UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
Agricultural Experiment Station
BULLETIN No. 197
A STUDY OF THE RATE AND ECONOMY OF
GAINS OF FATTENING STEERS
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF
THE AMOUNT AND THE CHARACTER OF FEED CONSUMED
BY H. W. MUMFORD, H. S. GRINDLEY,
A. D. EMMETT, AND SLEETER BULL
URBANA, ILLINOIS, MARCH, 1917
CONTENTS OP BULLETIN No. 197
PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION 567
2. THE EXPERIMENT 567
3. AMOUNTS OF FEEDS CONSUMED 569
4. TOTAL DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED 575
5. DIGESTIBLE DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED 577
6. DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN CONSUMED 577
7. NET ENERGY CONSUMED 580
8. WEIGHTS AND GAINS v 584
9. INFLUENCE OF AMOUNT OF EATION UPON THE ECONOMY OF GAINS 589
10. INFLUENCE OF CHARACTER OF FEED UPON THE ECONOMY OF GAINS 592
11. SUMMARY 600
12. CONCLUSIONS . 603
A STUDY OF THE RATE AND ECONOMY OF
GAINS OF FATTENING STEERS
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF
THE AMOUNT AND THE CHARACTER OF FEED CONSUMED
BY H. W. MUMFORD, CHIEF IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
H. S. GRINDLEY, CHIEF IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
A. D. EMMETT, ASSISTANT CHIEF IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
SLEETER BULL, ASSOCIATE IN ANIMAL NUTRITION1
This bulletin is one of a series reporting the findings of an in-
vestigation in regard to the effect of variations in the amount and
character of feed consumed upon the nutrition of two-year-old steers.
It gives the results relating to the effect upon the rate and economy of
gains: (1) of variations in the amount of feed consumed ranging
from maintenance to full feed rations; (2) of variations in the pro-
portions of roughage and concentrates in the ration; and (3) of the
substitution of a nitrogenous concentrate for a part of the grain of
a ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 to 5.
THE EXPERIMENT
The Animals. — The animals used were sixteen two-year old high-
grade Hereford steers grading as choice feeders and weighing from
750 to 1,000 pounds. These animals were selected from the same herd
and were similar in breeding. From birth to the time of purchase
they had been treated very much alike. During a period of about two
months preliminary to the experiment, they were kept in paved lots
with access to open sheds. During the experiment proper, which be-
gan May 27, 1908, and ended February 10, 1909, a period of thirty-
seven weeks, eight of the steers were kept in ordinary stalls on con-
crete floors, well bedded with pine shavings. The other eight steers
were kept in digestion and metabolism stalls, and the digestibility of
their rations was determined during the thirty-seven weeks of the ex-
periment.2 Each steer was weighed daily at 2 p. m.
Rations and Feeds. — During the first month of the period prelimi-
nary to the experiment the ration consisted of corn silage, clover hay,
lThe authors take pleasure in acknowledging their great indebtedness to Pro-
fessors L. D. Hall and H. O. Allison for their generous and helpful cooperation
and assistance in the planning and conducting of this investigation.
=111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 172 (1914).
567
568 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,
and alfalfa hay. At the beginning of the second month ground corn
was added to the ration, and the feeding of alfalfa was discontinued.
Four days later the feeding of corn silage was discontinued. During
the first twenty-two weeks of the experiment proper the ration con-
sisted of clover hay and ground corn, and during the last fifteen weeks,
of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal. Half an ounce of
salt, given daily, was taken very consistently by all of the steers.
Water also was given twice daily, and an exact record was kept of
the amounts drunk.
The steers were fed twice daily, the rations for each feeding be-
ing weighed out a week in advance. The refused feed, or "orts," was
collected every day and the amount deducted in computing the amount
of feed consumed.
To determine the effect of variations in the amount of feed con-
sumed, the sixteen steers were divided into four lots of four animals
each, and each lot was given thruout the experiment an amount of
feed different from that received by the other lots. One was given
just enoiigh feed to maintain the weights of the steers about constant;
another, as much as the steers would eat readily ; another, an amount
of feed equal to the maintenance ration plus one-third of the differ-
ence between the maintenance and the full-feed rations ; and another,
an amount equal to the maintenance ration plus two-thirds of the
difference between the maintenance and the full-feed rations. In this
bulletin the first of the above-described lots has been designated as the
"maintenance" lot; the second, as the "full-feed" lot; the third,
as the "one-third-feed" lot; and the fourth, as the "two-thirds-feed"
lot. Beginning with the 31st week, two steers each from the mainte-
nance, the one-third-, and the two-thirds-feed lots were gradually put
on a full-feed ration and continued thus until the end of the experi-
ment. The lots were as similar as possible in regard to age, condition,
and breeding of the animals. However, there was some difference in
the initial weights of the lots, as shown m Table 12, page 586.
To determine the effect of variations in the proportions of rough-
age to concentrates in the ration upon the rate and efficiency of gains,
and the effect of the introduction of linseed oil meal into the ration,
the experiment was divided into five experimental periods. During
the first experimental period the ration consisted of clover hay and
ground corn in equal amounts; during the second, of one part of
clover hay and three parts of ground corn ; during the third, of one
part of clover hay and five parts of ground corn; and during the
fourth and fifth, of one part of clover hay, four parts of ground corn,
and one part of linseed oil meal. Thus the proportion of concentrates
was gradually increased up to the third experimental period, and then
maintained constant to the end of the experiment. These changes in
the ration made from one experimental period to another were effected
•[1917
ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS
569
very gradually in transitional periods. The first and third transi-
tional periods were each two weeks in length; and the second and
fourth, three weeks each in length. Table 1 gives the division of the
experiment into periods and the proportion of roughage to concen-
trates fed in each.
TABLE 1. — DIVISION OF EXPERIMENT INTO PERIODS, AND EATIOS OF HAY, CORN,
AND LINSEED MEAL IN EATIONS
Experimental
period
Experimental
weeks
Number of weeks
in period
Eatio of hay to corn
to linseed meal
1
1-5
5
1:1:0
2
8-13
6
1:3:0
3
17-22
6
1:5:0
4
25-30
6
1:4:1
5
34-37
4
1:4:1
As previously stated, the digestibility of the rations of two steers
of each lot was determined continuously for the thirty-seven weeks of
the experiment. A detailed description, of the equipment, the meth-
ods of weighing, sampling, and analyzing the feeds, and the collection,
sampling, and analyzing of the refused feed and feces are given in
Bulletin 172 of this station.
AMOUNTS OF FEEDS CONSUMED
The amounts of feeds consumed by each steer per period are given
in Table 2. The average amounts of feeds consumed daily by each
steer are given in Table 3. The average weights of feeds consumed
daily per lot are given in Table 4.
As previously noted, the refused feed, or orts, from the last feed-
ing was cleaned out before each feeding and weighed. It was assumed
that the feeds were present in the orts in the same proportions as in
the ration. Accordingly, the amount of each feed refused was cal-
culated from these data. Altho this is not strictly accurate, yet, in-
asmuch as the amount of orts was usually small, only a slight error was
thus introduced. The amount of each feed refused, subtracted from
the amount of that feed offered, gave the amount of each feed actually
consumed.
Maintenance Lot. — While it was planned originally to give the
maintenance steers just enough feed to keep their weights practically
constant, yet for various reasons this plan was not strictly followed
and the animals of this lot made considerable gain during Periods 1,
4, and 5, altho they were practically on a maintenance ration during
Periods 2 and 3. During the first period of the experiment (weeks
1-5), the ration consisted of 5.5 pounds of ground corn and the same
amount of hay per day. The amount of corn was increased gradually
570 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,
while the hay was decreased during the first transitional period (weeks
6—7), so that during the second experimental period (weeks 8—13) the
steers received an average of 2.2 pounds of hay and 6.6 pounds of
corn per head per day. During the second transitional period (weeks
14-16) the amount of hay was reduced still further while the corn was
increased, so that during the third experimental period (weeks 17-22)
the steers received an average of 1.4 pounds of hay and 6.8 pounds
of corn per day per head. During the third transitional period (weeks
23-24) old-process linseed meal was gradually substituted for an equal
amount of corn in the ration. During the fourth experimental period
(weeks 25-30) the steers consumed 1.4 pounds of hay, the same amount
of linseed meal, and 5.4 pounds of corn per head daily. In the fourth
transitional period (weeks 31-33) Steers 653 and 650 were gradually
placed upon a full-feed ration, so that during the fifth test period
(weeks 34-37) they consumed 2.9 pounds of hay, the same amount of
linseed meal, and 11.7 pounds of corn per head daily. Steers 656
and 658 which were continued on maintenance consumed 1.3 pounds
of hay, the same amount of linseed meal, and 5.3 pounds of corn
during this period.
One-Third-Feed Lot. — The steers of this lot were started on 7.9
pounds of ground corn per day per head and the same amount of hay.
During the first transitional period the hay was decreased and the
corn increased, so that during the second experimental period they
consumed an average of 3.7 pounds of hay and 11.2 pounds of corn
per head daily. During the second transitional period the hay was
decreased still further and the corn was increased, so that during the
third period the steers consumed an average of 2.2 pounds of hay and
11.1 pounds of corn daily. In the third transitional period linseed
meal was substituted for some of the corn in the ration, so that dur-
ing the fourth experimental period the steers consumed an average of
2.1 pounds of hay, 8.5 pounds of corn, and 2.1 pounds of linseed meal
per head daily. In the fourth transitional period the rations of Steers
667 and 666 were gradually increased to full feed, so that during
Period 5 they consumed 3.2 pounds of hay, the same amount of lin-
seed meal and 12.7 pounds of corn per head daily. Steers 669 and
662 consumed 2.2 pounds of hay, the same amount of linseed meal,
and 8.7 pounds of corn in this period.
