HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY
GIFT OF THE
GOVERNMENT
OF THE UNITED STATES
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING,
PART 6
(San Francisco — Berkeley)
UNITCD Si/Uti bUVEni'ifjJEii')
MA\ 27 IS J 3
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
NINETIETH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
JUNE 27 AND 28, 1968
(INCLUDING INDEX)
Printed for the use of the
Committee on Internal Security
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
88-083 0 WASHINGTON : 1969
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 65 cents
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
United States House of Representatives
(90th Congress, 2d Session)
EDWIN E. WILLIS, Louisiana, Chairman
WILLIAM M. TUCK, Virginia JOHN M. ASHBROOK, Ohio
JOE K. POOL, Texas DEL CLAWSON, California
KICHARD H. ICHORD, Missouri RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH, Indiana
JOHN C. CULVER, Iowa ALBERT W. WATSON, South Carolina
Francis J. McNamaka, Director
Chester D. Smith, General Counsel
Alfred M. Nittlb, Counsel
COMMITTEE ON INTERNAL SECURITY
United States House of Representatives
(91st Congress, 1st Session)
RICHARD H. ICHORD, Missouri, Chairman
CLAUDE PEPPER, Florida JOHN M. ASHBROOK, Ohio
EDWIN W. EDWARDS, Louisiana RICHARD L, ROUDEBUSH, Indiana
RICHARDSON PREYER, North Carolina ALBERT W. WATSON, South Carolina
LOUIS STOKES, Ohio WILLIAM J. SCHERLE, Iowa
Donald G. Sanders, Chief Counsel
Glenn Davis, Editorial Director
Alfred M. Nittle, Counsel
II
CONTENTS
Page
Synopsis 2049
June 27, 1968 : Testimony of—
Edward S. Montgomery 2058
Afternoon session :
Edward S. Montgomery (resumed) 2086
June 28, 1968 : Testimony of—
Edward S. Montgomery (resumed) 2144
Edward S. Montgomery (afl5davit) 2171
Index i
III
The House Committee on Un-American Activities is a standing
committee of the House of Representatives, constituted as such by the
rules of the House, adopted pursuant to Article I, section 5, of the
Constitution of the United States which authorizes the House to deter-
mine the rules of its proceedings.
RULES ADOPTED BY THE 90TH CONGRESS
House Resolution 7, January 10, 1967, as amended April 3, 1968, by House
Resolution 1099
RESOLUTION
Resolved, That the Rules of the House of Representatives of the Eighty-ninth
Congress, together with all applicable provisions of the Legislative Reorganiza-
tion Act of 1946, as amended, be, and they are hereby, adopted as the Rules of
the House of Representatives of the Ninetieth Congress * * *
« 4: * * * * *
Rule X
STANDING COMMITTEES
1. There shall be elected by the House, at the commencement of each Congress,
*******
(s) Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.
*******
Rule XI
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
*******
19. Committee on Un-American Activities.
(a) Un-American activities.
(b) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommittee,
is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (1) the extent, charac-
ter, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propa-
ganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and attacks
the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution, and
(3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any
necessary remedial legislation.
The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.
For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such times
and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting, has
recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance of
such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and to
take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under the
signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any mem-
ber designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.
*******
28. To assist the House in appraising the administration of the laws and in
developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem necessary,
each standing committee of the House .shall exercise continuous watchfulness of
the execution by the administrative agencies concerned of any laws, the subject
matter of which is within the jurisdiction of such committee ; and, for that pur-
pose, shall study all pertinent reports and data submitted to the House by the
agencies in the executive branch of the Government.
SYNOPSIS
On June 27 and 28, 1968, a subcommittee of the Committee on Un-
American Activities met in Washington, D.C., to continue hearings on
subversive influences in riots, looting, and burning. Tlie hearings, part
6 of the series, concern events related to the San Francisco, Calif.,
riot of September 1966. The subcommittee was composed of Repre-
sentatives Edwin E. Willis (D-La.), chairman; William M. Tuck
(D-Va.) ; Eichard H. Ichord (D-Mo.) ; John M. Ashbrook (R-0.) ;
Albert W. Watson (R-S.C.) ; and John C. Culver (D-Iowa) in the
absence of Mr. Willis.
Edward S. Montgomery, in the employ of the San Francisco Ex-
aminer since 1945, was called as a witness. As an investigative reporter,
he had received numerous awards, including a Pulitzer Prize in 1951
for the best local reporting.
PRERIOT PHASE
With reference to the importance of radical and subversive propa-
ganda disseminated in the San Francisco area prior to the September
1966 riot, ]Mr. Montgomery made the observation that —
there are social aspects that cause a riot, but the propaganda distributed in the
riot area of San Francisco prior to the riot was very inflammatory. In my opin-
ion, it would lead to the condition in the Negro community, making them more
receptive.
Discussing Communist Party activities related to riots and propa-
ganda of a racial nature, the witness quoted Northern California Com-
munist Party Chairman Albert J. "Mickey" Lima as saying in a
speech at Stanford University in May of 1964, "Communists are defi-
nitely involved in America's civil rights revolt." He quoted party Gen-
eral Secretary Gus Hall as saying on May 7, 1968, that while Corn-
munists do not dominate urban race riots, "we are a factor in their
direction" and that "Wherever there is struggle and movement the
general fact can be accepted that party members are playing militant
roles."
Mr. Montgomery read from a May 4, 1965, column written by
NAACP Executive Director Roy Wilkins and published in the San
Francisco News-Gall BulUtin. Mr. Wilkins stated, "Once again the
Communists are seeking to use American Negroes to help bring about
a revolution." After developing the history of attempted Communist
exploitation of Negroes, Mr. Wilkins concluded :
It remains to be seen whether this legitimate movement, representing the
aspirations of millions of Negroes who are Americans, first and always, can be
perverted and made a tool to serve communism.
The witness disclosed that he had knowledge of a meeting "during
the past summer" in the Finnish Hall in Berkeley, "a district meeting
2049
2050 SUBVERSIVE ESTFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
of Communist chieftains." Present were Gus Hall; Mickey Lima;
Lima's aide, Roscoe Proctor; and others. According to Mr. Mont-
gomery, these Communist Party leaders were disturbed at losing too
many Negro party members to more militant organizations ; thus, they
decided that "a concerted effort should be made in the Bay area to
bring as many Negroes back into the Communist fold as possible."
Mr. Montgomery stated that "propagandizing of the Communist
Party and front groups has been evidenced over a period of years"
in the areas of civil rights and alleged police brutality and that he
had made a study of such propaganda appearing in the San Francisco
edition of the People's Worlds official Communist Party organ on the
West Coast, from January 1, 1962, until May 1968. Numerous exhibits
from issues of the paper were introduced into the record. Referring
to the San Francisco situation, Mr. Montgomery said —
the Communist Party ofl5cial newspaper, the People's World, for a number ol
years prior to the riot published a continuing barrage of inflammatory antipolice,
racist, antigovernment racist articles, and I think it set the foundation for a
gradual buildup of animosity within the minority groups toward law and order,
toward the so-called Establishment, the term they like to use.
According to the witness, several groups were involved in racial
agitation and propaganda in the San Francisco area prior to the
September 1966 riot. Among these organizations, in addition to the
Communist Party, were the following : the Direct Action Group ; Ad
Hoc Committee To End Discrimination; Progressive Labor Move-
ment (later known as Progressive Labor Party) ; Committee to De-
fend Resistance to Ghetto Life ( CERGE ) , a Progressive Labor front ;
W.E.B. DuBois Clubs; Communist Party U.S.A. (Marxist-Leninist) ;
and Anarchist League of Los Angeles.
The Direct Action Group, according to Mr. Montgomery, was
formed at about the time the Communist Party inaugurated all-out
support for integration picketing. Among its activities was a demon-
stration at a drive-in chain in San Francisco and Berkeley, an activity
which resulted in some 93 arrests. Composed primarily of students at
San Francisco State College and City College, the group had as its
spokesman Jeff Cole, son of identified Communist Lester Cole of the
Hollywood Ten.
The witness testified that the Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimi-
nation had held numerous demonstrations in the San Francisco area
during 1964 and early 1965, including a violence-scarred action at the
Sheraton-Palace Hotel which resulted in the arrests of 167 persons,
91 of them alleged members or adherents of the Communist Party.
According to Mr. Montgomery's eyewitness account, this demonstra-
tion was led by Tracy Sims and Michael Eugene Myerson, both of them
members of the Communist Party's W.E.B. DuBois Club. Mr. Mont-
gomery submitted a detailed listing of people associated with the Ad
Hoc Committee's activities. Included in this list were children of Com-
munists and notorious fellow travelers, as well as activists in such
groups as the DuBois Clubs and Young Socialist Alliance. Among the
organizations involved in Ad Hoc Committee activities were the Du-
Bois Clubs, Young Socialist Alliance, Student Peace Union, Young
People's Socialist League, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commit-
tee, Freedom Now, SLATE, SCOPE, and National Committee To
Abolish the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2051
Introduced were numerous examples of Progressive Labor's revo-
lutionary and racially inflammatory propaganda, including leaflets,
flyers, and several articles from two official FLP publications, Pro-
gressive Labor and Spark. These exhibits contain appeals for revolu-
tionary violence, coupled with attempts to incite hatred and fear of the
police. One flyer distributed widely in the Bay area in Au^st 1964
stated, "The only path for wimiing freedom from oppression is by
organizing for revolutionary struggle. * * *"
Mr. JMontgomery mtroduced exhibits to document the activities of
the Committee to Defend Kesistance to Ghetto Life (CERGE) in the
San Francisco area. Stating that CERGE had been created as a de-
fense front by PLP to defend PLP Vice President William Epton after
the 1964 Harlem riot, the witness read from CERGE documents ap-
pealing for support for Epton, an avowed Communist and revolution-
ist, as well as from a leaflet advertising a CERGE meeting held in
San Francisco on March 27, 1965, at which one of the speakers was
PLP official William McAdoo.
Documents provided by the witness reflected the concern of the
DuBois Clubs with the propaganda issue of alleged police brutality
and racial agitation, although it was pointed out that the clubs have
concentrated primarily on the issues of poverty and Vietnam. In-
cluded in these exhibits were antipolice literature and material urging
support for an activity of the Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrim-
ination.
A leaflet distributed by the People's Armed Defense Groups, orga-
nized by the Communist Party U.S.A. (Marxist-Leninist), called on
readers to "Oppose the Reactionary Violence of the ruling class
With the Revolutionary A^iolence of the people." The witness testified
that this document was widely distributed in the San Francisco area.
Mr. Montgomery stated that the Anarchist League of Los Angeles
distributed inflammatory propaganda stickers bearing the phrases
"BURN, BABY, BURN," "support tour local anarchist." and
"WARNING : your local POLICE are ARMED and DANGER-
OUS!" He said this material was given wide circulation in various
areas of San Francisco and in the Negro area of West Oakland.
Two other documents distributed prior to the riot, according to the
witness, were hippie flyers, the first of which said in part: "A race
riot seems just about inevitable. Lots of people on both sides want it
to happen, & they're all the kind of people who generally get what
they want." The second stated, "this is about the riots our black
brothers have planned for the city. There isn't much hope that they
won't occur."
According to the Golden Gater, San Francisco State campus news-
paper, for July 22, 1966, James Garrett, Black Students Union leader
and former SNCC leader in the Los Angeles area, is alleged to have
stated that he was willing to do anything necessary to realize the black
nationalist goal of an all-black society, including "killing as the white
man has done so often."
Mr. Montgomery said :
I know of my own knowledge that Jerry Varnado [BSU coordinator] made
two trips to an Army surplus store * * * in Reno * * * . Within a period of
10 days he had acquired and paid cash for nine hand weapons, either .9 milli-
meter or .38 caliber.
2052 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
RIOT PHASE
The spark that set off the riot occurred on the afternoon of Septem-
ber 27, 1966, when a police officer, after two encounters and repeated
warnings, shot and killed a young Negro, one of three suspects who
fled when the officer discovered them in a stolen car. The witness said
that—
by evening it [this incident] had become quite a cause of discussion throughout
the Hunter's Point area, and the agitators on the various street corners — groups
were there, and they began gathering in size and numbers. The police became
alarmed.
Looting and violence broke out, but were at least partially con-
tained by the police the same evening. Violence increased in the Hunt-
er's Point area on the second day. As the rioting spread to the Fillmore
area, also on the second day, Chief Cahill was forced to call in the
highway patrol and National Guard.
The disturbances were characterized by looting, firebombing, win-
dow-smashing, and pelting of police and firemen with such objects as
rocks and bottles. There were also instances of sniping at police, in-
cluding one of gunfire from the second floor of the Bayview Commu-
nity Center, Himter's Point area headquarters for the local War on
Poverty youth activity.
Mr. jNIontgomery testified that 457 persons were arrested, 326 of
whom were brought to trial. Of this number, 205 were convicted, 91 had
their cases dismissed, and 2 forfeited bail. Damage to property and
loss from theft exceeded $136,000. Of tlie 161 persons injured during
the riot, 58 were policemen, 27 were firemen, 2 were highway patrol-
men, and 5 were otherwise employed by the city of San Fi'ancisco.
Of a total population of 750,000, some iOO,000 of whom are Negroes,
some 4,000 persons were involved at the peak of the riot. According
to the official police estimate, the preponderance of the 4,000 was
Negro; however, most of the Negroes in the Hunter's Point and
Fillmore districts were not involved.
POSTRIOT PHASE
]Mr. Montgomery supplied numerous additional examples of Com-
munist Party propaganda from the pages of the Peojyle^s World to il-
lustrate the party's continuing exploitation of the police brutality
theme. He stated that the DuRois Clubs have continued to publish
racially oriented and antipolicc propaganda in their magazine,
inst/rgent.
Similar material has appeared in Progressive Lal)or Party leaflets
and books and in the jDages of Sp/rrl\ official PLP West Coast news-
paper. PLP consistently refers to the riots as a "rebellion" and a "bat-
tle between the cops and the ghetto people * * *."
Documents introduced into the record indicated considerable activ-
ity by the Progressive Labor Party through a front group called the
Mission Tenants Union, nn organization intended to operate among
Negroes and Mexican Americans. According to documentary evidence
supplied by the witness, the MTU has agitated and propagandized on
such issues as police brutality and draft resistance in collaboration
with the following organizations: Mission Committee Against the
War, Students for a Democratic Society, Progressive Labor Party,
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2053
Black Anti-Draft Union, and the San Francisco Draft Ilesistance
Union,
Anotlier group discussed was the Afro- American Institute, located
in San Francisco and founded in January 1967. According to its o^Yn
literature, the group was formed to foster Negi-o economic develop-
ment. Organizer of the institute was William Bradley of San Fran-
cisco, characterized by the witness as an "extremely militant" and "ag-
gressive"' individual who had been active in the Congress of Racial
Equality for some years. One theme of Bradley's propaganda efforts
has been the issue of concentration camps allegedly readied by the
Government for the internment of black people. Committee counsel
pointed out for the record that this same issue had been the subject of a
considerable propaganda campaign waged by the Commmiist-front
Citizens Committee for Constitutional Liberties.
The witness recounted an incident which occurred in San Francisco
in September 1967, when the police learned, through a young Negro
informant, of a j^lan to hold an "anniversary riot" in San Francisco
in the Fillmore district. The informant reported that some 800 Molo-
tov cocktails had been stored secretly for use in the riot. A few hours
before the planned time for the riot on September 26, 1967, police un-
covered 475 of the devices as a result of a thorough search in the Fill-
more area. Mr. Montgomery observed that this incident occurred at
about the same time that a document advocating urban guerrilla war-
fare and giving directions in the preparation of a Molotov cocktail was
being given wide circulation in the area.
Considerable testimony was given on an organization known as the
Bay Area Emergency Action Committee, which Mr, Montgomery
characterized as being "right from its founding session * * * part
and parcel of a Communist-front organization." This group engaged
in activity in the fields of opposition to the Vietnam war, propaganda
against the Committee on Un-American Activities, and active sup-
port for black revolution. Mr. Montgomery told of a meeting held by
the Bay Area Emergency Action Committee at the Hall of Flowers
in Golden Gate Park on July 22, 1967. He gave the purpose of the
meeting as organization of the black community and the poor whites
in support of black power. Among the known members of the Com-
munist Party and/or the party's DuBois Clubs who were present at
this meeting, according to Mr, Montgomery's eyewitness testimony,
were Howard Albert Harawitz (president of the Berkeley Campus
DuBois Club), Roscoe Proctor. Al Eichmoncl, George Sandy, James
Fenton Wood, Albert "Mickey" Lima, Terence Hallinan, and Hursel
Alexander. Chairman for the meeting was identified Communist Don
Rothenberg, Other known party members connected with this proj-
ect included Saul Wachter, Billie Wachter, and Peter Szego, as well as
prominent National Lawyers Guild member Beverly Diana Axelrod,
After this meeting, a circular was distributed which contained a pi-
posal by Robert A. Avakian for the purchase of guns for use by black
militants in the San Francisco Bay area, Avakian's circular stated
in part that ^^ive must * * * com,e to the aid of the black revolu-
tion * * *." Mr, Montgomery disclosed that at least one such purchase
had been made on February 15, 1968, in Reno, Nev., with $954 paid
out for 26 firearms.
2054 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES EST RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
On June 28 Mr. Montgomery resumed liis testimonj^ with accounts
of several incidents of violence other than rioting since the September
1966 riot. This presentation included accounts of snipings and attacks
directed at police stations, along with an extensive listing of incidents
of sabotage of various utilities in the Bay area.
Mr. Montgomery provided the committee with detailed testimony
on the situation at San Francisco State College, beginning with an
account of a seminar in guerrilla warfare being given at the Experi-
mental College of San Francisco State College. The course instructor
was Eobert L. Kaffke, whom the witness identified as having been con-
nected with Latin American guerrilla movements. Exhibits also re-
flected Kaffke's connection with travel to Cuba in 1963, with the
DuBois Club at San Francisco State in 1964, and with a branch of the
Progressive Labor Movement in Brooklyn in 1965. Subjects covered
in Kaffke's course included "The Ghetto Uprisings," "Litelligence Op-
erations," 'TTrban Warfare," "Weaponry and Demolitions," "Counter-
Insurgency Tactics," and "Perspectives of Revolution in the Amer-
icas." Recommended reading for the course included works by such
writ-ers as Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, and Regis Debray. Mr. Mont-
gomery quoted the Berkeley Barh of March 15-21, 1968, as saying that
William Mandel ^ spoke to the class about his appearance before the
Committee on Un-American Activities and that tapes of speeches by
H. Rap Brown and Stokely Carmichael would be played on a following
date. ]\Ir. INIontgomery observed :
The fact that Robert Kaffke has been engaged in racial agitation, however,
and the fact that his course on guerrilla warfare includes instruction on demoli-
tions indicate that there might be a link between the acts of sabotage that have
taken place and the militant race agitators who, it is known, are advocating
guerrilla warfare. We have had them say that the thing to do was to blow up
power stations, blow up police stations, blow up factories. There has even been
an intimation that they were going to blow up the Standard Oil plant in Rich-
miond. These acts have been advocated by various spokesmen from within the
black militant group, as well as the leftists on the campus from time to time.
The witness discussed Dr. Harry Edwards, organizer of the 1968
Olympic boycott and one of the principal organizers of the United
Black Students for Action, a disruptive group formed at San Jose
State College in September 1967. Edwards is a part-time assistant
professor at the same institution. Mr. Montgomery read from a state-
ment made by Edwards in connection with the sniping attack on
the Hunter's Point police station in November 1967. "AVhen strategy
doesn't work, you have to move on to something else that does work.
It doesn't make sense to go on being non-violent when everyone else is
being violent." On another occasion, Edwards was said to have stated,
"I'm talking about guerrilla warfare with snipers in buildings."
Among the organizations involved in inflammatory racial activity
at San Francisco State College, the witness listed the following: Black
Students Union (BSU), Movement Against Political Suspension
(MAPS), Progressive Labor Party, Students for a Democratic So-
cietv, Iranian Students Association, Vietnam Dav Committee (VDC),
W. E. B. DuBois Club, and Third Worid Liberation Front (TWLF).
1 Mr. Mandel was identified as a Communist by Louis Francis Budenz before the Senate
Internal Security Subcommittee on Aug. 23. 1951. On May 13, 1960, Mandel appeared as a
witness before the House Committee on Un-American Activities and invoked the fifth
amendment when queried concerning past or present Communist Party membership.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2055
A member of the BSU mentioned by the witness was George
Murray, an English instructor who was once on-campus coordinator
of the Tutorial Program, Murray was quoted as saying, "Anything we
do to the 'dog' camiot be wrong. . . . The only crimes we can commit
are crimes against humanity. * * *" [Murray is also known to be a
member of the militantly racist and violence-oriented Black Panther
Party.]
Mr. Montgomery disclosed that the Black Students Union had en-
gaged in acts of violence at San Francisco State College. On Novem-
ber 6, 1967, for example, nine students, some of them BSU members,
broke into the offices of the campus newspaper, damaged property,
and physically assaulted the editor and other staff employees. All nine
were arrested and suspended, but five of the suspensions were later
modified to probation or warning.
Investigation by the witness disclosed BSU representation on a num-
ber of other California campuses : San Jose State College, Los Ange-
les City College, Stanford University, California State College at Ful-
lerton, Claremont Men's College, and Mills College, an all-girl
institution.
Another group very active in disruption at San Francisco State was
the Movement Against Political Suspension. MAPS was active in
protesting the suspensions of the four BSU students and two other
persons who were connected with a campus magazine known as Open
Process. These two, Blair Paltridge and Jefferson Poland, were sus-
pended for printing and writing, respectively, obscene material in the
November 14, 1967, issue of the magazine; however, the suspensions
were later withdrawn.
An item appeared in Open Process^ which, the witness said, "advo-
cates a general program of hostility to Vietnam efforts":
Sabotage is the only remaining route to peace.
*******
HOW DO YOU COMMIT SABOTAGE? Break war-related laws: draft, se-
curity, federal trespassing. Damage war equipment. Join with your fellow work-
ers in strikes, slowdowns, and "botching the job" in key war industries : steel,
transportation, aerospace, electronics, etc.
Publish state secrets you have access to, either in the press or as leaflets.
People have a right to know what "their" government is up to.
On December 6, 1967, there was a violent demonstration at San
Francisco State College. Students and nonstudents, led by Progressive
Labor Party member and MAPS leader John Levin, in concert with
leftist professor John Gerassi, broke into the school's Administration
Building. A few minutes later the rioting spread, with considerable
resultant disruption and damage to property. The names of those
arrested were submitted for the record, along with their organiza-
tional affiliations. Groups represented included Students for a Demo-
cratic Society, Black Students Union, and Progressive Labor Party,
these three being, according to the witness, "the foremost leaders, the
ringleaders," of MAPS. Other groups were the Young Socialist Al-
liance and a local chapter of the Peace and Freedom Party.
Another key faculty individual involved in disruptive activity at
San Francisco State was Juan R. Martmez, deeply involved with the
Third World Liberation Front, for which he was faculty adviser.
2056 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
The witness recounted one instance of TWLF activity in which the
group used imported high school students in a demonstration staged
on April 30, 1968, at which time the demonstrators invaded the office
of the school's dean of admissions and baited him into offering to
resign. When the school refused to renew Martinez' contract at the
end of the school year, various groups on campus, including SDS,
engaged in further disraption and demonstrations.
The Berkeley Emergency Action Committee was characterized by
the witness as a "subsidiary" of the Bay Area Emergency Action Com-
mittee, formed at the Bay Area Committee's July 22, 1967, Hall of
Flowers meeting. Organizers were Brownlee W. Shirek and Howard
Harawitz. One activity of the Berkeley Emergency Action Committee
was an appearance before the Berkeley City Council on July 25, 1967,
at which time Harawitz made a statement which "touches with much
emphasis on alleged police brutality existing in the Berkeley area."
Another speaker at this meeting was Communist Party functionary
Raymond Thompson.
The witness stated that the Oakland Emergency Action Commit-
tee was active in trying to influence the Oakland City Council in much
the same way that the Berkeley Emergency Action Committee had
tried in Berkeley. The Oakland Committee's propaganda emphasized
the issue of alleged police brutality. One of the Oakland Committee's
documents submitted for the record carried the name of the group's
corresponding secretary and the following address: 985 60th Street,
Oakland, which the witness identified as the address of one Ozzo J.
Marrow, identified as a member of the Communist Party.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING,
AND BURNING
Part 6
(San Francisco — Berkeley)
THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1968
United States House of Representatives,
Subcommittee of the
Committee on Un-American Activities,
Washington^ D.C.
PUBLIC HEARINGS
The subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities met,
pursuant to call, at 10:25 a.m., in Room 311, Cannon House Office
Building, Washington, D.C, Hon. Edwin E. Willis (chairman) pre-
siding.
(Subcommittee members: Representatives Edwin E. Willis, of
Louisiana ; William M. Tuck, of Virginia ; Richard H. Ichord, of Mis-
souri; John M. Ashbrook, of Ohio; and Albert W. Watson, of South
Carolina; also John C. Culver, of Iowa, in absence of Mr. Willis.)
Subcommittee members present: Representatives Willis, Tuck,
Ichord, Ashbrook, and Watson.
Committee members also present: Representatives Joe R. Pool, of
Texas; Del Clawson, of California; and Richard L. Roudebush, of
Indiana.
Stail members present : Francis J. McNamara, director ; Chester D.
Smith, general counsel ; and William A. IVlieeler, investigator.
The Chairman. Gentlemen, we have a very important and impres-
sive witness this morning, Mr. Edward S. Montgomery of the San
Francisco Examiner.
Mr. Montgomery is the four-time winner of the All-Professional
Journalism Award for northern California, twice winner of the Asso-
ciated Press Award for the best story of the year in the California-
Nevada Division, the 1959 winner of the San Francisco Neighborhood
Council Public Service Award, served two terms as president of the
Press Club of San Francisco, and in 1951 he was awarded the Pulitzer
Prize for the best local reporting.
Mr. Montgomery, would you please stand ?
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are about to give will be
the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help you God ?
Mr. Montgomery. I do.
2057
2058 SUBVERSIVE ESTFLUENCES EST RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
TESTIMONY OF EDWARD S. MONTGOMERY
Mr. Smith. State your full name for the record.
Mr. Montgomery. Edward S. Montgomery.
Mr. Smith. What is your profession ?
Mr. Montgomery. I am a reporter with the San Francisco Exam-
iner.
Mr. Smith. How long have you been employed by the San Fran-
cisco Exaininer'k
Mr. Montgomery. Since October 11, 1945.
Mr. Smith. Will you give the committee a resume of your educa-
tional background ?
Mr. Montgomery. I was graduated in 1934 from the University of
Nevada with a degree in journalism and English.
Mr. Smith. What has been your employment prior to October 11,
1945, when you went with the Sam, Francisco Examiner^.
Mr. Montgomery. After graduation from the University of Nevada,
I started with the Nevada State Journal in Reno.
In 1938 I changed employment and joined the staff of the Reno
Evening Gazette as a general assignment reporter, sports columnist,
and sports editor.
In 1942 I enlisted in the Marine Corps and was honorably discharged
with the rank of staff sergeant in June of 1945.
In June of 1945 I was hired as a reporter by the San Francisco
Chronicle and I stayed with the Chronicle until October 11, 1945,
when I accepted a position with the San Francisco Examiner. I have
been there ever since.
Mr. Smith. Have you received any awards in the field of journalism ?
Mr. Montgomery. None other than those mentioned here a moment
ago by the chairman : four-time winner of the All-Professional Jour-
nalism Award for northern California. On two occasions I was winner
of the Associated Press Award for the best story of the year in the
California-Nevada Division, and in 1959 I was winner of the San
Francisco Neighborhood Council Public Service Award. I twice served
as president of the Press Club and in the year 1951 1 was awarded the
Pulitzer Prize for the best local reporting.
Mr. Smith, Mr. Montgomery, your reputation has preceded you to
Washington. It is the understanding of the committee that you are
more of a freelance reporter and you develop your own articles by
investigation. In other words, you are considered to be an investigator/
reporter rather than an assignment reporter. Would you agree that this
is a proper evaluation ?
Mr. Montgomery. I am known as an investigative reporter.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, the committee is investigating the
influence which Communists and other subversive elements may have
had on riots that occurred in this country during the past few years.
We wish to develop for the record information indicating that in-
dividuals or groups of this type have engaged in the dissemination of
inflammatory racial literature and propaganda ; that they have formed
organizations for this purpose or have engaged in other activities
which, by^ inciting racial tension, could pave the way for, or actually
spark, a riot.
Has there been a riot in San Francisco ?
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2059
Mr. Montgomery. Yes. We had a riot in San Francisco on Septem-
ber 27, 1966. It was brought under partial control the following day,
on September 28, but broke out anew on the evening of the 28th, con-
tinued through the 29th, and it was not until the following weekend
that it was finally subdued.
Mr. Smith. Could you give us some of the basic facts about the
riot?
Mr. Montgomery. It was a typical mob riot. There was firing, there
was firebombing, looting of stores, smashing of windows, setting of
fires, pelting of firemen with rocks and bottles, and pelting of police.
Mr. Smith. Were there any injuries ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, there were a number of injuries. There were
about 40 people who required hospitalization. There was one fatality
at the outset.
The Chairman. Despite all of this looting and degradation of prop-
erty, I suppose the rioters fell behind the whole policy of calling the
action of the police as "police brutality."
Mr. Montgomery. I am prepared to give you specific details as to
the riot ; yes, sir.
The Chairman. In substance, while they were the aggressors, they
accused the police of brutality ?
Mr. Montgomery. I am having difficulty understanding you, sir.
The Chairman. In all of these hearings, I am trying to see if there
is the same pattern.
You have these looters, rioters, demonstrators, and bums who violate
at least local law. I don't think it should offend anybody to realize
that we have had local laws, both statewide and municipalwide,
against disturbances of the peace from the foundation of the Anglo-
American system.
These disturbances of the peace — I am asking you now if it is true
that, although they were the aggressors, they nevertheless tried to put
the shoe on the other foot and accused the police of police brutality.
Mr. Montgomery. They never fail to charge police brutality.
The Chairman. That is right; it is the same old story.
Mr. Montgomery. It follows the same pattern we have had all over
the country, and San Francisco is no exception.
The Chairman. In New York concerning the riots there, in the dis-
charge of his duty, the policeman Gilligan had to either shoot, kill,
or maim a young Negro in self-defense. Then they conditioned the
minds of the people for a riot on the basis of the Gilligan "murder."
Did they pick on any particular police brutality over there as the
theme, or was it a general thread of accusation ?
Mr. Montgomery. There had been accusations of police brutality
leading up long before the riot itself .
The Chairman. Long before and during, and I suppose it is still
going on.
Mr. Montgomery. Eight. That continues today. _
Mr. Smith. How many arrests were made during this riot ?
Mr. Montgomery, In the course of the riot itself — I have a specific
report of the chief of police, Thomas Cahill, that gives a breakdown.
Actually, there were 457 persons arrested. There were 161 persons
injured and to specifically break this down, 58 were policemen, 27
were firemen, 2 were highway patrolmen, 5 were other city employees,
2060 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
and 69 were civilians. Of these civilians, 10 were injured by gunshot,
buckshot fired by police in repelling a mob in the center of the Hunter's
Point riot area.
Mr. Smith. Were there any convictions?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, there were.
Of the total number of cases tried, there were 326 cases brought to
court: 205 convictions, 91 dismissals, 2 men skipped bail and trials
are still pending, and there are some bench warrants out.
They have a record of 70 percent convictions and 30 percent
dismissals.
Mr. Smith. What is the total population of San Francisco ?
Mr. Montgomery. About 750,000.
Mr. Smith. "V^'^lat is the Negro population of San Francisco?
Mr. Montgomery. The Negro population is estimated at 100,000.
Mr. Smith. Approximately how many people were involved in the
riot?
Mr. Montgomery. Eoughly between 3,000 and 4,000, At its peak,
there were about 4,000 people involved.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, for the record, again, this demonstrates
that the majority of the colored people were not involved in the riot.
Mr. Montgomery, The majority of the colored people in the Hunt-
er's Point or Fillmore districts were not involved.
The Chairman. While it has been a remarkable and consoling
thing in connection with all of the riots occurring in areas such as
Watts, Newark, Harlem, and Detroit, how the colored people stood
up 10 feet tall and resisted the temptation, I don't know. I think it is
a real compliment to the colored race.
Mr. Montgomery. I feel, Mr. Chairman, there are social aspects
that cause a riot, but the propaganda distributed in the riot area of
San Francisco prior to the riot was very inflammatory. In my opinion,
it would lead to the condition in the Negro community, making them
more receptive.
The Chairman. I am glad you brought that up. Let me tell you
that other committees of the Congress, both on the Senate and the
House side, have inquired into the "brink" causes of these riots — the
ghettos, the underprivileged status of the colored race, and all that —
so far as we are concerned, we are operating within the jurisdiction
of the committee and we want to find out what, if any, subversive
influences were at play in connection with the riots.
That is what we are here to develop this morning. I know there are
social injustices and social reasons besides that. Our limited purpose
is to stick to and conform to our jurisdiction in order that we mi;^ht
bring out the extent of subversive activities causing and prolonging
these riots.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, will you yield at this point?
The Chairman. I yield.
Mr. IcHORD. You said the Negro population of San Francisco was
100,000, Mr. Montgomery. I did not understand the total population of
San Francisco.
Mr. Montgomery. 750,000, of whom 100,000 are Negro.
Mr. IcHORD. You stated there were approximately 4,000 people in-
volved in the riot.
Mr. Montgomery. 3,000 or 4,000.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2061
Mr. IcHORD. Is that your estimate or the police estimate ?
Mr. Montgomery. That has been stated in print as a police depart-
ment estimate of the total number involved at the peak of the riot.
Mr. IcHORD. Of those 3,000 or 4,000, did you have a percentage of
what were white and what percentage were Negro ?
jSIr. Montgomery. The preponderance were Negro, but there were
some white people arrested in this riot.
Mr. Smith. Have there been any other disturbances in the San
Francisco riot ?
Mr. ]MoNTGOMERY. Yes, there have been some minor disturbances,
mostly at the college level, one at the San Francisco State College.
Getting back to the riot itself, if you want a little additional detail
on it, there was sniping and gunfire at the police. These incidents were
in addition to the lootmgs as the riot spread from its inception.
At Hunter's Point, it spread to the second Negro area of our city,
the Fillmore district. While police were attempting to bring the situa-
tion under control at Hunter's Point, it broke out in the Fillmore area
and seesawed back and forth to the point where they were finally
obliged to bring in the National Guard. They brought in several hun-
dred highway patrolmen, and actually it was 128 hours from the time
of the inception of the riot until the time of its final conclusion when
the National Guard iwas discharged and the highway patrolmen were
relieved.
Since then, by way of property damage, there have been consider-
able other disturbances following the riot.
For instance, we had on March 16, 1967, a minor riot in San Fran-
cisco. It occurred at Playland at the Beach, which is a concession area
in San Francisco, involving mostly teenagers and again involving pre-
dominantly black students who were holding a celebration of sorts
out at Playland at the Beach, and we wound up with a "Playland riot."
It is something like Coney Island, and here they went down from
one end to the other, smashing windows, stealing premiums, looting
cash registers, coin boxes, pinball machines, and the like.
It was a riot that lasted about an hour and one-half or two hours
until the police were able to bring it under control.
Then we had another racial disturbance on May 14 in San Fran-
cisco which started again at Playland at the Beach with a fist fight
between Negroes, two 18-year-old Negro youths. Rival gangs started
fighting and again they broke windows and tore horses from the
merry-go-round and made off with premiums and that sort of thing.
It was veiy similar to the previous riot at Playland at the Beach.
Then, on May 15, there was another disturbance in the Hunter's
Point area in which young bands of Negroes, for the most part, 16, 17,
and 18 years of age, were assaulting high school students, pelting cars,
and breaking windsliields.
About 36 youths were involved. They even went on to Market Street
and smashed a jewelry store window and made off with some $25,000
worth of diamond rings and other jewelry that they were able to snatch
from the display cases. There were no arrests in this case. They were
gone by the time the police got there.
At this time they were also causing considerable difficulty at one or
two of the high schools, to the point where police had to station police
88-083 — 69— pt. 6 2
2062 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
patrols in the high school neighborhoods to prevent a repetition of this
sort of thing.
It is rather interesting here, Mr. Chairman, to note that under the
War on Poverty Program, the summer youth program, in July of
1967, less than a year ago, they sponsored a series of sj)eeches.
Speakers were brought in. I think they were paid for their re-
marks, and these speakers — and one in particular was very racist, very
inflammatory in his remarks — were addressing the Negro population
only. It was not closed to whites, but it was a Negro area.
It was given at the Fremont Elementary School. One speaker con-
cluded by saying, "This is the time to smash whatever you can, loot
whatever you can, steal from 'whitey'. Whatever you can do to 'whitey',
go forth and do it."
It was in the wake of this, the very following day, that they looted
the Diamond Palace at Fifth and Mission. This is the second jewelry
store to be smashed and looted within a matter of a few days.
They gave a performance on Geary Street. They put on a show for
them at the Geary Theatre as part of the summer youth program.
When it broke up at 4 : 30 in the afternoon, they poured out onto the
streets and looted right in the downtown area of San Francisco, along
Geary Street, looting merchants, in one instance as much as $1,700 in
merchandise.
They broke up a bar and made off with several hundred dollars'
worth of whiskey. The bartender was beaten with his own whiskey
bottles and he required hospitalization. They looted his cash register
of nearly $300.
Two buses were chartered for a picnic outing and on the way back
they stopped at 39th and Broadway in Oakland for a traffic light.
The youngsters poured out of these buses, took over a liquor store,
robbed it of some $800 or $900 worth of liquor, intimidated the clerks,
piled back on the bus with their loot, and returned to San Francisco.
The Oakland police are still trying to settle that situation and find
out who was responsible. The people who were in charge contended,
first, that it had not happened. The charter bus drivers verified that it
had happened. They themselves had been intimidated, and the people
within the summer youth program to this day have not provided the
Oakland Police Department with the names of those individuals
who were on that bus. They contend they don't know, yet it was they
who arranged the outing.
That is the sort of lack of respect that we are getting in the form of
cooperation from the Negro community or the individuals who are the
leaders in conmiunity programs. Most of them are on the payroll of
the War on Poverty Program.
We had one other situation on Market Street where there was a
disturbance. This was in July of 1967 and shoe stores were looted,
five liquor stores were looted, and they smashed the windows of two
branch banks. In the course of this situation, one looter was shot but not
critically hurt. This was on July 27 in San Francisco.
So, there were a series of disturbances, one after the other, taking
place after the principal riot.
Mr. Pool. I understood you to say that many of the leaders were on
the payroll of the "War on Poverty."
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2063
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, sir.
Mr. Pool. Do you have information as to whether or not those in
charge of the program have knowledge of the fact that these people
are law violators ?
Mr. Montgomery. I don't know that there has been any investi-
gation of their activities in that respect. As far as I know, no one
within the War on Poverty has done anything about it.
Mr. Pool. I didn't hear your last answer.
Mr. Montgomery. So far as I know, no action has been taken. Mr.
Sizemore is still there and is still employed. He is the one who ar-
ranges the programs and brought in the inflammatory speakers. He
is still in charge of the youth program at Hunter's Point.
The Chairman. In other words, to put it concisely, some of these
leading rioters are on the Government payroll to help them to riot.
Mr. Montgomery. The arrest records for the principal riot will show
that among those arrested were four employees of the Office of Eco-
nomic Opportunity.
The ChairjVL^n. The counterpart of this committee on the Senate
side has been bringing out what you just said there.
Out in Chicago at least some people have charged that a gang of
rascals were meeting in a church to perform their looting and ras-
cality, and then the churchman said it was all a lie.
On what basis do you say some of the leaders of the rioting activities
were on the OEO payroll ? Has that been verified ?
Mr. Montgomery. Mr. Chairman, I think it very indicative of that
situation. The center of the riot in San Francisco and the building
from which fire first opened on the police — the rioters were the first
to fire and they opened from the Bayview Community Center, which
is maintained as the War on Poverty youth headquarters point.
This is the Government agency from which the demonstrators first
fired upon the police.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, at that point I did not understand that
Mr. Sizemore. whom you mentioned as holding some position in OEO,
was arrested as participating in the riot.
Mr. Montgomery. I don't know that Mr. Sizemore was a partici-
pant in the riot itself. Wliether he was, I don't know, but I do know
that since the riot he has headed up a summer youth program which
has featured, among other things, these inflammatory speakers who
advocate going out and stealing from "whitey."
Mr. IcHORD, Your testimony as far as Mr. Sizemore is concerned
was that he was responsible for bringing in the inflammatory speakers
and the riots occurred thereafter.
Mr. Montgomery. And also his failure to cooperate with the police
in an effort to apprehend those who were responsible for some of the
activities that had occurred.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, prior to the outbreak of the first riot
of September 27, 1966, was there racial agitation or incitement in the
San Francisco area by Communists or other militant-type organiza-
tions ?
Mr. Montgomery. Eight. This is evidenced over a long period of
time, but before going into the details, I would like to preface my re-
marks and the exhibits that I have here, which I am willing to
2064 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
leave ^Yith the the committee, by reading from the testimony of J.
Edgar Hoover, given when he was a witness before the House Appro-
priations Subconimittee on January 29, 1964. This testimony was
lieard in executive session, but it was later released. I had a copy of
it and we did a news story on it under the caption "Reds and the
Negro" [Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 1-A and 1-B] .
Mr. Hoover stated before the House subcommittee [on February 23,
1968] that some militant Negro groups are "'a distinct threat to the
internal security of the Nation." As being a part of the militant groups,
he named the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Black
Muslims, and the Revolutionary Action Movement, known commonly
as RAM. He expressed concern over black militant groups stocking
guns for use against the white man.
1 have a clipping on that particular story [Montgomery Exhibits
Nos.2-Aand2-B].
Mr. Montgomery. I also have a copy of ]Mr. Hoover's remarks be-
fore the Plouse Appropriations Subcommittee on the date given.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request that these documents be re-
ceived for the record.
The Chairman. They will be so received.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 1-A and B and
2-A and B,*' respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. MoxTGOJMERT. I liave also an exhibit quoting Albert J. "Mickey"
Lima, who is the chairman of the Commimist Party for Northern
California.
He is quoted in the San Jose Mercury [May 20, 1964], a copy of
which I have here. This was an occasion when he was speaking at Stan-
ford University. He had been brought on the campus as a speaker and
the lead sentence of this story is : "Communists are definitely involved
in America's civil rights revolt."
This is not an allegation being made by someone. This is Mickey
Lima's own statement that Communists are definitely involved in
American civil rights activities in California.
The Chairman, l^^io made that statement ?
Mr. MoNTGOsiERY. Albert "Mickey" Lima, the chairman of the Com-
munist Party, U.S.A., for Northern California.
_ The Chairman. He acknowledges Communist activity within these
riots ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes. Within various demonstrations.
The Chairman. If Ed Willis, as chairman of this committee, said
that, he would be gored to pieces.
Mr. Montgomery. It says his organization backs the movement of
individual Reds and Reds have participated in the various civil rights
activities throughout the country. He acknowledges this.
Mr. Smith. I request this document be received in the record.
(Document marked "]\Iontgomery Exhibit No. 3" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith, Supplementing Mr. Montgomery's identification of Mr.
Lima, I would like to point out that he has been chairman of the
district since it was created in 1957, the Communist Party district of
Northern California. He is also a member of the seven-man executive
board which was set up to replace the district committee after the
Supreme Court upheld
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2065
The Chairman. Is he a self-professed or identified Cominuuist?
Mr. INIoNTGOMERY. Yes.
The Chairman. Which one, self-professed or both ?
Mr. Montgomery. I am sorry, I don't understand you, Mr. Chair-
man.
The Chairman. I am asking if this gentleman is a self-admitted or
identified member of the Communist Party, ■^^'hich, or both.
Mr. Montgomery. Mickey Lima is self-admitted and has been identi-
fied time and again.
The Chairman. Both ?
Mr. Montgomery. You call him on the phone if you want to find
out something about the Communist Party— we call ISIickey Lima —
he is the publicly acknowledged chairman of the Communist Party.
There is nothing sub rosa about it.
"RED LEADER— Albert J. 'Mickey' Lima, executive secretary
of Northern California's Communist Party" — this picture was taken
as he addressed 450 university students at Palo Alto.
He is regarded as the number one man in the Communist Parry in
Northern California.
Mr. Smith. INIickey Lima has served on the National Committee of
the Communist Party, U.S.A., for many years and was reelected at the
party's convention in June of 1966.
Mr. Montgomery. Along the same line, I have with me a copy of
the remarks of Gus Hall, who also spoke in the Bay area. We had had
a disturbance on the Stanford campus recently, and this is as recent
as IMay 7 of this year where Gus Hall said, among other things, that
"Communists do not dominate big city racial riots, 'but we are a
factor in their direction.' " That was a quote from the Oakland Tinbune
of jSIay 7, 1968. He also was quoted : ""\Ylierever there is struggle and
movement the general fact can be accepted that party members are
playing militant roles." Hall said, "I am an old looter myself. I did
time in ISIinneapolis for emptying retail stores during the depression.
People were hungry."
This is from Gus Hall, the general secretary.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received for
the record.
The Chairman. It will be received.
(Document marked "^Montgomery Exhibit No. 4-A" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. MoNTGO]NrERY. I would like also. Mr. Chairman, to refer to an
article by Roy Wilkins. He is a Negro columnist. This appeared in the
San Francisco Nems-CaU Bvlletin on May 4, 1965, and it is captioned
"Nejrroes Should Beware of Reds."
The lead on the story is "Once again the Communists are seeking to
use American Negroes to help bring about a revolution."
Elsewhere he says :
In the '30s the Communists were obsessed with the idea that the "black pro-
letariat" would arise and revolt if only it had their leadership. * * *
He also states :
THE USA Communist Party in 1941 officially urged Negroes to cease their
agitation against all Jim Crow, especially that in the armed forces, until the
Soviet Union was saved. The Negro cause was dumped between suns.
2066 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Well, lie concludes :
It remains to be seen whether this legitimate movement, representing the
aspirations of millions of Negroes who are Americans, first and always, can be
perverted and made a tool to serve communism.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 4-B" and retained
in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Mr. Chairman, I have knowledge of a meeting
that was held in the Finnish Hall in Berkeley, a district meeting of
Communist chieftains. Hall came out from New York ; Mickey Lima,
Roscoe Proctor, others were there during the past summer at which
a program was launched.
They were a little disturbed that they were losing too many of their
Negro followers who were going over to the more militant actions.
At that time it was decided a concerted effort should be made in the
Bay area to bring as many Negroes back into the Communist fold as
possible.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Montgomery, you referred to Mr. Wilkins as a
columnist. This is the same Eoy Wilkins who is the head of the
NAACP, is it not?
Mr. Montgomery. That is correct.
The Chairman. I might say, and it deserves to be said, that Mr.
Roy Wilkins is a 100 percent American. As a matter of fact, he has
sponsored, and the NAACP Council adopted, a very strong anti-Com-
munist plan in their meetings.
Mr. Roy Wilkins is all right.
Mr. AsHBROOK. You have quoted Mickey Lima and Gus Hall, two) of
the top Communist Party officials, as saying the Communists have been
involved in the rioting this committee has been investigating. You also
quoted Roy Wilkins, head of the NAACP, in a warning about Com-
munist infiltration and agitational efforts in the civil rights movements.
Could you tell me whether or not you have any evidence of Com-
munist Party involvement in the Bay area in the Poor People's Cam-
paign ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I have, sir.
They recently held a rally in the Oakland Auditorium to raise funds.
The Chairman. Where ?
Mr. Montgomery. The auditorium was arranged for
The Chairman. In Oakland ?
Mr. Montgomery. In Oakland, the Oakland Auditorium — to raise
contributions, and they solicited contributions around the city on both
sides of the Bay to secure volunteers to come here on the Poor People's
March which you have just experienced and to raise money for that
purpose.
Now, they announced this as early as April 29 that they were going
to put on a campaign in the Bay area. It was directed primarily at stu-
dents. There was not much student reaction, but there was great reac-
tion from within the Negro community.
They were told that heading up the program for Oakland and the
Bay area was a person known as Cassandra Weaver Davis, who has
been active in leftwing agitation consistently. She is the ex-wife of
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2067
Phil Davis, who in turn is the son of a man who has been very active
in the Communist Party.
The second person was Eoscoe Proctor. Now, Roscoe Proctor is the
number one man under Mickey Lima. He is Mickey Lima's chief aide in
the Communist operation in Northern California.
People were told to make out their checks or their money orders or
make their cash contributions to either Cassandra Weaver Davis or
to Roscoe Proctor. An address was given and a phone number. The
address was that of the Neighborhood House on 24th Avenue in Oak-
land, and that is a community project operated under the War on
Poverty, funded by Federal funds, and the phone number was given
and the phone bill is paid for by Federal funds.
No one knows how much money — no worth was given. How much
money went in there, we don't know, but we do know they sent two
chartered busloads of demonstrators or so-called "poor people" to
Washington.
I know Cassandra was here as of a week ago today handing out
checks to those who were going to return by bus on their own.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Getting back to Roscoe Proctor, since we know a
little bit about his record and he is an official of the Communist Party,
how is he connected with this Neighborhood House ?
Mr. Montgomery. He has made that more or less his headquarters.
Mr. AsHBROOK. That is funded by Federal War on Poverty money,
is it not?
Mr. Montgomery. It is, and the telephone bill is paid for by the
Federal Government.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Was that a statement made at the Oakland
Auditorium ?
Mr. Montgomery. This was even contained in flyers and handbills.
Mr. AsHBROoK. Do you have an exhibit?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I have.
Mr. AsHBROOK. I would hope we would make that a part of the
record.
The Chairman. It will be received for the record.
Mr. Smith. I suggest the document submitted by JNIr. Montgomery
be accepted for the record.
The Chairman. It will be so accepted.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 5" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Cassandra Davis, mentioned by Mr. Montgomery, was
the Midwest representative of the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs, according
to our files.
The Chairman. That, of course, in turn is a Communist-dominaited
organization.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, all the hearings held so far by this
committee have indicated constant harping on alleged police bmtality
as a means of inciting hatred of the police and government authorities.
Does your research indicate this was also the case in the San Fran-
cisco area?
2068 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, this is definitely so. There has been repeated
use of the term "police brutality," particularly in the case of the
Peofle's World — "Bitter ghetto rites for boy killed by cop."
"S.F. ghetto blows," with reference to police brutality — scenes of
alleged brutality on arrests, including arrests during a riot in San
Francisco.
We have any number of issues of publications put out in the Bay
area where the emphasis is continually on police brutality.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request these documents be accepted
for the record.
The Chairman. They are accepted.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 6" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. The propagandizing of the Communist Party and
front groups has been evidenced over a period of years.
