A study of the relationship between oceanic chemical mesoscale and sea surface thermal structure as detected by satellite infrared imagery.

A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN OCEANIC CHEMICAL MESOSCALE AND
SEA SURFACE THERMAL STRUCTURE AS DETECTED
BY SATELLITE INFRARED IMAGERY

Don Alan Nestor

us

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

THESIS

A Study of the Relationship
Between Oceanic Chemical Mesoscale and
Sea Surface Thermal Structure as Detected
by Satellite Infrared Imagery

by

Don Alan Nestor

June 1979

Thesis Advisor:

E.D. Traganza

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4. title fm,dsub»,i.) A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN OCEANIC CHEMICAL MESOSCALE AND SEA
SURFACE THERMAL STRUCTURE AS DETECTED BY
SATELLITE INFRARED IMAGERY

5. TYRE OF REPORT * PERIOO COVERED

Master's Thesis:
June 1979

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7. AUTMORf«;

Don Alan Nestor

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Naval Postgraduate School
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20. ABSTRACT (Continue on rovormo aldo II nocoaamrr awtd Identity by block number)

In recent years the study of ocean fronts and eddies has become
increasingly important to the U.S. Navy for they are of vital im-
portance in understanding underwater sound transmission. From the
history of satellite pictures for the area of the ocean off the
central California coast , it appears that cold water which has
come to the surface as a result of upwelling has become inter-
twined within the California Current. The persistent thermal

DO FORM
*fW 1 JAN 73

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S/N 0102-014-6601 I

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fg»eu»wTy ei*in>ic«Tiow or tin •i9(<nH, n»»« c*>«~.*

features in the sea surface which are formed were the subject
area of this study. Direct telephone contact was established with
the satellite receiving station which afforded real time satellite
information as to the thermal structure of the sea surface on a
mesoscale. This satellite sensed thermal structure was then com-
pared with iri situ nutrient and temperature data collected on
three separate cruises on board the research vessel ACANIA. A
strong inverse correlation was observed between nutrient concen-
trations and sea surface temperature in the case of a recent up-
welling. The nitrate to phosphate ratio ranged from 1.9:1 to
12.4:1 in this study with the highest values observed in the up-
welled waters, and a overall modal value of 5:1 observed in the
open ocean waters. The agreement between the in. situ data and the
satellite imagery was very strong and the utilization of satellite
imagery was shown to be a very effective method to localize an
ocean front.

DD Form 1473

, 1 Jan 73
S/N 0102-014-6601

UNCLASSIFIED

2 »ccu«i*» euAMiriCATio* o* **•» **o«r»»»«»< o««« **»•'•«)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited,

A Study of the Relationship
Between Oceanic Chemical Mesoscale and
Sea Surface Thermal Structure as Detected
by Satellite Infrared Imagery

by

Don Alan Nestor
Lieutenant, United States Navy
B.S., United States Naval Academy, 1972

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
June 1979

ABSTRACT
In recent years the study of ocean fronts and eddies has
become increasingly important to the U.S. Navy for they are of
vital importance in understanding underwater sound transmission.
From the history of satellite pictures for the area of the ocean
off the central California coast, it appears that cold water
which has come to the surface as a result of upwelling has be-
come intertwined within the California Current. The persistent
thermal features in the sea surface which are formed were the
subject area of this study. Direct telephone contact was estab-
lished with the satellite receiving station which afforded real
time satellite information as to the thermal structure of the
sea surface on a mesoscale. This satellite sensed thermal
structure was then compared with iri situ nutrient and temperature
data collected on three separate cruises on board the research
vessel ACANIA. A strong inverse correlation was observed be-
tween nutrient concentrations and sea surface temperature in
the case of a recent upwelling. The nitrate to phosphate ratio
ranged fron 1.9:1 to 12.4:1 in this study with the highest values
observed in the upwelled waters, and a overall modal value of
5:1 observed in the open ocean waters. The agreement between
the in situ data and the satellite imagery was very strong and
the utilization of satellite imagery was shown to be a very
effective method to localize an ocean front.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 10

II. THEORY 12

A. CURRENT SYSTEM (CENTRAL CALIFORNIA) 12

B. NUTRIENTS (NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE) 13

C. CHEMICAL MESOSCALE 15

D. SATELLITE IMAGERY 16

III. METHODS 21

A. SATELLITE IMAGERY 21

B. NUTRIENTS 23

C. STATISTICS . . 26

D. TEMPERATURE 26

IV. RESULTS 28

A. CRUISE II 28

B. CRUISE III 28

C. CRUISE IV 38

D. CRUISE V 39

V. DISCUSSION 53

APPENDIX A. LISTING OF CRUISE DATA: TIME, LATITUDE, 60
LONGITUDE, DISATNCE, ATP, NITRATE, PHOS-
PHATE, NUTRIENT RATIO, TEMPERATURE

BIBLIOGRAPHY 88

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 91

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

1. Cruise II Ship's Track 29

2. Graph of Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea
Surface Temperature Versus Distance

Along the Track of Cruise II 30

3. Cruise III Ship's Track and Outline

of Oceanic Front 32

4. Graph of Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea
Surface Temperature Versus Distance

Along the Track of Cruise III 34

5. Regression Analysis of Nitrate Versus

Phosphate for the Outbound Leg of Cruise III .... 35

6. Regression Analysis of Nitrate Versus

Phosphate for the Inbound Leg of Cruise III .... 36

7. Nutrient Ratio Frequency Chart for Cruise III ... 37

8. Cruise IV Ship's Track 40

9. Graph of Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea Surface
Temperature Versus Distance Along the Track

of Cruise IV 42

10. Regression Analysis of Nitrate Versus

Phosphate for Cruise IV 43

11. Nutrient Ratio Frequency Chart for Cruise IV .... 44

12. Cruise V Ship's Track 46

13. Graph of Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea
Surface Temperature Versus Distance

Along the Track of Cruise V 48

14. Regression Analysis of Nitrate Versus

Phosphate for Cruise V 49

15. Nutrient Ratio Frequency Chart for Cruise V .... 50

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES

Plate

1. NOAA-5 Satellite Picture for 7 December 1978 .... 33

2. SMS-2 Satellite Picture for 20 January 1979 .... 41

3. TIROS-N Satellite Picture for 25 March 1979 .... 47

LIST OF TABLES

Table

1. Summary of Nutrient Regression Analyses 51

2. Indices of Biochemical Nutrient Utilization .... 52

8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the many
people who were so helpful to me in completing my thesis.
First, I wish to thank Dr. Eugene D. Traganza who is the
principle investigator for the "Chemical Mesoscale" project
which is supported by the Office of Naval Research, Code 480,
National Space Technology Laboratory, Bay St. Louis, MS.
To Professor Traganza I give my most sincere thanks for his
professional guidance and criticism enabling me to turn out
a product of which I will always be proud. Secondly, I wish
to thank two people whose professionalism were vital in the
collection and processing of the data utilized in this study,
Andrea McDonald and Laurence Breaker. I would also like to
acknowledge the assistance of the Captain and the crew of the
R/V ACANIA who willingly gave of their time and effort when
I was on board their ship.

Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my wife
and two sons for their patience, understanding, and support
during the last year.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years the study of ocean fronts and eddies has
become increasingly important to the U.S. Navy for they are
of vital importance in understanding both short and long range
underwater sound transmission. From a naval warfare stand-
point an ocean front can be defined as "any discontinuity in
the ocean which significantly alters the pattern of sound
transmission and propagation loss" (Cheney and Winfrey, 1974).
For this study the fronts and eddies associated with the
coastal upwelling ecosystem off the Central California coast
were investigated from a chemical mesoscale standpoint utilizing
satellite infrared imagery to detect the presence of the
features. The significance of the nutrient concentrations
and their changes associated with ocean fronts and eddies is
that the larger values of nutrients normally observed with up-
welled water can lead to increased biological activity which
is generally found along a front. An increase in biological
activity can have a significant degrading effect on Anti-
submarine Warfare (ASW) operations due to the associated in-
crease in reverberation and ambient noise (Cheney and Winfrey,
1974). Therefore, studying the change in the concentrations
of the nutrients across oceanic thermal boundaries is an im-
portant step in gaining a better understanding of the charac-
teristics of ocean fronts.

The concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in seawater
have been extensively studied for many years. From these

10

studies it can be summarized that the nitrate and phosphate
concentrations of the world's oceans are quite varied,
especially in the boundary regions of the oceans due to the
generally more complex circulation patterns and biological
activity (Riley and Skirrow, 1965). In this thesis, these
nutrient variations were studied to determine their relation-
ship to thermal fronts as sensed by satellite infrared
imagery.

In recent years large areas of the oceans surrounding
North America have been monitored by the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) polar-orbiting satel-
lites. These NOAA satellites send very high resolution
radiometer (VHRR) data twice daily to three receiving stations
(Brower et al , 1976). The satellite imagery of the eastern
boundary of the North Pacific Ocean has revealed persistent
thermal features in the sea surface which appear to be
associated with ocean fronts and eddies. From the history of
satellite pictures for the area of the ocean off the central
California coast, it appears that cold water which has come
to the surface as a result of upwelling has become intertwined
within the California Current (Traganza, 1978). This inter-
twining of colder, upwelled water with the warmer water of
the California Current which forms thermally banded eddies
was the subject area of primary study for this thesis.

11

THEORY

CURRENT SYSTEM (CENTRAL CALIFORNIA)

Wooster and Reid (1963) describe the current system off
the central California coast as made up of three main currents

1) the southerly flowing California Current,

2) a northerly flowing California Countercurrent , and

3) seasonal upwelling currents.

The California Current is part of the North Pacific gyre.
It transports cold, low salinity waters into the central
California coastal area which are high in nutrients. Beneath
the California Current, the northward flowing California
Countercurrent transports warmer, high salinity waters into
the study area which are also high in nutrients. During late
fall or early winter, however, this countercurrent appears
to reach the surface, displacing the California Current sea-
ward, and it is then known as the Davidson Current. The
Davidson Current appears to be related to the seasonal wind
field, and as it develops in the late fall it is strengthened
during periods of southwesterly winds (Reid et al , 1958).

If the prevailing winds are strong from the north or north-
west as normally occurs in the central California coastal area
during spring and summer, a period of upwelling is developed.
The surface waters are transported away from the coast under
the influence of wind stress and Coriolis force causing sub-
surface waters to rise and take the place of the water moving
offshore. A result of this type of upwelling is the formation

12

of a partially closed circulation cell. During periods of
upwelling, the central California coastal waters become low
in temperature and high in nutrient content (Sverdrup et al ,
1942). This upwelling can be very sporadic with the transi-
tion from a period of the Davidson Current to the upwelling
period often being ill-defined. However, the opposite is
also true, and the transition may be very abrupt if strong
upwelling occurs early in the year (Smethie, 1973).

NUTRIENTS (NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE)

The nutrients studied in this thesis are reactive dissolved
inorganic nitrate and reactive dissolved inorganic phosphate.
The concentrations and distributions of both nitrate and
phosphate have been studied a great deal for both are essen-
tial constituents of living organisms (Sverdrup et al , 1942).
Redfield (1958) first pointed out that the chemical composition
of the organic soft tissue formed by plants is relatively
constant with roughly 16 atoms of nitrate for every atom of
phosphate. In the deep waters of the ocean the ratios of
these same elements which have been released from organic
tissue also is very nearly 16 atoms of nitrate for each phos-
phate atom. The release to sea water of nitrate and phosphate
in deep waters is a result of decomposition and respiration.
This is represented by the statistical-stoichiometric model
developed by Richards (1965), viz.,
(CH 0) (NH ) H P0 +138 02==106COKL22H OKL6HN0 +H P0

210631631* 2 3 3 «♦

organic matter nutrients

13

Distribution of the nutrients in the ocean and their
relative concentrations are largely dependent on the bio-
chemical cycle. The exchange of chemical elements between
the sea and its biomass is a cyclic process whereby nutrients
are withdrawn by photosynthesis and regenerated by bacteria
and animal respiration (Redfield et al , 1963). In theory
when the nutrient enriched deep water is brought up within the
euphotic zone, plants will extract the phosphate and nitrate
they need until they have depleted one or both of the elements.
When animals eat this plant material, they "burn" about 90
per cent of it to obtain energy and use the remaining 10 per
cent to build animal tissue. In this process animals require
approximately the same nitrate to phosphate ratio as do plants.
It is not known whether organisms have evolved to use nitrate
and phosphate in a 16:1 ratio because that is the ratio present
in the oceans' deep waters, or rather, is it the organisms
which have established the ratio (Broecker, 1974)?