Two-Thirds-Feed Lot. — The steers of this lot consumed an aver-
age of 10.3 pounds of hay and the same amount of corn per head daily
during the first experimental period. During the first transitional
period the hay was decreased and the corn increased, so that during
the second experimental period the steers consumed an average of 5.3
pounds of hay and 15.8 pounds of corn per head daily. During the
second transitional period the proportion of corn to hay was increased
Still further, so .that during the third .experimental jp.eriod .the s.tejers
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 571
consumed an average of 3.1 pounds of hay and 15.5 pounds of corn
per head daily. As was the case in the other lots, some of the corn
was replaced by linseed meal during the third transitional period, so
that during the fourth experimental period the steers consumed an
average of 2.9 pounds of hay, 11.5 pounds of corn, and 2.9 pounds of
linseed meal per head daily. During the fourth transitional period
Steers 668 and 652 were gradually placed upon a full-feed ration, so
that during Period 5, Steer 668 consumed 3.5 pounds of hay, 13.9
pounds of corn, and 3.5 pounds of linseed meal. Steer 652 went off
feed and was removed at the end of the 34th week. Steers 665 and
657 in this period consumed 3.0 pounds of hay, 12.1 pounds of corn,
and 3.0 pounds of linseed meal.
Full-Feed Lot. — During the first experimental period the steers
of the full-feed lot consumed an average of 12.1 pounds of hay and
the same amount of corn per head daily. As in the other lots, their
hay was decreased and their corn was increased during the first transi-
tional period, so that during the second experimental period they con-
sumed an average of 6.4 pounds of hay and 19.4 pounds of corn per
head daily. During the second transitional period the proportion of
hay in the ration was decreased, so that during the third experimental
period the steers consumed an average of 3.5 pounds of hay and 17.6
pounds of corn per head daily. It will be noted that not only less
roughage but also less grain was consumed in Period 3 than in Period
2. We are unable to explain why the steers did not eat more at this
time, as they were given all the feed they would consume. The effect
of this apparent slump in the appetites of the full-feed steers was
transmitted to the one-third- and two-thirds-feed lots, as their rations
were based upon the feed consumption of the maintenance and full-
feed steers as already explained. During the third transitional period
linseed meal was introduced into the ration and the amount of corn
was decreased, so that during the fourth experimental period the steers
consumed an average of 3.5 pounds of hay, 14.2 pounds of corn, and
3.5 pounds of linseed meal per head daily. Steers 663 and 659 went
off feed so badly that Steer 663 was removed at the end of the 30th
week and Steer 659 at the end of the 33d week.
As a matter of fact, the amounts and proportions of the feeds
offered the full-feed lot were not far different from what would have
been offered them in a practical feeding operation conducted under
the same conditions, altho in most instances the consumption of con-
centrates in the latter part of the fattening period would have been
greater in practical feeding operations.
572
BULLETIN No. 197
[March,
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ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS
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574
BULLETIN NO. 197
[March,
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[1917 ECONOMY OP FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 575
TOTAL DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED
Inasmuch as all the feeds were analyzed chemically every week,
data are available from which the consumption of total dry substance
may be calculated. These results, calculated on the basis of 1000
pounds live weight, are given in Table 5. An inspection of this table
shows that altho there was considerable variation in the consumption
of dry substance by the steers of the same lot, yet the differences be-
tween lots were much greater than the individual differences within
the lots.
It is of interest to compare the consumption of dry substance with
the amounts prescribed by the Wolff -Lehmann feeding standard1 for
maintenance and fattening of cattle. For maintenance, these feeding
standards call for 18 pounds of dry substance per 1000 pounds live
weight daily. The average consumption of dry substance by the four
maintenance steers of this experiment varied from 8.0 pounds to 11.3
pounds, or approximately from one-half to two-thirds of the amount
prescribed by the standard. During Periods 2 and 3, when the steers
were practically on maintenance, the consumption of dry substance
was 8 to 9 pounds.
The Wolff -Lehmann feeding standard recommends from 26 to 30
pounds of dry substance for a 1000-pound fattening steer. The steers
of the full-feed lot consumed on the average from 13.4 to 22.1 pounds
of dry substance, or approximately one-half to two-thirds of the
amounts prescribed in the standards. From this it seems safe to con-
clude that the Wolff -Lehmann standards for dry substance are un-
necessarily high in the cases of maintenance and fattening cattle. Of
course, if large amounts of less digestible feeds, such as the roughages,
are used they are more nearly correct, but even then they remain too
high.
Henry and Morrison2 have recently published modifications of
the Wolff-Lehmann standards for maintenance of cattle and for fat-
tening of two-year-old steers. They recommend 13 to 21 pounds of
dry substance for maintenance, as compared with the amounts used
in this experiment, 8.0 to 11.3 pounds. For fattening two-year-old
steers on full feed they recommend the following amounts of dry
substance :
First 50 - 60 days 22.0 - 25.0 Ibs.
Second 50-60 days 21.0-24.0 Ibs.
Third 50 - 60 days 18.0 - 22.0 Ibs.
Comparing these values with those given in Table 5, it is seen that
the steers in this experiment made good gains on considerably less dry
substance than prescribed by the Henry-Morrison standards.
JHenry and Morrison: Feeds and Feeding, 15th ed., (1915), page 667; or
Bull: Principles of Feeding Farm Animals, (1916), page 355.
"Feeds and Feeding, 15th ed., (1915), page 671?
576
BULLETIN No. 197
[Marcft,
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[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 577
From our results it seems safe to conclude that steers may be
maintained or fattened with the ordinary rations of the corn-belt on
a smaller allowance of dry substance than the amounts prescribed by.
the generally accepted feeding standards.
DIGESTIBLE DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED
As the coefficients of digestibility of the rations of two steers of
each lot were determined for each period of the experiment, data are
provided whereby one may calculate the consumption of digestible
nutrients of each lot with a considerable degree of accuracy. The
results given in Table 6 have been calculated on the assumption that
the steers not in the digestion stalls digested their rations as com-
pletely as their lot mates in the digestion stalls.
The relation of the different lots with respect to the amounts of
total dry substance and the amounts of digestible dry substance con-
sumed is not the same, because of the fact that when a large propor-
tion of the ration consisted of roughage, the coefficients of digestibility
of the dry substance varied inversely with the amount of feed con-
sumed.1
DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN CONSUMED
The amounts of digestible crude protein consumed daily per 1000
pounds live weight are shown in Table 7. In the case of the mainte-
nance lot, the amount of digestible protein in the ration varied from
0.39 pound in Period 3 to 0.81 pound in Period 4. It should be noted
particularly that in Periods 2 and 3, when these steers were actually
on a maintenance ration (as indicated by the live weight), the aver-
age consumption of digestible protein was 0.44 and 0.39 pound, re-
spectively. It is also of interest to note that Steers 650 and 656, which
were in the metabolism test, maintained positive weekly nitrogen bal-
ances. As a matter of fact, in Period 2, Steer 650 retained 25.1 per-
cent, and Steer 656 retained 25.0 percent of the nitrogen digested. In
Period 3, Steer 650 retained 25.7 percent, and Steer 656 retained 28.5
percent of the nitrogen digested. Such a retention indicates that less
digestible protein would have been sufficient for maintenance. In
Period 1, when Steers 650 and 656 were consuming 0.56 and 0.65
pound of digestible protein, respectively, they retained 34.8 percent
and 36.6 percent, respectively, of the nitrogen digested. Steer 650
made an average daily gain of 1.6 pounds during this period, and
Steer 656 made an average daily gain of 2.0 pounds.
Armsby,2 after reviewing the available data upon the protein re-
quirements for maintenance, states: "It seems safe to estimate 0.6
'111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 172 (1914).
MJ. S. Dept. of Agr. Bur. of Anim. Indus. Bui. 143 (1912), page 94.
578
BULLETIN No. 197
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[1917
ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS
579
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580
BULLETIN No. 197
[Ma reft,
pound of crude protein or 0.5 pound of true protein per 1000 pounds
live weight as representing in a general way the minimum protein
requirement of mature cattle with a probable range of 0.1 or 0.2 pound
either way under varying conditions. ' ' The fact that Steers 650 and
656 of this experiment when consuming rations containing from 0.40
and 0.65 pound of digestible protein stored from 25 to 37 percent of
the digested nitrogen for a period of twenty-two weeks proves that
under the conditions of this experiment cattle may be maintained on
considerably less protein than the generally accepted standards.
In the case of the one-third-feed lot the protein consumption va-
ried from 0.54 pound in Period 3 to 0.99 pound in Period 4. The
two-thirds-feed lot received from 0.65 pound in Period 3 to 1.18 pounds
in Period 4, while the full-feed lot received from 0.72 pound in Period
3 to 1.41 pounds in Period 4. It is of interest to compare the protein
consumption of the steers in this experiment with the amount of pro-
tein prescribed by the "Wolff-Lehmann and the Henry-Morrison feed-
ing standards. Such a comparison is shown in Table 8.
TABLE 8. — COMPARISON OP PROTEIN CONSUMPTION WITH THE WOLFF-LEHMANN
AND HENRY-MORRISON STANDARDS*
Period
One-third-
feed lot
Two- thirds-
feed lot
Full-feed
lot
Wolff-Leh-
mann
Henry-
Morrison
1
2
3
4
5
0.79
0.69
0.54
0.99
0.952
0.90
0.85
0.65
1.18
1.13'
1.03
0.89
0.72
1.41
1.34
2.5
3.0
2.7
2.0-2.3
1.9-2.3
1.8-2.1
1While the periods of this experiment do not correspond exactly with the
periods given in these standards, yet the results are comparable in a general way.
^Average of Steers 669 and 662.
•Average of Steers 665 and 667.
When one considers that the steers of the two-thirds-feed lot made
an average daily gain of 1.8 pounds and the steers of the full-feed lot
made an average daily gain of 2.1 pounds for a period of thirty-seven
weeks, it seems safe to conclude that the above-mentioned standards
for the protein requirements of fattening steers are unnecessarily high.
NET ENERGY CONSUMED
Knowing the amounts of digestible protein, carbohydrates, and
fats consumed, it was possible to calculate the consumption of net en-
ergy with at least a fair degree of accuracy, using the method of
Kellner1 and Armsby.2 For the sake of comparison, these results
*The Scientific Feeding of Animals (1911), page 82.
*Pa. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 71 (1905), page 14.
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 581
were calculated to the amounts consumed daily per 1000 pounds live
weight. Some difficulty was encountered in making these calculations.