To mention a couple of items, if I may refer to the 14th report of
the Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities of
the State of California for the year 1967, on page 11 of this report
there is a paragraph which has been reprinted from the 1943 report
of the same committee.
This paragraph refers to Dorothy Ray Healey, who is now chairman
of the Communist Party for the Southern District of California. She
is Mickey Lima's counterpart in Southern California.
This goes back to 1943, and this theme has been repeated over and
over. The most repetitious allegation we encounter out there is "])olice
brutality."
I would like to make reference to an article appearing in the Peofle's
World of August 11, 1947, Exhibit 7 that I have here "Police brutality
fight."
In this demonstration a movement is under way to stage a picket
demonstration on Saturday at 10 a.m. to protest police abuses against
Negro residents in this city.
This is being staged by the Citizens Committee Against Police
Terror.
A meeting was called, incidentally, and presiding was Aubrey Gross-
man, who was the county education director of the Communist Party.
Aubrey Grossman has been known to me for a long time as a Com-
munist functionary, and also presiding at part of the session was Oleta
O'Connor Yates, who was the county Communist chairman at that
time in San Francisco County. Also present were Harry Williams, the
county minorities director of the Communist Party, and Al Richmond,
the executive editor of the Daily People''s World, which is the Com-
munist publication for California.
Tliis was as far back as August 11, 1947, at which time they were
holding rallies and meetings based purely on allegations of police
brutality.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request the document be received for
the record.
The Chairman. It is received.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 7" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, for the record, with resDoct to Aubrey
Grossman, as mentioned by Mr. jMontgomery, I would like to state
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2069
that the committee records show that Aubrey Grossman has been one
of the top Communist lawyers on the West Coast for many years. He
has been identified as a member of the Communist Party by at least five
witnesses in testimony before this committee.
In 1945 Grossman was appointed educational director for the Com-
munist Party in the city and county of San Francisco.
In that same year he was also alternate deleo-ate to the important
Communist Party national convention in New York City. This was a
convention of 93 handpicked delegates who were obligated in advance
to insist on the reconstitution of the Communist Party, the abandon-
ment of the name "Communist Political Association," and the ouster
of Earl Browder in conformity with the Duclos letter.
Aubrey Grossman also served for years as West Coast director of
the Communist Party's legal front, the Civil Rights Congress. One of
his first assignments in that post was to coordinate the campaign to
defend the 12 Communist leaders indicted under the Smith Act.
Mr. Montgomery. Mr. Chairman, I believe that the conditioning of
the minority against the established legal authorities in San Francisco
started as a campaign when your committee held hearings in San
Francisco in May of 1960.
You will recall, on that occasion, on Maj^ 13 there was a riot at the
City Hall where the hearings were being held and also large demon-
strations the following day on Saturday, May 14.
The Chairman. I do indeed remember. I was there.
Mr. Montgomery. The riot and demonstration were under the lead-
ership of known leaders of the Communist Party. You may recall I
was assigned to that particular hearing and was present at tlie time of
the inception of the riot.
I was within 5 feet of Inspector Maguire when he reached for the fire
hose and I recognized a good many Communists present at the incep-
tion of that riot, although most of them had a faculty to get to one side
after the show got on the road. They drifted over to the sidelines rather
than the front lines, with the exception of perhaps Doug Wachter.
Subsequent to the riot and demonstration, there was a petition
signed by professors throughout the Bay area, certain professors
throughout the Bay area, charging the police w^ith brutality.
Yet, it is my understanding that not a single professor who signed
that petition was present at the hearing or demonstration. The petition
was directed to the attorney general of the State of California de-
manding an investigation, the point being, here was an effort again to
discredit the police, a signed petition by individuals who had not even
witnessed the event over which they were protesting.
Mr. SisriTii. At this point, Mr. Chairman, I would like to read into
the record the standard party line for police brutality from the com-
mittee's report, House Report No. 1278 of October 1961, The Truth
About the Film, '"''Operation Abolition''\'
At a party meeting on the night of May 20, 1960, Archie Brown disclosed how
the party intended to use a followup campaign with campus students as the
target. He stated that the party planned to emphasize "police brutality" as
a rallying cry to attract the sympathy of student groups. He pointed out that
he was particularly pleased with the fact that he had been invited to speak at
Stanford University, adding that he had already spoken to students at the Uni-
versity of California in Berkeley.* * *
2070 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IX RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Cliairman, this goes on in this same vein. I would like to submit
this for the record, this report.
The Chairman. It will be received for the record.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 8" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, were you present at the riots at the
City Hall in 1960?
Mr. Montgomery. I was there. I was there from the inception, dur-
ing the hearings, and during the entire riot.
Mr. Smith. To your knowledge, did the Communists use the theme
of police brutality during this riot ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, they made much of the allegations of police
brutality. Actually, there were only five instances that I had knowl-
edge of, or that I witnessed, where considerable restraint and force
was used effecting arrest.
Of all of the hundreds who were arrested there and taken out of
there, there were only five instances, and in each instance to my mind
the individual involved made outright defiance like kicking an officer
in the groin or chopping an elderly man on the neck with a judo chop,
a man who later suffered a heart attack.
With those five exceptions, there was neither force nor violence.
Most of them would go out of their own accord. Once in a while one
would go limp and they would carry him out.
I know that in one instance the following day a paper carried a by-
line article by a reporter reading, in essence, "Eyewitness Account of
Police Brutality" and in the fourth or fifth paragraph he said "now
the police are clubbing the demonstrators at will."
Nothing could be farther from the truth. This did not occur at this
riot. Actually, the man who wrote the article did not arrive at the City
Hall until the riot ended, and they were mopping the water off the
floor before he made an appearance.
It might be indicative that that particular writer also was active
in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in Spain and perhaps that accounts
for the slant he put on his story.
As far as police brutality, what we consider police brutality, there
was none.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, what is the Direct Action Group?
Mr. Montgomery. I might say before getting into the Direct Action
Group that we did notice there in the San Francisco Bay area in the
latter part of 1962 that the Communist Party had become much more
active in civil rights than it had been in the past, and picketing for
civil rights and minority groups became increasingly popular.
The first demonstration of any proportion was the picketing of
Mel's Drive-Ins, two in San Francisco and one in Berkeley.
The organization heading the picketing was called the Direct
Action Group and it demanded the employment of more representa-
tion of minority groups in the restaurants.
At this time the idea, the party policy, seemed to be to abandon the
idea of the separate Negro republic and more in favor of integration
picketing.
There seemed to be a change in the party direction at that time. It
was during that particular time that the Direct Action Group was
formed.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2071
Mr. Smith. Wlio was the head of this organization ?
Mr. Montgomery. I refer you to the May 9, 1964, Sun Reporter
wherein it is stated that the Direct Action Group was largely composed
of students from San Francisco State College and City College and
students from local high schools.
The head of the organization, Art Sheridan, was then a senior at
San Francisco State College. He was one of those arrested in the
Palace Hotel demonstration.
To give you a better idea who he is, this is what was reported May 9,
1964, in the Sun Reporter:
Starting with the student demonstrations in South Carolina in 1960, Negroes
discovered that the techniques of direct action could bring faster results * * *.
*******
Direct action brought into local public focus such young men as Arthur A.
Sheridan, 25, a firebrand who just a few short months ago was barely known
outside the environs of the San Francisco State College campus, where he is
currently a senior student majoring in political science.
That is the background of Art Sheridan. He announced his can-
didacy for the board of supervisors in San Francisco on May 13 of
last year. He was not a successful candidate.
The board of supervisors is something akin to a city council. We
have a joint operation there, supervisors and councilmen; it is all one.
Sheridan was arrested in the demonstration at the Sheraton-Palace
in March of 1964
I have this exhibit if you wish it.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received for
the record.
The Chairman. It will be received.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 9" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. They undertook then [in 1964] to picket the
Sheraton-Palace Hotel.
As a result of this picketing [at Mel's Drive-In] 93 arrests were
made in San Francisco, and this information was documented from
the San Francisco Ea-ammer in an article of November 5, 1963, and
Jeff Cole, a San Francisco State College student, was the general
spokesman for the Direct Action Group.
We were told if we had any questions to ask of this group to put
them to Jeff Cole. He became their spokesman.
Jeff Cole is the son of Lester Cole who was one of the Hollywood
Ten.
Mr. Smith. He is well known to this committee.
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, sir.
Mr. Smith. Is the Direct Action Group still in existence ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, it is. Well, the last reference we had to it —
I would say it was late '64 or '65 that we last heard of the Direct
Action Group.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be accepted for
the record.
The Chairman. It will be so accepted.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 10" and retained in
committee files.)
2072 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery, Mr. Chairman, they seem to change their names
every so often. They have a group under one name and then they have
a new committee, an Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination, or
something like that, but they are the same faces. We see the same
people over and over again and invariably we will have a Patrick or
Terence Hallinan acting as counsel for them or Beverly Axelrod
counseling them on the side. We see the same people repeatedly.
Mr. Smith. You made reference to an Ad Hoc Committee To End
Discrimination. Was this group active in the civil rights agitation?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, it was. They were the primary instigators
of the Sheraton-Palace demonstration. They held one demonstration
outside, one in early March at which time an injunction was granted
by the court to limit the number of pickets and soon they were held in
violation of that injunction. There were some arrests made, and then
finally they came back for a third time and it was on that occasion
that they actually took over the hotel and practically ran the hotel
for a few hours.
Mr. Smith. Wlien was the Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimina-
tion formed?
Mr. Montgomery. As close as I can get to the date of the formation
would be an article I have that appeared in the San Francisco Exam-
iner on March 2, 1964, and at that time — well, there was a hotel meet-
ing and "The wild, noisy Sunday night hotel melee ended with the
arrest of 123 persons * * *."
This is referring to the initial riot of demonstrators at the hotel, in
which two policemen, incidentally, were injured in making arrests.
A demonstration leader claimed there were 12 people bruised by po-
lice, but in the developments there, Mike Myerson, 23, and Tracy Sims,
18, were spokesmen for the Ad PIoc Committee. They identified them-
selves as members of the W. E. B. DuBois Club which we have de-
scribed at times over the past as a Marxist study gi^oup. They were
among those arrested.
Myerson claimed the Ad Hoc Committee had been negotiating for
nearly 3 months, so that would put it 3 months prior to March or
preferably around the end of 1963 or the early part of 1964 for the
formation of the Ad Hoc Committee.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received for
the record.
The Chairman. It will be so received.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 11" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery has mentioned the name of Michael
Eugene Myerson. I would like to enter into the record information
from the committee's files concerning Mr. Myerson.
(The information follows :)
MICHAEL EUGENE MYERSON
Mike Myerson is a 28-year-olcI native of Washington, D.C. He gained his
first solid experience at agitation as a member and later chairman of SLATE, a
radical student organization at the LTniversity of California. From organizing
protests against ROTC and the House Committee on Un-American Activities,
Myerson graduated to the leadership of the t'.S. delegation to the Communist
1962 World Youth Festival. After the festival. Myerson filed a number of reports
on it from abroad. No information is available on his whereabouts or activities
from then until the fall of lOriS when he turned up in San Francisco.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2073
On November 3, 1963, Myersou was arrested at a demoustration at Mel's
Drive-In. He was charged with disturbing the peace and trespassing. Myerson
identified himself as cochairman of the Ad Hoc Committee Against Discrimi-
nation.
In 1964 Myerson was busy helping organize the \V. E. B. DuBois Clubs. The
People's World reported that Myerson was a leading participant in the coast-
wide conference of socialist-oriented young people sponsored by the AV. E. B.
DuBois Clubs of San Francisco, San Francisco State College, Berkeley, West
Los Angeles, and the Youth Action Union of Los Angeles, hpld March 21-22, 1964.
The national founding convention for the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs was held in
June 1964. Myerson was a member of the national coordinating committee for
the convention and a staff member of THE CONVENER, official news.letter for
the national coordinating committee. He was subsequently appointed West Coast
representative for the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs of America (DCA).
In January 1965 the DCA published a pamphlet by Myerson entitled "The
United States War in Vietnam." It was reviewed in the CPUSA's monthly propa-
ganda organ New World Revicic as a "useful account of our aggressive war in
Vietnam."
In May 1965 Myerson was given the post of international secretary for the
DCA. In July he attended the Communist World Peace Congress at Helsinki,
Finland.
He and DCA member Harold Supriano, with Chris Koch, an announcer for
radio station WBAI, and freelance writer Richard Ward, sought out members
of the North Vietnamese Peace Committee at the congi-ess and requested per-
mission to visit North Vietnam. The invitation from the North Vietnamese was
extended and the four spent the last week of August and the first week in Sep-
tember in North Vietnam.
Myerson was made an honorary nephew of Ho Chi Minh and since he returned
to the United States he has sported a Viet Cong cap and carried a Viet Cong
flag at demonstrations protesting the war in Vietnam.
In 1966 Michael Myerson joined the staff of the Communist Party publishing
house. International Publishers.
iMike Myerson is currently director of the Tri-Continental Information Center
in New York City. He has held that post since the formation of the center was
announced in the spring of 1967. The declared intention of Tri-Continental is
to propagandize on behalf of "national liberation" movements fighting throughout
the world against "US colonialism and neo-colonialism."
Mr. Smith. Wliat was the primary purpose of the Ad Hoc Com-
mittee ?
Mr. Montgomery. Theirs was one of strictly agitation and picket-
ing, not only the Sheraton-Palace and the various drive-ins, but they
also assisted in other demonstrations including the picketing of the
Oakland Tribune in November of 1964.
Mr. Smith. Were you present at the demonstration sponsored by
the Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination at the Sheraton-
Palace in San Francisco in early March of 1964 ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I was there from the inception, from the
time they broke into the hotel proper until the last one was carted off
by the police around 4 o'clock the following morning.
I w^itnessed the functioning within the hotel. Myerson and a young
Negress by the name of Tracy Sims were the motivating instigators
and had command of the situation, particularly Miss Sims who was
something of a major domo that night.
If you are familiar with the Sheraton-Palace Hotel, it has a long
corridor leading almost an entire block along New Montgomery Street.
There are three principal entrances, one on Jessie Street, one on
Market Street, and one on New Montgomery Street.
I was flanking Miss Sims most of the evening. She would confer
with Myerson and walk down one end of the hall and give a command,
"I want 50 people to block this door right now" and not only 50, but
2074 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
closer to 75, of the demonstrators, mostly students, blocked off any
ingress or egress of the Jessie Street entrance.
She went back and conferred again with Myerson and then walked
to the Market Street entrance and said, "I want 75 demonstrators to-
block this door," and they actually had closer to 100 or so who sat
there and no one could come in or out.
Following further consultation with Myerson, they decided to block
the main entrance itself. She said, "I want the rest of you to block
this main entrance" — they sat there, several hundred of them.
In the meanwhile, there were cigarettes burning on the furniture
and rugs and some demonstrators were asleep in the halls — stretched
out asleep.
It went on from mid-evening, 9 o'clock, until 4 o'clock the next
morning.
People were unable to come or go. It finally got to the point where
the police themselves took over because they said it constituted, among
other things, a fire hazard, and it was on that basis that the police,
not the hotel, but the police themselves, moved in and evacuated the
demonstrators.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr, Montgomery, as I recall the demonstrators when
they were brought to the trial they received stringent sentences.
Mr. Montgomery. In advance of this demonstration, the Ad Hoc
Committee put out flyers giving instructions on how to link arms to
make it difficult for the police to remove them and then, once you were
separated from the crowd, you were to go limp and compel them to
carry you out [Montgomery Exhibit No. 12].
Again, it identified Tracy Sims and Mike Myerson, along with a
fellow named Roy Ballard, as the principals of this demonstration^
the people to look to. This was demonstrated prior to the arrests.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Do you remember what sentence Tracy Sims re-
ceived ?
Mr. Montgomery. They received sentences anywhere up to — I think
the most stringent sentence was to Dr. Thomas Burbridge, a Negro
professor from the University of California medical school. I believe
he was given a 9-month sentence originally, and then that was later
reduced to 90 days and subsequently I think he did serve 30 days.
But some of them, for the most part, were given 30 days.
^ Tracy Sims I believe was given a 60-day sentence, but she skipped
San Francisco and went to New York
Mr. AsHBRooK. A true leader.
Mr. Montgomery. There is a warrant out for her. Police officials
feel as long as it is on the record she will not come back to San Fran-
cisco and they would just as soon keep it that way.
So, as far as I recall, Tracy Sims never served a day in jail.
Mr. Smith. Does this organization presently exist ?
Mr. Montgomery. So far as I know, no. To the best of my recollec-
tion, there was a public announcement along in February of 1965
announcing that the Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination had
been dissolved.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request that the document submitted by
Mr. Montgomery be received for the record.
The Chairman. It will be received.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IX RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2075
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 12" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. You have already discussed the question of arrests at
this demonstration, have you not?
Mr. Montgomery. There were a number of arrests. To the best of my
recollection, they were in excess of 200.
Mr. Smith. Do you have any further identification of Mike Myer-
son other than what you have given ?
Mr. Montgomery. I know he has been active in the Berkeley area
since around 1959. As a student he was very active in a leftwing group
on campus known as SLATE. He has traveled to North Vietnam. He
traveled there with a man named Harold Supriano who also was ar-
rested in the Palace Hotel demonstration.
Supriano at that time was an employee of the California Prison
Authority as a parole officer. He subsequently was discharged.
He next landed a job as a social worker with the county welfare
organization and he has been discharged from that job because of a
false statement with regard to a leave. He took a leave saying he was
going to go to New York and instead he went with Mike Myerson
to Hanoi, North Vietnam.
Supriano and Myerson both tra^'eled the West Coast considerably,
showing anti-United States films and antiallies — pro- Viet Cong films
throughout the coastal area.
One of Myerson's pet possessions is a metal ring which he says is
made from metal of an allied plane shot down in Vietnam. He was very
proud of that.
So he has been around the Bay area in and out a great deal and has
been associated with such individuals, I might say, as Supriano who
does have a Communist-affiliation background.
Mr. Smith. A few minutes ago you mentioned the name of Roy
Ballard.
Mr. Montgomery. Yes.
Mr. Smith. Can you further identify Mr. Roy Ballard?
Mr. Montgomery. I have an exhibit that refers to Roy Ballard
[People's Worlds March 14, 1964, Montgomery Exhibit No. 13]. On
November 14, 1963, he was arrested by the San Francisco Police De-
partment at a demonstration under the sponsorship of the Direct
Action Group, and this was the demonstration at Mel's Drive-In.
Ballard was a functionary at that demonstration. He was one of the
guiding lights at the Mel's Drive-In demonstration.
On March 1, 1964, he was arrested at the Sheraton-Palace at the
demonstration I referred to, and on March 14 he was again arrested
while participating in a demonstration at the Cadillac agency on
Automotive Row on Van Ness Avenue. This demonstration was spon-
sored jointly by the NAACP with the support of the Ad Hoc Com-
mittee To End Discrimination. This was prior to its dissolvement.
On May 17, 1964, he was arrested at the Army base at the Presidio
for picketing on the Vietnam issue.
This is not unusual. We see these same people picketing over and
over again.
I have witnessed some of these people picketing or demonstrating for
two separate, unrelated causes on the same day.
2076 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, at this point, I would like to read into
the record the committee's file information concerning Harold Sup-
riano :
HAROLD SUPRIANO
On June 24, 1966, Edward. Montgomery, reporter for the San Francisco Exam-
iner, appeared as a witness before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee
and testified under oath that he knew Harold Supriano to be a member of the
Communist Party.
In 1962 Harold Supriano was a member of the U.S. delegation to the Com-
munist Eighth World Youth Festival held in Helsinki, Finland.
Supriano was a member of the national coordinating committee and Southern
representative of the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs of America in 1964. In 1965 Harold
Supriano, Mike Myerson, Chris Koch, and Richard Ward attended the World
Peace Congress in Helsinki, Finland.
While at the congress, the four sought out members of the North Vietnamese
Peace Committee and asked for and received permission to visit North Viet-
nam. They spent the last week in August and the first week of September 1965
as the guest of the North Vietnamese.
At the time of the trip to Helsinki and Hanoi, Supriano was employed as a
social worker by the San Francisco welfare department. When he sought a
leave of absence from his job in the summer of 1965, Supriano reportedly stated
that he had to go to New York "because his parents were ill." Instead he went
to a Communist peace congress and then, in defiance of State Department travel
regulations, he visited Hanoi.
Supriano subsequently was dismissed from his position for having made
false statements when applying for a leave of absence.
Do you have anything else to add to the demonstration at the Shera-
ton-Palace Hotel ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have a list of individuals, many of the names
of individuals who were arrested. We refer to them in San Francisco
as red diaper babies.
A good many of them are individuals who have grown up in the in-
fluence of communism right in their own home and also some of whom
are members of the W. E. B. DuBois Club, which we in San Francisco
consider to be a Communist-front organization. They are also referred
to as second-generation Communists for the most part.
I might quote, if I may, from an issue of TOCSIN magazine dated
March 18, 1964 [Montgomery Exhibit No. 14] .
These are among the persons arrested at the demonstration in San
Francisco
Mr. Smith. Would you identify the TOCSIN magazine.
Mr. Montgomery. TOCSIN magazine is no longer in publication,
but it was an independent publication put out in the Bay area.
It was known as the West's leading anti-Communist weekly. It is
highly regarded for its authenticity and its veracity and its overall
factual knowledge that it has reflected over a period of years.
Mr. Smith. Go ahead.
Mr. Montgomery [reads].
David L. Jenkins, 18, son of old-time-Communist Hyman (David) Jenkins
who ran the California Labor School, a now defunct Communist training center.
Bettina Aptheker, 19, daughter of top Communist Party theoretician Herbert
Aptheker.
She has since disclosed the fact that she has been a member of the
Communist Party all her adult life. She makes no bones about being
an avowed Communist.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2077
The Chairman. This was made after a Supreme Court decision.
They had the usual ruse of trying to deceive, but the minute the
Supreme Court made it legal, she openly proclaimed her Communist
Party affiliation.
Mr. Montgomery. It came within 48 hours of the Supreme Court
decision. [Continues reading:]
Paul D. Richards, 19, son of identified Communist Harvey Richards of
Atherton, California.
I might say Harvey Richards, on the night of the Sheraton-Palace
Hotel demonstration, was there with his camera, as he is so often, film-
ing each particular arrest and he has a knack of putting film together
for propaganda purposes used elsewhere other than the Bay area.
[Continues reading :]
Steven J. Kahn, 22, son of Communist writer Albert E. Kahn who has resided
for long periods in the Soviet Union.
Nora B. Lapin, 21, daughter of the late Adam Lapin who was a correspondent
for the Daily "Worker and the People's World.
Carl Granich, 24, son of present-day People's World and Worker columnist
Mike Gold.
Kipp Dawsion, 18, daughter of Mrs. Ann Dawson of Berkeley who has a lengthy
record of support for such causes as the Communist People's World. Miss Daw-
son was secretary of the pro-Castro Committee to Uphold the Right to Travel
during the furor surrounding an illegal visit to Cuba last July by 59 Americans.
Also present and arrested were :
Three of the sons of avowed Marxist attorney Vincent Hallinan : Matthew,
23, Terence, 27, and Conn. 21. Terence Hallinan is director of the San Francisco
School of Social Science, a Marxist training center at 345 Franklin St. Vincent
Hallinan arranged bail money for 67 of the arrested demonstrators, including
his sons.
I might say Kipp Dawson was the coordinator of the big anti-
Vietnam demonstration held in San Francisco a year ago. [Continues
reading :]
Other arrested pickets included : Caryl Esteves, 20, and Robert L. Kaffke, 36,
who were both visitors to Cuba on the Castro-supported tour.
Karol A. Burkett, 20, secretary of the San Francisco School of Social Science.
Mark Comfort, 30, husband of the former Gloria Black who is the daughter
of two identified Oakland Communists, Gladys G. and Robert Ogg Black. In
1952, Comfort, also known as Mark Moody, was the center of an agitation case
directed by the East Bay Civil Rights Congress, a cited Communist front.
Allan C. SheflBeld, 31, a Communist Party adherent from Detroit who partici-
pated in an anti-nuclear-defense demonstration in 1961 staged in Livermore,
Calif., and is a former member of the University of California Slate party.
David L. Radcliffe, 29, an Alameda County social worker who has been
active In the Communist Party in San Francisco, Radcliffe's address at 635
Redwood St., S.F., is listed in the March 7 issue of the People's World as the
scene of an annual celebration of the paper's staff and supporters scheduled for
March 13.
Others arrested were [continues reading] :
Irving Fromer, 50, a teacher at the Communist California Labor school, who
supported clemency in the Communist-directed campaign to save the lives of atom
spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in 1952.
Thomas Brewer, 38, a San Francisco physician and an admitted reader of the
People's World who heads an organization called the Citizens Committee for
Nuclear Disarmament.
3-083 O— 69— pt.
2078 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Richard K. Manderfeld, 19, a DuBois Olub adlterent and representative of the
youth auxiliary of the San Francisco American Russian Institute, a Oommunist
front.
Brian Shannon, 27, former chairman of the University of California Young
Socialist Alliance, youth section of the Trotskyite-Communist Socialist Workers
Party. Shannon w^as spokesman in March 1962 for a group called the Ad Hoc
Committee for March 23, which picketed during the visit to Berkeley of President
Kennedy. The demonstm,tion was staged to protest the Kennedy Adminisitration's
record in foreign policy, integration and civil liberties, Shannon said.
Those were some of the red diaper babies. We have a few more who
were also present at the so-called sleep-in at the hotel, as they called it,
and also alon^ Automotive Row [TOCSIN, March 24, 1964, "A Look
at Hotel's Big Sleep-In; Starobin Arrested at Cadillac," Mont-
gomery Exhibit No, 15].
It might be interesting to note, Mr. Chairman, that during this
demonstration at the Sheraton-Palace one of those on the scene stand-
ing at the sidelines was Louis Goldblatt, who is an identified member
of the Communist Party and represents the International Longshore-
men's and Wareliousemen's Union. He was on hand to participate in
the protest, but did not go inside to the best of my knowledge.
Among those arrested was Goldblatt's 18-year-old daughter
Elizabeth.
You had other W. E. B. DuBois Club members who were there,
such as Bettina Aptheker, whom I have already mentioned, Revels
Cayton, and William H. Chester, Cay ton has been identified as a mem-
ber of the party and William H. Chester is known as a Communist-
front adherent.
Also arrested at the Automotive Row demonstration was Robert S.
Starobin, 24, He is the son of the former Daily Worker foreign editor,
Joseph Starobin ; and Bruce W, Benner, 24, son of Helen Benner, who
was secretary for the subversive Civil Rights Congress,
We go on. I have a number of other names, if you are interested in
them. Among others arrested were:
JOHN L. KELLEY, JR. : Arrested in May 1960, during the riots against the
San Francisco hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
JOEL GEIER: National secretary in 1962 of the Young People's Socialist
League and delegate in 1962 to the Socialist Party-Social Democratic Federa-
tion National Convention.
HEATHER EVANS : A booster of the Communist People's World.
JAMES STEWART BENNETT: Recipient this month of a racial relations
internship from the Eleanor Roosevelt Memorial Foundation, reported a few
days before his arrest.
SUSAN CURRIER: Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee to End the War in
Viet Nam at the University of California and a member of the UC Slate party.
Announced a protest against the recent Bay Area visit of Viet Nam's anti-
Communist former "first lady" Madam Nhu.
RICHARD CURRIER : President in 1960 of the UC Fair Play for Cuba Com-
mittee. Spent a month in Communist Cuba in 1960. Spokesman for a UC group
soliciting illegal visitors to the Castro-held island. A member of the editorial
board of Root and Branch, published in Berkeley.
LINDA CHOWN : Daughter of identified Oakland Communist Paul S. Chown.
Mr. Chown has been active in Communist affairs for more than two decades
and in 1954 was secretary for a so-called "Fight Back Committee Against the
HCUA."
KAROL BURKETT: Her mother, Mrs. Evelyn Burkett, is a former member
of the Southern California chapter of the National Council of Arts Sciences and
Professions and has been scheduled as .speaker at Communist fonuns, according
to the People's World. Miss Burkett is now secretary of a Marxist school, the
San Francisco School of Social Science.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2079
ARLON REX TUSSING, JR : Formerly a member of the Young Socialist
League, he was once refused an Army security clearance. Now an assistant
professor of economics at San Francisco State College.
MARCO SCHNECK: A witness at the Los Angeles hearings of the House
Committee on Un-American Activities in 1962, he refused to discuss Communist
Party afiiliations or his role as an organizer for the 1962 Communist World
Youth Festival.
ARTHUR A. SHERIDAN: Head of an organization in 1963 called the San
Francisco Direct Action Group.
NORMAN B. CHASTAIN : Arrested Jan. 29, 1964, for ripping a civil defense
shelter sign in San Francisco City Hall. A member of the AV.E.B. DuBois Club.
ARTHUR GOLDBERG: Present chairman of the UC Slate party, he was
arrested in a demonstration against capital punishment outside San Quentin
prison.
MICHAEL BERRY : A self -declared member of the "peace movement."
And there are several others here whose names the committee may
be interested in that will be included in the exhibit if you so desire.
Mr. Smith. I request the documents be received for the record.
Mr. AsHBRooK (presiding). They will be received for the record.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 13, 14, and 15,"
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I mention these just to give you an idea of the
type of individuals who are the agitators, the instigators of these
demonstrations.
Mr. AsHBROOK. From your long experience in this investigative
work, it came as no surprise to see these people, I am sure.
Mr. Montgomery. I might say also, in the course of that demonstra-
tion, we had some entertainment that was put on by Malvina Reynolds
and others. She was there with her guitar singing "Little Boxes" and
a few other songs. You might be interested in the fact that Malvina
Reynolds was a participant in the demonstration, but was not among
those arrested.
Mr. Smith. At this point I would like to put in the record informa-
tion from the committee's file concerning Malvina Reynolds.
Malvina Reynolds was identified as a member of the Communist
Party by Kenneth Ownsworth May, a former official of the Commu-
nist Party, on December 22, 1950.
She has quite a lengthy record of activity in the Communist Party
and front organizations, and I would like to enter this as an exhibit
for the file.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 16" follows :)
Montgomery Exhibit No. 16
Information from the Files of the Committee on Un-American Activities
U.S. house of representatives
Subject : MALVINA REYNOLDS.
This Committee makes NO EVALUATION in this report. The following is only
a compilation of recorded public material contained in our files and should not
be construed as representing the results of any inve.stigation or finding by the
Committee. The fact that the Committee has information as set forth below on
the subject of this report is not per se an indication that this individual, organiza-
tion, or publication is subversive, unless specifically stated.
Symbols in parentheses after the name of any organization or publication men-
tioned herein indicate that the organization or publication has been cited as
being subversive by one or more Federal authorities. The name of each agency
is denoted by a capital letter, as follows : A- — Attorney General of the United
2080 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
States ; C — Committee on Un-American Activities ; I — Internal Security Subcom-
mittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee; J — Senate Judiciary Committee;
and, S — Subversive Activities Control Board. The numerals after each letter rep-
resent the year in which that agency first cited the organization or publication.
(For more complete information on citations, see this Committee's "Guide to
Subversive Organizations and Publications.")
COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP
On December 22, 1950, Malvina Reynolds was identified as a member of the
Communist Party by Kenneth Ownsworth May, a former official of the Com-
munist Party, in public testimony before the House Committee on Un-American
Activities. [HCUA "Hearings Regarding Communist Infiltration of Radiation
Laboratory and Atomic Bomb Project at the Univer.sity of California, Berkeley,
Calif.," Volume 3, December 20, 21, and 22, 1950.1
COMMUNIST PARTY PUBLICATIONS
1948- Daily People's World (C-1941; S-1957) ; later known as People's World
1960 (C-a959)
Contributor of article and poems [Daily People's World: October 13,
1948, p. "5.; February 8, 1954, p. 7; May 19, 1954, p. 7; June 21, 1954, p. 7;
and People's World, April 30, 1960, p. 8]
Scheduled entertainer at DPW's annual "Meet the Staff Party," and
Fund Drive, July 23, 1954 [Daily People's World, July 22, 1954, p. 61
To entertain at the Third Annual Cultural Carnival for the benefit of
DPW, August 1, 1954 [Daily People's World, July 27, p. 6, July 29, p. 7 and
July 30, 1954, p. 2]
COMMUNIST FRONTS
1948- Independent Progressive Party (C-1957)
1952 Member, State Central Committee, 1948 & 1952, Independent Progressive
Party, Long Beach Section [the IPP is the California branch of the Progres-
sive Party (C-1957; 1-1956)1 [Members of . . . State Central Committees
and County Committee Chairmen, compiled by the California Secretary of
State, August 7, 1948, p. 43 and August 2, 1952, p. 38]
Candidate for City Council, 3rd District (Long Beach) [Daily People's
World, May 24, 1951, p. 10]
Chairman, Long Beach Section of the Independent Progressive Party
[Daily People's World, September 24, 1951, p. 7]
1954 American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born (A-1948; C-1942;
1-1956)
Master of ceremonies at the "Festival of Nationalities" to be held in
Berkeley, California on October 23 by the Northern California Committee
for Protection of Foreign Bom ( C-1957 ) , a regional organization of ACPFB
[Daily People's World, October 22, 1954, p. 61
195^ California Labor School (A-1948; 1-1956; S-1957)
1955 Scheduled entertainer: Open House, July 11, 1954, inaugurating the
Summer Term ; Open House, September 26, 1954, marking the Fall open-
ing of the school; and Open House, January 16, 1955 [Daily People's
World, July 8, 1954, p. 8, September 20, 1954, p. 7 and January 7, 1955,
p. 6]
Scheduled speaker, July 21, 1954, to discuss "typical propaganda methods
and materials used in 'the propaganda war for the American mind, and
how to fight for the people.' " [Daily People's World, July 19, 1954, p. 7]
Scheduled to lead panel on folk music at its two day American Folksong
Forum in October [Daily People's World, September 17, 1954, p. 6 and
September 30, 1954, p. 7]
Her collection of songs, "Songs in my Pocket," printed by the California
Labor School and sold at the school [Daily People's World, October 11,
1954, p. 7]
To conduct Folk Music Forimi, No. 3, during Winter Term, 1955 [Daily
People's World, January 13, 1955, p. 7]
Scheduled to substitute for Adam Lapin at Forum on the Geneva Big
Four Meeting, August 3, 1955 [Daily People's World, August 2, 1955, p. 7]
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2081
Chairman and coordinator of series of forums held during the summer,
with final session to be held August 11, 1955 [Daily People's World,
August 8, 1955, p. 7]
1954r- National Guardian ( C-1956 )
1966 Bay Area representative [Daily People's World, September 3, 1954,
p. 11 (ad) ; National Guardian, June 6, 1955, p. 2]
To entertain at a National Guardian benefit, "Spring Sing," April 24,
1955, San Francisco [Daily People's World, April 21, 1955, p. 7]
Member, Northern California Guardian Committee, in charge of sub-
scriptions and reservations for the National Guardian banquet, May 13,
1955 [Daily People's World, April 25, 1955, p. 7]
Writer of letter to the editor asking him to thank the scores of people
who made the San Francisco Guardian banquet on May 13 a great suc-
cess financially [National Guardian, June 6, 1955, p. 2]
Handled arrangements for a Guardian benefit picnic held July 31, 1955
[Daily People's World, August 2, 1955, p. 6]
Mistress of Ceremonies, National Guardian Annual Dinner, June 28,
1959, San Francisco [National Guardian, June 15, 1959, p. 9 (ad) and
June 22, 1959, p. 10 (ad) ; handbill, June 28, 1959]
To star in a "Peace Concert" to be held by the Southern California
Friends of the National Guardian, January 29, 1966, Culver City [Ads
in National Guardian, January 1, 1966, p. 12 and January 22, 1966, p. 6]
1967 Spring Mobilization Committee (C-1967)
Sponsor [HCUA report, "Communist Origin and Manipulation of Viet-
nam Week (April 8-15, 1967)," released March 31, 1967, p. 35; list of
West Coast Sponsors issued by the Los Angeles Coordinating Center of
the Spring Mobilization Committee]
Entertained at its spring mobilization rally at Kezar Stadium in San
Francisco, April 15, 1967 [National Guardian, April 8, 1967. p. 7 (ad) ;
New York Times, April 13, 1967. p. C-29 (ad) ; People's World. April 22,
1967, p. 2]
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, were you present at the Sheraton-
Palace when these arrests were made ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I was. We spoke earlier of Mike Myerson,
and I might say that as of March 13, 1964 [according to an article in
the News-Call Bulletin of that date] he spoke at a rally at the Uni-
versity of California on the eve of that major demonstration at the
Sheraton-Palace in which he said : "We'll do our damnedest to have
the whole (San Francisco) power structure have a nervous break-
down."
With reference to Communists, he said, "Whether Communists join
the movement doesn't bother us. We'll welcome them, or anybody.''
Communists were welcome to join in the demonstration and he was
soliciting their participation at that time.
Mr. Smith. May I request the document be received for the record ?
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 17" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I was at the Sheraton-Palace, and Tracy Sims
was the major domo taking orders from Myerson and conferring oc-
casionally with Eoy Ballard.
Mr. Smith. Were there other organizations whose membership aided
the Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, the previous exhibit lists them. The NAACP
for one, and there were other organizations that tied in with them.
Mr. Smith. Was there a statement made by one Mark L. Sullivan
of the hotel association ?
2082 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, Mr. Sullivan was speaking for the hotel
association expressing — well, I don't have the statement, but he was
very vehement in his denunciation of what had transpired and the
fact that he was satisfied in his own mind that this was a Communist-
inspired demonstration.
Mr. Smpth. Do you agree with Mr. Sullivan's statement, Mr. Mont-
gomery ?
Mr. Montgomery. I do.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, I have an article from the San Fran-
cisco Examiner of March 16, 1964, which bears your byline.
I will hand you this article and ask you to read it into the record.
Mr. Montgomery. Mr. Chairman, I don't know if you would want
me to read the entire article. My lead on this article was :
A new breed of young Revolutionaries has infiltrated ttie Bay area civil rights
movement. ..
They represent a cross section of Marxist-oriented or socialist-indoctrinated
organizations, some with pronounced Communist leanings, whose objectives in-
clude use of the racial problem to foment revolution.
This became apparent in the wa.ke of the Sheraton-Palace Hotel di.«orders.
By actual count, 91 of 167 persons arrested already were known to intelligence
agents as party members or party adherents and sympathetic to party causes,
I go on to mention the Marxist-Leninist school as some of the activ-
ity at the various colleges in the Bay area where these people came
from and asked the question : Why was it purposely designated the
area of "take-over," the hotels, and the answer was that the "steadily
increasing Negro population affords a 'built-in vehicle' — a 'cause' for
action."
Among the different organizations involved were the W. E. B.
DuBois Club, the Student Peace Union, Young Socialist Alliance,
Young People's Socialist League, Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee, the Freedom Now, National Committee To Abolish the
House Committee on Un-American Activities, SLATE, and SCOPE —
all within the students' Ad Hoc Committee.
There were that many organi"zations combined in this one Ad Hoc
Committee demonstration.
There were also demonstrations. Some of these people that partici-
pated we had seen earlier in the demonstrations by Women for Peace,
the anti-House Committee demonstrations and the now defunct Fair
Play for Cuba Committee.
Among the top party functionaries who were in and about and
around the sidelines during these demonstrations were such individ-
uals as Archie Brown, Douglas Wachter, Harvey Richards, Lou
Goldblatt.
Doug Wachter was one of the ringleaders in the riot at City Hall
in 1960 when you were there.
Of all of the student groups involved, the three-chapter Dubois
Club is the most vociferous.
The leaders are named, and I go into the history of who they are.
I mention also that Tracy Sims had served as the local secretary for
the DuBois Club in San Francisco.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2083
The rest of it is pretty much history as to what I have already
testified to here.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received
for the record.
Mr, AsHBROOK. It will be received at this point.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 18" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. The Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination, did it
engage in any other demonstrations in San Francisco?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I referred to the demonstrations on Auto-
motive Bow, where the various car agencies were picketed.
These demonstrations were sponsored by the NAACP, but the Ad
Hoc Committee joined in the demonstrations giving their support and
picketing.
Incidentally, the chairman earlier expressed concern about the
charges of police brutality. Here again the People's World of San
Francisco [March 7, 1964, issue] was in the forefront with article
after article and headlines such as "Police brutality charged; 120
demonstrators jailed.'' On this occasion there was nothing that could
resemble police brutality, anything more than their pulling the dem-
onstrators apart. In their linking of arms police had to use a certain
amount of force to disengage them from the person next to them; but
from that point on, if they went limp, they were carried to the patrol
wagon. No one was clubbed in this demonstration. No one put up that
much opposition.
Mr. AsHBROOK. I am sure you are like many of us who are all amazed
that civil rights demonstrators who are ordered to disperse do not
respond. And the police officers do what they are obviously supposed
to do, that is, to carry out their orders. If this means any kind of con-
tact whatsoever, pulling away, subduing, or any type of activity af-
firmatively by the police officer, it is always considered brutality. They
put themselves in the position of almost demanding action be taken,
and then any action is deemed brutality.
Mr. Montgomery. Invariably when an act of brutality is depicted
in the People''s World or other press, you see one action by a police
officer. You may not see what preceded it.
There was wide distribution given to a picture taken by Douglas
Wachter during the recent riots in Oakland at the induction center,
which shows a demonstrator being clubbed. He actually was. He was
knocked out, but they don't show that prior to that this same demon-
strator threw a lighted magnesium flare into the face of a highway
patrolman and was in the act of lighting a second one. You don't ever
see that. You only see a man being clubbed and falling to the paveinent.
Mr. Smith. I would request this document be received for the
record.
Mr. Ashbrook. It is so ordered,
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No, 19" follows:)
2084 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 19
Saturday, March 7, 1964
f eopM't WotM }
Poike brutality charged;
120 demonstrators jailed
By CARL BIX)ICE
SAN FRANCISCO — The
managenieni of San Francis-
co's big swanl Sliei'alon Pal-
ace hotel tried to go to court
last weekend in an effort to
disperse f demonstration
agrainat the hotel's racial hir-
ing policies. But it didn't
work.
Instead, the new tactic re-
suited in , the largest total of
civil rights arrests in the city's
history and brought the pros- ,
pect of even more determined
demonstrations this weekend
if negotiations for more than
a token hiring of Negroee in
varied positions are not suc-
cessful There is also a throat
at nationwide demonstrations
agaihst the Sheraton chain.
On Sunda' night (March 1)
120 Negro and white demon-
strators (plus seven-l bystand-
ers and three passing sailors)
were hauled off to jail follow-
ing three different methods of
direct action protest, some '
hurried (and, as it turned out.
Improper) legal maneuvering
by the hotel and a raft of
charges and counter charges
that put the Negro freedom
movement back in the San
Francisco headhnes.
Tlie arrests also brought de-
tailed charges of brutality
against San Francisco's police
department — charges that
Police Chief Thomas Cahill
sought vigorously to deny.
The Palace Hotel incident hit
tile headlineci close on the
heels of the Congress of RaciaJ
Equality's "shop in" campaign
against LAicky Stores, which
ended last we«k in a formal
agreement between CORE and
the L'UCky managemient on
hiring practic* 3. _
The Palace hotel protest was
conducted by the Ad Hoc Com-
mittee Against Discrimination.
This group was joined later by
CORE, and by the time it was
all over Comedian Dick Greg-
ory and a number of the Ne-
gro community's top leadei'a
were behind bat's.
Wh,at the hotel tried to do
waa obtain a temporary re-
straining order against the
pickets, after illng a damage
suit against the le«ders. The
Injunction gambit was thrown
"OUT of court In lees than 24
hours, however, liecause — it
turned out — the demonaitra-
tors had been improperly serv-
ed — not glvwi proper notice
that such legal action had been
taken against them. Not, how-
ever, before police had used
the interlude to pile up a rec-
ord total ot 120 arrests.
■nie pickeU, as they were
carted off to jail, sang some-
what proplietioaUy. "Ain't gon-
na let no injunction turn me
around, turn me annind . . ."
■amaobment: stcbborn
The charge against th» Sher-
aton Palac« is fairly simple.
The Ad Hoc committee says
Xtte hotel has 550 employee, of
which only 33 are Negroes —
all in menial positions.
The events culminating In
Sunday night's arrests followed
a meeting last Saturday (Feb.
29) between the hotel man-
agement and the committee.
Miss Tracy Sims later said
hotel spokesmen pointed to
nine Ne^rroea Mrod since the
protests began as an exam-
ple of their intentions and
stubbornly refused to sign so
agreement.
The negotiators left the con-
ference room A few hours lat-
er they were served subpenas.
Tliey wore being sued for ♦SO,-
000 for disturbing hotel guests.
The 18 year old Miss Sims
called the action "a breach of
faith" as no mention of le-
g&i action tiad been mode dur-
,r~ the negotiations.
FOUR NAMED
Named In the suit were
Michael Myerson, Mrs. Linda
Bensusen, Roy BalJard and
Miss Sims. They were named
as leaders of the Ad Hie group.
The committee is made up of
the Direct Action Group, the
W. E. B. Du B<Ms Clubs of
Berkeley and San Francisco.
Youth for JohB of Oakland and
San Francisco, the tstizens
Committee for Nuclear Dis-
armament and the Berkeley
Committee Against Racial Dis-
crimination.
Tliat evening (Saturday)
over 160 demonstrators joined
the picket line in front of the
, hotel.
There were no pohcemen
anywhere in sight except
plainclothes types.
The youT^ demonstrators
paraded around for two hours
singing, "We Shall Not Be
Moved." ind diantlng "Free-
dom Now." A crowd formed on
tiie street
Later the demonKtrators
moved In groups of 10 into
the hotel tobby and took silent
positions wiU their placards.
8U11 no uniformed officers.
As the group filed Into the
lobby a mlddleaged man lean-
ed against ■' e bell captain's
desk, pointed to a picket and
said. "There's a nigger lover."
A Negro and white couple
stood mute In '-he main corri-
dor. A hotel guest walked up
and said to the girl, "If you
were my daughter, I'd kill
you."
At 9:15 the group was seat-
ed on the lobby floor singing.
rVDOK ACTS
A few miles away In the
plush Marina District home of
Judge Fnuicis McCarty action
ws« being taken that the lio-
tel management hoped would
bring the siege to an end. The
judge scribbled a restraining
order against the pickets on
a regular piece of typing paper
The document was sped to the
hotel in a patrol car.
When it arrived there were
policemen cverj-wliere. Squad
cars and paddy wagona jam-
med New Montgomery street.
Two police dogs wene held on
leash nearby.
At the urging of their lead-
ers the demonstrators rose
from he lobby floor and filed
outside.
OuUide, a few minutes later,
the group, now numbering
about 300. sang "We Shall Ov-
ercome" one last time and left
the scene.
At 6 p m the following day
(Sunday. March II 100 pick-
ets appeared at the hotel in-
tending to leave without en-
gaging in any civil diaobo-
dience.
branch president ot Uie Natl.
Assn for the Advancement ->f
olored People Quickly they
were hustled away.
Then Dr. Thoma.s Burbridge,
present NAACP president and
chairman of the United San
Franci.-'to Freedom Movement,
» cigar clenched between his
teeth, went limp and was drag-
ged away.
ROIJGH HADUNO
When it was all over no on*
appeared to have been hurt — •
except every Negro male in
the demonstration had beea
handled roughly.
One was socked under th«
e:'e by a husky officer Anoth-
er was .smashed ai^tmst tha
side of the wagoir Tiy »« of-
ficer who hit him m Ih^ face
repeatedly. But the tavorita
tactic appeared to be tha
thouglit-lQ-be concealed Mow*
to the testicles. ~
A few hours later Percy
Jones, co-chairman of tha
Berkeley chapter of CORE,
limped out of jail compiainlns
o* great pain in the groin.
The arrests were completed
at 8 p. m At 10:30 p. m. car-
loads of CORE members from
the Berkeley community and
Berkeley campus chapter began
unloading a new group in front
of the hotel. '
On the now-deser'ed side-
walk 40 pii.kets paraded sil-
ently as is the custom witti
the organization.
At 1:45 am half the rtem-
onstrators filed through tha
lobby of the hotel. Just a.s tli.-y
reassembled outside a platoon
of officers started up New
Ii.ontgomery st. They moved iii
quickly and hustled the COKB
demonstrators into the wag-
ons.
ARRESTS START
This time plainclotKesmcn
had l>een repUced by uniform-
ed officers. There was another
hasty maneuver and from the
pen of the same judge up
came another injunction. The
new order prohibited any more
than three pickets In front >f
the building and five on tha
side.
This time the demonstrators
refused to move They we™
ordered away and the oflicers
began to place them under ar-
rest. Each went limp.
suddenly Gi-egory appeared
among the demonsti-atora, his
attorney Terry A. Francois at
his side. Frnncois is former
TO PLEAD MARCH 16
Once again the lOUgh treat-
ment was meted out to the Ne-
gro males
At 11 am. Monday, the 120
demonstrators appeared in tha
courtroom of Judge Joseph P.
Kennedy. Their cases were
continued until March 16, »)ioi»
they will enter pleas.
A battery of prominent at-
torneys is repre.senl in^ the .I-—
onstrators. H incIuUc!!: I'lii'i-
cis J. McTci-nan. JnniPS H-rn.
don. Benjamin ni-e\tti-'*, Mw.
Beverly Axc-liud. Joliii Do .r.
Tnun, Douglas Stewarl. Al' 'n
Biotsky. Robert W ri.iMi .!.>-
seph R Grodin and Willia
Brown.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2085
Mr. Smith. Do you have anything else to offer in connection with this
demonstration ?
Mr. Montgomery. I might say this, that there was a plea made to
drop the charges, the arrest charges of these pickets, and Police Chief
Thomas Cahill — well, I have the article here.
I am reading from the SF News-Gall Bulletin of March 10 [1964] :
Police Chief Thomas Cahill today bluntly rebuffed pleas to drop charges
against the howling, jeering demonstrators arrested at the Sheraton-Palace
Hotel.
Right away a movement started to grant them amnesty, but it did
not go over. The same thing always occurs — forget about it, let them
go, but in this instance the police and the district attorney, Thomas
Lynch, held firm, and prosecutions were had and in almost every
instance there was a conviction.
Mr. Smith, Mr. Chairman, I request the document be received in
the record,
Mr. AsHBRooK. It will be received.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 20" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr, AsHBROOK. You may proceed,
Mr, Smith, Have you made a survey or study of the People's World^
the Communist Party publication on the West Coast ?
Mr, Montgomery, Yes, but I find I have one other exhibit here con-
cerning the Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination,
On September 4, 1964, the Ad Hoc Committee staged a demonstra-
tion at the Oakland Tribune in Oakland. There were 56 pickets pres-
ent and aanong those recognized on the line — and I, myself, recognized
these people — were :
Tracy Sims, Mike Myerson, Harold and Carol Supriano, Roscoe
Proctor, Comi Hallinan, Terence Hallinan, Frances Tandy, and
Margaret Lima.