The ratio of nitrate to phosphate found in the surface
waters of the ocean, however, is not very often the 16:1
ratio mentioned above. The nutrients within the euphotic
zone are subject to many processes which alter their concen-
trations and relationship to each other. The ratio of the
uptake of nitrogen to the uptake of phosphorus represents the
net result of their removal into various particulate pools and
their release from any of these pools. Examples of the
particulate pools are phytoplankton , zooplankton, and non
living particulate matter. The processes of uptake and release

14

from the different pools proceed at different rates. Also
the rates of some of the processes in the photic zone and at
depth differ between nitrate and phosphate (Banse, 1974). In
the case of upwelling, the nutrient concentrations are subject
to an additional change as a result of the mixing of nutrient
enriched water from below the euphotic zone with the surface
and near surface waters. The distribution of both nitrate
and phosphate, therefore, depend not only on biological pro-
cesses but also on physical processes.

CHEMICAL MESOSCALE

The concentrations and distribution of nutrients are
among the principle factors in the central California waters
that work in an interacting pattern to control the biological
production (Traganza, 1978). The others include solar radia-
tion, water temperatures, mixed layer depths, and the advective
effects associated with upwelling. One of the purposes of
this thesis and the follow on research being carried out at
the Naval Postgraduate School is to investigate the inter-
relationships among the above mentioned factors on a mesoscale.
To this end the incorporation of satellite data from the NOAA
series satellites proves to be an invaluable asset in locating
areas of active upwelling and recently upwelled water. The
satellite's sea surface temperature sensor detects the lower
sea surface temperatures associated with upwelled waters.
References have been made occasionally in satellite literature
to the correlation of upwelled nutrients with satellite-sensed

15

sea surface temperature, however, this is largely based on
pre-satellite data (Traganza, 1978). A pertinent question
then becomes, can satellites sense the dispersion of upwelled
waters by the horizontal advection of surface currents, and
if this can be related to the mesoscale features in the
chemistry of the sea surface.

SATELLITE IMAGERY

During the pioneer days of orbiting satellites, the only
information routinely obtained was day and night cloud cover-
age of the earth provided by thermal infrared (IR) scanners.
Although it was thought that these IR measurements could be
used to detect sea surface temperature if the sky was cloud
free, the quality of the early sea surface IR images was very
poor. As a result, satellite data was generally ignored by
the oceanographic community (Legeckis, 1978). However, in
October 1972 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
launched the first of its improved Television Infrared Observa-
tion Satellites (TIROS) series whose performance has enabled
oceanographers to supplement their ground observations with
satellite observations.

The TIROS satellites (later redesignated NOAA-2,3,4, and
5) were launched into sun-synchronous, 1450 kilometer orbits.
Two of the three prime sensors on these satellites are dedi-
cated to providing oceanic data. The Scanning Radiometer (SR)
provides data in both the visible region (0.52ym to 0.73ym)
and the thermal infrared region (10.5um to 12.5um) with a

16

spatial resolution of 4 kilometers and 7.5 kilometers, respec-
tively. The other oceanic sensor is also a dual channel
instrument, the Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR), with
a 1 kilometer spatial resolution in both the visible and
infrared regions. The VHRR imagery serves as the data source
for the research on oceanic eddies and fronts (Sherman, 1977).

The next generation of polar orbiting operational environ-
mental satellites, designated TIROS-N, was launched in October
1978. It is a multipurpose satellite. One of its sensors,
which is of prime interest to oceanographers , is the Advanced
Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The AVHRR replaces
both the SR and the VHRR on the earlier NOAA series satellites
and was specifically designed for accurate, quantitative sea
surface temperature mapping. Its improvements include a
reduction in satellite noise, a more accurate compensation
for atmospheric attenuation, and an improvement in the sensor's
spatial resolution.

Sea surface temperatures, T , obtained from satellite
thermal IR data are not measured directly. They are calculated
from the measured radiance using the relation

Ts ■ Tbb + AT

where AT is the atmospheric attenuation and T, . is the measured
equivalent blackbody temperature. The input energy measured
by a satellite in the 10.5ym to 12.5um spectral window is a
function of the integrated radiation flux from the emitting
surfaces of the viewed scene, the atmospheric gases (both

17

emitters and absorbers), and the spectral response function
of the sensor filter. This is expressed mathematically as

N ==/ i(A) $ (A) dA

A i

where N is the total response energy in the spectral window
from Xi to X2 , I(X) is the input radiant energy, and $(A)
is the sensor filter response. The sensor then is designed
to produce a linear relation between the output voltage and
the input energy. This relation is the sensor's calibration
function which has two divisions:

1) a thermal calibration which accounts for thermal
effects on sensor responses, and

2) an electrical calibration which accounts for the
shifts introduced into the electrical signal as it
flows along the data path from the sensor to the
central processing facility (Breaker et al , 1978).

The input radiant energy as viewed by the IR sensor is a
function of three radiation sources. These three sources
are radiation from an emitting surface (for example land,
water, clouds, etc.), radiation from atmospheric gases, and
radiation reflected from the ocean's surface. Within the
IR (10.5pm to 12. 5ym) spectral window, the ocean surface acts
as a nearly perfect blackbody. Therefore, a value of unity
is assumed for the emissivity of the ocean surface and the
radiation reflected from the ocean surface can be neglected
since there is no reflection from a blackbody. The input

18

radiant energy then becomes a sum of the first two terms

above from which an equivalent blackbody temperature, T, , ,

is calculated.

The value obtained for T, . must be corrected for atmos-

bb

pheric attenuation to obtain a value for the sea surface
temperature. Attenuation in the atmosphere occurs primarily
due to the presence of water vapor, but carbon dioxide, ozone
and aerosols also have an effect. The relative values of
these absorbers is shown below:

absorber correction range

H20 vapor 0° to 9.0° C

C02 0.1° to 0.2° C

o3 0.1° C

aerosols 0.1° to 0.95° C

The actual correction, AT, to be made is based on soundings
made by the satellite's Vertical Temperature Profile Radio-
meter (VTPR) and is given mathematically by the relation

AT = A sec 9 + B sec29

where A and B are coefficients calculated from the VTPR
soundings of the atmosphere and 0 is the viewing angle
measured from the satellite nadir point (Brower et al , 1976).