It is generally accepted that the energy requirement for maintenance
varies, not directly with the weight of the animal, but with the sur-
face or approximately with the two-thirds power of the live weight
of the body. On the other hand, however, it has not been shown that
the energy requirement above maintenance varies with the surface of
the body. 'Consequently, the results have been calculated in two ways :
Table 9 shows the results calculated upon the assumption that the
energy requirements varied according to the surface of the body ; and
Table 10 shows the results calculated upon the assumption that the
energy requirements vary directly with the body weight. Inasmuch
as at least half of the energy was used for maintenance, even in the
full-feed lot, we feel that Table 9 is a better basis for a discussion of
the energy consumption than Table 10.
It is of interest to compare the energy required by these steers
for maintenance with the findings of other investigators. Armsby1
has summarized the investigations upon the energy requirements for
the maintenance of cattle. To his summary we have added the recent
results of Trowbridge, Moulton, and Haigh.2 The summarized results
are shown in Table 11. Comparing these results with the energy con-
sumption of the four steers of the maintenance lot when they were
actually on a maintenance ration (as indicated by the live weights),
in Periods 2 and 3, it is seen that there is but little difference between
the average requirements for the maintenance of thin cattle as re-
ported by other investigators and the average requirement of these
maintenance steers in Periods 2 and 3. In the former case the average
requirement is 6.46 therms, while in the latter it is 6.62 therms, with
individual variations ranging from 6.14 to 7.00 therms. It is of in-
terest to note that in Period 4 the energy consumption of the mainte-
nance steers was reduced to 6.41 therms, yet during this period they
made an average daily gain of 0.85 pound.
A study of the energy consumption of the steers in the other lots
does not reveal anything of especial interest.
MJ. S. Dept. of Agr. Bur. of Anim. Indus. Bui. 143 (1912), page 39.
»Mo. Exp. Sta. Ees. Bui. 18 (1915).
582
BULLETIN No. 197
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[1917
ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOB FATTENING STEERS
583
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584
BULLETIN No. 197
[March,
TABLE 11. — SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATIONS UPON THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF
CATTLE
(Results expressed in therms of net energy per 1000 pounds live weight)
Condition
No.
of
No. of
N
et enei
gy
Investigator
of animals
ani-
mals
trials
Maxi-
mum
Mini-
mum
Aver-
age
Remarks
Arms by and fries
Kellner
Thin
})
3
7
7
7
7.06
7.32
4.86
5.31
6.11
6.20
Respiration experiment
Respiration experiment
Armsby
n
3
10
7.60
6.62
7.02
Respiration experiment ;
Armsby
»
3
3
6.26
4.88
5.62
fed roughage
Respiration experiment;
Haecker
)>
8
5
6.45
5.30
5.71
fed much grain
Live-weight experiment
Eward
»
3
3
7.85
6.45
7.18
Live-weight experiment
Evvard
»
1
1
8.09
Live-weight experiment
Trowbridge et al.
Trowbridge et al.
Trowbridge et al.
Kellner
> >
Good
Fat
Fat
10
7
4
8
13
9
5
3
7.84
8.68
6.73
9.58
5.31
6.28
6.05
7.75
6.55
7.42
6.39
8.59
Live-weight experiment
Live-weight experiment
Live-weight experiment
Respiration experiment
Evvard
Partly fat
3
3
10.62
8.15
9.07
Live-weight experiment
Average
Thin
33
49
6.46
Weighted
Average
Good and fat
17
20
7.59
Weighted
Average
All
50
69
....
...
6.78
Weighted
WEIGHTS AND GAINS
The steers of each lot were weighed individually at 2 p. m. every
day of the experiment. The weights of the steers at the beginning of
each period and at the end of the experiment are given in Table 12.
The initial weights of Period 1 and the final weights of Period 4 are
the averages of the first seven days and the last seven days, respect-
ively, of the experiment. The other weights are the averages of five
daily weights — the last two days of the preceding transitional period
and the first three days of the test period under consideration.
The initial weights of the steers were quite variable, ranging from
762 pounds for Steer 653 of the maintenance lot to 1010 pounds for
Steer 657 of the two-thirds-feed lot. There was also considerable varia-
tion between the averages of the different lots themselves, the main-
tenance lot weighing 814 pounds ; the one-third-feed lot, 873 pounds ;
the two-thirds-feed lot, 897 pounds ; and the full-feed lot, 926 pounds.
These variations in weight may have had some influence upon the re-
sults of the experiment.
The individual gains, the average gains per lot, and the total
gains per lot, for each period and for the entire experiment are pre-
sented in Table 13. The average daily gains are shown in Table 14.
Altho it was the original intention to keep the weight of the main-
tenance lot practically constant, yet considerable gain was made from
the beginning to the end of the experiment. However, these steers
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 585
were practically on a maintenance ration during Periods 2 and 3.
Beginning with the 31st week, Steers 653 and 650 of the maintenance
lot, Steers 667 and 666 of the one-third-feed lot, and Steers 668 and
652 of the two-thirds-feed lot were gradually put on a full-feed ration.
Consequently, their gains for the last period of the experiment were
as a rule much greater than those of their respective lot mates.
Disregarding the maintenance lot for obvious reasons, it is seen
that the rate of gain with the exception of Steer 667 decreased regu-
larly from Period 1 to Period 4, when linseed meal was introduced
into the ration. After the introduction of the linseed meal, the gains
increased considerably but again decreased in Period 5. In this re-
spect the steers behaved in accordance with the prevalent idea of
practical feeders regarding the addition of a nitrogenous concentrate
near the end of the fattening period.
As might naturally be expected, the steers on the larger rations
made greater gains than those on the small rations, the average daily
gains for the various lots being as follows: maintenance lot, 0.70
pound; one-third-feed lot, 1.32 pounds; two-thirds-feed lot, 1.79
pounds; and full-feed lot, 2.13 pounds. It should be remembered,
however, that Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed
in Period 5. A study of the data also shows that the individual daily
gains of the steers of each lot for the entire experiment were quite
uniform except in the case of the maintenance lot, in which two steers
received considerably more feed than the others, as explained else-
where. The data also show that the gains in each period were de-
pendent upon the amount of feed consumed, altho in a few cases the
individual gains of one lot overlap those of another lot.
Considering the length of the feeding period and the amounts of
feeds consumed, the full-feed lot made especially good gains in spite
of the fact that two of the steers were in the digestion stalls contin-
uously during the experiment. Also, the two-thirds-feed lot made
fairly good gains for a feeding period of this length, 259 days. As a
matter of fact, these steers made as good gains as the full-feed steers
in Periods 1 and 3. The gains of the one-third-feed lot, of course,
were smaller than one would expect in practical fattening.
The question naturally arises as to what effect the digestion and
metabolism experiment had upon the gains of the steers confined in
the metabolism stalls. Steers 650 and 656 of the maintenance lot,
Steers 666 and 669 of the one-third-feed lot, Steers 652 and 665 of
the two-thirds-feed lot, and Steers 663 and 661 of the full-feed lot
were in the metabolism and digestion experiment continuously. Their
gains were practically as good as those of their lot mates confined in
ordinary stalls. Consequently, it seems safe to conclude that the
metabolism and digestion steers were under normal conditions and
were at most only slightly affected by that phase of the experiment.
586
BULLETIN No. 197
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[1917
ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS
587
TABLE 13. — TOTAL GAIN BY EACH STEER PER PERIOD
(Results expressed in pounds)
Ratio of hay
Maintenance Lot
Period
Weeks
to corn to
linseed meal
Steer
653
Steer
650
Steer
656
Steer
658
Average
Total
1
1-5
1:1:0
69
55
69
12
51.2
205
2
8-13
1:3:0
2
-5
3
0
0.0
0
3
17-22
1:5:0
-5
2
4
6
1.7
7
4
25-30
1:4:1
40
35
31
38
36.0
144
5
34-37
1:4:1
81
115
22
4
13.04
2ft*
Total
1-37
229
273
125
95
180.55
722s
One-Third-Feed Lot
Steer
667
Steer
666
Steer
669
Steer
662
Average
Total!
1
1-5
1:1:0
59
88
69
75
72.7
291
2
8-13
1:3:0
81
56
55
83
68.7
275'
3
17-22
1:5:0
59
23
54
53
47.2
189'
4
25-30
1:4:1
91
57
63
66
69.2
277
5
34-37
1:4:1
25
59
25
-5
10.04
20*
Total
1-37
359
348
319
337
340.75
1363s
Two-Thirds-Feed Lot
Steer
668
Steer
652«
Steer
665
Steer
657
Average
Total
1
1-5
1:1:0
88
106
118
90
100.5
402
2
8-13
1:3:0
72
94
66
77
77.2
309
3
17-22
1:5:0
69
63
43
73
62.0
248
4
25-30
1:4:1
129
73
79
79
90.0
360
5
34-37
1:4:1
52
11
39
45
42.04
84*
Total
1-37
467
417
462
469
453.7s
1815s
Full-Feed Lot
Steer
6591
Steer
6633
Steer
661
Steer
664
Average
Total
1
1-5
1:1:0
106
119
89
103
104.2
417
2
8-13
1:3:0
110
90
82
101
95.7
383
3
17-22
1:5:0
69
89
38
56
63.0
252
4
25-30
1:4:1
120
76
109
107
103.0
412
5
34-37
1:4:1
56
53
54.5
109
Total
1-37
528
447
514
543
508.0
2032
'Removed at end of 33d week.
2R€moved at end of 30th week.
'Removed at end of 34th week.
4Two steers only, as Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed
in Period 5.
5Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed in Period 5,
588
BULLETIN No. 197
[March,
TABLE 14. — AVERAGE DAILY GAIN BY EACH STEER PER PERIOD
(Besults expressed in pounds)
Ratio of hay
Maintenance Lot
Period
Weeks
to corn to
linseed meal
Steer
653
Steer
650
Steer
656
Steer
658
Average
1
1-5
1:1:0
1.97
1.57
1.97
0.34
1.46
2
8-13
1:3:0
0.05
-0.12
0.07
0.00
0.00
3
17-22
1:5:0
-0.12
0.05
0.10
0.14
0.04
4
25-30
1:4:1
0.95
0.83
0.74
0.90
0.85
5
34-37
1:4:1
2.89
4.11
0.78
0.14
0.46*
Total
1-37
0.88
1.05
0.48
0.37
0.705
One-Third-Feed Lot
Steer
667
Steer
666
Steer
669
Steer
662
Average
1
1-5
1:1:0 1.69
2.51
1.97
2.14
2.08
2
8-13
1:3:0 1.93
1.33
1.31
1.98
1.64
3
17-22
1:5:0
1.40
0.55
1.29
1.26
1.12
4
25-30
1:4:1
2.17
1.36
1.50
1.57
1.65
5
34-37
1:4:1
0.89
2.11
0.89
-0.18
0.374
Total
1-37
1.39
134
1.23
130
1325
Two-Thirds-Feed Lot
Steer
668
Steer
652»
Steer
665
Steer
657
Average
1
1-5
1:1:0
2.51
3.03
3.37
2.57
2.87
2
8-13
1:3:0
1.71
2.24
1.57
1.83
1.84
3
17-22
1:5:0 1.64
1.50 •
1.02
1.74
1.48
4
25-30
1:4:1
3.07
1.74
1.88
1.88
2.14
5
34-37
1:4:1
1.86
1.57
1.39
1.61
1.504
Total
1-37
1.80
.1.75
1.78
1.81
1.79s
Full-Feed Lot
Steer
6591
Steer
663*
Steer
661
Steer
664
Average
1
1-5
1:1:0
3.03
3.40
2.54
2.94
2.98
2
8-13
1:3:0
2.62
2.14
1.95
2.40
2.28
3
17-22
1:5:0
1.64
2.12
0.90
1.33
1.50
4
25-30
1:4:1
2.86
1.81
2.60
2.55
2.45
5
34-37
1:4:1
...
...
2.00
1.89
1.95
Total
1-37
2.29
2.13
1.98
2.10
2.13
Removed at end of 33d week.
'Removed at end of 30th week.
'Removed at end of 34th week.
4Average of two steers as Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full
feed in Period 5.
"Steers 653, 650. 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed in Period 5,
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 589
INFLUENCE OF AMOUNT OF RATION UPON THE ECONOMY
OF GAINS
The practical cattle feeder assumes that the larger the amount of
feed that fattening cattle consume, the more economical will be the
gains. This assumption is based upon the fact that a certain amount
of feed is required for maintenance under any condition. Conse-
quently, the larger the proportion of feed above maintenance, the more
there is above the maintenance requirement available for production,
and for this reason the ration is assumed to be more economical.
On the other hand, experiments at the Illinois, Missouri, and other
stations show that large rations are not as completely digested as
smaller ones, especially when there is a considerable amount of crude
fiber in the ration. Consequently, if one considers only the digesti-
bility of the ration, one would expect the economy to be lessened as
the ration is increased. Thus in studying the influence of the amount
of ration upon economy, both of these factors, working in opposite
directions, must be considered.
In studying the economy of gains, there are several measures by
which we may determine it. The practical feeder usually measures
the economy of gains by the amount of feed consumed per pound of
gain. This is not strictly accurate, owing to variations in the chem-
ical composition of the feeds, especially in the water content. Fur-
thermore, when several feeds are used, as in this experiment, such a
large amount of data is presented as to be confusing. The expression
of the economy of the gains in terms of the consumption of dry sub-
stance per pound of gain obviates both of the previous objections, but
this alone is not entirely satisfactory, owing to the fact that the dry
substance from some feeds is more digestible than that from others.
To dispose of this difficulty the economy of the gains may be expressed
also in terms of digestible dry substance consumed per pound of gain.
However, this is not altogether satisfactory, as the animal does not
necessarily utilize the energy of feeds in direct proportion to the
amount of digestible nutrients in the feeds. The use of the net energy
consumed per pound of gain disposes of this objection. Theoretically,
at least, the net energy consumed per pound of gain is the most accu-
rate measure of the economy of gains. However, the inaccuracies
involved in the calculation of the net energy detract from its practical
value. For the purpose of this investigation, the amounts of feed, of
total dry substance, of digestible dry substance, and of net energy
consumed per pound of gain have been used as measures of the econ-
omy of the gains.
The amounts of feeds consumed per pound of gain by the in-
dividual steers are shown in Table 15. The amounts of feed consumed
per pound of gain by the different lots are shown in Table 16. Dis-
590
BULLETIN No. 197
[March,
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592 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,
cussion of these tables is omitted, since the discussion pertaining to
the consumption of dry substance per pound of gain also applies to
them.
Dry Substance, Digestible Dry Substance, and Net Energy Con-
sumed per Pound of Gain. — The total dry substance, the digestible
dry substance, and the net energy consumed per pound of gain are
shown in Tables 17, 18, and 19, respectively. Considering the data
for the one-third-feed lot, the two-thirds-feed lot, and the full-feed
lot during the different periods of the experiment, there is no evi-
dence that one lot was any more efficient than another. Taking the
entire thirty-seven weeks of the experiment into consideration, there
seems to be no reason to conclude that the amount of feed consumed
had any effect upon the economy of gains, as indicated by the amount
of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and net energy consumed
per pound of gain.
It is of interest to note that Steers 653 and 650 of the maintenance
lot made much more efficient gains in Period 5 when put upon full
feed than the steers which had been receiving full-feed rations previous
to Period 5. On the other hand, Steers 667 and 666 of the one-third-
feed lot, and Steers 668 and 652 of the two-thirds-feed lot made no
more economical gains when put upon a full-feed ration than the
steers of the full-feed lot.
INFLUENCE OF CHARACTER OF FEED UPON THE
ECONOMY OF GAINS
The fact that the steers were fed different proportions of corn
and hay during the first three periods of the experiment and the fact
that in Period 4 linseed meal was substituted for a part of the corn
in the ration, provide data for studying the influence of a decrease in
roughage together with an increase in concentrates upon. the economy
of gains, and also the effect of adding linseed meal to a ration high
in concentrates and low in roughages. In this connection, however, it
must be remembered that other factors such as the age and more es-
pecially the condition of the animals may have had considerable effect
upon the economy of gains in different periods.
Influence of Change from Hay 1 Part and Corn 1 Part, to Hay 1
Part and Corn 3 Parts. — In Period 1 the ration consisted of equal
parts of clover hay and ground corn. In the transitional period after
Period 1, the hay was decreased and the corn increased, so that in
Period 2 the ration consisted of one part of hay and three parts of
corn. From Table 5, page 576, it is seen that the total dry substance
consumed daily was slightly reduced in Period 2, while the consump-
tion of digestible dry substance was practically the same as shown in
Table 6. Table 7 shows that there was a decrease in the amount of
digestible crude protein consumed in Period 2, while Table 10 shows
[1917
ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS
593
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5% BULLETIN No. 197 [March,
a slight increase in the consumption in net energy. Thus these fig-
ures reveal but little difference in the nutrients consumed in Periods
1 and 2 except that there was less protein consumed in Period 2 than
in Period 1.
As shown in Table 14, page 588, the gains made in Period 2
were much lower than those made in Period 1. Especially was this
true in case of the two-thirds-feed lot, which dropped from an average
gain of 2.87 pounds to 1.84 pounds. The full-feed lot decreased from
2.98 pounds per day to 2.28 pounds per day, while the one-third-feed
lot decreased from 2.08 to 1.64 pounds. The decrease in the individual
gains, with the exception of Steer 667, was just as marked as the de-
crease in the average gains.
A study of the individual data in Table 17, page 593, shows that
the economy of gains as measured by the consumption of dry sub-
stance was decreased in Period 2 with but one exception — Steer 667.
Table 18 shows that, with the exception just noted, the amount of
digestible dry 'substance necessary to produce a pound of gain was
much greater in Period 2 than in Period 1. Table 19 shows that the
economy as measured by the consumption of net energy per pound
of gain was much decreased in Period 2.
One would not expect such marked differences in the rate of gain
and the economy of gains between Periods 1 and 2 as were shown by
the steers in this experiment. Of course, it is a well known fact that
the economy of gains decreases with the increasing age and condition
of the animal. However, it would not seem that the few weeks differ-
ence between Periods 1 and 2 would have such a marked effect. It
is possible that the decrease in consumption of digestible crude pro-
tein may have been responsible for the decrease in the rate and econ-
omy of gains. However, the decrease in protein consumption was not
great, varying from 0.03 pound to 0.21 pound per day. As a matter
of fact, there was no correlation between the decrease in protein con-
sumption and the decrease in efficiency among the individual steers.
Consequently, we are unable to explain these results which seem con-
trary to general opinion.
Influence of Change from, Hay 1 Part and Corn 3 Parts, to Hay
1 Part and Corn 5 Parts. — During the second transitional period the
hay of the ration was gradually decreased and the corn was increased,
so that during Period 3 the ration consisted of hay 1 part and corn
5 parts.
There was a considerable reduction in the consumption of total
dry substance in Period 3 owing to the reduction of the roughage and
the increase of the concentrates of the ration. These data are given
in Table 5. The data of Table 6 show that there was a considerable
reduction also in the amount of digestible dry substance consumed,
altho there was not as great a difference between Periods 2 and 3 as
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 597
in the case of the total dry substance. The consumption of digestible
crude protein in Period 3 was considerably lower than in Period 2,
as is shown by the data in Table 7. As a matter of fact, the protein
consumption of most of the steers was below, or no greater than, the
ordinary standards for maintenance. Table 9, page 582, shows that
the consumption of net energy in Period 3 was considerably lower
than in Period 2. In general, the steers in Period 3 received less
nutrients than in Period 2, the consumption of protein being espe-
cially decreased. This was due to the slump in the appetites of the
full-feed steers and the consequent reduction in the rations of the
steers of the other lots.
As one would naturally expect, there was a decrease in the rate
of gains in Period 3, as shown in Table 14, page 588. This decrease
was quite marked except in the cases of three steers, Nos. 669, 657,
and 663. The decrease in rate of gains was greatest in case of the full-
feed lot. In fact, the two-thirds-feed lot made as good gains in this
period as the full-feed lot. In this connection it may be noted that
there was little difference in the consumption of digestible protein and
net energy between these two lots during this period.
