. 
Benham's  Carburetted  Saline  Spring,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.    NaQ  4850,  CaCO,  640, 

MgCO,  173,  MgSO^  84,  Na,S04  21,  FeCO,  9. 
Bryant's  Mineral  Well,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky.     MgSO^  53,  CaS04  56. 
Butterwordi  Springs,  Kent  County,  Michigan.    CaSO^  75,  MgCl,  42.    $4^  F. 
Charleston  Artesian  Well,  Charleston,  South  Carolina.     Na,CO,  52,  MgS04  12.    87^*  F. 
Cherry  Valley  Bath  House  Spring,  Otsego  County,  New  York.    CaS04  85,  MgCO,  and 

MgS04  42,  NajSO^ii. 
Cooper's  Artesian  Well,  Hinds  County,  Mississippi.    MgSO^  23,  NsjSO^  12,  CaS04  42. 

$0^  F. 
Crab  Orchard,  Foley's  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky, 
Crab  Orchard,  Sowder's  Spring,  Lincohi  County,  Kentucky.    MgS04  173,  CaSOf  91, 

NaQ  57,  CO,  ?. 
Crab  Orchard  Springs,  Uncoln  County,  Kentucky.     MgS04  205,  Na,S04  59. 
Crab  Orchard  Salts.    Contain  in  100  grams  MgSO^  63. 
Eaton's  White  Sulphur  Spring,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.     NaQ  121,  MgS04  42,  MgCO^ 

16,  CaCO,  46.    590  F. 
Estill  Spring.     See  Irvine  Spring. 
Foley's  Spring.    See  Crab  Orchard  Springs. 
Fruit  Port  Artesian  Well,  Ottawa  County,  Michigan.     NaQ  464,  CaQ,  ill,  MgQ  47, 

Na,S04  46,  FeCO,  5.44  grains.    4$^  F. 
Glenn  Springs,  Spartanburgh  County,  South  Carolina.    MgS04  96,  Na,S04  40,  H,S  34 

cubic  inches. 
Greenville  Spring.    See  Harrodsburg  Springs. 
Harrodsburg  Springs,  Mercer  County  Kentucky — 
Greenville  Spring.     MgS04  129,  CaSO^  88,  MgCO,  23. 
Saloon  Spring.     MgSO^  223,  CaS04  8^,  Fe(HCO,),  4. 
Hartford  Sulphur  Spring,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.     NaQ  59,  MgS04  and  Na,S04  20, 

CaCO,  20. 
Hot  Springs,  Canon  City,  Colorado.     Na,S04  166,  Na,CO,  155,  Ca,CO,  66.     I02<*  F. 
Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  Middle  Park,  ninety  miles  from  Denver,  Colorado.    Na,S04  25, 
Na,CO,  22.    Temperature  iio<^  to  117^  F. 


Idaho  Warm  Springs,  Gear  Creek  County,  Colorada    Ka,CO,  31,  Na^^  29.     106^  P. 
Indian  Spring,  Butts  County,  Georgia.     MgSO^  57a,  CaSO^  57,  K^^  2^.    63®  F. 
Inrinc  Spring,  Estill  County,  Kentucky.  'MgS04  263,  CaSO^  and  CaCO,  6a. 
Le  Roy  Springs,  Le  Roy  Station  on  the  Northern  Pacific  RaihxMui,  Wyoming.    Na^SO^ 

117,  NaQ  270,  MgCO,  51,  CaCOj  and  CaSO^  100. 
LouisTille,  or  Du  Font's  Artesian  Well,  Louisrille,  Kentucky.    NaQ  6aa,  BigSO^  77, 

Na^4  72. 
Midland  Spring,  Midland  County,  Michigan.     K^^  68,  Na^^  18.    A^  F. 
Mineral  Spring,  in  dry  wash  leading  from  Detrital  Valley  (Forty-mile  Deaeit)  to  the  Cok>- 

rado  River,  Arizona.    NaQ  232,  MgSO^  loi,  CaSO^  76,  Na^SO^  3a 
Pagosa  Hot  Springs,  twenty- five  miles  from  the  headwater  of  the  San  Joan  Rirer, 
Colorado- 
No.  I.  Na^4  139.  Na  3.  Na^^  131. 
No.  2.  Na^4  129.  No.  4.  NajSO^  131. 
Porter's  Sulpho-Chalybeate  Spring,  Denver,  Colorada     Na^SO^  27,  CaOQi  lo. 
Rhea  Springs,  Rhea  County,  Tennessee.     70  grains  of  CaSO^. 
Saloon  Spring.     See  Hanodsburg  Springs. 
Saratoga  Springs,  Saratoga  County,  New  York- 
Champion.    Ca(HCO,),  227,  NaQ  702,  Mg  HCO,),  194,  CO,  462.    49®  F. 
Columbian.    NaQ  267,  CaCO,  68,  MgCO,  28,  FeCo^  6,  Co^  37a  cubic  indies. 
Congress.     NaQ  400,  CaCO,  loo,  MgO),  75,  NaBr  9,  Li,CO,  3,  CO,  39a  cobie 

inches.     52®  F. 
Crystal.     NaQ  336,  CaCO,  71,  MgCO,  45.  Li,CO,  3,  CO,  31a  cubic  inches.    $</>  F. 
Empire.     NaQ  507,  CaCO,  76.  MgCo,  35,  CO,  344  cubic  hiches. 
Eureka.     NaQ  117,  CaCO,  41.  MgCO,  29,  FeCO,  3,  CO,  232  cubic  inches. 
Excelsior.    NaQ  371,  CaCO,  77,  MgCO,  32,  FeCO,  3,  NaCO,  15. 
Geyser.     NaQ  562,  CaCO,  118,  MgCO,  83,  Na,CO,  49,  Li,CO,  4,  00,  456  cubic 

inches.    46®  F. 
Glacier.    NaQ  702,  CaCO,  158,  MgCO,  1 1 5.  Li,CO,  6,  KQ  40,  CO,  46544  cubic  indwa. 
Hamilton.    NaQ  299,  CaCO,  98,  MgCO,  39,  FeCO,  5.  Na,CO,  34,  CO,  3aa 
Htthom.    NaQ  510,  CaCO,  118.  MgCO,  105,  CO,  376  cubic  mches. 
High  Rock,     NaQ  390.  CaCO,  92.  MgCO,  33,  CO,  408  cubic  Inches     52<»  F. 
Pavilion.     NaQ  460,  CaCO,  83.  MgCO,  45,  Li,CO,  6,  CO,  328  cubic  inches. 
Putnam  Spring.     NaCT  214,  Cm(HCO,),  68.  Mg(HCO,),  51,  CO,  348  cubic  inchet. 

51*  F. 
Red  Spring.     NaQ  70,  CmCO,  59,  MgCO,  21. 

Saratoga  Alum.     NaQ  565,  CmCO,  57,  MgCO,  20,  CO,  212  cubic  inches. 
Seltzer.     NaQ  134,  CaCO,  62,  MgCO,  24,  CO,  320  cubic  inches.     50**  F. 
Sur.     NaQ  398,  CaCO,  86,  MgCO,  37,  CO,  400  cubic  inches.     520  F. 
Triton  Spring.     NaQ  238,  CaCO,  91,  MgCO,  42.  Li,CO,  3  grains,  CO,  360  cubic 

inches.    6o<>  F. 
United  States.     NaQ  142,  CaCO.  65.  MgCO,  43, 1.i,CO,  3.  CO,  240  cubic  inches. 
Union.     NaQ  458,  CaCO,  67,  MgCO,  65,  CO,  384.96  cubic  inches.     48®  F. 
Vichy.     See  Alkaline  Watera. 

Walton  or  Iodine.     NaQ  187.  MgCO,  75,  CaCO,  26.  CO,  330  cubic  inches. 
Washington  Spring.    NaQ  183,  Ca(HCO,),  84,  Mg(HCO,),  66,  CO,  364  cubic  i 
45*^. 


Seltzer  Spring,  Boulder  County,  Colorado.  Na^O^  io8,  Ca(HCOj),  43.  Teix!9)eriture,4C^F. 

Seltzer,  Springdale,  Colorado.     Na^SO^  230,  Ca,CO,  85,  FeCO,  8. 

Spring  Lake  Well,  Ottawa  County,  Michigan.  *  NaQ  406,  CaCl,  113,  Ka^^  47,  MgQ 

36.    52^  F. 
Sowder*s  Spring.    See  Crab  Orchard  Springs. 

Warm  Spring,  at  edge  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.     MgSO^  60,  NaQ  234. 
Warren  Springs,  Warren  County,  North  Carolina.     CaQ  II,  CaS04  and   CaCO^  and 

CaCl,  10,  MgSO^  8. 
White  Creek  Springs,  twelve  miles  from  Nashville,  Tennessee.    55  grains  of  CaCO,  and 

CaSO^. 

V.  ALKALINE  WATERS. 

These  owe  their  alkalinity  to  the  preponderance  of  carbonate  and  bicarbonate  of  sodtom, 
and  also,  though  in  small  quantities,  the  carbonate  of  potassium,  lithium,  calcium  and 
magnesium.  These  waters  are  frequently  surcharged  with  carbonic  acid  gas,  which 
enhances  their  therapeutic  value  very  considerably,  as  it  renders  them  more  palatable  and 
converts  the  alkaline  taste,  so  unpleasant  to  many,  into  an  agreeable  acidity.  These 
springs  may  be  cold  or  hot,  and  may  contain  lime,  salt  or  iron  in  varying  amount 

Typical  examples  of  this  class,  that  is,  springs  containing  sodium  carbonate  or  bicarbo- 
nate with  free  carbonic  add  gas,  are,  unfortunately,  less  numerous  than  we  would  wish,  in 
view  of  their  enormous  importance  in  so  many  chronic  diseases.  Most  of  our  alkaline 
springs  contain  other  mineral  substances  which  render  them  less  valuable  in  the  treatment 
of  disease.  The  conditions  in  which  these  waters  produce  their  best  effects  are  the  follow- 
ing :  Chronic  gastric  catarrh,  especially  with  hyperacidity,  and  catarrhal  inflammation  of 
mucous  membrane  of  the  Inliary  passages.  Good  results  have  also  been  obtained  in  acute 
catarrhal  nephritis,  and  not  a  few  observers  have  seen  diabetics  improve  under  its  use. 
In  acute  cystitis  and  urethritis  spnings  of  this  class  do  good  by  diluting  the  urine  and 
diminishing  its  acidity,  and  so  alleviate  suffering  and  hasten  recovery ;  at  times  brilliant 
results  are  obtained  in  certain  diathetic  conditions,  such  as  lithaemia,  gout  and  chronic 
rheumatism.  From  this  brief  simmiary  it  is  evident  that  these  waters  constitute  a  most 
important  addition  to  our  means  of  combating  disease. 

Our  country  is  so  rich  in  mineral  waters,  it  is  in  the  highest  degree  probable  that 
numerous  springs  belonging  to  this  class  are  in  existence  and  only  need  analysts  to  make 
known  their  value.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  before  long  many  additkms  will  be  made  to 
oor  meagre  list  of  springs  belonging  to  this  group. 

The  following  analyses  are  examples  of  this  class,  and  I  would  paxticularly  call  atten- 
tion to  that  of  Vichy,  in  France,  as  a  type  of  an  alkaline  water ; — 

SARATOGA  VICHY  SPRING,  SARATOGA  CO.,  N.  Y. 

Contains  in  one  U.  S.  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches- 
Chloride  of  sodium, 128.689 

**      "  potassium, I4-II3 

Bromide  of  sodium, 0.990 

Iodide  of  sodium, .      trace. 

•  Fluoride  of  calcium, trace. 

Bicarbonate  of  lithia,     .   .   .   .'.      1.760 

«         '*  soda, 82.873 

«         «  magnesia,  ....    4''S03 
269.92S 


a69.9a8 

BicirtxiiMte  ci  lime» 9S*5^ 

*«         **  itrooda, tnoe. 

«*        «  UryU, a593 

«        «•  iron, aosa 

Solpliate  of  potiMA, trace. 

Phosphate  of  loda, trace. 

Ahnaina, 0473 

Saica, a758 

Oipmic  matter, trace. 

Total,  3677328 
Carbooic  add  gas  in  one  gallon,  383X>7I  cobk  indies. 
Temperature  50P  F. 


VICHY  GKAMDB  GRILLX  AND  h6pITAL 
SFRINGS. 
(AnalyBt,  Mcmi^.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains-^ 
Grande-Grille.     Hdpital. 
Grains.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda,  .   .  259.03         254.75 

**        "   lime, .   .    12.23  »8.62 

«<        M   magnesia,    2.28  2.05 

•*        "    iron, .   .      0.60  2.73 

Chloride  of  Sodhmi,  .    23.94  8.36 

Sulphate  of  soda,    .   .    42.33  47.65 

340.41         334.16 
Free  carbonic  add  90-100  en.  in. 


OJO  CAUENTB  SntINO,  OJO  CAUBNTl,  NKW 
MEXICO. 
(Analyst,  O.  C.  Marsh.) 
One  U.  b. gallon  (231  co.  in.)  contains— 

Sodium  carl)onate, 1 15.019  grt. 


Caldum  ** 
Magnesium  ^ 
Iron  «* 

Fbtassium  sulphate. 
Sodium  ** 


0.1 13 
M35 
1^73 
5.910 
3.019 
7-94* 


"      chloride, 32.209    •• 

Silica, 0.123    " 

168.053    •• 
Carbonic  acid  undetennined. 
Temperature  100*  F. 

Adams  Springs,  Lake  County,  CalUbmia.    MgOO,  99,  Na,CO,  57,  CaCO,  29,  CO,  30Q 

cubic  inches. 
Borax  .Springs.    See  Hot  Borate  Springs. 

California  Seltzer  Springs,  Mendodno  County,  Cal.     CaCO,  67,  MgCC\  43,  Na,a),  35. 
Carlisle,  near  Pueblo,  Colorada    60^  F. 
ainton  Spring.  Cliff  Street,  New  York  City.    NaQ  58,  MgCO,  35.  CaCO,  30,  CO,  68)< 

cubic  inches. 
Congress  Spring,  SanU  Qara  C6unty,  California.     Na,CO,  123,  NaQ  II8,  FeC(\  I3. 
Hot  Borate  Springs,  Borax  I^e,  Lake  County,  California.     NII^HCO,  108,  103,  NaO 

85.  NaHCO,  77. 
Indian  Spring,  Martin  County,  Indiana.     NaG  39,  CaQ),  +  CaSO^  53,  MgO ),  -|-  MgSC^ 

49.    53**  F. 
Iron  Duke,  Canon  City,  Colorado.    Na,CO,  1 56,  NaQ  170. 
Olympian  Springs,  Bath  County,  Kentucky.     Nad  166,  MgTl,  55. 
Richfield   Sulphur   Spring,  Otiego  County,  New   Yoric.      CaS<\  and   Ca(Ha),),  92, 

MgSO^  and  Mg(HC(),\  39,  NaQ  21,  H^S  4  cubic  Inchr*.     48*  F. 
Saratoga    Vichy  Springs,   .Saratoga    County,   New   York.      NaCl    1 28,   Na,Ha\  82, 

CaHCO,  95,  CO,  383  cubk  inches. 


Sharon  Magnesia  Spring,  Schoharie  County,  New  York.    CaSO^  76,  MgSO^  +  Mg(HCX\|, 

53,  H,S  3.3  cubic  inches.    48®  F. 
Snowden  Mineral  Spring,  Valley  of  Yoncalla,  two  miles  south  of  Drain's  Station,  Oregoo. 

MgQ  145.  NaCl  173,  CaCl,  115. 
St.  Louis  Magnetic  Spring,  St  Louis,  Gratiot  County,  Michigan.    NaHCO,  86,  Ca(HCO,), 

56,CaS0^54.    5o<»  F. 
Vichy  Springs.    See  New  Almaden  Springs. 
West  Baden  Springs,  Orange  County,  Indiana.    NaQ  78,  CaCO,  41,  MgCO,  39,  MgSO^ 

36,  MgCl,  II. 
Wilhoit  Springs,  Clackamas  County,  Oregon.    MgCO,  85,  Na,CO,  88,  NaQ  201,  FeO  6, 

CO,  33841  cubic  inches. 
Wilson's  Saline  Chalybeate,  Lexington,  Fayette  County,  Kentucky.    CaCl,  33,  MgCI,  iS, 

MgCO,  15,  FeCO,  2}i,  CO,  33  cubic  inches. 

VI.  SALINE  WATERS. 

These  waters  are  solutions  of  common  salt,  containing,  also,  small  quantities  of  the  chlorides 
of  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths,  and  occasionally  minute  traces  of  iodine  and  bromine. 
It  is  plain  «Jiat  the  effects  produced  by  these  springs  are  due  to  chloride  of  sodium  and  the 
increased  amount  of  water  consumed.  This  salt,  when  taken  into  the  stomach,  dissolves 
albumin  and  starches ;  promotes  the  digestion  and  absorption  of  food ;  supplies  the  intes- 
tines with  chyme  rich  in  albumin  and  starches ;  enters  tlie  blood,  which  carries  it  to  all 
the  tissues  of  the  body,  after  supplying  its  own  needs. 

In  solutions  of  suitable  strength  it  produces  an  agreeable  effect  on  mucous  membranes, 
fiivoring  fiiee  and  healthy  secretion.  It  is  quickly  absorbed,  but  when  taken  highly  con- 
centrated acts  as  an  irritant  and  produces  emesis  and  diarrhcea.  The  therapeutic  dose 
is  from  one  to  five  drachms  daily. 

The  usefulness  of  these  waters  is  yeiy  restricted,  and  b  indicated  by  what  has  been 
said  as  to  its  physiological  action.  Good  results  may  be  expected  in  certain  dyspepsias, 
with  defective  gastric  secretion  and  sluggishness  of  the  bowels,  as  well  as  chronic  inflam- 
matory exudations  which  are  being  absorbed  slowly  or  not  at  all.  When  rapid  absorption 
is  necessary  the  water  should  be  given  hot,  and  in  certain  cases  of  dyspepsia  these  results 
are  best  obtained  by  its  administration  early  in  the  morning,  before  breakfast 

When  it  is  desired  to  administer  these  waters,  in  ordinary  cases,  preference  should  be 
given  to  those  springs  charged  with  carbonic  acid,  as  this  gas  greatly  increases  the  palata- 
bility  of  this  class  of  waters. 

These  waters,  as  well  as  the  alkaline  earths,  when  carbonated,  are  especially  valuable  in 
many  acute  affections  attended  with  fever,  particularly  when  nourishment  is  taken  in  small 
amounts,  as  they  supply  the  body  with  mineral  substances  absolutely  needed.  The  proper 
supply  of  salines  in  disease  is  too  often  overlooked. 

The  following  analyses  are  good  examples  of  these  waters : — 

HALLECK  SPRING,  ONEIDA  COUNTY,  NEW  YORK. 
(Analyst,  Prof.  Noyes.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Chloride  of  sodium, 624.00  grs. 

"  calcium,     ....  104.00    " 

«*  magnesium,  .    .    .    32.00   ** 

Sulphate  of  calcium,    ....    40.00   ** 

800.00   • 


AKESION  SPRING,  SAUNK  COUKIY,  MISSOUU. 

(Analyst,  Q.  P.  Williams.) 

U.  S.  gmllon  (231  cu.  in.)  conUuns — 

Chloride  of  sodium,    .   . 

756.114  git. 

**         poUssimn,    . 

28.594   " 

0.294   « 

**          magnesium^ , 

87.313   - 

"          calcium,    .   .   , 

74.791    - 

Bromide  of  magnesiom, .  . 

0.131    *• 

Nitrate  of  magnesium,    .   . 

0.178   « 

«        ammoiuum. 

0.172   •* 

Sulphide  of  sodium,    .   .   . 

2.609   •* 

Sulphate  of  calcium,  .   .   . 

57.934   - 

"          barium,    .   .   . 

ai5o   «« 

Phosphate  of  cAldum,     .   . 

0.243   " 

Carbonate  of  calcium,     .   . 

40.251    «* 

"             iron,  ^fenoos 

• 

0.267   * 

<<             manganese,   , 

0.199   - 

M             alumina,    .   , 

0.167   " 

Organic  matter, 

0.513   - 

SALT  SPltlKG,  NEAR  ALBA,  BRADFORD 
COUNTY,  PENNSYLVANIA. 


1049.920    ** 

WIISBADEN,  THR   KOCHBRUNNIN,  MASSAU, 
GERMANY. 


(Analyst,  Genth.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains— 
Chloride  ot  sodium,  ....  4693*608  grs. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains— 
Chloride  of  sodium, aio.q2  sra. 

**           potassium, .   . 
"           lithium,  .    .   . 

.  .  8.96  " 
.   .      0.08    " 

"          calcium,     .   .    .    780.224    «• 
**          magnesium,  .    .    110.960    •* 

Bicarbonate  of  iron,  ....        5,256    «< 
•«              calcium,    .   .        1.752    " 

Silicic  acid, 2.950    " 

Bromine  not  determined. 

"           calchm^     .    . 
**          magnesium,   . 

Sulphate  of  lime,  .... 

.  .  28.88  " 
.  .  12.48  " 
.  .  ai6  " 
.   .     5.52   •• 

Carbonate  of  lime,    .    .   . 

.   ,    25.68   " 

**             protoxide  of  1 

iron,     0.32    •* 

5594.750 


502.00 

Temperature,  156^  F.     Carbonic  add,  52 
cubic  inches. 


Akesion  Spring,  Brownrille,  Saline  Cbonty,   Missouri.     NaG   756,  MgCl,  87,  Cad,. 

CaSO^  and  CaCO,  173. 
Albany  Artesian  Well,  Feny  Street,  Albany,  New  York.     NaQ  504,  FeCO,  8,  MgCO, 

16,  Na,CO,  40,  CO,  224  cubic  inches.     51**  to  52®  F. 
Ballston  Coodo  Dentonean,  Saratoga  County,  New  York.     NaQ  480,  CaCO,  123,  M€^ 

93.  CO,  357  cubic  inches. 
Ballston  Spa,  Saratoga  County,  New  York.     NaQ  144,  CaCO,  43,  Mg(HCT),),  39, 
Bangor's  Company's  Well,  Bangor,  Michigan.     NaCI  159,  MgCl  09,  CaSO^  56,  Cad 
Black  Sulphur  Spring,  Bath  County,  Kentucky.    58  grains  NaQ. 


Blue  Lick  Springs  (Lower),  Nicholas  County,  Kentucky.     NaQ  516,  CaSO^  41,  MgO, 

40,  CaCO,  23,  CO,  98,  H,S  17. 
Blue  Lick  Springs  (Upper),  Nicholas  County,  Kentucky.     NaCl  516,  CaSO^  144,  MgCl, 

37,  CaCO,  25,  CO,  48  cubic  inches,  H,S  8  cubic  inches. 
Borland  Well,  Wood  County,  West  Virginia.     NaCl  240,  NaHCO,  1 12,  Na,SO^  38. 
Boulder  Spring  Water,  Colorado.     NaCl  514,  Ca,CO,  125,  MgCO,  100,  NbjSO^  62,  CO,. 
Bryant's  Spring,  No.  4,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky.     NajSO^  12,  NaCl  54. 
Caflon  City  Mineral  Springs,  Cafion  City,  Fremont  County,  Colorado. 

Aqua  Vida.     NaQ  121,  Na,CO,  73,  MgCO,  18. 

Big  Ute.    NaQ  132,  CaCO,  43,  MgCO,  15. 

Congress.    NaQ  38,  MgCO,  18. 

Iron  Duke.    NaCl  80,  Na,CO,  74,  MgCO,  15. 

Little  Ute.    NaCl  114,  Na,CO,  74,  MgCO,  14. 
Condo  Dentonean  Springs.     See  Ballston  Springs. 

Des  Chutes  Hot  Springs,  Wasco  County,  Oregon.   Na,CO,  and  NaQ  55.     143**  to  145**  F. 
East  Clarion  Salt  Spring,  Elk  County,  Pennsylvania.     NaQ  337,  CaCl,  52,  MgCl,  15. 
East  Saginaw  C6mpany's  Well,  Michigan.     NaCl  103,  MgCl,  58,  CaCl,  14,  CaSO^  92. 
Halleck*s  Spring,  Oneida  County,  New  York.     NaQ  624,  CaCl,  104,  MgCl,  32,  CaS04  40. 
Highgate  Springs,  Franklin  County,  Vermont.     NaCl  23,  Na,CO,  14. 
lola  Mineral  Well,  Kansas.    NaQ  782,  a(HCO,),  49.  Mg(HCO,)  21,  KQ  14. 
Kanawha  Saline  Spring,  Kanawha  Valley,  West  Virginia.    NaQ  240,  Na,HCO,  112, 

Na,SO^  38. 
La  Fayette  Artesian  Well,  Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana.     NaQ  325,  MgCO,  and  MgO, 

59,CaSO,56.    550  F. 
Lansing  Spring,  Lansing,  Ingham  County,  Michigan.     NaQ  267,  Na,CO,  65,  CaCO,  62, 

CO,  198  cubic  inches.     53.5®  F. 
Liberty  Hot  Springs,  or  Wagon  wheel  Gap  Springs,  Monison,  12  miles  from  Denver, 

Colorado. 
No.  I.  Na,CO,  41,  NaQ  17.     Temperature  !$&*  F. 
No.  2.  Na,CO,  84,  NaQ  19.     Temperature  140**  F. 
Livingston  Artesian  Well,  Livingston,  Sumter  County,  Alabama.    NaQ  295  grains.    68^  F. 
Lodi  Artesian  Well,  Wabash  County,  Indiana.    NaQ  502,  CaCl,  and  CaSO^  104,  MgCl,  54. 
Lower  Blue  lick  Springs.     See  Blue  Lick  Springs. 
Lubec  Spring,  Lubec  Bay,  Maine.     NaQ  90,  MgCl,  60,  NaSO^  25. 
Mineral  Spring,  Wahiut  Hill,  Fayette  County,  Kentucky.    NaQ  234,  MgCl,  19. 
Mineral  Water,  Paint  Lick,  Madison  County,  Kentucky.     NaQ  27,  Na,CO,  16. 
Ott's  Well,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.     NaQ  3781,  CaCO,  323,  MgCO,  86,  FcCO,  12, 

MgSO^  and  Na,S04  58. 
Parnassus  Springs,  12  miles  southward  of  Pueblo,  Colorado. 
No.  I.  Na,CO,  74,  NaQ  60.    Temperature  66®  F. 
No.  2.  Na,CO,  69,  NaQ  61.    Temperature  72.5®  F. 
No.  3.  Na,CO,  43,  NaQ  31.    Temperature  59®  F. 
Salina  Spring  (Mr.  Peterson),  near  Tarentum,  Pennsylvania.    NaQ  1927,  CaQ,  501, 

MgCl,  126,  MgCO,  80,  CaCO,  161. 
Salina  Wells,  Syracuse,  New  York.     NaQ  90,  MgCl,  7,  CaCl,  14,  CaSO^  36. 
Salt  Spring,  near  Alba,  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania.    NaQ  4694,  Cad,  780,  Mgd, 

ui,Fe(HC0,),5. 


Salt  Sulphur,  Bath  County,  Kentuckj.    NaQ  i66,  BlgO  55. 

Salt  Water,  near  Conemaugh,  near  Saltzburg,  Indiana  County,  Pennsylvania.     NaQ  4165. 

CaCl,  918,  MgCl,  232. 
Sheboygan  Well,  Sheboygan,  Wisconsin.     307  grains  of  NaCL     50®  F. 
Siloam  Springs,  Garfield  County,  Colorado.     NaQ  1 137,  Ca^^  78.     103®  F. 
South  Park  Springs,  Colorado.     NaCl  198,  Na,CT),  1 56. 
South  Park  Sulphur  Springs,  South  Park,  Cok)rado.     NaQ  97,  Na,CO,  77. 
Steamboat  Springs,  Colorado.     NaCI  240. 

St.  Ivouis  Artesian  Well, St.  Louis,  Missouri.    NaO  347,  MgO,  34,  CaCl,  27,  CO,  6,  H,S  24. 
Sweet  Springs,  Saline  County,  Missouri.     NaQ  90,  MgQ,  22. 
.Syracuse  Salt  Wells^  New  York.     NaCl  94,  MgQ,  85,  CaCl,  49,  CaSO^  32. 
Tarentum  Salt  Well.    See  Salina  Springs. 
Terre  Haute  Spring,  Qay  County,  Indiana.     NaQ  316  grains. 
Thomas  Well's  Brine,  Fountain  County,  Indiana.     NaQ  4573,  CaCl,  215,  CaCO^  107, 

MgCl,  53. 
Upper  Blue  Lick  Springs.     See  Blue  Lick  Springs. 

Verona  Spring,  Oneida  County,  New  Yoik,    NaQ  720,  CaS04  60,  CaCl,  and  MgCI,  68. 
Wagonwheel  (iap  Springs.     See  liberty  Hot  Springs. 
Waterloo  Well,  Waterioo,  Wisconsin.    NaQ  and  NaNO,  6a 
Williams  Mineral  Well,  Woodford  County,  Kentucky.     NaQ  137,  MgQ,  16. 
Yampa  Spring,  Clenwood,  Colorado. 

VII.  CALCAREOUS  WATERS. 

The  efficacy  of  these  waters  depends  upon  the  presence  d  the  sulphate  and  carbooate 
of  calcium  and  other  alkaline  earths.  They  are  generally  produced  as  follows :  The  exccsa 
of  carbonic  acid  in  the  water,  resulting  from  the  decomposition  of  the  carbonate  by  means 
of  sulphuric  add  (this  acid  is  produced  by  the  addition  of  iroo  pyrites),  acts  upon  the 
sulphates  and  carbonates  of  the  alkaline  earths  to  dissolve  them. 

Most  of  the  lime  in  these  fovmtains  exists  in  the  form  of  a  sulphate,  which  b  popo- 
larly  known  as  gypsum.  It  b  this  salt  that  gives  these  waters  the  property  called 
kardmss^  1.  f.,  that  peculiar  reaction  to  soap  and  the  special  efiiect  upon  the  palate. 

These  springs  have  been  used  in  cystitis  and  diabetes,  but  with  doubtful  results. 
Occasionally  dhiresis  may  be  excited  and  in  rachitic  dilldren  fisvorable  results  may  be 
obtained,  though  the  constipating  efiect  would  be  antagonised.  It  sboukl  be  remembered 
that  10  grains  of  sulphate  of  lime  to  the  gallon  tends  to  retard  digestion  and  causes  con- 
stipation, and  consequently  they  are  often  contra-indicated.  In  general,  it  may  be  said 
that  springs  of  this  class  are  of  doubtful  utility,  except  when  they  contain  other  more 
active  mineral  substances. 

I  append  a  few  examples  of  thb  class  of  water : — 

CATOOSA  SPRINGS.  CATOOSA  COIWTY,  GEORGIA.      NO.  I   ALLHKAUNG  SPRDia 

One  U.  S.  galfon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Calcium  sulphate, 39-000  gn. 

Magnesium  sulphate, .   .   .   .  ^ 


:}= 


**         carbooate, 
Gubooic  addy 4-42a 


TATS  EPSOM  SPRINGS,  GRANGER   COUNTY,  TENNSSSH. 
(Analyst,  T^S.  Anterdle.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Sulphate  of  caldum, 160.66  grs. 

•*  magnesium,    .   .   .    31.97   " 

**  sodium, 8.50  " 

«  potassium,  ....      1.54   '* 

Chloride  of  sodium,  .  .  «   .  .    40.27   '* 

•*         iron, 2.92  ** 

**         manganese,    .   .   .      0.69  ** 

Iodide  of  sodium, tiace 

Phosphate  of  calcium,   ....      1.14  '* 
Carbonate  of  calcium,    ....    21.56  '* 

Silica, 2.70  •« 

Nitric  add, 0.02  «* 

271.97   •* 
Tenq>erature  55<>  F. 

Alleghany  Springs,  Montgomery  County,  Virginia.    CaS04  96,  MgSO^  42.    53®  F. 

Aurora  Saline  Springs,  Aurora,  Oregon.    CaQ  474,  NaCl  356. 

Beauty  Spring.    See  Capon  Springs. 

Bcloit  lodo-magnesian  Springs,  Beloit,  Wis.    Ca(HCOj),  15,  Mg(HCO,),  12.    48®  F. 

Bishop's  Well,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey.    CaSO^  149,  MgSO^  31. 

Blue  Ridge  Spring,  Botetourt  County,  Virginia.    CaSO^  100,  MgSO^  48. 

BoMin's  Well,  Eaton  Rapids,  Michigan.     CaCO,  and  CaSO^  85  grains. 

Butterworth  Spring,  Grand  R^ids,  Mich.     CaSO^  75,  MgQ  41. 

C>ipon  Springs  (Beauty  Spring),  Hampshire  Co.,  W.  Va.    CaCO,  66,  CO,  68  cubic  inches. 

60OF. 
Capon  Springs  (Main  Spring),  Hampshire  Co ,  W.  Va.    CaCO,  66,  CO,  68  cubic  inches. 

600F. 
Carlble  Spring,  on  Arkansas  River,  twenty  miles  above  Pueblo,  Colorado.    CaCO,  22, 

MgCO,  II.    65<»  F. 
Catoosa  Springs,  Catoosa  County,  Geoigia. 

All-Healing.    CaS04  39,  M^4  and  MgCO,  34. 

Alum.     CaSO^  41,  MgSO^  and  MgCO,  36,  Al  I. 

Black  Sulphur.     CaSO^  41,  MgSO^  and  MgCO,  36. 

Buffalo.     CaSO^  45.  MgSO^  and  MgCO,  42. 

Chalybeate.    CaSO^  42,  MgSO^  and  MgCO,  35,  FeCO,  trace. 

Congress.     CaSO^  39,  MgSO^  and  MgCO,  34. 

Cosmetic.     CaSO^  42,  MgSO^  and  MgCO,  36. 

Magnesia.     CaSO^  42,  MgSO^  and  MgCO,  36. 

Red  Sweet.      CaSO^  44,  MgSO^  and  MgCX),  38. 

White  Sulphur.     CaSO^  45,  MgSO^  and  MgCO,  40. 
Cave  Spring.     See  Chittenango  Spring. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  EsUll  County,  Kentucky.    CaS04  17,  CaCO,  9,  MgSO^  10,  FeCO,  2, 

CO,  32  cubic  inches. 
Cherry  Valley  North  Spring,  Otsego  County,New  York.     CaSO^  150,  MgCO,  10. 


Chittenango  Cave  Spring,  Madison  County,  New  Yoik.    O1SO4 106,  MgOO,  14,  CX),  35.6 

cable  inches,  H,S  3.2.  cubic  inches.    49^  F. 
Chittenango  Magnesia  Spring,  Madison  County,  New  York.    CaSO^  81,  MgOQ,  13,  CO, 

36  cubic  inches.    49^  F. 
Chittenango  White  Sulphur  Spring,  Madison  Co.,  N.  Y.    CaS04  80,  CO,  36  cubic  inches. 
Clifton  Springs,  Ontario  County,  New  York.    CaSO^  andCaCO,79,MgS04  andMgCOg  3a 
Colorado  or  Manitou  Springs,  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado. 

Iron  Ute.    CaCO,  33,  Na,CO,  33,  MgCO,  8.    43.3*  F. 

Little  Chief.    CaCO,  42,  NajSO^  29,  NaQ  27.    43®  F. 

Manitou.    CaCO,  62,  Na,  CO,  26,  MgCO,  12.    56<>  F. 

Narajoe.    CaCO,  72,  Na,CO,  70,  MgCO,  19.    50.2<»  F. 

Shoshone.    CaCO,  61,  Na,CO,  50.    48.5<»  F. 

Ute  Soda.    CaCO,  22,  Na,CO,  13. 
Eaton  Rapids  Well,  Eaton  Rapids  in  Eaton  County,  MidiigaiL 

Boniine  Well    CaCO,  and  CaSO^,  85  grains. 

Frost  Well.    CaCO,  and  CaSO^,  42  grains. 

Mosher  Well.    CaCO,  and  CaSO^  65  gimins. 

Shaw  Well.    CaCO,  and  CaSO«,  69  grains. 

Stirling  Well.    CaSO^,  46  grains. 
East  Qarion  Spring,  Elk  County,  Pennsylvania,  NaO  337,  CaCl,  52,  MgCI,  15,  Bad,  l)(. 
Frost  Well.    CaCO,  and  CaSO^,  42  grabs. 
Gettysburg  Katalysine  Spring,  Adams  County,  PennsylTania.    Ca(HCO,),  16,  MgSO^  7. 

57**  F. 
Greenbrier  White  Sulphur.    See  White  Sulphur  Spring. 

Guilfofd  Spring,  Guilford  Centre,  Windham  County,  Vermoot.     15.18  grains  CaCO,. 
Holston  Springs,  Scott  County,  Virginia.    CaSO^  20,  MgSO^  13.    68.5<*  F. 
liberty  Hot  or  Wagonwbeel  Gap  Springs,  Morrison,  twelve  miles  from  Denver,  Colorado, 

Na  2.    CaCO,  18. 
Magnesia  Springs.    See  Chittenango  Spring. 
Main  Spring.    See  Capon  Springs. 

Manitou  Springs,  Manitou,  Colorado.    CaCO,  135.    56^  F. 
M'Carthy's  Spring,  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania.  95  grains  of  CaSO^  and  Ca(HCO,)„ 

42  grains  MgSO^. 
Mineral  Park  Bitter  Spring,  Arizona.     CaSO^  69,  MgSO^  38. 
Montvale  Spring,  Blount  County,  Tennessee.     75  grains  of  CaSOf.    6o<*  F. 
Moaher  Well,  Eaton  Rapids,  Michigan.     CaCO,  and  Ca  SO4,  65  grains. 
Newbuig  Springs,  Orange  County,  Vermont.     17.60  grains  CaCO,. 
Red  Sulphur,  Estill  County,  Kentucky.     CaCO,  and  CaSO«  22,  CO,,  40  cubic  inches^ 

H,S,  .56  cubic  inches. 
Richfield  Magnesia  Spring,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y.    CaSO^  and  Ca(HCO,),  55,  MgSO« 

and  Mg(HCO,),  23,  CO^  5  cubic  inches.     $y*  F. 
Saltillo  Springs.    See  M*Vittey*s  and  McCarthy's  Springs. 
Shaw  Well,  Eaton  Rapids,  Michigan.    CaCO,  and  CaSO«,  69  grama. 
Sterling  Well;  Eaton  Rapids^  Michigan.    CaSO^  46  grains. 
Tate  Epsom  Springs,  Granger  County,  Tennessee.     C»SO^  161  grains.     55®  F. 
Warm  Spring,  Bath  County,  Virginia.     CaSO^  1$.     98^  F. 
Warren  Springs  (cokl  sulphur),  Warren  County,  North  Carolina.    CaSO^  31. 


Waukesha  Springs,  Waukesha  County,  Wiscon^. 

Arcadian  Spring.    Ca(HCOj),  i6,  Mg(HCO,),  il. 

Bethesda  Spring.    Ca(HCO,),  17.    6o«  F. 

Fountain  Spring.     Ca(H(X),),  14. 

Glenn  Mineral  Spring.     Ca(HC03),  16. 

Hygeia  Spring.     Ca(HCO,),  17. 

Silurian  Spring. 

Waukesha  Mineral  Rock  Spring.    Ca(HCX),),  10. 
White  Sulphur  Spring.     See  Chittenango  Spring, 
^ite  Sulphur  Springs,  Greenbrier  County,  West  Va.    CaSO^  74,  MgSO^  19,  H^  I.54 

to  3.03  cubic  inches.    62®  F. 
Yellow  Sulphur  Springs,  Montgomery  County,  Virginia.    CaSO^  63,  MgSO^  ai.    55**  F. 

VIII.  SULPHURETTED  AND  HOT  SPRINGS. 

These  springs  owe  their  properties  to  the  presence  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  heat 
The  sulphurets  of  sodium  and  potassium  are  often  present.  Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  next 
to  carbonic  acid,  occurs  more  frequently  in  mineral  springs  than  any  other  gas. 

It  frequently  issues  from  the  earth  in  the  neighborhood  of  some  active  volcanoes,  and  is 
probably  evolved  through  the  decomposition  of  the  sulphurets  by  hot  water.  When  this 
gas  b  brought  in  contact  with  the  air  it  is  readily  changed,  the  hydrogen  combining  with 
the  oxygen  and  the  sulphur  is  precipitated,  giving  to  the  water  a  milky  appearance. 

This  gas  is  irrespirable,  and  quickly  pix>dnoe8  death  if  inhaled  in  considerable  quantities, 
and  when  employed  for  its  local  effect  upon  the  respiratory  mucous  membrane  must  be 
laigely  diluted  with  air.  The  first  symptom  of  its  prisonous  action  is  a  small,  feeble 
pulse,  with  excessive  weakness,  and  later  pulse  and  respiration  may  both  fail,  with  un- 
consciousness, followed  by  profuse  pers[^nitioo. 

Internally,  in  moderate  quantities,  peristalsis  and  perspiration  are  both  augmented. 
When  the  gas  is  locally  applied  to  mucous  membranes,  it  produces  stimulation  of  secretion. 
A  sulphur  spring  of  moderate  strength  contains  not  less  than  12  cu.  in.  of  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  in  the  gallon,  though  many  springs  contain  so  small  an  amount  that  therapeuti- 
cally they  are  inert,  and  the  good  effects  observed  are  due  to  the  influence  of  the  increased 
use  of  water,  change  of  scene  and  climate,  cessation  of  work,  regular  meals,  good  hygiene 
and  hope,  all  of  which  contribute  strongly  to  restore  health  at  all  springs,  eq>eciaUy  the 
Diuretic  Springs. 

Many  of  these  waters  are  hot,  though  some  are  cold.  A  few  contain  an  excess  of  car 
bonic  acid,  and  any  member  of  the  other  classes  may  be  charged  with  sulphuretted  hydro- 
gen cm  an  increase  of  temperature,  and  consequently  many  of  these  springs  are  also  dassi- 
fied  under  other  heads. 

Frequently  these  springs  are  used  as  baths,  and  with  good  results,  especially  in  chronic 
skin  affections,  as  eczema,  rheumatism  and  gout 

Internally,  they  have  been  used  for  chronic  mucous  membrane  inflammation,  especially 
of  bronchial  tubes  and  upper  respiratory  tract,  and  also  in  hepatic  congestion  and  catarrhal 
phthisis.  The  simple  hot  springs  are  largely  used  as  baths,  and  are  d  nnquestiooable 
value  in  certain  cases  of  lithaemia,  chronic  rheumatism  and  gout,  as  well  as' in  dysmenor- 
rhoea,  syphilis  and  psoriasis,  pityriasis  and  eczema.  Given  as  a  douche,  good  effects  have 
been  observed  in  neuralgias,  paralyses  and  enlarged  joints  with  contractured  mosclea  or 
tendons.    The  principal  hot  springs  are  found  in  Vixginia,  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 


The  fbUowing  analyses  are  types  of  sulphuretted  and  hot  springs : — 

ALPENA  SPRINGS,  ALPENA  COUNTY,  SHARON  WHITE   SULPHUR  SPRING,    SCHO- 

MICHIGAN.  HARIE  COUNTY,  NEW  YORK. 

/^«    <^^y»*''^^-S**-^«f»<*)     .  One U.S.GaUoo (231  cu. in.) contains— 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains —  ^                ' 

Carbonate  of  potassium,   ...    trace  Bicarbonate  of  magnesium.  .   .    24.oogrs. 

sodium 10.912  grs.  Sulphate  of              "           .   .    34.00" 

magnesium,    .   .  37.288   "  "            .^^"°^     ....    85^0  " 

«            iron,                        1 360    "  Hydposulphate  of   calcium  and 

calcium,  ]   ]  [  [  38.296   «  ii»gn««iuin. 3-00  « 

Chloride  of  sodium, 68.256   «  Chloride  of  sodium  and  magne* 

Sulphate  of  calchnn 30.056   •'  ""°^ '      ^'70  " 

Alumina  and  silica, 3.0S8   **  ^ 

149.10  •• 

189.256    **        Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  20.5  CO.  in. 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  .  .  .  35.36  cu.  in.      Temperature,  48®  F. 

Cartxmic  add, 8.40     •• 

Nitrogen, 0.24     ** 

HAGERS  SPRING,  HAGERS  COUNTY, 
TENNESSEE. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Sulphate  of  calcium  and  hydro- 
chlorate  of  sodium, ....  38.00   grt. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen,   .   .   .  51.52  cu.  in. 

Carbonic  add, 6.72     •« 

HOT  SPRINGS. 


LAS  VEGAS  HOT  SPRINGS,  LAS  VEGAS, 

NEW  MEXICO. 

(Analyst,  Prof.  F.  V.  Haydcn,  U.  S.  Geologist.) 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (23 1  cu.  in. )  contains — 

No.  I.     No.  a.    No  3. 
Grains.  Grains.  Grains. 


Carbonate  of  sodium. 

1.72 

I.17 

5.00 

"  caldum 

' 

"  inagne- 
sium. 

1.08 

10.63 

11  A3 

Sulphate  of  sodium. 

14.12 

15-43 

16.21 

Chloride  of  sodium. 

27.26 

24.37 

27.37 

Potassium,   .   •   .   . 

trace. 

trace. 

trace. 

Lithhmi, 

trace. 

trace. 

trace. 

SiHdcadd 

1.04 

trace. 

2.51 

Iodine, 

trace. 

trace. 

trace. 

Bromine,     .... 

trace. 

trace. 

trace. 

Temperature, . 


45.22    51.60    62.49 
.  I36»F.  I23<»F.  I23<»F. 


HOT  SPRINGS,    GARLAND  COUNTY, 
ARKANSAS. 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains-- 
Carbonate  of  magnesium,   .    .   .  0.128  gn, 

•*        "  caldum, 3.968  •* 

Chloride  of  sodium, 0.008  '* 

Sulphate  **  potassium,     ....  a232  ** 

•*      «*  sodium, 0.376  •* 

•«       •*  calcium. 0.112  " 

Sesquioxide  of  iron, aiQ4  ** 

Iodine  and  bromine, trace  ** 

Silicate  caldum, 0464  - 

Silica, 1.864  « 

Alumina, 0.448  ** 

Oiganic  matter, ao64  <* 


7.768 


Tempentnte,  93-150^  F. 


HOT  SPRINGS,  BATH  COUNTY,  VA. 
(Analjrst,  Wm.  B.  Rogers.)  ' 
One  U.  S.  Galloii  (231  cu.  in.)  contain*^ 
Sulphate  of  magnesium,    .   .   .    3.534  gn* 
"        «  calcium,      ....    3.007  «* 

«  .     *<  sodium, 3.148  •* 

Chloride  of  magnesium,    .   .   .    0.243  ** 

Carbonate  of  caldum,    ....  16.200  *• 

»        ««  magnesia,     .   .   .    3.058  « 

*«        ««  iron, 0.221  * 

Silica, 0.103  " 

29.513  " 
Temperature,  100-106®  F. 

SULPHURETTED  AND  THERMAL  WATERS. 
Alpena  Well,  Alpena  County,  Michigan.    NaQ  68,  MgCO,  37,  CaCO,  38,  H^  35  cubic 

inches.    52<»  F. 
Arkansas  Hot  Springs.    See  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas. 
Arrowhead  Springs,  San  Bernardino,  California.     H^S  .644  grain,  NaS04  4^. 
Auburn  Spring,  4  miles  west  of  Auburn,  New  York.    CaS04  120,  MgSO^  26,  H^  12 

cubic  inches. 
Avon  Lower  Spring,  Livingston  County,  New  Yoric    CaCO,  and  CaSO^  87,  MgS04  50. 

H,S  10  cubic  inches.    45**  to  47^  F. 
Avon  Sylvan  Spring,  Livingston  County,  New  York.    NaQ  97,  CaCO,  and  CaSO^  107, 

and  MgCl,  and  MgCO,  and  MgSO^  91,  H,S  20.64  cubic  inches. 
Avon  Upper  Spring,  Livingston  County,  New  York.     CaSO^  84,  Na^SO^  and  Nad  34, 

MgS04  xo,  H,S  12  cubic  inches.     $1**  F. 
Bath  Spring,  Steamboat  Springs,  Colorado.     103^^  F. 
Blount  Springs,  Blount  County,  Alabama.     H^  30.67  cubic  inches. 
Calistoga  Hot  Sulphuretted  Spring,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Napa  branch  of  the  Pacific 

Railroad.    NaQ  22,  H^  10  cubic  inches.    97®  F. 
Castilian  Spring,  Sumner  County,  Tennessee.     52  cubic  inches  H^S.  ^ 

Chalk  Creek  Hot  Springs,  Chalk  Creek,  Colorado.     13O®  F. 
Chittenango  White  Sulphur  Spring,  Madison  County,  New  York.    CaS04  115,  MgCO,  12, 

H^  12.8  cubic  inches,  CO,  184  cubic  inches.    49®  F. 
Delaware  Sulphur  Spring,  Delaware  County,  Ohio.     H,S  96  cubic  inches. 
Des  Chutes  Hot  Springs,  Wasco  County,  Oregon.    Na,CO,  and  NaCl  55.     143-145®  F. 
French  Lick  Springs,  Orange  County,  Indiana.    NaQ   141,  CaSO^  61,  Na,S04  23, 

MgS04  18,  H,S  25  >i  cubic  inches. 
Gardner  Magnesia  Spring.     See  Sharon  Spring. 

Gentlemen's  Pleasure  Bath.    See  Hot  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia.     78*  F 
Hager's  Spring,  Hagers  County,  Tennessee.     H,S  52  cubic  inches. 
H&ling  Springs,  Badi  County,  Viiginia.     CaCO,  18,  CO,  5.    88®  F 
Hot  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia — 
X.  Ladies*  Boiler  Bath,     no**  F. 

2.  Ladies'  Sulphur  Bath.     io2<>  F. 

3.  Gentlemen*s  Pleasure  Bath.    78^  F. 


Hot  Springs,  Cafion  City,  Fremont  County,  Cotonda    CaCO,  33,  MgCO,  13,  NaQ  18. 
Temp.  95-102®  F. 

Hot  Springs,  Garland  County,  Arkansas.    93-105®  F. 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  Middle  Park,  90  miles  from  DenTer,  Colorado.    Na^SO^  35, 
Na,CO,  22.    Temp.  110-117®  F. 

Idaho  Warm  Spring  Clear  Creek  County,  California.    Na,CO,  31,  Na,S04  29.     106®  F. 

Jordan's  White  Sulphur,  Frederick  County,  Virginia.    H,S  3  cubic  inches.    57®  F. 

Ladies' Boiler  Bath.     See  Hot  Springs,  Bath  County,  Vh-ginia.     no®  F. 

Ladies'  Sulphur  Bath.    See  Hot  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia.     I03®  F. 

Liberty  Hot  Springs,  Morrison,  12  miles  from  Denver,  Colorada    Temp.  I40-I5a 

Main  Spring.    See  Fkso  Robles  Springs. 

Massena  Springs,  St  Lawrence  County,  New  York.    NaQ  80,  CaS04  6l,  MgC],30^  H,S 
5  cubic  inches. 

Middle  Park  Springs,  Colorado— 

1.  Bath  Spring,  Na^SO^  51,  Na,CO,  46,  NaQ  36.     117®  F. 
3.  Red  Sulphur,  Na,CO,  120,  NaQ  30,  CaCO,  20.     109.5®  F« 
3.  Saline,  Na,CO,  103,  Na^^  18.    91®  F. 

Mud  Spring.    See  Paso  Robles  Springs. 

Ojo  Caliente  Spring,  Ojo  Caliente,  New  Mexico,  Na,CO,  115,  NaQ  33,  F.  CO,  6,  CO,  ? 
Temp.  100®  F. 

Oricney  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia.    H^S  4.88  cubic  mches.    59.7®  F. 

F^igosa  Hot  Springs,  20  miles  from  headwater  of  San  Juan  RiTer,  Colorado- 
No.  I.  Na^SO^  129.  No.  3.  Na^SO^  129. 
Na  3.  NajSO^  131.                                     No.  4.  NajsO^  131. 

Fkroquet  Springs,  Bullitt  County,  Kentucky.    NaQ  310,  MgCl,  48,  H^S  30  cubic  indiet. 

Puo  Robles  Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  San  Luis,  Obispo  County,  California— 

1.  Main  Spring,  NaQ  and  Na,CO,  49,  CO,  47.     I12®  F. 

2.  Mud  Spring,  NaO  and  Na,CO,  108,  CO,  79.     122®  F. 
Pluto's  Well    See  French  Lick  Springs. 

Pkoserpine  Spring.    See  French  Lick  Spring. 

Rochester  or  Longmuir's  Sulphur  WeU,  Rochester,  New  Yoik.    Na,S04  56,  NaQ  53, 

H,S  17.26  cubic  inches.     52®  F. 
Salt  Lake  Hot  Spring,  Utah.    Temp.  ? 
Salt  Sulphur  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West  Virginia.    CaSO^  68,  CaCO,  33,  MgSO^  and 

NajsO^  44,  H,S  19.12  cubic  inches.    65.5®  F. 
Sharon  Gardner  Magnesia  Spring,  Schoharie  County,  New  York.    CaSO^  93)^,  MgSO^ 

20,  H,S  6  cubic  inches.    48®  F. 
Sharon  Red  Spring,  Schoharie  County,  New  Yofk.    CaSO^  and  CaCO,  186.  MgSO^  19, 

H,S  10.5  cubic  inches.    48®  F. 
Sharon  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Schoharie  County,  New  York.    CaSO^  85,  MgSO^  34, 

Mg(HCO,),  24,  H,S  20.5  cubic  inches.    48®  F. 
SikMm  Spring%  Bath  Springs,  Cokirado,  NaQ  lioa     I03®  F. 
St  Helena,  White  Sul(^ur,  Napa  County,  California. 
Na  2.  NaQ  22,  H,S  6.15  cubic  inches.    64  )i®  to  97®  F. 
Na  is.  NaQ  23,  Na,SO^  1 1,  H,S  4.25  cubk  inches.    64X®  to  97*  F. 
Unnamed  Springs,  Glenwood,  Colorado,  NaQ  2200.     134.3®  F. 
Wagoowheel  Gap  Spno^    See  Labeity  Hot  Springi. 


Yampa  Springs,  Glenwood,  Colorado,  NaQ  2244.     124.2^  F. 

'  Ypsilanti  Mineral  Spring,  Ypsilanti,  Michigan.     NaQ  832,  CaSO^  180,  MgSO^  68,  MgQ, 
58,  MgjBr  4,  H,S  21  cubic  inches.     58®  F. 

UNANALYZED  THERMAL  SPRINGS. 
Bear  River  Hot  Springs,  near  Bear  River,  Utah.     134®  F. 
Cabello  Springs,  five  and  a  half  miles  from  Fort  McRae,  New  Mexico.     136®  F. 
Cafton  Creek  Springs,  Colorado.    Temperature,  136°  to  158°  F. 
Genoa  Hot  Springs,  Washoe  County,  Nevada. 
Heartseirs  Hot  Sulphur  Spring,  South  Paric,  Colorada 
Hine's  Hot  Springs,  Lyons  County,  Nevada. 
Hot  and  Cold  Springs  in  Animas  Valley,  Colorado. 
Hot  Springs,  near  Boise  Gty,  Idaho.     196^  F. 
Hot  Springs,  near  Idaho  City,  Idaho. 
Hot  Springs,  near  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada.    ao8®  F. 
Hot  Spring,  near  Utah  Central  Railroad,  Utah.     17$^  F. 
Hot  Sulphuretted  Spring,  on  Gila  River,  Arizona. 

Jemez  Spring,  in  San  Diego  Caflon,  fifty  miles  west  of  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.     140^  F. 
Lake  Tahoe  Hot  Springs,  on  border  of  Lake  Tahoe,  California. 
Malhuer  River  Springs,  Baker  County,  Oregon.     193°  F. 

Monroe  Hot  Springs,  Castle  Creek,  sixty  miles  south  of  IVescott,  Arizona.     150®  F. 
Ouray  Mineral  Springs,  Ouray,  Colorado.    Temperature,  X2o°  to  134°  F. 
Ouray  Mineral  Spring  in  Uncomphagre  Paric,  Colorado.     120^  to  140°  F. 
Ouray  Spring,  Uncomphagre  Park,  9  miles  northwest  of  Ouray,  Colorado.    Temperature, 

140®  F. 
Phute  Springs,  near  Fort  Steele,  Wyoming.     115®  F. 
Puncha  Springs,  60  miles  west  of  Cafion  City,  Colorada     120^  F. 
San  Bernardino  Hot  Springs,  San  Bernardino  County,  California. 
South  Arkansas  Mineral  or  Poncho  Hot  Springs,  Lake  County,  Colorado.     120^  F. 
Thermal  Springs  in  Arizona. 

Warm  Springs,  IX  miles  fixxn  Ogden  City,  Utah.     129^  F. 
Warm  Sulphur  Springs,  Elko,  Elko  County,  Nevada. 

UNANALYZED  SPRINGS. 
The  following  list  of  more  than  300  unanalyzed  springs  shows  clearly  how  mudi  woric 
yet  remains  before  we  shall  possess  a  full  knowledge  of  our  wealth  of  mineral  waters.  It  is 
highly  probable  that  many  of  these  springs  are  of  great  value,  and  only  await  chemical 
analysis  to  demonstrate  their  usefulness.  When  this  is  accomplished  the  medical  profesaaon 
vrill  be  quick  to  recognize  their  worth  and  make  use  of  them  in  combating  disease. 

Abenqub  Springs,  Walpole,  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Addison  Mineral  Spring,  Addison  Point,  Washington  County,  Maine. 
Alagone  Spring,  Western  Springs,  Cook  County,  Illinois. 
Alkaline  Spring-  Yazoo  County,  MississippL    62^  F. 
Allen's  Springs,  Lake  County,  California, 
Alum  Spring,  La&yette  County,  MississippL 
Alum  Spring,  Lewis  County,  Kentucky. 
Alum  Spring,  Madison  County,  MississippL 


Alum  Spring,  Marioo  County,  MississippL 
Alum  Spring,  Marshall  County,  Mississippi. 
Alum  Spring,  Pike  County,  Mississippi. 
Amherst  Spring,  Hillsborough  County,  New  Hampahire. 
Anchosa  Spring,  Anchosa  Creek,  near  Quitman,  Mississippi. 
Aqua  Caliente,  or  Warner's  Ranch  Springs,  San  Diego  County,  Calilbnik. 
Axule  Mberal  Spring,  San  Jos^,  SanU  Clara  County,  Caliibniia. 
Annstrong  Spring,  eight  miles  west  of  Searcy,  Arkansas. 
Aspinock  Mineral  Springs,  Windham  County,  Connecticut 
Auburn  Mineral  Spring,  Auburn,  Androscoggin  County,  Maine. 
Bailey  Springs,  LaudcnUle  County,  Alabama.     72^  to  80^  F. 
Bartlett  Springs,  Lake  County  California. 
Bath  Clialybeate  Spring,  Bristol,  PennsylTania. 
Bedford  Spring,  Trimble  County,  Kentucky. 
Beersheba  Springs,  Grundy  County,  Tennessee. 
Bcllbrook  Magncsic  Springs,  Bellbrook,  Greene  County,  Ohio. 
Belle  Cheney  Springs,  Calcasieu  Parish,  Louisiana. 

Behnont  Lithia  Springs,  New  White  House  Sution,  New  Kent  County,  Virgiaig. 
Berkshire  Soda  Springs,  near  Great  Barrington,  Massachusetts. 
Big  Bone  Springs,  Boone  County,  Kentucky. 
Big  Lick,  Gallatin  County,  Kentucky. 

Birchdale  Medical  Springs,  Bradford,  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Black  Earth  Mineral  Spring,  Black  Earth,  Dane  County,  Wisconsin. 
Black  Sul(^ur  Springs  in  Alabama. 
Black  Sulphur  Springs,  Van  Buren  County,  Arkansas. 
Blossburg  Spring,  Tioga  County,  Pennsylrania. 
Blue  Spring,  near  New  Amsterdam,  Harrison  County,  Indiana. 
Bogard's  Springs,  Bogards  Valley,  Indiana. 
Box  Mountain  Sulphur,  west  of  Todd's  Gap,  Kentucky.    6$^  F. 
Bozrah  Mineral  Spring,  New  London  County,  Connecticut 
Bradford  Spring,  Merrimac  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Brandywine  Spring,  Gaibome  County,  Mississippi. 
Brunswick  Springs,  Brunswick,  Essex  County,  Vermont 
Buenorenter  Springs,  Kentucky. 
Burdcirs  Well,  CaWweU  County,  Texas. 
Burner's  or  Seven  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia. 
Bummg  Spring,  Washington  County,  Alabama. 
Byron  Acid  Spring,  Genesee  County,  New  York. 
Catalytic  Springs,  one-half  nfile  from  Catalytic,  Georgia. 
Caledonia  Spring,  Franklin  County,  Pennsyhrania. 
Campbellsville  Sulphur  Water. 
Campo  Chalybeate  Spring,  California. 
Carlisle  Springs,  CumberUnd  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Carroll  Wliite  Sulphur  Springs,  Alleghany  County,  Maryland.    4SP  F 
Cascado  Spring,  Michigan. 

Castalian  Mineral  Water,  Olancha,  Ingo  County,  California. 
Castilian  Springs,  Holmes  County,  Miwissippi. 
49 


Cutle  Rock  Spring,  near  base  of  Mt.  Shasta,  Califoniia. 

Cayner's  Sulphur  Springs,  Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 

Cemlian  Spings,  Kentucky. 

Chameleon  Springs,  Edmonson  County,  Kentucky. 

Chalybeate  Spring,  Rochester,  Fulton  County,  Indiana. 

Chalybeate  Springs,  in  Van  Buren  County,  Arkansas. 

Chalybeate  and  Saline  Springs  are  found  in  Putnam,  Warren,  Jackson,  Clarke,  Fbyd,  and 

Scott  Counties,  Indiana. 
Chalybeate  Springs  south  of  Williamsport,  Indiana. 
Chalybeate  Spring  at  Leacher's  Court  House,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs  abundant  in  Perry  County,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs  in  Pulaski  County,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs,  several  on  Rockcastle  River,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  Webster  Coimty,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs,  Whitley  County,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs,  Clark  County,  Mississippi. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  near  Enterprise,  Mississippi.     64.4®  F. 
Chalybeate  Springs,  Itawamba  County,  Mississippi. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  near  Warren's  Mill,  on  Mackay's  Creek,  MississippL 
Chalybeate  Spring,  Winston  County,  Mississippi. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  Yallabusha  County,  Mississippi.     75.2^  F. 
Chalybeate  Spring  in  Amherst,  New  Hampshire. 

Chalybeate  Spring,  four  miles  from  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania.    Temperature,  54^  F. 
Chappaqua  Spring,  Rensselaer  County,  New  York. 
Chase  City  Mineral  Water,  Chase  City,  Mecklenburgh  County,  Virginia. 
Cheltenham  Spring,  St  Louis  County,  Missouri. 
Chick's  Springs,  Greenville  District,  South  Carolina. 
Choteau  Spring,  Cooper  County,  Missouri. 

Chrystal  Mineral  Spring,  Stoneham,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts. 
Gear  Creek  Sulphur  Spring,  Kentucky. 
Cold  Sulphur  Springs,  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia. 
Coleman's  Well,  Jackson  County,  MississippL 
Colfax  Springs,  Colfax,  Jasper  County,  Iowa. 
Columbia  Springs,  Marion  County,  Mississippi. 

Commonwealth  Mineral  Spring,  Waltham,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts. 
Corydon  Artesian  Well,  Harrison  County,  Indiana. 

Corydon  Saline  Sulphur  Well,  half  a  mile  east  of  Corydon,  Harrison  County,  Indiana. 
Cotton  Wood  Hot  Springs,  ninety  miles  west  of  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado. 
Crabtree  Sour  Wells.  Sulphur,  Hopkins  County,  Texas. 
Crittenden  Springs,  Crittenden  County,  Kentucky. 
Crystal  Spring,  Napa  County,  California. 
Cullum  Springs,  Bladen  Springs,  Choctaw  County,  Alabama. 
Curdwell's  Springs,  Caldwell  County,  Texas. 
Dagger's  Spring,  Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 
Da  Gonia  Spings,  Warwick  County,  Indiana. 
De  Soto  Spring,  De  Soto  Parish,  Louisiana. 
Doubling  Gap  Springs,  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania. 


Dorepork  Spiings,  Dovepark,  Clark  Countj,  Arkuuai. 

Drennon  Spring,  Henry  County,  Kentucky. 

Dryden  Springs,  Tompkins  County,  New  York. 

Dunbar's  Mineral  Springs,  College  Springs,  Page  County,  Iowa. 

Eggleton*s  Springs,  Giles  County,  Viiginia. 

Electro-magnesic  Springs  (Fountain  Park),  Woodstock,  Champs^^  County,  Olua 

Elk  Spring,  Pike  County,  Missouri. 

Elkmont  Springs,  Giles  County,  Tennessee.    58®  F. 

Elko  Warm  Spring,  Idaho. 

Elgin  Springs,  Addison  County,  Vermont 

Englewood  Spring,  Minneapolis,  Hennepin  Coonty,  Minnesota. 

Ephrata  Spring,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Epsom  Spring,  Trimble  County,  Kentucky. 

Esculapia  Springs,  Lewis  County,  Kentucky. 

Eureka  Springs,  Eureka  Springs,  Carroll  County,  Arkansas. 

Excelsior  Spring,  Syracuse,  New  York. 

Everett  Crystal  Spring,  Everett,  Mkldlesex  County,  Massacfansetta. 

Fairchilds  Potash  Sulphur  Springs,  Potash  Sulphur,  Garland  County,  Arkansas. 

Fauquier  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Fauquier  County,  Virginia. 

Fergu5en*s  Chalybeate  Spring,  on  southwest  quarter  of  sectioo  21,  township  11,  range  61 

Flint's  Springs,  St  Joseph  County,  Michigan. 

Fox  Spring,  Fleming  County,  Kentucky. 

Frankfort  Springs,  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Franklin  Spring,  at  head  of  Well's  Creek,  Blississippi.    64^*  F. 

Garnet  Springs,  near  Toccoa  Falls,  Georgia. 

Garrett  Spring,  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Spartanburg,  South  Carolina. 

Geron's  Spring,  in  Northern  Alabama. 

Geuda  Springs,  Geuda  Springs,  Sunmer  County,  Kansas. 

Geyser  Springs,  Sonoma  County,  California. 

Gihon  Mineral  Spring,  Delavan,  Walworth  County,  Wisconsin. 

Glen  Flora  Mineral  Springs,  Waukegan,  Lake  County,  Illinois. 

Gower's  Spring,  Gainesville,  Georgia. 

Grand  Ledge  Spring,  Eaton  County,  Michigan. 

Grayson  Springs,  Grajrson  County,  Kentucky. 