Sea surface temperatures are obtained from the NOAA
satellites through the Global Operational Sea Surface Tempera-
ture Computation System (GOSSTCOMP). GOSSTCOMP is a computerized
system under control of the National Environmental Satellite

19

Service and is made up of four main subsystems. The first of
these subsystems is for orbital processing which is accomp-
lished 13 to 14 times daily, once for each orbit of the
satellite. The next subsystem is for daily processing and
consists of a network of many programs. Daily processing is
used to apply atmospheric corrections, to yield a quality
control screen of the raw data, to allow global analysis, and
to create special products. The third subsystem of GOSSTCOMP
is for sea surface temperature verification. In this subsystem
satellite derived sea surface temperatures are compared with
available ship observations twice daily giving an indication
of the overall system reliability. The final subsystem has
a group of three supporting functions required by the sea
surface temperature operation. These three functions are a
monthly climatology update, an objective analysis tape
archival, and a monthly sea surface temperature observation
tape archival (Brower et al , 1976).

20

METHODS

SATELLITE IMAGERY

The satellite imagery was provided by the National Environ-
mental Satellite Service receiving station in Redwood City,
California, which monitored the NOAA-5 and TIROS-N satellites,
and by the Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility
in Monterey, California, which monitored the Synchronous
Meteorological Satellite (SMS-2). Direct telephone contact
was set up with the Redwood City receiving station which
afforded this study real time satellite information. The
point of contact at Redwood City was the staff oceanographer ,
Mr. Laurence Breaker (or in his absence, Mr. Ron Gilliland) ,
who was notified about seven days prior to each of the scheduled
cruises. When alerted, the staff oceanographer would then
closely monitor and enhance the N0AA-5/TIR0S-N satellite images
for oceanic features which would be of interest in our area
of study. The final contact was made the early morning of
the scheduled cruise, at which time the oceanographer would
report the most up to date location and recent history of the
oceanic feature from the satellite images.

Two important considerations in making the satellite
images applicable to the study of oceanic features such as
fronts and eddies are image enhancement and geometric correc-
tions. Both of these functions were performed by the respec-
tive facilities mentioned above.

21

The satellite infrared detectors have a temperature
response from approximately -90° to 60°C. The infrared data
in this temperature range are normally displayed on gray tone
photographic film to produce images of clouds, land, and water
The colder parts of the scene, such as clouds, are assigned
lighter shades of gray. Because the range of sea surface
teraperatue extends from about 0° to 40° C, it is advantageous
to assign the available shades of gray within this narrower
temperature range, thus allowing the ocean SST fronts to be
distinguished more clearly. This method of data processing
is called image enhancement (Legeckis, 1978). In the en-
hancement of the N0AA-5 image (Plate 1) a temperature range
was assigned to shades of gray with white equal to about 10°C
and black 20°C. A similar enhancement of the SMS-2 image
(Plate 2) ranged from 2° to 17°C. (Nagle, 1979), while the
enhancement of the TIROS-N image (Plate 3) ranged from 7° to
22°C (Breaker, 1979). Comparison of visible and infrared
images served as a means of locating cloudless areas. Identi-
fication of sea surface features was substantiated by their
relative persistance.

Because of the earth's curvature and rotation and due
to the method of data acquisition, satellite images are
geometrically distorted. This distortion is especially pro-
nounced with the polar-orbiting satellites because successive
views of the same area on the earth are made from different
angles, and the degree to which the data must be corrected

22

depends upon the accuracy required. The earth curvature and
rotation errors can be removed approximately by application
of a simple algorithm (VHRR data are not geometrically corrected
on a routine basis). Although geometric corrections can put
satellite data into a uniform perspective, accurate mapping
of the data requires either precise satellite navigation or
landmarks which can be identified on the image (Legeckis, 1978).
For the location of the oceanic features in this study
prominent coastal features such as Point Pinos and Point
Sur, California, were used as landmarks. Approximate ranges
and bearings were then calculated from the landmarks to the
oceanic features of interest .

NUTRIENTS

A Technicon Autoanalyzer (Technicon Corporation, Tarrytown,
New York) was used to measure reactive dissolved nutrients
every two minutes from a depth of approximately three meters
as seawater was continually pumped from a keel intake into
a shipboard laboratory. Previous tests which compared the
pumped samples with samples collected at pump depth showed
no significant differences in the concentrations of the
dissolved nutrients (Paulson, 1972). Nitrate here includes
nitrite since nitrate is reduced to nitrite before measurement.
However, according to Paulson's (1972) data there is little
or no nitrite at this depth. Samples were collected and
analyzed at an average rate of once every 0.6 kilometer,

23

while the ship was making an average speed of about 18 kilo-
meters per hour.

Nitrate and phosphate were analyzed according to the
Technicon Autoanalyzer Industrial Methods 175-72WM and
177-72WM (Technicon, 1973). Cadmium columns were prepared for
nitrate analysis using the procedure in the Technicon Auto-
analyzer II Industrial Method 100-70W-B (Technicon, 1978).
On cruises II, III, and IV samples were collected every two
minutes in cups from seawater which was pumped into the dry
lab. For cruise V the seawater was pumped directly through
the wash receptable of the Autoanalyzer and was sampled at
the same rate.

For this cruise the sampling cups were filled with a
saline solution and placed in the rotary sampling tray as
washes. Cam number 127-B175 was used to time the appropriate
sample to wash ratio of 2:1. A 30.5°/oo saline solution was
used as the standard diluent and as wash solution to avoid
salt interference in the phosphate analysis. When distilled
water was used as wash, two extra peaks appeared on each
phosphate curve. When the saline solution was used as a wash,
these extra peaks disappeared.

Several cadmium columns were prepared for nitrate analysis
and conditioned prior to each cruise. The column was changed
approximately every twelve hours, and the instrument was re-
standardized. Constant sampling of the seawater reduced flow
through the column. This was probably due to the build up

24

of particulate matter. This reduction in flow affected the
bubble pattern in the ammonium chloride coil and also reduced
the nitrate standards. A computer program which adjusted for
this slope change was used to calculate the results. After
an initial standardization curve was recorded (10, 20 and
30 yg-at/L for nitrate and 1, 2, and 3 yg-at/L for phosphate),
one standard was run every two hours. The units of the nutrient
concentrations were then converted to yM/kg by use of the
equality, 1 yg-at/L equals 1.205 yM/kg. Additional standards
were run if any of the reagants were replaced with fresh rea-
gants. After every ten samples, a wash was run to check the
baseline .