Referring to Table 17, page 593, it is seen that in general more
total dry substance was required to produce a pound of gain in Period
3 than in Period 2. However, Steers 669, 668, 657, and 663 were ex-
ceptions, making slightly more economical gains in this than in the
preceding period. Table 18, page 594, shows that the consumption
of digestible dry substance per pound of gain was greater in Period
3 than in Period 2. Furthermore, the exceptions noted above are not
so noticeable in this case. By reference to Table 19, page 595, it is
seen that the economy of the gains, as measured by the consumption
of net energy per pound of gain, decreased in Period 3 in every in-
stance except in case of Steer 663. In general, then, it seems safe to
say that the efficiency of the ration was decreased in Period 3. This
is what one would expect after comparing the feed consumption in
Periods 2 and 3. Also the increased condition, especially of the full-
feed steers, undoubtedly tended to decrease the rate and economy of
gains. Furthermore, it seems probable that the small amount of pro-
tein consumed in Period 3 may have adversely affected the rate and
economy of gains.
Influence of Change from Hay 1 Part and Corn 5 Parts, to Hay
1 Part, Corn 4 Parts, and Linseed Meal 1 Part. — During the third
transitional period the corn of the ration was gradually reduced and
old-process linseed meal was gradually introduced into the ration, so
that during Period 4 the steers received a ration the same as in Period
3 except that a part of the corn was replaced by linseed meal. There
was little or no difference in the actual amounts of hay and of con-
centrates eaten in Periods 3 and 4 (see Tables 3 and 4). However,
59& BULLETIN No. 197 [March,
when the feed consumption is computed in terms of 1000 pounds live
weight, it is evident that there was a slight reduction in the amount
of feed consumed in Period 4, especially in case of the two-thirds- and
full-feed lots, owing to the increased weight of the animals (see Table
5). The consumption of digestible dry substance per 1000 pounds
live weight in Period 4 was nearly as great as in Period 3. Of course
the digestible protein was increased considerably by the addition of
linseed meal. In fact, the consumption of protein was almost doubled.
The consumption of net energy, as given in Table 9, was also slightly
lower in Period 4 in most instances. In general, the consumption of
nutrients per 1000 pounds live weight was practically the same in
Periods 3 and 4, except in case of the protein, which was almost twice
as great in Period 4 as in Period 3 (see Tables 6, 7, and 9).
The average daily gains (Table 14) show that the introduction
of linseed meal into the ration affected the rate of gains quite ma-
terially. In case of the one-third-feed lot and the two-thirds-feed lot,
the gains of all steers increased considerably after the introduction of
linseed meal. In the full-feed lot, the gains of three steers increased
while the gain of one steer (No. 663) decreased after the addition of
linseed meal. In this connection it should be noted that Steer 663,
whose gains decreased after the linseed meal was introduced into the
ration, went off feed quite badly during this period and was removed
from the experiment at the end of the 30th week. Also, the increases
in the gains of the other steers of the full-feed lot after the introduc-
tion of linseed meal were much greater than those of the two-thirds-
feed lot. In fact, the increase in the gains of the full-feed lot after
the introduction of the linseed meal was quite marked. In this con-
nection it is well to state again that in Period 4 slightly less total dry
substance, slightly less digestible dry substance, and slightly less net
energy were consumed than in Period 3. However, almost twice as
much protein was consumed in Period 4 as in Period 3. Apparently
the addition of protein to the nutrients was responsible for the in-
creased gains. Why the increase in gains should vary with the amount
of feed consumed is not explained by these data.
A study of Table 16 shows that in case of the one-third-feed lot,
about 54 percent more feed was required to produce a pound of gain
in Period 3, when no nitrogenous concentrate was fed, than in Period
4, when linseed meal was substituted for an equal amount of corn. In
the two-thirds-feed lot, 57 percent more feed was required to produce
a pound of gain in the corn period than in the corn and linseed meal
period. In the full-feed lot, 62 percent more feed was required to
produce a pound of gain when corn was the sole concentrate than
when linseed meal was also used. In this connection it should be re-
membered that if the same ration had been fed in Periods 3 and 4,
we should have expected that more feed would be required in Period
[1917
ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS
599
4, as the steers were older and more nearly finished in this period.
However, before drawing any definite conclusions from these data,
the data of the individual animals should be considered, especially
in view of the small number of animals in each lot. It will simplify
the study to speak in terms of dry substance per pound of gain rather
than in terms of corn, hay, and linseed meal per pound of gain.
Table 17, page 593, shows the individual data pertaining to the
amount of dry substance per pound of gain. These data are more
easily studied if the amount required to produce a pound of gain in
Period 3 is calculated in percent of the amount required to produce
a pound of gain in Period 4. Assuming the amount consumed in
Period 4 as 100 percent, the amounts consumed by the different steers
in Period 3 were as shown in Table 20.
TABLE 20. — DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED PER POUND OF GAIN IN PERIOD 3 EXPRESSED
IN PERCENT OF THE AMOUNT CONSUMED PER POUND OF GAIN IN PERIOD 4
Steer
No.
One-third-
feed lot
Steer
No.
Two-thirds-
feed lot
Steer
No.
Full-feed
lot
667
666
669
662
155.4
260.9
123.4
131.5
668
652
665
657
189.8
125.0
200.1
123.6
659
663
661
664
168.2
92.9
267.4
192.8
Average
167.8
Average
159.6
Average
180.3
Considering the individual steers of the one-third-feed lot, it is
found that the rations of all four steers were more efficient after the
addition of the linseed meal. Consequently, it seems safe to conclude
that the introduction of linseed meal into the ration of the one-third-
feed lot increased the efficiency thereof.
Referring to the data concerning the steers of the two-thirds-feed
lot, it is seen that the rations of all steers again were more efficient
after the introduction of linseed meal. Taking this into consideration,
it seems safe to conclude that the introduction of linseed meal into the
ration of the two-thirds-feed lot materially increased the efficiency of
the ration.
Considering the steers of the full-feed lot, it is seen that the in-
troduction of the linseed meal increased the efficiency of the ration to
a marked degree in cases of Steers 659, 661, and 664. Steer 663 made
less economical gains after the introduction of the linseed meal. This
was doubtless due to the fact that this steer went off feed and scoured
badly during the 28th, 29th, and 30th weeks of the experiment. In
fact, at the end of the 30th week it was necessary to remove him from
the experiment and put him on another ration. Taking this into con-
sideration, it seems safe to conclude that the introduction of linseed
meal into the ration of the full-feed lot caused a marked increase m
the economy of the ration.
600 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,
Referring again to Table 18, page 594, showing the amount of
digestible dry substance consumed per pound of gain, and to Table
19, page 595, showing the amount of net energy consumed per pound
of gain, it is seen that in the one-third-feed and two-thirds-feed lots
all of the steers made more economical gains after the addition of lin-
seed meal. In the case of the full-feed lot, this was also true of Steers
659, 661, and 664, but the gain of Steer 663 was less economical. How-
ever, as previously noted, this steer was not in normal condition dur-
ing this period.
From these results, one concludes that the introduction of linseed
meal into the ration caused the gains to be made more economically,
as measured by the consumption of digestible dry substance and net
energy.
SUMMARY
1. Sixteen two-year-old, choice feeder steers were divided into
four lots of four steers each. One lot was given a ration slightly above
maintenance; another, an amount of feed equal to the maintenance
ration plus one-third of the difference between the maintenance and
the full-feed rations; another, an amount equal to the maintenance
ration plus two-thirds of the difference between the maintenance and
the full-feed rations ; and another, as much feed as the steers would
eat readily.
2. The experiment lasted for thirty-seven weeks and was divided
into five test periods. The first period was five weeks in length, the
second, third, and fourth were each six weeks in length, and the fifth
was four weeks in length.
3. The feeds used were clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil
meal. The ration of the first test period consisted of clover hay and
ground corn in the ratio of 1 :1 ; that of the second, of clover hay and
ground corn in the ratio of 1:3; that of the third, of clover hay and
ground corn in the ratio of 1 : 5 ; and that of the fourth and fifth, of
clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal in the ratio of 1:4:1.
4. In Period 1, when the ration consisted of equal parts of clover
hay and ground corn, the average daily gains of the different lots and
the individual variations were as follows:
Lot
Average
Variations
Maintenance
Its.
146
Ibs.
0.34-1.97
One-third-f eed
2.08
1.69-2.51
Two-thirds-feed
2.87
2.51-3.37
Full-feed
2.98
2.54-3.40
[1917
ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS
601
The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and
nci energy per pound of gain by the one-third-, two-thirds-, and full-
feed lots was as follows:
Lot
Dry substance
Digestible dry
substance
Net energy
Average
Variations
Average
Variations
Average
Variations
One-third-feed . .
Two-thirds-feed .
Full-feed
Ibs.
6.61
6.25
7.33
Its.
5.35-8.17
5.37-7.21
6.02-8.71
Ibs.
4.36
3.99
4.59
Ibs.
3.68-5.38
3.41-4.63
3.82-5.40
therms
4.12
3.76
4.32
therms
3.50-5.09
3.21-4.34
3.61-5.06
5. In Period 2, when the ration consisted of 1 part of clover hay
to 3 parts of ground corn, the average daily gains of the different lots
and the individual variations were as follows:
Lot
Average
Variations
Maintenance
Ibs.
0.00
Ibs.
-0.12-0.07
One-third-feed
1.64
1.31-1.98
Two-thirds-feed
1.84
1.57-2.24
Full-feed
2.28
1.95-2.62
The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and
net energy per pound of gain by the one-third-, two-thirds-, and full-
feed lots was as follows :
Lot
Dry substance
Digestible dry
substance
Net energy
Average
i Variations
Average
Variations
Average ' Variations
One-third-feed . .
Two-thirds-feed .
Full-feed . .
Ibs.
7.95
9.96
9.86
Ibs.
6.57-10.12
1 7.78-11.85
' 8.27-12.06
Ibs.
5.71
6.85
6.36
Ibs.
4.73-7.20
5.40-8.09
5.35-7.24
therms
5.90
7.05
6.51
therms
4.88-7.45
5.54-8.33
5.47-7.40
6. In Period 3, when the ration consisted of 1 part of clover hay
and 5 parts of ground corn, the daily gains of the different lots were
as follows:
Lot
Average
Variations
Maintenance ...
Ibs.
0 04
Ibs.
-0 1 2-0 14
One- third-feed
1.12
0.55-1.40
Two-thirds-feed
1.48
1 02-1.74
Full-feed . .
