Illiuoif> Lastttute
of Technology
UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
AT 2 72
Snow, C. A.
Transmission of heat throguh
tile and concrete
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ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PAUL V.GALVIN LIBRARY
35 WEST 33RD STREET
CHICAGO. !L 60616
A Stady
of
3BE TRMTSMISSIOl OF BEAT
THEOUGH TILE ABD CONCRETE FIBEPEOOFIHG
A THESIS
Presented by C. A. Snow
to the
PEESIDEIT and FACULTY
of
ABMODR USTITUTE OF TECMOLOGT
For the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIEICE IE FIRE PEOTECTIOU EHGIEEBEIKG
Having Completed the Prescribed Course of Study
in Fire Protection Engineering.
May 29, 191E.
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PBEFACE -------------_---__ 1
EQUIPiE]ffr __- __ ___ _____ 2
Construction of Tile Blocks ----____-_ 2
Construction of Concrete Blocks --__ _-__ 3
Construction of Furnace -__--_______ 4
Construction of thermocouples ---__-___ 5
METHODS 6
Calitration of thermocouples — ________ 6
Bosition of the Blocks --_-_-__ — ___ e
Position of Thermocouples - — ______ 7
Procedure During Test -__--_-______ 8
Headings ------_---__________ 9
DISGUSSIOH OF EESIE.TS 10
Condition of Blocks After Test ___io
Discussion of Teraperature Curves -___-__ 12
DISGUSSIOE OF PHYSICAL LAY/S 16
Concluding Remarks.- ---________-_ 19
ILLUSTBATIOUS AM) DATA.
Plate
1 - Furnace and Partition.
E - Tile and Concrete Blocks.
S - Tile block in partition after test
4 - Dimensions of xile Blocks.
5-9 Thermocouple calibration curves.
10-15 Time temperature curves.
16-17 Temperature depth curves.
Data Sheets.
1-lE Test data.
2S476
page 10. 1,
Although considerable
thought and attention has
been given to the value of
various materials as fire
xet^r dents, and thorough
tests have been made to
ascertain their ability
to resist destractlon by
fire, only a small amount
of work has been done to
determine the amount of
heat actually passing
through the materials at
the high temperatures which
are found in burning buildings.
It is the purpose of this
thesis to establish, through
experiment, a basis from which
the transmission of heat
through tile or concrete fire-
proofing may be determined.
Page Uo. 2,
THE !CR4QSMISSI0H OF WAT
SHROUGH TILE AH) COICHBTE FIBEFROOPIIG.
EQTJIPMEIf T .
Conatrxiotlon of Tile Blooks.
The tlocka were made from tile alats,
80 placed tb&t there was an air chamber hetveen.
The slabs were about 17-1/2" long and 12-1/4" wide,
none varying more than l/S" from the above measure-
ments in either length or width, and were medium
burned and rather porouB. The blocks were built up
by placing shellacked wedge forms between each slab
1-3/4" in from each aide on three sides, and filling
in up to them on the three sides of the block, with
concrete. This concrete was a 1 - 3 mixture, having
one part portland cement to three parts 1/8" screened
torpedo sand. It was re- enforced by two wire rods
on the rear side, and one wire rod on each end of the
block. The concrete extended from the wedge forms
out a distance of 3-l/4", making a wall of concrete
around the tile 1-1/E" thick, not including the con-
crete between the slabs. This can readily be seen
in figure Ho. 3, which is block So. 2 cut through
the center after the test.
The block was allowed to set for forty-
eight hours before removing the wedge forms. The
cells were then measured, and the block was butteredtp
with concrete on the fourth, or fUont, side, leaving
a space of about 1-1/2" for the Introduction of the
thermocouples, as shown in Pig. 2. The block was then
allowed to set for one week, at the end of which time
it was placed in a drying kiln and kept at a tempera-
ture of from 212 F.to 220 F.for sixty- six hours. The
block was then ready for the test.
All measurements for each tile block are
given on plate lo. 4. The slab thicknesses given on
plate Ho. 4 are the average of eight measurements
taken on each slab just before being built into blocks.
Page Eo. 3.
She depth of cell measorementa given
are the average of three measarementa taken with
internal calipers Just hefore the block was buttered
up, on the front side, and a zoeasurement taken after
the teat when the block was parted centrally. (This
latter measurement was taken on a line 6** from the
right side of the cells, and 6-1/8" In from the
buttered up face of the block. In all cases the
latter measurement checked within l/ss" of the aver-
age of the first three readings taken. !Che length
of the cells was found to be 13-1/E" and the width
9-I/2", making an area of tile section 128.25 square
inches, straight through the block. lEhe concrete
in the buttered up side, as shown in figure Ifo. 3,
appears to enter the cells to a considerable depth
but on close examination it was found that it oi^ly
adhered to the tile slabs for an inch in, or less,
the renBinder merely projecting into the cell but
not touching the tile.
Construction of Concrete Blocks.
The concrete blocks were zoade in a mold
or form, constructed aa follows:- The sides are each
8" in height and 18" long. iUhe ends are 8" in hei^t
and 12" long. The sides and ends overlap each other
in such a way tliat a double joint is formed, making
a water tight corner. They both have guide strips at
their lower edges, which overlap the bottom of the
mold and serve not only to keep the sides and ends
in place, but they are staunch enough to prevent any
warping of those parts. The bottom of the mold is
made of heavy 2" planking through which six holes are
drilled to allow for the placing of six 5/l6" drill
rods. These holes are located on the circumference
of a circle, 6" in diameter, having it a center in the
center of the 12" x 18" face, and are each 3" apart.
The drill rods project up through the bottom of the
mold to heights of 7", 6", 5", 4", 3" and 2" from the
bottom. This allows the thermocouples, which are
placed in the holes thus made in the concrete, to
penetrate into the block at distances of 1", 2", 3",
4", 5" and 6" from the exposed face. The mold is
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held together hy four hoards hinged at the corners aad
brought up tightly by means of two ♦edges. The entiiB
inside of the mold is heavily shellacked and the rods
are thoroughly greased.
A l~3-5 mixture was used in making the
blocks. The sand used was torpedo bank sand, passing
a l/s" screen, while the aggregate consisted of pebbles
less than l/2" in diameter, together with some very
coarse gravel. Enough water was added to make the
mixture quite workable, then it was shoveled into the
mold, tamped, and the top struck off even with the top
of the mold. By following the above method in each
case, each block resulted in being exactly the same
in all respects, as the others.
The concrete blocks were allowed to set
for three weeks before they were dried out. During
the first week of setting, they were wetted once each
day. At the end of three weeks the blocks were placed
in the drying kiln and kept at a temperature of from
2120 F. to 220 F. It was the intention of the writer
to dry each block for sixty-six hours, but the burner
under the kiln was tampered with while blocks Ho. 1
and Ho. 2 were being dried, and it was found out later
on that they were only dried for a period of fifty-two
hours. Block lo. 3, having been dried out at a differ-
ent time, was given the full sixty-six hours of drying.
The purpose of the drying was to drive out all of the
uncombined water, and thus enable the test conditions
to be accurately duplicated, which could not be done
if varying quantities of water were contained within
the concrete.
A view of one of the concrete blocks, show-
ing the 12" X 18" face opposite the 12" I 18" face whidi
is to be exposed, is shown in Fig. 4.
Construction of Furnace .