Routine maintenance avoided many of the problems en-
countered while using an Autoanalyzer (see Operation Manual
for the Technicon Autoanalyzer II System, Technical Publication
No. TA 1-0170-20, 1972). The proportioning pump tubing was
changed after two 24 hour cruises. After each run the cadmium
column was disconnected and 0 . 2N NaOH was pumped through the
instrument for 5 minutes followed by a 30 minute distilled
water wash. The instrument was housed in two specially built
cases which facilitated easy and safe transport for the instru-
ment. One case contained the recorder, another held all
other components. After loading and unloading, all the
instruments' connections were carefully inspected, and when
possible, the Autoanalyzer was loaded a day prior to each
cruise and tested to ensure proper operation.

25

STATISTICS

Correlation values were calculated using the three para-
meters, nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temperature
(measured at 2.4 meters depth). Separate correlation values
were determined for cruises III, IV, and V using the correla-
tion function

x) CSV -

r == Z((x,-x)(y,-y))/(E(x.-xr(y,-y) )2

Four nitrate versus phosphate regression diagrams (Figures
5, 6, 10, and 14) were constructed. For each of these
regression diagrams a line of best fit was calculated using
the method of least squares to obtain the phosphate axis
intercept and the slope which represents the, ratio of change,
AN/AP, of the two nutrients.

TEMPERATURE

The sea water temperature was recorded continuously by
a strip chart recorder located in the dry lab on board the
ACANIA. The thermistor was located in the ship's intake just
above the keel at a depth approximately equal to the depth
at which the nutrient sea water samples were taken. The
equipment was compared with bucket thermometer readings of
the sea surface and also with the surface temperatures ob-
tained from expendable bathythermograph (XBT) traces. The
sea surface (0.1m) thermometers were consistently 0.2° to

26

0.5°C higher than the thermistor recording. The XBT sea
surface temperatures were consistently within +0-5 C of
the thermistor recording.

27

RESULTS
CRUISE II

For this cruise the ACANIA departed Monterey on the
morning of 9 October 1978 and followed the cruise track shown
in Figure 1. Because of the total cloud cover, sea surface
temperature information from satellite pictures was not
anticipated. Therefore, the main purpose of cruise II was
to serve as a shakedown cruise to check out the autoanalyzer
and to learn how best to adapt it to satisfy the requirements
for collecting the nitrate and phosphate data for this study.

Cruise II proved to be a very valuable tool in establishing
the techniques to be employed both in data collecting and
processing on later cruises. The data collected on cruise
II are included here for completeness (Figure 2). The nitrate
channel had to be secured after just more than four hours
due to a failure of the cadmium column, so that for the
remainder of the 24-hour cruise only phosphate and temperature
data were collected.

CRUISE III

The ACANIA departed Monterey just prior to noon on 7
December 1978 for cruise III and followed the track shown
in Figure 3. The winds had been very strong from the north-
west for the previous two to three days with gale warnings
and small craft advisories issued during this time. As a

28

Figure 1. Cruise II ship's track

29

P N
3T30

TEMPERATURE (d«g C) «col«10-«-20
NITRATE (^M/kg) %cau 0 — JO
PHOSPHATE (/iM/kg) KOl* 0 — 3

200

250

OiSTSNCE Ion 30°

350

Figure 2. Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface

temperature versus distance along the
track of Cruise II.

30

result, there was a plume of upwelled water which was detected
by the NOAA-5 satellite (Plate 1) and is outlined by the
dashed line in Figure 3. This satellite information was made
available to Dr. Traganza in a phone conversation with Mr.
Ron Gilliland at the satellite receiving station in Redwood
City only a few hours prior to the ACANIA's getting underway.
The optimum ship's track was selected from this information.

The data obtained along the track are shown in Figure 4
and are listed in tabular form in Appendix A. The starting
point for cruise III and all the following cruises was Point
Pinos . All the distances are measured in kilometers along
the cruise track from the starting reference station at
36°38.3'N, 121°57.5,W.

The temperature trace in Figure 4 indicates a thermal
front at about 60 to 70 kilometers on the outbound leg and
at very nearly the same distance from the end of the inbound
leg. There also appears to be a strong negative correlation
between the temperature line and both the nitrate and the
phosphate lines. This is verified by the correlation values
obtained for cruise III which were found to be 0.963 for
nitrate to phosphate, -0.960 for nitrate to temperature, and
-0.915 for phosphate to temperature.

The nitrate and phosphate data are also shown in Figures
5 (outbound leg) and 6 (inbound leg). The linear regression
analysis for this cruise yielded the slopes and phosphate axis
intercepts of 16.17 and 0.51 yM/kg (outbound leg) and 14.95

31

Figure 3. Cruise III ship's track (solid line) and

outline of upwelling "plume" (dashed line)

32

Plate 1. NOAA-5 satellite image of the California
coast, 7 December 1978, Cruise III. Note
Monterey Bay at the center with adjacent
T-shaped cold water "plume" (white is ca
10°C and black is ca 20°C).

33

ujI4-

S'2

— — TEMPERATURE
— — NITRATE
— PHOSPHATE

P N
3T30

2-

20 -

2

10 2

50.

K»

DISTANCE km

150 200

P N
3T30

A

225

275

325

Distance km

375

423

Figure 4. Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temperature
versus distance along the track of Cruise III.
Note the excellent inverse correlation of temp-
erature and nutrients.

34

30r

+ IN UPWELLJNG
• OPEN OCEAN

1.5 ao

PHOSPHATE /iM/kg

2.5

3jO

Figure 5. Regression analysis of nitrate versus phos-
phate for the outbound leg of Cruise III.
(5:1 and 15:1 are arbitrary slope lines)

35

3Qr

+ IN UPWELLING
• OPEN OCEAN

2

s

a.

fee

20.

/ ^

7 + +

1Q

0.0

0.5

10

.5 2^

PHOSPHATE /iM/kg

Figure 6. Regression analysis of nitrate versus phos-
phate for the inbound leg of Cruise III.
(5:1 and 15:1 are arbitrary slope lines)

36

a

o

z
<

O

o
u
o

u.

o

C3

s

3

too-.

80--

60"

40-

20 J-

98

73

63

CRUISE III

65

19

2.0 2J5 30 18 40 4.3 50 53 6j0 6.5 7.0 75

NUTRIENT RATIO (N/P)

ao

Figure 7. Cruise III nutrient ratio frequency chart
for open ocean waters.

37

and 0.44 yM/kg (inbound leg). The nitrate to phosphate
ratios calculated from the data collected on cruise III in
the waters outside the plume of upwelled water are shown in
Figure 7. From this graph the modal value of the nutrient
ratio was found to be very close to 5:1 for the open ocean
water.