1.50
0.90-2.12
602 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,
The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and
net energy per pound of gain was as follows :
Lot
Dry substance
Digestible dry
substance
Net energy
Average
Variations
Average | Variations j
Average
Variations
One-third-feed . .
Two-thirds-feed
Pull-feed..
Ibs.
10.40
11.08
12.41
Ibs.
8.05-20.30
9.70-16.47
7.64-20.16
Its. Ibs.
7.91 6.10-15.24
8.15 7.14-11.71
8.63 5.66-13.16
therms
8.46
8.72
9.08
therms
6.53-16.33
7.63-12.53
6.04-13.65
7. In Period 4, when the ration consisted of 1 part of clover
hay, 4 parts of ground corn, and 1 part of linseed meal, the daily
gains were as follows :
Lot
Average
Variations
Maintenance
Ibs.
0 85
Ibs.
0 74-0.95
One-third-feed
1.65
1.36-2.17
Two-thirds-feed
2.14
1.74-3 J07
Full-feed..
2.45
1.81-2.86
The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and
net energy per pound of gain was as follows :
Lot
Dry substance
Digestible dry
substance
Net energy
Average j Variations
Average
Variations
Average
Variations
One-third-feed . .
Two-thirds-feed .
Full-feed
Ibs.
6.81
7.06
7.64
n*.
5.18-7.78
5.11-8.28
6.94-8.22
Ibs.
5.24
5.30
5.79
Ibs.
3.98-6.04
3.83-6.22
5.50-6.50
therms
5.53
5.58
6.15
therms
4.20-6.38
4.04-6.55
5.56-6.87
8. Considering the entire experiment of thirty-seven weeks, the
daily gains were as follows:
Lot
Average
Variations
Maintenance
Ibs.
0.701
Ibs.
0.37-1.051
One-third-feed
1.321
1.23-1.391
Two-thirds-feed
1 791
1.75-1.811
Full-feed
2.13
1.98-2.29
'This average includes the data for two steers which were upon full feed from
the 31st to the 37th week inclusive.
The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and
net energy per pound of gain was as follows :
[1917
ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS
603
Lot
Dry substance
Digestible dry
substance
Net energy
Average
Variations
Average j Variations
Average Variations
One-third-feed . .
Two-thirds-feed.
FuJl-f eed
Ibs.
9.5P
9.401
9.63
Ibs.
9.17-10.041
8.95- 9.641
8.41-10.47
Ibs. | Ibs.
6.961 : (5.73-7.291
6.67* 6.48-6.861
6.60 ' 5.95-7.23
therms
7.221
6.901
6.73
therms
6.97-7.551
6.67-7.101
6.10-7.48
VThis average includes the data for two steers which were npon full feed from
the 31st to the 37th week inclusive.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Two-year-old steers may be maintained 011 8 to 9 pounds of
dry substance, 0.39 to 0.44 pound of digestible crude protein, and 6.5
to 6.8 therms of net energy per 1000 pounds live weight.
2. Fattening two-year-old steers may make satisfactory gains
over a period of thirty-seven weeks 011 14.3 to 22.1 pounds of dry
substance, 0.72 to 1.44 pounds -of digestible crude protein, and 11.9
to 13.0 therms of net energy per 1000 pounds live weight. Fairly
good gains may be made even on less amounts than these.
3. The rate of gains of two-year-old steers depends upon the
amount of feed consumed. However, the amount of feed consumed
between one-third feed and full feed apparently has no effect upon
the economy of gains as measured by the consumption of feed, of total
dry substance, of digestible dry substance, and of net energy per
pound of gain.
4. When a ration consisting of clover hay and ground corn in
equal parts is changed to a ration consisting of one part of clover hay
and three parts of corn, the amounts of digestible dry substance and
net energy remaining practically unchanged, but the protein being
reduced 10 to 12 percent, the rate of gains and the economy of gains
are considerably decreased.
5. When a ration consisting of one part of clover hay and three
parts of ground corn is changed to one consisting of one part of clover
hay and five parts of ground corn, the digestible dry substance, di-
gestible protein, and net energy also being slightly reduced, the rate
and economy of gains are decreased.
6. The substitution of one part of linseed meal for one part of
corn in a ration of clover hay one part and ground corn five parts
materially increases the rate of gains and the economy of gains.
7. Steers which have been kept 011 a low plane of nutrition
(maintenance) for a considerable time make more economical gains
when put upon a full-feed ration than steers which have been upon
full feed for some time. HoAvever, steers receiving more than a main-
tenance but less than a full-feed ration make no more economical gains
when put upon full feed than steers which have already been on full
feed.
604 BULLETIN No. 197 [March.
8. From the results obtained in this investigation, it seems safe
to conclude that steers may be maintained or fattened with the ordi-
nary rations of the corn belt on less digestible dry matter, on less di-
gestible protein, and on less net energy than the amounts prescribed
by the generally accepted feeding standards.
The authors wish to acknowledge the efficient assistance rendered
by J. J. Yoke and W. A. Balis in the feeding, weighing, and care of
the animals; by F. W. Gill in the analytical work; and by P. A.
Hoffman, W. J. Gage, Jr., and W. A. Hixson, in the weighing and
sampling of the feeds, orts, feces, and urine, and in the keeping of
many of the records.
AUTHOR INDEX
605
AUTHOR INDEX
PAGE
.Allyn, O. M., and Burlison, W. L.
Prices and Shrinkage of
Farm Grains 11-26
Allyn, O. M., and Burlison, W. L.
Yields of Different Varieties
of Corn in Illinois. ... 1 .407-424
Allyn, O. M., and Burlison, W. L.
Yields of Spring Grains in
Illinois 497-508
Aumer, J. P., and Hopkins, Cyril
G. Potassium from the Soil 1-10
Bauer, P. C., Hopkins, Cyril G.,
and Hosier* J. G. Summary
of Illinois Soil Investiga-
tions • 449^84
Blair, J. C., Foglesong, L. E.,
Gunderson, A. J., Pickett, B.
S., Ruth, W. A., and Wat-
kins, O. S. Field Experi-
ments in Spraying Apple Or-
chards .... * 47-212
Bull, Sleeter, Emmett, A. D.,
Grindley, H. S., and Mum-
ford, H. W. A Study of the
Rate and Economy of Gains
of Fattening Steers with
Special Reference to the In-
fluence of the Amount and
the Character of Feed Con-
sumed 565-604
Burlison, W. L., and Allyn, O. M.
Prices and Shrinkage of
Farm Grains . . . : 11-26
B'urlison, W. L., and Allyn, O. M.
Yields of Different Varieties
of Corn in Illinois 407-424
Burlison, W. L., and Allyn, O. M.
Yields of Spring Grains in
Illinois 497-508
Durst, C. E. Methods of Fertil-
izing Sweet Potatoes 267-278
Edmonds, J. L. Feeding Pure-
Bred Draft Fillies 425-448
Emmett, A. D., Bull, Sleeter,
Grindley, H. S., and Mum-
ford, H. W. A Study of the
Rate and Economy of Gains
of Fattening Steers with
Special Reference to the In-
fluence of the Amount and
the Character of Feed Con-
sumed 565-604
Foglesong, L. E., Blair, J. C.,
Gunderson, A. J., Piekett, B.
PAGS
S., Ruth, W. A., and Wat-
kins, O. S. Field Experi-
ments in Spraying Apple Or-
chards 47-212
Forbes, Stephen A. A General
Survey of the May-Beetles
(Phyllophaga) of Illi-
nois 213-257
Forbes, Stephen A. The Influ-
ence of Trees and Crops on
Injury by White-Grubs. .259-265
Grindley, H. S., Bull, Sleeter, Em-
mett, A. D., and Mumford,
H. W. A Study of the Rate
and Economy of Gains of
Fattening Steers with Special
Reference to the Influence
of the Amount and the Char-
acter of Feed-Consumed. . 565-60 1
Gunderson, A. J., Blair, J. C.,
Foglesong, L. E., Pickett, B.
S., Ruth, W. A., and Wat-
kins, O. S. Field Experi- •
ments in Spraying Apple Or-
chards .47-212
Hopkins, Cyril G., and Aumer, J.
P. Potassium from the Soil
1-10
Hopkins, Cyril G., and Whiting,
Albert L. Soil Bacteria and
Phosphates 391-406
Hopkins, Cyril G., Bauer, F. C.,
and Mosier, J; G. Summary
of .Illinois Soil Investiga-
tions 449-484
Hopkins, Cyril G. A New Lime-
stone Tester 485-495
Lloyd, John W. Tests with Ni-
trate of Soda in the Produc-
tion of Early Vegetables. .27-46
AI osier, J. G., Bauer, F. C., and
Hopkins, Cyril G. Summary
of Illinois Soil Investiga-
tions 449-484
Mumford, H. W., Bull, Sleeter,
Emmett, A. D., and Grind-
ley, 'H. S. A Study of the
Rate and Economy of Gains
of Fattening Steers with
Special Reference to the In-
fluence of the Amount and
the Character of Feed Con-
sumed . . .5(i5-604
606
VOLUME 13
PAGE
Muncie, F. W. The Use of Com-
mercial Fertilizers in Grow-
ing Koses 509-5(54
Peltier, George L. Parasitic
Ehizoctonias in America 279-390
Pickett, B. S., Blair, J. C., Fogle-
song, L. E., Gunderson, A. J.,
Euth, W. A., and Watkins, O.
S. Field Experiments in
Spraying Apple Orchards 47-212
Euth, W. A., Blair, J. C., Fogle-
song, L. E., Gunderson, A. J.,
PACE
Pickett, B. S., and Watkins,
O. S. Field Experiments in
Spraying Apple Orchards. 47-2 12
Watkins, O. S., Blair, J. C., Fogle-
song, L. E., Gunderson, A. J.,
Euth, W. A., and Piekett, B.