Grayson  Sulphur  Springs,  Carroll  County,  Virginia. 

Green  Spring,  Green  Spring,  Seneca  County,  Ohk>. 

Green's  Spring,  Jefferson  County,  Illinois. 

Greenwood  Spring,  Monroe  County,  Mississippi. 

R.  B.  Grigsby's  White  Sulphur  Mineral  Water,  Nelson  County,  Kcntacky. 

Harfaon  Springs,  twenty  miles  from  Calistoga,  Caliibmia. 

Hardinsville  Sulphur  Spring,  Franklin  County,  Kentucky. 

Hartford  Cold  Spring,  Hartford,  Oxford  County,  Maine. 

Healing  Springs,  Washington  County,  Alabama. 

Highland  Rock  Spring,  Hartford  County,  Coimecticut 

Highland  Tooica  Spring,  Hartford  County,  Coonecticat 

HoUy  Spring,  Woonsocket  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island. 

Hopkintoo  Springs,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts. 


Hom*s  Mineral  Spring,  Lebanon,  Wilson  County,  Tennessee. 

Horeb  Mineral  Spring,  Waukesha,  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin. 

Howard's  Springs,  California. 

Howell  Mineral  Water,  Hardin  County,  Kentucky. 

Huguenot  Springs,  Powhatan  County,  Virginia. 

Hurricane  Spring,  Tullahoma,  Coffee  County,  Tennessee. 

Hyson's  Iron  Mountain  Spring,  Marshall,  Harrison  County,  Texas. 

Irondale  Springs,  Raccomy,  Preston  County,  West  Viiginia. 

Iron  Lake  Spring,  near  Silverton  Pass,  Colorado. 

Inrin  Sulphur  Springs,  Kentucky. 

Jackson  Springs,  Clarke  County,  Alabama. 

Johnson's  Wells,  near  Meridianville,  Alabama. 

Jones'  White  Sulphur  and   Chalybeate  Springs,'  eleven  miles  from  WarrentoQ,  North 

Carolina. 
Kansas  Artesian  Mineral  Wells,  Manhattan,  Riley  County,  Kansas. 
Kellum  Sulphur,  Grimes  County,  Texas. 
King's  Mineral  Springs^  Muddy  Fork,  Qark  County,  Indiana. 
Kirk  Spring,  Lewis  County,  Kentucky. 
Kittrell's  Springs,  Granville  County,  North  Carolina. 
Knightstown  Spring,  Henry  County,  Indiana. 
Lampasas  Springs,  Lampasas,  Lampasas  County,  Texas. 
Lauderdale  Spring,  Mississippi 
Lane's  Spring,  Stanislaus  County,  California. 
Lava  Springs  in  Grand  Cafion  of  Colorado,  Arizona. 
Leinster  Poison  Springs,  Statesville,  Iredell  County,  North  Carolina. 
Lee's  Springs,  twenty  miles  northeast  from  Knoxville,  Tennessee. 
Lena-pi  Magnesic  Springs,  Delaware,  Delaware  County,  Ohio. 
Limestone  Springs,  twenty-one  miles  from  Spartansburg,  South  Carolina. 
Little  Geyser  Springs,  Lononia  County,  California. 
Litton's  Seltzer  Spring,  li&on's  Station,  Sonoma  County,  California. 
Liverpool  Well,  New  York. 
Lower  Soda  Spings,  liim  County,  Oregon. 
Low's  Well,  Saratoga  County,  New  York. 
Lunenburg  Spring,  Lunenburg,  Essex  County,  Vermont 
Magnesia  Spring,  Tallulah  Falb,  Georgia. 
Mammoth  Spring,  Fulton  County,  Arkansas.    6o°  F. 
Mammoth  Well,  Nelson  County,  Kentucky. 
Manasquan  Spring,  Point  Pleasant,  Ocean  County,  New  Jersey. 
Massie's  or  Red  Sulphur  Spring,  Chillicothe,  Georgia.    54.5^  F. 
McCallister's  Soda  Springs,  35  miles  east  of  Jacksonville,  Jackson  County,  Oregon. 
Mershon  or  White  Sulphur  Spring,  Georgia.     55®  F. 
Middleton  Springs,  Middleton,  Rutland  County,  Vt 

Milford  or  Ponemah  Springs,  Milford,  Hillsborough  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Miller's  Mineral  Spring,  Knox  County,  Kentucky. 
Mineral  Springs  in  Toccoa,  Georgia. 
Mineral  Springs,  ten  in  nimiber,  at  Waha,  Idaha 
Mineral  Springs,  Pike  County,  Illinois. 


Mineral  Springs,  Washington  Gmnty,  Illinois. 

Mineral  Springs  at  Gywpens  Furnace,  near  Pkcolet,  Sooth  CarolinA. 

Mineral  Springs  at  the  base  of  Henry's  Knob,  Soath  Carolina. 

Mineral  Spring  near  Parson's  Mountains,  Abbeville,  Sooth  Carolina, 

Mineral  Spring  on  the  Soluda,  near  Pinson's  Ford,  Sooth  Carolina. 

Mineral  Springs  near  Bingham  City,  Utah. 

Mineral  Water,  two  miles  from  Dowlingsrille,  Grant  Coonty,  Kentockj. 

Mineral  Wells,  Mineral  Wells,  Palo  Pinto  County,  Texas. 

Mineral  Wells,  Parkersbuig,  Wood  County,  West  Viiginia. 

Mississippi  Springs,  Hinds  Coonty,  Mississippi. 

Missisquoi  Springs,  viz.:  Central,  Missisquoi,  Vermont,  and  Sheldon,  are  in  FVankliD 

County,  Vermont 
Monagaw  Sulphuretted  Springs,  St  Qair  Coonty,  MissoorL 
Montgomery  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Montgomery  Coonty,  Virginia. 
Mooresville  Mineral  Spring,  Mooresrille,  Livingstooe  Coonty,  Misaoorl 
Morrison  Springs,  Morrison,  twelve  miles  from  Denver,  Colorado. 
Moultonboroogh  Mineral  Springs,  Moultonboroogh,  CanoU  Coonty,  New  Hampshwc. 
Mountain  Valley  Springs,  lo  miles  north  of  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas. 
Mt  Gemens  Spring,  Macombe  Coonty,  Michigan. 
New  Point  Comfort  Springs,  Blue  Lick,  Qark  Coonty,  Tndiana. 
Ochu  Mineral  Springs,  Providence,  Providence  Coonty,  Rhode  Island. 
Oliver  Springs,  Daviess  County,  Kentucky. 
Oliver  Springs,  Anderson  County,  Tennessee. 
Ottumwa  Mineral  Springs,  Ottomwa,  Wapello  Coonty,  lowm. 
Oxford  Mineral  Spring,  New  Haven  Coonty,  Connecticot 
Panacea  Springs,  Pftnacea  Springs,  Halifax  County,  North  CamHiML 
IWkersboig  Mineral  Wells,  Wood  County,  Viiginia. 
Pearson  Springs,  California. 

Perry  County  Springs,  ii  miles  from  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania.    72^  F. 
PiedoKmt  Sulphur  Springs,  10  miles  north-noctheast  of  Navasota,  Texas. 
Ponce  de  Leon  Spring,  Fulton  County,  Georgia. 

Powhatan  Lithia,  and  Alum  Springs,  Ballsville,  Powhatan  Coonty,  Virginin. 
Pulaski  Alum  Springs,  Pulaski  Coonty,  Virginia. 
Quitman  Red  Sulphur,  near  Quitman,  Missoori 
Randolph  Mineral  Springs,  Randolph,  Randolph  Coonty,  MisMoiL 
Reed's  Mineral  Spring,  Washington  County,  New  York. 
Reoben  Jesse's  Mineral  Water,  Woodford  Coonty,  Kentudcy. 
Rockbridge  Baths,  Rockbridge  Coonty,  Virginia. 
Rockingham  Springs,  Rockingham,  Rockingham  Coonty,  Virginia. 
Riimah  Wells  Spring,  Andalusia,  Rock  Island  Coonty,  Illinois^ 
Roanoke  Red  Sulphor  Springs,  Roanoke  Coonty,  Virginia. 
Robinson's  Spring,  ao  miles  from  Nashville,  Tennessee. 
Rob's  Chalybeate  Spring,  McCracken  Coonty,  Kentucky. 
Rochester  Spring,  12  miles  from  Harrodville,  Boyle  Coonty,  Keotockj. 
Roper's  Wells,  Butler  Coonty,  Alabama. 
Rossell  Chalybeate  Spring,  Kentucky. 
Roaell  Solphor  Spring,  Kentncky. 


RQger  Springs,  Mercer  County,  Missouri. 

Saline  Chalybeate,  Colfax,  Jasper  County,  Iowa. 

Salt  Springs  at  Geddes,  New  York. 

Salt  Springs,  Lincoln,  Nebraska. 

Scarborough  Mineral  Spring,  Scarborough,  Cumberland  County,  Maii^. 

Schooley's  Mountain  Spring,  Morris  County,  New  Jersey.    50^  F. 

Searcy  Springs,  White  County,  Arkansas. 

Sebra  Springs,  Kentucky. 

Seigler  Springs,  Lake  County,  California. 

Seven  Springs,  Seven  Springs,  Wayne  County,  North  Carolina  (ditto  for  Viiginiii^  Waili* 

ingion  County). 
Shannondale  Springs,  Jefferson  County,  Viiginia. 
Sheathil  Rock  Spring,  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin. 
Shenandoah  Alum  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia. 
Shelby  Springs,  Shelby  County,  Alabama. 
Shocco  Springs,  Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 
Siloam  Springs,  Siloam  Springs,  Benton  County,  Arkansas 
Skaggs  Springs,  California. 

Slatersville  Magnesic  Spring,  Slatersville,  Tompkins  County,  New  Yoik. 
Social  Hill  Mineral  Water,  Kentucky. 
Sour  Lake  Springs,  Sour  Lake,  Hardin  County,  Texas. 
Springdale  Seltzer  Springs,  Boulder  County,  Colorado. 
St  Cioix  Mineral  Spring,  East  Farmingham,  Polk  County,  Wisconsin. 
Steamboat  Springs,  10  miles  fix>m  Carson  City,  Washoe  County  Nevada. 
Stone  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 
Stoveairs  Spring,  Marion  County,  Mississipf^ 
Sudduth  or  Mud  Spring,  Kentucky. 

Sulphuretted  Chalybeate  Spring,  half  mile  northeast  of  Pittsfield,  New  Hampshire. 
Sulphuretted  Springs  are  found  in  Jasper,  Lawrence  and  Pike  Counties,  Indiana. 
Sulphur  Spring,  Tallulah  Falls,  Georgia. 
Sulphur  Spring,  l}4  miles  east  of  Zoar,  Georgia. 
Sulphur  Spring,  southwest  center  of  section  15,  Illinois. 
Sulphtur  Spring,  Allen  County,  Kansas. 
Sulphur  Spring,  Union  County,  Kentucky. 
Sulphur  Spring,  in  Calcasieu  Parish,  Louisiana. 
Sulphiur  Spring,  near  Covington,  Louisiana. 
Sulphur  Spring,  near  Enterprise,  Mississippi. 
Sulphur  Springs,  St  Qair  County,  Alabama. 
Sulphur  Springs,  near  Philadelphia,  Mississippi. 
Swayne's  Mammoth  Springs,  Heniy  County,  Tennessee. 
Sweeney's  Chalybeate  Spring,  Kentucky. 
Syracuse  Salt  Well,  Syracuse,  New  Yoric 
Talladega  Spring,  Talladega  County,  Alabama. 
Tea  Spring,  Bath  County,  Kentucky. 
Texas  Sour  Springs,  Luling,  Caldwell  County,  Texas. 
Thermal  Spring,  near  Fort  Laramie,  Nebraska.     74®  F. 
Thompson's  Bromine  Arsenic  Springs,  Seven  Mile  Foid,  Smyth  Coonty,  VirgiohL     • 


TiptOQ  Well»  Jackson  Coanty,  Mistissippi. 

Tolenas  Soda  Springs,  near  Suisun  Gty,  Solano  County,  California. 

Topek  Mineral  Wells,  Topek,  Shawnee  County,  Kansas. 

Trinity  Springs,  Martin  County,  Indiana.    57^*  F. 

Tuscan  or  Lick  Springs,  near  Red  BlufT,  Tehama  County,  California. 

Unity  Springs,  Newport,  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire. 

Valhermoso  Springs,  18  miles  from  Huntsville,  Alabama. 

Victor  Spring,  Genesee  County,  New  Yoric 

Volcano  Springs,  Lander  County,  Nevada. 

Wallawhatoola  Alum  Springs,  Millboro  Depot,  Bath  County,  Virginia. 

Warren  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 

Washington  Bell's  Sulphur  Water,  Marion  County,  Kentucky. 

Weldon  Spring,  St  Alban's,  Franklin  County,  Vermont 

West  Baden  Springs,  West  Baden,  Orange  Oranty,  Indiana. 

Western  Saratoga,  Union  County,  Illinois. 

White  Rock  Mineral  Spring,  Waukesha,  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Sulphur  Springs,  De  Kalb  County,  Alabama. 

White  Sulphur  Mineral  Water,  Marion  County,  Kentucky. 

White  Sulphur,  6  miles  east  of  Cower  Springs,  Georgia. 

White  Sulphur  Spring,  CaUwba  County,  North  Carolina. 

White  Sulphur  Spring,  Neshoba  County,  Mississippi 

White  Sulphur  Spring  of  San  Juan  Capitraus,  40  miles  north  of  San  Diego,  Califocntt. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Breckenridge  County,  Kentucky. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Greene  County,  New  York. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Ohio  County,  Kentucky. 

White  Sulphur  Wells,  Metcalf  County,  Kentucky.  ' 

Wilbur  Springs,  near  Colusa,  California. 

Williamstown  Springs,  Anderson  County,  South  Carolina. 

Wilson's  Springs,  Spartanburg  District,  South  Carolina. 

"Winchester  Springs,  Franklin  County,  Tennessee. 

Wolf  Trap  Lithia  Springs,  Wolf  Trap,  Halifax  County,  Vhgink. 

Wooley*s  Springs,  Lim^tone  County,  Alabama. 

Wootan  Wells,  Wootan  Wells,  Robertson  County,  Texas. 

Wyandotte  Spring,  Wayne  County,  Michigan. 

Yates  Mineral  Spring,  Boyle  County,  Kentucky. 

Yellow  Spring,  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Yelvington  Spring,  Dariess  County,  Kentucky. 

Vpsilanti  Mineral  Spring,  Washtenaw  County,  Michigan. 

York  Springs,  Adams  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Zonian  Springs,  near  Elgin,  Kane  County,  Illinois. 

In  preparing  this  article,  the  following  works  have  been  freely  consulted :  '*  Report  am 
Mineral  Springs,**  by  Committee  of  American  Medical  Association,  1880;  Dr.  WUUam 
Pepper,  Reporter;  Moorman  and  Walton's  ''Mineral  Springs  ot  tne  United  States;" 
Ptale*s  "  Mineral  Waters,**  1887,  Brann*s  •«  Curative  EflFecU  of  Baths  and  Waters,*'  1875; 
U.  S.  Dispensatory,  1884 ;  "  Mineral  Springs  of  Colorado,"  by  Charles  Denison,  ILD.,  and 
TVesis  on  Mineral  Springs  of  the  United  States,  1882,  by  Judson  Daland,  m.d. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


TABLE  OF  CLINICAL  EPONYMIC  TERMS,  SYMPTOMS, 

TESTS,  ETC 


ABADIE'S  SIGN.  Spasm  of  the  levator 
palpebrse  superioris  in  exophthalmic  goiter. 

AbM  lUumiiuitor  or  Condenser.  A  system 
of  lenses  attached  to  a  microscope  for  con- 
densing the  light  upon  an  object.  A. 
Lenses,  Apochromatic.  See  Apochromatic 
Lmse, 

Abbe's  Catgut  Rings.  Oval  catgut  rings 
for  intestinal  anastomosis.  A.*s  Operation, 
lateral  anastomosis  of  intestines  with  catgut 
rings. 

At>emethy's  Fascia.  The  subperitoneal 
areolar  tissue  that  separates  the  external  iliac 
artery  from  the  iliac  fascia  overlying  the 
psoas.  A.'s  Sarcoma,  a  circumscribed  fatty 
tumor  found  chiefly  on  the  trunk. 

Acetoacetic  Acid.     See  Gerhnrdt, 

Acetone.  See  ChaiUarJ^  Gunnings  Luhen^ 
Legale  Maierba,  Le  Nobel,  PenxolM,  Rey- 
nolds. 

Adamkiewica'  Reaction  for  Proteids.  To 
a  mixture  of  one  volume  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid  and  two  volumes  glacial  acetic 
acid  add  the  prolcid.  At  the  ordinary  tem- 
perature a  reddish- violet  color  is  obtained 
slowly,  but  more  quickly  on  heating.  The 
liquid  has  also  a  feeble  fluorescence,  and 
gives  an  absorption  band  between  the  lines  B 
and  F  in  the  solar  spectrum. 

Adams'  Disease.  See  Adams-Stoked  Dis- 
ease, 

Adams-Stokes'  Disease.  Permanent  or 
recurrent  bradycardia,  combined  with  synco- 
pal or  epileptoid  attacks,  dependent  probably 
upon  arteriosclerosis  of  the  vertebral  and 
basilar  arteries. 

Addison's  Anemia.  Pernicious  anemia. 
A.'s  Disease,  bronzed-skin  dis^a^,  caused 
by  changes  (especially  tuberculous)  in  the 
aaprarenal  capsules  and  neighboring  sympa- 
thetic plexuses.     A.'s  Keloid,  morphea 


Aeby,  Plane  of.  In  craniometry,  one  passing 
through  the  nasion  and  basion  perpendicular 
to  the  median  plane. 

Agostini's  Reaction  for  Glucose.  To  Ave 
drops  of  the  urine  add  five  drops  of  0.5  per 
cent  solution  of  gold  chlorid  and  three  drops 
of  twenty  per  cenL  potassa  solution,  and  heat 
gently.  In  the  presence  of  glucose  a  red 
color  will  be  produced. 

Ahlfeld's  Sign.  Irregular  tetanic  contrac- 
tions aflecting  localized  areas  of  the  uterus, 
observed  after  the  third  month  of  pregnancy. 

Albert's  Disease.  Achillodynia ;  inflamma- 
tion of  the  retrocalcanean  bursa,  generally 
secondary  to  osteitis  of  the  os  calcis. 

Albini's  Nodules.  Small  nodules  found  on 
the  free  edge  of  the  auriculoventricular  valves 
in  some  infants. 

Albumin.  See  Axenfeld^  Barral  Boedeker, 
Cohen^  FUrbringer,  Helter^  lieynsius,  NtH' 
d^nlan^^  Johnson^  Sfaewilliam^  \fikm^  MU- 
Ion,  Olh'er^  Oxvphenyl  Sulphonic  Acid,  Par- 
num,  Pazy,  Kan  be,  Pres^  Peock,  Roberts, 
Spiegler,   Tanret,  Zoncklos. 

Alcock's  Canal.  A  canal  formed  by  th^ 
separation  of  the  layers  of  the  obturatot 
fascia  for  the  transmission  of  the  pudic  nerve 
and  vessels. 

Alexander's  Operation.  A  shortening  o( 
the  uterine  round  ligaments  through  an  in- 
guinal incision,  to  cure  retrodisplacement. 

Alibert's  Disease.  Mycosis  fungoides.  A  *s 
Keloid,  true  keloid. 

Allan  Bums'  Ligament.  See  Ne/s  Liga- 
ment. 

Allen's  Reaction  for  Phenol.  Add  to  one 
or  two  dn>ps  of  the  liquid  to  be  tested  a  few 
drops  of  hydrochloric  acid  and  then  one  drop 
of  nitric  acid.  A  cherry-red  coloration  is 
produced. 

Ailing  ham's  Painful  Ulcer.    Anal  fissure. 


ALUS'  SIGN 


ARNOLD'S  BUNDLE 


AUis'  Sign.  Relaxation  of  the  fascia  lata  be- 
tween the  iliac  crest  and  the  trochanter  major 
is  indicative  of  fracture  of  the  neck  of  the 
femur. 

Almin's  Reagent  for  Blood.  A  liquid 
containing  blood  or  blood-coloring  matters  if 
well  shaken  with  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of 
tincture  of  guaiacum  and  oil  of  turpentine, 
becomes  blue.  A.'s  Test  for  Glucose, 
heat  the  liquid  with  a  solution  of  bismuth 
subnitrate  dissolved  in  caustic  soda  and  Ro- 
chelle  salts ;  if  it  contain  glucose,  the  liquid 
becomes  cloudy,  dark  brown,  or  nearly 
black  in  color,  and  finally  a  black  deposit 
appears. 

Altmann's  Granules.  Round  bodies  stain- 
ing readily  with  carbolfuchsin,  and  regarded 
as  cell-derivatives  which  have  grown  through 
the  assimilation  of  fat.  They  are  probably 
allied  to  Russell's  bodies. 

Alvergniat's  Pump.  A  mercurial  air-pump 
used  in  estimating  the  gaseous  constituents  of 
the  blood. 

Amici's  Disc  or  Stria.     See  Kramers  Disc, 

Amu8sat*s  Valves.     See  Heistet^s  Valves. 

Andemach's  Ossicles.  See  Wormian 
Bones, 

Andersch's  Ganglion.  The  petrosal  gan- 
glion.    A.'s  Nerve,     ^t  Jacobson' s  Nerve. 

Anderson's  Pill.  The  compound  gamboge 
pill.  A.'s  Reaction  for  Distinguishing 
between  Quinolin  and  Psrridin  Salts,  the 
chloroplatinate^  of  the  latter,  when  boiled 
with  water,  are  changed  into  insoluble  double 
salts  with  the  elimination  of  hydrogen 
chlorid,  whereas  the  former  remain  in  solu- 
tion. 

Andral's  Decubitus.  The  position  usually 
assumed  in  the  early  stage  of  pleurisy  by  the 
patient,  who  seeks  to  alleviate  the  pain  by 
lying  on  the  sound  side. 

Andreasch's  Reaction  for  Cystein.  To 
the  hydrochloric  acid  solution  add  a  few  drops 
of  dilute  ferric  chlorid  solution  and  then  am- 
monia. The  liquid  will  become  a  dark  pmr- 
plish  red. 

Anel's  Operation  for  Aneurysm.  Ligation 
on  the  cardiac  side  close  to  the  aneurysm.  A.'s 
Probe,  a  delicate  probe  for  exploring  lacrimal 
canals. 

Anglesey  Leg.     A  kind  of  artificial  leg. 

Antipyrin.     See  Fieux. 

Apostoli's  Method.  The  treatment  of  uterine 
fibroids  by  electricity. 

Aran's  Green  Cancer.  "Cancer  vert 
d'Aran."  Chloroma;  malignant  lymphoma 
of  the  orbital  cavity  associated  with  grave 
leukemia,  and  tending  to  form  metastases 
through  the  lymphatic  system.  A.'s  Law, 
fractures  of  the  base  of  the  skull  are  the  re- 
sult of  injury  to  the  vault,  the  extension  tak- 
ing place  by  irradiation  along  the  line  of  the 


shortest  circle.  The  fractures  of  the  base 
which  occur  by  contrecoup  are  exceptions  to 
this  law. 

Aran-Duchenne's  Disease.  Progressive 
muscular  atrophy. 

Arantius,  Body  of.  Arantii  corpus  ;  a  small 
fibrocartilaginous  nodule  located  in  the  center 
of  the  free  margin  of  the  semilunar  valves. 
A.,  Canal  or  Duct  of.  the  ductus  venosus. 
The  smaller  of  the  two  branches  into  which 
the  umbilical  vein  divides  after  entering  the 
abdomen ;  it  empties  into  the  ascending  vena 
cava  and  becomes  obliterated  after  birth.  A.« 
Ligament  of,  the  obliterated  ductus  venosus 
of  Arantius.  A..  Ventricle  of,  a  depression 
at  the  inferior  angle  of  the  fourth  ventricle  of 
the  brain. 

Argyll  Robertson's  Pupil.  Loss  of  the  pu- 
pil reflex  to  light ;  it  is  seen  in  Ubes  dorMdis, 
paretic  dementia,  in  some  cases  of  enccphalo- 
malacia,  senile  brain  atrophy,  syphilis,  hydro- 
cephalus, etc. 

Aristotle's  Experiment.  When,  the  eyes 
being  closed,  a  small  spheric  object  is  placed 
.between  two  crossed  ringers  of  one  hand  so 
that  it  touches  the  radial  side  of  one  and  the 
ulnar  side  of  the  other,  the  sensation  pro- 
duced is  that  of  two  objects. 

Arlt's  Recess  or  Sinus.  A  small  depres- 
sion, directed  forward  and  outward,  in  the 
lower  portion  of  the  lacrimal  sac;  it  is  not 
constant.  A.'s  Trachoma,  granular  con- 
junctivitis; trachoma. 

Armanni-Bhrlich's  Degeneration.  Hya- 
line degeneration  of  the  epithelial  cells  of 
Henle's  looped  tubes  in  diabetes. 

Arnold's  Bundle.  The  fibers  which  form  the 
inner  third  of  the  crusta  of  the  cerebral  pe- 
duncles. A.'s  Canal,  a  small  canal  in  the 
petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone  trans- 
mitting Arnold's  nerve.  A.'s  Fold.  See 
Biraud'^s  Vahe.  A.'s  Ganglion,  the  otic 
ganglion.  A.'s  Ground  Plexus,  a  plexus 
formed  by  the  axis  cylinders  of  nonmedullated 
nerve-fibers  in  smooth  muscular  tissue.  A.'s 
Innominate  Canal,  a  nonconstant  canal  in 
the  base  of  the  skull,  internally  to  the  fort- 
men  rotundum ;  it  transmits  the  superficial  and 
deep  petrosal  branches  that  have  become 
fused  into  one  nerve.  A.'s  Ligament,  the 
ligament  connecting  the  body  of  the  incus 
with  the  roof  of  the  tympanic  cavity.  A.'s 
Membrane,  the  pigmentary  layer  of  the  iri>. 
A.'s  Nerve,  the  auricular  branch  of  the 
pneumogastric nerve.  A.'s  Operculum,  the 
operculum  of  the  island  of  Reil.  A.'s  Re- 
current Nerve,  a  sensory  branch  of  the  oph- 
thalmic division  of  the  trigeminus  that  anasto- 
moses with  the  trochlear  nerve  and  is  distrib- 
uted to  the  tentorium  cerebelli  and  the  pos- 
terior part  of  the  falx  cerebri.  A.'s  Stratum 
Reticulatum,  the  network  formed  by  the 


ARSENIC 


BANTFS  DISEASE 


6ber5  connecting  the  occipital  lobe  with  the 
optic  thalamus  ^fore  they  enter  the  latter. 

Arsenic.     Sfee  BettendarJ\  Marsh, 

Ascherton's  Vesicles.  Minute  globules 
formed  by  agitating  oil  and  liquid  albumin. 

AseUi*s  Pancreas.  A  group  of  lymphatic 
glands  situated  at  the  root  of  the  mesentery. 

Aubert's  Phenomenon.  An  optical  illusion 
by  which,  when  the  head  is  inclined  to  one 
side,  a  vertical  line  is  made  to  appear  oblique 
toward  the  opposite  side. 

Auenbrugger's  Sign.  Bulging  of  the  epi- 
gastric region  in  cases  of  extensive  pericardial 
effusion. 

Auerbach's  Ganglia.  The  ganglionic  nodes 
in  Auerbach's  plexus.  A.*s  Plexus,  plexus 
mycntericus.  A  sympathetic  plexus  situated 
between  the  longitudinal  and  circular  muscu- 
lar layers  of  (he  intestinal  tract. 

Aufrecht's  Sign.  .Short  and  feeble  breath- 
ing heard  just  above  the  jugular  fossa  on 
placing  the  stethoscope  over  the  trachea ;  it 
IS  noted  in  tracheal  stenosis. 

Avellis*  Symptom -complex.  Paralysis  of 
one-half  of  the  soft  palate,  associated  with  a 
recurrent  paralysis  on  the  same  side. 

Avogadro*s  Law.  Equal  volumes  of  all 
gases  and  vapors,  at  like  lem})er<aure  and 
pressure,  contain  an  equal  number  of  mole- 
cules. 

Axenfeld's  Test  for  Albumin  in  Urine. 
Acidulate  with  formic  acid  and  add,  drop  by 
drop,  a  o.  I  per  cent,  solution  of  gold  chlorid, 
and  warm.  If  albumin  be  present,  the  solu- 
tion becomes  red,  then  purplish,  and  on  the 
addition  of  more  gold  chlorid,  blue.  The 
blue  color  is  also  produced  by  glucose,  starch, 
cyroain,  uric  acid,  urea,  leucin,  etc,  but  the 
red  color  is  characteristic  of  albumin. 


BABINSKrS  PHENOMENON  OR 
REFLEX.  "Phinom^nedcsortcils.**  Ex- 
tension instead  of  flexion  of  the  toes  on  excit- 
ing the  sole  of  the  foot ;  it  is  connected  with 
a  lesion  of  the  pyramidal  tract  and  is  found 
in  organic,  but  not  in  hysteric,  hemiplegia. 
B.*s  Sign,  diminution  or  absence  of  the 
Achilles  tendon  reflex  in  true  sciatica  as  dis- 
tinguished from  hysteric  sciatica. 

Bsccelli*s  Sign.  Aphonic  pectoriloouy.  The 
whispered  voice  is  transmitted  through  a 
serous,  but  not  through  a  purulent,  pleuritic 
exudate. 

BaeU's  Disease.  Progressive  ulceration  and 
ultimate  destruction  of  the  mucous  glands  of 
Che  lips. 

V.  Baer's  Law.  The  more  special  forms 
of  strocture  arise  out  of  the  more  general,  and 
that  by  a  gradual  change.  B.*s  Vesicle, 
the  ovule. 

Baaycr**  Reaction  for  OlocoM.     Indigo 


is  formed  on  boiling  a  slucose  solution  with 
orthonitrophenvl  propioTic  acid  and  sodium 
cartxmate.  \Vhen  the  glucose  is  in  excess, 
this  blue  is  converted  into  indigo  white.  B.*s 
Reaction  for  Indol,  a  watery  solution  of 
indol  to  which  has  been  added  two  or  three 
drops  of  fuming  nitric  acid  and  then  a  2  per 
cent  solution  of  potassium  nitrite  drop  by 
drop,  yields  a  red  liquid  and  then  a  red  pre> 
cipitate  of  nitrosoindol  nitrate,  C|,H|,(NO)- 
N„HNO,. 

Bagot's  Local  Anesthesia  Mixture.  Co- 
cain  hydrochlorate,  0.04,  and  spartein  sul- 
phate, 0.05 ;  this  is  dissolved  in  I  or  2  c.c 
of  boiled  water. 

BailUirger*s  Layer.  A  layer  of  short  deli- 
cate fibers  in  the  cerebral  cortex,  parallel  to 
the  surface  ;  it  is  visible  to  the  naked  eye  in 
the  region  surrounding  the  calcarine  fissure, 
and  is  there  known  as  Vicq  d^Azyr's  band. 
B.'s  Sign,  pupillary  inequality  in  paralytic 
dementia. 

Baker's  Cysts.  Hernial  prolusions  of  the 
synovial  membrane  of  the  joints  through  the 
fibrous  capsule. 

Balfour's  Disease.  Chloroma;  chlorosar- 
coma.  A  fatal  disease  of  childhood,  with 
postmortem  findmgs  of  greenish-yellow  or 
greenish-gray  fibrosarcomas  in  various  parts 
of  the  body,  ei»pecia]ly  the  periosteum. 

Ballet's  Sign.  Ophthalmoplegia  externa, 
characterised  bv  the  loss  of  all  voluntary 
movements  of  the  eyeball,  with  preservation 
of  the  automatic  movements  and  integrity  of 
the  movements  of  the  pupil.  It  is  seen  in 
hysteria  and  exophthalmic  goiter. 

Balser's  Fat-necrosis.  An  acute  disease 
of  the  pancreas  with  areas  of  fat- necrosis  in 
the  interlobular  tissue  of  that  organ,  in  the 
omentum  and  mesentery,  at  times  also  in  the 
pericardial  fat  and  bone-marrow. 

Bamberger's  Bulbar  Pulse.  Pulsation  of 
the  jugular  vein — the  bulbus  venae  jugnUris 
— synchronous  with  the  systole,  in  tricuspid 
insufficiency.  B.'s  Disease,  saltatory  spasm. 
B.'s  Fluid,  an  albuminous  mercuric  com- 
pound used  in  the  treatment  of  syphilis.  B.'s 
Hematogenic  Albuminuria,  albuminuria 
occurring  during  the  later  stages  of  severe 
anemia.  B.'s  Sign,  allochiria;  percepdod 
of  a  stimulus  applied  to  the  skin  of  one  ex- 
tremity at  the  corresponding  place  on  the 
other  extremity.  B.'s  Type  of  Hyper- 
trophic Pulmonary  Osteopathy,  a  form  in 
which  painful  thickenings  of  the  long  bones, 
especially  of  the  forearm  and  leg,  arc  a  prom- 
inent symptom. 

Bandl's  Ring.  The  line  of  depression  some- 
times felt  on  digital  pressure  just  above  the 
pubes  during  labor  pains;  it  corresponds  to 
the  site  of  the  internal  os  uteri. 

Banti's  Disease.  EnUrgement  of  the  spleea 


BANTING  CURE 


BAZIN'S  DISEASE 


with  progressive  anemia,  followed  by  hepatic 
cirrhosis. 

Banting  Cure.  A  method  for  the  reduction 
of  corpulence  by  abstinence  from  saccharine 
and  farinaceous  foods. 

Bard*«  Sign.  To  differentiate  between  or- 
ganic and  congenital  nystagmus.  In  the 
former  the  oscillations  of  the  eyeball  increase 
when  the  patient  follows  the  physician's 
finger  moved  before  his  eye  alternately  from 
right  to  left,  and  from  left  to  right.  In  the 
latter  the  oscillations  disappear  under  these 
conditions. 

Bardinet*8  Ligament.  The  posterior  fasci- 
culus of  the  internal  lateral  ligament  of  the 
elbow-joint ;  it  is  attached  above  to  the  pos- 
tcroinferior  portion  of  the  internal  condyle 
and  below,  by  its  expanded  border,  to  the 
inner  side  of  the  olecranon  process. 

Bareggi*s  Reaction.  Twenty  or  thirty  drops 
of  blood  collected  in  a  small  test-tube  and 
allowed  to  stand  for  twenty -four  hours  will 
show  a  nonretractcd  clot  and  a  small  amount 
of  serum  if  the  blood  has  been  taken  from  a 
typhoid-fever  patient.  In  tuberculosis,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  clot  will  retract  and  an 
abundance  of  serum  will  be  formed. 

Barfoed's  Reagent  for  Dextrose.  One  part 
copper  acetate  dissolved  in  15  parts  of  water ; 
5  CO.  of  acetic  acid  containing  38  per  cent, 
of  glacial  acetic  acid,  added  to  200  c.c.  of 
this  solution.  Heat  this  reagent  with  a  dex- 
trose solution,  and  a  reduction  of  copper  sub- 
oxid  is  produced,  but  not  when  heated  with 
lactose  or  maltose. 

Barkow*s  Ligament.  Ligamentous  bundles 
lying  in  the  fatly  tissue  of  the  olecranon  fossa ; 
they  pass  from  the  upper  border  of  the  fossa 
vertically  downward  to  join  the  deeper  fibers 
of  the  posterior  ligament  of  the  elbow-joint 

Barlow's  Disease.  Infantile  scurvy,  gener- 
ally associated  with  rickets,  and  characterized 
by  subperiosteal  hemorrhages,  especially  of 
the  long  bones,  with  painful  swellings. 

Barnes'  Bag  or  Dilator.  A  lyre-shaped  rub- 
ber bag  for  dilating  the  uterine  cervix.  B.'s 
Cervical  Zone,  the  lowest  fourth  of  the  in- 
ternal surface  of  the  uterus.  B.'s  Curve,  the 
segment  of  a  pelvic  circle  having  the  sacral 
promontory  as  its  center. 

Barral's  Test  for  Albumin  and  Bile  Pig- 
ments. Cover  the  urine  in  a  test-tube  with 
a  layer  of  a  20  per  cent,  solution  of  aseptol 
(orthophenol-sulphonic  acid),  and  in  the  pres- 
ence of  albumin  a  white  ring  will  form  at  the 
zone  of  contact  of  the  two  fluids ;  *<^  of  a  grain 
of  albumin  in  one  liter  of  urine  may  be  thus 
detected.  Mucin  causes  a  similar  appearance, 
but  it  disappears  on  boiling.  A  green  ring 
will  indicate  the  presence  of  bile  pigments. 
This  is  much  more  sensitive  than  the  color 
test  with  fuming  nitric  acid. 


Bartholin's  Duct.  The  largest  of  the  ducts 
of  the  sublingual  gland.  B.'s  Foramen, 
the  obturator  foramen.  B.'s  CHand,  the  ml- 
vovaginal  gland. 

Bartholinian  Abscess.  An  abscess  of  Bar- 
tholin's gland. 

Barton's  Bandage.  A  bandage  for  the  lower 
jaw.  B.'s  Fracture,  the  separation  of  the 
posterior  portion  of  the  lower  articular  surface 
of  the  radius. 

Baruch's  Sign.  The  resistance  of  the  rectal 
temperature  to  a  bath  of  75°  for  fifteen  min- 
utes, with  friction ;  it  is  pathognomonic  of 
typhoid  fever. 

Basedow's  Disease.    Exophthalmic  goiter. 

Basham's  Mixture.  Qne  of  iron  and  am- 
monium acetate. 

Bastian's  Law,  B.-Bruns*  Law.  When 
there  exists  a  complete  transverse  lesion  of  the 
spinal  cord  above  the  lumbar  enlargement, 
the  tendon  reflexes  of  the  lower  extremities 
are  abolished. 

Bateman's  Disease.  MoUuscum  contagio- 
sum.  B.'s  Drops,  the  tinctura  pectoralis,  a 
weak  tincture  of  opium,  camphor,  and  cate- 
chu ;  a  popular  remedy  in  coughs. 

Battey's  Operation.  Removal  of  the  ovaries 
in  order  to  eliminate  their  physiologic  influ- 
ence. 

Baudelocque's  Diameter.  The  external 
conjugate  diameter  of  the  female  pelvis. 

Bauhin's  Qland.  See  BlattdifCs  Cland, 
B.'s  Valve,  the  ileocecal  valve. 

Baumann's  Coefficient.  The  ratio  existing 
between  the  total  sulphuric  acid  and  the  ether 
sulphiuric  acids  of  the  urine ;  it  amounts  to 
10  per  cent.  B.'s  Reaction  for  Dextrose, 
to  an  aqueous  solution  of  grape-sugar  add 
benzoyl  chlorid  and  an  excess  of  sodium  hy- 
drate, and  shake  until  the  odor  of  benzoyl 
chlorid  disappears.  A  precipitate  of  benzoic 
acid  ester  of  dextrose  will  be  produced  which 
is  insoluble  in  watet  and  alkalies, 

Baumann  and  Ooldmann's  Test  for  Cjrs- 
tin.  If  a  solution  of  cystin  be  shaken  in 
caustic  soda  with  benzoyl  chlorid,  a  volumin- 
ous precipitate  of  benzoyl  cystin  will  be  pro- 
duced. The  sodium  salt  occurs  as  silky  f4aies, 
readily  soluble  in  water,  but  nearly  insoluble 
in  an  excess  of  caustic  soda. 

Bayard's  Ecch3rmoses.  Small  capillary 
hemorrhages  found  in  the  pleura  and  pericar- 
dium  of  infants  who,  as  the  result  of  asphyxia, 
have  made  premature  efforts  at  breatoiog  in 
uiero. 

Bayle's  Disease.  Pkrogresslve  genend  paral- 
ysis of  the  insane.  B.'s  Granulations, 
miliary  tubercles. 

Bazin's  Disease,  i.  Plwriasis  bucca3i&  2. 
Scrofulous  ulcer  of  the  leg.  B.'s  Brythcsna, 
erythema  induratum  scrofulosorum,  a  fonn 
most  commonly  seen  in  stnnnoiis  individnab ; 


BEALFS  FIBER 


BENNETT'S  CORPUSCLES 


it  attacks  the  calf  or  the  leg  immediately  be- 
low more  frequently  than  the  front  of  the 
leg,  occurring  in  difiuse  ill-defined  patches  or 
in  nodules  bright  red  at  first  and  gradually 
assuming  a  violet  hue.  The  nodules  may  be 
superficial  or  deep,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  an 
inch  or  more  in  diameter,  and  may  be  slowly 
absorbed,  or  necrose  and  slough  out,  leaving 
a  very  indolent  ulcer. 

Bemle'B  Fiber.  The  fine  spiral  fiber  surround- 
ing the  process  of  some  of  the  sympathetic 
ganglion-cells  of  the  frog. 

lieard*s  Disease.  Nervous  exhaustion  ;  neu- 
rasthenia. 

Beard-Valleix's  Points.  See  ValUix's 
Points  Douloureux, 

Bestty-Bright*s  Friction  Sound.  The  fric- 
tion sound  produced  by  inflammation  of  the 
pleura. 

Beau's  Disease.  Asystole  ;  cardiac  insuffi- 
ciency. B.'s  Lines,  the  transverse  rings 
seen  on  the  finger-nails  after  convalescence 
from  exhausting  diseases. 

Beaumis'  Sign.  Retrosternal  pain  in  angina 
pectoris. 

Beaumte-CoUes'  Law.    See  ColU^^  Law, 

Beauvais'  (Landr6)  Disease.  Chronic  ar- 
ticular rheumatism. 

Beccaria's  Sign.  Painful  pulsating  sensa- 
tions in  the  occipital  region  during  preg- 
nancy. 

Bechterew's  Disease.  Ankylosis  of  the 
vertebral  column,  associated,  as  a  rule,  with 
muscular  atrophy  and  sensory  symptoms. 
B.*s  Layer,  the  layer  of  fibers  between, 
and  parallel  to,  the  tangential  fiben  and  Bail- 
larger's  layer  in  the  cerebral  cortex.  B.'s 
Nucleus,  the  nucleus  of  the  vestibular  por- 
tion of  the  auditory  nerve.  B.'s  Reaction, 
the  minimum  strength  of  the  electric  current 
necessary  to  provoke  muscular  contraction 
requires  a  gradual  diminution  at  every  inter- 
ruption of  the  current  or  change  in  density, 
to  prevent  tetanic  contraction  which  will  occur 
if  the  initial  strength  is  maintained.  It  is 
observed  in  teUny.  B.'s  Sign,  anesthesia 
of  the  popliteal  space  in  tabes  dorsalis.  B.'s 
Tract,  the  central  tract  of  the  tagmentum 
that  passes  between  the  mesial  side  of  the 
superior  olivary  body  and  the  fillet. 

Becker's  Reaction  for  Picrotoxin.  The 
alkaloid  reduces  Fehling's  solution  upon  the 
application  of  gentle  heat.  B.'s  Sign,  spon- 
Uneous  pulsation  of  the  retinal  arteries  in 
exophthalmic  goiter. 

B^clard's  Hernia.  Hernia  occurring  through 
the  saphenous  opening.  B.'s  Nucleus,  a 
vascular,  bony  nucleus,  of  lendcular  shape, 
appearing  in  the  cartilage  of  the  lower  epiph- 
ysis of  the  femur  during  the  thirty- seventh 
week  of  fetal  life. 

Becq;tterel's  Pills.    Pills  containing  quinin. 


extract  of  digitalis,  and  colchicum  seeds; 
they  are  used  in  gout. 

Bednar's  Aphthje.  Snull,  roundish,  ulcer- 
ative patches  in  synmietric  spots  on  both  sides 
of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  hard  palate  in 
the  new- bom. 

Begbie's  Disease,  i.  Exophthalmic  goiter. 
2.  Localized  rhythmic  chorea. 

Bihier- Hardy's  S3rmptom.  Aphonia,  an 
early  s]rmptom  in  pulmonary  gangrene. 

Behring's  Law.  The  blood  and  blood-serum 
of  an  individual  who  has  been  artificially 
rendered  immune  against  a  certain  infectious 
disease  mav  be  transferred  into  another  indi- 
vidual with  the  effect  of  rendering  the  other 
also  immune.  B.'s  Serum,  serum  contain- 
ing diphtheria-antitoxin. 

Beigel's   Disease.    Trichorrhexis  nodosa. 

Bell's  Aneurysm.  See  Potfs  Aneuryinu 
B.'s  Disease,  i.  See  Bell's  Mania,  2. 
See  Bell's  Paralysis,  B.'s  Law,  the  ante- 
rior spinal  nerve-roots  are  motor ;  the  poste- 
rior, sensory.  B.'s  Mania,  acute  delirium  ; 
acute  periencephalitis.  B.'s  Muscle,  the 
short  muscular  ridge  on  the  iniler  surface  of 
the  bladder,  passing  forward  from  the  urethral 
openings  and  ending  in  the  uvula  vesioe. 
B.'s  Paralysis,  peripheral  paralysis  of  the 
facial  nerve.  B.'s  Phenomenon,  upward 
and  outward  rolling  of  the  eyeball  when  an 
attempt  is  made  to  close  the  eye  of  the  affected 
side  in  peripheral  facial  paralysis.  B.'s  Res- 
piratory Nerve,  the  long  thoracic  nerve. 
B.'s  Spasm,  convulsive  facial  tic 

Bell-Bemhardt's  Phenomenon.  See  BeWs 
Phenomenon, 

Bell-Magendie's  Law.    See  BeWs  Law. 

Bellini's  Duct.  One  of  the  excretory  ducts 
of  the  kidney.  B.'s  Ligament,  a  ligament- 
ous band  extending  from  the  capsule  of  the 
hip-joint  to  the  greater  trochanter  of  the 
femur.  B.'s  Tubes,  the  straight  uriniferous 
tubules. 

Bellocq's  Cannula.  An  instrument  used  in 
plugging  the  nares. 

Bence  Jones'  Bodies.  Peculiar  bodies, 
consisting  of  albumose,  found  in  the  urine  in 
certain  affections  of  the  bone-marrow,  espe- 
cially neoplasms.  B.  J.'s  Cylinders,  long, 
cylindric  formations,  derived. from  the  semi- 
niferous tubes,  sometimes  seen  in  the  urine 

Benedikt's  Syndrome.  Paralysis  of  the 
motor  oculi  of  one  side  and  tremor  of  the  arm 
of  the  opposite  side ;  attributed  by  Charcot 
to  a  lesion  in  the  ventrointeroal  part  of  the 
crura  cerebri. 

Bennett's  Corpuscles.  Large  epithelial  cells, 
filled  with  fiitty  detritus,  found  in  the  con- 
tents of  some  ovarian  cysts.  A  smaller  variety 
of  Bennett's  corpuscles  is  also  known  as 
Drysdale*s  corpuscles.  B.'s  Fracture,  a 
longitudinal  fracture  of  the  fint  mctacaipal 


BfiHARD'S  ANEURYSM 


BIESlADECKrS  FOSSA 


bone,  extending  into  the  carpometacarpal 
joint  and  complicated  by  subluxation. 

Birard's  Aneurysm.  A  varicose  aneurysm 
having  its  sac  in  the  tissue  immediately  sur- 
rounding the  vein. 

B6raud*8  Ligament.  The  suspensory  liga- 
ment of  the  pericardium  that  is  attached  to 
the  third  and  fourth  dorsal  vertebras.  B.'s 
Valve,  a  fold  of  mucous  membrane  found  oc- 
casionally in  the  lacrimal  sac,  which  it  sepa- 
rates from  the  nasal  duct. 

Berger's  Paresthesia.  Paresthesia  in  youth- 
ful subjects,  of  one  or  both  lower  extremities, 
without  objective  symptoms,  accompanied  by 
weakness.  B.'s  Sign,  an  elliptic  or  irregu- 
lar shape  of  the  pupil  sometimes  seen  in  the 
early  stage  of  tabes  and  paralytic  dementia, 
and  in  paraly^s  of  the  third  cranial  nerve. 

Bergeron's  Disease.  An  affection  charac- 
terized by  abrupt,  lightning-like,  muscular 
contractions,  independent  of  the  will  and 
limited  ordinarily  to  the  head  and  arms,  in- 
volving at  times  the  two  extremities  of  one 
side.  Like  Dubinins  disease,  it  is  also  known 
as  **  electric  chorea." 

Bergeron-Henoch's  Chorea.  See  Ber- 
geron's Disease, 

Bergmann's  Fibers,  B.-Deiters*  Fibers. 
The  processes  of  certain  superficial  neuroglia 
cells  of  the  cerebellum  which  radiate  toward 
the  surface,  and  are  connected  with  the  pia. 

Berlin's  Disease.  *' Berlin' scheTriibung." 
Commotio  retinae ;  traumatic  edema  of  the 
retina. 

Bernard's  Canal.  The  supplementary  duct 
of  the  pancreas.  B.'s  Center,  the  **  diabetic 
center"  in  the  floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle. 
B.'s  Granular  Layer,  the  deep  layer  of 
cells  lining  the  acini  of  the  pancreas. 

Bemhardt's  Paresthesia.  Abnormal  sen- 
sations, especially  of  numbness,  with  hypes- 
thesia  and  pain  on  exertion,  in  the  region 
supplied  by  the  external  cutaneous  nerve  of 
the  thigh. 

Bernhardt- Roth's  S3rmptom  -  complex. 
See  Bernhardt* s  Paresthesia, 

Bemheimer's  Fibers.  A  tract  of  nerve- 
fibers  extending  from  the  optic  tract  to  Luys' 
body. 

Berthelot's  Test  for  Phenol.  An  am- 
moniacal  solution  of  phenol  treated  with 
sodium  hypochlorite  pronduces  a  beautiful  blue 
coloration. 

Berthollet's  Law.  When  two  salts  in  solu- 
tion can,  by  double  decomposition,  produce 
a  salt  less  soluble  than  cither,  this  salt  will  be 
produced. 

Bertin's  Bones.  The  sphenoid  spongy  (tur- 
binal)  bones.  B.*s  Columns,  the  fibrovas- 
cular  septa  which  lie  between  the  Malpighian 
pyramids  of  the  kidney.  B.'s  Ligament, 
the  iliofemoral  ligament 


Besnier's  Rheumatism.  Simple  chronic 
articular  rheumatism  ;  chronic  arthrosynovitis. 

BestuchefTs  Mixture  or  Tincture.  The 
ethereal  tincture  of  chlorid  of  iron  ;  it  is  used 
in  erysipelas. 

Bettendorf  8  Test  for  Arsenic.  On  beating 
a  solution  of  stannous  chlorid  in  concentrated 
hydrochloric  acid,  specific  gravity  1.X9,  with 
a  solution  of  arsenic  or  arsenous  acids  in 
strong  hydrochloric  acid,  a  brownish  turbidity 
or  precipitate  of  metallic  arsenic  and  tin  is 
yielded. 

Betz's  Qiant-cells.  Large  ganglion-cells 
found  in  the  deeper  layers  of  the  cortex,  especi- 
ally in  the  ascending  frontal  convolution  and 
the  paracentral  lobule.  They  are  usually  ar- 
ranged in  small  groups  of  from  three  to  five 
that  are  known  as  Betz*s  nests, 

Bezold's  Mastoiditis.  Destruction  of  the 
apex  of  the  mastoid  process  with  a  tendency 
to  the  formation  of  at^ess  in  the  neck.  B  *s 
Symptom,  the  appearance  of  an  inflamma- 
tory swelling  a  short  distance  below  the  apex 
of  the  mastoid  process  is  evidence  of  mastoid 
suppuration.  See  B,*s  Afaitoiditis.  v.  B.'s 
Qanglton,  a  ganglion  in  the  iuterauricular 
septum  of  the  frog's  heart. 

Bichat's  Canal.  A  canal  which  was  sup- 
posed by  Bichat  to  exist  between  the  subar- 
achnoid space  and  the  third  ventricle.  B.'s 
Fat-ball,  the  buccal  fat- pad ;  a  mass  of  fat 
lying  in  the  space  between  the  buccinator  and 
the  anterior  border  of  the  masseter;  it  is 
especially  well  developed  in  infants.  B.'s 
Fissure,  the  transverse  curved  fissure  which 
passes  below  the  splenium,  its  extremities 
corresponding  to  the  beginning  of  the  Sylvian 
fissures.  It  aflbrds  passage  to  the  pia  mater, 
which  forms  within  the  hemispheres  the  tela 
choroidea  and  choroid  plexus.  B.'s  Mem- 
brane.    See  Henl^s  Fenestrated  Memhtan*, 

Bidder's  Ganglions.  An  accumulation  of 
ganglion  cells  in  the  interauricular  septum  and 
the  auriculoventricular  groove  of  the  frog's 
heart 

Bieg's  Entotic  Test.  When  words  are 
audible  only  on  being  spoken  into  an  ear- 
trumpet  connected  with  a  catheter  placed  in 
the  Eustachian  tube,  but  not  through  the  ear 
trumpet  as  ordinarily  applied,  mere  is  a 
probable  lesion  of  the  malleus  or  incus ,  which 
interferes  with  conduction. 

Biermer's  Anemia.  Sec  Addison* s  Anemia. 
B.'s  Change  of  Pitch,in  hydropneumothorax 
the  t3anpanitic  sound  is  lower  in  pitch  when 
the  patient  is  sitting  than  when  he  is  lying 
down. 

Biemacki's  S3rmptom.  Analgesia  of  the 
ulnar  nerve  at  the  elbow  ;  it  is  observed  in 
tabes  dorsalis  and  paretic  dementia. 

Biesiadecki's  Fossa.  Fossa  iliaco-subfas- 
cialis.     A  peritoneal  recess  which  is  bounded 


BIETTS  COLLAR 


BOAS*  SIGN 


in  front  by  a  more  or  less  well-defined  fold, 
the  inner  surface  of  which  looks  upward  over 
the  psoas  toward  the  root  of  the  mesentery, 
the  outer  extending  toward  the  crest  of  the 
ilium. 

Biett't  Collar.  A  zone  of  lenticulopapular 
syphilid  on  the  neck. 

Bigelow*8  Lifament.  Y-ligament  See 
Bert  in*  s  Ligament.  B.'s  Septum,  the  cal* 
car  femorale,  a  nearly  vertical  spur  of  compact 
tissue  in  the  neck  of  the  femur,  a  little  in 
front  of  the  lesser  trochanter. 

Bile  Acids.  See  Drechsel,  Afylius,  Petten- 
k^/er^  StrassdufXf  ^'  Utiransky.  B.  Pig- 
ments. Sec  Bar  rait  Capranica^  Cunisset^ 
Dragendorfft  Dumontpallier^  Fleischl^  Glu- 
tinske^  Gmelin^  Huppert^  Jol'eSf  Marichal^ 
Le  Nobel,  Rosenbach,  Smith,  Stokvis,  TYoms- 
sean^  l/lttmann,  Vitalli, 

Billroth*!  Disease,  i.  Spurious  meningo- 
cele.    2.  Malignant  lymphoma. 

Bing's  Test.  Let  a  vibrating  tuning-fork  be 
held  on  the  vertex  until  it  has  ceased  to  be 
audible ;  then  close  either  ear,  and  the  fork 
will  be  heard  again  for  a  certain  period.  If 
this  period  of  secondary  perception  be  short- 
ened, there  exists  a  lesion  of  the  sound-con- 
ducting apparatus;  if  normal  and  yet  deaf- 
ness ht  present,  the  perceptive  apparatus  is 
involved. 

Biondi*t  Fluid.  A  mixture  of  orange-green, 
methyl-green,  and  acid  fuchsin  ;  it  is  used  as 
a  histologic  stain. 

Biot*t  Respiration.  Meningitic  respiration  ; 
rapid,  short  breathing,  interrupted  by  pauses 
lasting  from  several  seconds  to  half  a  minute, 
sometimes  observed  in  healthy  subjects  dur- 
ing sleep;  most  frequently  in  meningitis, 
in  which  it  is  i^n  unfavorable  prognostic 
sign. 

Bird's  Formula.  The  last  two  figures  of  the 
specific  gravity  of  the  urine  roughly  indicate 
the  number  of  grains  of  solids  to  the  ounce 
of  urine.  B.'s  Sign,  a  well-defined  xone  of 
dullness  with  absence  of  the  respiratory  sound 
in  hydatid  cyst  of  the  lung. 

Birkett*8  Hernia.  Intraperitoneal  inguinal 
hernia  ;  hernia  into  the  vaginal  process  of  the 
peritoneum. 

Bitot's  Spots.  Xerosis  conjunctivae.  Silver 
gray,  shiny,  triangular  spots  on  both  sides  of 
the  cornea,  within  the  region  of  the  palpe- 
bral aperture,  consisting  of  dried  epithelium, 
6aky  masses,  and  microorganisms.  Observed 
in  some  cases  of  hemeralopia. 

Biuret  Reaction  for  Proteids.  See  Pio- 
tnrwski's  Reaction.  B.  Reaction  for  Urea, 
melt  urea  completely  in  a  dry  test-tube  and  con- 
tinue the  heat  for  some  time.  When  cold, 
disaolve  in  water,  add  abundant  caustic  soda 
and  a  dilute  solution  of  copper  sulphate  drop 
hf  drop.     The  solution  becomes  first  pink, 


then  reddish-violet,  and,  finally,  bluish- violet, 
according  to  the  amount  of  copper  sulphate 
added. 

Biasoaero's  Blood -platelets.  Small,  round, 
or  elliptic,  nonnucleated  bodies  found  in  the 
blood  of  mammals,  including  man.  B.'s 
Corpuscles.  See  Neumann's  Corpuscles. 
B.'s  Crystals.     See  Charcots  Crystals. 

Blainville's  Ears.  Congenital  asymmetry 
of  the  ears. 

Blancard's  Pills.  Pills  containing  iodid  of 
iron. 

Blandin's  Ganglion.  The  sublingual  gan- 
glion, a  small  gangliform  enlargement  lying 
between  the  lingual  nerve  and  the  sublingual 
gland.  B.'s  Oland,  a  muciparous  gland  sit- 
uated near  the  tip  of  the  tongue  in  the  me- 
dian line  and  opening  by  several  ducts  on  the 
lower  surface  oif  the  tongue. 

Blandin-Nuhn's  Gland.  See  Blatuiin's 
Glaml. 

Blasius*  (Blaes')  Duct.   See  Stenson's  Duct. 

Blaud's  Pill.  A  pill  containing  sulphate  of 
iron  and  carbonate  of  potash;  it  is  used  in 
amenorrhea. 

Blessig's  Groove.  The  slight  groove  in  the 
embryonic  eye  that  marks  off  the  fundus  of 
the  optic  cup  from  the  xone  that  surrounds 
the  periphery  of  the  lens  and  corresponds  in 
position  with  the  future  ora  serrata. 

Blocq's  Disease.     See  Briquet's  Ataxia. 

Blood.  See  Almtn,  Bremer,  Hayem,  Hoppe- 
Seyler,  Kohert,  LaJemlorff,  Pacini,  Ruhner, 
Stilkowski,  Struve^  Van  Deen^  Wetxel,  f. 
Zaleski. 

Blumenau's  Nucleus.  The  lateral  nucleus 
of  the  cuneate  nucleus. 

Blumenbach's  CHvus.  The  inclined  sur- 
face of  the  sphenoid  bone  which  lies  behind 
the  posterior  clinoid  processes  and  is  contin- 
uous with  the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital 
bone.  B.'s  Process,  the  uncinate  process  of 
the  ethmoid  bone. 

Blythe's  Test  for  Lead  in  Potable  Water. 
On  the  addition  of  a  I  per  cent  alcoholic 
tincture  of  cochineal  a  precipitate  is  formed. 

Boas'  Sign.  The  presence  of  lactic  acid  in 
the  gaMric  contents  in  cases  of  cancer  of  the 
stomach.      B.'s  Test,  in  cases  of  intestinal 

'  atony  a  splashing  sound  can  be  obtained  on 
pressure  upon  the  abdominal  wall  after  the 
injection  of  a  small  quantity  ( 200  to  300  c.c. ) 
of  water  into  the  bowel.  B  's  Teat  for  Hy- 
drochloric Acid  in  the  Contenta  of  the 
Stomach,  in  too  grams  dilute  alcohol  dis. 
solve  5  grams  pure  resordn  and  5  grams 
white  sugar.  Spread  a  few  drops  of  this 
reagent  in  a  thin  layer  upon  a  porcelain  dish 
and  heat  gently.  If  a  glass  rod  di()ped  in  the 
solution  be  appUed  to  a  drop  of  the  filtrate 
from  the  stomach,  a  deep  scarlet  streak  is 
produced. 


BOCHDALEK'S  CANAL 


BOUVEREPS  DISEASE 


Bochdalek's  Canal.  A  minute  canal  pass- 
ing obliquely  downward  and  outward  through 
the  membrana  tympani  from  the  upper  edge 
of  the  inner  surface  of  the  latter  to  the  umbo, 
where  it  opens  on  the  outer  surface.  B.'s 
Ganglion,  the  supramaxillary  ganglion ;  a 
small  gangliform  enlargement  at  the  junction 
of  the  anterior  and  middle  dental  branches  of 
the  superior  maxillary  nerve.  B.'s  Gap,  the 
interval  existing  in  the  diaphragm  between 
the  costal  and  lumbar  attachments  of  this 
muscle.  B.'s  Muscle,  the  triticeoglossus 
muscle ;  a  small  muscle  extending  from  the 
caitilago  triticea  in  the  thyrohyoid  ligament 
upward  and  forward  to  the  tongue  which  it 
enters,  together  with  the  posterior  part  of  the 
hyoglossus.  B.'s  Tubes,  round  or  tubular 
cavities  opening  into  the  posterior  portion  of 
the  thyroglossal  duct ;  like  the  latter,  they  are 
inconstant  after  birth.  B.'s  Valve,  a  small 
fold  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  lacrimal 
duct,  near  the  punctum  lacrimale. 

Bock's  Pharyngeal  Nerve.  The  posterior 
efferent  (pterygopalatine)  branch  of  the 
sphenopalatine  ganglion. 

Bockhart's  Impetigo.  Epidermic  abscesses 
caused  by  pyogenic  micrococci. 

Boeck's  Scabies.  Scabies  crustosa;  Nor- 
wegian itch. 

Boedeker's  Reaction  for  Albumin.  Treat 
the  liquid  with  acetic  acid,  and  add  a  solution 
of  potassium  ferrocyanid  drop  by  drop.  White 
precipitate  of  albumin  will  be  formed. 

Boerhaave's  Glands.  The  sudoriparous 
glands.  The  convoluted  glands  in  the  skin 
5iat  secrete  the  sweat. 

Boettcher's  Cells.  Dark -colored  cells,  with 
a  basally  situated  nucleus,  found  between 
Claudius'  cells.  B.'s  Crystals,  crystals 
found  in  the  spermatic  secretion  and  probably 
identical  with  Charcot's  crystals,  though  of 
a  somewhat  different  system  of  crystallization. 

Boettcher-Cotugno's  Space.  The  endo- 
lymphatic sac  of  the  internal  ear. 

Boettger's  Test  for  Dextrose.  Take  5 
grams  of  basic  nitrate  of  bismuth,  5  grams  of 
tartaric  acid,  and  30  c.c.  of  distilled  water. 
Add  to  this  slowly  a  strong  solution  of  sodium 
hydrate,  stirring  continually  until  a  clear 
solution  is  obtained.  To  a  small  quantity  of 
this  add  some  solution  of  dextrose,  and  boil. 
A  black  precipitate  of  metallic  bismuth  is 
tormed.  Or  the  test  may  be  performed  in  this 
way :  Add  some  solid  bismuth  suhnitrate  to 
the  liquid  already  rendered  alkaline  with  car- 
bonate of  soda  or  potash,  and  boil.  The  ex- 
istence of  dextrose  will  be  evinced  by  the 
darkening  of  the  bismuth  salt  or  a  black  pre- 
cipitate. 

Bogros'  Space.  A  space  between  the  peri- 
toneum above  and  the  fascia  transversalis  be- 
low, in  which  the  lower  portion  of  the  external 


iliac  artery  can  be  reached  without  wounding 
the  peritoneum. 

Bogrow's  Fibers.  A  tract  of  nerve -6bers 
passing  from  the  optic  tract  to  the  optic  thala- 
mus. 

Bolognini's  Sign.  On  pressing  with  the  tips 
of  the  fingers  of  both  hands  alternately  upon 
the  right  and  left  of  the  abdomen  of  a  patient 
who  is  lying  on  his  back  and  whose  abdominal 
muscles  are  relaxed  by  flexion  of  the  thighsi, 
a  sensation  of  fricdon  within  the  abdomen  is 
perceived  ;  it  is  noted  in  the  early  stages  of 
measles. 

Bonfils'  Disease.     See  HodgkirCs  DU<ast, 

Bonnet's  Capsule.  See  Tenon's  Capsule, 
B.'s  Position,  the  position  assumed  by  the 
thigh  in  coxitis ;  flexion,  abduction,  and  out- 
ward rotation. 

Bordet's  Phenomenon.  See  Pffiffff^s  Reac- 
tion^  from  which  it  differs  only  in  the  use  of  a 
small  quantity  of  normal  serum  instead  of 
fresh  peritoneal  fluid. 

Bordier-Prenkel's  Sign.  See  BeWs  Phe- 
nomenon, 

Borsieri's  Line.  In  the  early  stage  of  scarlet 
fever,  a  line  drawn  on  the  skin  with  the 
fingernail  leaves  a  white  mark  which  quickly 
turns  red  and  becomes  smaller  in  size. 

Bostock's  Catarrh.     Hay-fever. 

Botal'^  Duct.  Ductus  arteriosus  BotallL 
A  short  vessel  in  the  fetus  between  the  main 
pulmonary  artery  and  the  aorta.  B.'s  Fora- 
men, the  foramen  ovale  in  the  interauricular 
septum  of  the  fetal  heart  B.'s  Ligament, 
the  remains  of  Botal's  duct. 

Bouchard's  Coefficient.  The  ratio  existing 
between  the  amount  of  urea  and  the  sum  total 
of  the  solids  in  the  urine — approximately  5a 
B.'s  Disease,  dilatation  of  the  stomach  due 
to  deficient  function  of  the  gastric  muscular 
fibers.  B.'s  Nodosities,  enlargement  of  the 
second  phalangeal  joints  of  the  fingers,  asso- 
ciated with  dilatation  of  the  stomadi. 

Bouchut's  Tubes.  A  variety  of  tubes  lor 
intubation  of  the  larynx. 

Boudin's  Law.  The  poisons  of  malaria  and 
tuberculosis  are  antagonistic.  This  law  is  iwC 
founded  upon  fact. 

Bougard*s  Paste.  A  caustic  paste  containing 
bichlorid  of  mercury,  chlorid  of  zinc,  arsenic* 
cinnabar,  starch,  and  wheat  flour. 