An article appeared in the Daily Oalifomian^ which is the student
publication at U of C — Berkeley on September 16, 1964. It identifies
certain organizations as composing the Ad Hoc Committee To End
Discrimination, the same list of organizations that I referred to earlier.
But you get along a little further and you find that they put out a flyer.
This reads: "the Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination Pre-
sents a CONFERENCE ou DISCRIMINATION & URBAN PROBLEMS in Ala-
meda County," at a meeting to be held on January 23, and among
others
Mr. Smith. What year ?
Mr. Montgomery. They were going to have a workshop on police
brutality.
This was a particular workshop, on this occasion, police brutality,
addressed by Malcolm Burnstein, an attorney, " and Mark Comfort,
who we have referred to earlier,
Mr, Smith. You indicated the rally was held on January 23. What
year was that?
Mr, Montgomery. 1965,
2086 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request these documents be received
for the record.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 21 and 22," re-
spectively, and retained in committee files. )
Mr. AsHBROOK. This might be a good place to stand in recess until
2 o'clock.
We understand you have a lot of additional information you can
give for the record so we will stand in recess at noon to reconvene at
2 o'clock to continue the same line of inquiry.
(Wliereupon, at 12 noon, Thursday, June 27, 1968, the subcommittee
recessed, to reconvene at 2 p.m. the same day.)
AFTERNOON SESSION— THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1968
(The subcommittee reconvened at 2:20 p.m., Hon. John M. Ash-
brook presiding.)
Mr. AsHBROOK. The committee will resume its sitting.
We welcome you back, Mr. Montgomery. I remind you, you still
continue under oath of this morning.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, since Mr. Montgomery is going to be
using a large number of documents in support of his testimony, I
would like to make a blanket request that all of his documents offered
be accepted for the record.
Mr. AsHBROOK. To be inserted at the place where they are re-
ferred to?
Mr. Smith. Right.
Mr. AsHBROOK. All right. That will be the operating procedure.
Will you please propound the next question ?
TESTIMONY OF EDWARD S. MONTGK)MERY— Resumed
Mr. Smith. Mr, Montgomery, just before we recessed for lunch, I
asked you the question, "Have you made a survey or study of the
People's World, the Communist Party publication on the West Coast ?"
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, sir, I have. I have reviewed the San Fran-
cisco edition of the People's World from January 1, 1962, until May
1968.
Mr. Smith. What conclusions have you reached on its content ?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, first, I am sure the committee recognizes
the fact that the People'' s World is the propaganda medium, the outlet
for the Communist Party in the San Francisco Bay or West Coast
area.
The articles in all the People'' s World issues run consistent. The Viet-
nam issue is favored with considerable space. The People's World
supports minorities that receive major attention. There is hardly an
issue that fails to make claims of police brutality, along with photo-
graphs showing the police in the worst light possible. These photo-
graphs cover demonstrations both internationally and within the
United States. And when it becomes necessary for legal law enforce-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2087
ment, the articles and photographs are always in support of parti-
cipants in the riots and the attack on police for brutality for enforcing
the law as enacted by the Federal, State, and local legislative bodies.
I have some exhibits that can be introduced as examples of the type
of propaganda I have described. I am sure this type of reporting has an
influence on the type of reaction of any given community, but the
point I am making is that the steady diet of this, particularly within
the minority groups, is the type of propaganda that tends to inflame
them toward the disturbances and riots that subsequently occur as
part of a gradual buildup.
As exhibits, I have the Peoyle^ WorM for Saturday, May 2, 1964,
"Civil rights runs into cop violence," in which the emphasis here is on
the police rather than on the individuals who are putting on the demon-
stration [Montgomery Exhibit No. 23] .
Again, "Police run amok in Harlem" [^People's World, July 25,
1964, Montgomery Exhibit No. 24]. Now, even though this publication
is on the West Coast, they will reach out to New York. Anything at all
to put the police department in a bad light whenever they can.
Again, "Harlem bitter — killer cop let off" [PeopWs World, Septem-
ber 5, 1964, Montgomery Exhibit No. 25] . This is typical of the type of
propaganda being disseminated in the Bay area, even though some
of these topics have no connection at all with the State of California.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 23, 24, and 25,"
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
(Mr. Smith. What documents do you have on the Communist Party
agitation f)rior to the San Francisco riot on September 27, 1966?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, in addition to the copies that I have sub-
mitted for the record, we have Xerox copies of the same tenor, the
same demand of a probe on police brutality and cop brutality. They
run: "Crime wave? It was created with headlines, not with facts"
[People's World, May 19, 1962, Montgomery Exhibit No. 26].
"Brutality slated to be trial issue" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 27].
"Behind Oakland 'riot' — cop brutality charge" [Montgomery Ex-
hibit No. 28].
"SF police tactics stir new ire" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 29] .
And they follow through in succession and quite often they call it
racist violence, and even pictures from Harlem which are published
in San Francisco depicting alleged brutality by the police, simply
alleging how cops manhandle welfare sit-ins and what not.
They are all part and parcel of the same type of material. I can
list them one by one if you wish, but I hit the headlines of them, and
I am sure you wouldn't want the entire text
Mr. Smith. Would you list them one by one, please ?
Mr. Montgomery. Right.
For instance, there is one, the article carries the caption, "Brutal-
ity slated to be trial issue" [People's World, July 21, 1962]. And the
People's World of July 7, 1962
Mr. Smith. Would you pass them over ?
2088 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery. — ^"Behind Oakland 'riot.' "
Another one, the People's World caption, "SF police tactics stir new
ire." This is from the issue of December 22, 1962.
The People's World of June 1, 1963, carries a cartoon with a police-
man beating a citizen, with one policeman standing on a picket sign
"DEFEND THE 1st AMENDMENT" [Montgomery Exhibit No.
30].
For August 1, 1964, it shows a photograph of a policeman making
an arrest of a Negro boy in Harlem [Montgomery Exhibit No. 31].
The photographs of this nature are consistent throughout all editions
of the PeopWs World. They will pick up anything they can that shows
the police in a bad light.
In December 1964 the Free Speech Movement of the University of
California in Berkeley virtually captured the university when these
demonstrators practically took over. It was an action similar to the
takeover at Columbia University. Finally the police were called in.
The Peopled World of December 12, 1964, captioned their article in
this terminology : "Students tell of cop brutality in arrest of 768 on
campus" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 32] .
I might say, Mr. Chairman, that there was no brutality, as such.
Some of these students refused to move when told to, or even walk
out, and they had simply to carry them, and there was no way to carry
them but by force. There were no clubbings, no need for that. They
didn't resist.
By and large it was a case where the police either had to pack them
out or they weren't about to be arrested.
We have again the People's World of February 27, 1965. It charged
the Oakland Police Department with police brutality. This is under
the caption "Oakland brutality protested" [Montgomery Exhibit
No. 33].
We have another exhibit. The next and last exhibit is captioned
"Port Chicago brutality rises as vigil enters third week," and this is
from the People's World of August 27, 1966 [Montgomery Exhibit
No. 34].
I would like to furtlier state that this is not a complete documenta-
tion of the attack of the People'' s World on legal enforcement agencies
and propaganda fed to the minority community. There is much more
to it, but these are examples of the pattern that the People'' s World has
followed.
Mr. Smtth. All right.
Mr. Montgomery. That concludes the exhibits that I have of this
particular example of Communist propaganda from the People'' s
World.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 26 through 34,"
respectively. Exhibits Nos. 26-29 and 32-34 retained in committee
files. Nos. 30 and 31 follow :)
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2089
Montgomery Exhibit No. 30
I Pc^pl^'sW^rM
Saturday, June 1, 1963
ii±i±i
Mr. Smith. Has the Progressive Labor Movement, later known as
the Progressive Labor Party, been active in the San Francisco area?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, it has. It has been quite active.
Mr. Smith. Can you estimate its strength?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, it would be difficult to estimate the entire
membersliip. But it is considered to be a relatively small organiza-
tion, with the center of its activities currently at San Franciscoi State
College. Originally, it emanated out of the University of California
for the most part, but its center of activity now is on the San Fran-
2090 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 31
[People's World]
Saturday, August 1, 1964
RACIST VIOLENCE
HARLEM. A Negro boy, shot
in the left le;*:. Is held in a
neck-and-wrist lock by burly
policeman. Photo was taken in
the heart of Harlem, on Lenox
avenue, between 126th and
127th streets.
cisco State College campus, and many of their members are inter-
woven with other organizations such as Students for a Democratic
Society, for example.
Mr. Smith. Do you have any documents which wei*e circulated by
the Progressive Labor Party which would tend to incite people to
riot prior to the San Francisco riot of September 27, 1966 ?
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2091
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I have. The first document was received just
prior to August 1, 1964, and this is an announcement scheduling a
meeting titled "Police Terror" [Montgomeiy Exliibit No. 35]. It
bears three pictures, one showing a group of demonstrators; the
second is a picture of a sign being carried in a picket line which reads
"IF WE MUST DIE, We Will Die With Weapons In Our Hands."
The tliird is a photograph of police evidently making an arrest, wliich
I assume tends to depict police brutality. Now, this is a document
which was circulated, given wide circulation in the Bay area, and
the speakers scheduled on this particular program for this meeting
were John Thomas, chairman of the Committee to End U.S. Inter-
vention [in Vietnam] ; Aaron Chapman, who is a candidate of Free-
dom Now Party; and Mortimer Scheer, West Coast organizer for
the Progressive Labor Movement.
You probably recognize Mort Scheer as a former member of the
Communist Party, U.S.A., who was among those expelled when they
wouldn't go along with the Khrushchev line of coexistence. It was he
and two others, Milton Rosen and Jacob Rosen, who formed the
Progressive Labor Party in New York in 1962.
Soon after its formation, Mort Scheer appeared in Berkeley as the
West Coast chief of the Progressive Labor Party, and he had work-
ing with him — he took on at that time a lieutenant by the name of
Lee Coe. Lee Coe also had been expelled from the party in San Fran-
cisco for his failure to adhere to the Khrushchev line of coexistence.
Lee Coe had been at one time publicity man for Harry Bridges of the
Longshoremen's Union. He later had become labor editor for the
People's World. He has been very active in the party and, upon his be-
ing expelled, he linked up with Mortimer Scheer and the people from
New York and worked for Mort Scheer in Berkeley on the Berkeley
campus on behalf of the Progressive Labor Party.
Now, the document just introduced coupled the Vietnam issue, the
poverty issue, and police brutality. In other words, it is sort of a scat-
tergun that covered all three of the principal issues or projects of the
Communist Party at that time in the Bay area. It had a little bit of
everything in it.
Mr. Smith. Do you have the address of the Progressive Labor
Party?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, the address given on that flyer that I just
turned in was given as Post Office Box 843, San Francisco, California.
Another document which I will introduce was distributed in San
Francisco and originated from the Progressive Labor Movement in
Berkeley, and the address was given as P.O. Box 73, Station A, Berke-
ley, California. I happen to know that that was the box at which Mort
Scheer received his mail.
Mr. Smith. Mr, Chairman, at this point I would like to introduce
for the record a copy of an application from the Post Office Depart-
ment dated October 1, 1963, which indicates that Box 73 was rented
by Lee Coe, just mentioned by Mr. Montgomery, of the Progressive
Labor Party [Montgomery Exhibit No. 36].
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 35 and 36," re-
spectively. Exhibit No. 36 retained in committee files. No. 35 follows:)
2092 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 35
THE PEOPLE RESIST
JOHN THOMAS-Chairmfen, :or.r..tO End
U.S. Inter'.'ention
•AARON CHApvAN-Candid-ite cf
Freedom lio\i Party
T'ORT £CHE£R-Wert; Coast Organizer
Procressive La^o^ MovpReit
P H O G R E s'sT V^E- MZ/kJk&J^
SaN rnANdSCO: P.O. n>K eiS, San Francisco 1,
Cutifornia
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2093
Mr. Montgomery. I believe, Mr. Chairman, a classic example of the
type of propaganda that they were putting out at this time is a flyer
that was given wide distribution throughout the Bay area [Mont-
gomery Exhibit No. 37]. It is entitled "let's blackjack johnson,"
referring to President Johnson. I won't read it all, just one paragraph.
But apparently it's all right for the Negro people to be clubbed, tear-gassed and
blackjacked by the Ku Klux Kops. And not only in Selma, but in every black
ghetto across the country . . . from Harlem to the San Francisco Bay Area.
And it continues :
The only path for winning freedom from oppression is by organizing for revo-
lutionary struggle. * * *
Finally :
Let us prepare and organize now to win political power ! Yes, Mr. Johnson,
you will be blackjacked — and we will be free !
This, as I said, came from Post Office Box 73, Berkeley, California.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 37" appears on page
2094.)
Mr. AsHBROOK. Let me see that.
Mr. Montgomery. The next exhibit was circulated in March of 1965
by the San Francisco Progressive Labor Party and gives a new ad-
dress. It is the first time, or nearly the first time, their address started
showing up. 3382 18th Street, and it is titled "ARE YOU SICK AND
TIRED OF BEING SICK AND TIRED?"
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 38" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. This was given particularly wide distribution in
San Francisco, more so than on the east side of the Bay, and it is an
attack on President Johnson and on police in general. It is intended
solely to inflame the minority groups, particularly the Negroes, in-
flame them against President Johnson.
For instance, referring to President Johnson —
HE HEADS UP A SYSTEM THAT THRIVES ON OPPRESSING POOR PEO-
PLE BOTH AT HOME AND ABROAD.
NEVER IN THE HISTORY OF MANKIND HAS ANY RULING CLIQUE
GIVEN UP PRIVILEGE OR POWER OR Vi^EALTH UNTIL THEY HAVE
BEEN FORCED TO DO SO.
And this is underscored in capital letters.
YET TODAY SUPPOSEDLY RESPONSIBLE NEGRO LEADERS LIKE ROY
WILKINS ARE IMPLORING THE BLACK PEOPLE TO REMAIN NON-
VIOLENT IN THE FACE OF THEIR CONTINUOUS DEGRADATION AND
BLOODSHED. * * *
This is typical of how they will pick out someone whom they con-
sider an Uncle Tom. Any one of their own race who seeks to counter-
balance them in any way at all immediately becomes an Uncle Tom
and an enemy of tt^ people, particularly the minority.
This particular article continues :
IN HARLEM, N.Y. WHEN THE RESIDENTS RESISTED POLICE AG-
GRESSION, THEY WON THE FIRST BATTLE ON THE ROAD TO HUMAN
DIGNITY AND AN EQUAL RIGHT FOR ALL TO ACHIEVE COMFORT
AND HAPPINESS.
88-083 O— 69— pt. 6-
2094 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 37
The events in Selm?, At?bama hpve outraged the people throughout the country and
the world. Presir'ent Johnson has been exposed as p hypocritical and callous racrst
who openly r'eclpres when confronter' with the peoples remands: "I won't be black-
jpcked."
But apparently it's all right for the Negro people to be clubbed, tear-gassed and
blackjacked by the Ku Klux Kops. And not only in Selma, but in every black ghetto
across the country... from Harlem to the San Francisco Bay Area.
The events in Selma have proven that the civil rights tactic of meeting violence with
prayer is only an invitation to more violence. The rising wave of police terror against
Black people has proven that the only protection the people can rely on is self-defense.
The only time the Federal government sends its troops into action is to PREVENT the
Negro people from fighting back. Johnson sends troops into Vietnam for the same rea-
son: to crush the Vietnamese who have been fighting t)ack to achieve their freedom.
And the Vietnamese will win regardless of how many Marines Johnson sends to the
slaughter.
The Black people in the United States can and will win their freedom too. But not by
relying on the White House. ..nor by relying on prayers and those who advise to turn
the other cheek. Nor will demonstrations or protests be enough because they fall on
the racist ears of a President who says he won't be blackjacked.
Alabama Governor Wallace and Sheriff Clark should be arrested and jailed. But
Johnson won't do it. The people need decent jobs, homes and schools, but Johnson
won't do anything about that either.
The only path for winning freedom from oppression is by organizing for revolu-
tionary struggle. This will be a hard struggle. It will not win freedom Now, but it
will win Freedom. The phony Civil Rights Bill didn't do it, nor will any phony Right
to Vote Bill. The Black people in the North who can vote know that they have no
freedom as long as Mr. Charley controls the cops' clubs, guns and dogs, the hiring
and firing.
Let's Protest'. Let's Demonstrate'. Yes, we must and we will.
But let us prepare and organize now to defend ourselves'.
Let us prepare and organize now to win political power;
Yes, Mr. Johnson, you will be blackjacked- and we will be free!
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2095
IN JONESBORO, LOUISIANA, BLACK CITIZENS HAVE FORMED AN
ORGANIZATION CALLED "THE DEACONS FOR DEFENSE AND JUSTICE,"
WHICH PROTECTS THE BLACK COMMUNITY AND CIVIL RIGHTS
WORKERS FROM ATTACKS AND HARASSMENT.
Further :
THESE MEASURES POINT OUT THE ROAD FOR ALL OPPRESSED
PEOPLES !
WHEN NON- VIOLENT DEMONSTRATIONS FAIL, THEY MUST BE PRE-
PARED TO DEFEND THEIR RIGHTS FROM A POSITION OF STRENGTH.
This, again, came from the Progressive Labor headquarters in San
Francisco.
We have further examples along the same line. The next is an an-
nouncement which is undated, but from the text I would say it came
out sometime in the late spring or early summer of 1965. Notice, this
document announ-ces a meeting sponsored by San Francisco Draft Ke-
sistance Union. The speakers scheduled represent the Black Anti-
Draft Union, the Stop-the-Draft-Week, Progressive Labor Party, and
the Mission Youth Organizations.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 39" appears on page
2096.)
They quote from inflammatory statements concerning the police—
"what makes this country run: police clubs!" "The cops, army, big
business and the school authorities work together to push us into a
war that we had no part in making and no reason for continuing."
This was handed out particularly around Mission High School,
and while it was basically the Progressive Labor Party and the San
Francisco Draft Resistance Union, combining with them — in this in-
stance, and I have direct knowledge of their having been there — was,
among other people, Kathie Harer, who is the daughter of Asher
Harer, one of the functionaries of the Trotskyist party in San
Francisco.
While these were prepared by the Progressive Labor Party, the
Mission Youth Organizations, that phase of it was headed up for
the most part of Kathie Harer, and this was given wide distribution,
particularly at Mission High School where there is a preponderance
of Negroes.
Mr. Smith. Would the Trotskyist party that you mentioned be the
Socialist Workers Party ?
Mr. Montgomery. That would be, yes. They are within the Socialist
Workers Party.
Mr. Smith. Proceed.
Mr. Montgomery. And they have a youth group, too. The Young
Socialist Alliance, I believe it is called.
Mr. Chairman, I have a publication of Progressive Labor, pub-
lished by the Progressive Labor Party in New York City. This issue
I am referring to is for May-June 1965. This issue of the magazine
is antipolice, as were other issues of the same publication.
The back page consists of a number of mock-ups of other publica-
tions, some abroad, some local, some foreign, every one pointed at the
police department. "POLICE TERROR." This would have been 72-
point headlines. "'KICK OUT MURPHY.'" "POLICE WAR
ON HARLEM." "TODAY VIETNAM TOMORROW— THE
WORLD."
2096 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 39
YoUi don't have-fo go?/' ;
MO DRAFT FCR VIETNAM! OJR FICHT B HERE J s ', ;/i;
, ' '■ -r '.'*-._ - ' ■ ■ •^,'S'
b Caklasd. thti weeh, a lot o/ people have "d ttaoTered" tn«t what kind of "danocsaey"
, **' t' ■■"::■ • ,' ^.•'
we teally have. A lot of people have learned what tome of ni have krown for a long "."*'
1 , ^_\ >' . ■■ *v .-: -»
. • ■ \ , .- ■ I .< ■ .. ' 'iv '•
time (etpeelally aroond Mttilon HS) -- what maket thia'conntry rnni police clubt l.^"^j,^^
,. The reaion more and more people are eoalng Into' confltet, with the •ytteaf^U'h^-'f' !^:
earn* th«y are coming to hate the rich maa't war ^In' Vtetn^n. '■ ■■'^ ' .--''■ ■•■• ^-^ . ..^
Yonng meA are throwing away their llvei in a war ton by the rloh and for the rich«
Raciam and poverty keep the eitabllabment In power. Tha copt, .army, big borinei*.- an4: . .
the tcheel authorttiet work together to pnih hi into' n- war t^ajwa h94 no^art In .'^!?V
■ ' . ■ ^ . ■"' ";. *■•;■. . ' •*- '
making and no reaion for continuing, ...' V.\./- i.*^ ••, •<'■ ' ■ ^ ,
■•-■,.: ^'!S.\''-' •''•,, ; ■' '• .
W^ matt ataad tQgetber and rerirt thi* war. Svppert'.illheratioa in Aaia, Afriea and
Latin Amartoa. Oar fight It for freedom and dempcvaey right tiere at hom«. '-' '^- .,
Vietnam, Santo Domingo, the Congo, to name latt a few, (hoold be free of (T^S.. "■
domination. Support thir fight. ' ' - ' ' ^' '
. ! V ' '''■:'.
You don't have to Join the rich man's army. And If yon do Join, yoa tMb-'ftgh't for ■..<««;.
i. —^'%r' •■•■
yoar rights Inside, too. ^ ">■ ..'1- " ;
•. ^*". •
Join thia fight for freedom here. Learn more abo at what you can do to atay *Kt of,
the army, or what yoa can do inside It. , ", .^^ .
■».■*■ ■ '"^^ -
Come yo a rally Friday (tonight) at 7t30 -- 22nd 6 Mission to support the antl-d(«ft'
■ ■• ]'■''•■-{''*
demonstrators In Oakland, and to continue the fight against the U.S. war la Vietahait.'' ;:;;
• -■ .{.-A '-Ci
SPEAKERS WILL INCLUDE YOUNG MEN WHO ARE REFUSING TO GO TO VIETNAMI ' ' '. "-
TIMEi Tonight at 7i30 p.m. PLACEi 22nd G Mission ^^
SPEAKERS FROMt Dlaek Anti-Draft Union
-^ -->
~" . " r Stop-the-Draft-Week ' •- •.!.'.* ■ f. •< ,-^
" I ain't going to Vietnam. I got \ . '" '^ .. - . ,'* ^x,
nothing against those people. H \ Progressive Labor Party ■' ^' \''^i,'''^ " . ■ '''
Pm goEoa die flghtin(;, It's gonna \ "■''.. \
be fighting agalr«t the slumlcrds \ Mission Youth Orjtaltatloaa J ;
and loan sharks and crooked poll- ..!.'''>
„ , . , u. u ._ c. e. . m'v Coma and get up and speak yootplaoal ■■
Hclacs and cops tight here In San Francisco. "' '...,' > .
— J . .1 j^ .1. I Coma and Join the ftghtl • ,
—Come and talk with the young roan » j o , ►>■•»'; V > .
who made that itatemcnt. Spcn.rrcd by S.F. Draft Rtslitsnce Union ~ «a-»9S#»d824-J5;3
' labcr donated.
The whole general tenor of it is of inflammatory nature, but more
important, there is one article in here, as I recall, "BLACK LIBERA-
TION," which is highly inflammatory from beginning to end. It re-
lates that the black people will comprise the largest minority of the
United States, they are the most oppressed as a section of the working
class and as a people, with U.S. imperialism making superprofits be-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2097
cause of the oppression of the black. There is one inflammatory state-
ment after another here, and the sole purpose was to inflame the blacks
toward revolution.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 40" and retained in
committee files.)
I have also, if you please, a document, a leaflet, distributed by the
Progressive Labor Party Student Club, strongly supporting the
W. E. B. DuBois Club, "escalation at home" is the title of this leaf-
let, and it reads in part :
The Progressive Labor Party condemns the vicious bombing attack on the
W. E. B. DuBois Club national headquarters which occurred on March 6th. * * *
Their headquarters were bombed on McAllister Street on that date.
I have some extemporaneous knowledge of that, but I think it would
be perhaps just as well not to go into it at this point, at any rate, but
it continues :
The government's attack only serves to expose their hypocrisy — their ruth-
lessness. The police attacK on the DuBois Club —
They contend it was the police ; we know otherwise.
— The police attack on the DuBois Club press conference in New York, the indict-
ment of more than 60 PLP members by New York kangaroo courts, the federal
harassment of the University of Michigan students opposed to U.S. aggression in
Vietnam, the murder of freedom fighters in the South, the framed-up conviction
and jailing of Bill Epton from Harlem .... these are all recent instances of
the ruling class' political repression of radicals and. revolutionaries in this
country.
This also was given widespread circulation throughout the Bay
area.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 41" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I have also a flyer from San Francisco — it is
headed "Wanted for the MURDER of Leonard Deadwyler : 'Bova —
the — COP.' " Well, actually this revolves around a shooting in Los
Angeles, but oddly enough, it was given wide distribution in San
Francisco although it was a Los Angeles affair.
"Wanted for the MURDER of Leonard Deadwyler : — (a member of
the concentration camp) 'Bova — the — cop' (a guard in the concentra-
tion camp)."
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 42" and retained in
committee files.^)
Mr. AsHBROOK. What date was this ?
Mr. Montgomery. This is a highly inflammatory flyer and informa-
tion put out. "Murder by cops and death by unemployment are meth-
ods of systematic extermination." "DISARM THE GUARDS IN
THE CONCENTRATION CAMP," meaning "Disarm the cops."
This would be May and June. This came out in late May or early
June of 1966.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Cliairman, this document here refers to the acci-
dental shooting of Leonard Deadwyler by a policeman of Los Angeles
by the name of Bova.
^ This exhibit is identical to Anderson Exhibit No. 1.3, reproduced in pt. 3 of
these hearings (Los Angeles-Watts), pp. 1245, 1246.
2098 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. AsHBROOK. I was going to comment that that follows 2 years
after the Epton incident. Epton was later convicted of criminal
anarchy.
The Deadwyler case was set before this committee by Lieutenant
Clayton K. Anderson on November 30, 1967.
(At this point Mr. Willis entered the hearing room.)
Mr. Montgomery. The next example I have of the Progressive
Labor Party's propaganda, and this is again both Los Angeles and
San Francisco, is a flyer put out in support of John Harris, who had
been arrested for criminal syndicalism. It implies that this was a
frameup and that the reason he was being arrested was a further sub-
jugation of the Negroes and the Negro in the ghetto, and it takes out
after General Motors and other corporations.
"W© will not stop our protests. On the contrary, we will redouble
them !!!" And "DEFEND JOHN HARRIS !"
Now, although this emanated out of the South, it was given wide
distribution in northern California as well.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exliibit No. 43" appears on page
2099.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, John Harris was also the subject under
inquiry by this committee to which Lieutenant Anderson testified last
November 1967.
Mr, Montgomery. I have with me, Mr. Chairman, a copy of Sparky
a reproduction of a copy of Sparh^ which on its face identifies itself
as the publication of the Progressive Labor Party, and its subtitle is
the "western voice for revolution."
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 44" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. It depicts inflammatory views of policemen, vari-
ous policemen. It identifies the lineup. "Robber Cop Hit With Assault
Suit." "Oakland cop guns down boy." An editorial in opposition
to the House Committee on Un-American Activities, and to the right,
"HUAC IS COMING To S.F." They anticipated your coming out there
in 1965. There was no hearing held at that time, as you know, but
in anticipation of your coming, they spread the word in view of hoping
to create another such incident or disturbance as occurred at the time
of your last hearings there in May of 1960.
Now, this is edited by an individual who identifies himself as
a Communist. He is a Maoist. He follows the Peking line. His name
is John Ross.
One of the first things he did — he has been very instrumental in
the Mission Tenants Union, among other things, but one of the first
things he did upon coming to San Francisco and getting organized
was to get himself elected to the War on Poverty Board in that area.
In his capacity as a member of the governing board in that area to
the War on Poverty, he caused to be introduced and adopted a reso-
lution denouncing the Federal Government for having expelled some
squatters from a piece of Federal property in Georgia or some such
State.
Now, of course, that had nothing whatsoever to do with poverty in
the Mission district, but it set the tenor for the type of activity he was
espousing within this War on Poverty Board, and eventually he be-
came such an extremist on the board that the rest of the board mem-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2099
Montgomery Exhibit No. 43
y^o li /Really GujJty? L B J^ Voirfy ^Gener^l M^i^.
JOHN Harris arrested for "CRiMiNAi syndicalism"
John Hatis, Pto^essive Labor Party worker in V.'atu, was arrested by the Lo, An^elet County Diitricl Attorney
September 'I) for "criminal syndicalism " It was tlie first time Chia law wa< used tlncc 193- — when il wat used
to break a farm labor or^anizin- drive in the San Joaquin Valley, The purpMe of the government fai ustn^ thia
law now is clearly to suppress freedom of speech in the Black !>!tto and to ctiflc the rising voices of protest
against in)uman conditions in Vv'atts.
At 5: 30 p. m. six plainclothes cops broke into the house where John H«ri] lives. Although cUimin^ to have
a warrant, they refused to show it. They handcuffed John Hatria.' jheo they f ansacked the apartment, throwing
articles around, ripping down pictures and causing, other damage. sTliey caf|ied off boxes of personal belongloga
of the three people who live there to, use as "evidence. " Also, they tooh PIP literature that was atored there.
Fcr example, they took 250 copies of the new PL magazine and copies of SPARK. They took book* and notes
for classes, all this as "evidence. " . . ^.
Why are they arresting John? The "criminal syndicalism" law stales that it Is Illegal to speak or leaflet so as to
advocate "chan-„e. in industrial ownership" or to "effect political change" by so-called criminal means. A Grand
}vty meeting secretly apparently decided this is what John was doing— and set the bail at $1S,000.
fo fact they are arresting )ohn to scare and terrorize PLP members and odieii "wtiirprotest conditioea In the Black
ghetto. Although John is not guilty of any criminal or illegal act, he certainly is guilty of protesting the wretched
living condtions in Watts. He has spoken and wriRen about the fact that real income in Watts has declined eight
percent since 1960 while rising in the rest of Los Angeles, He has passed out leaflets which pointed out that Watts
is one of the blgfest concentrations of industry — yet Clack people liiing there can't get jobs In these plants, and
there is 37 per cent unemployment there. He has publicly denounced the war in Vietnam and urged his BlacJt brothers
not to fight In that war. He has told them to oppose the draft and warmly supported such people as Mchmond and
Key, who refused to be inducted on the pounds that they arc aa colonial minority and shouldn't fighil the colonial
master's dirty war against the colored people of Southeast Asia. He has corniantly worked to expose the bnttal
outrages of Yorty's fascist cops in VV\'2t5 who constantly murder and maim Black people, the Dcad«vyler murder
being only one example. What is more, John has held classes %vhich sourht to get »t the root cause of U.S. oppraasion
both at home and abroad. He has not hesitated to name the real enemy, U.S. imperialism, and has stated
iaiK<luivocalIy that imperialism in this country must be replaced by a socialist system. He has stated openly that
he is a communist and proud of it.
Fcr this he was arrested for "criminal syndicalism. "
Tlie timing and charges of this arrest are significant, following on the heels of arrests of Black militants In Atlaoca,
the so-called dynamite frame-ups in Philadelphiaa and the indictments in Cleveland. Lyndon Johnson is ordering
his local stoop.es to begin a nation-wide roundup of all Black militants who refuse to sell out, because rebellioia *
in Black (ghettos arc harming his war effort. Though the charges are serious and the bail fantastic, we declare chat
tlie real guilty ones are Johnson and his gan^, for pursuing the genocidal war against Vietnam,. Yorty and hit thugs
who are daily murdering and maiminj^ Black people. General Motors and Co-id Year whose plants in South Los
Angeles poison the ait of Watts but who refuse to hire its residents.
V.'e must expect that as we [;et more effective in our protests, repression such as this will get worse, but the use
of such a shaky law indicates that the ruling class is desperate.
We will not stop our protests. On the contrary, we will redouble them! !
PROGRESSIVE LABC» PARTY
19930 / Phone: 399-0819 or
San ftancisco; 29 !9 16th Street / Phone: UN 1-- 300
PROGRESSIVE LABC» PARTY T f T
Los Angeles: P.O. Box 19930 / Phone: 399-0819 or 933-0463 \_ L -4.^^ POnATB^^ ]
<:i» IN'ani-iu-n. ?9 "J lAth <;tTi>ot / Phani>! UN 1- 100 *" ' - — " " • -*
DLFEND 7aHf/' HaRRIsJ^ ' . ' ;■
bers within the Mission district had him expelled from the board. He
just overstepped his bounds on that point.
This is an example of the publication they are putting out.
Mr. Smith. Are you familiar with the organiza/tion known as the
Committee to Defend Resistance to Ghetto Life, commonly referred
toasCERGE?
2100 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I am. It is not a big organization in San
Francisco, but I have knowledge of it. I have seen some of their
printed matter. I have examples of literature that was circulated in
the San Francisco Bay area, and knowledge of some of the people who
are connected with it. There has been some activity in the Bay area.
Mr. Smith. Wliat is the nature or purpose of this organization?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, primarily it was to raise funds for the de-
fense of Bill Epton following his arrest in Harlem. You will recall
he was indicted and arrested. CERGE was created as a front, you
might say, by the Progressive Labor Party to raise funds for Bill
Epton, who was then vice president of the Progressive Labor Party,
and who was subsequently convicted of criminal anarchy and con-
spiring to riot for his participation in the riots in Harlem.
Mr. Smith. When was the organization formed, or do you know ?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, the best I can do on that, sir, is to say that
the National Guardian for February 20, 1965, announced the creation
of this organization, so it would have been sometime just prior — I
would say probably early February 1965.
Mr. Smith. Are there any California sponsors of this organization?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, there are. I am not familiar with all the
names that are listed here as sponsors. There may be more than one,
but I do know of one. On this exhibit that I have, there appears the
name of Vincent Hallinan, whom I have referred to previously here,
and we also have a letterhead from CERGE, with a message on it.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 45 and 46,"
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. This went to an individual in Berkeley saying,
"We gratefully acknowledge your financial assistance to CERGE."
It is dated April 3, 1965, and it lists as one of the sponsors Vincent
Hallinan, an avowed Marxist attorney of San Francisco.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, at this point I would like to enter into the
record the information concerning Mr. Hallinan's activities. Commu-
nist-front organizations, et cetera, as taken from the committee files.
The Chairman. All right. It will be received.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 47" follows:)
montgomeky exhibit no. 47
Information from the Files of the Committee on Un-American Activities
U.S. house of representatives
Subject: VINCENT HALLINAN.
This Committee makes NO EVALUATION in this report. The following Is only
a compilation of recorded public material contained in our files and should not
be construed as representing the results of any investigation or finding by the
Committee. The fact that the Committee has information as set forth below on
the subject of this report is not per se an indication that this individual, organiza-
ion, or publication is subversive, unless specifically stated.
Symbols in parentheses after the name of any organization or publication
mentioned herein indicate that the organization or publication has been cited
as being subversive by one or more Federal authorities. The name of each agency
is denoted by a capital letter, as follows : A — Attorney General of the United
States ; C — Committee on Un-American Activities ; I — Internal Security Subcom-
mittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee ; J— Senate .Judiciary Committee ; and
g — Subversive Activities Control Board. The numerals after each letter represent
the year in which that agency first cited the organization or publication. (For
more complete information on citations, see this Committee's "Guide to Subver-
sive Organizations and Publications.")
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2101
COMMUNIST PARTY PUBLICATIONS
1957- People's World (C-1959)
1962 To share platform with Rockwell Kent at a testimonial to be given in
Mr. Kent's honor, September 14, 1957 in San Francisco ; proceeds from the
testimonial are to go to People's World [Letterhead of "Rockwell Kent
Testimonial Committee," August 19, 1957]
To speak on "I Saw the Powers Trial," October 21, 1960 at Berkeley
meeting held by the East Bay People's World Forum Committee [People's
World, October 22, 1960, p. 11]
Writes book review for People's World [People's World, November 12,
1960, p. 7]
September 4, 1961 picnic for the benefit of People's World to be held at
the Hallinan estate [National Guardian, August 28, 1961, p. 7]
To be master of ceremonies at celebration commemorating the 25th year
of publication of People's World, February 3, 1962 [People's World, Febru-
ary 3, 1962, p. 11]
COMMUNIST FRONTS
1948- Progressive Party (C-1957; 1-1956)
1955 Member, State Central Committee, California, 1948 & 1950 ["Members
of . . . State Central Committees and County Committee Chairmen . . .,"
compiled by Secretary of State, California & published by the State, Au-
gust 7, 1948, p. 39 and August 6, 1950, p. 34]
Chairman, Marin County (Calif.) Central Committee, 1948, 1950 and
1952 ["Members of . . . State Central Committees and County Committee
Chairman . . .," compiled, by Secretary of State, California & published
by the State, August 7, 1948, p. 35 and August 6, 1950, p. 31 ; Daily People's
World, February 6, 1952, p. 6]
Delegate to national convention, July 23-25, 1948, Philadelphia [Daily
People's World, July 3, 1948, p. 8]
Candidate for Presidential elector pledged to Wallace and Taylor (the
Progressive Party candidates) [Daily People's World, August 9, 1948, p. 3]
Scheduled to speak at rally, January 28, 1951, Oakland [Daily People's
World, January 25, 1951, p. 10]
Speaker at San Francisco kick-off rally, December 7, 1951 for tri-state
Progressive Party conference [Daily People's World, December 7, 1951,
p. 2 and December 10, 1951, p. 3]
Scheduled to speak at rally held February 19, 1952 in Philadelphia
[Daily Worker, February 20, 1952, p. 2]
Candidate for President of United States on Progressive Party ticket in
1952 elections [Daily Worker, March 7, 1952, p. 1 and March 16, 1952, p.
2 ; Minutes of meeting of National Committee, Progressive Party, Chicago,
111., March 29-30, 1952]
Sj)eaker and participant in a "conference to end discrimination and
segregation in the nation's capital," May 16, 1953, Washington, D.C., called
by the Progressive Party ["Call" to the conference; Daily Worker, April
30, 1953, p. 8, May 14, 1953, p. 3, May 18, 1953, pp. 1 & 6, May 20, 1953,
p. 2, and May 21, 1953 p. 8]
Scheduled to speak at Philadelphia Peace Rally, May 20, 1953 [Daily
Worker, May 19, 1953, p. 2]
Named honorary vice chairman of California State Central Committee,
August 8, 1954 [Daily People's World, August 10, 1954, pp. 3 & 6]
Scheduled to speak at meeting in Los Angeles, July 21, 1955 [Daily
People's World, July 20, 1955, p. 7]
1949 Civil Rights Congress (A-1947; C-1947; 1-1956; S-1957)
The CRO picnic, July 24, 1949 is scheduled to be held on the Hallinan
estate [Daily People's World, July 18, 1949, p. 3]
1950- National Lawyers Guild (C-1944; 1-1956)
1967 Speaker at NLG annual convention, May 7, 1950 [Daily Worker, May 8,
1950, p. 3]
Vice President, San Francisco Chapter [Daily People's World, April 25,
1950, p. 3]
Guest of honor and speaker at luncheon to be held by New York City
Chapter, March 7, 1951 [Daily Worker, March 5, 1951, p. 5]
One of "Those Guild members who contributed in the Courts to the
2102 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Defense of the Bill of Rights" in whose honor the New York City Chapter
will hold a banquet, October 25, 1957 [Lawyers Guild Review, Fall 1957,
p. 118]
Listed in the 1960 and 1962 NLG's Lawyers Referral Directories [NLG
Convention Souvenir Program, July 28-31, 1960, p. 29 and 1962 Silver
Anniversary Convention Program, p. 28]
To discuss "The United States, Cuba, and the Neutrality Act," at meet-
ing of San Francisco Chapter, May 25, 1961 [New York Guild Lawyer,
May 1961, p. 1]
Member, San Francisco Bay Area Chapter [Certification of Membership,
January 26, 1967, filed with the Secretary of the State Bar of California,
p.l]
1951 Bridges-Robertson-Sohmidt Defense Committee (1-1956)
Scheduled to speak at meeting in San Francisco, January 26, 1951 on
"America Through "Western European Eyes" [Daily People's World, Jan-
uary 26, 1951, p. 3]
1951 Veterans for Peace ( 1-1956)
Scheduled to speak at meeting on March 17, 1951 in San Francisco [Daily
People's World, March 16, 1951, pp. 3 & 6]
1951- Los Angeles Committee for Protection of Foreign Born (C-1956)
1960 Speaker at banquet held September 17, 1951 as testimonial to lawyers
handling deportation cases [Daily People's World, September 18, 1951, p. 3]
Speaker at 10th Annual Dinner honoring members of Legal Panel and
Officers, November 19, 1960 [People's World, October 15, 1960, p. 11, October
22, 1960, p. 11, November 5, 1960, p. 3, November 12, 1960, p. 11, and Novem-
ber 26, 1960, p. 3]
1952 American Labor Party (C-1944 ; 1-1956)
The State Executive Committee of the American Labor Party, New York,
unanimously ratified Hallinan's candidacy for President on the Progressive
Party ticket [Daily Worker, March 25, 1952, p. 3]
Named among those tO' be honored at April 18, 1952 dinner held by the
Kings County American Labor Party in New York City [Daily Worker,
April 14, 1952, p. 8]
Spoke at the following election rallies held by ALP : September 24, din-
ner at Hotel Astor ; September 30, Hunts Point Palace, Bronx ; October 1,
Lost Battalion Hall, Queens ; October 9, Riverside Plaza Hotel, NYC ; and
October 27, Madison Square Garden [Daily Worker, September 22, 1952, pp.
2 & 8 ; September 26, 1952. p. 3 ; September 29, 1952, pp. 6 & 8 ; October 8,
1952, p. 8 ; and October 22, 1952, p. 8]
1952- March of Labor (C-1954)
1955 Elected president of the March of Labor Corporation for the year 1952
[March of Labor, March 1952, p. 22]
Stockholder and part owner, 1952-1955 [Statement of Ownership, March
of Labor, October-November 1952, p. 2, October-November 1953, p. 2, Novem-
ber 1954, p. 2, and November 1955, p. 2]
1953 International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (C-1940;
expelled from CIO in 1950 on grounds of Communist domination)
Took part in discussion at 10th biennial convention of union which closed
in San Francisco on April 11, 1953 [Daily Worker, April 13, 1953, pp. 3 & 6]
1953- Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade (A-1947; C-1944)
1967 To be one of the main speakers at meeting commemorating the "defense
of Madrid," November 14, 1953, San Francisco, called jointly by the VALB
and Spanish Refugee Appeal (C-1946; 1-1956) [Daily People's World,
October 16, 1953, p. 3 and November 5, 1953, p. 7]
Speaker at its "Fight Back Rally," February 25, 1962 in New York;
money collected was tO' be used in the fight to keep the organization from
registering as a "Communist front" as ordered bv the Justice Department
[The Worker, February 4, 1962, p. 9, February 13, 1962, p. 2, March 4, 1962,
p. 12 ; National Guardian, February 12, 1962, p. 10]
Member of Committee of Sponsors for a VALB dinner in tribute' to Dr.
Edward K. Barsky on the 30th Anniversary of the war in Spain, to be held
February 24, 1967, NYC; proceeds are to be used to establish a "defense
fund for those young men and women in the United States and in Spain
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2103
who are today on the firing line of the fight for peace, civil rights and civil
liberties." [January 31, 1967 letterhead with attached invitation]
1955- National Guardian (C-1956)
1963 Main speaker at a Guardian meeting held April 20, 19;")5 at City Center
auditorium, New York [Daily People's World, April 26, 1955, p. 2]
Principal speaker at a benefit banquet for the National Guardian to be
held May 13, 1955 in San Francisco [Daily People's World, April 25, 1965,
p. 7]
National Guardian picnic, July 31, 1955, to be held at home of Vincent
Hallinan, Ross, Calif. [Daily People's World, July 20, 1955, p. 7]
To be host at dinner in his home for benefit of National Guardian, March
29, 1958 [Dinner invitation]
Writer of article, "California : The choice is evil — large or lesser."
[National Guardian, October 13, 1958, p. 5]
To report on recent tour of USSR on July 31, 1959 for benefit of National
Guardian [People's World, July 25, 1959, p. Ill
To report on tour of Europe at meeting on October 10, 1959 for benefit of
National Guardian [People's World, October 3, 1959, p. Ill
To report on the trial of Gary Powers in the Soviet Union (Hallinan was
invited by the Soviet government to observe the trial) at Guardian meeting
on September 2, 1960 [People's World, September 3, 1960, p. 11]
To speak on "American Military and Economic Penetration of the Far
East," at meeting on June 2, 1961 [People's World, May 22, 1961, p. 10,
May 27, 1961, p. 11, and June 3, 1961, p. 11]
To speak on "Political Perspectives, 1962" at meeting in San Francisco
on January 19, 1962 [National Guardian, January 1, 1962, p. 11]
Reviews book for National Guardian [National Guardian, September 26,
1963, p. 10]
Sponsor, Yasui Welcoming Committee (the National Guardian as a part
of its 15th Anniversary celebration sponsored a 10-day peace tour of the
United States by Professor Kaoru Yasui of Tokyo, November 17-26, 1963)
[National Guardian, November 7, 1963, p. 6 ; leaflet, "The National Guard-
ian announces . . ."]
1960 American Russian Institute of San Francisco (A-1949; C-1959)
Co-author with his wife of booklet entitled "A Clash of Cultures : Some-
Contrasts in American and Soviet Morals and Manners," published in 1960
by American Russian Institute [Booklet ; May 25, 1960 ARI Bulletin ;
People's World, June 11, 1960, p. 11]
To speak at meeting in San Francisco, December 10, 1960 on "New
Highroads to Peace and Friendship" [People's World, November 19, No-
vember 26, December 3, and December 10, 1960, p. 11]
1960 Methodist Federation FOR Social Action (1-1956)
Speaker at meeting October 28, 1960 at Annual Fall Retreat, White
Sulfur Springs Resort, Calif. [MFSA Retreat Program, October 28-29,
I960]
1961 National Assembly foe Democratic Rights (C-1961 )
Sponsor of rally to be held September 23, 1961 in New York City to pro-
test the action of the Supreme Court in upholding the McCarran Act and
requiring the Communist Party to register [National Guardian, August 21,
1961, p. 3; ad, New York Times, "Back to McCarthyism ?", September 7,
1961, p. 26 ; undated letterhead received January 4, 1962]
Speaker at the rally on September 23 [The Worker, September 24, 1961,
pp. 1 & 10 ; People's World, September 30, 1961, pp. 1 & 12]
1961 Emergency Civil Liberties Committee (C-1959 ; 1-1956)
Signer of ad defending the First Amendment [ECLC reprint of Wash-
ington Post ad, October 2, 1961]
1962 Fair Play for Cuba Committee, Greater Los Angeles Chapter (C-1962)
Speaker on Cuba at meeting on March 4, 1961 [Handbill, "The Case for
Cuba ;" People's World, March 11, 1961, p. 3]
1962 New World Review (C-1958 ; 1-1956)
His book, "A Clash of Cultures : Some Contrasts in US-USSR Morals
and Manners," offered free with 5-monith trial subscription to New World
2104 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Review [List of Book Premiums enclosed in New World Reyiew form let-
ter of October 2, 1962]
1962- Citizens Committee foe Constitutional Liberties (C-1961)
1964 Sponsor [Letterheads dated August 14, 1962, May 17, 1963, and April 9,
1964]
.Sponsor, March 15, 1964 dinner in New York City in honor of the Chair-
man of the organization [National Guardian, March 7, 1964, p. 11]
1964- National Committee To Abolish the Un-Amekican Activities Com-
1966 mittee (C-1961)
iSponsor [Abolition News, published by the organization, February 21,
1964, p. 4 ; letterhead dated December 4, 1964 with attached list of spon-
sors ; also letterheads of April 2, 1965 and January 8, 1966]
1965 Northern California Committee for Protection of Foreign Born (C-
1956)
Sponsor of benefit, June 5, 1965 in San Francisco [Program of benefit,
attached to June 5, 1965 handbill]
Additional Pertinent Information
1949 Defense of Communist Leaders
Signer of letters to Vice President Alben Barkley and Attorney General
J. Howard McGrath protesting the trial of the 12 Communist Party leaders
[Daily People's World, September 22, 1&49, p.l]
1952- Support for Juuus and Ethel Rosenberg, Convicte:d in 1951 of Espionage
1953 Urged people to write President Truman to save lives of Ethel and
Julius Rosenberg, sentenced to die on espionage charges [Daily Worker,
October 15, 1052, p. 1]
To speak at mass rally for clemency for the Rosenbergs at meeting on
January 22, 1952 at Williard Junior High School, Berkeley [Daily People's
World, December 30, 1952, p. 3]
Speaker at meeting to raise funds in behalf of the Rosenbergs, Febru-
ary 15, 1953, Oakland, California [Daily People's World, February 17,
1953, p. 8]
An international dinner "to aid the fight to save the Rosenbergs" is to
be held in Hallinan's home, April 25, 1953 [Daily People's World, April 24,
1953, p. 6]
Mr. Smith. Did CERGE have an address in San Francisco ?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, here is a page-size insert in a copy of Sparlc^
which is the Progressive Labor Party publication, with a huge article,
feature article, "FREE BILL EPTON ! 'we will win,'" calling for
money contributions and "Send in coupon." The address given is "Mens
Manhattan House of Detention," if you want to write to him directly,
but as for San Francisco, it comes out of the Sparh headquarters in
San Francisco. I believe Post Office Box — their Box 4403, where they
fot their mail. It is the Sparh headquarters, is what it amounts to.
'rogressive Labor headquarters.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 48" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Continue, please.
Do you have any additional documents ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have an ad that was run — well, I believe that
is part of this exhibit [indicating] — an ad that was run in June of
1965 on behalf of Epton, an urgent appeal, money is urgently needed,
to send it to Box 4403, San Francisco. Now, this was an advertisement
calling for public contributions for the defense of Bill Epton.
Mr. Smith. Were any meetings held by CERGE in San Francisco ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have one document, a leaflet, which indicates,
"Harlem — ^Watts — Oakland. 'WE ACCUSE.' Who are the 7'eal crimi-
nals? What is the real meaning of the rehellions in Harlem and
Watts? Where is the struggle leading? Hear: bill mcadoo — ^from Har-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2105
lem, FRANK GREENWOOD — f rom Watts, MARK COMFORT — f roiii East Oak-
land."
Now, this also was given wide distribution because the meeting was
held in San Francisco on Sunday, March 27, at 8 p.m., in 1965, and
at California Hall, 625 Polk Street in San Francisco.
They also featured music by The Gentlemen and there was a
donation at the door, a solicitation of 99 cents, apparently for some
tax purposes. This was put out by CERGE.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 49" follows :)
Montgomery Exhibit No. 49
HsHem
Who are the real criminals?