A rear view of the furnace used for these
tests is shown in Fig. 1. The front or open face of
the furnace contains an opening 33" wide and 35" high,
measuring from the keystone of the arch to the base of
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the opening. This base is 17" from the floor.
The inner walls, hase and arch are made of the hest
quality fire-hrick, cemented with a Portland cement
mortar. The outer walls are made of pressed brick
and an air space separates them from the inner walls.
Four burners, which are in principal, larg
Bunsen burners, enter each side of the fiirnace and
aU. eight burners are directed against the back wall
of the furnace. In this way an even, uniformly
distributed heat reaches the front face of the open-
ing. The arch which forms the top of the furnace
contains five rather large openings which allows the
gaseous products of combustion to escape. A blower,
which is operated by a motor that can be run on a
110 V. or 220 V. circuit, supplies the air to the bur-
ners at a point just beyohd the gas control valves.
A small hole in the right side of the furnace allows
for the placing of the furnace thermocouple.
Oon«truction of Thermocouples.
Pour of the seven thermocouples used were
made of platinum and iridium, while the other three
vere made of copper and constantan. The platinum
iridium couples were made of platinum and iridium
wires, the terminals of which were welded in an
electric arc. This comprised the hot junction which
was always placed where the temperature measurement
was desired. The wires passed from the hot junction
through a porcelain tube, having two separate chambeas.
Prom the porcelain tubes they ran through concentric
asbestos tubes, one wire passing throu^ the center
and the other through the space between the tubes.
The wires were then soldered to copper leads, these
joints being the cold junction which was kept in ice
during the test. The copper constantan couples were
made in the same way except that they could be welded
with a blow pip© instead of the electric arc.
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METHODS
Calibration of Thermocoqplea .
The melting points of copper, zlno, tin
and loe were utilized In calibrating the platlniun
Iridium couples. The material that Is to be used
for calibrating Is placed In a crucible and placed
In asirall electric furnace and melted. The hot
junction of the thermocouple Is placed In the center
of the molten metal, the cold junction Is placed In
tubes which extend Into Ice, while the ends of the
copper leads are connected to a galvanometer. The
electric furnace Is then turned off and the metal
la allowed to cool while readings are taken on the
galvanometer. The point or temperature at which the
metal begins to solidify is Indicated by a succession
of constant readings on the galvanometer. The taking
of readings is taken a little beyond this point to
make certain that the true freezing or melting point
has been obtained. The same method Is used with eacb
metal. Eaowlng the melting points of each metal used
and getting the corresponding galvanometer readings
a calibration curve may be drawn for each thermocou-
ple, plotting temperatures as ordinates and miltl-
volts or galvanometer deflections as abscissa.
The copper constantan couples are cali-
brated in exactly the same way as the platinum
iridium couples, except that the melting point of cop-
per Is not utilized for obvious reasons. Copper con-
stantan couples are not considered reliable for measue-
Ing temperatures above 1000° F. so for all temperatuies
above that the platinum iridium couples must be used.
Position of the Blocks.
Bach block that was tested was placed In
the movable partition shown In Fig. 1. The opening
In the brick partition was so located that where the
partition was rolled into place In front of furnace
the block was In the center of the furnace opening.
In the tests on tile blocks the partition opening
was made 16" high and 21" wide. This allowed about
s/S" on the sides and bottom for asbestos packing
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and about 3/4" at the top for the same. A rack vas
made on the frame-work back of the partition to sup-
port that part of the tile block extending beyond
the brick-work of the partition.
The tile block, after having been dried
out, was placed in the partition with the side con-
taining the openings uppermost. The space between
the brick-work and the block was then thoroughly
plugged up with asbestos fibre. In Fig. 5 one of the
tile blocks Is shown In the partition placed as de-
scribed above. Although this photograph was taken
after the test, it shows the way the tile blocks were
laid into the partition. Oare was taken to have the
exposed face of the block in the same plane as the
face of the partition.
In the case of the concrete blocks the
same method of placing the block in the partition was
used, but the brick-work had to be rebuilt to accomo-
date the smaller exposed face of these blocks. In
figure 1 a concrete block is shown in place in the
partition, and ready for the test.
Position of !Phermooouples .
The furnace thermocouple was so placed
that when the movable partition was rolled into the
position for testing its hot Junction was within 1/4"
of the face of the block, being tested and at the cezt-
ter of the exposed face.
In the tile blocks the thermocouples were
placed as follows:- Each couple was lowered to a
depth of 6" in the cells and was placed against the
face of the slab farthest away from the source of heet.
This located the point of the couple l/8" away from
the rear face of each cell. For example: the couple
in cell ITo. 1 is at a distance of the thickness of
the first slab, plus the depth of the cell minus l/8"
from the exposed face of the block. !Ehe distance
of each couple from the exposed face can be figured
in a similar manner. After the couples were so
Page lo. 8,
placed, the openings through vhioh they were suspend-
ed were plugged up with asbestos fibre, thus holding
the coupled in place, and completely closing the
cell. Due to the high temperatures which were anti-
cipated and which did occur in cells ^os. 1, 2 and
3, the platinum- iridium couples were used in these
cells. Xhe copper-constantan couples were used in
cells los. 4, 5 and 6, where the temperatures never
were above 1000^ F.
3!he holes made in the concrete blocks by
the drill rods were l/32" larger in diameter than
the porcelain tubes containing the couple wires. This
gave a very close fit, making it unnecessary to do
any filling with asbestos fibre. The depth of each
hole was re-measured before inserting the couples in
them, and they were all found to be accurate to l/64"
of an inch. As previously stated, the holes were so
made that the points of the couples were 1", 2" and 9
4", 5" and 6" away from the exposed face. Platinum-
iridium couples were used at the 1",2" and 3" depths
and copper-constantan couples were used at the 4!*, 5"
and 6" depths.
In all tests each couple was so connected
that it could be thrown into series with a galvanom-
eter by a double throw, double pole, knife blade
switch.
Procedure During Test .
The partition was first lined up so that
it could be rolled within 1" of the open face of the
furnace. A shield made of sheet iron backed up with
asbestos paper was hooked on to the furnace so that £
covered the entire front face. The pilot lights were
then lit and the blower started. The gas to the
burners was then turned on and the furnace brought
up to the required teniperature of the test. Cracked
ice was placecl in the junction bottles and a zero,
or the starting reading was taken. The furnace shield
was then unhooked and removed and the partition rolled
into place. The partition was jammed tight against
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page ITo. 9.
the furnace face "by means of long bars, and was kept
there by means of wedge blocking. Hie furnace tem-
perature was then regulated and maintained constant
for four hours. Ihe ice in the junction bottles was
replenished from time to time and all necessary obser-
vations were made.
The blocks were allowed to cool noroBlly after
each four hour test , no water being thrown on
them.
Readings .
Temperature readings were taken every
three minutes for the first half hour, and every five
minutes from then on to the end of the teat. The
readings for the first half hour were taken closer
together than those of the last three and a half hours
in order to get more accurately the effect that any
retained moisture might have on that part of the
blocks near the exposed face, for the teniperature here
rises very rapidly and the true shape of the curve,
T^hieh is ploted from these readings, could not be
obtained unless this were done.
The readings taken were in mill i -volts
as represented by the deflection of the galvanometer
needle. The deflection is due to the electro-motive
force generated by the thermocouples. This electro-
motive force is in proportion to the difference in
temperature between the hot and cold junctions of the
couples. If the cold junction is maintained at a
constant temperature, it is obvious that the galvanom-
eter reading depends on the temperature of the hot
junction at the point where it is desired to measure
the temperature.