Bouillaud's  Disease.  Infective  endocarditis. 
B.'s  Metallic  Tinkling,  a  peculiar  clink 
sometimes  heard  to  the  right  of  the  apex-brat 
in  cardiac  hypertrophy. 

Boulton's  Solution.  A  compound  tincture 
of  iodin,  carbolic  acid,  glycerin,  and  distilled 
water ;  it  is  used  for  spraying  in  rhinitis. 

Bourdin's  Paste.  An  eschiurotic  mixture  of 
nitric  add  with  flowers  of  sulphur. 

Bouveret's  Disease.  Paroxysmal  tadi^- 
cardia.     B.'s  Sign  in  Int«stinml  Obttrac* 


BOWMAN'S  CAPSULE 


BROCAS  APHASIA 


tion,  this  is  applicable  only  to  the  large  gut 
Great  distention  of  the  cecum,  and  a  large 
elevation  in  the  right  iliac  fossa. 
Bowman's  Capsule.  The  hyaline  membrana 

eropria  of  the  Malpighian  tufts.  B.*s 
Hscs,  sarcous  elements.  B.*8  Glands, 
slightly  branched  tubes,  identical  in  structure 
with  serous  glands,  found  in  the  nasal  mucous 
membrane.  B.'s  Membrane,  the  anterior 
elastic  lamina  of  the  cornea.  B.'s  Muscle, 
the  ciliary  muscle.  B.'s  Probe,  one  for  di- 
lating the  nasal  duct  B.'s  Sarcous  Ele- 
ments, muscle-caskets  ;  the  small  elongated 
prUms  of  contractile  substance  that  produce 
the  appearance  of  dark  stripes  in  voluntary 
muscle.  B.'s  Tubes,  artificial  tubes  formed 
between  the  lamellas  of  the  cornea  by  the  in- 
jection of  air  or  colored  fluid. 

Bowman-Mueller's  Capsule.  See  BcfUh 
mafi's  Cipsuie. 

Boyet^s  Bursa.  The  subhyoid  bursa.  B.'s 
Cyst,  cystic  enlargement  of  the  subhyoid 
bursa. 

Boyle's  Law.  At  any  given  temperature  the 
volume  of  a  given  mass  of  gas  varies  in- 
versely to  the  pressure  that  it  bears. 

Bosemann's  Catheter.  A  double-current 
catheter. 

Bozxi's  Foramen.  See  So^mnurring'  s  Yel- 
lew  Spot, 

Bozzolo's  Sign.  Visible  pulsation  of  the 
arteries  of  the  nares,  said  to  occur  in  some 
cases  of  aneurysm  of  the  thoracic  aorta. 

Brach- Romberg's  Sign.  See  Romberg s 
Stgn, 

Brand  Method.  A  system  of  baths  employed 
in  the  treatment  of  typhoid  fever. 

Braun's  Canal.  See  KowaUwsk/i  CmaL 
B.'s  Reaction  for  Glucose,  treat  the  glu- 
cose solution  with  caustic  soda,  and  warm 
until  it  is  yellow  ;  then  add  a  dilute  solution 
of  picric  acid  and  heat  to  boiling.  A  deep 
red  color  will  be  produced.  Creatinin  gives 
the  same  reaction,  even  in  the  cold,  and  ace- 
tone also,  though  slightly. 

Braune's  Canal.  The  continuous  passage 
formed  by  the  uterine  cavity  and  the  vagina 
during  labor,  after  full  dilatation  of  the  os. 
B.'s  Os  Internum.     See  Bamifs  Ring, 

Bravais-Jackson's  Epilepsy.  See  Jack- 
stmian  EpiUpiy. 

Braxton  Hicks'  Sign.    See  IFuks, 

Brecht's  Cartilages.  The  ossa  supraster- 
nalia,  two  small  cartilaginous  or  bony  nodules 
near  each  sternoclavicular  joint,  above  the 
siemum.  They  are  regarded  as  the  rudiments 
of  the  epistemal  lK>ne  that  is  well  developed 
in  some  animals. 

Breisky's  Disease.     KraurcMis  vulvae. 

Bremer's  Reaction  for  Diabetic  Blood. 
The  blood  is  prepared  as  in  ordinary  staining 
methods,   and,  after. drying    in    a    hot-air 

50 


sterilizer,  stained  with  methylene-blue  and 
eosin.  The  red  blood-corpuscles  of  diabetic 
blood  are  stained  greenish-yellow,  whereas 
in  normal  blood  they  assume  a  brownish 
color. 

Brenner's  Formula,  i.  With  the  same  cur- 
rent strength  the  cathodal  closing  contraction 
is  four  times  as  strong  as  the  cathodal  open- 
ing contraction.  2.  The  normal  auditory 
nerve  reacts  to  the  cathodal  closure  by  a 
sound  sensation  which  immediately  attains 
its  maximum  and  then  gradually  diminishes : 
the  anodal  opening  causes  with  the  same  cur- 
rent strength  a  somewhat  weaker  sound  that 
is  of  short  duration. 

Breschet's  Canal  or  Veins.  The  veins  of 
the  diplo€.  B.'s  Helicotrema,  the  helico- 
trema,  the  foremen  of  communication  between 
the  scala  vestibuli  and  the  scala  tympani. 
B.'s  Sinus,  the  sphenoparietal  sinus. 

Bretonneau's  Diphtheria.  Diphtheria  of 
the  pharynx. 

Brignt's  Blindness.  Partial  or  complete 
loss  of  sight,  which  may  be  temporary,  inde- 
pendent of  any  change  in  the  optic  disc  or 
retina ;  it  is  seen  in  uremia.  B.'s  Disease, 
a  generic  term  for  acute  and  chronic  diffuse 
disease  of  the  kidneys,  usually  associated 
with  dropsy  and  albuminuria.  B.'s  Fric- 
tion-sound. See  Bcatty-  Bright  s  /^rirtiim  • 
souMtl,  B.'s  Granulations,  the  granuU- 
tions  of  the  large  white  kidney. 

Brinton's  Disease.  linitis  plastica  ;  hyper- 
trophy and  sclen>sis  of  the  submucous  con- 
nective tissue  of  the  stomach. 

Briquet's  Ataxia.  Hysteric  ataxia;  atasaa- 
abasia. 

Brissaud-Marie's  Sjmdrome.  Hysteric 
glossolabial  hemispasm. 

Broadbent's  Sign.  A  visible  retractioo, 
synchronous  with  the  cardiac  systole,  of  the 
left  side  and  back  in  the  region  of  the 
eleventh  and  twelfth  ribs,  in  adherent  peri- 
cardium. 

Broca's  Aphasia.  Cortical  motor  aphasia. 
B.'s  Area,  area  naiolfactoria ;  gyrus  olfac- 
torins  medial  is ;  Uie  medial  portion  of  the 
anterior  olfactory  lobe.  B.'s  Center,  the 
posterior  part  of  the  left  third  ftontal  convo- 
lution ;  it  is  the  center  of  speech.  B.'s 
Convolutkm,  the  third  frontal  convolution 
of  the  left  hemisphere.  B.'s  Diagonal 
Band,  a  band  of  gray  matter  forming  the 
posterior  part  ctf  the  anterior  perforated  s^miy 
and  extending  frt>m  the  gyrus  subcallosus  to 
the  anterior  end  of  the  gyrus  hippocampi. 
B.'s  Olfactory  Area,  trigonum  ollactorium  ; 
the  posterior  end  of  the  gyrus  rectus  lying 
anteriorly  to  the  medial  rtwt  of  the  olfactory 
tract  B.'s  Point,  the  auricular  point  tha 
center  of  the  external  auditory  meatus.  B.'s 
Pouch,  a  pear-shaped  sac  lying  in  the  tissues 


BRODIE'S  ABSCESS 


BUHL-DITTRICH'S  LAW 


of  the  labia  majora  ;  it  is  analogous  in  struc- 
ture to  the  dartos,  but  contains  no  muscular 
fibers. 

Brodie*s  Abscess.  Chronic  abscess  of  bone, 
most  frequently  of  the  head  of  the  tibia. 
B.'s  Disease,  pulpy  disease  of  a  joint,  more 
especially  the  knee-joint.  B.'s  Joint,  hys- 
teric arthroneuralgia.  B.'s  Pain,  the  pain 
caused  by  lifting  a  fold  of  the  skin  in  the 
neighborhood  of  a  joint  in  articular  neuralgia. 

Broesike's  Fossa.  Parajejunal  fossa;  a 
recess  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  which  is  situ- 
ated in  the  first  part  of  the  mesojejunum  and 
behind  the  superior  mesenteric  artery. 

Brossard's  Type  of  Progressive  Muscu- 
lar Atrophy.  "  Type  femoral  avec  grifle 
des  orteils."     See  EichhorsVs  Type, 

Brown's  Phenomenon.  Brownian  molecu- 
lar movement  The  spontaneous  oscillating 
movements  of  inorganic  particles  or  micro- 
organisms in  a  liquid  medium.  Same  as 
Pedesis. 

Brown-S6quard's  Paralysis.  Paralysis  and 
hyperesthesia  of  one  side  and  anesthesia  of 
the  other  side  of  the  body. 

Browne's  (Crichton)  Sign.  Tremor  of  the 
labial  commissures  and  outer  angles  of  the 
eyes  in  the  early  stage  of  paralytic  dementia. 

Bruch's  Glands.     Lymph -follicles  found  in 
the  conjunctiva  about  the  inner  canthus  of 
ruminants.     B.'s  Layer  or  Membrane,  tlie 
lamina  basal  is  which  forms  the  inner  boun-  • 
dary  of  the  choroid. 

Bruck's  Disease.  A  syndrome  described  by 
Bruck  as  consisting  of  multiple  fractures  and 
marked  deformity  of  bones,  ankylosis  of  most 
of  the  joints,  and  muscular  atrophy. 

Bruecke's  Lines.  The  broad  bands  which 
alternate  with  Krause's  membranes  in  the 
fibrils  of  striated  muscles.  B.'s  Muscle. 
I.  ^tBo7vman*s  Muscle.  2.  The  muscu- 
laris  mucosae  of  the  small  and  large  intestine. 
B.'s  Reagent  for  Proteids,  saturate  a  boil- 
ing lo  per  cent,  solution  of  potassium  iodid 
with  freshly  precipitated  mercuric  iodid.  Filter 
when  cool ;  the  filtrate  is  used  with  hydro- 
chloric acid  as  a  precipitant  for  the  proteids. 
B.'s  Tunica  Nervea,  the  layers  of  the  ret- 
ina, exclusive  of  the  rods  and  cones. 

Bruggiser's  Hernia.  See  KroenleirCs  Her- 
nia, 

Brunn's  Cell-nests  or  Epithelial  Nests. 
Branched  or  solid  groups  of  flat  epithelial 
cells  occurring  in  all  normal  ureters.  B.'s 
Glands.  See  Brunnet^s  Glamis.  B.'s 
Layer,  the  stratum  of  more  or  less  pyrami- 
dal epithelial  cells  forming  the  deep  layer  of 
the  nasal  mucous  membrane. 

Brunner's  Glands.  The  racemose  glands 
found  in  the  duodenum. 

Brunonian  Theory.  Brownism  ;  the  doc- 
trine of  John  Brown  that  all  diseases  are  due 


to  variations  in  a  natural  stimulus,  its  excess 
causing  sthenic  and  its  deficiency  asthenic 
diseases. 

Bryant's  Ampulla.  The  apparent  distention 
of  an  artery  immediately  above  a  ligature^ 
due  to  the  contraction  of  the  vessel  above  the 
ampulla,  where  it  is  not  completely  filled  by 
the  clot.  B.'s  Iliofemoral  Triangle,  the 
rectangle  foraied  by  a  vertical  line  dropped 
from  the  anterior  superior  iliac  spine  to  the 
horizontal  plane  of  the  body ;  by  a  second 
line  drawn  from  the  anterior  superior  iliac 
spine  to  the  tip  of  the  trochanter,  and  by  a 
third,  tlie  "test  line,"  which  joins  the  two 
at  a  right  angle  to  the  vertical  line.  Short- 
ening of  the  neck  of  the  femur  will  be  indi- 
cated by  a  shortening  of  the  test-line.  B.*8 
Line,  the  vertical  line  forming  one  of  the 
boundaries  of  the  iliofemoral  triangle. 

Bryce's  Test.  For  vaccinal  infection  :  The 
inoculation  is  rei>eated  at  a  certain  period  in 
the  evolution  of  vaccinia,  upon  the  theory 
that  systemic  infection  does  not  take  place  at 
once,  but  only  after  the  lapse  of  a  number  of 
days  from  the  time  of  inoculation. 

Bryson's  Sign.  Diminished  power  of  ex- 
pansion of  the  thorax  during  inspiration ; 
occasionally  observed  in  exophthalmic  goiter 
and  neurasthenia. 

Buchner*s  Albuminoid  Bodies.  Defensive 
proteids,  q,  v. 

Buchwald's  Atrophy.  Idiopathic,  diffuse, 
progressive  atrophy  of  the  skin. 

Buck's  Extension.  An  apparatus  consist- 
ing of  a  weight  and  pulley  for  applying  ex- 
tension to  a  limb.  B.'s  Fascia,  the  sheath 
of  the  corpora  cavernosa  and  the  corpus 
spongiosum,  which  arises  from  the  symphysis 
pubis  by  the  suspensory  ligament  of  the  penis 
and  is  continuous  with  the  deep  layer  of  the 
superficial  perineal  fascia. 

Budd's  Cirrhosis.  Hepatic  cirrhosis  due  to 
autointoxication  from  the  gastrointestinal 
tract.  B.'s  Jaundice.  See  Hokitanskys 
Disease, 

Budge's  Center,  i.  The  ciliospinal  center 
in  the  cervical  spinal  cord.  2.  The  genito- 
spinal  center  in  the  lumbar  spinal  cord. 

Buehlmann's  Fiber.  Certain  lines  on  de> 
cayed  teeth. 

Buetschili's  Nuclear  Spindle.  The  spindle- 
shaped  figure  observed  during  karyokinesis. 

Buhl's  Desquamative  Pneumonia.  Case* 
ous  pneumonia,  in  which  the  exudate  consists 
chiefly  of  desquamated  alveolar  epitheham. 
B.'s  Disease,  acute  fatty  degeneration  of  the 
viscera  of  the  new-bom,  with  hemorrhages  in 
various  parts  of  the  body. 

Buhl-Dittnch's  Law.  In  every  case  of  acute 
general  miliary  tuberculosis  an  old  focus  of 
caseation  is  to  be  found  somewhere  in  the 
body.     This  law,  being  based  upon  the  belief 


BUNGE'S  LAW 


CHARCOT'S  ARTERY 


in  the  etiologic  nonidentity  of  diffuse  caseous 
and  miliary  tuberculosis,  is  not  strictly  in  con- 
formity with  modem  views. 

Bunge's  Law.  llie  epithelial  cells  of  the 
mammary  gland  (of  the  rabbit,  cat,  and  dog) 
select  from  the  mineral  salts  of  the  blood- 
plasma  all  the  inorganic  substances  exactly  in 
the  proportion  in  which  they  are  necessary  for 
the  development  of  the  offspring  and  for  the 
building  up  of  the  tatter's  organism. 

Burckhardt's  Corpuscles.  Peculiar  round- 
ish or  angular  bodies  of  a  yellowish  color, 
found  in  the  secretion  of  trachoma. 

Burdach's  Column.  The  posteroexternal 
column  of  the  spinal  cord.  B.*8  Fissure,  a 
small  Assure  between  the  insula  and  the 
operculum.  B.'s  Nucleus,  the  cuneate 
nucleus,  a  small  nucleus  of  gray  matter  in  the 
funiculus  cuneatus  of  the  oblongata,  forming 
the  termination  of  the  long  fibers  of  Bur- 
dach's column.  B.'s  Operculum.  See 
AtftoLi^s  Operculum, 

Burnett's  Disinfecting  Fluid.  A  strong 
solution  of  zinc  chlorid  with  a  little  iron 
chlorid. 

Bums*  Amaurosis.  Postmarital  amblyopia. 
Impaired  vision  caused  by  sexual  excess. 
B.'s  (Allan)  Ligament.  See  Ne/s  Liga- 
ment. 

Burow's  Vein.  An  inconstant  venous  trunk 
formed  by  branches  of  the  inferior  epigastric 
veins  and  joining  the  umbilical  vein. 

Burton's  Line.  Blue  line  along  the  margins 
of  the  gums  in  chronic  lead-poisoning. 


CAJAL'S  (RAMON  y)  CELLS.  See 
Ramdn  y  Caial, 

Caldani's  Ligament.  A  fibrous  band  ex- 
tending from  the  inner  border  of  the  coracoid 
process  to  the  lower  border  of  the  clavicle  and 
upper  border  of  the  first  rib,  where  it  unites 
with  the  tendon  of  the  subclavius  muscle. 

Callaway's  Test.  In  dislocation  of  the 
humerus  the  circumference  of  the  affected 
shoulder,  measured  over  the  acromion  and 
through  the  axilla,  is  greater  than  that  of  the 
sound  side. 

Camper's  Chiasm.  The  crossing  of  the  in- 
ner nbers  of  the  tendons  of  the  flexor  sublimis 
digitorum  (see  TahU  of  Muscles)  after  they 
have  separated  to  give  pas<^age  to  the  tendons 
of  the  deep  flexor.  C.*8  Ligament,  triangu- 
lar ligament ;  the  deep  perineal  fascia.  C.'s 
Line,  a  line  running  from  the  external  audi- 
tory meatus  to  a  point  just  below  the  nasal 
spine. 

Canquoin's  Paste.  Zinc  chlorid  mixed  with 
flour  and  water. 

Cantani's  Diet.  An  exclusive  meat  diet  in 
diabetes. 

Capranica's     Reaction    for     Bile     Pig- 


ments :  Add  to  the  solution  chloroform  con- 
taining some  bromin,  and  shake  ;  it  becomes 
first  green,  blue-violet,  yellowish  red,  and 
finally  colorless.  If  the  green  or  blue  solu- 
tion be  shaken  with  HCl,  the  color  is  de- 
stroyed by  the  acid.  C.'s  Reaction  for 
Guanin.  i.  A  warm  solution  of  guanin  hy- 
drochlorid  with  a  cold  saturated  solution  of 

•  picric  acid  gives  a  yellow  precipitate  occurring 
as  silky  needles.  2.  Add  to  a  guanin  solu- 
tion a  concentrated  solution  of  potassium  fern- 
cyanid  ;  a  yellowish-brown  pnsmatic  precipi  ^ 
tate  is  formed.  3.  On  the  addition  of  a  con- 
centrated solution  of  potassium  chromate  to 
guanin  solutions  an  orange-red  crystalline  pre- 
cipitate is  formed.  It  is  very  insoluble  in 
water. 

Capuron's  Cardinal  Points.  Four  mixed 
points  of  the  pelvic  inlet,  the  two  iliopectineal 
eminences  anteriorly,  and  the  two  sacroiliac 
joints  posteriorly. 

Carcassonne's  Ligament.  See  ColUs* 
Fascia, 

Cardarelli's  Symptom.  See  Oltvet^s  Symp- 
tom, 

Carrion's  Disease.  Venuga  peruviana ; 
Peruvian  wart. 

Carswell's  Grapes.  A  racemose  arrange- 
ment of  tubercular  infiltration  about  the 
bronchioles. 

Cams'  Curve.  The  longitudinal  axis  of  the 
pelvic  canal,  which  forms  a  curved  line,  hav- 
ing the  symphysis  pubis  as  its  center. 

Casser's  (Casserius')  Fontanel.  The 
fontanel  formed  by  the  temporal,  occipital, 
and  parietal  bone.  C.'s  Muscle,  ligament- 
ous fibers  attached  to  the  malleus  arid  kMinerly 
described  as  the  laxator  tympani  minor  muscle. 
C.'s  Perforating  Nerve,  the  external 
cutaneous  nerve  of  the  arm. 

CastelUno's  Sign.     See  Oliver's  Symptom, 

Cathelineau's  Sign.  See  Cilles  de  la  Tou^ 
rette*s  Sign, 

Casenave's  Lupus.  Lupus  erythematosus. 
C.'s  Vitiligo.     See  Celsus*  Area. 

Cellulose.     See  ScAultse,  Sekweitter, 

Celsus'  Area.  Ak>pecia  areata.  C.'s  Chan* 
ere,  the  soft  chancre  or  chancroid.  C.*s 
Kerion,  supptirating  ringworm,  a  pustular  in* 
flaromation  of  the  hair- follicles  of  the  scalp  in 
tinea  tonsurans.  C.'s  PapuUe,  a  form  of 
acute  papular  eczema  (lichen  agrius). 

Chabert's  Diseasa.  Sympathetic  anthrax  ; 
blackleg. 

Charcot's  Artery.  The  "  artery  of  cerebral 
hemorrhage,"  one  of  the  lenticulostriate  arte- 
ries that  passes  through  the  outer  part  of  the 
putamen.  C.'s  Cirrhosis.  See  Ham^fs 
Diifitse,  C.'s  Crystals,  octahedral  crystals 
of  the  phosphate  of  Schriener's  base  (sper- 
min),  found   in   the   sputum  of  asthma,  in 

seminal  fluid,  leukemic  blood,  and  feces.    C.'s 


CHARCOT-GUINON'S  DISEASE 


CLEEMAN'S  SIGN  OR  TEST 


Disease,  i.  Amyotrophic  lateral  sclerosis. 
2.  Arthropathy  of  tabes  dorsalis.  3.  Multi- 
ple cerebrospinal  sclerosis.  C.*s  Fever,  a 
septic  fever  occurring  in  cases  of  jaundice  due 
to  impacted  gall-stones.  C.*s  Gait,  the  gait 
of  Friedreich's  ataxia.  C.'s  Joint.  See 
C.*s  Disease  (2).  C.'s  Pain,  hysteric  pain  in 
the  ovarian  region.  C.'s  Posterior  Root- 
sone.  See  Burdach^s  Column,  C.'s  Sen- 
sory Crossway,  carrefour  sensitif ;  the  pos- 
terior third  of  the  posterior  limb  of  the  in- 
ternal capsule.  C.'s  Sign,  signe  du  sourcil. 
In  facial  paralysis  the  eyebrow  is  raised,  in 
facial  contracture  it  is  lowered.  C.'s  Syn- 
drome, intermittent  claudication,  an  affection 
connected  with  arteriosclerosis  of  the  lower 
extremities.  C.'s  Zones,  the  hysterogenic 
zones. 

Charcot- Guinon's  Disease.  Dementia  com- 
plicating some  cases  of  progressive  muscular 
dystrophy.  C.-Leyden's  Crystals.  See 
Charcots  Crystals,  C.-Marie's  Symptom. 
See  Alarie^s  Symptom,  C.-Marie's  Type 
of  Progressive  Muscular  Atrophy,  the 
neurotic  tyi>e  of  progressive  muscular  atrophy ; 
progressive  neural  muscular  atrophy,  com- 
mencing in  the  muscles  of  the  feet  and  the 
peroneal  group.  C.-Marie-Tooth's  Type 
of  Progressive  Muscular  Atrophy.  See 
Charcot  -  Mariis  Type,  C.-Neumann*s 
Crystals.  See  Charcot* s  Crystals,  C.- 
Robin's Crystals,  crystals  formed  in  leuke- 
mic blood  that  has  been  allowed  to  stand  for 
a  few  days.  See  Charcot*s  Crystals.  C- 
Vigouroux's  Sign.     5>ee  Vigottroux*s  Sign, 

Charles'  Law.  Equal  increments  of  tem- 
perature add  equal  amounts  to  the  product  of 
the  volume  and  pressure  of  a  given  mass  of 
gas. 

Charriire's  Guillotine.  An  instrument  for 
excising  tonsils. 

Chassaignac's  Axillary  Muscle.  A  non- 
constant  muscular  bundle  that  extends  across 
the  axillary  hollow  from  the  lower  border  of 
the  latissimus  dorsi  to  the  lower  border  of  the 
pectoral  is  minor  or  to  the  brachial  fascia. 
C  's  Tubercle,  the  carotid  tubercle  on  the 
transverse  process  of  the  sixth  cervical  ver- 
tebra. 

Chaussier's  Areola.  The  areola  of  inflam- 
matory induration  of  a  malignant  pustule. 
C.'s  Line,  the  raphe  of  the  corpus  callosum. 

Chautard's  Test  for  Acetone.  Allow  sul- 
phurous acid  to  pass  through  a  solution  of 
0.25  gram  of  fuchsin  in  500  c.c.  of  water 
until  the  solution  becomes  yellow.  On  the 
addition  of  a  portion  of  this  to  the  liquid  to 
be  tested  for  acetone  it  will  assume  a  violet 
color  if  acetone  be  present. 

Cheadle-Barlow's  Disease.  See  Barlon/s 
Disease, 

Cherchewsky's  Disease.      Nervous  ileus. 


An  affection  closely  simulating  intestinal  ob- 
struction, that  has  been  observed  in  neuras- 
thenia. 
Cheyne's  Nystagmus.  A  form  of  nystag- 
mus in  which  the  oscillations  of  the  eyeball 
have  a  rhythmic  variation  similar  to  the 
rhythm  of  Cheyne-Stokes'  respiration.  C.'s 
Symptom.  Sec  Cheyne-Stoke^  Respira- 
tion, 

Cheyne-Stokes'  Asthma.  D3rspnea  due  to 
pulmonary  congestion  in  an  advanced  stage 
of  chronic  myocarditis.  C.-S.'s  Respira- 
tion, arhythmic  breathing  of  a  periodic  type 
occurring  in  certain  grave  affections  of  the 
central  nervous  system,  heart,  and  lungs,  and 
in  intoxications. 

Chiene's  Lines.     Imaginary  lines  designed 
to  aid  in   localizing  the  cerebral  centers  in 
operations  upon  the  brain. 
Cholesterin.       See   Liebermann-Burchard^ 
Obermueller^    Salkowski,    Schiff^    SckuUte, 
Zwenger, 
Chopart's  Joint.    The  mediotarsal  articula- 
tion ;  the  line  of  articulation  which  separates 
the  astragalus  and  os  calds  from  the  remain- 
ing tarsal  bones. 
Christison's   Formula.      See  Haeser*s  Co- 
efficient, 
Chvostek's   Symptom.      Increase    of    the 
mechanical   irritability  of  the  motor  nerves, 
especially  the   facial,  in  tetany.      See  also 
Weiss^  Sign, 
Ciamician    and    Mag^ianini's    Test    for 
Skatol.     Skatol  warmed  with  sulphuric  add 
produces  a  purple-red  color. 
Civinini's    Spine.      A  small   spine  on  the 
outer  border  of  the  external  pterygoid  plate 
giving  attachment  to  the  pterygospinous  liga- 
ment 

Clapton's  Line.    Greenish  discoloration  of 
the  gums  and  teeth,  especially  the  incisors,  in 
chronic  copper-poisoning. 
Clapton-Havers'    Glands.      See    Naveri 

Glands, 
Clark's  Sign.    A  t3rmpanitic  sound  over  the 
hepatic  region  in  tympanites  due  to  perforative 
peritoneal  inflammation. 
Clarke's    Corroding    Ulcer.       Progressive 
ulcer  of  the  cervix  uteri.     C.'s  Tongue,  the 
hard,  fissured,  and  nodular  tongue  of  syphilitic 
glossitis  sclerosa.     C.'s  Vesicular  Column, 
a  group  of  ganglion  cells  near  the  gray  com- 
missure in  the  posterior  horns  of  the  doml 
and  upper  lumbar  spinal  cord. 
Claudius'  Cells.     Polyhedral  or  conoid  cells 
lining  the  outer  angle  of  the  scala  media  of 
the  cochlea.     C.'s  Fossa,  the  ovarian  fossa, 
a  triangular  space  containing  the  ovary;  it  is 
bounded  anteriorly  by  the  round  Itgameot. 
above  by  the  external  iliac  vein,  and  be]<iwb7 
the  ureter. 
Cleemann's  Sign  or  Test.  In  fracture  of  te 


CLERKMAXWELUS  EXPERIMENT 


CORTI'S  ARCH 


femur  with  shortening  there  is  a  wrinkle 
above  the  ligamentum  patellx,  which  disap- 
pears when  the  shortening  is  corrected  by  ex- 
tension. 

Clerk-Mazweirs  Experiment.  On  looking 
through  a  chrome-alum  solution  an  oval  pur- 
plish spot,  due  to  the  pigment  of  the  macula 
lutea,  is  seen. 

Clevenger'8  Fissure.  The  inferior  occipital 
fissure ;  a  small  fissure  between  the  second 
and  third  occipital  convolutions. 

Cloquet's  Canal.  The  hyaloid  canal ;  an 
irregular  canal  running  anteroposteriorly 
through  the  center  of  the  vitreous  body  and 
transmitting  the  hyaloid  artery  during  fetal 
life.  C.'s  Fascia,  the  crural  septum.  C.'s 
Ganglion,  the  nasopalatine  ganglion,  an  en- 
largement within  the  anterior  palatine  canal. 
C.'s  Hernia,  subpubic  hernia ;  a  femoral 
hernia  passing  behind  and  internally  to  the 
femoral  vessels  and  resting  on  the  pectineus 
muscle.  C.'s  Ligament.  Sec  If  oiler's 
Habentda. 

Cobelli*8  Glands.  A  ring  of  mucous  glands 
in  the  mucosa  of  the  esophagus. 

Cock's  Peculiar  Tumor.  Extensive  septic 
ulceration  of  the  scalp,  resembling  an  epi- 
thelioma and  developed  from  a  neglected 
sebaceous  cyst 

Cohen's  Test  for  Albumin.  To  the  acid 
solution  of  albumin  add  a  solution  of  potas- 
sium bismuthic  iodid  and  potassium  iodid. 
The  albumin  and  the  alkaloids  are  precipi- 
tated 

Cohn's  Law.  The  specific  form  of  bacteria 
has  a  fixed,  immutable  basis. 

Cohn's  Stigmata.  Minute  gaps  in  the  inter- 
alveolar  walls  of  the  normal  lung. 

Cohnheim's  Areas  or  Fields.  Small  polyg- 
onal fields  visible  on  optic  section  of  a  sar- 
cous  element  prism.  C.'s  Prog,  a  frog  from 
the  vessels  of  which  the  blood  has  been  re- 
moved and  replaced  by  a  salt  solution.  C.'s 
Terminal  Arteries,  terminal  arteries  with- 
out anastomoses.  C.'s  Theory,  the  theory 
that  all  true  tumors  are  due  to  defective  em- 
bryonal development.  C.'s  Tumor  Germs, 
small  aberrant  or  heterotopic  masses  of  embry- 
onic tissue  from  which  new  growths  may 
originate. 

Coley's  Mixture.  A  combination  of  the 
toxins  of  Streptococcus  erysipelatis  and  Bacil- 
lus prodigiosus  ;  it  has  been  used  as  a  remedy 
for  cancer  in  the  early  stage. 

CoUes'  Fascia.  The  deep  layer  of  the  super- 
ficial fascia  of  the  perineum.  C.'s  Fracture, 
transverse  fracture  of  the  lower  extremity  of 
the  radius  with  displacement  of  the  hand 
backward  and  outward.  C.'s  Law,  the  child 
of  a  syphilitic  father  will  render  its  mother 
immune  against  syphilis.  In  Colles'  original 
words :  "  A  new-bom  child  affected  with  con- 


genital syphilis,  even  although  it  may  have 
symptoms  in  the  mouth,  never  causes  ulcera- 
tion of  the  breast  which  it  sucks,  if  it  be  the 
mother  who  suckles  it,  though  continuing 
capable  of  infecting  a  strange  nurse."  C.'s 
Ligament,  the  fibers  which  pass  from  the 
outer  portion  of  PoufMut's  ligament  behind 
the  internal  pillar  of  the  abdominal  ring  and 
are  inserted  into  the  linea  alba,  where  they 
interlace  with  those  of  the  opposite  side.  C.'s 
Space,  the  space  beneath  the  perineal  fascia 
containing  the  ischiocavernosus,  transversus 
perinei  and  bulbocavemosus,  the  bulbous* 
portion  of  the  urethra,  the  posterior  scrotal 
(labial)  vessels  and  nerves,  and  loose  areolar 
tissue. 

CoUes-Beaumis'  Law.     See  Collet  Law, 

Concato's  Disease.  Tuberculosis  afi*ect- 
ing  successively  various  serous  membrane^ 
terminating  usually  in  pulmonary  tuberculo- 
sis. 

Condy's  Fluid.  A  proprietary  disinfecting 
solution  prepared  from  permanganates. 

Conradi's  Line.  A  line  drawn  from  the  base 
of  the  xiphoid  process  to  the  point  of  the 
apex-beat,  marking,  under  normal  conditions, 
the  upper  limit  of  percussion-dullness  of  the 
left  lobe  of  the  liver. 

Cooper's  Disease.  See  Reclui  Disease, 
C.'s  Fascia,  i.  The  fascia  transversalis. 
2.  The  cellular  layer  beneath  the  dartos. 
C.'s  Hernia,  encysted  hernia  of  the  tunica 
vaginalis.  C.'s  Irritable  Breast,  mastody- 
nia  neuralgica ;  neuralgia  of  the  breast.  Un- 
der the  name  of  irritable  tumor  of  the  breast ^ 
Astley  Cooper  has  described  peculiar,  sharply 
defined,  fibromatous  or  neuromatous  tumors 
of  small  size  and  extreme  tenderness.  C.'s 
Irritable  Testicle,  neuralgia  of  the  testis. 
C.'s  Ligament,  i.  The  lower,  thickened 
portion  of  the  fascia  transversalis,  which  is  at- 
tached to  the  spine  of  the  pubis  and  the  ilio- 
pectineal  eminence.  2.  Arciform,  ligament- 
ous fibers  extending  from  the  base  of  the  olec- 
ranon to  the  coronoid  process  on  the  inner 
aspect  of  the  elbow-joint.  C.'s  Suspensory 
Ligaments,  the  fibrous  processes  that  con- 
nect the  capsule  of  the  convex  surface  of  the 
mammary  gland  with  the  overlying  skin. 

Copper.     See  Schoenbein. 

Corrigan's  Disease,  i.  Aortic  insufficiency. 
2.  Cirrhosis  of  the  lung.  C.'s  Line,  the 
purple  or  brownish -red  line  on  the  margin  •f 
the  gums  in  chronic  copper-poisoning.  C.'s 
Pulse,  "  water-hammer  pulse"  ;  the  abrupt, 
jerking  pulse  of  aortic  insufficiency.  C.'s 
Respiration,  *•  nervous  or  cerebral  respira- 
tion." Frequent  shallow  and  blowing  breath- 
ing in  low  fevers — e.  g.^  in  typhus.  C.'s 
Sign,  an  expansile  pulsation  felt  in  cases  of 
aneurysm  of  the  abdominal  aorta. 

Corti's  Arch.    The  arch  formed  in  the  organ 


CORVISARrS  DISEASE 


DARWIN'S  EAR 


of  Corti  by  the  two  files  of  rods.  C.'s  Canal, 
the  tunnel  formed  by  the  basilar  membrane 
and  the  arches  of  Corti.  C.'s  Cells,  the 
outer  hair-cells  of  Corti' s  organ.  C.*8  Fibers. 
See  Corti* s  Rods,  C.'s  Ganglion,  the  gang- 
lion spirale,  an  aggregation  of  ganglion-cells 
in  the  spiral  canals  of  the  cochlea.  C.'s  Mem- 
brane, the  membrana  tectoria  of  the  cochlea. 
C.'s  Organ,  a  complicated  organ,  the  product 
of  differentiation  of  the  epithelial  lining  of  the 
cochlear  canal,  resting  on  the  basilar  mem- 
brane of  the  cochlea  and  containing  the  end- 
organs  of  the  cochlear  nerves.  C.'s  Rods, 
the  pillars  of  the  arch  of  the  organ  of  Corti. 
C.'s  Teeth,  the  auditory  teeth  ;  the  tooth- 
like projections  on  the  edge  of  the  lirabus 
lamina  spiralis  of  the  ear.  C.'s  Tunnel. 
Same  as  Corti* s  Canal, 

Corvisart's  Disease.  Idiopathic  cardiac 
hypertrophy.  C.'s  Pacies,  the  facies  of 
Beau's  diseases. 

Cotard's  Syndrome.  <*  D^lire  chronique 
des  negations."  A  form  of  paranoia  charac- 
terized by  delusions  of  negation,  with  sensory 
disturbances  and  a  tendency  to  suicide. 

Cotugno's  Canal.  Canalis  Cotunnii ;  the 
aquseductus  vestibuli.  C.'s  Disease,  malum 
Cotunnii ;  sciatica.  C.'s  Liquor,  liquor 
Cotunnii,  the  perilymph  of  the  osseous  laby- 
rinth of  the  ear.  C.'s  Nerve,  the  nasopalatine 
nerve.  C.'s  Space.  ^^BoettcherCotugno^s 
Space, 

Courvoisier's  Law.  Tumors  of  the  head  of 
the  pancreas  almost  invariably  cause  dilata- 
tion of  the  gall-bladder. 

Cowper's  Glands.  The  bulbourethral  glands ; 
two  compound  tubular  glands  situated  between 
the  two  layers  of  the  triangular  ligament,  an- 
teriorly to  the  prostate  gland  ;  they  corre- 
spond to  Bartholin's  glands  in  the  female. 
C.'s  Ligament,  the  portion  of  the  fascia 
lata  that  is  attached  to  the  crest  of  the  pubis. 

Cowperian  Cyst.  A  retention  cyst  formed 
by  Cowper's  gland. 

Coxe's  Hive  Mixture.  A  mixture  of  squill, 
senna  (Afl  120),  tartar  emetic  (3),  sugar 
(1200),  calcium  phosphate  (9),  dil.  alcohol 
and  water  ad  (2000). 

Cramptonian  Muscle.  A  bundle  of  striated 
muscular  fibers  extending  from  the  annular 
ligament  to  the  sclera  in  the  eye  of  birds. 

Creatinin.  See  Jojji^  Kemer^  v,  Maschke, 
.    Salkawski^  Weyl. 

Credo's  Method,  i.  A  prophylactic  meas- 
ure against  ophthalmia  neonatorum  by  the  in- 
stillation into  the  eyes  of  new -bom  children 
of  a  few  drops  of  a  one  or  two  per  cent  solu- 
tion of  nitrate  of  silver.  2.  Manual  expres- 
sion of  the  placenta. 

Crichton  Browne's  Sign.  See  Browne* s 
Si^. 

Crismer's  Test  for  Glucose.    An  alkaline 


solution  of  glucose  when  heated  to  boiling 
with  a  solution  of  i  part  safranin  in  looo  parts 
water  decolorizes  the  safranin  solution  or 
renders  it  pale  yellow.  It  is  not  decolorized 
when  heated  with  uric  acid,  creatinin,  or 
creatin,  in  an  alkaline  solution. 

Crookes'  Tube.  A  highly  exhausted  vacuum- 
tube  used  in  producing  X-rays. 

Cruveilhier's  Atrophy.  See  Aran-Dmh- 
enne's  Disease.  C.'s  Fascia,  the  superficial 
layer  of  the  perineal  fascia.     C.'s    Plexus. 

1.  A  plexus  of  the  posterior  cervical  region 
which  is  derived  from  the  great  occipital 
nerve  and  the  first  and  second  cervical  nerves. 

2.  The  plexus  of  varicose  veins  constituting 
one  of  the  varieties  of  angioma.  C.'s  Ulcer, 
simple  ulcer  of  the  stomach. 

Cunisset's  Test  for  Bile  Pigments.  Ad- 
dition to  the  urine  of  half  its  volume  of  chloro- 
form imparts  a  yellow  color  to  the  latter. 

Curling's  Ulcer.  A  duodenal  ulcer  produced 
by  extensive  bums  of  the  skin. 

Curschmann's  Spirals.  Spiral  conglomer* 
ates  of  mucin,  with  a  light-colored  central 
thread,  found  occasionally  in  the  ^Hitum  of 
bronchia]  asthma. 

Cuvier's  Canals.  In  the  embryo,  two  short 
vessels  opening  into  the  common  trunk  of  the 
omphalomesenteric  veins,  each  being  formed 
by  the  union  of  two  veins,  the  anterior  car- 
dinal, or  jugular,  and  the  posterior  cardinal 
veins. 

Cystein.     See  Andreasch. 

Cystin.  See  Baumann  and  GolJmann, 
Liebigf  Mueller, 

Czermak's  Interglobular  Spaces.  Irregu- 
lar branched  spaces  in  the  cnista  petrosa  and 
enamel  of  the  teeth. 


DA  COSTA'S  DISEASE.  Retrocedent 
gout. 

Dalrymple's  Sign.     See  Stelhvag^s  Sign, 

Dalton's  or Dalton -Henry's  Law.  Although 
the  volume  of  a  gas  absorbed  by  a  li(]uid  re- 
mains constant,  the  weight  (volume  multi- 
plied by  the  density*  of  the  absorbed  ga» 
rises  and  falls  in  proportion  to  its  presMire. 

Damoiseau's  Curve.     See  Ellis*  Sign. 

Dance's  Sign.  A  depression  almut  the  right 
flank  or  iliac  fossa,  regarded  by  Dance  as  in- 
dicating invagination  of  the  cecum. 

Danielssen's  Disease.    Anesthetic  leprosy. 

Darier's  Disease.  Psorospermose  follicu- 
laire ;  keratosis  follicularis. 

Darkschewitsch's  Fibers,  A  tract  of  nerve- 
fibers  extending  from  the  optic  tract  to  the 
ganglion  of  the  habenula.  D.'s  Nucleus, 
a  nucleus  situated  on  each  side  of  the  median 
line  in  the  gray  matter  near  the  junction  of 
the  Sylvian  aqueduct  with  the  third  ventricle. 

Darwin's   Ear.    A  congenital  deforaiity  of 


DAVIDSOHX'S  SIGN 


DONNfe'S  CORPUSCLES 


the  ear  in  which  the  helix  is  absent  at  the 
upper  outer  angle  of  the  ear  so  that  the  free 
border  forms  a  sharp  point  upward  and  out- 
ward. In  another  form  a  blunt  point  (Dar- 
win^ s  tubtrcU)  projects  from  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  helix  toward  the  center  of  the  ear. 

Davidsohn't  Sig^.  The  illimiination  of  the 
pupil  obtained  on  placing  an  electric  light  in 
the  mouth  will  be  less  marked  on  the  side  on 
which  there  is  a  tumor  or  empyema  of  the 
antrum  of  Highmore. 

Davy's  Test  for  Phenol.  To  i  or  a  drops 
of  the  phenol  solution  add  3  or  4  drops  of  a 
solution  of  I  part  molybdic  acid  in  10  or  more 
parts  of  concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  A  pale 
yellowish-brown  coloration  is  produced,  which 
passes  to  reddish-brown  and  then  to  a  beauti- 
nil  purple. 

Debove*8  Membrane.  The  basement  mem- 
brane of  the  mucosa  of  the  trachea,  bronchi, 
and  intestinal  tract. 

Deiters'  Cells,  i.  The  branched,  flaUened 
cells  of  the  neuroglia.  2.  The  cylindricoconic 
cells  resting  upon  the  basilar  membrane  of  Cor- 
ti's  organ  and  supporting  the  hair-cells.  D.'s 
Nucleus,  a  large  nucleus  situated  in  the  ob- 
longata between  the  inner  portion  of  the 
cerebral  peduncles  and  the  restiform  body. 
D.'s  Phalanges,  the  phalangeal  processes 
of  Deiters'  cells  in  the  organ  of  Corti.  D.'s 
Process,  the  axis-cylinder  process  of  a  nerve^ 
cell ;  the  neuraxon. 

D^jerine's  Disease.  Hypertrophic  intersti- 
tial neuritis  of  infancy. 

Dijerine-Sottas*  Disease  or  Type  of  Mus- 
cular Atrophy.     See  Dijerine^s  Disease. 

Demarquay's  Symptom.  Immobility  or 
lowering  of  the  larynx  during  deglutition  and 
phonation;  it  is  characteristic  of  tracheal 
syphilis. 

De  Morgan's  Spots.     See  Morgan, 

Dimours'  Membrane.  See  Dfscemefs  Mem" 
brant, 

De  Mussy's  Point  or  Symptom.  See  Mussy, 

Denigi's  Test  for  Uric  Acid.  Convert  uric 
acid  into  alloxan  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  ; 
expel  the  excess  of  nitric  acid  by  gentle  heat, 
and  treat  with  a  few  drops  of  sulphuric  acid 
and  a  few  drops  of  commercial  benzol  (con- 
taining thiophen)  ;  a  blue  coloration  will 
result. 

Denisensko's  Method.  The  subcutaneous 
injection  of  a  watery  extract  of  Chelidonium 
majus  in  the  treatment  of  cancer. 

Dinonvilliers'  Fascia.  The  rectovesical 
fascia  between  the  prostate  gland  and  rectum. 

Denuci's  Ligament.  A  short  and  broad 
fibrous  band  in  the  wrist -joint,  connecting  the 
radius  with  the  ulna. 

Dercum's  Disease.  Adiposis-  dolorosa,  a 
painful  dystrophy  of  the  subcutaneous  connec- 
tive tissue,  somewhat  resembling  myxedema. 


De  Salle's  Line.     See  SalU, 

Desault's  Apparatus  or  Bandage.  One 
for  the  arm,  consisting  of  an  axillary  pad 
held  by  tapes  about  the  neck,  a  sling  for 
.  the  hand,  and  two  single-headed  rollers. 
D.'s  Splint,  one  used  in  treating  fracture 
of  the  thigh. 

Descartes  Laws.    See  Smli*s  Laws. 

Descemet's  Membrane.  The  posterior  elas. 
tic  lamina  of  the  cornea. 

Desnos'  Pneumonia.  **  Pneumonic  pseudo 
pleur6tique."     See  Grancher's  Disease. 

Deventer's  Diameter.  The  oblique  pelvic 
diameter.  D.'s  Pelvis,  a  simple,  nonrachitic 
pelvis,  flattened  from  before  backward. 

Devergie's  Attitude  de  Combat.  A  pos- 
ture of  a  dead  body  marked  by  flexions  of  the 
elbows  and  knees,  with  closure  of  the  Angers 
and  extension  of  the  ankles.  D.'s  Disease, 
pityriasis  rubra  pilaris. 

Dewees'  Carmmative.  A  mixture  of  mag- 
nesium carbonate,  5  parts ;  tincture  of  asafet* 
ida,  7  parts ;  tincture  of  opium,  I  part ;  sugar, 
10  parts;  distilled  water  su^cient  to  make 
100  parts. 

Dextrose.    See  Glucose. 

Diaso  Reaction.     See  EhrlicVs  Reaction. 

Dietl's  Crises.  Paroxysms  of  gastric  distress 
occurring  in  nephroptosis. 

Dietrich's  Reaction  for  Uric  Acid.  A  red 
coloration  results  from  the  addition  of  a  solu- 
tion of  sodium  hypochlorite  or  hypobromite 
to  the  uric  add  solution.  The  color  vanishes 
on  adding  caustic  alkali. 

Dittrich's  Plugs.  Dirty  white  or  yellowish 
masses,  consisting  chieny  of  fatty  detritus, 
microorganisms,  and  crystals  of  margarin ; 
they  are  found  in  the  sputum  of  putrid  bron- 
chitis and  pulmonaiy  gangrene.  D.'s  Ste- 
nosis, D.'s  wahre  Herxstenose  ;  stenosis  of 
the  conus  arteriosus. 

Dobell's  Solution.  A  solution  of  borax, 
sodium  bicarbonate,  and  carbolic  add  in 
glycerin  and  water ;  it  is  valued  as  a  spray 
^r  nasal  and  throat  troubles. 

Dobie's  Globule.  A  small,  round  bod> 
rendered  visible  in  the  center  of  the  inin% 
parent  disc  of  a  muscular  Hbril  by  Gaining 
D.'s  Layer  or  Line.     See  Kmuscs  Dtu, 

Donders*  Glaucoma.  Simple  atrophic  glau- 
coma. D.'s  Law,  the  rotation  of  the  cyrliall 
about  the  line  of  M^ht  is  involuntary,  and 
when  the  eyes  are  fixed  on  a  distant  t>liject, 
the  amount  of  rotation  is  determined  wlely 
by  the  angular  distance  of  that  object  frrmi 
the  horizon  and  inrm  the  median  plane.  D.'s 
Rings,  rain  bow -colored  ring^  seen  in  cases 
of  glaucoma  and  by  normal  and  cataracttnis 
eyes  when  the  pupil  is  dilated.  They  are 
atlribute<i  to  the  diflfraction  of  light  by  the 
cortex  of  the  crystalline  lens. 

Donsi6's  CorpuscUt.   1 .  The  coloftmm  cor- 


DONOVAN'S  SOLUTION 


DUPUYTREN'S  CONTRACTION 


pascles.  2.  See  ^izzozenfi  Bhod-plaUleti, 
D.'s  Test  for  Pus,  into  the  mass  to  be 
tested  stir  a  small  piece  of  caustic  potash. 
The  mass  will  be  converted  into  a  tough, 
slimy  material  if  pus  be  present 

Donovan's  Solution.  A  solution  of  iodid 
of  arsenic  and  mercury. 

Douglas'  Crescentic  Fold.  The  lower 
border  of  the  posterior  sheath  of  the  rectus 
abdominis.  D.'a  Culdesac,  the  pouch 
formed  by  the  rectouterine  folds  of  the  peri- 
toneum. D.'s  Ligaments,  the  rectouterine 
folds  of  the  peritoneum.  D.'s  Line.  See 
Line^  Semicircular,  D.'s  Pouch.  Same  as 
D.^s  Culdesac,  D.'s  Septum,  in  the  fetus 
the  septum  formed  by  the  union  of  Rathke's 
folds  and  transforming  the  rectum  into  a 
complete  canal. 

Dover's  Powder.  A  powder  containing  to 
per  cent,  each  of  opium  and  ipecac. 

Doy^re's  Eminence.  The  prominence 
formed  by  the  motorial  end-plates  on  a  mus- 
cular fiber. 

Dragendorff's  Test  for  Bile  Pigments. 
Spread  a  few  drops  of  the  urine  on  an  un- 
glazed  porcelain  surface,  and  after  absorption 
has  taken  place,  add  a  drop  or  two  of  nitric 
acid.  If  bile  be  present,  several  rings  of  color 
will  be  produced,  the  green  ring,  which  is 
characteristic  of  bile  pigments,  being  chief 
among  them. 

Drechsel's  Test  for  Bile  Acids.  A  beauti- 
ful red  color  is  produced  if  bile  acids  are 
present  in  a  substance  treated  with  a  little 
cane-sugar  and  a  few  drops  of  a  mixture  com- 
posed of  5  parts  of  S3mipy  phosphoric  acid 
and  I  part  water,  and  warmed  on  a  water- 
bath. 

Dressler's  Disease.  Paroxysmal  hemoglob- 
inuria. 

Drummond's  Sign.  The  "oral  whiff," 
heard  when  the  mouth  is  closed  and  disap- 
pearing on  compression  of  the  nostrils  ;  it  is 
observed  in  cases  of  aneurysm  of  the  thoracic 
aorta. 

Drysdale's  Ovarian  Corpuscles.  Granular 
cells,  nonnucleated  and  of  varying  sizes, 
which  were  regarded  by  Drysdale  as  peculiar 
to  ovarian  fluid. 

Duane's  Test.  A  candle  having  been  placed 
in  front  of  the  person  to  be  examined,  a  screen 
is  held  before  one  eye  for  a  time  and  then 
suddenly  transferred  to  the  other  side.  The 
existence  of  deviation  in  the  first  eye  is  rec- 
ognized by  a  sudden  apparent  displacement 
of  the  candle- flame  in  the  direction  opposite 
to  that  in  which  the  eye  has  deviated. 

Dubini's  Disease.  Spasmus  Dubini ;  electric 
chorea.  Rapid  rhythmic  contractions  of  one 
or  more  groups  of  muscles*  beginning  in  a 
finger,  an  extremity,  or  a  half  of  the  face,  and 
extending  over  the  greater  part  or  the  whole 


of  the  body.  They  are  generally  followed  by 
palsies  and  often  by  coma  and  death.  The 
affection  has  been  observed  thus  iar  only  in 
Italy. 

Dubois'  Disease.  The  presence  of  multiple 
necrotic  foci  in  the  thymus  glands  of  ioDints 
affected  with  hereditary  syphilis. 

Du  Bois-Reymond's  Law.  It  is  not  the 
absolute  value  of  current  density  at  a  given 
moment  that  acts  as  a  stimulus  to  a  muscle  or 
motor  nerve,  but  the  variation  of  density. 

Duchenne's  Attitude.  In  paralysis  of  the 
trapezius  the  shoulder  droops  ;  the  shoulder- 
blade  see-saws  so  that  its  internal  edge  instead 
of  being  parallel  to  the  vertebral  column  be- 
comes oblique  from  top  to  bottom  and  from 
without  in.  D.'s  Disease,  tabes  dorsalis. 
D.'s  Paralysis,  progressive  muscular  dys- 
trophy with  pseudohypertrophy.  D.'s-  Sign, 
sinking-in  of  the  epigastrium  during  inspira- 
tion in  cases  of  marked  hydropericardium  or 
impaired  movement  of  the  diaphragm  from 

f>ressure  or  paralysis.  D.'s  Syndrome, 
abioglossolaryngeal  paralysis. 

Duchenne-Aran's  Disease.  See  .4nvjr- 
Duchenn^s  Disease. 

Duchenne-Erb's  Paralysis.  See  Erh^i 
Paralysis, 

Duchenne-Landouxy's  Tjrpe  of  Progress 
sive  Muscular  Atrophy.  See  Lautiouxy- 
DSjerin^s  Type, 

Duckworth's  Syndrome.  Complete  stop- 
page of  respiration  several  hours  before  tlut 
of  the  heart  in  certain  cerebral  diseases  at- 
tended by  intracranial  pressure. 

Duddell's  Membrane.  See  Descemefs  Mem- 
brane, 

Dugas*  Test.  In  dislocation  of  the  shoulder- 
joint  the  elbow  can  not  be  made  to  touch  the 
side  of  the  chest  when  the  hand  of  the  a£^ted 
side  is  placed  on  the  opposite  shoulder. 

Duhring's  Disease.  Dermatitis  herpeti- 
formis.    D.'s  Pruritus,  pruritus  hiemalis. 

Dumontpallier's  Test  for  Bile  Pigments 
See  Smith's  Test, 

Duncan's  Fold.  The  folds  of  the  loose  peri 
toneal  covering  of  the  uterus  seen  immediately 
after  delivery.  D.'s  Position  of  the  Pla* 
centa,  the  marginal  position  generally  as- 
sumed by  the  placenta  on  presenting  itself  at 
the  OS  uteri  for  expulsion.  D.'s  Ventricle, 
sinus  Duncanii.     The  fifth  ventricle. 

Duncan  Bird's  Sign.    See  Bird's  SijpK 

Dupri's  Syndrome.  Meningism;  pscudo> 
meningitis. 

Dupuytren's  Contraction.  Contraction  al 
the  palmar  aponeurosis.  D.'s  Eggshell 
Symptom,  the  sensation  of  a  delicate  crepi- 
tant shell  (eggshell  crackling)  imparled  on 
slight  pressure  in  certain  cases  of  sarcoma  of 
long  bones.  D.'s  Finger.  See  D.*s  0"»- 
traeti4m,     D.'s  Fracture,  fracture  of   the 


DUROZIEZ'S  DISEASE 


EMPIS*  «*GKANLLIE" 


lower  end  of  the  6bu]a,  with  displacement  of 
the  foot  outward  and  backward.  D.*8  Hy- 
drocele, hydrocele  en  bissac ;  bilocular  hydro- 
cele of  the  tunica  vaginalis  testis.  D.'s 
Phlegmon,  unilateral  phlegmonous  suppu- 
nitioD  occupying  the  anterolateral  portion  of 
the  neck. 

Duroxiez's  Disease.  Congenital  mitral  steno- 
sis. D.'s  Murmur,  a  double  murmur  heard 
over  the  femoral  artery  on  pressure  with  the 
stethoscope,  in  cases  of  aortic  insufficiency, 
mitral  stenosis,  lead-poisoning,  contracted 
kidney,  and  some  fevers. 

Duvars  Nucleus.  An  aggregation  of  large 
multipolar  ganglion  cells  l)ring  ventrolaterally 
to  the  hypoglossal  nucleus. 

Duvemey*8  Foramen.  St^lVinslov/ s  Fora- 
ntfn,  D.'s  Gland.  The  same  as  Bartholin's 
Gland, 


EASTON*S  SYRUP.  A  syrup  of  quinin, 
iron,  and  strychnin  phosphate. 

Eberth's  Lines.  Linese  scalariformes.  Dark 
broken  lines  seen  to  separate  the  cardiac  mus- 
cular cells  on  staining  with  silver  nitrate. 

Ebner's  Germ  Reticulum.  A  fine,  nucleated 
reticulum  existing  between  the  inner  cells  of 
the  seminiferous  tubules.  E.'s  Glands,  the 
acinous  glands  situated  in  the  region  of  the 
circum vallate  papillas  of  the  tongue. 

Ebstein's  Lesion.  Hyaline  degeneration 
and  insular  necrosis  of  the  epithelial  cells  of 
the  renal  tubules  in  diabetes. 

Ecker*s  Gyrus.  The  gyrus  descendens,  the 
most  posterior  of  the  occipital  convolutions. 
E.*s  Sulcus,  the  anterior  or  transverse  oc- 
cipital sulcus,  usually  joined  to  the  horizontal 
part  of  the  interparietal  sulcus. 

Edebohls'  Posture.     Sec  Simon's  Posture, 

Edinger's  Law.  A  regular  and  gradual  in- 
crea.se  of  function  of  a  neuron  leads  at  first 
to  increased  growth  ;  but  if  carried  to  excess, 
and  especially  if  irregular  and  spasmodic,  it 
results  in  atrophy  and  degeneration,  and  ulti- 
mately in  proliferation  of  the  surrounding 
:ivsue  E.  s  Nucleus,  the  nucleus  of  the 
prwierior  longitudinal  bundle,  an  aggregation 
of  ganglion  cells  in  the  gray  matter  of  the 
third  ventricle  at  (he  beginning  of  the  Sylvian 
aqueduct. 

Edinger- Westphal's  Nucleus.  One  of  the 
nuclei  of  the  third  cranial  nerve  in  the  region 
of  the  anterior  corpora  quadrigemina  below 
the  Sylvian  aqueduct  It  is  placed  antero- 
lateral!^. 

Ehrenntter's  Ganglion.  The  jugular  gan- 
glion. 

Ehret's  Paralysis.  A  traumatic  neurosis, 
following  injury  to  the  inner  side  of  the  foot 
or  ankle,  consisting  in  spasmodic  contracture 
of  the  muscles  which  raise  the  inner  border 


of  the  foot  and  functional  paralysis  of  the 
peroneal  muscles. 

Ehrlich's  Method.  The  use  of  a  saturated 
solution  of  anilin  in  water,  as  a  mordant  for 
better  fixing  the  anilin  dyes  used  in  staining 
bacteria.  E.'s  Reaction,  the  treatment  of 
the  urine  with  diazobenzosulphuric  acid  pro- 
duces a  deep- red  color  that  is  due  to  a  combi- 
nation of  the  reagent  with  an  aromatic  amido- 
compound  found  in  the  urine  in  typhoid  fever 
and  pneumonia  ;  frequently  also  in  pleurisy, 
measles,  tuberculosis,  erysipelas,  ana  perito- 
nitis. To  produce  this  reaction,  equal  parts 
of  the  reagent  and  urine  are  mixed  and  about 
one-eighth  of  their  total  volume  of  ammonia 
is  added.  The  reagent  consists  of  two  solu- 
tions: (I)  Sulphanilic  acid,  i  gram  ;  hydro- 
chloric acid,  loc.c.  ;  distilled  water,  aoo  c.c. 
(2)  Nitrate  of  sodium,  0.5  gram;  distilled 
water,  loo  c.c.  E.*8  Solution,  a  solu- 
tion of  a  basic  anilin  dye  in  anilin-oil  and 
water. 

Eichhorst*8  Coipuscles.  Small,  spheric 
blood-corpuscles  found  in  pernicious  anemia 
and  formerly  regarded  as  characteristic  of 
this  disease.  E.'s  Neuritis,  neuritis  fas- 
cians,  a  form  of  neuritis  in  which  the  morbid 
process  involves  both  the  nerve- sheath  and 
the  interstitial  tissue  of  the  muscles.  E.'s 
Type  of  Progressive  Muscular  Atrophy, 
the  femorotibial  type. 

Eichstedt's  Disease.    Pityriasb  versicolor. 

Eijkman*s  Test  for  Phenol.  Add  to  the 
phenol  solution  a  few  drops  of  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  nitrous  acid,  ethyl  ether,  and  an 
equal  amount  of  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 
A  red  coloration  is  produced. 

Eiselt's  Reaction  for  Melanin  in  Urine. 
Concentrated  nitric  add,  sulphuric  acid, 
potassium  dichromate,  or  other  oxidizing 
agents  render  urine  containing  melanin  dark 
colored. 

Bitelberg's  Test.  If  a  large  tuning-fork  be 
held  at  intervals  before  the  ear  during  fifteen 
or  twenty  minutes,  the  duration  of  the  per- 
ception of  the  vibration,  during  these  periods, 
increases  in  case  the  ear  is  normal,  but  de- 
crea.ses  when  a  lesion  of  the  sound-conducting 
apparatus  exists. 

Ellis'  Ligament.  That  part  of  the  rrcto- 
vesical  fiiscia  that  extends  to  the  side  of  the 
rectum.  E.*s  Line,  the  curved  line  followed 
by  the  upper  border  of  a  pleuritic  effusion  cr 
a  hydrothorax.  E.'s  Sign,  during  resorption 
of  a  pleuritic  exudate,  the  upper  border  of 
dulness  forms  a  curve,  convex  toward  the 
head,  the  highest  point  of  which  lies  laterally. 

Ellis -Damoiseau's  Curve.  See  /.////  Si^n, 

Emmet*s  Operation.  Trachelorrhaphy ; 
suturing  of  the  neck  of  the  womb. 

Empis'  **  Granulie."  Acute  miliary  tuber- 
culosis of  the  Inngi. 


ENGELMANN»S  DISC 


FEDERICrS  SIGN 


Bngelmann's  Intermediate  Disc.  See 
Krause's  Disc,  E.'s  Lateral  Disc,  the 
narrow  zone  of  transparent  homogeneous 
substance  lying  on  each  side  of  Krause^s 
disc. 

Epstein's  Pearls.  Small,  slightly  elevated, 
yellowish- white  masses  on  each  side  of  the 
median  line  of  the  hard  palate  at  birth. 

Erb's  Disease.  Severe  pseudoparalytic  my- 
asthenia; asthenic  bulbar  paralysis.  E.'s 
Juvenile  Form  of  Progressive  Muscular 
Atrophy,  the  scapulohumeral  type.  E.'s 
Paralysis,  paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  shoul- 
der and  arm,  caused  by  a  lesion  of  the  Bfth 
and  sixth  cervical  nerve-roots.  E.'s  Point, 
a  point  about  two  fingers'  breadth  above  the 
clavicle  and  one  finger's  breadth  external  to 
the  sternomastoid.  Electric  stimulation  at 
this  point  produces  contraction  of  the  del- 
toid, biceps,  brachialis  anticus,  and  supinator 
longus.  E.'s  Symptom,  (i)  increase  of 
the  electric  irritability  of  the  motor  nerves  in 
tetany;  (2)  dulness  on  percussion  over  the 
manubrium  stemi  in  acromegaly.  E.'s 
Waves,  undulatory  movements  produced  in 
a  muscle  by  passing  a  moderately  strong 
constant  current  through  it  and  leaving  the 
electrodes  in  place,  the  circuit  remaining 
closed.  They  are  sometimes  seen  in  Thorn- 
sen's  disease. 

Erb-Charcot's  Disease.  Spastic  spinal 
paralysis ;  spasmodic  tabes  dorsalis. 

Erben's  Phenomenon.  A  temporary  slow- 
ing of  the  pulse  on  bending  forward  or 
attempting  to  sit  down  ;  it  has  been  observed 
in  neurasthenia. 

Erb-Goldflam's  Symptom-complex.  See 
Erb^s  Disease, 

Er))-We8tphars  Symptom.  See  West- 
phafs  Si^n, 

Erichsen's  Disease.  Railway  spine ;  rail- 
way brain.  A  train  of  symptoms  following 
accidents,  which  may  assume  the  form  of 
traumatic  hysteria,  neurasthenia,  hypochon- 
driasis, or  melancholia.  E.  's  Ligature,  one 
consisting  of  a  double  thread,  one-half  of 
which  is  black,  the  other  white  ;  it  is  used  in 
the  ligation  of  nevi.  E.'s  Sign,  to  differ- 
entiate coxalgia  from  sacroiliac  disease :  com- 
pression of  the  two  iliac  bones  causes  pain  in 
the  latter  but  not  in  the  former  affection. 

Esmarch's  Bandage.  An  elastic  rubber 
bandage  to  prevent  hemorrhage  in  amputa- 
tions. 

Eustachian  Artery,  i.  A  branch  of  the 
Vidian  artery.  2.  A  branch  of  the  pterygo- 
palatine artery.  E.  Muscle,  the  laxator 
t3rmpani.  E.  Tube,  a  canal,  partly  bony 
and  partly  cartilaginous,  connecting  the 
pharynx  with  the  tymi>anic  cavity.  E. 
Valve,  the  fold  of  the  lining  membrane  of 
the  right  auricle  of  the  heart,  situated  between 


the  opening  of  the  inferior  vena  cava  and  the 
auriculoventricular  orifice. 

Ewald's  Test  for  Hydrochloric  Acid  in 
Contents  of  Stomach.  Dilute  2  cc«  of  a 
lo  per  cent,  solution  of  potassium  siUpho- 
cyanid  and  0.5  c.c.  of  a  neutral  solution  of 
acetate  of  iron  to  10  c.c.  with  water.  This 
makes  a  ruby-red  solution  ;  if  a  few  drops  of 
it  are  placed  in  a  porcelain  dish,  and  i  or  2 
drops  of  the  liquid  to  be  tested  are  allowed  to 
come  in  contact  with  it,  a  faint  violet  cloud  is 
observed  in  the  presence  of  HCl.  On  mixing, 
the  color  becomes  brown. 

Ewart's  Sign.  In  marked  pericardial  effusion 
the  left  clavicle  is  so  raised  that  the  upper 
border  of  the  first  rib  can  be  felt  with  the 
finger  as  far  as  the  sternum. 

Exner's  Plexus.  A  layer  of  nerve- plexuses, 
probably  formed  by  the  junction  of  sensory 
and  motor  fibers,  in  the  cerebral  cortex,  near 
the  surface. 


FAHRENHEIT'S  THERMOMETER. 

A  familiar  scale  with  the  freezing- point  at 
-f-  32*'  and  the  boiling  point  at  -|-  212®. 