What is the real meaning of the rebellions In Harlem and Watts?
Where Is the struggle leading?
Hear:
from Harlem
from Watts
IVIARK COMFORT
from East Oakland
BENEFIT FOR CEBCE (COMMfTTEE TO DEFEND RESISTANCE TO GHETTO LIFE)
Sunday March 27, 8 P. M.
California Hall, 625 Polk Street in San Francisco
Plus: Music by The Gentlemen
99 Cents — Donation at tne aoor ^^
2106 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, the name Bill McAdoo mentioned by
Mr. Montgomery, we have quite a lengthy record on Mr. McAdoo in
the committee files which I would like to enter at this point.
The Chairman. All right, it will be done.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 50'' follows:)
Montgomery Exhibit No. 50
WILLIAM McADOO
William (Bill) McAdoo is an oflBcial of the pro-Peking Communist Progressive
Labor Party.
He headed its front called the Harlem Defense Council and the Committee to
Defend Resistance to Ghetto Life (CEiRGE) .
When the 1964 riots in New York City were investigated by a grand jury,
McAdoo refused to cooperate. He was subsequently sentenced to 4 months in
jail for criminal contempt for refusing to cooperate with the grand jury inves-
tigation of the riot.
He had "refused to answer questions as to when he had become a member
of the Progressive Labor movement * * * ; whether he had demonstrated at the
movement's headquarters how to make Molotov cocktails and whether he had
agreed with Epton to incite further rioting." (New York Times 10/28/64 :C18)
McAdoo has been an open member of the Progressive Labor Party, and his
membership has been repeatedly acknowledged in PLP publications. The May
1966 issue of Spark notes that he is from the Harlem Progressive Labor Party.
WILLIAM (BILL) McADOO
Year
Incident/Organization
Affiliation
Source
1961 Camp Midvale - Director...
1961 New Horizons for Youth, Progressive Youth Organizing Scheduled enter-
Committee, and Advance (Hootenanny, New York tainerat Hoote-
City, Dec. 8, 1961). nanny.
1962 East Side Press Club (meeting in New York City on Scheduled enter-
Apr. 6, 1962). tainer.
1964-66 Harlem Defense Council Leader, chairman,
and cochairman.
National Guardian, July 24, 1961
p. 7.
The Worker, Dec. 5, 1961, p.6.
The Worker, Apr. 1, 1962, p. 10.
National Guardian, Jan. 30, 1965,
p. 10; Challenge, Mar. 16,
1965, p. 4; and leaflet, "Rally
to Free Bill Epton," Jan. 21,
1966.
National Guardian, Apr. 17, 1965,
p. 7.
The New York Times, Oct. 28,
1964, p. C-18.
1964 July 18-23 New York riot: Sentenced to 4 months in
jail on Apr. 5, 1965, for criminal contempt for refus-
ing to cooperate with a New York State grand jury
investigation. of.the riot.
(He "refused to answer questions as to when he had
become a member of the Progressive Labor move-
ment * * *; whether he had demonstrated at the
movement's headquarters how to make Molotov
cocktails and whether he had agreed with (William)
Epton to incite further rioting.")
1964 Ad Hoc Committee to Combat Fascism (rally in New Speaker at rally Challenge, Oct. 20, 1964, p. 2
York City, Oct. 15, 1964).
1964 Progressive Labor Movement (National Coordinating Participant.. .
Committee meeting, October 1964).
1965 Progressive Labor Writer of articles. . .
1964-65 Committee to Defend Resistance to Ghetto Life Chairman.
(CERGE).
1966 Progressive Labor Party Official
1966 Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation (petition support- Signer of petition..
ing the I nternational War Crimes Tribunal initiated
by Bertrand Russell).
1966 Free University Forum (meeting in New York City on Scheduled speaker
Jan. 8, 1966).
"The Black Liberation Struggle
and the Right to Revolution"
Pre-Convention Discussion
Bulletin #2 (Progressive Labor
Movement).
Progressive Labor, October
1965, pp. 39-57; and June-
July 1966, pp. 31-56 and
65-67.
National Guardian, Nov. 28,
1964, p. 8; and letterhead,
February 1965.
"Road to Revolution," (1967)
by Phillip A. Luce, p. 127.
National Guardian, Nov. 12, 1966,
p. 8.
National Guardian, Jan. 8, 1966,
p. 11.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2107
Mr. Smith. Have the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs been active in the area
we have under discussion ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, they have been very active, but most of their
attention has been focused on the Vietnam issue and on the poverty
issue. There is no little question but what they have agitated in areas
where riots have occurred. In fact, members of the club have been ob-
served at these various demonstrations and riots.
I have as an example of their activity a copy of the front page of
THE CONVENER. Now, this was published by the preparatory com-
mittee for a new nationwide socialist youth organization. This orga-
nization had its first convention June 21, 1964, and adopted the name
W. E. B. DuBois Clubs of America. This convention was held at 150
Golden Gate Avenue in San Francisco and turned out to be what con-
stituted the founding convention of the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs. This
was a call for that meeting.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 51" and retained in
committee files. )
Mr. Montgomery. It depicts pictures of — the issue that I have is for
April 1964, and the cover has two photographs of the Sheraton-Palace
Hotel demonstration of March 1964, and they claim victory in this
demonstration. This later became the INSURGENT. After the found-
ing convention, they continued the publication, but rather than being
called THE CONVENER, it was known as the INSURGENT and I
am more aware of it under that title than I am THE CONVENER.
I have another document. It is undated, but it would appear to rne
to be some time in 1964 and it was printed by the Fillmore DuBois
Club. At its original inception there in the Bay area we had at least
three chapters of the DuBois Club. It has gone downhill a little. They
are not as active as they were, but at that time they were most active
and the Fillmore district is one — well, the Harlem of San Francisco.
We have two, three predominantly Negro areas: Hunter's Point, the
Fillmore area, and portions of the Ingleside, but the Fillmore by and
large is considered the Harlem of San Francisco.
Now, this document is titled "HAVE THE COPS EVER GIVEN
YOU ANY TROUBLE?" This is aimed basically at police brutality.
"Has a cop ever walked into your house ?
"Has a cop ever stopped you on the street for nothing ?
"Has a cop ever pulled you out of your car without reason?" and
so on.
"If a cop has ever done anything like this to you he is breaking the
law.
"YOU DONT HAVE TO TAKE IT"
And they set up a committee to receive any complaints against the
police. Their duty was to gather any complaints of any nature against
the police, and it is rather interesting.
You call this particular number or come to McAllister Street, which
was the DuBois headquarters, and here again you come across three
names : Sharon Stallinger, Richard Thomas, and, again, Harold Su-
priano. No matter where you turned, you would inevitably come
across Harold Supriano somewhere in the picture.
(Document marked "Montgomeiy Exhibit No. 52" and retamed m
committee files.)
2108 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery. Theai I have a flyer, a DuBois Club newsletter,
that was put out in San Francisco, and it calls on their membership
to aid the Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination in their picket-
ing project at the Oahl<md Tribune.
I mentioned earlier today the picketing demonstration of the Oak-
land Tribune. This is a letter sent out to the membership of the DuBois
Club asking that they join in this demonstration, and a great many of
them did.
Mr. Smith. Do you have a date for that?
Mr. Montgomery. This was sent out just prior — well, the meeting
itself was held on January 17, 1965, where they passed the resolution
calling for assistance to the Ad Hoc Committee.
Mr. Smith. Thank you.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 53" and retained
in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Now we have switched over to the INSUR-
GENT. This was originally THE CONVENER, and most of the
material I have comes out of the INSURGENT., the national maga-
zine of the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs of America. This is a national
publication, and here is the cover for May- June 1966 issue. Again, it is
a caricature of police beating a Negro and reflecting police brutality,
alleged police brutality, which became at about this point one of their
main projects, espousing the charges of police brutality.
It is rather interesting that this particular drawing carries the sig-
nature of Frank Cieciorka, Jr., and this boy is quite a character. He
holds forth in hippieland, the Haight-Ashbury, but he is quite active
in doing cartoon work, not only for the DuBois Club and Progressive
Labor Party, but also for various "undergromid" newspapers.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 54" appears on page
2109.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, do you have any additional preriot
documents to offer the committee ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have a leaflet distributed by the People's Armed
Defense Groups, which states they were organized by the Communist
Party U.S.A. (Marxist-Leninist) and it gives the address of 9122
South Compton Avenue, Los Angeles; also, a New York address of
2521 8th Avenue.
The leaflet states "Oppose the Reactionary Violence of the ruling
CLASS With the Revolutionary Violence of the people." Li other words,
it is advocating revolution. Although this carries Los Angeles and New
York addresses, this was given wide distribution in the San Francisco
area.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, a similar exhibit was distributed in the
south-central Los Angeles area in May 1966. It was introduced as
an exhibit in the testimony of James C. Harris,^ a detective of the dis-
trict attorney's office of Los Angeles County, in testimony before this
committee on November 28, 1967.
The Chairman. All right.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 55" and retained in
committee files.)
^Tihis is almost identical to Harris Exhibit No. 16, pt. 3, p. 1144.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2109
Montgomery Exhibit No. 54
THE NATIONAL MAGAZINE OF THE W.i.i. DuBOIS ClUBS OF AMIUCA
THE WAR ON POVERTY
Is Poverty Winning?
WHO USES VIOLENCE?
:;i^$^i^:5f^i^s^i^•■-
MAY-JUNE, 1966
25^
33 O - 69 - Dt. 6-5
2110 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery. I have a sticker headed "BURN, BABY,
BURN." Now, this was printed by the Anarchist League of Los
Angeles and was distributed prior to the riot in San Francisco in
September of 1966.
I might say that these are samples of the type of inflammatory propa-
granda— in addition to "BURN, BABY, BURN," there were^-dis-
played "support your local anarchist" and "WARNING: your
LOCAL POLICE ARE ARMED and DANGEROUS !"
These also appeared in little sticker form almost overnight through-
out West Oakland in the Negro area, and throughout various areas
of San Francisco you would find these little stickers on mail boxes,
on metal utility poles, on postal boxes.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 56-A" follow:)
Montgomery Exhibit No. 56-A
UIRINI,
URN
Support the Revolution A. L. - L. A.
ARNING:
\OVK LOCAL
POLICE
ARE i
ARMED
AND
NGEROUS*
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2111
Mr. Montgomery. There was one — I don't have a copy of it, iin-
foitiinately — that came at the same time : "Watch Whitey Run," and
people were going around scraping these off the mail boxes who
disagreed with theni, but these were given Avide dissemhiation through-
out the Bay area and, again, this was prior to the riot of San
Francisco.
They also put out a document "Uncle Sam wants YOU nigger,"
and I am not sure where this came from. It is not identified, but this
appeared in the Bay area about the same time as these other inflamma-
tory posters.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 56-B" ^ and re-
tained in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. And we had one other, too, called "No More
Police Brutality ! in San Francisco, citizens police review board."
This was put out cosponsored by CORE and by Freedom House,
which is an organization in the Fillmore district calling for the estab-
lishment of a police review board in San Francisco.
They circulated a petition trying to create a pressure vehicle to call
on the board of supervisors for the establishment of such a board. It
was unsuccessful.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 57" appears on
pages 2112 and 2113.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, does this conclude the presentation
of your material on agitational activities conducted prior to the riot
which broke out in September 1966 ?
Mr. Montgomery'. It does. This concludes everything that I have
with me up to the time of the riot ; yes, sir.
Mr. Smith. Would you care to summarize your presentation up to
this point ?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, I feel that up to now, if I might summarize
it, I would say that it indicates that agitational activities were con-
ducted prior to the riots by the following groups, and I at one time
or another named these various organizations :
There was the Direct Action Group, the Ad Hoc Committee To End
Discrimination, Progressive Labor Party — and its front, CERGE —
the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs, the Communist Party U.S.A. (Marxist-
Leninist) , the Anarchist League. And in addition, of course, the Com-
munist Party official newspaper, the People's World., for a number of
years prior to the riot published a continuing barrage of inflammatory
antipolice, racist, antigovernment racist articles, and I think it set the
foundation for a gradual buildup of animosity within the minority
groups toward law and order, toward the so-called Establishment, the
term they like to use.
Mr. Smith. Now, to get to the riot itself, was there a particular in-
cident that triggered it ?
1 Exhibit 56-B offered by Mr. Montgomery at this point is exactly the same as Wheeler
Exhibit No. 50-A (pt. 3, p. 1300) except that it bears no indication of its source. The
followine notation appears at the bottom of Wheeler Exhibit No. 50-A :
"Issued bv : HARLEM PROGRESSIVE LABOR CLUB, 336 Lenox Avenue, New
York 10027.* For additional copies send to: Progessive Labor Party: Chicaffo: 2049
North Dayton St., Los Angeles: 218 East S2nd Place, San Francisco: 3382 18th Street.
California." . .
It is also interesting to note that a flyer reproducing the famous Army recruiting poster
depiction of Uncle Sam pointing his finger but with the caption "Uncle Sam wants YOU
nigger" was also distributed in Newark, N.J. (See Kinney Exhibit No. 19, pt. 4, p. Ii911.)
2112 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 57
'rOfv£
oi'ice
V
i 1 ^ ^ ^
W V,
X -
— tf*
•^
-I
4. .,.^. ^-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2113
Montgomery Exhibit No. 57 — Continued
\Jm WE WJST H^VE A CITIZEN'S POLICE REVIEif EO^PD:
BECAUSE XT 16 THE BPOTUGHT THA" i-rJTS POUCE DRUIALITY OUT OF THE
DAPtC; BECAUSE IT IS THE POOR IVN'S PROTBCIlOIi JJHOM E^.UTAXITf Hi
THE HTDDEN RECESSES CF THfC J/'IT'l AfJD THE S'i'R':E:r'S.
The police have no right to teat or ahuse a child, a woman or a rnn be^mr-;
they looked at a cop .-'.n the wrong '■ray, or because th'^y vero dmi)f;d vro'.^'T
or talker} wrons. In Tact, the pcHoe have no rigirt to hsa::- n -u?.-! even
though be ?.« fr-^lty C'f a crlwe. So wt-.o gave the San IV'.'r'rinco poiici; ttin
rljht to find a vt?n c''-'5-Ity ©"flocking vro!ig pjad be.?.tln.-; h'.n for -it?
A pollen review boc-.rri nf.de up of pf'ople fron thn neigh^yoj-hoed will he a
place where we can file complain'^.s' ahcut ■bruta?.ity or '•" '"^e *ind (•t^t Ju:- i:"'.
^
/vnd !•' you hu-.'e tJiy cotnplalnts atcut pi-dlce brutality, CALL us.
r,!)?E: JO "J-T'^o FREEDOM HOUSE: JO l-'^V-h
lCc6 O'Farreil ht. 1?53 FiUroore Fl-
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, there was. The riot itself happened on a
Tuesday afternoon, the spark, on a Tuesday afternoon when a police
officer
The Chairman. What date ?
Mr. Montgomery. September 27, 1966.
— when a police officer in pursuit of three young Negro suspects
whom he had flushed from a stolen car — he came upon the stolen car.
They were in it; they fled. He couldn't chase all three of them. He did
pursue one individual, encountered him on two different occasions, de-
manded that he stop, threatened to shoot, even fired a warning shot in
the air, and finally, from a distance of more than 150 feet, did fire, and
the boy was shot and was killed.
Now, this happened in the midafternoon on September 27, and by
evening it had become quite a cause of discussion throughout the
Hunter's Point area, and the agitators on the various street corners —
groups were there, and they began gathering in size and numbers. The
police became alarmed.
Before long there was looting, window-smashing; the thing grew.
Finally that evening the police thought they had it quieted down pretty
well. At that time they handled it on their own at first, and then even-
2114 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
tually it grew in magnitude to where Chief Cahill was obliged to call
in the National Guard troops and call in the highway patrol, particu-
larly on the second day.
Late in the afternoon of the second day, police, in attempting to
maintain order in the Hunter's Point area along Third Street, had
blocked off traffic. During the night windshields were smashed, false
alarms were sent in, firemen were pelted with bottles and rocks. Gen-
eral disturbance.
On the following afternoon along about 5 o'clock, as I recall, the
police were fired upon from the second floor of the Bayview Com-
munity Center, which I spoke of earlier as the headquarters for the
War on Poverty project in that area. And, of course, the police were
obliged to return the fire.
I think it is significant that no one was killed in their return fire.
They used buckshot and they purposely aimed at the lower extremity
of the people they were shooting at. The 10 who were wounded suf-
fered buckshot wounds in the legs. There was no shooting at heads.
They weren't using rifles.
Then in addition to receiving fire from the second floor of the Bay-
view Center, there also was, on Newcomb Street just a half a block
away, a Cadillac car parked in the driveway and there was rifle fire
emanating at the police from under that vehicle. The police were
obliged to storm the site, and the Cadillac was pretty well shot up.
One of the three people who had been behind it suffered leg wounds
from shotgun pellets.
Then at its height, particularly on the second day, the riot spread
to the Fillmore district, which is quite some distance removed, but, of
course, they were aware of what was happening at Hunter's Point. It
was at this point they had to call in the National Guard.
They had to put guardsmen on the fire trucks to protect the firemen.
They had highway patrolmen and police riding in two teams of two
men each, four in a car.
Then the looting spread and robberies, burglaries. Actually, I could
give you a brief idea of w^hat the summation was as to the various
offenses if you are interested in it, but it is contained in this report
put out by Chief Cahill. It gives a very comprehensive breakdown as to
what particularly happened.
For instance, there was one person fatally shot fleeing the stolen
car; 161 persons reported injured, including 58 policemen, firemen.
I think I reviewed part of this earlier in my testimony.
Damage to civilian property was in excess of $33,000 ; Government
property damage, mostly police cars, fire engines, Government build-
ings, approximately $12,000; losses by looting liquor stores and cloth-
ing stores, luggage shops, roughly $91,000.
Actually, the entire riot was finally declared over. The "state of
emergency" was ended after 128 hours, which is the title they gave in
the report and the summation of what then occurred.
Mr. Smith. You mentioned previously that you have researched
(he People's World from January 1, 1962, to May 1968. Will you
please continue with your testimony on that?
Mr. Montgomery. I have, if you please, a copy of the People's World
for April 1, 1967. This is after the riot, which bears the caption
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2115
"Police review is Oakland issue." Here they are led by Elijah Turner,
M'ho is a militant Negro heading a militant group in Oakland.
(Docimient marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 58" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Incidentally, he was a candidate for public office
there — ^the city council. He was not elected. But he was setting up a
clamor for a police review board in the city of Oakland. This was
April 1, 1967.
The Chairman. Mr. Montgomery, because of the time limit would
vou mind submitting those documents for the record instead of read-
mg them ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I shall.
Then on August 5, 1967, we have an article from the People's World
and headed "Stop shooting down people because they steal something."
This was one that featured a speech by Howard Harawitz, who was
one of the militant activist leaders in the Bay area, and it took excep-
tion to the fact that police had been obliged to shoot someone.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 59" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I am submitting a list of several articles from the
People's World. Again you might notice, Mr. Chairman, every so
often the patent cartoon always depicting the policemen beating some
individual.
The Chairman. Those documents will be received.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 60-A through
K," respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Smith. You testified to the W. E. B. DuBois Club's racial
agitation activity of an inflammatory nature prior to the riot. Has
f his organization continued this activity since the riot ?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, yes. I want to say this. They have not been
so active as they were previously. There has been a little dissension
within the group. They have lost some of their members. There has
been some rivalry between the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs and the
Trotskyists, the Socialist Workers group.
For instance, Bettina Aptheker scheduled a 2-day conference on
the Berkeley campus. They were going to have workshops and seminars.
Unbeknown to her, Kipp Dawson of the Trotskyists group, the So-
cialist Workers Party, had sent out a quiet notice that the meeting
was to be boycotted and as a consequence where she had expected 200
or 300 people only a piper's guard attended and the whole conference
fell through by 11 in the morning.
So there has not been the activity from the W. E. B. DuBois Clubs
that there had been previously. The Hallinans have shown a dis-
interest. They are not active in the W. E. B. DuBois Club as they
once were or as they were prior to the riot. Then, too, the national
headquarters of the W. E. B. DuBois Club was moved about that
time from San Francisco to Chicago. With the movement of the
headquarters and then subsequently, as I understand it, the loss of
most of their records in Chicago, it became prettjr well known who
some of these leaders were behind the people out in front.
As a consequence there hasn't been too much activity by the W. E. B.
DuBois Club as such. But in April 1968 their issue of the INSUR-
2116 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
GENT shows on its cover a number of pictures of various demonstra-
tions and inside is an article entitled "War on Kacism," which, among
other things, says :
STOP THE VIOLENCE AND TERROR AGAINST THE BLACK COMMUNI-
TIES ! STOP THE POLICY OF GENOCIDE AGAINST BLACK AMERICA!
END RACISM IN ALL ITS FORMS ! !
Then there is a cartoon showing President Johnson with his arm
around a member of the Ku Klux Klan carrying a weapon, depicted
here on page six of the INSURGENT. The tone of the INSURGENT
runs consistent throughout and these are just a couple of the examples.
But since its national headquarters was moved, it has been rather
quiet.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 61." Copy of cover
page appears on page 2117.)
Mr. Smith. You have also testified as to the racial agitation activity,
that is, the inflammatory type of agitation, on the part of the Progres-
sive Labor Party. Has this organization also continued this same activ-
ity since the riot ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, very much so; particularly not only as the
PLP and Sparky which still remains in publication, but also through
a front called the Mission Tenants Union that was set up by John
Ross, whom I have mentioned. They have been. active; yes, sir.
Mr. Smith. Would you discuss the PLP first ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have an issue here of Spark which is for Octo-
ber 1966 [Montgomery Exhibit No. 62]. This is the first edition fol-
lowing the riot, and its tenor is "BLACK PEOPLE REVOLT," and
"San Francisco Cop Murders — Black Community Fights Back." In
other words, the Negro people have revolted, and the idea is they refer
to Chief of Police Thomas Cahill as "Chief Killer Cahill."
The Chairman. As chief who ?
Mr. Montgomery. "Chief Killer," rather than Chief of Police Ca-
hill. It is typical of the type of propaganda and it is still coming.
This isn't the only issue. They have scenes that contain various pic-
tures taken during the course of the riot which we have been dis-
cussing and, of course, some rather adverse photographs of President
Johnson and other national dignitaries.
Wherever they can get a picture that would show him in an adverse
light, they have used it. This is typical of the Spark newspaper, and
it carries its own identification as the outlet of the Progressive Labor
Party.
Mr. Smith. Do you have any additional documents by the Progres-
sive Labor Party that you would like to submit for the record ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have a two-page leaflet which was circulated in
October of 1967 by the Progressive Labor Party through what they
called the Bay Area Trade Union Section [Montgomery Exhibit No.
63]. They set up committees within their own organization. This is a
resume of the Progressive Labor Party's viewpoint on the riot which
occurred September 27.
It reads in part :
In a split second on Tuesday, September 27, a San Francisco cop tried, sen-
tenced and executed on the spot 16 year old Matthew Johnson of Hunters Point.
He was shot in the back for suspected car theft. It is not the first time the peo-
ple of Hunters Point have been attacked by cops, like Black people in cities all
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2117
^-^■i
Montgomery Exhibit No. 61
v/. t- »•
WATT
AHt>
VI ETNA
llSM.l
[rs
us.
T^
«WCK PEOPLE
•r . wiwsnouu) Vt^53MFTH£DEA
-««« RACISM,^ wnrruc '
., °' *«nNM(iESE TU « OF THE !
'THtWAR
NOW'
2118 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
over the country. But this time the whole community rebelled. The government
responded with a military invasion. The National Guard, founded to crush the
railroad strikes of 1877, last used in San Francisco to break the general strike in
1934, proven killers in the Watts uprising, were told to shoot to kill and many
unarmed Black people were wounded.
This is their opening paragraph. They say, " 'KACE KIOT' OR
EEBELLION ?" It goes on :
What were the causes of the rebellion? Clearly this was not * * * a "race
riot." Black and white mobs were not fighting one another. It was a battle
between the cops and the ghetto people * * *.
That was the general nature of this leaflet printed by Spark and
put out from the Progressive Labor headquarters in San Francisco.
I have also a leaflet they put out, "the plot against BLACK
AMERICA," and this was published by the Harlem branch of the
Progressive Labor Party, but it was distributed, given wide distribu-
tion, in San Francisco and it again is depicting scenes of alleged police
brutality [Montgomery Exhibit No. 64].
As I remarked earlier, you never see the scene that preceded the
snapping of the camera. There is invariably something ahead of it we
never see. It only shows the policeanan in his worst lig'ht. There is
something on the back page there, a caricature I was going to refer to.
It is typical of the propaganda they are putting out.
There is a booklet called "BLACK LIBERATION— NOW!" The
booklet itself accredits printing to the Black Liberation Commission
of the Progressive Labor Party in Harlem, New York, and it was
circulated in San Francisco in July of 1967. I don't know when it
was printed, but it appeared in July of 1967 in San Francisco. Again
it is highly racist and inflammatory material.
(Document previously marked "Wlieeler Exhibit No. 49" in part 3 of
these hearings and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Then I have a leaflet circulated by the Progressive
Labor Party in early May of 1968 [Montgomery Exhibit No. 65].
This document supports the recent students' strike at Columbia Uni-
versity and it is simply a laudatoiy statement praising the Columbia
students and those who participated with them, including a tribute
totheSDS.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 62 through 65,"
respectively, and retained in committee files. Cover page of Exhibit
64 appears on page 2119.)
Mr. Smith. Thank you, sir. A few minutes ago you stated you had
information on an organization known as the Mission Tenants Union.
Would you describe this organization and its activities ?
Mr. Montgomery. It is an organization that was created by the
Progressive Labor Party. It was headed up primarily by John Ross. In
a leaflet they put out [Montgomery Exhibit No. 66], the Mission
Tenants Union by its own admission states the Progressive Labor
Party organized the Mission Tenants Union. In other words, they
attribute their foilndation to the Progressive Labor Party. It says,
"only a month and a half ago, the progressive labor party which
organized the mission tenants union was forced to move," and so
on and so forth.
Mr. Smith. What was the purpose of this organization ?
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2119
Montgomery Exhibit No. 64
THE
PLOT
AGAINST
BLACK AMERICA
PablUhed by the Harlem Branch o« Progreaaive Labor Party
Mr MoNTCOMERY. It was to organize^at this point they are con-
centratino- on the Mexican Americans rather than the Negroes m the
Mission district of San Francisco, but Negroes as well. In tins particu-
lar area, they are mostly Mexican Americans, and John Koss spent
most of his time working with these people causmg, oh, advocating
rent controls, encouraging nonpayment of rents, hghtmg eviction
notices, that type of thing.
2120 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Smith. Who was the chairman of that organization ?
Mr. Montgomery. John Ross, it is my understanding.
Mr. SMrrH. Who is John Ross ?
Mr. Montgomery. It shows here that the chairman is John Ross,
and it lists other cochairmen, the secretary, the treasurer. I have a
document dated March 30, 1967, which gave the program for the night,
what they were going to talk to. It identifies Ross as the chairman
[Montgomery Exhibit No. 67] .
Now, Ross himself, well, I don't know how much of the background
I have on him except that he ran for the board of supervisors, or at
least he announced he intended to file for the board of supervisors
and he failed to meet a requirement.
You have to be a resident of San Francisco for 5 years to run as a
candidate for the board of supervisors, and he had not met that re-
quirement, but he did file a statement for intention of election. So, as
a consequence, his name was left off the official printed ballot. He was
going to take the matter to court. The court would not hear it. He
just did not qualify and so he campaigned as a write-in candidate
and he got a very minimal number of votes.
Mr. Smith. Has he been in jail ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, he has a jail record. He was arrested recently
for inciting a riot and fighting right there at his own headquarters.
But he had served time prior to that. The record itself — I am not sure
if I have a copy of the record of John Ross, of his arrest record, but
I do know that he has served time.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, it is to be noted that John Ross has served
a 6-month sentence in 1964 for evading the draft as a matter of com-
mittee record.
Mr. Montgomery. And I believe — it is my recollection, sir, that was
in New York City. He was convicted in New York City as a draft
evader.
Mr. Smith. Yes.
In your answer to the previous question you mentioned the Mission
Tenants Union branched out into fields other than aiding poverty-
stricken families. Would you care to enlarge on this, please ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have a leaflet distributed by John Ross and
headed "STOP POLICE ATTACKS on the people !" [Montgomery
Exhibit No. 68]. This was given wide distribution through the auspices
of the Mission Tenants Union, actually it is a political campaign piece
of literature on behalf of John Ross, but his platform was police
brutality and police attacks on the public.
This was the main plank of his platform in seeking election. Also,
he cited the address, 2929 16th Street, which is their present head-
quarters. It might be worth noting that this is directly across the
street from the San Francisco Labor Temple, where they have made
efforts to recruit members from within the ranks of organized labor
in San Franciso. They have not done too well.
Then on March 7, the San Francisco Police Department arrested
Ross and others at a benefit party sponsored by the Draft Resistance
Union. I have an article, a newspaper publication for August 7, 1967,
stating the persons arrested resisted arrest and there were several in-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2121
juries both to the arresting officers and the persons arrested [Mont-
gomery Exliibit No. 69].
This turned out to be a regular Donnybrook over in the Mission
district and, of course, immediately the cry went up of police bru-
tality. The police were resolved to make these arrests and if they had to
use force to do it, why that was what followed and, of course, they then
became brutality incidents :
Six policemen were injured and ten persons arrested — one a candidate for
the Board of Supervisors — when a benefit party for the San Francisco Draft
Resistance Union erupted into a bloody affray early yesterday.
It describes Ross and the fact he is a warehouseman and he served
6 months for draft evasion.
It tells of four policemen who were jumped by 20 individuals in
Ross' presence at tliat time. It gives a rather full account of w^hat
happened. The history of the case is, there was too much noise, dis-
turbance, the people in the adjoining building complained. Officers
went there to quiet the thing down and immediately were subject to
a vile and obscene attack orally, and one thing led to another until
finally from the top of the stairs one policeman was struck by a thrown
object and the show was on the road.
1 have also a flyer titled "MISSION PEOPLE BATTLE COP
TERROR" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 70] . This is an account put out
by John Ross of what happened. This Avas put out by the Mission
Tenants Union — a joint operation, the Mission Tenants Union, the
Mission Committee Against the War, Students for a Democratic So-
ciety, Progressive Labor Party, Black Anti-Draft Union, and S.F.
Draft Resistance Union.
This just about covered the field. The flyer is on the event of the
Saturday night when 10 patrol cars of police were accused of disrupt-
ing the afTair that was under way. It is typical of the propaganda put
out and it is always inflammatory, alleging police brutality.
That would about conclude what I have on Ross himself. I may
have one other thing here. The Spark publication of Progressive Labor
Party, in its August 1967 edition carried the following headlines, "S.F.
COPS PLOT TERROR" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 71]. It is typical
propaganda put out by Ross charging them with having "viciously
beat [en] John Ross into unconsciousness and arrested nine others,"
and so on.
It is in keeping with the other flyers that were sent out except that
this was John Ross' own paper or the Progressive Labor Party paper
which he edited, so it is an editor writing about himself, in effect.
Then there is another leaflet, "STOP THE COPS!" put out also
by Ross, although distributed by the United Resistance Fund [Mont-
gomery Exhibit No. 72]. This was a new one that sprung up. They
come and they go. We didn't hear much about the United Resistance
Fund except that it was raising money for the defense of John Ross
and these nine others who were arrested at this disturbance at his
headquarters at the party that was given earlier in the week.
It was simply another allegation of police brutality and soliciting
funds from the public at large. There is no way of knowing how much
2122 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
was picked up or how much was received, but they did get cash con-
tributions.
Mr, Smith. When he ran for supervisor [as a write-in candidate]
what was his platform ?
Mr. Montgomery. According to another leaflet which was distrib-
uted, one plank was "Stop Police Brutality" [Montgomery Exhibit
No. 73].
Mr. Smith. You have indicated that Koss was not successful in the
election ?
Mr. Montgomery. No, he did not get a handful of votes.
Mr. Smith. Is the Mission Tenants Union still in existence?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, it is very much less active than it was. We
don't hear too much about it. I would say it was dormant rather than
out of business, because there is some talk now, through the Progres-
sive Labor Party publication. Spark, they are calling for a petition.
They want to get up a petition with enough signatures to put on the
November ballot a measure which would require rent controls for the
city of San Francisco. I don't think they are meeting with too much
success.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 66 through 73,"
respectively, and retained in committee files. )
Mr, Smith. Mr. Montgomery, the Afro-American Institute located
at 1686 O'Farrell Street, San Francisco, has come to the attention of
this committee. Are you familiar with this organization?
Mr, Montgomery, Yes, I am, I have a document dated February 2,
1967, which reflects the organization was first organized in January
1967 [Montgomery Exhibit No, 74],
Mr, Smith, What w^ere the primary goals of this organization?
Mr. Montgomery. Their goals appear to be legitimate, at least in
a sense. There are flyers; they say [in this one] :
The AFRO-AMERICAN INSTITUTE wishes to express its gratitude and ap-
preciation for your presence and support given at our first public meeting. As a
follow-up of that meeting, there will be an orientation session for all interested
Afro-Americans.
This will be the first in a series of orientation meetings to acquaint you with
the objectives and goals of the AFRO-AMERIOAN INSTITUTE : and the Eco-
nomic Development Fund. The goal of the Economic Development Fund will be to
build areas of power owned and controlled by Black people including : youth
organization ; industry of the Black community ; banks owned by Afro-Amer-
icans ; co-operatives ; * * *
that sort of thing.
They have carried out one cooperative there. They got in financial
trouble through a couple of armed robberies committed by blacks and
poor management ; they went in the hole and recently one of the major
private firms, Safeway Stores, has stepped in and loaned them per-
sonnel, management, and a little refinancing and stocking of their
shelves. My last report is that this cooi^erative is now doing pretty
well, but under the guidance of people from private industry who have
stepped in to help them out as a gesture of good will to the area.
There is another document setting forth the philosophy of the Afro-
American Institute and it names its board of directors [Montgomery
Exhibit No, 75], Another document, which is a five-paare document
headed "AFRO-AMERICAN INSTITUTE FINANCIAL PRO-
POSAL," sets forth again their program, job training, job placement
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2123
in the black community, factories in the black community, cultural
centers, hospitals, prenatal centers, a revolving educational loan
[Montgomery Exhibit No. 76].
The objectives as set forth here would be considered legitimate
objectives.
Mr. Smith. Were they attempting to get any Government funding
for that program?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I believe so. I believe there was some Federal
funding. I know they had an operating budget, and the fund was
operational, between 10 and 20 percent of the funds would be used
for operating expenses of the American Institute.
They did receive some financial support, mostly, in my recollection,
through the Small Business Administration, as I recall.
Mr. Smith. Who was the organizer of the Afro- American Institute?
Mr. Montgomery. Bill Bradley of San Francisco was the organizer.
He is a graduate of San Francisco schools and San Francisco State
College. He attended Hastings College of the Law in 1961. He with-
drew in 1963 to devote full time to activities of the Congress of Racial
Equality.
He became a functionary 6f CORE. He was born in San Francisco
on August 8, 1939.
I have a clipping from the San Francisco Examiner dated June 2,
1964, which describes Bradley as a "controversial San Francisco
CORE chairman and a central figure in nearly every demonstration
in The City [San Francisco] for more than a year" [Montgomery
Exhibit No. 77].
To my recollection, he is very militant, extremely militant, aggres-
sive, and he was sort of eased out — although he was one of the founders
or the principal founders of the Afro-American Institute, he was
eased out of the picture at the time he went into CORE.
He has been jailed. He has drawn fines. I don't know what has be-
come of him in recent weeks. It has been a few months since I heard
from him, but he was a highly militant individual. He worked with,
and he was in concert wath, Tracy Sims, who was then chairman of the
Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination, and he w^as among those
arrested in the participation of the Sheraton-Palace demonstration and
he was arrested on April 11, 1964, in the Auto Row civil disobedience
demonstration and he has written as a columnist for the Sun-Reporter^
which is a Negro publication in the Fillmore. On September 25, as an
example of his writing, his attitude toward the police department is
expressed in his column, which carries his byline and his picture
[Montgomery Exhibit No. 78]. He wrote, among other things, quot-
ing "a young soul brother" whose remarks, he said, "were not the
words of a lunatic, or a fool" :
"Man the cops gotta die, we ought to bum Fillmore just like the dudes burned
Watts."
"The dude was mad," and they refer to "dude" as the militant in
this sense. [Continues reading:]
The dude was mad because his brothers were unarmed ; he was mad because
a white cop was running his 365 day-a-year game of Nigger hunting * * *.
2124 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Now dig, those young bloods didn't cause all of that hell, white folks caused it
* * * like our Mayor who hasn't done a thing to stop police brutality * * *.
He continues :
When we stop letting the cop come upside our heads ; when we decide that we
will fight fire with fire the fat cat downtown will understand. Mess with that
white man's dollar and he hollers. When we are able to stare whitey square in
the face and tell him to step over, black folks are coming, then and only then,
will we have a chance of overcoming.
This was the tenor of his writings.
Incidentally, he drew a 45 -day jail sentence for his participation
in the Sheraton [sit-in]. He also wrote in the Sun Reporter in calling
for a review board, "POLICE BRUTALITY RAGES" [Montgomery
Exhibit No. 79] . Typical of his line he was espousing, he made charges
of police brutality and called for the formation of a citizens police
review board. Tlien on March 26, 1965, the Examiner reported that
"The City's Human Rights Commission yesterday turned down a re-
quest from Bill Bradley" as head of the CORE in San Francisco "to
hold a public meeting on 'police brutality' " [Montgomery Exhibit
No. 80]. He wanted to stage a public meeting, and his request was
denied.
Also from a newspaper clipping in San Francisco \^8. F. Chronicle
July 25, 1967] to the effect that Bill Bradley, former Congress of
Racial Equality leader, had been let out of the capacity as well, but
was known as the executive director of the Afro-American Institute,
the past executive director, "announced plans yesterday for a national
Black Holiday celebration August 14-20" [Montgomery Exhibit No.
He made some rather elaborate plans for this demonstration, and
it was to be held in the honor of Marcus Garvey, whom Bradley de-
scribed as "the father of black nationalism." He related discussing
recent violence in Newark and Detroit and other cities. Bradley said :
They're rebellions, not riots. And we believe the only thing that will eliminate
rebellions is white people. When you get ofF our backs we'll get off your backs.
Referring to the whites. That is an example of the tenor of Bill Brad-
ley's contribution to the literary world. To the best of my recollection,
that black holiday never came off.
Mr. Smith. Do you have any other documents to submit for the
record in that connection ?
Mr. Montgomery. Other than in mid-December there was a leaflet
posted and distributed.
Mr. Smith. Is that December 1967 ?
Mr. Montgomery. That is correct. In mid-December 1967 there waS"
posted and distributed widely a leaflet that reads, "UNITED
STATES CONCENTRATION CAMPS ARE READY! for all
BiiACK PEOPLE," and it referred to Tule Lake and El Reno Concen-
tration Camps as "just a short, drive from San Francisco" and "Can
Hold 20,000 Black People! !" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 82].
This was posted by William Bradley himself, from the Afro-Amer-
ican Institute, and it gives the address and the phone number in San
Francisco. It refers there to Tule Lake, "just a short drive." Naturally
tliere is no truth to this because there have been no concentration camps
built at Tule Lake or El Reno.
There were relocation centers there during World War II for the
Japanese who were detained for a while on the West Coast. I have been
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2125
to Tule Lake within the past 3 years and when I last saw Tule Lake,
potatoes are now growing where the main detention barracks were at
that time.
There are a few old buildings left around, and I am talking about
a period prior to this announcement. There are not sufficient facilities
of that kind at Tule Lake today to serve the purpose that he is talking
about.
Mr. Smith. That was pure propaganda ?
Mr. Montgomery. Pure, outright propaganda.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 74 through 82,"
respectively. Exhibits Nos. 74-81 retained in committee files; No. 82
follows:)
Montgomery Exhibit No. 82
UNITED STATES CONCENTRATION CAMPS ARE READY!
FOR ALL BLACK PEOPLE
Tuitt Lake and El Reno Concentration Camps
Tule Lake, just a short drive from San Francisco
Can Hold 20,000 Block People!!
When the hunkey $tart$ playing German, we are not going to
pViy Jew. Brother* and Sisters, get it together (now!) before
it it too late! Join the
AFRO-AMERICAN INSTITUTE
1915 Ettis Street - San Francisco 94115 - 346-8100
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, at this point I would like to state for the
record that there is a lot of agitation about Government concentration
camps for Negroes, as this committee is well aware. I would point out
at this stage that as a part of this agitational propaganda exercise, the
Citizens Committee for Constitutional Liberties, a well-known Com-
munist-front organization, commissioned Charles R. Allen, Jr., to writ«
a pamphlet on the subject entitled Concentration Cam2)s USA, which
was copyrighted in 1966.
88-083 O — 69 — pt. 6 6
2126 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
I wish to submit this pamphlet for the record.
The Chairman. The document will be admitted for the record.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 83" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. There is one other matter of interest that was
given wide circulation. "AKM and PREPARE— NOW ! ! strike
BACK AT WHITE RACIST COPS AND BussiNESsES [sic]" ; "URBAN GUER-
RILLA WARFARE !" And it gives an example of how to prepare
a Molotov cocktail, complete with a diagram, a bottle with the gasoline
and even the weight at the bottom of the bottle, enough dirt to make it
weighted.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 84" follows:)
Montgomery Exhibit No. 84
AR^jAr^DPR^PflRF- f^oW!!
STRIKE B>«^CK AT WHITE R/1C15T CDP5 AND BUSSINf SSES
Diit+Jma//'
Iciluidiuj
^fiiinfi
Mr. Montgomery. I might say just about the time that was being
circulated, given wide circulation, there was an incident in San Fran-
cisco. Thanks to some preliminary neighborhood relations work done
by Police Chief Thomas Cahill in San Francisco, who is a very capable
administrator, he had established a good relationship with the Negro
community, the solid community. He learned early in September last
year that there had been widespread talk of more trouble, more trouble,
we were going to have another long hot summer.
Thanks to a reputable Negro couple in San Francisco he was advised
that their 17-year-old son had precise knowledge of a plan to hold an
anniversary riot in San Francisco that was going to start in the Fill-
more district. This was to mark the anniversary of the September 1966
riot.
While the 17-year-old youth didn't know precisely where these Molo-
tov cocktails were, he had knowledge that 800 Molotov cocktails had
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2127
been prepared and were stored in an empty apartment in the Fillmore
district to be used on the eve marking the annivereary of the earlier
riot.
Chief Cahill assigned plainclothesmen to work the Fillmore area,
block by block, building by building, and for 4 days they searched for
the apartment. Finally just a matter of just a few hours before this
second riot was to have been sparked or triggered, they did find the
apartment. In this empty apartment there were not 800 Molotov cock-
tails as the boy had reported ; there were something like 475 cocktails
up to full quart size, some of them, lined up, ready for use, in such a
way that they would be handed out.
They would be handed out. Tliey would come through one door and
be handed a Molotov cocktail and go out the other door, and there
would not be any confusion.
These were discovered around 3 or 4 in the afternoon, and the riot
was originally scheduled for 8 or 9 tliat night.
Mr. Smpph. Can you give us a date on that ?
Mr. Montgomery. Tliis would be September, the night of Septem-
ber 26, 1967. This was never publicized in print; wo made nothing of
it in print because we didn't want to alarm people. All the police
knew was there might be another cache of Molotov cocktails some-
where, and it was felt best not to .report this. As a matter of fact, it
was not reported to the press generally. I came upon it through my
own connections.
But I think it significant about a reputable member of the Negro
community. This is very similar to an experience I had recently where
I was investigating a murder case in Himter's Point.
The murder of a white municipal bus driver, shot and killed by
four young Negro youths in a robbery that netted them probably $40.
There had been two girls on that bus. Wlien the police arrived they
were in the process of interrogating them when some sniper fire broke
out up the street in which a United States sailor was shot and wounded
whUe coming out of the Hunter's Point Naval Base.
The police were diverted. Their attention was diverted to the sniper
and when they returned — ^by the time they returned, the two girls had
disappeared. Well, I had occasion to go looking for them. I was suc-
cessful in fuiding them, but it entailed quite a bit of doorbell-ringing
in the Hunter's Point area. In the course of my rounds I met an elderly
Negro woman in the community there at Hunter's Point who invited
me in for a cup of coffee.
I spent about an hour and 10 minutes talking with her. She was
very proud of the fact that her two sons had completed high school
and graduated and one went on to get 2 years of junior college, and
that their daughter finished hi^i school and was married to a young
Negro man who had a responsible job with a good firm m San
Francisco. .
She was proud of the fact that they had not received a dinie ot
welfare from the time they came from Louisiana in the late forties to
work in the shipyards. She went on to say that she and the other
members of the community she knew, her friends, wanted no part of
H. Rap Brown or Stokely Carmichael. They wanted no part of LeRoi
Jones and as a matter of fact, after he had gotten off on the Vietnam
situation, they had sort of lost some confidence in Martin Luther King.
2128 SUBVERSIVE IISTFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
She said they were being intimidated by a very small group of
Negro nationalists. She said that they lost faith in King when he got
off into politics concerning the Vietnam situation.
Now by contrast, two doors up the street, a woman answered the
door. She first thought I was a policeman. I convinced her I was a
reporter and she said, "I can't talk to you. If that man across the street
sees me talking to you, I am in trouble. You get out of here."
This is the difference. In connection with this same case I am refer-
ring to, it took a great deal of perseverance on the part of the police
and the coroner to get one of these girls and the mother who had
knowledge of this event to testify. They were afraid to testify and
they refused to testify in a morning session because they were afraid
of reprisal.
During the noon recess CahilFs men arranged to have her moved
out of the Hunter's Point project to another place. They moved them
out that same afternoon, and it is a good thing they did because at 1 in
the morning that apartment was fired upon by two fire bombs. They
would have been in the upstairs bedroom and they could not have
gotten out, or if they had gotten out they would have been badly
burned.
This is the type of militant intimidation that is going on in Hunter's
Point today.
Mr. IcHOKD. At that point may I intervene and ask a question ? What
is the source of the material on the Molotov cocktail ?
Mr. Montgomery. What is the source of this, sir?
The source is not given. There is none. It was not identified, but it
was left on park benches, on mailboxes. Sometimes you would find as
many as a dozen of them simply thrown and left lymg on a fire plug,
or wherever, particularly near bus stops. Thousands of these were run
off, but there is no identification. To this day, so far as I know, the
police have not ascertained precisely where that came fi^om.
Mr. Smith. You mentioned the distribution of inflammatory liter-
ature during this situation. Do you have any example of such litera-
ture?
Mr. Montgomery. I have one thing here, Mr. Counsel, that is a
pretty sorry exhibit. I am not even sure you will want it for your
records. It depicts a policeman raping the Statue of Liberty, a second
policeman raping the Goddess of Justice while being held in both
instances by other police officers.
I might say this is one of the most vile, obscene pieces of literature
that I have seen disseminated in San Francisco, yet this was given
wide circulation, particularly in the Haight-Ashbury and in the Fill-
more. It is the work, again, of Cieciorka and his name is
C-i-e-c-i-o-r-k-a.
Mr. Smith. Can you give a date of about the time that was dis-
tributed ?
Mr. Montgomery. This was distributed early this year. I first saw it
along about in January.
Mr. Smith. Of 1968?
Mr. Montgomery. It may have been earlier than that.
Mr. Smith. I request that we receive this document for the files, Mr.
Chairman, rather than for the record.
Mr. Montgomery. I might say that his wife, the wife of the artist,
was among those who were expelled from Mexico recently. She and
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2129
others were on their way to Cuba and they were intercepted in Mexico
City, about six or seven of them. She was one of them and they were
taken back to the U.S. border and forced back into Texas. They were
on their way to Cuba, ostensibly a trip financed by the pro-Castro
forces.
Mr. IcHORD (presiding) . The document will be received for the files.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 85" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. You mentioned Cieciorka in connection with this poster
here and one other incident preceding. Can you identify him a little
better for the record ?
Mr. Montgomery. I know he is a native. I do know this, his middle
name is Thomas, Frank Thomas Cieciorka, Jr. He was born in Bing-
hamton, New York, on April 26, 1939. He first came to the attention
of the intelligence agents there in the Bay area in about August of
1959. This was in regard to a march from San Jose, which is about
50 miles south of San Francisco, a march from San Jose into San
Francisco, sxx)nsored by the Acts for Peace. It was in protest of the
Atomic Energy program and the explosion of atomic weapons in the
atmosphere.
I have a leaflet that was put out by that committee at that time. It
gave a tentative schedule for the march. It bears his signature, not only
his typewritten name, but his signature as well, and it lists him as one
of the three coordinators and chairmen of this particular march
[Montgomery Exhibit No. 86] .
He was a signer of a call to the national founding convention of a
socialist youth organization, that is, the founding convention of W.
E. B. DuBois Club. He signed the call for that meeting and I have the
call document received June 11, 1964, showing he represented an or-
ganization called Toward an Active Student Community, TASC, it
was known as, T-A-S-C, at San Jose State College. It has a general
scene of student protesters on its masthead [Montgomery Exhibit
No. 87].
It sets forth a program and it sets forth individuals clear down to the
high school level — individuals who could be contacted and who to con-
tact to join this organization. It listed some 62 names, some of whom
are known to us, some are new. But it ran from Berkeley High School
all the way back to the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis, Minne-
sota. There are listed scores of names clear across the country, Mis-
souri; San Francisco to New York; North Dakota; Louisville, Ken-
tucky; Portland, Oregon. They lined up quite a deal, and their coun-
sel was Matthew Hallinan. This was, in part, the founding conven-
tion in which he participated, the call for the founding of the W. E. B.
DuBois Club.
Then also the Spartan Daily ^ the San Jose State College paper,
May 28, 1965, reported that Frank Cieciorka, among others, will bum
his draft card in protest, to protest "the U.S. government's undeclared
war against the peoples of Vietnam and the Dominican Republic."
[Montgomery Exhibit No. 88] .
I have here an account of that burning and even a picture [Mont-
gomery Exhibit No. 89]. While the face is not shown, it does show the
hands, the burning of the draft cards on the San Jose State campus.
Again, the event did take place, pictures were taken.
2130 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Then there is an article which appeared in the People's World of
July 16, 1966 [Montgomery Exhibit No. 90]. It stated that he would
participate in a panel discussion of the annual PeopWs World Art
and Book Fair festival and the topic of discussion: "Art — is it a
jDolitical weapon?" It was from this particular discussion and this
art fair that one very vile exhibit appeared shortly after that. That
was typical of the stuff that he was teaching.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 86 through 90,"
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Counsel, the bells have sounded. I am sure that the
witness and also the reporter would appreciate a rest. The committee
will be in recess until I answer the rollcall and return. We will re-
sume as soon as I answer.
(Brief recess.)
Mr. IciioRD (presiding) . The hearing will come to order.
Mr. Counsel, you may resume the questioning of the witness.
The Chair will announce that I have an appointment at 4:45, so
we will continue until then if the witness can hold out that long, and
the reporter.
Mr. Smith. A few minutes ago you mentioned the discovery of
several hundred Molotov cocktails in an apartment ready for use
in the anniversary celebration of the riot in San Francisco. Have
there been any other incidents of a somewhat similar nature?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, there have, sir. Back in March, on March 26,
three Negroes were arrested following a militant meeting. There
had been a meeting at Hunter's Point of a militant nature, and fol-
lowing that three of them were observed in the process of buying a
5-gallon can of gasoline at a service station. The search of the car by
police uncovered the material for the making of Molotov cocktails,
for which gasoline is a primary ingredient.
They all were arrested and booked and all three were charged with
possession of fire bombs. One of the three was arrested for the posses-
sion of a concealed weapon ; he was carrying a gun. Also, on the front
seat of the car was a map, a regular city map printed by one of the
oil companies, on which certain tracings had been made.
Mr. Smith, Mr. Chairman, if I may interrupt at this point, our
investigative staff has secured a copy of this map, which I would like
to pass to Mr. Montgomery and have him explain the tracings and
the locations so identified.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 91" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. The first place to be noted on the map is a single
dwelling Avhich is located at 19th Avenue near Santiago Street. The
>only structure or place of importance at this location is the office of
Standard Building Company, Inc., at 2222 19th Avenue, which firm
constructed Sunstream Homes near Daly City. This project was re-
stricted to the sale to Caucasians and it is outside the city limits,
incidentally, where the homes were. It was the focal point of earlier
discussions and demonstrations among minority groups.
The tracings then proceeded from tlie area of this headquarters in
this building company to a traffic circle at Claremont and Dewey
Boulevard. The circle in this area is traced on the map in the vicinity
of the home of supervisor Terry Francois. Terry Francois is a Nesrro,
but he has been designated an Uncle Tom by the black militants. They
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2131
have no use for liiin. To my knowledge he is a very fine man. He is a
member oi the board of supervisors and a very able and capable
gentleman.
The tracing on the map then continues from the home of Terry
Francois, or from that area, to the Youth Guidance Center, which is
located near the top of the Twin Peaks, right at tlie head of Market
Street as you go over the gap there and that is the juvenile facility for
the city and county of San Francisco.
Now bear in mind that nuiny of these militants have repeatedly
called for immediate lil)eration of all Negroes in any jail, detention
home, prison, or whate\er, regardless of what tliey are in there for,
and at the Youth (Tuidance Center about 85 percent of the 3'ouths
incarcerated there are Negroes. So whether there was going to be an
attempt to spring them remains to be seen.
Then from there the ma]) concludes with a drawing of what is known
as Christmas Tree Hill. That is a point right up on Twin Peaks. It is
the northerly peak whereon are located all of the police communication
transmission towers, and this also is a circled place on the map, the indi-
cation being that these two towers were to be the targets for this par-
ticular expedition that was broken up when the police arrested these
men.
The ma.p was in their possession.
Mr. Smith. Thank you, sir. Now, Mr. Montgomery, changing the
tenor a little bit, we have heard a lot about the hippie movement in
San Francisco. WhaJt. is their position regarding the police?
Mr. MoNTGOMKRY. The hippies don't like the police. They never have
and they are very antipolice.
They put out some flyers, one in July of 1967 and another one subse-
quent to that intimating that there was going to be trouble. The first
flyer [Montgomery Exhibit No. 92] says:
NOW ABOUT THAT RIOT— IF IT HASN'T HAPPENED YET— BEWARE!
A race riot seems just about inevitable. I^ots of iHMxple on both siides want it to
happen, & they're all the kind of people who generally get what they want.
This is couched in typical hippie terms: "WATCH THE COMMU-
NICATION COMPANY," that is their inner "underground" press
deal, "& THE BARB FOR THRILLING STORIES OF POLICE
BRUTALITY AT THE CITY JAIL. COMING SOON."
Then they go into some of this, the terminology I don't think you
would want to have in the record. It gets a little vile in places. "Please :
if anything starts to happen," if there is going to be a riot, "cut out."
That means get out. It continues :
Get off the street & out of the area. If you're on Haight St., it's smarter (prob-
ably) to move uphill than down. Head west, if you can, to Golden Gate Park &
keep going until you get beyond the noise. It's probably safe to stay in the park.
In other cities, the action has centered around buildings.
Another flyer advises them where to go and what to do when a dis-
turbance does break [Montgomery Exhibit No. 93]. It says, also,
"SURVIVE, BABY," and:
Sorry to bring you down, but this is about the riots our black brothers have
planned for the city. There isn't much hope that they won't occur.
What do they mean to you, as white hippies, et. al. ?
Riots mean that the black people are going to be busy and would appreciate
your getting out of the way. ♦ * *
2132 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
It goes on from there that :
Ourfew means if they see you they will bust you and if you run they will shoot
you. * * *
*******
Within the black people's mind they will be fighting a revolution. If you ham-
per them in any way, you will be their cherry.
Meaning you are apt to get it.
From there it goes on to advise them to look out, this will be "an
excuse for uncontrolled brutality" by the cops, "so don't," in a four-
letter word, "with them either." This is the way this is couched in
pretty sad expressions.
It refers to :
Police can be expected to search house to house for snipers and looters, and
will probably smash everything they touch.
It is antipolice but it is also a warning to the hippies to get out of
the policemen's way and stay clear of the riots.
These were flyers that were distributed throughout the Haight-
Ashbury hippie area.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 92 and 93," re-
spectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, are you familiar with an organiza-
tion in San Francisco known as the Bay Area Emergency Action
Committee ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I am. I personally checked into this organi-
zation and subsequently wrote an article which I will refer to later
in my testimony.
Mr. Smfth. Do you know when this organization was formed ?
Mr. Montgomery. Approximately July 14, 1967. I have a letter in
which the organization is mentioned, from which I will read the
following [Montgomery Exhibit No. 94]. "July 14, 1967." The
letter went on about antidissent legislation that is "gaining dangerous
strength in Washington." It refers to the Cramer bill — it "will come
to a vote in the House this Wednesday," and it refers to the Pool
bill-
a product of last August's riotous House Un-American Activities Committee
hearings, is again being pushed by HUAC in an attempt to stop the debate
over Vietnam. Will you endorse and support the advertisement on the following
page, to be placed in the San Francisco Chronicle?
It is a solicitation for funds, telling them they must have the money
right away and asking for a $5 contribution. It bears the names of
seven persons, some of whom are known to me.
Then there was distributed and given wide distribution — this was
in »Tuly of 1967, about mid-July is when the call went out — a call to a
meeting to be held in the Hall of Flowers in Golden Gate Park [Mont-
gomery Exhibit No. 95]. The meeting was set for Saturday, July 22,
1967, at 1 o'clock.
The call that went out bore seven names, some of whom are known
to me to be members of the Communist Party. They list, among othei*s,
Beverly Axelrod, a San Francisco attorney; Don Eothenberg, East
Bay; their phone lunnbere are given in each instance; Howard Hara-
witz, Berkelev; Brownlee Shirek — and I liave also seen that spelled
S-h-e-r-i-e-k;'joe Feit of Oakland; Billie Wachter of San Jose. The
name Billie is a woman. That is the mother of Douglas Wachter, the
wife of Saul Wachter. Next is Isabelle Cemey, who lives on the Penin-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2133
su'la down near Palo Alto. These were identified as the coordinators,
Axelrod and Rothenberg, the general coordinators.
The purpose of this meeting was to start to organize the black com-
munity and also it was titled, "LONG HOT SUMMEK— A CALL TO
ACTION." The purpose was to give a bigger understanding to the
black power movement and also launching their campaign to organize
the poor whites along with the Negroes.
(Documents marked "Montgomery p:xhibits Nos. 94 and 95,"
respectively, follow :)
Montgomery Exhibit No. 94
July 14, 1967
Dear Friend,
Two pieces of anti-dissent legislation are gaining
dangerous strength in Ilashington, The Cramer Bill
(see enclosed analysis) will come to a vote in the
House this vjednes^lay. The Pool Bill, a product of
last August's riotous House Un-American Activities
Committee hearings, is again being pushed by HUAC
in an attempt to stop the debate over Vietnam.
V7ill you endorse and support the advertisement on
the following page, to oe placed in the San Fran-
cisco Chronicle"^
A Bay Area Emergency Action Committee is forming to
act against attacks on the ghetto community, in-
cluding such legislative assaults as the Cramer Bill.
An emergency public meeting will be held at the
Hall of Flowers, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,
at 1 p.m., Saturday, July 22nd. We would like to
place the advertisement next Friday to help publi-
cize that meeting. (It would be impossible to
place an ad before the V7ednesday vote, but there
will still be a vote on the Cramer and Pool Bills
in the Senate, and a vote on the Pool Bill in the
House.) SINCE TEXT HAS TO BE IN TO THE CHRONICLE
SEVERAL DAYS IN ADVANCE, PLEASE REPLY IMT-IEDIATELY.
We ask that at least a $5.00 contribution be en-
closed to help finance the ad.
Sincerely,
GERALD N. HILL, Prerident, C. D. C.
REV. EDWARD L. PEET . Chairman, Committee to Abolish HUAC
EDWARD M. KEATING, Congre^^sional Candidate, San Mateo
V7ILL USSERY, National Chairman, CORE
TREVOR THOr-lAS No. Calif. €■. Nevada Director, Vietnam Summer
REV. A. CECIL WILLI^uMS
SUPERVISOR JACK MORRISON . San Francisco
CARL E. SCKORSKE, Professor of History, University of Calif.
(initiating signers)
(jar)
2134 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 95
LONG HOT SUMMER A CALL TO ACTION
Recently a large group of people formerly active in civil rights received a unique
call for a new kind and quality of involvement in the struggle to achieve racial Jus-
tice in this country. The challenge to this new type of involvement came from rep-
resentatives of the Black community in the Bay Area who were concerned about the
growing indications of apathy, disillusionment, and weakening of commitment among
white people, apparently due to a misunderstanding of the meaning of Black Power
and of the significance of recent turns taken by the Civil Rights movement.
Among these concerned black citizens were: Elijah Turner, Thomas Valentine, Kermit
J. Scott, Kenneth Simmons, Ron Dellums, James E. Vann, Savannah Belle, LaVeme
Trlbble, W.B. Faddis, Lawrence T. Gurley, Ronald Stevenson, Sid Walton, Robert
Neville, James Nolon Jr. , Charles Fountin, Donald R. Hopkins, Harold Supriano,
Carolyn Craven, Aba Ramos, Ellis Sheppard, Joan M. Davis.
In response to this call some seventy five concerned citizens from the greater Bay
Area met to Initiate action. The need as we see it is to effectively combat what
appears to be an alarming growth of racism in the white community, and an increas-
ing use of what many regard as police state methods in handling unrest in black
ghettos. This situation necessitates an immediate campaign of action and educa -
tion directed toward the white community. Reaching those persons In the white
community who are In a position to make decisions that vitally affect both the lives
of black people and the welfare of the entire community. Is particularly important
We agree that this is a task that white people are uniquely qualified to carry out.
Because of your past activity we ask your i.articipation in an emergency meeting and
rally to begin such a carr.paign. Because of the urgency of the situation (the long hot
summer Is already bloody in close to a dozen cities) the meeting will be held
SATURDAY, JULY 22, 1967 ; 1:00 P.M.
THE HALL OF FLOWERS
GOLDEN GATE PARK (near 9th aveneue and Lincoln Way), San Francisco
Although the Interests of those who attend will be varied the main focus of this
meeting will be to deal with the deepening Summer Crisis. Already appointments
have been made with many public and private officials and agencies to conferwlth
delegations to be organized at the emergency meeting. Our goal Is to develop con-
structive programs in the critical areas of unemployment and police-community rela-
tions. We also look forward to the establishment of a perrranent organization which
will actively support the Black people's concern for achieving racial Justice In this
country.
This meeting is urgent. Please be there if at all possible.
BAY AREA EMERGENJ:;Y ACTION COMMITTEE
X^oordlnators
♦Beverly Axelrod, San Francisco, LO-4-2669
*Don Rothenbcrg, East Bay, 526-0210
Howard Harawitz, Berkeley, 813-0984; Brownlee Shirek, 848-2172
Joe Felt, Oakland, 532-6959
BllUe Wachter, San Jose, 258-0439
Isabelle Cemey, Peninsula, 854-6967
♦General Coordinators.
Mr. Montgomery. Now there also was made at that meeting a call
which went out for funds. A proposal was made by Robert Avakian,
who is the son of a superior court judge in Alameda County. Robert
Avakian handed out circulars, Avhicli he called a radical proposal. This
was the first meeting of record of the Bay Area Emergency Action
Committee.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2135
The San Jose area also participated and helped to organize the Bay
Area Emergency Action Committee. An attachment was made to Ex-
hibit 95 which reads : "Dear Friend : Please give your attention to the
enclosed Call to Action. We of the San Jose area supporting this call
feel that your attendance is urgent. If you need a ride, call 297-2299."
The names that went out on that call were Merdelle Porter, Emma
Gelders Sterne, Maureen Smith, Andrew Montgomery, Vivian Fink,
Cliarlotte A. Rogers, David Newman, Russ and Dorothy Cline, Sol
Zeltzer, Robert Wright, Sophie Mendoza, Peter Szego, Billie Wachter,
Pat Sherman, Yvonne Nakamura, Saul Wachter.
Now, among those known to be identified as members of the Com-
munist Party are Peter Szego; Billie Wachter, whom I previously
mentioned ; and Saul Wachter, her husband, which would indicate, sir,
that the Bay Area Emergency Action Committee right from its found-
ing session was part and parcel of a Communist- front organization.
Mr. Smith. You mentioned Beverly Axelrod a few minutes ago.
Can you further identify this person ?
Mr. Montgomery. Beverly Axelrod, well, I will refer to a News-
Call Bulletin article that appeared on July 29, 1960, an article con-
cerning an interview with her [Montgomery Exhibit No. 96]. The ar-
ticle states that :
She joined the National Lawyers Guild before she passed the bar in 1949 and
has been continuously active in the organization which counts civil rights as one
of its prime interests.
I have a picture of her and the interview which appeared at that time.
I have a letter dated June 4, 1962 [Montgomei-y Exhibit No. 97].
The letterhead bears the name of Beverly Axelrod as a member of the
executive board of the National Lawyers Guild, San Francisco
chapter.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, at this point the committee staff investi-
gation has confirmed that Mrs. Beverly Axelrod as of this date is a
member in good standing of the National Lawyers Guild. I rnight re-
mind the chairman that our Guide to Subversive Organizations and
Puhlications cites the National Lawyers Guild as a Communist front.
Mr. Montgomery. I make reference to the San Francisco Examiner,
September 4, 1963, wherein it is reported that Mrs. Axelrod was a
volunteer lawyer for the Congress of Racial Equality and toured the
South on a voter's registration drive [Montgomery Exhibit No. 98].
Again a picture of Mrs. Axelrod in which she said, referring to what
she experienced down South, "We juSt don't realize what it's like."
"For Negroes, it's a police state."
It is an antipolice interview in the main.
I also have an article from the San Francisco Examiner of July 9,
1964, which tells of local CORE having its problems [Montgomery
Exhibit No. 99]. The story in itself is that Bill Bradley and the more
militant members of the local chapter of CORE are slated for a
subordinate role in the civil rights demonstration during the Repub-
lican convention.
The article relates that :
The chapter is beset with financial troubles and has been admonished by
responsible leaders within the Negro community to refrain from acts of civil
disobedience.
2136 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
The chapter's treasury was hard hit by the expense of sending Chairman Bill
Bradley to Jackson, Miss., to study the voter registration drive there. He was
accompanied by Attorney Beverly Axelrod. They are expected to return this
weekend.
"We now have less than $20 in the treasury," one chapter member said. He
added that the membership held divergent views on the necessity of the Missis-
sippi trip at this time.
It goes on :
As early as mid-May certain young militants, including Tracy Sims, outlined
startling plans by CORE to disrupt the convention. * * *
There followed then this response from some of the older more re-
sponsible people in the organization that they were not to conduct
themselves in this way, and they felt that Tracy Sims was not justified
in speaking for CORE as she did.
We also know Mrs. Axelrod made a trip — well, this is from
the News-Call Bulletin of July 30, 1965 [Montgomery Exhibit No.
100]. It establishes Beverly Axelrod as a member of the
Women for Peace and reports a meeting she attended with women
who were members of the National Liberation Front.
The meeting was held in Indonesia, and among other things she
said the meeting was with Vietnamese women, six from the north and
three from the south and all belong to the National Liberation Front.
And more important, "I really believe the only kind of military
strength that can win there is genocide," Mrs. Axelrod said. The article
further said :
She was told that Americans bombed a clearly marked leprosarium, far from
military objectives three or four days running and that churches, temples, schools
and villages have been bombed.
She said she thought the Viet women expressed the truth as they believed it.
Mr. Smith. I expect Mrs. Axelrod was referring to the Vietnam
geographic area in those statements ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, in support of the Viet Cong.
Beverly Axelrod is mentioned in a program issued by the Congress of
Unrepresented People which lists a number of speakers who will par-
ticipate in discussion groups [Montgomery Exhibit No. 101].
This was a revised program of discussion groups, in which Frank
Wilkinson was a principal speaker, speaking on "Effects of the War
Machine on American Society" and then under the heading of "Amer-
ican Democracy — Promise and Reality," Beverly Axelrod of San
Francisco Women for Peace speaking on "Race Exploitation : Missis-
sippi, Oakland, Vietnam." I also notice that police brutality was a
subject to be discussed by representatives from the Oakland Direct
Action Committee.
This was distributed November 9, 1965, and given rather wide dis-
tribution.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 96 through 101,"
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, the Oakland Direct Action Committee
will be a subject of testimony further in these hearings.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2137
Also, Mr. Chairman, the Peofle's World of December 6, 1955, reflects
that Beverly Axelrod was a member of the executive board, San Fran-
cisco chapter of the National Lawyers Guild. The committee staff
investigation discloses that Beverly Diana Axelrod, nee Jerrod, was
born March 3, 1924, in New York City. She has been known by
various names by marriage.
She was first married June 9, 1944, to Seymour Silverstein, whose
name was changed by court order on October 23, 1944, in New York
City to Lourd, She was divorced in Montgomery County, Alabama,
on April 30, 1951. She then married Marshall Axelrod on December 24,
1951.
Did you write an article concerning that meeting at the Hall of
Flowers sponsored by the Bay Area Emergency Action Committee on
July 22, 1967?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I did, and it appeared in the San Francisco
Exammer on July 31, 1967 [Montgomery Exhibit No. 102].
Mr. Smith. Did you have a byline on the article?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I did.
Mr. Smith. Will you please read the article into the record.
Mr. Montgomery. This describes a drive for funds to buy guns for
Bay area Negroes to afford them "a fighting chance" against police
and National Guardsmen in the course of the "long hot smnmer, and
beyond" that currently is underway :
The project was launched without fanfare at a recent meeting of the Bay
Area Emergency Action Committee in the Hall of Flowers in Golden Gate Park.
Chairman of the meet'ng was Don Rothenberg, long active in Communist
Party affairs in Cleveland and Washington, D.C. A relative newcomer to this
[the Bay] area, Rothenberg until recently was an assistant to Edward Keat-
ing, deposed publisher of Ramparts magazine.
I go on to tell of a plea for money made by Robert A. Avakian, the
son of a superior court judge of Alameda County, on which he set out
to raise funds, launched a campaign which has continued and which,
so far as I know, may still be continuing to provide guns for the black
community of the San Francisco Bay area. Now they apparently have
gotten money somewhere because they have been buying guns. They
have been buying weapons in big numbers. We were able to trace some
of the purchases to a gun store in Reno, Nevada, where they bought
guns as many as 25 at a time.
I know of one purchase on February 15 of this year, where they
purchased 26 guns, for the most part 38's and nine-millimeter Aftra
automatics. The bill came to $954, and the purchaser peeled off nine
$100 bills and lesser bills.
So they are getting money in sizable amounts from some source.
These purchases by the black militants are being made by individ-
uals who have no visible means of support for the most part and are
not the type of people who have that kind of money to play with.
Mr. Smith. In this article you mention a plea for guns voiced by
Bob Avakian, which you have just been discussing. Do you have any
further information or documentation on the subject ?
2138 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery. I know this, in his own proposal, Avakian, at the
time of the rally in the Hall of Flowers, put out a circular wliich was
also distributed outside the meeting, following the meeting. It is termed
"The Long Hot Summer and Beyond: a radical proposal," "Gun
Kunning," in which he spells out the need [Montgomery Exhibit No.
103].
It reads in part —
we must either come to the aid of the Mack revolution, or, through inaction, or
misguided action, inadvertently aid the power structure.
He is calling for support of the black people in their revolution and
he spells it out, why the guns are wanted and what will be done w^ith
this money and the acquisition of guns. At tlie same time they came
with their Student Organizing Committee, of which Robert Avakian
was the coorganizer, to organize the poor whites along a line agreeing
wdth Stokely Carmichael's analysis, and bringing the poor whites and
the blacks together.
Mr. Smith. Do you have an address for the Bay Area Emergency
Action Committee ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, the address at the period of time I am testi-
fying about was 2602 Post Street, San Francisco. I have a letter which
was received August 8, 1967, signed by Susan Supriano, the coordina-
tor. Susan Supriano is the wife of Harold Supriano, whom we dis-
cussed earlier.
This is the letter, the stamped return envelope with the Post Street
address, and the letter calling attention to a meeting to show support
of the Negro community, and calling for contributions to pay for a
newspaper advertisement [Montgomery Exhibit No. 104].
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 102 through 104,"
respectively. Exhibit No. 104 retained in committee files. Exhibits
Nos. 102 and 103 follow:)
Montgomery Exhibit No. 102
Plea by Alameda Judge's Son \^SZu^'
Giiiis^or-Negrocs Drive in Bay AreajK:!:;::.:::':;,,:;
I Communist PcoijIc's Woj'ltl:
Bj^KD MONTCOMIiUV , f le (I Comnucniats altciiding black people to hove a figlit- aclHist, aLo spoke at the; , .'
Slaft Writer | the meeting called to discuss ' ing chance of d e f e n di n g ' Hall o( Flouers meeting and ■'^"^^^ ''"'■'"'"" ^^°'"'' "'"^^"'="
civil rights. Black Power, po- themselves. advocated police be denied er. and Hershell Ale.xander
lice brutality, increased "Among other things, this the right to carry guns. of Los Angeles, uhose daugh-
public welfare and anti-riot ' means that we could help | IJEVOLUTIOX GO.\L tei', Roberta, recently v. as
cha"i)ce'"'agains"t poMcc" and ! '^^'^'^''°"- l''^'^'' '""''^ ^"'' ^"PP'^' "'^P'l "^e are in the beginning expelled from Spain for anli-
National Guardsmen in the '^'"^ P'"^ '"'" «""'' was . ons for groups Uke the Black j of a revolution and "ithin „ j .vi„„3„, 3„i,.i(j..
course of a "long hot sum- ^° ^^ Avakian, son Panther Party for Self Do- j five years we wUl be in a |
mer and beyond," is current- of '^'ameda County Superior ] tense, which is arming and ^ full-scale revolution," Com-j
ly underway. ' Court Judge Spurgcon Ava- j organizing black people for ' fort declared. I
The project was launched kian and a recent candidate ' self defense." | Also dis t r ib uted at the
without fanfare at a recent ^ for the Berkeley City CouncU.' The current Black Panther meeting were leaflets!
?^''""/jf ,"f ^''r.^\''r "" "'^ Negroes want guns ; publication identifies Avak- 1 published by the Communist'
tmergencv .'\cuon i,omnm- , , , , tiipnTipKpc frnni ian as research editor for j, , n.-im., i. * c, ..„»
tee in the Hall of Flouers in'" P"'"^''' themseUes liom ^g^^ ,(^ ^^^^ ^^^.^.j^^ ^ . Party. 942 Market Street.
Golden Gate Park. i the police we should help |inp(is,o,.j i,„v|,ie|, iie refers Howard Haiowitz. another
Chairman of the meeting , them by giving them guns," (^ president Johnson as "the East Bay activist, urged that
was Don Rothenberg, long said Avakian, who refers to world's top-dog oi.pressor p o 1 1 c e be prohibited from
acHve in Communist Party ^ police as "gestapo pigs.' : and murderer." ! making arrests for disturb-
|,^.^|,^j, ^,j^^j,j^.^,j^ With reference to a recent ances or stealing. These of-
He distributed leaflets pre- Democratic Party fund rais- [ lenses he said, should be ,
pared by the Student Organ- ing event attended by Presi- ; handled through the issuance ,
izing Committee which read j dent Johnson, he refers to | of citations,
in part: the guests as "the pigs of the [ Among the identified Com- :
". . . we have the responsi- power structure wlio paid | nuinists at the meeting were I
bility — at least until we ,S500 a piece to be in the same Albert "Mickey" Lima, I
have the power to deal w ith , room with the arch-enemy of ^ northern California chairman j
the causes of the rebellious ' the world's people." ■ of the C o m m u n i s t Part> .
— to make it possible for Mark Comfort, East Bay Roscoo Proctor, a Lima aide; I
A drive for funds to buy
guns for Bay area Negroes to
afford tliem "a f i g li t i n g
affairs in Cleveland and
Washington, DC. A relative
newcomer to this area, Roth-
enberg until recently was an
assistant to Edward Keating,
deposed publisher of Ram-
parts magazine.
RED PARTY PLAN
Rothenberg was one of
more than a score of jdenti-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2139
Montgomery Exhibit No. 103
The Long Hot Summer
and Beyondv
a radical proposal
The recent rebellions throughout the ghettoes of this country and
the response by the power structure - tanks and machine guns in Newark;
passage of the so-ccUled "anti-riot" bill; gunning down innocent women and
children in their homes - make it clear that we are already involved in a
growing civil war. But right now the war is one-sided: unorganized black
people, armed with only a few unsophisticated weapons are being slaughtered
by police and national guardsmen with their well-oiled apparatus of destruc-
tion.
This does not mean that black people will stop rebelling; in fact,
the increasing number and intensity of the recent rebellions leaves no
doubt that black people will continue to revolt until the oppressive condition*
of the ghetto - unemployment, poverty, poor health facilities, substandard
housing, discriminatory education auid police brutality - are eliminated.
And those white people who claim to be opponents of oppression and en cnies
of the power otructure - are now squarely on the spot: we must either come
to the aid of the black revolution, or, through inaction, or misguided action,
inadvertently aid the power structure.
Gun Running
We do not yet have the political power to deal with the crises of
racism and poverty in this society; we cannot now even effect a change in
the brutal policy of the power structure in reacting to ghetto rebellions. And
it would not be practical for us, at this time, to try to join with black people
in their efforts to defend themselves against the assaults of police and nation-
al guardsmen. But we do have the responsibility - at least until we have the
power to deal with the causes of the rebellions - to make it possible for black
people to have a fighting chance of defending themselves. Among other things,
this means that we should help raise funds and supply weapons for groups lik*
the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, which is arming and organizing
black people for self-defense. This will not be easy - it may ia fact place
us in legal jeopardy - but if we are not willing to do this, then we will find
ourselves in the same position as the London hippies who asked Stokely Car-
michael how they could help the black liberation struggle. "Well, I'll tell
you what," Carmichael told them, "when the police came into the ghettoes
to shoot us down in the streets, you can help us fight the police by throwing
flovrers at them."
2140 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 103 — Continued
Organizing Poor Whiles
But in order to give full support to black people in their struggle
to end oppression - in order even to prevent geneocide against black people
in this country - we white radicals must not only run guns to the black revo-
lutionaries, we must also movtf' within the white community to build a force
for full equality. The fight against racism can only be successful- if it is
part of a program designed to deal with the problems of the white community.
Some of us are convinced that it is time to begin organizing among poor
whites in this area. We believe that poor whites are the critical group that
must be moved at this time. We agree with Stokely Carmiehael's analysis:
There is a vital job to be done among poor whites. We hope to
see, eventually, a coalition between poor blacks and poor whites.
That is the only coalition that is acceptable to us, and we see
such a coalition as the major internal instrument of change in
American society. Poor whites are becoming more hostile - not
less - partly because they see the nation's attention focused on
black poverty and nobody coming to them."
If those of us who are concerned about poverty and racism fail to
mobilise and organize the poor white community, the result may well be
a race war - a blood bath in which poor white and black people will kill each
other off, instead of forming an alliance to fight the power structure. There
is no more time for do-goodism or friendly chats with public relations men
and servants of the power structure. We must begin now to build a real
power base capable of uprooting racism and poverty in this country. We
urge all those oppossed to these evils to join with us in supporting and
implementing the above proposals.
STUDENT ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Ken Olitt 1809 10th St., Berkeley. 843-6889
Bob Avakian 1211 Evelyn Ave. , Berkeley, 527-5011
Mr. Smith. Thank you. At the Bay Area Emergency Action Com-
mittee meeting held at the Hall of Flowers July 22, 1967, did you
notice any known members of the Communist Party in attendance or
members of the W. E. B. DuBois Club ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I did.
There w^ere present such individuals as Howard Harawitz, who
once served as president of the W. E. B. DuBois Club at the University
of California in Berkeley; Roscoe Proctor, who is an official of the
Communist Party, Northern District of California; his wife, Virginia
Proctor; Al Richmond, editor of the People's World; Archie Brown,
of Local 6, ILWU, and a leader of the May 13, 1960, City Hall dem-
onstration against this committee; George Sandy, a longtime Commu-
nist member; James Fenton Wood, member of the Communist Party
in San Francisco, guitar-playing folksinger; Albert "Mickey" Lima,
the chairman of the Communist Party, Northern District of Cali-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2141
fomia; Terence Hallinan of the W. E. B. DuBois Club and later
identified as a Communist Party member; and Hursel Alexander, a
member of the district committee of the Communist Party from Los
Angeles, California.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, at this point I would like to put into the
record that staff investigation has disclosed Susan Supriano as the
wife of Harold Supriano. She was born Susan Jean Eichler on July
31, 1938, in Evanston, Illinois. She was arrested on November 3, 1963,
in San Francisco for her participation in a civil rights demonstration
under the name of Susan Jean Valberg. Do you have anything addi-
tional to add to this ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have other names in another call for money for
ads signed by Susan Supriano — Brownlee Shirek, Berkeley; George
Sandy, Oakland ; Susan Supriano in San Francisco ; and Skip Hender-
son in Contra Costa County. [This document introduced as Mont-
gomery Exhibit No. 153 on pages 2189 and 2190.]
Mr. IcHORD. I believe this would be a good point at which to adjourn
for the day, Mr. Counsel.
Thank you very much, Mr. Montgomery. The committee will be in
adjournment until 10 tomorrrow morning.
(Whereupon, at 4:50 p.m., Thursday, June 27, 1968, the subcom-
mittee recessed, to reconvene at 10 a.m., Friday, June 2^, 1968.)
887-O8S O— 69— pt.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING,
AND BURNING
Part 6
(San Francisco — Berkeley)
FRIDAY, JUNE 28, 1968
United States House of Representatives,
Subcommittee of the
Committee on Un-American Activities,
Washington^ D.C.
public hearings
A subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities met,
purspf^nt ^o call, at 10 a rri., in Room 311. Cannon House Office Build-
ing, Washington, D.C, Hon. Edwin E. Willis (chairman) presiding.
(Subcommittee members : Representatives Edwin E. Willis, of Loui-
siana, chairman; William M. Tuck, of Virginia; and Richard L.
Roudebush, of Indiana.)
Subcommittee members present : Representatives Willis and Roude-
bush.
Staff members present: Francis J. McNamara, director; Chester
D. Smith, general counsel ; and William A. Wheeler, investigator.
The Chairman. In view of the fact that other members of the sub-
committee appointed to conduct these hearings cannot be present today,
the Chair wishes to announce that he has designated a new subcom-
mittee consisting of himself, Mr. Tuck, and Mr. Roudebush to conduct
these hearings.
Mr. Roudebush, will you preside?
* * * * * **i
Mr. Roudebush. Now, Mr. Edward Montgomery will be recalled
at this time.
Mr. Montgomery is resuming testimony which he began yesterday.
I think it is worthy that I tell those present that Mr. Montgomery
is a reporter with the San Francisco (California) Examiner. He will
continue his testimony concerning Communist and black nationalist
activity in the San Francisco area before the riot of September 1966
and subsequent thereto.
iThe testimony of James C. Harris, who was the first witness to appear before the
subcommittee on this date, is prinited in pt. 3-A of these hearings. This was a continuation
of his Nov. 28, 1967, testimony concerning the Los Angeles riot.
2143
2144 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery, you were sworn in yesterday, and at this time we
will assume that you continue to give testimony under oath. Are you
willing to do so, sir ?
Mr. Montgomery. Right, I am.
Mr. RouDEBusH. Mr. Counsel, will you continue with your inter-
rogation ?
TESTIMONY OF EDWARD S. MONTGOMERY— Resumed
Mr. Smith. Will you continue your testimony ?
Mr. Montgomery. The additional information I have, Mr. Counsel,
has to do with the situation that has existed, occurrences of violence
other than rioting that have occurred in the San Francisco Bay area
since the principal riot of September 1966.
We have a situation wherein a police substation at Hunter's Point
was fired upon on the night of November 13, 1967, and the principal
subject of that shooting, one of the policemen, subsequently died on
December 16 of 1967i.
The perpetrators of this shooting have never been apprehended.
But the bullets are determined to be from a U.S. .30-millimeter car-
bine. These men were ambushed from outside the police station. They
were visible through the window working at desks at the substation.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. I think you mean a .30-caliber carbine.
Mr. Montgomery. It is an M-1 carbine. It happened at 11 :20 at
night at the [housing] project station on Hunter's Point adjacent to
the naval shipyard. They do know that the three assailants were all
young Negroes and the investigators had two main theories — one
that the youths were cop-haters venting their resentment against
Hunter's Point officers and/or that they bore a personal grudge
against one or more of the officers shot or wounded on that occasion.
There had been, prior to this, frequent propaganda publicized in the
area calling for attacks on police, who had been called racist pigs
and Fascist pigs, rather than police officers. Often they were depicted
in cartoons m the form of pigs rather than policemen. I am submit-
ting, if I may, the exhibit of a newspaper account of that particular
offense.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request the document be received for
the record.
Mr. RouDBBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 105" and retained
in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. A subsec[uent article, December 16, saying that
the shooting at Hunter's Point had now become a case of murder
because the one principal victim had died reads :
This was the report by Homicide Inspector William Armstrong, who with
Inspector Ken Manley has been working on the case ever since three unknown
assailants fired 20 shots into the Hunters Point Project i)olice oflSce more than
a month ago.
This case is still unsolved.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received for
the record.
Mr. Roudebush. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 106" and retained
in committee files.)
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2145
Mr. Montgomery. We also have a statement that came from Harry
Edwards referring to — Avell, this, I think, will come at a later point
when we get into another subject. But he did at that time comment on
the shooting and the sniping in San Francisco.
Harry Edwards is a j)art-time assistant professor at San Jose State
College. He is described as a young sociologist, civil rights activist,
and he said, according to a [/San Francisco Chronicle] news account
of November 16, 1967, that "the Hunters Point housing project police
office was a warning of guerrilla warfare — which he says is rapidly
approaching."
Associate Professor Harry Edwards said that, speaking both as a
social scientist and as an involved militant leader, and he identified
himself as such, before the social catastrophe of northern California,
a bloody and violent revolution was in the offing.
He said that the dissident Negroes and young militant Negroes and
dissident white allies are thinking in terms of meeting violence with
violence. He added :
"When strategy doesn't work, you have to move on to something else that does
work. It doesn't make sense to go on being non-violent when everyone else is
being violent."
The article also said :
The Monday night sniper attack at Hunters Point left Patrolman Herman
George critically wounded with six bullet wounds and a special oflScer, Sergeant
Wayne Summerlin, wounded with a bullet in one arm.
"This is the kind of thing that is clearly developing here," Edwards said. He
said that future anti-war protests and racial demonstrations will carry with
them danger of bloodshed because "Violence is going to be answered with vio-
lence."
repeating some of his previous statements.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 107" appears on
page 2146.)
Mr. Montgomery. Now in that regard, I might observe, Mr. Chair-
man, that as recent as a week ago Tuesday night there was a similar
incident in San Francisco at another police station at the precise time
when the police were having a shoot-out with two armed Negro ban-
dits, a shoot-out in which one police officer was killed even before he
had a chance to draw his gun.
The second officer was wounded.
At that precise moment at the nearest police station, the Taravol
district police station, just south of Golden Gate Park, there were fired
into that substation from a park across the street a number of shots,
again from an M-1 carbine. Fortunately, no one was struck.
One policeman had his hat knocked off by a bullet. The communi-
cations system was shot out, radio transmissions and whatnot. A series
of — I don't recall the exact number of shots — but it was an attack
identical to that which had taken place at the Hunter's Point police
substation. As I say, this, what I am referring to now, happened only
10 days ago.
Then we also have remarks from an article appearing in the San
Francisco press on April 15, 1968. It refers to a blast at Stokely Car-
michael by a Negro leader. It carries a Washington dateline. It is an
Associated Press story, saying :
Negro leader Whitney M. Young Jr. said yesterday the masses of Negroes
viewing the riot damage in America's cities feel "they need a Stokely Carmichael
like they need a hole in the head."
2146 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 107
' [San Francisco Chronicle]
Professor'Acthfist
Thur»., Nov. 1^1967 j
Blunt Warning to Cops-
'Guerrilla Warfare Near'
By Ralph Craih
A young sociologist Bind
mil rights activist said
yesterday that the sniper
attack on the Hunters.
Point housing project po-
He» office was a warning
ofguerrilla warfare —
wtakA he says is rapidly
approaching.
Aasodata Professor Harry
Edwards of ^an Jose State
College — speaking bbtta as
social scientist and as an in-
volved militant leader —
called for an emergency con-
fereac* to head off open war-
fare Ml the streets.
In a letter mailed to all
Northern California police
departments, Edwards said
that "rational men" must
confer and agree on proce-
dures to avert "social catas-
trophe in Northern California
. . . violent and bloody revo-
lution."
•ftat ^ar is coming, he
said, because young Negjoes
and dissident white allies .are
thinHng ia tenns of "meet-
ing violence with violence."
Edwards, 24. a Cornel Uni-
v e r s i t y doctoral candidate
who did his thesis for his
m a 8 1 e r 's degree there on
phases of tiie Black Muslim
movement, attributed the
new militancy of young
Negroes to severaJ factors.
There was, he sam\ a feel-
ing that protests should be
"escalated" if goals are not
attained by peaceful means.
Aad, he said, "The young,
the new generation of blacks,
has observed the behavior of
the older generation and has
seen t^at non-violence was
used a$ a theolo|;y and not as
a strategy. The new genera-
tion, and I include myself.
sees that yon cannot make a
theology out of what is sup-
posed to be a strategy
HARRY EDWARDS
Call for conference
"When strategy doesn't
work, vou have to move on to
officer. Sergeant Wayne
Summerlin, wounded with a
bullet in one arm.
"This is the kind of thing
that is clearly developing
here." Edwards said. He
said that future anti-war pro-
tests and racial demonstra-
tions will carry with them
danger of bloodshed because
"Violence is going to be
answered with viWence."
He urged an emergency
conference at which leaders
of minority and dissident
militant groups meet face to
face with police from com-
munities throughout North-
ern CaUfornia to re-establish
"lines of communication" be-
fore open war erupts.
In his letter to police de-
partments, he said:
"In place of lines of com-
munication, battle lines are
.w iJ .hVt rfA»= being drawn. A condition of
' ° T M^'i^^ ? ,^ JJ J^^ open warfare between the po-
work. It doesnt make sense ^ communi-
to go on being non-vi^ent ^^^
when everyone else .s bemg ^^^^JJJ, '^
violent."
Recent i n c i d e n t s of vio-
lence, he said, have resulted ^
in deep anger among mill
tants. These incidents includ
ed. he said, the police use of
Let there be no mistake.
Jtlemen. We are no longer
6ng about bricks and bot-
tles. We are, talking about a
state of total, hostile and
aggressive guerrilla warfare
chemical irritants and free- carried out on streets and
swaging billy clubs at the highways of our communities
Oakland, ; Armed Forces Ex- and cities. We are talking
amining Station, treatment about the development of a
received by Huey P. Newton sutiation in which no one will
■ at the hands of the Oakland be the victor. There are.
Police Department," and po- nonetheless, those of us who
Uee handling of protestors at are willing to pay the price,
other demonstrations He translated this in an In-
throughout Northern Califor- terview yesterday. If miron-
nia. Newton, a Black Pan- ty groups want to "taliate
ther leader, was wounded se- for any action of police, ne
riously in a fight in which he said. "They're out "> tnc
is accused of killing one Oak- open in marked cars. Pe"*;"
land poUceman and wound- targets, and they wiu oe
ing another. picked off.
The Monday night sniper "i'eople are talking 4oday
attack at Hunters Point left »n terms of high powerea r^
Patrolman Herman George f!es and hand grenades, ine
criticaUy wounded with six police cant win - they ar
bullet wounds and a special out in the open
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2147
And Young said the Black Power advocate's following is minimal, accusing
the news media of building up Oarmiehael, projecting him and maintaining his
image.
"His following right now amounts to about 50 Negroes and about 5000 white
reporters — newspaper, television and radio reporters. They have created him.
There is no organization ; there is no following. They have projected him and
this has kept him alive," Young said.
The Urban League official —
He is a member of the Urban League, apparently —
gave his views in a copyrighted interview published by U.S. News & World
Report magazine.
Young said when he makes a speech about cooperation between whites and
Negroes, he's given four or five inches of newspaper space.
"When Stokely talks about 'killing whitey' his whole si)eech is reprinted and
gets television coverage," Young declared.
I might say that, while I am not in complete concurrence with Mr.
Young on how many supporters Mr. Carmichael has, the same would
apply to H. Rap Brown, LeRoi Jones, the others. I have noticed on
the West Coast that a gi'eater amount of news space is given, a greater
amount of coverage does seem to be given to these militant activists
than to those who are preaching a different doctrine.
This even extends down to the hippies. It has long been my per-
sonal belief that if radio, television, and the news media would pay
less attention to these people, that they would not be meeting with
the success that they are today.
I am convinced of that and I have seen instances in my area where
the funeral of a young black militant who was killed in a shoot-out
with police would be given 4-ijich pictures, four columns of art, and
a column and a half of copy, whereas the funeral of a policeman shot
by young militants a few days previously was kissed off on one of the
inside pages with perhaps 5 or 6 inches of print at the most.
So there is some merit to what Mr. Young is saying. What Car-
michael's actual following is in numbers — it is hard to say — but I
do think that we are playing into their hands by giving them the
attention and the press that they have been getting.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received into
the record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. That may be so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 108" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. I believe that was Whitney Young, was it not?
Mr. Montgomery. That was Whitney Young, right.
Mr. Smith. He is an official of the Urban League.
Mr. Montgomery. Right.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, do you have knowledge of inflam-
matory racial activity at San Francisco State College?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I have, sir. There is presently being given
at the Experimental College of San Francisco State College a seminar
on guerrilla warfare, titled, "Theory and Tactic in Contemporary
America."
I have a number of exhibits touching on that matter. The course
itself is being taught by Robert Kaffke. I believe the committee is
probably aware of who Robert Kaffke is. I have a part of a brochure
2148 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
put out for the spring of 1968 that is current for the Experimental
College at San Francisco State.
A seminar on guerrilla warfare — among other things Robert Kaffke
recommends as reading material for a foundation in this course the
book Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara, The Modoc War by Murray,
War of the Flea by Robert Taber, The Protracted War by Mao Tse-
tung, Lenin's thesis, "Imperialism," Stalin by Isaac Deutscher, Revo-
lution in the Revolution by Regis Debray, State and Revolution by
Lenin, US Army Guerrilla Warfare Manual^ Hoiu to Survive in the
Wilderness, 101 Questions for the Guerrilla by Col. Bayo, and Second
Declaration of Havana by Fidel Castro.
Tliese are the prescribed readings for this particular course.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 109" and retained in
conunittee- files.)
Mr. Smith. Do you have additional material on that point?
Mr. Montgomery. I have some additional material on this.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request that these documents he will
submit will be received for the record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. MoNTGOMEKY. I liavc an article from the Daily Gater. I might
say this Experimental College is run and operated by tlie students
themselves and funded by the Associated Students, rather than as a
subject on the curriculum of the college proper.
There is an article that appeared in the February 13, 1968, Daily
Gater [Montgomery Exhibit No. 110], which is the student publica-
tion, observing the return to campus of Commandante Roberto Kaffke
of the guerrilla forces of Nicaragua — "returned to SF State after
an extended stay in Nicaragua where he was subjected to 'sadistic
torture' by the local police." It tells of Kaffke's time spent in Nica-
ragua and finally the fact that he was apprehended there and deported
on December 23; "he was escorted to the border under guard and
deported. Kaffke arrived in San Francisco in late January." It was
immediately after his arrival, return to San Francisco, that this par-
ticular course in the Experimental College^-^he course on guerrilla
warfare, was founded. Again reading from the Daily Gater for Feb-
ruary 23, 1968 [Montgomery Exhibit No. Ill], a headline, "Com-
mandante Kafke's [sic] course draws raves."
It is preceded with an editor's note :
The following is a Gater first : a review of an Experimental College Course. The
first subject for this new treatment is a course on guerrilla warfare by Major
Roberto Kaffke.
It starts, "Revolutionary figure Roberto Kaffke opened up his first
session on guerrilla warfare Thursday night in a jammed lecture hall
to an expectant crowd of more than 125." They outlined what the
course was going to include, upcoming : "The Ghetto Uprisings," "In-
telligence Operations," "The Sandino Campaign," "Urban Warfare,"
"Weaponry and Demolitions," "Counter-Insurgency Tactics," and
"Perspectives of Revolution in the Americas."
These were the topics to be included over a period of weeks in the
teaching of this course in guerrilla warfare.
Mr. Smith. You mentioned that he was a major. Do you know what
army he is a major in ?
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2149
Mr. Montgomery. I don't know, unless this is some lionorary title
that Avas given him by Che Guevara. I don't know whether Che
bestowed a title on him or not. I don't know of him being commis-
sioned a major in any United States military force.
Incidentally, at one of his lectures the House Un-American Activi-
ties film on tile May 18, 1960, city hall riots, "Operation Abolition,"
was shown, and Kaffke announced that ho plans to obtain more films.
Presently he has an outstanding list of specialists who have been
invited to address the Thursday night sessions, according to this
article.
Mr. Smith. I request these documents be received into the record.
Mr. RouDEBusH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 110 and 111," re-
spectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Mr. Kaffke is also a rather prolific writer of let-
ters to the editors of various papers and particularly the Golden Gater.
He has one appearing in the March 21, 1968, edition, in which he makes
an attack on what we regard generally as the left.
He said, "The 'Left' in America, is held in contempt by the majority
of liberation struggles in the remainder of the world." He goes on to
criticize the left as nothing but a series of " 'club-houses,' relying on
a now ancient and dead concept of revolution," and that they "are not
revolutionaries at all."
He concludes by saying :
Perhaps better to die in the struggle than of old age and cancer in a bed that
does not toelong to one.
Thus I say : To Hell with the Left ; get out of our way or we will run you
over.
This is signed "Roberto Kaffke."
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received in
the record.
Mr. RouDEBusH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomeiy Exhibit No. 112" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Also there appeared in the Daily Gater on
Thursday, April 18, 1968, an account of an attack on this particular
class. There is a radio commentator in the area by the name of Pat
Michaels who, in a night program, had been highly critical of the
guerrilla w^arfare course. According to the Gater:
Michaels argues that the seminar, which has an average weekly attendance
of 125, according to EC staff member Russell Bass, should not be allowed on a
state-supported campus. His voice joins the chorus of anti-EC remarks, in which
state senator John Harmer of Orange County, has been loudest.
This course has met with some public criticism. But it nevertheless
continues.
Mr. Smith. I request this document be received for the record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomeiy Exhibit No. 113" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I have another article appearing in the Berkeley
Barh for March 15-21, 1968, headlined, "Guerilla Training at SF
State." The article starts out :
2150 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
"Everyman's castle should have a shotgun," Roberto Kaffke told his class last
Thursday. "The Revolution is coming very fast to Latin America and in another
sense to the United States ; if you don't believe that, I don't know what you're
doing here."
It tells of Kaffke's guerrilla warfare seminars, and it says :
The course presents the students with a variety of radical speakers and
literature, and provides them with practical preparation for urban warfare.
*******
Last week Dr. William Mandel spoke and played tapes of his appearance before
the McCarthy witch-hunt of 1953 and the HUAC hearings of 1960. Tapes of Rap
Brown and Stokely Carmlchael's speeches at the Oakland Auditorium will be
heard this week.
I might say I have heard the tapes of those speeches and they are
the most inflammatory racist public utterances that I have heard in a
long while.
This is the type of material that is being presented at the guerrilla
warfare classes.
Mr. Smith. I request this document be received in the record.
Mr. RouDEBTJSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 114" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. We have another article appearing in the San
Francisco Examiner on April 21 : "Guerrilla Warfare Course at S.F.
State Investigated."
It states that the course is now under investigation by the attorney
general. It told of a panel of "combat veterans." First they played
Carmichael's speech, with the remark, "This is where Carmichael sets
a new direction for the Black Power movement — calling on blacks to
organize themselves, become nationalistic, almost racist."
The article reads :
"If it is a classroom discussion on guerrilla warfare," says Charles O'Brien,
chief deputy attorney general here, "that is one thing; if it is an exercise in
guerrilla warfare, if they are training guerrillas, that is quite another thing."
That investigation is current. It is now going on. Accompanying the
article is a picture of Kajffke himself and some of the remarks he
has made over the years.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 115" and retained in
committee files. )
Mr. Montgomery. With regard to Kaffke himself, we have an article
from the Sam, Fran/dsco Examine7\ a byline story by William O'Brien,
dated July 1, 1963. This is the fruit of a long-distance exclusive tele-
phone conversation with Kaffke at a time when he was in Havana,
Cuba.
Reading briefly from the article :
A plane load of junketing U.S. students, including 20 from the Bay area, landed
in Cuba yesterday in defiance of a State Department ban on travel to the Red
republic.
Robert Kaffke, 35 year old San Francisco State College art student, told The
Examiner by telephone that the welcome by Cuban students was warm and that
he, and other members of the student tour, have little fear of U.S. threats of jail
for persons breaching the Cuban quarantine.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2151
"It's better to be in jail if it means eventual freedom," said Kaflfke of the
Justice Department's announced intention of imposing five year jail terms and
$5,000 fines on the students.
He added that he does not think the State Department will seek harsh punish-
ment for the students.
Further in the article :
Kaffke confirmed that the students quietly left the United States in small
groups, and had met in Paris for a further flight behind the Iron Curtain to
Prague, Czechoslovakia.
The westvpard trip to Havana, he said, was made in a Cuban jet plane that
arrived in Havana at 7 :30 a.m.
The tab for the entire trip, he said, is being picked up by the Cuban Student
Federation. The federation also will underwrite the cost of the group's month
stay at the posh Havana Riviera Hotel, he added.
There is more to the interview, but those are the pertinent facts.
Mr. Smith. I request the document be received for the record, Mr.
Chairman.
Mr. RouDEBusH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 116" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. We also have further reference to Kaffke in an
article appearing in the San Francisco State Golden Gater on July 3,
1963, in which he refers to 59 American college students, among them
25 from the Bay area and 6 from San Francisco State College — ^the
fact that they are in Cuba at that time in defiance of the United States
State Department's ban on travel to that country.
Farther down in the article, "The Justice Department will probably
wait until the US Court of Appeals rules on the William Worthy
case," is the explanation given by one of the supporters, Mr. Ernest
Besig, of the American Civil Liberties Union.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this dociunent be received in the
record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 117" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. On Friday, September 20, 1963, the Golden
Gater^ San Francisco State College, came with a three-column headline
story, "Kaffke served grand jury subpoena for visit to Cuba."
It identifies Kaffke as having gone to Cuba and having returned to
the San Francisco campus with a subpena from the grand jury of
New York. "I'll go where I want to go, regardless of passports. I
want to see what's happening for myself," was his remark as to why
he had gone to Cuba.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received in
the record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 118" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, would you identify the Golden Gater'k
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, the Golden Gater is a publication supported
entirely by student body fmids at San Francisco State College. It is
a daily paper. It was originally the Golden Gater and it is now the
Daily Gater. They have abl3reviated the name.
2152 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Smith. Thank you.
Mr. Montgomery. Also there have been protests of the U.S. inter-
vention in Vietnam. I have a flyer for a rally on the speakers' plat-
form on the campus there at 12 :30 on Thursday, April 30, 1964. This
was sponsored by the San Francisco State W. E. B. DuBois Club, a
particular chapter on that State campus.
It featured speakers Robert Scheer, Art Sheridan, Don Jons, J. P.
Freed, and Robert Kaff ke.
Mr. Smtih. Mr. Chairman, I request this document be received in the
record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 119" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I have one more letter to the editor, again in the
Golden Gater — this one, Friday, July 10, 1964 — an attack on the Viet-
nam situation by Kaffke, in which he said, "For nine years our gov-
ernment has been lying (sic) to us. We have violated every section
of the 1954 Geneva agreement."
He concludes with, "The U.S. cannot in any way justify extending
this ugly and contemptible crime against humanity."
Mr. Smith. I request the document be received for the record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 120" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Mr. KajBFke's name crops up again in a publication
called Challenge^ put out by the Progressive Labor Movement. On
April 13, 1965, there was in Challenge a two-column headline story,
"New Bronx Workers Group," and amiounced the forming of The
Community Workers, a new group, as a branch of the Progressive
Labor Movement.
It outlines its purpose — organizing the Spanish Americans and the
Puerto Ricans and the Negroes, and for further information, contact
Robert Kaffke. A phone number is given. It intimates that Robert
Kaffke at that time, as of April 1965, was active within the Progressive
Labor Movement and this Community Workers program.
Mr. Smith. I request the document be received for the record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 121" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Another article coming out of the Challenge for
April 13, 1965, identifying Challenge as a weekly organ of the Progres-
sive Labor Movement. It sets forth some of its objectives, one of which
is, "Fight those who hide behind police uniforms to terrorize and
murder working people while the big crooks go scot free."
Mr. Smith. I request this document be received for the record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 122" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. This article in the Daily Gater^ September 28,
1966, titled " 'Honorary' guerrilla, drifter teaching for Other Col-
lege"— referring to Kaffke — mentions an article in the GaUr [of July
10, 1963] written by Jerry Werthimer, who is an associate professor
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2153
of journalism, identifying Kaffke as something of a drifter who had
been in and out of college for 10 years, taking various courses and
changing his majors, shifting from one major to another, and dropping
out from time to time to take a variety of jobs or to fight for some par-
ticular cause or demonstration.
It describes his illegal trip to Guatemala and how he entered illegally
by swimming the Motagua River, It said, "Kaffke is also the Latin
American correspondent for Eamparts magazine," which is published
in San Francisco, and it said, "His latest assignment is to research
Lee Harvey Oswald's activities in Mexico in the summer of '63, when
Kaffke was also in Mexio [sic]." That concludes my reference, sir, to
Mr. Kaffke.
Mr. Smith. I request this document be received in the record.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Without objection, it will be so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 123" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Does Kaffke have an arrest record?
Mr. MoNTGoaiERY. Yes, he has. He has a rather extensive arrest
record. I will submit it if you are interested. It varies from auto
theft on through arrest for disturbing the peace and as a demonstrator.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request the record be received.
Mr. RouDEBusH. Without objection, it will be so ordered.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 124" and retained in
committee files. )
Mr. RouDEBUSH. I might ask for a clarification. Where does this
arrest record come from? Where did you obtain it?
Mr. Montgomery. The arrest records?
Mr. RouDEBusH. Yes.
Mr. Montgomery. It is a matter of common knowledge in San
Francisco; most of it came indirectly from the SFPD, the San Fran-
cisco Police Department.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, the committee staff investigation has
determined that Robert Kaffke was born September 27, 1927, in San
Francisco, California. Information from the Passport Division of the
State Department indicates a passport was issued on November 19,
1962, by the San Francisco Passport Office for travel to Mexico and
Nicaragua.
The subject records his occupation as a professor. The file reflects
two trips abroad during the previous 12 months and no indication
as to where or when. The address of the subject is given as 1054
Randolph Street, San Francisco, California.
Information also reflects that subject's parents are Theodore
Kaffke — born in 1890 in Germany, is a U.S. citizen — and Esmeralda
Rubi — born 1899 in Nicaragua, is a U.S. citizen. The address of
these two individuals is the same as subject's. Kaffke married Mar-
garet Crawford in 1952, divorced her in 1954. The subject then married
Helen Hoag in 1956 and divorced her in 1959.
The passport file further reflects application for passport registra-
tion in Paris, France, on November 2, 1965, under registration date
of 11-3-65, which expired 11-10-65. Application reflects subject de-
parted Luxembourg on 11-3-65, traveled to United States via Ice-
landic Airlines.
2154 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Final action in the file is passport renewal application dated No-
vember 21, 1966, the renewal effective 12-23-66. No travel plans re-
corded other than the indication of possible travel during the year
1967.
Kaffke enlisted U.S. Army on April 3, 1943, at the age of 15 under
the name of Lloyd W. Pease and was assigned to Ft. Lewis, Wash-
ington. He was separated from the service on June 18, 1943, as a
minor after about 2i/^ months' service.
He was given an honorable discharge. He reenlisted November 27,
1945, as Eobert L. Kaffke at San Francisco, California. He was sep-
arated August 16, 1946, at Letterman General Hospital, San Fran-
cisco, California, under provisions of AR-615-368 as a result of board
action in the Army. Subject given an undesirable discharge.
The board found the following: emotional instability, immature
reaction with antisocial behavior, chronic, severe. It reflects subject
did not receive any basic training nor was he assigned to any military
occupational specialty number. He has had no overseas service. Sub-
ject IS shown to have gone AWOL on April 6, 1946. He petitioned for
review of his undesirable discharge on October 5, 1959.
Air Force Discharge Review Board ruled on February 3, 1960, to
change the * certificate of discharge to honorable with the provision
that he is ineligible for future enlistment. Kaffke was so notified and
given an honorable discharge on February 16, 1960.
The passport application to which I referred a few minutes ago
reflects that subject refused to take the oath of allegiance inasmuch
as it is stricken out above the subject's signature on the passport
application.
Mr. Montgomery, do you have any additional information of in-
terest concerning Kaffke?
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Before we leave that, I am interested in knowing,
Mr. Montgomery described this man as a professional .student or
drifter. I think you indicated he was a professor. Has he graduated
from any university, or how did he obtain the title professor?
Mr. Montgomery. He is not a professor in the sense that he has
taken courses in education or received a degree in education. Mr. Chair-
man, because this is an experimental college, rather than a college
within the academic structure there, they can call in anyone and he
automatically gets the title of a professor in this experimental college.
He has no teaching credentials. Others who participate there, for
instance Terence Hallinan is one of the sponsors of this particular
course in experimental college. Terence Hallinan has a degree in law,
but he has no teaching credentials and yet he will participate, as do
other leftists. On occasions people known to us to be members of the
Communist conspiracy are participants in these discussions.
I might say that we had occasion recently at the Press Club of San
Francisco, which has regular events known as the Friday Gang Din-
ner, wherein speakers, at the conclusion of their remarks, are obli-
gated to respond to questions from the floor.
"We had as a recent speaker Dr. John Summerskill, who was president
of San Francisco State College. At the time he spoke at the Press
Club he already had amiounced his resignation as president of the
college, to be effective in July. Actually his whole administration had
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2155
come under disrepute. He was subject to severe criticism within the
State board of trustees, who have jurisdiction over the State colleges.
In the light of what had transpired on the campus, demonstrations
in which, incidentally, Kaffke participated at times — it was felt that
for the best interests of all that Dr. Summerskill be relieved as presi-
dent. So he was told in a nice way, "Well, you announce your resigna-
tion effective at the end of the school year and that will give you time
to firid another position."
Then shortly after the first of the year, after Summerskill had an-
nounced his intention to resign but was still acting as president, he
spoke at the Press Club. On that occasion he was asked with direct
reference to the guerrilla warfare course whether he thought that
this was a — well, he was asked to comment on the propriety of such
a course where State facilities were being used at the expense of the
taxpayers.
He replied and reminded those present that actually this was the
Experimental College and not a course in the regular curriculum of
the college itself. He said he could not find anything wrong with the
course. He was not opposed to it. He said after all, "There had been
no shots fired on campus." He then was asked, "Then, Dr. Summerskill,
by the same precept, do you feel it would be all right if they taught a
course in rape on the campus so long as no coeds were raped?"
Well, Summerskill laughed it off without a response and that was
it. Then a few weeks later there was another demonstration in which
militant students were protesting the ROTC on campus and the dis-
missal of one of the activist professors and what not, and the matter
got out of hand to the point where police were called in and Summer-
skill was dismissed forthwith as president.
(At this point Mr. Willis entered the hearing room.)
Mr. RouDEBUSH. Then I would say the title professor means very
little. It is more of an honorary title in this experimental school, and
no formal education is required to be a professor at this experimental
college ?
Mr. Montgomery. That is correct.
Mr. RouDEBUSH. In view of the fact that we now find that Kaffke
is not a professor per se, I wonder what he does for a living. Does he
have any gainful occupation ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have never put that question to him. I have
put that question to one of his colleagues. Professor John Gerassi.
Gerassi travels around the Bay area considerably, and he said, "Well,
I will get a friend to drive me here and drive me there, and someone
will invite me to dinner," professing to be stonebroke, but they always
seem to have money. Where it comes from, I don't know. They are not
gainfully employed to my knowledge.
Mr. Smith. Do you know where Kaffke is now ?
Mr. Montgomery. No, I don't. I know that on March 17 his seminar
was well attended, and he ran films on Che Guevara. He had a report
from Robert Williams in Peking. He had a report from Mao Tse-
tung, and he also gave quite a lecture on the Russian revolution of
1908, the one that started and failed, or 1905, whenever it was, and
he has said that would be what is happening today in America. The
revolution may not prove successful at this time but it will be similar
2156 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
to what happened in Russia in 1905 and all. So he was still lecturing
within the last few weeks.^
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, has there been any sabotage or threats
of sabotage in the Bay area?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, there has been. There has been considerable
sabotage in recent weeks. We have had the instance of a huge Pacific
Gas and Electric transmission power line in Berkeley Hills, back just
beyond the radiation laboratory, blown down with dynamite one night,
and it disrupted power service for a large segment of the community.
Most of these acts of sabotage or threats have not been resolved, and
the authorities are still trying to find the guilty parties. For this rea-
son, it is not known what the motivation is because the authorities them-
selves have not solved the crimes.
The fact that Robert Kaffke has been engaged in racial agitation,
however, and the fact that his course on guerrilla warfare includes in-
struction on demolitions indicate that there might be a link between
the acts of sabotage that have taken place and the militant race agi-
tators who, it is known, are advocating guerrilla warfare. We have had
them say that the thing to do was to blow up power stations, blow up
police stations, blow up factories. There has even been an intimation
that they were going to blow up the Standard Oil plant in Richmond.
These acts have been advocated by various spokesmen from within
the black militant group, as well as the leftists on the campus from time
to time.
There are two incidents in which there is no evidence of racial in-
volvement. On March 27 of this year the San Francisco Police Depart-
ment received a telephone call saying their radio communications tower
would be blown up.-
Investigation disclosed a young man approximately halfway up the
tower. This is a 250-foot tower. He had been in San Francisco only 1
day, however, and had previously been committed to a mental institu-
tion. He was released when his father came from Minnesota to pick
him up.
Then on April 9, 1968, an unemployed construction worker admitted
that he had toppled a PG&E tower in the San Mateo area with a bull-
dozer the week before.^ He stated he had done this to protest the war
in Vietnam and admitted that he subsequently attempted to black out
San Francisco, but that his effort had failed.
Then on March 25, 1968, a clerk at the Oakland Induction Center
received a telephone call saying "a tear gas bomb will go off soon, fol-
lowed by a big bomb."* This, however, did not materialize and the
threat might have come from anti-Vietnam war protesters rather than
from race agitators, inasmuch as a concerted campaign of harassing
induction centers had been undertaken by radical Vietnam protesters.
1 It has since been learned that Kaffke, along with William Dobkins, a "student," was
arrested on June 19, 1»6S, by Toronto, Canada, Metropolitan Police and jailed for possess-
ing an unregistered gun. The two pleaded guilty to this charge on June 27 and were subse-
quently deported to the United States.
2 As appears in San Francisco Chronicle, " 'Bomb' Scare On Twin Peaks," and San Fran-
cisco Examiner, "Youth Causes Bomb Scare at Peaks Tower, " both of Mar. 28, 1968 [Mont-
gomery Exhibit No. 125-A].
3 As reported in Sow. Fran^sco Examiner of Apr. 9, 1968, "PGE Saboteur 'Happy' S. F.
Effort Failed" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 125-B].
^ As reported in San Francisco Examiner of Mar. 26, 1968, "2 Bomb Threats That Fizzled
Out" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 125-C].
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2157
In addition to these incidents I would like to point out the unsolved
cases. There has been a direct attack against the Pacific Gas and
Electric Company. This is the largest utility company in the United
States. Its services are utilized from Bakersfield, California, to the
Oregon State boundary.
This, in driving distance, would be approximately 600 miles. The
first instance happened in July of 1967 when a PG&E electrical com-
plex was toppled near Orinda, California. The pole or complex had
been unbolted from the concrete base.
More recently, on March 20, 1968, a tower carrying two 115,000-
volt transmission lines was dynamited, cutting off the power at the
University of California at Berkeley and the Lawrence Radiation
Laboratory.^ The tower was completely demolished. The blast occurred
at 1 :40 a.m. Partial power was restored at 8 a.m. However, emergency
generators at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory responded immedi-
ately. Of course, we know the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory is one
of the foremost research laboratories under our atomic research
project.
Back on February 4, 1968, a Berkeley PG&E substation was entered
and three locked switches tampered with, disrupting power service.
On February 25, 1968, a bomb of a crude type was tossed over the
fence of a PG&E station at Berkeley. Only minor damage was caused.
On March 20, 1968, the engineer for the PG&E at the Martinez
substation was slugged and knocked unconscious and an attempt was
made to tamper with high voltage regulators.
On March 21, 1968, PG&E officials found minor damage to another
transmission tower. The dynamite attached to the tower did not func-
tion properly and failed to explode.
On March 22, 1968, a telephone call was received by radio station
KPFA in Berkeley. The caller stated, "There's a bomb in the Broad-
way Tunnel * * *, We don't want to hurt anyone. We are a revolu-
tionary movement. Call the authorities. It's set to go off at 8 :40." ^
The Broadway Tunnel has been renamed and is now known as the
Caldecott Tunnel and connects Alameda and Contra Costa Counties.
This bomb threat created one of the biggest traffic jams in the East
Bay area history. The highway patrol closed access to the tunnel for
a period of several hours. No bomb was found.
On March 22, 1968, at 2 :35 a.m., two explosions severed the big aerial
cable of the Pacific Telephone Company in Contra Costa Comity.^ The
blast disrupted most of the telephone service in the Oakland and
Berkeley area.
On Saturday, March 23, 1968, a threat was received by officials of
the Golden Gate Bridge that it was to be bombed.^ A search of the
bridge proved negative. On the same date a second threat was re-
ceived by American Airlines. The caller stated that nitroglycerin had
1 As reported in San Francisco Chronicle, "Satooteurs Cut Power to UC" ; San Francisco
Examiner, "Plot Against PGE Hinted in UC Sabotage" ; and Washington Post, "Electricity
To University Cut by Blast,' all of Mar. 21, 1968 [Montgomery Exhibit No. 125-D].
2 As reported in San Francisco Examiner of Mar. 22, 1968, "Threat Jams E. Bay Bore"
[Montgomery Exhibit No. 125-E].
3 As reported in San Francisco Examiner of Mar. 22, 1968. "2 Blasts Rip Out Cables,"
and "New Blast, Beating in PG&E Raids" ; and San Francisco Chronicle of Mar. 23, 1968,
"Phone Line Blasts — Threat on Tunnel" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 125-F].
* As reported in Oakland Tribune of Mar. 24, 1968, "Gate Bridge Shut By Bomb Scare"
[Montgomery Exhibit No. 125-G].
88-083 O— 69— pt. 6 8
2158 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
been set to explode near the airport tower at the San Francisco Inter-
national Airport. This also proved to be false.
On March 25, 1968, a telephone call was made to the San Francisco
Examine?' advising that a bomb in the Twin Peaks Tunnel was set
to go off at 6 p.m.^ This call was made at 5 :40. Again all street cars —
this is a street car tunnel — and traffic was stalled on Market Street on
either side of the tunnel for quite some length of time while a com-
plete search of this turniel, which is a mile and a half or two miles
long, was conducted.
Now there have been three additional electric towers sabotaged in
Oakland Hills.^
I have clippings and newspaper accounts of the various events that
I have related, particularly the one affecting the radiation lab, a pic-
ture of a tower that has been blasted. Three more of these have gone
down since I made my initial research, just within the last 2 weeks.
Three towers were dynamited simultaneously and the work is that
of a professional. In the last instance, plastic was used rather than
dynamite, and the plastic explosive had been so placed on three of
the four legs of each of the three towers, and they were all one along-
side the other — three huge lines running along parallel — that it was
beyond a doubt the work of an experienced saboteur. That is the opin-
ion of the officials who still have the case under investigation.
You might note, too, this is always done on a foggy night. We have
fog from time to time in the Bay area, and invariably it is done at
night — some time around midnight or in the middle of the night, and
on a foggy night so that the person might come and go with less
possibility of being observed.
So far as I know, there are no suspects, no known suspects under
consideration with respect to these bombings. I have exhibits touch-
ing on each of these matters that I have referred to that I w^ould like
to leave with the committee, and also an observation on one matter
here — ^that the PG&E saboteur is happy his effort failed.
It is an account in the San Francisco Examiner wherein he says that
he is happy that he failed. He tried to shut off the power for the entire
city of San Francisco, but was unable to do so, and he was judged
something of a mental case.
Mr. Smith. I request these documents be received for the record.
The Chairman. They will be received.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 125-A through
125-1," respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, in your testimony you mentioned
and have been describing the guerrilla attacks on the Hunter's Point
police substation. One police officer subsequently died of his wounds.
You further testified to the effect that a letter was written to various
police stations in northern California by Associate Professor Harry
Edwards of San Jose State College. In the letter Edwards warned
guerrilla warfare was near. Can you tell the committee more about
Harry Edwards?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I can, sir. He is originally from St. Louis,
a graduate of San Jose State College. His education in San Jose State
* As reported in San Francisco Chronicle of Mar. 26, 1968, "Bomb Scare Ties Up S. F.
Tunnel ' [Montgomery Exhibit No. 125^H1.
2 As reported in Santa Ana Register of June 3, 1968, "Saboteurs Blow Up 3 Electrical
Towers — Oakland Area Blacked Out" [Montgomery Exhibit No. 125-1].
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2159
College was obtained by a basketball scholarship. He was an outstand-
ing athlete.
After graduating from San Jose State College he received the
Woodrow Wilson scholarship and obtained a master's degree at Cor-
nell University. He is resigning his position at San Jose State College
at the end of this semester and will again attend Cornell University
to complete his doctorate.
It is reported that he has an IQ of 163 and he is presently 25 years
of age.
I would like to read from an excerpt from a feature article, "We'll
Live Together or Die Together" from the San Francisco Sunday
Examiner <&, Chronicle of December 3, 1967.
The following excerpts were made by Edwards, describing his age
and his background. He said :
"People look at me and say, 'Edwards is mad.' I get stacks and stacks of
fan mail and they say, 'Edwards, go back to Africa.'
"But they're not going back to Euroi)e and I'm not going back to Africa.
We're either going to live together in this society or die together."
He paused, sounding a snicker.
"Check this," he said to a small group lining the near wall and listening.
"Now, when tliis cat writes this up, it'll come out in the paper as, 'Edwards is
for integration.' "
The audience laughed.
And other of his statements are :
"I'm NOT for integration. I'm NOT for separation. Rap Brown and Stokely
Carmichael are NOT for separation. What we're all after is FREEDOM."
*******
"VTliy do white folks always try to shove * * * [a four-letter word] down our
throats?" he snapped. "I'm not aligned with anybody. I'm aligning myself with
whatever program is aimed at getting black people freedom in this country.
And I don't care what the white people, the white press, or the white govern-
ment thinks of me."
At another point he said :
"* * * I don't buy the idea that white people are bom devils — I believe
they're turned into them.
"The same morality that makes it possible for a white man to call a black
man a nigger and refuse him a job is the same morality guiding the pilots in
Vietnam — that allows this country to drop napalm on women and children."
When he was asked why he avoided saying "our country," he retorted "YOUR
country !"
Meaning not ours, necessarily. So much for his remarks.
He says :
"I still advocate sitting down and talking with white folks," Edwards says,
"but I'm not going to be * "^ * [using an 11-letter word]. If the white man isn't
going to talk to me, then we move up to the next step.
"How far this thing goes doesn't depend on Rap Brown. The young blacks
in this country are just fed up with the lies, the trickery, the * * * [an eight-
letter word] of white people."
He is quite outspoken in his remarks.
Mr. Smith. I request this document be received for the record.
The Chairman. All right, that will be received.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 126" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Can you tell us anything about Edwards' activity?
Mr. Montgomery. He was an organizer of the United Black Stu-
dents for Action. He was one of the principal organizers. It was
2160 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
formed at San Jose State College in San Jose, and he is credited with
being its leader.
Mr. Smith. When was this organization formed ?
Mr. MoNTCiOMERY. The first meeting was held September 14, 1967.
Mr. Smith. Can you estimate the membership ?
Mr. Montgomery. It is supposed to have — the last I heard, I think it
had 60 members.
Mr. Smith. What was the purpose for the United Black Students
for Action ?
Mr. Montgomery. Edwards and his organization charged campus
discrimination and said charges were subsequently substantiated by the
university administration. He made certain demands and stated that
if these demands were not met, "We'll disrupt everything. There will
be no football game this Saturday night."
I have an exhibit, if you please, from a newspaper, Bay area news-
paper l^San Francisco Chronicle^ September 19, 1967], quoting the
intent to disrupt the football game on that following week. It quotes
Edwards as having said :
"We'll disrupt everything. Tbere will be no football game this Saturday night.
"We'll send men out onto the playing field.
"We'll block off Fraternity Row and we'll pitch tents in front of the fraternity
houses. * * * if any Neanderthal type decides to throw garbage on us or get smart
like that, he'd just better have his hospitalization papers in order."
He also went on to say :
"You heard what he * * * [referring to a black militant] had to say. That's
where it's at. If things don't get better than this, Uncle Tom won't be able to cool
it any longer."
Mr. Smith. I request the document be received in the record.
The Chairman. All right, it will be received.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 127" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Further, I have a copy of an exhibit dated Sep-
tember 21, 1967, put out by Harry Edwards, coordinator of the United
Black Students for Action. This is the list of the demands it is making
on the State College at San Jose.
Mr. Smith. I request this document be received for the record.
The Chairman. It will be received.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 128" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. As a result of the formation of this organization
and the threat to disrupt a football game between San Jose State
College and the University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, the game was
canceled by the president of the college over the protest of a great
many people who felt that they should not have caved in to the de-
mands of Harry Edwards.
The athletic director of San Jose State College said interference
with the game could lead to mass violence and they were afraid this
could break out into a full-scale riot if the game were held and these
demonstrators did make their appearance, as threatened by Edwards
ILos Angeles Times, September 21, 1967].
San Jose State College President Robert D. Clark, in announcing
the cancellation of the game, stated, "The danger comes from the
possible involvement of off-campus persons and groups, who by Sat-
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2161
urday night, may be unaware of our progress towards a solution"
[San Jose Mercury, September 21, 1967]. He is referring to efforts
that were made to meet some of the complaints which Edwards and
his group had cited.
Edwards had this to say when he was invited to speak at "Experi-
ment in Education'' at Foothill College, which is in an adjacent com-
munity, on September 27, 1967. He stated that if the football game
had been played, it could have marked "the onset of the second Amer-
ican revolution," and further, "I'm talking about guerrilla warfare
with snipers in buildings." That was reported by the San Jose Mer-
cury on September 28, 1967. I have a clipping of that, a copy of that
particular story.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request these documents be received
for the record.
The Chairman. They will be received.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 129--A, B, and C,"
respectively. Exhibits 129-A and B retained in committee files. Exhibit
129-C appears on pajre 2162.)
Mr. Smith. Has Edwards participated in any other activities?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes. Currently and for the past several months
he has been advocating and attempting to formulate a boycott of the
Olympic games in Mexico City by Negroes. He contends the Negroes
should hold their own Olympic games in Africa and he is encouraging
outstanding athletes to boycott the Olympics.
Now he has formed an organization to further this goal. The or-
ganization is called the Olympic Boycott Committee, and he proposed
that the Olympic games in Africa will not be restricted to the Negro
race. His project is not receiving too much support. For a while it
did. At the outset even men like the noted athletes like Kalph Boston
here on the East Coast, who is a long jumper, at first concurred with
Edwards and then, within a matter of a few days, changed his mind
completely.
I know, Mr. Chairman, in Sacramento, California, a week ago to-
night the National AAU Championships were held — Friday and Sat-
urday nights — which were semiqualifying rounds for the Olympic
trials. The Olympic trials themselves will be held, finals will be held
in Los Angeles tomorrow and Sunday evening. I have direct knowledge
of a meeting that was called at 1 a.m. in the ciity of Sacramento a week
ago tonight at which Harry Edwards again furthered his advocacy
of a complete boycott.
Mr. Kobert Brachman, Bob Brachman, one of the sportswriters for
the San Francisco Examiner, a veteran rej)orter with excellent con-
tacts and considered the foremost man in his given field there in the
Bay area, wrote of the meeting through contacts after the meeting.
The press was barred. There were no white people present. But cer-
tain sources that have direct knowledge of what transpired at that
meeting said that they thought to all intents and purposes Harry
Edwards' cause had been lost, that it was not going to prove suc-
cessful. He reported that another meeting will be held in Los An-
geles, either Sunday night following the final qualifying trials or
will l3e held Monday. Mr. Brachman reported, and I noticed since
I have arrived here that the Associated Press is now carrying much
of the same story, that unless 75 percent of the Negroes, at least, who
2162 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 129-C
[San Jose Mercury, September 28, 1967]
NEGRO WARNS:
Een^Emum^WG^s AveHed
LOS ALTOS HILLS - H last
Saturday's San Jose State Col-
lege football game had been
played, it could have marked
"the onset of the second Amcri-
caii rcwolunon," a Negro leader
claimed Tuesday.
"I'm talking about guerrilla
warfare with snipers in build-
ings," SJS Prof. Harry Edwards
told a, Foothill College audience.
The game was canceled last
Wednesday after E d w ar d s
told SJS president Robert D.
Clark that agitators from out-
side the campus community
had threatened to "burn
down" the stadium.
The cancellation was attacked
by two state officials Tuesday
as "appeasement."
"I feci it was yielding; it was
appeasement," Gov. Ronald
Reagan said. "It was yielding to
a threat of force."
State Superintendent of In-
struction Max Rafferty said SJS
adniinistrators had submitted to
"blackmail."
"If I had to call out the
Marine Corps, the game would
have been played," Rafferty
'Said.
Had the Marines been
called out to qucir the football
demonstration, the protestors
would have been "wiped out,".
Edwards admitted at Foothill
Wednesday, but added that the
protest would have continued as
long as the discrimination exist-
ed.
By STEVE CRUDER
Mercury Sl4li Wrilcr
Edwards added that his claiming that if the group of
leaching job may now be in Negroes- had been attacked
jeopardy due to his role in the while demonstrating at the foot-
protest, ball game, he could not have
T> . , i. o T ^, . controlled them.
But the former San Jose State ..j ^lade it extremely clear to
basketball player said he will ^^^ administration and to the
contmuc to lead the Negro ^^j^isj jog.s that I am non-
group seeking an end to alleged yj^ig^j 3^^ i£ anybody throws
discrimination at SJS. garbage on me or spits in my
" f I have to keep my mouth "^ \ ^^ j^g to try to send
shut to keep my job. then the jjim to the cemetery."
hell with my job," the sociology ..„ t^^ ^^^3^ states can send
professor said. ^^ ^^ Vietnam, Korea. World
Edwiwds drew apiiiau.^c from War 11. and World War I to be
tlio siulicnce of 3)10 Foolhi'! violent in defense of its political
sl'.uicnls when he loid Ihcm, philosoi)hy. then we are justified
"There's a new generation of in u.sing violence," he said,
black Americans in thi:-; .society "We are not going to be
who are going to participate in beaten when we are morally
it or else they're going to right."
destroy it. Edwards repeated his claims
"Black people are no longer of dibcriminalion agaLnsi SJS
afraid of dying for nothing Negro athletes. They are forced
becauJie you white Christians to live in. motels while playing
arc going to give them every football for San Jose State due
reason necessary. to racist apartment landlords,
"But we're going to be ration- he said.
al so long as rationality works.
"If it comes down to an
animal to animal confrontation,
ihcn tlTat's what it's going to
be," Edwards.added.
Speaking at an "E.vperimeni
in Education" • semiirar at the
"San Jose State fraternities
and Mississippi State fraterni-
ties are exactly the same," be
said.
Admitting that some Negroes
are admitted to fraternities, he
mvitalion of a student group ggserted that when the white
that runs the non-crcdit classes, fraternity men hold parties,
the sociology professor said the .-blacks are given §20 and sent
principle of turning the other off ^q t.^jddie their thumbs for
cheek when attacked is outmod- (^g night" to keep Uicm away
^^' from the oarty.
"When rm attacked, I'm 3 ^'"'" "•**'"'J^*
crazy, irrational fool," he said.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2163
do qualify for the Olympics at these trials being held tomorrow and
Sunday in Los Angeles, unless 75 percent are in favor of Edwards'
proposed boycott, then it will be deemed a failure and all of the
participating athletes will compete in Mexico City regardless.
In other words, they presumably have reached an agreement among
themselves to that effect. Now it remains to be seen what happens in
Los Angeles at this meeting either Sunday night or during the day
Monday, at which time Edwards is again expected to make his pitch.
The voting on the issue will be limited only to those who actually have
qualified for the United States Olympic team.
I have, in that regard, exhibits touching on Edwards himself and
his boycott [Register, June 23, 1968; Son Frcmcisco Examiner,
June 23, 1968; and /San Francisco Chronicle, April 12, 1968].
Mr. Smith. Mr. Chairman, I request the documents be received in
the record.
The Chairman. They will be received.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 130-A, B, and
C," respectively. Exhibits 130-A and B retained in committee files.
Exhibit 130-C appears on page 2164.)
Mr. Montgomery. That concludes my testimony on Mr. Edwards.
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, do you have knowledge of additional
material relating to inflammatory campus racial activities at San
Francisco State College ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes. At San Francisco State College there are and
have been a number of student organizations such as the Black Stu-
dents Union; Movement Against Political Suspension, better known
as MAPS ; Progressive Lalx)r Party ; Students for a Democratic So-
ciety; Iranian Students Association, which is composed of exchange
students, foreign students; Vietnam Day Committee; W. E. B. Du-
Bois Club ; and a relative newcomer there known as the Third World
Liberation Front.
Mr. Smith. Will you describe the Black Students Union, please?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes. In January 1964 the Negro Students Associ-
ation was formed and it changed its name in March 1966. During the
life of the Negro Students Association the word "Negro" had become
unattractive to the Ne^ro militants, who preferred to be called Afro-
American or blacks. This was the apparent reason for the name change
of the organization to the Black Students Union.
The format or objectives of the Black Students Union remained
unchanged. The purposes are :
"To engage in projects ^hich the membership considers to be in the interest
of the Negro community. To engage in the study of Negro history. And to fostef
the growth of and dissemination of Negro cultural contributions." ^
Mr. Smith. Is the Black Students Union recognized by the college
administration ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, sir.
Mr. Smith. What is the membership of the organization ?
Mr. Montgomery. Well, I would have to give you an estimate. I
would say roughly 100 persons, 100 members.
* Excerpt from Montgomery Exhibit No. 133, introduced on p. 2170.
2164 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 130-C
[San Francisco Chronicle]
<rtrtK?tl,A^r.\2,\96Z
San Jose Professor
Joins Black Panthers
By Dick HaUgrrn e n c a room at the Sun-
TT„_„ r^ . J .w Reporter offices was poorly
v-nnnTl.nT^\''A''^f lighted. And it wiTan-
U^ f^J^ ^^*? ^'- nounced at the outset that he
Ihn i«^^n PJ?^' would not respond to ques-
^i» t^x^^n^.^* ^J" tions about "Negroes" but
S?JS^ Uf.^ ^* ^"W insist on q u e s 1 1 0 n s
Olj-mpics, declared yester- ^bout "black people."
day that he has decided to ^0^0 than that, however.
SSSITk" ♦^^"'^L ""' ^ was the quaUty of his voice:
Black Panther party. ^passioned, sarcastic, sor-
And he urged other Negroes rowful, angry, anguished and
—the doctors, the lawyers, finally desperate,
those who have achieved "If I'n) a pseudo-slave, a
social standing— to Join the 20th Century slave, if my life
militant group and to help 'S not worth as much as a
serve notice on society that white man's Ufe." he said.
"You can no longer Ignore "then I'm dead anyway."
the Black Panthers." He said he "makes no
Said Edwards: "We have ^?«" a*»S »»«w he is per-
to go down to the grass rooU fe^^ed in this society which
to ^ them since ttey cant ^ y '^T'P*' J!!.M*"r»°"'»
jolji m !• and so degraded that it
« ij V < w wt 1. could allow the assassination
, V J?!r **v,. S^ ***" 0' so great a man as Dr
plehad-anobUgattontoparw Martin Luther King, that it
tidpate even JJJJ-y don t ^^u,,, ,.^^^^ ^^^^ cracker to
apree with an ttM goals" of t^ink he could get away
the Panthers, It It the Pan- ^.^^.. ^^^^ a crime
thers, he said, who are mo-
bilizing to ward off further
"bnrtalixatton and harass-
ment" of the black people.
BERET
VIOLENCE
He said he believed Influ-
ential Negroes were mistaken
in assuming that they would
_. ^, ,^ , * be immune from attack by
The 24.year.old awocUte radsts-and this was the
professor, at sU-foot-eight a ^^^^ n^tg^g „ade by the
former basketball star, had j^^.^ j^ Hj^er's Germanv
already donned some of the ^^en the imprisonments
accoutremenb of the Pan- ^^^^ began,
thers for his morning press 7^5 principal of non-vio-
conference. He wore a black jpn^e said Edwards, died
beret and large black sun- jo^g before Dr. King died,
glasses, althoo^ ttie confer- Oakland.
Nonviolence now, he said.
will be "shored up with the
principle of self-defense."
Dr. King, said Edwards,
was "a preacher, he was a
saint. But I'm a man, and
I'm going to be treated as
such.
" 'We shall overcome,' yes.
But I want to add one more
stanza: By any means neces-
sary."
MEMORIAL
He declared: "I personally
encourage violence, until
somebody shows me a better
way. Non-violence essentially
has networked."
Two other press confer-
ences were held, one here
and one at Stanford, to urge
support for the Panthers.
Four Bay Area college pro-
fessors, who said they repre-
sented a total of 17 profes-
sors, attacked the "systemat-
ic harassment" qf the Pan-
thers and urged that the U.S.
Civil Rights Commission
investigate the Oakland po-
lice department
The four professors are
Fred Thalheimer, professor
of sociology at San Francisco
State College: Sandra Schic-
kele, profeinor of social sd*
ence, also at State; Bruce
Franklin, an English profef<
sor at Stanford: and Richard
Llchtman, professor of phi-
losophy at tile University of
California in Berkeley.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2165
Mr. Smith. How many Negro students are there at San Francisco
State College?
Mr. Montgomery. Approximately 600.
Mr. Smith. What is the enrollment of San Francisco State College?
Mr. Montgomery. The total enrollment at the last figures I had was
approximately 18,000—17,500 to 18,000.
Mr. Smith. How is the Black Student Union financed ?
Mr. Montgomery. Is it financed from the Associated Students Fund,
that is, funds that are contributed, compulsory contributions by stu-
dents attending the college. They have to contribute to this fund.
Mr. Smith. Do you have a record of the finances?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I do. For 1966 and 1967 the following infor-
mation was developed. This information is from a report, " 'Black
Power' at San Francisco State College — Prepared by : members of the
Executive and Legislature, Associated Students, San Francisco State
College," and dated May or June, I believe of this year [Montgomery
Exhibit No. 131].
Mr. Smith. Of this year ?
Mr. Montgomeriy. Of 1967, 1 am sorry.
Mr. Smith. Do you have the financial allotments for 1967 and 1968 ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I have.
The breakdown of the money made available to the Black Students
Union, they were given a subsidy of $5,975 for the year '66-'67. The
Community Involvement Project hired the BSU, the Black Students
Union chairman, Jimmy Garrett, James Garrett, at $1,100 for 1966-67.
Mr. Garrett, along with other leaders of the BSU, received salaries
totaling $3,244 through the Economic Opportunity Act [of 1964].
These are Federal funds I am talking about, in addition to the student
funds which I referred to earlier, of which the Associated Students
paid 10 percent and the Federal Government 90 percent. It is quite
a subsidy they are receiving from the Federal Government, and in
addition $3,025 was given to the Work-Study Project pilot program,
which is controlled by Black Students Union leader Marianna Waddy,
whose name may or may not be familiar to this committee. It is well
known to me.
A breakdown of the money made available to the leadership of the
BSU from Associated Students, this is the Associated Students Fund
only, aside from the Federal funding, is roughly $6,000 to the Black
Students Union, $13,000 to the Tutorial Project — and this was sending
students from campus out in the minority group areas to help tutor
youngsters, 12, 14, 16 years of age.
The Black Communications Project was allowed roughly $4,500, the
Visiting Professor Program, $1,600, the Black Arts and Culture
Division of the Experimental College, roughly $2,000.
The Chairman. Now you have testified how much money Avas re-
ceived by several groups. Where did that money come from?
Mr. Montgomery. Most of the money came from the Associated
Students Fund, but there was additional money coming from the
Federal Government, as much as 90 percent of some of these projects,
as much as 90 percent funding by the Federal Government in addition
to these sums.
The Chairman. Under what program ?
Mr. Montgomery. Under the Economic Opportunity Act.
2166 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Then a salary to James Garrett of roughly $1,100 was paid, an
Economic Opportunity Act salary to James Garrett and Marianna
Waddy and Ty Barnett. Here is a figure paid by the Federal Govern-
ment $3 244.
Then the contribution to the Black Arts West Theater, which has
put on some very racist plays — I have witnessed a couple of them —
$500.
Then a special Work-Study Project for Marianna Waddy, in excess
of $3,000 was paid.
It is a total of $34,838.50.
The report stated the :
Associated Students membership fees are mandatory at S.F.S.C. [S.F. State
College] . Each student must pay $10.00 a semester to register as a full-time stu-
dent. The Education Code specifies the intent for which the money can be spent ;
it very plainly excludes any "racist" organizations from subsidies.
Yet, despite the Education Code this money is being diverted in great
measure to what constitutes out-and-out racist programs through the
Black Student government subsidies :
The student government's subsidies to the Black Students Union have been
known and countenanced by the administration. A student majority of the legis-
lature tried to express their concern by not funding the Black Communications
Project. However, the motion was passed when the two administration [members]
and the one faculty member of the legislature voted together for the $4,420.00
figure. * * *
In addition to elected student members, there are sitting on that
student legislature two members of the college administration, mem-
bers of the president's staff, and one member of the faculty. This be-
came a very testy situation out there. There were threats and counter-
threats, and the meeting wound up in a hassle and had to be adjourned.
Seven of the students voted in opposition to this program, four of the
students voted for it. So, as far as the students themselves were con-
cerned, the majority of the students on the legislature were opposed
to this. But supporting these four students, who incidentally are
Black Student Union members, were these two administrators and
one faculty member so that made a tie vote, seven and seven. The mat-
ter was put over.
The first budget failed to pass because of this tie vote. So the Black
Students Union and the administration members then fought for the
acceptance of two questionable proxy votes. There were two proxy
votes they went out and solicited and brought in and eventually, over a
protest of what constituted a majority of the students on the legisla-
ture, this program was passed.
The report contmues :
The Black Students Union has become increasingly militant on the campus,
packing meetings and threatening anyone who would oppose them. The admin-
istration's policy seems to be one of appeasement at every point. It is clear that
the actions of the administration have ceased to be in the interests of the majority
of students at San Francisco State. We [students] call for an immediate review
by the Board of Trustees of the California State Colleges of the situation at
San Francisco State College.
What I have been reading is not my own opinion or a newspaper
article, but a report prepared by students within that legislature them-
selves who are opposed to what has been going on. I might observe
this occurrence right here was perhaps what marked the beginning of
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2167
the end of Dr. John Summerskill, who no longer is president at San
Francisco State C!ollege. He had aiuiounced his retirement and, as I
said earlier, it was to have taken effect in July. And then things got
out of hand in January and February and to the point where finally
the head of the board of trustees, State colleges of California, dis-
charged him. They brought in another president.
Mr. Smith. Is LeRoi Jones mentioned in that document [Exhibit
No. 131] ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, he is. LeRoi Jones is mentioned as having
been hired as a teacher in English drama and his subsidy was paid. He
was paid by this fund, the Black Students Union fund. He was paid
$1,600 for what was to have been 2 months of work. It is my under-
standing he probably spent in that 2 months of time as much as 2
weeks on campus. He was not there continually.
While he was giving a number of racist and inflammatory speeches,
he was being paid.
I have some material on his background. Of course, I think you
have had earlier testimony from Newark on this man. But he is a
Negro playwright from New York. His plays are especially vicious in
content against the white people and the United States Government.
He, at one time, was in charge of a theatrical project funded through
the Office of Economic Opportunity. These funds were eventually with-
drawn or ran out.
According to the report :
LeRoi Jones was invited to San Francisco State Ck)llege as a "visiting
professor" by the 1966-67 student government. He was to be paid $1,600.00 for
approximately 2 months' work. A contract was signed with Jones which included
that he was to engage in educational activities related to the program of the
Black Students Union, to "conduct workshops," and to speak on and off campus.
There are a number of statements in the report made by and about
Mr. Jones and some of the plays that he has written, which will set
the tone of his attitude toward the United States. These are some
examples :
From Commentary magazine, February 1965, it quotes LeRoi Jones
as saying :
Guerrilla warfare is inevitable in the North and the South. Every black is a
potential revolutionist . . . you can't use nuclear weapons against us when we
kill a few cops . . . there is no way of saving Am^erica.
Again, from the TJ.8. News d- World Report^ December 13, 1965,
quoting LeRoi Jones as having said :
The force we want is of 20 million spooks [Negroes] storming America with
furious cries and unstoppable weapons. We want actual explosions and actual
brutality. . .
Again, from Time magazine, December 25, 1964, the review of two
plays, "The Toilet" and "The Slave," written and produced by LeRoi
Jones :
"The Toilet" and "The Slave" are one act spasms of fury. Naked hate, like
naked love, is very hard to sustain on a stage. But Jones can do it with ven-
omous intensity. . . . near the play's end, ["The Toilet"] a white boy's bloodied
head lies in a urinal. Jones makes it abundantly clear that he would gladly
consign every white man's bloodied head to that identical spot.
Mr. Smith. Were these plays produced at the time he was funded
byOEO?
2168 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Montgomery. Whether they all were or not I don't know. There
were plays such as "Arm Yourself or Harm Yourself," which I know
was funded in part by OEO.
Then from Esquire in June of 1966, again quoting Jones :
It's simple. Harlem is an independent state with its own laws — black laws, and
its own culture — black culture. And it will be the only future in this country — ■
the black future. If any whites should still be around, they might be allowed to
wander through the black world as tired, placid tourists.
Quoting from Newsweek^ May 2, 1966, a review of Home: Social
Essays by LeRoi Jones :
Alter some of the elements and Jones's essays would have gone over big in
Berlin and Munich around 1933. Jones begins with some home truths and fabri-
cates a collossal [sic] lie.
Quoting Jones, from Commentary magazine, February 1965, a
direct quote:
My ideas revolve around the rotting and destruction of America, so I can't
really expect someone who is part of that to accept my ideas.
Also, an article from George Dennison's column in Commentary,
February 1965. Speaking of having attended one of these plays, Den-
nison says :
There were many young Negroes in the audience the night that I saw these
plays ["The Toilet" and "The Slave" by LeRoi Jones]. More than a few shouted
their approval, and from time to time the theater swarmed with the hatred of
racism. There were three high points in their excitement. The first occurred
when the Negro revolutionary beat up the liberal-intellectual (judo) ; the second
when the revolutionary enacted a brief rape of his former wife ; and the third
when the revolutionary shot the intellectual. The responses of the young men
in the audience, however, ("Give it to him !") were not triggered by the actions,
but by the well-turned and very plentiful put-down-Whitey phrases that ac-
companied them.
Then, from the Golden Gater [July 22, 1966], the newspaper on the
San Francisco State College campus :
[James] Garret^ [President, Black Students Union, S.F. State] said the pres-
ent black nationalist movement is concerned only with the black people and that it
does not strive for an integrated sociey[sic]. . . .The black nationalist movement
wants a black society for black people, and Garret said that he would do anything
necessary to bring about such a society — ^from reading a book if that is neces-
sary, to killing as the white man has done so often.
The report also contains two students' statements which constitute
affidavits.
During the Associated Students Legislature meeting held on May 12, I ex-
pressed my objection to and voted against the appropriation of money for
the Black Communications Project of LeRoi Jones. After tlie meeting, two mem-
bers of the Black Students Union turned to me and one said, "Don't come on
campus at night if you want to stay alive." I asked them to give me their names
but they walked away. Several other people witnessed the incident.
I know that complaints were made to the local police district, that
more than one person who opposed this appropriation were threatened.
This affidavit was from Kay Tsenin.
Another similar one :
While I was walking away from the A. S. Legislature meeting of May 11, sev-
eral Negroes approached me and asked how I was going to vote on the appropria-
tion for LeRoi Jones. I replied that they would have to wait until the following
1 Carrect spelling "Garrett."
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2169
day to find out. One of them then said, "If you hoys don't vote the right way, some
of you are going to get cut up."
I certify this to be a true and correct statement.
It is signed, "Tony Volk, 5/17/67." He was among those who opposed
the LeRoi Jones program.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 131" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Now, I understand with reference to LeRoi Jones
that at this committee's hearings on the Newark riots some weeks ago
there was evidence presented that LeRoi Jones may have had some
change of heart or perhaps does not subscribe to these doctrines that I
have expressed here and may not subscribe to them any longer.
However, when he w^as in the San Francisco area he certainly made
highly racist 'and inflammatory speeches. He may have changed his
mind meanwhile, I don't know.
Mr. Smith. You mentioned James Garrett a while ago as being con-
nected with the Black Students Union. Wlio is he ?
Mr. Montgomery. Incidentally, I have an exhibit on LeRoi Jones
that I would like to put in the record [article from San Francisco
Chronicle^ May 5, 1967] to back up what I have been testifying to, in
which LeRoi Jones is quoted as saying: "You'd better get yourself a
gun if you want to survive the white man's wrath," as a warning to
Negroes. He said, "Those white policemen aren't here to protect you —
they're there to kill you." This is as late as .February of 1967.
Mr. Smith. I request this document be received in the record.
The Chairman. It will be received.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 132-A" and retained
in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I also have the entire script of his play produced
at San Francisco State. It is called, "Arm Yourself or Harm Yourself."
There is so much filth in it I would doubt that you would want me to
read it into the record. However, I think the committee should have it.
It is full of obscenities from beginning to end.
Mr. Smith. Thank you. It will be retained in the files.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 132-B" and retained
in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery, That concludes what I had on LeRoi Jones.
You were asking about James Garrett ?
Mr. Smith. Yes, who is he ?
Mr. Montgomery. In 1966 he was president of the Black Students
Union, San Francisco State College. He later became off-campus co-
ordinator. He is originally from Los Angeles and was a leader of SNCC
in that area.
Mr, Smith, In your testimony you set forth the format and objec-
tives of the Black Students Union. From this format it appears that
the organization is working towards the best interests of the Negro
community. Is this true ?
Mr. Montgomery. I would say no, I would have to say no. I have a
number of statements from its leadership which I would like to read
into the record. The first person I refer to is James Garrett. This par-
ticular statement appeared in the Golden Gater^ on July 22, 1966, and
is reprinted in an exhibit which has been previously introduced into
the record [Montgomery Exhibit No. 131] :
2170 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
[James] Garret [sic] [President, Black Students Union, S.F. State] said the
present black nationalist movement is concerned only with the black people and
that it does not strive for an integrated sociey [sic]. . . .
The same statement I previously read to you.
Three articles were run in the San Francisco Examiner concerning
the racial issues at San Francisco State College, and this particular
article is dated December 13, 1967 [Montgomery Exhibit No. 133]. I
quote the following statement made by a member of the Black Students
Union. This details the racial turmoil at San Francisco State, with
emphasis on two people particularly, Jimmy Garrett and Jerry
Varnado :
The BSU was originally formed at San Francsisco [sic] State as the Negro
Students Association in January, 1964. The name was changed to Black Students
Union in March, 1966.
Its goals were to engage in projects for the Negro community. In
1960 between 10 and 11 percent of the student body were Negroes, ac-
cording to the president, John Summerskill. Last year it was 3i/^ per-
cent. Some of the things they have stood for at one time or another —
the Tutorial Program, its coordinator "is a member of the BSU [Black
Students Union], as are at least three-fourths of the tutore."
What the writer is pointing out is that within the Black Students
Union these members are the ones being sent out in the adjacent com-
munities to work with students of the ages of 12, 14, 16 years old, right
at the formative stages of life.
The Black Students Union on-campus coordinator is Jerry Varnado.
He says he does not hate white people, he just claims, "You don't
HATE a cancer. You cut it out."
I might say, I had an occasion to trace guns. I spoke earlier in testi-
mony about the Hall of Flowers, the campaign to raise money for
guns for the black community. I know of my own knowledge that
Jerry Varnado made two trips to an Army surplus store, a privately
run surplus store on Sierra Street in Reno there by Commercial Road.
I know that he went there in October, late in October of 1967, and
acquired four weapons, hand weapons. I believe there were three .38's
and one Afta .9 millimeter automatic. He returned within a week or
10 days and acquired five more. Within a period of 10 days he had
acquired and paid cash for nine hand weapons, either .9 millimeter or
.38 caliber.
I know that on one occasion he attended one of his own meetings on
campus wearing a .38 strapped to his hip. This is Jerry Varnado who
is the coordinator of the BSU on the campus. Where that money came
from, whether this is part of the funds raised by Robert Avakian I
have no way of knowing. I do know when they go up there they peel
off large sums of money, $100 bills to pay for guns.
Mr. Smith. Were the San Francisco police aware of this ?
Mr. Montgomery. They were not at that time. We knew they were
getting weapons, and it took some time to find out where these weapons
were coming from. Occasionally one would be arrested with one of
these Afta .9 millimeter guns, and through serial numbers and one
thing and another it was traced to this store in Reno.
The fact that there is an arsenal somewhere has been established.
One man arrested in Berkeley recently for illegal gun possession was
a man by the name of Contrell. He was an ex-convict. That same night
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2171
he was bailed out. His record had not caught up with him. He failed to
show for arraignment. His weapon had been taken from him, a .9
millimeter Afta which had been purchased in Reno. About a week
later this man was shot to death in Los Angeles in a three-way gun
fight among Negro militants, and the weapon he used was another
identical .9 millimeter Afta coming from this same source in Reno,
acquired at the same time as the gun that had been taken from him
by police earlier.
The guns had not been purchased by this man, but they are being
made available. So you have a man with a gun taken away from him,
and the next day he has another gun.
The Chairman. I think it is appropriate for me to make a state-
ment.
Mr. Montgomery, I want to thank you in the name of the committee
for appearing to testify on the matters you have discussed.
If there is one thing that is clear to me, and to the other members
who have heard your testimony, it is that you are certainly one of the
most widely and best informed witnesses the committee has heard in
many, many years. It is also evident that, in preparation for your
appearance yesterday and today, you have done a tremendous amount
of work. For this, too, we are very grateful and you certainly deserve
a great deal of credit.
Your presentation has been outstanding. You have made a very
great contribution to this inquiry, and again I say we are most grateful.
I understand that you have a^lditional material to present to the
committee. Unfortunately, I have other commitments and I cannot
remain here at this time and no other members of the committee are
available. I will, therefore, grant permission for you to submit the
remainder of your material for the committee record in the form of
an affidavit, with it being taken by the reporter who is present. This
can be done at this time or later in the day, if you would prefer that.
Again, Mr. Montgomery, I want to thank you for your presentation.
Mr. Montgomery. I thank you, sir.
The Chairman. The meeting of this subcommittee will stand in
recess subject to the call of the Chair.
(Wliereupon, at 12 :10 p.m., Friday, June 28, 1968, the subcommittee
recessed, subject to the call of the Chair.)
AFFIDAVIT OF EDWARD S. MONTGOMERY
(Edward Montgomery, having been previously duly sworn, was
examined and testified further as follows :)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montgomery, pursuant to the chairman's directions
just before we recessed, will you continue to present your testimony
concerning the matter in affidavit form.
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I shall.
I would like to call attention with regard to the matter of campus
turmoil on the racial issues that hit San Francisco State College.
The San Francisco Examiner of December 13, 1967 [Montgomery
Exhibit No. 133], refers to Jimmy Garrett and Jerry Varnado. Also,
the story reflects a quote from George Murray, who was a member of
the Black Student Union and an English instructor and at one time
was on-campus coordinator of the Tutorial Program. His quote was :
2172 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
"As brother LeRoi Jones said : They owe us everything, including their lives."
On another occasion, Murray was quoted :
"Anything we do to the 'dog' cannot be wrong. . . . The only crimes we can
commit are crimes against humanity. * * *"
Another quote from the Black Student Union, a member speaking
at an organizational meeting :
"We don't owe these racist dog professors anything. They owe us their lives —
and we have a right to take it."
Again, at a Black Student Union rally, the speaker said :
^'The ultimate responsibility" * * * "is to the black nation ... in this Baby-
lon called America. . . . We should be becoming warriers . . . (and) commit
acts of wa.T in the interest of people being a nation."
Contending that chemical warfare is developed on college campuses, he added :
"If you kill a chemistry professor, then you are preventing the death of maybe
20,000 black people."
Jimmy Garrett had this statement to make :
"There will be reprisals. . . . There are certain brothers and certain sisters
around this country who are slated to die. That's very important if you can dig
life. They're slated to be killed."
Speaking on the matter of loyalty, one member of the Black Student
Union, returning from the recent Black Youth Conference at Los
Angeles, explained that "Uncle Toms" will now be designated as
"traitors," and he added that with that word :
"You realize you're a nation and you deal with traitors accordingly."
I am submitting this article from the San Francisco Examiner dated
December 13, 1967, for the record,
Mr. Smith. The document will be received for the record.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 133" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Did the Black Student Union engage in any violence
on the campus of San Francisco State College ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, they did.
On November 6, 1967, nine students, including members of the
Black Student Union, broke into the State College campus newspaper
office — that is the Gater — and attacked the editor, who was hospital-
ized, and injured several other staff employees. The cause of this
rumpus was evidently the fact that the paper failed to run a photo of
the Black Student Union candidate for homecoming queen. However,
the city editor of the Daily Gater claimed the photo arrived too late
to run with the other candidates' pictures and it was run in a subse-
quent edition as a separate story.
There are submitted for the record newspaper accounts of that
particular occasion, one of which is from the San Francisco Exanviner
of November 6, 1967, which cites the facts :
Meanwhile, as three others stood outside the main office door, apparently to
block exit or entrance, the other eight men began beating other staff members,
overturning tables, and scattering newspapers and typewriters.
There was a part-time journalism instructor, Lynn Ludlow, who
was present at that time and he suffered a broken finger.
The UPI account in a San Francisco press release \^Los Angeles
Times^ November 7, 1967] quoted the editors of the campus paper
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2173
saying they had no idea what motivated the attack, but it was by the
Black Student Union.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 134—A and B,"
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. With regard to the arrests as a result of the
incident, there were nine arrests and nine suspensions.
I now submit for the record the San Francisco Examiner for No-
vember 14, 1967, an account about the nine individuals who were ar-
rested and who were suspended. They eventually were booked on
conspiracy and assault charges. If you want their names, I have an
account listing the names of six of the individuals \^San Francisco
Examiner oi November 10, 1967] :
Benjamin Stewart, 23, of 1158 Page St., chairman of the Black Students Union
on the campus, and George Murray, 21, of 515 Douglas St, head of the BSU's
student body tutorial program.
The other four, who refused to say whether they were associated with the
BSU, were booked as :
Winston Hearring, 18, of 258 Bridgeview Drive ; Danny L. Glover, 21, of 860
Oak St. ; Clarence Thomas, 20, no local address, and Landon R. Williams, 23, of
3817 17th St.
Eventually, after considerable delay, Dr. Summerskill did sign
formal complaints on these individuals, and after much delay they
were taken into custody. There was was an arrangement at that time
that police would not go on campus. These nine were to have sur-
rendered through their attorney. Unfortunately, that was not the case,
and eventually it became necessary for the police to go on campus to
seek them out. Some of them had been living on campus in the Black
Student Union, although it is not equipped as a dormitory. They
were sleeping there, eating there, residing there, rather than risking
going ojff campus.
Eventually, it was necessary for the tactical squad to go in and
effect their arrest, and they were arrested and prosecuted.
There was an incident with one individual. Jack Alexis, 24, a mem-
ber of the Black Student Union, but he had not been arrested as of
the date of that article, but a warrant for his arrest had been is-
sued. He is a foreign student and a noncitizen. If I am not mistaken, he
is still the subject of a search in San Francisco.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 135-A and B,"
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I have one other matter. The Black Student
Union called a press conference, and this is reflected in the account
of the Daily Gater for November 17, 1967, at the San Francisco State
College, at which a press conference was held :
Television and radio men tried continually to redirect the Gallery Lounge
press conference to the subject of violence in the Gater office. The BSU refused
to be baited by any of the media's questions, and instead talked only about BSU
philosophy and work.
The main speakers for the BSU were Jerry Varnado, on-campus coordinator,
and Jimmy Garrett, off-campus coordinator. They were flanked by Tom Williams,
director of the Tutorial program, and Bill Smith, national coordinator for the
BSU.
I offer that for the record.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 136" and retained in
committee files.)
88-083 O— 69— pt. 6 9
2174 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Mr. Smith. Did any organization or group lend, assistance to the
Black Student Union?
Mr. Montgomery. I have one other observation. While nine students
were suspended for participation in the attack, this was later reduced
to four suspensions and five were either put on probation or sent
letters of warning. This was the action under the administration of
Dr. Summerskill.
Your last question, sir.
Mr. Smith. Did any organization render aid and assistance to the
Black Student Union?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes. A new organization was created called
MAPS, Movement Against Political Suspension. The editor of the
campus publication O'pen Process w^as suspended. His name was
Blair Paltridge, and one of his writers, Jefferson Poland, was also
suspended.
The paper printed some obscene material under Poland's signature.
Poland is better known around the San Francisco area for his leader-
ship in the Sexual Freedom League.
I have a masthead and also a portion of the Oyen Process to submit
as an exhibit.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 137" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I might say that Jefferson Poland recently was a
candidate for the presidency of the student body at San Francisco
State College, and prior to his running for that office he legally
changed his name to Jefferson and a middle name — a four-letter
word — and Poland. It followed his Sexual Freedom League philos-
ophy. Needless to say, he was not elected.
With regard to the Oj)en Process publication, it is published weekly
by the Board of Publications for the Associated Students at San Fran-
cisco State College, and the office is at Hut B on the campus, which,
according to my recollection, joins quonset huts that are used for
student activities and that adjoins the hut of the student organization.
They say, and this next sentence is supposed to be humorous :
POSTAL REGULATION : "Effective at once, used clothing and used footwear
in gift parcels to East Germany is prohibited."
Our guest sermon today comes from Alan R. Fisher of the Port Chicago Vigil :
They maintain a vigil at Port Chicago, which is a harbor on the
Bay, the northern reaches of the Bay, from which are loaded munitions
by the Navy, munitions being destined to Vietnam and other military
bases.
There is quite an article here on how to commit sabotage :
Sabotage is the only remaining route to peace.
Sabotage is anything that slows, damages, fouls up, or makes costly. It need
not be violent. Some forms of sabotage are legal ; some are "hit and run" ac-
tions ; another is civil disobedience. Sabotage need not stop with imprisonment.
Targets for sabotage are any parts of government connected with war, and
any war industry.
HOW DO YOU COMMIT SABOTAGE? Break war-related laws: draft, se-
curity, federal trespassing. Damage war equipment. Join with your fellow work-
ers in strikes, slowdowns, and "botching the job" in key war industries : Siteel,
transportation, aerospace, electronics, etc.
Publish state secrets you have access to, either in the press or as leaflets.
People have a right to know what "their" government is up to.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2175
It advocates a general program of hostility to Vietnam efforts.
MAPS was also supporting the four Black Student Union mem-
bers who were involved in the attack on the office of the Daily Gater^
There were nine originally and finally this was reduced to four by
Dr. Summerskill. The president of the university, after being threat-
ened with mass demonstrations, withdrew the suspensions of Blair
Paltridge and Jefferson Poland. This information appears in the
Examiner of December 2, 1967 [Montgomery Exhibit No. 138], in
which James Garrett is listed as the off-campus coordinator of the
Black Student Union.
The story in essence is that after a backdown by President John
Summerskill on the suspension of a campus publication, its editor,
and a writer, San Francisco State College faced these upcoming
events :
A demonstration by 1000 or more Black Student Union members and ad-
herents next Wednesday.
Continued hearings the same day on the suspensions by the Student Board
of Appeal and Review.
Also, on the same day, six major demands will be made on Summerskill by
the San Francisco State branch of the organization which recently emerged on
other campuses and is known as the Movement Against Political Suspension.
The story goes on to say that these demands are eventually going
to be made. They are referring to Blair Paltridge and Jefferson Po-
land who started Ojyen Process :
Paltridge was suspended for publishing, and Poland for writing, a poem about
sex in the Nov. 14 issue of Open Process, which is financed by $14,000 in student
fees.
James Garrett, off-campus coordinator of the Black Student Union, announced
at the rally the plan for 1000 or more of his members to appear next Wednesday.
The demands which the Movement Against Political Suspension will make that
day are these :
That Summerskill drop all suspensions and give the accused a "trial by their
peers."
That he reinstate Open Process.
That he drop "political harassment."
That he refuse to permit San Francisco police on the campus.
That he give assurance of student control of campus publications.
The San Francisco Examiner for December 4, 196Y [Montgomery
Exhibit No. 139], lists the demands of MAPS and lists the name of
Bob Fenster as a member of the MAPS steering committee. It simply
reviews the forming of this new committee and tells of a meeting in
Los Angeles at which Summ.erskill and the presidents of 17 other col-
leges were prodded by the State college trustees and met in an all-day
session in Chancellor Glenn S. Dumke's office to draft an agenda of
discipline problems created by student activism and probe for solu-
tions to these problems. This article reflects the demands that were
being made, at that time, of the administration.
There was one other additional demand made:
"End political harassment of faculty, students, staff and administrators, as
for example drama Prof. Paul Rebillot's loss of tenure and the docking of inter-
national relations Prof. John Gerassi's pay."
San Francisco Examiner, December 6, 1967 [Montgomery Exhibit
No. 140] :
2176 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
San Francisco State College was in a state of chaos this afternoon as rioting
students and off-campus militants broke into buildings, smashed property, and
knocked down and beat an undetermined number of students and newspapermen.
I might add that during that demonstration, which I myself wit-
nessed, at a given signal from Jimmy Garrett there did appear outside
the locked doors of the Administration Building approximately 60
Negroes, at least 50 of whom were not students but had been recruited
from the Fillmore district for this specific demonstration.
At one point Varnado or Garrett, one or the other, announced to the
assembled crowd that he had 1,000 black men standing by to take over
the building at a given signal. Wlien the signal was given, about 60
Negroes responded.
Professor Gerassi first broke a window leading to the entrance to
the Administration Building, the doors of which had been locked. He
climbed out on a ledge and gained admittance by breaking the window
itself and damaging the Venetian blinds from the inside and, from then
on, the glass doors were broken open and the demonstrators took over
the building.
John Levin was identified as the MAPS leader and also as a member
of the pro-Mao Progressive Labor Party, along with Gerassi. They
were in the forefront of the demonstration.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 138 through 140,"
respectively. Exhibits Nos. 138 and 139 retained in committee files.
Exhibit No. 140 appears on pages 2177 and 2178.)
Mr. Montgomery. You might wonder who is John Gerassi. Accord-
ing to the Daily Gater for October 2, 1967, this publication states
that in the summer of 1967 Gerassi was in Cuba to attend the Latin
American Solidarity Conference in Havana :
In 1956 he joined Time as an art critic hut was dismissed for his feelings
toward Castro. Moving to Latin America he was correspondent for the New York
Times from 1961 to 1962.
His first book, "Great Fear in Latin America," was published in 1963 when he
wtas teaching French philosophy at Windham college in Vermont.
He became Latin American editor for Newsweek after he left Windham and
after visiting Cuba in 1964 he was "transferred" back to the art department.
Leaving Newsweek in 1966 he joined the journalism faculty at New York
University.
I am submitting in this connection the article I referred to from the
Gater ^ which contains a picture of Mr. Gerassi.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 141" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. The San Francisco Examiner on December 8,
1967, reported :
Ger^assi, who describes himself as a "pro-revolutionary radical," is a lecturer
on the subject on a one-year, $13,300 contract [at San Francisco State College].
The article reflects that Marshall Windmiller, acting chairman of
the international relations department, said that this is the initial
step:
A committee of his own colleagues met behind closed doors today to judge
San Francisco State College instructor John Gerassi, leader of Wednesday's
student invasion.
*******
"We are meeting," Windmiller siaid, "to determine whether charges should
be brought against him for unprofessional conduct."
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2177
Montgomery Exhibit No. 140
*.y.&l«mlnrr Wed , Dec 6, 1 967
Beating, Pillaging
Mob Rules Campus
San Francisco State College was in a state of
chaos this afternoon as rioting students and off-
campus militants broke into bui'ldings. smashed
propetly. and knocked down and beat, an undettr-
mined number of students and newspapermen.
President Jotin S u m m er-
skill, obviously deeply dis-
tressed.' satd the violence
"merges On civil insurrec-
tion '
One professor was tieard ki
conrtment to another:
"This is anarchy, complete
anarchy."
' The howhnK mob of dissi-
dents at -first represented a
joint protest by white and-
Negro students againist the
suspension of several stu-
dents,
But when it got out of
hand, the whites tended to
hang back and the rioters
were joined by a number of
off-campus".\egros.
: The mob first smashed
through glass doors to invade
the locked administration
building and occupied it for
almost two hoiirs,' vandaliz-
ing much of the interior.
.\II>KS niSMISSKD
Then it broke up- and
lormod roving bands, vvhich
broke into c!assroom.<:. the
cafeteria and the bookstore.
■Ml cla.";ses were. dismissed.
Kmplo.ves of the adminis-
tration huildinc were sent
home before the violence
broke out
Thus, normal activity on
the huge IR OWstudent cam-
pus was brought to a stand-
still as the rioters took over.
There w a.< no apparent of-
ficial effort to quell the at-
tacks F>w campus security
police were in evidence, and
city poUce were not immedi-
atelv called.
The number of injured was
not ({(^mediately determined.
When photographers began
taking pictures of looters
e m e r gyi n g from the bpok;-
store. the rioters chased and
grabbed them.
Several were beaten and
injured. Some had their cam-
eras torn from their h^nds
and the film ripped. out>.«itd
exposed.
.\ fire was started in a (fis>
pDsal can at the bookstore.
ROO.MS IXV.XDED
Five City fire tru.cks
rushed to the scene. Tlw
boo k s t o re was filled with
smoke t>efore the fire was
put out.
Some of. the rioters then,
started bufsUng iQto class
rooms, informing prefesMfj
that clas^e$ were o\er loi
Die da>
.\t about the ^a111e nine the
order came trom the adjiun-
istration that all classes uere
to be disniissed and builduigs
locked up. including the li-
brary.
By mid-aiternoon the dis-
turbance began lo subside,
but knots of s t u d e n t s re-
mained on the campus de-
spite officials' pleas, over
bullhorns, that tljey go home.
Finally the weary Sum-
inerskill. red-e>ed and di-
sheveled, emerged liom his
oiiice to addii'ss a wainliiii;
vress l.•orp^
l.\SLRRKtTIO.\
What occurred on the San .
Francisco State campus to-
Tho riot-M-s -- some 'from day verges on civil insu^ev-
the Black Students I'nion and
other-' (i-T" Nc''ro?s from off
the campus — threw dishes,
silverware and food- in the
cafeteria
BOOKS STOLFN .
they ^mashied a big pUite
glass window in the txwk-
store and snatched books,
l>rief cashes and cigarets.
lion." he iSdd. standing in
ine doorway oi his otiice
"ll will take leadership
from all segments of the Bay
.Area to resolve the enormous
problems posed on this cam-
pus
■^y e.xercismg restraint
" e have avoided conse-
.quehces which could have
been far more disastrous.
"We are grateful that a hu-
man catastrophe was avoid-
ed-
By restraint. Summer-
skill presumably meant the
decision not to call in police
'but he decLned to go beyond
his statement or answer
<|uestions
The 'war' started a? a
protest at the .-Xdministration
building against the suspen-
sion of several students
.A meeting of the college
Board of .Appeals, w hich u as
in progress to consider the
Mispension of two students.
^^as abruptly adjourned with-
out decision as the doors fell.
The invading students were
met inside the building by
Professor John Gerassi. 35.
of the college's Institute of
International Relations, uho
had gone in through a side
window.
FIVE DE.M.A.NDS
Gcrassi had addressed a
1 jjjy of students on the lawn '
in front of the Commons
Building a few minutes ear-
lier, telling them
.None of the demands/
■ made by the atudent^ i has
been met . . It l.^ already a
\i '• t 0 r \ There s no
iloubting It .
Either ■ \\e lia\e ^vi to
keep it ithe .Administration
Building 1 closed permanent-
ly, or we still have to g« in"
The hodge-podge student.>>
group, which included the
.Movement ..Against Pohtical
Suspensions i.M.APSi and the
Black Students Lnion ■BSl'i.
had. insisted that Summer-
skill accede to live demands
b> noon toda>
It was only minutes alter
the deadline passed thai the
meeting on the Commons
lawn turned into a march on
the .Administration Buildinc
The doors — leading to the
main lobby from the campus
side of the building — actu-
allv brnlvp under pounding
from many hands. Once they
gave wav'. students kicked
nut the remainms shards of
glass to widen the aperture,
and make it sale
— Tarat«ra{e4. Cel. 1 '
2178 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
Montgomery Exhibit No. 140 — Ckjntinued
Students^ yipusmen Beaten
Mob Takes Control
of Campus
—From Page I
Inside the building. Uiey
quickly spread through the
corridors, chanting slogans
principally aimed against
suspensions lor four BSU
members «'ho took part in
beating the editor of the
• campus newspaper, The Gat-
er.
B.\.\ 0.\ SKX
Sumaierskill had also .sus-
pended student funds for a
weekly. Open Process, and
the appeals board was con-
sidering Suspension of its ed-
itor and a writer for violating
an agreement not to publish
sexual material
The students took over
both floors of the Administra-
tion Building, threatening to
cut loose with fire hoses and
even to break into the locked
offices
M least lour windows were
broken in the Adninistration
Building. Slogans like 'No
Suspensions'' and ""Free
Press" were scrawled on the
walls with crayons.
.Movable letters were taken
from hallway directories and
rearranged to read "Revolt."
■ Kevolt .Now." and "No Sus-
pensions."
The dissidents made the
press their particular tar-
gets, shouting obscenities.
Shortly before 2 o'clock
Dean of Students Ferd Hed-
dell emerged from Summer-
skill's office and addressed
the crowd;
.\SKEU TO LIvWF
•The situation is one in
which wc cannot provide any
assurance for your safety.
We ask you to leave the
building and to leave the
campus
•Classes ha\e been dis-
nissed. ■
.John Levin, a MAPS lead-
er, and member of the pro-
Mao Progressive Labor
Party, agreed that it was
time to end the protest, but
he ^aid :
We have put forth oiu- de-
mands, and we have shown
that wc can defend our de-
mands tomorrow, the next
day. or the next month "
Levin said the violence and
looting, which by then had al'
ready begun, was "not a
part' of the BSU and MAPS
protest.
Between 200 and .300 em-
ployes had been sent home at
10 a.m. today on orders of
Administrative Vice Presient
Glenn Smith, who. ordered
the building closed
The initial breach of the
doors was mad^ by white
students, members of MAPS,
but shortly aft e r w a r d the
BSl' members went in be-
hind them.
Before the invasion. Sum-
merskiU had sent out word
he was m ilUng to meet with a
12-man delegation and dis-
cuss the demands with them.
The students refused.
I don't think there's any-
thing to- talk about," one
yelled.
• 1300 WATCHKRS
About 1500 other students
stood around watching the
action, but not participatirg.
they gave catcalls and shout-
ed ridicule in a rare display
of disapproval for student ac-
tivists.
Gerassi, one of several fuc-
uHy members who avowedly
consider themselves radicals
o r revolutionaries, insisted
he had not broken a window
tii get into the buiiJiii;.;
He said it was broken when
a security guard pulled at
him and a stud<>nt as they
tried to force their way in.
In anticipation of the out-
break, college officials had
also shut down the Special
Education department,
which deals in rehabilitation
o f physically handicapped
students of ail ages, and the
staff of the daily Gater had
closed its offices
San Francisco police had
posted 33 officers in the vi
cinity of the campus, ready
to move in on a minute's no-
tice if requested.
However, college authori-
ties had made no appeal lor
outside help.
ADDRD TOfCII
Ah added touch of defiance
came when the suspended
weekly. Open Process, ap-
peared on the campus tins
morning selling at 10 cents a
copy in an apparent effort tu
Help pay publication coasts.
It contained a lengthy arti-
cle criticizing Summerskill
There had been ' ample
warning that the students
would attempt to raise the
roof on the HoUoway Avenue
campus today. It came at a
press conference called b>
spokesmen for the BSU and'
MAPS ye.sterday
They didn't elaborate <in
what the disruptions would
entail, but the campus was
seething with rumors there
would be everything from a
"mill-in" to a "dismantling"
of the building's offices
COMPLAINTS
The activists' complaints
center around alleged racism
on the campus, the incident
Involving the beating of staft
members of the Gater. the
student daily newspaper. an<l
the more recent controversy
over the weekly publication.
Open Process
Nine students, all Negroes,
were suspended for the at-
tack on staffers of Uie Gater
Five have been reinstated
and four are still under sus-
pension.
'RACIS.'M'
• George Murray, instructor
in English and ine of the
four still under suspension
for the Gater incident, said
••We will not tolerate rac-
ism on this campus any more
and we'll move to destroy the
institution before we Will
tolerate it "
Besides the revocation ot
all suspensions, the demands
include:
• A promise that outside
poUce will not be called tu
quell campus disturbances.
• Reinstatement of Open
Process.
• Control of student activ-
ities — particularly student
publications - by the stu-
dents themselves.
• An "end"topol i tical
harassment o£ faculty, stu-
dents, staff and administra-
tors.
There was no indication on
how Dr. Summerskill reacted
to the demands.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2179
The results of that meeting were not reflected in this particular
article.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 142" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Again referring to the San Francisco Examiner
for December 20, 1967, it reports :
John Gerassi, controversial San Francisco State College lecturer, concludes
a three day guest speaking engagement today at the Peace Corps Training Center
in Puerto Rico.
Soon after this riot at the San Francisco State College, whicli
he helped to lead, he made a trip to Puerto Kico as a speaker under
the auspices of the Peace Corps Training Center at Puerto Kico.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 143" and retained in
committee files. )
Mr. Smith. The Peace Corps Training Center in Puerto Eico is a
Federal Government training center, is it not ?
Mr. Montgomery. That is right. Counsel. His expenses, in fact, were
picked up by the Federal Government, we have been told.
Along that line, I know the chairman earlier expressed concern
with respect to how Federal money was bein^ expended. I think it
might be well to mention here that I have evidence that more than
$6,000 was furnished by the "War on Poverty Office, the Western Addi-
tion Office of the War on Poverty, in 1966 for costs to print, mail, and
distribute flyers drumming up a combined picketing demonstration^
a black power rally, antiwar and anti- Vietnam rally, lumped under
the title of a "Rally for Justice." These mailings were put out on the
War on Poverty stationery, and the total cost exceeded $6,000. This
was used for a purpose which had nothing to do with poverty in the
Fillmore area.
I have further evidence of two weekend excursions from the Hunter's
Point and Mission areas to a camp in the Santa Cruz Mountains. For
the most part, it was for young Negro youths, 14, 15, 16 years of age.
They were transported with all expenses paid in chartered buses leav-
ing Friday afternoon. They would spend the weekend at the camp,
returning Sunday evening.
The camp is owned and operated by Elsie and William Beltram,
long known to be members of the Communist Party. The camp was
headed at that time, as chief cook, handling the cooking and housing
arrangements, by Virginia Proctor. Virginia Proctor is the wife of
Roscoe Proctor. I don't have the figure with me, but I do have it in my
personal files. Thousands of dollars were expended for this particular
purpose, again coming from "War on Poverty funds.
Mr. Smith. What was the time period ?
Mr. Montgomery. Within the past 2 years.
Mr. Smith. 1967?
Mr. Montgomery, In 1966 ; prior to the riot of September 27, 1966.
Mr. Smith. Does that also apply to the poverty funds you men-
tioned ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, the principal rally was held in July of 1966.
Mr. Smith. Do you have any knowledge as to what was taught in
these seminars and workshops ?
Mr. Montgomery. No, I do not have that. I made an effort to find
out precisely what went on and I have not been able to determine it
2180 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
precisely. I have a pretty good idea what it was, but I am not prepared
to state for the record precisely what was taught. One young Negro
said they discussed "politics and stuff like that." The camp is known
to intelligence agencies as a Marxist indoctrination center.
Mr. Smith. I have one further question.
With regard to Gerassi speaking at the Peace Corps Training
Center in Puerto Rico, do you know whether or not he was invited
as a guest for that purpose by the Peace Corps ?
Mr. Montgomery. It is my understanding that he went there by
invitation and that his expenses were paid by the Peace Corps. This
is my understanding.
I have the article from the Daily Gater of January 4, 1968, saying
that. By this time he had been suspended from the faculty :
Suspended International Relations instructor John Gerassi spent part of his
Christmas vacation at a Puerto Rico Peace Corps training camp encouraging
trainees to resign and aid the "revolution at home."
He told the trainees at Camp Crozier that the Dec. 6 violence on the SF
State campus was "the first successful confrontation" of the evil system.
Gerassi also said that the Nov. 6 beating of Gater editor Jim Vaszko was not
only right, but the only recourse against Vaszko, whom Gerassi labeled "obviously
a racist dog."
These statements were challenged by a former SF State student now training
in the Peace Corps in Puerto Rico, who accused Gerassi "of betraying all faith in
justice and reason."
"You are guilty of the same moral impoverishment that you claim for the
present 'establishment' . . . and in the force of moral authority — you make
desperate, frustrated forays into the community when others pay no heed
to your grand designs," he told Gerassi.
This is an article I would like to submit for the record.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 144" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. I also have two leaflets bearing a heading,
"tribute to: CHE GUEVAKA." He was scheduled to be a guest
speaker at two rallies. The leaflets announce rallies to be held. Gerassi
and other speakers are mentioned, and Gerassi was identified with the
national coordinating committee, North American Congress on Latin
America.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 145-A and B,"
respectively. Exhibit No. 145-A ^ retained in committee files. No.
145-B appears on page 2181.)
Mr. Montgomery. Getting back to Gerassi, I have two exhibits I
believe the committee would be interested in. One is the jacket from a
book currently in publication, V enceremos ! the speeches and writ-
ings of CHE GUEVARA [Montgomery Exhibit No. 146]. It is pub-
lished by The Macmillan Company, and it is edited and with an intro-
duction by Jolm. Gerassi. It contains a picture of John Gerassi, listed
as an expert on Latin American affairs. It pictures him with Che
Guevara in 1961 at a conference from which evolved the Alliance for
Progress. Gerassi was assigned to cover the conference for the New
York Times. They talked at length, and this goes on with his associa-
tion witli Che Guevara. It says that the result is this authoritative and
moving book.
1 This leaflet submitted by Mr. Montgomery, announcing a rally on Oct. 20, 1967, states
that it also would be held under the auspices of the North American Congress on Latin
America and Young Socialist Alliance, the youth group of the Trotskyist Socialist Workers
Party.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2181
Montgomery Exhibit No. 145-B
hLfclLiE OF SCLl[)/\R(Ty
WITH THe LATIN
k£vouo-TiON I
o ohn Gerassi.
Dr Juan
Bob Himmel
P'^js Others
Thurc,.,OcT, 2 6^
North Ar^<2ncan Cc>rv^ress c^ U3+in Awiencu
and Your^g Scx:ia\\s"t AWi^rAcei
On the dust jacket on the inside — and I think this is important for
the committee — The Macmillan Company, in its jacket on this partic-
ular book, says:
Che Guevara's speeches and articles in Venceremos .' constitute both a unique
self -portrait of a dedicated, brilliant, and incredibly courageous man, and an
historically invaluable manifesto. Guevara was second only to Fidel Castro as a
leader of the Cuban Revolution. He stands alone, however, as a revolutionary,
for his prime concern was non-nationalistic. He was for the oppressed every-
where.
2182 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
In his own eloquent words : "Let the flag under which we fight represent the
sacred cause of redeeming humanity, so that to die under the flag of Vietnam,
of Venezuela, of Laos, of Guinea, of Ck)lombia, of Bolivia, of Brazil — to name
only the scenes of today's armed struggle — be equally glorious and desirable for
an American, an Asian, an African, or even a European. . . . Bach nation liberated
is a step toward victory in the battle for the liberation of one's own country."
The thirty-five pieces in the book are arranged chronologically, beginning with
an account, based on diary entries, of the guerrilla fighting in the early days
of the Cuban War of Liberation and ending with Guevara's last-known writing,
"Message to the Tricontinental : 'Create two, three . . . many Vietnams.' "
Among the addresses and writings included are "On Party Militancy," a classic
description of the dispute between moral and material incentives ; "On Revolu-
tionary Medicine," a very moving definition of the role of the individual in a
collective society, using the medically trained as an example (Guevara was
himself a doctor) ; "Colonialism Is Doomed," his famous speech attacking United
States imperialism and also proposing concrete steps for achieving peace in the
Caribbean ; "On Socialist Competition and Sugar Production," an earthy chat
with sugar cane cutters, most of them volunteers, giving simple reassurance
about machines, which were viewed with suspicion by the cutters. There are also
analyses of the Alliance for Progress, of the errors and successes of the Cuban
economy, of guerrilla warfare, of Cuban-United States relations, and of the
production process. And there is a technical, very diflBcult but fundamental dis-
course on value and another, equally important to economists, on socialist
planning.
The introduction to Venceremos ! provides an excellent short biography of
Guevara — his amazing family, his youthful days in Argentina, his education,
his many tours throughout Latin America, his later trips to Czechoslovakia,
China, and Korea. There is also, for those interested in special aspects of
Guevara's activities, a second table of contents, organized by subject matter:
guerrilla warfare, capitalism and imi)erialism, human values and socialist
man, economic theory, and economic policy.
Along with this jacket illustration, I would like to submit for the
record an excerpt from Human Events^ dated May 18, 1968 [Mont-
gomery Exhibit No. 147] . It carries the headline, "Macmillan Boosts
'Che'":
The reputable Macmillan publishing company has come under heavy fire from
veteran anti-Communists in the Nation's Capital. What has aroused their wrath
is the way in which the company has given a sort of "moral glow" to Communist
revolutionary "Che" Guevara in a new book, Venceremos!, edited by John
Gerassi.
In discussing Che, the book jacket claims that he "stands alone ... as a revolu-
tionary, for his prime concern was non-nationalistic. He was for the oppressed
everywhere."
The book jacket never once states that Guevara was a Communist, that he
devoted his life to terroristic tactics or that his ideology has helped to enslave
rather than liberate millions of people. On the contrary, this leading advocate
of murder on an international scale is only described in romantic terms.
The back of the jacket is also misleading regarding editor Gerassi. Termed
an "expert on Latin American affairs" who "teaches Nationalism and Revolution
in the Third World" at San Francisco State College, Gerassi, according to Mac-
millan, has edited an "authoritative and moving book."
Gerassi, however, is more than just an interested observer of Che Guevara.
He is part of a guerrilla warfare-oriented group called Revolutionary Contingent,
an openly Communist organization with headquarters in New York City. The
contingent, according to the House Committee on Un-American Activities, "calls
for 'guerrilla action' in the United States and for volunteers to serve with Com-
munist guerrillas in other nations."
Gerassi is also an adviser to the Radical Education Project of the Students for a
Democratic Society ; served as director of the U. S. branch of the Bertrand Russell
International War Crimes Tribunal which accused the U. S. of genocide in Viet
Nam ; and is a sponsor of the draft resistance movement.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2183
No one faults Macmillan for bringing out some of the writings of Che Guevara,
a leading revolutionary figure of the times. But there is much condemnation of the
company for camouflaging the true character of both Guevara and editor Gerassi.
I would like to submit that for the record, sir.
(Documents marked "Montoromery Exhibits Nos. 146 and 147," re-
spectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. SMmi. Do you know the translation of Venceremos / '^
Mr. Montgomery. "We shall conquer."
Mr, Smith. Does that complete your statement?
Mr. Montgomery. That concludes my statement with regard to that.
Mr. Smith. A few minutes ago you described a disturbance that oc-
curred on the campus at the San Francisco State College. Were the
police called to quell the disturbance which occurred on December 6,
1967?
Mr. Montgomery. No, they were not. I might say, incidentally, I
found here in my file the reference to John Gerassi being fired from the
faculty as a result of the disturbance, together with a record of his ar-
rest from the police files in the Bay area reflecting his arrest and the
fact that some of them were arrested and are standing trial.
(Documents marked "'Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 148-A and B,"
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Dr. Summerskill, president of the university, did
not call in police on campus, although it was my understanding he was
in constant contact with the police. I know for a fact he was. I was
present in Dr. Summerskill's office moments before the doors to the Ad-
ministration Building were broken in. With him at that time was an
inspector from the San Francisco police intelligence unit, a very able
inspector named Cecil Pharris. He had been in constant contact with
Chief of Police Cahill, and Summerskill did not want the police to
come on campus, and Cahill preferred not to send men in there if it
could possibly be avoided. He felt only that it might incite the situation
to a more serious nature than did develop, and I might sa}^ that sub-
sequently the board of supervisors commended Chief Cahill for the
position he took on this situation.
The police were not called even though, after the initial demonstra-
tion in which the Administration Building was broken open, there
followed a few minutes later rioting outside the student Commons and
the Associated Student Bookstore in which windows were broken,
cigarettes were stolen, the cash register was looted. I recall the
Christmas tree decorations were set on fire, and the fire department had
to come and put the fire out.
But the police were in the area, and I am sure if things had gone
beyond a given point the police would have been summoned, but there
were no police on campus at the time of the demonstration. The campus
ix)lice were most conspicuous by their absence.
Mr. Smith. What do you mean ? Would they have taken immediate
action ?
Mr. Montgomery. They came to media offices, studying pictures and
television scenes that were taken, those that survived. Some television
cameramen and newsmen had their cameras seized, particularly during
2184 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
the looting of the bookstore. The police were able to piece together
who were the ringleaders and who did this and who did that, and
eventually a case against them, with sufficient evidence, was put to-
gether into a final report and the arrests ensued.
There were 11 students and 1 professor, referring to Gerassi. The
complaints were signed by John Summerskill through the district
attorney's office.
An exhibit reflecting that, a newspaper account for January 9, 1968
[Oakland Tribune, Montgomery Exhibit No. 149'-A], is available.
Mr. Smith. Do you have the identity of the individuals arrested?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, the names appear in the exhibit just intro-
duced.
However, I would like to refer to another exhibit, a leaflet distri-
buted on campus of the 'San Francisco State College [Montgomery Ex-
hibit No. 14:9-B]. This particular list said that student arrests were
pending, and this came out just 2 days before these arrests were effected
or before the complaint had been signed, and someone within the
MAPS had reason to believe there were going to be arrests. They said
the persons to be arrested included John Gerassi, Bob Fenster, John
"Webb, Bob Broadliead, and Hari Dillon, "Khasro" ^ Kalantari, Jimmy
Garrett. Hari Dillon was cochairman of the Students for a Democratic
Society. The committee is well aware of what the society constitutes.
Continuing with those named, Greg Margolis.
Incidentally, Khosro Kalantari is a leader of the Iranian Students
Association.^ He is very much a militant and is presently the subject
of a deportation hearing now in process with the United States Depart-
ment of Justice Immigration and Naturalization Service in San
Francisco. There has been a temporary delay in the proceedings while
his attorney goes to Iran ostensibly to obtain affidavits to the effect that
if he were to be deported he would be persecuted or executed in Iran.
So, what the outcome will be remains to be seen.
Going back to the commentary, he led the demonstration against the
Iranian consul in San Francisco. He has been anti his own country
ever since he has been here.
There is also Jimmy Garrett of the Black Students Union. Greg
Margolis is an opposition leader on the campus. John Levin, Jon
McKenney
Mr. Smith. Is that J-o-n or J-o-h-n ?
Mr. Montgomery. J-o-n, no "h" — Jon McKenney, and Dick Tewes,
all members of the Progressive Labor Party.
Finally, Sue Bethel, who is a Progressive Labor Party member and
also in the Organization of Student Employees.
My reason for identifying these people in this manner and with
their organizations is to afford the committee a better perspective
of the political significance of this.
Here you have not just one organization, but various leftist radical
organizations combined in the assault on the administration of the San
Francisco State College itself.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 149-A and B," re-
spectively, and retained in committee files.)
1 Correct spelling "Khosro."
2 Literature from this group gives the full name as "Iranian Students Association in
the United States of America, I.S.A.U.S."
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2185
Mr. Smith. Wliat organizations compose or spearhead the Movement
Against Political Suspension ?
Mr. Montgomery. From the people arrested, it would certainly ap-
pear the Students for a Democratic Society, the Black Students Union,
the Progressive Labor Party, were the foremost leaders, the ringlead-
ers. There is also a chapter of the Young Socialist Alliance. These
would be the Trotskyites of which Miss Helen Mayers is the cochair-
man; and the Peace and Freedom Party, headed on the campus by
Michael Gotz, the organizer.
I have an exhibit, the San Francisco Examiner of December 14, 1967,
reflecting reaction to the demonstrations that occurred, and the tenor
of it is they are defending the violence in the name of peace. This is that
all that occurred was justified; that violence is urged in the name of
peace. So, I would like to submit this article for the record, quoting
one individual as saying, "there is no dialogue. Neither the activist left,
nor some of the other groups want any dialogue."
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 150" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. Frankly, they are pointing out no matter what you
give them here, they are going to want something else. Their total ob-
jective is not peace on campus, but just simply continued agitation.
You give them one thing, and they will demand another.
Mr. Smith. Have there been further demonstrations organized by
MAPS?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, there have been.
I have an exhibit [Santa Ana Register^ dated December 13, 1967.
By that time there had been two additional minor demonstrations in
which 100 demonstrators held a sit-in in San Francisco State College.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 151" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Montgomery. At that time, while their representatives were
conferring with President John Summerskill, they held a peaceful
sit-in for 3i/^ hours in the Administration Building. There was no
violence or threat of violence, and the situation was handled by college
authorities. They had simply gone there to back up their spokesmen,
who at that time were conferring with Summerskill in his office mak-
ing further demands.
Mr. Smith. Does Jimmy Garrett hold any official position with the
student body at San Francisco State College ?
Mr. Montgomery. There is the faculty academic senate, which is a
closely knit small group of professors within the total faculty who
sort of govern the faculty's attitude on this matter or that matter.
They might draw from a speaking committee for the faculty at large.
For the most part, this committee is composed of extremists, both at
this institution and the University of California. I once referred to it
as the tail wagging the dog at both schools.
The ideology of this small group of professors, in the main, is far
left of center and yet they have the authority to speak for the faculty
as a whole, and this comes about perhaps because the faculty them-
selves do not become interested sufficiently to see that their total views
are represented.
At Berkeley you have 1,700 professors and when an academic meet-
ing is called you are lucky if 170 show up, 10 percent. And of that 10
2186 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
percent the vast majority will be those leaning far to the left, and
some, from my own direct knowledge, are actually members of the
party. It eventually narrows down to where they have control of the
situation and, as I say, the tail is wagging the dog, and that is exactly
what is happening at San Francisco State College.
On this faculty academic senate there is a representative from the
student body, and Garrett has held that seat, but I do not know
whether he still holds it today.
Mr. Smith. Is the Black Student Union represented on other col-
lege campuses ?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes ; but I don't know to what extent. Investiga-
tion has been made at San Jose State College, which has a chapter. I
know Los Angeles City College has a chapter, Stanford University
has a chapter, California State College at Fullerton has a chapter, and
I know that Claremont Men's College down by Pomona has a chapter.
That chapter may entail the five colleges. There are five colleges there
known as Claremont Colleges. They have a chapter that is becoming
gradually a little militant.
There is a chapter now even at the Mills College, an exclusive all-
women's college in the East Bay area. There are very few Negroes
enrolled there, but they have a chapter. They recently made demands.
They were going to kick up a fuss unless a certain individual, a
Negro, was appointed to the faculty. First they were told the appoint-
ments for next year had already been made. They made further de-
mands, said they were going to cause trouble. Something like this
could never happen at Mills College, but it did. It came about, and
as a result the additional faculty member was employed and without
benefit of security check.
I don't mind saying that the person so employed is a known active
member of the Communist Party. So here again you are getting the
camel with its head in the tent, and before long this will contmue.
Mr. Smith. Do you have any information concerning a professor
at San Francisco State College by the name of Juan K. Martinez?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes. Martinez even currently, right today, is in
considerable trouble at San Francisco State College. He is known both
as John and Juan Martinez.
He joined the faculty at San Francisco State College as a temporary
professor in 1966. He graduated from Brigham Young University in
1950 with a B.A. degree. He received an M.A. degree in 1953 and a
Ph.D. degree in 1956, both from the University of California at Berke-
ley. He is employed by San Francisco State College as a lecturer on
history. His name also appears on this flyer that I put into evidence
earlier calling attention to a tribute to Che Guevara calling for a
rally on Friday, October 20 of last year, 1967 [Montgomery Exhibit
No. 145-A]. One of the featured speakers at this rally as advertised
was Juan Martinez, paying tribute to Che Guevara.
In the fall of 1967 he contacted the principal of the Mission High
School. Bear in mind he is only there as a lecturer on a temporary
basis ; he does not have tenure.
In this particular area — Mission High School — there is a great
f)ercentage of Mexican Americans. This is their central living sec-
tion of town.
An invitation was extended and accepted. However, the actual
purpose of the invitation is better described in two newspaper articles
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2187
from which I will read. The first is from the San Francisco Chronicle
dated May 1, 1968 [Montgomery Exhibit No. 152-A] :
Youth Invasion
At S. F. State
by Jerry Carroll
A throng of hooting high school students in an angry and uncompromising
mood yesterday baited the dean of admissions at San Francisco State College
into making a written offer to resign.
Dean Charles A. Stone, 50, wrote the letter but in long hand as a score of
students stood in ranks five deep around the desk in his cramped office.
Stone's written offer to resign — which administration officials later said would
be disregarded — climaxed more than an hour of confused bickering back and
forth over State's admission policies.
More than 100 teen-agers — most of them from Mission High School — appeared
on campus at the invitation of the Third World Liberation Front to demand that
the college admit more minority group students.
"We are tired of hearing talk," shouted Ron Quidachay, 21, chairman of the
radical student group. "We want to help ourselves. That's why we are here."
The students specifically demanded that the school take advantage of a new
law permitting the relaxation of academic standards for up to 4 per cent of its
freshman and transfer enrollees if they qualify as "disadvantaged" students.
The students — most of them Mexican-Americans — trooped into the adminis-
tration building at 11 :30 a.m. chanting, "We Want Education — Now."
It goes on to describe the scene, what happened and how they pres-
sured the dean of admissions. He would give them anything to get
rid of them. [Continues reading :]
Dr. Juan Martinez, a sociology professor who is faculty adviser for the stu-
dent organization, explained why Stone had to go.
"He's a symbol of the white racist establishment," Martinez said.
The student group Martinez advises most recently was involved in forcibly
seizing control of YMOA quarters on campus. His teaching contract has not
been renewed and expires in June.
Following this, it was learned that the students who were there from
Mission High School held a rally, a meeting of their own at Mission
High, which is recounted in a San Francisco paper [San Francisco
Chronicle^ May 2, 1968, Montgomery Exhibit No. 152-B] :
High School 'Protesters' Say They Were Used
by Maitland Zane
Forty embarrassed Mission High School students charged yesterday they
were duped into taking part in Tuesday's uproar at San Francisco State College
at which a dean was goaded into resigning.
The students — with one exception — 'blasted the demonstration as phony and
accused Dr. Juan Martinez, a sociology professor, of using them for his own
political purposes.
As one pretty senior said, "We just got caught in the middle."
APOLOGIES
The students, almost all of them Spanish-Americans or Filipino, apologized for
the embarrasment [sic] they caused Admissions Dean Charles A. Stone. It was his
office they invaded at the behest of Dr. Martinez and some 20 members of a
radical State College organization, the Third World Liberation Front.
2188 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
The principal of Mission High, Dr. Harry Krytzer, as well as two teachers,
Gloria Burchard and Minerva Barranco, said Dr. Martinez had told them the
one-day visit to S. F. State would be for the purpose of acquainting
prospective freshmen with the campus, with courses available and with
registration procedures.
The orientation tour by some 100 Spanish-American students from Mission,
Galileo, Balboa and Samuel Gompers high schools was quickly converted into a
protest aimed at getting the college to take advantage of a new law permitting
the relaxation of academic standards for "disadvantaged" students, up to 4 per
cent of freshmen and transfer enroUees.
After being herded hither and thither by chanting campus "guides," the
Mission High students found themselves in Stone's oflSce, where some 300 entrance
applications were presented.
Stone refused to guarantee that all the applications would be accepted. The
harassment continued, and he offered to quit.
The former Air Force colonel's "letter of resignation" was rejected, and college
officials told Stone he had been hired as a full-time faculty member.
At yesterday's post-mortem, the students agreed it was the campus radicals
who had done most of the shouting.
"We didn't go there with plans to revolt, or harass anybody, or make anybody
resign," said Sadie Vialpando.
"It was those 20 State College students who were saying 'racist' — not us,"
said another senior, Dan Herran.
"I want to know if he (Martinez) did this for our benefit or his."
'used'
Lupe Jasso, 18, insisted that she and her friends had been led down the garden
path. "Didn't you feel like you were being used?" she cried. "I did !"
So the high school youngsters themselves realized they had been
taken.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 152-A and B,"
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Do you have anything else to add to your testimony in
regard to the San Francisco State College ?
Mr. Montgomery. I might repeat in finality that Dr. Summerskill
was discharged after having been given 6 months to find another job
and having announced he was going to resign effective the end of the
semester.
There were further demonstrations on campus, demands made, cer-
tain demands that were made and had not been met, including the
rehiring of Martinez. That was one of the demands, and demands that
ROTC be thrown off of campus. The students had voted earlier to
retain ROTC.
The Students for a Democratic Society wanted a completely new
referendum to be held, in which the graduate students and the faculty
could participate. They wanted another vote on this matter and this
had been denied them.
Finally, enough pressure built up on one occasion there that Sum-
merskill had to call in the police at 10 or 10 :30 at night. When they
closed the Administration Building at 10 o'clock the students wouldn't
leave. On this occasion, the police were called. There Avas a minimum
amount of trouble. Some of them had to be hauled out, carted out. This
was the occasion when attorney Terence Hallinan was obstinate and ag-
gressive to the point where finally he had to be clubbed. I think they
took 12 stitches in his scalp before it was over.
These people were carted off. There were a number of arrests made.
This is current and pending in court.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2189
Later they had another demonstration and they cleared out when the
time came.
As a result of all of this, Summerskill agreed to rehire Martinez
and agreed to a new referendum on ROTC. He agreed to an X number
of Negro faculty members and these various demands. After Summer-
skill signed the agreement, within a matter of hours, Chancellor Dumke
took a telephone poll of trustees throughout the State. As a result
Summerskill was told it was not necessary to wait until the end of
the semester to retire. He was fired.
A new acting president was appointed. Summerskill took off by plane
for Addis Ababa where he said he was considering a job with the Uni-
versity of Ethiopia through the Ford Foundation. I don't know what
there is over there in Addis Ababa, but once someone has a can tied to
them, they wind up there through the Ford Foundation.
The last I heardj Dr. Summerskill was touring the Greek Isles with
a lady he says he will eventually marry. His wife obtained an interlocu-
toi-y decree. It is not final. As I say, he announced they will marry and
presently they are touring the Greek Isles.
Mr. Smith. We will take a 5-minute recess.
(Brief recess.)
Mr. Smith. Mr. Montg;omery, in resuming your testimony, you have
not completed your testimony regarding the Bay Area Emergency
Action Committee. Will you conclude your information on this sub-
ject?
Mr. Montgomery. Yes, I have for the committee three exhibits on the
Bay Area Emergency Action Committee.
This is a letter dated August 3, 1967, directed to those persons who
had attended the Hall of Flowers meeting, about which I testified yes-
terday, on July 22, and including, in this particular letter, a solicitation
for money. They need $2,500 to run a half-page ad in the Ghronicle and
the Examiner^ and with the appeal for money the statement is made
that time was short. It was sent out by Susan Supriano, about whom I
testified previously.
With it is attached a two-page leaflet pertaining to objectives of this
particular organization, and some of them, the statements, are very
adverse to President Johnson and the administration in general
[Montgomery Exhibit No. 153].
I also have a document dated July 28, 1967. It is on "WORKSHOP
REPORTS" under the Bay Area Emergency Action Committee,
touching on welfare, with police brutality given preference, and calling
for the organization of the Negro community and the poor whites
[Montgomery Exhibit No. 154] .
Again, with respect to whom to contact in connection with this pro-
posed workshop, it states particularly to call Mrs. [Billie] Wachter,
San Jose.
Mrs. Billie Wachter, as I previously testified, has been a long-
time, active functionary of the Communist Party. I cite that simply
to show who the people are who are behind this organization.
Finally, appearing in the San Francisco Sunday Exarrvmer di
Chronicle for August 13, 1967, the ad refeiTed to in the solicitation of
funds signed by Susan Supriano and giving an address with respect
to whom to mail your contributions, Georgia Scholine, acting secre-
88-083 O— 69— pt.
2190 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS^ LOOTING, AND BURNING
tary, again setting forth an attack on President Johnson and the ad-
ministration generally [Montgomery Exhibit No. 155].
That concludes my testimony on the Bay Area Emergency Action
Committee and the Bay City area.
(Docimients marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 153 through 155,"'
respectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Now would you tell us about the Berkeley Action
Committee?
Mr. Montgomery. The first meeting of this committee was under
the auspices of the Bay Area Emergency Action Committee, which
was formed at a meeting held at the Hall of Flowers in San Fran-
ciso on July 22, 1967.
The Bay Area Emergency Action Committee is considered the par-
ent organization of the Berkeley Emergency Action Committee. In
other words, at this general meeting at the Hall of Flowers, which
was called by the Bay Area [Emergency Action] Committee, they
formed a suborganization, not a splinter group but a subsidiary group,
called the Berkeley Emergency Action Committee.
Mr. Smith. What was the first activity of the Berkeley Emergency
Action Committee?
Mr. Montgomery. Their first activity in the East Bay area was their
appearance before the Berkeley City Council on July 25, 1967, and I
have a statement prepared by them for presentation to the Berkeley
City Council, from which I would like to quote.
This statement reads as follows :
We believe that white America must address itself to the problem not of looted
stores, but of looted lives.
It is a very critical statement of the Governor of California, the
Federal Administration, and also touches with much emphasis on
alleged police bjntality existing in the Berkeley area.
It is critical of law and order and advocates a welfare program
which, I might say, was not adopted by the Berkeley City Council.
Then they couple that with a set of proposals to outline their posi-
tion with regard to the Berkeley Police Department, and that is in-
cluded in their statement.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 156" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Who were the organizers of the Berkeley Emergency
Action Committee?
Mr. Montgomery. In Exhibit 156, with respect to the Berkeley City
Council, Howard A. Harawitz, whose name has appeared earlier in
this hearing, and Brownlee Shirek were identified as the temporary
coordinators.
Mr. Smith. I would like to state for the record at this point that a
committee staff investigation has developed that Howard A. Harawitz
signed a membership certification of student organizations using cam-
pus facilities for special meetings or events, University of California,
Berkeley camipus, spring semester of 1963, as president of an organiza-
tion, Berkeley Campus DuBois Club, and with an address of 181 1-A
Woolsey Street, Berkeley.
You may proceed.
Can you further identify these two men ?
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN, RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2191
Mr. Montgomery. I can.
Howard Albert Harawitz was born in Brooklyn, New York, on
December 30, 1937. And in February of 1967 he lived at 1830 Derb^
Street, Berkeley, California, with his wife, Elly M. Harawitz. At this
time he listed his occupation as editor-photoffrapher. He was a candi-
date for councilman in the city of Berkeley m the spring of 1967. He
gained most of his support from a new leftist political organization
known as the Community for New Politics (CNP) .
As pointed out, he has served as president of the UC DuBois chap-
ter, which fact was established by the previously mentioned member-
ship certification at the UC campus.
Brownlee W. Shirek was born April 4, 1911, in California and lives
at 2705 Walker Street, Berkeley, California, with his wife, Maudelle.
I have two documents which I would like to offer to the committee
as exhibits, the first being a page from the voter's pamphlet for the
Berkeley city elections for the spring of 1967, identifying Harawitz
as a candidate for city council. He failed. He was not elected.
The second document I would like to introduce is the first page and
cover of the W. E. B. DuBois Club magazine entitled INSURGENT,
volume 1, number 1, March-April 1965, showing Howard Harawitz
as the initial contributing photographer for the cover picture. This is
only one example of his work. He has been a frequent photographer
for the INSURGENT, and I have seen from time to time his pictures,
byline pictures in other leftist organizations and publications in the
Bay area.
He has been listed in connection with the INSURGENT and he
has been listed as one of their photographers.
This gives him credit for the photo that is on the initial cover of
that initial issue of that publication.
(Documents marked "Montgomery Exhibits Nos. 157 and 158," re-
spectively, and retained in committee files.)
Mr. Smith. What was the result of Mr. Harawitz' statement of the
Berkeley City Council ?
Mr. Montgomery. According to the Berkeley Daily Gazette of July
27, 1967, Mr. Harawitz was allowed to appear before the council on
July 25, and the article was to the effect that he was not particularly
well received :
Disarm Among Pleas Voiced To City Council
Negroes charging police brutality and demanding sweeping changes in Berkeley
Police Dept. procedures, including disarming the police, were heard by City
Council in a tense session that ended early yesterday.
The Negroes spoke after Howard Harawitz presented a five-page statement
of demands. Harawitz, a defeated Community for New Politics candidate for
City Council, said he was speaking for a group called the Berkeley Emergency
Action Committee.
This exhibit goes on to the arguments that were made that ni^ht
and other speakers on that occasion. It became a rather stormy session
that lasted well beyond midnight and it should be of interest to the
committee.
Also speaking on that occasion was Kaymond Thompson, a lon^ime
member of the Communist Party, and he is quoted in here extensively
in opposition to police and alleged police brutality. For instance,
Eaymond Thompson also had this to say :
2192 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
"In case you white people don't know it, we may not have a Berkeley unless
we get the right answer . . . we'll die together.
"The Negro revolutionary movement," * * * "is in its second phase right now.
The first phase was demonstrations and they got us nowhere. The second phase is
burning our own homes and shops.
"The next step," * * * "is the invasion of the white community" and the burn-
ing of their homes and shops.
These were his remarks to the Berkeley City Council on that occa-
sion.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 159" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. At this point, I would like to enter into the record in-
formation from the committee's files relating to Raymond Thompson.
Ray Thompson was identified as a member of the Communist Party
by witnesses testifying before the Committee on Un-American Activi-
ties in 1953. William Ames, Dickson P. Hill, Mary E. P. Bradsher,
and Bertha Grover all testified they had known Mr. Thompson to be
a member of the Communist Party. Mr. Hill and Mr. Ames stated they
knew him to be a member of the Alameda County security commission
and a functionary of the Communist Party.
How long did this organization exist, Mr. Montgomery ?
Mr. Montgomery. You will recall, Mr. Counsel, I testified earlier to
the meeting at the Hall of Flowers sponsored by the Bay Area Emer-
§ency Action Committee, at which Robert Avakian, representing the
tudent Organizing Committee, advocated the raising of funds for
the supplying of handguns and arms, weapons for the black com-
munity of the Bay area.
This leaflet, which I earlier introduced in evidence [Montgomery
Exhibit No. 103], brought about considerable adverse publicity, and
from that time on we heard nothing further from the Berkeley Emer-
gency Action Committee. It apparently phased out as a result of
adverse criticism of the program announced by Avakian.
The last publicity I am aware of appeared in People's Worlds
August 5, 1967, and I will submit a copy of this article for the record.
Significantly, it carries a drawing of Howard Harawitz and tells
how they had listened to him at the July 25, 1967, Berkeley Council
meeting.
The article quotes Berkeley Councilman Ronald Dellums as stating,
in reference to the shooting of a Negro bank robber :
"We've got to get to the point where we stop shooting down people because they
steal something."
The article continues :
Which is almost exactly what the recently formed Berkeley Emergency Action
Committee told the council when it laid a series of proposals before the Council
on July 25.
"We believe," Howard Harawitz, spokesman for the committee, told the coun-
cil, "that white America must address itself to the problem not of looted stores,
but of looted lives."
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 160" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. A few minutes ago you mentioned the Oakland Emer-
gency Action Committee. Could you tell us when this committee was
organized ?
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNINC 2193
Mr. Montgomery. The first document I have on it is dated August
1, 1967. It gives an address of 6444 Colby Avenue, Oakland, California.
This is out near the Berkeley line. And this is a proposal, a "Dear
Friend" letter, which reads as follows :
Deae Friend : "We are mailing you the draft of a proposed statement to the
Mayor and City Council of Oakland. It is being sent to you for the following
reasons : first, for any suggestions you might wish to make for improving and
strengthening it ; second, in order to solicit your support for the Oakland
Emergency Action Committee in presenting it publicly and securing its adop-
tion.
To accomplish the first, you are invited to participate in a meeting on Tuesday
evening, Aug. 8, at the Fruitvale Ave. Church at 1601 Finiitvale Ave., Oakland,
at 8 p.m.
At the meeting we hope to work out a final draft of the statement, and further,
to elect a delegation to the Mayor and City Council.
You are receiving this letter because we are sure you are concerned over the
recent events in Newark and Detroit. Please come to the meeting.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ Jeannette Geshwiud
Jeannette Geshwind,
Secretary for the Oakland Emergency Action Committee.
I have attached to this the program outline that was submitted to
the mayor and the city council, and it parallels in great measure that
same action taken at the Berkeley City Council. I might say it met
with the same results.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 161" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Was there any followup on this initial action or meet-
ing?
Mr. Montgomery. I have another document received August 1967.
This is a document in which the Oakland Emergency Action Commit-
tee is soliciting people to sign an enclosed form letter, which is a con-
densation of the demands previously entered, and return it to the Oak-
land Emergency Action Committee in the care of — "The Oakland
Emergency Action Committee c/o 1041 Warfield Ave., Apt. #1, Oak-
land, Calif . 94610." The attached letter, in part, states :
We are working to obtain 1000 signed letters within the next three weeks, for
presentation before the City Council.
Mr. Smith. Do you know who lives at 1041 Warfield Avenue, Apart-
ment #1, Oakland, California? This would be in August of 1967.
Mr. Montgomery. My records reflect, obtained through the telephone
and city directory sources, that the registered resident was Patricia
Grogan.
Mr. Smith. What position was taken in the attached letter that you
mentioned there?
Mr. Montgomery. Their position :
We of the Oakland community wish to prevent the tragedy of Newark and
Detroit from being repeated here.
The danger is grave. All the problems — unemployment, i>overty, substandard
housing, strained relations with the police — exist in Oakland in a very high
degree.
Especially acute are the problems of jobs and police relations with the com-
munity. To tackle these problems in a meaningful way requires a bold new ap-
proach. As a beginning, we call for the following :
1. Open up 5,000 new jobs at standard wages for the black community in the
public sector of employment.
2194 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING
In other words, through the city or county. [Continues reading :]
The City Council can :
a. Send a delegation immediately to Washington to demand an emergency allot-
ment of $50 million for jobs, under the Public Works Department. Senator Mor-
ton of Kentucky has said $1 billion in federal funds is available for our needy
cities.
b. Immediately use all surplus and capital improvement funds in city depart-
ments for jobs on repairing and improving our decaying city, its parks, schools,
and hospitals.
c. Build 2500 housing units under Prop. F this fiscal year. The timetable set up
recently by the City Council was a forward step, but in view of the great need
for employment and housing, a much faster tempo is required.
2. Toward improving police policy, we urge :
la. Issuing citations, instead of arresting the individual, in cases of misde-
meanors. This does away with the cost of bail.
b. Prohibiting the use of weapons or violence of any kind against suspects or
prisoners except in the defense of human life.
c. Building an integrated police department. Today we have less than 20 black
policement [sic] in a force of 600-700. Hire immediately at regular pay 100
trainees from the black community ; these trainees to have priority for jobs
opening up on the force.
Those were included among their proposals.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 162" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Is this organization still functioning ?
Mr. Montgomery. The last information we have is a letter received
on December 4, 1967, in which the progress and accomplishments of
this organization were outlined, and it states in part^ — this, incidentally,
is sent out by Beryl F. Zimberoff, corresponding secretary for the
Oakland Emergency Action Committee, and it gives an address of
985-60th Street, Oakland, California :
1) Through letters and personal contact the Committee has brought the prob-
lem of jobs and police brutality in our city to the attention of over 3000 people.
Over 800 persons signed our appeal to the Mayor and City Council for opening
up 5000 new jobs in the public sector, and, our demand for a change in police
practices.
*******
3) We met with the Mayor about jobs and police procedures; and the City
Council twice took up our request for a hearing. While it refused both times to
give us a place on the agenda, the second time the defeat was by a narrow 4-3
vote.
*******
5) Our program on jobs and police brutality has been taken up with a number
of organizations, including churches and labor unions. While it has been diflB-
cult to achieve much publicity, some of the activity of the Committee did break
Into the press.
I mentioned the letter was signed by Beryl F. Zimberoff, identifying
herself as corresponding secretary for the Oakland Emergency Action
Committee, 985-60th Street, Oakland. That is the address of Ozzo J.
Marrow.
(Docmnent marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 163" and retained in
committee files.)
Mr. Smith. At this point, I would like to enter into the record infor-
mation from the committee's files which reflects that Ozzo Marrow was
identified as a member of the Communist Party in Berkeley, Cali-
fornia, in testimony before this coimnittee by Bertha Grover on No-
vember 18, 1953.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 2195
Mr. Montgomery, this concludes my interrogation on this subject.
Would you have anything else you would care to add ?
Mr. Montgomery. I have one exhibit that I think should go to the
committee. It does not relate directly to the Emergency Action Com-
mittee.
This is a folder which was put out. It is 14 or 15 pages. It is titled
simply "CUBA — an examination of the recent crisis." It is by
Bettina Aptlieker, Carol Cohen, and Howard Harawitz. It was dis-
tributed in, I believe, February of 1963 by the W. E. B. DuBois Club
of Berkeley, California. It contains information and statements that
I think would be of interest to this committee, and I have it here for
the committee's perusal.
(Document marked "Montgomery Exhibit No. 164" and retained
in committee files.)
Mr. Smith. Do you have a closing statement you want to make ?
Mr. Montgomery. It has been a privilege to appear before the
committee under subpena and to make known for the record various
facts that are, I feel, detrimental to the welfare of our country. Cer-
tain information presented here is being disclosed for the public rec-
ord for the first time.
Mr. Smith. Thank you, Mr. Montgomery. It has been a pleasure to
have had you before the committee, and on behalf of the members of
the committee, the staff, and myself, I do thank you very much for
your most enlightening testimony. I think it will be of great help
to Congress.
(Whereupon, at 3 :50 p.m., Friday, June 28, 1968, Mr. Montgomery's
affidavit was concluded.)
INDEX
INDIVIDUALS
A
Page
Alexander, Hursel (William) 2053, 2138 ', 2141
Alexander, Roberta 2138
Alexis, Jack 2173
Allen, Charles R., Jr 2125
Ames, William 2192
Anderson, Clayton R 2097,2098
Aptheker, Bettina 2076, 2078, 2115, 2195
Aptheker, Herbert 2076
Armstrong, William 2144
Avakian, Robert A. (Bob) 2053,2134,2137,2138,2140,2170
Avakian, Spurgeon 2138
Axelrod. Beverly Diana (Mrs. Marshall Axelrod ; nee Jerrod, formerly
Mrs. Seymour Silverstein, also known as Lourd)— 2053,2072,2084,2132-2137
Axelrod, Marshall 2137
B
Ballard, Roy 2074, 2075, 2081, 2084
Barkley, Alben 2104
Barnett, Ty 2166
Barranco, Minerva 2188
Barsky, Edward K 2102
Bass, Russell 2149
Bayo 2148
B':"o, Savannah 2134
Beltram, Elsie 2179
Beltram, William 2179
Benner, Bruce W 2078
Benner, Helen 2078
Bennett, James Stewart 2078
Bensusen, Dinda 2084
Berry, Michael 207©
Besig, Ernest 2151
Bethel, Sue 2184
Black, Gladys G. (Mrs. Robert Ogg Black) 2077
Black, Gloria. [See Comfort, Gloria Black.)
Black, Robert Ogg 2077
Bloice, Carl 2084
Boston, Ralph 2161
Bova (Jerold M.) 2007
Braehman. Robert (Bob) 2101
Bradley, William (Bill) 20.53. 2123, 2m. 2135. 2136
Bradsher, Mary E. P. (Elizabeth Parrott) 2192
Brewer, Thomas '^m
Bridges. Harry r^
Broadhead, Bob ^°f
Brotsky, Allan ^°?
Browder, Earl i^^^q-^^so IJS
Brown, Archie 2069, 2082. ^14<)
1 Spelled "Hershell" in this reference.
ii INDEX
Page
Brown, H. Rap 2054,2127,2147,2150,2159
Brown, Willie 2084
Budenz, Louis Francis 2054
Burbridge, Thomas 2074, 2084
Burchard, Gloria 2188
Burkett, Evelyn 2078
Burkett, Karol A 2077, 2078
Burnstein, Malcolm 2085
Cahill, Thomas 2052, 2059, 2084. 2085, 2114, 2116, 2126-2128, 2183
Carmichael, Stokely 2054, 2127, 2138-2140, 2145, 2147, 2150, 2159
Carroll, Jerry 2187
Castro, Fidel 2054, 2148, 2181
Cayton, Revels 2078
Cerney, Isabelle 2132, 2134
Chapman, Aaron 2091, 2092
Chastain, Norman B 2079
Chester, William H 2078
Chown, Linda 2078
Chown, Paul S 2078
Cieciorka, Frank Thomas, Jr 2108, 2109, 2128, 2129
Cieciorka, Mrs. Frank Thomas, Jr 2128
Clark 2004
Clark, Robert D 2160, 2162
Cline, Dorothy 2135
Cline. Russ 2135
Coe, Lee 2091
Cohen, Carol ^ 2195
Cole, Jeff 2050, 2071
Cole, Lester 2050, 2071
Comfort, Gloria Black (Mrs. Mark Comfort) 2077
Comfort, Mark (also known as Mark Moody) 2077, 2085, 2105, 2138
Contrell 2170
Craib, Ralph 2146
Craven, Carolyn 2134
Crawford. Margaret 2153
Currier, Richard 2078
Currier, Susan 2078
D
Davis, Cassandra Weaver (formerly Mrs. Phil Davis) 2066, 2067
Davis. Joan M 2134
Davis, Phil 2067
Dawson, Ann 2077
Dawson, Kipp 2077, 2115
Deadwyler. Leonard 2097-2099
Dearman, John 2084
Defray, R-gis 2054. 2148
Dellums, Ronald 2134, 2192
Dennison, George 2168
Deutscher. Isaac 2148
Dillon, Hari 2184
Dobkins, William 2156
Dreyfus, Benjamin 2084
Duclos (Jacques) 2069
Dumke, Glenn S 2175,2189
E
Edwards, Harry 2054, 2145, 2146, 215^2164
Eichler, Susan Jean. (See Supriano, Susan Jean.)
Epton, William (Bill) 2051, 2097, 2098, 2100, 2104, 2106
Esteves, Caryl 2077
Evans, Heather 2078
INDEX iii
F
Page
Faddis, W. B 2134
Feit Joe ~"I"I"i::~~2i32, 2134
Fenster, Bob 2175 21&4
Fink, Vivian ri_I__I __ 2135
Fisher, Alan R ~ ~~ _ 2174
Fountin, Charles ~_ 2134
Francois, Terry A I-I-II-r2084,"2130, 2131
Franklin, Bruce 2164
Freed, J. P I I___I_r 2152
Fromer, Irving ~ ~_~ 2077
G
Garrett, James (Jimmy) 2051, 2165, 2166, 2168-2173, 2175, 2176, 2184-2186
Garvey, Marcus 2124
Geier, Joel 2078
George, Herman 2145 2146
Gerassi, John 2055, 2155, 2175-2184
Geshwind, Jeannette 2193
Gilligan (Thomas R.) 2059
Glover, Danny L 2173
Gold, Mike 2077
Goldberg, Arthur 2079
Goldblatt, Elizabeth 2078
Goldblatt, Louis (Lou) 2078,2082
Gotz, Michael ' 2185
Granich, Carl 2077
Greenwood, Frank (S.) 2105
Gregory, Dick 2084
Grodin, Joseph R 2084
Grogan, Patricia 2193
Grossman, Aubrey 2068, 2069
Grover, Bertha : 2192, 2194
Gruber, Steve 2162
Guevara (Ernesto) "Che" 2054, 2148, 2149, 2155, 2180-2183, 2186
Gurley, Lawrence T 2134
H
Hall, Gus 2049, 2050, 2065, 2066
Hallgren, Dick 2164
Hallinan, Conn 2077, 2085, 2115
Hallinan, Matthew 2077, 2115,2129
Hallinan, Patrick 2072, 2115
Hallinan, Terence 2053, 2072, 2077, 2085, 2115, 2141, 2154, 2188
Hallinan, Vincent 2077, 2100-2104, 2115
Harawitz, Elly M. (Mrs. Howard Albert Harawitz) 2191
Harawitz, Howard Albert 2053,
2056, 2115, 2132, 2134, 2138 1, 2140, 2190-2192, 2195
Harer, Asher 2095
Harer, Kathie 2095
Harmer, John 2149
Harris, James O 2108, 2143
Harris, John (Wesley) 2098,2099
Healey, Dorothy Ray 2068
Hearring, Winston 2173
Henderson, Skip 2141
Hemdon, James 2084
Herran, Dan 2188
Hill, Dickson P 2192
Hill, Gerald N 2133
Himmel, Bob 2181
Hitler (Adolf) 2164:
Ho Chi Minh 2073
Hoag, Helen 2153
1 Spelled "Harowitz" in this reference.
iv INDEX
Page
Hoover, J. Edgar 2064
Hopkins, Donald R 2134
J
Jasso, Lupe 2188
Jenkins, David L 2076
Jenkins, Hyman (David) 2076
Jolinson, Lyndon (Baines) 2093, 2094, 2099, 2116, 2138, 2189, 2190
Jolinson, Matthew 2116
Jones, LeRoi 2127, 2147, 2167-2169, 2172
Jones, Percy 2084
Jons, Don 2152
K
Kaflfke, Esmeralda (Mrs. Theodore Kaffke; nee Rubi)-_ 2153
Kaffke, Helen Hoag (formerly Mrs. Robert L. Kaffke). (Sec Hoag, Helen.)
Kaffke, Margaret Crawford (formerly Mrs. Robert L. Kaffke). (See
Crawford, Margaret.)
Kaffke, Robert L. (also known as Lloyd W. Pease) 2054,
2077, 2147, 2148 \ 2149-2156
Kaffke, Theodore 2153
Kahn, Albert B 2077
Kahn, Steven J 2077
Kalantari, Khosro 2184
Keating, Edward M 2133,2137,2138
Kelley. John L., Jr . 2078
Kennedy (John Fitzgerald) 2078
Kennedy, Joseph P : 2084
Kent, RockweU 2101
Key 2099
Khrushchev (Nikita Sergeevieh) 2091
King, Martin Luther (Jr.) 2127,2128,2164
Kinney (Charles) 2111
Koch, Chris 2073,2076
Krytzer, Harry 2188
Lapin, Adam 2077, 2080
Lapin, Nora B 2077
Lenin (V. I.) 2148
Levin, John 2055, 2176, 2178, 2184
Lichtman, Richard 2164
Lima, Albert J. (Mickey) 2049, 2050, 2053, 2064-2068, 2138, 2140
Lima, Margaret 2085
Lima, Mickey (See Lima, Albert J.)
Lourd, Seymour 2137
Luce, Phillip A. (Abbott) 2106
Ludlow, Lynn 2172
Lynch, Thomas 2085
M
Maguire 2069
Mandel, William 2054, 2150
Manderfeld, Richard K 2078
Manley, Ken 2144
Mao Tse-tung 2148, 2155
Margolis, Greg 2184
Marrow, Ozzo J 2056, 2194
Martinez, John. (See Martinez, Juan R.)
Martinez, Juan R. (also known as John) 2055, 2056, 2181, 2186-2189
May, Kenneth Ownsworth 2079, 2080
1 Also spelled "Roberto" on this page.
INDEX V
Page
Mayers, Helen 2185
McAdoo, William (Bill) 2051,2104-2106
McCarthy (Joseph R.) 2150
McCarty, Francis 2064
McGrath, J. Howard 2104
McKenney, Jon 2184
McTernan, Francis J 2084
Mendoza, Sophie 2135
Michaels, Pat 2149
Montgomery, Andrew 2135
Montgomery, Edward S 2049-2057,
2058-2171 (testimony), 2171-2195 (affidavit)
Moody, Mark. (See Comfort, Mark.)
Morrison, Jack 2133
Morton (Thruston B.) 2194
Murray 2148
Murray, George 2055, 2171-2173, 2178
Myerson, Michael Eugene (Mike) 2050,2072-2076,2081,2084,2085
N
Nakamura, Yvonne 2135
Neville, Robert 2134
Newman, David 2135
Newton, Huey P 2146
Nhu (Mrs. Ngo Dinh) 2078
Nolon, James, Jr 2134
O
O'Brien, Charles 2150
O'Brien, William 2150
Olitt, Ken 2140
Oswald, Lee Harvey 2153
P
Paltridge, Blair 2055, 2174, 2175
Pease, Lloyd W. (-See Kaffke, Robert L. )
Peet, Edward L 2133
Pharria, Cecil 2183
Plath, Robert W 2084
Poland, Jefferson 2174, 2175
Porter, Merdelle 2135
Powers, Gary 2103
Proctor, Roscoe 2050, 2053, 2066, 2067, 2085, 2138, 2140, 2179
Proctor, Virginia (Mrs. Roscoe Proctor) 2138, 2140, 2179
Q
Quidachay, Ron 2187
R
Radcliffe, David L 2077
Rafferty, Max 2162
Ramos, Aba 2134
Reagan, Ronald 2162
Rebillot, Paul 2175
Reddell, Ferd 2178
Reynolds, Malvina 2079-2081
Richards, Harvey 2077,2082
Richards, Paul D 2077
Richmond 2099
Richmond, Al 2053,2068,2138,2140
Rogers, Charlotte A 2135
Rosen, Jacob 2091
Rosen, Milton 2091
Rosenberg, Ethel 2077, 2104
Rosenberg, Julius 2077,2104
vi INDEX
Page
Ross, John 2098, 2116, 2118-2122
Rothenberg, Don 2132-2134, 2137, 2138
Rubi, Esmeralda. (SceKaffke, Esmeralda.)
Russell, Bertrand 2106
S
Sandy, George ___— 2053, 2140, 2141
Scheer, Mortimer (Mort) 2091,2092
Scheer, Robert L- 2152
Schickele, Sandra 2164
Schneck, Marco 2079
Scholine, Georgia 2189
Schorske, Carl E__ 2133
Scott, Kermit I 2134
Shannon, Brian 2078
Sheffield, Allan C 2077
Sheppard, Ellis 2134
Sheridan, Arthur A. (Art) 2071,2079,2152
Sheriek, Brownlee W. {Bee Shirek, Brownlee W.)
Sherman, Pat 2135
Shirek. Brownlee W 2056,2132,2141,2190,2191
Shirek, Maudelle (Mrs. Brownlee W. Shirek) 2191
Silverstein, Seymour. (SeeLourd, Seymour.)
Simmons, Kenneth 2134
Sims, Tracy 2050, 2072-2074, 2081, 2082, 2084, 2085, 2123, 2136
Sizemore (Charles) 2063
Smith, BUI 2173
Smith, Glenn i 2178
Smith, Maureen 2135
Stallinger, Sharon 2107
Starobin, Joseph 2078
Starobin, Robert S 2078
Sterne, Emma Gelders 2135
Stevenson, Ronald 2134
Stewart, Benjamin 2173
Stewart, Douglas 2084
Stone, Chnr]e A 2187,2188
Sullivan, Mark L 2081, 2082
Summerlin, Wayne 2145, 2146
Summerskill, John 2154,
2155, 2167, 2170, 2173-2175, 2177, 2178, 2183-2185, 2188, 2189
Summerskill (Mrs. John) 2189
Supriano, Carol 2085
Supriano, Harold 2073, 2075, 2076. 2085, 2107, 2134, 2138, 2141
Supriano, Susan Jean (Mrs. Harold Supriano; nee Eichler; also known
as Susan Jean Valberg) 2138, 2141, 2189
Szego, Peter 2053, 2135
T
Taber, Robert 2148
Tandy, Frances 2085
Taylor (Glen H.) 2101
Tewes, Dick 2184
Thalheimer, Fred 2164
Thomas, Clarence 2173
Thomas, John 2091, 2092
Thomas, Richard 2107
Thomas, Trevor 2133
Thompson, Raymond (Ray) 2056,2191,2192
Tribble, La Verne 2134
Truman (Harry S.) 2104
Tsenin, Kay 2168
Turner, Elijah 2115, 2134
Tussing, Arlon Rex, Jr 2079
INDEX vii
U Page
Ussery, Wilfred (Will) 2133
Valberg, Susan Jean. {See Supriano, Susan Jean.)
Valentine, Thomas 2134
"Vann, James E 2134
Varnado, Jerry 2051,2170,2171,2173,2176
Vaszko, Jim 2180
Viali)ando, Sadie 2188
Volk, Tony 2169
W
Wachter, Billie (Mrs. Saul Wachter) 2053,2132,2134,2135,2189
Wachter, Douglas (Doug) 2069,2082,2083,2132
Wachter, Saul 2053,2132,2135
Waddy, Marianna 2165,2166
Wallace, (Jeorge (C.) 2094
Wallace (Henry A.) 2101
Walton, Sid 2134
Ward, Richard 2073,2076
Webb, John _■ 2184
Werthimer, Jerry 2152
Wheeler (William A.) 2111,2118
Wilkins, Roy 2049,2065,2066,2093
Wilkinson, Frank 2136
Williams, A. Cecil 2133
Williams, Harry 2068
Williams, Landon R 2173
WilUams, Robert (Franklin) 2155
WiUiams, Tom - 2173
Windmiller, Marshall 2176
Wood, James Fenton 2053, 2138, 2140
Worthy, WilUam 2151
Wright, Robert 2135
Y
Yasui, Kaoru 2103
Yates, Oleta O'Connor 2068
Yorty (Samuel W.) 2099
Young, Whitney M., Jr 2145,2147
Z ,
Zane, Maitland 2187
Zeltzer, Sol 2135
Zimberoff, Beryl F 2194
ORGANIZATIONS
AOPFB. (See American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born.)
ALP. (/See American Labor Party.)
Abraham Lincoln Brigade. (See International Brigade, Fifteenth.)
Acts for Peace 2129
Ad Hoc Committee for March 23 2078
Ad Hoc Committee to Combat Fascism 2106
Ad Hoc Committee To End Discrimination 2050,
2051, 2072-2075, 2081-2085, 2108, 2111, 2123
Ad Hoc Committee To End the War in Vietnam 2078
University of California 2078
Advance 2106
Afro-American Institute 2053, 2122-2125
Alliance for Progress. (See entry under U.S. Government, State Depart-
ment, Agency for International Development. )
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Bom (ACPFB) 2080
viii INDEX
Page
American Labor Party (ALP) _!'_ 2102
New York State :
New York Oity Area :
Kings County 2102
State Executive Committee 2102
American Russian Institute (for Cultural Relations with the Soviet
Union) :
San Francisco 2078, 2108
Anarchist League of Los Angeles 2050, 2051, 2110, 2111
Associated Students. {See entry under San Francisco State College.)
B
BSU. (See Black Students Union.)
Bay Area Emergency Action Committee 2053,
2056, 2132^2135, 2137, 2138, 2140, 2189, 2190, 2192
Bay Area Trade Union Section. (See entry under Progressive Labor Move-
ment—PLM ( or Party— PLP ) . )
Berkeley Campus DuBois Club. (See entry mider W. E. B. DuBois Clubs
of America (DCA) , University of California (Berkeley, Calif.) .)
Berkeley Committee Against Racial Discrimination 2084
Berkeley Emergency Action Committee 205(>, 2190-2192
Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation 2106
Black Anti-Draft Union 2053, 2095, 2006, 2121
Black Arts West Theater 2166
Black Liberation Commission. (See entry under Progressive Labor Move-
ment—PLM ( or Party— PLP ) . )
Black Muslims 2064
Black Panther Party (known variously as Black Panthers, Black Panther
Political Party, Black Panther Political Party for Self Defense, and
Black Panther Party for Self -Defense (BPSD) ) 2138, 2139, 2146, 2164
Black Students Union (BSU) ^ (formerly Negro Students Association) 2051,
2054, 2055, 2163, 2165-2167, 2169-2175, 2177, 2178, 2184-2186
California State College (Fullerton) chapter 2055,2186
Claremont Men's College chapter 2055,2186
Los Angeles City College chapter 2055, 2186
Mills College chapter 2055, 2186
San Francisco State College 2055, 2163, 2168, 2170, 2173, 2186
San Jose State College chapter 2055, 2186
Stanford University chapter 2055, 2186
Bridges-Robertson-Schmidt Defense Committee 2102
C
CDC. (See California Democratic Council.)
CERGE. (See Committee to Defend Resistance to Ghetto Life.)
CNP. (See Community for New Politics. )
CORE. (See Congress of Racial Equality.)
California Democratic Council (CDC) 2133
California Labor School 2076,2077,2080
California State College (Fullerton, Calif.) 2055,2186
CampMidvale 2106
Citizens Committee Against Police Terror 2068
Citizens Committee for Constitutional Liberties 2053, 2104, 2125
Citizens Committee for Nuclear Disarmament 2077,2084
Civil Rights Congress 2069, 2078, 2101
California :
East Bay 2077
Claremont Men's College 2055,2186
Columbia University 2118
Committee to Defend Resistance to Ghetto Life (CERGE) (see also Pro-
gressive Labor Movement — PLM (or Party — PLP) ) 2050,
2051, 2099, 2100, 2104-2106, 2111
Committee to End U.S. Intervention in Vietnam 2091,2092
Committee to Uphold the Right to Travel 2077
Communication Company 2131
1 Appears as "Black Student Union" in some references.
INDEX ix
Communist Party of the Unitcil States of America (Cl'USA) 2049,
2050, 20G5-20US, 2070, 2073, 2079, 2080, 2087, 2091, 2111. 2132,
213.-5, 2137, 2138, 2140, 2141, 2179, 2189, 2192, 2194
National Structure :
National Committee 2065
National Conventions and Conferences :
Eighteenth Convention, June 22-20, 19G6, New York City 206.")
Districts :
Northern California District 2049, 2064, 2065, 2067, 2138, 2140
District Committee 2064
Executive Board 2064
San Francisco County 2068
Southern California District 2068
Communist Party of the United States of America (Marxist-Leninist)
(OPUSA-ML) 2050, 2051. 2108, 2111
Communist Political Association (May 1944 to July 1945) 2069
National Conventions :
Emergency National Convention. July 26-28, 1945, New York
City 2069
Community for New Politics (CNP) 2191
Community Workers, The (see also Progressive Labor Movement — PLM
(or Party— PLP) ) 2152
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 2084,
2111, 2113, 2123, 2124, 2133, 2135, 2136
Berkeley (Calif.) chapter 2084
Berkeley campus chapter 2084
Congress of Unrepresented People 2136
D
DCA. (See W. E. B. DuBois Clubs of America.)
Deacons for Defense and Justice. The 2095
Direct Action Committee (Oakland) 2136
Direct Action Group 2050, 2070, 2071, 2075, 2079, 2084, 2111
E
ECLC. (See Emergency Civil Liberties Committee.)
East Bay People's World Forum Committee 2101
East Side Press Club 2106
Economic Development Fund 2122
Emergency Civil Liberties Committee (ECLC) 2103
Experimental College. (See entry under San Francisco State College.)
F
Fair Play for Cuba Committee 2082
Greater Los Angeles Chapter 2103
University of California 2078
Fight Back Committee Against the HCUA 2078
Foothill College 2161, 2162
Free Speech Movement (see also University of California) 2088
Free University Forum 2106
Freedom House 2111, 2113
Freedom Now Party 2050, 2082, 2091, 2092
G
Gentlemen, The 2105
88-083— 69— pt. 6 11
INDEX
H
Page
Harlem Defense Council (.see also Progressive Labor Movement — PlAl
(or Party— PLP) ) 2106
ILWU. (Sec Lonsshoremeu"s and Warehousemen's Union, International.)
I.S.A.U.S. (See Iranian Students Association in the United States of
America. )
Independent Progressive Party (California). (-See Progressive Party, Cali-
fornia. )
International Brigade, Fifteenth (also referred to as Abraham Lincoln
Brigade) 2070
International Publishers 2073
International War Crimes Tribunal 2106, 2182
Iranian Students Association in the United States of America
(LS.A.U.S.) 2054, 2163, 2184
San Francisco State College 2163
K
Ku Klux Klan 2116
Latin American Solidarity Organization (LASO) :
First Conference, Havana, Cuba, July 31-August 10, 1967 2176
Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, International (ILWU) 2078,
2102, 2140
Local 6 2140
Los Angeles City College 2055, 2071, 2186
Los Angeles Committee for Protection of Foreign Born 2102
:m
MAPS. (SeeMovement Against Political Suspension.)
MTU. ( Sec Mission Tenants Union. )
Macmillan Company, The 2180-2183
March of Labor Corijoration 2102
Methodist Federation for Social Action 2103
Mills College 2055, 2186
Mission Committee Against the War 20.52, 2121
Mission Tenants Union (MTU) (.see also Progressive Labor Movement —
PLM (or Party— PLP) ) 2052, 2098, 2116, 2118, 2120-2122
Mission Youth Organizations 209.5, 2096
Missis-sippi State University 2162
Movement Against Political Suspension (MAPS) 2054,
2055, 2163, 2174-2178, 2184, 2185
San Francisco State College branch 2163, 2175
X
X^AACP. {Sec Xational Association for the Advancement of Colored
People. )
NLG. ( See Xational Lawyers Guild. )
National Assembly for Democratic Rights 2103
Xational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (XAACP) — 2049,
2066, 2075, 2081, 2083, 2084
Xational Committee To Abolish the House Committee on Un-American
Activities' 2050, 2082, 2104, 2133
Xational Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions :
Southern California Chapter 2078
Xational Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (also known as Xa-
tional Liberation Front of South Vietnam) 2136
1 Also referred to as "National Committee To Abolish the Un-American Activities Com-
mittee" and "Committee To Abolish HUAC."
INDEX Xl
Page
National Lawyers Guild (NLG) 2101, 2135, 2137
Annual Convention, May 7, 1950 ' ' 2101
New York City Chapter I 2101
San Francisco Bay Area Chapter 2102
San Francisco Chapter 2101
Executive Board 2135,2137
National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. {See National Front for the '
Liberation of South Vietnam.)
National Urban League, Inc 2147
Negro Students Association (now known as Black Students Union) __ 2163,2170
North American Congress on Latin America 21S0, 2181
National Coordinating Committee 21S0. 2181
North Vietnamese Peace Committee 2073,2076
Northern California Committee for Protection of Foreign Born 2080, 2104
OEO. (Sec United States Government, Office of Economic Opportunity.)
Oakland Direct Action Committee. (See Direct Action Committee (Oak-
land).)
Oakland Emergency Action Committee 2056. 2192-2194
Olympic Boycott Committee 2161
Organization of Sti:dent Employee.^ 2184
PLP. (»9cc Progressive Labor Movement (PLM) (orl'arty).)
Peace anrl Freedom Party 2055,2185
San Francisco State College 2185
Peace Corps. (See entry under U.S. Government, State Department.)
People's Armed Defense Groups 2051, 2108
Progre-ssive Labor Movement (PLM) (or Partv (PLP)) 2050-20.52,
2054, 2055, 20S9-2093, 2095-2097, 2099, 2100, 2104, 2106, 2108,
2111, 2116. 2118, 2119, 2121, 2122, 2152, 2163. 2176, 2178, 2184, 2ia5
Bay Area Trade Union Section 2116
Black Liberation Commission 2118
Brooklyn, N.Y 2054
Harlem branch 2118,2119
Harlem Progressive Labor Club 2106, 2111
Los Angeles, Calif 2098,2099
Progressive Labor Partv Student Club 2097
San Francisco. Calif 2093,2095,2098.2099
San Francisco State College 2163
Progressive Party 2101, 2102
National Convention, July 23-25, 1948, Philadelphia, Pa 2101
California (Independent Progressive Party) 2080
Long Beach Section 2080
Marin County :
Central Committee 2101
State Central Committee 2080. 2101
Pi'ogressive Youth Oi'ganizing Committee 2106
K
RAJM. (See Revolutionary Action Movement.)
Radical Education Project. (See entry under Students for a Democratic
Society.)
Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) 2064
Revolutionary Contingent (R.C.) 2182
S
SCOPE. (See Student Committee on Progressive Education.)
SDS. (See Students for a Democi'atic Society.)
SNCC. (Sec Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.)
San Francisco Direct Action Group. (See Direct Action Group.)
San Franci-sco Draft Resistance Union 2053, 2095, 2096, 2120, 2121
3di INDEX
Pagi'
San Francisco Stliool of Social Science 2077, 2078
San Francisco State College (San Francisco, Calif.) 2054,
2055, 2061, 2071, 2089, 2090, 2147, 2148, 2151, 2154, 2163, 2165-
2180, 2183-2188
Associated Students 2165, 2166, 2168, 2174
Board of Publications 2174
Experimental College 2054, 2147, 2148, 2155, 2165
San Jose State College ( San Jose, Calif.) ___ 2054, 2055, 2129, 2159, 2160, 2162, 2186
Sexual Freedom League 2174
SLATE (sec also University of California) 2050,2072,2075,2077-2079,2082
Socialist Party-Social Democratic Federation 2078
National Convention. 1962 2078
Socialist Workers Party (SWP) 2078,2095,2115,2180,2181
National Committee 2181
Young Socialist Alliance (YSA) 2050,20.5.5,2082.2095,2180,2181,2185
University of ('iilifornia 2078
Southern California Friends of the National Guardian 2081
Spanish Refugee Appeal 2102
Spring Mobilization Committee. (See Spring Mobilization Committee To
End the War in Vietnam.)
Spring Mobilization Committee To End the War in Vietnam 2081
Los Angeles Coordinating Center 2081
Stanford University 2055, 2065, 2069, 2186
Stop-the-Draft-Week 2095, 2096
Student Committee on Progressive Education (SCOPE) 2050,2082
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 2050,2064,2082,2169
Student Organizing Committee 2138, 2140, 2192
Student Peace Union 20.50,2082
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 20.52,20.54,
2055, 2090, 2118, 2121, 2163, 2182, 2184, 2185, 2188
Radical Education Project 2182
San Francisco State College 2056, 2063
T
TASC. (See Toward an Active Student Community. )
TWLF. (See Third World Liberation Front.)
Third World Liberation Front (TWLF) (see also San Francisco State
College) 2O.5I-2O06, 2163, 2187
Toward an Active Student Community (TASC) {see also San Jose State
College) 2129
Tri-continental Information Center 2073
U
United Black Students for Action 2054,2159,2160
United Resistance Fund 2121
United San Francisco Freedom Movement 2084
United States Government :
Commission on Civil Rights 2164
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) 2063, 2167, 2168
War on Poverty 2052,2062,2063,2067,2098,2114,2179
Bayview Community Center 2052, 2063, 2114
Neighborhood House (Oakland, Calif.) 2067
War on Poverty Board (San Francisco. Calif.) 2098
Western Addition Office 2179
Small Business Administration 2123
State Department:
Agency for International Development :
Alliance for Progress 2180, 2182
Peace Corps 2179, 2180
Supreme Court 2077, 2103
University of California 2072, 2077-2079, 2081, 2089, 2185
Berkeley, Calif 2009, 2080, 2140, 2190
y
VALB. (See Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.)
VDC. (Sec Vietnam Day Committee.)
Veterans for Peace 2102
Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade (VALB) 2102
INDEX xiii
Page
Vietnam Day Committee (VDC) 2054, 2163
San Francisco State College 2163
Vietnam Summer 2133
W
W. E. B. DuBois Clubs of America (DCA) 2050-
2052, 2054, 2067, 2072, 2073, 2076, 2078, 2079, 2082, 2097, 2107-
2109, 2111, 2115, 2117, 2129, 2140, 2141, 2152, 2163, 2191
National Coordinating Committee 2076
Founding Convention, June 19-21, 1964, San Francisco, Calif 2073,
2107, 2129
National Coordinating Committee 2073
Berkeley, Calif 2073, 2084, 2195
Fillmore 2107
San Francisco, Calif 2073, 2082, 2084
San Francisco State College chapter 2054, 2073, 2152, 2163
University of Calif ornia (Berkeley, Calif. ) :
Berkeley Campus DuBois Club 2190, 2191
West Los Angeles, Calif 2073
Women for Peace. {See Women's International Strike for Peace.)
Women's International Strike for Peace (formerly known as Women
Strike for Peace, Women for Peace, Women Stand for Peace) 2082, 2136
San Francisco 2136
World Peace Congress. (See World Peace Council, World Congress for
Peace. National Independence and General Disarmament, July 10-15,
1965. Helsinki, Finland.)
World Peace Council :
World Congress for Peace. National Independence and General Dis-
armament, July 10-15, 1965, Helsinki, Finland 2073', 2076'
World Youth Festivals :
Eighth Youth Festival, July 29-August 6, 1962, Helsinki, Finland 2072,
2076, 2079
Y
Young People's Socialist League 2050, 2078, 2082
Young Socialist Alliance (YSA). {See entry under Socialist Workers Party
(SWP).)
Young Socialist League 2079
Youth Action Union of Los Angeles 2073
Youth for Jobs
Oakland, Calif 2084
San Francisco, Calif 2084
PUBLICATIONS
A
Abolition Ne\YS 2104
Arm Yourself or Harm Yourself (play) (LeRoi Jones) 2168,2169
B
Berkeley Barb (newspaper) 2131
Black Liberation — Now! (pamphlet) 2118
C
Challenge (PLP newspaper) 2152
Clash of Cultures : Some Contrasts in US-USSR Morals and Manners, A
(book) (Vincent Plallinan) 2103
Concentration Camps USA (pamphlet) 2125
CONVENER, THE (now known as INSURGENT) 2073, 2107, 2108
D
Daily Californian (University of California, Berkeley, publication) 2085
Daily Gater (formerly known as Golden Gater) 2151, 2172, 2175, 2178
Daily People's World -^^
Daily Worker 2078
^ Referred to as "World Peace Congress.
INDEX
G
Golden Gater (San Francisco State College paper) (now known as
Daily Gater) 2151, 2168
Great Fear in Latin America (book) (John Gerassi) 2176
Guerrilla Warfare (book) (Clie Guevara) 2148
H
Home: Social Essays (LeRoi Jones) 2168
How to Survive in the Wilderness 2148
I
Imperialism (thesis) (Lenin) 2148
INSURGENT (formerly known as THE CONVENER) 2052,
2107-2109, 2115-2117, 2191
M
March of Labor 2102
Modoc War, The (Murray) 2148
N
National Guardian 2081, 210;3
New Horizons for Youth 2106
New World Review 2073,2103
O
Oakland Tribune 2085, 2108
101 Questions for the Guerrilla (Col. Bayo) 2148
Open Process 2055,2174, 2175,2178
P
People's World 2050,
2052, 2080, 2083, 2086-2088, 2091, 2101, 2111, 2114, 2138, 2140
Progressive Labor (magazine) 3051,2095
Protracted War, The (Mao Tse-tung) 2148
R
Ramparts (magazine) 2137, 2138, 2153
Revolution in the Revolution (Regis Debray) 2148
S
Second Declaration of Havana (Fidel Castro) 2148
Slave, The (play) (LeRoi Jones) 2167,2168
Spark (newspaper) 2051, 2052, 2098, 2104, 2116, 2121, 2122
Spartan Daily (San Jose State College paper) 2129
Stalin (Isaac Deutscher) 2148
State and Revolution (Lenin) 2148
T
TOCSIN (magazine) 2076
Toilet, The (phiy) (LeRoi Jones) 2167,2168
U
U.S. Army Guerrilla Warfare Manual 2148
United States War in Vietnam, The (pamphlet) (Michael Myerson) 2073
V
Venceremos ! The Speeches and Writings of Che Guevara 2180-2183
W
War of the Flea (Robert Taber) 2148
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