CRUISE IV

The track for cruise IV, shown in Figure 8, was selected
so that any thermal or nutrient concentration changes in the
surface waters caused by the Davidson Sea Mount could be
detected. The cruise followed several days of inclement
weather with rains, high winds, and a general overcast, so
that sea surface temperature information from satellite
pictures was not available prior to the ACANIA's departure
from the pier. However, satellite pictures for the day of
the cruise (Plate 2) were available from the SMS-2 satellite
upon the ship's return. These pictures showed that the
surface waters were nearly isothermal for the entire area
of the cruise. The satellite picture is verified by the
nearly isothermal temperature line which is shown in Figure 8

In addition to the nearly isothermal temperature trace
in Figure 9, both the nitrate and phosphate lines are much
less variable and more limited in range than they were for
the Cruise III data shown in Figure 4. This is also illus-
trated in Figure 10 which is the nitrate-phosphate regression
diagram for cruise IV and shows a much tighter grouping of

38

the data points. Cruise IV, therefore, serves as a good
reference cruise for a non-upwelling period. The mean value
of the dissolved nitrate and phosphate for cruise IV were
determined to be 3.56 yM/kg and 0.53 uM/kg respectively. These
mean values agree very closely with the values obtained in the
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations for the
same time of the year (Thomas and Siebert , 1974).

The nitrate to phosphate ratios calculated from the
cruise IV data are shown in Figure 11. Although the modal
value is very close to the value found on cruise III, Figure
11 shows a much wider spread in the nutrient ratios. The
modal value 5.5:1 is also much less pronounced for cruise IV
than it was for cruise III.

CRUISE V

Cruise V, which took place on 26 March 1979, followed
several days of very good weather. An analysis of the
satellite picture information by Mr. Laurence Breaker
(NESS, Redwood City) indicated the presence of coastal up-
welling to the south of Monterey Bay. The largest area of
cold water was located about 25 miles off-shore from Morro
Bay. The ACANIA departed the pier and headed south following
the track indicated in Figure 12. Unfortunately, the cruise
had to be shortened due to the presence of heavy seas which
were generated by a large storm moving into the area from
the south. Plate 3 is the TIROS-N satellite picture which
was taken on 25 March 1979, the day prior to the cruise,

39

I26»
38« —

I25«

124«

3T-

36n-

»-

Sen Francisco Bay

Monterey Bay

Pt Pinos

'Pt Sur

CRUISE BE;

I23»

122*

Pt Conception*
121*

Figure 8. Cruise IV ship's track

40

Plate 2. SMS-2 satellite image of the California coast,
20 January 1979, Cruise IV. Note Monterey Bay
at the center with large adjacent isothermal
region (white is ca 2°C black is ca 17°C).

41

P H
3130

16 •

— TEMPERATURE

— NITRATE
~ PHOSPHATE

2-

2

'^->__, .„/

_L

20

2

25

SO

DISTANCE km

1O0

125

P N
3-130

fn

i.£B2l L£G3

.-Aj_ ,

-•N

20 -

4.

135

175

200

OISTANCE km

2S0

Figure 9. Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface

temperature versus distance along the
track of Cruise IV.

42

30. r

20.

10

OPEN OCEAN

/

4P'

/

7

/

/

Ifc.

oo

05

1.0 1.5 2.0

PHOSPHATE ^.M/kg

2.5

3.0

Figure 10. Regression analysis of nitrate versus

phosphate for Cruise IV. (5:1 and 15:1
are arbitrary slope lines)

43

100"

80-.

CRUISE IV

a

UJ

m

2

Z

60--

§ 40
O

20-

56

44

22

6

32

20

20

25

10

13

13

4.0 4.5 5.0 55 60 6.5 7.0 7.5 80 85 30 95 10.0
NUTRIENT RATIO (N/P)

Figure 11. Cruise IV nutrient ratio frequenty chart
for open ocean waters.

44

and it is on this picture that the coastal upwelling was
detected to the south.

Although cruise V had to be cut short and the ship was
operating in very heavy seas, the nutrient data obtained were
very informative. For this cruise, as explained previously,
the samples were pumped directly through the wash receptacle
of the Autoanalyzer . This proved to be a much more efficient
method of operation, especially in terms of the man-hours
required to operate the Autoanalyzer. The data obtained are
displayed in Figure 13. There is a strong negative correla-
tion between the nutrients and the temperature and a strong
positive correlation between the nitrate and the phosphate.
The correlation values calculated for cruise V are 0.926 for
nitrate to phosphate, -0.837 for nitrate to temperature, and
-0.793 for phosphate to temperature. The close correlation
found between nitrate and phosphate is also given in figure
14 where the data points show a very linear trend. The line
of best fit for Figure 14 gave a slope of 12.19 and a phosphate
axis intercept of 0.55 yM/kg.

In Figure 15 the nitrate to phosphate ratios calculated
for cruise V are shown. These nutrient ratios show a wide
spread of values and give no modal value. The ratio values
between 4:1 and 6.5:1 are dominant, however, This range
contains the modal values for the two previous cruises.

45

Pt Conception
121*

Figure 12. Cruise V ship's track

46

Plate 3. TIROS-N satellite image of the California

coast, 25 March 1979, Cruise V. Note Monterey
Bay at the center with adjacent coastal cold
water upwelling (white is ca 7°C and black is
ca 22°C) .

47

i

u
* 9

OUTBOUND*

A

/

— IN80UND

fflxs\

;v

\

TEMPERATURE

NITRATE

PHOSPHATE

P N
3T30

\S

A-

W

20

10

4.

e

z

UJ

S

5

50

100

150

200

DISTANCE Ion

Figure 13. Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temp-
erature versus distance along the track
of Cruise V.

48

30 r

20

5

3.

IT

10

/

1.5 2.0

PHOSPHATE /iM/kq

25

30

Figure 14. Regression analysis of nitrate versus
phosphate for Cruise V. (5:1 and 15:1
are arbitrary line of slope lines)

49

100"

80-

CRUISE V

v>

UI

o

z

3

o
o
o

u.
o

IT
Ui
CD

3

60-.

40-.

20-

8

9 8

— — h

20 19

16

20

10

13

9 9

20 25 3.0 3.5 40 4.5 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
NUTRIENT RJCT0 (N/P)

Figure 15. Cruise V nutrient ratio frequency
chart for open ocean waters.