S. Field Experiments in
Spraying Apple Orchards. 4 7-2 12
Whiting, Albert L., and Hopkins,
Cyril G. Soil Bacteria and
Phosphates 391-406
INDEX
607
INDEX
(The headings in capitals are subjects of entire bulletins)
PAGE
Acid phosphate, see Phosphate
Agave rigida 308
Alfalfa, Bhizoctonia on 308-09
Attvum 328
ascalonicum 284
Alternanthera, Ehizoctonia on. . 310
Alyssum, Sweet, Ehizoctonia on 310-11
Alyssum odoratum 810
Amaranthus, Ehizoctonia on.... 311
Amaranthus albus 311
retroflexus 311
spinosus 311
Ammonium sulfate for roses 511, 541
Anna, 111., Spraying experiments
139-55
Tests of fertilizing sweet po-
tatoes . . 269-78
Antioch experiment field, experi-
ments on ". 479-80
Apium graveolens 320
Apple blotch, see Spraying exper-
iments
Apple flea-weevil 109
APPLE OECHAEDS, FIELD
EXPEEIMENTS IN
SP. BAYING 47-212
Apple scab, see Spraying experi-
ments
Apple trees, Diseases of foliage
and fruit 49-50
Insects attacking foliage and
fruit 49
Arachis liypogoea 308
Asparagus, Ornamental, Bhizoe-
tonia on 311
Asparagus 'sprcngeri 311
Asters, China, Ehizoctonia on 311-12
Auburn, 111., Variety tests of corn 417
Barley, Price, 1904-13 19
Barley, grown at DeKalb 503
Fairfield 507
IJrbana 506-07
Beans, Bhizoetonia on 312-14
Beets, Nitrate of soda for. .33, 37, 43
Ehizoctonia on 314—15
Begonias, Bhizoetonia on 315
Beta vulgaris .' 314
Bitter rot of apples, Spraying
for 205
Blackberry, Ehizoctonia on 315
Bloomington experiment field,
Experiments on 471-72
PAGE
Bordeaux injury, see Spraying ex-
periments
Brassica olerace'a 316
Buckwheat, Ehizoctonia on 315
Byssothesium circinans 285
Cabbage, Nitrate of soda for. .
. , 34, 40, 44, 45
Ehizoctonia on 316-17
Calcium required by crops 406
Callistephus hortensis 311
Candytuft, Ehizoctonia on 317
Carbon dioxid in soil 403-05
Carnations, Ehizoctonia on 283, 317-20
Inoculation of, see Ehizoctonia
Solani
Carrots, Ehizoctouia on 320
Cauliflower, Nitrate of soda for
35, 41, 45
Celery, Ehizoctonia 011 320-21
Centaurea gymnocarpa 321, 333
Centralia, 111., Spraying experi-
ments 126-38
Chenopodium album 326
Citrus 307
Clover, Bed, Bhizoetonia on 321
Codling moth, see Spraying ex-
periments
Colons, Ehizoctonia on 310, 322
Coniferous seedlings, Ehizoctonia
on 322
Cor chorus capsularis 308
Coreoipsis lanceolata 322
Corn
Growing season in Illinois. . . . 409
Price, 1904-13 16
Prices necessary to compensate
for shrinkage 23-24
Ehizoctonia on 323
Shrinkage 13, 21-23
Shrinkage experiments
Illinois station 21-22
Ohio station 22
Varieties 422-24
COEN IN ILLINOIS, YIELDS
OF DIFFEEENT VAEIE-
TIES OF 407-24
Coronilla 307
Cortichim ocliralcucum . . . * .290, 376
vaffum 285, 287, 306,
308, 311, 316, 321, 322, 323, 325,
335, 376
Cotton, Ehizoctonia on 323-24
608
VOLUME 13
PAGE
Croat* salinis 283
Crop production, Scientific discov-
eries relating to 393
Curculio, see Spraying experi-
ments
Cyclocephala . . 2G1
Du-ucus carota 320
Decatur, 111., Variety tests of corn 417
DeKalb, 111., Tests : of spring
grains . . . 499-503
Variety tests of corn 411, 411', 413
Dittnthus, Ehizoctonia' on 324
barbatns 324
earyophylhts 317
phimarnis 324
scqncri 324
Dolichos Lablab, Ehizoctonia on 308
Draft fillies, Feeding experiments
425-48
Redding 428
Feeds 427-28, 434
Composition 441
Cost 439-40
. Gains 435-36, 437, 438-39
Grooming 428
Plan of experiment 427
Shelter 428
DRAFT FILLIES, FEEDING
PURR-BRED 425-48
Draft fillies used in feeding ex-
periment 428-29,430-33,
442-48
Dried Mood for roses. .516, 517, 518,
520, 521, 523-24, 525-26, 527-28,
533-38
Analysis of 512
Dn Bois experiment field, Exper-
iments on 477-78
Egg plant, Rhizoctonia on 325
Emmer grown at DeKalb 503
Euphorbia pulehcrrima 329
Experiment fields, University 454-458
Plan of investigations on. .459-462
Fago'pyrum eseitlentum 315
Fail-field, 111., Tests of spring
grains 499, 507
Variety tests of corn.' 418-22
Fairfleld experiment field. Exper-
iments on 478-79
Fertilizers
Amount used in U. S 3
Commercial Analysis of 512
Experiments with roses. . .511-64
Complete 3
For roses
Amount used 543, 544
Effect on production. . . .514, 541
Rinds needed 562-63
For sweet potatoes 269
Field-culture experiments . . .467-483
PAGE
Fillies, sec Draft fillies
Five finger, Rhizoctonia on 325
Flora, 111., Spraying experiments
104-17
Flyspeck on apples, sec Spraying
experiments
Foxtail grass, Rhizoctonia on... 3J5
Fungicides, sec Spraying experi-
ments
Galesburg experiment field, Ex-
periments on 469-70
Glycine soja 308
Gossypium herbaccum 323
GRAINS, FARM, PRICES AND
SHRINKAGE OF 11-26
GRAINS, SPRING, YIELDS OF,
IX ILLINOIS 497-508
Green Valley experiment field,
Experiments on 482-83
Griggsville, 111., Spraying experi-
ments 118-25, 156-8(5
Gypsopliihi ,-< IK //* 325-26
Henry-Morrison feeding standard 575
Horses, sec Draft fillies
Hypochnus Solani 285, 287
'violaceus 284, 286
Ibcris 317
Inoculation of plants nvith Rhi-
zoctonia cultures 337—64
Insecticides, sec Spraying exper-
iments
' ' I nsoluble residue, ' ' potassium
in , 4
l'sed in pot cultures 5-10
June-bugs, sec May-beetles
Lactuca saiiva 326
Lamb's quarters, Rhizoctonia on 326
Lathams oflor<i1nx 334
Lavclcra <irbornt- rnriet/dlti 326
Leaf spot, Spraying for control of
109, 117. 205
Jjeptoaphaeria circinans 285
Lettuce, Nitrate of soda for 34, 40, 44
Rhizoctonia on .' . . . .326-28
Lime Sulfur, sec Spraying exper-
iments
Limestone, Ground, Cost 494
For roses 541, 557, 561
-62, 5(>3-64
Limestone samples 494—95
LIMESTONE TESTER, A NKW
485-95
Cost 495
Diagram . . . . '486
Limestone tests 487-93
Lobelia, Rhizoctonia on 328
Lobelia eriniis . . . 328
L/icopcr.sicum erculcnlum 335
Manito experiment field, Experi-
ments on 481-82
INDEX
609
PAGE
Mascoutah experiment field, Ex-
periments on . .475-77
Mat toon, 111., Variety tests of
corn 417
M A V-KKKTLKS- (PHYLLOPH-
AGA) OF ILLINOIS, GEN-
ERAL SURVEY OF 213-57
Abundance of different species
249-50
Collections made in Illinois 215-19
At lights 238
Dates 243-48
Location 215-16
Methods 218
Numbers 216-18, 239
Distribution of species. .235-37, 256
Foods 252-56
Kinds of crops preferred by
262-65
Kinds of trees attractive to 250-51
Parents of white-grubs 261
Seasonal succession of species
240-42, 256
Species 219-35, 256
Mcdieayo sativa, Rhizoctonia on
;.".. 285, 308
Milk of lime, sec Spraying ex-
periments
Morns alba, Rhizoctonia on 308
Mvrtle, 111., Variety tests of corn
409-10
Neoga, 111., Spraying experi-
ments 58-103
In 1910 58-71
In 1911 71-87
In 1912 ..88-103
\i <•!>•! i-tma, Rhizoctonia on 335
Nitrate of soda, Influence on
early vegetables 29—46
Amount used 32-35
Conclusions 45—46
Plan of tests 29-32
Results of tests 35-45
Nitrite bacteria
Importance and extent of ac-
tion 405-06
Nitrogen oxidized, phosphorus
and calcium made soluble.. 401
Oafs
Characteristics of different va-
rieties . . . . 507, 50, S
Comparison of northern and
home-grown seed 502
Price, 1904-13 18
Shrinkage 24-26
Shrinkage experiments at other
stations 24-25
Oats grown at DeKalb . . .500-02, 508
Fairfield 499, 507, 508
Urbana 499, 503-05, 508
PAGE
Onions, Nitrate of soda for.o3, 38, 39,
43, 44
Rhizoctonia on 328
Orchards, sec Spraying experi-
ments
Organic matter decomposed by
soil bacteria 395-96
Ammonia production 396
Nitrite production 397-98
Nitrate production 398
Pansies, Rhizoctouia on 328
Permanent agriculture 483
Phaseolus, Rhizoctonia on 284
vulgaris 312
Phosphate, Acid, for roses.. 516, 517,
518, 521, 523-26, 528, 539, 540,
550-57, 564
Phosphate, rock 395
Phosphate, solubility
Action of ammonia production
398-99
Action of nitrite bacteria. .399-403
Action of nitrate bacteria. .... 403
by carbon dioxid 403-05
by organic acids 405
Phtjllophagji of Illinois. .215-57, 261
anxia 227-28, 235
nrlcunsmia 234
balia 235
b'arda 235
bipartita . .228, 236
calccata 235
congrua 233
corrosa 232, 236
crassissima 233
crcnulata 231-32, 236, 237
dclata 233, 236
draUi 232, 236
fcrvida 230-31, 236
forbesi 226, 236
fnrstcri 233, 236, 237
fratcrna 228-£9, 237
fusoa 223-24, 236, 257
fiitilis .225, 257