Fallopian  Aqueduct  or  Canal.  A  canal  in 
the  petrosa,  extending  from  the  internal  audi- 
tory meatus  to  the  stylomastoid  foramen  and 
transmitting  the  facial  nenre.  F.  Gestation, 
tubal  gestation.  F.  Hiatus,  an  opening  on 
the  anterior  surface  of  the  petrosa,  which 
serves  for  the  transmission  of  the  petrosal 
branch  of  the  Vidian  nerve.  F.  Ligament. 
I.  See  Pouparfs  Ligament,  2.  See  /fumi- 
ef's  Ligantent,  F.  Muscle,  the  pjrramidalia. 
F.  Tube,  the  oviduct  F.  Valve.  See 
Bauhin^s  Vahe, 

Falret's  Type  of  Mania  of  Persecution. 
**  Id6es  de  persecution  et  de  persecuteur  "  ; 
a  form  of  paranoia  occurring  in  degener- 
ates. 

Faraday's  Law  of  Electrolysis.  The 
amount  of  an  ion  liberated  at  an  electrode  in 
a  given  time  is  proportional  to  the  strength  of 
the  current. 

Farre's  Tubercles.  Cancerous  masses  on 
the  surface  of  the  liver.  F.'s  White  Line, 
the  boundary-line  at  the  hilum  of  the  ovary 
between  the  germ  epithelium  and  the  squa- 
mous epithelium  of  the  broad  ligament ;  it 
marks  the  insertion  of  the  mesovarium. 

Farre-Waldeyer's  Line.  See  Farr^s  \Vkiie 
Line, 

Fauchard's  Disease.  Alveotodental  perios- 
teitis;  pyorrhoea  alveolaris;  progressive  ne- 
crosis of  the  dental  alveoli. 

Fechner's  Law.  The  intensity  of  a  sensa- 
tion is  proportional  to  the  logarithm  of  the 
stimulus. 

Federici's  Sign.  Perception  of  the  heart- 
sounds  over  the  whole  abdomen  in  cases  cf 


FEHLING'S  TEST 


FOERSTER'S  SHIFTING  TYPE 


performtive  peritonitis  with  escape  of  gas  into 
the  peritoneal  cavity. 

Pehling's  Test  for  Olucose.  Two  solu- 
tions are  required  to  be  kept  in  two  distinct 
parts  in  well-stoppered  bottles.  A.  Dissolve 
36.64  grams  of  copper  sulphate  in  500  c.c. 
of  water.  B.  Dissolve  173  grams  of  Ro- 
chelle  salts  in  100  c.c.  of  a  solution  of  caustic 
soda  having  a  specific  gravity  of  1.34,  and 
dilute  with  water  to  500  c.c.  Mix  equal 
volumes  of  A  and  B  for  use ;  the  result  is  a 
dark-blue  fluid,  known  as  Fehling's  solution. 
The  solution  should  always  be  fresh,  as  tar- 
taric acid  has  a  tendency  to  become  converted 
into  racemic  acid,  which  reduces  cupric  salts 
like  sugar.  Its  absence  should  always  be  as- 
certained by  boiling  the  Fehling  solution, 
which  should  remain  unaltered  by  this  pro- 
cess. On  addition  of  a  solution  of  glucose 
and  then  boiling,  a  red  precipitate  of  the  cup- 
rous oxid  or  hydrate  cflccurs. 

Pen  wick's  Disease.  Primary  atrophy  of  the 
stomach. 

F^r^ol's  Nodosities.  Inconstant  subcuta- 
neous nodosides  observed  in  cases  of  acute 
articular  rheumatism. 

P6rtol-Graux*s  Type  of  Ocular  Palsy. 
Associated  paralysis  of  the  internal  rectus 
muscle  of  one  side  and  of  the  external  rectus 
of  the  other  ;  it  is  of  nuclear  origin. 

Pennenutlon  Test  for  Glucose.  Half  fill 
a  test-tube  with  solution  of  dextrose,  and  add 
a  little  dried  German  yeast.  Invert  the  tube 
over  mercury  and  allow  it  to  stand  in  a  warm 
place  for  24  hours.  The  sugar  will  ferment, 
carbonic  acid  gas  accumulates  in  the  tube,  and 
the  liquid  gives  the  tests  for  alcohol.  A  con- 
trol experiment  should  be  made  with  yeast 
and  water  in  another  test-tube,  as  a  small 
yield  of  carbonic  acid  is  often  obtained  from 
impurities  in  the  ycasi.     Sec  also  Roberts. 

Perrein's  Canal.  A  triangular  channel  sup- 
posed to  exist  between  the  free  edges  of  the 
eyelids  when  they  arc  closed,  and  to  serve 
for  conducting  the  tears  toward  the  lacrimal 
points  during  sleep.  F.'s  Cords,  the  true 
vocal  cords.  F.'s  Foramen,  foramen  anony- 
mum  Ferreinii ;  see  Fallopian  Hiatus,  F.'s 
Pyramids,  the  medullary  rays,  pyramidal  in 
shape,  having  their  apices  at  the  periphery  of 
the  cortex  of  the  kidney  and  their  bases  in 
the  boundary  layer.  F.'s  Tubes,  the  con- 
voluted uriniferous  tubules. 

Pieux's  Test  for  Antip3rrin.  Add  2.5 
grams  of  sodii  metaphosphoric  acid  and  12 
drops  of  sulphuric  acid  to  the  suspected 
fluid,  filter,  and  to  the  clear  filtrate  add  a  few 
drops  of  sodium  nitrate.  If  antipyrin  be 
present,  a  clear  green  color  will  develop. 

PUatow's  Disease.  Acute  febrile  cervical 
adenitis  of  children,  probably  identical  with 
Pteifier's  glandular  fever. 


Pilipowicz's  Sign.  "  Palmoplantar  phe- 
nomenon." A  yellowish  coloration  of^the 
prominent  portions  of  the  palmar  and  plantar 
surfaces  seen  in  typhoid  fever. 

Pisher's  Brain-murmur.  A  systolic  mur- 
mur heard  over  the  anterior  fontanel  or  in  the 
temporal  region  in  rachitic  infants.  P.'s 
Sign,  a  presystolic  murmur  heard  in  cases  of 
adherent  pericardium  without  valvular  dis- 
ease. 

Piske-Bryson's  S3rmptom.  See  Bry son's 
Sign. 

Plajani's  Disease.     See  Basedow s  Disease, 

Platau's  Law.  **  Law  of  the  eccentric  situa- 
tion of  long  tracts."  The  greater  the  length 
of  the  fibers  of  the  spinal  cord,  the  nearer 
they  are  situated  to  the  periphery. 

Plechsig's  Column.  The  direct  cerebellar 
tract  of  the  spinal  cord.  P.'s  Tract  or  Oval 
Field,  the  septomarginal  tract  of  the  spinal 
cord. 

Pleischl's  Reaction  for  Bile  Pigments. 
Add  concentrated  sulphuric  add  by  means  of 
a  pipet  to  urine  already  treated  with  a  concen- 
trated solution  of  nitrate  of  soda.  The  sul- 
phuric acid  sinks  to  the  bottom  of  the  test- 
tube  and  produces  color  layers,  as  in  Gmelin's 
test 

Pleischmann's  Bursa.  A  bursa  lying  in  the 
sublingual  space  beneath  the  frenum  linguse. 
Its  existence  is  disputed. 

Plemming's  Germ  Centers.  The  areas  in 
the  adenoid  tissue  of  the  spleen  and  lymph- 
atic glands  in  which  leukocytes  are  formed. 

Plindt-Koplik's  Sipi.     See  Koplik's  Spots, 

Flint's  Arcade.  The  arteriovenous  arch 
around  the  base  of  the  renal  p3rramids.  P.'s 
Murmur,  a  second  systolic  murmur  heard 
over  the  apex  in  cases  of  marked  dilatation 
of  the  ventricle  from  aortic  insufficiency. 

Ploegel's  Layer.  The  layer  of  granules  in 
the  transparent  lateral  disc  of  a  muscle- 
fibril. 

Flood's  Ligament.  The  glenohuroeral  lig- 
ament. 

Florence's  Crystals.  Brown  crystals  in  the 
shape  of  needles  or  plates  obtained  by  treat- 
ing semen  with  a  strong  solution  of  iodin  and 
potassium  iodid  (Florence's  reaction)  ;  they 
are  also  formed  in  the  secretions  of  the  pros- 
tate, uterus,  vagina,  etc.  P.'s  Reaction,  on 
the  addition  of  a  strong  solution  of  iodin  and 
iodid  of  potassium  to  human  spermatic  Huid 
brown  crystals  in  the  shape  of  needles  or 
plates  are  formed.  This  is  not  wholly  relia- 
ole  as  a  lest  for  human  spermatic  fluid,  since 
the  cr)'stals  can  also  be  found  in  the  spermatic 
fluid  of  animals. 

Plourens'  Doctrine.  A  theory  that  the 
whole  of  the  cerebrum  is  concerned  in  every 
psychic  process. 

Poerster's   Shifting  Type.      VariatioDf  in 


FOLIAN  PROCESS 


FUERBRINGER'S  SIGN 


the  visual  6eld,  the  limits  of  which  differ  ac- 
cording as  they  are  determined  by  moving 
the  disc  from  the  center  outward  or  from 
without  toward  the  center ;  they  are  seen  in 
traumatic  neuroses. 

Polian  (Polius*)  Process.  The  processus 
gracilis  of  the  malleus. 

Pontana's  Bands.  The  wavy  arrangement 
presented  by  nerve -fibers,  which  lie  alongside 
one  another  in  loose  spirals,  in  places  where 
considerable  mobility  is  possible.  P.*s 
Spaces,  the  minute  spaces  occupying  the 
angle  of  the  iris  and  communicating  with 
the  aqueous  chamber  and  Schlemm's  canal. 

Porchheimer*s  Exanthem.  A  maculopapu- 
lar  rose-red  eruption  on  the  soft  palate  and 
uvula,  regarded  by  Forchheimer  as  character- 
istic of  rubeola  in  the  absence  of  any  cutane- 
ous eruption. 

Porel's  Decussation.  The  ventral  tegmen- 
tal decussation. 

Ponnad's  Kidneys.  The  elongated  and  en- 
larged kidneys  of  chronic  alcoholism. 

Pormaldehyd.  Phenylhydrazin  has  been 
proposed  by  Vitali  as  a  test  for  formaldehyd. 
A  mixture  of  the  two  gives  rise  to  a  milky 
discoloration  ;  eventually  a  yellowish  deposit 
is  precipitated  upon  the  sides  of  the  test-tube. 
In  concentrated  solutions  the  turbidity  ap- 
pears immediately.  In  solutions  of  a  strength 
of  I  :  lOO  the  reaction  occurs  after  a  few  sec- 
onds ;  in  those  of  I  :  looo,  in  i  minute  ;  in 
those  of  I  :  io,ooo,  in  5  minutes  ;  in  those  of 
1 :  100,000,  in  2  to  3  hours.  See  also  Kent- 
mann. 

Pothergill*8  Disease.  Neuralgia  of  the  tri- 
geminus. P.'s  Sorethroat,  the  ulcerative  an- 
gina of  severe  scarlatina  ( scarlatina  anginosa). 

Poville*B  Tract.  The  direct  cerebellar  tract 
of  the  spinal  cord. 

Powler's  Solution.  A  solution  containing 
arsenious  acid,  potassium  bicarbonate,  and 
tincture  of  lavender. 

Praenkel's  Glands.  Minute  glands  opening 
immediately  below  the  edge  of  the  vocal 
cords.  P.'s  Leukemia,  acute  leukemia 
with  large  mononuclear  lymphocytes. 

Prankenhaeuser's  Ganglion.  The  ganglion 
cervicale,  a  cluster  of  small  ganglions  at  the 
side  of  the  neck  of  the  uterus. 

Pranklinic  Reaction  of  Degeneration.  A 
rare  form  of  reaction  of  degeneration  produced 
by  static  electricity  and  similar  to  that  ob- 
tained by  the  faradic  current.  P.  Taste, 
an  acid  taste  perceived  on  applying  the  posi- 
tive pole  of  the  electrode  of  the  static  machine 
at  a  minimum  distance  of  i  or  2  mm. 

Praunhofer's  Lines.  Black  lines  in  the 
solar  spectrum. 

Prenkel's  Sign.  Diminished  tone  (hypo- 
tonia) of  the  muscles  of  the  lower  extremities 
in  tabes  dorsalis. 


Preund's  Law.  In  the  progress  of  their 
growth  ovarian  tumors  undergo  changes  of 
position  :  (1)  While  pelvic,  they  show  a 
tendency  to  grow  downward  behind  the  uter- 
us ;  (2)  when  they  have  risen  out  of  the  pel- 
vis, they  tend  to  fall  forward  toward  the  ab- 
dominal wall. 

Priedlaender's  Decidual  Cells.  The  large 
connective- tissue  cells  of  the  uterine  mucosa 
that  form  the  compact  layer  of  the  uterine 
decidua.  P.'s  Disease,  obliterative  arteri- 
tis. 

Priedmann's  Vasomotor  Symptom -com- 
plex. A  train  of  symptoms  following  injury 
to  the  head,  consisting  of  headache,  vertigo, 
nausea,  and  intolerance  of  mental  and  phys- 
ical exertions  and  of  galvanic  excitation  ;  it 
is  occasionally  associated  with  ophthalmople- 
gia and  mydriasis.  These  phenomena  may 
subside  and  recur  with  greater  intensity, 
with  fever,  unconsciousness,  and  paralysis  of 
the  cranial  nerves,  ending  in  fatal  coma. 
They  are  probably  due  to  an  encephalitis  of 
slow  development  with  acute  exacerbations. 

Priedreich*s  Change  of  Pitch.  At  the  height 
of  deep  inspiration  the  tympanitic  sound  over 
pulmonary  cavities  becomes  higher  in  pitch. 
P.'s  Disease,  (i)  hereditary  ataxia;  (2) 
paramyoclonus  multiplex.  P.'s  Poot,  pes 
cavus,  with  hyperextension  of  the  toes,  ob- 
served in  hereditary  ataxia.  P.'s  Sign,  dias- 
tolic collapse  of  the  jugular  veins  in  adherent 
pericardium. 

Proehde's  Reaction  for  Proteids.  A  dark- 
blue  coloration  is  produced  by  heating  a 
solid  proteid  with  sulphuric  add  containing 
molybdic  acid. 

Prohn's  Reagent.  Add  7  grams  of  potas- 
sium iodid  and  10  c.c.  of  hydrochloric  acid  to 
1.5  gramsof  freshly  precipitated  bismuth  sub- 
nitrate  which  has  been  treated  with  90  c.c.  of 
water  and  heated  to  the  boiling-point 

Prommann's  Lines.  Transverse  strias  ap- 
pearing in  the  axis  cylinder  of  a  nerve  near 
the  Ranvier's  nodes  on  treatment  with  silver 
nitrate. 

Proriep's  Induration.     Myositis  fibrosa. 

Puchs'  Colot>oma.  A  small  crescentic  defect 
of  the  choroid  at  the  lower  border  of  the 
optic  disc  P.'s  Optic  Atrophy,  peripheial 
atrophy  of  the  bundles  com{K>sing  the  optic 
nerve. 

Puerbringer's  Reaction  for  Albumin.  Gel- 
atin capsules  holding  the  double  salt  of 
mercuric  ehlorid  and  sodium  chlorid  with 
citric  acid,  opened  at  both  ends  and  intro- 
duced into  the  urine,  causes  a  cloudiness  or 
flocculent  precipitate  in  the  presence  of 
albumin.  P.'s  Sign,  a  subphrenic  abscess 
may  be  distinguished  itoxti  a  collection  of 
pus  above  the  diaphragm  by  the  transmis- 
sioDy  in  case  of  the  fonner,  of  the  respsniAoiy 


FURFUROL  REACTION 


GEORGETS  STUPIDITY 


movements  to  a  needle  inserted  into  the  ab- 
scess. 

Furfurol  Reaction  for  Prpteids.  Furfural 
is  produced  on  heating  proteids  with  sulphuric 
aad. 


OADBERRY'S  MIXTURE.  A  mixture 
containing  iron  sulphate*  quinin  sulphate, 
nitric  acid,  and  potassium  nitrate. 

Oaertner's  Duct.  A  tutie  extending  from 
the  broad  ligament  to  the  walls  of  the  uterus 
and  vagina  during  intrauterine  life  ;  it  is  a 
vestige  of  the  main  portion  of  the  Wolffian 
ducL 

Oaertnerian  Cyst.  A  cystic  tumor  developed 
from  Gaertner's  duct. 

OaIeati*8  Glanda.   See  Lieherknhn^s  Crypts, 

OaIen*8  Ampulla.  A  dilatation  of  the  vena 
magna  Galeni  occurring  in  the  middle  of 
Bichat's  fissure,  between  the  splenium  and 
the  quadrigeminal  bodies.  It  receives  the 
two  Msilar  and  several  small  cerebral  and 
cerebellar  veins.  O.'s  Anastomosis.  See 
C?.'j  Nerve,  O.'s  Cardiac  Vein,  the  ante- 
rior cardiac  or  right  marginal  vein.  0.*8 
Chancre.  See  Celsui  Chancre.  O.'s  Duct. 
See  BotaPs  Duct,  O.'s  Foramen,  the  open- 
ing of  the  anterior  cardiac  vein  in  the  right 
auricle.  O.'s  Nerve,  a  small  branch  of  the 
superior  laryngeal  nerve  that  passes  along 
the  posterior  surface  of  the  cricoarytenoideus 
posticus  and  anastomoses  with  the  ascending 
branch  of  the  inferior  laryngeal  nerve.  G.*s 
Veins,  two  large  venous  trunks  formed  by 
the  deep  cerebral  veins  ;  they  unite  to  form 
the  vena  magna  (^leni,  which  opens  into  the 
straight  sinus.  O.'s  Ventricle.  See  Mor- 
f^gnVs  Vent  rule. 

Oallois'  Test  for  Inosit.  Allow  the  inosit 
solution  to  evaporate  to  incipient  dryness  ; 
,  moisten  the  residuum  with  a  little  mercuric^ 
nitrate  solution  and  it  assumes  a  yellow 
color  on  drying,  which  becomes  a  fine  red  on 
heating  strongly,  but  disappears  on  cooling. 
T3rroftin,  sugar,  and  proteids  must  be  absent 

Galton's  Whistle.  An  instrument  used  for 
detecting  the  perception  of  high  tones  by  the 
ear. 

Oanifolphe's  Sign.  In  intestinal  obstruction 
a  serosanguineous  effusion  in  the  abdomen 
soon  aAer  strangulation  has  taken  place. 

Oant*s  Line.  An  imaginary  line  below  the 
greater  trochanter,  serving  as  a  guide  in  sec- 
tion of  the  femur. 

Oardiner- Brown's  Test.  In  labyrinthine 
disease  the  patient  ceases  to  hear  the  sound 
of  a  tuning* fork  placed  upon  the  vertex  from 
half  a  second  to  several  seconds  before  the  ex- 
aminer ceases  to  feel  its  vibrations. 

Oarers  Sign,  Oarel- Burger's  Sign.  lumi- 
nous perceptioo  by  the  eye  of  the  sound  side 


only,  when  an  electric  light  is  placed  in  the 
buccal  cavity ;  it  is  observed  in  empjrema  of 
the  antrum  of  Highmore. 

Garland's  S-curve.     See  Elli^  Sirn, 

Garrod's  Test  for  Hematoporpnyrin  in 
Urine.  Add  to  looc.c.  of  urine  20  cc.  of  a 
10  per  cent,  solution  of  caustic  soda,  and  filter. 
To  the  filtrate,  thoroughly  washed  in  water, 
add  absolute  alcohol  and  enough  hydro- 
chloric acid  to  di<»M>l  ve  perfectly  the  precipitate. 
Spectroscopic  examination  may  now  be  made 
of  the  solution  for  the  two  absorption  bands 
characteristic  of  hemaloporphyrin.  O.'s 
Test  for  Uric  Acid  in  Bood:  to3oc.c. 
of  serum  add  0.5  cc.  of  acetic  acid,  and  im- 
merse a  fine  thread.  The  thread  becomes  in- 
crusted  with  uric-acid  crystals.  This  is  ob- 
tained especially  in  gout,  but  also  in  leukemia 
and  chlorosis. 

Oasserian  Artery,  i.  A  branch  given  off* 
by  the  internal  carotid  to  the  Gasserian  gan- 
glion. 2.  A  branch  of  the  middle  meningeal 
artery  to  the  Gasserian  ganglion.  O.'s  Oan- 
glion,  the  ganglion  of  the  sensory  root  of  the 
fifth  cranial  nerve. 

Gastou's  Syndrome.  Anesthetic  prurigo 
sometimes  observed  in  cases  of  alcoholism. 

Gaucher's  Disease.  An  affection  described 
by  Gaucher  as  '*  primary  epithelioma  of  the 
spleen,"  but  probably  identical  with  splenic 
anemia. 

Gavard's  Muscle.  The  oblioue  muscular 
fibers  of  the  walls  of  the  stomach. 

Gayet'a  Disease.  A  rare  and  faUl  form  of 
narcolepsy  somewhat  resembling  the  African 
sleeping  sickness. 

Gay-Lussac's  Law.  Same  as  Chnrie^  Law, 

Geigel's  Reflex.  The  inguinal  reflex  in  the 
female,  corresponding  to  the  cremasteric  reflex 
in  the  male. 

Oeissler  Tube.  A  glass  tube  having  a 
piece  of  platinum  wire  sealed  into  it  at  each 
end. 

Gelli's  Test.  The  vibrations  of  a  tuning- 
fork  placed  in  contact  with  a  rubber  tube,  the 
nozle  of  which  is  inserted  into  the  meatus, 
are  distinctly  perceived  when  the  air  is  com- 
pressed by  pressure  upon  the  bulb  attached 
to  the  tube.  This  does  not  occur  when  the 
chain  of  ossicles  is  diseased. 

Gely's  Suture.  An  mtestinal  suture  applied 
by  a  thread  with  a  needle  at  each  end. 

Gennari's  Layer.     See  Butlhr^fr^s  Layfr, 

Gentele's  Test  (or  Glucose.  On  the  addi- 
tion of  a  glucose  solution  to  a  solution  of 
potassium  ferricyanid  rendered  alkaline  with 
caustic  soda  or  potash  it  is  decolorised,  with  the 
formation  of  potaxsium  frrrocyanid,  on  apply- 
ing gentle  heat.  Uric  acid  gives  this  tame  reac- 
tion. 

Georget's  Stupidity.  Simple  mental  con- 
fusion without  hallocinatioa  or  delosioQ. 


GERDY'S  FIBERS 


GIOVANNINrS  DISEASE 


Oerdy't  Fibers.  The  superficial  transverse 
ligament  of  the  fingers,  a  nbrous  band  bound- 
ing the  distal  margin  of  the  palm.  G.'s  Fon- 
tanel, an  abnormal  or  supernumerary  fontanel 
existing  between  the  two  parietal  bones  at  the 
p>omt  at  which  the  sagittal  suture  ceases  to  be 
serrated  and  becomes  nearly  rectilinear.  G.*8 
Ligament,  the  sus|>ensory  ligaftaent  of  the 
axilla  that  extends  along  the  lower  border  of 
the  pectoralis  major  and  latissimus  dorsi  be- 
neath the  skin  surrounding  the  hollow  of  the 
axilla.  G.*8  Tubercle,  a  more  or  less  pro- 
nounced elevation  situated  anteroexternally  to 
the  tubercle  of  the  tibia,  to  which  it  is  joined 
by  a  short  ridge  ;  it  serves  for  the  attachment 
of  the  tibialis  anticus. 

Gerhardt's  Change  of  Pitch.  The  tym- 
panitic sound  heard  over  partly  filled  cavities  is 
of  a  lower  pitch  when  the  patient  is  sitting 
than  when  he  is  lying  down.  G.'s  Disease. 
Same  as  Mite  heir  s  Disease.  G.'s  Reaction 
for  Acetoacetic  (Diacetic)  Acid  in  the 
Urine,  a  premonitory  sign  of  diabetic 
conuu  Treatment  with  a  solution  of  ferric 
chlorid  causes  a  gray  precipitate,  which  is 
removed  by  filtration  ;  on  the  further  addi- 
tion of  the  reagent  a  deep  Bordeaux-red  color 
is  produced,  which  disappears  on  adding  a 
few  drops  of  sulphuric  acid.  G.'s  Sign,  ( i )  a 
systolic  bruit  heard  between  the  mastoid  pro- 
cess and  spinal  column  in  cases  of  aneurysm 
of  the  vertebral  artery ;  (2)  incomplete  filling 
of  the  external  jugular  vein  on  the  affected 
side,  occasionally  seen  in  thrombosis  of  the 
transverse  sinus ;  (3)  a  band  of  dulness  on 
percussion,  superimposed  upon  the  normal 
precordial  dulness,  about  3  cm.  in  width  and 
extending  toward  the  left  clavicle ;  it  is  ob- 
served in  cases  of  the  persistence  of  the  duc- 
tus arteriosus  ;  (4)  the  absence  of  the  move- 
ment of  the  larynx  in  dyspnea  due  to  aneu- 
rysm of  the  aorta.  In  dyspnea  from  other 
causes,  the  excursions  of  the  larynx  are  ex- 
tensive. G.'s  Test  for  Urobilin  :  shake  the 
urine  with  chloroform  to  extract  the  urobilin ; 
add  to  this  chloroform  extract  an  iodin  solu- 
tion, and  then  a  solution  of  caustic  potash  ;  a 
green  fluorescence  will  result. 

Gerhardt-Semon's  Law.  Certain  central 
or  peripheral  lesions  of  the  recurrent  laryn- 
geal nerve  cause  the  vocal  cord  to  assume  a 
position  midway  between  adduction  and  ab- 
duction, the  lesion  of  the  nerve  being  insuffi- 
cient to  destroy  it  and  to  provoke  a  complete 
paralysis  of  the  vocal  cord  (cadaveric  posi- 
tion). 

Gerlach's  Network.  The  interlacing  of  the 
dendritic  processes  of  the  ganglion  cells  in 
the  gray  matter  of  the  spinal  cord.  The  net- 
work is  only  apparent,  since  the  processes  do 
not  anastomose,  but  arc  merely  in  contact  or 
contiguity.     G.'s  Tubal  Tonsil,  a  mass  of 


adenoid  tissue  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Eus- 
tachian tube,  particularly  along  its  median 
wall  and  about  the  pharyngeal  orifice.  G.'s 
Valve,  a  circular  valve  sometimes  existing  at 
the  orifice  of  the  vermifonn  appendix  in  the 
cecum. 

Gerlier's  Disease.  **Vertige  paralysant." 
An  endemic  disease  characterized  by  vertigo, 
ptosis,  paresis  of  the  extremities,  and  great  de- 
pression. 

Gerrard's  Test  for  Glucose.  To  a  5  per 
cent,  solution  of  potassium  cyanid  add  Feh* 
ling's  solution  until  the  blue  color  just  com- 
mences to  disap[>ear.  ,On  heating  this  solu- 
tion to  boiling  with  one  containing  glucose, 
no  precipitation  of  cuprous  oxid  results,  but 
the  solution  will  be  more  or  less  decolorized- 

Gersuny's  Symptom.  A  peculiar  sensation 
of  adhesion  of  the  mucosa  of  the  bowel  to 
the  fecal  mass  while  pressure  is  made  with 
the  tips  of  the  fingers  in  cases  of  koprostasis. 

Giacomini's  Band.  A  grayish  band  contin- 
uous with  the  gyrus  dentatus,  which  passes 
from  the  cleft  between  the  hippocampal  and 
uncinate  gyruses  transversely  over  the  latter 
and  disappears  on  its  ventricular  surface. 

Gianuzzi's  Cells  or  Crescents.  Crescentic 
granular  cells,  with  a  spheric  nucleus,  found 
in  the  submaxillary  and  parotid  glands  of  the 
dog  and  rabbit. 

Gibbons'  Hydrocele.  Hydrocele  with  a 
voluminous  hernia. 

Gibert's  Pityriasis.     Pityriasis  rosea. 

Gierke's  Corpuscles.  Roundish  colloid 
bodies,  of  a  significance  not  yet  determined, 
sometimes  found  in  the  central  nervous  sys- 
tem ;  they  appear  to  be  identical  with  Has- 
sail's  corpuscles.  G.'s  Respiratory  Bun- 
dle.    See  Krause^s  Respiratory  Bundle. 

Gifford's  Reflex.  Contraction  of  the  pupil 
occurring  when  a  strong  effort  is  made  to  close 
the  lids,  which  are  kept  apart.  The  phenom-  , 
enon  is  noted  in  a  certain  proportion  of  nor- 
mal eyes,  but  more  freouently  in  cases  of  re- 
flex and  accommodative  iridoplegia,  es^^ecially 
in  dementia  paralytica,  tabes,  partial  or  total 
blindness  from  diseases  of  the  optic  nerve  or 
retina,  etc 

Oilles  de  la  Tourette's  Disease,  <*  Maladie 
des  tics  convulsifs."  Motor  incoordination 
with  echolalia  and  coprolalia.  G.  de  la  T.'s 
Sign,  inversion  of  the  ratio  existing  nonoally 
between  the  earthy  phosphates  and  alkaline 
phosphates  of  the  urine ;  it  is  found  in  par- 
oxysms of  hysteria. 

Gimbemat's  Ligament.  The  triangul^ 
portion  of  the  aponeurosis  of  the  external 
oblique  that  is  attached  to  the  lower  end  of 
Poupart's  ligament  in  front  and  to  the  iliopec 
tineal  line  behind  and  externally. 

Giovannini's  Disease.  A  rare  form  of  ood 
ular  disease  of  the  hair  caused  by  a  fungus. 


GIRALDfrS  "BONNET  A  FOIL' 


GOWERS'  COLUMN 


Oirald^'t  •*  Bonnet  k  Foil."  Widening  <A 
the  crmnium  in  the  frontal  region  in  chronic 
hydrocephalus.  G/s  Organ,  the  paradidymis, 
a  small,  tubular  organ  found  at  the  junction 
of  the  spermatic  cord  and  epididymis.  It  is  a 
remnant  of  some  of  the  lower  Wolffian  tubules 
and  corresponds  to  the  parovarium  in  the 
female. 

Giraud-Teulon*t  Law.  Our  binocular  reti- 
nal images  are  localized  at  the  point  of  inter- 
section of  the  primary  and  secondary  axes  of 
projection. 

Giuffrida-Rugieri's  Stigma  of  Degenera- 
tion. The  absence  or  incompleteness  of  the 
glenoid  fossa. 

Glaserian  Artery.  The  t3rmpanic  artery. 
G.  Fissure,  the  glenoid  or  petrotympanic 
fissure,  which  divides  transversely  the  glenoid 
fossa  of  the  temporal  bone. 

Glasgow's  Sign.  A  systolic  sound  in  the 
brachial  artery,  heard  in  latent  aneurysm  of 
the  aorta. 

Glauber's  Salt.    Sodium  sulphate. 

GUnard's  Disease.  Enteroptosis ;  abdom- 
inal ptosis. 

Gley's  Glands.    The  parathyroid  glands. 

Glisson's  Capsule.  The  interlobular  con- 
nective tissue  of  the  liver  enveloping  the  por- 
tal vein,  hepatic  artery,  and  hepatic  ducL 

Glissonian  Cirrhosis.     Perihepatitis. 

Globulin.     See  //ammars/en,  Pohl. 

Glucose.  See  Aimin^  Barfoed^  Baumann^ 
Baeyer^  Bofttger^  Braun^  Crismer^  Fehling^ 
Gentele,  Gerrard^  ffaints,  Hassall,  v,  Jaksck^ 
Knapp^  Lorufentkalt  Maumeni^  Molisck, 
Moore,  Mulder,  Nylander,  Pavy,  Pentoldt, 
Roberts,  Rubner,  Sacekarimeter,  Schiff, 
Silver,  Soldani,  Tollen,  TVommer,  IVenJer, 
IVomt  Mailer. 

Gluge's  Corpuscles.  Migratory  connective- 
tissue  cells  containing  a  nucleus,  fat,  and 
granular  detritus. 

Gluzinske's  Test  for  Bile  Figments.  Boil 
the  solution  for  a  few  minutes  with  formalin, 
and  an  emerald-green  coloration  will  result, 
changing  to  an  amethyst  violet  on  the  addi- 
tion of  a  few  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid. 

Omelin's  Test  for  Bile  Figments  in  the 
Urine.  Fuming  nitric  acid  is  carefully  added, 
lo  that  it  forms  a  sublayer.  At  the  junction 
ol  the  two  liauids  a  series  of  colored  layers 
is  formed,  in  tne  following  order,  from  above 
downward :  green,  blue,  violet,  red,  and  red- 
dish-vellow.  The  green  ring  must  alwajrs  be 
preset,  and  the  radish-violet  at  the  same 
time ;  otherwise  the  reaction  might  be  coo- 
founded  with  that  for  lutein. 

Goldflam's  Disease.    See  Erb^s  Disease, 

Goldscheider  -  Marinesco's  Law.  The 
fewer  connections  a  neuron  has,  and,  conse- 
quently, the  fewer  stimuli  it  receives,  the  less 
is  its  tendency  to  degeneration. 


Golgi's  Cells.  Nerve-cells  with  very  short 
processes  found  in  the  gray  matter  of  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord.  G.'s  Corpuscles, 
tendon-spindles;  small  fusiform  bodies,  re- 
sembling Pacini's  corpuscles,  existing  in  ten- 
dons, at  the  junction  of  the  tendinous  with  the 
muscular  fibers.  They  have  not  been  found 
in  the  ocular  muscles.  G.'s  Funnels,  fun- 
nel-shaped  structures,  composed  of  spiral 
threads,  described  by  Golgi  and  others  as  sur- 
rounding the  axis  cylinder  of  a  myelinic 
nerve-fiber  and  supporting  the  mvelin.  They 
appear  to  be  artificially  produced  in  the  pro- 
cess of  staining. 

Golgi  and  Reszonico's  Funnels.  See 
Golgi* s  Funnels, 

Golgi-Massoni's  Corpuscles.  See  Mat 
tonics  Corpuscles, 

Goll's  Column.  The  posterotntemal  column 
of  the  spinal  cord.  G.'s  Nucleus,  a  small 
nucleus  m  the  fasciculus  gracilis  of  the  oblon- 
gata in  which  the  long  filers  of  Goll's  column 
terminate. 

Golonboff 's  Sign  of  Chlorosis.  An  acute 
pain  located  directly  over  the  spleen,  and 
pain  on  percussion  over  the  ends  of  the  long 
bones,  especially  the  tibias. 

GolU's  Experiment.  Arrest  of  the  heart's 
action  produced  in  the  frog  by  repeated  tap- 
ping of  the  abdomen. 

Gombault-Fbillippe's  Triangle.  The  tri- 
angular area  formed  in  the  conus  medullaris 
by  the  fibers  which  higher  up  compose  the 
oval  field  of  Flechsig. 

Goodell's  Law  or  Sign.  '<  ^lien  the  cer- 
vix is  as  hard  as  one's  nose,  pregnancy  does 
not  exist ;  when  it  is  as  soft  as  one's  lips, 
pregnancy  is  probable." 

Gosselin's  Fracture.  V-shaped  fracture  of 
the  lower  end  of  the  tibia, 

GoUstein's  Basal  Process.  The  attenuated 
process  of  an  outer  hair-cell  connecting  the 
latter  with  the  basilar  membrane  of  Corti's 
organ. 

Goulard's  Cerate.  A  mixture  of  lead  sub- 
acetate  (20)  and  cerate  of  camphor  (80). 

Gould's  Bowed-head  Sign.  In  retinitis 
pigmentosa  or  other  disease  destroying  the 
peripheral  portion  of  the  retina,  the  patient 
often  bows  the  head  low  to  sec  the  pavement, 
in  order  to  bring  the  image  upon  the  functional 
portion  of  the  retina. 

Oousset's  Symptoms  of  Phrenic  Neu* 
ralgia.  A  painful  point  always  present  and 
well  defined  to  the  right  of  the  fourth  or 
fifth  chondrostemal  articulation  ;  it  must  not 
be  confounded  with  the  retrosternal  pain  of 
chronic  aortitis. 

Gowers'  Column.  The  ascending  antero- 
lateral tract  of  the  spinal  cord.  G/s  Inter- 
mediate Process,  the  lateral  horn,  a  pro- 
jectioo  of  the  intermediate  gray  substance  io 


GOYRAND'S  HERNIA 


GUBLER'S  HEMIPLEGIA 


the  dorsal  region  of  the  spinal  cord.  G.'s 
S3rmptom,  intermittent  and  abrupt  oscilla- 
tions of  the  iris  under  the  influence  of  light, 
anterior  probably  to  the  total  loss  of  the  reflex; 
it  is  occasionally  seen  in  tabes  dorsalis. 

Goyrand's  Hernia.  Inguinointerstitial 
hernia ;  incomplete  inguinal  hernia. 

Graafian  Follicle.  The  small,  spheric  vessel 
found  in  the  cortical  layer  of  the  ovary  which 
contains  the  ovule.  O.  Oviduct.  See  Fal- 
lopian Tube. 

V.  Graefe's  Disease.  Progressive  ophthalmo- 
plegia. V.  G.'s  Sign,  inability  of  the  upper 
eyelid  to  follow  the  downward  movement  of 
the  eyeball ;  it  is  most  frequently  seen  in  ex- 
ophthalmic goiter.  V.  G.'s  Spots,  certain 
spots  near  the  supraorbital  foramen,  or  over 
the  vertebras,  which,  when  pressed  upon, 
cause  a  sudden  relaxation  of  the  spasm  of  the 
eyelids  in  cases  of  blepharofacial  spasm. 

Graham's  Law.  The  rate  of  diffusion  of 
gases  through  porous  membranes  is  in  inverse 
ratio  to  the  square  root  of  their  density. 

Gram's  Solution.  A  solution  of  iodin  (i), 
potassium  iodid  (2),  water  (300)  ;  it  is  used 
as  a  stain  for  bacteria. 

Grancher's  Disease.  Spl^no-pneumonie ; 
pneumonic  massive.  A  form  of  pneumonia 
with  splenization  of  the  lung,  the  coagulable 
exudate  filling  not  only  the  alveoli,  but  also 
the  larger  bronchi.  G.'s  Sign,  a  raised  pitch 
of  inspiratory  murmur,  an  indication  of  pul- 
monary  consolidation.  G.'s  Triad,  the  three 
symptoms  characteristic  of  incipient  pul- 
monary tuberculosis :  weakened  vesicular 
murmur,  increased  vocal  fremitus,  and  Sko- 
daic  resonance. 

Grandry's  Corpuscles.  Minute  oval  or 
spheric  taste-corpuscles  found  in  the  papillas 
of  the  beak  and  tongue  of  birds. 

Grashey's  Aphasia.  Aphasia  due  to  dimin- 
ished duration  of  sensory  impressions,  with 
consequent  disturbance  of  perception  and  as- 
sociation ;  it  is  seen  in  concussion  of  the  brain 
and  certain  acute  diseases. 

Grasset-Rauzier's  Type  of  Syringo- 
myelia. A  form  with  marked  sudoral  and 
vasomotor  symptoms. 

Gratiolet's  Optic  Radiation.  Fibers  that 
pass  from  the  optic  center  in  the  occipital  lobe 
to  the  pulvinar  and  exteiial  geniculate  body. 

Graves'  Disease.  See  Based<nv^s  Disease. 
G.'s  Sign,  an  increase  of  the  systolic  impulse 
often  noted  in  the  beginning  of  pericarditis. 

Grawitz's  Tumor.  Hypernephroma ;  a  lipo- 
matoid  tumor  of  the  kidney  having  its  origin 
in  aberrant  masses  of  suprarenal  tissue  and 
situated  immediately  beneath  the  renal  cap- 
sule. 

Gregory's  Powder.  Compound  powder  of 
rhubarb. 

Greiss'  Test  for  Nitrous  Acid.  An  intense 


yellow  color  is  produced  by  the  addition  of  a 
solution  of  metadiamidobenzol  to  a  dilute 
solution  containing  nitrous  acid  previously 
acidified  with  a  few  drops  of  sulphuric  add. 

Griesinger's  Disease.  A  form  of  pernicious 
anemia  connected  with  the  presence  of  DtHh- 
mius  duodenalis  in  the  intestinal  tracL  G.'s 
Sign,  (i)  an  edematous  swelling  behind  the 
mastoid  process  in  thrombosis  of  the  trans- 
verse sinus;  (2)  in  thrombosis  of  the  basilar 
artery,  compression  of  the  carotids  produces 
symptoms  of  cerebral  anemia  (pallor,  syncope, 
convulsions).  This  sign  is  of  doubtful  value,  as 
it  may  also  be  caused  by  disturbances  of  the 
cerebral  circulation  resulting  from  cardiac  and 
vascular  lesions  (especially  arteriosclerosis). 

Griffith's  Mixture.  A  mixture  of  iron  sul- 
phate (6),  myrrh  (18),  sugar  (18),  potassium 
carbonate  (8),  lavender  (50),  rose-water  (900). 

Grigg's  Test  for  Proteids.  %K  precipitate  is 
formed  with  all  proteids  except  peptones  on 
adding  a  solution  of  metaphosphoric  add. 

Grinbert's  Test  for  Urobilin.  Boil  to- 
gether equal  parts  of  urine  and  hydrochlo- 
ric  add  and  shake  with  ether.  In  the  pres- 
ence of  urobilin  the  ether  assumes  a  brownisb- 
red  color  with  a  greenish  fluorescence. 

Grisolle's  Sign.  The  early  eruption  of  small- 
pox is  distinguished  from  that  of  measles  by 
the  fact  that  the  papules  remain  distitkct  to  the 
touch  even  when  the  skin  is  tightly  stretched. 

Gross'  Disease.  See  Physick^s  Emysted 
Rectum, 

Gruber's  Bursa.  The  synovial  cavity  of  the 
tarsal  sinus.  G.'s  Reaction,  the  addition  cf 
some  of  the  culture  of  Spirillum  ckcler^ 
ttsiatica  to  the  serum  of  an  animal  rendered 
immune  to  cholera  causes  these  organiuns  to 
become  nonmotile  and  to  agglutinate.  The 
reaction  does  not  occur  with  other  spedes. 
G.'s  Test,  for  hearing :  if  the  end  of  the 
finger  be  inserted  into  the  ear  after  the  sound 
of  a  vibrating  tuning*  fork  held  before  the  ear 
has  completely  ceased,  and  the  tuning-fork 
be  then  firmly  placed  upon  the  finger,  a  weak- 
ened sound  becomes  again  audible,  and  re- 
mains so  for  some  time. 

Gruber-Widal's  Reaction.  See  WidaVs 
Reaction. 

Gruby's  Disease.    See  Celsu^  Art^. 

Grymfelt's  Triangle.  A  triangular  span 
bounded  above  by  the  twelfth  rib  and  the 
lower  border  of  the  serratus  posticus  inferiiir, 
behind  by  the  anterior  border  of  the  quadratu^ 
lumborum,  and  anteriorly  by  the  posterior 
border  of  the  internal  oblique.  Lumbar 
hernia  may  occur  in  this  space. 

Guanin.     See  Oipranica, 

Gubler's  Hemiplegia.  Hemiplegia  of  the 
extremities  with  crossed  paralysis  of  the 
cranial  motor  nerves,  especially  the  (adal. 
G/s  Line,  an  imaginary  line  connecting  the 


V.  GUDDEN'S  COMMISSURE 


HALLER'S  ANSA 


points  of  orig^  of  the  fifth  cranial  nerve  on 
the  lower  surface  of  the  pons.  Q/»  Tumor, 
a  distention  of  the  synovial  sheaths  on  the 
dorsum  of  the  hand  in  palsies  of  the  anti- 
brachial  type,  and  particularly  in  lead-palsy. 

V.  Oudden^s  Inferior  Commissure.  Fibers 
of  the  optic  tract  which  come  from  the  inter- 
nal geniculate  body  and  cross  in  the  posterior 

•  portion  of  the  chiasma  to  the  opposite  tract 
Q.'s  Law,  the  proximal  end  of  a  divided 
nerve  undergoes  cellulipetal  degeneration. 

Ou^neau  de  Mussy's  Point.  Sec  Muss/s 
Point. 

Ouens's  Ligament.  The  ligamentous  fibers 
of  the  obturator  membrane  which  form  the 
upper  and  inner  wall  of  the  canal  transmit- 
ting the  obturator  vessels  and  nerves. 

Ouenzburg's  Test  for  Free  Hydrochloric 
Acid  in  Gastric  Juice.  Two  drops  of  a 
solution  consisting  of  phlorogludn,  2  grams ; 
vanillin,  I  gram  ;  alcohol,  JO  c.c,  mixed  with 
two  drops  of  filtered  gastric  juice,  are  care- 
fully heated  in  a  porcelain  capsule.  The  pres- 
ence of  free  HCl  is  indicatc^l  by  the  appear- 
ance of  a  bright  red  color  ;  if  absent,  the  color 
will  be  brown  or  brownish-red. 

Qu^rin's  Glands.  See  Skene's  Glands, 
G.'s  Sinus,  the  lacuna  magna,  situated  in 
the  mesial  line  of  the  upper  wall  of  the  ure- 
thra, near  the  external  meatus.  G.'s  Valve, 
a  fold  of  mucous  membrane  bounding  G.'s 
sinus. 

Guidi's  Canal.     See  Vidian  Canal. 

Guinon's  Disease.  Tic  de  Guinon.  See 
GilU$  de  la  Tourette's  Disease. 

Gull's  Disease.     Myxedema. 

Gull  and  Sutton's  Disease.  Arteriocapil- 
lary  fibrosis ;  diffuse  arteriosclerosis. 

GulUToynbee's  Law.  In  otitis  media  the 
cerebellum  and  lateral  sinus  are  likely  to  be- 
come involved  by  mastoid  disease,  while  the 
cerebrum  is  threatened  by  caries  of  the  roof 
of  the  tympanum. 

Gullstrand's  Law.  When  the  corneal  reflex 
from  either  of  the  eyes  of  the  patient,  who  is 
made  to  turn  the  head  while  fixing  some  dis- 
tant object,  moves  in  the  direction  in  which 
the  hcAd  is  turning,  it  moves  toward  the 
weaker  muscle. 

Gunning's  Test  for  Acetone.  Add  to  the 
liquid  to  be  tested  an  alcoholic  solution  and 
then  ammonia.  When  allowed  to  stand,  a 
precipitate  of  iodoform  and  a  black  precipi- 
tate of  iodid  of  nitrogen  are  formed ;  the 
latter  gradually  disapp>cars,  when  the  iodo- 
form is  visible. 

Gunn's  Dots.  Brilliant  white  dots  seen,  on 
oblique  illumination,  about  the  macula  lutea  ; 
they  do  not  seem  to  be  pathologic. 

Guthrie's  Muscle.  The  deep  transversus 
perinaei. 

Guye's  Sign.  Aprosexia  occurring  in  child- 
51 


hood  with  adenoid  vegetations  of  the  naso- 
pharynx. 

Quyon's  Isthmus.  Narrowing  and  prolon- 
gation of  the  internal  os  uteri,  whico  thus 
forms  a  nnall  canal ;  it  is  not  pathologic 
G.'s  Sign,  ballottement  in  cases  of  renal 
tumor. 


HAAB'S  PUPIL  REFLEX.  If  a  bright 
object  already  present  in  the  visual  field  be 
looked  at,  the  pupils  contract,  while  there  is 
no  appreciable  change  during  convergence  or 
accommodation.  'Ais  points  to  a  cortical 
lesion. 

Haeser's  Coefficient.  The  number  2.3^, 
with  which  the  last  two  figures  of  the  spednc 
gravity  of  the  urine  are  multiplied  in  order  to 
obtain  the  amount  of  solids  in  looo  cc  of 
urine. 

Haines'  Solution  for  Detecting  Glucose. 
Copper  sulphate  3,  potassium  hydrate  9, 
glycerin  100,  water  60a  Use  as  Fehling's 
solution  ;  a  red  predpitate  will  be  formed. 

Hall's  (Marshall)  Disease.  Hvdrocepha- 
loid  dccurring  in  in&nts  sufiering  from  severe 
chronic  intestinal  catarrh.  H.'s  Pacies, 
the  prominent  forehead  and  small  features 
peculiar  to  hydrocephalus. 

Mailer's  Ansa.  A  loop  formed  in  front  of 
the  internal  jugular  vein  by  a  small  nerve 
branching  off  from  the  facial  just  below  the 
stylomastoid  foramen  and  joinmg  the  glo&so- 

f>har]mgeal  a  little  below  Andersch's  gang- 
ion.  It  is  not  constant.  H.'s  Circle.  See 
Zinn*s  CircU,  H.'s  Colic  Omentum,  a 
process  of  the  upper  right  border  of  the  greater 
omentum  which  mav  become  adherent  to  the 
testis  during  fetal  life  and  be  included  in  the 
sac  of  an  inguinal  hernia.  H.'s  Cones,  the 
ooni  vasculosi  of  the  epididymis.  H.'s  Con- 
genital Hernia.  See  Malgaigne's  Hemitt. 
H.'s  Pretum.  See  H.'s  Isthmus.  H.'s 
Habenula,  the  slender  cord  formed  by  the 
obliteration  of  the  canal  which  during  earlv 
life  connects  the  cavity  of  the  peritoneum  with 
that  of  the  tunica  vaginalis.  H.'s  Isthmus, 
fretum  Halleri.  The  constriction  which 
separates  the  ventricle  (rom  the  aortic  bulb 
during  early  fetal  life.  H.'s  Network,  the 
rete  vasculosum  of  the  testis.  H.'s  Plexus. 
Mailer's  laryngeal  plexus.  The  network 
formed  by  branches  of  the  external  laryngeal 
and  sympathetic  nerves  on  the  outer  sumce 
of  the  inferior  constrictor  pharyngis.  H.'s 
Splendid  Line,  lines  splendens  ;  the  longi- 
tudinal fibrous  band  of  the  pia  corresponding 
to  the  site  of  the  anterior  median  fissure  o« 
the  spinal  cord.  H.'s  Tripod,  tripus  Halleri  ; 
the  celiac  axis.  H.'s  Tunica  Vasculosa, 
the  lamina  vasculosa  of  the  choroid.  H.'s 
Vas  Al>erran8,  a  small,  ooovolutcd  duct  con- 


HALLOPEAU'S  DISEASE 


HEMATOPORPHYRIN 


nected  with  the  tail  of  the  epididymis  or  the 
beginning  of  the  vas  deferens.  H.*8  Venous 
Circle,  an  incomplete  circle  of  superficial 
veins  frequently  seen  through  the  integument 
of  the  mammas,  especially  during  lactation. 

Hallopeau's  Disease.  Chronic  pustular 
dermatitis,  a  form  of  Neumann's  disease. 

Halstem's  Disease.     Endemic  syphilis. 

Hamilton's  Test.  In  dislocation  of  the 
shoulder-joint  a  ruler  applied  to  the  dislo- 
cated humerus  may  be  made  to  touch  the 
acromion  and  external  condyle  at  the  same 
time. 

Hammarsten's  Test  for  Globulin.  To  the 
neutral  solution  add  powdered  sulphate  of 
magnesia  until  no  more  of  the  salt  dissolves. 
Separate  the  globulin  thus  precipitated  by 
filtration,  and  wash  with  a  saturated  solution 
of  sulphate  of  magnesia. 

Hammond's  Disease.    Athetosis. 

Hankin's  Defensive  Proteids.  Germicidal 
globulins  found  by  Hankin  in  the  blood  of 
certain  animals  and  giving  immunity  to  cer- 
tain toxins. 

Hannover's  Canal.  The  artificial  passage 
produced  between  the  anterior  and  posterior 
fibers  of  the  zonules  of  Zinn  by  the  injection 
of  a  viscous  fluid.  H.'s  Intermediate 
Membrane,  the  enamel  membrane;  the 
inner,  cellular  layer  of  the  enamel  organ  of 
the  dental  germ  of  the  fetus. 

Hanoi's  Disease.  Hypertrophic  cirrhosis  of 
the  liver  with  icterus. 

Harderian  Gland.  A  racemose  gland  lo- 
cated at  the  inner  canthus  of  the  eye  of  most 
vertebrates,  and  especially  of  those  having  a 
well-developed  nictitating  membrane. 

Hardy-B^hier's  Symptom.  See  Bihier- 
Hardy^s  Symptom, 

Harley's  Disease.     See  Dressier' s  Disease, 

Harrison's  Groove.  A  curve  extending  from 
the  level  of  the  ensiform  cartilage  toward  the 
axilla,  and  corresponding  to  the  insertion  of 
the  diaphragm ;  it  is  pronounced  in  rickets. 

Hartmann's  Fossa.  Fossa  ileocsecalis  in- 
fima  ;  a  small,  infundibular  fossa  of  the  peri- 
toneum lying  between  Tuffier's  inferior  liga- 
ment and  the  mesoappendix. 

Hasner's  Valve.  An  Inconstant  valvular 
fold  of  mucosa  at  the  inferior  meatus  of  the 
nasal  duct. 

Hassall's  Bodies.  Concentrically  striated 
corpuscles,  apparently  of  a  degenerative  char- 
acter, found  in  the  thymus  gland.  H.'s  Test, 
the  growth  of  Sacchnromyces  cerevisuXy  ob- 
served under  the  microscope,  is  indicative  of 
the  presence  of  sugar  in  the  urine. 

Havers'  Canals.  The  canals  pervading  the 
compact  substance  of  bone  in  a  longitudinal 
direction  and  anastomosing  with  one  another 
by  transverse  or  oblique  branches.  They  con- 
tain   blood-vessels    and    lymphatics.     H.'s 


Glands,  glandulae  mudlaginosse ;  fatty  bodies 
connected  with  the  synovial  fringes  of  most 
of  the  joints.  They  were  believed  by  Haven 
to  secrete  the  synovia.  H.'s  Lamellas,  the 
concentric  lamellas  of  bone  which  fonn  the 
Haversian  canals.  H.*8  Spaces,  large,  ir- 
regularly shaped  spaces  found  chiefly  in  grow- 
ing bones.  H.'s  System,  the  concentric  ar- 
rangement of  the  bony  lamellas,  usually  eight 
or  ten  in  number,  around  a  Haverstao  csimI. 

Hayem's  Corpuscles  or  Hematoblasts 
See  Bizzo%ero^s  Bhod-plateleU,  H.'a  Dis- 
ease, apoplectiform  myelitis.  H .  's  Solution 
Used  in  the  Microscopic  Examination 
of  Blood :  sodium  chlorid,  i  gram ;  sodium 
sulphate,  5  grams ;  mercuric  chlorid,  0.5 
gram ;  dissolved  in  200  c.c.  of  distilled 
water. 

Haygarth's  Nodes.  Nodosities  of  the  joints 
in  arthritic  deformans. 

Heberden's  Disease.  Angina  pectoris.  H.'s 
Nodes,  deformity  of  the  fingers  in  arthritis 
deformans. 

Heberden-Rosenbach's  Nodes.  See  Heb- 
erden^s  Nodes. 

Hebra's  Erythema.  Polymorphous  eryth- 
ema. H.'s  Pityriasis,  pityriasis  rubra.  H.'s 
Prurigo,  true  prurigo. 

Hegar's  Sign.  Compressibility  of  the  lower 
segment  of  the  uterus  and  the  upper  half  of 
the  cervix  noticed  on  bimanual  examination 
during  the  first  two  or  three  months  of  preg- 
nancy. 

Heidenhain's  Demilunes.  Gianuttrs  Cres- 
cents, H.'s  Rods  or  Stnas,  the  slender 
columnar  cells  of  uriniferous  tubules. 

Heim-Kreyssig's  Sign.  See  Kreyssi^s 
Sign, 

v.  Heine's  Infantile  Paralysis.  Spastic 
spinal  psuralysis  of  infancy. 

Heister's  Diverticulum.  The  sinus  of  the 
jugular  vein.  H.'s  Valves,  the  transverse 
valvular  folds  of  the  cystic  duct 

Heller's  Plexus.  The  network  of  arteries  in 
the  deeper  layer  of  the  intestinal  submucosa. 
H.'s  Test  for  Albumin,  place  about  jo 
drops  of  nitric  add  in  a  test-tube,  and  overlay 
with  an  equal  Quantity  of  the  urine  to  be 
tested.  The  existence  of  albumin  is  indi- 
cated by  a  well-defined  white  ring  between 
the  two  liquids. 

Helmholtz's  Ligament.  The  anterior  lig- 
ament of  the  malleus  that  encircles  the  long 
process  of  the  latter  and  is  inserted  intcj  the 
anterior  part  of  its  neck  and  head.  H.'s  Line, 
the  line  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  axis 
of  rotation  of  the  eyeballs. 

Helweg's  Triangular  Bundle.  The  trian- 
gular or  olivary  tract  situated  in  the  ventral 
part  of  the  anterolateral  column  of  the  spinal 
cord. 

Heroatoporphyrin.    See  GarrotL 


HEMIN 


HESSELBACH'S  HERNIA 


Hemin.     See  Teuhmann, 

Hemoglobin.    See  Kobert, 

Henke's  Retrovisceral  Space.  The  pie- 
▼ertebml  space  of  the  thorax  which  is  continu- 
oas  with  the  cervical  space  and  is  filled  with 
are<^ar  and  fatty  tissue.  H/s  Triangle,  the 
inguinal  triangle,  formed  by  the  lateral  bor- 
der of  the  rectus  muscle  and  the  descending 
portion  of  the  inguinal  fold. 

Henle's  Ampulla,  i.  The  fusiform  dilatation 
of  the  vas  deferens  near  its  junction  with  the 
seminal  vesicle.  2.  The  expanded  outer  half 
of  the  Fallopian  tube.  H.'s  Cells,  large 
cells  with  granular  protoplasm  and  one  or 
more  relatively  small  nuclei  in  the  seminifer- 
ous tubules.  H.*8  Fenestrated  Mem- 
brane, the  subendothelial  fibroelastic  layer 
of  the  tunica  intima  of  an  artery.  H.  's  Fis- 
sures, interstices,  filled  with  connective  tis- 
sue, between  the  muscular  fibers  of  the  myo- 
cardium. H.'s  Glands,  tubular  glands  found 
in  the  palpebral  conjunctiva.  H.'s  Internal 
Cremaster,  the  smooth  muscular  fibers,  re- 
mains of  the  gubemaculum,  surrounding  the 
vas  deferens  and  the  vessels  of  the  spermatic 
cord.  H.'s  Ligament,  the  inner  portion  of 
the  conjoined  tendon  which  is  chiefly  attached 
to  the  sheath  of  the  rectus  muscle.  H.'s 
Loop,  the  U-shaped  section  of  a  uriniferous 
tubule  which  is  formed  by  a  descending  and 
an  ascending  loop-tube.  H.'s  Membrane. 
See  Bruch's  Layer.  H.'s  Outer  Fibrous 
Layer,  the  zone  of  cone-fiben  at  the  mar- 
gin of  the  fovea  centralis.  H.'s  Sheath, 
(i)  the  perineural  sheath;  (2)  the  cellular 
layer  forming  the  outer  portion  of  the  inner 
root-sheath  of  the  hair.  H.'s  Sphincter,  the 
striated  muscular  fibers  which  encircle  the 
prostatic  and  membranous  portions  of  the 
urethra.  H.  's  Spine,  spina  supra  meatum. 
An  inconstant  small  spine  at  the  junction  of 
the  posterior  and  superior  walls  of  the  exter- 
nal auditory  meatus.  It  serves  as  a  landmark 
in  trephining  the  mastoid  process.  H.'s 
Stratum  Nerveum.  See  Bmeck^i  Tunica 
JViervta, 

Henoch's  Purpura.  A  variety  of  purpura 
with  gastrointestinal  symptoms  occuring  chiefly 
in  young  subjects ;  also  a  rapidly  fatal  form 
of  purpura  (purpura  fulminans). 

Henoch- Bergeron's  Disease.  See  Ber^ 
j^eron^s  Disease, 

Henry's  Law.     See  Dalton^s  Law, 

Hensen's  Canal.  Canalis  reuniens;  the 
short  vertical  tube  connecting  the  blind  ex- 
tremity of  the  cochlear  canal  with  the  saccule. 
H.'s  Cells,  columnar  epithelial  cells  found 
in  the  organ  of  Corti.  H.'s  Disc  or  Stria, 
the  colorless  transverse  band  which  divides  a 
dark  (anisotropic),  sarcous  element  in  the 
middle.  H.'s  Node,  in  the  embryo,  an  ac- 
cumulation of  cells  at  the  anterior  end  of  the 


primitive  streak,  through  which  the  neureoteric 
canal  passes  from  the  outside  into  the  blasto- 
dermic vesicle. 

Hensing's  Fold.  Parietocolic  fold ;  superior 
ligament  of  the  cecum.  A  more  or  less  trian- 
gular fold  of  the  peritoneum  which  is  attached 
to  the  abdominal  wall,  from  the  lower  extrem- 
ity of  the  kidney  to  the  iliac  fossa,  by  its  lower 
border,  and  to  the  posteroexternal  aspect  of 
the  colon,  at  times  also  to  the  cecum,  bv  its 
anterior  or  internal  border.  The  apex  is  hxed 
in  the  lumbar  fossa,  the  lower  free  border  ex- 
tending from  the  iliac  fossa  to  the  intestine. 

Herbsrs  Corpuscles.  Small  bodies  re- 
sembling Pacinian  corpuscles,  found  in  the 
mucosa  of  the  tongue  of  some  animals  and 
birds. 

Hering's  Law.  The  distinctness  or  purity 
of  any  sensation  or  conception  depends  upon 
the  proportion  existing  between  tneir  intens- 
ity and  the  sum  total  of  the  intensities  of  all 
simultaneous  sensations  and  conceptiona 
H.'s  Test,  if,  on  looking  with  both  eyes 
through  a  tube  blackened  inside  and  having  a 
thread  across  one  end,  a  small  round  object 
be  dropped  immediately  in  (ront  of  or  behind 
the  thread,  a  subiect  with  binocular  vision 
can  at  once  tell  whether  it  has  fallen  nearer 
to  his  eyes  or  further  away  from  them  than 
the  thread.  In  the  absence  of  binocular 
vision  a  few  trials  will  show  that  the  relative 
distances  of  the  falling  object  and  the  thread 
can  not  be  appreciate  H.'s  Theory  of 
Color-sensation  predicates  disassimiUdon 
and  assimilation  (decomposition  and  restitu- 
tion) of  the  visual  substance  in  vision — white, 
red,  and  yellow  representing  the  sensation  of 
disassimilation  ;  black,  green,  and  blue  that 
of  restitution. 

Herophilus,  Torcular  of.  The  dilatation  at 
the  junction  of  the  superior  longitudinal, 
strafght,  two  lateral,  and  two  occipital  sin- 


Herzheimer's  Spiral  Fibers.  Spiral  fibers 
found  in  the  rete  mncosum  of  the  epidermis. 

Heryng's  Benign  Ulcer.  A  solitary  ulcer 
situated  00  the  anterior  £suces  and  resembling 
a  large  herpetic  vesicle.  H.'s  Sign,  an  in- 
fraorbital shadow  observed  on  introducing  an 
electric  light  into  the  mouth  in  empyema  of 
the  antrum  of  Highmore. 

Hersberg's  Reagent  for  Free  Hydrochlo- 
ric Acid.  Moisten  paper  with  a  solution  of 
Congo  red ;  when  dned,  it  turns  blue  or 
bluish-black  upon  being  moistened  with  hy- 
drochloric add. 

Hesselbach's  Hernia.  A  plurilobular  her- 
nia passing  through  the  cribriform  Cuda. 
H.'s  Ligament,  ligamentum  interfoveolare ; 
a  thin,  fibrous  band  extending  from  the  pos- 
terior surface  of  the  fascia  transversalis,  near 
the  plka  semilunaris,  to  the  pubic  bone  and 


HEUBNER'S  DISEASE 


HOFMEISTER'S  TEST 


Gimbernat's  ligament;  it  forms  part  of  the 
conjoined  tendon.  H.'s  Triangle,  a  space 
bounded  by  Poupart's  ligament  below,  the 
external  border  of  the  rectus  abdominis  inter- 
nally, and  the  deep  epigastric  artery  exter- 
nally. Direct  inguinal  hernia  occurs  in  this 
space. 

Heubner's  Disease.  Syphilidc  endarteritis 
of  the  brain. 

Key's  Infantile  Hernia.  See  Cooper' $  Her- 
nia, H.'s  Internal  Derangement,  disloca- 
tion of  the  semilunar  cartilages  of  the  knee- 
joint,  especially  the  internal.  H.'s  Liga- 
ment, the  femoral  ligament,  a  falciform  ex- 
pansion of  the  fascia  lata. 

Heynsius'  Test  for  Albumin.  Add  to  the 
solution  acetic  acid  sufficient  to  acidify,  and  a 
few  cubic  centimeters  of  a  saturated  solution 
of  sodium  chlorid,  and  boil.  A  flocculent 
precipitate  is  produced  by  the  presence  of 
albumin. 

Hicks'  (Braxton)  Sign.  Intermittent  uter- 
ine contractions  beginning  at  the  end  of  the 
third  month  of  pregnancy  ;  they  may  also 
be  produced  by  tumors  distending  the  uterus. 

Highmore's  Antrum.  The  antrum  maxil- 
lare.     H.'s  Corpus,  the  mediastinum  testis. 

Hildenbrand's  Typhus.    Typhus  fever. 

Hilton's  Law.  The  nerve-trunk  supplying  a 
joint  supplies  also  the  muscles  moving  the 
joint,  and  the  skin  over  the  insertion  of  these 
muscles.  H.'s  Line,  a  white  line  marking 
the  junction  of  the  skin  of  the  perineum  with 
the  mucosa  of  the  anus.  H.'s  Muscle,  the 
ar3rtenoepigIottideus  muscle.  H.'s  Sac.  See 
MorgagnVs  Ventricle, 

Hindenlang's  Test  for  Albumin.  On  the 
addition  of  solid  metaphosphoric  acid  to  the 
liquid  to  be  tested  a  precipitate  is  formed  in 
the  presence  of  albumm. 

Hippocratic  Finger.  Hypertrophy  of  the 
ungual  phalanx  and  nail  in  phthisis  and  other 
wasting  diseases.  H.  Sound,  the  succussion 
sound.     See  Hippocratis  Succussio, 

Hippocratis  Chorda  or  Funis.  The  Achil- 
les tendon.  H.  Facies,  a  peculiar  cadaver- 
ous appearance  of  the  face,  seen  notably  in 
cholera  and  acute  peritonitis.  H.  Morbus 
Sacer,  epilepsy.  H.  Succussio,  succussion 
employed  to  obtain  a  splashing  sound  in  sero- 
pneumothorax and  pyopneumothorax. 

Hippuric  Acid.    See  Luecke, 

Hirschberg's  Test.  A  rough  estimate  of 
the  amount  of  strabismus  is  made  by  observ- 
ing the  position  of  the  corneal  reflection  of  a 
candle  flame  held  one  foot  in  front  of  the  eye 
to  be  tested,  the  examiner  placing  his  own 
eye  near  the  candle  and  looking  just  over 
it. 

Hirschfeld's  Disease.  A  form  of  diabetes 
of  rapid  march  which  usually  ends  in  death 
in  three  months,  by  progressive  cachexia  or  by 


complication.  H.'s  Qanglion,  the  gyms 
hippocampi. 

Hirschsprung's  Disease.  Congenital  hyper- 
trophic dilatation  of  the  colon. 

Hirtx's  Rale.  A  moist,  subcrepitant  rale,  of 
a  somewhat  metallic  character,  pathognomonic 
of  tuberculous  softening. 

His'  Canal.  The  tiiyroglossal  duct  of  the 
fetus,  of  which  the  ceoU  foramen  of  the 
tongue  is  the  vestige  and  which  may  persist 
during  postnatal  life.  H.'s  Perivascular 
Spaces,  lymph-spaces  surrounding  the  blood- 
vessels of  the  brain  and  spinal  cord.  H.'s 
Stroma,  the  trabecular  framework  of  the 
mammary  gland. 

Hitzig's  Center.  A  center  in  the  supramar« 
ginal  gyrus  which  is  supposed  to  govern  the 
voluntary  movements  of  the  eyeballs.  H.'s 
Zone,  a  hy{>esthetic  zone  extending  aro\ind 
the  trunk  in  tabes  dorsalis. 

Hol>oken's  Valves.  The  secondary  windings 
of  the  vessels  of  the  umbilical  cord  that  form 
grooves  externally  and  valve-like  projecti<m$ 
internally. 

Hochsinger's  Sign.  The  existence  of  indi- 
canuria  in  tuberculosis  of  childhood. 

Hodara's  Disease.  A  form  of  trichorrhexis 
nodosa  that  has  been  observed  by  Hodara  in 
women  in  Constantinople. 

Hodge's  Plane.  A  plane  parallel  to  that  of 
the  pelvic  inlet,  passing  through  the  upper 
border  of  the  os  pubis  and  the  middle  of  the 
second  sacral  vertebra. 

Hodgkin's  Disease.  Pseudoleukemia ;  pro- 
gressive h3rperplasia  of  the  lymphatic  glands 
associated  with  anemia. 

Hodgson's  Disease.  Senile  atheroma  of 
the  aorta  with  consequent  lesion  of  the  aortic 
valves. 

Hoffmann's  Anodyne.  A  compound  of 
ether  (30),  alcohol  (67),  ethereal  oil  (3). 
H.'s  S3rmptom,  increase  of  the  mechanical 
irritability  of  the  sensory  nerves  in  tetany. 
H.'s  Test  for  Tyrosin :  add  to  the  solution  to 
be  tested  mercuric  nitrate,  and  boil ;  then  add 
nitric  acid  containing  some  nitrous  add.  If 
tyrosin  be  present,  a  beautiful  red  coloration 
is  produced  and  a  red  precipitate  is  formed. 
H.'s  Type  of  Progressive  Muscular 
Atrophy.     See  Charcot -Marie's  Type, 

Hofmeister's  Test  for  Leucin.  A  deposit 
of  metallic  mercury  is  formed  on.  wanning  a 
solution  of  leucin  ^ith  mercurous  nitrate. 
H.'s  Test  for  Peptones:  prepare  phospho- 
tungstic  acid  by  dissolving  commercial  sodium 
tungstate  in  boiling  water,  and  adding  phos- 
phoric acid  until  acid  in  reaction ;  acidify 
strongly  with  hydrochloric  acid  after  cooling, 
and  filter  when  it  has  stood  twenty-four 
hours.  On  the  addition  of  this  to  a  peptone 
solution  entirely  free  from  albumin  it  yields  a 
precipitate. 


HOLDEN'S  LINE 


HUTCHINSON'S  DISEASE 


Holden's  Line.  A  furrow  below  Poupart's 
li^ment,  pusing  over  the  capsule  of  the  hip* 
joint ;  it  serves  as  a  guide  in  anaputatioD. 

Holmgren'a  Teat.  The  testing  of  the  color- 
sense  oy  means  of  colored  worsteds ;  one  of 
the  worsteds  is  placed  before  the  person 
whose  perception  of  color  is  to  be  tested  and 
be  if  asked  to  match  it. 

Holthoase*8  Hernia.  An  oblique  inguinal 
hernia  in  which,  owing  to  the  nondescent  of 
the  testis,  or  from  other  causes,  the  hernia 
protrudes  outward  along  the  fold  of  the  groin. 

Home's  Lobe.  A  small,  glandular  structure 
sometimes  seen  between  the  caput  gallinaginis 
and  the  sphincter  vesicae.  It  represents  the 
third  lobe  of  the  prostate  and  may  become 
considerably  enlarged  in  old  people. 

Hope's  Sign.  Double  cardiac  beat  noted  in 
aneurysm  of  the  aorta. 

Hopmann's  Polyp.  Papillary  hypertrophy 
of  the  nasal  mucous  membrane  presenting  the 
appearance  of  a  papilloma. 

Hoppe-Qoldflam's  Symptom  -  complex. 
See  Erl^s  Disease, 

Hoppe-Seyler's  Test  for  Carbon  Monosid 
in  Blood.  Add  to  the  blood  twice  its  volume 
of  caustic  soda  solution  of  1.3  specific  gravity. 
Ordinary  blood  thus  treated  is  a  dingy  brown 
mass  which,  when  spread  out  on  porcelain, 
has  a  shade  of  green.  Blood  containing  car* 
bon  monoxid,  under  the  same  conditions,  ap- 
pears  as  a  red  mass  which,  if  spread  on  porce- 
lain, shows  a  beautiful  red  color.  H.-S.'s 
Test  for  Xanthin :  add  the  xanthin  to  a  mix- 
ture of  a  solution  of  sodium  hydrate  and 
chlorid  of  lime  in  a  porcelain  dish  ;  at  first  a 
dark-green  ring,  which  quickly  turns  brown 
and  disappears,  forms  about  each  xanthin 
grain. 

Homer's  Disemse.  A  slight  ptosis  accom- 
panied bv  miosis,  retraction  of  the  eyeball, 
and  flushing  of  the  face  of  the  same  side,  in 
destructive  lesions  of  the  cervical  sympathetic. 
H.'s  Muscle,  the  tensor  tarsi.  H.'s  Ptosis. 
Sec  H,'s  Disease.  H.'s  Teeth,  incisor  teeth 
presenting  horizontal  grooves  that  are  due  to 
a  deficiency  of  enamel. 

Houston's  Fold.  Oblique  folds,  three  in  num- 
ber, of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  rectum. 
H.'s  Muscle,  the  compresser  venxe  dorsalis 
penis,  a  fasciculus  of  the  ischiocavemosus 
which  passes  over  the  dorsum  of  the  penis  to 
join  its  fellow  of  the  opposite  side. 

HoiKas'  Canal.  See  SckUmm's  Canal.  H.'s 
Membrane.  5»ee  RuyscfCs  Membrane,  H.'s 
Plexus  or  Vascular  Circle.  See  Leber's 
Plexus. 

Howship's  Lacunas  or  Povedas.  Pits  on 
the  surface  of  bones  containing  osteoclasts. 

Howship-Romberg's  Sign.  See  Romherfs 
Sign. 

Hucbard's  Disease.  Excewve  arterial  ten- 


sion due  to  a  spasm  of  the  vasoconstrictors, 
and  which,  acomling  to  Huchard,  causes 
general  arteriosclerosis.  H.'s  Sign,  the  dif* 
ference  in  the  pulse  between  the  standing  and 
recumbent  posture  is  less  in  persons  with 
arterial  hjrpertension  and  may  even  be  the 
reverse  of  that  of  the  normal  condition. 

Huebl's  Sign.  An  earlv  sign  of  pregnancy 
consisting  in  an  abnormal  thinness  and  com* 
pressibility  of  the  lower  segment  of  the 
uterus  as  compared  with  that  part  above  the 
insertion  of  the  sacrouterine  ligaments,  the 
bimanual  examination  being  carried  out  with 
one  finger  in  the  rectum. 

Hueck's  Ligament.  The  pectinate  liga- 
ment 

Hueter's  Sign.  Absence  of  transmission  of 
osseous  vibration  in  cases  of  fracture  with 
fibrous  interposition  between  the  frsgments. 

Huguier's  Canal.  A  small  canal  in  the  tem- 
poral bone  running  parallel  to  the  Glaserian 
fissure  and  transmitting  the  chorda  tjrmpanL 
H.'s  Circle,  the  anatomosis  formed  by  the 
branches  of  the  uterine  arteries  around  the 
uterus,  at  the  junction  of  the  body  with  the 
cervix.  It  is  not  constant  H.'s  Disease, 
(i)  hypertrophic  elongation  of  the  snpervag- 
inal  portion  of  the  cervix  uteri  ;  (a)  esthio- 
m^ne  de  la  vulve ;  lupus  of  the  vulva.  H.'s 
Qland.     See  Barihoiin's  Gland. 

Hunter's  Canal.  The  sheath  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  femoral  artery  which  lies  in 
Scarpa's  triangle.  H.'s  Oubemaculum. 
See  Gtibemaculum  tesHs,  H.'s  Ligament, 
the  round  ligament  of  the  uterus.  H.'s 
Line,  the  linea  alba. 

Hunteri  membrana  cadoca.  Membrana 
decidua. 

Hunterian  Chancre.  Hard  chancre;  the 
initial  lesion  of  syphilis. 

Huntington's  Chorea,  Chronic,  progresdve 
chorea. 

Huppert's  Reaction  for  Bile  Pigments. 
After  the  solution  has  been  treated  with  milk 
of  lime  or  with  a  solution  of  calcium  chlorid, 
precipitate  with  ammonia  ;  filter  and  wash  the 
precipitate,  treat  with  alcohol  acidified  with 
sulphuric  add,  and  boil ;  the  liquid  will  as- 
sume a  green  color. 

Huschke's  Canal.  A  canal  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  tubercles  of  the  annulus  tym- 
panicus.  It  is  generally  obliterated  after  the 
fifth  jrear,  but  may  persist  through  life.  H.'s 
Cartilage.  Stt  Ja^obson* s  Cartilaj^e.  H.'s 
Poramen,  a  perforatioa  often  found  near  the 
inner  extremity  of  the  tympanic  plate  ;  it  re- 
sults from  an  arrest  of  development  H.'s 
Teeth,  crista  spiralis ;  the  serrated  projec- 
tions on  the  inner  wall  of  the  lamina  spiralis  of 
the  cochlea,  roofing  over  the  internal  spiral  sul* 
cus.  H.'s  Valve.    See  Rpsenmmeller' s  laltY, 

Hutchinson's  Disease.  See  T^tOUrmd* 


HUXHAM'S  TINCTURE 

ifis.  H/s  Pacies,  the  peculiar  facial  ex- 
pression caused  by  immobility  of  the  eyeballs 
in  ophthalmoplegia  externa.  H.'s  Patch,  a 
reddish  (salmon-colored)  patch  of  the  cornea 
in  syphilitic  keratitis.  H.*8  Prurigo,  the 
prurigo,  of  dentition.  H.'s  Pupil,  a  dilated 
pupil  on  the  injured  side  in  traiunatic  menin- 
geal hemorrhage.  H.'s  Teeth,  peg-shaped 
incisior  teeth,  notched  at  the  cutting-edge, 
frequently  seen  in  congenital  syphilis.  H.'s 
Triad,  pathognomonic  of  hereditary  syphilis ; 
(I)  diffuse  interstitial  keratitis  ;  (2)  disease  of 
the  labyrinth ;  (3)  Hutchinson's  teeth.  • 

Huzham's  Tincture.  Compound  tincture  of 
cinchona  bark. 

Huxley'a  Layer,  Membrane,  or  Sheath.  A 
layer  of  nucleated,  elongated,  polygonal  cells 
forming  the  inner  portion  of  the  inner  root- 
sheath  of  the  hair. 

Hydrochloric  Acid  in  Contents  of  Stom- 
ach. See  Boas,  Ewaid,  Guentburg,  Herz- 
berg,  V.  Jaksch,  Luttke,  Maly,  Afohr,  Rabu- 
teau.  Reach,  Sjoeqvist,  Stabo,  Uffelmann,  v, 
d.  Veldm,   WinkUr,  Witt, 

Hydrogen  Peroxid.     See  Wurster, 

Hypoxanthin.    See  JCosseL 

Hyrtl's  Sphincter.  See  Nilaian's  Sphinc- 
ter. 


IMLACH'S  PAT-PLUQ.  A  mass  of  yel- 
lowish fat  frequently  found  at  the  mesial  angle 
of  the  external  inguinal  ring,  for  which  it 
constitutes  a  landmark  during  operations. 

Indican.  ^t  Jaffi,  MacMunn,  Obermeyer^ 
Weber. 

Indigo  Red.     See  Rosenbach,  Rosin. 

Indol.     See  Baeyer,  Nencki,  SaUkowski, 

Ingrassias'  Processes.  The  lesser  wings  of 
the  sphenoid  bone. 

Inman's  Disease.    Myalgia. 

Inosit.    See  Gallois,  Scherer,  Seidel, 

Isambert's  Disease.  Tuberculous  ulcers* 
tion  of  the  mouth,  fauces,  and  pharynx. 


f  ACCOUD'S  DISSOCIATED  FEVER. 

Fever  with  irregularity  and  slowness  of  the 
pulse  in  tuberculous  meningitis  of  adults.  J.'s 
Sign,  (i)  a  lateral  displacement  and  rolling 
movement  of  a  portion  of  the  thoracic  wall  in 
adherent  pericardium,  especially  when  this  is 
associated  with  extrapericardiac  adhesions; 
(2)  prominence  of  the  aorta  in  the  region  of 
the  suprasternal  notch  in  cases  of  aortic  dila- 
tation. 
Jackson's  Syndrome.  Associated  paralysis 
of  the  soft  palate  and  larynx,  accompanied 
by  paralysis  of  the  trapezius,  stemomastoid, 
and  one-half  of  the  tongue. 

Jacksonian  Epilepsy.    Cortical  epilepsy, 
acob's  Membrane.    The  layer  d*  rods  and 


V.  JAKSCH'S  DISEASE 

cones  in  the  retina.  J.'s  Ulcer,  rodent 
ulcer  of  the  face  occurring  most  commonly 
near  the  inner  canthus. 

Jacobson's  Anastomosis.  The  tympanic 
plexus.  J.'s  Canal,  the  tympanic  canal  that 
opens  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  petrous  por- 
tion of  the  temporal  bone  and  transmits 
Jacobson's  nerve.  J.'s  Cartilage,  a  strip  of 
nyaline  cartilage  extending  from  the  nasal 
spine  upward  and  backward  between  the  nasal 
septimi  and  vomer;  it  b  well  developed  in 
certain  animals,  but  rudimentary  in  man. 
J.'s  Nerve,  the  tympanic  branch  of  the  pe- 
trosal ganglion.  J.'s  Organ,  a  small,  bi- 
lateral pouch  situated  in  the  anteroinferior 
portion  of  the  nasal  septum.  J.'s  Retinitis, 
diflfiise  syphilitic  retinitis.  J.  s  Sulcus,  the 
vertical  sulcus  for  the  tympanic  nerve  on  the 
promontory  of  the  tympanum. 

JaCi^emier's  Sign.  Blue  coloration  of  the 
vaginal  mucosa  appearing  about  the  twelfth 
week  of  pregnancy. 

Jacquemin's  Test  for  Phenol.  Add  to  the 
solution  an  eqiutl  amount  of  anilin  and  then  a 
solution  of  sodium  hypochlorite  ;  a  blue  color 
b  produced. 

Jadelot's  Lines.  Facial  furrows  believed  by 
Jadelot  to  point  to  the  part  of  the  body  in 
which  certain  serious  diseases  in  infants  are 
localized. 

Jaffa's  Reaction  for  Creatinin.  Add  to  the 
solution  a  solution  of  |ncric  acid  and  a  few 
drops  of  sodium  hydrate  solution,  and  warm. 
The  presence  of  creatinin  is  evinced  by  a  red 
coloration,  which  changes  to  yellow  if  acid  be 
added.  Acetone  and  glucose  give  a  similar 
reaction.  J.'s  Sign,  the  flow  of  pus  from  a 
tube  inserted  into  a  subdiaphragnmtic  abscess 
is  more  abundant  during  inspiration  than 
during  expiration  ;  if  the  collection  is  thoracic, 
the  inverse  holds  true.  Paralysis  of  the  dia- 
phragm prevents  the  manifestation  of  this 
sign. 

V.  Jaksch's  Disease.  Infantile  pseudoleuke- 
mia, V.  J.'s  Test  for  Free  Hydrochloric 
Acid  in  Gastric  Juice :  saturate  filter-paper 
with  a  solution  of  benzopurpurin  6  B,  and 
dry ;  this  gives,  with  dilute  solutions  of  HCl, 
a  beautiful  violet  color.  If  it  assumes  a  dark- 
blue  color,  the  solution  contains  more  than  0.4 
gram  of  HCl  in  100  c.c  of  the  solution,  v. 
J.'s  Test  for  Glucose  in  Urine :  to  6-8  c.c 
urine  add  2  parts  of  phenylhydrazin  h3rdro- 
chlorate  and  3  parts  of  sodium  acetate ;  warm, 
place  the  tube  in  boiling  water  for  from 
twenty  to  thirty  minutes,  then  in  cold  water. 
The  presence  of  glucose  is  shown  by  a  pre* 
cipitate  consisting  of  groups  of  yellow  needles 
of  phenylglucosazone.  In  doubtful  cases  de- 
termine  the  melting-point  of  these  crystals  to 
be  2040-205®  C.  V.  J.'s  Test  for  Melanin : 
treat  Uie  liquid  to  be  tested  with  a  few 


JAMES*  POWDER 

of  ft  concentrated  iolntion  of  ferric  chlorid. 
If  melanin  be  present,  it  will  turn  gray,  and 
more  ferric  chlorid  being  added,  the  precipi- 
tate, consisting  of  the  coloring-matter  and  the 
phosphates,  is  redissolved.  v.  J.'s  Test  for 
Uric  Acid :  allow  the  powder  to  heat  gently 
on  a  watch-glass  with  a  droportwoof  chlorin 
or  bromin  water.  A  red  residue  is  formed 
which,  when  cold,  turns  a  purple  red  when 
ammonia  is  added. 

James'  Powder.  A  prompt  diaphoretic,  con- 
sisting of  antimonious  oxid  (33)  and  Calcium 
phosphate  (67): 

Jsijsvay's  Muscle.  The  depressor  urethral, 
a  fasciculus  of  the  constrictor  urethne  that 
passes  transversely  over  the  urethra  and  joins 
the  fibers  of  the  constrictor  vaginx. 

Jaworski's  Corpuscles.  Spiral  bodies  of 
mucus  found  in  the  gastric  secretion  in  cases 
of  pronounced  hjrperchlorhydria. 

Jendrlissik's  Mancsuver.  Interlocking  of 
the  fingers  and  forcible  drawing  apart  of  the 
hands,  to  facilitate  the  production  of  the  knee- 
jerk. 

Jennerian.  Relating  to  Jenner  or  to  the 
theory  of  vaccination. 

Jobert's  Fossa.  One  formed  in  the  popliteal 
region,  above  by  the  adductor  magnus,  below 
by  the  sartorius  and  gracilis.  It  is  well  seen 
when  the  knee  is  bent  and  the  thigh  rotated 
strongly  outward. 

Joffiroy's  Symptom,  i.  Absence  of  facial 
cootractioQ  when  the  patient  suddenly  turns 
his  eyes  upward ;  in  exophthalmic  goiter.  2. 
Phinomdne  de  la  hanche.  Rhjrthmic  twitch- 
ing of  the  glutei  on  pressure  upon  the  gluteal 
region  in  cases  of  spastic  paraplegia  and 
sciatica. 

Johnson's  Test  for  Albumin  in  Urine.  A 
concentrated  solution  of  picric  acid  is  poured 
upon  the  surface  of  the  urine  in  a  test-tube. 
A  ring  of  white  precipitate  occurs  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  two  liquids ;  this  increases  on 
heating.  Peptones  and  albumoses  are  pre- 
cipitated by  this  reagent,  but  the  precipitate 
redissolves  on  heating. 

lohnstoni  (Job.)  Area.     See  CV/m/  ^rea. 

Jolles'  Test  for  Bile  Pigments  in  Urine. 
Put  in  a  stopper  cylinder  50  c.c.  of  urine,  and 
add  a  few  drops  of  10  per  cent  hydrochloric 
add  and  an  excess  of  a  barium  chlorid  solu- 
tion with  5  c.c  chloroform,  and  shake  for 
several  minutes.  Then  by  means  of  a  pipet 
remove  the  chloroform  and  the  precipitate, 
place  in  a  test-tube,  and  heat  on  the  water- 
bath  to  about  io^  C.  When  the  chloroform 
has  evaporated,  decant  the  liquid  from  the 
precipitate  carefully  and  let  three  drops  of 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  containing  one- 
third  fuming  nitric  add,  flow  down  the  sides 
of  the  test-tube.  If  bile  pigments  be  present, 
the  characteristic  coloraUon  results. 


KELLOCK'S  SIGN 

Jolly's  Electric  Reaction.  When  the  con- 
tractility of  a  muscle  is  exhausted  by  the 
faradic  current,  it  can  still  be  excited  by  the 
influence  of  the  will,  and  inversely,  when 
voluntary  movements  are  impossible,  the 
muscle  can  contract  itself  by  faradization. 
This  phenomenon  is  observed  in  certain  amy- 
otrophies. 

Jorissenne's  Sign.  During  the  early  stag* 
of  pregnancy  the  change  of  position  of  the 
woman  from  the  horizontal  to  the  erect  does 
not  increase  the  pulse- rate. 

Josseraud's  Sign.  A  peculiar  loud,  metallic 
sound,  heard  over  the  pulmonic  area,  and 
preceding  the  friction -sound  in  acute  pericar- 
ditis. 

Joule's  Equivalent.  The  mechanic  equiva- 
lent of  heat  or  the  amount  of  work  that,  con- 
verted into  heat,  will  raise  the  temperature  of 
one  pound  of  water  I®  F. 

Jungbluth's  Vessels.  Nutrient  vessels  lying 
immediately  beneath  the  amnion  and  dis- 
appearing usually  at  an  early  period  of  em- 
bryonic life. 

Junod's  Boot.  A  boot-shaped  case,  usually 
of  stiff  leather,  made  to  inclose  the  leg,  so 
that,  the  air  being  exhausted,  the  blood  rushes 
to  the  inclosed  part.  It  has  been  employed 
to  relieve  inflammation  and  congestion  of  the 
viscera. 

Justus*  Test.  Transient  reduction  of  hemo- 
globin following  the  administration  of  mercury 
by  inunction  or  hypodermic  injection  in 
syphilis. 


KAES-BBCHTBREW'S  LAYER.   See 

Bechterevfs  Layer, 

Kahtbaum's  Disease.  Katatonia;  a  form 
of  insanity  progressing  to  imbecility. 

Kahler's  Disease.  A  constitutional  affection 
characterized  by  the  formation  of  round-celled 
neoplasms  in  the  skeleton,  paroxysms  of 
pain,  a  tendency  to  spontaneous  fractures, 
espedally  of  the  ribs,  enlargement  €>f  the 
spleen  and  lymphatic  glands,  and  the  presence 
of  Bence  Jonei*  bodies  in  the  urine.  K.'s 
Law,  the  ascending  branches  of  the  posterior 
spinal  nerve-roots,  after  entering  the  cord, 
pass  successively  from  the  root-ione  toward 
the  mesial  plane. 

Kahler-Singer's  Law.     See  KakUt^s  Law. 

Kaposi's  Disease.  Xeroderma  pigmento- 
sum. 

Keen's  Sign.  Increased  diameter  through 
the  leg  at  the  malleoli  in  Pott's  fracture. 

Kellock's  Sign.  Increased  vibration  of  the 
ribs  on  sharply  percussing  them  with  the  right 
hand,  the  lef^  hand  being  placed  flatly  and 
firmly  on  the  lower  part  01  ine  thoracic  wall, 
just  below  the  nipple  ;  it  is  elidted  in  pleural 
effiision. 


KENTMANN'S  TEST 


KOSSEL'S  TEST 


Kentmann's  Test  for  Ponnaldehyd.  o.  i 
gram  of  morphin  hydrochlorid  is  dissolved  iD 
I  c.c.  of  sulphuric  add  in  a  test-tube,  and  an 
equal  volume  of  the  solution  to  be  examined 
is  added  without  mixing ;  in  the  presence  of 
formaldehyd  the  aqueous  solution  will  be 
clear  red  violet  in  color  after  a  lapse  of  a  few 
minutes.  The  reaction  is  sensitive  to  I  :  5000 
to  I  :  6000. 

Kerkiing's  Ossicle.  A  point  of  ossification 
in  the  occipital  bone,  immediately  behind  the 
foramen  magnum.  K.'8  Valves,  the  valvube 
conniventes. 

Kemer's  Reaction  for  Creatinin.  Add  to 
a  solution  of  creatinin  acidified  with  a  mineral 
acid  a  solution  of  phosphotungstic  or  phospho- 
molvbdic  acid ;  a  crystalline  precipitate  will 
be  ^rmed. 

Kemig's  Sign.  Contracture  or  flexion  of  the 
knee-  and  hip-joint,  at  times  also  of  the  elbow, 
when  the  patient  is  made  to  assume  the  sit- 
ting posture ;  it  is  noted  in  meningitis. 

Key  and  Retxius'  Corpuscles.  Encapsu- 
lated corpuscles  found  in  the  bill  of  some 
aquatic  birds  and  representing  transition  forms 
between  Herbst*s  and  Pacini's  corpuscles. 
K.  and  R.'s  Foramina.  See  Luschka*s 
Foramina, 

Kieman's  Spaces.  The  interlobular  qmces 
of  the  liver. 

Kiesselbach's  Place.  The  point  at  which 
the  nasal  septum,  owing  to  its  thinness,  is 
especially  liable  to  perforation. 

Kiesselbachii  locus.  See  KiesselbacfCi 
Place. 

Kilian*s  Line.  The  line  of  the  promontory 
of  the  sacrum.  K.'s  Pelvis,  the  osteomal- 
acic (halisteretic)  pelvis. 

Klumpke's  Paralysis.  Paralysis  and  atro- 
phy of  the  muscles  of  the  forearm  and 
hand,  with  sensory  and  oculopupillary  dis- 
turbances ;  it  is  due  to  a  lesion  of  the  seventh 
and  eighth  cervical  and  first  dorsal  nerve- 
roots. 

Knapp's  Angioid  Streaks.  Pigment  streaks 
appearing  occasionally  in  the  retina  after 
hemorrhage.  K.'s  Test  for  Glucose  in 
Urine :  a  solution  is  made  of  10  grams  of 
mercuric  cyanid  dissolved  in  100  cc.  caustic 
soda  solution,  of  a  specific  gravity  of  1. 145, 
and  diluted  to  i  liter.  When  this  solution  is 
diluted  with  water  and  heated  with  a  glucose 
solution,  a  reduction  of  metallic  mercury  takes 
place.  Ten  cc.  of  this  solution  are  reduced 
by  ao25  gram  of  glucose. 

Kobelt*s  Cyst.  A  small,  pedunculated  C3rst 
fonned  by  one  of  Kobelt's  tubes.  K  's 
Tubes,  the  upper  ducts  of  the  Wolfiian  body 
which  end  in  a  culdesac 

Kobert's  Test  for  Hemoglobin.  Treat  the 
solution  with  one  of  sine  sulphate  or  shake  it 
with  sine  powder,  when  a  precipitate  of  zinc 


hemoglobin  is  formed.  Alkalies  color  this 
precipitate  red. 

Koch's  Eruption.  A  morbilliform  eruption 
following  the  injection  of  tuberculin.  K.'s 
Law  or  Postulates,  the  specificity  of  a 
microorganism  b  conclusively  demonstrated 
when  the  following  conditions  are  fulfilled: 
(l)The  microorganism  must  be  present  in 
all  cases  of  the  disease ;  (2)  it  must  be  cul- 
tivated in  pure  culture ;  (3)  its  inoculation 
must  produce  the  disease  in  susceptible 
animals;  (4)  from  such  animals  it  must 
be  obtained  and  again  cultivaCed  in  pure  cul- 
ture. 

Koebner's  Multiple  Papillary  Tumors. 
See  Aliberfs  Disease, 

V.  Koelliker's  Fibrous  Layer.  The  layer 
of  fibrous  connective  tissue  which  forms  the 
substantia  propria  of  the  iris.  v.  K.'s  Glands. 
See  Bowman* s  Glands,  v.  K.'s  Muscle 
Buds.  See  Kuehn^s  Muscle  Spindles,  v. 
K.'s  Reticulum,  the  neuroglia,  v.  K.*s 
Tract  Cells,  ganglion  cells,  the  axons  of 
which  pass  as  longitudinal  fibers  into  the 
white  columns  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Koenig's  S3rmptom.  Blue-blindness  in  gran- 
ular kidney.  K.'s  S3rmptom -complex, 
alternation,  for  a  long  period,  of  constipation 
and  diarrhea,  and  irregular  attacks  of  colic, 
which  are  generally  of  short  duration  and  ter- 
minate suddenly.  During  these  attacks  the 
abdomen  is  distended,  there  exists  frequently 
a  visible  peristalsis,  and  a  loud  gurgling  is 
heard  in  the  ileocecal  region.  These  symp- 
t6ms  are  characteristic  o7  tuberculoas  steno- 
sis c^  the  cecum. 

Kohlrausch's  Fold.  A  semilunar,  transverse 
fold  of  the  rectal  mucosa,  situated  about  6 
cm.  above  the  anus  in  the  anterior  and 
right  wall  of  the  rectum.  K.'s  Veins,  the 
superficial  veins  that  pass  from  the  surface  of 
the  penis  upward  to  empty  into  the  dorsal  vein. 

Kolk's  (Schroeder  van  der)  Law.  A 
spinal  nerve  endows  the  muscles  with  motioo 
through  its  motor  branches  and  the  paru 
moved  with  sensation  through  its  sensory 
branches. 

Koplik's  Sign  or  Spots.  Minute  bluish- 
white  spots  surrounded  by  a  reddish  aretda  ; 
they  are  observed  on  the  mucous  membrane  of 
the  cheeks  and  lips  of  the  patient  daring  the 
prodromal  stage  of  measles. 

Kopp's  Asthma.  Kopp's  thjrmic  asthma ; 
lar3mgismus  stridulus. 

Korsakoff's  Psychosis.  Mental  derange- 
ment, in  the  form  of  delirium,  observed  in 
cases  of  polyneuritis. 

Kossel's   Test    for    H3rpoxanthin. 
the  solution  with  hydrochloric  add  mm 
and  add  an  excess  of  sodium  hy  ~ 
presence  of  hypoxanthin  is  evinced  I 
red  color. 


KOWALEWSKY'S  CANAL 


LANClSrS  NERVES 


Kowalewsky's  Canal.  The  neurenteric  ca> 
nal ;  in  the  embryo,  a  passage  leading  from 
the  posterior  part  of  the  medullary  tube  into 
the  archenteron. 

Koyter's  Muscle.  Musculus  Coiteri.  The 
corrugator  supcrcilii. 

Krause'sCoipusclesor  End-Bulbs.  Sphe- 
roid nerve-corpuscles  resembling  Pacinian 
corpuscles,  but  having  a  more  delicate  invest- 
ment.  They  are  found  especially  in  the  con- 
junctiva and  the  genitals.  K.*s  Disc  or 
Membrane,  the  dark  transverse  band  that 
divides  a  transparent  (isotropic)  saroous  ele- 
ment in  the  middle.  K.'s  Qlands,  acinous 
glands  found  in  the  conjunctiva  near  the  for- 
nix, especially  of  the  upper  lid.  K.'s  Mus- 
cle, the  coracocervioUis  muscle.  K.'s 
Nerve,  the  ulnar  collateral  branch  of  the 
musculospiral  nerve  that  descends  along  with 
the  ulnar  nerve  and  enters  the  lower  short 
fibers  of  the  inner  head  of  the  triceps.  K.'s 
Respiratory  Tract,  the  solitary  fascicle  of 
the  oblongata.  K.'s  Valve.  See  Biramfs 
Vafvf,  K.'s  Ventricle,  the  terminal  ven- 
tricle of  the  spinal  cord. 

Kretaschmann's  Space.  A  small  pocket  in 
the  attic  of  the  middle  ear  situated  below 
Prussak's  space. 

Kreyssig's  Sign.  Retraction  of  the  epigas- 
trium and  the  contiguous  portions  of  the  false 
ribs  with  each  systole,  in  adherent  pericar- 
dium. 

Krishaber's  Disease.  **  Neuropathic  c^r6- 
brocardiaque."  A  neurosis  resembling  neu- 
rasthenia and  characterized  by  a  rapid  onset, 
predominant  cerebral  s3rmptoms  (insomnia, 
vertigo,  etc.),  neuralgia,  and  circulatory  dis- 
turbances. 

Krisowski's  Sign.    See  Silex's  Sipi, 

Kroenlein's  Hernia.  Properitoneal  inguinal 
hernia. 

Kuehne's  Muscle  Spindles.  Peculiar, 
fosiform  enlargements  occurring  at  the  en- 
trance of  certain  nerves  into  a  muscle  bundle. 
K.'s  Muscular  Phenomenon.     See  /Vr- 

Kuemmell's  Disease.  Traumatic  spondyl- 
itis. 

Kuester's  Sign.  A  cystic  tumor  felt  in  the 
median  line  in  front  of  the  utenis  is  a  der- 
moid cyst. 

Kuestner's  Law.  Tor^on  of  the  pedicle  of 
an  ovarian  tumor  takes  place  toward  the  right 
if  the  tumor  is  left- sided,  and  toward  the  left 
if  it  is  right-sided. 

Kuhnt's  Spaces.  The  recesses  of  the  pos- 
terior chamber;  a  series  of  radial  spaces 
which  communicate  anteriorly  with  the  pos- 
terior chamber  of  the  eye  and  contain  aqueous 
homer. 

Kupffer's  Cells.  Stellate  endothelial  celb  of 
the  liver  capillaries  having  a  large  round  or 


oval  nucleus  and  frequently  containing  pig- 
mentary matter. 

Kussmaul's  Coma.  Diabetic  coma.  K.'^ 
Disease,  poliomyelitis  anterior  acuta ;  acute 
atrophic  spinal  paralysis.  K.'s  Paradoxic 
Pulse,  a  pulse  which  becomes  weaker  or 
disappears  during  deep  inspiration ;  it  is  ob- 
served in  cases  of  adherent  pericardium  and 
mediastinal  adhesions  or  tumor.  K.'s  Res- 
piration, the  deep,  labored  respiration  of  di- 
abetic coma.  K.'s  Sjrmptom,  swelling  of 
the  cervical  veins  during  inspiradoo  in  adher- 
ent pericardium  and  m^asUnal  tumor. 

Kussmaul- Landry's  Paralysis.  See  Lam- 
Jr/s  Paralysis. 


LABARRAQUB'S  SOLUTION.  A  so- 
lution of  sodium  carbonate  lo,  chlorid  of  lime 
8,  water  loo ;  it  is  a  disinfectant 

Labb^'s  Vein.  The  anastomotic  vein  that 
extends  from  the  lateral  sinus  to  TroUid's 
vein  or  to  the  superior  longitudinal  sinus. 

Lactic  Acid.    See  Uffelmann, 

Ladendorff's  Test  tor  Blood.  Treat  the 
liquid  with  tincture  of  guaiacum,  and  then 
with  oil  of  eucalyptus ;  in  the  presence  of  bkxxi 
the  upper  layer  becomes  violet  and  the  lower 
layer  blue. 

Lady  Webster's  Pills.  Laxative  pUls  of 
aloes  and  mastic 

Laennec's  Catarrh.  A  form  of  asthmatic 
bronchitis  with  scanty,  viscous,  ** pearly" 
expectoration.  Sec  Laennec's  **Peries.** 
L.'s  Disease,  alcoholic  cirrhosis  of  the  liver ; 
hobnailed  liver.  L.'s  Perles,  roundish,  gela- 
tinous masses  forming  the  sputum  in  bronchial 
asthma.  L.'s  Rale,  a  modified  subcrepi- 
tant  rale  due  to  mucus  in  the  bronchioles ;  it 
is  noted  in  pulmonary  emphysema.  L.'s 
Thrombus,  a  globular  thromlMis  formed  in 
the  heart,  especially  in  cases  where  the  latter 
is  the  seat  of  fatty  degeneration. 

Lafayette's  Mixture.  A  mixture  used  in 
gonorrhea  consisting  of  copaiba,  cubeba,  po- 
tassium hydrate,  and  sweet  spirits  of  niter. 

Lallemand-Trousseau's  Bodies.  Gelati- 
nous masses  found  in  the  secretion  of  the  sem- 
inal vesicles. 

Lalouette's  Pjrramid.  A  prolongation  of  the 
upper  portioo  of  the  thyroid  gland,  generally 
to  the  left  of  the  median  line ;  it  is  not  constant 

Lancereaux's  Interstitial  Nephritis.  In- 
terstitial nephritis  due  to  rheumatism.  L.'s 
Law,  marantic  thromboses  always  occur  at 
the  points  where  there  is  the  greatest  ten- 
dency to  stasis:  that  is,  where  me  influence 
of  the  cardiac  propulsion  and  of  thoracic  as- 
piration is  least 

Lancisi's  Nerves.  The  mesial  longitudinal 
strias  situated  on  eadi  side  of  the  ra(&  of  the 
callosnm. 


LANDAU'S  ENTEROPTOSIS 


LENNHOFPS  SIGN 


Landau's  Form  of  Enteroptosis.  Enter- 
optosis  due  to  relaxation  of  the  abdominal 
walls  and  pelvic  floor. 

Landolt's  Bodies.  Small,  elongated,  clavate 
bodies  lying  between  the  rods  and  cones  and 
resting  upon  the  outer  nuclear  layer  of  the 
retina.  L'.s  Test  for  Phenol,  treat  the  solu- 
tion with  bromin  water ;  a  white  crystalline 
precipitate  of  tribromphenol  is  produced. 

Landouzy's  Purpura.  A  form  of  purpura 
with  grave  systemic  symptoms. 

Landouxy-D^jerine's  Type  of  Progres- 
sive Muscular  Atrophy.  The  facioscap- 
ulohumeral type. 

Landry's  Paralysis.  Acute  ascending  par- 
alysis. 

Landzert's  Fossa.  Paraduodenal  fossa ;  re- 
cessus  venosus.  A  fossa  in  the  peritoneal 
cavity  that  is  bounded  behind  by  the  parietal 
peritoneum  covering  the  psoas,  Uie  renal  ves- 
sels, the  ureter,  and  a  part  of  the  left  kidney, 
and  below  by  die  mesocolic  fold. 

Lang's  Reaction  for  Taurin.  A  white  com- 
bination appearing  as  a  precipitate  occurs  on 
boiling  a  solution  of  taurin  with  freshly  pre- 
cipitated mercuric  acid. 

Langer's  Axillary  Arch.  The  thickened 
border  of  fascia  which  forms  a  bridge  across 
the  bicipital  groove. 

Langerhans'  Bodies.  The  centroacinous 
cells  of  the  pancreas.  L.'s  Granular  Layer, 
stratum  granulosum ;  the  layer  of  epidermal 
cells  above  the  rete  mucosum.  L.'s  Stellate 
Corpuscles,  terminations  of  nerve-fibers 
which  have  been  observed  in  the  rete  mucosum 
of  the  epidermis. 

Langhans'  Cells.  The  polygonal  epithelial 
cells,  with  distinct  nuclei  and  cell-walls,  con- 
stituting Langhans'  layer.  L.'s  Giant  Cell, 
the  giant  cell  of  a  tubercular  granuloma.  L.'s 
Layer,  the  inner  of  the  two  layers  of  cells 
covering  the  chorion ;  it  is  derived  from  the 
ectoderoL 

Lannelongue's  Tibia.  The  deformed  tibia 
of  inherited  syphilis. 

Lantermann's  Incisions.  Partial  or  com- 
plete interruptions  of  the  medullary  sheath  of 
a  nerve-fiber  existing  at  irregular  intervals  in 
an  interannular  segment.  L.'s  Segments, 
the  cylindric  or  conic  segments  of  the  medul- 
lary sheath  between  Lantermann's  incisions. 

Larrey's  Amputation.  Double- flap  amputa- 
tion at  the  shoulder-joint  or  hip-joint.  L.'s 
Spaces,  spaces  between  the  parts  of  the  dia- 
phragm attached  to  the  sternum  and  those 
that  are  attached  to  the  ribs. 

Lasigue's  Law.  Superficial  lesions  or  sim- 
ple fiinctional  troubles  of  an  organ  increase 
the  reflexes,  while  more  or  less  pronounced 
organic  lesions  suppress  them.  L.'s  Sign, 
(i)  incapacity  of  the  anesthetic  hysteric  indi- 
vidual to  move  the  extremity  which  he  is  pre- 


vented  from  seeing ;  (2)  to  differentiate  sciatica 
from  hip-joint  disease  :  in  the  case  of  the  for- 
mer, flexion  of  the  thigh  upon  the  hip  is  pain- 
less or  easily  accomplished  when  the  knee  is 
bent  L.'s  Type  of  Mania  of  Persecu- 
tion, t3rpical  paranoia. 

Lassar's  Paste.  A  paste  used  in  the  treat- 
ment of  erythema  intertrigo,  consisting  of 
salicylic  acid  30  grains,  oxid  of  zinc  and 
powdered  starch,  each,  6  drams,  vaselin  2 
ounces. 

Laugier's  Hernia.  Femoral  hernia  through 
a  gap  in  Gimbemat's  ligament 

Laumonier's  Ganglion.  The  carotid  gan- 
glion. 

Laura's  Nucleus.    See  Deiter^  Ntuleus, 

Lauth's  Canal.     See  SckUmm't  Canal, 

Laveran's  Crescent.  The  sickle-shaped  plss- 
modium  found  in  estivoautumnal  form  of  in- 
termittent fever.  L.'s  Plasmodium,  the 
hsematozoon  malariae. 

Lead.    See  Blytke, 

Leber's  Corpuscles.  See  Curk^s  Carfmt- 
cles,  L.'s  Disease,  hereditary  optic  atro- 
phy. L.'s  Plexus,  a  plexus  of  venules  in 
front  of  Schlemm's  canal,  with  which  it  com- 
municates. 

Lecat's  Gulf.  The  dilated  bulbous  portion 
of  the  urethra. 

Legal's  Disease.  Cephalalgia  pharyngo- 
tympanica.  Paroxysmal  pains  and  tenderness 
of  the  scalp  in  the  region  supplied  by  the 
auriculotemporal  nerve,  associated  with 
pharyngotympanic  catarrh.  L.'s  Test  for 
Acetone  in  Urine,  acidulate  the  urine  with 
hydrochloric  acid,  and  distil.  To  the  distil- 
late add  a  few  drops  each  of  sodium  nitro- 
prussid  and  liquor  potassse.  This  produces  a 
ruby-red  color,  which  changes  to  purple  on 
the  addition  of  acetic  acid.  Creatinin  gives 
a  similar  color,  but  it  disappears  when  acetic 
acid  is  added. 

Le  Gendre's  Nodosities.  See  Bptuhard's 
Nodosities, 

Legroux's  Remissions.  Treves  de  Legroux. 
Lengrthy  remissions  which  sometimes  occur  in 
the  course  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 

Lehman's  Sign.  In  the  administration  of 
chloroform,  to  prognosticate  as  to  a  ready  or 
diflicult  anesthesia,  if  the  eyelids  closed  by 
the  anesthetizer  reopen  at  once,  wholly  or  in 
part,  the  anesthesia  .will  be  diflicult.  The 
eyes  will  remain  closed  from  the  beginning  in 
those  who  take  chloroform  well. 

Leiter's  Coil  or  Tubes.  Flexible  metallic 
tubes  for  bending  about  a  part  of  the  body, 
and  used  to  reduce  the  temperature  by  means 
of  cold  water  passed  through  them. 

Lennhoff  *s  Sign.  In  cases  of  echinococois 
cyst  on  deep  inspiration  a  furrow  forms  above 
the  tumor  between  it  and  the  edge  of  the 
ribs. 


LEOPOLD'S  LAW 


USTING'S  LAW 


Leopold's  Law«  Insertion  of  tb«  placenU 
into  the  posterior  uterine  wall  pushes  the  Fal- 
lopian tubes  forward,  so  that  they  assume  a 
convergent  direction  on  the  anterior  wall ; 
insertion  into  the  anterior  wall  causes  them  to 
turn  backward  and  parallel  to  the  longitud- 
inal axis  of  the  recumbent  woman. 

Leaser's  Triangle.  A  triangular  space 
bounded  above  by  the  hypoglossal  nerve,  its 
sides  being  formed  by  the  bellies  of  the  digas- 
tricus. 

Lesshalt's  Space.  Lesshafti  rhombus.  A 
locus  minoris  resistentiae  existing  in  the  region 
of  the  twelfth  rib  in  some  individuals,  which 
allows  the  pointing  of  an  abscess  or  the  pro- 
trusion of  a  hernia.  It  is  bounded,  in  front, 
by  the  external  oblique  ;  behind,  by  the  latis- 
simus  dorsi ;  above,  by  the  serratus  posticus 
inferior ;  and  below,  by  the  internal  oblique. 

Leucin.     Sec  Hofmeisier^  ikherer, 

Leudet's  Bruit.  A  fine  crackling  sound  in 
the  ear,  audible  to  both  the  observer  and  the 
patient,  in  catarrhal  and  nervous  affections  of 
the  ear.  It  is  attributed  to  spasm  of  the  ex- 
ternal peristaphylinus  muscle. 

Levret's  Law.  Marginal  insertion  of  the 
umbilical  cord  in  placenta  prsevia. 

Lewin's  Erythema  of  the  Larynx.  Simple 
syphilitic  catarrh  of  the  larynx. 

Leyden's  Ataxia.  Pseudotabes.  L.'s  Cells, 
large,  mononuclear  epithelioid  cells  found  in 
the  anterior  horns  of  the  spinal  cord  in  cases 
of  anterior  poliomyelitis.  They  are  also  met 
with  in  other  inflammatory  affections  of  the 
cord.  L.'s  Crystals.  See  Ckarcoi-Lfy- 
den's  Crystals,  L.'s  Neuritis,  lipomatous 
neuritis ;  a  variety  of  neuritis  in  which  the 
nerve-fibers  are  replaced  by  fatty  tissue.  L.'s 
Sign,  in  cases  of  subphrenic  pyopneumo- 
thorax manometric  observation  shows  that  the 
pressure  in  the  abscess  cavity  rises  during  in- 
spiration and  falls  during  expiration.  The 
reverse  was  held  by  Leyden  to  occur  in  true 
pneumothorax. 

Leyden-  Charcot's  Crystals.    See  Chartoi  *t 

(rys/tt/t. 

Leyden -Moebius*  Type  of  Progressive 
Muscular  Atrophy.  A  type  commencing 
in  the  calves  and  often  assuming  the  character 
of  Duchenne's  pseudohypertrophic  paralysis. 

Leydig's  Cells.  See  //enU's  Ctlis.  L.'s 
Duct.     The  Wolffian  duct 

Lieben's  Test  for  Acetone  in  Urine,  Mod- 
ified by  Ralfe.  Dissolve  ao  grains  of 
potassium  iodid  in  a  dram  of  liquor  potassae, 
and  boil ;  then  carefully  float  the  urine  on  its 
surface  in  a  test-tube.  A  precipitation  of 
phosphates  occurs  at  the  point  of  contact 
which,  in  the  presence  of  acetone,  will  be- 
come yellow  and  studded  with  yellow  points 
of  iodoform. 

Lieberkuehn's  Ampulla.    A  cavity  that  was 


supposed  by  Lieberkuehn  to  exist  in  an  intes- 
tinai  villus  and  to  communicate  at  the  apex 
with  the  lumen  of  the  intestine  and  at  the 
base  with  the  lacteal.  L.'s  Crypts,  simple 
tubular  glands  in  the  mucosa  of  the  large  and 
small  intestine.  L.'s  Follicles  or  Glands. 
Same  as  /..'/  Crypts, 

Liebermann's  Test  for  Pioteids.  Wash 
the  proteid  with  alcohol  and  ether,  and  treat 
with  fuming  hydrochloric  acid ;  a  beautiful 
violet-blue  coloration  is  produced. 

Liebermann-Burchard  s  Test  for  Choles* 
terin.  Allow  the  substance  to  dissolve  in 
acetic  anhydrid,  then  add  a  few  drops  of  con- 
centrated sulphuric  acid,  when  a  beautiful 
violet  coloration  is  produced,  changing  quickly 
to  green  if  cbolesterin  be  present 

Liebig's  Extract.  A  variety  of  beef  extract. 
L.'s  Test  for  Cystin,  boil  the  substance 
with  caustic  alkali  containing  lead  oxid.  In 
the  presence  of  cystin  a  precipitate  of  black 
lead  sttlphid  b  formed. 

Lieutaud's  Sinus.  The  straight  sinus.  L.'s 
Triangle,  the  trigooum  vesicse. 

Ligar's  Lines,  i.  A  line  drawn  (roin  the 
posterior  superior  iliac  spine  to  a  point  mid- 
way between  the  tuberosity  of  the  iadiium 
and  greater  trochanter;  the  upper  point  of 
trisection  of  this  line  corresponds  to  the 
point  of  emergence  of  the  gluteal  artery.  3. 
A  line  drawn  from  the  posterior  superior  iliac 
spine  to  the  inner  point  of  trisection  of  a  line 
between  the  tuberosity  of  the  ischium  and  the 
greater  trochanter ;  the  middle  of  this  line  in- 
dicates the  point  of  emergence  of  the  sciatic 
arteiY. 

Ling's  System.  A  method  of  treatment  of 
disease  by  gymnastic  and  other  rhythmic  move- 
ments of  the  body,  employed  by  ling,  a 
Swedish  physician  ;  kinesi therapy. 

Liouville  s  Icterus.     Icterus  neonatorum. 

Lisfranc's  Joint.  The  tarsometatarsal  artic- 
ulation. L.'s  Tubercle,  the  scalenus  tuber- 
cle of  the  first  rib. 

Lissauer's  Tract  or  2one.  Lissaoer's  mar- 
ginal tone.  The  narrow  bridge  of  white 
substance  between  the  apex  of  the  posterior 
horn  and  the  periphery  of  the  spinal  cord ;  it 
is  traversed  by  some  of  the  root-fibers. 

Listini^s  Law.  When  the  line  of  sight 
passes  from  its  primary  position  into  any 
other  position,  the  angle  of  rotation  of  the 
eyeball  in  this  second  position  is  the  same  as 
if  the  eyeball  had  been  rotated  about  a  fixed 
axis,  perpendicular  to  both  the  first  and 
second  directions  of  the  line  of  sight.  L'.s 
Plane,  the  vertical  transverse  plane  oerpen- 
dicular  to  the  anteroposterior  axis  of  the  eye- 
ball, which  passes  through  the  center  of  mo- 
tion of  the  eyes  and  in  which  lie  the  vertical 
and  transverse  axes  of  oonaal  vohuitary  roCa- 
tioo. 


UTTEN'S  SIGN 


LUYS'  BODY  OR  NUCLEUS 


Litten's  Sign.  <  *  Diaphragm  phenoinenon. ' ' 
Retraction  of  the  lateral  portion  of  the  thorax, 
where  the  diaphragm  is  inserted,  the  retracted 
portions  being  lowered  during  inspiration  and 
rising  during  expiration.  It  is  absent  in  pleu- 
ritic adhesions,  effusion  into  the  pleural  cavity, 
emphysema,  etc 

Little's  Disease.  Congenital  muscular  rigid- 
ity ;  spastic  cerebral  diplegia  of  infancy. 

Littre's  Colotoroy.  Inguinal  colotomy.  L.'8 
Glands,  mucous  glands  found  in  the  bulbous 
portion  of  the  urethra.  L.'s  Hernia,  diver- 
ticular hernia,  the  hernial  sac  containing  only 
a  portion  of  the  intestinal  wall.  L.'s  Sinus, 
the  transverse  sinus. 

Lobstein's  Cancer.  Retroperitoneal  sar- 
coma. L.'s  Disease,  osteopsathyrosis.  L.'s 
Ganglion,  a  small  gangliform  swelling  of  the 
great  splanchnic  nerve  a  short  distance  above 
the  diaphragm. 

Lockwood's  Ligament.  The  suspensory 
ligament  of  the  eyeball,  a  curved  fibrous  band 
connected  with  Tenon's  capsule,  and  support- 
ing the  eyeball  on  each  side  of  the  orbit. 

Loebisch's  Formula.  The  product  ob- 
tained by  multipljring  the  last  two  figures  of 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  urine  with  2.2  indi- 
cates the  number  of  grams  of  solids  per  1000 
C.C  of  urine. 

Loehlein's  Diameter.  The  distance  between 
the  center  of  the  subpubic  ligament  and  the 
anterosuperior  angle  of  the  great  sacrosdatic 
foramen. 

Loewe's  Ring.  A  bright  circle  which  may 
appear  in  the  visual  field  when  the  illumina- 
tion is  changed  from  blue  to  white.  It  sur- 
rounds the  position  of  the  dark  ring  that 
marks  the  macula  lutea. 

Loewenberg's  Canal.  The  scala  media  of 
the  cochlea. 

Loewenthal's  Test  for  Glucose.  A  glucose 
solution  boiled  with  a  solution  of  ferric  chlorid, 
dissolved  in  tartaric  acid  and  carbonate  of 
soda,  becomes  dark  and  deposits  an  abundant 
precipitate  of  iron  oxid.  This  test  is  not 
applicable  to  urine.  L.'s  Tract,  the  de- 
scending anterolateral  tract  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Loreta's  Operation.  Forcible  dilatation  of 
pylorus  for  stricture. 

Louis'  Angle.  **Angulus  Ludovici."  An 
angular  projection  existing  in  some  individuals 
at  the  junction  of  the  manubrium  and  body 
of  the  sternum.  L.'s  Law,  the  lungs  always 
contain  tubercles  when  tuberculosis  exists 
elsewhere  in  the  body. 

Lower's  Tubercle.  A  slight  prominence 
existing  between  the  openings  of  the  superior 
and  the  inferior  vena  cava  in  the  right  auricle. 

Lubarsch's  Crystals.  Minute  crystals  found 
postmortem  in  the  epithelial  cells  of  the  tes- 
tis, and  regarded  as  distinct  from  Boettcher's 
and  Charcot's  crystals. 


Luca's  Horizontal  Plane.  One  passiDg 
through  the  axis  of  the  zygomatic  arches. 

Lucas'  Sign.  Distention  of  the  abdomen, 
an  early  sign  of  rickets. 

Lucas-Championni^re's  Disease.  Chronic 
pseudomembranous  bronchitis. 

Ludwig's  Angina.  *<  Angina  Ludovid." 
Phlegmonous  cellulitis  of  the  neck,  generally 
secondary  to  specific  fevers,  scurvy,  etc. 
L.'s  Ganglion,  one  in  the  wall  of  the  riglit 
auricle  of  &e  heart. 

Luecke's  Reaction  for  Hippuric  Acid. 
Add  to  the  substance  nitric  acid  at  boiling 
temperature,  and  evaporate  to  dryness ;  an 
intense  odor  of  nitrobenzol  is  produced  on 
heating  the  residue. 

Lugol's  Caustic.  A  watery  solution  of 
iodin  and  potassium  iodid.  L.'s  Solution, 
a  compound  solution  of  iodin. 

Luschka's  Bursa.  A  crypt,  larger  and  more 
clearly  defined  than  the  neighboring  crypts, 
frequently  located  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
pharyngeal  tonsil,  and  regarded  as  a  vestige  of 
the  communication  existing  during  eariy  fetal 
life  between  the  pharynx  and  the  hypophysis. 
L.'s  Cartilage,  an  inconstant,  small,  carti- 
laginous nodule,  inclosed  in  the  (it>nt  part  of 
the  true  vocal  cord.  L.'s  Fold,  ileocolic 
fold;  a  semilunar  fold  of  the  peritoneum 
which  is  attached  to  the  anterior  layer  of  the 
mesentery,  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  ascend- 
ing colon,  and  the  cecum  as  fiir  as  the  vermi- 
form appendix.  L.'s  Foramina,  two  small 
openings  in  the  lateral  recesses  of  the  pia 
covering  the  fourth  ventricle;  they  transmit 
the  choroid  plexus.  L/s  Fossa,  ileocolic 
fossa ;  a  narrow  fossa  bounded  by  the  ileocolic 
fold  in  front,  and  by  the  enteric  mesentery, 
the  ileum,  and  a  small  portion  of  the  upper 
and  inner  walls  of  the  cecum  behind.  L.'s 
Gland,  (i)  the  pharyngeal  tonsil;  (2)  the 
coccygeal  gland ;  (3)  the  carotid  ^and ;  the 
intercarotid  gland,  a  minute  body  of  glandu- 
lar structure  and  unknown  function,  situated 
at  the  bifurcation  of  the  common  carotid 
artery.  L.'s  Line,  an  imaginary  line  ex- 
tending from  the  middle  of  the  internal  pal- 
pebral ligament  to  the  space  between  the  first 
and  second  molars,  and  indicating  the  course 
of  the  lacrimal  sac  and  nasal  duct  L.'s 
Subpharyngeal  Cartilage,  a  small  body  of 
hyaline  cartilage  situated  in  the  areolar  tissue 
of  the  lower  part  of  the  faucial  tonsiL  It 
represents  a  vestige  of  the  third  postoral  arch 
of  the  embryo  and  is  occasionally  the  seat  of 
morbid  growths. 

Luttke's  Test  for  Free  Hydrochloric 
Acid  in  Gastric  Juice.  The  quantitatiTe 
determination  successively  of  the  toial  cblorin, 
the  chlorin  of  the  fixed  chlorids,  and  that  of 
the  fi'ee  and  combined  hydrochloric  acid. 

Luys'  Body  or  Nucleus.  The  subthalaaia& 


McBURNEY'S  POINT 


MANN'S  SIGN 


McBURNEY'S  POINT.  The  point  of 
tenderness  in  Appendicitis,  five  or  six  centi- 
meters above  the  right  anterior  superior  iliac 
spine,  on  a  line  drawn  from  this  point  to  the 
umbilicus. 

McClintock's  Rule.  A  pulse  of  looor  more 
beats  a  minute,  after  parturition,  indicates 
impending  postpartum  hemorrhage. 

McLreod's  Cftpsular  RbeumAtism.  Rheu- 
matoid arthritis  attended  with  considerable 
effusion  into  the  synovial  sacs,  sheaths,  and 
bursas. 

Macdowel's  Prenum.  The  intermuscular 
expansions  given  off  by  the  posterior  layer  ol 
the  tendon  of  the  pectoralis  major. 

Mftcewen's  Osteotomy.  Supracondyloid 
division  of  the  femur  fix>m  the  inner  side  for 
genu  valgum.  M.*s  Space.  See  M,*s 
Triangle.  M.'s  Symptom,  increased  reso- 
nance on  combined  percussion  and  ausculta- 
tion of  the  skull  in  certain  gross  lesions  of  the 
intracranial  contents — t.  ^.,  in  cerebral  ab- 
scess or  overdistended  lateral  ventricles. 
M.'s  Triangle,  the  suprameatal  triangle ; 
the  triangular  space  bounded  by  the  upper 
half  of  the  posterior  wall  of  the  external  audi- 
tory meatus,  by  the  supramastoid  crest,  and 
by  an  imaginary  line  dropped  from  the  latter 
at  the  level  of  the  posteroinferior  wall  of  the 
external  meatus.  It  is  the  space  selected  for 
trephining  in  cases  of  otitic  abscess  of  the 
temporosphenoid  lobe. 

Mscmunn's  Test  for  Indican  in  Urine. 
Boil  equal  parts  of  urine  and  hydrochloric 
add  and  a  few  drops  of  nitric  add ;  C(x>l,  and 
shake  with  chloroform.  The  chloroform 
becomes  violet  and  shows  an  absorption  band 
before  D,  due  to  indigo  blue,  and  one  after 
D,  due  to  indigo  red. 

Macwillism's  Test  for  Albumin.  To  ao 
c.c  of  the  liquid  add  a  drop  or  two  of  a 
saturated  solution  of  salicyl  sulphonic  add ; 
in  the  presence  of  albumin  a  cloudiness  or 
precipitate  will  be  formed.  If  peptones  or 
albumoses  be  present,  this  predpitate  disap- 
pears on  boiling,  but  reappears  on  cooling. 

Madelung's  Neck.  «*  Madelung's  FetthJs." 
Diffuse  lipoma  of  the  neck. 

Magendie*s  Poramen.  A  foramen  of  com- 
munication between  the  fourth  ventricle  and 
the  subarachnoid  space  at  the  tip  of  the  cala- 
mus scriptorius.  M.'s  Law.  See  BelVs 
Law.  M.'s  Spaces,  imperfectly  closed 
lymph-spaces  formed  by  the  separation  of  the 
arachnoid  from  the  pia  and  corresponding  to 
the  cerebral  sulci. 

Magnan's  Sign.  A  halludnation  of  general 
sensation  which  takes  the  fonn  of  the  sensa- 
tion of  a  round  foreign  body  beneath  the 
skin  ;  it  is  noted  in  chronic  cocainism. 

Maher's  Disease.     Perivaginitis. 

Maier's  Sinus.    A  small,  infundibular  de< 


pression  in  the  wall  of  the  lacrimal  sac  near 
the  opening  of  the  lacrimal  ducts. 

Maissiat's  Band.  The  iliotibial  ligament, 
a  fibrous  band  in  the  fasda  lata  that  extends 
from  near  the  anterior  superior  spine  of  the 
ilium  to  the  outer  tuberosity  of  the  tibia. 

Malacame's  Pyramid.  A  crucial  projec- 
tion formed  by  the  union  of  the  vermis  in- 
ferior of  the  cerebellum,  at  the  junction  of 
its  posterior  and  middle  thirds,  with  two 
transverse  prolongations  which  pass  into  the 
corresponding  hemispheres.  M.'s  Space. 
Sec  Tarinu^  Fossa, 

Malassea*  Disease.  Cystic  disease  of  the 
testis. 

Malerba's  Test  for  Acetone.  Add  to  the 
acetone  a  solution  of  dintethylparaphenylen- 
diamin ;  a  red  coloration  results. 

Malgaigne's  Hernia.  Hernia  of  infancy; 
descent  of  the  intestine  into  the  open  vaginal 
process  of  the  peritoneum.  M.'s  Triangle, 
the  superior  carotid  triangle. 

Malpighi's  Bodies.  The  rounded  terminal 
dilatations  of  the  convoluted  uriniferous  tu- 
bules. M.'s  Capsule.  See  BKrwrnatCs  Cap- 
suU.  M.'s  Cells  or  Vesicles,  the  pulmonary 
alveoli.  M.'s  Corpuscles,  small  masses  of 
adenoid  tissue  in  the  splenic  pulp,  connected 
with  the  branches  of  the  splenic  artery.  M.'s 
Pjrramids,  conic  masses,  eight  to  ten  in 
number,  in  the  medullary  portion  of  the 
kidney,  having  their  apices  directed  toward 
the  pelvis  and  their  bases  toward  the  cortex. 
M.'s  Rete  Mirabile,  the  network  formed 
by  the  ultimate  ramifkatioos  of  the  pulmonary 
artery.  M.'s  Stigmata,  the  orifices  of  the 
capillary  veins  that  join  the  branches  of  the 
splenic  vein  at  right  angles.  M.'s  Stratum, 
the  rete  mucosum  of  the  epidermis.  M.'s 
Tuft,  a  glomerule  of  the  kidney. 

Malthus,  Doctrine  of.  Malthusianism ;  the 
doctrine  that  the  increase  of  popuUtion  is 
proportionately  greater  than  the  increase  of 
subsistence. 

Maly's  Test  for  Hydrochloric  Acid  in 
Contents  of  Stomach.  Place  the  filtered 
contents  of  the  stomach  in  a  glass  dish,  and 
add  ultramarine  sufiident  to  make  it  blue. 
Suspend  a  piece  of  lead-paper  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  dish,  and  cover  with  a  watch- 
glass.  Warm  this  on  the  water-bath  for  fif- 
teen minutes,  and  in  the  presence  ti  HCl 
the  blue  color  will  change  to  brown  and  the 
lead-paper  will  become  dark  owing  to  the 
development  of  H^. 

Mandel's  Test  for  Proteids.  Add  to  the 
proCeid  solution  a  5  per  cent  solution  of 
chromic  add,  and  a  predpitate  will  be 
formed. 

Mann's  Sign.  Diminished  resistance  of  the 
scalp  to  the  galvanic  current  in  traumatic 


MANNING'S  EX  ANTHEM 


MECKEL'S  CARTILAGE 


Manning's  Bxanthem.  Septicemic  exan- 
them,  a  grave  complication  of  scarlatina  and 
diphtlieria. 

Mannkopff's  Sign,  M.-Rumpf's  Sign. 
Acceleration  of  the  pulse  on  pressure  over 
painful  points  in  traumatic  neuroses. 

Manx's  Qlands.  Utricular  glands  found  in 
the  orbital  conjunctiva  near  the  margin  of  the 
cornea. 

Marchi's  Tract.    See  Loaventhal's  Tract. 

Mar6chal  Test  for  Bile  Pigments.  See 
Smith's  Test. 

Marey's  Law.  A  high-tension  pulse  is  a 
slow  pulse. 

Maries  Disease,  (i)  Akromegaly;  (2) 
hereditary  cerebellar  ataxia;  (3)  hypertrophic 
pulmonary  osteoarthropathy ;  (4)  spondylosis 
rhizomelica ;  ankylosis  of  the  spinal  column 
and  of  the  coxofemoral,  less  frec^uently  also 
of  the  scapulohumeral,  articulations.  The 
affection  is  identified  with  Struempell's  dis- 
ease (2).  M.'s  Symptom,  tremor  of  the 
extremities  or  the  whole  body  in  exophthal- 
mic goiter. 

Marie-Kahler's  Symptom.  See  Marias 
Symptom.  M. -Robinson's  Syndrome,  a 
variety  of  diabetes  with  melancholia,  insom- 
nia, impotence,  and  the  presence  in  the  urine 
of  a  levulose  that  disappears  rapidly  on  the 
suppression  of  carbohydrates. 

Mariotte's  Blind  Spot.  The  macula  lutea. 
M.'s  Experiment,  to  demonstrate  the  exist- 
ence of  the  blind  spot  a  sheet  of  paper,  on 
which  a  cross  and  a  circular  spot  are  marked, 
is  held  a  short  distance  in  front  of  the  eyes, 
the  left  eye  being  directed  steadily  on  the 
cross  while  the  right  eye  is  closed.  On 
moving  the  paper  away  slowly,  a  point  will 
be  reached  where  the  spot  is  no  longer  visi- 
ble, but  it  reappears  when  the  distance  is 
increased. 

Marjolin's  Ulcer.  A  slowly  progressive, 
malignant  ulcer  with  peculiar  wart-like 
growths  commencing  on  a  cicatrix. 

Marochetti's  Vesicles.  Small  vesicles  some- 
times seen  on  the  under  surface  of  the  tongue 
in  cases  of  rabies. 

Marsh's  Disease.  See  Basedow'' s  Disease. 
M.'s  Test  for  Arsenic,  introduce  the  sub- 
stance into  a  flask  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid 
and  zinc.  Light  a  jet,  and  permit  it  to  im- 
pinge on  the  cold  porcelain,  or  heat  the  deliv- 
ery tube,  when  a  steel- white  mirror  of  metallic 
arsenic  is  deposited.  This  may  be  distin- 
guished from  a  similar  deposit  of  antimony  by 
die  solubility  of  the  arsenical  mirror  in  potas- 
sium hypochlorite. 

Marshall's  Oblique  Vein.  .  A  partially 
obliterated  vein  that  passes  along  the  posterior 
aspect  of  the  left  auricle  and  opens  into  the 
coronary  sinus  near  its  termination.  M.'s 
Vestigial  Fold,  a  fold  of  the  pericardium 


extending  from  the  left  branch  of  the  pul- 
monary artery  to  the  left  superior  pulmonary 
vein.  It  contains  a  fibrous  cord  that  repre* 
sents  the  lower  part  of  the  lefk  superior  vena 
cava,  a  vessel  commonly  found  in  mammals 
but  rarely  in  man. 

Marshall-Hall's  Disease.  See  Naii  V  Dis- 
ease. 

Martegiani's  Area.  The  slight  widening  of 
the  hyaloid  canal  at  its  beginning  in  front  of 
the  optic  disc. 

Martin's  Bandage.     An  India-rubber  ban 
dage  for  varicose  veins.     M.'s  Depilatory, 
calcium  sulphhydrate.     M.'s  Hemostatic, 
surgeons'    agaric    impregnated    with    ferric 
chlorid. 

Martinotti*s  Cells.  Ganglion  cells  of  the 
cerebral  cortex,  giving  off  a  short  axis-cylin- 
der process  at  right  angles  to  the  surface. 

V.  Maschke's  Reaction  for  Creatinin.  Add 
a  few  drops  of  Fehling*s  solution  to  the 
creatinin  dissolved  in  a  cold  saturated  solution 
of  carbonate  of  soda.  An  amorphous,  floc- 
culent  precipitate  is  formed  in  the  cold,  but 
better  on  warming  to  50-60®  C. 

Mauchart's  Ligaments.  The  lateral  or  alar 
odontoid  ligaments. 

Maumen^'s  Test  for  Sugar.  A  strip  of 
flannel  saturated  with  a  33^^  percent,  solution 
of  stannous  chlorid  is  dipped  into  the  liquid; 
on  heating  it  to  nearly  150®  C.  it  will  turn 
brownish  black. 

Maunoir's  Hydrocele.  Hydrocele  colli;  a 
cystic  tumor  occurring  in  the  neck  between 
the  angle  of  the  inferior  maxilla  and  the  mas- 
toid process. 

Mauthner's  Sheath.  The  thin,  longitudin- 
ally striated,  protoplasmic  layer  surrounding 
the  axis-cylinder  of  a  nerve-fiber.  M.'s  Test 
for  color  vision  :  Thirty- three  small  bottles 
filled  with  different  pigments,  some  with  one, 
others  with  two  (pseudoisochroroatic  and 
anisochromatic)  pigments,  are  employed  in 
the  manner  of  Holmgren's  worsteds. 

Maxwell's  Ring.     See  Loewe's  Kin^. 

Maxxoni's  Corpuscle.  A  peripheral  ending 
of  a  sensory  nerve  closely  resembling  Krause's 
end-bulb. 

Meckel's  Cartilage.  The  axis  of  the  fint 
branchial  arch  (mandibular  arch)  of  the  fetu&. 
It  disappears  during  the  fifth  or  sixth  month 
with  the  exception  of  its  posterior  (tympanic) 
portion,  which  becomes  the  incus,  malleus, 
and  Folian  process.  A  vestige  of  this  car- 
tilage (pinnal  cartilage)  is  occasionally  found 
in  tumors  of  the  parotid  gland.  M.'s  Cavity, 
cavum  meckelii  ;  a  recess  in  the  dura 
over  the  summit  of  the  petrosa  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  two  roots  of  the  fifth  cranial  nerve 
after  their  exit  from  the  pons.  M.'s  Crural 
Arch.  See  PoupartU  Ligament.  M.*s 
Divertictilum,  the  remains  of  the  vitdlina 


m6glin'S  palatine  point 


MIKULICZ'S  CELLS 


duct,  frequently  met  with  as  a  small  elon- 
gated pouch  attached  to  the  lower  portion  of 
Uie  ileum.  M.'s  Qanglion,  the  sphenopala- 
tine ganglion.  M.'s  Space,  a  dural  space 
lodging  the  Gasserian  ganglion. 

Miglin's  Palatine  Point.  The  point  of 
emergence  of  the  large  palatine  nerve  from 
the  palatomaxillary  canal ;  it  constitutes  at 
times  one  of  the  painful  points  in  neuralgia 
of  the  superior  maxillary  branch  of  the  tri- 
geminus. 

Mihu's  Test  for  Albumin.  Treat  the  solu- 
tion with  2-3  per  cent,  of  its  volume  of  nitric 
acid,  and  add  10  volumes  of  a  solution  of  I 
part  phenol  and  I  part  acetic  acid  in  2  parts 
of  90  per  cent,  alcohol,  and  shake.  The 
presence  of  albumin  is  evinced  by  the  forma- 
tion of  a  precipitate. 

Meibomian  Calculus.  The  hardened  secre- 
tion of  the  Meibomian  glands  that  may  accu- 
mulate on  the  inner  surface  of  the  eyelids. 
M.  Cyst  or  Tumor,  chalazion.  M.  Fora- 
men, the  cecal  foramen  of  the  tongue.  M. 
Glands,  tarsal  glands;  sebaceous  follicles 
embedded  in  the  tarsal  plates  of  the  eyelids. 
M.  Stye,  hordeolum  internum  ;  one  produced 
by  suppuration  of  a  Meibomian  gland. 

Meigs*  Capillaries.  The  capillary  blood- 
vessels found  between  the  muscular  fibers  of 
the  heart 

Meinert's  Form  of  Enteroptosis.  Enter- 
optosis  occurring  in  chlorotic  subjects. 

Meissner*s  Corpuscles.  Ovoid,  laminated 
corpuscles  connected  with  medullated  nerve- 
fibers  which  wind  around  the  lower  pole  be- 
fore entering  them  ;  they  are  found  in  the 
papillas  of  the  volar  surfaces  of  the  fingers 
and  toes.  M.'s  Ganglions,  the  ganglionic 
nodes  in  Meissner's  plexus.  M.*s  Plexus,  a 
s^pathetic  plexus  found  in  the  submucous 
tissue  of  the  intestinal  tract. 

Meissner-Billroth*s  Plexus.  See  Afeiss- 
mr's  PUxus. 

Meltxer's  Sign.  Normally,  on  auscultation 
of  the  heart  ^at  the  side  of  the  xiphoid  ap- 
pendix) there  is  heard,  after  swallowing,  a 
first  sound  produced  by  the  flowing  of  Bne 
drops,  and  six  or  seven  seconds  after,  a  glou- 
glou.  According  to  Meltzer,  the  second  sound 
fails  in  the  case  of  occlusion  or  pronounced 
contraction  of  the  lower  part  of  the  esophagus. 

Miniire's  Disease.  Vertigo  ab  aure  lacsa  ; 
aural  vertigo. 

Mercier's  Bar.  The  transverse  curved  ridge 
joining  the  openings  of  the  ureters  on  the 
inner  surface  of  the  bladder;  it  forms  the 
posterior  boundary  of  the  trigonum  vesica. 
M.'s  Valve,  a  valvular  projection  that  may 
be  formed  at  the  vesicourethral  orifice  by  the 
hypertrophied  internal  sphincter  vesiae. 

Merkel's  Corpuscles.     See  Grandrys  Cor- 

pmcUs.     M.'s  Line,  an  imaginary  line  ex- 


tending from  the  middle  of  the  internal  pal- 
pebral ligament  to  the  space  between  the  last 
bicuspid  and  first  molar  teeth,  and  indicating 
the  course  of  the  lacrimal  sac  and  nasal  duct. 
M.'s  Muscle,  the  keratocricoid  muscle. 

Mery's  Glands.     See  C<nvper*s  Glatids. 

Metschnikoff' s  Larva.  The  parenchymula ; 
the  embryonic  stage  immediately  succeeding 
that  of  the  closed  blastula. 

Meunier's  Sign  of  Measles.  A  daily  loss 
of  weight  noticed  four  or  five  days  after  con- 
tagion. This  may  amount  to  50  grams  daily, 
commencing  five  or  six  days  before  the  ap- 
pearance of  catarrhal  or  febrile  symptoms. 

Meyer's  Disease.  Hypertrophy  of  the 
pharyngeal  tonsil ;  adenoid  vegetations  of  the 
pharynx.  M.'s  Law,  mature  and  normal 
bone  possesses  a  definite  internal  structure, 
which  in  every  part  represents  the  lines  of 
greatest  pressure  on  traction,  and  is  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  afford  the  greatest  resistance  with 
the  smallest  amount  of  material.  M.'s 
Rings,  the  faint  rings  seen  to  surround  a 
candle-flame  or  a  similar  source  of  light 
against  a  dark  background ;  they  appear 
more  distinct,  as  Woehler  has  shown,  when 
the  eyes  are  exposed  for  a  short  time  to  the 
fumes  of  osmic  acid.  The  phenomenon  is  due 
to  the  diffraction  of  light  by  cellular  elements 
on  the  surface  of  the  cornea. 

Meyer- Woehler's  Rings.  See  Meyer's 
Rings, 

Meynert's  Bundle.  A  tract  of  nerve- fibers 
forming  part  of  the  capsula ;  it  passes  between 
the  external  geniculate  body  and  posterior 
border  of  the  putamen,  and  ends  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  occipital  and  temporosphenoid 
lobes.  M.'s  Commissure,  a  tract  of  nerve- 
fibers  crossing  from  the  tuber  cinereum  dor- 
sally  to  the  mesial  half  of  the  chiasm  to  the 
opposite  side ;  it  is  probably  connected  with 
Luys'  body.  M.'s  Fibers,  a  tract  of  nerve- 
fibers  connecting  the  anterior  corpus  quad 
rigeminum  with  the  nuclei  of  the  ocular 
muscles.  M.'s  Field,  the  reticular  forma- 
tion of  the  pons.  M.'s  Layer,  the  layer  of 
pyramidal  cells  in  the  cerebral  cortex. 

Me3met's  Nodosities.  Nodular  growths 
connected  with  the  capsules  of  joints,  tendons, 
and  tendon  sheaths,  and  sometimes  seen  in 
cases  of  rheumatism,  especially  in  children. 

Michailow's  Test  for  Proteids.  Add  ferrous 
sulphate  to  the  solution,  and  underlay  with 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid ;  then  add  care- 
fully very  little  nitric  acid.  Besides  a  brown 
ring,  a  red  coloration  will  be  produced. 

Miescher's  Tubes.  Protoplasmic  masses 
(sarcosporidia)  surrounded  by  a  distinct  cuti- 
cle, and  breaking  up  into  a  series  of  spores 
when  mature ;  they  are  met  with  in  the  mus- 
cular tissue  of  domestic  animals. 

Mikulicx's  Cells.  Vesicular  cells  found  in  tb» 


MILLAR'S  DISEASE 


MORGAGNrS  CARTILAGES 


diseased  tissue  in  cases  of  rhinoscleroma  and 
containing  the  Bacillus  rhinoscUronMtis. 
M/s  Disease,  chronic  hypertrophic  enlarge- 
ment of  the  lacrimal  and  salivary  glands. 

Millar's  Disease.    See  Kopfs  Asthma, 

Millard-Gubler's  Syndrome.  See  GuhUr's 
Hemiplegia, 

Millon's  Reagent  for  Albumin  and  Mem- 
bers of  the  Aromatic  Series.  Boiling  a 
solution  of  mercuric  nitrate  and  potassium 
nitrite  with  the  liquid  to  be  tested  forms  a 
precipitate,  the  supernatant  fluid  turning  red. 

Mitchell's  (Weir)  Disease.  Erythromelal- 
|ia. 

Moebius'  Disease.  Periodic  or  recurrent 
paralysis  of  the  motor  oculi.  M.'s  Sign,  in- 
ability to  retain  the  eyeballs  in  convergence  in 
exophthalmic  goiter. 

Moeller's  Disease.  See  Barlcv/s  Disease. 
M.'s  Glossitis,  glossodynia  exfoliativa; 
chronic  superficial  glossitis. 

Mohr's  Test  for  Hydrochloric  Acid  in 
Contents  of  Stomach.  Dilute  to  a  light 
yellow  color  a  solution  of  iron  acetate  (free 
from  alkali  acetates),  and  treat  with  a  few 
drops  of  a  solution  of  potassium  fulphocyanid. 
No  change  of  color  should  take  place,  but  if 
the  filtered  contents  of  the  stomach  are  added, 
and  contain  HCl,  a  red  coloration  results. 
This  color  vanishes  if  sodium  acetate  is  added. 

Mohrenheim's  Fossa.  The  infraclavicular 
fossa.  It  is  bounded  by  the  clavicle,  pector- 
alis  major,  deltoid,  and,  laterally  and  deeper, 
by  the  pectoralis  minor.  In  this  space  the 
subclavian  artery  is  found  when  it  is  to  be 
ligated  below  the  clavicle. 

Moliscb's  Test  for  Glucose,  i.  To  >^-i 
c.c.  of  the  solution  add  2  drops  of  a  15-20 
per  cent  alcoholic  solution  of^  a-naphthol. 
A  precipitation  of  some  of  the  naphthol 
renders  the  liquid  cloudy,  but  on  the  addidon 
of  I  or  2  c.c.  of  concentrated  sulphuric  add 
a  deep  violet  coloration  is  produced  and  a 
violet  precipitate  is  deposited  on  diluting  with 
water.  2.  A  15-20  per  cent,  solution  of 
thymol  employed  instead  of  naphthol,  applied 
as  previously  directed.  If  glucose  be  present, 
it  produces  a  ruby-red  coloration,  which 
changes  to  carmin  on  dilution  with  water. 

Moll's  Glands.  Modified  sudoriparous  glands 
of  the  eyelids,  opening  into  the  follicles  of  the 
eyelashes. 

V.  Monakow's  Fibers.  A  tract  of  nerve- 
fibers  extending  from  the  anterior  corpus 
quadrigeminum  to  the  eyeball.  M.'s  Nu- 
cleus, the  lateral  portion  of  Burdach's 
nucleus. 

Monneret's  Pulse.  The  soft,  full,  and  slow 
pulse  of  icterus. 

Monro's  Foramen.  The  foramen  of  com- 
munication between  the  two  lateral  and  the 
third  ventricles.     M.'s  Line,  a  line  dntwn 


from  the  umbilicus  to  the  anterior  superior 
spine  of  the  ilium.  M.'s  Point,  the  point 
sometimes  selected  in  paracentesis  abdominis, 
midway  on  Monro's  lice.  M.'s  Sulcus,  a 
longitudinal  fissure  extending  from  the  fora- 
men of  Monro  to  the  Sylvian  aqueduct,  and 
dividing  each  lateral  wall  of  the  third  ventricle 
into  an  upper  and  a  lower  portion. 

Monsel's  Salt.  Ferric  subsulphate  ;  it  is  used 
chiefly  in  solution  as  a  styptic. 

Monteggia's  Dislocation.  The  dislocation 
of  the  hip- joint  in  which  the  head  of  the 
femur  is  near  the  anterior  superior  spine  of 
the  ilium,  the  limb  being  rotated  outward. 

Montgomery's  Cups.  The  enlarged  epithe 
lial  depressions  in  the  mucosa  of  the  uterus. 
M.'s  Tubercles,  the  sebaceous  glands  of  the 
areola  of  the  nipple  appearing  as  small  promi- 
nences, especially  during  pregnancy  and  lac- 
tation ;  they  communicate  occasionally  with 
aberrant  galactophorous  glands. 

Moore's  Fracture.  Fracture  of  the  lower 
end  of  the  radius  with  dislocation  of  the  ulna, 
the  styloid  process  being  tied  down  by  the 
annular  ligament  M.'s  Test  for  Glucose, 
treat  the  solution  with  one -fourth  of  its 
volume  of  sodium  or  potassium  hydrate,  and 
warm  it ;  it  will  become  first  yellow,  then 
orange,  and  finally  brown,  depending  upon 
the  amount  of  glucose  present. 

Morand's  Disease.  Paresis  of  the  lower  ex- 
tremities. M.'s  Foot,  a  deformity  of  the 
foot  that  consists  in  the  presence  of  eight 
toes.     M.'s  Spur,  the  calcar. 

Morel's  Ear.  A  large,  outstanding  ear  with 
more  or  less  pronounced  effacement  of  the 
ridges  and  grooves. 

Morgagni's  Cartilages.  See  Wrisber^s 
Cartilages.  M.'s  Caruncle,  the  middle  I<^ 
of  the  prostate.  M.'s  Cataract,  senile  cat- 
aract in  which  the  nucleus  remains  hard, 
while  the  portion  between  it  and  the  cortex 
liquefies.  M.*s  Columns,  the  columns  of 
the  rectum.  M.'s  Concha,  the  superior  tur- 
binated bone  of  the  ethmoid.  M.'s  Fora- 
men. See  Meibomian  Foramen.  M.'s  Fossa, 
(l)  the  fossa  navicularis  of  the  urethra;  (2) 
the  concave  interspace  between  the  upper 
border  of  the  superior  constrictor  muscles  of 
the  pharynx  and  the  basilar  process  of  the 
occipital  bone.  M.'s  Frena  or  Retinacula. 
the  ridge  formed  around  the  cavity  of  the 
cecum  by  the  prolongation  of  the  folds  of  the 
ileocecal  valve.  M.'s  Glands.  See  Littris 
Glands,  M.'s  Globules  or  Spheres,  small, 
hyaline  bodies  found  between  the  crystalline 
lens  and  its  capsule  before  and  after  death, 
especially  in  cases  of  cataract.  They  are  dne 
to  coagulation  of  the  albuminous  fluid  con- 
tained in  the  lens.  M.'s  Hydatid,  a  vesicle 
about  the  size  of  a  pea,  attached  b^  a  loa^ 
thread-like  sUlk  to  the  Falkipian  tube  in  Ifce 


DE  MORGAN'S  SPOTS 


NABOTHIAN  CYSTS 


female,  and  to  the  globus  major  of  the  epidid- 
ymis in  the  male;  it  is  derived  from  the 
duct  of  Mueller.  M.'s  Lacunas,  small  de- 
pressioDs  in  the  mucosa  of  the  urethra,  especi- 
ally the  bulbous  portion.  M.'s  Liquor,  a 
clear  fluid  formed  postmortem  in  the  crystal- 
line lens.  M.'s  Nodule.  See  Arantiu^ 
Body,  M.*s  Prolapse,  chronic  hyperplastic 
inflammation  of  the  mucosa  and  submucosa  of 
Morgagni's  ventricle.  It  i^  not  a  true  pro- 
lapse. M.'s  Sinus,  the  prostatic  sinus.  M.'s 
Sinuses  or  Valves,  small  pouches,  opening 
upward,  formed  by  the  rectal  mucosa,  just 
above  the  anus.  M.'s  Tubercle.  See  Mont' 
gomery$  Tubercles.  M.'s  Ventricle,  the  sac- 
culus  laryngis,  the  sac  between  the  superior 
vocal  bands  and  the  inner  surface  of  the  thy- 
roid cartilage. 

De  Morgan's  Spots.  Bright  red  nevoid 
spots  frequently  seen  in  the  skin  in  cases  of 
cancer. 

Morrant- Baker's  Cysts.   See  Baker^s  Cysts. 

Morris'  Test.  A  rod  graduated  from  the 
center  and  provided  with  sliding  pointers  is 
placed  across  the  abdomen,  so  that  its  center 
corresponds  to  the  median  line  of  the  body, 
and  the  pointers  are  moved  along  it  until  they 
reach  the  outer  surface  of  the  greater  tro- 
chanter. In  cases  of  (imcture  dt  the  neck 
of  the  femur  a  discrepancy  will  be  found  on 
comparing  the  measurements  on  the  two  sides 
of  the  body. 

Morton's  Cough.  Cough  followed  by  the 
vomiting  of  food,  occurring  frequently  in  pul- 
monary tuberculosis.  M.'s  Disease,  meu- 
tarsalgia. 

Morvan's  Chorea.  <*Chorte  fibrillaire  de 
Morvan. ' '  FibrUUry  contractions  of  the  mus- 
cles of  the  calves  and  posterior  portion  of  the 
thighs,  often  extending  to  the  trunk  and  upper 
extremities,  but  leaving  the  face  and  neck  in- 
tact. M.'s  Disease,  '*  parisie  analg^que  "  ; 
a  form  of  S3rringomyelia. 

Mueller's  Capsule.  See  Bowman's  Capsule. 
M.'  s  Duct,  a  duct  lying  internally  to  the 
Wolffian  body  ;  it  practically  disappears  in  the 
male,  but  becomes  the  Fallopian  tube  and 
part  of  the  uterus  and  vagina  m  the  female. 
M.'s  Eminence,  <*colliculus  Maileri."  In 
the  embryo,  the  protuberance  formed  by  the 
cloaca  at  the  point  of  entrance  of  Mueller's 
duct.  M.'s  Experiment,  (i)  See  yal- 
sahm*s  Experiment.  (2)  See  Valsalva's  Test. 
M.'s  Fibers,  modiBed  neuroglia  cells  which 
traverse  perpendicularly  the  layers  of  the  re- 
tina, and  connect  the  internal  and  external 
limiting  membranes.  M.'s  Ganglion.  See 
Ekrenritter" s  Ganglion.  M.'s  Law,  (i)  the 
tissue  of  which  a  tumor  is  composed  has  its 
t3rpe  in  the  tissues  of  the  animal  body,  either 
in  the  adult  or  the  embryonic  condition  ;  (2) 
••  law  of  isolated  conduction."  The  nervous 
5a 


impulse,  or  **  wave  of  change,"  passing 
thix>ugh  a  neuron  is  not  communicated  to 
other  neurons,  even  when  these  lie  dose 
alongside  of  it,  except  at  the  terminals.  M.'s 
Muscle,  ( I )  the  circular  bundles  of  muscular 
fibers  which  form  part  of  the  ciliary  muscle 
and  are  situated  nearest  to  the  iris ;  (3)  the 
superior  palpebral  muscle.  M.'s  Ring,  a 
muscular  ring  formed  at  the  internal  os  uteri 
during  the  later  stages  of  pr^nancy.  M.'s 
Sarcoma,  **  sarcoma  phyflodes"  ;  adenofi- 
broma  of  the  breast  M.'s  Sign,  pulsation  of 
the  tonsils  and  soft  palate  in  cases  of  aortic 
insuffideocy.  M.'s  Test  for  Cystin,  boil 
the  cystin  with  potassium  hjrdnte,  to  dis- 
solve it;  when  oold,  dilute  with  water  and 
add  a  solution  of  sodium  nitropnisiid.  This 
produces  a  violet  colonuioo  which  changes 
rapidly  to  jrellow. 

Muellenan  Cyst.  A  cyst  devdoped  from 
Mueller's  duct. 

Mulder's  Test  for  Qlucoae.  Alkalinise  the 
solution  with  sodium  carbonate  and  add  a 
solution  of  indigo  carmin.  If  glucose  is  pres- 
ent, the  solution  becomes  decolorized  on 
heating,  but  changes  to  blue  again  on  shak- 
ing with  air.  M.^  Test  for  Proteids — the 
Xantboproteric  Reaction,  proteids  are 
colored  yellow  00  treating  with  concentrated 
nitric  aad ;  on  the  addition  of  anunonia  or 
sodium  or  potassium  hydimte  they  become 
orange  yellow. 

Murat's  Symptom.  In  tuberculosis,  vibra- 
tion of  the  afiected  part  of  the  chest,  attended 
with  a  sense  of  discomfort  while  speaking. 

Mureidd  Test  for  Unc  Acid.  Cover  the  sub- 
stance or  the  residue  00  evaporation  with  nitric 
add  ;  evaporate  to  dryness  00  a  water-bath, 
and  when  cold,  add  ammonia,  when  it  will  turn 
purple  red. 

Murjphy's  Button.  A  metal  device  for  join- 
ing the  ends  of  a  divided  bowd. 

De  Mussey's  Point  or  Symptom.  ■■  Boa- 
ton  diaphragmatique."  A  point  intensdy 
painful  on  pressure  at  the  intersection  of  a 
line  continuous  with  the  left  border  of  the 
sternum  and  of  another  forming  a  prolooga- 
tioo  of  the  tenth  rib.  It  is  noted  in  dia- 
phragmatic pleurisy. 

Mylius'  Modification  of  Pettenkofer's 
Test  far  Bile  Acids.  Add  i  drop  of  furfurol 
solution  and  I  c.c  of  concentrated  sulphuric 
add  to  each  cubic  centimeter  of  the  alcoholic 
solution  of  bile  adds ;  cool,  if  necessary,  so 
that  the  test  does  not  become  too  warm.  A 
red  coloration  u  produced,  which  changes  to 
bluish-violet  in  coarse  of  the  day. 


NABOTHIAN   CYSTS  or    OVULES. 

Small  retention  cysts  formed  by  the  Nabothian 
follicles.     N.  Follicles,  the  mucous  folUdes 


NAEGELE»S  OBLIQUITY 


NUEUS  SPACE 


of  the  cervix  uteri  about  the  external  os.  N. 
Menorrhagia,  **  hydrorrhea  gravidarum"; 
a  discharge  from  the  pregnant  uterus  of  thin 
mucus  that  accumulates  as  the  result  of  ex- 
cessive secretion  of  the  uterine  glands. 

Naegele*8  Obliquity.  Biparietal  obliquity; 
the  lateral  inclination  of  the  fetal  head,  at  the 
superior  pelvic  strait,  which  brings  the  sag- 
ittal suture  nearer  to  the  sacral  promontory. 
N.'a  Pelvis,  the  obliquely  contracted  pelvis ; 
ankylosis  of  the  sacroiliac  synchondrosis  of 
one  side,  with  imperfect  development  of  the 
sacrum  on  the  corresponding  side. 

Nasmyth's  Membrane.  'Hie  delicate  cuticle 
covering  the  free  surface  of  the  enamel  of 
voung  teeth. 

Nefters  Disease.  Atremia.  Inability  to 
walk,  stand,  or  sit  without  general  dis- 
comfort and  paresthesia  of  the  head  and  back, 
all  movements  being  readily  executed  in  the 
recumbent  posture. 

NMaton's  Catheter.  A  soft-rubber  catheter. 
N.*8  Dislocation,  upward  dislocation  of  the 
ankle,  the  astragalus  being  wedged  in  be- 
tween the  tibia  and  fibula.  N.'s  Fold,  a 
transverse  fold  of  mucosa  at  the  junction  of 
the  middle  and  lower  thirds  of  the  rectum, 
about  ten  to  eleven  centimeters  above  the 
anus.  N.*s  Hematocele,  hematoma  of  the 
Fallopian  tube.  N  *8  Line,  a  line  drawn 
from  the  anterior  superior  iliac  spine  to  the 
tuberosity  of  the  ischium.  In  posterior  dis- 
location of  the  femur  the  trochanter  is  above 
this  line.  N.'s  Sphincter,  a  circular  bundle 
of  rectal  muscular  fibers  situated  from  eight  to 
ten  centimeters  above  the  anus,  on  a  level  with 
the  prostate.  It  is  not  constant,  and  when 
present  it  generally  occupies  only  a  part  of  the 
circumference  of  the  bowel.  N.'s  Tumor, 
desmoid  tumor  of  the  abdominal  wall. 

Nencki's  Test  for  Indol.  Treat  with  nitric 
acid  containing  nitrous  acid  ;  a  red  coloration 
results,  and  in  concentrated  solution  a  red 
precipitate  may  form. 

Nettleship's  Dots.  Minute  white  dots  scat- 
tered in  considerable  numbers  between  the 
macula  and  periphery  of  the  retina ;  they  are 
associated  with  pigment  changes  and  night- 
blindness,  and  occur  in  several  members  of 
the  same  family. 

Neubauer's  Artery.  The  deep  thyroid  artery; 
an  occasional  branch  of  the  innominate  artery, 
distributed  to  the  same  parts  as  the  inferior 
thyroid,  and  often  taking  its  place.  N.'s 
Ganglion,  the  large  ganglion  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  lower  cervical  and  first  thoracic 
ganglion. 

Neumann's  Corpuscles.  Nucleated  red  cor- 
puscles, sometimes  found  in  the  blood  when 
an  active  regenerative  process  is  going  on,  as 
after  hemorrhage.  N.'s  Crystals.  See 
Charcot* s    Crystals,     N.'s    Disease,  pem- 


phigus vegetans.  N.'s  Sheaths,  the  den- 
tinal sheaOis  that  form  the  walls  of  the  den- 
tinal tubules. 

Neusser's  Granules.  Basophilic  granules 
sometimes  found  in  the  leukocytes  of  the  blood, 
near  the  nuclei.  They  are  regarded  by  Nens- 
ser  as  being  closely  connected  with  the  uric 
acid  diathesis,  but  their  presence  has  been 
noted  also  in  other  conditions. 

Newton's  Color  Rings.  The  colorings  pro- 
duced when  a  cover-glass  is  pressed  upon  m 
slide ;  they  are  the  result  of  chromatic  aber- 
ration. 

Nickle's  Test  for  Distinguishing  Glucose 
from  Cane-sugar.  Heat  the  sugar  for  some 
time  to  loo^  C.  with  tetrachlorid  of  carbon  ; 
cane-sugar  is  turned  black  by  the  process  and 
elucose  is  not 

Nicol's  Prism.  A  prism  of  Iceland  spar  that 
has  the  property  of  reflecting  the  ordinary  ray 
of  light  out  of  the  field,  while  the  so-oUled 
polanzed  ray  is  transmitted. 

Niemeyer's  Pill.  A  pill  of  quinin,  digitalis, 
and  opium. 

Nisbeth's  Chancre.  "  Bubonuli  Nisbethii." 
Nodular  abscesses  on  the  penis  following 
acute  lymphangitis  from  soft  chancre. 

Nissl's  Bodies.  Chromophile  corpuscles. 
The  chromophilic  bodies  of  a  nerve-cell ; 
finely  granular  bodies,  of  various  sizes  and 
shapes,  brought  out  between  the  cytoreticu- 
lum  by  staining  with  NissPs  stain  (methylene- 
blue). 

Nithsdale  Neck.    Goiter. 

Nitrous  Acid  or  Nitrite.    See  Griess. 

Le  Nobel's  Test  for  Acetone.  A  modifica- 
tion of  LegaTs  test.  Le  N.'s  Test  for  Bile 
Pigments :  add  to  the  liquid  sine  chlorid 
and  a  few  drops  of  tincture  of  iodin.  A  di- 
chroic  play  of  colors  is  the  result. 

Norris'  Colorless  Corpuscles.  See  Trauh^s 
Corpmcles. 

Nothnagel's  Symptom.  Paralysis  of  the 
facial  muscles,  which  is  less  marked  on  vol- 
untary movements  than  on  movements  con- 
nected with  emotions.  This  symptom  has 
been  noted  in  cases  of  tumor  of  the  optic 
thalamus.  N.'s  Test,  a  crystal  of  sodium 
chlorid  placed  upon  the  serous  surface  of  any 
portion  of  the  intestine  of  the  rabbit  causes 
ascending  peristalsis.  This  test  has  been  ap» 
plied  to  ascertain  the  direction  of  the  bowel 
in  operations  upon  man,  but  has  not  been 
found  wholly  reliable.  N.'s  Type  of  Paciml 
Paralysis.    See  AVi  Symptom, 

Nuck's  Canal.  The  canal  foraied  by  Nuck*s 
diverticulum.  N.'s  Diverticulum,  the  peri- 
toneal covering  of  the  round  ligament  o(  the 
uterus,  which  in  the  child  can  be  traced  for  a 
short  distance  into  the  inguinal  canal.  N.'s 
Gland.     See  Blandin's  Gland, 

Nuel's  Space.    The  intercellular  space,  ot 


NUHN'S  GLAND 


PAGETS  DISEASE 


series  of  spaces,  in  the  lower  part  of  Coiti's 
organ. 

Nuhn'a  GUnd.    See  Blandin's  Gland, 

Nunn's  Corpuscles.  See  Bennett* s  Cor- 
puscles, 

Nussbaum's  Cell.  One  of  the  four  kinds  of 
epithelial  cells  forming  the  peptic  glands ;  its 
function  is  unknown. 

Nylander's  Test  for  Glucose.  Dissolve  4 
grams  of  Rochelle  salts  in  100  c.c.  of  a  solu- 
tion of  caustic  potash  (10  per  cent),  and  add 
2  grams  of  subnitrate  of  bismuth;  place  on  the 
water-bath  until  as  much  of  the  bismuth  salt 
is  dissolved  as  possible ;  on  heating  ten  vol- 
umes of  urine  with  one  volume  of  the  fore- 
going solution  a  black  coloration  or  the  pre- 
cipitation of  phosphates  is  produced  in  the 
presence  of  glucose. 

Nysten*s  Law.  Rigor  mortis  begins  in  the 
muscles  of  mastication,  extends  to  the  facial 
and  neck  muscles,  then  to  the  trunk  and  arms, 
and  finally  to  the  lower  extremities. 


O'BEIRNE'S  SPHINCTER.  A  thick- 
ened  circular  bundle  of  muscular  fibers,  situ- 
ated in  the  rectum,  just  below  its  junction  with 
the  colon. 

Obermeyer's  Test  for  Indican  in  Urine. 
With  a  lead  acetate  solution  (1:5)  precipitate 
the  urine ;  care  must  be  taken  not  to  add  an 
excess  of  lead  solution.  Filter,  and  shake 
the  filtrate  for  one  or  two  minutes  with  an 
eaual  quantity  of  fuming  hydrochloric  add, 
which  contains  i  or  2  parts  of  ferric  chlorid 
solution  to  500  parts  of  the  acid.  Add 
chloroform,  which  becomes  blue  from  the 
generation  of  indigo  blue. 

Obennueller's  Test  for  Cholesterin.  Place 
the  cholesterin  in  a  test-tube,  and  fuse  with 
two  or  three  drops  of  propionic  acid  anh]rdrid 
over  a  small  naked  flame.  The  fused  mass 
on  cooling  is  violet,  changing  to  blue,  green, 
orange,  carmin,  and,  finally,  copper-red. 

Oehl's  Layer.  The  stratum  lucidum  of  the 
epidermis. 

Ogston*s  Line.  An  imaginary  line  extend- 
ing from  the  tubercle  of  the  femur  to  the  in- 
tercondyloid  notch,  and  indicating  the  course 
of  the  tendon  of  the  adductor  magnus ;  it  is  a 
guide  in  section  of  the  internal  condyle  from 
the  shaft  of  the  femur. 

Ohm's  Law.  The  current  strength  in  any 
conductor  varies  directly  as  the  electromotive 
force,  and  inversely  as  the  resistance. 

Oliver's  Ssrmptoin.  Pulsation  of  the  larynx 
elicited  by  grasping  the  larynx  between  the 
thumb  and  index-finger  and  pressing  upward, 
the  patient  being  in  the  erect  position ;  it  is 
noted  in  aneurysm  of  the  aortic  arch,  and  in 
mediastinal  tumors  that  bring  the  arch  of  the 
\  in  contact  with  the  left  bronchus.     O.'s 


Test  for  Albumin :  float  the  urine  on  a  mix* 
ture  of  equal  parts  of  sodium  tungstate  solu- 
tion (1:4)  and  a  saturated  solution  of  dtric 
acid  (10 :  6).  If  albumin  be  present,  a  white 
ring  is  formed  at  the  junction  of  the  two 
liquids. 

Oliver-CardareUi's  Symptom.  Sec  OHvet's 
Symptom. 

OUier'a  Law.  When  two  bones  are  parallel 
and  joined  at  their  extremities  by  ligaments, 
arrest  of  growth  in  one  of  them  entaUs  devel- 
opmental troubles  in  the  other.  O.'s  Layer, 
the  inner  or  osteogenetic  layer  of  the  peri- 
osteum. 

Oppenheim's  Gait.  A  modification  of  the 
spastic  gait  of  disseminated  sclerosis,  consist- 
ing in  large  and  irregular  osdllations  of  the 
h^id,  trunk,  and  extremities. 

Oppolser's  Sigii.  On  palpation  the  seat  d 
the  apex-beat  is  found  to  change  with  the 
alteration  of  the  padent*s  posture  in  caaes  of 
serofibrinous  pericarditis. 

Osier's  Phenomena.  The  agglutination  of 
the  blood-platelets  observed  in  blood  imme- 
diately after  its  withdrawal  hoax  the  body. 

Ozyphenyl  Sulphonic  Acid  Test  for  Albu- 
min. Make  a  solution  of  three  parts  of  oxy- 
phenyl  sulphonic  acid,  one  part  aalicyl  sal- 
phonic  add,  water  twenty  parts.  To  one 
drop  of  this  add  I  c.c.  of  urine,  and  in  the 
presence  of  albumin  a  white  transparent  pre- 
dpitate  will  be  formed. 


PACCHIONIAN  BODIES  or  GLANDS. 

Small  vegetations  occupying  the  convex  sur- 
face of  the  meninges,  chiefly  along  the  supe- 
rior longitudinal  sinus  and  over  the  convexity 
of  the  cerebellum.  P.  Depressions,  the  de- 
pressions produced  by  the  Pacchionian  bodies 
on  the  inner  surface  of  the  skull.  P.  Fora- 
men, the  opening  in  the  tentorium  for  the 
passage  of  the  encephalic  isthmus. 

Pacim'a  Fluid.  A  conserving  and  diluting 
fluid  used  in  counting  the  red  blood-coqMisdes. 
Corrosive  sublimate  I  part,  sodium  chlorid  2 
parts,  glycerin  13  parts,  distilled  water  1 13 
parts;  allow  it  to  stand  two  months.  For 
use,  mix  one  part  of  this  solution  with  three 
parts  of  water,  and  filter. 

Pacinian  Corpuscles.  Oval  corpusdes 
fanning  the  peripheral  endings  of  seniory 
nerves ;  they  consist  of  medullated  nerve- 
fibers  inclosed  in  concentric  capsules. 

Pagenstecher's  Ointment.  An  ointment 
of  yellow  oxid  of  mercury,  used  in  ophthalmic 
practice. 

Paget's  Disease.  I.  Malignant  dermatitis, 
attacking  roost  often  the  nipple  and  areola. 
2.  Osteitis  deformans ;  hypertrophic  deform- 
ing osteitis.  P.*s  Recurrent  Fibroid,  spin- 
dle-celled sarcoma  of  the  subcutaneous  tissue. 


PANAS'  SOLUTION 


PETirS  CANAL 


Panas'  Solution.  A  mild  antiseptic  colly- 
rium,  consistiiig  of  mercuric  iodid  I  part,  abso- 
lute alcohol  400  parts,  distilled  water  suffi- 
cient to  make  20,000  parts. 

Pander's  Layer.  The  splanchnopleural 
layer  of  the  mesoderm  in  which  the  blood- 
vessels are  first  formed.  The  reddish-yellow 
patches  in  this  layer,  which  consist  of  corpus- 
cles containing  hemoglobin,  are  known  lis 
Pander's  islands, 

Panizxa's  Plexuses.  Two  lymphatic  plex- 
uses lying  in  the  lateral  fossa  of  the  preputial 
frenum ;  they  are  formed  by  the  deeper  1)00- 
phatic  vessels  of  the  integument  of  the  glans 
penis. 

Paquelin's  Cautery.  Thermocautery;  a 
hollow  platinum  point  kept  at  a  uniform  tem- 
perature by  a  current  of  benzene  vapor. 

Parinaud's  Conjunctivitis.  A  severe  form 
of  conjunctivitis  due  to  infection  from  animals. 
P.'s  Ophthalmoplegia,  paralysis  of  the  ex- 
ternal rectus  of  one  side  and  spasm  of  the  in- 
ternal rectus  of  the  other  side ;  it  is  of  per- 
ipheral origin. 

Park's  Aneurysm.  Arteriovenous  aneu- 
rysm, the  arterial  dilatation  communicating 
with  two  contiguous  veins. 

Parkinson's  Disease.  Paralysis  agitans. 
P.'s  Mask,  the  inmiobile  facies  of  paralysis 
agitans. 

Pamum's  Test  for  Albumin.  Add  to  the 
filtered  urine  one- sixth  of  its  volume  of  a  con- 
centrated solution  of  sulphate  of  magnesium 
or  sodium.  On  acidulating  with  acetic  acid 
and  boiling,  the  albumin  is  precipitated. 

Parrot's  Atrophy  of  the  New-bom. 
Athrepsia ;  primary  infantile  atrophy  or  ma- 
rasmus. P.'s  Disease,  pseudoparalysis  of  the 
extremities  due  to  epiphyseal  separation  which 
prevents  spontaneous  movements,  in  heredi- 
tary syphilis  of  the  new-bom.  P.'s  Nodes, 
osteophytes  of  the  frontal  and  parietal  bones, 
around  the  anterior  fontanel,  in  hereditary 
syphilis.  P.'s  Sign,  dilatation  of  the  pupil 
when  the  skin  is  pinched  ;  it  is  noted  in  men- 
ingitis. P.'s  Ulcers,  the  whitish  or  yellow- 
ish patches  of  thrush. 

Parry's  Disease.     See  Basedou^s  Disease. 

Parson's  Disease.     See  Based<yufs  Disease, 

Partridge's  Hernia.  Femoral  hernia  external 
to  the  femoral  vessels. 

Passavant's  Cushion.  The  bulging  of  the 
posterior  pharyngeal  wall,  produced  during 
the  act  of  swallowing  by  the  upper  portion  of 
the  superior  constrictor  pharyngis. 

Patterson's  Corpuscles.  The  molluscum 
bodies  ;  oval,  shiny  bodies  found  in  the  con- 
tents of  the  tubercles  of  molluscum  conta- 
giosum. 

Paul's  Sign.  Feeble  apex-beat,  with  forcible 
impulse  over  the  body  of  the  heart,  in  adher- 
ent pericardium. 


Pavy's  Disease.  Cydic  albuminuria.  P.'s 
Solution  for  Qlucose :  make  a  solutioD  by 
mixing  120  cc.  of  the  ordinary  Febling*!  so- 
lution with  300  cc.  of  strong  ammonia  (spe- 
cific gravitv,  0.88)  and  400  cc.  of  sodium 
hydrate  solution  of  ^>ecific  gravity  of  I.14  ; 
dilute  with  looo  cc  of  water.  This  solu- 
tion becomes  decolorized  on  boiling  with  a 
glucose  solution.  One  hundred  cc  of  this 
solution  is  reduced  by  glucose  to  the  same  ex- 
tent as  10  cc  of  Fehling's  solution. 

Pawlik's  Folds.  The  anterior  columns  of 
the  vagina,  which  form  the  lateral  boundaries 
of  Pawlik's  triangle  and  serve  as  landmarks 
in  locating  the  openings  of  the  ureters.  P.*b 
Triangle,  extiavesical  or  vaginal  triangle. 
The  triangular  space  foraied  by  two  direr- 
gent  colunms  of  the  vagina  and  the  transverse 
ridge  below  the  external  orifice  of  the  neck 
of  the  bladder.  It  corre^wnds  line  for  line 
to  the  trigonum  vesicae. 

Paxton's  Disease.    Tinea  nodosa. 

Pecklin's  Glands.    See  Beyer's  Glands, 

Pecquet's  Cistern.  The  receptaculum  chylL 
P.'s  Duct,  the  thoradc  duct 

Penzoldt's  Test  for  Acetone.  Treat  a 
warm  saturated  solution  of  orthonitiobenzal- 
dehyd  with  the  liquid  to  be  tested  for  acetone, 
and  alkalinize  with  sodium  hydrste.  If  ace- 
tone be  present,  the  liquid  becomes  first  yel- 
low, then  green,  and  lastly  indigo  separates, 
which  may  be  dissolved  with  a  blue  color  on 
shaking  with  chloroform.  P.'s  Test  for 
Glucose  in  Urine :  to  a  few  cubic  centime- 
ters of  urine  add  some  caustic  potash,  and 
enough  of  a  weakly  alkaline  solution  of  diaao- 
benzol  sul phonic  acid  to  equal  the  amount  of 
urine.  Shake  for  one-quarter  to  one-half  of 
an  hour  to  produce  foam.  A  light  Bordeaux- 
red  or  yellowish- red  coloration  will  result, 
with  a  red  foam. 

Penzoldt  and  Fischer's  Test  for  Phenol. 
Treat  a  strongly  alkaline  solution  of  phenol 
with  a  solution  of  diazobenzol  sulphonic  add ; 
a  deep  red  coloration  is  produced. 

Peptones.    See  Hofmeister, 

Perec's  Sign.  A  loud  friction  murmur  heard 
over  the  sternum  when  the  patient  raises  his 
arms,  especially  the  left,  over  his  head  and 
lets  them  fall  again ;  it  is  noted  in  cases  of 
aneurysm  of  the  arch  of  the  aorta  and  in 
mediastinal  tumors. 

Perlia's  Nucleus.  See  Spittka^s  NucUw. 

Pertik's  Diverticulum.  A  diverticulum  of 
the  nasopharyngeal  space  which  may  occur 
close  to  Rosenmueller's  fossa  and  show  itself 
as  an  enlargement  of  the  latter. 

Peter's  Law.  Atheromatous  changes  in 
blood-vessels  are  most  apt  to  occur  where 
there  are  angles  and  projections. 

Petit's  Canal.  The  circular  lymph -space 
formed  by  the  separation  of  the  su^pcnsoty 


PETRI'S  CAPSULES 


PINARD'S  SIGN 


ligament  of  the  crystalline  lens.  P.*8  Hernia, 
lumbar  hernia.  P.'s  Ligament,  the  concave 
ibid  formed  back  of  the  vagina  by  the  union 
q(  Douglas'  ligaments.  P.'s  Sinus.  See 
VaUaha's  Sinus.  P.*s  Triangle,  trieonum 
lumbale.  The  space  bounded  in  front  by  the 
posterior  border  of  the  external  oblique,  be- 
hind by  the  anterior  border  of  the  latissimus 
dorsi,  its  base  being  formed  by  the  iliac 
crest  Lumbar  hernia  usually  occurs  in  this 
triangle. 

Petri's  Capsules,  Dishes,  or  Saucers. 
Shallow,  cylindric,  covered  glass  vessels  for 
bacteria  culture,  in  which  the  colonies  may 
be  counted  without  removing  the  cover. 
P.'s  Test  for  Proteids :  a  faint  yellow  color- 
atioQ  is  produced  by  treating  a  proteid  or 
peptone  solution  with  a  solution  of  diazobenzol 
sulphonic  acid  ;  but  if  the  solution  is  rendered 
alkaline  by  the  addition  of  caustic  alkali,  the 
color  changes  to  orange  or  brown  according  to 
concentration,  and  a  red  froth  is  formed  on 
shaking. 

Pettenkofer's  Test  for  Bile  Acids.  Dis- 
solve in  concentrated  sulphuric  add  a  small 
nitity  of  bile  in  substance  in  a  small  glass 
,  or  mix  some  of  the  liquid  containing  the 
bile  acids  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid, 
and  warm ;  in  either  case  great  care  must  be  ex- 
ercised that  the  temperature  does  not  rise  above 
6o**-7o**  C.  Add  drop  by  drop  a  lo  per  cent 
solution  ofcane-sugar,  constantly  stirring  with 
a  glass  rod.  In  the  presence  of  bile  a  beauti- 
ful red  coloration  is  produced,  which  becomes 
bluish-violet  in  the  course  of  the  day.  This 
red  liquid  shows  an  absorption  band  at  F  and 
another  near  £  between  D  and  £. 

Peyer's  Glands  or  Patches.  The  agminated 
glands  of  the  ileum. 

Peyerian  Fever.    Typhoid  fever, 

PfeiflTer's  Glandular  Fever.  An  acute  in- 
fectious fever,  characterized  by  inflammatory 
swelling  of  the  lymph-glands,  anemia,  and 
prostration.  P.'s  Reaction,  the  mixing  of 
some  of  the  peritoneal  effusion  provoked  in  a 
guinea-pig  by  inoculating  it  with  a  mixture 
of  blood- serum  of  an  animal  immune  to 
cholera,  and  of  bouillon  to  which  a  small 
portion  of  a  culture  of  the  SpiriUum  cholera 
asiuiica  has  been  added,  causes  these  organ- 
isms to  become  nonmotile  and  to  agglutinate. 
The  absence  of  this  phenomenon  proves  that 
the  spirillum  under  investigation  is  of  a  dif- 
ferent species. 

Pflueger's  Law  of  Contraction.  Galvanic 
stimulation  of  a  nerve  causes  muscular  con- 
traction, which  varies  uniformly  according  as 
the  kathode  or  the  anode  is  applied,  or  as  the 
current  is  closed  or  opened.  Certain  devia- 
tions from  this  law  constitute  the  reaction  of 
deffeneratioo.  The  law  may  be  briefly  stated 
••follows: 


CUKRBNT 

Strength. 

KC 

KO 

AC 

AO 

Weak, 

Medium 

Strong 

C 
C 
Te 

C 

C 
C 

C 
C 

C,  contraction ;  Te,  teUnic  contrsctioo. 

P.'s  Law  of  Reflex  Action,  (i)  if  stimula- 
tion of  a  sensory  nerve  be  followed  by  a  uni- 
lateral reflex  movement,  the  latter  always 
occurs  on  the  side  to  which  the  sensory  nerve 
belongs;  (2)  if  the  stimulus  received  by  a 
sensory  nerve  extend  to  motor  nerves  of  the 
opposite  side,  contraction  occurs  only  in  the 
corresponding  muscles ;  (3)  if  the  contraction 
be  unequal  on  the  two  sides,  the  stronger  con- 
traction always  takes  place  on  the  side  which  is 
stimulated ;  (4)  if  the  reflex  excitement  ex- 
tend to  other  motor  nerves,  the  direction  of 
the  impulse  from  the  sensory  to  the  motor 
nerve  is  from  before  backward  in  the  brain 
and  from  below  upward  in  the  apinal  cord — 
u  <.,  always  in  the  direction  of  the  oblongata. 
P.'s  Tubes,  ovarian  tubes;  sacciform  or 
tubular  ingrowths  of  the  germ  epithelium  on 
the  anterointemal  surface  of  the  Wolfl&an 
body ;  they  ultimately  form  the  cortex  of  the 
ovary. 

Pfiihl's  Sign,  P.-Jaff6's  Sign.  In  sub- 
phrenic pyopneumothorax  the  liquid  issues 
from  the  exploratory  puncture  or  indsion 
with  considerable  force  during  inspiration, 
while  the  contrary  occurs  in  true  pneunx>- 
thorax. 

Phenol.  See  Alien^  Bertkeloi^  D^xvy^  Eijk- 
man,  Jaequemin^  Landoit,  Fenx^t  and 
Fischer^  Flugge. 

Pbenylhydraxin  Test  for  Dextrose.  See 
V.  Jaksch, 

Phillips'  Muscle.  A  small  muscle  extend- 
ing from  the  styloid  process  of  the  radius  and 
the  external  lateral  ligament  to  the  proximal 
portion  of  the  phalanges. 

Pbocas'  Disease.  Chronic  fibrous  mastitis, 
characterized  by  the  presence  of  multiple 
fibrous  nodules  in  both  breasts. 

Pbysick's  Encjrsted  Rectum.  Hypertro- 
phic dilatation  of  the  rectal  pouches. 

Pick's  Bundle.  An  anomalous  bundle  of 
nerve -fibers  in  the  oblongata  connected  with 
the  pyramidal  tract  P.'s  Disease,  pseudo- 
drrhosis  of  the  liver,  met  with  occasionally 
as  a  complication  of  adhesive  pericarditis. 

Picric  Acid  Test  for  Glucose.  See  Braun. 

Pilts's  Reflex.  Alteration  of  the  sixe  of  the 
pupil  when  the  attention  is  suddenly  fixed. 

Pinard's  Sign.  After  the  sixth  month  of 
pregnancy  a  sharp  pain  upon  pressure  over 
the  fundus  uteri  b  firequenUy  a  sign  of  breech 
presenCstioD. 


PIOTROWSKI'S  REACTION 


PRIESTLEY'S  MASS 


Piotrowski's  Reaction  for  Proteids.  The 
biuret  reaction ;  a  violet  color  is  produced 
on  heating  a  proteid  with  an  excess  of  a  con- 
centrated solution  of  sodium  hydrate  and  one 
or  two  drops  of  a  dilute  solution  of  ccn>per 
sulphate.  This  color  is  deepened  by  boil- 
ing. 

Pina's  Test  for  Tyrosin.  Moisten  the  sub- 
stance on  a  watch-glass  with  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid,  and  warm  five  to  ten  minutes 
on  a  water-bath.  Dilute  with  water,  warm, 
neutralize  with  barium  carbonate,  filter  while 
warm,  and  add  a  dilute  solution  of  ferric 
chlorid.  In  the  presence  of  tyrosin  a  violet 
color  results.  An  excess  of  ferric  chlorid 
destroys  the  color. 

Pirogoff's  Amputation  or  Operation.  A 
method  of  amputation  at  the  ankle,  leaving 
part  of  the  os  calcis. 

Pitres'  Sections.  A  series  of  nearly  vertical 
sections  through  the  brain  for  postmortem  ex- 
aminations. P.'s  Sign,  (i)  **signe  du  cor- 
deau"  ;  the  angle  formed  by  the  axis  of  the 
sternum  and  the  line  represented  by  a  cord 
dropped  from  the  suprasternal  notch  to  the 
symphysis  pubis  indicates  the  degree  of  de- 
viation of  the  sternum  in  cases  of  pleuritic 
effusion  ;  (2)  hypesthesia  of  the  scrotum  and 
testis  in  tabes  dorsalis. 

Placido's  Disc.  A  keratoscope  composed 
of  a  disc  with  concentric  circles. 

Plugge's  Phenol  Reaction.  A  dilute  phenol 
solution  is  rendered  intensely  red  on  boiling 
with  a  solution  of  mercuric  nitrate  containing 
a  trace  of  nitrous  acid.  Metallic  mercury 
is  separated  at  the  same  time,  and  an  odor 
of  salicylol  is  evolved. 

Plummer's  Pill.  Compound  pill  of  calomel 
and  antimony. 

Pohl's  Test  for  Globulins.  Saturate  the 
solution  to  one-half  with  ammonium  sulphate, 
which  precipitates  the  globulins.  After  sev- 
eral hours  filter,  and  add  to  the  filtrate  a  sat- 
urated solution  of  ammonium  sulphate. 

Poirier's  Line.  The  nasolambdoidal  line 
used  in  craniocerebral  topography.  It  begins 
at  the  nasofrontal  groove,  and  extends  out- 
ward around  the  base  of  the  skull,  passing 
0.5  cm.  above  the  external  auditory  meatus 
to  a  point  i  cm.  above  the  lambdoidal  suture, 
or  to  a  point  7  cm.  above  the  inion  if  the 
suture  can  not  be  felt.  This  line  passes  over 
Broca*s  convolution,  4  to  6  cm.  of  the  pos- 
terior limb  of  the  Sylvian  fissure,  the  lower 
border  of  the  supramarginal  gyrus,  the  base 
of  the  angular  gyrus,  and  terminates  at  the 
parietooccipital  fissure. 

Poiseuille's  Law.  The  rapidity  of  the  cur- 
rent in  capillary  tubes  is  proportional  to  the 
square  of  their  diameter.  P.'s  Layer,  the 
*•  inert**  layer  of  the  blood-current  of  the 
capillaries,  in  which  the  leukocytes  roll  along 


slowly  while  the  red  corpuscles  move  more 
rapidly  in  the  axial  stream. 

Politxer's  Bag.  A  rubber  bag  for  inflating 
the  Eustachian  tube.  P.'s  Luminous  Cone, 
a  brightly  illuminated  area  in  the  shape  of  an 
isosceles  triangle  which  has  its  base  near  the 
lower  circumference  and  its  apex  at  the  umbo 
of  the  membrana  tyropani.  P.'s  Method, 
inflation  of  middle  ear  through  the  Eustachian 
tube.  P.'s  Test :  in  cases  of  unilateral  mid-, 
die-ear  disease,  associated  with  obstruction 
of  the  Eustachian  tube,  the  sound  of  a  vibrat- 
ing tuning  fork  (C,)  held  before  the  nares 
during  deglutition  is  perceived  by  the  normal 
ear  only ;  if  the  tube  be  patulous,  the  sound 
sensation  is  frequently  stronger  in  the  afiected 
ear.  In  unilateral  disease  of  the  labyrinth 
the  tuning-fork  is  heard  in  the  normal  ear 
whether  deglutition  occur  or  not. 

Pond's  Extract.  A  fluid  extract  of  Hatna- 
melts  virginiana, 

Ponfick's  Shadows.  Colorless  red  corpuscles 
found  in  the  blood  in  cases  of  hemoglobin - 
emia. 

Porret's  Phenomenon.  When  a  continuous 
current  is  passed  through  a  living  muscular 
fiber  the  sarcous  substance  shows  an  undu- 
lating movement  from  the  positive  toward  the 
negative  pole. 

Porro's  Operation.  Removal  of  a  pregnant 
uterus  through  an  incision  in  the  abdominal 
wall. 

Porter's  Symptom.  Tracheal  tugging.  See 
Oliver's  Symptom. 

Potain's  Syndrome.  Dyspepsia  and  dilata- 
tion of  the  right  ventricle,  with  accentuation 
of  the  pulmonary  sound,  observed  during  the 
digestive  process  in  cases  of  gastrectasis. 

Pott's  Aneurysm.  Aneurysmal  varix.  P.'s 
Curvature  or  Gibbus,  the  deformity  of  Pott's 
disease.  P.'s  Disease,  spondylitis;  caries 
of  the  spine.  P.'s  Fracture,  a  fracture  of 
the  lower  end  of  the  fibula,  with  rupture  of 
the  internal  lateral  ligament  and  displacement 
of  the  foot  outward.  P.'s  Gangrene,  senile 
gangrene.  P.'s  Paraplegia,  paraplegia 
caused  by  spinal  caries.  P.'s  Puffy  Tumor. 
circumscribed  superficial  swelling  of  the  scalp 
connected  with  osteomyelitis  of  the  skull. 

Poupart's  Ligament.  The  lower,  thickened 
portion  of  the  aponeurosis  of  the  external 
oblique  muscle,  which  extends  from  the 
anterior  superior  spine  of  the  ilium  to  the 
spine  of  the  pubis  and  the  iliopectineal  line. 

Preston's  Salt.    Ammonium  carbonate. 

Provost's  Symptom.  Conjugate  deviation 
of  the  eyes  and  head,  which  look  away  from 
the  palsied  extremities  and  toward  the  aflTected 
hemisphere ;  it  is  noted  in  cerebral  hemor- 
rhage. 

Priestley's  Mass.  A  green  or  greenish- 
brown  deposit  sometimes  seen,  especially  in 


PROFETA'S  LAW 


RAYNAUD'S  DISEASE 


yoong  indhridiuils,  oo  the  upper  and  lower 
mciaor  and  canine  teeth  ;  it  is  due  to  a  growth 
of  chromogenk  fungi  in  Nasmyth*s  cuticle. 

Profeta's  Law.  Healthy  bom  children  of 
syphilitic  parents  enjoy  a  certain  immunity 
to  sjrphilitic  infection. 

Prussak's  Fibers.  The  bands  whidi,  com- 
ing from  the  roof  of  the  external  auditory 
cainal,  pass  on  to  the  membrana  tympani  and 
form  the  lateral  boundaries  of  Shrapneirs 
membrane ;  they  are  made  up  of  elastic  and 
connectiTe- tissue  fibers,  and  contain  blood- 
vessels and  nenrcs.  P.'s  Pouch  or  Space, 
the  small  space  formed  in  the  attic  of  the 
middle  ear  by  the  external  ligament  of  the 
malleus  above,  the  short  process  of  the 
malleus  below,  the  neck  of  the  malleus  inter- 
nally, and  ShrapneU*s  membrane  externally. 

Purkinje's  Cells.  Large  ganglion  cells  found 
in  the  cortex  of  the  cerel^llimi.  P.*s  Cor- 
puscles, the  lacunas  of  bone.  P.'s  Fibers, 
anastomosing  muscular  fibers  found  in  the 
subendocardial  tissue  of  some  animals.  They 
are  made  up  of  polyhedral  nucleated  cells,  the 
margins  of  which  consist  of  fine,  transversely 
striated  fibers.  P.'s  Figures,  the  dark  lines 
which  are  seen  on  a  yellow  background  when 
a  candle  b  held  a  short  distance  from  the  eye 
in  a  darkened  room.  They  are  produced  by 
the  retinal  vessels.  P.'s  Granular  Layer. 
Sec  CtermaJ^s  Interglohuiar  Spaces.  P.'s 
Images,  three  images  of  a  candle- flame  ob- 
tained by  reflection  from  the  cornea  and  the 
anterior  and  posterior  surfaces  of  the  crystal- 
line lens,  the  third  image  being  inverted. 
P.'s  Network,  the  network  of  b^ed  fibers 
(Purkinje's  fibers)  visible  to  the  naked  eve  in 
the  subendocardial  tissue  of  the  ventrKles. 
P.'s  Vesicle,  the  germinal  vesicle. 

Purkifije-Sanson's  Images.  See  Pur- 
kinjis  Images, 

Pus.     Sec  Donni. 

Putnam  -  Dana's  Symptom  -  complex. 
Combined  sclerosis  of  the  lateral  and  posterior 
columns  of  the  spinal  cord. 


QUAIN'S  FATTY  HEART.  Fatty  de- 
generation of  the  cardiac  muscular  fibers. 

Quincke's  Disease.  Angioneurotic  edema ; 
acute  circumscribed  edema.  Q.'s  Pulse, 
rhythmic  reddening  and  blanching  of  the 
finger-nails  depending  upon  oscillations  of 
blw>d-pressure  which  are  propagated  into  the 
capillaries ;  it  is  found  in  aortic  insufficiency. 
Q.'s  Spinal  Puncture,  the  puncture  of  the 
^nal  canal  for  the  withdrawal  of  cerebro- 
spinal fluid  in  hydrocephalus. 

Quinquaud's  Disease.  Folliculitis  decal- 
vans;  acne  decalvans,  a  disease  of  the  hair- 
follicles  attended  with  cicatrixation  of  the 
skin. 


RAABE'S  TEST  FOR  ALBUMIN. 
Place  in  a  test-tube  I  cc  of  the  liquid  to  be 
tested ;  on  the  addition  of  a  small  piece  of 
trichloracetic  acid  a  white  sooc  or  rmg  will 
be  formed  in  the  presence  of  albumin.  The 
ring  produced  by  uric  add  is  difiused  and  not 
shitfply  defined. 

Rabuteau's  Test  for  Hydrochloric  Aci^ 
in  Contents  of  Stomach.  Make  a  solu- 
tion containing  50  cc  of  starch  mudlage,  I 
gram  of  potassium  iodate,  and  a5  gram  of 
potassium  iodid;  add  to  it  the  filtered  con- 
tents of  the  stomach.  The  solution  will  be- 
come blue  in  the  presence  of  free  HCL 

Rainey's  Capsules.    See  Mieuker^s  Thhes. 

Ramdn  y  Cajal's  Cells.  Fusifoim  or  trian- 
gular ganglion  cells  lying  near  the  sur^Mre  of 
the  cerebral  cortex  and  giving  off  branched 
processes  parallel  to  it 

Ranvier's  Accessory  Plexus.  The  smper- 
fidal  stroma  plexus  of  the  cornea.  K.'s 
Crosses,  black,  cmdal  figures  seen  at  Ran- 
vier's nodes  on  staining  with  silver  nitrate. 
The  transverse  branch  of  the  cross  is  repre- 
sented by  the  line  of  coostrictioQ,  and  the 
longitudinal  branch  by  the  axis-cylinder 
(Frommann's  lines).  R.*s  Nodaa,  annular 
constrictions  of  the  neurilemma,  with  discon- 
tinuity of  the  medullary  sheath  of  the  nerve- 
fiber. 

Rasch's  Sign.  Finctuatioo  obtained  by 
applying  two  fingers  of  the  right  hand  to 
the  cervix,  as  in  ballottemcnt,  and  steadying 
the  uterus  through  the  abdomen  with  the  lefr 
hand.  It  depends  upon  the  presence  of  the 
liquor  amnii,  and  is  an  eariy  sign  of  preg- 
nancy. 

Rasmussen's  Aneurysm.  Dilatatioo  of  an 
artery  in  a  tuberculous  cavity ;  its  rupture  is 
a  not  infrequent  cause  of  hemonhage. 

Rathke's  Duct.  That  portion  of  Mueller's 
duct  which  intervenes  between  the  latter 
and  the  sinus  pocuUris ;  it  may  persist  after 
birth  as  a  patulous  duct  R.'s  Folds,  two 
projecting  folds  of  the  fetal  mesoderm  which 
are  placed  between  the  orifice  of  the  intes- 
dne  and  the  allantois;  it  unite  in  the  me- 
dian line  to  form  Douglas'  septum.  R.'s 
Glands.  See  Jaeo^s^n's  Organ,  R.'s 
Pouch,  in  the  embryo,  the  diverticulum  of 
the  pharyngeal  membrane  whidi  is  connected 
with  the  mid-brain,  and  ultimately  forms  the 
anterior  lobe  of  the  hypophysis. 

Rau's  Process.     See  Ao/mit  Process. 

Rauber's  Layer.  The  outer  cell-mass  of  the 
blastodermic  vesicle. 

Ray's  Mania.  Moral  insanity,  regarded  by 
Ray  as  a  distinct  form  of  mentel  disorder. 

Raynaud's  Disease.  I.  Symmetric  vaso- 
motor disturbance  of  the  eitremities,  of  vary- 
ing degrees  of  intensity,  from  pallor,  cvanoAS, 
dystrophy  of  the  skin  and  nails,  to  <iry  gaa- 


RfeAUMUR'S  SCALE 


RETZIUS*  BROWN  STRIAS 


grene.  2.  Paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  the 
throat  following  parotitis.  R.'s  Gangrene. 
Sec  R,*s  Disease, 

R^Aumur's  Scale  or  Thermometer.  A 
scale  with  the  freezing-point  at  zero  and  the 
boiling-point  at  80^. 

Recklinghausen's  Canals.  Minute  channels 
in  connective  tissue,  regarded  as  the  begin- 
nings of  lymphatic  vessels.  R.'s  Disease* 
(I)  multiple  neurofibromatosis;  (2)  hema- 
chromatosis;  an  aflfection  characterized  by 
bronzing  of  the  skin,  hypertrophic  cirrhosis  of 
the  liver,  enlargement  of  the  spleen,  and,  in 
later  stages,  diabetes  from  pancreatic  sclerosis. 

Reclus'  Disease.  Cystic  disease  of  the 
mammary  gland ;  chronic  cystic  or  interstitial 
mastitis. 

Rees'  Test  for  Albumin.  Small  amounts  of 
albumin  are  precipitated  by  an  alcoholic  solu- 
tion of  tannic  acid. 

Reichel'a  Cloacal  Duct.  In  the  embryo  the 
narrow  cleft  separating  Douglas'  septum  horn 
the  cloaca. 

Reichert'a  Canal.  See  Hensen's  Canal, 
R.'s  Cartilages,  the  hyoid  bars  which  con- 
stitute the  ^eletal  elements  of  the  hyoid 
branchial  arch  of  the  embryo  and  ultimately 
become  the  styloid  processes,  the  stylohyU 
ligaments,  and  the  lesser  coraua  of  the  hyoid 
bone.  R.'s  Membrane.  See  Borwman^s 
Membrane, 

Reichl's  Test  for  Protetds.  To  the  proteid 
solution  add  2  or  3  drops  of  an  alcoholic  so- 
lution of  benzaldehyd,  and  then  considerable 
sulphuric  add  previously  diluted  with  an 
equal  bulk  of  water.  Finally,  add  a  few 
drops  of  a  ferric  sulphate  solution,  and  a  deep 
blue  coloration  will  be  produced  in  the  cold 
after  some  time,  or  at  once  on  warming. 
Solid  proteids  are  stained  blue  by  this  reac- 
tion. 

Reichmann's  Disease.  Gastrosuccorrhea ; 
a  neurosis  of  the  stomach  attended  with  hyper- 
secretion. R.'s  Sign,  the  presence  in  the 
stomach,  before  eating  in  the  morning,  of  an 
acid  liquid  mixed  with  alimentary  residues ;  it 
is  indicative  of  gastrosuccorrhea  and  pyloric 
stenosis. 

Reid's  Lines.  Three  imaginary  lines  serv- 
ing for  measurements  in  craniocerebral  topog- 
raphy ;  one  of  them,  the  base-line,  is  drawn 
from  the  lower  margin  of  the  orbit  through 
the  center  of  the  external  auditory  meatus 
to  just  below  the  external  occipital  protuber- 
ance. The  two  others  arc  perpendicular  to  it, 
one  corresponding  to  the  small  depression  in 
front  of  the  external  auditory  meatus,  the 
other  to  the  posterior  border  of  the  mastoid 
process.  The  fissure  of  Rolando  extends 
from  the  upper  limit  of  the  posterior  vertical 
line  to  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  ante- 
rior line  and  the  fissure  of  Sylvius. 


Reil's  Ansa.  The  ansa  peduncularis ;  a  tnct 
of  fibers  passing  from  the  optic  thalamus  down- 
ward and  outward  toward  the  white  substance 
of  the  hemisphere.  R.'s  Covered  Band, 
the  lateral  longitudinal  strias ;  the  longitudinal 
fibers  which  cross  the  transverse  strias  be- 
neath the  gyrus  fomicatus.  R.'s  Island,  the 
insula ;  a  cluster  of  from  three  to  five  convo- 
lutions l3ring  in  the  Sylvian  fissure.  R.'s 
Line,  a  ric^  descending  posteriorly  from 
the  sununit  of  the  pyramid  of  the  cerebellum. 
R.'s*  Sulcus,  the  sulcus  in  the  bottom  of  the 
Sylvian  fissure  separating  the  insula  from  the 
remainder  of  the  hemisphere. 

Reinsch's  Test  for  Arsenic.  Boil  the  liquid 
with  a  few  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid  and  in- 
troduce a  clean  slip  of  copper ;  in  the  pres- 
ence of  arsenic  bluish  spots  will  be  formed. 

Reisseisen's  Muscles.  The  muscular  fibers 
of  the  bronchi. 

Reissner'a  Canal.  See  Loewenberg^s  Canal. 
R.'s  Membrane,  the  membrana  vestibularis ; 
a  delicate  membrane  which  separates  the 
membranous  cochlea  (scala  media)  from  the 
scala  vestibuli. 

Remak's  Band.  The  axis-cylinder  of  a  nerve> 
fiber.  R.'s  Fiber,  a  nonmedullated  nerve- 
fiber.  R.'s  Fibrils,  the  fibrils  composing  a 
nonmedullated  nerve-fiber.  R.'s  Ganglion, 
an  accumulation  of  ganglion  cells  in  the  auri- 
cular wall  (sinus  venosus)  of  the  frog's  heart. 
R.'s  Layer,  the  inner  longitudinal  fibrous 
layer  of  the  tunica  intima  of  large  arteries. 
R.'s  Sign,  the  production,  by  the  pricking 
of  a  needle,  of  a  double  sensation,  the  second 
being  painful ;  it  is  noted  in  tabes  dorsalis. 
R.'s  lyp^  o^  Pi^lsyi  paralysis  affecting  the 
muscles  of  the  arm — the  deltoid,  biceps, 
brachialis  anticus,  and  supinator  longus. 

Rendu's  Type  of  Tremor.  A  hysteric 
tremor  provoked  or  increased  by  volitional 
movements. 

Reoch's  Test  for  Albumin.  See  Marwil- 
Ham.  R.'s  Test  for  HCl  in  Contents  of 
Stomach :  on  the  addition  of  a  mixture  of 
citrate  of  iron  and  quinin  and  potassium  sul  - 
phocyanid  to  the  gastric  juice  or  contents  ot 
the  stomach,  containing  free  hydrochloric  add, 
a  red  coloration  will  be  produced. 

Retsius'  Brown  Strias.  Brownish  concen- 
tric lines  in  the  enamel  of  the  teeth,  running 
nearly  parallel  to  the  surfiure.  R.'s  Capsule, 
the  fascial  formation  investing  the  intrapelvic 
and  bulbous  portions  of  the  urethni  and  Cow- 
per's  glands.  R.'s  Fibers,  the  rigid  filaments 
of  Deiters'  cells  in  the  organ  of  Corti.  R.*a 
Ligament,  fundiform  ligament ;  the  outer 
portion  of  the  anterior  annular  ligament  of  the 
ankle  which  forms  a  loop  around  the  peroneos 
tertius  and  the  extensor  longus  dijf^torwn. 
R.'s  Space,  cavum  Retzii ;  a  triangular  space 
the  ba^  of  which  lies  between  the  qriocs  of 


REUSNER'S  SIGN 


ROBERTS'  TEST  FOR  ALBUMIN 


die  pubes,  the  apex  being  firom  five  to  seven 
centimeters  above.  In  this  space,  which  is 
filled  with  connective  tissue,  the  bladder  is 
not  covered  by  the  peritoneum.  R.'8  Veins, 
the  veins  forming  anastomoses  between 
the  mesenteric  veins  and  the  inferior  vena 
cava. 

Reusner's  Sign  of  Early  Pregnancy.  An 
increase  in  the  volume  of  the  pulsation  of  the 
oterine  arteries  may  be  perceived  through  the 
vagina  in  the  posterior  culdesac  as  early  as 
the  fourth  week. 

Reusa'  Formula.  The  formula  by  means  of 
which  the  amount  of  albumin  contained  in 
pathologic  exudates  and  transudates  can  be 
approximately  calculated  when  the  specific 
gravity,  that  depends  upon  the  amount  of 
albumin  present, is  known  :  E  =:  ^  (S — looo) 
— 2.8  f  E  =  percentage  of  albumin  contained 
in  the  fluid  ;  S  =  specific  gravity  of  the  fluid. 
R.'s  Test  for  Atropin :  heat  the  substance 
to  be  tested  with  sulphuric  add  and  an  oxidiz- 
ing agent ;  in  the  presence  of  atropin  a 
fragrance  as  of  roses  and  orange-flowers  if 
given  off. 

RevilUod'a  Sign.  "  Signe  de  I'orbiculaire.*' 
Inability  of  the  patient  to  close  the  eye  of  the 
affected  side  only ;  it  is  observed  in  paralysis 
of  the  superior  facial  nerve. 

Reynold's  Test  for  Acetone.  To  the  liquid 
to  be  tested  add  freshly  precipitated  mercuric 
oxid ;  shake  and  filter.  If  acetone  be  pres- 
ent, the  filtrate  will  contain  mercury,  owing 
to  the  acetone  dissolving  freshly  precipitated 
mercuric  oxid.  The  mercury  may  be  detected 
by  overlaying  the  filtrate  with  ammonium 
sulphid,  which  turns  black. 

Ribes*  Ganglion.  A  small  ganglion  of  the 
carotid  plexus  lying  on  the  anterior  communi- 
cating artery  ;  its  existence  is  disputed. 

Richter*s  Hernia.  Partial  enterocele  ;  hernia 
partially  strangulated,  so  that  the  lumen  of 
the  intestine  remains  more  or  less  open. 

Richter-Monro*a  Line.     See  Monroes  Line, 

Ricord's  Chancre.  <*  Chancre  parchemine  *' ; 
the  parchment- like  initial  lesion  of  sjrphilis. 

Ridley's  Sinus.     The  circular  sinus. 

Riedel's  Process.  A  tongue- shaped  process 
Df  the  liver  frequently  felt  over  the  enlarged 
gall-bladder  in  cases  of  cholelithiasis. 

Kiegel's  Syndrome.  The  association  of 
tachycardia  with  troubles  simulating  asthma. 

Rieux's  Hernia.     Retrocecal  hernia. 

Riga's  Disease.  Papillomatous  ulceration 
of  the  frenum  of  the  tongue,  covered  with  a 
whitish,  diphtheroid  exu&te. 

Rigg*s  Disease.     See  Fauchard^s  Disease, 

Rinmann's  Sign  of  Early  Pregnancy. 
Slender  cords  radiating  from  the  nipple ;  they 
are  considered  to  be  hypertrophic  adni  of  the 
glands. 

Rinii6*8  Test.    If  a  vibrating  tuning-fork  be 


placed  on  the  vertex,  and  then,  before  it  has 
ceased  to  vibrate,  held  before  a  normal  ear, 
the  vibration  is  still  distinctly  perceived.  The 
test  is  negative  when  a  lesion  exists. 

Riolan's  Arch.  The  arch  of  the  mesentery 
which  is  attached  to  the  transverse  mesocolon. 
R.'s  Bouquet,  the  muscular  bundle  attached 
to  the  styloid  process  and  composed  of  the 
styloglossus,  stylohyoid,  and  stylopharyngeus. 
R.'s  Muscle,  the  fasciculi  of  the  orbicularis 
palpebrar\mi,  which  are  situated  near  the  free 
margin  of  the  eyelid.  R.'s  Ossicles,  small 
bones  sometimes  found  in  the  suture  between 
the  inferior  border  of  the  occipital  bone  and 
the  mastoid  portion  of  the  temporal  bone. 

Ripault's  Sign.  A  change  in  the  shape  of 
the  pupil  on  pressure  upon  the  eye,  transitory 
durins  life,  but  permanent  aAer  death. 

Ritter  a  Disease.  Dermatitis  exfoliativa  of 
the  new-born.  R.*8  Fiber,  a  delicate  fiber, 
regarded  as  a  nerve -fiber,  seen  in  the  axis  of 
a  retinal  rod,  near  the  peripheral  end  of  which 
it  forms  a  small  enlargement  R.'s  Law  of 
Contraction,  stimulation  of  a  nerve  occurs 
both  at  the  moment  of  closing  and  of  openiujg 
of  the  electric  ourent  R.'s  Tetanus,  tetanic 
contractions  occurring  on  the  opening  of  the 
constant  current  which  has  been  made  to  past 
for  some  time  through  a  long  section  of  a 
nerve.  In  man  the  phenomenon  does  not 
occur  under  physiologic  conditiooa,  but  it  is 
seen  in  tetany. 

Ritter- RoUet's  Phenomenon.  Flexion  of 
the  foot  following  the  appl^tion  of  a  mild 
galvanic  current,  and  extension  following 
that  of  a  strong  current.  R.-ValU's  Law, 
section  of  a  living  ner<r:  is  followed  by  a 
gradual  loss  of  irritability,  preceded  bv  a 
slight  increase,  the  ph<ncjnenon  taking  place 
centrifugally  from  the  divided  end. 

Riverius' Draft.    A  solution  of  sodium  citrate. 

Rivinian  Ducts.  The  ducts  of  the  sublingual 
gland.  R.  PoraMen.  See  B0€kdaUies 
Canal,  R.  Qland,  the  sublingual  gland. 
R.  Ligament.  See  SkrupfuU^s  Memkrane, 
R.  Notch  or  Segment,  a  notch  of  irregular 
outline  at  the  upper  border  of  the  sulcus  tym- 
panicus  ;  it  is  marked  at  each  end  by  a  small 
spine. 

Rtvolta's  Disease.     Actinomycosis. 

Robert's  Pelvis.  The  transvenelv  contracted 
or  doubly  synostoCic  pelvis  ;  a^  xylosis  of  both 
sacroiliac  synchondroses,  the  sacrum  being 
absent  or  undeveloped. 

Roberts'  Test  for  Albumin.  Float  tbe 
urine  on  the  surface  of  a  saturated  comnKw 
salt  solution  containing  5  per  cent  of  hydro- 
chloric acid,  of  specific  gravity  1.052.  A 
white  ring  or  sone  formed  between  the  two 
liquids  indicates  albumin.  Roberts  suggests 
that  a  mixture  of  I  part  strong  nitric  acid  and 
5  parts  saturated  magnesium  sulphate  solntioo 


ROBERTSON'S  PUPIL 


ROSENMUELLER'S  FOSSA 


may  be  employed  also.  R.'s  Test  for  Glu- 
cose in  Urine :  find  the  specific  gravity  of  the 
urine  at  a  known  temperature  by  means  of  a 
urinometer  supplied  with  a  thennometer. 
Acidify  slightly  with  tartaric  acid,  and  add  a 
piece  of  yeast  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  and  shake. 
Let  it  stand  in  a  warm  place  (20^-25®  C. )  for 
twenty-four  hours.  Filter  through  a  dry  fil- 
ter and  cool  to  the  same  temperature  at  which 
the  specific  gravity  was  previously  taken. 
Take  the  specific  gravity  again.  Every  de- 
gree of  density  lost  represents  I  grain  of  glu- 
cose to  the  ounce  of  urine. 

Robertson's  Pupil.  See  Argyll  Robertson^ s 
Pupil. 

Robin's  Myeloplazes.    Osteoclasts. 

Rodriguex'  Aneurysm.  Varicose  aneurysm 
in  which  the  sac  is  immediately  contiguous  to 
the  artery. 
.  Roederer's  Eccbymoses.  See  Bayard* s 
Ecchymoses,  R.'s  Obliquity,  flexion  of  the 
chin  when  the  child  is  engaged  at  the  supe- 
rior pelvic  strait  during  labor. 

Roger's  Disease.  The  presence  of  a  con- 
genital abnormal  commimication  between  the 
ventricles  of  the  heart.  R.'s  Symptom, 
subnormal  temperature  during  the  third  stage 
of  tuberculous  meningitis,  re^uxled  by  Roger 
as  pathognomonic  of  the  disease. 

Rokitansky's  Disease.  Acute  yellow  atrophy 
of  the  liver.  R.'s  Tumor,  an  ovarian  tumor 
made  up  of  a  large  number  of  cysts. 

Rolandic  Angle.  The  acute  angle  formed 
by  the  fissure  of  Rolando  with  the  superior 
border  of  the  cerebral  hemisphere.  R.  Area, 
the  excitomotor  area  of  the  cerebral  hemis- 
pheres, comprising  the  ascending  frontal  and 
ascending  parietal  convolutions. 

Rolando's  Arciform  Fibers.  The  external 
arcuate  fibers  of  the  oblongata.  R.'s  Cells, 
the  ganglion  cells  found  in  Rolando's  gela- 
tinous substance.  R.'s  Fissure,  an  external 
sulcus  of  the  brain,  beginning  about  the 
middle  of  the  Sylvian  fissure,  and  extending 
upward  and  backward  to  the  superior  border 
of  the  hemisphere.  R.'s  Funiculus,  the 
lateral  cuneate  funiculus,  a  longitudinal 
prominence  caused  by  Rolando's  gelatinous 
substance  on  the  surface  of  the  oblongata, 
between  the  cuneate  funiculus  and  the  line  of 
roots  of  the  spinal  accessory  nerve.  R.'s 
Gelatinous  Substance,  the  elongated 
column  which  forms  a  continuation  of  the 
apices  of  the  posterior  horns  of  the  spinal  cord, 
extending  from  the  lumbar  portion  of  the 
cord  upward  into  the  pons.  It  consists  of 
neuroglia  and  a  number  of  ganglion  cells. 
R.'s  Tubercle,  a  mass  of  gray  matter  forming 
the  upper  termination  of  Rolando's  funiculus. 
The  fibers  given  off  from  its  cells  go  to  make 
up  the  sensory  root  of  the  trigeminus. 

Roller's  Nucleus,     i.   A  nucleus  situated 


near  the  hilum  of  the  olivary  body  of  the 
oblongata ;  it  is  connected  with  the  fibeis  of 
the  anterolateral  fundamental  tract  of  the 
spinal  cord.  2.  An  aggregation  of  snokall 
ganglion  cells  situated  anteriorly  to  the 
nucleus  of  the  h3rpoglossal  nerve. 

RoUet'a  Chancre.  Mixed  chancre.  R.'s 
Nerve-Corpuscles.  See  Go^*s  Corpm^ 
cits,  R.'s  Secondaxy  Substance.  See 
EnglemanfCs  Lateral  Disc. 

Romberg's  Disease.  Progressive  facta] 
hemiatrophy.  R.*s  Sign,  (I )  swaying  of  the 
body  and  inability  to  stand  when  the  eyes  are 
closed  and  the  feet  placed  together  ;  it  is  seen 
in  tabes  dorsalis,  hereditary  cerebellar  ataxia, 
etc. ;  (2)  neuralgic  pain  in  the  course  and 
distribution  of  the  obturator  nerve,  pathog- 
nomonic of  obturator  hernia.  R.'s  SfMism, 
masticatory  spasm ;  affecting  the  muscles  sup- 
plied by  the  motor  fibers  of  the  fifth  nerve. 
K.'s  Trophoneurosis.  See  Romberg's  Dis- 
ease, 

Rommelaere's  Law.  Constant  diminutioii 
of  the  nitrogen  in  the  urine  in  cases  of  carci- 
noma. R.'s  Sign,  diminution  of  the  nonnal 
phosphates  and  chlorids  of  sodium  in  the 
urine  is  pathognomonic  of  cancerous  cach- 
exia. 

Rosenbach's  Disease.  A  nodular  enlarge- 
ment, painful  to  the  touch,  of  the  dorsal  as- 
pect ot  the  proximal  ends  of  the  last  pha- 
langes. The  affection  is  regarded  as  identical 
with  Heberden'  s  nodes.  R.'s  Modification 
of  Gmelin's  Test  for  Bile  Pigments: 
when  the  liquid  has  all  been  filtered  throush 
a  very  small  filter,  apply  to  the  inside  of  £e 
filter  a  drop  of  nitric  acid  containing  only  a 
very  little  nitrous  acid,  when  a  pale  yellow 
spot  will  form,  surrounded  by  colored  rings, 
which  are  yellowish-red,  violet,  blue,  and 
green.  R.'s  Sign,  (i )  loss  of  the  abdominal 
reflex  in  inflammatory  intestinal  diseases  ;  (2) 
tremor  of  the  eyelids  when  the  patient  is 
asked  to  close  them,  often  associated  with  in- 
sufficient closure  of  the  lids.  It  is  seen  in 
neurasthenia.  R.'s  Syndrome,  a  variety  of 
paroxysmal  tachycardia  consisting  in  the  a.^8o- 
ciation  of  cardiac,  respiratory,  and  gastric  trou- 
bles. R.'s  Test  for  Indigo  Red :  boil  the 
liquid  with  nitric  acid,  and  indigo  blue  will  be 
formed  from  indigo  red. 

Rosenbach-Semon's  Law.  See  Sempn's 
Law, 

Rosenberg's  Method.  By  requiring  the  pa- 
tient to  read  aloud  a  difficult  passage,  the 
production  of  the  knee-jerk  is  facilitated. 

Rosenheim's  Sign.  A  friction  sound  heard 
on  auscultation  over  the  left  hypochondrinm 
in  fibrous  perigastritis. 

Rosenmueller's  Fossa.  A  depression  be- 
hind the  pharyngeal  orifice  of  the  Eustachian 
tube,  frequently  the  seat  of  moibid  giowtli^ 


ROSENTHAL'S  CANAL 


SAENGER'S  MACULA 


R.'s  QUnd,  ( I )  the  palpebral  portion  of  the 
lacrimal  gland  ;  (2)  the  largest  of  the  group 
of  deep  subinguinal  glands  in  the  crural  ring. 
R/s  Organ,  the  parovarium,  a  vestige  of 
the  Wolffian  body  and  duct  R.'s  Valve,  a 
semilunar  fold  of  the  mucous  membrane  seen 
occasionally  in  the  lacrimal  duct  above  its 
junction  with  the  lacrimal  sac 

Rosenthal's  Canal.  The  spiral  canal  of  the 
modiolus.  R.'s  Hyperacid  Vomiting. 
See  Rossbach's  Disease.  R.'s  Sign,  the  ap- 
plication of  a  strong  fiuradic  current  to  the 
sides  of  the  vertebral  column  causes  burning 
and  stabbing  pains  in  cases  of  spondylitis. 
R.'s  Vein,  Uie  basilar  vein,  a  branch  of  Ga- 
len's vein. 

Roser's  Position.  With  head  dependent 
over  the  end  of  the  table. 

Roser-Braun's  Sign.  Absence  of  pulsa- 
tions of  the  dura  in  cases  of  cerebral  abKess, 
tumors,  etc. 

Roser-N61aton*s  Line.  See  Nilaton's  Line, 

Rosin's  Test  for  Indigo  Red.  Render  the 
liquid  alkaline  with  sodium  carbonate  and 
extract  with  ether,  which  is  colored  red  bj 
the  indigo  red. 

Rossbach's  Disease.  Gastroxynsis  ;  a  neu- 
rosis of  the  stomach  attended  with  paroxysmal 
hypersecretion. 

Rotcb's  Sign.  Dulness  on  percussion  in  the 
right  fifth  intercostal  space  in  pericardial  effu- 
sion. 

Roth's  Disease,  or  Symptom -complex. 
*•  Meralgia  paresthetica."  Sec  Bernhardt' s 
Paresthesia,  R.'s  Spots,  white  spots,  re- 
sembling those  of  albuminuric  retinitis,  seen 
in  the  region  of  the  optic  disc  and  the  macula 
in  cases  of  septic  retinitis.  R.'s  Vas  Aber- 
rans,  an  inconstant  diverticulum  of  the  mid- 
dle portion  of  the  rete  testis. 

Rouget's  Bulb.  The  bulb  of  the  ovary ;  a 
plexus  of  veins  lying  on  the  surface  of  the 
ovary  and  communicating  with  the  uterine 
and  pampiniform  plexuses.  R.'s  Motorial 
Bnd-plates,  small  cellular  elements  con- 
nected, within  the  sarcolemma,  with  the  end- 
ings of  motor  nerves.  R.'8  Muscle.  See 
Mneller's  Muscle  {,\). 

Rougbton's  Band.  Collapse,  from  atrophy 
of  the  tissues,  of  the  zone  corresponding  to 
the  junction  of  the  alae  nasi  with  the  lateral 
cartilages.  The  resulting  contact  of  this  zone 
with  the  septum  causes  obstruction  during  in- 
spiration. 

Rougnon- Heberden's  Disease.  See  He- 
berden^s  Disease, 

Rovighi's  Sign.  Hydatid  fremitus ;  a  thrill 
observed  on  combined  palpation  and  percus- 
sion in  cases  of  superficial  hydatid  cyst  of  the 
liver. 

Rubner's  Test  lor  Carbon  Monoxid  in 
Blood.    Agitate  the  blood  with  4-5  volumes 


of  solution  of  lead  acetate  for  one  minute.  If 
the  blood  contains  CO,  it  will  retain  its  bright 
color ;  if  it  does  not,  it  will  turn  chocolate- 
brown.  R.'s  Test  for  Glucose :  add  to  the 
liquid  an  excess  of  lead  acetate ;  filter,  and 
add  to  the  61trate  ammonium  hydrate  until  no 
further  precipitate  is  produced.  Warm  gently, 
when  the  precipitate  formed  will  gradually 
become  pink  ;  this  color  decreases  on  stand- 
ing. 

Ruffini's  End*organs.  Small  bodies  found 
in  the  skin  where  Pacinian  corpuscles  exist ; 
they  are  made  up  of  the  terminal  arboriza- 
tions of  a  nerve  and  a  fibrous  framework. 

Ruhmkorfif's  Coil.     An  induction  coil. 

Rumpf 's  Sign.  Fibrillary  twitching  of  mus- 
cles in  traumatic  neuroses. 

Runeberg's  Type  of  Pemick>U8  Anemia. 
A  form  of  pernicious  anemia  with  remissions. 

Rusconi's  Anus.    The  blastopore. 

Russell's  Bodies.  Fuchsin  bodies.  Round- 
ish colloid  or  hyaline  bodies,  of  varying  size, 
found  in  a  variety  of  conditions,  notably  in 
carcinomatous  growths  and  certain  morbid 
changes  of  the  mucosa  of  the  nose  and 
stomftch. 

Rust's  Disease.  Tuberculous  spondylitis 
affecting  the  first  and  second  cervical  verte- 
bras. R.'s  Ssrmptoms,  at  every  change  of 
position  of  the  body,  a  patient  suffering  from 
caries  or  carcinoma  of  the  upper  cervioil  ver- 
tebras supports  his  head  with  the  hand. 

Ruysch's  Glomerulus.  See  Malpighian 
Tuft.  R.'s  Membrane,  tunica  Ruyschiana ; 
Uie  choriocapilUry  layer.  R.'s  Tube,  a 
minute  tubular  cavity  in  the  nasal  septum, 
opening  by  a  small,  round  orifice  a  little  be- 
low and  in  front  of  the  nasopalatine  foramen. 
It  is  best  seen  in  the  fetus,  and  represents  the 
rudimentary  homolog  of  Jacobson's  oigan. 
R.'s  Uterine  Muscle,  the  muscular  tissue  of 
the  fundus  uteri ;  it  was  believed  by  Ruyich 
to  act  independently  of  that  of  the  rest  of 
the  uterine  muscle. 


SACCHARIMBTBR  TEST.  A  solution 
of  dextrose  rotates  the  plane  of  polarized  light 
to  the  right 

Sachse's  Solution  and  Test.  A  test  for  the 
determination  of  sugar  in  urine,  consisting  in 
the  reduction  of  the  test  solution,  a  solution 
of  red  iodid  of  mercury  18  grams,  potassium 
iodid  25  grams,  potassium  hydrate  80  grams, 
water  to  make  a  liter.  The  end  of  the  reac- 
tion is  ascertained  by  means  of  a  solution  of 
stannous  chlorid,  supersaturated  with  sodium 
hydrate. 

Saemisch's  Ulcer.  Llcus  serpens;  infect- 
ing ulcer  of  the  coraea. 

Saenger's  Macula.  Macula  gonorrhorica. 
A  bright  red  spot  marking  the  orifice  of  the 


SALA'S  CELLS 


SCARPA'S  FASCIA 


duct  of  Bartholin's  gland  in  cases  of  gonor- 
rhetd  vulvitis.  S.'s  Pupil  Reaction,  Tor  the 
differential  diagnosis  of  cerebral  syphilis  and 
tabes :  in  amaurosis  and  optic  atrophy  of 
cerebral  syphilis  the  pupil  reBex  to  light  may 
be  preserved  and  even  increased  after  a  pro- 
tracted stay  in  the  dark,  which  is  never  the 
case  in  tabes  dorsalis. 

Sala's  Cells.  Stellate  connective- tissue  cells 
found  in  the  network  of  Bbers  forming  the 
sensory  nerve-endings  in  the  pericardium. 

Salisbury  Treatment.  The  treatment  of 
obesity  by  meat  diet  and  hot  water. 

Salkowski's  Modification  of  Hoppe-8ey- 
ler's  Test  for  CO  in  Blood.  Add  to  the 
blood  to  be  tested  20  volimies  of  water  and  an 
equal  quantity  of  a  sodium  hydrate  solution  of 
specific  gravity  1.34.  In  the  presence  of  car- 
bon monoxid  the  mixture  will  soon  become 
milky,  changing  to  bright  red.  On  standing, 
red  flakes  collect  on  the  surface.  Normial 
blood  treated  in  this  way  gives  a  dirty  brown 
coloration.  R.'s  Reaction  for  Choles- 
terin:  dissolve  the  substance  in  chloroform 
and  add  an  equal  volume  of  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid.  The  cholesterin  solution  be- 
comes bluish-red,  changing  gradually  to  vio- 
let red,  while  the  sulphuric  acid  appears  red 
with  a  green  fluorescence.  S.'s  Test  for 
Indol :  to  the  indol  solution  add  a  few  drops 
of  nitric  acid,  and  then,  drop  by  drop,  a  2  per 
cent,  solution  of  potassium  nitrite.  The  pres- 
ence of  indol  is  evinced  by  a  red  color,  and 
finally  by  a  red  precipitate  of  nitrosoindol 
nitrate. 

de  Salle's  Line.  A  line  beginning  at  the 
upper  margin  of  the  ala  nasi,  encircling  the 
angle'  of  the  mouth,  and  ending  at  the  edge 
of  the  orbicularis  oris.  For  significance  see 
Jadehts  Lines, 

Salmon's  Back-cut.  An  incision  along  the 
track  of  an  anal  fistula. 

Salter's  Incremental  Lines.  Dentinal  lines 
more  or  less  parallel  to  the  surface  of  the 
tooth  and  produced  by  imperfectly  calcified 
dentin. 

Sander's  Tsrpe  of  Paranoia.  Paranoia 
appearing  in  youth ;  paranoia  originaria. 

Sanders'  Sign.  Undulatory  character  of  the 
cardiac  impulse,  most  marked  in  the  epigas- 
tric region,  in  adherent  pericardium. 

Sandstroem's  Glands.    See  Gley^s  Glands, 

Sansom's  Sign.  i.  Considerable  extension 
of  dulness  in  the  second  and  third  intercostal 
spaces  in  pericardial  efliision.  2.  A  rhythmic 
murmur  transmitted  through  the  air  in  the 
mouth  when  the  lips  of  the  patient  are  ap- 
plied to  the  chestpiece  of  the  stethoscope ;  it 
IS  heard  in  cases  of  aortic  aneurysm. 

Sanson's  Images.    See  Purkinje's  Images. 

Santorini's  Canal.  See  Bernard's  Canai, 
S.'t  Cartilages,  comicula  laryngis ;  the  car- 


tilaginous nodules  on  the  tips  of  the  mrjVt 
noid  cartilages.  S.'s  Circular  Muscle,  in- 
voluntary muscular  fibers  enchding  the  ure- 
thra beneath  the  constrictor  uretl^sc  8.*s 
Concha,  a  small,  supemumcrafj  spongy 
bone  sometimes  found  above  the  superior 
turbinated  bone  of  the  ethmoid.  S.'s  Fia* 
sure,  indsursc  Santorini ;  two  fissures  sepa- 
rating the  cartilaginous  portions  of  the  exter- 
nal auditory  canal  into  three  incomplete  cing^ 
S.'s  Muscle,  the  lisorius.  See  Afiori^, 
Table  of,  S.'s  Plexus,  (I)  the  vesicopros- 
tatic  plexus  of  veins  in  the  male ;  the  venous 
plexus  surrounding  the  front  and  sides  of  the 
urethra  in  the  female;  (2)  an  anastomotic 
network  formed  at  the  foramen  ovale  by  the 
filaments  of  the  two  roots  of  the  inferior 
maxillary  nerve.  S.'s  Veins,  the  emissary 
veins  forming  a  communicatioD  between 
the  cerebral  sinuses  and  the  veins  of  the 
scalp;  es{>ecially,  the  small  veins  passing 
through  the  parietal  foramen  and  connecting 
the  parietal  with  the  superior  longitudinal 
sinus. 

Sappey's  Accessory  Portal  Veins.  A 
system  of  venules  uniting  to  fom  small 
trunks,  which  redivide  in  the  liver  and 
empty  into  the  sublobular  veins.  It  consists 
of  the  minute  nutrient  veins  of  the  portal 
vein,  hepatic  artery,  and  bile-ducts ;  of  ven- 
ules lying  in  the  gastrohepatic  omentum, 
the  suspensory  ligament  of  the  liver,  and 
about  the  fundus  of  the  gall-bladder;  and 
of  the  group  of  small  veins  in  the  umbilical 
region.  Through  the  branches  lying  in  the 
suspensory  ligament  of  the  liver  and  through 
the  panimbilical  group  the  portal  vein  com- 
municates with  the  venae  cavse.  S.'s  Fibers, 
smooth  muscular  fibers  found  in  the  check 
ligaments  of  the  eyeball  close  to  their  orbital 
attachment. 

Sarbo's  Sign.  Analgesia  of  the  peroneal 
nerve,  occasionally  observed  in  tabes  dorsalis. 

Sattler's  Vascular  Layer.  The  layer  of 
blood-vessels  of  the  choroid  lyii^  internally 
to  Mailer's  tunica  vasculosa. 

Sauvineau's  Ophthalmoplegia.  Fiuralysis 
of  the  internal  rectus  muscle  of  one  side  and 
spasm  of  the  external  rectus  of  the  oppo^te 
side.  This  affection  is  the  reverse  of  Pan- 
naud's  ophthalmoplegia. 

Savill's  Disease.  Dermatitis  exfoliativa  epi- 
demica ;  epidemic  eczema. 

Saviotti's  Canals.  Fine  artificial  passages 
fonned  between  the  secreting  cells  of  the 
pancreas  by  the  forcible  injection  of  a  colored 
fluid  into  the  ducts  of  that  oigan. 

Scarpa's  Fascia.  The  deep  layer  of  the 
superficial  fascia  of  the  abdomen.  S.*s  For- 
amina, the  nasopalatine  foramina.  8.*s 
Ganglion,  (i)  intumescentia  gangUfofSua, 
the  vestibular  ganglion;   ^2)  tee  Gasseham 


SCHACHER'S  GANGLION 


SCHMIDTS  INCISIONS 


Ganglion,  S.'s  Habenula.  See  HalUr^s 
Habenula,  S.'s  Hiatus,  (I)  see  Breschefs 
HelUotrema;  (2)  see  IVins/tnt/s  Foramtn, 
8/8  Liquor,  the  endolymph  of  the  lahyrinth. 
S.'s  Membrane,  the  membrane  which 
closes  the  fenestra  rotunda  of  the  tympanic 
cavity.  S.'s  Nerve,  the  nasopalatine  nerve. 
S.'s  Staphyloma,  posterior  staphyloma; 
staphyloma  of  the  posterior  segment  of  the 
sclera.  S.'s  Triangle,  a  triangular  space 
having  for  its  base  Poupart*s  ligament,  and 
for  its  apex  the  point  of  intersection  of  the 
sartorius  and  adductor  longus  muscles. 

Schacher's  Ganglion.  The  ophthalmic 
ganglion. 

Schachowa's  Spiral  Tube.  The  section 
of  a  uriniferous  tubule  that  lies  between  a 
convoluted  and  a  looped  tubule. 

Scbaefer's  Dumb-bells.  The  dumb- bell 
shaped  elements  regarded  by  Schaefer  as 
constituting  the  primitive  fibrils  of  striped 
muscular  tissue.  S.'s  Reflex,  pinching  of 
the  Achilles  tendon  at  its  middle  or  upper 
third  causes  slight  flexion  of  the  foot  and  t<>es 
in  cases  of  organic  hemiplegia,  llie  signifi- 
cance of  this  refiex  is  the  same  as  that  of 
Babinski's  toe  phenomenon. 

Schede's  Method.  Treatment  of  necrosis 
of  bone  by  removal  of  the  dead  bone  and 
filling  the  cavity  with  an  aseptic  clot 

Scheiner's  Experiment.  On  looking  through 
a  diaphragm  having  two  small  perforations  at 
a  disUnce  fix>m  each  other  less  than  the 
diameter  of  the  pupil,  a  candle-flame  placed 
before  the  diaphragm  will  appear  single  if 
the  eye  be  emmetropic,  but  double  if  it  be 
ametropic. 

Scbenk's  Theory.  That  it  is  possible  to 
govern  the  process  of  gestation  so  as  to  deter- 
mine the  sex  of  human  offspring :  *•  When 
no  sugar  is  secreted,  not  even  the  smallest 
-quantity,  then  the  ovum  will  be  developed 
which  is  qualified  to  become  a  male  child.*' 

Coherer's  Test  for  Inosit.  Evaporate  the 
substance  to  dryness  on  a  platinum  foil  with 
nitric  acid,  add  ammonia  and  one  drop  of 
calcium  chlorid  solution,  and  carefully  re- 
evaporate  to  dryness.  In  the  presence  of 
inosit  a  rose-red  residue  is  obtained.  S.'s 
Test  for  Leucin:  carefully  eva|)orate  the 
leucin  to  dryness  on  platinum  foil  with  nitric 
acid.  Add  a  few  drops  of  sodium  hydrate 
and  warm,  and  the  colorlrss  residue  changes 
to  a  color  varying  from  pale  yellow  to  brown, 
according  to  the  purity  of  the  leucin  ;  and 
further  evaporation  agglomerates  it  into  an 
oily  drop,  which  rolls  about  on  the  foil.  S.'s 
Test  for  Tyrosin :  carefully  evajM^rate  the 
substance  to  dryness  on  platinum  foil  with 
nitric  acid.  A  yellow  residue  is  formed  ( nitro- 
tyrosin),  which  becomes  a  deep  reddish  yellow 
color  on  the  application  of  caustic  soda. 


Schiefferdecker's  Intermediate  Disc.  The 

substance  which  is  assumed  to  fill  in  the 
space  existing  at  Ranvier*s  nodes  between 
Schwann's  sheath  and  the  axis-cylinder.  It 
appears  as  a  black  line  on  staining  with  silver 
nitrate  and  forms  the  horizontal  branch  of 
Raovier's  Latin  cross. 

Schiff's  Reaction  for  Cbolesterin.  Evap- 
orate the  subsunce  over  a  small  flame  in  a 
porcelain  dish  with  a  few  drops  of  a  mixture 
consisting  of  I  part  of  a  medium  solution  of 
ferric  chlorid  and  2  or  3  parts  of  concentrated 
hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acid.  In  the  pres- 
ence of  cbolesterin  a  reddish -violet  residue  is 
first  obtained  and  then  a  bluish- violet.  S.'s 
Test  for  Carbohydrates  in  Urine:  dip 
strips  of  paper  in  a  mixture  of  eaual  parts 
of  glacial  acetic  acid  and  xylidin,  with  a  very 
little  alcohol,  and  dry.  Warm  the  urine 
with  sulpiiuric  acid,  and  expose  the  paper  to 
the  fumes.  In  the  presence  of  caroohy- 
drates  the  paper  will  be  stained  red.  S.'s 
Test  for  Urea :  add  to  the  urea  a  drop  of 
a  concentrated  watery  solution  of  fiiHurol, 
and  next  a  drop  of  hydrochloric  acid  of  spe- 
cific gravity  1. 10.  A  play  of  color  is  pro- 
duced, changing  from  yellow,  green,  and 
blue  to  purple.  The  same  reaction  is  given 
by  allantoin,  but  it  is  less  intense.  S.'s  Test 
for  Uric  Acid  :  allow  the  substance  to  dis- 
solve in  sodium  carbonate,  and  on  the  addi- 
tion of  a  solution  of  silver  nitrate  a  reduction 
of  black  silver  oxid  is  obtained.  If  a  piece 
of  filter-paper  previously  treated  with  silver 
nitrate  solution  be  treated  with  a  drop  of  the 
solution  of  the  substance  in  sodium  carbonate, 
a  reduction  of  black  silver  oxid  will  also  be 
formed  on  the  paper. 

Schlange's  Sifn.  In  cases  of  inte^inal  ob- 
struction the  intestine  is  dilated  above  the 
seat  of  obstruction  and  peristaltic  movements 
are  absent  below  that  point. 

Schleich  Infiltration  Anesthesia.  A  local 
anesthesia  produced  by  the  hjrpodennic  injec- 
tion of  cocain,  combined  with  a  weak  salt 
solution  ;  and  by  the  addition  of  a  little  mor- 
phin  the  anesthetic  action  is  prolonged.  (Ons 
and  one-half  grains  of  cocain  hjrdriKhlorate, 
\^  of  a  grain  morphin  hydrochlorate,  3  grains 
common  salt,  dissolved  in  3  ounces  and  3 
drams  of  sterilised  water. )  S.  Method  of 
Producing  General  Anesthesia:  the  ad 
ministration  of  small  doses  of  chloroform, 
petroleum  ether,  and  sulphuric  ether. 

Schlemm's  Canal.  Scleral  sinus ;  a  circular 
venous  canal  at  the  junction  of  the  sclerotic 
with  the  cornea.  S.'s  Lifament.  the  gleo- 
oideobrachtal  ligament. 

Schlesin^er's  Type  of  Sjrrinfomyelim. 
The  dorsolumbar  type. 

Schmidt's  Incisions.  See  Lamtenmmmtfi 
Incisions, 


SCHMIEDEL'S  GANGLION 


SEMON'S  LAW 


Schfxiieders  Ganglion.  The  inferior  carotid 
ganglion. 

Schneiderian  Membrane.  The  pituiury 
membrane  of  the  nose. 

Schoenbein's  Reaction  for  Copper.  On 
the  addition  of  potassium  cyanid  and  tincture 
of  guaiac  to  a  solution  of  a  copper  salt  a  blue 
coloration  is  produced. 

Scboenlein's  Disease.  Purpura  rheumatica ; 
peliosisrheumatica.  S.'s  Triad,  purpuric 
exanthem,  rheumatic  phenomena,  and  gas- 
trointestinal disorders  in  purpura  rheumatica. 

Schott  Method.  A  system  of  gymnastic 
movements,  accompanied  by  baths  containing 
Nauheim  salts,  for  the  treatment  of  heart-dis- 
ease, anemia,  and  chronic  rheumatism. 

Schreger's  Lines.  Curved  lines  in  the  en- 
amel of  the  teeth,  parallel  to  the  surface ; 
they  are  due  to  the  optic  effect  produced  by 
the  simultaneous  curvatures  of  the  dentinal 
fibers. 

Schreiber's  Manoeuver.  Frict|on  of  the  skin 
of  the  thigh  and  leg  to  reinforce  the  patellar 
and  Achilles  tendon  reflexes. 

Schroeder  van  der  Kolk's  Law.  See  Kolli^s 
Law, 

Schroeder's  Contraction  Ring.  See  BandPs 
Ring,  S.'s  Test  for  Urea :  add  to  the  urea 
crystal  a  solution  of  bromin  in  chloroform. 
The  urea  will  decompose,  with  the  formation 
of  gas. 

Schuele's  Sign.  Vertical  folds  between  the 
eyebrows,  forming  the  Greek  letter  omega 
(omega  melancholicum),  frequently  seen  in 
subjects  of  melancholia. 

Scbueller's  Ducts.  The  ducU  of  Skene's 
glands. 

Schultze's  Cells.  The  olfactory  cells.  S.'s 
Comma-shaped  Tract,  a  small  tract  of  de- 
scending fibers  in  the  posteroexternal  colimin 
of  the  spinal  cord  near  the  gray  commissure. 
S.'s  Fold,  a  fold  formed  by  the  amnion  near 
the  insertion  of  the  umbilical  cord  when  the 
cephalic  end  of  the  fetus  encroaches  upon  the 
latter.  S.'s  Granules,  finely  granular  masses 
in  the  blood  formed  by  the  breaking-up  of  the 
blood-plaques.  S.'s  Position  of  the  Pla- 
centa, the  position  assumed  by  the  placenta 
when  its  central  portion  bulges  downward 
and  is  expelled  in  advance  of  the  periphery. 
S.'s  Reagent  for  Cellulose,  iodin  dissolved 
to  saturation  in  a  zinc  chlorid  solution  of  spe- 
cific gravity  1.8,  and  the  addition  of  six 
parts  of  potassium  iodid.  This  reagent  turns 
cellulose  blue.  S.'s  Test  for  Cholesterin : 
evaporate  to  dryness  with  nitric  acid,  using  a 
porcelain  dish  on  the  water-bath.  In  the 
presence  of  cholesterin  a  yellow  residue  is  ob- 
tained, which  changes  to  yellowish-red  on  the 
addition  of  anmionia.  S.'s  Test  for  Pro- 
teids :  to  a  solution  of  the  proteid  add  a  few 
drops  of  a  dilute  cane-sugar  solution  and  then 


concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  On  wanning 
and  keeping  the  temperature  at  60^  C,  a 
bluish-red  color  is  produced. 

Schultze-Chvostek's  Sign.  See  Ckvcitti^* 
Sign, 

Schwabacb's  Test.  The  duration  of  the 
perception  of  a  vibrating  tuning-foi^  placed 
upon  the  cranium  is  prolonged  beyond  tl»e 
normal  in  cases  of  middle-ear  disea:»e,  bitf 
shortened  when  the  deafness  is  due  to  a  cen- 
tral cause. 

Schwalbe's  Convolution.  The  first  occipi- 
tal convolution.  S.'s  Fissure,  one  between 
the  lower  portion  of  the  temporosphenoid  and 
the  occipital  lobes.  S.'s  Sheath,  the  deli- 
cate sheath  which  covers  elastic  fibers.  S.'s 
Space,  the  subvaginal  space  of  the  optic 
nerve. 

Schwann's  Primitive  Bundle.  A  ronscular 
fiber.  S.'s  Sheath,  the  neurilemma.  S.'s 
White  SubsUnce,  the  medullar)*  sheath  of 
a  nerve -fiber;  the  myelin. 

Schwarx's  Reaction  for  Sulphonal.  Upon 
heating  sulphonal  with  diarcoal  the  odor  of 
mercapton  is  evolved. 

Schweitzer's  Reagent  for  Cellulose.  Sul- 
phate of  copper,  10  parts ;  water,  100  parts. 
Add  potassium  hydrate  5  parts,  in  water  50 
parts.  Wash  the  precipiuie,  and  dissolve  in 
20  per  cent  ammonia  solution.  This  reagent 
dissolves  cellulose. 

Scultetus*  Bandage.  A  bandage  used  in 
compound  fi^ctures,  so  arranged  that  the 
short  pieces  of  which  it  is  composed  may  be 
removed  without  motion  of  the  limb. 

Seebeck-Holmgren's  Test.  See //o/mgren* s 
Test, 

Seeligmueller's  Sign.  Mydriasis  on  the 
affected  side  in  cases  of  neuralgia. 

Seessel's  Pocket.  A  slight  depression  in  the 
epithelial  lining  of  the  pharyngeal  membimne 
of  the  embryo,  behind  Rathke's  hypophyseal 
pouch. 

S6glas'  T)rpc  of  Paranoia.  Psychomotor 
type  of  paranoia. 

Seguin's  Signal  Symptom.  The  inttiaJ 
convulsion  of  an  attack  of  Jacksonian  epilepsy, 
which  indicates  the  seat  of  the  cortical 
lesion. 

Seidel's  Reaction  for  Inosit.  Evaporate  tc 
dryness  a  little  of  the  substance  in  a  platinum 
crucible  with  nitric  acid  of  specific  gravity 
1.I-I.2,  and  treat  the  residue  with  ammoota 
and  a  few  drops  of  a  solution  of  strontium 
acetate.  If  inosit  be  present,  a  green  color 
and  a  violet  predpitate  are  obtained. 

Seller's  Cartilage.  A  small  cartilaginous  rod 
attached  to  the  vocal  process  of  the  arytenoid 
cartilage.  It  is  more  highly  developed  in  the 
female  than  in  the  male. 

Semon's  Law.  In  progressive  organic  lesions 
of  the  motor  laryngeal  nerves  the  criooajTtc- 


SEMON-ROSENBACITS  LAW 


SMITH'S  DISLOCATION 


noidei  posdci — the  abductors  of  the  vocal 
cords — are  the  first,  and  sometimes  the  only, 
muscles  affected.  S.'s  Symptom,  impaired 
mobility  of  the  vocal  cord  in  carcinoma  of  the 
larynx. 

Semon-Rosenbach's  Law.  See  Semon*s 
Law. 

Semi's  Bone-plates.  Plates  of  decalci6ed 
bone  used  in  intestinal  anastomosis. 

Seires'  Glands.  Pearl-like  masses  frequently 
seen  in  the  infant  near  the  gum  and  resulting 
from  the  fragmentation  of  me  dental  epithe- 
lium. They  may  give  rise  to  cysts  or  other 
abnormal  growths. 

Sertoli's  Cells  or  Columns.  The  support- 
ing cells  of  the  seminiferous  tubules,  arranged 
radially  on  the  membrana  propria,  and  form- 
ing long  colunms  between  the  spermato- 
blasts. 

Setschenow's  Center.  A  hypothetic  reflex- 
inhibitory  center  in  the  brain ;  in  the  ixog  it 
is  located  in  the  optic  lobes. 

Sharpey's  Intercrossing  Fibers.  The  col- 
lagenous fibers  forming  the  lamellas  which 
constitute  the  walls  of  the  Haversian  canals 
in  bone;  same  as  osteogenic  fibers.  S.'s 
Perforating  Fibers,  calcified  white  or  elas- 
tic fibers  which  connect  the  lamellas  in  the 
walls  of  the  Haversian  canals. 

Shepherd's  Fracture.  A  fracture  of  the 
outer  portion  of  the  astragalus. 

Sherrington's  Law.  The  peripheral  branches 
of  the  spinal  nerve-roots — anterior  and  pos- 
terior— form  anastomoses  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  supply  any  given  region  of  the  integument 
with  the  branches  of  three  roots — a  middle 
one  and  the  ones  next  above  and  below. 

Shrapnell's  Membrane.  Membrana  flacdda ; 
the  triangular  portion  of  the  membrana  tym- 
pani  that  fills  out  the  Rivinian  notch. 

Sibson's  Aortic  Vestibule.  The  chamber 
formed  by  the  left  ventricle  just  below  the 
aortic  orifice  for  the  reception  of  the  semilunar 
valves  durinff  diastole.  S.'s  Groove,  a  fur- 
row formed  m  some  individuals  by  a  promi- 
nence of  the  lower  border  of  the  pectoralis 
n^jor.  S.'s  Notch,  the  inward  curve  of  the 
upper  left  border  ojf  precordial  dulness  in 
acute  pericardial  eflfiision. 

Siemerling's  Nucleus.  The  anteroventral 
nucleus  of  the  anterior  group  of  oculomotor 
nuclei  in  the  gray  matter  below  the  Sylvian 
aqueduct 

Sieur's  Sign.  *'Signe  du  sou.*'  A  clear, 
metallic  sound  sometimes  heard  in  cases  of 
pleural  effusion  on  percussing  the  chest  in 
cront  with  two  coins  and  auscultating  behind. 

Sigaultian  Operation.     Symphysiotomy. 

Silex's  Sign.  Radial  furrows  about  the 
mouth,  and  coincidently  in  other  parts  of  the 
face ;  a  pathognomonic  sign  of  congenital 
syplkilis. 


Silver  Test  for  Glucose  in  Urine.  Add 
anmionia  in  excess  to  a  strong  solution  of 
silver  nitrate ;  add  the  urine,  and  boil.  In 
the  presence  of  glucose  a  metallic  silver  mir- 
ror IS  deposited  at  the  bottom  of  the  tube. 
Aldehyd  and  tartaric  add  give  the  same  re- 
action. 

Simon's  Posture.  The  dorsal  posture  with 
the  legs  and  thighs  flexed,  the  hips  elevated, 
and  the  thighs  abducted.  S.'s  Symptom, 
immobility  or  retraction  of  the  umbilicus  dur- 
ing inspiration,  sometimes  seen  in  tubercu- 
lous meningitis.  S.'s  Triangles,  two 
roughly  triangular  areas  covering,  (i)  the 
lower  portion  of  the  abdomen,  the  inner  sur- 
face of  the  thigh  to  a  point  ten  to  twelve  cen- 
timeters below  the  pubes,  and  the  inguinal 
region  as  far  outward  as  the  trochanter 
(abdominocrural  or  femoral  triangle) ;  and  ( 2) 
the  axillary  and  pectoral  regions  and  the 
inner  surface  of  the  arm  (brachial  triangle). 
They  are  frcquendy  the  seat  of  petechial  or 
petechioerythematous  rashes  dunng  the  first 
three  days  of  small- pox. 

Simonart's  Bands  or  Threads.  Amniotic 
bands  formed  by  drawn-out  adhesions  be- 
tween the  fetus  and  the  amnion  where  the 
cavity  has  become  distended  through  the  acte- 
mulatioo  of  fluid. 

Sims'  Depressor.    An  instrument  for  de- 

?ressing  the  anterior  vaginal  wall.  S.'s 
^osture,  the  scmiprone  position  for  vaginal 
operations.  S.'s  Speculum,  the  duck-bill 
vaginal  speculum  for  the  perineum. 

Sjoeqvist's  Test  for  the  Quantitative 
Estimation  of  Free  HCl  in  Gastric  Juice. 
It  depends  upon  the  action  of  carbonate  of 
barium  on  the  add  of  the  secretion,  the  hydro- 
chloric add  being  estimated  as  chlorid  of 
barium  by  means  of  titradoa  with  a  lolutioo 
of  bichromate  of  potassium. 

Skatol.     See  CtaminoM  and  Magnamim. 

Skeer's  Sign.  A  yellowish-brown  ring  near 
the  pupillary  maivin  of  the  iris,  observed  in 
the  early  stage  ol  some  cases  of  tuberculous 
meningitis. 

Skene's  Glands.  Two  complex  tubulat 
glands  in  the  mucosa  of  the  female  urethra 
opening  by  small  ducts  just  within  the  meatus 
urinarius. 

Skoda's  Consonating  Rales.  Bronchial 
rales  heard  through  the  consolidated  pulox>- 
nary  tissue  in  pneumonia.  S.'s  Resonance, 
a  high-pitched,  semitympanitic  note  heard 
occasionally  over  the  engorged  lobe  in  pneu- 
nx>nia  and  above  the  level  of  the  effusion  in 
acute  pleurisy.  S.'s  Tympany.  See  S,*s 
Resonante, 

Smith's  Dislocation  of  the  Foot.  Dislo- 
cation upward  and  backward  of  all  the  meta- 
tarsal bones,  together  with  the  internal  cunei- 
form.     S.'s   rracture,  tiansveise  fractme 


SNELUS  LAWS 


STENSON'S  DUCT 


about  five  centimeters  above  the  lower  ex- 
tremity of  the  radius.  S.'s  Reaction  for 
Bile  Pigments  :  pour  tincture  of  iodin  care- 
fully over  the  liquid  to  be  tested.  A  green 
ring  appears  between  the  two  liquids. 

Sn^l's  Laws.  The  two  laws  which  govern 
single  refraction :  (i)  The  sine  of  the  incident 
angle  bears  a  fixed  ratio  to  the  sine  of  the  an- 
gle of  refraction  for  the  same  two  media,  the 
ratio  varying  with  different  media.  (2)  The 
incident  and  the  refracted  ray  are  in  the  same 
plane,  which  is  perpendicular  to  the  surface 
separating  the  two  media. 

Soemmerring's  Bone.  The  marginal  pro- 
cess of  the  malar  bone.  S.'s  Crystalline 
Swelling,  an  annular  swelling  formed  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  capsule,  l^hind  the  iris, 
after  extraction  of  the  crystalline  lens.  S.'s 
Foramen.  See  Soemmerring's  Yellcw  Spot. 
S.'s  Ganglion  or  Gray  Substance,  the 
substantia  nigra  (locus  niger)  of  the  cerebral 
peduncles.  S.'s  Ligament,  the  suspensory 
ligament  of  the  lacrimal  gland.  S.'s  Nerve, 
the  long  pudendal  nerve.  S.'s  Yellow 
Spot,  the  macula  lutea  of  the  retina. 

Solayrte'  Obliquity.  Lateral  obliquity.  De- 
scent of  the  child's  head  by  its  occipitomen- 
tal diameter  into  the  oblique  diameter  of  the 
pelvis. 

Soldani's  Solution  for  Glucose.  Fifteen 
grams  of  copper  carbonate  dissolved  in  1400 
c.c.  of  water,  to  which  are  added  416  grams 
of  potassium  bicarbonate.  A  reduction  of 
copper  suboxid  is  obtained  by  heating  the 
foregoing  solution  with  a  glucose  solution. 

SoUy^s  Arciform  Btuid.  See  Rolando^  i 
Arciform  Fibers. 

Soret's  Band.  An  absorption  band  in  the 
extreme  violet  end  of  the  spectrum  of  blood  ; 
it  is  characteristic  of  hemoglobin. 

Spence's  Test.  A  tumor  of  the  mammary 
gland  can  be  distinguished  from  an  inflamma- 
tory enlargement  by  the  absence,  in  the  latter 
case,  of  any  tumefaction,  there  being  only 
the  lumpy  and  wormy  sensation  of  the  swollen 
acini  and  ducts. 

Spencer's  Area.  A  cortical  area  in  the  fron- 
tal lobe  just  outside  of  the  olfactory  tract  and 
anterior  to  the  point  where  it  joins  the  tempo- 
rosphenoid  lobe,  as  indicated  by  the  crossing 
of  the  Sylvian  artery.  Faradic  stimulation  of 
this  area  influences  the  respiratory  move- 
ments, causing  stoppage  of  the  respiration 
when  sufficiently  intense. 

Spiegelberg's  Sign.  A  sensation  like  that 
of  passing  over  wet  india-rubber,  imparted  to 
the  finger  which  presses  on,  and  moves  along, 
the  affected  part ;  it  is  noted  in  cancer  of  the 
cervix  uteri. 

Spiegler's  Test  for  Albumin.  Acidulate 
the  solution  by  the  addition  of  acetic  acid  to 
remove   the  mucin;    filter,  and  overlay  the 


filtrate  with  a  solution  prepared  by  dissolving 
8  grams  of  mercuric  chlorid  and  4  grams  of 
tartaric  acid  in  200  c.c.  of  water,  and  adding 
20  grams  of  glycerin  to  it.  In  the  presence 
of  albumin  a  white  ring  will  form  oetween 
the  two  liquids. 

Spigelius'  Line.  The  semilunar  line  mark- 
ing the  insertion  of  the  muscular  fibers  of  the 
transversalis  abdominis  into  its  tendon.  S.'s 
Lobe,  a  small  triangular  lobe  on  the  under 
surface  of  the  right  lobe  of  the  liver. 

Spitxka's  Bundle.  A  tract  of  nerve-fibets 
which  passes  from  the  cerebral  cortex  through 
the  pyramidal  region  of  the  pes  pedunculi  to 
the  oculomotor  nuclei  of  the  opposite  side. 
S.'s  Nucleus,  the  central  nucleus  of  the 
oculomotor  group  in  the  gray  matter  below 
the  Sylvian  aqueduct. 

Spitzka-Lissauer's  Tract.  See  Lissaufr's 
Tract. 

Spix's  Spine.  The  bony  spine  at  the  inner 
border  of  the  inferior  dental  foramen  giTing 
attachment  to  the  sphenomaxillary  ligament. 

Spoendel's  Foramen.  A  small  opening  in 
the  cartilaginous  base  of  the  skull  between 
the  ethmoid  and  the  lesser  wings  of  the  sphe- 
noid and  the  anterior  ethmoid. 

Sprengel's  Deformity.  Congenital  apward 
displacement  of  one  of  the  scapulas. 

Staderini's  Nucleus.  The  nucleus  int«>- 
calatus,  an  aggregation  of  ganglion  cells  situ- 
ated between  the  dorsal  nucleus  of  the  poeo- 
mogastric  and  the  nucleus  of  the  hypoglossal 
nerve. 

Stahl's  Ear.  A  congenital  deformity  oC  ibe 
ear  which  consists  in  a  broadening  of  the 
helix,  the  fossa  ovalis  and  upper  part  of  the 
scaphoid  fossa  being  covered. 

Stannius'  Experiments,  i.  Sepantioo  by 
a  ligature  of  the  sinus  venosus  from  the  re- 
mainder of  the  frog's  heart  causes  the  latter 
to  remain  distended  in  diastole,  while  the 
former  continues  its  rhythmic  pulsations. 
Mechanical  excitation  of  the  auricle  or  res- 
tricle  produces  a  single  contraction,  which  b 
repeated  only  when  a  new  stimulus  is  applied. 
2.  If  a  ligature  be  placed  around  the  groove 
dividing  the  auricles  from  the  ventricle,  there 
occurs  a  rhythmic  contraction  of  the  ventricle. 
while  the  auricles  remain  quiescent. 

Stell wag's  Sign.  Absence  or  diminution  u) 
frequency  of  the  winking  movements  of  ihi 
eyelids  and  abnoraial  width  of  the  palpchra! 
aperture ;  it  is  seen  in  exophthalmic  gojier. 

Stenson's  (Steno's)  Duct.  The  duct  of  ihe 
parotid  gland.  S.'s  Experiment,  temporal? 
ligation  of  the  aorta  of  the  rabUt  imme- 
diately below  the  point  at  which  the  renal  ar- 
teries are  given  oflf,  for  the  purpose  of  eotOBg 
off  the  blood  supply  of  the  lower  portioQ  cf 
the  spinal  cord.  S.'s  Foramina,  the  nci- 
sive  foramina  whidi  transmit  the 


STILLER»S  SIGN 


SYLVUN  ANGLE 


palatine  vessels.     8.*«  Veins,  the  venae  vor- 
ticosae  of  the  choroid. 

Btiller's  Sign.  Marked  mobility  or  fluctua- 
tion of  the  tenth  rib  in  neurasthenia  and  en- 
teroptosis. 

Stilling's  Bundle.  See  Krausis  Respira- 
tory  Tract.  S.'s  Canal,  (i)  the  central  canal 
of  the  spinal  cord ;  (2)  see  Cloquet^s  Canal, 
S.'s  Cells  or  Columns,  groups  of  multipolar 
cells  near  the  gray  commissure  in  the  poste- 
rior comua  of  the  cervical  and  lumbar  spinal 
cord.  They  correspond  to  Clarke's  vesicular 
column.  S.'s  Fibers,  the  association  fibers 
of  the  cerebellum.  S.'s  Fleece,  the  mesh- 
work  of  fibers  formed  around  the  dentate 
nucleus  of  the  cerebellum.  S.'s  Gelatinous 
Substance,  the  gelatinous  substance  sur- 
rounding the  central  canal  of  the  spinal  cord. 
S.'s  Nucleus,  (I)  the  nucleus  ruber  of  the 
subthalamic  region;  (2)  the  nucleus  of  the 
hypoglossal  nerve  in  the  fourth  ventricle. 
S.  s  Raphe,  a  narrow  band  connecting  the 
pyramids  of  the  oblongata.  S.'s  Sacral 
Nucleus,  an  island  of  ganglion  cells  in  the 
region  of  the  spinal  cord. 

SHlling-Clarke's  Cells.  See  aark^s  Ves- 
icuiar  Column. 

Stoerk's  Blennorrhea.  Profuse  chronic  sup- 
puration and  consequent  hypertrophy  of  the 
mucosa  of  the  nose,  pharynx,  and  larynx. 

Stokes'  Disease.  See  Basedoufs  Disease, 
S.'s  Law,  inflammation  of  serous  or  mucous 
membranes  leads  to  paralysis  of  subjacent 
muscles.  S.'s  Pulse.  See  Corrigan^s  Pulse. 
S.'s  Reagent  for  Reducing  Oxyhemo- 
l^lobin :  add  some  citric  or  tartaric  acid  to  a 
solution  of  ferrous  sulphate  and  ammonia 
enough  to  make  it  alkaline.  S.'s  Sign,  (I)  a 
Tiolent  abdominal  throbbing  felt  on  palpation 
to  the  right  of  the  umbilicus  in  acute  enteri- 
tis; (2)  marked  feebleness  of  the  first  heart- 
sound,  when  occurring  during  fevers,  calls 
for  alcoholic  stimulation.  S.'s  Syndrome. 
See  Adams- Siokes*  Disease, 

dtokes-Adams'  Disease.  See  Adams' 
Slaked  Disease, 

Stokvis'  Test  for  Bile  Pigments.  To  20- 
30  c.c.  of  urine  add  5-10  c.c.  of  a  zinc  ace- 
tate solution  (I  :  5).  Wash  the  precipitate  on 
a  small  filter  with  water,  and  dissolve  in  a 
little  ammonia.  When  filtered,  the  filtrate 
will  give,  after  standing  in  the  air,  a  brown- 
ish green  color,  and  show  the  absorption 
bands  of  bilicyanin,  one  between  C  and  D, 
the  second  at  D,  and  the  third  between  D  and 
E. 

Stoll's  Pneumonia.  '*  Bilious  pneumonia"  ; 
a  rariety  of  pneumonia  with  gastrohepatic 
symptoms. 

Strasborger's   Cell-plate.    The   equatorial 
plate  in  which  division  of  the  nucleus  occurs 
during  karyokinesis. 
53 


Strmssburg's  Test  lor  Bile  Acids.  Dip  fil- 
ter-paper into  urine  to  which  cane-sugar  has 
been  added  ;  dry  it,  and  spply  a  drop  of  sul- 
phuric acid.  In  the  presence  of  bile  adds  a 
red  coloration  will  be  shown  on  the  psper. 
For  this  test  the  liquid  must  be  free  nom 
albumin. 

Straus'  Sign.  In  fiuual  paralysis  from  a 
central  cause  the  hypodermic  injecdon  of  pil- 
ocarpin  causes  no  appreciable  difference  in  the 
perspiration  of  the  two  sides,  either  as  to  time 
or  quantity,  whereas  there  is  a  marked  retar- 
dation of  the  secretion  on  the  affected  side  in 
severe  peripheral  paralysis. 

Strauss'  Reaction.  The  injection  of  mute- 
rial  containing  the  bacillus  of  glanders  into 
the  abdominal  cavity  of  a  male  ffuinea-pig  is 
followed  in  a  few  days  by  a  characteristic, 

rnerally  purulent,  inflammation  of  the  testes, 
's  Sign,  the  administration  of  fatt^  food 
by  the  mouth  causes  an  increase  in  the 
amount  of  fatty  constituents  in  the  efiusion  of 

-  chylous  ascites. 

Stromeyer't  Cephalhematocele.  Subperi- 
osteal cephalhematoma  communicating  with 
veins  and  becoming  tensely  filled  during 
strong  expiratory  efforts.  S.'s  Splint,  one 
used  to  prevent  stiffness  of  the  loints  in  case 
of  fracture.  It  consists  of  two  hinged  parts, 
which  can  be  fixed  at  any  angle. 

Stmempell's  Disease,  i.  Polioencephalitis. 
2.  Chronic  ankylosing  infWunmatioQ  of  the 
vertebral  column.  S.'s  Type  of  Spastic 
Paralysis,  the  hereditary,  familial  form  of 
^Mstic  spinal  paralysis. 

Struempell-Leicbtenstcni's  Disease. 
Acute  encephalitis  of  infiuicy. 

StruTe's  Test  for  Blood  in  Urine.  To  the 
urine,  previously  treated  with  ammonia  or 
caustic  potash,  add  tannin  and  acetic  acid 
until  the  mixture  has  an  acid  reaction.  In 
the  presence  of  blood  a  dark  precipitate  is 
formed.  When  this  is  filtered  and  dried,  the 
hemin  crystals  may  be  obtained  fixxn  the  dry 
residue  by  adding  chlorid  of  amnKwiia  and 
glacial  acetic  acid.     See  TeieAmamm, 

Sturm's  Focal  IntervaL  The  interval  be- 
tween the  principal  focal  lines  of  a  cylindric 
lens. 

Sulpbonal.    See  Sckwart, 

Susanne's  Oland.  A  mucoos  gland  found 
in  the  floor  of  the  mouth  close  to  the  median 
line. 

Swediaur's  Disease.    See  Allen's  Disease. 

Sydenham's  Chorea.  Choiea  minor ;  infec- 
tious chorea.  S.'s  Cough,  spasms  of  the 
respiratory  muscles  in  hysteria. 

Sylvian  Angle.  The  angle  formed  by  the 
posterior  limb  of  the  Sylvian  ftssore  with  a 
line  perpendicular  to  the  superior  bocder  of 
the  hemisphere.  S.  Aqueduct,  a  narrow 
canal  passing  between  the  coqxxa  qpadri- 


SYME'S  AMPUTATION 


THOMPSON'S  LINE 


gemina  and  extending  from  the  posterior  part 
of  the  third  ventricle  to  the  upper  angle  of 
the  fourth  ventricle.  8.  Artery,  the  middle 
cerebral  artery.  S.  Fissure,  the  most  con- 
spicuous fissure  of  the  brain,  beginning  at  the 
base  and  passing  backward  on  the  outer  sur- 
face of  the  hemisphere.  S.  Fossa  or  Val- 
ley, the  depression  which  appears  on  the 
surface  of  the  brain  about  the  end  of  the 
second  month  of  fetal  life  and  afterward  be- 
comes the  Sylvian  fissure.  S.  Vein,  one  of 
the  veins  of  the  convexity  of  the  brain,  which 
courses  at  first  along  the  fissure  of  Sylvius  and 
then  ascends  across  the  hemisphere.  8.  Ven- 
tricle.    See  Duncan^  s  Ventricle, 

8yme'8  Amputation  or  Operation.  Am- 
putation at  the  ankle-joint 

Szabo's  Test  for  Hydrochloric  Acid  in 
Contents  of  Stomach.  Mix  together  equal 
parts  of  yi  per  cent,  solutions  of  ammonium 
sulphocyanid  and  sodic- ferric  tartrate.  This 
makes  a  pale  yellow  liquid,  which  changes  to 
brownish -red  on  the  addition  of  a  solution 
containing  HCl. 


TAOLIACOTIAN  OPERATION.   The 

formation  of  a  nose  by  taking  a  flap  from  ad- 
jacent parts. 

Taillefer's  Valve.  A  valvular  fold  of  mu- 
cous membrane  about  the  middle  of  the  nasal 
duct 

Tait's  Law.  In  every  disease  of  the  abdo- 
men or  pelvis  in  which  the  health  is  destroyed 
or  the  life  threatened,  and  in  which  the  con- 
dition is  evidently  not  due  to  malignant  dis- 
ease, an  exploration  of  the  cavity  by  celiotomy 
should  be  made.  T.*8  Method,  perineor- 
rhaphy. 

Talbot's  Law.  When  the  visual  stimuli 
proceeding  from  a  revolving  disc  are  com- 
pletely fused,  and  the  sensation  is  uniform,  the 
intensity  is  the  same  as  that  which  would 
occur  if  the  same  amount  of  light  were  spread 
uniformly  over  the  disc. 

Talbot- Plateau's  Law.  See  Talbot's  Law, 

Tallerman  Treatment.  The  local  applica- 
tion of  superheated  dry  air,  the  affected  part 
being  introduced  into  a  cylinder. 

Talma's  Disease.     Myotonia  acquisita. 

Tanret's  Reagent  for  Albumin.  Potassium 
iodid,  3.32  grams;  mercuric  chlorid,  1.35 
grams  ;  acetic  acid,  20  c.c,  diluted  with  dis- 
tilled water  to  60  c.c.  This  reagent,  added 
to  an  albumin  solution,  gives  a  white  precipi- 
tate. 

Tardieu's  Ecchymoses.  See  Bayard's 
Ecchyvioses, 

Tarinus'  Fascia.  The  fascia  dentata  Tarini ; 
the  gyrus  dentaius.  T.'s  Foramen.  See 
Fallopian  Hiatus.  T.'s  Fossa  or  Pons, 
the  posterior  perforated  space  which   forms 


part  of  the  floor  of  the  third  ventricle.  T.'s 
Tenia,  taenia  semicircularis ;  a  white  band 
lying  below  the  vena  corporis  striati,  and  ex- 
tending from  near  the  anterior  extremity  of 
the  thalamus,  along  the  inner  border  of  the 
inferior  comu  of  the  lateral  ventricle,  into  the 
gray  substance  of  the  hippocampus  major. 
T.'s  Valve,  the  posterior  medulfanr  velum. 

Tamier's  Sign.  Eflacement  of  the  angle 
between  the  upper  and  lower  segments  of  me 
uterus ;  it  is  an  indication  of  inevitable  abor- 
tion. 

Taurin.    Sec  Lang, 

Tay's  Choroiditis.  Choroiditis  gututa 
senilis.  Choroidal  degeneration  chiuiurter- 
ized  by  irregular  yellowish  spots  visible 
around  the  macula  lutea,  and  thought  to  be 
due  to  an  atheromatous  condition  of  the 
arteries. 

Teevan's  Law.  Fiacture  of  a  bone  occurs 
in  the  line  of  extension,  not  in  that  of  com- 
pression. 

Teichmann's  Crystals.  Hemin  crystals. 
T.'s  Test  for  Hemin :  to  the  dry  residue 
placed  on  a  slide  a  small  crystal  of  sodium 
chlorid  is  added  and  a  cover-glass  laid  over 
it  A  few  drops  of  glacial  acetic  add  are 
allowed  to  flow  in  under  the  cover-glass,  and 
the  whole  is  heated  gently  so  as  not  to  boil 
the  liquid.  On  cooling,  rhombic  crystals  of 
hemin  (Teichmann's  crystals)  will  be  found. 
If  no  crystals  appear  after  the  first  warming, 
warm  again;  and,  if  necessary,  add  more 
acetic  acid. 

Tennesson's  Acne.  A  disseminate  variety 
of  acne  cornea. 

Tenon's  Capsule.  The  orbitoocular  fascia. 
T.'s  Space,  the  lymph-space  existing  be- 
tween the  sclerotic  and  Tenon's  capsule. 

Thane's  Method.  To  find  the  fissure  of 
Rolando  in  operations  upon  the  brain,  the 
middle  point  of  a  line  passing  from  the  root 
of  the  nose  to  the  occipital  protuberance  is 
determined.  The  upper  extremity  of  the 
fissure  lies  half  an  incn  behind  this  point 

Thebesius'  Foramina.  The  orifices  of  the 
Thebesian  veins.  T.'s  Valve,  an  endocar- 
dial fold  at  the  orifice  of  the  coronary  vein  in 
the  right  auricle.  T.'s  Veins,  vense  mini- 
mae  cordis.  The  venules  which  convey  the 
blood  direcdy  from  the  myocardium  into  the 
left  auricle. 

Thiersch's  Solution.  A  valuable  antiseptic 
wash  for  the  nose,  throat,  or  stomach,  con- 
sisting of  salicylic  acid  2  parts,  boric  add  12 
parts,  water  looo  parts. 

'Thiry's  Fistula.  An  artificial  fistula  between 
the  body  siuface  and  an  intestinal  loop  for  the 
purpose  of  sustaining  the  intestinal  juice. 

Thompson's  Line.  A  red  line  along  the 
border  of  the  gums,  frequently  seen  in  pul- 
monary tuberculosis.     T.'s  Test,  the  o^iec* 


THOMSEN'S  DISEASE 


TROMMER'S  TEST  FOR  GLUCOSE 


tion  of  ^e  morning  urine  in  two  glasses  to 
determine  whether  the  gonorrheal  process  b 
localized  in  the  anterior  portion  of  the  ure- 
thra, or  whether  it  has  extended  into  the  pos- 
terior portion. 

Thomsen's  Disease.    Myotonia  congeniu. 

Thonnaehlen's  Test  for  Melanin  in  Urine. 
To  the  urine  to  be  tested  add  sodium,  nitro- 
prussid,  caustic  potash,  and  acetic  acid,  and 
in  the  presence  of  melanin  a  deep-blue  color- 
ation will  be  produced. 

Thornton's  Sign.  Violent  pain  in  the  flanks 
in  nephrolithiasis. 

Thornwaldt*8   Disease.      Bursitis  pharyn- 

fealis;  a  chronic  inflammatory  condition  of 
.uschka*s  bursa. 

Tiedemann's  Olands.  See  BartholMs 
Glamis,  T.'s  Nerve,  a  plexus  of  delicate 
nenre-Bbers  derived  from  the  ciliary  nerves, 
and  surrounding  the  central  artery  of  the 
retina. 

Tillauz-Phocas'  Disease.  See  Pkocai 
Disfost, 

Todd's  Ascending  Process.  See  Scarpa? $ 
Fascia.  T.'s  Cirrhosis,  hjrpertrophic  cir- 
rhosis of  the  liver. 

Tollen*s  Reagent  for  Glucose.  An  ammo- 
niacal  silver  solution  obtained  by  precipitat- 
ing silver  nitrate  solution  with  caustic  potash 
and  adding  just  enough  ammonia  to  dissolve 
the  precipitate  yielded.  This  solution  is  re- 
duced by  glucose. 

Tomes'  Fibers.  Protoplasmic  filaments 
found  in  the  canaliculi  of  the  dentin ;  they 
are  derived  from  the  odontoblasts  of  the  den- 
tal bulb. 

Tooth's  Type  of  Progressive  Muscular 
Atrophy.     See  Charcot- Marias  Type. 

Tourette's  (OiUes  de  la)  Disease.  See 
GilUs  de  la  Tourette, 

Toynbee's  Corpuscles.  The  corneal  cor- 
puscles. T.'s  Experiment,  rarefaction  of 
the  air  contained  in  the  tympanic  cavity  by 
swallowing  while  the  mouth  and  nose  are 
dosed.  T.'s  Law.  See  G till- Toynbee's 
Law,  T.'s  Ligament,  tensor  ligament; 
the  fibrous  sheath  of  the  tendon  of  the  tensor 
tympani. 

Trapp's  Formula.  The  product  obtained 
by  doubling  the  last  two  figures  of  the  spe- 
cific gravity  of  the  urine  roughly  indicates  the 
number  of  grams  of  solids  per  looo  cc  of 
urine. 

Traube's  Corpuscles.  Phantom  corpuscles. 
Normal  red  blood-corpuscles  appearing  as 
pale  yellowish  rings.  T.'s  Curves,  large 
rhythmic  undulations  seen  in  a  sphygmo- 
graphic  tracing  soon  after  respiration  has 
ceased ;  they  are  attributed  to  stimulation  of 
the  vasomotor  center  in  the  oblongata.  T.'s 
Dyspnea,  dyspnea  with  slow  respiratory 
movements,  marked  expansion  of  the  thorax 


during  inspiration,  and  collapse  during  expira- 
tion ;  it  is  noted  in  diabetes  mellitus.  T.'s 
Phenomenon,  a  double  sound,  systemic  and 
diastolic,  heard  over  peripheral  arteries,  espe- 
cially the  femoral,  in  aortic  insufliciency,  occa- 
sionally also  in  mitral  stenosis,  lead -poison- 
ing, etc.  T.'s  Plugs.  See  DUtricfCs  Plugs, 
T.'s  Semilunar  Space,  the  space  in  which 
the  tympanitic  sound  of  the  stomach  can  be 
heard  within  the  thorax  under  normal  condi- 
tions ;  it  is  bounded  by  the  liver,  the  lower 
border  of  the  left  lung,  the  spleen,  and  the 
arch  of  the  free  ribs. 

Traube-Hering's  Curves.  See  Tramps 
Curves, 

Treits's  Hernia.  Retroperitoneal  hernia; 
duodenojejunal  hernia.  T.'s  Muscle,  the 
suspensory  muscle  of  the  duodenum ;  a  thin, 
tritjigular  muscle  that  arises  from  the  left 
cms  of  the  diaphragm  and  the  connective 
tissue  surrounding  the  celiac  axis,  and  is  in- 
serted into  the  duodenojejunal  flexure. 

Trendelenburg's  Postxire.  Elevation  of 
the  body,  which  is  in  the  donal  position,  at 
an  angle  of  about  48  degrees,  the  lower  limbs 
hanging  over  the  end  of  the  table ;  it  is  em- 
ployed in  celiotomies  to  favor  gravitation  of 
the  intestines. 

Treves'  Bloodless  Fold.  Ileoappendicular 
fold.  A  quadrilateral  fold  of  the  peritoneum 
attached  by  its  upper  border  to  the  ileum,  op- 
posite the  mesenteric  attachment,  and  by  its 
lower  border  to  the  mesoappendix  or  to  the 
appendix  itself.  The  outer  or  right  botder  is 
attached  to  the  inner  sspect  of  the  cecum  as 
far  down  as  the  appenoix,  the  left  or  inner 
concave  margin  being  free. 

Tripier's  Amputation,  lloriiontal  section 
through  the  os  calds. 

V.  Troeltsch's  Corpuscles.  Spindle-shaped 
connective-tissue  corpuscles,  stellate  on  trans- 
verse section,  found  between  the  middle  6b- 
rous  and  inner  circular  layers  of  the  membrana 
tympani.  v.  T.'s  Spaces,  two  small  pockets 
formed  in  the  upper  part  of  the  attic  of  the 
middle  ear  by  folds  of  mucous  membrane. 

Troisier's  Ganglion  or  Sign.  Enlargement 
of  the  left  supraclavicular  lymph-glands,  an 
indication  of  malignant  disease  of  the  intra- 
abdominal region. 

Trolard's  Vem.  The  anastomotic  vein  that 
extends  fix>m  the  superior  longitudinal  sinus 
to  the  superior  petrosal  or  the  cavernous 
sinus. 

Trommer's  Test  for  Olucose.  To  the  liquid 
rendered  alkaline  by  caustic  soda  a  fisirly 
strong  solution  of  cupric  sulphate  is  added 
drop  by  drop  until  a  little  of  the  copper 
hydrate  formed  remains  undissolved  on  snak- 
ing. On  warming  n  the  presence  of  glucose, 
a  yellow  reduction  of  hydrated  suboxid  of 
copper  is  first  formed,  and  then  red  suboxid 


T».OV^EAV"S  r^lSEASE 


-AXS 


Tf)P«00CJ«'ft  Disease  SuBBac^al  v^en^px 
T/»  MjvIbs,  **  tadbcs  «e»>ebcxiciv*" 

ftcr»<>cift  wtfi^m.  T/>  Pobif  j|NJt>hy aakcs^ 

a.*xV>er..::a«  bevrL';^;^*.  isec  h'aJlnx's  F:*m:s 
O^mUurfux,  T/s  Rciscoll,  n^Koca  ;  r6cb- 
d*.  T/s  Synploai,  the  |:jrodacurA  of 
parotftmi  of  Idaay  bv  preft4«re  vpoa  tte 
fjrKK;fjai  nerr^-trsr^k*  or  Uxid'TeMeJs  of  die 
pofU  aftect«4  ;  it  u  otvscrred  m  ictaar.  T.'s 
Test  lor  Bile  Pigmmf  Sec  DmMmipal' 
tirrwoA  Smiik, 
Tverck'sBosidle.  A  trad  of  Dcrre^ben  pas- 
ifki;^  IroM  the  orirtex  of  tbc  tempom«pbcxkoid 
lol>e  tfaroogfa  the  c«*jn^  porioo  of  the  crosta 
of  t]»e  ccr^xal  pe^uiKic  ax^d  the  pocif  ioto  the 
tnicmai  gmicu.aie  Uidj.  T/s  Cohifnn.  the 
a&terv^  p^rraiDKU)  Ixact  of  the  spinal  crjr<l 
T/s  Deg^enenrtioP^  lecrxylary  parrocfarina' 
VMM  d«?geoentkiD  of  the  4(»ival  nerre-tiacu, 
T/s  HemiaoestbesiA,  aoexixr^a  aH^tiri; 
the  fonctknw  erf'  the  po^enor  «fHnal  roots  of 
one  w^,  at  timet  aJv>  tho^of  the  nerre^  of 
tpectal  fen«e.  It  \s  caosed  by  lesions  of  the 
poMerkr  prnxUm  t4  the  capMjU  and  the  con- 
tigiiotu  regkn)  erf'  the  corona  ndiata.  T.'s 
Trmcbomay  laryn^tit  «kca  ;  i^ranalar  laryD- 
pu%  aflecting  the  po^trroiDtcrnaJ  wall  of  the 

Tomer's  Inferior  Lif^sfnent.  Me^enteri- 
coparietal  ffAd  ;  that  portioo  of  the  enteric 
roetenlerjr  which  is  inserted  into  the  iliac 
(oMML  T/s  83rDdrofne,  a  congenital  state 
of  geoeral  ti^^ue  debility,  reviliing  in  relaxa- 
tion and  di •^placement  of  various  organs,  such 
a»   »pUnchmjptfi»is,   varicfxelc,    uterine  dis- 

/>lacenientjK,  etc. 
uffneirs  Method.     A  treatment  for  anen- 
rywn,  coaviMing  in  absolute  rest,  dry  diet,  and 
the  adniini»tra(i<>>n  of  potassium  iodid. 
Puliy's  Powder.     A  powder  containing  nx>r- 
phin  Mjiphate  ( I  part),  camphfjfr,  licorice,  aiui 
calcium  carbonate  (dU  20  parts  t. 
Tulpius'  Valve.     See  Bauhin' $  Vahf, 
Tjrree'i  Antiseptic  Powder.  A  proprietory 
preparation  wid  to  contoin  alum,  biborate  of 
•odium,   eucalyptus   cartxilic  acid,    thymol, 
wintergreen,    and  peppermint ;    it  is  recom- 
mended  for   leuk<jiTheal   and   purulent  di»- 

Tin.     See  Hoffmann^  Piria,  Scfurer,  v. 
vsfy,  IVurster, 


TjtnSrm  Pasoa.  See  . 
rs  null      TbE 


T« 


I  c_c 


▼.  UDKAMSKT^  Te 
I  c^c  cf  a  waaerr  or  a rnm.cc  aoi'j 
yrrrt'awnr  mac  I  ir:c  3t  a  c  I  per  : 

of  oijaoeaerateC  «c.jAa-'>L  acai  ; 
li  2<  pcweace  of  r-^e  acad»  a  see  caiiur  wai 
a  saa£^  of  uae  wC  be  ^r-mrarw^  w.  U.'s 
Test  for  Tynsaa :  t-  i  cc.  cc  a  Krarsoa  af 
the  M.*itfi-wr  add  l  dr-c  :f  a  0.5  per  aesL 
watery  sci.^:n  of  f:rf:r^  a=id  -adei'jy  w:ik 
I  C.C.  of  crocrrrrttial  SLr^rsK  and.  TW 
■Ji'»je  beooev^  p*tf  T^  1 
aoi  nse  above  50'  C 
UfieimaaB's  Test  for  Hj 

of  £ter-paper  sattaa^ed  is  aa  e  itJi  r  of  babxr- 
lies  in  asylx  akrciioj  aad  dnrd.  w1m9  .ly^ed 
tnao  tke  ooctens  of  a  sscna^  cccta=::^ 
HC,  w-J:  be  tBii*i  pi^ik.  O/a  Test  far 
Lactic  Acid  in  Orntrms  of  Stonack: 
make  a  asxtxzre  of  10  cc  cf  a  4  per  oeec 
soiutioo  of  cartx-Ijc    ac:d,   ao  cc  of  ■ 


and  a  iew  drrces  *A  ierric  ch'orid  suvcciae  :  ifecs 
w;;i  hare  a  Koc  ox-*at»oc-  Add  the  '>^^Ri 
to  be  tested,  and  in  the  presence  of  lactK  acid 
a  yellow  cokvabon  will  rcsolL 

UbtbofiTs  Sign.  The  arstagaBS  of  aadtipie 
ceteb«oapina3  sdcro^is. 

Ultxmann*s  Reaction  for  Bile  Pifiacma. 
To  10  cc  of  the  Kqixid  add  3  or  4  cc  of  a 
caustic  potash  soiiitioa  •  I  :  31  and  then  aa 
excesA  of  hydrochloric  acid.  In  presence 
of  bile  pigments  the  solotioo  wiU  becoBie 
emerald  green. 

Unna'a  Dermatosia.  Seborrheic  frarais 
U.'i  Layer.  See  Lam^erkanf  Laytr.  U.*s 
Papillary  Hair,  a  cornpleie  hair  and  hair-fot- 
licle.  U.'s  Plasma  CeUa,  cnbic  or  ifaoai- 
bic  cells  the  protoplasm  of  which  stains  deeply 
with  methylene-blne,  while  the  oadcns» 
which  has  usoally  an  eccentric  sitaation,  is 
readily  decoJorized  iby  creasote  or  styvooe). 
They  are  probably  derived  from  lymphocytes, 
arul  play  an  important  part  in  rnflamaatory 
reactions,  e^iecially  in  gnumloinatoiis  pro- 
cesses. 

Unscbuld's  Sign.  A  tendency  to  cramps  in 
the  calf  of  the  leg ;  it  b  an  eaxiy  sign  in  dia- 
betes. 

Urea.     Sec  Biuret,  Sckif,  Schroedfr. 

Uric  Acid.  55ee  Deniges,  Dietrich^  Garrody 
V,  Jakschy  Murfxidy  Sckiff. 

Urobilin.     Sec  Gerhardt^  Grinh^rt, 

Uskow's  Pillars.  In  the  embryo,  two  folds 
or  ridges  which  grow  from  the  donotateial 


VALENTIN'S  GANGLION 


V1GOUROUX»S  SIGN 


region  of  the  body-wall  and  unite  with  the 
septum  transversum  to  fonn  the  diaphragm. 


VALENTIN'S  OANOLION.  A  gangli- 
form  enlargement  found  occasionally  at  the 
junction  of  the  middle  and  posterior  dental 
branches  of  the  superior  maxillary  nerve, 
above  the  root  of  the  second  bicuspid.  V.'s 
Limiting  Membrane.  See  ScAwann's 
Sheath, 

Valleix's  Aphtb«.  See  Bednar't  Aphtha, 
V.'s  Points  Douloureux,  painful  points 
found  in  peripheral  neuralgias  where  the 
nerves  pass  through  openings  in  fascia  or 
issue  from  bony  canals. 

Vallet's  Mats.  Ferrous  sulphate  (loo), 
sodium  carbonate  (no),  honey  (38),  sugar 
(25),  syrup  and  distilled  water  (aA  to  make 
100  parts). 

Vslsslva's  Experiment.  Strong  expiratory 
efforts  made  while  the  mouth  and  nose  are 
closed  cause  at  first  an  increase,  and  when 
continued,  finally  a  diminution,  of  blood- pres- 
sure. The  phenomenon  is  due  to  reflex 
actions  of  the  vasomotor  center  through  the 
pulmonary  nerves.  V.'s  Ligaments,  ue  ex- 
trinsic ligaments  of  the  pinna  of  the  ear.  V.'s 
Liquor.  See  Scarpa's  Liquor,  V.'s  Sinus* 
the  sinus  aorticus.  V.'s  Test,  inflation  of 
the  tympanic  cavity  with  air  by  means  of 
forcible  expiratory  eflbrts  made  while  the  nose 
and  mouth  are  tightly  closed.  Perforation  of 
the  tympanic  membrane  may  be  detected  by 
this  test. 

Van  Buren's  Disease.  Chronic  circum- 
scribed infiltration  of  the  corpus  caveroosum, 
one  of  the  erectile  bodies  of  the  penis. 

Van  Deen's  Test  for  Blood  in  the  Urine. 
The  addition  of  2  c.c.  of  tincture  of  guaiac 
and  2  c.c  of  old  oil  of  turpentine  produces  a 
blue  color  in  the  presence  of  blood  or  pus. 

Van  der  Kolk's  Law.     See  Kolk's  Law, 

Varolii,  Pons.  The  mesencephalon;  that 
part  of  the  brain  which  connects  the  oblongata 
with  the  cerebral  peduncles  and  the  cerebel- 
lum.    V.  Valvuia.     See  Bauhin's  Vahe, 

Vater's  Ampulla.  A  depression  in  the  in- 
ternal and  posterior  wall  of  the  descending 
portion  of  the  duodenum,  into  which  the 
ductus  communis  choledochus  and  the  pan- 
creatic duct  open.  V.'s  Corpuscles.  See 
Pacinian  Corpuscles,  V.'s  Fold,  a  vertical 
fold  of  rnucous  membrane  at  the  lower  angle 
of  Vater's  ampulla. 

Vater-Pacini's  Corpuscles.  See  Pacinian 
Corpuscles, 

T.  d.  Veldcn's  Test  for  Hydrochloric 
Acid  in  Contents  of  Stomach.  Filter-paper 
dipped  into  a  watery  or  alcoholic  solution  of 
tropoeolin  00,  turns  ruby  red  or  brownish -red 
on  the  application  of  free  hydrochloric  add. 


Velpeau's  Bandage.  A  bandage  for  the 
shoulder.  V.'s  Hernia,  femoral  hernia  an- 
terior to  the  blood-vessels. 

Verge's  Lacrimal  Groove.  A  more  or  less 
pronounced  groove  extending  downward  from 
the  lower  orifice  of  the  nasal  duct  V.'s  Ven- 
tricle.   See  Duncan's  Ventricle, 

Verheijn's  Stars.    See  Verheyen's  Stars, 

Verheyan's  Stars.  Small,  radiating  groups 
of  venous  radicles  on  the  surface  of  the  cortex 
of  the  kidney. 

Verstraetin's  Bruit.  A  bruit  heard  over  the 
lower  border  of  the  liver  in  some  cachectic 
individuals. 

Vesalius*  Foramen.  An  inconstant  foramen 
in  the  base  of  the  skull,  anterointemal  to  the 
foramen  ovale ;  it  transmits  an  emissary  vein. 
V.'s  Glands,  the  bronchopulmonair  glands. 
V.'s  Ligament.  See  Pomparfs  Ligament, 
V.'s  Sesamoid  Bones,  fibrocartilaginous  or 
osseous  bodies  often  found  in  the  tendons  of 
the  gastrocnemius.  V.'s  Vein,  a  small  vein 
through  which  the  pterygoid  plexus  commu- 
nicates with  the  cavernous  sinus. 

Vicq  D*  Asjrr's  Band  or  Stripe.  See  BaiUar- 
get^s  Layer.  V.  D'A.'s  Bundle,  a  tract  of 
nerve-fibers  extending  from  the  corpus  mam- 
millare  to  the  optk  thalamus.  V.  D'A.'s  For* 
amen,  the  foramen  caecum  at  the  upper  end 
of  the  median  groove  of  the  anterior  soriace 
of  the  oblongata. 

Vidian  Artery.  A  branch  of  the  internal  max- 
illary artery;  it  passes  through  the  Vidian 
canal  and  is  distributed  to  the  phxurynx  and 
eustachian  tube.  V.  Canal,  a  canal  of  the 
sphenoid  bone  at  the  base  of  the  internal 
pterygoid  plate,  opening  anteriorly  into  the 
sphenomaxillary  fossa,  and  posterioriy  into 
the  foramen  lacerum.  It  transmits  the  Vidian 
nerve  and  vessels.  V.  Nerve,  a  branch 
given  olT  from  the  sphenopalatine  ganglion. 

Vieussens'  Annulus  or  An»a  subclavia. 
A  small  nerve  passing  between  the  middle 
and  lower  cervical,  or  first  dorsal,  ganslions 
and  forminff  a  loop  around  the  subclavian 
artery.  V.  s  Centrum  ovale,  the  central 
white  nuitter  seen  on  making  a  section  of  the 
brain  at  the  level  of  the  upper  surfiu:e  of  the 
corpus  callosum.     V.'s  Ganglion,  the  solar 

{>lexus.  V.'s  Isthmus  or  Ring,  the  annu- 
us  ovalis  of  the  right  auricle.  V.'s  Valve, 
velum  medullare  anterius ;  a  lamella  of  white 
and  gray  matter  situated  between  the  superior 
cerebellar  peduncles.  V.'s  Ventricle.  See 
Duncan*  s  Ventricle, 

Vignal's  Cells.  Embryonic  connective  tissue 
(mesenchymatous)  cells  lying  upon  the  axis- 
cylinders  of  which  the  feul  nerve- fibers  are 
made  up.  At  first  globular,  these  cells  elon- 
gate and  gradually  fuse  until  they  form  a  com- 
plete sheath  around  the  axis-cylinder. 

Vifouroox's  Sifii.    Diminished  resistaacs 


VINCENTS  ANGINA 


WALDEYER»S  FOSSA 


of  the  skin  to  the  galvanic  current  in  exoph- 
thalmic goiter. 

Vincent's  Angina.  Diphtheroid  angina 
(ulceromembranous  angina)  due  to  bacillus  of 
pseudodiphtheria.  V.'s  Sign.  See  Argyll 
Robertson's  Pupil, 

Virchow's  Bone-cells.  The  cells  found  in 
lacunas  of  bone.  V.'s  Corpuscles.  See 
Toynbe^s  Corpuscles,  V.'s  CrysUls,  bright 
yellow  or  orange-colored  crystals  of  hema- 
toidin  sometimes  found  in  extrairasated  blood. 
V.'s  Degeneration,  amyloid  degeneration. 
V.'s  Gland,  jugular  gland;  a  lymphatic 
gland  situated  behind  the  clavicular  insertion 
of  the  stemomastoid.  V.'s  Granulations, 
granulations  consisting  principally  of  epen- 
dymal  and  neuroglic  fibers,  commonly  foimd 
in  the  walls  of  the  ventricles  of  the  brain  in 
progressive  general  paralysis.  V.'s  Law, 
the  cellular  elements  of  a  tumor  are  derived 
from  preexisting  tissue-cells. 

Virchow-HassaH's  Bodies.  See  Hassall*s 
Bodies, 

Virchow-Robin's  Space.  An  adventitious 
lymph-space  found  between  the  adventitia  and 
media  of  the  blood-vessels  of  the  brain 
and  communicating  with  the  subarachnoid 
space. 

Vitalli's  Test  for  Bile  Pigments.  Add  to 
the  liquid  a  few  drops  of  a  potassium  nitrite 
solution,  and  then  some  dilute  sulphuric  acid. 
A  beautiful  green  color  will  be  produced, 
changing  to  red  or  blue,  and  finally  to 
yellow. 

Vleminckx's  Solution.  An  application  used 
in  Austria  and  Germany  for  treating  acne.  It 
consists  of  lime  (l),  sulphur  (2),  water  (20). 
Slake  the  lime,  add  the  sulphur,  and  boil  to 
12  parts. 

Vogt's  Point.  The  point  selected  by  Vogt 
for  trephining  in  cases  of  traumatic  meningeal 
hemorrhage.  It  is  found  at  the  intersection 
of  a  horizontal  line  two  fingerbreadths  above 
the  zygomatic  arch  with  a  vertical  line  a 
thumb's  breadth  behind  the  ascending  sphe- 
nofrontal process  of  the  zygoma. 

Vohsen-Davidsohn's  Sign.  See  David- 
sohn's  Sign, 

Voigt's  Boundary  Lines.  The  lines  which 
divide  the  regions  of  distribution  of  two  per- 
ipheral nerve- trunks. 

VoiUemier's  Point.  A  point  on  the  linea 
alba  six  to  seven  centimeters  below  a  line 
drawn  between  the  two  anterior  superior 
spines  of  the  ilium  ;  suprapubic  puncture  of 
the  bladder  is  made  at  this  point  in  fat  or 
edematous  subjects. 

Voit's  Nucleus.  An  accessory  nucleus  of  the 
corpus  dentatum  in  the  cerebellum. 

Volkmann's  Canals.  Small  canals  found  in 
the  circumferential  lamellas  of  long  bones  and 
transmitting  blood-vessels;  they  communicate 


with  the  Haversian  canals.  V.'s  Defonnity, 

congenital  tibiotarsal  dislocation. 
Voltolini's  Disease.     Primary  labyrinthitis ; 

an  affection   of  ehildhood,  characterized  by 

meningitic  s3rmptoms  followed  by  deafness, 

deafmutism,  and  a  staggering  gait. 
Voltolini-Heryng's    Sign.    See  Heryn^t 

Sign, 
Von  Baer.     See  Boer, 
Von  Bezold.    See  Betold, 
Von  Ebner.    See  Ebner, 
Von  Graefe.     See  Graefe, 
Von  Gudden.    See  Gudden. 
Von  Heine.    See  Heine, 
Von  Jaksch.     See  Jakseh, 
Von  Monakow.    See  Monakow, 
Von  Troeltsch.     See  Troeltsck, 
Von  Wahl.     See  Wahl, 
Vulpian's  Type  of  Progressive  Muscular 

Atrophy.      See  Aran-Duehenne'' s  Disease, 
Vulpian- Provost's    Law.     See    Ftivost's 

Symptom, 


WACHENDORFP'S     MEMBRANE, 

The  pupillary  membrane  which  covers  the 
pupil  during  fetal  life. 

Wachsmuth's  Mixture.  An  anesthetic 
mixture  of  oil  of  turpentine  I  part,  chloroform 
5  parts. 

Wade's  Balsam.  A  compound  tincture  of 
benzoin. 

Wagner's  Spot.  The  germinal  ^t  of  the 
germinal  vesicle.  W.'s  Tactile  Cor- 
puscles.    See  Afeissner's  Corpuscles, 

Wagstaffe's  Fracture.  Separation  of  the 
internal  malleolus. 

V.  Wahl's  Sign.  i.  Distention  of  the  bowel 
(local  meteorism)  above  the  point  at  which 
there  exists  an  obstruction.  2.  A  scraping  or 
blowing  sound,  synchronous  with  the  cardiac 
impulse,  heard  over  an  arterial  trunk  imme- 
diately after  the  partial  division,  through  in- 
jury, of  the  vessel. 

Walcher's  Position.  A  dorsal  posture  with 
the  hips  at  the  edge  of  the  table  and  lower 
extremities  hanging. 

Waldeyer's  Fossa.  Mesentericoparietal 
fossa.  See  Broesikis  Fossa,  W.'s  Ger- 
minal Epithelium,  the  single  layer  of  col- 
umnar epithelial  cells  covering  the  free  sur- 
face of  the  ovary.  W.'s  Plasma  Cell,  a 
nucleated  cell  of  varying  size  and  shape,  with 
voluminous,  coarsely  granular  protoplasm, 
found  in  connective  tissue,  especially  about 
the  blood-vessels.  W.'s  Sulcus,  the  sulcus 
spiralis  of  the  cochlea.  W.'s  Tonsillar 
Ring,  the  ring  formed  by  the  two  faudal  ton- 
sils, the  pharyngeal  tonsil,  and  smaller  groups 
of  adenoid  follicles  at  the  base  of  the  tongue 
and  behind  the  posterior  pillars  of  the  fauces 


WALLERIAN  DEGENERATION 


WEITBRECHT'S  CARTILAGE 


W.*8  Vascular  Layer,  the  internal  or  vas- 
cular layer  of  the  ovary. 

Wallerian  Defeneration.  Degeneration  of 
a  nerve  consecutive  upon  its  section,  the 
process  consisting  essentially  in  segmentation 
of  the  myelin  and  subsequent  disappearance 
of  the  latter,  together  with  the  axis-cylinder. 
W.  Law,  a  nerve-fiber  undergoes  degenera- 
tive changes  when  it  is  separated  from  its 
trophic  cells. 

Walter's  Ganglion.  See  H^aUAer's  Gam^ 
giion, 

Walther's  Arteriosonervous  Plexus. 
The  cavernous  plexus.  W  's  Ducts,  the 
ducU  of  the  accessory  sublingual  glands. 
W.'s  OangUon,  the  ganglion  impar  or 
coccygeal  ganglion.  W.  s  Oblique  Liga- 
ment, the  ligamentous  band  extending  from 
the  external  malleolus  inward  to  the  posterior 
surface  of  the  astragalus. 

Warburg's  Tincture.  An  antiperiodic  and 
diaphoretic  mixture  used  in  pernicious  forms 
of  malaria,  consisting  of :  aqueous  extract  of 
aloes,  28  grains ;  rhubarb  and  angelica  seed, 
each  448  grains;  elecampane,  saffron,  and 
fennel,  each  224  grains;  gentian,  zedoary 
root,  cubeb,  white  agaric,  camphor,  and 
myrrh,  each  112  grains;  quinin  sulphate, 
1280  grains ;  dilute  alcohol,  sufficient  to  make 
8  pints. 

Wardrop's  Disease.  Onychia  maligna. 
W.'s  Operation,  ligation  of  an  artery  be- 
yond an  aneurysm. 

Warthin's  Sign.  Accentuation  of  the  pul- 
monary sound  in  acute  pericarditis. 

Wasmann's  Olands.     The  peptic  glands. 

Weber's  Olands.  Racemose  glands  situ- 
ated in  the  posterior  portion  of  the  tongue 
and  opening  by  several  orifices  on  its  border. 
W*'s  Law,  the  increase  of  stimulus  neces- 
sary to  produce  the  smallest  perceptible 
change  in  a  sensation  is  proportionate  to  the 
strength  of  the  stimulus  already  acting. 
W.'s  Orbicular  Zone,  that  portion  of  the 
iliofemoral  ligament  which  forms  a  loop 
around  the  neck  of  the  femur.  W.'s  Organ 
or  Vesicle,  the  sinus  pocularis  of  the  male 
urethra.  W.'s  Paradox,  a  muscle  when  so 
loaded  as  to  be  unable  to  contract,  may  elon- 
gate. W.'s  Suture,  a  fine  groove  or  suture 
on  the. inner  surface  of  the  nasal  process  of 
the  superior  maxilla.  W.'s  Symptom  or 
Syndrome,  paralysis  of  the  motor  oculi 
nerve  on  the  side  of  the  lesion  and  of  the 
fadal  and  h3rpoglossal  nerves  and  extremities 
00  the  opposite  side  ;  it  corresponds  anatom- 
ically to  a  lesion  in  the  pedunculopontine  or 
upper  pontine  region.  W.'s  Test :  when  a 
vibrating  tuning-fork  is  placed  upon  the  ver- 
tex or  the  middle  of  the  forehead,  the  sound 
is  perceived  equally  by  both  ears.  If  it  be 
heard  only  in  one  ear,  a  lesion  exists  in  this. 


2.  For  sensation :  Determinatioo  of  the 
smallest  distance  at  which  the  two  poinu 
of  a  pair  of  compasses,  applied  simultaneously 
and  lightly  to  the  skin,  can  be  recognized  as 
two  separate  objects.  W's  Test  for  Indican 
in  Unne :  heat  to  boiling  30  c.c  of  the  urine 
with  an  equal  volume  of  hydrochloric  acid 
and  1-3  drops  of  dilute  nitric  acid ;  when 
cold,  shake  the  solution  with  ether.  The 
ether  will  assume  a  red  or  violet  color  with 
a  blue  foam  on  it 

Wedl's  Vesicular  Cells.  Large  vesicular 
cells  commonly  found  in  the  crystalline  lens 
in  cases  of  cataract,  especially  the  senile  and 
diabetic  varieties. 

Wegner's  Disease  of  Bone.  Epiphyseal 
osteochondritis  occurring  in  infants  affected 
with  hereditarv  syphilis.  W.'s  Sign,  in 
fetal  syphilis  the  ^viding-line  between  the 
epiphysis  and  diaphysis  of  long  bones,  which 
under  normal  conditions  is  delicate  and  recti- 
linear, appears  as  a  broad,  irregular,  yel- 
lowish line. 

Weidel's  Reaction  for  Xanthin  Bodies. 
Evaporate  to  dryness  on  the  water-bath  a 
little  of  the  substance  dissolved  in  fresh 
chlorin  water  containing  nitric  acid.  Treat 
the  residue  to  ammonia  vapors  under  a 
bell -jar,  and  a  red  or  violet  coloration  will  be 
produced  in  the  presence  of  xanthin  bodies. 

Wetgert's  Method.  A  method  of  staining 
the  myelin  of  nerve-fibers  with  hematoxylin. 

Weil's  Disease.  Acute  febrile  icterus ;  in- 
fectious jaundice.  W.'s  Syndrome,  uni- 
lateral hyperesthesia  of  the  muscles,  nerve- 
trunks,  and  bones,  sometimes  seen  in  cases  of 
pulmonary  tuberculosis. 

Weiland's  Test.  For  the  determination  of 
binocular  fixation :  A  vertical  bar  is  inter- 
posed between  the  eyes  and  the  letters  to  be 
read. 

Weir  MitcheU's  Disease.  See  MUckeir^ 
Disease^ 

Weiss'  Reflex.  A  curvilinear  reflex  on  the 
nasal  side  of  the  optic  disc,  regarded  as  a 
prodromal  sign  of  myopia.  W.'s  Sign, 
**  facialis  phenomenon.*'  Contnu:tion  of  the 
facial  muscles  upon  light  percussion ;  It  is 
noticed  in  tetany,  neurasthenia,  hysteria,  and 
exophthalmic  goiter. 

Weitbrecht's  Cartilage.  A  fibrocartilag- 
inous lamella  frequently  found  interposed 
between  the  articular  surfaces  of  the  acromio- 
clavicular joint.  W.'s  Foramen  Ovale,  a 
foramen  in  the  capsule  of  the  shoulder-joint, 
through  which  the  synovial  membrane  com- 
municates with  the  bursa  lining  the  under 
surface  of  the  tendon  of  the  subscapularis 
muscle.  W.'s  Ligament,  a  rounded,  fibrous 
bundle,  extending  from  the  outer  portion  of 
the  coronoid  process  to  the  inner  border  of 
the  radius,   above  the  bicipital    tuberosity* 


WELLS*  FACIES 


WILUS'  ACCESSORY  NERVE 


W.'s  Retinacula,  flat  bands  lying  on  the 
neck  of  the  femur  and  fonned  by  the  deeper 
fibers  of  the  capsular  ligament,  which  are  re- 
flected upward  along  the  neck  to  be  attached 
nearer  to  the  head. 

Wells*  Pacies.  The  fades  of  ovarian  dis- 
ease. 

Wender's  Test  for  Glucose.  Make  a  solu- 
tion of  I  part  methylene-blue  in  3000  parts 
of  distilled  water.  On  rendering  this  solu- 
tion alkaline  with  potassium  hydrate  and 
heating  with  a  glucose  solution  it  becomes 
decolorized. 

Werlhof's  Disease.  Morbus  maculosus 
Werlhofii.     Purpura  haemorrhagica. 

Wemekink*8  Commissure.  The  decussat- 
ing fibers  of  the  middle  cerebellar  peduncle. 

Wernicke's  Aphasia.  Cortical  sensory  apha- 
sia. W.'s  Center,  the  auditory  word  cen- 
ter in  the  posterior  third  of  the  first  temporo- 
sphenoid  convolution.  W.'s  Convolution, 
the  first  temporosphenoid  convolution.  W.'s 
Disease,  polioencephalitis  acuta  hsemor- 
rhagica ;  acute  superior  encephalitis.  W.'s 
Fibers.  See  GratioUt^s  Optic  J^adiation, 
W.'s  Field.  See  W:s  Triangle,  W.'s 
Fissure,  a  nearly  vertical  fissure  sometimes 
seen  to  divide  the  parietal  and  temporal  lobes 
from  the  occipital  lobe.  W.'s  Sign,  hemi- 
opic  pupil  reaction.  Inaction  of  the  pupil, 
on  illumination  of  the  amaurotic  half  of  the 
eye,  when  the  hemiopia  depends  upon  a 
lesion  of  the  optic  nerve  between  the  chiasm 
and  the  external  geniculate  body.  W.'s 
Triangle,  triangular  area  formed  by  the  de- 
cussation, at  various  angles,  of  the  radiating 
fibers  of  Gratiolet  with  the  fibers  proceeding 
from  the  external  geniculate  body  and  pulvi- 
nar;  it  occupies  the  extreme  posterior  seg- 
ment of  the  capsula. 

Westphal's  Nucleus.  See  Edinger- West- 
phaPs  Nucleus*  W.'s  Paradoxic  Contrac- 
tion, tonic  contraction  of  the  anterior  muscles 
of  the  leg  (especially  the  tibialis  anticus)  on 
passive  flexion  of  the  foot ;  it  is  occasionally 
seen  in  multiple  sclerosis,  paralysis  agitans, 
tabes,  alcoholism,  and  hysteria.  W.'s  Sign, 
absence  of  the  patellar  reflex ;  it  occurs  in 
lesions  of  the  spinal  cord  at  the  level  of  the 
reflex  center  (e,  g. ,  tabes  dorsalis,  paretic  de- 
mentia), neuritis,  certain  cases  of  cerebellar 
disease,  etc.  W.'s  Zqne,  a  zone  in  the 
posterior  column  of  the  lumbar  spinal  cord, 
which  is  bounded  externally  by  the  inner  side 
of  the  posterior  horn,  internally  by  an  imagi- 
nary anteroposterior  line  drawn  through  the 
point  at  which  the  posterior  horn  turns  in- 
ward, and  posteriorly  by  the  periphery  of  the 
cord.  It  contains  the  afferent  fibers  concerned 
in  the  patellar  reflex  mechanism. 

Westphal-Brb's  Sign.  See  Weslphars 
Sign, 


Westphal-Piltx's  Reflex.  See  Giff<yrd's 
Reflex, 

WeUel's  Test  for  CO  in  Blood.  Add  to 
the  blood  4  volumes  of  water,  and  treat  with 
3  volumes  of  a  1  per  cent,  tannic  acid  solu- 
tion. In  the  presence  of  carbon  monoxid  the 
blood  becomes  carmin  red;  normal  blood 
gradually  becomes  gray. 

Weyl's  Reaction  for  Creatinin.  Add  to 
the  creatinin  solution  a  few  drops  of  a  dilute 
solution  of  sodium  nitropnissid,  and  then, 
drop  by  drop,  a  few  drops  of  sodium  hydrate. 
A  ruby-red  coloration  results,  quickly  chang- 
ing to  yellow  again. 

Wharton's  Duct.  The  duct  of  the  submax- 
illary gland.  W.'s  ^elly,  the  gelatinous 
embryonic  connective  tissue  of  the  umbilical 
cord. 

Wheelhouse's  Operation.  A  perineal  inci- 
sion through  the  urethra  for  stricture. 

White's  Disease.  See  Daner's  Diseoit. 
W.'s  Operation,  castration  for  cure  of  en- 
larged prostate. 

Wh3rtt's  Disease.  Hydrocephalus  intemus ; 
a  collection  of  fluid  in  the  cerebral  ventricles. 

Wichmann's  Asthma.  Sttt  Kopp* s  Asthma. 

Widal's  Reaction.  The  addition  of  a  few 
drops  of  a  culture  of  Bacillus  typhi  ahdcm' 
inalis  (Eberth)  to  the  serum  of  a  typhoid 
fever  patient  causes  an  agglutination  and  loss 
of  movement  of  the  bacilli. 

Wilde's  Cords.  The  transverse  fibers  of  the 
callosum.  W.'s  Luminous  Triangle.  See 
Politztf's  Luminous  Cone. 

Wildermuth's  Ear.  A  congenital  deformity 
of  the  ear  consisting  in  a  prominence  of 
the  antihelix,  the  helix  being  turned  down- 
ward. 

Wilks'  Kidney.  The  large  white  kidney. 
W.'s  Symptom-complex.  See  £r6>*s  Dis- 
ease, 

Willan's  Leprosy.  Psoriasis.  W.'s  Lupus, 
lupus  vulgaris. 

WiUard's  Disease.    See  Willan's  Lupus. 

Williams'  Sign.  Diminished  inspiratory 
expansion  on  the  left  side  in  adherent  pen- 
cardium.  W.'s  Tracheal  Sound,  a  high- 
pitched  tympanitic  sound  heard  on  percussion 
over  the  second  and  third  ribs  near  the  ster- 
num, the  mouth  being  open ;  it  is  noted  in 
infiltration  of  the  lung. 

Williamson's  Blood-test  for  Diabetes. 
Place  in  a  narrow  test-tube  40  cm.  of  water 
and  20  cm.  of  blood;  add  I  cc  of  an 
aqueous  solution  of  methylene-blue  (1 :  6000) 
and  40  cm.  of  liquor  potassae.  Place  the 
tube  in  a  water  pot,  which  is  kept  boiling. 
From  the  blood  of  a  diabetic  patient  the  blue 
color  disappears  in  four  minutes  and  becomes 
yellow.  In  blood  that  b  not  diabetic  the 
blue  color  remains. 

Willis'  Accessory  Nerve.    The  spinal  ac^ 


HUMAN    PHYSIOLOGY 


A  TEXT-BOOK  ESPECIALLY  ADAPTED  /or  th,  USE  */  STUDENTS 

By  A.  P.  BRUBAKER,  M.D. 

Professor  of  Pkysiohgy  at  Jefferson  Medical  College  ;  Professor  of  Physiology^ 
Pennsylvania  College  of  Dental  Surgery ^  Philadelphia* 

THE  object  in  view  for  the  preparation  of  this  volume  was  the  selec- 
tion and  presentation  of  the  more  important  facts  of  physiology,  in 
a  form  which  is  believed  will  be  helpful  to  students  and  to  practi- 
tioners of  medicine.  Inasmuch  as  the  majority  of  students  in  a  medical 
college  are  preparing  for  the  practical  duties  of  professional  life,  such 
facts  have  been  selected  as  will  not  only  elucidate  the  normal  functions 
of  the  tissues  and  organs  of  the  body,  but  which  will  be  of  assistance  in 
understanding  their  abnormal  manifestations  as  they  present  themselves 
in  hospital  and  private  work.  Both  in  the  selection  of  &cts  and  in  the 
method  of  presentation,  the  author  has  been  guided  by  an  experience 
gained  during  twenty  years  of  active  teaching.  ♦  ♦  ♦  For  those  who  have 
not  had  laboratory  opportunities,  a  brief  account  of  some  essential  forms 
of  apparatus  and  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  intended  will  be  found 
in  an  appendix. 

Synopsis  of  Contents  : 
Introduction — Chemic  Composition  of  the  Human  Body — Physiology  of 
the  Cell — Histology  of  the  Epithelial  and  Connective  Tissues — ^The  Physiology 
of  the  Skeleton — General  Physiology  of  Muscle-Tissue — General  Physiology  of 
Nerve-Tissue — Foods — Digestion — ^Absorption — ^The  Bloods-Circulation  of  the 
Blood — Respiration — ^Animal  Heat — Secretion — Excretion — Central  Organs  of 
the  Nerve  System  and  their  Nerves — ^The  Medulla  Oblongata  ;  the  Isthmus  of 
the  Encephalon  ;  the  Basal  Ganglia — ^The  Cerebrum — ^The  Cerebellum — Cra- 
nial Nerves — Sympathetic  Nerve  System — Phonation  ;  Articulate  Speech — 
The  Special  Senses — Sense  of  Sight — Sense  of  Hearing — Reproduction — Phy- 
siologic Apparatus — Index. 

THIRD  EDITION— REVISED 

With  Colored  Plates  and  383  other  Illustrations.     Octavo;  xii  -h  732 
pages.      Cloth,  tS-OO  net. 


P.  BLAKISTONS  SON  &  CO.,  Philadelphia 


THIRD  EDITION. 

Practical  Gynecology. 

A  Modem  Comprehensive  Text-Book. 
By  E  E.  MONTGOMERY,  M.D., 

Profotsor  of  Gynccolocy,  Jefferson  Medical  College ;  Gynecoloef  st  to  the  Jefferson  Modfcil 

College  end  St.  Joseph's  HosplUls ;  ConsoHiDK  Gyoecolosist  to 

the  PhlUdelphU  Lyiog-ln  Charity. 

WITH    FIVE    HUNDRED    AND    SEVENTY -FOUR 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Nearly  all  of  which  have  been  Drawn  and  Engraved  Specially  for  this 
Work,  for  the  most  part  from  Original  Sources. 

OCTAVO,    xxxvii -f  970  PAGES. 
CLOTH,  $5.00;  LEATHER,  |6«. 


"Fashion  in  medical  book -making  seems  to  be  fanning  to  the  composite^  which 
may  be  advantageous  and  the  means  of  producing  a  better  book  than  one  written  by  an 
individual.  It  may  be  the  old-fashioned  notions  of  the  reviewer,  but  he  believes  in  the 
old  idea  of  one  book,  one  author,  and  he  should  have  all  the  responsibility,  all  the  criti- 
cism, and  all  the  glory  that  attach  to  it  The  composite  b  likely  to  be  written  under  a 
*  rash '  order — so  much  space,  in  so  much  time,  for  so  much  money.  The  work  before 
us  is  the  work  of  one  individual,  and  the  personality  of  that  individual  is  evi- 
dent through  the  whole  book.  .  .  .  The  result  shows  painstaking  eflbrt  in  every 
detail,  in  conciseness  of  statements,  in  arrangement  of  subjects,  and  in  the  systematic 
order  and  completeness  in  which  eadi  is  considered.  •  .  .  The  author  b  ndther  too 
radical  nor  too  conservative  in  his  consideration  of  the  conditions  that  may  need  radical 
operations.  In  the  introduction  he  tells  us  that  the  trae  gynecologist  must  be  '  so  con- 
servative that  he  will  sacrifice  no  organ  whose  physiologic  integrity  is  capable  of  being 
restored ;  so  bold  and  courageous  that  his  patient  shall  not  forfeit  her  opportunity  for 
life  or  restored  health  through  his  failure  to  assume  the  responsibility  of  any  operative 
procedure  necessary  to  secure  the  object'  This  is  the  basal  idea  that  permeates  the 
book ;  the  ultra-radical  operator  will  find  no  endorsement,  and  the  'tinkering* 
gynecologist — he  who  treats  all  diseases  of  women  by  means  of  a  pledget  of  cotton 
and  a  speculum — ^no  encouragement  in  its  pages. 

**  The  book  is  one  that  can  be  recommended  to  the  student,  to  the  general  practi- 
tioner— who  must  sometimes  be  a  gynecologist  to  a  certain  extent  whether  he  will  or  not 
•^4md  to  the  specialist,  as  an  ideal  and  in  every  way  complete  work  on  the  gjme- 
cology  of  to-day — a  practical  work  for  practical  workers.*' — The  Journal  if  ike 
American  Medical  Association, 

P.  BLAKISTON'S  SON  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS, 

1012  WALNUT  STREET,  PHILADELPHIA. 


FIFTH  EDITION,  REVISED. 


TYSON'S  PRACTICE. 

A  Text-book  for  Physicians  and  Students,  with  Special  Reference  to 
Diagnosis  and  Treatment,  By  James  Tyson,  m.d.,  Professor  of 
Medicine  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania ;  Ph3rsician  to  the 
University  and  to  the  Philadelphia  Hospitals,  etc.  Five  Plates  and 
245  other  Illustrations.  Octavo,  xxvii  +  1425  pages.  Thoroughly 
Revised.  Cloth,  «<•/,  J5.50 

"  This  work  not  only  represenU  the  work  of  a  pimctitioner  of  great  experience,  but 
of  a  careful  culling  of  the  facts  set  forth  in  contemporary  literature  by  one  who  well 
understands  the  art  of  separating  the  true  from  the  false." — The  Journal  0/ the  American 
Medieal  Association^  Chicago, 

**  Few  teachers  in  the  country  can  claim  a  longer  apprenticeship  in  the  laboratory 
and  at  the  bedside,  none  a  more  intimate  acquaintance  with  students,  since  in  one 
capacity  or  another  he  has  been  associated  with  the  Unirersity  of  Penn5ylvania  and  the 
Philadelphia  Hospital  for  nearly  thirty  years.  Moreorer,  he  entered  medicine  through 
the  portal  of  pathology,  a  decided  advantage  in  the  writer  of  a  text-book.  .  .  .  The 
tjrpography  is  decidedly  above  works  of  this  class  from  our  publishing  houses.  There  is 
no  American  *  Practice '  of  the  same  attractive  appearance.  The  print  is  unusually 
sharp  and  clear,  and  the  quality  of  the  paper  particularly  good.  .  .  .  It  is  a  piece 
of  good,  honest  work,  carefully  conceived  and  conscientiously  carried  out*' — The  Uni- 
versity Medical  Magaunt, 

"  It  is  in  the  writing  and  preparation  of  a  woik  of  this  character  that  Dr.  Tyson 
stands  pre-eminent.  .  .  .  We  look  forward  to  using  this  volume  upon  the  *  Practice 
of  Medicine'  more  than  any  of  the  others  which  grace  our  library  shelves.*' — The 
Therapeutic  GaMttte. 

**  Represents  the  outcome  of  much  well-directed  labor,  and  constitutes  a  reliable 
and  useful  text-book."— 7)1/  London  Lancet, 

**  It  represents  mainly  the  mature  conclusions  deducted  from  long  clinical  experience 
and  keen  observation.  The  treatise  is  comprehensive  in  the  highest  degree,  embracing 
every  subject  that  is  usually  considered  in  text-books  on  practice.  .  .  .  The  sectioo 
on  diseases  of  the  nervous  system  is  particularly  lucid  and  satisfactory.  The  matter  of 
treatment  receives  special  consideration  in  detail.  In  the  discussion  of  pathologic 
relations  and  diagnostic  procedures  the  work  is  in  line  with  the  latest  progress." — Tki 
Denver  Medical  Times, 

P.  BLAKISTON'S  SON  &  CO.,  Publishers. 

tota  WALNUT  STREET.  PHILADELPHIA. 


THE  PRACTICE  OF  OBSTETRICS 

A  NEW  TEXT-BOOK,  DESIGNED  FOR  THE  USE  OF 
STUDENTS   AND    PRACTITIONERS  OF   MEDICINE 


By  J,  CLIFTON  EDGAR,  M.D., 

Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Clinical  Midwifery  in  the  Cornell  University 

Medical  College ;  Attending  Obstetrician  to  the  New  York 

Maternity  Hospital. 

The  New  York  Medical  yournal  says: 

"  It  is  not  the  usual  privilege  of  the  reviewer  to  be  enabled  to 
write  two  notices  of  a  work  on  obstetrics  within  a  year.  Dr. 
Edgar's  book  has  rapidly  won  a  place  for  itself,  it  seems,  judging 
from  the  quick  appearance  of  the  second  edition.  *  *  *  *  j^ 
is  still  correct  to  say  that  this  is  the  most  comprehensive  and 
encyclopedic  work  on  obstetrics  which  has  ever  been  issued  in 
America,  and  it  is  small  wonder  that  it  has  met  with  the  approval 
of  the  profession,  in  the  student  body  as  well  as  among  practi- 
tioners." 


EDGAR'S  *'  OBSTETRICS  "  excels  all  other  works  on  the  subject  in  complete- 
ness, in  uniformity  and  consistency  in  arrangement,  in  thoroughness  in  handling 
details,  in  the  number  and  usefulness  of  its  illustrations,  in  its  ease  of  reference,  and 
in  its  general  adaptability  to  the  need  of  students  and  practitioners  of  medicine.  The 
fact  that  the  large  first  edition  was  entirely  sold  within  four  months  after  publication, 
thus  almost  immediately  necessitating  a  .new  edition,  is  an  excellent  test  of  the 
exceptional  merit  of  this  book. 


Third  Edition,  Revised,  Enlarged.     With  1279  Illustrations.     In- 
cluding Five  Colored  Plates  and  38  text-figures  in  Colors. 

Octavo ;   1071  pages.  Cloth,  |f6.oo ;    Leather,  $7.00,  neL 


p.  BLAKISTON'S  SON  &  CO.,  Philadelphia 


POTTER'S 

Therapeutics,  Materia  Medica, 
AND  Pharmacy. 

ELEVENTH  EDITION,  REVISED.   OCTAVO,  xiv-h 937  PAGES. 
With  Thumb  Index.    Cloth,  net,  $5.00;  Leather,  net,  $6.00. 


Including  the  Physiological  Action  of  Drugs,  Special  Therapeutics  of 
Diseases,  Official  and  Extemporaneous  Pharmacy,  etc     By  Saml.  O. 
L.  Potter,  m.a.,  m.d.,  formerly  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine 
in  Cooper  Medical  College,  San  Francisco ;  Major  and  Brigade  Sur- 
geon, U.  S.  Vol. ;  Author  of  **  Speech  and  its  Defects,"  and  the  ''PQuiz- 
Compends?"   of  Anatomy  and   Materia  Medica,   etc     Revised  in 
accordance  with  the  latest  reprint  of  the  U.  S.  Pharmacopoeia. 
Dr.  Potter  has  become  weH-known  by  Us  Compendi  of  Anatomy,  and  of  Materia 
Medica,  both  of  which  haye  nrached  hre  editions.     In  this  book,  more  elaborate  in  its 
design,  he  has  shown  his  abilities  to  much  better  advantage,  and  all  who  examine  or  use 
it  will  agree  that  he  has  produced  a  work  containing  more  correct  information  in  a  prac* 
deal,  concise  form  than  any  other  publication  of  the  kind.    The  plan  of  the  work  is  new, 
and  its  contents  haye  been  combined  and  arranged  in  such  a  way  that  it  offers  a  compact 
statement  of  the  subjects  in  hand. 

Part  I.— Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  the  dmgs  being  ananged  in 
alphabetical  order,  with  the  synonym  of  each  first;  then  the  description  of  the  plant,  iu 
preparations,  phydological  action,  and  lastly  its  7%tra^ntHci.  This  part  is  preceded  by 
a  section  on  the  classification  of  medicines. 

Part  II.— Pharmacy  and  Prescription  WRmNC.  This  is  written  for  the  nse 
of  physicians  who  desire  or  of  necesity  must  pot  op  their  own  prescriptioos,  and  indndes 
a  great  deal  of  valuable  information. 

Part  III.— Special  Therapeutics.  An  Alphabetical  List  of  Diseases  giving  the 
drugs  that  have  been  found  serviceable  in  each  disease,  and  the  authority  recommending 
the  use  of  each.  Over  600  prescriptions  are  given  in  this  part,  many  being  over  the  names 
of  eminent  men. 

The  Appendix  contains  many  tables,  fonnuhe  and  much  collateral  materiaL 
^tmmiJU  Therm^eutk  GoMtH^, 

"  No  new  remedy  of  any  acknowledged  value  U  omitted  from  this  Kit.  Under  each  the  tnctioa  oa 
physiological  action  and  therapeutics  has  been  written  with  care.  ...  In  the  emuneratioa  of  drugs 
suited  to  different  disorders  a  very  successful  effort  at  discrimination  has  been  made,  both  in  the  stage 
of  disease  and  in  the  cases  peculiarlv  suited  to  the  remedy.  It  is  no  mere  Ust  of  diseases  followed  by  a 
catalogue  of  drugs,  but  b  a  digest  of  modem  theimpeutics,  ^nd  as  such  will  prove  of  imwinis  uae  to  its 


P.  BLAKISTON'S  SON  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS, 

1012  WALNUT  STREET,  PHILADELPHIA. 


Diagnostic  Methods 

CHEMICAL 
BACTERIOLOGICAL,  MICROSCOPICAL 

By  RALPH  W.  WEBSTER,  M.D.,  Ph.D. 

ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OP    PHARMACOLOGICAL    THERAPKUTICS    AND    INSTRUCTOR    IN    MBDICINB 

IN  RUSH  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  ;    PATHOLOGICAL 

CHEMIST,  COOK  COUNTY  HOSPITAL 

37  Colored  Plates.    164  Other  Illustrations 
Octavo.    Cloth,  ^.00.    Half  Morocco,  $7.50 


The  author  brings  together  the  generally  accepted  facts  regarding  the 
various  phases  of  clinical  medicine  that  may  be  more  closely  studied  by 
the  use  of  laboratory  methods.  He  aims  to  show  the  direct  bearing  of  such 
methods  upon  the  clinical  history  of  a  case,  and  points  out  special  inter- 
pretations of  the  findings  in  any  given  examination.  Particular  attention 
has  been  given  to  the  selection  of  methods,  the  explanation  of  details,  and 
the  possible  obstacles  to  be  overcome.  In  comparison  with  other  works 
this  will  be  found  MORE  EXHAUSTIVE,  as  it  includes  much  practical 
matter  and  niunerous  methods  not  usually  given,  but  which  are  of  recog- 
nized value  and  importance;  MORE  CONCISE,  as  the  author  has  the 
rare  ability  of  using  few  words  where  others  use  many;  BETTER  ILLUS- 
TRATED, as  the  excellence  of  the  37  colored  plates  and  164  other  illus- 
trations testify;  MORE  UP-TO-DATE,  for  being  just  published  the  author 
has  had  the  opportimity  of  consulting  the  latest  literature. 

"This  ambitious  volume  is  the  result  of  much  energy  and  ripe  experience,  and  far 
surpasses  the  majority  of  professorial  concoctions  brewed  for  unwary  students  and 
superannuated  practitioners.  A  good  deal  of  common  sense  pervades  the  book,  and 
although  many  a  chemical,  bacteriological  or  miscroscopical  method  is  explained  in 
all  its  details  for  the  benefit  of  the  very  tyro  in  the  clinical  laboratory,  the  author 
nevertheless,  assigns  to  the  latter  its  proper  place  in  practical  diagnosis,  that  of  one  of 
its  handmaidens.  The  subject-matter  is  equally  proportioned,  and  some  of  the  chap- 
ters, as,  for  instance,  that  on  "female  secretions,''  are  really  thorough  and  excellent 
The  illustrations,  particularly  the  original  colored  drawings  of  the  bacteria  by  Miss 
Katharine  Hill,  deserve  unstinted  praise." — Archives  of  Diagnosis, 


P.  BLAKISTON'S  SON  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS 
I0I2  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia 


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