50

TABLE I
Summary of regression analyses

Cruise N P Correlation Coefficients
(date) QiM/kg) (yM/kg) N:T P:T N:P

(.9 Oct 78) 4'09 °-51

in nil 7S^ 6.69 0.89 -0.96 -0.92 0.96
(7 Dec 78)

in upwelled
water

3.56 0.53 -0.93 -0.32 0.43

(20 Jan 79)

(26 Mar 79)

5.45 1.00 -0.84 -0.79 0.93

N is nitrate, P is phosphate, and T is temperature in degrees
Celsius .

51

TABLE II
Indices of biochemical nutrient utilization

Cruise Slope P-axis intercept

(date) (AN/AP) (uM/kg)

III
(7 Dec 78)

Outbound leg 16.2 0.51

Inbound leg 14.9 0.44

IV
(20 Jan 79)

V
(26 Mar 79) 12.2 0.55

*Slope and P-axis intercept values are not applicable
for Cruise IV due to limited range of the data.

52

DISCUSSION

The most promising aspect of the satellite observations
in this study is that they showed that a large area of the
ocean can be rapidly and thoroughly searched for oceanic
features. It was shown possible to obtain accurate positions
for these features from satellite images thus greatly
facilitating experimental design. This is not only of interest
in basic ocean research, however. It may also be of interest
in many ASW applications. The satellite imagery utilized
for cruise III (Plate 1) is an excellent example of how good
satellite information can be an aid to an oceanographic study.
Just prior to this cruise a strong thermal pattern, apparently
from upwelling cold water was observed off the central
California coast by satellite imagery. Initially the colder
water evidencing upwelling curved northward, but on about the
third day of its life, when the ACANIA put to sea, it had
extended southward as well. There is a distinct possibility
that this was the early stage in the evolution of a nutrient
cell. When the upwelling season comes and good weather makes
satellite observations more frequent, it may be possible to
examine the formation and evolution of a fully developed cell.

In the satellite images for both cruise III and cruise
V an area of upwelling was recognized by the plumes or bands
of cold water which are characteristic of an upwelling. In
earlier pre-satellite studies made in two of the world's
major upwelling areas, one off the coast of Peru and the

53

other off the coast of northwest Africa, the surface tempera-
ture structure was related to other parameters. It was found
that the nutrients and chlorophyll were distributed in the
same pattern as the temperature in these areas (Walsh, 1972).
In the central California coastal upwelling ecosystem mesoscale
nutrient cells apparently do form when there is a concentrated
pulse of upwelled water. Such cells impart an initial thermo-
chemical mesoscale structure to the open ocean ecosystem.
The inverse correlation between each of the nutrients (nitrate
and phosphate) and the temperature was extremely good for
cruise III in the three day old upwelling pulse (-0.96 and
-0.92). Persistance of this strong inverse correlation de-
pends on subsequent interactions of both biological and
physical processes with varying scales and periods. Cruise V
is a possible example where the inverse correlation is reduced
by these interactions. The satellite image (Plate 3) which
was from the day prior to the cruise indicated relatively
weak upwelling near the coast . The nutrient values obtained
on cruise V, however, were not as characteristic of upwelled
waters. Both the nitrate and phosphate concentrations were
above the open ocean values obtained on cruises III and IV,
but well below the mean values within the upwelled area on
cruise III. Also the minimum sea surface temperature observed
on cruise V was 11.0°C, which is over a degree higher than the
temperatures observed in the upwelled water. The inverse
correlation values between the temperature and nutrients

54

(-0.837 and -0.793), although still very good, are not nearly
as strong as was obtained on cruise III. The decrease in
the strength of the inverse correlation could be the result
of mixing and downwelling associated with the passage of a
storm. It could also be due partially to a smaller energy
input associated with the weaker upwelling prior to cruise V.

By way of contrast are the satellite observations of
cruise IV (Plate 2), which show a largely isothermal sea sur-
face with no indications of upwelling. This satellite picture
was verified by the i_n situ data. The mean nutrient concen-
trations were the lowest observed for any of the cruises
(see Table I) and the temperature trace (Figure 9) was very
nearly isothermal. The inverse correlation values between
the nutrients and the temperature remained very good for
temperature to nitrate (-0.929) but was very poor for
temperature to phosphate (-0.319).

The nutrient concentrations as measured by the methods
used in this study include both oxidative nutrients and pre-
formed nutrients. The distinction between these two names
for the nutrients is defined by Redfield, Ketchum, and
Richards (1963). They define oxidative nutrients as nutrients
that have been oxidized or regenerated from organic matter
and preformed nutrients as nutrients that are present in the
water at the time it sinks from the surface. According to
the model of Richards (_1965), the oxidized nutrients are
"returned to solution through the metabolic activities of the

55

marine community" at a rate of 16 nitrogen atoms for each
phosphorus atom. In deep oceanic water, the ratio of
dissolved nitrate to dissolved phosphate remains very close
to this 16:1 ratio. In the surface waters, the ratio of
these nutrients was found in this study never to get as high
as 16:1. For the last three cruises, the values of the
ratios ranged from 1.9:1 to 12.4:1. The lower values corres-
pond to the ratios found in the open ocean areas and the
higher values correspond primarily to the upwelled water.
This range of values agrees very closely with the annual
range for the nutrient ratio of 3:1 to 13:1 obtained in a
study by Butler et al (1979). Nutrients present in the
upwelling water may be characterized as biochemically old
on the basis of the relatively high nutrient ratios. This
also suggests that these nutrients are of oxidative origin.
Nutrients in the open ocean waters were found in this study
to have a nitrate to phosphate ratio whose modal value
approached 5:1. This suggests that these nutrients are
mostly preformed nutrients.

The phosphate and nitrate ions are primarily supplied
to the surface waters from below the thermocline by upwelling
and mixing processes (Dugdale, 1967). Once in the surface
waters the nutrients are then removed from solution by phyto-
plankton. According to Banse (.1974), the ratio of change
of nitrate to phosphate, AN/AP, is the net result of several
processes of removal and release of the nutrients from

56

various particulate pools, the rates of which can vary with
both time and depth. The distribution of the nutrients de-
pends not only on physical processes but also on the presence
of organisms and the mechanisms and kinematics of the regenera-
tion processes. Therefore, neither the nutrient concentra-
tions nor the ratios obtained on the three cruises of this
study can be expected to remain constant for very long.
This is shown by the iri situ nutrient data collected which
do indicate a large amount of variability. This variability
is demonstrated very well in the results of cruise IV. Within
the large nearly isothermal region studied on this cruise
there was observed a range in the values of nitrate concentra-
tion from 5.24 to 2.14 yM/kg, phosphate concentration from
0.83 to 0.36 yM/kg, and the nutrient ratio from 11.6:1 to
4.2:1.