grandis 232
Tiirticula . . 219-21, 236
Mrtiventris . . 235
liorni 234
ilicis 230
implicita 221-23
inversa 224-25, 236
longitarsa 234
mlcans 227, 237
niiida 233, 235
nova 233
praetermisea 234, 237
profunda 229, 237
prunina 234
. rugosa 226-27, 235
tristis 229-30
vchemcns 231, 237
villifrons 234
610
VOLUME 13
PAGE
l'l</ nt ago aristata 328
Plantain, Rhizoctonia on 328-29
Plum cureulio, see Curculio
Poinsettia, Rhizoctonia on 329
Pot-culture experiments 480-81
Potassium, amount contained in
normal soils 4
Potassium, Commercial 3-4
POTASSIUM FROM THE
SOIL 1-10
Experiments 1910-11 5-7
1912 7-9
1913-14 9-10
Potassium in clover 10
in corn 10
Potassium sulfate for roses. .516, 517,
518, 522-23, 524-26
Potatoes, Rhizoctonia on .329-31
Potentilla 325
Prices of farm crops, Regulation
of 13-14
of farm grains 13-21
Quercus imbricaria 251
Radishes, Nitrate of soda for
32,35, 42
Rhizoctonia on . •. . . .332-33
Rainfall for Illinois 409, 499
Raleigh experiment field, Experi-
ments on 479
Raphanus sativtis 332
Rheiim rhapontioum 333
Rhizoctonia Alii 284
Asparagi 284
Betae 285, 314
Crocorum 283, 284, 290, 292,
305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 331, 376
Dauti 284
destruens ........ ti 307
fusca '. 307
Mali 283
Medicaginis . 283, 284, 309
Napaeae 285
potomacensis 336
Bapae 285
Rubiae 284
Rhizoctonia Solani
Bibliography 386-90
Distribution in Australia 308
Canada 306
Europe 306-08
India 308
South America . . . .• 306
United States 292-305
West Indies 306
General characters 286-92
Growth on media. . .364-70, 378-85
Historical account 283-86
Inoculation experiments . . 337—364
Measurement of mycelial cells
370-72
Plants susceptible to 293-305,
306-08, 308-37
PAGE
Soil survey .372-75
Symptoms of disease 308-37
Rhizoctonia Violacea 284, 285,
286, 309
RHIZOCTONIAS, PARASITIC,
IN AMERICA 279-390
Rhubarb, Rhizoctonia on 333
Rock Phosphate, see Phosphate
Rosellinia qu-ercina 285
Roses
Benefits of fertilizing 564
Fertilizing experiment, 1910—
13 511-41
1913-15 541-62
Kind of stock to plant 564
Kinds used in experiments 511, 542
Price, 1912 519
ROSES, USE OF COMMER-
CIAL FERTILIZERS IN
GROWING 509-64
Rubia, Rhizoctonia on 307
tinctorum, Rhizoctonia on 284
Rubus, Rhizoctonia on 315
Rumex acctosella, Rhizoctonia on
334
Russeting of apples, see Spray-
ing experiments
Rye, Price, 1904-13 20
Rye grown at DeKalb 503
Fail-field 507
Salvia, Rhizoctonia on 310, 333
Salvia splendcns, Rhizoctonia on. 333
Kanibucus, Rhizoctonia on 307
San Jose scale, Spraying for con-
trol of ... 160, 204
Santolina chamaccyparissus .... 333
Scab, Apple, sec Spraying experi-
ments
Sclei'otium Crocorum 283, 284
Sedum anglicum, Rhizoctonia on 334
Setaria glauca, Rhizoctonia on. . 325
Shrinkage, see Corn, Oats, and
Wheat
Sibley, 111., Variety tests of corn. 417
Sibley experiment field, experi-
ments on 470-71
Sodium nitrate, sec Nitrate of
soda
Soil, Chemical analysis of.. ..452-54
increasing fertility of 483
Normal and abnormal 4
Organic matter of 395
Preparation for early vege-
tables 29
SOIL BACTERIA AND PHOS-
PHATES 391-406
Soil fertility, Scientific discover-
ies relating to 39"3
SOIL INVESTIGATIONS,
SUMMARY OF ILLINOIS
..449-84
INDEX
611
PAGE
Bibliography 484
Experiment fields 454—58
Plan of field-culture experi-
ments 459-62
Value ! 462
Soil map of Illinois
between pp. 466 and 467
Soil publications of Illinois Ex-
periment Station . . 462-63
Soil survey 451-52
of Rhizoctonia 372-75
Soils of Illinois 463-67
Fertility invoice 465-67
Residual 465
Ridge ... 465
Sand 482-83
Soil areas 463-64
Swamp 465, 481-83
Terrace 465
Upland prairie 464, 468-79
Upland timber . . . .464-65, 479-81
Solatium melongena, Rhizoctonia
on 325
tuberosum, Rhizoctonia on 284, 329
Sooty blotch, see Spraying exper-
iments
Sorrel, Rhizoctonia on 334
Spinach, Nitrate of soda for 34, 39, 44
Spraying experiments in apple or-
chards 49-212
Applications
Comparative effectiveness of
spraying before and after
bloom 122-23
Summer, value of individual
102-03
Time of 55-56, 201-02,
204-05
General effectiveness . ...187-89
Orchards
Anna, 1912 139-55
Centralia, 1910 126-29
1911 130-38
Flora, 1912 104-17
Griggsville, 1909 118-25
1911 156-71
1912 172-86
Neoga, 1910 58-71*
1911 72-87
1912 88-103
Sprays
Arsenate of lead
Commercial, comparative
values . . 104-17, 118-21,
197
chemical analyses . . . 66-67
Mixed, neutral, and acid
with Bordeaux 152, 198
with lime sulfur . . . 150-52,
198
relative values of.. . 129
PAGE
Used alone. .100-02, 168, 198
With Bordeaux . . 67-71, 81,
123-24
With copper ferrocya-
uide 152-55
With lime sulfur. .69-70, 81
With Paris Green 118-20
197
Without fungicide . . .96-98
Bordeaux
Continual coating . . 164-65
Formula 54
Light and heavy sprays
...130-38, 150, 163-64,
203
With and without arsen-
ical insecticides. .123-24
With milk of lime. 64-65, 79,
130-38
Copper f errocyanide . . . . 104-17
Various strengths . . 179-83
With and without arse-
nate of lead 152-55
Cucasa 85, 199
Fungicides, new 83-87, 199
Insecticides, new... 83-87, 199
Lime sulfur
Comparative value of
homemade, commer-
cial, and self-boiled
121-22, 128, 195-96
Compared with Bordeaux
. ..61-64, 74-77, 92-94,
104-17, 126-29, 130-38,
145-48, 160-63, 175-79,
189-92
Dormant-tree applica-
tions 90-92, 130-38, 197
Formula 54
Fungicidal value 100
Interchanged with Bor-
deaux ... 77, 94-96, 148,
165-68, 178-79, 193
Various strengths . . .79-81,
98-100, 129, 148-50, 185,
194
With and without arse-
nate of lead 121-22
183-85
With copper sulfate. .104-17,
130-38, 170, 196
With lead acetate. . .104-117
• With sludge added . . . 128-29
Miscellaneous, comparison
of 124-25
Paris green . . 120-21, 123-24,
197
With Sulfocide 86-87
Sulfocide 86, 87, 199
Recommendations . . .204-05
612
VOLUME 13
PAGE
Steers, Feeding experiments
Energy consumption. . .580— 83, 601
requirements . . . 584
Feed 567-69, 600
Amount consumed 569-84, 600-01
Influence of amount upon
economy of gains 589-92, 603
Influence of character upon
economy of gains. .592—600,
603
Gains 584-88
Plan of experiment 568, 600
Rations 567-69, 603
Weights 584-86
STEERS, STUDY OF THE
RATE AND ECONOMY OF
GAINS OF FATTENING
565-604
Steers used in feeding experiment
567, 600
Stem rot 283
Sunshine, Relation to production
of roses , . 526, 530
Sweet peas, Rhizoctonia on 334
Sweet potatoes, Fertilizing exper-
iment .267-78
Conclusions 277-78
Cost of fertilizer 274
Elements supplied by fertiliz-
ers 274
Grading crop 270
Plan of experiment 269-70
Value ef crop 271, 273, 274
Yields 270-71, 272, 273, 275-77
SWEET POTATOES, METH-
ODS OF FERTILIZING. 267-78
Sycamore, 111., Variety tests of
corn 409-10
Telanthera, Rhizoctonia on ...... 310
Thanatophytum Crocorum 284
Thelepliora ETiizovtonia 285
Tobacco, Rhizoctonia on 335
Tomato, Rhizoctonia on.. 291, 335-3(5
Trichosanthes cucumernia, Rhi-
zoctonia on 308
PAGE
Trif-ilinm pratense, Rhizoetonia
on 321
Tuber Croci 284
IHintxiticum 283, 284
Tuberodd.es 28:;
Tttiijta 284
Tumbler for feeding grain in pas-
ture (illus.) 448
Turnips, Nitrate of soda for 32, 36, 42
Urbana, 111., Tests of spring
grains 503-07
Variety, tests of corn. .. ..411, 413,
414-15, 416, 418
Urbana experiment field . 468
Experiments on 472, 47.°>-7-">
VEGETABLES, TESTS WITH
NITRATE OF SODA IN
THE PRODUCTIOM OF
EARLY 27-46
Vegetables used~in nitrate of soda
tests ". 30
Vienna, experiment field, Soil of. 481
Vigna cat Jang, Rhi^gefeonia on.. 308
Viola odorata, RhizOcronia on . . . 336
tricolor, Rhizoctonia on. 328
Violet root felt fungus 284
Violets, Rhizoctonia on........ 336
Virginia experiment field, Exper-
iments on 468-09
Wheat, Price, 1904-13 17
Shrinkage 24-26
Michigan station 24, 25
Ohio station 24
Utah station 25
Wheat, spring, grown at DeKalb
502-03
'Fail-field 499, 507
Urbana ... '.' 499, 506
WHITE-GRUBS, INFLUENCE
OF TREES AND CROPS
ON INJURY BY ... .259-65
Wolff -Lehmann feeding standard. 575
Yellow-leaf, sec Spraying experi-
ments 56, 143
'Aca mays, Rhizoctonia on 323
I/
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