The temperature in degrees Fahrenheit , as
shown on the data sheets opposite the milli-volt read-
ing, was obtained in each case by referring to the
calibration curve of that particular thermocouple. It
was found that one and one-half minutes was needed to
obtain all seven thermocouple readings at each three
or five minute Interval. Kiis cannot be considered as
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Page Uo. 10,
instantaneous, but since the readings are relative
this does not affect the value of the data in any way.
DISOUSSIOH OP RESULTS
Condition of Blocks After Test.
Although this part of the suhject is not
directly connected with the work at hand, it may he of
interest to know the condition of each block after the
teat, therefore this data is tabulated as follows:
Tile Block Eo. 1. Test JSo. 1. 1300 o F.
The concrete around slab Ho. 1 was heavily cracked
and came off upon removal of block from partition.
That part of the concrete which fell off could be
quite readily broken with the hands.
Slab lo J. heavily cracked and slightly separated down
through the center. Shis slab could be broken up
with the hands. It was a much lighter color than
before the test.
Slabs Hoa.2,3 and 4, lightly cracked across center.
Slabs Hos.5,6 and 7, all sound.
Tile Block Ho. 2 . Test Ho. 2. 1600 o F.
This block was affected in the same manner as
block Ho* 1, only the cracks in slabs Jiios. 1, 2, and
3 were more severe.
This block is shown in Fig. 5, as it was just after
the test. The dark spots noticeable on the exposed
face are due to rust from the iron re-enforoing wir©
which were looped under the block in the process of
building and were afterwards out off even with the
surface. The heavy cracking referred to is plainly
noticeable here.
The cracking of the concrete in this block is notic©^
able in Fig. 3.
Tile Block So. 2. Test Eo. 5. 1900 o F.
All slabs were cracked, slabs Eos. 1 and 2 being
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Page lo- 11,
very hearily oracked. Slat Ho. 1 was in a crumfcly
oonaitlon and much lighter in color.
Conorete Blook ITo. 1» Test Uo. 4. 1500 Q F.
The exposed face was covered with a network of very
fine surface cracks, and was a "bluish grey in colon
The concrete was discolored to a depth of 4-1/8" from
exposed face. The color of the stones in the aggre-
gate varied from a dark salmon red at the face (hav
ing some red spots in the center due to iron oxide)
to a light salmon color, having no "bright red spot
in center to a depth of atout 3" from exposed face,
and at 4" from exposed face, the stones were a dull
"brownish red.
The general coloring of the concrete was:
Brownish grey to a depth of 1/2"^
Salmon red from l/E" to 1-3/4" in from exposed face
Muddy grey from 1-3/4" to 3-3/4" " " " "
Yellowish grey from 3-3/4"to 4'8" " " "
A screw driver could be forced in to a depth of
1/4" without pounding.
Concrete Block go. 2. Test go. 5. 1600 F.
Discolored to a depth of 4-7/8".
Exposed face blue grey and covered with surface
cracks.
Coloring:
Blue grey - s/S" in from exposed surface,
light pink tinge - 3/8" to 1-3/8" in from exposed ffioe
Muddy trown - 1-3/8" to 3-5/8" , " " , " "
A Pink tinged with purple, 3-5/8" to 4-7/8" ^ "
The remainder of the block was a little lighter
grey than normal concrete.
A screw driver could be forced into a depth of 1/2"
without pounding.
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Conorete Block Eo. g Test go. 6. 1900 OF.
Atout 1" of exposed faoe came off near lower
corners when 'block was removed from partition.
Exposed face tlue grey in color and covered with
fine surface cracks.
Discolored to a depth of 5-3/4"
Coloration:
Yery dark grey - 1" in from surface.
Purplish hrown - 1" to 2-1/4" in from surface
Grey - 2-1/4" to 4-l/2" " " "
Pinkish grey - 4-1/2" to 5-3/4" " "
A screw driver could he forced in to a depth of
1" without pounding.
The foregoing coloring described was in every
case very faint and the colors were in all cases
only tints and not as vivid as the description
might imply.
Discussion of Tecrperature Curves .
The curves plotted from the reading of the tests
on tile will he considered first, and their significance
discussed before dealing with those plotted from the
readings of the tests on concrete.
The readings of tests los. 1, 2 and S are plotted
on plates Eos. 10, 11 and 12, respectively. Since these
curves are ploted with time as the abscissae, the sKIpe
of the curves shows the rate of change of temperature in
the cells throughout the tests. The points as plotted
were so close to each other that it seemed advisable
not to strike a smooth curve through them, so they were
connected to each other by straight lines, and in this
way each curve is accurately defined.
In each of these three sets of curves the effect
of replenishing the supply of ice in the junction bot-
tles is quite noticeable, especially where a consider-
able length of time elapses between the periods where
Page 13,
fresh ice was added. It is obvious that this rise ia
due to the greater difference in temperature "between
the cold and hot junctions, which occurs when fresh
lee is added.
It will be noticed that the furnace tempera-
ture curves rise and fall very steeply for about the
first half hour. This could not be avoided because the
placing of the partitions in position at the start,
tended to make the furnace temperature drop and in bring
ing it up again it always overshot the desired tempera-
ture, so the resulting curve is very irregular. This,
however, has practically no affect on the block curves,
as the block is only at room temperature when placed
in the test position, while the furnace temperature is
very much higher.
The irregularities of the curves having been
explained, their general form may now be considered:
All curves on plates los. 10, 11 and 12 continue to rise
throughout the entire four hours. This indicates that
equilibrium of the block temperatures is never reached.
If equilibrium were reached, the quantity of heat pass-
ing through the part of the block near the exposed face
would be exactly equal to the heat going through another
part of the block farther out from the furnace, otherwise
equilibrium is impossible. This is evidence showing
that most of the heat entering the blocks goes to raise
the teinperature of the latter, only a small percentage
passing through and being lost by radiation. If, how-
ever, tests were made for a longer period of time, it
is fair to assume that equilibrium would be established
in a few more hours. The curves indicate that this wou3d
be so, for they tend to become horizontal, which means
that a constant temperature is being approached. If
such a condition did obtain, all of the heat entering
the blocks would be lost in radiation.
The significance of the above will be shown
farther on in this report.
The readings of tests Eos. 4, 5 and 6 are
Page M. 14.
plotted on plates Uos. 13, 14 and 15 respectively.
The same statement in regard to the furnace tempera-
ture curves of the tile block applies to these con-
crete hlock curves.
The effect of adding new supplies of ice
to the junction bottles is noticeable on these curves
to about the same extent that it is on the tile block
curves, and the explanation for it is the same. The
concrete block curves, however, differ from the tile
block ciurves in two respects, namely, the effect of
moisture in the concrete blocks shows up in all three
sets, and these curves are at a greater angle to the
horizontal time azis during the last hour of each run
This latter fact indicates that it would
take a longer time for concrete to reach equilibrium
temperatures than it would in the case of tile blocks
It will be noticed that the effect of moisture in the
curves of test ao. 6 on plate Ho. 15 is less pronounced
than in the curves of tests ITos. 5 and 6. Probably
the reason for this is that concrete block lo. 5 was
^ied for fourteen hours longer than either of the
other two concrete blocks. This change of direction
pf the curves in the vicinity of 21E OF may not be due
entirely to uncombined retained water, but it may be
influenced somev/hat by the water of orystalization
in the concrete itself. It is safe to say that ful!^
as much, and probably in all cases, more moisture
will be found in the concrete used in building con-
struction than was contained in any of the concrete
blocks tested.
By further comparison of these curves with
the tile block curves, it will be noted that the fir*
point ciirves are lower in concrete than the first cell
curves in the tile tests, but that the curves of poinfe
Eos. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are higher than the curves of
cells los. 2, S, 4, 5 and 6. It is not fair, however,
to compare these curves in this way since the tile
couples in the tile cells are all considerably farther
away from the exposed face than those corresponding
thereto in concrete blocks.
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Page UO. 15.
A ftirther basis of coinparison may be
shown by the Curves on plates ]3'os. 16 and 17. These
curves have distances from the exposed face as ab-
scissae and temperature as the ordinates. The read-
ings at the end of two and three-quarter hours were
plotted on plate Uo. 16 for all six tests. This
time was chosen because all conditions of furnace
temperature were practically constant for a consider-
able period before this time, and the concrete block
curves had risen above the 24E °F region. The curves
on plate Ho. 17 were made in the same manner as those
on plate Ho. 16, except that the time was the end of
four hours, instead of two and three-quarter hours.
The reason for not plotting the curves of test Ho. 6
was that the readings beyond two hours and fifty min-
utes are not considered reliable as noted in the d4ta
on data sheet lo* 12.
In both of these sets it will be noted
that for the same distances out from the exposed sur-
faces, the concrete block curves show a lower tempera-
ture than the tile block curves. However, the differ-
bnce in construction of the two types of blocks and
the detaining effect of moisture should be considered
iefore drawing definite conclusions. This will be
considered later in the report.
The quantity of heat flowing by conduction
from one plane to another, through any portion of
material, depends on the difference of ten^jcrature
between these two planes and upon the resistance to
the heat flow. With the same temperature difference ,
if the resistance is high, only a small quantity of
heat flows through; whereas if the resistance is low
a large quantity of heat flows through. If the
quantity of heat remains constant the teinperature
difference must be large, if the resistance to the
flow is high, and small if the resistance is low. \7hen
the quantity of heat passing between any two planes
parallel to the exposed face is the same, the tenqpera-
ture difference between any two planes indicates the
resistance which the material or space between the
two planes offers to the flow of heat.
-'iJJS
Pag© lo . ]£ .
For example, if the difference in tenipera-
ture between, say 2" of concrete is high, it may be
said that the resistance of concrete to the flow of
heat is high. Thus it is possible to rely on the
temperature differences, being a true indicator of high
or low resistance to heat flow between any two planes
which are parallel to the exposed face. (This con-
dition of equal quantities of heat passing through
all parts of the block is only obtained at equilibrium!
therefore, the results obtained from the tests made
at this time can be used to indicate the relative heat
resistance of the two kinds of f ireproofing and not
to obtain the absolute values of this heat resistance.
In the preceding discussion the flow of heat
by conduction only has been considered, but in the
case of tile blocks the flow of heat by radiation is
of prime importance, and is discussed in detail under
"Physical Laws". It has generally been assumed that
an air space was a very good heat insulator . This is
only true at the lower temperatures. While heat does
travel very slowly through the air by conduction, it
leaps over the air space readily by radiation. Al-
though this latter mode of heat propogation is common
in nature, the laws governing it are not generally
known and taken into consideration.
DISCUSSION OF PHYSICAL LAWS .
Ihe quantity of heat passing through a
portion of solid block or partition by conduction de-
pends on the difference between the teniperatures of
the two planes limiting the portion of partition or
block, but the quantity of heat that passes across
the air spaces in tile blocks depends on the differ-
ence of the fourth powers of the absolute temperatured
of the surfaces enclosing the air spaces. It follows
that in case the heat passes by conduction through a
solid block, the amount of heat passing will remain
the same so long as the difference in temperature of
the two limiting planes remains constant, no matter
page Eo, 17.
what that temperature may be. On the other hand,
the heat passing across an air space hy radiation
increases very rapidly with the rising teinperature
of the enclosing surfaces, although the difference
in temperature may remain constant.
The old law of raidation given by Isaac
lewton, which stated that the heat radiated from a
hot body to a cold surrounding body was proportional
to the difference of their teiaperatures, has been
proven faulty by Boltzmann and Stefan, who about
twenty-five years ago demonstrated mathematically
that from the principles of thermodynamics the fourth
power law should hold exactly for an ideal black body.
This law is eacpressed by the following
equation:
(1) H , C (QJ* - Tg*)
Where H s the net heat exchanged between
the hot and cold surface per
unit of the hot surface per
unit of time .
Tl- the absolute temperature of the
hot surface.
!£= the absolute temperature of the
colder surface.
C = A constant depending on the units used.
If H. is exjpressed in B.T.U per sq. ft. of
the hot surface per minute and Ti and T2 ®^® express*
in degrees Fahrenheit on the absolute scale, then
C » 2.66 Z 10-"= ^^
190,000,000,000.
The above constant is only good for black
surfaces and the hot surface must not "see" anything
but the colder surface.
page Ho. 18
For aarfsces not blaokeced this law must
"he modified. As a brick surface does not radiate so
much heat as a blackened surface, the net heat ex-
change between two such surfaces is less than that
ezehanged between blackened surfaces at the same
teciperatures. Therefore in the case of tile faces,
(which may be considered as radiating and absorbing
heat in the same manner as brick) a co-efficient must
be used in formula Ho. 1. IDhis co-efficient has been
found to be about .5 at 700 oc absolute temperature.
(8) H - .5 X G (Ti^ - !Dg4)
If in the tests made on the tile blocks
the teiqperatures of the faces enclosing each cell has
been taken, the actual conductivity of the til^labs
and the air spaces could be accurately figured and
the amount of heat transmitted by each could be
determined. Hiat the air space is less effective at
high temperature than at low ones is known by makers
of "thermos" bottles, who claim that such bottles
keep liquids cold seventy-two hours and keep liquids
hot only twenty- four.
The law of heat by conduction is quite sim-
ple and may be expressed as follows:
c
(3) H --4 (!ri-T2)
Where H = the quantity of heat conducted per unjfc
of area per unit of time.
c = the conductivity of the material, which
varies somewhat with the temperature.
d = the distance between the two parts of the
body
IP]_= the teinperature of the hotter part
Tq- the temperature of the colder part.
The curves on plates Eos. 16 and Eo. 17
seem to indicate that the conductivity of the material
varies somewhat with the temperature, but since these
temperatures are taken before equilibrium is established
Page Ho. 19,
it would not "be proper to say that this is proven
ty those curves.
KaoT7ing the surface area, the time, the
temperatures, distances d^and c, H can "be easily found
or knowing H, c can be readily found • All tut H and
can he obtained from the data taken. A method of
determining this "H", or quantity of heat transmitted
would be to simply place an enclosed tank containing
vrater at the unexposed face of the block, having an
insulating covering on all sides, except that adjoin-
ing the block and measuring the quantity and rise in
teniperature of the water. 0?his is, of course, only
true after equilibrium has been established. Hav-
ing ^ISV as stated "c", or conductivity of the black
material, could be readily calculated.
The tile fireproofing as constructed, al-
ways contains air spaces, so the conditions as they
are in the experimental work should be considered
comparable to those met with in actual construction.
.Therefore, the curves on plates ^os. 16 and 17 may
jbe considered as giving some evidence that concrete
jfireproofing, when of the same thickness as tile
fireproofing, will transmit less heat through it.
It is the belief of the writer that, knowing the fore-
going physical laws, and using the results of the te^
made as a basis, the transmission of heat through all
types of tile and concrete fireproofing can be determined.
rovoicr ei e
Data Sheet Uo.l.
4/13/18.
TEST Ho.- 1.
TILS B L G K Ho_^ l._
I Purnaoe 1 Cell 1 Cell z\ Cell sl Cell 4| Cell 5 I Cell 6
Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Coupl
Eo. 120 »o. 114 10. Ill Ho. 113 Ho. 14 Ho. 6 Ho. 13
,T. MVJ o7 MV.! Of I uv.l OF. I MV.I Op. I JW.l OP. 1 ITT. I °F. yv | Qg. | H OTES
2B0|1205|1^5|445|. 201110 IJLO 70 40 62 | .41 61 .50 63 ^slightly
55 131211310 12801 735 1 .88 1330 -80 115 .46 66 .39 59 .43 59^piaoed
10 312 1310 510
37 58 42 58 L/ice m
Data Sheet Ho. 2
TEST Uo. 1.
4/13/12
TILE BLOCK lo. 1.
Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple
Ho. lEO Ho. 114 Uo.lll 10.113 Bo. 14 I0.6 l\fo.l3
^1 °y|M7 I °F MV Oy ml OF MV 0? MY ©F
5 3J.Z 1310. 3.62 885. Ij88
10 315 1320 3j66 890 X91
15 310 1300 3.68 895 193
2o 31o 13oo 3.72 9o4 2po
25 3.I0 1300 3.78 910 2jo8
30 510 1300 3.80 915 210
35 2ai 13o7 ZBO 915 213
40 3ai 1S07 Ci.85 920 218
45 :^^2 1510 586 925 2^0
50 3^1 i:>o7 3B9 93o 225
55 3.11 1307 550 933 2.26
3H. 511 15o7 396 94o 25o
55& .70 280J1.48 131. .71
80. .52
80 .53
560 .71 285 148 131 .71 80 .53
565 .72 290 1.49 132 .72 80 .53
585 .80 3o5 L80 151 .83 89 .68
600 .82 315 1.92 I60 .90 93 ,7o
6o4 .88 .530 2.00 165 .94 95 .70
6I0 .90 335 210 171 1.00 99 .71
620 .92 340 218 176 Lo2 loo -75
624 .98 355 223 I80 Lo4 lol ,13
630 1.00 360 2;i4 186 Ul I06 .76
635 I.0I 365 2,39 189 U7 llo .78
642 L08 385 2<5o 195 1Z2 113 .79
5 311 15o7 398 946 2^2 647 Uo 39o 2^2 196 126 115 .78
lo 310 1300 3.98 946 1233 65o y.o 39o 2.69 2o7 131 118 .8'2
15 310 1300 400 950 ;239 658 112 395 2.78 21o 139 122 .86
20 3lo 1300 Aol 963 2.4o 660 113 397 2j8o Ell 141 123 .83
25 3.08 1298 406 959 2.43 668 117 4o5 296 221 1,45 1E6 .9o
5o 3.08 1298 4p7 961 2.47 674 118 4o7 3.ol 225 1.49 129 .9o
35 an 1307 4d8 963 2.49 678 1^0 41o 3.o9 229 L51 13o .93
4o 31.0 1300 4d8 963 2.5o 680 12o 41o 32o 235 1^8 135 1.00
45 310 1300 4p9 966 2j5o 680 121 415 323 237 I.60 137 l.oo
5o 3.09 1299 410 968 2.53 685 125 425 3.4o 247 1.69 141 U-O
55 aio 1300 411 970 257 693 1^9 43o 3.48 25o 1.71 142 Uo
4B. 31o 1300 411 970 258 696 129 43o 35o, 251 171 142 l,o9
TEST So. 2
TILE BLOCK 50, 2.
Data Sheet lo. 3.
4/17/12
Purnaoe Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple couple Couple
3Jo. 120 No. 114 So. Ill HollS lo. 14 So. 6 So. 13
T. LT. op, jjyi op. MV. op. JW. OR m.\ op. 2JV. opl uv. Op|N«>xcs.
360 147a .10 70. .10 70.
3 3.80 1535 .12 80 .10 70
6 3?3 1580 .28 135 .10 70
9 4P7 1622 .62 240 .11 76
12 43.2 1640 1^0 400 0.3 85
15 MiJiSED m:
18 4a7 1657 1.97 575 2Z 120
21 4^0 1668 2^2 627 .28 132
24 417 1657 2.45 671 .35 160
27 43.0 1634 2.76 730 .48 200
30 395 1583 288 753 .53 215
35 400 1600 312 800 .70 265
40 401 1603 3.30 830 .83 305
45 406 1620 3.48 862 IpO 347
50 410 1634 3.70 900 114 385
55 402 1606 383 922 L29 417
.10 70.
.10 70
.10 70
.10 70
.10 70
.10 70
.10 70
.10 70
.11 76
.12 80
.14 90
.18 100
.20 108
.23 120
.30 140
.47 68. .42
.47 68 .43
.47 68 .43
.47 68 .44
.48 69 .44
.51 70 ,50
.51 70 .50
.52 71 .50
.52 71 .51
.53 72 :51
.54 72 .51
.57 75 .52
.59 76 .52
,62 78 .52
.70 82 .62
58. .46
59 .47
59 .47
60 .48
60 .48
63 .55
63 .55
63 .56
64 .57
64 .57
64 .57
65 .57
65 .57
65 .56
65 .60
iKMralkrJlft1f'ftf!'iK:rHifllifckll<M4IB<;i:lliMi1H:}ili
■■^■^^■^
10 4P5 1618 413 980 1^3 500
15 4fX) 1600 4^1 995 1.72 520
20 4p0 1600 450L010 1.84 545
,44 190 .90 96 .59 69 .60
.49 203 .98 101 J5« 69 .60
.55 220 HI 110 j65 72 £1
035 204 590 .68 260 131 122 .71 I 77 | ,63
40 401 1603 4541051 219 620
45 4£I0 1600 4.601060 230 643
.73 275 U51 136 .76 80 .63
.78 287 162 141 .79 81 .62
62,
63
63
64
64
[ice added
69 to Junction v
69 Bottles
70
71
71
71
71
71 (Ice added
70 to Junction
72 bottles
72 floe added
72 J to Junction
72 I Bottles
73 ^
73 ffce added
TEST Ho . 2
TILE BLOCK Ho. 2.
Lat* Sheet Ho . 4.
4/17/1?
[ffurnace UeH i cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Couple Couple Couple Coiiple Couple Couple Couple
Ho. 120 Ho. 114 Ho. Ill Ho. 113 Ho. 14 Ho. 6 Ho.lg.
I. laV. OF. m. °F. m. °F, ^. °F, LIV. ®F. M. °F. liV. <^.
5 399 1598.-179 1093.2.53 690. .92 330, 2JD4 168. .95 90. .62 73 /Bottle #2
10 4bl 1603 4B1 1097 2.58 698 .98 340 215 174 1.00 94 .70 77 -.r" #1 & #3
15 401 1603 486 1105 267 715 UOl 350 2^8 181 108 100 .71 78
20 a99 1598 490 1111 270 720 102 353 245 191 HO 101 .71 78
25 400 1600 491 1113 273 726 UD7 362 2.45 191 1;L7 105 .71 78
gQ j,^r^ -1^ ,/^ ACT, -noo on, ly-XQ nm %r;rf p RT Tgft ISO io7 .71 78/106 Added
50 401 1603 5L1 1148 298 770 127 411 3D1 223 146 122 .80 83
.re Ar.rs Ter.n CT <2 T T KT -AAfN rr^FPi T ^iO A?>C) KOR P.2R 149 124 .80 83
20 401 1603 522 1168 SX^ 810 149 451 3j57 254 1.78 142 .96 94 jBottles
25 401 1603 5.37 1174 3.22 815 149 461 3.67 260 1B5 148 1X)7 101
)lenty on
round
TEST HO. 3.
TILE BLOCK Ho,
Lta Sheet lo. S.
Jurnaoel cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple
10.' 120 HO. 114 Uo.lll so. 113 lo . 14 Ho. 6 HoOS
440 1734. 10
3 462 18C0 .20
.10 70 10 70. .50 &9. .53 66. .52 66.
in 7i: iO 70 .50 69 .53 66 .56 70
80 89 .58 68 .60 72 juncxio
|l5 4^5 1900 5:09 1144 1.77 530 .52 1 212 '.89 95 .61 70 .61 72 |Bottles
1::^ >.r^r^ -,0.^r^ KT O IT KR TRft I^BRl ^01235 .97 100 .61 70 .61 72
05 .62 71 .61 72
10 .62 71 .61 72
73 .61 72 Ice Junction
74 .60 72 ^Bottle #2
« E S rSo. 3
Diata Sheet Trb.b:
4/20/lE
fILE BLOCKJfo.3
yuraioe Cell 1 0©11 2 Cell S Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Couple Couple Couple Coxtple Couple Couple Couple
Ho. 120 10.114 Ho. Ill 110.113 HO. 14 Ho. 6
Ho. 13
MT. oP. ICT. °P. M.
m.\ ^. M7. ^'F. No-rE.s
5.83 127a 2.7E 723. U4 383. 2^0 17X .89 88. .69 ^ 76. • '
5.89 1275 2iB0 739 120 40O 2;38 187 IpO 94 .70 77
5.92 1281 2.88 752 125 410 2,46 192 105 98' .74 80 floe added
556 1287 293 764 1^0 420 2.58 199 1X)9 100 .75 80 ito JUBCtloa
6.02 1300 302 780 1,40 447 2.70 206 Ijll 101 .76 81\Bottle8
6.08 1307 3.08 790 1.43 450 289 218 U3 102 .80 83
40 491 1902 6.18 1321 3^1 813 1^2 471 3.20 234 1^1 113 .80 85
45 451 1902 621 1328 3^5 820 154 480 2122 236 1.40 120 .80 83
50 490 1900 6.23 1331 3^0 830 160 490 531 240 1.43 1^1 .80 83 flee added
155 4.90 1900 6;28 1340 3j34 838 162 498 3.45 248 148 123 .81 83 Ito Juncticu
3E 450 1900 6.31 1345 3.40 848 170 512 3.68 250 155 129 .89 89 Bottles
5 490 1900 a36 1351 3.47 860 177 530 3.77 265 1£0 131 .90 90
10 490 1900 659 1356 2^50 867 179 635 3j84 269 1£3 133 .92 91
15 490 1900 6.40 1358 3i52 870 181 540 4P0 277 170 138 .92 91 floe added
25 4.90 1900 a45 1366 3j62 890 192 562 4^2 290 1J38 149 100 97 iBottles
«n Aon 1 or.ri c^aq t ctm •xca ann tqq kwk AA*i ann orn^ t kw m /-> t r><7 ^
35 490 1900 650 1375 3.71 902 200 580 4^50 304 203 160 HO 103 [Ice added
40 490 1900 6.50 1375 3.73 905 202 584 460 310 20-0 163 112 104 /to Junotion
45 491 1902 &52 1379 378 910 2j07 594 4^2 320 2^0 170 114 lOSlBottles
50 490 1900 6£7 1384 3^0 920 ^1 602 491 327 2;32 177 127 113
55 490 1900 6.59 1388 382 923 213 608 501 331 259 180 130 116
lllSJSUslSmlSSmSS^
Data Sheet xTo. 7
4/23/12
COECRETE BLOCK Ho.l.
Purnaoe cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
•ouple couple / Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple
Ho. 120 Ho* 113 So .114 Ho. Ill Ho. 14 Ho. 6 .Ho. 13
I. MV. ^V. MV. OF. MV. 0?. M7. oy. mV. op. MV. op. MV, op. r*o-rE3
SJLO 1300. .11 75.
3 319 1333 .22 120
6 3^3 1345 .55 220
9 3X0 1300 .68 260
12 3.06 1290 .84 308
15 ^2 1308 .97 338
18 SaO 1300 HI 377
21 2^0 1337 1.30 420
24 2^6 1235 1.47 457
27 3P3 1281 158 485
Hjiiai^aj" *»Taaw*tvMi*>M
.11 75.
.11 75
.17 95
28 132
.41 177
.50 206
.53 215
.58 227
.61 238
.63 242
.11 75k .57 75. .54 56. .53 67.
.11 75 .58 75 .56 67 .57 70
.12 80 .58 75 .57 68 .59 71
.13 85 .59 76 .57 68 .59 71
J.8 100 £0 77 £7 68 .58 70
.20 108 .62 78 .57 68 .57 70 floe added
.22 120 ^7 80 .59 69 .56 69 Jto Junction
.28 132 .75 86 .61' 70 .60 72 [Bottles
.32 150 .87 87 .66 73 .60 72
.38 168 .90 96 .70 75 .60 72
40 312 1308 2j02 584 .83 305
45 3;L0 1300 a20 622 .91 322
50 310 1300 ^31 649 1,07 362
55 3.23 1345 2.45 671 1.21 401
TTT, 510 1300 2£0 700 143 450
IRTSTSEKISIEVSfSII
.54 217 1,45 132 .90 88 .70 77
.61 237 1.70 147 100 94 .74 80
.69 262 1.90 159 10.2 101 .81 83
.75 280 ^43 190 1,25 110 .90 90
.82 300 2.68 203 140 120 .97 95
ltL'khmUte/ilAE'J^Ii%Vl'Jt'tkt:A:W^M:VMmihUuMM/MEaiUMM'Jtt(MKkMM^
10 5;L0 1300 2.77 732 1;68 509 .93 330 2.84 215 1^7 136 U-O 103 Jto Junction
15 310 1300 a90 756 1,72 520 1,02 353 2^3 220 1,87 149 121 110 \Bottles
20 3.05 1287 ^96 767 1,83 542 1.09 370 3.06 227 ^08 162 130 115
25 312 1308 3j01 777 190 560 111 377 3^.8 231 250 176 1.40 121
30 3.08 1298 309 793 1.98 575 119 393 326 237 253 190 1.50 128
35 310 1300 313 800 2JD2 583 122 404 3J5G 240 2j52 195 161 134
40 311 1305 320 812 2^10 602 1^8 417 320 233 2.70 200 1.70 140 floe added
45 311 1305 324 820 213 610 1^1 423 318 232 2.75 204 130 147 to Junction
50 2P.0 1300 330 830 222 627 1.40 447 326 237 2;97 217 ^02 l60 bottles
55 310 1300 3134 836 227 636 1,43 450 3^3 242 3p2 220 213 167
2a 310 1300 329 845 231 645 148 461 338 244 311 2261 223 | 173
TEST lo. 4.
Co H C R E T E B L X: K JIo. 1,
■s^iM0- -^''it^'M'x-'.- ;w^v5.^?^'ii5:^>y '#ip
a snee-u eo.
4/23/lJ
IITurnace [cell 1 [Cell 2 | Cell g| Cell 4[ cell 5 Cell 6
Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple
Ho. 120 KO. 113 No. 114 Do. Ill lo. 14 Ho. 6 ITo. 13
J. MV. Or MV. op. M7. OF. M7. OF. M\r. OF. MV. OF. M7. op. t^o-r^s
5 3JL0 1300. 342 852, 2.37 657. 1,51 469l 342 247. 3.23 233. 2J39 182
10 3.09 1299 5.47 860 241 665 1.57 485 347 249 533 240 250 190 floe added
15 310 1300 3.50 867 246 673 lj60 490 350 250 341 245 Z^9 195 to Junction
20 309 1299 357 878 250 681 lj56 505 3^55 252 359 255 2.70 202 [Bottles
25 310 1300 3.60 883 2.54 691 1.70 512 389 270 3.70 262 2.75 205 fllot Junotin
■»> wnmw*vi*Mww.swMm»iiHims9*VM»
'f^t*r^-mmiifr'mmiis9mr*xivmwi¥Anw^MMm!\9M£n*in»XitK-]
35 Sll 1305 363
40 310 1300 3.63
45 310 1300 3^7
50 217 1325 3.69
55 312 1308 3.71
890 2.61 703 1.77 530 510 335 350 276 278 208 removed, and
890 2j64 710 IjBO 538 5.41 352 3fl9 281 282 211 drop of oily
897 ^69 718 133 542 5j68 365 4p8 287 2^0 215 aubstanoe
900 a71 722 L88 555 590 377 418 292 2?^ 219 oovoring it,
903 2.75 730 190 560 6.07 386 427 300 307 225 thorougiay
llWr^i:i*rir>Vi:iMK^Yi>yl'^KTiyaiy^»ll<.VKlE!Hgll«ttllWl»lKH¥!ltt
5 310 1300 3.75 910 2B1 741 159 576 6,30 398 4.44 310 322 233 Ice Junction
10 3.09 1299 3.80 920 2.82 742 1.99 576 659 440 4^1 320 338 243 fBottle #1
15 309 1299 3.81 922 233 744 200 580 6.73 418 475 328 3.48 250 ^Bottle #2
20 311 1305 332 924 2j85 747 2j04 590 6.99 430 432 332 352 252
25 310 1300 3B6 928 2$1 760 2l09 600 710 436 491 339 359 257 f loe added
ji¥^MVtf»n'-^j'^mml!Jf%m'-*wMlil*¥'lm/^^
35 3,08 1298 3S1 940 2.96 765 217 617 7.30 447 515 353 3.75 266 [Bottles
40 313 1313 353 943 300 777 2.20 621 740 450 522 359 380 270
45 310 1300 356 947 3.04 785 221 622 7.51 455 530 363 339 274
50 310 1300 3.99 951 3P8 790 223 628 7j63 461 540 369 3.95 279
55 311 1305 401 957 309 792 2.27 633 7.71 465 5.48 373 400 282
4H. 309 1299 402 960 311 797 2^9 640 7.82 470 554 378 4^5 284
!& E S T Bo. 5.
Data Sheet Ko. ^.
4/27/12
_C_^0_H_C_R_E_T_E_ BLOCK _%._2j^ _
Burnaoe Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple
HO. 120 Ko. 113 lo. 114 Ho .111 No. 14 Uo.6 Bo. 13
3« MV. op. jjY op jjv. OF. M7. Off. M\r. OJ. M7. OF. Wl ^F.
9 4J30 1700 .59 232 .23 120 .11 75 .51 70 .50 63 .48 64
12 3S3 1580 .70 266 .43 185 .12 80 .51 70 .50 63 .48 64
15 4D4 1612 .80 295 .52 212 18 100 .56 74 51 64 .48 64
18 410 1630 89 318 .53 215 .22 120 .60 77 .62 65 .48 64
21 4D0 1600 .99 341 .60 235 .30 140 .70 82 .53 65 .50 65
24 3.99 1598 102 353 .62 240 ,36 160 .80 89 .56 67 .51 65 (Couple 113
27 4D2 1606 120 400 .62 240 .42 180 3Z 98 .60 69 .52 66 #114-111
ar^ yirvT 1 cr,-;: T rri Ki rr AT 9:^0 Afl POO 1 /1ft 1 Oft .64 72 .53 Af t-T <>'»'=.'' ">-
l» yi>«Bi. T . i fc B ^.i.ii>i.fc ir 4Mr.<B g 4. l t»J^JMb r^iaMhltMhldkiM>/i^Jw;i»iW^
40 4D0 1600 220 642 .72 273 .59 232 1.98 162 .86 86 ^2 73 lioleS
45 400 1600 2.49 680 £0 295 .68 260 2.72 207 100 94 ,70 77
50 4JD1 1603 2^3 707 .83 305 .71 270 2.90 219 116 104 .80 83
10 359 1598 513 800 167 505 .96 336 a91 220 1^0 143 158 lol
15 359 1598 3.21 81.3 J,92 662 1.04 360 2^1 220 1;97 155 189 151
^A. Ar^f, ir-r^n rrr^A^ oerATcciT KQ-Z 1 AQ rtrjn 9Qfi 9PP '!>:\ Ci T fiS P.lO 164
RK5:- More time than usual was taloan to remove the aslbostos^and
iron shield from the fuxiaace making it impossihle to talce
the three minute reading, so bJ five minute reading was
E. taken instead of the three and six minute readings.
\
Data sheet Uo.io.
TEST Ho . 6
A/Z1/\2,
QOirCRETB BLOCK Ho. 2
ce Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Coll 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Couple Couple ~ Couple Couple Cottple Couple Couple
Ho. 180 Ho. lis Ho. 114 Ho. Ill Ho. 14 Ho. 6 Ho. 13
a?, MV. OF. jiy; Op,
OF. MV, OF. KV. OF. I r«*o-rcs.
5 3.99 1598. 3j35i 928. 2^8
10 4G0 1600 3B9 935 2.71
15 4D0 1600 3^92 940 2.79
20 399 1598 3.95 945 2.82
25 4.02 1606 3.99 951 239
30 398 1596 4j31 . 958 295
35 399 1598 4p6 965 300
40 406 1620 4?-l 978 3i01
45 413 1645 415 982 3.08
50 420 1668 420 991 312
55 410 1633 426 1001 316
3H. 400 1600 431 1012 320
958 295
965 300
978 3i01
982 3.08
991 312
716, 1.70 512. 4t68 312. 3.28 236. 2fi2 210.
722 L73 522 499 328 537 241 230 208
736 130 538 530 346 350 250 230 208 Ice junctin
742 186 550 550 357 3^0 258 2.79 207 tBottle #2
754 190 560 5.73 368 a77 267 236 213 *- •» ,?1
766 1.98 575 598 380 350 276 238 215
776 201 582 020 392 410 289 235 212
778 2p4 590 6.32 400 415 292 232 210
790 210 601 6.49 406 4^2 297 235 212
798 2;L5 610 6.73 419 440 308 2.90 216
802 2;L8 619 634 423 4.48 311 310 227
811 220 622 697 430 453 315 320 232
5 402 1606 437 1022 3.23 820 227 633 7J.3 439 467 322 322' 240
10 400 1600 441 1030 2i26 823 230 643 750 446 474 329 3.40 245
15 4P0 1600 4.44 1035 3J30 830 2^37 656 7.50 445 490 337 3.50 250
20 400 1600 4.47 1040 3j32 853 239 660 7.62 461 5iD0 343 3.65 255 flee added
25 400 1600 4j51 1048 335 840 242 667 7.78 472 50-1 351 3.62 260 to Junction
30 400 1600 466 1053 340 850 2.45 671 7.95 477 530 362 380 270 Isottles
35 4P0 1600 430 1060 3.45 856 2.50 601 813 485 5.45 372 3.90 275
40 400 1600 4fil 1062 349 862 2^1 683 025 491 552 377 3.96 279
45 399 1598 461 1062 3.50 866 2.57 693 8.40 499 5.70 387 408 287
50 3S9 1598 462 1064 3.53 871 2.60 700 a53 504 5.77 390 4^.1 290
55 4P0 1600 433 1068 3.57 878 232 704 838 511 539 399 4^a 294
4H.4P0 1600 465 1070 330 882 235 710 880 518 594 401 423 298
Data Sheet ITo. 11.
5/6/lJ
S £ S T So. 6
COICEETE block Ho. E
Fumaoe ooll 1 Cell S Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple
Ho. 120 ^0, 113 Ho. 114 HO. Ill Ho. 14 Ho. 6 Ho. 13
M7. op. 1C7. op. iiv. ©E M7. op. wr. ©P. M7. ©F. M. Op mot&s.
' 400 I60a .20
j8 4)53 1777 .42
% 4B0 1865 .61
9 5D0 1932 .80
12 499 1928 U8
16 500 1932 147
18 5.00 1932 1-70
21 5.02 1937 130
24 499 1928 2P9
27 459 1928 2^8
30 496 1910 2.40
35 494 1913 2.70
40 490 1900 297
46 490 1900 311
50 431 1902 3^0
65 490 1900 550
lOa .20 lOa .20 10a .70 82. .69 74; .61 72
180 .23 120 .21 110 ,72 84 .71 77 .63 73
237 .27 130 .21 110 .71 83 .71 77 .66 76
296 .33 152 .22 120 .71 83 .71 77 .65 76
390 .66 220 .26 128 .75 86 .71 77 .6.8 76
!457 .64 249 .30 141 .80 89 .73 78 .70 77
512 .70 265 .35 160 .83 92 .74 78 .71 78
660 .73 276 .40 175 .91 97 .76 79 .72 79
598 .79 289 .47 193 100 101 .79 80 .72 79
618 .88 317 .57 227 112 110 .80 81 .72 79
662 100 346 .60 235 122 118 .87 86 .73 80 gee added
720 112 378 .62 240 1.49 132 .99 93 .77 81 ^0 Junction
736 140 447 .71 270 1^0 160 1^1 108 .90 90 Ibottles
795 157 486 .80 295 212 172 1,47 123 ,98 96
830 1.72 520 £8 316 2.40 189 1.85 148 106 100
866 190 560 100 346 270 206 2.40 181 1^0 110
lt3alEgijM^*^^***"IS*t'ilff •tsalaSiMiau!!
sMWirii!MmirvMtSizm*
5 490 1900 3.71 903 ^1 603 110 373 2^07 227 272 201 1.40 121
10 490 1900 3.87 931 2.23 630 120 400 3^0 240 2,75 204 152 130
16 490 1900 395 945 233 650 127 512 350 260 2,76 205 1^0 133
20 490 1900 405 965 2.43 670 1^2 423 ^70 260 2.76 205 1.76 142
25 490 1900 4;L1 978 2^0 681 1.40 447 3B7 270 270 200 185 150
r\ AQri n onn AtiA T nnn oc^t. nrnc 1 AQ ACA A'^<\ OQ* OQT i onQ Pin TfiR
35 490 1900 4£i2 1013 2.71 722 1.54 480 452 305 2i88 211 225 174
40 491 1902 4.40 1029 2.79 736 1.60 490 4.71 315 291 214 236 181
46 490 1900 4.47 1040 2.87 750 1^5 501 495 328 298 218 2.49 189
•IPVr'f4fiKl*ll
IP'Tt*ifMT^Pryii^W«li*r'rlt?M'l^*f'lf.Tifll
1 55 4?0 1900 467 1047 299 772 1.75 528 5^0 346 3.47 249 267 200
t2H.490 1900 462 1065 3.05 786 180 536 5.42 362 369 261 2.70 202
Sata Sheet So. 12.
TEST Uo. 6
b/^flZ
COHCRETE BLOCK Ho.
I Purnaoe cell 1 Cell £ I Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple Couple
Uo. 120 Ho. 115 Ho. 114 Ho. Ill Ho. 14 Ho. 6 Ho. 13
T. M7 OF. MY. Op. MV. OP. M7. op. MV. OP. M7. ©P. M7. Op. No-res
5 490 190a 4.70 1077. 310 794. U85I55Q 5.58 360. 3.82 270. 2.80 208J Ice added
15 490 1900 480 1095 3^8
20 490 1900 406 1105 331
25 490 1900 490 1112 32i5
30 490 1900 493 1115 3.40
40 492 1904 500 1130 3J50
45 488 1895 5.06 1140 3.55
50 488 1895 510 1146 3.60
55 5D5 1950 525 1171 3.80
828 2D0 580 6.23 394 440 308 325 236 (bottles
832 204 590 6.45 404 452 314 353 242
840 215 611 6j60 412 461 320 333 242
850 220 622 680 421 476 527 547 249 [loe added
866 229 640 715 439 5i}2 347 3j67 261 bottles
875 2J3S 650 732 449 519 356 383 271 Oiled up
882 a39 660 7.50 454 530 362 3^9 28GJfan Motor.
920 a53 690 7.80 470 665 383 4^0 294\Blew 220 7.
nmfWiyiln^vvMmma'Mmmmwinwmvm^
5 490 1900 528 1176 395
10 490 1900 5j30 1180 4.00
15 490 1900 532 1183 402
20 498 1895 555 1189 4P4
25 4J90 1900 537 1191 4j06
945 2.72 725 845 500 610 410 457 316 °^ ^^° ^'
954 2.77 734 8£7 507 653 423 4£5 320 Values
960 2.81 740 8.70 512 645 430 476 327 obtained
963 283 745 aSO 519 6J53 434 4jB2 331 beyond here
966 2B5 748 a90 522 6j62 440 487 334 ere cot
imiiWiiS»viv»^miawkwe^jw^Mmmtiiii^\W'^iya^
40 490 1900 550 1212 416 985 2J93
45 490 1900 5150 1212 418 988 300
50 490 1900 552 1215 4^1 992 3£)3
55 490 1900 553 1218 422 996 305
4H. 490 1900 552 1218 425 1000 3.08
763 9J54 552 714 468 512 349
777 9j55 558 7.23 472 518 351
786 9.77 562 7^2 478 525 355
788 9.88 569 7.41 481 552 360
791L0.01 574 7.50 486 558 362
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