The ratio of change of nitrate and phosphate, AN/AP, in
seawater has been related to the elementary composition of
phytoplankton (Redfield, 1934). Since the rate of removal
of nitrate is 16 times the rate of removal of phosphate,
initial concentrations of nitrate which may be an order of
magnitude higher than phosphate concentrations in recently
upwelled water can decline to an undetectable level while
phosphate declines to a low but still detectable level. This
ratio of change of the nutrients, AN/AP, is characteristic
of their uptake by phytoplankton down to levels where
further uptake becomes inhibited (Ketchum, 1939). The ratio
is found from the linear regression analysis of nitrate on

57

phosphate and is the slope of the linear best fit. Theoreti-
cally the value of the slope should be 16:1. The values ob-
tained in this study (16.2:1 and 14.9:1) on cruise III do
agree very closely with the theoretical value. The slope on
the nitrate-phosphate plot for cruise V (12.2:1) is also very
close to the theoretical value (.see Table II). The excellent
agreement of the cruise III values with theory is especially
interesting because it indicates the ratio of change of the
nutrients across an ocean front associated with a recent in-
tense upwelling. The slope, AN/AP, for cruise IV was not
calculated because the high density of the data points with
very little scatter would not give a meaningful value.
In summary :

(1) The utilization of satellite imagery was shown to
be a very effective method to localize an ocean front for
study. Direct telephone contact between the satellite receiv-
ing station and the research vessel ACANIA provided the up-to-
date positions of the oceanic features of interest, thus
improving our ability to study them.

(2) A high inverse correlation between nutrient concen-
trations and sea surface temperature was found

(N vs T = -0.960 and P vs T = -0.915) in the case of a recent,
strong upwelling. This inverse correlation, however, was
significantly lower in the open ocean waters as was the case
on cruise IV (P vs T = -0.319).

58

3) The nitrate to phosphate ratio, N/P, ranged from
1.9:1 to 12.4:1 in this study. The higher values were
found within the upwelled water suggesting the nutrients are
primarily of oxidative origin and the water is biochemically
old. The open ocean ratios were lower and had an overall
modal value of 5:1, which suggests the nutrients present were
mainly the preformed nutrients which are present in the water
at the time it sinks from the surface.

4) The ratio of change of the nutrients, AN/AP, was
observed to be 16.2:1 and 14.9:1 for Cruise III and 12.2:1
for Cruise V. These observed values compare favorably with
the theoretical 16:1 ratio.

59

APPENDIX A

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Anonymous, Technicon Industrial Systems Technical
Publication No. TA 1-0170-20, Operation Manual for the
Technicon Auto Analyzer II System, 1972.

2. Anonymous, Technicon Industrial Systems Industrial
Method No. 177-72-WM, Ortho Phosphate in Water and
Seawater , January 1973.

3. Anonymous, Technicon Industrial Systems Industrial
Method No. 175-72-WM, Nitrate and Nitrite in Water and
Seawater, January 1973.

4. Anonymous, Technicon Industrial Systems Industrial
Method No. 100-70-W/B, Nitrate and Nitrite in Water
and Waste Water, January 1978.

5. Banse, K. , "The Nitrogen-to-Phosphorus Ratio in the
Photic Zone of the Sea and the Elemental Composition

of the Plankton," Deep Sea Research, v. 21, p. 767-771,
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6. Breaker, L., National Environmental Satellite Service,
Redwood City, California, personal communication,
1978-1979.

7. Breaker, L. , Klein, J., and Pitts, M., NOAA Technical
Memorandum NESS 98, Quantitative Measurements of the
Sea Surface Temperature at Several Locations Using the
NOAA-3 Very High Resolution Radiometer, p. 1-12,
September 1978.

8. Broecker, W.S., Chemical Oceanography, Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, p. 9-13, 1974.

9. Bower, R.L., Gohrband, H.S., Pichel, W.G., Signore,
T.L., and Walton, C.C., NOAA Technical Memorandum NESS
78, Satellite Derived Sea Surface Temperatures from
NOAA Spacecraft, p. 1-12 and 35-39, June 1976.

10. Butler, E.I., Knox, S. , and Liddicott, M.I., "The
Relationship between Inorganic and Organic Nutrients

in Seawater," Journal of the Marine Biological Associa-
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11. Cheney, R.E., and Winfrey, D.E., NAVOCEANO Technical
Note 3700-56-76, Distribution and Classification of
Fronts, p. 206, August 1976.

88

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20 September 1978.

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90

DISTRIBUTION LIST

Chairman Code 68
Department of Oceanography-
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA 93940

Director

Naval Oceanography Division (0P952)

Navy Department

Washington, DC 20350

Office of Naval Research

Code 480

Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity

NSTL Station, MS 39529

Dr. Robert E. Stevenson
Scientific Liaison Office, ONR
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
La Jolla, CA 92037

SIO Library

University of California, San Diego

P.O. Box 2367

La Jolla, CA 92037

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University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98105

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Oregon State University
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Monterey, CA 93940

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Oceanographic Systems Pacific

Box 1390

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91

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Commanding Officer

Naval Oceanographic Office

NSTL Station, MS 39529

Dr. E. D. Traganza Code 68Tg
Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA 93940

Mr. Jerry Norton
Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA 93940

LT Don A. Nestor

Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron One

Naval Air Station

Jacksonville, FL 32212

Mr. Laurence Breaker

National Environmental Satellite Service

Redwood City, CA

Mr. Roland Nagle

Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility

Monterey, CA 93940

Mr. Robert Siclari
Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA 93940

LCDR John W. Conrad
Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA 93940

92

Thesis

N423
c.l

183901
Nestor

A study of the
relationship between
oceanic chemical
mesoscale and sea
surface thermal struc-
ture as detected by
satellite infrared
imagery.

14 PFC 87

2 80 76

3 2 2 8 3

Thesi s

N42c

c.l

1 83901

Nestor

A study of the
relationship between
oceanic chemical
mesoscale and sea
surface thermal struc-
ture as detected by
satel 1 i te infrared

imagery.

thesN423

A study of the relationship between ocea

3 2768 001 89913 1

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY