SULPHURIC ACID
HANDBOOK
PUBLISHERS OF B O O K. S F O K^
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SULPHURIC ACID
HANDBOOK
BY
THOMAS J. SULLIVAN
WITH THE MINERAL POINT ZINC COMPANY, A SUBSIDIARY
OF THE NEW JEB8EY ZINC COMPANY
FIRST EDITION
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC,
239 WEST 39TH STREET. NEW YORK
LONDON: HILL PUBLISHING CO., LTD.
6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C.
1918
COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.
THK MAPI.H! I> K K M S YORK PA
PREFACE
As sulphuric acid is one of the most important of chemicals,
being an intermediate raw product, essential in most manu-
facturing processes, I think the appearance of this handbook
dealing solely with sulphuric acid is well justified. In fact,
in almost every industry some sulphuric acid is used and it
has been asserted that the consumption of sulphuric acid by
any nation is a measure of its degree of industrial progress.
This is certainly not strictly correct, but sulphuric acid forms
the starting point of, and is used in so many industries that there
is considerable element of truth in this statement. A few
examples showing some of its important uses follows :
(a) For decomposing salts with the production of nitric acid,
hydrochloric acid and sodium sulphate, thus indirectly in the
manufacture of soda ash, soap, glass, bleaching powder, etc.
(6) For the purification of most kinds of oil, including petro-
leum and tar oils.
(c) For pickling (i.e., cleaning) iron goods previous to tinning
or galvanizing.
(d) As a drying agent in the production of organic dyes, on
which the textile industry depends to a large extent.
(e) For rendering soluble mineral and animal phosphate
(superphosphate) for manures; thus agriculture absorbs large
amounts, and consequently food stuffs are affected by
fluctuations in the supply of this important chemical.
(/) For the manufacture of nitric acid from Chile saltpetre:
, nitric acid and sulphuric acid together are used in the nitration
of organic substances such as glycerine and cellulose forming
nitro-glycerine and nitro-cellulose mainly used in the manu-
facture of explosives now in great demand. So, a copious
387487
vi PREFACE
supply of sulphuric acid is an absolute necessity for the explosive
industry and any shortage in this supply would mean a shortage
of explosives.
Without multiplying examples of this nature, enough has been
said to indicate the complexity of modern industrial conditions,
the interaction of one industry on the other, and finally the
often obscure, but highly important, part played by sulphuric
acid as an ultimate and absolutely essential raw material of
these industries.
Owing to the enormous amount of literature containing data
on sulphuric acid, it has become more and more difficult for the
busy worker to gather from this mass of literature, the facts
which are of practical interest and use to him. Much valuable
material is of little use because it is scattered through the litera-
ture and is therefore inaccessible.
The publication of this handbook was undertaken as an
attempt to overcome this difficulty, at least in part. The scope
has been limited almost entirely to numerical data, inasmuch
as such data cannot generally be carried in mind, but must be
readily accessible for use. The special investigator would
probably always prefer to go to the original source for the infor-
mation he wishes, so, to republish all matter of this kind would
be unnecessary and impracticable. The attempt has been
made to select and tabulate only that which is of fairly general
interest and utility and produce a convenient reference book
of numerical data.
In collecting the tables only those generally adapted to
American practice have been selected. When specific gravity
is given in terms of the Baume degrees, the so-called American
Standard has been adhered to. Where a different Baume
scale has been used in a table, the figures have been recalculated
to conform to the American Standard. Almost all of the tables
of Bineau, Kolb, Otto, Winkler, Messel, Knietsch, Pickering,
Lunge, Isler, Naef, etc., have been omitted as they have long
since become obsolete as far as being of practical value for use
PREFACE vii
in general American practice. All molecular weights as
well as the factors for the calculation of analytical results have
been calculated from the International Atomic Weights of 1917
(1918). The molecular weights and other figures have been
carried out further beyond the decimal point than is necessary
for most calculations.
Great care and pains have been taken to secure accuracy
and completeness of data. All figures have been calculated
several times, and it is hoped that the errors have been reduced
to the minimum. However, errors have undoubtedly crept in,
and the author would greatly appreciate notations of any of
these which may come to the reader's attention, with a view
to their correction in later reprints or editions of the book.
A large amount of time and labor was involved in the prepara-
tion of these tables, inasmuch as it was necessary to collect
data from many widely scattered sources. The scope of the
first issue, therefore, is rather more limited than originally
planned, but if the demand for the publication justifies it, the
scope will be extended in future issues.
The author wishes to express his appreciation to the many
friends who assisted in checking problems, reading the manu-
script and proof, and giving much valuable criticism and
advice.
THOMAS J. SULLIVAN.
DE PUE, ILL.
March 1, 1918.
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE .'...• v
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS xii
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1
Definition of 1
More Common Methods of Determining 1
Corrections to be Applied
Conversion of Basis 3
HYDROMETERS 5
Types
Classes 5
Manipulation 5
AMERICAN STANDARD BAUME HYDROMETER 8
Specific Gravities Corresponding to Degrees Baume" 11
Degrees Baume" Corresponding to Specific Gravities 16
TWADDLE HYDROMETER 20
Specific Gravities Corresponding to Degrees Twaddle 21
NOMENCLATURE OF SULPHURIC ACID 22
FORMULAS FOR USE IN SULPHURIC ACID CALCULATIONS 24
DESCRIPTION OF METHODS EMPLOYED IN PREPARING THE TABLES OF
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID, NITRIC ACID, AND HYDROCHLO-
RIC ACID, ADOPTED BY THE MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS' ASSOCIATION
OF THE UNITED STATES 27
Nitric Acid Table 49
Hydrochloric Acid Table 51
Sulphuric Acid Table 54
SULPHURIC ACID 94-100 PER CENT. HjSO* 60
SULPHURIC ACID 0°BE.-100 PER CENT HzSO* 61
SULPHURIC ACID 50°-€2° BE 68
FUMING SULPHURIC Acm 71
Per Cent. Free SO3 as Units 74
Per Cent. Total SO3 as Units 76
Equivalent Per Cent. 100 Per Cent. HzSO* as Units 79
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST— SULPHURIC ACID— 76.07-82.5 PER CENT. SOS 81
ix
x CONTENTS
PAGE
SULPHURIC ACID — PER CENT SO3 CORRESPONDING TO EVEN PERCENT-
AGES H2SO* 85
SULPHURIC ACID — PER CENT H2SO4 CORRESPONDING TO EVEN PER-
CENTAGES SO3 86
ACID CALCULATIONS, USE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES, ESTIMATING
STOCKS, ETC 80
DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF SULPHURIC ACID TO FORM SOLUTIONS
OF ANY DESIRED STRENGTH 89
Table for Mixing 59° Baum6 94
Table for Mixing 60° Baume" 95
Table for Mixing 66° Baume" 96
FORMATION OF MIXTURES OF SULPHURIC AND NITRIC ACIDS OF DEFINITE
COMPOSITION (SO-CALLED MIXED ACID) 96
BOILING POINTS — SULPHURIC ACID 103
MELTING POINTS — SULPHURIC ACID 103
TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR — SULPHURIC ACID 105
STRENGTH FOR EQUILIBRIUM WITH ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE .... 107
PREPARATION OF THE MONO-HYDRATE 108
POUNDS SULPHURIC ACID OBTAINABLE FROM 100 POUNDS SULPHUR . . 108
POUNDS SULPHURIC ACID OBTAINABLE FROM 100 POUNDS SO3 .... 109
POUNDS SULPHUR REQUIRED TO MAKE 100 POUNDS SULPHURIC ACID . 109
THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN BURNER GAS 109
TEST FOR TOTAL ACIDS IN BURNER GAS 113
CALCULATING THE PERCENTAGE SO2 CONVERTED TO SO3 WHEN THE
SO2 IN THE BURNER AND EXIT GASES is KNOWN — AS USED IN THE
CONTACT PROCESS 113
Table 115
THEORETICAL COMPOSITION OF DRY GAS FROM THE ROASTING OF
METALLIC SULPHIDES 123
THEORETICAL COMPOSITION OF DRY GAS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SUL-
PHUR 124
QUALITATIVE TESTS — SULPHURIC ACID 125
Nitrogen Acids — Selenium — Lead — Iron and Arsenic
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SULPHURIC ACID 126
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEAD, IRON AND ZINC IN SULPHURIC
ACID 139
THE ANALYSIS OF MIXED ACID AND NITRATED SULPHURIC ACID .... 140
CALIBRATION OF STORAGE TANKS AND TANK CARS 148
MATHEMATICAL TABLE — CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES,
SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS 155
DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR EACH ^4 INCH 173
CONTENTS xi
PAGE
DECIMALS OF AN INCH FOB EACH 3^4 177
BELTING RULES 177
ANTI-FREEZING LIQUIDS FOR PRESSURE AND SUCTION GAGES 178
Table 179
FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS 180
Names of Fittings 182
Templates for Drilling Standard and Low Pressure Flanged Valves
and Fittings 183
General Dimensions of Standard Flanged Fittings — Straight
Sizes 184
General Dimensions of Standard Reducing Tees and Crosses . . .186
General Dimensions of Standard Reducing Laterals . 4 187
General Dimensions of Extra Heavy Flanged Fittings — Straight
Sizes 188
General Dimensions of Extra Heavy Reducing Tees and Crosses . .190
General Dimensions of Extra Heavy Reducing Laterals 191
Templates for Drilling Extra Heavy Flanged Valves and Fittings . 192
Weight of Cast-iron Flanged Fittings 193
CAST-IRON PIPE 194
Nominal Weight of Cast-iron Pipe Without Flanges 194
Standard Cast-iron Pipe — Standard Dimensions 195
WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL PIPE 197
Standard Wrought Iron and Steel Pipe 197
Extra Strong Wrought Iron and Steel Pipe 199
Double Extra Strong Wrought Iron and Steel Pipe 200
Standard Outside Diameter (O. D.) Steel Pipe 201
SCREWED FITTINGS 202
Standard Screwed Fittings 202
Extra Heavy Screwed Fittings 203
AMERICAN BRIGGS STANDARD FOR TAPER AND STRAIGHT PIPE AND LOCK-
NUT THREADS 204
LEAD PIPE 206
SHEET LEAD 207
STANDARD 9" AND 9" SERIES BRICK SHAPES 208
FIBRE ROPE KNOTS AND HITCHES — AND How TO MAKE THEM .... 210
U. S. CUSTOMARY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 213
METRIC MEASURES ; 214
EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC AND CUSTOMARY (U. S.) WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES 216
COMPARISON OF THERMOMETRIC SCALES 219
Fahrenheit degrees as units 219
xii CONTENTS
PAGE
Centigrade Degrees as Units 220
WATER 221
Density and Volume
DENSITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SULPHURIC ACID 222
TEMPERATURE CORRECTIONS TO PER CENT OF SULPHURIC ACID DETER-
MINED BY THE HYDROMETER 224
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID 225
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FUMING SULPHURIC ACID 233
INDEX . 235
INTERN A TIONAL
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS, 1917 l
Symbo
Atomic
weight
Symbol
Atomic
weight
Aluminum
Al
27.1
Neodymium
Nd
144 3
Antimony
Sb
120.2
Neon
Ne
20 2
Argon
A
39.88
Nickel
Ni
58 68
Arsenic
As
74.96
Niton (radium em-
Barium
Ba
137 37
anation)
Nt
222 4
Bismuth
Bi
208.0
Nitrogen
N
14.01
Boron
B
11 0
Osmium. .
Os
190 9
Bromine
Br
79 92
Oxvgen
o
16 00
Cadmium
Cd
112.40
Palladium
Pd
106 7
Caesium
Cs
132.81
Phosphorus
P
31 04
Calcium
Ca
40.07
Platinum
Pt
195.2
Carbon
c
12 005
Potassium
K
39 10
Cerium
Ce
140 25
Praseodymium
Pr
140 9
Chlorine . .
Cl
35 46
Radium
Ra
226 0
Chromium
Cr
52 0
Rhodium
Rh
102 9
Cobalt
Co
58.97
Rubidium
Rb
85 45
Columbium
Copper
Cb
Cu
93.1
63 57
Ruthenium
Samarium
Ru
Sa
101.7
150 4
Dysprosium
Dy
162 5
Scandium
Sc
44 1
Erbium
Europium
Er
Eu
167.7
152 0
Selenium
Silicon
Se
Si
79.2
28 3
Fluorine
F
19.0
Silver
Ag
107 88
Gadolinium
Gd
157.3
Sodium
_T6
Na
23 00
Gallium
Ga
69 9
Strontium
Sr
87 63
Germanium
Ge
72 5
Sulphur
s
32 06
Glucinum . .
Gl
9 1
Tantalum .
Ta
181 5
Gold
Au
197 2
Tellurium
Te
127 5
Helium
He
4 00
Terbium
Tb
159 2
Holmium
Ho
163.5
Thallium
Tl
204 0
Hydrogen . . .
H
1 008
Thorium
Th
232 4
Indium
In
114 8
Thulium
Tm
168 5
Iodine
I
126 92
Tin
Sn
118 7
Iridium
Ir
193 1
Titanium
Ti
48 1
Iron
Fe
55 84
Tungsten "
W
184 0
Krypton
Kr
82 92
Uranium
u
238 2
Lanthanum . .
La
139 0
Vanadium
V
51 0
Lead
Pb
207 20
Xenon
Xe
130 2
Lithium
Li
6.94
Ytterbium (Neovt-
Lutecium . .
Lu
175.0
terbium) ! . . .
Yb
173.5
Magnesium .
Mg
24 32
Yttrium
Yt
88 7
Manganese
Mn
54 93
Zinc
Zn
65 37
Mercury
Hg
200 6
Zirconium
Zr
90.6
Molybdenum
Mo
96.0
1 On account of the difficulties of correspondence between its members due to the war, the
International Committee on Atomic Weights has decided to make no full report for 1918.
Although a good number of new determinations have been published during the past year,
none of them seem to demand any immediate change in the table for 1917. That table, there-
fore, may stand as official during the year 1918.— F. W. CLABK, Chairman.
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Definition of the Term "Specific Gravity of a Liquid"
The density of a liquid is defined as the weight of a unit volume.
The specific gravity, or the synonymous term, relative density,
is the ratio of the density of the liquid in question, referred to the
density of some substance which is taken as unity. The standard
substance employed is water at its maximum density (4°C. or
39.2°F.).
More Common Methods of Determining the Specific Gravity of Liquids
1. Pycnometer. — Here we have vessels of unknown volume,
but either having a mark on the neck, or having glass stopper
with a capillary hole. Thus the pycnometers are made to hold
constant volumes. Constant temperature is obtained by the aid
of a bath of constant temperature. For use in a determination
the pycnometer is weighed empty, filled with water, and filled
with the liquid under consideration. The weight of the pycnom-
eter full of water minus the weight of the empty pycnometer is
equal to the weight of the water it will hold. This weight, com-
pared to the weight of the liquid that the pycnometer will hold,
gives us the specific gravity of the liquid.
2. Mohr, Westphal, Sartorius, Specific -gravity Balances. — In
the balances the right-hand half of the beam is divided into ten
equal parts from the fulcrum to the point of suspension at the
end of the beam. Suspended from this end of the beam is the
plummet while a weight at the other end acts as a counterbalance.
When the plummet is immersed in water at 4°C., the equilibrium
of the balance is destroyed by the buoyancy of the water. To
adjust the equilibrium, a weight equal to this force and in grams
equal to the weight of the volume of water displaced (which is
equal to the volume of the plummet) is hung from the point of
1
2 k. ... t ^SULPHURIC ACID 'HANDBOOK
suspension. This weigKt is known as the unit weight and is
called a rider. Other riders weighing respectively 0.1, 0.01, 0.001
of the weight of this rider constitute the set of weights used with
these balances. With their aid the density of a liquid can be
directly read off from the balance beam.
3. Hydrometers. — These instruments consist of a spindle-
shaped float, with a cylindrical neck containing a scale. They
are weighted at their lower end, thus bringing the center of
gravity very far down, and insuring an upright position when
floating. They depend upon the principle that a body will sink
in a liquid until enough liquid has been displaced, so that the
weight of the displaced liquid equals the weight of the body.
The weight and volume are so adjusted, that the instrument
sinks to the lower mark on its neck in the heaviest liquid to be
tested by it, and to the highest mark on its neck in the lightest
liquid to be tested by it. As the density of a liquid changes with
the temperature, the liquid should always be at the temperature
at which the hydrometer was calibrated or proper correction
made.
Corrections to be Applied in Specific Gravity Determinations
To obtain the true specific gravity of substances, their densities
at 4°C., and in vacua, must be compared with the density of
water at 4°C., in vacuo.
For technical use, specific gravity is frequently determined at
any convenient temperature, and referred to water, of either
that same temperature, or to water at 4°C., the weight in air
being taken as a basis.
In purely scientific calculations, water is taken as standard at
4°C., while in commercial laboratories the standard is often in
the neighborhood of 15.56°C.? consequently specific gravities
determined by these standards do not agree. As the tempera-
ture of water increases from 4°C., it expands. The weight being
constant, with increase of volume, the density is lowered. In
the case of water this increase of volume with rise of temperature
is not uniform, but has been determined with great care. Know-
ing the relative density of water at various temperatures, the
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3
volume of a gram is obtained by taking the reciprocal of the dens-
ity. The expansion of liquids being appreciable, conditions
should always be given with the specific gravities.
15°
Thus jgbC. after the specific gravity figure, means that the
temperature of the substance was 15°C. at the time of the deter-
mination and that the unit volume of it was compared with the
15°
weight of a unit volume of water at 15°C. Similarly -jo-C. after
the specific-gravity figure, means that here the comparison is
made with the weight of a unit volume of substance at 15°C.
compared with the weight of a unit volume of water at 4°C.
CONVERSION OF DENSITY BASIS1
Prepared for use in reducing readings of a hydrometer graduated to indi-
cate density or specific gravity at a specified standard temperature, 7\
referred to water at a specified temperature, T', as unity, to the basis of
another standard temperature, /, and reference temperature, t'.
The factor A (given in units of the sixth decimal place), multiplied by the
density or specific-gravity reading, gives the correction to be applied to the
reading to reduce it to the required basis.
20°
Suppose a hydrometer indicates specific gravity at -jo"C., and it is required
to know the correction in order that it shall indicate specific gravity at
15.56V ,,,
15.56°^'' t]
That is, if the hydrometer indicates correctly a specific gravity of 1.5760 at
20° 15 56°
-r^-, then at ' 0 the reading of the instrument will be too low by 1.5760 X
0.001062 =0.0017. A correction of 0.0017 must, therefore, be added to the
indication of the hydrometer.
"I f\ £\A°
Or, if a maker using standards indicating D ' C. wishes to graduate a
lo.oo
(\f\
hydrometer to indicate density at 20°C. referred to water at 4°C. (D^-), the
readings of the standard must be corrected by use of the factor +0.001062.
Suppose the standard reads 1 . 5760
The corresponding correction is 1.6 X 0.001062 =.. . +0.0017
Corrected reading ; . . . 1 . 5777
The table is calculated for Jena 16m glass.
1 United States Bureau of Standards, Circular No. 19, 5th edition, March
30, 1916, p. 40.
NOTE : The Bureau of Standards for the sake of uniformity, use the same
abbreviation, D, with proper temperature basis, for both density and specific
gravity.
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
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HYDROMETERS 5
HYDROMETERS
There are two types of hydrometers, namely, hydrometers
proper, and hydrometers which are combined with thermometers,
called thermo-hydrometers.
There are four classes of hydrometers :
1. Density hydrometers, indicating density of a specified
liquid, at a specified temperature, in specified units.
2. Specific -gravity hydrometers, indicating the specific gravity
or relative density of a specified liquid, at a specified temperature,
in terms of water at a specified temperature as unity.
3. Per cent, hydrometers, indicating, at a specified tempera-
ture, the percentage of a substance in a mixture or solution.
4. Aibitrary scale hydrometers, concentration or strength of
a specified liquid referred to an arbitrarily defined scale at a
specified temperature (Baum6 hydrometer, Twaddle hydrometer,
etc.).
Manipulation of Hydrometers1
Hydrometers are seldom used for the greatest accuracy, as the
usual conditions under which they are used preclude such special
manipulation and exact observation as are necessary to obtain
high precision. It is, nevertheless, important that they be
accurately graduated to avoid as far as possible, the use of in-
strumental corrections, and to obtain this result it is necessary to
employ certain precautions and methods in standardizing these
instruments.
The methods of manipulation described below are, in general,
the ones employed at this Bureau in testing hydrometers and
should be followed by the maker or user to a degree depending
on the accuracy required.
Observing. — The hydrometer should be clean, dry, and at the
temperature of the liquid before immersing to make a reading.
The liquid in which the observation is made should be con-
tained in a clear, smooth glass vessel of suitable size and shape.
1 U. S. Bureau of Standards, Circular No. 16, 4th edition, Feb. 23, 1916.
a
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
By means of the stirrer which reaches to the bottom of the
vessel, the liquid should be thoroughly mixed.
The hydrometer is slowly immersed in the liquid slightly be-
yond the point where it floats naturally and then allowed to
float freely.
The scale reading should not be made until the liquid and
hydrometer are free from air bubbles and at rest.
In reading the hydrometer scale the eye is placed slightly be-
low the plane of the surface of the test liquid; it is raised slowly
until the surface, seen as an ellipse, becomes a straight line. The
point where this line cuts the hydrometer scale should be taken
as the reading of the hydrometer.
In reading the thermometer scale, errors of parallax are avoided
by so placing the eye that near the end of the mercury column
the portions on either side of the stem and that seen through the
capillary appear to lie in a straight line. The line of sight is
then normal to the stem.
NOTE : According to the Bureau of Standards, then, the point A (see figure
below) not the point B is the one to be noted as the reading.
Influence of Temperature. — In
order that a hydrometer may cor-
rectly indicate the density or strength
of a specified liquid, it is essential
that the liquid be uniform through-
out and at the standard temperature.
To insure uniformity in the liquid,
stirring is required shortly before
making the observation. This stir-
ring should be complete and may be
well accomplished by a perforated disk or spiral at the end of a
rod long enough to reach the bottom of the vessel. Motion of
this stirrer from top to bottom serves to disperse layers of the
liquid of different density.
The liquid should be at nearly the temperature of the surround-
ing atmosphere; as otherwise its temperature will be changing
HYDROMETERS 7
during the observation, causing not only differences in density
but also doubt as to the actual temperature. When the tem-
perature at which the hydrometer is observed differs from the
standard temperature of the instrument, the reading is not truly
the density according to the basis of the instrument or the quality
of the liquid according to per cent, or arbitrary scale, but a figure
which differs from the normal reading by an amount depending
on the difference in temperature and on the relative thermal ex-
pansions of the instrument and the particular liquid.
If the latter properties are known, tables of corrections for
temperature may be prepared for use with hydrometers at
various temperatures. Such tables should be used with caution
and only for approximate results when the temperature differs
much from the standard temperature or from the temperature
of the surrounding air.
Influence of Surface Tension. — Surface-tension effects on hy-
drometer observations are a consequence of the downward force
exerted on the stem by the curved surface or meniscus, which
rises about the stem, and affects the depth of immersion and
consequent scale reading.
Because a hydrometer will indicate differently in two liquids
having the same density but different surface tension, and since
surface tension is a specific property of liquids, it is necessary to
specify the liquid for which a hydrometer is intended.
Although hydrometers of equivalent dimensions may be com-
pared, without error, in a liquid differing in surface tension from
the specified liquid, comparisons of dissimilar instruments in such
a liquid must be corrected for the effect of the surface tension.
In many liquids spontaneous changes in surface tension occur
due to the formation of surface films of impurities, which may
come from the apparatus, the liquid, or the air.
Errors from this cause are avoided either by the use of liquids
not subject to such changes, which, however, require correction
of the results by calculation, or by the purification of the surface
by overflowing immediately before making the observation.
8 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
This latter method is employed at this Bureau for testing hydrom-
eters in sulphuric-acid solutions and alcohol solutions, and is
accomplished by causing the liquid to overflow from the part of
the apparatus in which the hydrometer is immersed by a small
rapidly rotating propeller which serves also to stir the liquid.
Cleanliness. — The accuracy of hydrometer observations de-
pends, in many cases, upon the cleanliness of the instruments and
of the liquids in which the observations are made.
In order that readings shall be uniform and reproducible, the
surface of the hydrometers, and especially of the stem, must be
clean, so that the liquid will rise uniformly and merge into an
imperceptible film on the stem.
The readiness with which this condition is fulfilled depends
somewhat upon the character of the liquid, certain liquids, such
as mineral oils and strong alcoholic mixture, adhere to the stem
very readily, while with weak aqueous solutions of sugar, salts,
acids, and alcohol, scrupulous cleaning of the stem is required
in order to secure the normal condition.
Before being tested, hydrometers are thoroughly washed in
soap and water, rinsed, and dried by wiping with a clean linen
cloth.
If to be used in aqueous solutions which do not adhere readily,
the stems are dipped into strong alcohol and immediately wiped
dry with a soft, clean, linen cloth.
AMERICAN STANDARD BAUME HYDROMETER
(Liquids Heavier than Water)
The Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States
and the United States Bureau of Standards have adopted a
Baume scale based on the following relation to specific gravity:
Degrees Baume = 145 - ~~fiO° —
Specific gravity at T^F.
or
a .<. ., ,60°,, 145
Specific gravity at TT^F. = — — -3 — — = -,
60 145 — degrees Baum6
BAUME HYDROMETERS 9
The following history of the Baume scale is taken from Circular
No. 59 issued by the United States Bureau of Standards, April 5,
1916:
"The relation between specific gravity and Baume* degrees represented by
the formulas given was adopted by this Bureau in 1904, when it first took up
the question of testing hydrometers. At that time every important manu-
facturer of Baume hydrometers in the United States was using this relation
as the basis of these instruments, or at least such was their claim.
"The origin and early history of the Baume" scales has been admirably
treated by Prof. C. F. Chandler in a paper read before the National Academy
of Sciences at Philadelphia in 1881. As this paper may not be readily
available to some who are interested in the matter, it may be well to include
here a part of the material prepared by Prof. Chandler.
"The Baume scale was first proposed and used by Antoine Baume",
a French chemist, in 1768, and from this beginning have come different
Baume scales that have been prepared since that time. The directions
given by Baume for reproducing his scale were first published in L'Avant in
1768, and though simple, are not specific, and the conditions assumed are not
easily reproducible. It is not strange, therefore, that differences soon ap-
peared between the Baum6 scales as set up by different observers. That
this divergence did actually occur is well shown by the large number of
Baume" scales that have been used. Prof. Chandler found 23 different
scales for liquids heavier than water.
" Baum6's directions for setting up his scale state that for the hydrometer
scale for liquids heavier than water he used a solution of sodium chloride
(common table salt) containing 15 parts of salt by weight in 85 parts of
water by weight. He described the salt as being 'very pure' and 'very dry'
and states that the experiments were carried out in a cellar in which the
temperature was 10° Reaumur, equivalent to 12.5°C. or 54.5°F.
"The point to which the hydrometer sank in the 15 per cent, salt solu-
tion was marked 15°, and the point to which it sank in distilled water at the
same temperature was marked 0°. The space between these two points
was divided into 15 equal parts or degrees, and divisions of the same length
were extended beyond the 15° point.
"Other makers of Baume" hydrometers soon began to deviate from the pro-
cedure outlined by Baume", the deviations being, no doubt, partly accidental
and partly intentional, and in course of time, as already pointed out, many
different Baume" scales were in use.
"This condition of affairs led to great confusion in the use of the
Baum6 scale.
10 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
" From a consideration of the variations that occurred it was soon evident
that some means of denning and reproducing the scale more exactly than
could be done by the simple rules given by Baume should, if possible, be
found. This means was readily provided by assuming that a fixed relation
should exist between the Baume scale and the specific-gravity scale at some
definite temperature, and in terms of some definite unit. When this relation
is expressed in mathematical terms in the form of an equation, then the
Baume" scale is fixed beyond all questions of doubt. At the present time all
Baume' scales in use are based on such an assumed relation, and the differ-
ences existing between them arise from differences in the assumed relation
or 'modulus' on which the various scales are based, and the standard tem-
perature at which the instruments are intended to be correct.
"If a definite modulus is adopted, then the degrees Baume* corresponding
to any given specific gravity, or the specific gravity corresponding to any
given degree Baume may be calculated; or if the specific gravity and
corresponding degree Baume at any point of the scale are known, then the
modulus can be determined and the complete Baume scale calculated from
this single point.
Let s = specific gravity.
d = degrees Baume".
ra = modulus.
Then for liquids heavier than water:
-d
m
s - 1
"At the time the Bureau of Standards was contemplating taking up the
work of standardizing hydrometers (1904). diligent inquiry was made of the
more important American manufacturers of hydrometers as to the Baume
scales used by them. Without exception they replied that they were using
the modulus 145 for liquids heavier than water. This scale, the "American
Standard," was therefore adopted by the Bureau of Standards and has
been in use ever since.
"There having been no objection or protest from any manufacturer or
user of Baume hydrometers at the time the scale was adopted by the Bureau,
it was assumed that they were entirely satisfactory to the American trade
and were in universal use."
BAUME HYDROMETERS
11
60° /15 56°
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT bF. t'toC. CORRESPONDING TO DEGREES
BAUME
(American Standard)
145
Degrees Baum<§ = 145 - g — g.fic ravit for Liquids Heavier than Water
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baum£ -
Specific
gravity
0.0
1.0000
.1
.0218
.2
1.0447
.3
.0685
.1
1.0007
.2
.0226
.3
1.0454
.4
.0693
.2
.0014
.3
.0233
.4
1.0462
.5
.0701
.3
.0021
.4
.0240
.5
1.0469
.6
.0709
.4
.0028
.5
.0247
.6
1.0477
.7
.0717
.5
.0035
.6
.0255
.7
1.0484
.8
.0725
.6
.0042
.7
.0262
.8
1.0492
.9
.0733
.7
.0049
.8
.0269
.9
1.0500
10.0
.0741
.8
.0055
.9
.0276
7.0
1 . 0507
.1
.0749
.9
.0062
4.0
.0284
.1
1.0515
.2
0757
1.0
.0069
.1
.0291
.2
1.0522
.3
.076£
.1
.0076
.2
.0298
.3
1.0530
.4
.0773
.2
.0083
.3
.0306
.4
1.0538
.5
.0781
.3
.0090
.4
.0313
.5
1.0545
.6
1.0789
.4
.0097
.5
.0320
.6
1.0553
.7
1.0797
.5
.0105
.6
.0328
.7
1.0561
.8
1.0805
.6
.0112
.7
.0335
.8
1 . 0569
.9
1.0813
.7
.0119
.8
.0342
.9
1.0576
11.0
.0821
.8
.0126
.9
.0350
8.0
1.0584
.1
.0829
.9
.0133
5.0
.0357
.1
1 . 0592
.2
.0837
2.0
.0140
.1
.0365
.2
1.0599
.3
.0845
.1
.0147
.2
.0372
.3
1.0607
.4
.0853
.2
.0154
.3
.0379
.4
1.0615
.5
.0861
.3
.0161
.4
.0387
.5
1.0623
.6
.0870
.4
1.0168
.5
.0394
.6
1.0630
.7
.0878
.5
1.0175
.6
.0402
.7
1.0638
.8
.0886
.6
1.0183
.7
.0409
.8
1.0646
.9
.0894
.7
1.0190
.8
.0417
.9
1.0654
12.0
.0902
.8
1.0197
.9
.0424
9.0
1.0662
.1
.0910
.9
1.0204
6.0
.0432
.1
1.0670
.2
.0919
3.0
1.0211
.1
.0439
.2
1.0677
.3
.0927
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT -^r0F. [^ ' noC. ) CORRESPONDING TO
60 \15.5o /
DEGREES BAUME — (Continued)
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
.4
1.0935
16.0
1 . 1240
.6
1.1563
.2
.1905
.5
1.0943
.1
1 . 1249
.7
1.1572
.3
.1915
.6
1.0952
.2
1 . 1258
.8
1 . 1581
.4
.1924
.7
1.0960
.3
1 . 1267
.9
1.1591
.5
.1934
.8
1.0968
.4
1 . 1275
20.0
1.1600
.6
.1944
.9
1 . 0977
.5
1.1284
.1
.1609
.7
1.1954
13.0
1 . 0985
.6
1 . 1293
.2
.1619
.8
1.1964
.1
1.0993
.7
1.1302
.3
.1628
.9
1 . 1974
. .2.
1.1002
.8
1.1310
.4
.1637
24.0
1 . 1983
.3
1.1010
.9
1.1319
.5
.1647
.1
1 . 1993
.4
1.1018
17.0
1 . 1328
.6
.1656
.2
.2003
.5
1.1027
.1
1 . 1337
.7
.1665
.3
.2013
.6
1 . 1035
.2
1 . 1346
.8
1.1675
.4
.2023
.7
1 . 1043
.3
1 . 1355
.9
1.1684
.5
.2033
.8
1.1052
.4
1.1364
21.0
1.1694
.6
.2043
.9
1.1060
.5
1 . 1373
.1
1 . 1703
.7
1.2053
14.0
1.1069
.6
.1381
.2
1.1712
.8
1.2063
.1
1.1077
.7
.1390
.3
1 . 1722
.9
1.2073
.2
1.1086
.8
.1399
.4
1.1731
25.0
1.2083
.3
1.1094
.9
.1408
.5
.1741
.1
1.2093
.4
1.1103
18.0
.1417
.6
.1750
.2
1.2104
.5
1.1111
.1
.1426
.7
.1760
.3
1.2114
.6
1.1120
.2
.1435
.8
.1769
.4
1.2124
.7
1.1128
.3
1 . 1444
.9
.1779
.5
1.2134
.8
1.1137
.4
1 . 1453
22.0
.1789
.6
1.2144
.9
1.1145
. .5
1 . 1462
.1
.1798
.7
1.2154
15.0
1.1154
.6
1.1472
.2
.1808
.8
1.2164
.1
1.1162
.7
1.1481
.3
1.1817
.9
1.2175
.2
1.1171
.8
1 . 1490
.4
1.1827
26.0
1.2185
.3
1.1180
.9
1 . 1499
.5
1 . 1837
.1
1.2195
.4
1.1188
19.0
1.1508
.6
1.1846
.2
1.2205
.5
1.1197
.1
1.1517
.7
1 . 1856
.3
1.2216
.6
1.1206
.2
1 . 1526
.8
1 . 1866
.4
1.2226
.7
1.1214
.3
1.1535
.9
1 . 1876
.5
1 . 2236
.8
1.1223
.4
1.1545
23.0
1.1885
.6
1.2247
.9
1 . 1232
.5
1.1554
.1
1 . 1895
.7
1 . 2257
BAUME HYDROMETERS
13
60° /15 56° \
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT HT^>^- ( i g c^oG- ) CORRESPONDING TO
oU \lo.oo /
DEGREES BAUME — (Continued)
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
.8
1.2267
.4
1.2653
34.0
1.3063
.6
1.3501
.9
.2278
.5
1.2664
.1
1.3075
.7
1.3514
27.0
.2288
.6
1 . 2675
.2
1 . 3087
.8
1.3526
.1
.2299
.7
1.2686
.3
1.3098
.9
1.3539
.2
.2309
.8
1.2697
.4
1.3110
38.0
1 . 3551
.3
.2319
.9
1 . 2708
.5
1.3122
.1
1.3564
.4
.2330
31.0
1.2719
.6
1.3134
.2
1.3577
.5
.2340
.1
1.2730
.7
1.3146
.3
1.3590
.6
.2351
.2
1 . 2742
.8
1.3158
.4
1.3602
.7
.2361
.3
1.2753
.9
1.3170
.5
.3615
.8
.2372
.4
1.2764
35.0
.3182
.6
.3628
.9
.2383
.5
1 . 2775
.1
.3194
.7
.3641
28.0
.2393
.6
1.2787
.2
.3206
.8
.3653
.1
.2404
.7
1 . 2798
.3
.3218
.9
.3666
.2
.2414
.8
1.2809
.4
.3230
39.0
.3679
.3
.2425
.9
1.2821
.5
.3242
.1
.3692
.4
.2436
32.0
1 . 2832
.6
.3254
.2
.3705
.5
.2446
.1
1.2843
.7
.3266
.3
.3718
.6
.2457
.2
1.2855
.8
.3278
.4
1.3731
.7
.2468
.3
1.2866
.9
1.3291
.5
1.3744
.8
.2478
.4
1.2877
36.0
1.3303
.6
1.3757
.9
.2489
.5
1.2889
.1
1.3315
.7
1.3770
29.0
.2500
.6
1.2900
.2
1 . 3327
.8
1.3783
.1
1.2511
.7
1.2912
.3
1.3329
.9
1.3796
.2
1.2522
.8
1.2923
.4
1.3352
40.0
1.3810
.3
1.2532
.9
1 . 2935
.5
1.3364
.1
1.3823
.4
1.2543
33.0
1.2946
.6
1.3376
.2
1.3836
.5
1.2554
.1
1.2958
.7
1.3389
.3
1.3849
.6
1.2565
.2
1 . 2970
.8
1.3401
.4
.3862
.7
1.2576
.3
1.2981
.9
.3414
.5
.3876
.8
.2587
.4
1.2993
37.0
.3426
.6
.3889
.9
.2598
.5
1.3004
.1
.3438
.7
.3902
30.0
.2609
.6
1.3016
.2
.3451
.8
.3916
.1
.2620
.7
1.3028
.3
.3463
.9
.3929
.2
.2631
.8
1.3040
.4
.3476
41.0
.3942
.3
.2642
.9
1.3051
.5
.3488
.1
.3956
14 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT ^^F. (.. F'g/,0C. ) CORRESPONDING TO
oO \15.5o /
DEGREES BAUME — (Continued)
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
.2
1.3969
.8
1.4471
.4
.5010
52.0
1.5591
.3
1 . 3983
.9
1 . 4486
.5
.5026
.1
1.5608
.4
1.3996
45.0
1.4500
.6
.5041
.2
1.5625
.5
1.4010
.1
1.4515
.7
.5057
.3
1.5642
.6
1.4023
.2
1.4529
.8
.5073
.4
1 . 5659
.7
1.4037
.3
1.4544
.9
.5088
.5
1 . 5676
.8
.4050
.4
1.4558
49.0
1.5104
.6
1.5693
.9
.4064
.5
.4573
.1
1.5120
.7
1.5710
42.0
.4078
.6
.4588
.2
1.5136
.8
1 . 5727
.1
.4091
.7
.4602
.3
1.5152
.9
1.5744
.2
.4105
.8
.4617
.4
1 5167
53.0
1.5761
.3
.4119
.9
.4632
.5
1.5183
.1
1.5778
.4
.4133
46.0
.4646
.6
1.5199
.2
1.5795
.5
.4146
.1
.4661
.7
1.5215
.3
1.5812
.6
.4160
.2
.4676
.8
1.5231
.4
1.5830
.7
.4174
.3
.4691
.9
1 . 5247
.5
1 . 5847
.8
.4188
.4
.4706
50.0
1.5263
.6
1.5864
.9
.4202
.5
1.4721
.1
1.5279
.7
1.5882
43.0
1.4216
.6
1.4736
.2
1 . 5295
.8
1 . 5899
.1
1.4230
.7
1.4751
.3
1.5312
.9
1.5917
.2
1.4244
.8
1.4766
.4
1.5328
54.0
1.5934
.3
1.4258
.9
1.4781
.5
1.5344
.1
1.5952
.4
1.4272
47.0
1.4796
.6
1.5360
.2
1 . 5969
.5
1.4286
.1
1.4811
.7
1.5376
.3
1.5987
.6
1.4300
.2
1.4826
.8
1.5393
.4
1.6004
.7
1.4314
.3
1.4841
.9
1 . 5409
.5
1.6022
.8
1.4328
.4
1.4857
51.0
1 . 5426
.6
1.6040
.9
1.4342
.5
1.4872
.1
1.5442
.7
1.6058
44.0
1.4356
.6
1.4887
.2
1 . 5458
.8
.6075
.1
1.4371
.7
1.4902
.3
1 . 5475
.9
.6093
.2
1.4385
.8
1.4918
.4
1.5491
55.0
.6111
.3
1.4399
.9
1.4933
.5
1.5508
.1
.6129
.4
1.4414
48.0
1.4948
.6
1 . 5525
.2
.6147
.5
1 . 4428
.1
1.4964
.7
1.5541
.3
.6165
.6
1.4442
.2
1.4979
.8
1.5558
.4
.6183
.7
1.4457
.3
1.4995
.9
1.5575
.5
.6201
BAUMfi HYDROMETERS
15
60° /15 56°
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT F. '
CORRESPONDING TO
DEGREES BAUME — (Concluded)
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
.6
1.6219
.3
1.6724
.9
1.7241
.5
1.7791
.7
1 . 6237
.4
1.6744
61.0
1.7262
.6
1.7813
.8
1.6256
.5
1.6763
.1
1.7282
.7
1 . 7835
.9
1.6274
.6
1 . 6782
.2
.7303
.8
.7857
56.0
1.6292
.7
1.6802
.3
.7324
.9
.7879
.1
1.6310
.8
1.6821
.4
.7344
64.0
.7901
.2
1.6329
.9
1 . 6841
.5
.7365
.1
.7923
.3
1.6347
59.0
1.6860
.6
.7386
.2
.7946
.4
1.6366
.1
1.6880
.7
.7407
.3
.7968
.5
1.6384
.2
1.6900
.8
.7428
.4
.7990
.6
1.6403
.3
1.6919
.9
1.7449
.5
.8012
.7
1.6421
.4
1.6939
62.0
1.7470
.6
.8035
.8
1.6440
.5
1.6959
.1
1.7491
.7
.8057
.9
1.6459
.6
1.6979
.2
1.7512
.8
.8080
57.0
1 . 6477
.7
1.6999
.3
1.7533
.9
1.8102
.1
1.6496
.8
1 . 7019
.4
1.7554
65.0
1.8125
.2
1.6515
.9
1.7039
.5
1 . 7576
.1
1.8148
.3
1 . 6534
60.0
1.7059
.6
1.7597
.2
1.8170
.4
1.6553
.1
1.7079
.7
1.7618
.3
1.8193
.5
1.6571
.2
1.7099
.8
1.7640
.4
1.8216
.6
1.6590
.3
1.7119
.9
1.7661
.5
1.8239
.7
1.6609
.4
.7139
63.0
1.7683
.6
1.8262
.8
1.6628
.5
.7160
.1
1.7705
.7
1.8285
.9
1.6648
.6
.7180
.2
1.7726
.8
1.8308
58.0
1.6667
.7
.7200
.3
1 . 7748
.9
1.8331
.1
1 . 6686
.8
.7221
.4
1.7770
66.0
1 . 8354
.2
1.6705
16
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
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BAUME HYDROMETERS
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18
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
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20 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
TWADDLE HYDROMETER
(Generally used in England)
Methods of Converting Specific Gravity to Degrees Twaddle
1. Let x = degrees Twaddle.
y = specific gravity.
IQOOj/ - 1000
~5~~
2. Orz = 200 (y - 1).
3. This method may be used for any value below 2.000. Move
the decimal point two figures to the right, striking off the first
figure and multiplying the remainder by 2.
Methods of Converting Degrees Twaddle to Specific Gravity
1. Let x = specific gravity.
y = degrees Twaddle.
5y + 1000
1000
The degrees in Twaddle's hydrometer bear a direct relation-
ship to the specific gravity, the basis of the system being plain
and unmistakable, since every degree is equal to a difference in
specific gravity of 0.005.
TWADDLE HYDROMETER
21
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES CORRESPONDING TO DEGREES TWADDLE
Degrees
Twaddle
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Twaddle
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Twaddle
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Twaddle
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Twaddle
Specific
gravity
1
1.005
35
1.175
69
1.345
103
1.515
137
1.685
2
1.010
36
1.180
70
1.350
104
1.520
138
1.690
3
1.015
37
.185
71
1.355
105
1.525
139
.695
4
1.020
38
.190
72
1.360
106
1.530
140
.700
5
1.025
39
.195
73
1.365
107
1.535
141
.705
6
1.030
40
.200
74
1.370
108
1.540
142
.710
7
1.035
41
.205
75
1.375
109
1.545
143
.715
8
1.040
42
.210
76
.380
110
1.550
144
.720
9
1.045
43
.215
77
.385
111
1.555
145
.725
10
1.050
44
.220
78
.390
112
1.560
146
.730
11
1.055
45
.225
79
.395
113
1.565
147
.735
12
1.060
46
.230
80
.400
114
1.570
148
1.740
13
1.065
47
.235
81
.405
115
1.575
149
1.745
14
1.070
48
.240
82
.410
116
1.580
150
1.750
15
1.075
49
.245
83
.415
117
1.585
151
1.755
16
1.080
50
1.250
84
.420
118
1.590
152
1.760
17
1.085
51
1.255
85
.425
119
1.595
153
1.765
18
1 090
52
1.260
86
.430
120
1.600
154
1 770
19
1.095
53
1.265
87
.435
121
1.605
155
1.775
20
1.100
54
1.270
88
.440
122
1.610
156
1.780
21
1.105
55
1.275
89
.445
123
1.615
157
1.785
22
1.110
56
1.280
90
.450
124
1.620
158
1.790
23
1.115
57
1.285
91
.455
125
1.625
159
1.795
24
1.120
58
1.290
92
.460
126
1.630
160
.800
25
1.125
59
.295
93
.465
127
1.635
161
.805
26
1.130
60
.300
94
.470
128
1.640
162
.810
27
1.135
61
.305
95
.475
129
1.645
163
.815
28
1.140
62
.310
96
.480
130
1.650
164
.820
29
1.145
63
.315
97
.485
131
1.655
165
.825
30
1.150
64
.320
98
.490
132
1.660
166
.830
31
1.155
65
.325
99
.495
133
1.665
167
.835
32
1.160
66
.330
100
.500
134
1.670
168
.840
33
1.165
67
1.335
101
.505
135
1.675
169
.845
34
1.170
68
1.340
102
.510
136
1.680
170
.850
22
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
NOMENCLATURE OF SULPHURIC ACID
Sulphuric acid shows a definite relation between the specific
gravity and strength up to 93.19 per cent. H2SO4. As it is much
easier to determine the specific gravity than the strength, acids
weaker than 93.19 per cent, are nearly always spoken of and sold
as being of so many degrees Baurne*, the Baume hydrometer being
the instrument generally used for determining the specific gravity.
The principal strengths of such acids are :
Degrees Baum6
Specific gravity
Per cent. SO3
Per cent. H2SO4
50
1.5263
50.76
62.18
60
1 . 7059
63.40
77.67
66
1 . 8354
76.07
93.19
In 1882 the Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the
United States agreed on a set of values for Baume degrees and
their H2S04 equivalents. In 1904 the Association adopted the
table of Ferguson and Talbot. The H2SO4 equivalents show a
slight change from the table of 1882 and those values have been
used in this country ever since. In Germany especially, and
quite generally on the continent, a different set of values for
Baume degrees is used in which all have higher values in specific
gravity and H2SO4 than those used here. For instance 66°Be.
here corresponds to 93.19 per cent. H2SO4 and in Germany to
98 per cent.
The 66° acid is also known as oil of vitriol (0. V.) and strengths
of weaker acids are sometimes spoken of as so many per cent.
O. V., a 60°Be. acid containing 77.67 per cent. H2S04 being
called 83.35 per cent. 0. V.
77.67 X 100
93.19
= 83.35
NOMENCLATURE OF SULPHURIC ACID 23
This, however, is not very common. In reporting total pro-
duction or uses of sulphuric acid it is frequently stated as being
equivalent to a certain quantity of acid of 50° or 60° or some other
standard strength, the total amount of H2S04 being the same as
that contained in the stated quantity of the stated strength.
Productions are also often reported as tons of SO3.
When an acid becomes stronger than 93.19 per cent. H2SO4,
to speak of it in terms of specific gravity or degrees Baume* would
be fallacious as 94.5 per cent, acid has practically the same specific
gravity as 100 per cent. Acids between 93.19 and 100 per cent,
are spoken of as so many per cent, sulphuric acid; 100 per cent,
acid being commonly called the mono-hydrate. This contains
100 per cent. H2SO4 (81.63 per cent. SO3).
SO3 dissolves in the mono-hydrate giving fuming acid or
oleum. It is called fuming acid because the S03 escapes, form-
ing white fumes, when exposed to the air. Oleum is the German
name which has been used extensively in this country, since the
first practical methods of making it were German and the German
nomenclature was frequently adopted here. It is also known in
Germany as Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol.
There are three ways of stating the strength of fuming acid:
1. The per cent, of free (dissolved) S03.
2. The per cent, of total SO3.
3. The equivalent per cent. 100 per cent. H2SO4. That is the
per cent, of 100 per cent. H2SO4 it would make if sufficient water
were added to combine with all the free SO3.
For instance an acid containing 20 per cent, free S03 would
contain a total of 85.30 per cent. SO3, and actual H2SO4 content
of 80 per cent, and would make 104.49 per cent. H2SO4 if sufficient
water were added to combine with all the free SO3. It might,
therefore, be called 20 per cent., 85.30 per cent, or 104.49 per cent.
Mixed acid is the technical term for a mixture of strong sul-
phuric acid and nitric acid.
24 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
FORMULAS FOR USE IN SULPHURIC -ACID CALCULATIONS
(By non-fuming acid is meant all strengths under 81.63 per cent. SO3)
(By fuming acid is meant all strengths over 81.63 per cent. SO3)
The following factors were calculated from molecular weights:
SO3 80.06
H2SO4 98.076
H2S04 = 98.076
SO3 : 80.06
H2O 18.016
= 0.8163
= 1.2250
= 0.1837
= 5.4438
H2SO4 98.076
H2SO4 = 98.076
H20 = 18.016
S03 = 80.06
H2O "18.016
H.O _ 18.016 _
S03 " 80.06" '
To Calculate Per Cent. S03 — Non-fuming Acid—
Per cent. H2SO4 X 0.8163
or Per cent. H2S04 ^ 1.2250
To Calculate Per Cent. H2S04 — Non-fuming Acid—
Per cent. SO3 4- 0.8163
or Per cent. S03 X 1.2250
To Calculate Per Cent. Free H20 — Non-fuming Acid—
100 - per cent. H2SO4
To Calculate Per Cent. Combined H2O — Non-fuming Acid —
Per cent. H2S04 — per cent. S03
or Per cent. H2S04 X 0.1837
or Per cent. S03 X 0.2250
SULPHURIC-ACID CALCULATIONS 25
To Calculate Per Cent. Combined H20 — Fuming Add—
Per cent. H2SO4X 0.1837
or 100 - per cent, total SO3
or Per cent, combined SO3 X 0.2250
To Calculate Per Cent. H2S04— Fuming Add—
98.076 (100 - per cent, total SO3)
18.016
or 100- per cent, free SO3
or Per cent, combined H2O X 5.4438
or
Per cent, combined H2O + (4.4438 X per cent, combined H20)
To Calculate Equivalent 100 Per Cent. H2SO4— Fuming Add—
Per cent, total SO3 •*• 0.8163
or Per cent, total SO3 X 1.2250
To Calculate Per Cent. Combined SO3 — Fuming Add —
80.06 (100 - per cent, free SO3)
98.076
or Per cent, H2SO4 X 0.8163
or Per cent, combined H2O X 4.4438
or Per cent, total S03 — per cent, free SO3
To Calculate Per Cent. Free S03— Fuming Add—
(Per cent, total SO3 X 98.076) - 8006
18.016
or (Per cent, total SO3 X 5.4438) - 444.38
or (Per cent, total SO3 - 81.63) 5.4438
or Per cent, total SO3 - (per cent, combined H2O X 4.4438)
or Per cent, total SO3 — per cent, combined S03
or 100 - Per cent. H2S04
26 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
To Calculate Per Cent. Total SO3— Fuming Acid—
(Per cent, free SO3 X 18.016) + 8008
98.076
or (Per cent, free SO3 X 0.1837) + 81.63
or 0.8163 (100 - per cent, free SO3) + per cent, free SO3
or Equivalent per cent. 100 per cent. H2SO4 X 0.8163
or Per cent, free SO3 + per cent, combined S03
To Calculate Weight per Cubic Foot Acid —
Specific gravity at ^goF. L .' 0C.j X weight per cubic foot
water at 60°F. (62.37 Ib.)
To Calculate Weight SO3 per Cubic Foot
(Weight of acid per cubic foot X per cent. S03) ^ 100)
To Calculate the Equivalent Per Cent, and Weight of One
Strength Acid of Compared to Another
The equivalent per cent, in 66°Be. (93.19 per cent. H2SO4) of
an acid of 60°Be\ (77.67 per cent. H2SO4) is:
77 f\7
^g X 100 = 83.35 per cent. 66°Be\
and as 60°Be*. corresponds to 1.7059 specific gravity, the pounds
of 66°B4. equivalent to 1 cu. ft. of 60°Be\ is:
X L7059 x 62'37 = 88-68 lb- 66°B4'
NOTE. — While ascertaining equivalents of non-fuming acid, strengths
used for the calculations can either be taken as per cent. SO3 or of per cent.
H2SO4.
If calculating fuming-acid equivalents, strengths should be used in terms
of total per cent. SO3 unless expressed in the equivalent per cent, of 100 per
cent. H2SO4.
INTRODUCTORY 27
DESCRIPTION OF METHODS EMPLOYED IN PREPARING THE TABLES
OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID, NITRIC ACID,
AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID, ADOPTED BY THE
MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS' ASSO-
CIATION OF THE UNITED STATES1
BY W. C. FERGUSON
INTRODUCTORY
The General Chemical Company, finding that many different
methods of analysis were being used in their various works, and
realizing the advantages of uniform methods, submitted the task
of unification to the writer. After careful investigation, the
methods best adapted were selected, and by the constant ex-
amination of new methods described in the literature as well as
by original research, these methods are from time to time sub-
stituted or modified. The need soon became apparent for uni-
form specific-gravity tables, no two authorities agreeing; not
only was there disagreement between specific gravities and cor-
responding percentage composition when reduced to the same
standard, but different moduli, temperatures, etc., were used as
standards.
The preparation of standard tables of the specific gravity and
corresponding composition, with other useful data, was under-
taken for nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonia and sulphuric
acid. The Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United
States, hearing of our efforts while the work was in progress, after
investigation, accepted the tables as they were completed as
standard tables of the association. In the case of the sulphuric
acid table, they employed Prof. H. P. Talbot of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology of Boston, as expert, whose name appears
with that of the writer as authority.
These tables are designed primarily as a basis for sales which
are largely governed by the degree Baume"; they are also useful
for controlling processes, taking account of stock, etc.
1 Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., July 31, 1905, pp. 781-790.
28 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
The acids and ammonia used were the purest obtainable c.p.,
and were carefully examined for impurities and purified when
necessary. The impurities in commercial products are such a
variable quantity and, as their purity is becoming more pro-
nounced as manufacturing processes improve, many substances
made on a large scale being nearly c.p., it was deemed that the
tables would have more practical value if they were based upon
c.p. compounds. As to any scientific merit they may possess, it
is needless to say that such a positive basis to which they can
always be referred is an essential.
All of the analytical and specific-gravity determinations, de-
terminations of the coefficient of expansion (or allowance for
temperature), determination of boiling points, as well as all cal-
culations and clerical work, were performed by two experienced
men working independently.
SPECIFIC-GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS
All specific-gravity determinations were taken at 60°F., com-
pared with water at 60°F. The work was done in winter and no
account was taken of differences of atmospheric pressure or
temperature, which averaged about 760 mm. and 65°F.
The apparatus used in this work was a 50-c.c. Geissler picnom-
eter having a capillary side-arm tube fitted with a glass cap, in
the top of which was a small hole which allowed the liquid to
expand without loosening the thermometer or cap, at the same
time preventing loss while weighing. The thermometer, which
was ground to fit the neck of the bottle, was graduated to J^°F.
and readable to Hs0^., and was frequently checked against a
standard thermometer.
Before making a determination the water content of the bottle
was first accurately determined and checked from time to time
during a series of determinations. To obtain the water content,
the bottle together with the thermometer and glass cap were
carefully cleaned, dried and weighed. (The accuracy of the
balance and weights were systematically checked against a
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION 29
standard set of weights.) The bottle was then filled with freshly
distilled water at 55°-57°F., and the thermometer tightly in-
serted. As the temperature slowly rose, the water expanded
through the capillary side arm. When the thermometer regis-
tered 60°F., the last drop was removed from the top of the capil-
lary, the tube capped and the whole weighed. This weight, less
the tare obtained above, was taken as the water content of the
bottle at 60°F. Check determinations agreed within 0.002 gram,
or less than 0.00005 specific gravity. Distilled water freed from
carbon dioxide by boiling, and cooling in a closed vessel, gave the
same water content as the ordinary distilled water which was
used throughout the work. This water was free from chloride
and residue upon evaporation.
In determining the specific gravity of liquids, the weight of the
liquid contained by the bottle at 60°F. was obtained as above.
This weight, divided by the water content, equals the specific
gravity.
It was thought that the temperature of the liquid in the bottle
might vary in different parts and the whole not have the same
temperature as registered by the thermometer in the center of
the bottle. To ascertain the facts in the case a beaker was filled
with water below the temperature of the room, and a thermom-
eter placed in the center of the beaker showed the same tempera-
ture, as those placed near the sides, the temperature rising uni-
formly throughout the liquid.
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION
The correction for temperature was found by allowing the
liquid to slowly expand, and when the temperature had risen
8°-10°F., the tube was wiped off and capped, and the apparatus
again weighed. Another weight was taken at a still higher tem-
perature, and from these results the difference in specific gravity
for 1°F. and the number of degrees corresponding to l°Be. were
calculated. To determine how much the expansion of the pic-
nometer affected the specific-gravity determinations at different
30 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
temperature, the bottle was filled with distilled water and weighed
at 50°, 60°, 70° and 80°F. From Kopp's table of the volume of
water at different temperatures, the increase in volume of 50 c.c.
for each 10°F. was calculated. If the bottle had not expanded,
the successive differences in weight should have corresponded
with the differences in volume, but in each case the differences
in weight were less than the calculated expansion of water, the
amount less being due to the expansion of the glass bottle. The
results showed that 1°F. = 0.00062 gram = effect of expansion
of 50-c.c. bottle. 100 c.c. = 0.0012 gram which would make a
difference of 0.000012 specific gravity, which is less than the
accuracy of our determinations, and no correction has been made
for it.
Analytical Determinations. — All calculations are based upon
F. W. Clarke's " Table of Atomic Weights," 1901—0 = 16.
Preparation of Standards. — The following standards were
prepared by the methods to be described: Sodium carbonate (a)
ignited at low red heat to constant weight; sodium carbonate (b)
heated at 572°F. to constant weight; ammonium sulphate; 100
per cent, sulphuric acid; sulphuric anhydride; sulphanilic acid.
Sodium Carbonate (a). — This standard was prepared from
the purest obtainable sodium bicarbonate made by the ammonia
process and specially selected for us by a prominent manufac-
turer. Our analysis showed it to contain in addition to some
sodium chloride —
Per cent. Per cent.
SiO2 0.001 equivalent Na2CO3 = 0.00
Fe2O3.Al2O3 0.002 equivalent Na2CO3 = 0.00
CaCO3 0.010 equivalent Na2CO3 = 0.0106
MgCO3.. . . 0.009 equivalent Na2CO3 = 0.0113
0.022 0.0219
The impurities that are titratable by an acid, calcium and
magnesium carbonates, are exactly equivalent to the sodium
carbonate displaced.
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION 31
About 200 grams of sodium bicarbonate were washed in a
funnel having a porcelain plate until entirely free from chloride.
It was then dried at 100°C., protected from acid gases, finely
ground, and kept in a sealed bottle until used. About 20 grams
of bicarbonate thus prepared was heated in a platinum dish at
a moderate red heat, until the weight was constant, and then
5 grams was quickly and accurately weighed for analysis. Our
attention was directed to the method of heating sodium carbon-
ate, for, in standardizing, various results were obtained depend-
ing on the temperature of ignition, the highest temperature
giving the greatest alkalinity, or about 0.09 'per cent, greater
than the lowest. It remained to be proved whether the high or
low result was correct, and whether in heating to the higher
temperature (red heat over a Bunsen flame) water was given off,
or whether the loss in weight was due to a decomposition of
sodium carbonate into sodium oxide and carbon dioxide.
In referring to the literature several references • were found
upon the ignition of sodium carbonate. Mendeteeff, vol. I, p.
525, in quoting the work of Pickering, says: "When sodium
carbonate is fused about 1 per cent, of carbon dioxide is disen-
gaged." In Lunge's " Untersuchungs Methoden," vol. I, p. 83,
reference is made to an article in Zeitschr. f. Angew. Chem., 1897,
p. 522, by Lunge, in which he says that soda intended for the
standardization of acids must not be heated higher than 300°C.
(572°F.), and if the heating is carried on at this temperature for
a sufficient length of time, one may be sure that neither bicarbon-
ate nor water is left behind, and yet no sodium oxide has been
formed as may happen if the heating is carried to a low red heat.
Sodium Carbonate (b). — A portion of the washed and dried
bicarbonate was carefully heated in a platinum crucible with
occasional stirring at 572°F. to constant weight, and immediately
analyzed.
Ammonium Sulphate. — Ten grams of the standard acid (to be
hereinafter described) were quickly and accurately weighed in a
small glass weighing tube, avoiding absorption of moisture from
32 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
the atmosphere. After rinsing the sample into a large platinum
dish, it was made slightly ammoniacal with ammonia that had
been freshly distilled to free it from silica. During evaporation
on the steam bath, the dish was kept covered by a large funnel
and protected from acid fumes. Ammonia was added from time
to time, as it was found that the salt became acid on evaporation.
After evaporation the dish was dried in an air bath to constant
weight at 230°F.
Sulphuric Acid (100 Per Cent. H2SO4). — In reviewing the
work of Pickering (Jour. Chem. Soc., 1890) it occurred to us that
it would be possible to make some pure 100 per cent, sulphuric
acid, and that the analysis of this would serve as a suitable check
on our other methods. Pickering has shown that the curve of
the melting point of sulphuric acid near 100 per cent, reaches a
maximum at 100 per cent. Therefore, by starting with an acid
slightly less than 100 per cent, and another slightly more than
100 per cent., a point should be reached in recrystallizing when
the successive crops of crystals obtained from both acids should
show the same per cent, sulphuric acid. This was actually the
case.
Starting with 2 liters of chemically pure sulphuric acid, pure
redistilled sulphuric anhydride was added until, on analysis, the
strength was 99.8 per cent. The bottle was shaken during crys-
tallization so as to obtain small crystals, and when the bottle
was half full of crystals the mother liquor was drained off through
a porcelain plate fitted over the mouth of the bottle and having
a glass tube passing through its center to the bottom of the bottle
through which air dried with strong sulphuric acid was admitted,
when the bottle was inverted. By draining the crystals for
several hours at a temperature slightly above the melting point,
the mother liquor was entirely removed. These crystals were
then melted and recrystallized, and drained as described above.
The crystals thus contained were melted, recrystallized and
drained, the final crystals being melted and kept in a sealed
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION 33
bottle until analyzed. Two liters of acid were prepared, analyz-
ing 100.1 per cent, sulphuric acid. From this the standard was
prepared in exactly the same manner as in the case of acid analyz-
ing 99.8 per cent, sulphuric acid.
Sulphuric Anhydride. — Another method used as a check on
our standard was the titration of sulphuric acid formed by the
addition of water to 100 per cent, sulphuric anhydride. To do
this required especial care — first, to obtain a sample of sulphuric
anhydride free from water, and, after obtaining it, to mix it with
water without loss of anhydride. The plan adopted was as
follows :
Fuming sulphuric acid containing 40 per cent, free SOs was
distilled at a low temperature into a long-necked flask fitting
tightly over the delivery tube of the retort. A few crystals of
potassium permanganate were added to oxidize any sulphur
dioxide present. The first 25 c.c. of the distillate were rejected.
About 200 c.c. were distilled over. Then this 200 c.c. was redis-
tilled, rejecting the first few cubic centimeters and collecting
about 100 c.c. in an ordinary distilling flask, to the delivery tube
of which was sealed the open end of a test-tube, which had been
drawn out in the center, and bent at the constricted part, almost
to a right angle, thus forming a receiver. As soon as the distilla-
tion into the flask was completed the neck was sealed, thus
making the whole apparatus air-tight. By warming the flask
to 140°F. and cooling the receiver, about 20 grams of sulphuric
anhydride were distilled over into the latter, which was then
sealed at the constricted part having a slight vacuum.
Sulphanilic Acid. — In looking through the list of organic acids
for one that would be suitable, sulphanilic acid was decided upon
on account of its being a monobasic acid with a high molecular
weight, crystallizing without water and drying without decompo-
sition. The so-called c.p. acid was recrystallized three times,
finely ground, and dried in an air bath at 230°F. to constant
weight.
34 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
ANALYSIS OF STANDARDS
For the comparison of the above carefully prepared compounds
as standards 2 liters of c.p. sulphuric acid were used. This acid
was tested for impurities, found to be practically free, and was
kept sealed when not in use, its percentage composition being
determined as follows:
Sodium Carbonate (a). — Five grams of freshly ignited sodium
carbonate, prepared as above, were quickly weighed out, and an
amount of standard acid, slightly in excess of the amount required
for neutralization was weighed in a small weighing tube and
washed into a flask containing the sodium carbonate. After
boiling for 15 min. to expel carbon dioxide, the excess of sulphuric
acid was titrated with N/2 sodium hydroxide, using phenolph-
thalein as indicator. A short stem funnel was placed in the neck
of the flask to prevent loss while boiling. Duplicate analyses of
the standard acid by this method gave 97.33-97.35 per cent, of
sulphuric acid.
Sodium Carbonate (6). — Five grams sodium carbonate, pre-
pared as above by heating at 572°F. to constant weight, were used
in determining the strength of our standard acid. Observing
exactly the same conditions described above, we obtained 97.41-
97.42 per cent, sulphuric acid.
Ammonium Sulphate. — The ammonium sulphate dried to con-
stant weight at 230°F., as described above, was cooled in a desic-
cator and quickly weighed.
The salt was then dissolved in water and the small amount of
free acid present, as indicated by methyl orange, was titrated
with N/3 sodium hydroxide. Adding an equivalent weight of
ammonia to the weight above, gave 97.41 per cent, as the strength
of the sulphuric acid. The amount of acid titrated was less than
0.10 per cent, (with methyl orange a sharp end point is obtained).
A duplicate analysis gave 97.41 per cent, of sulphuric acid.
Sulphuric Acid (100 Per Cent. H2SO4). — About 6 grams of
acid, crystallized from 99.8 per cent, sulphuric acid, as described
above, were introduced into the bottom of a small weighed tube
ANALYSIS OF STANDARDS 35
•
by means of a long-stemmed dropping tube manipulated with a
rubber bulb. The glass stopper was then inserted in the tube,
the whole weighed, after which the acid was carefully washed
into a casserole containing cold water, and titrated with sodium
hydroxide solution, using phenolphthalein as indicator, according
to the method to be described.
Assuming this acid to be 100 per cent, sulphuric acid, and using
the NaOH solution standardized on this basis to determine the
composition of the standard acid, duplicate determinations gave
97.39-97.41 per cent, sulphuric acid. Acid crystallized from
100.1 per cent, sulphuric acid. Using this standard exactly as
in the preceding our standard acid analyzed 97.40 per cent,
sulphuric acid.
Sulphuric Anhydride. — The tube containing the sulphuric an-
hydride was weighed and placed in a glass-stoppered bottle con-
taining about 100 c.c. of water. The tip was broken off above the
level of the water and the bottle sealed. After standing in a
warm place for 3 days, the sulphuric anhydride had distilled out
of the tube and was absorbed by the water, thus mixing without
any loss of sulphuric anhydride. The glass tube was dried and
weighed, and, deducting this weight from the weight above, we
have the weight of sulphuric anhydride. The resulting acid was
diluted to 1 liter and 300 c.c. measured with the dividing burette
were titrated with sodium hydroxide solution, using phenolph-
thalein as indicator, boiling out carbon dioxide and observing
the same conditions as in standardizing.
Assuming the sulphuric anhydride to be absolute, and using
the sodium hydroxide solution, standardized on this basis, to
determine the strength of the standard acid, it was found to be
97.40 and 97.43 per cent, of sulphuric acid.
Sulphanilic Acid. — Twenty grams of this acid, prepared as
described above, were titrated, using about 95 c.c. of sodium
hydroxide solution, phenolphthalein as indicator, and observing
all conditions as in standardizing with sulphuric acid. Assuming
the acid to be 100 per cent, pure, and using the sodium hydroxide
36
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
solution standardized on this basis to determine the strength of
our standard acid, it was found to be 97.41 per cent, of sulphuric
acid.
Recapitulation of composition of standard sulphuric acid re-
ferred to all the standards employed :
Per cent.
Average
Sodium carbonate —
(A) Ignited at low red heat to constant weight
97.33
97 34
(B) Heated at 572°F to constant weight
97.35
97.41
97 415
Ammonium sulphate method
[
97.42
97.41
97 41
100 per cent, sulphuric acid prepared from acid slightly
under 100 per cent
100 per cent, sulphuric acid prepared from acid slightly
over 100 per cent
97.41
97.39
97.41
97 40
97.40
97 40
Sulphuric anhydride
'
97.40
97.415
Sulphanilic acid
97.43
97.41
97.41
The close agreement between the above standards, with one
exception, is only what the writer and his assistants ex-
pected, provided the standards themselves were pure. The
analytical methods employed and to be described yield results in
experienced hands that are entirely in accordance with the above
figures.
The abnormal result in the case of sodium carbonate ignited
at a low red heat was investigated as follows :
About 20 grams of sodium carbonate were heated to constant
weight at 572°F., and 10 grams used for analysis of the standard
acid showed it to contain 97.416 per cent, sulphuric acid. Ten
ANALYSIS OF STANDARDS 37
grams were placed in a platinum boat in a combustion tube, where
it was heated to moderate red heat in a combustion furnace. A
slow stream of dry air, free from carbon dioxide, was aspirated
through the tube, and the carbon dioxide, disengaged by heating
the sodium carbonate, was absorbed in a saturated solution of
barium hydroxide, contained in a bottle. A Mohr bulb contain-
ing barium hydroxide was connected with the bottle and proved
the complete absorption of carbon dioxide therein. After aspi-
rating for several hours, the bulb was connected directly to the
tube and the aspiration continued, which showed that no more
carbon dioxide was evolved, no precipitate being formed.
The excess of barium hydroxide was neutralized with strong
HC1, and finally carefully titrated with N/300 hydrochloric acid,
using phenolphthalein as indicator; the barium carbonate was
then titrated with N/300 hydrochloric acid, using methyl orange
as. indicator.
A blank titration was made using the same reagents, and the
difference between the two methyl orange titrations represented
the alkalinity due to barium carbonate. In this way 0.0060
gram carbon dioxide were determined by a titration of about
35 c.c. of hydrochloric acid, thus making a simple and accurate
determination.1 The carbonate of soda that had been heated
in the combustion tube was removed, accurately weighed, and
used to analyze the standard acid. About 10 grams were used,
and the result obtained was 97.358 per cent., which is 0.058 per
cent, lower than the result obtained above.
0.0060 gram of carbon dioxide formed by decomposition of
sodium carbonate would leave 0.0084 gram Na20, which, when
weighed and calculated as Na2COa, would make a difference in
the per cent, of sulphuric acid of 0.056 per cent., which agrees
within 0.002 per cent, with the result found.
1 This method was subsequently published in the Analyst, May, 1904, vol,
29, pp. 152-153, THOS. MACARA.
38 SULPHURIC A.CID HANDBOOK
After heating to redness:
9.9916 grams Na2CO3 are equivalent to . 9 . 2369 grams H2SO4
0.0084 gram Na2CO3 are equivalent to 0.0134 gram H2SO4
9. 2503 grams H2SO4
Before heating to redness :
10 . 0000 grams Na2CO3 are equivalent to 9 . 2447 grams H2SO4
Increased alkalinity due to Na2O formed 0. 0056 gram H2SO4
Equivalent to 0 . 056 per cent, of
H2S04
If the C02 found had been the result of decomposition of
sodium bicarbonate, the increased alkalinity would have been
0.078 per cent, instead of 0.058 per cent, as found.
By heat :
2NaHC03 = Na2C03 + CO2 + H2O.
168.116 106.1 44 18.016
0 . 0060 gram CO2 found are equivalent to 0 . 0228 gram NaHCO3,
After heating to redness :
10 . 0 grams Na2CO3 are equivalent to 9 . 2447 grams H2SO4
Before heating to redness :
9 . 9772 grams Na2CO3 are
equivalent to 9 . 2236 grams
0.0228 gram NaHCO3 are
equivalent to 0.0133 gram
9 . 2369 grams 9 . 2369 grams H2SO4
Increased alkalinity due to formation 0.0078 gram H2SO4
or of Na2C03 from NaHCO3 equivalent to 0. 078 per cent, of H2SO4
It is thus indicated by this experiment that the carbon
dioxide formed is the result of decomposition of NagCO? into
Na,0+C08.
ANALYSIS OF STANDARDS 39
A sample of sodium carbonate, prepared by drying to constant
weight at 572°F., was heated until it had completely fused, and
analysis showed an increased alkalinity equivalent to 0.30 per
cent, of carbon dioxide disengaged.
If the -calcium and magnesium carbonates present in the puri-
fied carbonate were entirely converted into oxides when ignited
at low red heat only 0.018 per cent, increased alkalinity would be
accounted for.
These results, considered together with the close agreement
between the other standards and sodium carbonate ignited at
572° F., are very convincing arguments in favor of preparing
standard sodium carbonate in this manner.
Standard Acid. — Averaging the results obtained from the
different standards enumerated above, excepting sodium carbon-
ate ignited to redness, its percentage composition was found to be
97.41 per cent, sulphuric acid.
This acid or its equivalent was used for standardizing the
caustic soda that was employed for all analytical determinations
embraced in these tables.
The burette used was a 100-c.c. chamber burette graduated
from 95-100 c.c. in Ko c.c., and readable to Koo c.c. The
burette was standardized between 95 and 100 by weighing mer-
cury delivered every J^ c.c., and for 1 c.c. the mercury was
weighed every J^Q c.c.; the readings and graduations were found
to be accurate to Koo c.c. The burette was frequently cleaned
with strong sulphuric acid, so that it drained perfectly for each
determination.
Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution. — This solution was pre-
pared from c.p. caustic soda, purified by baryta, and was made
of such strength that 6 grams of standard acid required 95-98 c.c.
Caustic soda purified by alcohol is not suitable for this purpose,
as it does not drain properly in the burette, but produces an oily
appearance. To standardize this solution, using methyl orange
as indicator, about 6 grams of the standard acid were quickly
and accurately weighed out, diluted with about 400 c.c. cold dis-
40 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
tilled water and 1 c.c. of a J-{Q Per cent, solution of methyl orange
added. The caustic soda solution was then run in from the 100-
c.c. chamber burette until a few tenths of a cubic centimeter ex-
cess had been added, and after 3-min. draining the burette was
read. Standard sulphuric acid of strength about equivalent to
the soda solution was added from a burette until a trace changed
the color of the solution from yellow to orange. The end point
is sharper in titrating from alkaline to acid than vice versa.
H2SO4 taken - H2SO4 2d titration
— — ^. ^TT - = grams of sulphuric acid
equivalent to 1 c.c. sodium hydroxide solution.
A thermometer was kept in the standard solution, and the
temperature at which the solution was standardized was re-
corded, and in making a subsequent titration at any other tem-
perature the necessary correction was applied to the reading.
The correction for temperature was determined with the pic-
nometer, as described above, and for 100 c.c. of solution was
found to be 0.015 c.c. = 1°F., to be subtracted when the tem-
perature was above the temperature of standardizing, and added
when below.
Duplicate titrations agreed within 0.03 c.c. Methyl orange
was used in titrating nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and
ammonia.
To standardize with phenolphthalein, about 6 grams of the
standard acid were accurately weighed out and poured into a
casserole containing about 25 c.c. of cold water, all acid being
rinsed from a small weighing beaker into the casserole. One
cubic centimeter of phenolphthalein solution (1 gram per liter)
was added, and the sodium hydroxide solution run in from the
100-c.c. chamber burette until within about 0.5 c.c. of the end
point. The solution was then boiled for 5 min. to remove carbon
dioxide, and the titration finished by cutting the drops from the
tip of the burette until a fraction of a drop produced a faint pink
color. This tint was carefully noted, and all analyses run to the
NITRIC-ACID TABLE 41
same end point. By boiling for exactly 5 min., provision was
made for uniform draining of the burette. Duplicate titrations
agreed within 0.02 c.c.
While the limits of burette reading were placed at 0.03 c.c.
when methyl orange was used, and 0.02 c.c. for phenolphthalein,
yet, as will be shown, the actual duplicates obtained by two men
working independently averaged much closer.
Dividing Burette. — The dividing burette referred to under
standardizing with sulphuric anhydride is designed for accurately
dividing a solution. It consists of a burette the top of which is
drawn to a capillary and bent downward; the stop-cock of the
burette is a three-way cock, the third passage being connected
to a vertical tube at the top of which is a funnel for
filling the burette. One and 2-liter flasks with small necks
were graduated by running from the burette a sufficient number
of times to fill the flask to a point in the neck. This point was
carefully checked, and in subsequent use, it was always filled
to this mark/
The amount of water delivered by the burette was weighed,
and the weights checked within 0.004 gram, or Ms>ooo of the
weight of one burette full. In measuring out an equivalent of
5 grams of a liquid made up to volume, the error would be 0.0002
gram.
The tables are described in the order in which they were pre-
pared during a period of nearly 3 years.
NITRIC-ACID TABLE
The c.p. nitric acid employed was free from nitrous and hydro-
chloric acids, and the residue upon evaporation at 212°F. was
too small to affect the determinations. This acid was used for
all samples up to 43°Be., and for the stronger samples this acid
was concentrated by distilling with pure glacial phosphoric acid
and potassium permanganate, the latter to prevent the formation
42 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
of nitrous acid. 95.80 per cent, nitric acid was the strongest
sample obtainable, for above this point the acid contained large
amounts of nitrous acid.
The specific-gravity determinations were made as described
above, and at the same time the picnometer was filled, a 6 to
8-gram sample was weighed in a small weighing tube having a
ground-glass stopper, which prevented loss while weighing and
diluting. The sample was diluted with water by removing the
stopper of the tube with a glass fork while immersed in a casserole
containing approximately 400 c.c. of water. The titration was
then made, using methyl orange as indicator, observing the con-
ditions described in standardizing.
Allowance for Temperature. — After determining the specific
gravity of the different strengths employed at 60°F., the tem-
perature was raised to 70°F., and the picnometer weighed; like-
wise at 80°F. from this data the allowance for temperature
was calculated, and was found to be uniform for a given
strength of acid. At 43°Be*. the determinations were made
from 50° to 90°F.
The following determinations were made, and from these the
table was calculated by interpolation, the specific gravity and
corresponding percentage composition being calculated to cor-
respond with each 0.25°Be.
From the Baume* the corresponding specific gravity was calcu-
lated by the formula:
Degrees Baume = 145 — 5 ^ — — r—
Specific gravity
The instability of 96 per cent, nitric acid is so great that agree-
ing determinations were difficult to obtain, and those selected
corresponded with the differential of the table at this point.
NITRIC-ACID TABLE
43
Specific gravity
Per cent. HNOs
Specific gravity
Per cent. HNOs
1.08441
14.49
1.4506
77.15
1.4507
77.16
1.10951
18.45
1.4563
78.78
1 . 16591
27.15
1.4563
78.80
1.21091
33.80
1.4707
82.88
1.4707
82.91
1.2641
41.77
1.2643
41.81
1.4873
88.33
1.4871
88.31
1.3144
49.69
1.3144
49.70
1.4951
91.42
1.4950
91.39
1.3761
60.45
1.3760
60.44
1.4963
91.92
1.4961
91.91
1.4469
76.57
1.4471
76.57
1.5014
94.59
1.5014
94.58
1.4405
74.84
1.4404
74.80
1.5037
95 64
1.5044
95.80
1 These determinations are the average of results that checked within
0.0001 specific gravity and 0.02 per cent., the record of which has been lost.
The following will show the comparative sensitiveness of the
analytical determinations, specific-gravity determinations and
reading of a delicate Baume hydrometer and thermometer gradu-
ated to 1°F., in terms of specific gravity:
36.
Anal. det.
Sp.-gr. det.
Be. reading Ho°
15°
30°
45°
0.00013 sp. gr.
0.00013 sp. gr.
0. 00008 sp. gr.
0.0001 sp. gr.
0.0001 sp. gr.
0.0001 sp. gr.
0.00044 sp. gr.
0. 00056 sp. gr.
0. 00072 sp. gr.
44 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
HYDROCHLORIC-ACID TABLE
The purest c.p. hydrochloric acid obtainable was tested for
free chlorine, sulphuric acid and residue upon evaporation at
212°F. There were only traces of impurities, which would affect
the determinations less than the errors of manipulation.
For the samples above 22°Be. this acid was concentrated by
distilling it into a portion cooled in ice water. 42.61 per cent,
hydrochloric acid was the strongest sample upon which a specific-
gravity determination could be obtained at 60°F. Above this
point bubbles of gas were formed in the picnometer when warmed
to 60°F.
The specific gravity and allowance for temperature were
determined as in the case of nitric acid. The allowance for tem-
perature was found to be uniform for each strength of acid;
22°Be. deteminations were made from 50° to 90°F.
After making the above determinations the thermometer of
the picnometer was withdrawn while the bottle was immersed in
about 700 c.c. of water in a large casserole, thus avoiding loss
while diluting. The bottle was carefully washed out and the
dilute acid made up to 2 liters in a flask standardized against the
100 c.c., dividing burette and portions of this solution were taken
with the burette for titration with sodium hydroxide. Methyl
orange was used as indicator, the same conditions used in stand-
ardizing being closely followed, about 98 c.c. of sodium hydroxide
solution being used for each determination. A sample of hydro-
chloric acid was analyzed by precipitating with silver nitrate and
the silver chloride calculated to hydrochloric acid checked the
results obtained by titration.
By silver chloride
By titration
29.97 per cent. HC1
29. 98 per cent. HC1
29. 97 per cent. HC1
30. 00 per cent. HC1
HYDROCHLORIC-ACID TABLE
45
The following determinations were made, and from these the
table was calculated by interpolation, the specific gravity and
corresponding percentage composition being calculated for each
l°Be. from l°-5°, 0.25°Be., from 5°-16° and for the rest of the
table for each 0.1 °Be.
Specific gravity
Per cent. HC1
Specific gravity
Per cent. HC1
1.02813
1.02815
5.73
5.73
1 . 13926
1.13928
27.44
27.47
1.05353
1.05359
10.74
10.73
1 . 15277
1 . 15273
30.07
30.04
1 . 07676
1.07678
15.37
15.37
1 . 16642
1 . 16652
32.70
32.72
1.09670
1.09664
19.29
19.28
1.19918
1.19902
39.61
39.56
1.11440
1.11442
22.73
22.76
1 . 20586
1 . 20584
41.16
41.13
1 . 12300
1 . 12300
24.35
24.37
1.21140
1.21120
42.65
42.57
The following will show the comparative sensitiveness of the
analytical determinations, specific gravity determination and
reading of a delicate Baume hydrometer and thermometer gradu-
ated to 1°F. in terms of specific gravity:
Specific gravity
Anal. det.
Sp.-gr. det.
Be. Ho°
10°
18°
24°
0 . 00004 sp. gr.
0.00015 sp. gr.
0.00012 sp. gr.
0. 00005 sp. gr.
0. 00005 sp. gr.
0. 00010 sp. gr.
0. 00027 sp. gr.
0.00031 sp. gr.
0.00033 sp. gr.
46 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC-ACID TABLE
The c.p. sulphuric acid used was 1.84 specific gravity, was
free from hydrochloric and nitric acids and ammonia and gave a
trace of residue upon evaporation. The impurities were less
than enough to affect either the specific gravity or analytical
determinations.
The specific-gravity determinations were made as described
above, except that in bringing the temperature to 60°F., the
picnometer was immersed to the neck in a beaker of water a few
degrees below 60°F., so that the temperature rose slowly, being
the same inside and outside when capped.
The allowance for temperature for every 10°F. between 50°
and 90 °F. was determined at the following degrees Baume":
66, 63, 57, 51, 44, 36, 29, 21, 12. It was found to be practically
uniform for a given strength of acid, and the results are based on
a range of 40°F., the table giving the corrections at even degrees
Baume", being calculated from these results by interpolation.
Samples were taken from the picnometer for analysis, and an
amount of acid was weighed out each time which would require
between 95 and 100 c.c. of soda solution. With the weakest
samples a more dilute standard soda solution was used, but the
same conditions as used in standardizing with phenolphthalein
were closely observed in all cases.
The boiling-point determinations were made in a 200 c.c. long-
necked flask, using about 100 c.c. of acid in each case. A certi-
fied thermometer accurate to 1°F. was suspended in the acid.
A small piece of porcelain was placed in the bottom of the flask
to facilitate boiling. The flask was gradually heated with a free
flame and the temperature recorded when boiling was first
perceptible.
The following determinations were made, and from these the
table was calculated by interpolation, the specific gravity and the
corresponding percentage composition being calculated for each
degree Baume from 0°-64° and for each >£0Be. from 64°-e6°Be.
SULPHURIC-ACID TABLE
47
From the Baume* the corresponding specific gravity was calcu-
145
lated by the formula: Degrees Baume = 145 - specific gravity
The degree Twaddle was calculated by dividing the , decimal
part of the specific gravity by 0.005.
Specific gravity
Per cent. HZSO<
Specific gravity
Per cent. HjSOi
1 . 00488
0.713
1 . 52814
62.342
1.00468
0.701
1.52803
62.334
1.03471
5.145
1 . 54403
63.792
1.03470
5.142
1 . 54399
63.776
1.06488
9.473
1 . 57481
66.518
1.06472
9.469
1.57482
66.515
1.09918
14.221
1.62722
70.990
1.09912
14.217
1.62723
71.000
1 . 13532
19.042
1.66807
74.480
1 . 13532
19.041
1.66773
74.438
1.17362
23.936
1.70438
77.546
1 . 17344
23.929
1.70449
77.555
1.21051
28.549
1 . 72577
79.377
1.21045
28.543
1.72576
79.398
1.25129
33.488
1.74733
81.322
1.25132
33.484
1.74714
81 . 324
1.29513
38.651
1.77002
83.482
1.29507
38.631
1.76987
83.467
1.34415
44.149
1 . 79590
86.364
1.34403
44.140
1.79603
86.363
1.39469
49.521
1.81185
88.534
1.39460
49.519
1.81163
88.527
1.43084
53.193
1.81939
89.752
1.43072
53.175
1.81929
89.732
1.46673
56.674
1.82756
91.337
1.46678
56.675
1.82750
91.308
1.48219
58.143
1.83557
93.219
1.48225
58.128
1.83555
93.226
48
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
The following will show the comparative sensitiveness of the
analytical determinations, the specific-gravity determinations,
and the reading of a delicate Baume hydrometer and thermometer
graduated to 1°F., in terms of a specific gravity:
B6.
Anal. det.
Sp.-gr. det.
B6. Ko°
20°
50°
66°
0. 00007 sp. gr.
0.00005 sp. gr.
0.00004 sp. gr.
0.00005 sp. gr.
0.00005 sp. gr.
0.00006 sp. gr.
0.00024 sp. gr.
0. 00040 sp. gr.
0.00057 sp. gr.
The following chemists, my assistants, aided in the preparation
of the tables :
W. P. KERN, B. S. N. A. LAURY, B. S.
J. G. MELENDY, B. S. A. J. LOTKA, B. Sc.
HARDEE CHAMBLISS, M. S., PH. D. C. A. BIGELOW, B. S.
H. B. BISHOP, B. S. A. F. WAY, B. S.
W. W. SANDERS, B. S. H. P. MERRIAM, PH. D.
T. LYNTON BRIGGS, F. I. C., F. C. S.
Such merit as these tables possess is largely due to these gentle-
men, but more especially to Mr. Bishop who had immediate
charge of, and participated in most of the determinations, and
who shared with the writer the preparation of this paper.
NITRIC ACID
49
NITRIC ACID
BY W. C. FERGUSON
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
60°F
60°
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
HNOa
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
60°F
60° '
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
HNOi
10.00
1.0741
14.82
12.86
20.75
.1671
33.42
27.33
10.25
1.0761
15.22
13.18
21.00
.1694
33.88
27.67
10. J 50
1.0781
15.62
13.49
21.25
.1718
34.36
28.02
10.75
1.0801
16.02
13.81
21.50
.1741
34.82
28.36
11.00
1.0821
16.42
14.13
21.75
.1765
35.30
28.72
11.25
1.0841
16.82
14.44
22.00
.1789
35.78
29.07
11.50
.0861
17.22
14.76
22.25
.1813
36.26
29.43
11.75
.0881
17.62
15.07
22.50
.1837
36.74
29.78
12.00
.0902
18.04
15.41
22.75
1 . 1861
37.22
30.14
12.25
.0922
18.44
15.72
23.00
1 . 1885
37.70
30.49
12.50
.0943
18.86
16.05
23.25
1.1910
38.20
30.86
12.75
1.0964
19.28
16.39
23.50
.1934
38.68
31.21
13.00
1.0985
19.70
16.72
23.75
.1959
39.18
31.58
13.25
1.1006
20.12
17.05
24.00
.1983
39.66
31.94
13.50
1 . 1027
20.54
17.38
24.25
.2008
40.16
32.31
13.75
.1048
20.96
17.71
24.50
.2033
40.66
32.68
14.00
.1069
21.38
18.04
24.75
.2058
41.16
33.05
14.25
.1090
21.80
18.37
25.00
.2083
41.66
33.42
14.50
.1111
22.22
18.70
25:25
.2109
42.18
33.80
14.75
.1132
22.64
19.02
25.50
.2134
42.68
34.17
15.00
.1154
23.08
19.36
25.75
.2160
43.20
34.56
15.25
.1176
23.52
19.70
26.00
.2185
43.70
34.94
15.50
.1197
23.94
20.02
26.25
1.2211
44.22
35.33
15.75
.1219
24.38
20.36
26.50
1 . 2236
44.72
35.70
16.00
.1240
24.80
20.69
26.75
1 . 2262
45.24
36.09
16.25
.1262
25.24
21.03
27.00
1.2288
45.76
36.48
16.50
.1284
25.68
21.36
27.25
1.2314
46.28
36.87
16.75
.1306
26.12
21.70
27.50
1.2340
46.80
37.26
17.00
.1328
26.56
22.04
27.75
.2367
47.34
37.67
17.25
.1350
27.00
22.38
28.00
.2393
47.86
38.06
17.50
.1373
27.46
22.74
28.25
.2420
48.40
38.46
17.75
.1395
27.90
23.08
28.50
.2446
48.92
38.85
18.00
.1417
28.34
23.42
28.75
.2473
49.46
39.25
18.25
.1440
28.80
23.77
29.00
.2500
50.00
39.66
18.50
.1462
29.24
24.11
29.25
.2527
50.54
40.06
18.75
.1485
29.70
24.47
29.50
.2554
51.08
40.47
19.00
.1508
30.16
24.82
29.75
.2582
51.64
40.89
19.25
.1531
30.62
25.18
30.00
.2609
52.18
41.30
19.50
.1554
31.08
25.53
30.25
.2637
52.74
41.72
19.75
.1577
31.54
25.88
30.50
.2664
53.28
42.14
20.00
.1600
32.00
26.24
30.75
.2692
53.84
42.58
20.25
.1624
32.48
26.61
31.00
.2719
54.38
43.00
20.50
1.1647
32.94
26.96
31.25
.2747
54.94
43.44
50
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
NITRIC ACID — (Concluded)
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
?O!F
60° '
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
HNOa
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
«°!F
60°
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
HNOs
31.50
.2775
55 . 50
43.89
40.25
1 . 3843
76.86
62.07
31.75
.2804
56.08
44.34
40.50
1.3876
77.52
62.77
32.00
.2832
56.64
44.78
40.75
1.3909
78.18
63.48
32.25
.2861
57.22
45.24
41.00
1.3942
78.84
64.20
32.50
.2889
57.78
45.68
41.25
1.3976
79.52
64.93
32.75
.2918
58.36
46.14
41.50
1.4010
80.20
65.67
33.00
.2946
58.92
46.58
41.75
1.4044
80.88
66.42
33.25
.2975
59.50
47.04
42.00
1 . 4078
81.56
67.18
33.50
.3004
60.08
47.49
42.25
1.4112
82.24
67.95
33.75
.3034
60.68
47.95
42.50
1.4146
82.92
68.73
34.00
.3063
61.26
48.42
42.75
1.4181
83.62
69.52
34.25
.3093
61.86
48.90
43.00
1.4216
84.32
70.33
34.50
.3122
62.44
49.35
43.25
1.4251
85.02
71.15
34.75
.3152
63.04
49.83
43.50
1 . 4286
85.72
71.98
35.00
.3182
63.64
50.32
43.75
.4321
86.42
72.82
35.25
.3212
64.24
50.81
44.00
.4356
87.12
73.67
35.50
.3242
64.84
51.30
44.25
.4392
87.84
74.53
35.75
.3273
65.46
51.80
44.50
.4428
88.56
75.40
36.00
.3303
66.06
52.30
44.75
.4464
89.28
76.28
36.25
.3334
66.68
52.81
45.00
.4500
90.00
77.17
36.50
.3364
67.28
53.32
45 . 25
.4536
90.72
78.07
36.75
.3395
67.90
53.84
45.50
.4573
91.46
79.03
37.00
.3426
68.52
54.36
45.75
.4610
92.20
80.04
37.25
.3457
69.14
54.89
46.00
.4646
92.92
81.08
37.50
.3488
69.76
55.43
46.25
.4684
93.68
82.18
37.75
.3520
70.40
55.97
46.50
1.4721
94.42
83.33
38.00
.3551
71.02
56.52
46.75
1.4758
95.16
84.48
38.25
.3583
71.66
57.08
47.00
1.4796
95.92
85.70
38.50
.3615
72.30
57.65
47.25
1 . 4834
96.68
86.98
38.75
.3647
72.94
58.23
47.50
1 . 4872
97.44
88.32
39.00
.3679
73.58
58.82
47.75
1.4910
98.20
89.76
39.25
.3712
74.24
59.43
48.00
1 . 4948
98.96
91.35
39.50
.3744
74.88
60.06
48.25
1 . 4987
99.74
93.13
39.75
.3777
75.54
60.71
48.50
1.5026
100.52
95.11
40.00
1.3810
76.20
61.38
Specific gravity determinations were made at 60°F., compared with water at 60°F.
From the specific gravities, the corresponding degrees Baum6 were calculated by the
following formula: = 145
specific gravity
Baume hydrometers for use with this table must be graduated by the above formula,
which formula should always be printed on the scale.
Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. O = 16.
ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE
At 10°-20° Be.— Ho°Be. or .00029 specific gravity = 1°F.
20°-30° Be.— ^3°Be. or .00044 specific gravity = 1°F.
30°-40° Be.— ^o°Be. or . 00060 specific gravity = 1°F.
40°-48.5°Be.— M7°Be. or .00084 specific gravity » 1°F.
AUTHORITY — W. C. FERGUSON
This table has been approved and adopted as a Standard by the Manufacturing Chemists'
Association of the United States. W. H. BOWER, JAS. L. MORGAN,
HENRY HOWARD, ARTHUR WYMAN.
A. G. ROSENGARTEN,
New York, May 14, 1903, Executive Committee.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
51
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
BY W. C. FERGUSON
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
60°
60*K
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
HC1
Degrees
Baum^
Specific
wi*
GO0*'
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
HC1
1.00
.0069
1.38
1.40
15.00
1.1154
23.08
22.92
2.00
.0140
2.80
2.82
15.25
1.1176
23.52
23.33
3.00
.0211
4.22
4.25
15.50
1.1197
23.94
23.75
4.00
.0284
5.68
5.69
15.75
1.1219
24.38
24.16
5.00
.0357
7.14
7.15
16.0
1.1240
24.80
24.57
5.25
.0375
7.50
7.52
16.1
1 . 1248
24.96
24.73
5.50
.0394
7.88
7.89
16.2
1 . 1256
25.12
24.90
5.75
.0413
8.26
8.26
16.3
.1265
25.30
25.06
6.00
.0432
8.64
8.64
16.4
.1274
25.48
25.23
6.25
.0450
9.00
9.02
16.5
.1283
25.66
25.39
6.50
.0469
9.38
9.40
16.6
.1292
25.84
25.56
6.75
.0488
9.76
9.78
16.7
.1301
26.02
25.72
7.00
.0507
10.14
10.17
16.8
.1310
26.20
25.89
7.25
.0526
10.52
10.55
16.9
.1319
26.38
26.05
7.50
.0545
10.90
10.94
17.0
.1328
26.56
26.22
7.75
.0564
11.28
11.32
17.1
.1336
26.72
26.39
8.00
.0584
11.68
11.71
17.2
.1345
26.90
26.56
8.25
.0603
12.06
12.09
17.3
.1354
27.08
26.73
8.50
.0623
12.46
12.48
17.4
.1363
27.26
26.90
8.75
.0642
12.84
12.87
17.5
.1372
27.44
27.07
9.00
.0662
13.24
13.26
17.6
.1381
27.62
27.24
9.25
.0681
13.62
13.65
17.7
.1390
27.80
27.41
9.50
.0701
14.02
14.04
17.8
.1399
27.98
27.58
9.75
.0721
14.42
14.43
17.9
.1408
28.16
27.75
10.00
.0741
14.82
14.83
18.0
.1417
28.34
27.92
10.25
.0761
15.22
15.22
18.1
. 1426
28.52
28.09
10.50
.0781
15.62
15.62
18.2
.1435
28.70
28.26
10.75
.0801
16.02
16.01
18.3
.1444
28.88
28.44
11.00
.0821
16.42
16.41
18.4
.1453
29.06
28.61
11.25
.0841
16.82
16.81
18.5
.1462
29.24
28.78
11.50
.0861
17.22
17.21
18.6
1.1471
29.42
28.95
11.75
.0881
17.62
17.61
18.7
1.1480
29.60
29.13
12.00
.0902
18.04
18.01
18.8
1.1489
29.78
29.30
12.25
.0922
18.44
18.41
18.9
.1498
29.96
29.48
12.50
.0943
18.86
18.82
10.0
.1508
30.16
29.65
12.75
.0964
19.28
19.22
K.i
.1517
30.34
29.83
13.00
.0985
19.70
19.63
19.2
.1526
30.52
30.00
13.25
1.1006
20.12
20.04
19.3
.1535
30.70
30.18
13.50
1.1027
20.54
20.45
19.4
.1544
30.88
30.35
13.75
1.1048
20.96
20.86
19.5
.1554
31.08
30.53
14.00
1 . 1069
21.38
21.27
19.6
.1563
31.26
30.71
14.25
1.1090
21.80
21.68
19.7
.1572
31.44
30.90
14.50
1.1111
22.22
22.09
19.8
.1581
31.62
31.08
14.75
1.1132
22.64
22.50
19.9
.1590
31.80
31.27
52
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
HYDROCHLORIC ACID — (Concluded]
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
^2!F
60°
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
HC1
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
«°!F
60°
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
HC1
20.0
1 . 1600
32.00
31.45
22.8
1 . 1866
37.32
36.73
20.1
1.1609
32.18
31.64
22.9
1 . 1875
37.50
36.93
20.2
1.1619
32.38
31.82
23.0
1 . 1885
37.70
37.14
20.3
1 . 1628
32.56
32.01
23.1
1.1895
37.90
37.36
20.4
1 . 1637
32.74
32.19
23.2
1 . 1904
38.08
37.58
20.5
1.1647
32.94
32.38
23.3
1.1914
38.28
37.80
20.6
1 . 1656
33.12
32.56
23.4
1 . 1924
38.48
38 . 03
20.7
1 . 1666
33.32
32.75
23.5
1 . 1934
38.68
38.26
20.8
1 . 1675
33.50
32.93
23.6
1 . 1944
38.88
38.49
20.9
1 . 1684
33.68
33.12
23.7
1 . 1953
39.06
38.72
21.0
1.1694
33.88
33.31
23.8
1 . 1963
39.26
38.95
21.1
1 . 1703
34.06
33.50
23.9
1.1973
39.46
39.18
21.2
1.1713
34.26
33.69
24.0
1.1983
39.66
39.41
21.3
1 . 1722
34.44
33.88
24.1
1.1993
39.86
39.64
21.4
1 . 1732
34.64
34.07
24.2
1.2003
40.06
39.86
21.5
1.1741
34.82
34.26
24.3
1.2013
40.26
40.09
21.6
1.1751
35.02
34.45
24.4
1 . 2023
40.46
40.32
21.7
.1760
35.20
34.64
24.5
1 . 2033
40.66
40.55
21.8
.1770
35.40
34.83
24.6
1 . 2043
40.86
40.78
21.9
.1779
35.58
35.02
24.7
1 . 2053
41.06
41.01
22.0
.1789
35.78
35.21
24.8
1.2063
41.26
41.24
22.1
.1798
35.96
35.40
24.9
1.2073
41.46
41.48
22.2
.1808
36.16
35.59
25.0
1.2083
41.66
41.72
22.3
.1817
36.34
35.78
25.1
1.2093
41.86
41.99
22.4
.1827
36.54
35.97
25.2
1.2103
42.06
42.30
22.5
.1836
36.72
36.16
25.3
1.2114
42.28
42.64
22.6
.1846
36.92
36.35
25.4
1.2124
42.48
43.01
22.7
.1856
37.12
36.54
25.5
1.2134
42.68
43.40
Specific-gravity determinations were made at 60°F., compared with water
at 60°F.
From the specific gravities, the corresponding degrees Baume" were calcu-
ated by the following formula :
145
Degrees Baume = 145 — r^ : —
specific gravity
Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. O = 16.
ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE
lO-lS'Be".— Mo°Be. or .0002 sp. gr. for 1°F.
15-22°Be.— Ho°Be. or .0003 sp. gr. for 1°F.
22-25°Be.— H8°Be. or .00035 sp. gr. for 1°F.
AUTHORITY — W. C. FERGUSON
This table has been approved and adopted as a Standard by the Manufac-
turing Chemists' Association of the United States.
W. H. BOWER, JAS. L. MORGAN,
HENRY HOWARD, ARTHUR WYMAN.
A. G. ROSENGARTEN,
New York, May 14, 1903. Executive Committee.
TABLE OF SULPHURIC ACID
BY W. C. FERGUSON AND H. P. TALBOT
54
HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACTD
BY W. C. FERGUSON AND'HJP. TAMJOT
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
™!F
60°*'
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
H2S04
Weight of
1 cu. ft. in
Ib. av.
Per cent.
O. V.
Pounds O. V.
in 1 cui ft.
0
1.0000
0.0
0.00
62.37
0.00
0.00 ,
1
1.0069
1.4
1.02
62.80
1.09
0.68
2
1.0140
2.8
2.08
63.24
2.23
1.41 ,
3
1.0211
4.2
3.13
63.69
3.36
2.14
4
1.0284
5.7
4.21
64.14
4.52
2.90
5
1.0357
7.1
5.28
64.60
5.67
3.66
6
1.0432
8.6
6.37
65.06
6.84
4.45
7
1.0507
10.1
7.45
65.53
7.99
5.24
8
1.0584
11.7
8.55
66.01
9.17
6.06
9
1.0662
13.2
9.66
66. ,50
10.37
6.89
10
1.0741
14.8
10.77
66.99
11.56
7.74 j
11
1.0821
16.4
11.89
67.49
12.76
8.61
12
1.0902
18.0
13.01
68.00
13.96
9.49
13
1.0985
19.7
14.13
68.51
15.16
10.39
14
1 . 1069
21.4
15.25
69.04
16.36
11.30
15
1-.1154
23.1
16.38
69.57
17.58
12.23
16
1.1240
24.8
17.53
70.10
18.81
13.19
17
1.1328
26.6
18.71
70.65
20.08
14.18
18
1.1417
28.3
19.89
71.21
21.34
15.20
19
1.1508
30.2
21.07
71.78
22.61
16.23
20
1.1600
32.0
22.25
72.35
23.87
17.27
21
1.1694
33.9
23.43
72.94
25.14
18.34
22
1.1789
35.8
24.61
73.53
26.41
19.42
23
1.1885
37.7
25.81
74.13
27.69
20.53
24
1.1983
39.7
27.03
74.74
29.00
21.68
Specific Gravity determinations were made at 60°F., compared with water
at 60°F.
From the Specific Gravities, the corresponding degrees Baume" were cal-
145
tfulated by the following formula : Degrees Baume = 145 — ~ ^ — ~ r— •
Specific Gravity
Baume hydrometers for use with this table must be graduated by the
above formula, which formula should always be printed on the scale.
66°Be*. = specific gravity 1.8354 = Oil of Vitriol (O. V.).
1 cu. ft. water at 60°F. weighs 62.37 Ib. av.
Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. O = 16.
H2SO4 = 100 per cent.
Per cent. Per cent Per cent.
H2SO4 O. V. 60°
O. V. = 93.19 = 10000 = 119.98
60° = 77.67 = 83.35 = 100.00
50° = 62.18 = 66.72 = 80.06
SULPHURIC ACID
55
SULPHURIC ACID
BY W. C. FERGUSON AND H. P. TALBOT
Degrees
Baume
Freezing1
(melting)
points, °F.
APPROXIMATE BOILING POINTS
50°Be\, 295°F.
60°Be., 386°F.
0
32.0
61°Be"., 400°F.
1
31.2
62°Be., 415°F.
2
30.5
63°Be., 432°F.
3
29.8
64°Be"., 451°F.
4
28.9
65°Be., 485°F.
5
28.1
66°B<§., 538°F.
6
27.2
FIXED POINTS
7
26.3
8
9
25.1
24.0
Specific
gravity
Per cent.
HjSO*
Specific
gravity
Per cent.
H,S04
10
22 8
-1V/
11
£t£t . O
21.5
.0000
0.00
.5281
62.34
12
20.0
.0048
0.71
.5440 63.79
13
18.3
.0347
5.14
.5748
66.51
14
16.6
.0649
9.48
.6272
71.00
15
16
17
10
14.7
12.6
10.2
77
.0992
.1353
.1736
.2105
14.22
19.04
23.94
28.55
.6679
.7044
.7258
.7472
74.46
77.54
79.40
81.32
lo
in
. i
40
.2513
33.49
.7700
83.47
J. t/
. O
.2951
38.64
.7959
86.36
20
+ 1.6
1.3441
44.15
.8117
88.53
21
- 1.8
1.3947
49.52
.8194
89.75
22
- 6.0
1.4307
53.17
.8275
91.32
23
-11.0
1.4667
56.68
.8354
93.19
24
-16.0
1.4822
. 58.14
Acids stronger than 66°B6. should have their percentage compositions
determined by chemical analysis.
AUTHORITIES — W. C. FERGUSON; H. P. TALBOT.
This table has been approved and adopted as a standard by the Manu-
facturing Chemists' Association of the United States.
W. H. BOWER,
HENRY HOWARD,
JAS. L. MORGAN,
ARTHUR WYMAN,
A. G. ROSENGARTEN,
New York, June 23, 1904. Executive Committee.
1 Calculated from Pickering's results, Jour. Lon. Chem. Soc., vol. 57, p. 363.
56
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACID — (Continued)
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
60^
60°
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
H2SO4
Weight of
1 cu. ft. in
Ib av.
Per cent.
O. V.
Pounds O. V.
in 1 cu. ft.
25
1.2083
41.7
28.28
75.36
30.34
22.87
26
1.2185
43.7
29.53
76.00
31.69
24.08
27
1 . 2288
45.8
30.79
76.64
33.04
25.32
28
1 . 2393
47.9
32.05
77.30
34.39
26.58
29
1 . 2500
50.0
33.33
77.96
35.76
27.88
30
1.2609
52.2
34.63
78.64
37.16
29.22
31
1.2719
54.4
35.93
79.33
38.55
30.58
32
1 . 2832
56.6
37.26
80.03
39.98
32.00
33
1 . 2946
58.9
38:58
80.74
41.40
33.42
34
1 . 3063
61.3
39.92
81.47
42.83
34.90
35
1.3182
63.6
41.27
82.22
44.28
36.41
36
1.3303
66.1
42.63
82.97
45.74
37.95
37
1.3426
68.5
43.99
83.74
47.20
39.53
38
1.3551
71.0
45.35
84.52
48.66
41.13
39
1.3679
73.6
46.72
85.32
50.13
42.77
40
1.3810
76.2
48.10
86.13
51.61
44.45
41
1.3942
78.8
49.47
86.96
53.08
46.16
42
.4078
81.6
50.87
87.80
54.58
47.92
43
.4216
84.3
52.26
88.67
56.07
49.72
44
.4356
87.1
53 . 66
89.54
57.58
51.56
45
.4500
90.0
55.07 '
90.44
59.09
53.44
46
.4646
92.9
56.48
91 . 35
60.60
55.36
47
.4796
95.9
57.90
92.28
62.13
57.33
48
.4948
99.0
59.32
93.23
63.65
59.34
49
.5104
102.1
60.75
94.20
65.18
61.40
50
.5263
105.3
62.18
95.20
66.72
63.52
51
.5426
108.5
63.66
96.21
68.31
65.72
52
.5591
111.8
65.13
97.24
69.89
67.96
53
.5761
115.2
66.63
98.30
71.50
70.28
54
.5934
118.7
68.13
99.38
73.11
72.66
55
.6111
122.2
69.65
100.48
74.74
75.10
56
.6292
125.8
71.17
101.61
76.37
77.60
57
.6477
129.5
72.75
102.77
78.07
80.23
58
.6667
133.3
74.36
103.95
79.79
82.95
59
.6860
137.2
75.99
105.16
81.54
85.75
SULPHURIC ACID
SULPHURIC ACID — (Continued}
57
Degrees
Baume
Freezing1
(melting)
points °F.
25
-23
ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE
26
-30
At 10°Be. .029° Be. or .00023 sp. gr. = °F.
27
-39
At 20°Be. .036° Be. or .00034 sp. gr. = °F.
28
-49
At 30°Be. .035° Be. or .00039 sp. gr. = °F.
29
-61
At 40°Be. .031° Be. or .00041 sp. gr. = °F.
At 50°Be*. .028° Be. or .00045 sp. gr. = °F.
30
-74
At 60°Be. .026° Be. or .00053 sp. gr. = °F.
31
-82
At 63°Be. .026° Be. or .00057 sp. gr. = °F.
32
-96
At 66°Be. .0235°Be. or .00054 sp. gr. = °F.
33
-97
34
-91
35
-81
36
— 70
Ovl
37
38
-60
-53
Per cent.
60°Be.
Pounds
60° Be. in
1 cu. ft.
Per cent.
50°Be.
Pounds
50°Be. in
1 cu. ft.
39
-47
40
-41
61.93
53.34
77.36
66.63
41
-35
63.69
55.39
79.56
69.19
42
-31
65.50
57.50
81.81
71.83
43
-27
67.28
59.66
84.05
74.53
44
-23
69.09
61.86
86.30
77.27
45
-20
70.90
64.12
88.56
80.10
46
-14
72.72
66.43
90.83
82.98
47
-15
74.55
68.79
93.12
85.93
48
-18
76.37 71.20
95.40
88.94
49
-22
78.22
73.68
97.70
92.03
50
-27
80.06
76.21
100.00
95.20
51
-33
81.96
78.85
102.38
98.50
52
-39
83.86
81.54
104.74
101.85
53
-49
85.79
84.33
107.15
105.33
54
-59
87.72
87.17
109.57
108.89
55
. } o 89.67
90.10
112.01
112.55
56
91.63
93.11
114.46
116.30
57
... f | 93.67
96.26
117.00
120.24
58
95.74
99.52
119.59
124.31
59
_7 ; ffl
97.84
102.89
122.21
128.52
Calculated from Pickering's results, Jour. Lon. Chern. Soc., vol. 57, p. 363.
58
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACID — (Concluded]
Degrees
Baum6
Specific
gravity
62!F
60° *•
Degrees
Twaddle
Per cent.
H2SO4
Weight of
1 cu. ft. in
Ibs. av.
Per cent.
0. V.
Pounds O. V.
in 1 cu. ft.
60
1.7059
141.2
77.67
106 . 40
83.35
88.68
61
1.7262
145.2
79.43
107.66
85.23
91.76
62
1.7470
149.4
81.30
108 . 96
87.24
95.06
63
1.7683
153.7
83.34
110.29
89.43
98.63
64
1.7901
158.0
85.66
111.65
91.92
102.63
64^
1.7957
159.1
86.33
112.00
92.64
103.75
64>£
.8012
160.2
87.04
112.34
93.40
104 . 93
64%
.8068
161.4
87.81
112.69
94.23
106.19
65
.8125
162.5
88.65
113.05
95.13
107.54
65K
.8182
163.6
89.55
113.40
96.10
108.97
65^
.8239
164.8
90.60
113.76
97.22
110.60
65%
.8297
165.9
91.80
114.12
98.51
112.42
66
.8354
167.1
93.19
114.47
100.00
114.47
SULPHURIC ACID
SULPHURIC ACID — (Concluded)
59
Degrees
Baum6
Freezing1
(melting)
point
Per cent.
60°B6.
Pounds
60°Be. in
cubic foot
Per cent.
50°Be.
Pounds
50°Be. in
cubic foot
60
+ 12.6
100.00
106.40
124.91
132.91
61
27.3
102.27
110.10
127.74
137.52
62
39.1
104.67
114.05
130.75
142.47
63
46.1
107.30
118.34
134.03
147.82
64
46.4
110.29
123.14
137.76
153.81
64K
43.6
111.15
124.49
138.84
155.50
64^
41.1
112.06
125.89
139.98
157.25
64%
37.9
113.05
127.40
141.22
159.14
65
33.1
114.14
129.03
142.57
161.17
65^
24.6
115.30
130.75
144.02
163.32
65^
13.4
116.65
132.70
145.71
165.76
65%
- 1.0
118.19
134.88
147.63
168.48
66
-29.Q
119.98
137.34
149.87
171.56
60
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACID
94-100 per cent. H2S(V
H. B. BISHOP
The acid used in this table was prepared from c.p. 95 per cent,
sulphuric acid, which was strengthened to 100 per cent, by the
addition of fuming acid made by distilling fuming sulphuric acid
(70 per cent, free SO3) into a portion of 95 per cent. c.p. acid,
The final acid was tested for impurities; residue upon evapora-
tion, chlorine, niter and sulphur dioxide (0.001 per cent.) which
was less than the sensitiveness of the determination.
The analytical and specific-gravity determinations, and the
allowance for temperature were made in the same manner, anc
with the same accuracy as in the sulphuric-acid table adoptee
by the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, the specific gravity
1.8354 and 93.19 per cent. H2SO4 being taken as standard.
The actual determinations were made within a few hundredth*
of a per cent, of the points given in the table, the even percentage
being calculated by interpolation.
Per cent. H2SO4
Specific gravity
Allowance for temperature
66°Be-. 93.19
1.8354
At 94 per cent. 0 . 00054 sp. gr. = 1°F.
94.00
1.8381
At 96 per cent. 0.00053 sp. gr. = 1°F.
95.00
1 . 8407
At 97. 5 per cent. 0.00052 sp. gr. = 1°F.
96.00
1.8427
At 100 per cent. 0.00052 sp. gr. = 1°F.
97.00
1.8437
97.50
1.8439
98.00
1.8437
99.00
1.8424
100.00
1.8391
W. W. SCOTT: " Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis," 1917.
SULPHURIC ACID 61
AUTHOR'S NOTE. — Mr. Ferguson in his article describing the methods used
in the preparation of the tables adopted by the Manufacturing Chemists'
Association names several chemists who assisted him, among them Mr.
Bishop. "Such merit as these tables possess is largely due to these gentle-
men, but more especially to Mr. Bishop who had immediate charge of and
participated in most of the determinations, and who shared with the writer
the preparation of this paper."
SULPHURIC ACID
0°Be.-100 per cent. H2SO4
From 0°-66°Be. the table is from the one of Ferguson and
Talbot with the following supplementals incorporated :
Per cent. SO3
Pounds SOs per cubic foot
Pounds H2SO4 per cubic foot
Per cent, free water
Per cent, combined water
Freezing (melting) points calculated in degrees Centigrade from
the given degrees Fahrenheit.
Approximate boiling points calculated in degrees Centigrade
from the given degrees Fahrenheit.
. Allowance for temperature calculated per degree Centigrade
from the given, per degree Fahrenheit.
From 94-100 per cent. H2S04 is from the table of H. B. Bishop.
Mr. Bishop gives only the specific gravity and allowance for
temperature per degree Fahrenheit. All other calculations are
supplied.
Freezing (melting) points were calculated after Knietsch, Ber.,
1901.
It should be noted that the highest percentages show lower
specific gravities than those just below, the maximum being at
97.5 per cent. H2S04.
62
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACID
0°B6.-100 per cent. H2SO4
Degrees
Baume
Degrees
Twaddle
Specific
gravity
Lb. av.
per cu. ft.
Per cent.
S03
Lb. SOs
per cu. ft.
Per cent.
H2S04
Lb. H2SO«
per cu. ft.
1
1.38
1.0069
62.80
0.83
0.52
1.02
0.64
2
2.80
1.0140
63.24
1.70
1.08
2.08
1.32
3
4.22
1.0211
63.69
2.56
1.63
3.13
1.99
4
5.68
.0284
64.14
3.44
2.21
4.21
2.70
5
7.14
.0354
64.60
4.31
2.78
5.28
3.41
6
8.64
.0432
65.06
5.20
3.38
6.37
4.14
7
10.14
.0507
65.53
6.08
3.98
7.45
4.88
8
11.68
.0584-
66.01
6.98
4.61
8.55
5.64
9
13.24
.0662
66.50
7.89
5.25
9.66
6.42
10
14.82
.0741
66.99
8.79
5.89
10.77
7.21
11
16.42
.0821
67.49
9.71
6.55
11.89
8.02
12
18.04
.0902
68.00
10.62
7.22
13.01
8.85
13
19.70
.0985
68.51
11.54
7.91
14.13
9.69
14
21.38
.1069
69.04
12.45
8.60
15.25
10.53
15
23.08
.1154
69.57
13.37
9.30
16.38
11.40
16
24.80
.1240
70.10
14.31
10.03
17.53
12.29
17
26.56
.1328
70.65
15.27
10.78
18.71
13.22
18
28.34
.1417
71.21
16.24
11.56
19.89
14.16
19
30.16
1.1508
71.78
17.20
12.35
21.07
15.12
20
32.00
1 . 1600
72.35
18.16
13.14
22.25
16.10
21
33.88
1 . 1694
72.94
19.13
13.95
23.43
17.09
22
35.78
1 . 1789
73.53
20.09
14.77
24.61
18.10
23
37.70
1 . 1885
74.13
21.07
15.62
25.81
19.13
24
39.66
1 . 1983
74.74
22.07
16.50
27.03
20.20
25
41.66
1.2083
75.36
23.09
17.40
28.28
21.31
26
43.70
1.2185
76.00
24.11
18.32
29.53
22.44
27
45.76
1.2288
76.64
25.14
19.27
30.79
23.60
28
47.86
1.2393
77.30
26.16
20.22
32.05
24.77
29
50.00
1.2500
77.96
27.21
21.21
33.33
25.98
30
52.18
1.2609
78.64
28.27
22.23
34.63
27.23
31
54.38
1.2719
79.33
29.33
23.27
35.93
28.50
32
56.64
1 . 2832
80.03
30.42
24.35
37.26
29.82
33
58.92
1 . 2946
80.74
31.49
25.42
38.58
31.15
34
61.26
1.3063
81.47
32.59
26.55
39.92
32.52
35
63.64
1.3182
82.22
33.69
27.70
41.27
33.93
36
66.06
1.3303
82.97
34.80
28.87
42.63
35.37
37
68.52
1.3426
83.74
35.91
30. 07
43.99
36.84
38
71.02
1.3551
84.52
37.02
31.31
45.35
38.33
39
73.58
1.3679
85.32
38.14
32.54
46.72
39.86
SULPHURIC ACID
63
SULPHURIC ACID
0°B<§.-100 per cent. H2SO4
Degrees
Baume
Per cent,
free H2O
Per cent,
combined
H20
Per cent.
0. V.
Lb. O. V.
in 1 cu. ft.
Freezing (melting) points
°F.
°c.
1
98.98
0.19
1.09
0.68
31.2
-0.4
2
97.92
0.38
2.23
1.41
30.5 .
-0.8
3
96.87
0.57
3.36
2.14
29.8
-1.2
4
95.79
0.77
4.52
2.90
28.9
-1.7
5
94.72
0.97
5.67
3.66
28.1
-2.2
6
93.63
1.17
6.84
4.45
27.2
-2.7
7
92.55
1.37
7.99
5.24
26.3
-3.3
8
91.45
1.57
9.17
6.06
25.1
-3.8
9
90.34
1.77
10.37
6.89
24.0
-4.4
10
89.23
1.98
11.56
7.74
22.8
-5.1
11
88.11
2.18
12.76
8.61
21.5
-5.8
12
86.99
2.39
13.96
9.49
20.0
-6.7
13
85.87
2.59
15.16
10.39
18.3
-7.6
14
84.75
2.80
16.36
11.30
16.6
-8.6
15
83.62
3.01
17.58
12.23
14.7
-9.6
16
82.47
3.22
18.81
13.19
12.6
-10.8
17
81.29
3.44
20.08
14.18
10.2
-12.1
18
80.11
3.65
21.34
15.20
7.7
-13.5
19
78.93
3.87
22.61
16.23
4.8
-15.1
20
77.75
4.09
23.87
17.27
1.6
-16.9
21
76.57
4.30
25.14
18.34
-1.8
-18.8
22
75.39
4.52
26.41
19.42
-6.0
-21.1
23
74.19
4.74
27.69
20.53
-11.0
-23.9
24
72.97
4.96
29.00
21.68
-16.0
-26.7
25
71.72
5.19
30.34
22.87
-23.0
-30.6
26
70.47
5.42
31.69
24.08
-30.0
-34.4
27
69.21
5.65
33.04
25.32
-39.0
-39.4
28
67.95
5.89
34.39
26.58
-49.0
-45.0
29
66.67
6.12
35.76
27.88
-61.0
-51.7
30
65.37
6.36
37.16
29.22
-74.0
-58.9
31
64.07
6.60
38.55
30.58
-82.0
-63.3
32
62.74
6.84
39.98
32.00
-96.0
-71.1
33
61.42
7.09
41.40
33.42
. -97.0
-71.7
34
60.08
7.33
42.83
34.90
-91.0
-68.3
35
58.73
7.58
44.28
36.41
-81.0
-62.8
36
57.37
7.83
45.74
37.95
-70.0
-56.7
37
56.01
8.08
47.20
39.53
-60.0
-51.1
38
54.65
8.33
48.66
41.13
-53.0
-47.2
39
53.28
8.58
50.13
42.77
-47.0
-43.9
64.
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACID
0°Be.-100 per cent. H2SO4— (Continued}
Degrees
Baum6
Degrees
Twaddle
Specific
gravity
Lb. av.
per cu. ft.
Per cent.
SOs
Lb. SOs
per cu. ft.
Per cent.
H2S04
Lb. H2S04
per cu. ft.
40
76.20
1.3810
86.13
39.27
33.82
48.10
41.43
41
78.84
1 . 3942
86.96
40.38
35.11
49.47
43.02
42
81.56
1.4078
87.80
41.53
36.46
50.87
44.66
43
84.32
1.4216
88.67
42.66
37.83
52.26
46.34
44
87.12
1.4356
89.54
43.80
39.22
53.66
48.05
45
90.00
1.4500
90.44
44.96
40.66
55.07
49.81
46
92.92
1.4646
91.35
46.11
42.12
56.48
51.59
47
95.92
1 . 4796
92.28
47.27
43.62
57.90
53.43
48
98.96
1 . 4948
93.23
48.43
45.10
59.32
55.30
49
102.08
.5104
94.20
49.59
46.71
60.75
57.23
50
105 . 26
.5263
95.20
50.76
48.32
62.18
59.20
51
108.52
.5426
96.21
51.97
50.00
63.66
61.25
52
111.82
.5591
97.24
53.17
51.70
65.13
63.33
53
115.22
.5761
98.30
54.39
53.47
66.63
65.49
54
118.68
.5934
99.38
55.62
55.28
68.13
67.71
55
122.22
.6111
100 . 48
56.86
57.13
69.65
69.98
56
125 . 84
.6292
101.61
58.10
59.04
71.17
72.32
57
129 . 54
.6477
102.77
59.39
61.04
72.75
74.77
58
133.34
1.6667
103.95
60.70
63.10
74.36
77.30
59
137.20
1.6860
105.16
62.03
65.23
75.99
79.91
60
141.18
1.7059
106.40
63.40
67.46
77.67
82.64
61
145.24
1 . 7262
107.66
64.84
69.81
79.43
85.51
62
149 . 40
1 . 7470
108 . 96
66.37
72.31
81.30
88.58
63
153.66
1 . 7683
110.29
68.03
75.03
83.34
91.92
64
158 . 02
1 . 7901
111.65
69.92
78.07
85.66
95.64
64^
159.14
1.7957
112.00
70.47
78.93
86.33
96.69
64^
160.24
1.8012
112.34
71.05
79.82
87.04
97.78
64%
161.36
1.8068
112.69
71.68
80.78
87.81
98.95
65
162 . 50
1.8125
113.05
72.37
81.81
88.65
100.22
65^
163 . 64
1.8182
113.40
73.10
82.90
89.55
101.55
65^
164 . 78
1 . 8239
113.76
73.96
84.14
90.60
103.07
65%
165 . 94
1.8297
114.12
74.94
85.52
91.80
104.76
66
167.08
1.8354
114.47
76.07
87.08
93.19
106.67
1.8381
114.64
76.73
87.97
94.00
107.76
1.8407
114.80
77.55
89.03
95.00
109.06
1.8427
114.93
78.37
90.07
96.00
110.33
1 . 8437
114.99
79.18
91.05
97.00
111.54
1 . 8439
115.00
79.59
91.53
97.50
112.13
1.8437
114.99
80.00
91.99
98.00
112.69
1.8424
114.91
80.82
92.87
99.00
113.76
1.8391
114.70
81.63
93.63
100 . 00
114.70
SULPHURIC ACID
65
SULPHURIC ACID
0°Be\-100 per cent. H2SO4— (Continued)
Degrees
Baum6
Per cent.
HiSOi
Per cent,
free
HZ0
Per cent,
combin d
H,0e
Per cent.
o. v.
Lb. 0. V.
in 1 cu. ft.
Freezing (melting) points
°F.
°c.
40
51.90
8.83
51.61
44.45
-41.0
-40.6
•41
50.53
9.09
53.08
46.16
-35.0
-37.2
42
.'.'..'..'. 49.13
9.34
54.58
47.92
-31.0
-35.0
43
47.74
9.60
56.07
49.72
-27.0
-32.8
44
46.34
9.86
57.58
51.56
-23.0
-30.6
45
44.93
10.11
59.09
53.44
-20.0
-28.9
46
43.52
10.37
60.60
55.36
-14.0
-25.6
47
42.10
10.63
62.13
57.33
-15.0
-26.1
48
40.68
10.89
63.65
59.34
-18.0
-27.8
49
39.25
11.16
65.18
61.40
-22.0
-30.0
50
37.82
11.42
66.72
63.52
-27.0
-32.8
51
36.34
11.69
68.31
65.72
-33.0
-36.1
52
34.87
11.96
69.89
67.96
-39.0
-39.4
53
33.37
12.24
71.50
70.28
-49.0
-45.0
54
31.87
12.51 .
73.11
72.66
-59.0
-50.6
55
30.35
12.79
74.74
75.10
}
56
28.83
13.07
76.37
77.60
Below
57
27.25
13.36
78.07
80.23
-40
58
25.64
13.66
79.79
82.95
59
24.01
13.96
81.54
85.75
- 7.0
-21.7
60
22.33
14.27
83.35
88.68
+ 12.6
-10.8
61
20.57
14.59
85.23
91.76
27.3
-2.6
62
18.70
14.93
87.24
95.06
39.1
+3.9
63
16.66
15.31
89.43
98.63
46.1
7.8
64
14.34
15.74
91.92
102.63
46.4
8.0
64M
13.67
15.86
92.64
103.75
43.6
6.4
64^
12.96
15.99
93.40
104.93
41.1
5.1
64%
12.19
16.13
94.23
106.19
37.9
3.3
65
11.35
16.28
95.13
107.54
33.1
0.6
65^
10.45
16.45
96.10
108.97
24.6
-4.1
65K
9.40
16.64
97.22
110.60
13.4
-10.3
6534
8.20
16.86
98.51
112.42
-1.0
-18.3
66
6.81
17.12
100.00
114.47
-29.0
-33.9
'94.00
6.00
17.26
100.87
115.64
-20.6
-29.2
95.00
5.00
17.45
101.94
117.03
-7.2
-21.8
96.00
4.00
17.63
103.01
118.39
+9.9
-12.3
97.00
3.00
17.82
104.09
119.69
25.3
-3.7
97.50
2.50
17.91
104.63
120.32
31.3
-0.4
98.00
2.00
18.00
105.16
120.92
37.4
+3.0
99.00
1.00
18.18
106.23
122.07
43.3
6.3
100.00
0.00
18.37
107.31
123.08
50.0
10.0
66
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACID
0°B6-. 100 per cent. H2SO4— (Concluded}
Degrees
Baum6
Per cent.
H2S04
Per cent.
60°Be.
Lb. 60° in
1 cu. ft.
Per cent.
50°Be.
Lb. 50° in
1 cu. ft.
40
41
42
43
61.93
63.69
65.50
67 28
53.34
55.39
57.50
59 66
77.36
79.59
81.81
84 05
66.63
69.19
71.83
74 53
44
69.09
61 86
86 30
77 27
45
46
47
48
70.90
72.72
74.55
76 37
64.12
66.43
68.79
71 20
88.56
90.83
93.12
95 40
80.10
82.98
85.93
88 94
49
78 22
73 68
97 70
92 03
50
80 06
76 21
100 00
95 20
51
52
53
54
55
81.96
83.86
85.79
87.72
89 67
78.85
81.54
84.33
87.17
90 10
102 . 38
104 . 74
107.15
109.57
112 01
98.50
101.85
105 . 33
108.89
112 55
56
91 63
93 11
114 46
116 30
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
93.67
95.74
97.84
100.00
102.27
104.67
107 . 30
110 29
96.26
99.52
102.89
106.40
110.10
114.05
118.34
123 14
117.00
119.59
122.21
124.91
127.74
130.75
134.03
137 76
120.24
124.31
128.52
132.91
137.52
142.47
147.82
153 81
64^
64^
64%
65
65M
65 U
111.15
112.06
113.05
114.14
115.30
116 65
124.49
125.89
127.40
129.03
130.75
132 70
138.84
139 . 98
141.22
142.57
144.02
145 71
155.50
157.25
159 . 14
161.17
163.32
165 76
65 YA
118 19
134 88
147 63
168 48
66
119.98
137.34
149 87
171 56
94.00
95.00
96.00
97.00
98.00
99.00
100.00
121.02
122.31
123.60
124.89
126.17
126.46
128.75
138.74
140.41
142.05
143.61
145.08
145 . 32
147 . 68
151.17
152.78
154.39
156.00
157.61
159.22
160.82
173.30
175.39
177.44
179.38
181.24
182 . 96
184.46
SULPHURIC ACID
APPROXIMATE BOILING POINTS
67
Degrees Baum6
Boiling point
°F.
°C.
50
295
146.1
60
386
196.7
61
400
204.4
62
415
212.8
63
432
222.2
64
451
232.8
65
485
251.6
66
538
281.1
ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE
Strength
Per degree Fahrenheit
Per degree Centigrade
10°Be.
. 029°Be.
. 00023 sp. gr.
.052°Be.
.00041 sp. gr.
20°Be\
. 036°Be.
. 00034 sp. gr.
.065°Be.
.00061 sp. gr.
30°Be\
.035°Be.
. 00039 sp. gr.
. 063°Be.
. 00070 sp. gr.
40°Be\
.031°Be.
.00041sp.gr.
.056°B<§.
. 00074 sp. gr.
50°B6.
.028°Bc.
.00045 sp. gr.
.050°Be.
. 00081 sp. gr.
60°Be".
. 026°Be.
. 00053 sp. gr.
.047°Be.
. 00095 sp. gr.
63°Be\
.026°Be\
. 00057 sp. gr.
.047°Be.
. 00103 sp. gr.
66°Be\
.0235°Bo.
. 00054 sp. gr.
.042°Be.
. 00097 sp. gr.
94percent.H2SO4
. 00054 sp. gr.
. 00097 sp. gr.
96 per cent. H2SO4
. 00053 sp. gr.
. 00095 sp. gr.
97.5 per cent. H2SO4
.00052 sp. gr.
. 00094 sp. gr.
100 per cent. H2SO4
. 00052 sp. gr.
. 00094 sp. gr.
68
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC AciD1
50°-62°B<§.
Degrees Baume'
Specific gravity
^2!p
60° *•
Lb. av.
per cu. ft.
Per cent. H2SO4
Per cent. SOj
50.0
.5263
95.20
62.18
50.76
.1
.5279
95.30
62.33
50.88
.2
.5295
95.40
62.48
51 . 00
.3
.5312
95.50
62.62
51.12
.4
.5328
95.60
62.77
51.24
.5
.5344
95.71
62.90
51.37
.6
.5360
95.81
63.07
51.49
.7
.5376
95.91
63.22
51.61
.8
.5393
96.01
63.36
51.73
.9
.5409
96.11
63.51
51.85
51.0
.5426
96.21
63.66
51.97
.1
.5442
96.31
63.81
52.09
.2
.5458
96.42
63.95
52.21
.3
.5475
96.52
64.10
52.33
.4
.5491
96.62
64.25
52.45
.5
.5508
96.73
64.40
52.57
.6
.5525
96.83
64.52
52.69
.7
.5541
96.93
64.69
52.81
.8
.5558
97.03
64.84
52.93
.9
.5575
97.14
64.98
53.05
52.0
.5591
97.24
65.13
53.17
.1
.5608
97.35
65.28
53.29
.2
.5625
97.45
65.43
53.41
.3
.5642
97.56
65.58
53.54
.4
.5659
97.66
65.73
53.66
.5
.5676
97.77
65.88
53.78
.6
.5693
97.88
66.03
53.90
.7
.5710
97.98
66.18
54.02
.8
.5727
98.09
66.31
54.15
.9
.5744
98.19
66.45
54.27
53.0
.5761
98.30
66.63
54.39
.1
.5778
98.41
66.78
54.51
.2
.5795
98.52
66.93
54.64
.3
.5812
98.62
67.08
54.76
.4
.5830
98.73
67.23
54.88
.5
.5847
98.84
67.38
55.01
.6
.5864
98.95
67.53
55.13
.7
.5882
99.06
67.68
55.25
.8
.5899
99.16
67.83
55.37
.9
.5917
99.27
67.98
55.50
1 The values for the even degrees were taken from the preceding table and
the values for the tenths of a degree calculated by interpolation.
SULPHURIC ACID
69
SULPHURIC ACID
50°-62°Be.— (Continued)
Degrees Baum6
Specific gravity
60°
60°
Lb. av.
per cu. ft.
Per cent. HiSCh
Per cent. SOi
54.0
1.5934
99.38
68.13
55.62
.1
.5952
99.49
68.28
55.74
.2
.5969
99.60
68.43
55.87
.3
.5987
99.71
68.59
55.99
.4
.6004
99.82
68.74
56.12
.5
.6022
99.93
68.89
56.24
.6
.6040
100.04
69.04
56.36
.7
.6058
100.15
69.19
56.49
.8
.6075
100.26
69.35
56.61
9
.6093
100.37
69.50
56.74
55.0
.6111
100.48
69.65
56.86
.1
.6129
100.59
69.80
56.98
.2
.6147
100.71
69.95
57.11
.3
.6165
100.82
70.11
57.23
.4
.6183
100.93
70.26
57.36
.5
.6201
101.05
70.41
57.48
.6
.6219
101.16
70.56
57.60
.7
.6237
101.27
70.71
57.73
.8
.6256
101.38
70.87
57.85
.9
.6274
101.50
71.02
57.98
56.0
.6292
101.61
71.17
58.10
.1
.6310
101 . 73
71.33
58.23
.2
.6329
101.84
71.49
58.36
.3
.6347
101.96
71.64
58.49
.4
.6366
102.08
71.80
'58.62
.5
.6384
102.19
71.96
. 58.75
.6
.6403
102.31
72.12
58.87
.7
.6421
102.42
72.28
59.00
.8
.6440
102.54
72.43
59.13
.9
.6459
102.65
72.59
59.26
57.0
.6477
102.77
72.75
59.39
.1
.6496
102.89
72.91
59.52
.2
.6515
103.01
73.07
59.65
.3
.6534
103.12
73.23
59.78
.4
.6553
103.24
73.39
59.91
.5
.6571
103.36
73.56
60.05
.6
.6590
103.48
73.72
60.18
.7
.6609
103.60
73.88
60.31
.8
1.6628
103 71
74.04
60.44
.9
1.6648
103.83
74.20
60.57
70
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACID
50°-62°B6.— (Concluded)
Degrees
Baume
Specific
gravity
60°
60°
Lb. av.
per cu. ft.
Per cent.
H2SO4
Per cent.
SOs
Per cent.
60°Baume.
58.0
1.6667
103.95
74.36
60.70
95.74
.1
1.6686
104.07
74.52
60.83
95.95
.2
1.6705
104.19
74.69
60.97
96.17
.3
1.6724
104.31
74.85
61.10
96.37
.4
1.6744
104 . 43
75.01
61.23
96.58
.5
1.6763
104.56
75.18
61.37
96.80
.6
1.6782
104.68
75.34
61.50
97.00
.7
1.6802
104.80
75.50
61.63
97.21
.8
.6821
104.92
75.66
61.76
97.41
.9
.6841
105.04
75.83
61.90
97.63
59.0
.6860
105.16
75.99
62.03
97.84
.1
.6880
105.28
76.16
62.17
98.06
.2
.6900
105.41
76.33
62.30
98.27
.3
.6919
105.53
76.49
62.44
98.49
.4
.6939
105.66
76.66
62.58
• 98.71
.5
.6959
. 105.78
76.83
62.72
98.93
.6
.6979
105.90
77.00
62.85
99.13
.7
.6999
106.03
77.17
62.99
99.35
.8
.7019
106 . 15
77.33
63.13
99.57
.9
.7039
106.28
77.50
63.26
99.78
60.0
.7059
106.40
77.67
63.40
100.00
.1
.7079
106.53
77.85
63.54
100.22
.2
1.7099
106.65
78.02
63.69
100.46
.3
1.7119
106.78
78.20
63.83
100.68
.4
1.7139
106.90
78.37
63.98
100.91
.5
1.7160
107.03
78.55
64.12
101.14
.6
1.7180
107.16
78.73
64.26
101.36
.7
1.7200
107.28
78.90
64.41
101.59
.8
1.7221
107.41
79.08
64.55
101.81
.9
1.7241
107.53
79.25
64.70
102.05
61.0
1 . 7262
107.66
79.43
64.84
102.27
.1
1 . 7282
107 . 79
79.62
64.99
102.51
.2
1.7303
107.92
79.80
65.15
102 . 76
.3
1.7324
108.05
79.99
65.30
103.00
.4
.7344
108.18
80.18
65.45
103.23
.5
.7365
108.31
80.37
65.61
103.49
.6
.7386
108.44
80.55
65.76
103 . 72
.7
.7407
108.57
80.74
65.91
103 . 96
.8
.7428
108.70
80.93
66.06
104 . 20
.9
.7449
108 . 83
81.11
66.22
104.45
62.0
.7470
108.96
81.30
66.37
104.67
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID 71
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
T. J. SULLIVAN
Clear commercial acid was used in all analytical, specific grav-
ity and coefficient of expansion (allowance for temperature)
determinations.
Specific-gravity determinations were made at 15.56°C., com-
pared with water at 15.56°C., a Sartorius hydrostatic specific-
gravity balance being used for all determinations. Three sepa-
rate samples at each given point agreed on all determinations.
The specific gravity 1.8391 of 100 per cent. H2SO4 (H. B. Bishop)
was taken as standard.
This table was constructed as a means of obtaining quick
analysis for plant control and is very satisfactory as fuming acid
may be checked within 0.1 per cent. SO3 of the titration analysis.
Slight deviations may be due to impurities always present in
commercial acid.
FIXED POINTS
Per cent. SOs Specific gravity
81.63 1.8391
81.9 1.848
82.1 1.853
82.7 1.865
83 . 3 1 . 877
83 . 8 1 . 887
84 . 5 1 . 900
85.1 1.911
85.6 1.922
86.2 1.934
86.5 1.942
87.5 1.958
88.1
ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE
At 82 per cent. SO3 = 0.00100 per degree C.
83 per cent. SO3 = 0.00105 per degree C.
84 per cent. SO3 = 0.00110 per degree C.
85 per cent. SO3 =0.00110 per degree C.
86 per cent. SO3 = 0.00115 per degree C.
87 per cent. SO3 = 0.00120 per degree C.
88 per cent. SO3 = 0.00125 per degree C.
72
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Per cent,
total
S03
Specific
gravity
15.56°
Weight
per cu. ft.,
Ib. av.
Lb. 80s
in cu. ft.
Per cent,
total
SOs
Specific
gravity
15.56°
Weight
per cu. ft.,
Ib. av.
Lb. S03
in cu. ft.
15.56°U'
15. 56°°'
81.63
1 . 8391
114.70
93.63
84.4
1.899
118.44
99.96
81.7
1.842
114.89
93.87
84.5
1.900
118.50
100.13
81.8
1.845
115.07
94.13
84.6
1.902
118.63
100.36
81.9
1.848
115.26
94.40
84.7
1.904
118.75
100 . 58
82.0
1.851
115.45
94.67
84.8
1.906
118.88
100.81
82.1
1.853
115.57
94.88
84.9
1.908
119.00
101.03
82.2
1.855
115.70
95.11
85.0
1.910
119.13
101.26
82.3
1.857
115.82
95.32
85.1
1.912
119.25
101.48
82.4
1.859
115.95
95.54
85.2
1.914
119.38
101.71
82.5
1.861
116.07
95.76
85.3
1.916
119.50
101.93
82.6
1.863
116.20
95.98
85.4
1.918
119.63
102.16
82.7
1.865
116.32
96.20
85.5
1.920
119.75
102.39
82.8
1.867
116.44
96.41
85.6
1.922
119.88
102.62
82.9
1.869
116.57
96.63
85.7
.924
120.00
102.84
83.0
1.871
'116.69
96.85
85.8
.926
120.12
103.06
83.1
1.873
116.82
97.08
85.9
.928
120.25
103.29
83.2
1.875
116.94
97.29
86.0
.930
120.37
103.52
83.3
.877
117.07
97.52
86.1
.932
120.50
103 . 75
83.4
.879
117.19
97.74
86.2
.934
120.62
103.97
83.5
.881
117.32
97.96
86.3
.936
120.75
104.21
83.6
.883
117.44
98.18
86.4
1.939
120.94
104.49
83.7
.885
117.57
98.41
86.5
1.942
121.12
104.77
83.8
.887
117.69
98.63
87.0
1.950
121.62
105.81
83.9
.889
117.82
98.85
87.5
1.958
122.12
106.81
84.0
.891
117.94
99.07
f Crystallized at 15 . 56°
84.1
.893
118.07
99.30
88. 11
\ 1.966 at 18°C.
84.2
.895
118.19
99.52
1 1 . 944 at 35°C.
84.3
.897
118.32
99.75
1 Acid of this strength only remains in solution momentarily when cooled
to 18°C. Crystallization starts and the acid solidifies with rise of tempera-
ture and remains constant at 26°C.
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
73
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Specific gravity at various temperatures — degrees C.
Per cent.
15.56°
20°
25°
30°
35°
total SOs
15.56°
82.0
1.851
1.846
1.841
1.836
1.831
82.2
1.855
1.850
1.845
1.840
1.835
82.4
1.859
1.854
1.849
1.844
1.839
82.6
1.863
1.858
1.853
1.848
1.843
82.8
1.867
1.862
1.857
1.852
1.847
83.0
.871
1.866
1.860
1.855
1.850
83.2
.875
1.870
1.864
1.859
1.854
83.4
.879
1.874
1.868
1.863
1.858
83.6
.883
1.878
1.872
1.867
1.862
83.8
.887
1.882
1.876
1.871
1.866
84.0
.891
1.886
1.880
1.874
1.869
84.2
.895
1.890
1.884
1.878
.873
84.4
.899
1.894
1.888
1.882
.877
84.6
1.902
1.897
1.891
1.885
.880
84.8
1.906
1.901
1.895
1.889
.884
85.0
1.910
1.905
.899
1.893
.888
85.2
1.914
1.909
.903
1.897
.892
85.4
1.918
1.913
.907
1.901
.896
85.6
1.922
1.917
.911
1.905
.900
85.8
1.926
1.921
.915
1.909
.904
86.0
1.930
1.924
1.918
1.912
1.907
86.2
1.934
1.928
1.922
.916
1.911
86.4
1.939
1.933
1.927
.921
1.916
86.5
1.942
1.936
1.930
.924
1.919
87.0
1.950
1.944
1.938
.932
1.926
87.5
1.958
1.952
1.946
.940
1.934
88.1
Cryst.
1.963
1.956
1.950
1.944
74
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Per cent, free SOs as units
Per cent,
free
SCh
Per cent,
total
S03
Per cent,
combined
S03
Per cent,
combined
H20
Per cent.
H2S04
Per cent.
100 H2S04
0
81.63
81.63
18.37
100
100.00
1
81.81
80.81
18.19
99
100.22
2
82.00
80.00
18.00
98
100.45
3
82.18
79.18
17.82
97
100.67
4
82.36
78.36
17.64
96
100.89
5
82.55
77.55
17.45
95
101.13
6
82.73
76.73
17.27
94
101.35
7
82.92
75.92
17.08
93
101.58
8
83.10
75.10
16.90
92
101.80
9
83.28
74.28
16.72
91
102.02
10
83.47
73.43
16.57
90
102 . 25
11
83.65
72.65
16.35
89
102 . 47
12
83.83
71.83
16.17
88
102.71
13
84.02
71.02
15.98
87
102 . 92
14
84.20
70.20
15.80
86
103.15
15
84.39
69.39
15.61
85
103.38
16
84.57
68.57
15.43
84
103.60
17
84.75
67.75
15.25
83
103.82
18
84.94
66.94
15.06
82
104.05
19
85.12
66.12
14.88
81
104.28
20
85.30
65.30
14.70
80
104.49
21
85.49
64.49
14.51
79
104.73
22
85.67
63.67
14.33
78
104.95
23
85.86
62.86
14.14
77
105.18
24
86.04
62.04
13.96
76
105.40
25
86.22
61.22
13.78
75
105.62
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
75
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Per cent, free SOs as units — (Concluded)
Per cent,
free
S03
Per cent,
total
SO 3
Per cent,
combined
80s
Per cent,
combined
H20
Per cent.
Per cent.
26
86.41
60.41
13.59
74
105.85
27
86.59
59.59 13.41
73
106.08
28
86.77
58.77
13.28
72
106.29
29
86.96
57 . 96 13 . 04
71
106.53
30
87.14
57 .14 12 . 86
70
106.75
31
87.32
56.32 12.68
69
106.97
32
87.51
55.51 12.49
68
107.20
33
87.69
54.69 12.31
67
107.42
34
87.88
53.88 12.12
66
107.65
35
88.06
53.06 11.94
65
107.87
36
88.24 52.24 11.76
64
108 . 10
37
88.43 51.43 11.57
63
108.33
38
88.61 50.61 11.39
62
108.55
39
88.79
49.79
11.21
61
108.77
40
88.98
48.98
11.02
60
109.00
41
89.16 48.16
10.84
59
109.22
42
89.35
47.35
10.65
58
109.45
43
89.53
46.53
10.47
57
109.68
44
89.71
45.71
10.29
56
109.90
45
89.90 44.90
10.10
55
110.13
50
90.82 40.82
9.18
50
111.25
60
92.65 32.65
7.35
40
113.50
70
94.49 24.49
5.51
30
115.75
80
96.33 16.33
3.67
20
118.00
90
98.16 8.16
1.84
10
120 . 25
100
100.00 0.00
0.00
0
122.50
76
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Per cent, total SO3 as units
Per cent,
total
S03
Per cent,
free
S03
Per cent,
combined
80s
Per cent,
combined
H20
Per cent.
H2S04
Per cent.
100 % H2S04
81.63
0.00
81.63
18.37
100.00
100.00
81.7
0.38
81.32
18.30
99.62
100.09
81.8
0.92
80.88
18.20
99.08
100.21
81.9
1.47
80.43
18.10
98.53
100.33
82.0
2.01
79.99
18.00
97.99
100.45
82.1
2.56
79.54
17.90
97.44
100.58
82.2
3.10
79.10
17.80
96.90
100.70
82.3
3.64
78.66
17.70
96.36
100.82
82.4
4.19
. 78.21
17.60
95.81
100.94
82.5
4.73
77.77
17.50
95.27
101.07
82.6
5.28
77.32
17.40
94.72
101 . 19
82.7
5.82
76.88
17.30
94.18
101.31
82.8
6.37
76.43
17.20
93.63
101.43
82.9
6.91
75.99
17.10
93.09
101.56
83.0
7.46
75.54
17.00
92.54
101 . 68
83.1
8.00
75.10
16.90
92.00
101.80
83.2
8.54
74.66
16.80
91.46
101.92
83.3
9.09
74.21
16.70
90.91
102.05
83.4
9.63
73.77
'16.60
90.37
102.17
83.5
10.18
73.32
16.50
89.82
102.29
83.6
10.72
72.88
16.40
89.28
102.41-
83.7
11.27
72.43
16.30
88.73
102.54
83.8
11.81
71.99
16.20
88.19
102 . 66
83.9
12.35
71.55
16.10'
87.65
102.78
84.0
12.90
71.10
16.00
87.10
102.90
84.1
13.44
70.66
15.90
86.56
103.03
84.2
13.99
70.21
15.80
86.01
103.15
84.3
14.53
69.77
15.70
85.47
103.27
84.4
15.08
69.32
15.60
84.92
103 . 39
84.5
15.62
68.88
15.50
84.38
103 . 52
84.6
16.17
68.43
15.40
83.83
103.64
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
77
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Per cent, total SO3 as units — (Continued)
Per cent,
total
SOs
Per cent,
free
SOj
Per cent,
combined
80s
Per cent,
combined
HzO
Per cent.
HZSO4
Per cent.
100% HjSO*
84.7
16.71
67.99
15.30
83.29
103.76
84.8
17.26
67.54
15.20
82.74
103.88
84.9
17.80
67.10
15.10
82.20
104.01
85.0
18.34
66.66
15.00
81.66
104.13
85.1
18.89
66.21
14.90
81.11
104.25
85.2
19.43
65.77
14.80
80.57
104.37
85.3
19.98
65.32
14.70
80.02
104.49
85.4
20.52
64.88
14.60
79.48
104.62
85.5
21.06
64.44
14.50
78.94
104.74
85.6
21.61
63.99
14.40
78.39
104.86
85.7
22.15
63.54
14.30
77.84
104.99
85.8
22.70
63.10
14.20
77.30
105.11
85.9
23.24
62.66
14.10
76.76
105.23
86.0
23.79
62.21
14.00
76.21
105.35
86.1
24.33
61.77
13.90
75.67
105.48
86.2
24.88
61.32 13.80
75.12
105.60
86.3
25.42 60.88
13.70
74.58
105.72
86.4
25.96 60.44 13.60
74.04
105.84
86.5
26.51 59.99 13.50
73.49
105.97
86.6
27.05
59.54
13.40
72.94
106.09
86.7
27.60
59.10
13.30
72.40
106.21
86.8
28.14
58.66
13.20
71.86
106.33
86.9
28.69 58.21
13.10
71.31
106.46
87.0
29.23
57.77
13.00
70.77
106.58
87.1
29.77
57.33
12.90
70.23
106.70
87.2
30.32
56.88
12.80
69.68
106.82
87.3
30.86
56.44
12.70
69.14
106.95
87.4
31.41
55.99
12.60
68.59
107 . 07
87.5
31.95
55.55
12.50
68.05
107.19
87 . 6 32 . 50
55.10
12.40
67.50 107.31
87.7 33.04
54.66
12.30
66.96
107.44
87.8 33.59
54.21
12.20
66.41
107.56
78
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Per cent, total SO3 as units — (Concluded]
Per cent,
total
80s
Per cent,
free
S03
Per cent,
combined
SO 3
Per cent,
combined
H20
Per cent.
H2S04
Per cent.
100% H2SO4
87.9
34.13
53.77
12.10
65.87
107.68
88.0
34.67
53.33
12.00
65.33
107.80
88.1
35.22
52.88
11.90
64.78
107.93
88.2
35.76
52.44
11.80
64.24
108.05
88.3
36.31
51.99
11.70
63.69
108.17
88.4
36.85
51.55
11.60
63.15
108.29
88.5
37.40
51.10
11.50
62.60
108.41
88.6
37.94
50.66
11.40
62.06
108.54
88.7
38.49
50.21
11.30
61.51
108.66
88.8
39.03
49.77
11.20
60.97
108.78
88.9
39.57
49.33
11.10
60.43
108.90
89.0
40.12
48.88
11.00
59.88
109.03
89.1
40.66
48.44
10.90
59.34
109.15
89.2
41.21
47.99
10.80
58.79
109.27
89.3
41.75
47.54
10.70
58.24
109.40
89.4
42.30
47.10
10.60
57.70
109.52
89.5
42.84
46.66
10.50
57.16
109.64
89.6
43.38
46.22
10.40
56.62
109.76
89.7
43.93
45.77
10.30
56.07
109.89
89.8
44.47
45.33
10.20
55.53
110.01
89.9
45.02
44.88
10.10
54.98
110.13
90.0
45.56
44.44
10.00
54.44
110.25
91.0
51.01
39.99
9.00
48.99
111.48
92.0
56.45
35.55
8.00
43.55
112.70
93.0
61.89
31.11
7.00
38.11
113.93
94.0
67.34
26.66
6.00
32.66
115.15
95.0
72.78
22.22
5.00
27.22
116.37
96.0
78.23
17.77
4.00
21.77
117.60
97.0
83.67
13.33
3.00
16.33
118.82
98.0
89.11
8.89
2.00
10.89
120.05
99.0
94.56
4.44
1.00
5.44
121.28
100.0
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
122.50
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
79
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Equivalent per cent. 100 per cent. H2SO4 as units
Per cent.
100 %
H2S04
Per cent,
total
SOi
Per cent,
free
S03
Per cent,
combined
SOs
Per cent,
combined
HzO
Per cent.
HzSO*
100.0
81.63
0.00
81.63
18.37
100.00
100.1
81.71
0.44
81.27
18.29
99.56
100.2
81.79
0.89
80.90
18.21
99.11
100.3
81.87
1.33
80.54
18.13
98.67
100.4
81.96
1.78
80.18
18.04
98.22
100.5
82.04
2.22
79.82
17.96
97.78
100.6
82.12
2.67
79.45
17.88
97.33
100.7
82.20
3.11
79.09
17.80
96.89
100.8
82.28
3.56
78.72
17.72
96.44
100.9
82.36
4.00
78.36
17.64
96.00
101.0
82.45
4.44
78.01
17.55
95.56
101.1
82.53
4.89
77.64
17.47
95.11
101.2
82.61
5.33
77.28
17.39
94.67
101.3
82.69
5.78
76.91
17.31
94.22
101.4
82.77
6.22
76.55
17.23
93.78
101.5
82.85
6.67
76.18
17.15
93.33
101.6
82.94
7.11
75.83
17.06
92.89
101.7
83.02
7.55
75.47
16.98
92.45
101.8
83.10
8.00
75.10
16.90
92.00
101.9
83.18
8.44-
74.74
16.82
91.56
102.0
83.26
8.89
74.37
16.74
91.11
102.1
83.34
9.33
74.01
16.66
90.67
102.2
83.43
9.78
73.65
16.57
90.22
102.3
83.51
10.22
73.29
16.49
89.78
102.4
83.59
10.67
72.92
16.41
89.33
102.5
83.67
11.11
72.56
16.33
88.89
102.6
83.75
11.55
72.20
16.25
88.45
102.7
83.83
12.00
71.83
16.17
88.00
102.8
83.92
12.44
71.48
16.08
87.56
102.9
84.00
12.89
71.11
16.00
87.11
103.0
84.08
13.33
70.75
15.92
86.67
103.1
84.16
13.78
70.38
15.84
86.22
103.2
84.24
14.22
70.02
15.76
85.78
103.3
84.32
14.66
69.66
15.68
85.34
103.4
84.41
15.11
69.30
15.59
84.89
103.5
84.49
15.55
68.94
15.51
84.45
103.6
84.57
16.00
68.57
15.43
84.00
103.7
84.65
16.44
68.21
15.35
83.56
103.8
84.73
16.89
67.84
15.27
83.11
103.9
84.81
17.33
67.48
15.19
82.67
104.0
84.90
17.78
67.12
15.10
82.22
104.1
84.98
18.22
66.76
15.02
81.78
104.2
85.06
18.66
66.40
14.94
81.34
104.3
85.14
19.11
66.03
14.86
80.89
80 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Equivalent per cent. 100 per cent. H2SO4 as units — (Continued}
Per cent.
100%
H2S04
Per cent,
total
S03
Per cent,
free
SOs
Per cent,
combined
S03
Per cent,
combined
H20
Per cent.
H2SO4
104.4
85.22
19.55
65.67
14.78
80.45
104.5
85.30
20.00
65.30
14.70
80.00
104.6
85.38
20.44
64.94
14.62
79.56
104.7
85.47
20.89
64.58
14.53
79.11
104.8
85.55
21.33
64.22
14.45
78.67
104.9
85.63
21.77
63.86
14.37
78.23
105.0
85.71
22.22
63.49
14.29
77.78
105.1
85.79
22.66
63.13
14.21
77.34
105.2
85.87
23.11
62.76
14.13
76.89
105.3
85.96
23.55
62.41
14.04
76.45
105.4
86.04
24.00
62.04
13.96
76.00
105.5
86.12
24.44
61.68
13.88
75.56
105.6
86.20
24.89
61.31
13.80
75.11
105.7
86.28
25.33
60.95
13.72
74.67
105.8
86.36
25.77
60.59
13.64
74.23
105.9
86.45
26.22
60.23
13.55
73.78
106.0
86.53
26.66
59.87
13.47
73.34
106.1
86.61
27.11
59.50
13.39
72.89
106.2
86.69
27.55
59.14
13.31
72.45
106.3
86.77
28.00
58.77
13.23
72.00
106.4
86.85
28.44
58.41
13.15
71.56
106.5
86.94
28.88
58.06
13.06
71.12
106.6
87.02
29.33
57.69
12.98
70.67
106.7
87.10
29.77
57.33
12.90
70.23
106.8
87.18
30.22
56.96
12.82
69.78
106.9
87.26
30.66
56.60
12.74
69.34
107.0
87.34
31.11
56.23
12.66
68.89
107.1
87.43
31.55
55.88
12.57
68.45
107.2
87.51
32.00
55.51
12.49
68.00
107.3
87.59
32.44
55.15
12.41
67.56
107.4
87.67
32.88
54.79
12.33
67.12
107.5
87.75
33.33
54.42
12.25
66.67
107.6
87.83
33.77
54.06
12.17
66.23
107.7
87.92
34.22
53.70
12.08
65.78
107.8
88.00
34.66
53.34
12.00
65.34
107.9
88.08
35.11
52.97
11.92
64.89
108.0
88.16
35.55
52.61
11.84
64.45
108.1
88.24
35.99
52.25
11.76
64.01
108.2
88.32
36.44
51.88
11.68
63.56
108.3
88.41
36.88
51.53
11.59
63.12
108.4
88.49
37.33
51.16
11.51
62.67
108.5
88.57
37.77
50.80
11.43
62.23
108.6
88.65
38.22
50.43
11.35
61.78
108.7
88.73
38.66
50.07
11.27
61.34
SPECIFIC-GRAVITY TEST
81
FUMING SULPHURIC ACID
Equivalent per cent. 100 per cent. H2SO4 as units — (Concluded]
Per cent.
100%
H2SO4
Per cent,
total
SOs
Per cent,
free
SOs
Per cent,
combined
SOs
Per cent,
combined
H2O
Per cent.
H2SO*
108.8
88.82
39.11
49.71
11.18 60.89
108.9
88.90
39.55
49.35
11.10 60.45
109.0
88.98
39.99
48.99
11.02
60.01
109.1
89.06
40.44
48.62
10.94
59.56
109.2
89.14
40.88
48.26
10.86
59.12
109.3
89.22
41.33
47.89
10.78
58.67
109.4
89.30
41.77
47.53
10.70
58.23
109.5
89.38
42.22
47.16
10.62
57.78
109.6
89.47
42.66
46.81
10.53
57.34
109.7
89.55
43.10
46.45
10.45
56.90
109.8
89.63 '
43.55
46.08
10.37
56.45
109.9
89.71
43.99
45.72
10.29
56.01
110.0
89.79
44.44
45.35
10.21
55.56
111.0
90.61
48.88
41.73
9.39
51.12
112.0
91.43
53.33
38.10
8.57
46.67
113.0
92.24
57.77
34.47
7.76
42.23
114.0
93.06
62.21
30.85
6.94
37.79
115.0
93.87
66.66
27.21
6.13
33.34
116.0
94.69
71.10
23.59
5.31
28.90
117.0
95.51
75.54
19.97
4.49
24.46
118.0
96.32
79.99
16.33
3.68
20.01
119.0
97.14
84.43
12.71
2.86
15.57
120.0
97.96
88.88
9.08
2.04 11.12
121.0
98.77
93.32
5.45
1.23 6.68
122.0
99.59
97.76
1.83
0.39 2.22
122.5
100.00
100.00
0.00
0.00 0 00
SPECIFIC-GRAVITY TEST SULPHURIC ACID
76.07-82.5 per cent. SO3
T. J. SULLIVAN
On account of the irregular specific gravity of. sulphuric acid
between 76.07 and 81.9 per cent. SOs specific gravity cannot be
used for determining the strength. The principle of this table
is to dilute such acids to a strength where specific gravity may
be used. The table is extended to 82.5 per cent. SOs which is
very convenient for plant use. Strengths, 81.9 per cent. SOs or
over may again be determined by using direct specific-gravity
readings. Over 82.5 per cent. SOs the dilution test cannot be
82
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
used with accuracy as the sudden evolution of heat upon mixing
with water causes the solution to splash about and some, there-
fore, may be lost.
The table is calculated for mixing equal volumes of water and
acid at 15.56°C. The following formula is used:
Let A = density of water at 15.56°C. (0.99904)
1 5 56°
B = specific gravity of acid ' 0C.
1 o.oo
C = weight of SO3 in B
D = percentage SO3 in mixture
E = specific gravity of mixture corresponding to D
Then
100 C
= D
A + B
The temperature allowance for each degree Centigrade is
0.00081 specific gravity. If the specific gravity of the diluted
solution is observed at any of the following given temperatures,
above 15.56°C. add, below — deduct, the corresponding specific-
gravity correction. Then consult the table under the caption
''Specific gravity of the diluted solution" for the value of the
corrected specific gravity.
«c.
Specific gravity
correction
°c.
Specific gravity
correction
10
.0046
23
.0060
11
.0037
24
.0069
12
.0029
25
.0077
13
.0021
26
.0085
14
.0013
27
.0093
15
.0005
28
.0101
16
.0004
29
.0109
17
.0012
30
.0117
18
.0020
31
.0125
19
.0028
32
.0133
20
.0036
33
.0141
21
.0044
34
.0150
22
.0052
35
.0158
SPECIFIC-GRAVITY TEST
83
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE DILUTED SOLUTION
lo.oo
C.
Per cent. SOj
Specific gravity
Per cent. SOj
Specific gravity
76.07
1.5061
79.2
1 . 5345
76.1
1.5064
79.3
1.5354
76.2
1.5072
79.4
1.5363
76.3
1.5081
79.5
1.5372
76.4
1.5089
79.6
1.5381
76.5
.5099
79.7
1.5389
76.6
.5108
79.8
1.5398
76.7
.5117
79.9
1.5408
76.73
.5120
80.0
1.5417
76.8
.5127
80.1
1.5424
76.9
.5137
80.2
1.5431
77.0
.5147
80.3
1.5439
77.1
.5156
80.4
1.5449
77.2
.5164
80.5
1.5458
77.3
.5173
80.6
1.5467
77.4
.5183
80.7
1.5475
77.5
.5192
80.8
1.5484
77.55
.5196
80.82
1.5485
'77.6
.5200
80.9
.5493
77.7
.5209
81.0
.5501
77.8
.5218
81.1
.5509
77.9
1.5227
81.2
.5518
78.0
1 . 5237
81.3
.5526
78.1
1 . 5247
81.4
.5534
78.2
1.5256
81.5
.5542
78.3
1.5264
81.6
1.5551
78.37
1.5271
81.63
1.5554
78.4
1.5273
81.7
1.5563
78.5
1.5283
81.8
1.5577
78.6
1.5291
81.9
1.5590
78.7
1.5301
82.0
.5604
78.8
1.5310
82.1
.5616
78.9
1.5319
82.2
.5628
79.0
1.5328
82.3
.5639
79.1
1.5336
82.4
.5652
79.18
1 . 5343
82.5
.5664
84
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Two hundred cubic centimeters of acid at 15.56°C. and 200 c.<
of water at 15.56°C. are a convenient amount to mix.
Obtain the temperature of both the acid and water. If the
vary from 15.56°C. use the amounts given below for the variou
temperatures, calculated as follows:
200 (specific gravity at 15.56°C.)
specific gravity at t°C.
Temp.
Acid
Water
Temp.
Acid
Water
10°C
199.4c.c.
199.9 c.c.
23°C.
200.8 c.c.
200.3 C.C.
11
199.5
199.9
24
200.9
200.4
12
199.6
199.9
. 25
201.0
200.4
13
199.7
199.9
26
201.1
200.5
14
199.8
200.0
27
201.3
200.5
15
199.9
200.0
28
201.4
200.6
15.56
200.0
200.0
29
201.5
200.6
16
200.1
200.0
30
201.6
200.7
17
200.2
200.1
31
201.7
200.7
18
200.3
200.1
32
201.8
200.8
19
200.4
200.1
33
201.9
200.9
20
200.5
200.2
34
202.0
201.0
21
200.6
200.2
35
202.1
201.0
22
200.7
200.3
Example. — A sample of acid is drawn from a storage tank an
the temperature is found to be 30°C.
The 'temperature of the water to be used is 24°.
After consulting the preceding tables to ascertain the amount
to use for those temperatures, 201.6 c.c. acid and 200.4 c.c. wate
are mixed and the mixture then cooled.
The specific gravity of the mixture is found to be 1.5388 an
the temperature at the time of its determination 20°.
The corresponding specific gravity correction at 20° is 0.003(
1.5388 + 0.0036 = 1.5424
80.1 per cent. S03 corresponds to 1.5424 specific gravity.
SPECIFIC-GRAVITY TEST
SULPHURIC ACID
Per cent. SO3 corresponding to even percentages H2SO4
85
Per cent.
H2S04
Per cent.
80s
Per cent.
HZS04
Per rent.
SOa
Per cent.
H.S04
Per cent.
SOj
1
.82
35
28.57
68
55.51
2
1.63
36
29.39
69
56.32
3
2.45
37
30.20
70
57.14
4
3.27
38
31.02
71
57.96
5
4.08
39
31.84
72
58.77
6
4.90
40
32.65
73
59.59
7
5.71
41
33.47
74
60.41
8
6.53
42
34.28
75
61.22
9
7.35
43
35.10
76
62.04
10
8.16
44
35.92
77
62.86
11
8.98
45
36.73
78
63.67
12
9.80
46
37.55
79
64.49
13
10.61
47
38.37
80
65.30
14
11.43
48
39.18
81
66.12
15
12.24
49
40.00
82
66.94
16
13.06
50
40.82
83
67.75
17
13.88
51
41.63
84
68.57
18
14.69
52
42.45
85
69.39
19
15.51
53
43.26
86 70.20
20
16.33
54
44.08
87
71.02
21
17.14
55
44.90
88
71.83
22
17.96
56
45.71
89
72.65
23
18.77
57
46.54
90
73.47
24
19.59
58
47.36
91
74.28
25
20.41
59
48.17
92
75.10
26
21.22
60
48.99
93
75.92
27
22.04
61
49.79
94
76.73
28
22.86
62
50.61
95
77.55
29
23.67
63
51.43
96 78.36
30
24.49
64
52.24
97 79.18
31
25.31
65
53.06
98 80.00
32
26.12
66
53.88
99 80 . 81
33
26.94
67
54.69
100
81.63
34
27.75
86
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Per cent.
SULPHURIC ACID
corresponding to even percentages SO3
Per cent.
80s
Per cent.
H2S04
Per cent.
80s
Per cent.
H2S04
Per cent.
80s
Per cent.
H2S04 •
1
1.23
29
35.53
56
67.60
2
2.45
30
36.75
57
68.83
3
3.68
31
37.98
58
70.05
4
4.90
32
39.20
59
71.28
5
6.13
33
40.43
60
72.50
6
7.35
34
41.65
61
73.73
7
8.58
35
42.88
62
74.95
8
9.80
36
44.10
63
76.18
9
11.03
37
45.33
64
77.40
10
12.25
38
46.55
65
78 63
11
13:48
39
47.78
66
79.85
12
14.70
40
49.00
67
81.08
13
15.93
41
50.23
68
82.30
14
17.15
42
51.45
69
83.53
15
18.38
43
52.68
70
84.75
16
19.60
44
53.90
71
85.98
17
20.83
45
55.13
72
87.20
18
22.05
46
56.35
73
88.43
19
23.28
47
57.58
74
89.65
20
24.50
48
58.80
75
90.88
21
25.73
49
59.03
76
93.10
22
26.95
50
60.25
77
93.33
23
28.18
51
61.48
78
94.55
24
29.40
52
62.70
79
95.78
'25
30.63
53
63.93
80
98.00
26
31.85
54
65.15
81 98.23
27
33.08
55
66.38
81.63 100.00
28
34.30
ACID CALCULATIONS, USE OF SPECIFIC-GRAVITY TABLES, ESTI-
MATING STOCKS, ETC.
Correction for temperature must be made when determining
the specific gravity. As an example illustrating the use to which
the specific-gravity tables may be put: suppose it is required to
ACID CALCULATIONS 87
calculate the number of pounds of 50°Be. sulphuric acid in a
storage tank, the following data being given:
Calculating the volume in the tank we find 2100 cu. ft. at a
temperature of 38°C.
A sample taken from the tank and specific gravity determined
in the laboratory shows 56.88°Be. at 33°C. Correction must be
made for temperature in order to reduce it to 15.56°C., the tem-
perature for which the tables are constructed:
33 - 15.56 = 17.44 difference
From the table under the caption " Allowance for temper ature"
it is seen that the allowance for 60°Be*. is 0.047°Be. for each de-
gree Centigrade and that the correction for 50°Be. is 0.050°Be*.
As the acid in question is about midway between these points,
the allowance for each degree Centigrade is very nearly 0.048°Be\
The correction for temperature is
17.44 X 0.048 = 0.84°Be.
and as the standard temperature, 15.56°C., is lower than 33°, the
temperature at which the Baume of the sample was taken, this
amount must be added.
The Baume of the acid at 15.56°C. is, then,
56.88 + 0.84 = 57.72°Be.
The Baume of the acid at 38°C., the temperature of the acid
in the tank, is calculated,
38 - 15.56 = 22.44 difference
22.44 X 0.048 = 1.08°Be.
and as the density of the acid is lowered as the temperature is
raised
57.72 - 1.08 = 56.64°Be. at 38°C.
88 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
The easiest way to obtain the specific gravity corresponding
to this degree Baume is by interpolating the given data:
57°Be\ = 1.6477 specific gravity
56°Be. = 1.6292 specific gravity
0.0185 difference
56.64 - 56.00 = 0.064°Be. difference
0.0185 X 0.064 = 0.0118
1.6292 + 0.0118 = 1.6410 specific gravity correspond-
ing to 56.64°Be
Then as 2100 cu. ft. are in the tank, the pounds are
2100 X 62.37 X 1.641 - 214,933 Ib. 57.72°Be\
If it is required to calculate this acid on a 50°Be. basis, the
pounds of 50°Be. corresponding to 57.72°Be. is easily found by
interpolating from the table.
58°Be. = 119.59 per cent. 50°Be\
57cBe. = 117.00 per cent. 50°Be\
2.59 per cent. 50°Be. difference
57.72 - 57.00 = 0.72°Be. difference
2.59 X 0.72 = 1.86
117+ 1.86 = 118.86 per cent. 50°Be. acid cor-
responding to 57.72°Be. acid
214,933 X 1.1886 = 255,469 Ib. of 50°Be.
If it is required to calculate on a " pounds SO3" basis, the per-
centage S03 in 57.72°Be. acid is calculated from the table by
interpolation.
58°Be. = 60.70 per cent. SO3
57°B6. = 59.39 per cent. S03
1.31 difference
0.72 X 1.31 = 0.94
59.39 + 0.94 = 60.33 per cent. S03 corresponding to 57.72°Be.
214,933 X 0.6033 = 129,669 Ib. S03.
DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION 89
DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF SULPHURIC ACID TO FORM
SOLUTIONS OF ANY DESIRED STRENGTH
1. To Prepare a Definite Amount of Dilute Solution, by Mixing
a Strong Solution with a Weak Solution. —
Let X = quantity of weak solution to be used in the mixture
Y = quantity of strong solution to be used in the mixture
A = strength of strong solution
B = strength of desired solution
C = strength of weak solution
D = desired quantity
D(A - B)
A-C
Y = D - X
Example 1. — How many pounds of 60.7 per cent. SOs and how
many pounds of 80.0 per cent. SOa must be mixed to obtain
70,000 lb. of 76.07 per cent. SO3?
X = 70,000(80.0 - 76.07)/(80.0 - 60.7) = 14,254 lb.
Y = 70,000 - 14,254 = 55,746 lb.
X + Y = 70,000 lb.
If water is to be used for diluting, the formula may be some
what simplified.
X = D - Y
2. To Prepare a Definite Amount of a Stronger Solution, by
Mixing a Weaker Solution with a Stronger Solution. — This
formula is the reverse of formula (1).
Let X = quantity of strong solution to be used in the mixture
Y = quantity of weak solution to be used in the mixture
A = strength of strong solution
B = strength of desired solution
C = strength of weak solution
D = desired quantity
v _ D (B - C)
A-C
Y = D - X
90 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Example 2. — How many pounds of 60.7 per cent. SO3 and how
many pounds of 80.0 per cent. SO3 must be mixed to obtain
70,000 Ib. of 76.07 per cent. S03?
X = 70,000(76.07 - 60.7)/(80.0 - 60.7) = 55,746 Ib.
Y = 70,000 - 55,746 = 14,254 Ib.
X + Y = 70,000 Ib.
3. Dilution of a Definite Amount of a Stronger Solution, thus
Producing a Greater Amount of a more Dilute Solution. —
Let X = quantity of diluting solution that must be added
A = strength of solution to be diluted
B = strength of desired solution
C = strength of diluting solution
D = quantity of solution to be diluted
D + X = total quantity of corrected solution
v _ D(A - B)
X " B-C
Example 3. — How many pounds of a 60.7 per cent. SO3 must
be added to 70,000 Ib. of 80.0 per cent. SO3to make a whole ,of
76.07 per cent. SO3?
X = 70,000(80.0-76.07)/(76.07-60.7) = 17,899 Ib. 60.7 per cent.
D + X = 70,000 + 17,899 =87,899 Ib. 76.07 per cent.
Calculating the same example by ratios, where X = the
amount of diluting solution that must be added.
Examples 1 and 2 show 14,254 Ib. of 60.7 per cent. SO3 must
be mixed with 55,746 Ib. of 80.0 per cent. SO3 to make a whole
of 76.07 per cent.' S03.
DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION 91
Therefore we have the ratio
14,254 : 55,746 :: X : 70,000
X = 17,899 Ibs. 60.7 per cent, that must be added.
4. Concentration of a Definite Amount of a Weaker Solution,
thus Producing a Greater Amount of a More Concentrated
Solution. —
Let X = quantity of strengthening solution that must be
added
A = strength of strengthening solution
B — strength of desired solution
C = strength of solution to be corrected
D = quantity of solution to be corrected
D + X = total quantity of corrected solution
D(B - C)
A -B
Example 4. — How many pounds of 80.0 per cent. SO3 must be
added to 70,000 Ib. of 60.7 per cent. SO3 to make a whole of
76.07 per cent. SO3?
X = 70,000(76.07 - 60.7)/(80.0 - 76.07) = 273,766
D + X = 70,000 + 273,766 = 343,766
This may also be calculated by ratio, where X = the amount
of strengthening solution that must be added.
Examples 1 and 2 show 55,746 Ib. of 80.0 per cent. SO3 must
be mixed with 14,254 Ib. of 60.7 per cent. S03 to make a whole
of 76.07 per cent. SO3.
Therefore we have the ratio
55,746 : 14,254 :: X : 70,000
X = 273,766 Ib. 80.0 per cent, that must be added.
5. Rectangle Method for Dilution and Concentration of Sul-
phuric Acid to Form Solutions of any Desired Strength. — The
figures expressing the strengths of the two solutions are written
in the two left-hand corners of a rectangle, and the figure express-
92
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
ing the desired strength is placed on the intersection of the two
diagonals of this rectangle.
Now subtract the figures on the diagonals, the smaller from
the larger, and write the result at the other end of the respective
diagonal. These figures then indicate what quantities of the
solution whose strength is given on the other end of the respective
horizontal line, must be taken to obtain a solution of the desired
strength.
80T
00
If)
Example 5. — To make a 65 per cent. S03 acid by mixing an 80
per cent. SO3 and a 60 per cent. S03 acid we prepare the above
figure which indicates that we have to take 5 parts by weight
of the 80 per cent, acid and 15 parts by weight of 60 per cent,
acid to obtain 20 parts (5 + 15) of the 65 per cent. acid.
Or %o parts of an 80 per cent. S03 and I%Q parts of a 60
per cent. SO3 will, if mixed, give 1 part of a 65 per cent. SO3.
Suppose it is desired to mix 500 Ib. Proceed as follows :
500 X %0 = 125 Ib. 80 per cent. SO3
500 X 1%Q =_375 Ib. 60 per cent. S03
500"
Suppose it is required to know how much 60 per cent. SO3 must
be added to 500 Ib. 80 per cent. S03 to make a whole of 65 per
cent. SO3.
Proceed as follows:
cnn
- 500 = 1500 Ib. 60 per cent. SO3
«o
Or
X 500 = 1500
Suppose it is required to know how much 80 per cent. S03 must
be added to 500 Ib. 60 per cent. SOs to make a whole of 65 per
cent. SO3.
DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION 93
Proceed as follows:
500
-is/- - 500 = 167 Ib. 80 per cent. SO3
Or £{5 X 500 = 167
Notes. — 1. When mixtures of non-fuming acid are calculated,
either the SO3 or H2SO4 percentages may be used. When non-
fuming and fuming acid are to be mixed or fuming acid of one
strength to be mixed with fuming acid of another strength, SO3,
percentages should be used unless the H2SO4 percentage of the
fuming acid be expressed in its equivalent to 100 per cent, H2SO4.
"For instance an acid of 85.30 per cent. SO3 has an actual H2SC>4
content of 80 per cent, and its 100 per cent, equivalent would be
104.49 per cent.
2. These formulas are accurate when the weights of solutions
are considered. If the specific gravities are closely related, the
formulas may be used for volumes. When this assumption is
not permissible, the weights may be calculated, and knowing the
weights of the components, the volumes requisite calculated from
the formula — Mass
\ olume =
Weight
On mixing such solutions, to use this formula, it must be as-
sumed that the volumes are additive, i.e., no change of volume
takes place upon mixing.
To illustrate the use of this formula: Example 1 shows 14,254
Ib. of 60.7 per cent. SO3 must be mixed with 55,746 Ib. of 80.0
per cent. SO3 to obtain 70,000 Ib. of 76.07 per cent. SO3.
76.07 per cent. SO3 weighs 114.47 Ib. per cubic foot at 15.56°C.
7O fifin
- = 611.5 cu. ft. = volume of 70,000 Ib. 76.07 per cent,
114.47
60.7 per cent, SO3 weighs 103.95 Ib. per cubic foot at 15.56°C.
14 9^4.
T^~~ = 137.1 cu. ft. = volume of 14,254 Ib., 60.7 per cent.
lUo. t/O
611.5 - 137.1 = 474.4
Therefore, 474.4 cu. ft. of 80.0 per cent, mixed with 137.1 cu. ft. of
60.7 per cent, will make 61 1. 5 cu. ft. or 70,000 Ib. of 76.07 per cent.
94
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
In using this method it must also be assumed that both acids
used in mixing are 15.56°C., unless the coefficients of expansion
be calculated for differences in temperature. This, however, is
unnecessary as very accurate results may be obtained without
this calculation.
Table for Mixing 59°Ee.1 Sulphuric Acid
Giving percentage (by volume) of various strengths weak acid to use with
various strengths strong acid
59°Be". = 62.03 per cent. SO3 = 75.99 per cent. H2SO4
Degrees Baum6
Weak acid
Per cent. SOs in strong acid
79.5
80.0
80.5
81.0
54.0
77.4
78.1
78.5
79.2
54.2
78.1
78.7
79.0
79.7
54.4
78.7
79.4
79.7
80.3
54.6
79.4
80.0
80.3
81.0
54.8
80.0
80.7
81.0
81.6
55.0
80.8
81.3
81.6
82.3
55.2
81.5
82.0
82.3 .
82.9
55.4
82.1
82.6
82.9
83.6
55.6
82.9
83.3
83.7
84.2
55.8
83.7
84.1
84.6
85.0
56.0
84.6
84.9
85.4
85.9
56.2
56.4
85.4
86.2
85.7
86*5
86.2
87.0
86.7
87.5
56.6
87.0
87.3
87.8
88.3
56,8
87.8
88.3
88.6
89.1
57^0
88.8
89.3
89.6
89.9
57.2
89.8
90.2
90.6
90.7
57.4
90.7
91.2
91.5
91.7
57.6
91.7
92.2
92.5
92.7
57.8
92.9
93.2
93.5
93.7
58.0
94.0
94.3
94.5
94.6
58.2
95.1
95.5
95.5
95.6
58.4
96.3
96.6
96.6
96.6
58.6
97.4
97.7
97.7
97.7
58.8
98.7
98.9
98.9
98.9
59.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1 It is advisable to ship or store 59° instead of 60° during the winter
months on account of its much lower freezing point.
DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION
95
Table for Mixing 60°Be. Sulphuric Acid
Giving percentage (by volume) of various strengths weak acid to use with
various strengths strong acid
60°Be\ = 63.40 per cent. SO3 = 77.67 per cent. H2SO4
Degrees Baum6
Weak acid
Per cent, in strong acid
79.5
80.0
80.5
81.0
55.0
75.3
76.1
76.6
77.2
55.2
75.9
76.8
77.2
77.9
55.4
76.6
77.4
77.9
78.5
55.6
77.2
78.1
78.5
79.2
55.8
77.9
78.7 79.2
79.8
56.0
78.7
79.4
79.8
80.5
56.2
79.5
80.2
80.7
81.1
56.4
80.3
81.0
81.5
81.8
56.6
81.1
81.8
82.3
82.6
56.8
82.0
82.6
83.1
83.4
57.0
82.8
83.4
83.9
84.2
57.2
83.7
84.2
84.7
85.0
57.4
84.7
85.0
85.5
85.9
57.6
85.7
86.0
86.3
86.7
57.8
86.7
87.0
87.3
87.6
58.0
87.6
88.0
88.3
88.6
58.2
88.6
88.9
89.3
89.6
58.4
89.8
90.1
90.2
90.6
58.6
90.9
91.2
91.4
91.5
58.8
92.0
92.4
92.6
92.7
59.0
93.2
93.5
93.7
93.8 •
59.2
94.5
94.8
94.8
95.0
59.4
95.8
96.1
96.1
96.1
59.6
97.1
97.4
97.4
97.4
59.8
98.5
98.7
98.7
98.7
60.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Table for Mixing 66°Be\ Sulphuric Acid
Giving percentage (by volume) of various strengths strong acid to use with
various strengths weak acid
66°Be. = 76.07 per cent. SO3 = 93.19 per cent. H2SO4
Degrees
Baum6
Weak
acid
Per cent. SOs in strong acid
79.0
79.2
79.4
79.6
79.8
80.0
80.2
80.4
80.6
80.8
81.0
81.2
81.4
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
• 58
59
60
61
87.5
87.2
86.7
86.2
85.5
84.9
84.2
83.4
82.4
81.3
79.8
78.1
86.7
86.3
85.9
85.4
84.7
83.9
83.3
82.4
81.5
80.2
78.7
76.9
85.9
85.5
85.0
84.6
83.9
83.1
82.4
81.5
85.0
84.7
84.2
83.7
83.1
82.3
81.5
80 5
84.4
83.9
83.4
82.9
82.3
81.5
80.7
79 7
83.7
83.3
82.8
82.1
81.5
80.7
79.8
78 9
82.9
82.4
82.0
81.3
80.7
79. -8
79.0
78 1
82.3
81.8
81.1
80.5
79.8
79.0
78.2
77 ?,
81.6
81.1
80.5
79.7
79.0
78.2
77.4
76 4
81.0
80.5
79.8
79.0
78.2
77.4
76.6
75 6
80.3
79.8
79.2
78.4
77.6
76.6
75.8
74 8
79.7
79.0
78.4
77.7
76.9
75.9
75.0
74 0
79.0
78.4
77.7
77.1
76.3
75.3
74.3
73 0
80.579.5j78.5
79.278.277.2
77.676.475.5
75.874.673.5
77.6
76.3
74.5
72.4
76.6
75.3
73.5
71.4
75.8
74.3
72.5
70.4
75.0
73.3
71.5
69.4
74.2
72.5
70.7
68.5
73.3
71.7
69.9
67.6
72.5
71.1
69.1
66.8
71.7
70.2
68.1
65.9
FORMATION OF MIXTURES OF SULPHURIC AND NITRIC ACIDS OF
DEFINITE COMPOSITION
( So-called ''Mixed Acids")
" Mixed acid" is a commercial term, generally meaning a mix-
ture of nitric and sulphuric acids. Such mixtures are extensively
used in manufacturing processes. On account of the relative
high cost of concentrated nitric acid, compared with that of the
dilute acid, the concentrated acid is diluted with a weak solution
of the acid, instead of with water, using a minimum quantity of
concentrated and a maximum quantity of dilute nitric acid.
Water, as such, is seldom used.
Example 1. — Calculate the quantities of acids necessary to
FORMATIONS OP MIXTURES 97
make a mixture ("mix") of 60,000 Ib. of a mixed acid to consist
of
Per cent.
H2SO4 (add as 98 per cent. H2SO4) 46 . 00
HN03 (add as 61.4 per cent, and as 95.5
. percent.) 49.00
H20 5.00
100.00
60,000 X 0.46 = 27,600 Ib. H2S04 called for
60,000 X 0.49 = 29,400 Ib. HNO3 called for
60,000 X 0.05 = 3,000 Ib. H2O called for
60,000
27,600/0.98 = 28,163lb. 98 per cent. H2SO4totake
60,000 - 28,163 = 31,837 Ib. still to add
29,400 Ib. of 100 per cent, nitric acid are called for; the weight
of material still to be added, after the 98 per cent, sulphuric acid
is added, is 31,837. This makes
29,400/31,837 X 100 = 92.35 per cent. HNO3 to be added
To make 31,837 Ib. of an acid of this concentration from 95.5
per cent, and 61.4 per cent, nitric acid, using formula (2).
31,837 (92.35 - 61.4)/(95.50 - 61.4) = 28,896 Ib. 94.5 per
cent. HNO3 to take.
31,837 - 28,896 = 2,941 Ib. 61.4 per cent. HN03 to take
So, to make the mix, use
H2SO4 = 28,163 Ib. 98.0 per cent.
HNO3 = 28,896 Ib. 95.5 per cent.
HN03 = 2,941 Ib. 61.4 per cent.
60,000 Ib.
STRENGTHENING A MIXED ACID BY MEANS OF A FUMING
SULPHURIC ACID
Example 2. — Let it be required to make 61,320 Ib. of a mixed
acid of the composition:
7
98 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Per cent.
HNO3 (add as 94.5 per cent. HNO3) 56 . 00
H2SO4 (add as 98.56 per cent. H2SO4 and as 20 per
cent, fuming sulphuric acid, a minimum of which
is to be taken) 41 . 00
H20 3.00
100.00
The tank in which the acid is to be mixed already contains
2,604 Ib. of the remains of a previous mix of the composition:
Per cent.
HNO3 52.00
H2SO4 42.50
H20 5.50
Solution. —
61,320 X 0.56 = 34,339 Ib. HN03 called for
61,320 X 0.41 = 25,141 Ib. H2SO4 called for
61,320 X 0.03 = 1,840 Ib. H20 called for
2,604 X 0.52 = 1,354 Ib. HN03 in tank
2,604 X 0.425 = 1,107 Ib. H2SO4 in tank
2,604 X 0.055 = 143 Ib. H20 in tank
Thus we have:
Required: 25,141 Ib. H2SO4 34,339 Ib. HNO3 1,840 Ib. H2O
In tank: 1,107 1,354 143
To be added: 24,034 Ib. H2S04 32,985 Ib. HN03 1,697 Ib. H2O
If the attempt were made to calculate the weights of acid to
add by the previous method, it would be seen that the method
would not work as too much water would be added with the
sulphuric acid and, hence, a nitric acid stronger than 94.5 per
cent. HN03 would have to be used to complete the mix; hence,
fuming sulphuric acid will have to be employed.
Thus:
24,034/0.9866 = 24,385 Ib. 98.56 per cent. H2SO4
24,385 - 24,034 = 351 Ib. H20 added with the 98.56 per cent.
H2S04
1,697 - 351 = 1,346 Ib. H20 remaining
FORMATION OP MIXTURES 99
Adding this water with the nitric acid would call for a stronger
nitric acid than 94.5 per cent. HNO3, as is seen from the following:
32,985 + 1,346 = 34,331 Ib. HNO3 and H2O still to add
32,985/34,331 X 100 = 96.08 per cent. HN03 required to com-
plete the mix.
Going back to the original figures after this preliminary calcu-
lation which has shown the necessity of using fuming sulphuric
acid; first calculating the weight of nitric acid to be added:
32,985/0.945 = 34,905 Ib. 94.5 per cent. HNO3 to add
34,905 - 32,985 = 1,920 Ib. H20 added with the 94.5 per cent.
HN03
But the mix only calls for 1,697 Ib. of water, hence
1,920 - 1,697 = 223 Ib. H2O will be added in excess. This
water must be taken up with fuming sulphuric acid. Now to
the acid already in the tank the following quantities of acid must
be added:
H2SO4 = 24,034 Ib. 100 per cent. H2S04
HNO3 = 32,985 Ib. 100 per cent. HNO3
H20 = 1,697 Ib. 100 per cent. H20
58,716
In adding 34,905 Ib. of 94.5 per cent. HN03 there remain only
58,716 - 34,905 = 23,811 Ib. of sulphuric acid to add. To
adjust proportions and not add more acid than called for is done
by adding fuming sulphuric acid which takes up the water from
the nitric acid. The percentage strength of the sulphuric acid
requisite is
24,034/23,811 X 100 = 100.94 per cent. H2S(X
The percentage of SO3 in 100.94 per cent. H2SO4 is 0.8163 X
100.94 = 82.40 per cent.
In 98.56 per cent. H2S04 the percentage of S03 is 0.8163 X
98.56 = 80.45 per cent.
In 20 per cent, fuming sulphuric acid the percentage of SO? is
0.8163 (100 - 20) + 20 = 85.30 per cent.
100 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Then, to make 23,811 Ib. of 100.94 per cent. H2S04 from 20.00
per cent, fuming and 98.56 per cent. H2S04 require:
23,811 (82.40 - 80.45)/(85.30 - 80.45) = 9,573 Ib. 20 per
cent, fuming sulphuric acid,
23,811 - 9,573 = 14,238 Ib. 98.56 per cent. H2S04
So, to make the mix, add to the acid already in the tank:
HNO3 = 34,905 Ib. 94.50 per cent.
H2SO4 = 14,238 Ib. 98.56 per cent.
H2S04 = 9,573 Ib. 20.00 per cent.
The amount of 20 per cent, fuming to use may be calculated by
another method. Where it is found that 223 Ib. of H2O will be
added in excess, calculate how many pounds of 20 per cent, will
be necessary to take up this water.
4.4438 X 223 = 991 Ib. free S03 and this is contained in 4,955
Ib. 20 per cent.
20 per cent, fuming sulphuric acid is equivalent to 104.49 per
cent. 100 per cent. H2SO4.
The addition of these 4,955 Ib. 20 per cent, corresponds to an
addition of—
4,955 X 104.49/100 = 5,177 Ib. of 100 per cent. H2SO4
24,034 - 5,177 = 18,857 Ib. of 100 per cent. H2S04 that are
yet to be added.
Now calculate how much 20 per cent, fuming and 98.56 per
cent. H2SO4 will be required to prepare this 18,857 Ib. 100 per
cent. H2S04.
Example 3. — It is frequently desired to prepare a "mix" from
a mixed acid already on hand by adding to it the requisite
amounts of sulphuric and nitric acid to bring it up to the desired
concentration. Thus it may be required to fortify a "spent"
mixed acid, or it may be that after adding the calculated amounts
of ingredients to make a batch of mixed acid that the mixed acid
resulting does not analyze up to specifications. It must then
be adjusted by a further addition of the deficient constituent.
FORMATION OF MIXTURES: 101
Thus, suppose a mixed acid of the following '
desired :
H2SO4
Per cent.
60 00
HNO3
22 50
H2O
17 50
100.00
and there is on hand a supply of mixed acid of the composition:
Per cent.
H2SO4 ........................................ 60.12
HNO3 .............................. .......... 20.23
H20 .......................................... 19.65
100.00
A 97.5 per cent. H2SO4 and a 90.5 per cent. HNO3 are on hand.
How many pounds of each of these two acids and of the mixed
acid on hand must be taken to make each 1000 Ib. of the required
mixture without adding any water?
Let x = weight of mixed acid to take
y = weight of 97.5 per cent. H2SO4 to take
z = weight of 90.5 per cent. HNO3 to take
Then z(0.6012) = weight H2SO4 (100 per cent.) in the mixed
acid on hand.
y(0.975) = weight H2SO4 (100 per cent.) actually added,
when adding the 97.5 per cent. acid.
z(0.2023) = weight HNO3 (100 per cent.) in the mixed
acid on hand.
0(0.905) = weight HNO3 (100 per cent.) actually added,
when adding the 90.5 per cent. acid.
2/(0.025) = weight H2O contained in the H2S04 (97.5 per
cent.).
2(0.095) = weight H2O contained in the HNO3 (90.5 per
cent.).
x(0.1965) = weight H2O in the mixed acid on hand.
1000 Ib. of the desired mixture must evidently contain:
600 Ib. H2SO4
225 Ib. HN03
175 Ib. H20
102 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Therefore we" have the following equations:
(1) 3(0.6012) + ?/(0.975) = 600 Ib. H2SO4
(2) z(0.2023) + z(0.905) = 225 Ib. HNO3
(3) 3(0.1965) + ?/(0.025) + z(0.905) = 175 Ib. H2O
y = (600 - zO.6012) /0.975 = 615.38 - z(0.61662)
z = (225 - zO.2023) /0.905 = 248.62 - z(0.22354)
Substituting these two equations in equation (3), we obtain:
0.1965z + 15.38 - 0.01542z + 23.62 - 0.02124z = 175
0.15984z = 136.
x = 850.85 Ib. of the mixed acid on hand to take.
Substituting in equation (1) :
y = (600 - 511.53)/0.975 = 90.74 Ib. of 97.5 per cent. H2SO4
to take.
Substituting in equation (2) :
z = (225 -- 172.13)/0.905 = 58.41 Ib. of 90.5 per cent. HNO3
to take.
Therefore for each 1000 Ib. of the desired mixture use
Mixed acid 850.85
97.5 per cent. H2SO4 90.74
90. 50 per cent. HN03 58.41
1000.00
The ratios of these values may be used either to prepare a
definite amount of mixed acid or to correct a definite amount of
" spent" acid. Knowing the ratios per 1,000 Ib. the quantities
requisite for any weight of acid are readily calculated.
"Melting point" is understood to be the temperature to
which the mercury of the thermometer, dipping into the solidify-
ing liquid, rises and at which it remains constant.
It should be noticed that large quantities of fuming acid, such
as exists in transportation vessels, frequently do not behave in
accord with the given data, because during the carriage and
MELTING POINTS OF SULPHURIC ACID
103
storage a separation often takes place in the acid, crystals of a
different concentration being formed, which, of course, possess a
correspondingly different melting point.
The figures given in parentheses signify the melting points of
freshly made fuming acid, which has not polymerized.
BOILING POINTS, SULPHURIC ACID
(Lunge, Ber. 11, 370)
Per cent.
H2S04
Boiling point,
°C.
Per cent.
H2SO4
Boiling point,
°C.
Per cent.
HiSO*
Boiling point,
°C.
5
101
56
133
82
218.5
10
102
60
141.5
84
227
15
103.5
62.5
147
86
238.5
20
105
65
153.5
88
251.5
25
106.5
67.5
161
90
262.5
30
108
70
170
SI
268
35
110
72
174.5
92
274.5
40
114
74
180.5
93
281.5
45
118.5
76
189
94
288.5
50
124
78
199
95
295
53
128.5
80
207
100 per cent, begins to boil at 290° and rises to 338° (Marignac).
MELTING POINTS OF SULPHURIC ACID
Knietsch (Ber., 1901, p. 4100) gives the following melting
points of sulphuric acid, non-fuming and fuming from 1 to 100
per cent. 80s.
NOTE. — Melting and freezing points of sulphuric acid are not the same.
The mono-hydrate (100 per cent. H2SO4) for instance has a freezing point
of about 0°C. and a melting point of 10°C. From my own determinations,
88.1 per cent, total SO3 for instance, upon cooling gradually, at 18°C., begins
to freeze, solidifies with a rise of temperature and remains constant at 26°C.
18° would really be the freezing point and 26° the melting point. Knietsch
gives his melting points as the temperature where the solidifying liquid
remains constant.
An acid cooled below its melting point will not solidify until it reaches its
freezing point unless it be agitated or a fragment of a crystal introduced.
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACID, MELTING POINTS
Per cent,
total
S03
Melting point
Per cent
total
80s
Melting point
Per
cent,
free
SOs
Melting point
°C.
°F.
°C.
°F.
°C.
°F.
1
-0.6
30.9
69
7.0
44.6
0
10.0
50.0
2
-1.0
30.2
70
4.0
39.2
5
3.5
38.3
3
-1.7
28.9
71
-1.0
• 30.2
10
-4.8
23.4
4
-2.0
28.4
72
-7.2
19.0
15
-11.2
11.8
5
-2.7
27.1
73
-16.2
2.8
20
-11.0
12.2
6
-3.6
25.5
74
-25.0
-13.0
25
-0.6
30.9
7
-4.4
24.1
75
-34.0
-29.2
30
+ 15.2
59.4
8
-5.3
22.5
76
-32.0
-25.6
35
26.0
78. 8 %
9
-6.0
21.2
77
-28.2
-18.8
40
33.8
92.8
10
-6.7
19.9
78
-16.5
+2.3
45
34.8
94.6
11
-7.2
19.0
79
-5.2
22.6
50
28.5
83.3
12
-7.9
17.8
80
+3.0
37.4
55
18.4
65.1
13
-8.2
17.2
81
7.0
44.6
60
0.7
33.3
14
-9.0
15.8
81.63
10.0
50.0
65
0.8
33.4
15
-9.3
15.3
82"
8.2
46.8
70
9.0
48.2
16
-9.8
14.4
83
-0.8
30.6
75
17.2
63.0
17
-11.4
11.5
84
-9.2
15.4
80
22.0
71.6
18
-13.2
8.2
85
-11.0
12.2
85
33.0
91.4
19
-15.2
4.6
86
-2.2
28.0
90
34.0
93.2
20
-17.1
1.2
87
+ 13.5
56.3
95
36.0
96.8
21
-22.5
-8.5
88
26.0
78.8
100
40.0
104.0
22
-31.0
-23.8
89
34.2
93.6
23
-40.1
-40.2
90
34.2
93.6
\ Below
91
25.8
78.4
85
(27.0)
(80.6)
. .
/ -40.0
92
14.2
57.6
90
(25.0)
(77.0)
61
-40.0
-40.0
93
0.8
33.4
95
(26.0)
(78.8)
62
-20.0
-4.0
94
4.5
40.1
100
(15.0)
(59.0)
63
-11.5
+ 11.3
95
14.8
58.6
64
-4.8
23.4
96
20.3
68.6
65
-4.2
24.4
97
29.2
84.6
66
+ 1-2
34.2
98
33.8
92.8
67
8.0
46.4
99
36.0
96.8
68
8.0
46.4
100
40.0
104.0
TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR
105
SULPHURIC ACID — TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR1
Readings in millimeters of mercurial pressure
Per cent.
H,S04
Per cent.
SOi
Approximate
degrees
Baume
Temperatures, °C.
10°
15°
20°
25°
30°
35°
44
35.92
37.0
4.4
6.1
8.5
11.5
15.5
20.9
46
37.55
38.5
4.0
5.5
7.7
10.5
14.5
19.7
48
39.18
39.9
3.7
5.0
7.1
9.6
13.4
18.1
50
40.82
41.4
3.3
4.5
6.5
8.8
12.0
16.4
52
42.45
42.8
3.0
4.0
5.8
7.9
10.9
14.5
54
44.08
44.2
2.6
3.6
5.0
7.0
9.5
12.5
56
45.71
45.7
2.2
3.1
4.3
6.0
8.1
11.0
58
47.36
47.1
.9
2.6
3.5
5.1
7.2
9.1
60
48.99
48.5
.6
2.1
3.0
4.3
6.1
7.5
62
50.61
49.9
.4
1.8
2.6
3.6
5.0
6.5
64
52.24
51.2
.2
1.6
2.2
3.0
4.0
5.5
66
53.88
52.6
.1
1.4
§1.8
2.5
3.5
4.5
68
55.51
53.9
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.1
3.0
3.8
70
57.14
55.2
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.8
2.5
3.3
72
58.77
56.5
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.4
2.0
2.8
74
60.41
57.8
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.2
1.7
2.1
76
62.04
59.0
0.4
0.4
0.5
1.0
1.4
1.8
78
63.67
60.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.8
1.1
1.4
80
65.30
61.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.1
82
66.94
62.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
1 SOREL: Lunge's "Sulphuric Acid and Alkali," vol. I, part I, p. 312,
4th edition.
NOTE. — The corresponding per cent. SO3 and approximate degree Baum4
(American Standard) were calculated from the given per cent.
106
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
SULPHURIC ACID — TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR — (Continued)
Readings in millimeters of mercurial pressure
Per cent.
11,804
Per cent.
S03
Approximate
degrees
Baume
Temperature, °C.
40°
45°
50°
55°
60°
65°
44
35.92
37.0
28.1
37.4
48.3
46
37.55
38.5
26.3
33.6
44.4
59.6
76.5
96.4
48
39.18
39.9
23.9
30.5
40.1
53.5
69.0
86.8
50
40.82
41.4
21.4
27.4
35.9
47.4
61.3
77.0
52
42.45
42.8
18.9
24.1
31.5
41.5
54.0
67.9
54
44.08
44.2
16.5
21.3
27.8
36.2
47.2
59.9
56
45.71
45.7
14.2
18.5
24.1
31.0
41.6
51.6
58
47.36
47.1
12.0
15.8
20.4
26.1
34.5
44.0
60
48.99
48.5
10.0
13.0
16.9
21.6
28.7
36.7
62
50.61
49.9
8.1
10.5
13.9
17.7
23.9
30.0
64
52.24
51.2
6.5
8.2
10.9
14.0
18.7
23.9
66
53.88
'52.6
5.4
6.5
8.9
11.5
15.2
19.1
68
55.51
53.9
4.5
5.4
7.2
9.5
12.3
15.4
70
57.14
55.2
3.8
4.4
5.9
7.5
9.5
12.1
72
58.77
56.5
3.2
3.6
4.8
6.0
7.5
9.5
74
60.41
57.8
2.6
3.1
3.9
4.9
6.0
7.5
76
62.04
59.0
2.1
2.5
3.0
4.0
4.8
5.9
78
63.67
60.2
1.7
2.1
2.4
3.0
3.5
4.0
80
65.30
61.3
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.3
82
66.94
62.3
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.3
TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR
107
SULPHURIC ACID — TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR — (Concluded)
Readings in millimeters of mercurial pressure
Per
cent.
H,SO«
Per cent
S03
Approxi-
mate
degrees
Baumg
Temperature, °C.
70°
75°
80°
85°
90°
95°
44
35.92
37.0
46
37.55
38.5
48
39.18
39.9
107.2
132.1
50
40.82
41.4
95.6
118.1
152.0
192.6
236.7
52
42.45
42.8
84.5
104.5
131.2
166.5
207.9
251.5
54
44.08
44.2
74.8
92.6
116.1
146.8
183.5
222.0
56
45.71
45.7
65.0
80.6
100.9
128.2
160.0
195.0
58
47.36
47.1
55.4
68.4
86.2
110.6
138.5
169.5
60
48.99
48.5
46.1
56.7
72.3
94.0
118.7
146.0
62
50.61
49.9
37.7
46.2
59.7
78.2
100.7
125.0
64
52.24
51.2
30.3
37.4
48.0
63.8
83.7
105.0
66
68
53.88
55.51
52.6
53.9
24.2
19.4
30.3
24.4
39.0
31.4
52.5
42.5
70.0
56.0
88.0
72.0
70
57.14
55.2
15.5
19.8
25.5
33.9
44.4
57.0
72
58.77
56.5
12.0
15.4
20.0
26.2
33.7
43.4
74
60.41
57.8
9.5
12.1
15.4
19.5
24.5
31.5
76
62.04
59.0
7.5
9.5
11.8
15.0
18.5
22.0
78
63.67
60.2
5.7
7.0
8.5
10.5
13.0
15.8
80
65.30
61.3
4.1
5.0
6.2
7.5
9.3
11.0
82
66.94
62.3
2.7
3.2
3.9
4.7
5.6
6.8
Sulphuric Acid — Strength for Equilibrium with Atmospheric Moisture1
Ninety-three thousand pounds of sulphuric acid, with an ex-
posed surface of 1260 sq. ft. and a depth of 10 in., had decreased
in strength from 86 to 52.12 per cent. H2SO4 after standing in a
lead pan, protected from rain, for 42 days (Sept. 9 to Oct. 21,
1916). Air was bubbled through a 2-liter sample of this acid
for 7 consecutive days, when the solution was tested and found
to contain 52.18 per cent. H2SC>4. The average temperature of
the laboratory was 74°F., the average vapor of the air (7 tests)
1 W. W. SCOTT: "Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis," 1917, p. 502.
108
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
was 0.2223 gram H20 per standard cubic foot. The average
humidity for September and October was 68 per cent. ; the aver-
age temperature 62°F. The average humidity for the past 33
years was 72 per cent.; the average temperature 57°F.
Preparation of the Monohydrate (100 Per Cent. H2SO4)
One hundred per cent. H2S04 cannot be made by concentrating
a weaker acid. The strongest acid obtainable by concentration
is about 98.3 per cent. H2SO4.
It may be prepared by strengthening a weaker acid with SOs
or fuming sulphuric acid.
Acid between about 98 per cent, and 100 per cent, crystallize
at a little below 0°C. One hundred per cent, acid may be ob-
tained from this strength acid by cooling it to below 0° and
separating the crystals which form at about that temperature,
melting them and recrystallizing a few times.
POUNDS SULPHURIC ACID OBTAINABLE FKOM 100 POUNDS SULPHUR
Recovery
Grade
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
50° Baume.
491 97
467 37
442 77
418 17
393 58
368 98
344 38
60° Baum6
393 86
374 17
354 47
334 78
315 09
295 . 40
275 . 70
66° Baume*
328 26
311 85
295 43
279 02
262 61
246 20
229 78
98 per cent. H2SO4
312.15
296.54
280.94
265.33
249.72
234.11
218.51
100 per cent. H2SO4....
305 . 91
290.61
275.32
260.02
244.73
229 . 43
214.14
10 per cent, free SO 3. . .
299.17
284.21
269.25
254.29
239.34
224.38
209 . 42
20 per cent, free SO8 . . .
292 . 75
278.11
263.48
248.84
234.20
219.56
204.93
30 per cent, free SO3 . . .
286.57
272.24
257.91
243.58
229.26
214.93
200 . 60
40 per cent, free SO3. . .
280.65
266.62
252.59
238.55
224.52
210.49
196.46
100 per cent. SO3
249.72
237.23
224.75
212.26
199.78
187.29
174.80
SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN BURNER GAS 109
POUNDS SULPHURIC ACID OBTAINABLE FROM 100 POUNDS SO3
Recovery
Grade
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
50° Baume",
197.01
187.16
177.31
167.46
157.61
147.76
137.91
60° Baume" ...
157.72
149.83
141 95
134 . 06
126 18
118 29
110 40
66° Baume*
131.45
124.88
118.31
111.73
105.16
98.59
92.02
98 per cent. H2SO4. . . .
125.00
118.75
112.50
106.25
100.00
93.75
87.50
100 per cent. H2SO4. . .
122.50
116.38
110.25
104.13
98.00
91.88
85.75
10 per cent, free SO3 . . .
119.80
113.81
107.82
101.83
95.84
89.85
83.86
20 per cent, free SO3 . . .
117.23
111.37
105.51
99.65
93.78
87.92
82.06
30 per cent, free SO3 . . .
114.76
109.02
103.28
97.55
91.81
86.07
80.33
40 per cent, free SOS. . .
112.38
106.76
101.14
95.52
89.90
84.29
78.67
POUNDS SULPHUR REQUIRED TO MAKE 100 POUNDS SULPHURIC ACTD
•
Recovery
Grade
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
50° Baum6
20 33
21 40
22 59
23 92
25 41
27 11
29 04
60° Baum6
25 39
26 73
28 21
29 87
31 74
33 85
36 27
66° Baum6
30 46
32 06
33 84
35 84
38 08
40 61
43 51
98 per cent. H2SO4
32.04
33.73
35.60
37.69
40.05
42.72
45.77
100 per cent. H2SO4. . . .
32.69
34.41
36.32
38.46
40.86
43.59
46.70
10 per cent, free SO3. . .
33.42
35 . 18
37.13
39.32
41.78
44.56
47.74
20 per cent, free SO 3. . .
34.15
35.95
37.94
40.18
42.69
45.53
48.79
30 per cent, free SO3 . . .
34.89
36.73
38.77
41.05
43.61
46.52
49.84
40percent.freeSO3. . .
35.63
37.51
39.59
41.92
44.54
47.51
50.90
100 per cent. SO3
40.04
42.15
44.49
47.11
50 . 05
53.39
57.20
THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
IN BURNER GAS
Reich's Test
This is usually determined by Reich's process which consists
of aspirating the gas through a measured quantity of iodine con-
110 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
tained in a wide-neck bottle and colored blue by adding starch
solution. This bottle is connected with a larger bottle fitted as
an aspirator by a siphon. Water is siphoned from this into a
500-c.c. graduated cylinder drawing the gas through the reaction
bottle. As soon as the S02 contained in the gas enters the iodine
solution the free iodine is converted into hydriodic acid and after
a time the liquid will be decolorized, which at last happens very
suddenly and can be very accurately observed. The reaction
takes place as follows:
21 + S02 + 2H20 = 2HI + H2S04
In this process no S02 escapes unabsorbed if the reaction
bottle is constantly shaken. The operation may be stopped when
the solution is but faint as it generally disappears on shaking a
little longer. The volume of water in the cylinder is read off.
It is equal to that of the gas aspirated when increased by that
of the SO2 absorbed.
When several testings have been made, the decolorized liquid
after a short time, again turns blue, because then its percentage
of HI has become so large that it decomposes on standing and
liberates iodine. This liquid must then be poured away and
replaced with fresh water and starch.
For estimating burner gas the usual charge in the reaction
bottle is 10 c.c. of deci-normal iodine solution along with about
300 c.c. water and a little starch solution. Ten cubic centimeter
hundredth-normal iodine solution is usually used for estimating
the exit gas. If the gas is very rich in S02, 20-25 c.c. should
be used.
Calculation of Results. — One liter of sulphur dioxide weighs
2.9266 grams at 0°C. and a barometric pressure of 760 mm.
Deci-normal iodine solution contains 12.69 grams iodine per
liter. Each cubic centimeter of solution contains 0.01269 gram
I which is an equivalent to 0.003203 gram S02 = 1.094 c.c. under
standard conditions.
Let v = per cent. S02 in gas
SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN BURNER GAS 111
,
c.c. — I used
Then x =
c.c. gas used
109.4a
6 + 1.094a
Since calculations are under standard conditions it will be
necessary to convert the volumes obtained in the tests to these
conditions, using the formula
V = Fo P^^
1 760 (1 + 0.00367Q
V° = measured volume
P° = observed barometric pressure
t = temperature of gas.
w = aqueous vapor pressure at temperature of test
For all practical purposes, however, this calculation may be
neglected.
Preparation of Iodine Solution. — To prepare N/10 iodine solu-
tion weigh out 12.69 grams of pure resublimed iodine. Dissolve
about 25 grams potassium iodide with water using just enough
to put it in solution. Place the weighed iodine in this solution
and stir until completely dissolved. Fill with water to 1 liter.
To prepare N/100 iodine solution either weigh 1.269 grams
iodine, dissolve and dilute to 1 liter or take 100 c.c. of the N/10
solution and dilute to 1 liter.
Iodine solution should be kept in a cool place and protected
from direct sunlight. Well-stoppered dark-colored glass bottles
are suitable containers.
Preparation of Starch Solution. — To prepare, take about 3
grams arrow-root starch and mix with water to a thin paste.
Place this into about a liter of boiling water and continue to
boil about a half hour. After cooling add a few drops chloro-
form which preserves it and prevents souring. Keep in well-
stoppered bottles.
112
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
REICH'S TEST FOB SO2
Per cent. SO2 corresponding to volume of water
Burner gas
10 c.c. — I solution
Exit gas
10 c.c. — I solution
100
Cubic
centi-
meters
water
Per
cent.
S02
Cubic
centi-
meters
water
Per
cent.
S02
Cubic
centi-
meters
water
Per
cent.
S02
Cubic
centi-
meters
water
Per
cent.
S02
Cubic
centi-
meters
water
Per
cent.
S02
1,035
1.0
385
2.8
200
5.2
2,185
.05
270
.40
1,030
1.1
375
2.8
195
5.3
1,820
.06
265
.41
940
.1
370
2.9
190
5.4
1,560
.07
260
.42
935
.2
360
2.9
185
5.6
1,365
.08
255
.43
865
.2
355
3.0
180
5.7
1,215
.09
245
.44
860
.3
350
3.0
175
5.9
1,090
.10
240
.45
800
.3
345
3.1
170
6.0
990
.11
235
.46
795
1.4
340
3.1
165
6.2
910
.12
230
.47
740
1.4
335
3.2
160
6.4
840
.13
225
.48
735
1.5
330
3.2
155
6.6
780
.14
220
.50
690
1.5
325
3.3
150
6.8
730
.15
200
.55
685
1.6
320
3.3
145
7.0
680
.16
180
.60
655
1.6
315
3.4
140
7.2
640
.17
165
.65
650
1.7
310
3.4
135
7.5
605
.18
155
.70
615
1.7
303
3.5
130
7.8
575
.19
145
.75
610
1.8
300 .
3.5
125
8.0
545
.20
135
.80
580
1.8
295
3.6
120
8.3
520
.21
130
.85
575
1.9
290
3.6
115
8.7
495
.22
120
.90
550
1.9
285
3.7
110
9:0
475
.23
115
.95
545
2.0
280
3.8
105
9.4
455
.24
110
1.00
525
2.0
275
3.8
100
9.9
435
.25
105
1.05
520
2.1
270
3.9
95
10.3
420
.26
100
1.10
500
495
2.1
2.2
265
260
4.0
4.0
405
390
.27
.28
95
90
1 .15
1.20
475
2.2
255
4.1
375
.29
85
1.25
470
2.3
250
4.2
365
.30
80
1.35
450
2.3
245
4.3
350
.31
75
1.45
445
2.4
240
4.4
340
.32
70
1,55
440
2.4
235
4.4
330
.33
65
1.65
435
2.5
230
4.5
320
.34
60
1.80
420
2.5
225
4.6
310
.35
55
1.95
415
2.6
220
4.7
300
.36
50
2.15
405
400
2.6
2.7
215
210
4.8
4.9
295
285
.37
.38
. 390
2.7
205
5.1
280
.39
TEST FOR TOTAL ACIDS IN BURNER GAS 113
TEST FOR TOTAL ACIDS IN BURNER GAS
Since Reich's test takes no account of the SOs always present
in burner gas it is quite practicable and accurate to estimate
the total acids (S02 + SO3) either along with the Reich's test
or exclusively. This is performed in the same apparatus, but
the absorbing bottle is preferably provided with a gas entrance
tube, closed at the bottom and perforated by numerous pin holes,
through which the gas bubbles. A deci-normal solution of
sodium hydroxide is employed of which 10 c.c. are diluted to
about 300 c.c. and tinged red with phenolphthalein. The gas is
aspirated through it slowly, exactly as in Reich's test, with con-
tinuous shaking. Especially toward the end, the shaking must
be continued for a while (say a half a minute) each time aspi-
rating a few cubic centimeters of gas through the liquid, until
the color is completely discharged.
The calculation is made exactly as with the iodine test, count-
ing all the acids as SO2.
If the ore contains much organic matter as when coal gases
are burnt, the carbon dioxide acting on the phenolphthalein will
render this method inaccurate.
Methyl orange cannot be used with any degree of accuracy
as it acts differently toward sulphurous acid and sulphuric acid.
It can, however, be used if the SO2 is determined at the same
time and then proper calculations made.
CALCULATING THE PERCENTAGE OF SO2 CONVERTED TO SO3
WHEN THE S02 IN THE BURNER AND EXIT GASES IS
KNOWN— AS USED IN THE CONTACT PROCESS
1. If a equals the quantity (not per cent.) of S02 in one volume
of entrance gas and X equals the fraction of this that is converted
to S03, then aX equals the quantity of S02 converted to SO3.
As two volumes of SO 2 combine with one volume of oxygen to
114 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
form two of SO3 the contraction due to the formation and ab-
sorption of SOa is equal to
3aX 3aX
—— and the final volume is 1 — —-
If 6 equals the fraction that the SO2 is of the exit gas
b M -- — j equals the quantity of unconverted SO2 in the
3aX\
a~b ~
exit gas and X = -
Or reducing to its simplest form
2a- 2b
X
2a - Sab
And WQX equals the per cent, of S02 converted to S03.
2. Or let x = per cent, conversion
a = per cent. S02 in roaster gas.
6 = per cent. S02 in exit gas
1002 (2a - 26)
x —
200a - 3a5
SO2 CONVERTED TO SO,
115
PER CENT. SO2 CONVERTED TO SO3
Per cent.
SOZ
Burner
gas
Per cent. SO* in exit gas
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
2.0
97.6
95.1
92.7
90.3
87.8
85.4
82.9
80.5
2.1
97.7
95.4
93.1
90.8
88.4
86.1
83.8
81.4
2.2
97.8
95.6
93.4
91.2
89.0
•86.8
84.5
82.3
2.3
97.9
95.8
93.7
91.6
89.5
87.4
85.2
83.1
2.4
98.0
96.0
94.0
91.9
89.9
87.9
85.9
83.8
2.5
98.1
96.1
94.2
92.3
90.3
88.4
86.5
84.5
2.6
98.2
96.3
94.5
92.6
90.7
88.9
87.0
. 85.1
2.7
98.2
96.4
94.7
92.9
91.1
89.3
87.5
85.7
2.8
98.3
96.6
94.9
93.1
91.4
89.7
88.0
86.2
2.9
98.4
96.7
95.0
93.4
91.7
90.1
88.4
86.7
3.0
98.4
96.8
95.2
93.6
92.0
90.4
88.8
87.2
3.1
98.5
96.9
95.4
93.8
92.3
90.7
89.2
87.6
3.2
98.5
97.0
95.5
94.0
92.5
91.0
89.5
88.0
3.3
98.6
97.1
95.7
94.2
92.8
91.3
89.9
88.4
3.4
98.6
97.2
95.8
94.4
93.0
91.6
90.2
88.8
3.5
98.6
97.3
95.9
94.6
93.2
91.8
90.5
89.1
3.6
98.7
97.4
96.1
94.7
93.4
92.1
90.8
89.4
3.7
98.7
97.4
96.2
94.9
93.6
92.3
91.0
89.7
3.8
98.8
97.5
96.3
95.0
93.8
92.5
91.3
90.0
3.9
98.8
97.6
96.4
95.2
93.9
92.7
91.5
90.3
4.0
98.8
97.7
96.5
95.3
94.1
92.9
91.7
90.5
4.1
98.9
97.7
96.6
95.4
94.3
93.1
91.9
90.8
4.2
98.9
97.8
96.6
95.5
94.4
93.3
92.2
91.0
4.3
98.9
97.8
96.7
95.6
94.5
93.4
92.3
91.2
4.4
98.9
97.9
96.8
95.7
94.7
93.6
92.5
91.3
4.5
99.0
97.9
96.9
95.8
94.8
93.8
92.7
91.7
4.6
99.0
98.0
97.0
95.9
94.9
93.9
92.9
91.9
4.7
99.0
98.0
97.0
96.0
95.0
94.0
93.0
92.0
4.8
99 1
98.1
97.1
96.1
95.2
94.2
93.2
92.2
4.9
99.1
98.1
97.2
96.2
95.3
94.3
93.4
92.4
116
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
PER CENT. SC>2 CONVERTED TO SO3 — (Continued]
Per cent.
SO2
Burner
gas
Per cent. SO2 in exit gas
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
2.0
78 0
75.6
73.1
70.6
68.2
65.7
63.2
60.7
2.1
79.1
76.8
74.4
72.1
69.7
67.4
65.0
62.7
2.2
80.1
77.9
75.6
73.4
71.2
68.9
66.7
64.4
2.3
81.0
78.9
76.7
74.6
72.5
70.3
68.2
66.0
2.4
81.8
79.8
77.7
75.7
73.6
71.6
69.5
67.5
2.5
82.6
80.6
78.7
76.7
74.7
72.8
70.8
68.8
2.6
83.3
81.4
79.5
77.6
75.7
73.9
72.0
70.1
2.7
83.9
82.1
80.3
78.5
76.7
74.9
73.0
71.2
2.8
84.5
82.8
81.0
79.3
77.5
75.8
74.1
72.3
2.9
85.1
83.4
81.7
80.0
78.4
76.7
75.0
73.3
3.0
85.6
84.0
82.4
80.7
79.1
77.5
75.9
74.2
3.1
86.1
84.5
82.9
81.4
79.8
78.2
76.7
75.1
3.2
86.5
85.0
83.5
82.0
80.5
79.0
77.4
75.9
3.3
87.0
85.5
84.0
82.6
81.1
79.6
78.2
76.7
3.4
87.4
85.9
84.5
83.1
81.7
80.3
78.8
77.4
3.5
87.7
86.4
85.0
83.6
82.2
80.9
79.5
78.1
3.6
88.1
86.8
85.4
84.1
82.8
81.4
80.1
78.7
3.7
88.4
87.1
85.8
84.6
83.2
81.9
80.6
79.3
3.8
88.8
87.5
86.2
85.0
83.7
82.4
81.2
79.9
3.9
89.1
87.8
86.6
85.4
84.2
82.9
81.7
80.5
4.0
89.4
88.2
87.0
85.8
84.6
83.4
82.2
81.0
4.1
89.6
88.5
87.3
86.1
85.0
83.8
82.6
81.5
4.2
89.9
88.8
87.6
86.5
85.4
84.2
83.1
81.9
4.3
90.1
89.0
87.9
86.8
85.7
84.6
83.5
82.4
4.4
90.4
89.3
88.2
87.2
86.1
85.0
83.9
82.8
4.5
90.6
89.6
88.5
87.5
86.4
85.3
84.3
83.2
4.6
90.8
89.8
88.8
87.8
86.7
85.7
84.6
83.6
4.7
91.0
90.0
89.0
88.0
87.0
86.0
85.0
84.0
4.8
91.2
90.3
89.3
88.3
87.3
86.3
85.3
84.3
4.9
91.4
90.5
89.5
88.6
87.6
86.6
85.7
84.7
SO, CONVERTED TO SO,
117
PER CENT. SO2 CONVERTED TO SO3 — (Continued)
Per cent.
S02
Burner
gas
Per cent. SOi in exit gas
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
2.0
58.2
55.8
53.3
50.8
48.3
45.7
43.2
40.7
38.2
2.1
60.3
57.9
55.6
53.2
50.8
48.4
46.0
43.6
41.2
2.2
62.2
59.9
57.6
55.4
53.1
50.8
48.6
46.3
44.0
2.3
63.9
61.7
59.5
57.4
55.2
53.6
50.9
48.7
46.5
2.4
65.4
63.4
61.3
59.2
57.1
55.1
53.0
50.9
48.8
2.5
66.9
64.9
62.9
60.9
58.9
56.9
54.9
52.9
51.0
2.6
68.2
66.3
64.4
62.5
60.6
58.7
56.7
54.8
52.9
2.7
69.4
67.6
65.8
63.9
62.1
60.2
58.4
56.6
54.7
2.8
70.5
68.8
67.0
65.3
63.5
61.7
60.0
58.2
56.4
2.9
71.6
69.9
68.2
66.5
64.8
63.1
61.4
59.7
58.0
3.0
72.6
71.0
69.3
67.7
66.0
64.4
62.7
61.1
59.5
3.1
73.5
71.9
70.4
68.8
67.2
65.6
64.0
62.4
60.8
3.2
74.4
72.9
71.3
69.8
68.3
66.7
65.2
63.6
62.1
3.3
75.2
73.7
72.2
70.8
69.3
67.8
66.3
64.8
63.3
3.4
76.0
74.5
73.1
71.7
70.2
68.8
67.3
65.9
64.4
3.5
76.7
75.3
73.9
72.5
71.1
69.7
68.3
66.9
65.5
3.6
77.4
76.0
74.7
73.3
72.0
70.6
69.2
67.9
66.5
3.7
78.0
76.7
75.4
74.1
72.8
71.4
70.1
68.8
67.5
3.8
78.6
77.4
76.1
74.8
73.5
72.2
71.0
69.7
68.4
3.9
79.2
78.0
76.7
75.5
74.2
73.0
71.7
70.5
69.2
4.0
79.8
78.6
77.4
76.1
74.9
73.7
72.5
71.3
70.1
4.1
80.3
79.1
77.9
76.8
75.6
74.4
Y3.2
72.0
70.8
4.2
80.8
79.7
78.5
77.4
76.2
75.0
73.9
72.7
71.6
4.3
81.3
80.1
79.0
78.0
76.8
75.7
74.6
73.4
72.3
4.4
81.7
80.6
79.5
78.5
77.4
76.3
75.2
74.1
73.0
4.5
82.2
81.1
80.0
79.0
77.9
76.8
75.7
74.7
73.6
4.6
82.6
81.5
80.5
79.5
78.4
77.4
76.3
75.3
74.2
4.7
83.0
82.0
80.9
79.9
78.9
77.9
76.9
75.8
74.8
4.8
83.4
82.4
81.4
80.4
79.4
78.4
77.4
76.4
75.4
4.9
83.7
82.7
81.8
80.8
79.8
78.8
77.9
76.9
75.9
118
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
PER CENT. SO2 CONVERTED TO SO3 — (Continued}
Per cent.
SO2
Burner
gas
Per cent. SOz in exit gas
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
5.0
99.1
98.2
97.2
96.3
95.4
94.4
93.5
92.6
5.1
99.1
98.2
97.3
96.4
95.5
94.5
93.6
92.7
5.2
99.1
98.2
97.3
96.4
95.6
94.7
93.8
92.9
5.3
99.2
98.3
97.4
96.5
95.7
94.8
93.9
93.0
5.4
99.2
98.3
97.4
. 96.6
95.7
94.9
94.0
93.2
5.5
99.2
98.3
97.5
96.7
95.8
95.0
94.1
93.3
5.6
99.2
98.4
97.5
96.7
95.9
95.1
94.3
93.4
5.7
99.2
98.4
97.6
96.8
96.0
95.2
94.4
93.6
5.8
99.2
98.4
97.6
96.9
96.1
95.3
94.5
93.7
5.9
99.2
98.5
97.7
96.9
96.1
95.4
94.6
93.8
6.0
99.3
98.5
97.7
97.0
96.2
95.4
94.7
93.9
6.1
99.3
98.5
97.8
97.0
96.3
95.5
94.8
94.0
6.2
99.3
98.5
97.8
97.1
96.3
95.6
94.9
94.1
6.3
99.3
98.6
97.9
97.1
96.4
95.7
95.0
94.2
6.4
99.3
98.6
97.9
97.2
96.5
95.8
95.0
94.3
6.5
99.3
98.6
97.9
97.2
96.5
95.8
95.1
94.4
6.6
99.3
98.6
98.0
97.3
96.6
95.9
95.2
94.5
6.7
99.3
98.7
98.0
97.3
96.6
96.0
95.3
94.6
6.8
99.3
98.7
98.0
97.4
96.7
96.0
95.4
94.7
6.9
99.4
98.7
98.1
97.4
96.8
96.1
95.4
94.8
7.0
99.4
98.7
98.1
97.4
96.8
96.2
95.5
94.9
7.1
99.4
98.7
98.1
97.5
96.9
96.2
95.6
94.9
7.2
99.4
98.8
98.1
97.5
96.9
96.3
95.7
95.0
7.3
99.4
98.8
98.2
97.6
97.0
96.3
95.7
95.1
7.4
99.4
98.8
98.2
97.6
97.0
96.4
95.8
95.2
7.5
99.4
98.8
98.2
97.6
97.0
96.4
95.8
95.2
7.6
99.4
98.8
98.3
97.7
97.1
96.5
95.9
95.3
7.7
99.4
98.9
98.3
97.7
97.1
96.5
96.0
95.4
7.8
99.4
98.9
98.3
97.7
97.2
96.6
96.0
95.5
7.9
99.5
98.9
98.3
97.8
97.2
96.6
96.1
95.5
8.0
99.5
98.9
98.4
97.8
97.3
96.7
96.1
95.6
SO 2 CONVERTED TO SO3
119
PER CENT. SO2 CONVERTED TO SO 3 — (Continual)
Per cent.
SOs
Burner
gas
Per cent. SOi in exit gas
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
5.0
91.6
90.7
89.7
88.8
87.9
86.9
86.0
85.0
5.1
91.8
90.9
90.0
89.0
88.1
87.2
86.3
85.3
5.2
92.0
91.1
90.2
89.3
88.4
37.5
86.6
85.6
5.3
92.1
91.3
90.4
89.5
88.6
87.7
86.8
85.9
5.4
92.3
91.4
90.6
89.7
88.8
88.0
87.1
86.2
5.5
92.5
91.6
90.8
89.9
89.1
88.2
87.4
86.5
5.6
92.6
91.8
90.9
90.1
89.3
88.4
87.6
86.8
5.7
92.7
91.9
01.1
90.3
89.5
88.7
87.8
87.0
5.8
92.9
92.1
91.3
90.5
89.7
88.9
88.1
87.3
5.9
93.0
92.2
91.4
90.7
89.9
89.1
88.3
87.5
6.0
93.1
92.4
91.6
90.8
90.1
89.3
88.5
87.7
6.1
93.3
92.5
91.7
91.0
90.2
89.5
88.7
87.9
6.2
93.4
92.6
91.9
91.2
90.4
89.7
88.9
88.2
6.3
93.5
92.8
92.0
91.3
90.6
89.8
89.1
88.4
6.4
93.6
92.9
92.2
91.5
90.7
90.0
89.3
88.6
6.5
93.7
93.0
92.3
91.6
90.9
90.2
89.5
88.8
6.6
93.8
93.1
92.4
91.7
91.1
90.4
89.7
89.0
6.7
93.9
93.2
92.6
91.9
91.2
90.5
89.8
89.1
6.8
94.0
93.4
92.7
92.0
91.3
90.7
90.0
89.3
6.9
94.1
93.5
92.8
92.1
91.5
90.8
90.2
89.5
7.0
94.2
93.6
92.9
92.3
91.6
91.0
90.3
89.7
7.1
94.3
93.7
93.0
92.4
91.7
91.1
90.5
89.8
7.2
94.4
93.8
93.1
92.5
91.9
91.2
90.6
90.0
7.3
94.5
93.9
93.2
92.6
92.0
91.4
90.8
90.1
7.4
94.6
94.0
93.3
92.7
92.1
91.5
90.9
90.3
7.5
94.6
94.0
93.4
92.8
92.2
91.6
91.0
90.4
7.6
94.7
94.1
93.5
93.0
92.4
91.8
91.2
90.6
7.7
94.8
94.2
93.6
93.1
92.5
91.9
91.3
90.7
7.8
94.9
94.3
93.7
93.2
92.6
92.0
91.4
90.8
7.9
95.0
94.4 93.8
93.3
92.7
92.1 91.5
91.0
120
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
PER CENT. SO2 CONVERTED TO SO3 — (Continued]
Per cent.
S02
Burner
gas
Per cent. SO2 in exit gas
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
5.0
84.1
83.1
82.2
81.2
80.3
79.3
78.4
77.4
76.4
5.1
84.4
83.5
82.6
81.6
80.7
79.7
78.8
77.9
76.9
5.2
84.7
83.8
82.9
82.0
81.1
80.2
79.2
78.3
77.4
5.3
85.1
84.2
83.3
82.4
81.5
80.6
79.7
78.8
77.9
5.4
85.4
84.5
83.6
82.7
81.6
80.8
79.9
79.1
78.3
5.5
85.6
84.8
83.9
83.1
82.2
81.3
80.5
79.6
78.6
5.6
85.9
85.1
84.2
83.4
82.5
81.7
80.9
80.0
79.2
5.7
86.2
85.4
84.5
83.7
82.9
82.1
81.2
80.4
79.6
5.8
86.5
85.6
84.8
84.0
83.2
82.4
81.6
80.8
79.9
5.9
86.7
85.9
85.1
84.3
83.5
82.7
81.9
81.1
80.3
6.0
86.9
86.2
85.4
84.6
83.8
83.0
82.2
81.4
80.6
6.1
87.2
86.4
85.7
84.9
84.1
83.3
82.6
81.8
81.0
6.2
87.4
86.7
85.9
85.2
84.4
83.6
82.9
82.1
81.4
6.3
87.6
86.9
86.2
85.4
84.7
83.9
83.2
82.4
81.7
6.4
87.8
87.1
86.4
85.7
84.9
84.2
83.5
82.7
82.0
6.5
88.1
87.3
86.6
85.9
85.2
84.5
83.8
83.0
82.3
6.6
88.3
87.6
86.9
86.1
85.4
84.7
84.0
83.3
82.6
6.7
88.4
87.8
87.1
86.4
85.7
85.0
84.3
83.6
82.9
6.8
88.6
88.0
87.3
86.6
85.9
85.2
84.5
83.9
83.2
6.9
88.8
88.2
87.5
86.8
86.1
85.5
84.8
84.1
83.4
7.0
89.0
88.3
87.7
87.0
86.4
85.7
85.0
84.4
83.7
7.1
89.2
88.5
87.9
87.2
86.6
85.9
85.3
84.6
84.0
7.2
89.3
88.7
88.1
87.4
86.8
86.1
85.5
84.9
84.2
7.3
89.5
88.9
88.3
87.6
87.0
86.4
85.7
85.1
84.5
7.4
89.7
89.0
88.4
87.8
87.2
86.5
85.9
85.2
84.6
7.5
89.8
89.2
88.6
88.0
87.4
86.8
86.1
85.5
84.9
7.6
90.0
89.4
88.8
88.2
8.7.6
87.0
86.4
85.8
85.2
7.7
90.1
89.5
88.9 88.3
87.7
87.1
86.6
86.0
85.4
7.8
90.3
89.7
89.1 88.5
87.9
87.3
86.7
86.2
85.6
7.9
90.4
89.8
89.3 ; 88.7
88.1
87.5
86.9
86.4
85.8
1
SO2 CONVERTED TO S03
121
PER CENT. SO2 CONVERTED TO SO3 — (Continued)
Per cent.
SO*
Burner
gas
Per cent. SOa in exit gas
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
8.0
94.5
93.9
93.3
92.8
92.2
91.7
91.1
90.5
8.1
94.5
94.0
93.4
92.9
92.3
91.8
91.2
90.7
8.2
94.6
94.1
93.5
93.0
92.4
- 91.9
91.3
90.8
8.3
94.7
94.1
93.6
93.1
92.5
92.0
91.5
90 9
8.4
94.8
94.2
93.7
93.2
92.6
92.1
91.6
91.0
8.5
94.8
94.3
93.8
93.3
92.7
92.2
91.7
91.2
8.6
94.9
94.4
93.9
93.3
92.8
92.3
91.8
91.3
8.7
95.0
94.5
93.9
93.4
92.9
92.4
91.9
91.4
8.8
95.0
94.5
94.0
93.5
93.0
92.5
92.0
91.5
8.9
95.1
94.6
94.1
93.6
93.1
92.6
92.1
91.6
9.0
95.2
94.7
94.2
93.7
93.2
92 7
92.2
91.7
9.1
95.2
94.7
94.3
93.8
93.3
92.8
92.3
91.8
9.2
95.3
94.8
94.3
93.8
93.4
92.9
92.4
91.9
9.3
95.3
94.9
94.4
93.9
93.4
93.0
92.5
92.0
9.4
95.4
94.9
94.5
94.0
93.5
93.1
92.6
92.1
9.5
95.5
95.0
04.5
94.1
93.6
93.1
92.7
92.2
9.6
95.5
95.1
94.6
94.1
93.7
93.2
92.8
92.3
9.7
95.6
95.1
94.7
94.2
93.8
93.3
92.9
92.4
9.8
95.6
95 .2
94.7
94.3
93.8
93.4
93.0
92.5
9.9
95.7
95.2
94.8
94.4
93.9
93.5
93.0
92.6
10.0
95.7
95.3
94.9
94.4
94.0
93.5
93.1
92.7
122
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
PER CENT. SO2 CONVERTED TO S03 — (Concluded)
Per cent.
S02
Burner
gas
Per cent. SCh in exit gas
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
8.0
90.0
89.4
88.8
88.3
87.7
87.1
86.6
86 0
81
90.1
89.5
89.0
88.4
87.9
87.3
86.7
86.2
8.2
90.2
89.7
89.1
88.6
88.0
87.5
86.9
86.4
8.3
90.4
89.8
89.3
88.7
88.2
87.7
87.1
86.6
8.4
90.5
90.0
89.4
88.9
88.4
87.8
87.3
86.7
8.5
90.6
90.1
89.6
89.0
88.5
88.0
87.5
86.9
8.6
90.8
90.2
89.7
89.2
88.7
88.1
87.6
87.1
8.7
90.9
90.4
89.8
89.3
88.8
88.3
87.8
87.3
8.8
91.0
90.5
90.0
89.5
89.0
88.5
87.9
87.4
8.9
91.1
90.6
90.1
89.6
89.1
88.6
88.1
87.6
9.0
91.2
90.7
90.2
89.7
89.2
88.7
88.3
87.8
9.1
91.3
90.9
90.4
89.9
89.4
88.9
88.4
87.9
9.2
91.4
91.0
90.5
90.0
89.5
89.0
88.5
88.1
9.3
91.6
91.1
90.6
90.1
89.6
89.2
88.7
88.2
9.4
91.7
91.2
90.7
90.2
89.8
89.3
88.8
88.4
9.5
91.8
91.3
90.8
90.4
89.9
89.4
89.0
88.5
9.6
91.9
91.4
90.9
90.5
90.0
89.6
89.1
88.6
9.7
92.0
91.5
91.1
90.6
90.1
89.7
89.2
88.8
9.8
92.1
91.6
91.2
90.7
90.3
89.8
89.4
88.9
9.9
92.2
91.7
91.3
90.8
90.4
89.9
89.5
89.0
10.0
92.2
91.8
91.4
90.9
90.5
90.0
89.6
89.2
COMPOSITION OF DRY GAS
123
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Theoretical Composition of Dry Gas
from the
Roasting of Metallic Sulphides
Dry Air Composition 20.8.* O2=79.2< N2 by Volume
Reactions Equations of Gas Composition
2 ZnS + 3O2=2 Zn O + 2 SOa *O2= 20,8-1.396 x <SOj » *N2 = 79.2-1- 0.396 x jJSOj
2 PbS-f 30.= 2 Pb O+2SO2 *O2= 20.8-1.396 x jtSO2 : *N2= 79.2+ 0.396 x *SO.
^ 4 FeSj+llO, = 2 FeaOs+S SO2 *O «= 20.8-1.297 X *SOS : *-N2 = 79.2 + 0.297 x £SO2
\4FeS+ 7OJ|=2FesOs+4SOj >O2=20.8-1.594x %SOt : SfN2 =79^ + 0-594 xjfSOj
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Per Cent Sulphur Dioxide
124
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
9
7
G
5
4
3
2
1
Theoretical Composition of Dry Gas
from the
Combustion of Sulphur
Dry Air Composition - 20. 8% O2:79.2% N2 by Volume
leaction Equations of Gas Composition
+ O2=SO2 %>O2=20.8- %SO2: %N2 = 79.2
=
S 3 g
Per Cent Nitroeen
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Per Cent Nitrogen
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Per Cent Sulphur Dioxide
QUALITATIVE TESTS— SULPHURIC ACID 125
QUALITATIVE TESTS— SULPHURIC ACID
Nitrogen Acids
Diphenylamine Test. — A few grams diphenylamine is dissolved
in strong sulphuric acid, free from nitrogen oxides. Put about
2 or 3 c.c. of the acid to be tested in a test-tube and add about
1 c.c. of the diphenylamine solution so that the layers overlay
gradually. In case of dilute acids proceed in the opposite man-
ner. The slightest trace of nitrogen acids is proved by the ap-
pearance of a brilliant blue color at the point of contact of the
liquids. In the presence of selenium the diphenylamine test
fails as the same color is produced.
Ferrous-sulphate Test. — A saturated solution of ferrous sul-
phate is added to the acid to be tested in a test-tube. Incline
the test-tube so the layers overlay gradually. Hold the tube
upright and tap gently. In presence of nitric acid a brown ring
forms at the junction of the two solutions. Ferrous sulphate
should be present in excess, otherwise the brown color is de-
stroyed by the free nitric acid. If only a trace of nitric acid is
present a pink color is produced.
Selenium
Ferrous-sulphate Test. — Selenium in sulphuric acid can be
recognized by adding a strong solution of ferrous sulphate. A
brownish-red color will make its appearance which after a while
turns into a red precipitate (not vanishing upon heating) like
the brown color produced by nitrogen acids.
Sodium-sulphite Test. — Overlay about 4 c.c. weak hydro-
chloric acid containing a granule of sodium sulphite dissolved. A
red zone on warming shows the presence of selenium.
Lead
Dilute the acid to about five times its volume with dilute
alcohol. If any lead is present it will be precipitated as the white
sulphate, PbS04.
126 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Iron
Boil the acid, if free from nitrogen, with a drop of nitric acid
to oxidize the iron. Dilute a little, allow to cool and add a solu-
tion of potassium thiocyanate. A red color proves the presence
of iron.
Arsenic
Marsh Test. — In the presence of nascent hydrogen, both
arsenic and arsenious compounds are reduced, and arsine (or
arseniuretted hydrogen) AsH3 is evolved.
Hydrogen is slowly generated from zinc and dilute sulphuric
acid, both materials being free from arsenic. The issuing gas is
passed through a piece of tube which has been drawn out so as to
produce one or two constricted places in its length. As soon as
the air is expelled from the apparatus, the issuing hydrogen is
inflamed.
A small quantity of the acid to be tested is then introduced
and a piece of cold white porcelain depressed upon the flame.
If any arsenic is present, a rich brown-black metallic looking
stain will be deposited. The deposit being volatile and the flame
very hot, the stain will again disappear if the flame is allowed to
impinge for more than a moment or two on the same spot.
If the drawn-out tube is heated near one of the constrictions,
the arseniuretted hydrogen will be decomposed and an arsenic
mirror will be deposited in the tube.
Hydrogen-sulphide Test. — The acid is diluted and hydrogen
sulphide gas passed through. If any arsenic is present it will
be precipitated as yellow arsenious sulphide, A2S3.
THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SULPHURIC ACID
The quantitative analysis of sulphuric acid, volumetrically,
is made by titrating a weighed quantity. The titration is per-
formed by means of a standard normal sodium-hydroxide solu-
tion which is controlled by a standard normal sulphuric-acid
solution and results are either expressed as per cent. 80s or per
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 127
cent. H2SO4. In the following methods all calculations will be
for per cent, of SOs. The methods may easily be extended to
express as per cent. H2S04 if desired.
Standard Normal Acid
The strength of the standard normal sulphuric-acid solution
is fixed by chemically pure sodium carbonate which is the ulti-
mate standard for acidimetric and alkalimetric volumetric
analysis.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate
Sodium bicarbonate made by the ammonia-soda process may be
obtained in exceedingly pure form. The impurities that may be
present are silica, magnesium, ammonia, arsenic, lime, sodium
sulphate and sodium chloride. With the exception of silica and
lime the impurities may be readily removed by washing the
sodium bicarbonate several times with cold water and decanting
the supernatant solution of each washing from the difficultly solu-
ble bicarbonate. The washing is continued until the material is
free from chlorine, as sodium chloride is the principal impurity,
and its removal leaves an exceedingly pure product. The bi-
carbonate is then dried between large filter papers in a hot-air
oven protected from acid gases, at 100°C. and kept in a sealed
bottle until used.
Sodium carbonate is made from this pure sodium bicarbonate
by igniting in a platinum crucible at 290-300°C. to constant
weight in an electric oven. If a constant-temperature oven is
not available a simple oven may be improvised by use of a sand
bath and a sheet-iron or clay cylinder shell covered at the upper
end. A thermometer passing through this shield registers the
temperature and at the same time serves as a stirrer as it should
be stirred occasionally. The sand on the outside of the crucible
should reach the same level as the bicarbonate inside so the con-
tents is entirely surrounded by an atmosphere of comparatively
even temperature.
128 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Sodium carbonate intended for standardization of acids should
not be heated over 300°C. and if heating is carried on at this
temperature for a sufficient length of time (1 to 5 hours) constant
weight will be obtained and one may be sure that neither bi-
carbonate or water is left behind and yet no sodium oxide -or
carbon dioxide has been formed as may happen if heating is
carried on to a low red heat. While the carbonate is still hot
place about 2 grams each in several small tared glass-stoppered
weighing bottles. Keep in a desiccator up to the time of weigh-
ing and titrating, allowing plenty of time to cool.
To test for purity dissolve about 5 grams in water which ought
to yield a perfectly clear, colorless solution. If after acidifying
this solution with nitric acid, no opalescence is caused by barium
chloride or silver nitrate, the salt may be taken as sufficiently
pure.
For exceedingly accurate work the material is analyzed and
allowance made for impurities that still remain. The error
caused by any such impurities is so small, that for all practical
purposes it may be neglected.
Chemically pure sodium carbonate prepared by a reliable
manufacturer is sufficiently pure but should be ignited at 290-
SOO^C. for 1 hour as a precaution.
Standardizing the Standard Acid
Wash each weighed amount of sodium carbonate (as titrated)
into a 350-c.c. beaker and add enough water to dissolve. Methyl
orange is 'used as an indicator and the cold solution of sodium
carbonate is colored just perceptibly yellow by adding a drop or
two of the indicator. If too much is used the color will be too
intense and the transition too pink on neutralization will be less
sharp. A change to pink takes place only when all the carbonate
has been neutralized and the solution slightly acidified. An
excess of acid (0.5 to 1 c.c.) is added as this is necessary to drive
out all the carbon dioxide. The solution is then heated to boiling
to aid in expelling the CO2. Upon heating the color fades, but
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 129
as soon as the carbon dioxide has been expelled, cool by placing
the beaker in running water and the pink color will return.
Transfer the solution from the beaker into the titrating vessel
washing very carefully. The excess of acid is titrated with
standard sodium hydroxide, the caustic being added drop by
drop, then cutting the drops from the tip of the burette until a
fraction of a drop produces a yellow straw color. A comparison
solution having the color of the end point sought for may be
prepared by using a slight amount of methyl orange, a few drops
of standard alkali and diluting to about the same amount as the
solution to be titrated.
If all the CO2 is not expelled an intermediate color is observed
due to its action on the indicator, the color passing from pink
through orange to yellow and vice versa. This transition through
orange, however, is much more noticeable when weaker standard
solutions, fifth normal, etc., are used.
Phenolphthalein as an indicator is colorless in an acid solution
and a pinkish-red in an alkaline solution. If phenolphthalein is
used, special precautions must be taken as to the exclusion of
CO2. The solution must be well boiled, the standard solutions
should be C02-free; C02-free water should be used and some
chemists even claim that the C02 contained in the air, which
comes into contact with the liquid upon cooling, may cause
trouble in accurate work.
Preparation and Calculation of the Standard Acid
A normal solution of sulphuric acid contains 40.03 grams S03
per liter (0.04003 gram per cubic centimeter). To prepare,
determine the per cent. SO3 in the chemically pure acid that the
solution is to be prepared from.
Let x = grams c.p. acid to be used per liter
y = per cent. SO3 in c.p. acid
rp, 100 X 40.03
Then x = -
y
130 - SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Titrate an aliquot portion of the newly prepared solution
against a weighed quantity of sodium carbonate or if accurate
standard alkali solution is at hand it may similarly be employed
for examining the provisional acid. Adjustment to normal
strength may now be made.
Thus far standard solutions have been considered as being ad-
justed to normality. Calculations are simplified to a great ex-
tent by using normal solutions, but to adjust solutions to be
just normal is a matter of considerable difficulty. It is a general
practice to calculate the strength of the standard solutions, not
attempting to have the normality more than approximate, the
exact strength, however, always being known and used in all
calculations.
Following is given the method for calculating the grams SO3
per cubic centimeter in the standard acid solution. The grams
SO3 per cubic centimeter may be used directly in calculations or
reduced to per cent, normality. For instance, a normal solution
contains 0.04003 gram SO3 per cubic centimeter. Suppose a
solution is found to contain 0.0395 gram per cubic centimeter.
Then the per cent, normality of this solution would be :
- °-9868Ar
Molecular weight SO3 = 80.06
Molecular weight Na2C03 = 106.005
QO r\r*
' n = 0.7552 = gram S03 neutralized by 1 gram Na2CO3
lUb.UUo
Let x = gram S03 per cubic centimeter in standard acid
a = grams Na2C03 neutralized
b — cubic centimeters standard acid neutralized (cubic
centimeters acid — cubic centimeters alkali in back
titration.)
a X 0.7552
X" ~b~
It is necessary to know the relative strengths of the standard
acid and alkali solutions so that the value of the alkali solution
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 131
used in producing the desired neutralization may be ascertained.
When the two solutions are exactly equivalent cubic centimeters
to cubic centimeters, subtraction of the alkali used from the acid
used gives the correct amount of acid used. If the solutions are
not exactly equivalent the alkali reading should be multiplied
by a factor of its per cent, relation to the acid solution in order
to equalize the two. For example, in determining the relation
between the acid and alkali we find it requires 29.7 c.c. of alkali
to neutralize 30 c.c. of acid.
The factor then would be:
& - 1-0101
The temperature of the standard acid should be observed at
the time of its standardization for future use. The coefficient
of expansion is 0.000325 c.c. or 0.000013 gram SO3 per cubic
centimeter per degree Centigrade for average laboratory tem-
peratures (25°C.).
Example:
Weight of Na2CO3 used = 2 grams
Cubic centimeters acid used = 39. 17 c.c.
Cubic centimeters alkali used = 0.92 c.c.
29.7 c.c. alkali will neutralize 30 c.c. of acid = 1 .0101 (factor)
Temperature of acid = 23°C.
0.92 X 1.0101 = 0.93
39.17-0.93 =38.24
o y ft 7552
- = 0.039498 gram SO3 per cubic centimeter at 23°C.
«5o.^4
Standard Sodium Hydroxide
A normal solution of sodium hydroxide contains 40.008 grams
NaOH per liter (0.040008 gram per cubic centimeter). It is not
essential to have the solution "just normal" but for simplifying
calculations it should be as nearly equivalent to the standard
acid as possible.
132 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Standard sodium hydroxide is prepared by dissolving approxi-
mately 50 grams NaOH per liter. The solution may then be
adjusted to proper strength. This solution is controlled by
standardizing against the standard sulphuric-acid solution using
methyl orange as indicator.
Run a quantity of the standard alkali into the titrating vessel,
add a drop or two of the indicator which will give a yellow straw
color. Now titrate with the standard acid, toward neutraliza-
tion drop by drop then cutting the drops from the tip of the bu-
rette until a fraction of a drop produces a pink color.
Observe the temperature of the standard acid and if it varies
from the time of its standardization use the given coefficient of
expansion and calculate to the temperature observed at the time
of the alkali standardization.
Let x = gram S03 equivalent per cubic centimeter standard
alkali
a = gram SO3 per cubic centimeter standard acid
b = cubic centimeters standard acid used
c = cubic centimeters standard alkali used
a X b
X = —T
Observe the temperature of the standard alkali at the time of
its standardization for future use. The coefficient of expansion
is 0.00026 c.c. or 0.000011 gram S03 equivalent per cubic centi-
meter per degree Centigrade for average laboratory tempera-
tures (25°C.).
Example:
Gram S03 per cubic centimeter standard acid at 23°
= 0.039498
Temperature acid at time of alkali standardization = 27°
27° - 23° = 4°
4 X 0.000013 = 0.000052
0.039498 - 0.000052 = 0.039446 gram SO3 per cubic centi-
meter standard acid at 27°C,
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 133
Cubic centimeters standard acid used = 30
Cubic centimeters standard alkali used = 29 . 7
Temperature standard alkali = 26°
0.039446 X 30 „ . .
— — — = 0.039844 gram SOa equivalent per cubic
£tu .7
centimeter standard alkali at 26°C.
Sodium hydroxide purified by alcohol is not suitable for pre-
paring a standard solution as it does not drain properly in the
burette, producing an oily appearance.
When employing methyl orange as an indicator an ordinary
sodium hydroxide solution may be employed without any special
precautions. When intended to be used with phenolphthalein
it should be as free as possible from carbonate as this would inter-
fere with the indicator. Also the solution should be protected
against the absorption of CC>2 from the air. COz free water
should be used.
A' solution entirely free from carbonate is difficult to prepare
and preserve when in constant use. By adding 1 to 2 grams of
barium hydroxide or barium chloride per liter of the standard
solution the carbonate will be precipitated. It is advisable to
add only an amount to precipitate the carbonate as the presence
of barium would produce an opalescence with sulphuric acid
when titrated. Or a better method would be to add the barium
hydroxide in slight excess to precipitate the carbonate, then add
enough sulphuric acid to precipitate the excess barium.
Protecting the Strength of the Standard Solutions
The standard solution containers should be well stoppered and
the air drawn into the bottle purified from CO2 and acid fumes.
This can be accomplished by drawing the air through a sodium-
hydroxide solution or sodium calcium oxide then through calcium
chloride. Some chemists claim that if vapor is lost from the
standard reagents and this replaced by dry air, as is the common
practice, the solution gradually changes in strength. They rec-
134 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
ommend drawing through a sodium-hydroxide solution only,
thus purifying the air from C02 and acid fumes and at the same
time saturating the air with moisture.
Burettes
Fifty cubic-centimeter burettes, graduated in tenths, with
a mark passing entirely around the tube are very convenient.
The eye can be held so that the marks appear to be a straight
line drawn across the tube, thus lessening chances of error in
reading. One hundred cubic-centimeter burettes graduated in
tenths would be too long for convenient manipulation.
In extremely accurate work, where it is desired to have a
titration of 75 to 100 c.c., the chamber burette is convenient.
The chamber located in the upper portion of the tube holds 75
c.c. and the lower portion drawn out into a uniform bore tube
holding 25 c.c., is graduated.
Burettes should be connected to the reservoir of standard
solutions by means of an arm at the base.
Burettes should be allowed to drain 2 min. before taking
readings. Readings should be in hundredths of a cubic centi-
meter. Meniscus readers are of great value.
Observing Temperature
Thermometers may be suspended from the stoppers of the
reservoirs.
The burette may be water-jacketed with a large glass tube
and the thermometer suspended along side of the burette.
The thermometer may be inserted in the upright siphon tube
from the reservoir at the base of the burette.
Titrating Vessels
White porcelain dishes (500-c.c. capacity) or 4-in. casseroles
are best adapted for titrating vessels on account of the clear
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 135
white background, enabling the analyst to see the end point
clearly.
Preparing Indicator Solution
Methyl orange may be prepared by dissolving 1 gram of the
reagent per liter of water.
Phenolphthalein may be prepared by dissolving 1 gram of the
reagent per liter of neutral 95 per cent, alcohol.
Methods of Weighing Acid
Non-fuming. — Tared, glass-stoppered, conical-shape weighing
bottles about 15-c.c. capacity are very convenient. Weigh
about 1.5 to 2 grams for each titration. Wash into the titrating
vessel, dilute to 150-200 c.c. and titrate.
Fuming. — Fuming acid must be confined during weighing and
until diluted with water without loss of SO3. If the acid is
wholly or partly crystallized, heat moderately until it becomes
liquid and mix thoroughly before sampling. Acid which is not
far removed from real SO3 in composition would give off too
much SO3 in this operation. Such acid should be weighed out
in a stoppered bottle and mixed in this with a known and exactly
analyzed quantity of a weaker acid at a temperature from 30°
to 40°C. In this way an acid that will remain liquid at ordinary
temperatures can be formed. Of course the amount of diluting
acid added will have to be taken into calculations.
A few methods for weighing follow:
1. Lunge -Rey Pipette. — This consists of a small bulb with a
stop-cock at each end, the tube from one being capillary. The
capillary tube is covered with a ground on light glass cup which
is weighed with the pipette. The whole apparatus is weighed,
the stop-cock next to the capillary is closed and the air in the
bulb exhausted by applying suction at the other (upper) tube,
the stop-cock is closed thus sealing the vacuum. The capillary
tube is then dipped into the acid to be sampled, the lower stop-
136 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
cock then opened and the acid will be drawn into the bulb. The
lower stop-cock is closed and the capillary covered with the cup
and the whole again weighed. The pipette is emptied by placing
the capillary under water, opening both stop-cocks and allowing
the acid to run out, then washing thoroughly. Dilute to 150 to
200 c.c. and titrate.
2. Glass-tube Method. — Some chemists use glass tubes bent
in different shapes for weighing fuming acid. The acid is drawn
into the tube by applying suction and emptied by submerging
under water and allowing to run out by gravity, regulating the
outflow by placing a finger over the end of the tube or by regu-
lating the flow of water sometimes used to force the acid out.
3. Glass-bulb Method. — In the bulb method thin glass bulbs
of about 2-c.c. capacity are used. The bulbs have a capillary
tube from two sides, one about J^ in. long which is sealed and
used as a handle and the other about 3 in. long. These bulbs
may be easily made by an amateur glass blower. After weighing
the bulb, heat moderately over a low alcohol flame, then place
the long tube into the acid to be sampled and allow to cool.
The contraction of the air upon cooling will draw the acid into
the bulb. Draw 1.5 to 2 grams. Seal the end with the flame,
wipe the acid off carefully and weigh. Insert the bulb along
with about 50 c.c. water in a well-stoppered bottle, large enough
to allow the bulb to be placed loosely. Give the bottle a vigor-
ous shake so as to break the bulb. A sudden vibration occurs
from the contact of the acid with the water and clouds of SO3
rise which will be absorbed by a little shaking. When the SOs
fumes are completely absorbed, open the bottle and crush the
capillary tubes with a glass rod. Wash into the titrating vessel,
dilute to 150-200 c.c. and titrate.
Advantages of the bulb method:
1. Convenience in handling as compared to the awkwardness
of the other methods.
2. To facilitate drying the tubes or pipette, requires that they
be rinsed in alcohol, followed by ether, then heating, dry air
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 137
being aspirated through. This requires a great deal of time and
work which is eliminated by the bulb method.
3. In diluting, strong fuming acid cannot be run directly into
water in an open vessel without great chances of loss. SOa fumes
may escape unabsorbed. Also loss may occur through the bump-
ing and splashing caused by the sudden evolution of heat when
the acid comes into contact with water. The bulb method does
not have these objections.
4. If solid acid is being analyzed, using the bulb method it
only has to be kept liquid long enough to draw into the bulb
while with the other methods it also must be kept in the liquid
state to empty from the tube or pipette.
Titration of Acid
As indicator methyl orange is used and so much is only taken
than the pink color produced is quite visible, say a drop. A
yellow straw-colored end point is sought for and to be certain of
neutralization it is best to titrate back, cutting a fraction of a
drop off the tip of the burette until a faint trace of pink is
observed.
If phenolphthalein is used as an indicator titrate with alkali
until a pinkish-red is observed.
Nitrous acid destroys the coloring matter of methyl orange,
but commercial acid seldom contains sufficient amount to cause
any trouble. If any difficulty is encountered, the indicator
should be added or renewed shortly toward neutralization or an
excess of alkali added, then methyl orange, and the solution then
titrated back with standard acid.
Let x = per cent. SO3
a = gram SOs equivalent per cubic centimeter in stand-
ard alkali
b = cubic centimeters standard alkali neutralized (cubic
centimeters alkali used — cubic centimeters acid used)
c = grams acid (weight of sample)
a X b X 100
x =
138 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
If the temperature of the standard alkali differs from the time
of its standardization adjust the temperature correction before
making calculations.
Example:
Grams acid (weight of sample) = 1 . 9845
Cubic centimeters standard alkali used = 40 . 00
Temperature of standard alkali = 22°C.
Gram SO3 equivalent per cubic centi-
meter standard alkali at 26°C. = 0.039844
26° - 22°C. = 4.0°
4 X 0.000011 = 0.000044
0 . 039844 + 0 . 000044 = 0 . 039888
0.039888 X 40 X 100 ar.
= 80.39 per cent, SO3
Thus far all operations have been carried on under the assump-
tion that no S02 is present in the sulphuric acid. If SO2 is pres-
ent, operations and calculations must be extended according to
the indicator used.
Sulphur dioxide dissolves in water forming sulphurous acid.
When phenolphthalein is used as an indicator the reaction is
H2SO3 + 2NaOH = Na2S03 + 2H20
With methyl orange, the point of neutrality is reached when
the acid salt NaHSO3 has been formed thus requiring only one-
half as much alkali for neutralization as when phenolphthalein is
used
H2S03 + NaOH = NaHS03 + H20
Determine the amount of S02 present by titrating a separate
sample with N/10 iodine using starch as an indicator. The end
point is reached when a blue color is observed.
Let x = per cent. SO2
a = cubic centimeters N/10 1 used ; 1 cc. = 0 . 0032 gram SO2
b = grams acid in sample
X =
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 139
a X 0.0032 X 100
SO, _ 80.06 _
S02 " 64.06 "
Using phenolphthalein :
Per cent. S03 as total acidity — (per cent. SO2 X 1.25) =
actual per cent. S03.
Using methyl orange:
Percent. SO3 as total acidity - 0.5 (percent. SO2 X 1.25) =
actual per cent. SOa.
If it is desired to calculate fuming acid as per cent, free SO3, no
SO2 being present, the formulas given under the caption " Form-
ulas for use in sulphuric-acid calculations" may be used. If SO2
is present it should be calculated as follows:
Example. — Methyl orange is used as indicator:
Total acidity per cent. SO3 = 83.5
Per cent. SO2 = 2.0
Per cent.
Actual total SO3 = 83.5 - 0.5 (2 X 1.25)= 82.25
H2O = 100.0 - (82.25 + 2.0) = 15.75
Combined SO3 = 15.75 X 4.4438 =69.99
Free SO3 = 82.25 - 69.99 = 12.26
H2S04 = 15.75 + 69.99 = 85.74
Therefore the composition of the acid would be:
Per cent.
H2SO4 = 85.74
FreeSO3 = 12.26
SO2 = 2.00
100.00
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEAD, IRON AND ZINC IN
SULPHURIC ACID
Lead
Weigh 100 grams of the acid and dilute with an equal volume
of water and twice its vo'ume of alcohol. Upon cooling the lead
140 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
settles as a white precipitate of sulphate. Filter directly on an
asbestos mat in a tared Gooch crucible, wash several times with
dilute alcohol, dry and weigh as lead sulphate.
1 gram PbS04 = 0.68324 gram Pb.
Iron
Weigh 100 grams of the acid, add a few drops of hydrogen
peroxide to oxidize the iron. Make alkaline by adding ammonia
which will precipitate the iron, heat to boiling and filter. Dis-
solve the precipitate from the filter with dilute sulphuric acid,
wash with hot water, add about 10 c.c. concentrated sulphuric
acid and pass through pure zinc shavings. Wash the latter
thoroughly and then titrate with potassium permanganate.
This is best employed as an empirical solution prepared by dis-
solving 564 mg. KMnO4 per liter.
1 c.c. = 0.001 gram Fe or 0.001 per cent. Fe on a 100-gram
sample.
Zinc
Weigh 100 grams acid, dilute to about 400 c.c., neutralize with
ammonia and filter off the iron. Pass through H2S gas, allow
the ZnS to settle. Decant the supernatant liquor. Dissolve
the precipitate with hydrochloric acid, neutralize with ammonia,
add a small amount of ammonium chloride and an excess of 10
c.c. hydrochloric acid. Dilute to about 250 c.c., heat to boiling
and titrate while hot with potassium ferrocyanide using uranium
nitrate on a spot plate as indicator.
THE ANALYSIS OF MIXED ACID AND NITRATED SULPHURIC
ACID
Mixed acid is the technical name for a mixture of strong sul-
phuric acid and nitric acid. The analysis includes the deter-
mination of H2SO4, HNO3 and lower oxides which may be cal-
ANALYSIS OF MIXED ACID 141
culated as N2O3, N2O5, HNO2 or even as N2O4 and in the case
of faming sulphuric acid being present the determination of SO3.
In the presence of the latter HNO3 is supposed to lose its com-
bined water according to the reaction:
2HNO3 + S03 = H2S04 + N2O5
If any SO2 should be present it is assumed that it is oxidized
to SO3 with the formation of H2S04 and the anhydrides SO3 and
N2O3 according to the reaction:
N2O5 -f H2O + 2SO2 = N2O3 + SO3 + H2SO4
Some chemists prefer to express the reaction:
2HNO3 + SO2 = H2SO4 + N2O4
The analysis is carried out by three titrations:
(a) Determination of total acidity.
(6) Determination of sulphuric acid, including free SO3 in the
case of fuming acid.
(c) Determination of lower oxides of nitrogen.
(a) Total Acidity. — The sample is accurately weighed by one
of the procedures recommended for fuming sulphuric acid and
diluted with water as described. If methyl orange is employed
as indicator, either add it only toward the end of the titration
or renew it as destroyed or add an excess of alkali, then the indi-
cator and titrate back. Calculate as per cent. SO3.
(6) Sulphuric Acid. — A second sample is weighed and diluted
as in the case of total acids. The solution is evaporated on a
steam bath to expel the volatile acids, lower oxides and nitric.
The evaporation is hastened by blowing a current of hot, dry,
pure air over the sample. About 5 c.c. water are added and this
again evaporated. The acid is then diluted with water and
titrated with the standard alkali. Calculate as per cent. SO3
which gives the actual per cent.
(c) Lower Oxides. — A third sample is weighed and diluted as
in the case of total acids. The solution is titrated immediately
142 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
with N/10 KMn04, the reagent being added rapidly at first and
finally drop by drop as the end point is approached. The reac-
tion at the end is apt to be slow so that time must be allowed for
complete oxidation. The titration is completed when a pink
color is obtained that does not fade in 3 min.
Organic matter is also oxidized by KMnO4 hence will interfere
if present. If organic matter is present the titration should be
made with N/10 iodine solution.
KMnO4 reacts with nitrous acid or a nitrate as follows:
2KMn04 + 5HN02 + 3H2SO4 = K2SO4 + 5HNO3 +
3H2O + 2MnSO4
4KMnO4 + 5N2O3 + 6H2SO4 = 2K2SO4 + 4MnSO4 +
5N2O5 + 6H20
Therefore 1 c.c. N/10 KMnO4 = 0.0019 gram N203
0.0046 gram N2O4
0.00235 gram HNO2
The KMn04 solution is standardized against sodium oxalate.
Reaction :
5Na2C204 -|- 2KMn04 + 8H2SO4 =
K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Na2S04 + 10CO2 + 8H2O.
Example. — Mixed acid analysis — free S03 absent.
The total acidity in terms of S03 is found to be 67.76 per cent.
The total S03 after evaporation = 34 . 55 per cent.
The N2O3 = 0.096 per cent.
To calculate the composition of the mixed acid :
67.76 - 34.55 = 33.21 per cent. HNO3 + HNO2 as SO3.
The amount of acidity as nitric acid is:
2HNO3 2(63.018)
S03 80.06
X 33.21 = 52.27 per cent. HN03 +
HNO2 as HNO3.
ANALYSIS OF MIXED ACID 143
The equivalent of N2O3 in HNO3 is:
2HNO3 2(63.018) v
-N^7 ^7o2- X 0.096 = 0.16 per cent
The amount of nitric acid present is:
52.27 - 0.16 = 52.11 per cent. HNO3.
The amount of sulphuric acid present is:
^ = Sx34.55 = 42.33 per cent. H2so,
From these figures the analysis of the mixed acid is :
H2S04 = 42.33
HNO3 = 52.11
N2O3 = 0.10
By difference H2O = 5.46
100.00 per cent.
Example. — Mixed acid analysis — free SOS present.
Nitric acid in the presence of free SO3 is assumed to be the
anhydride N2Os.
The total acidity in terms of SO3 is found to be 84 per cent.
The total SO3 after evaporation 82 per cent.
84 - 82 = 2 per cent. SO3 difference.
The equivalent N2Os is:
» cent™.
Water = 100 - (82 + 2.698) = 15.302 per cent.
Combined S03 = 15.302 X 4.4438 =68.00
Free SO3 = 82-68 = 14.00
H2SO4 = 68 + 15.30 =83.30
144 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
From these figures the analysis of the mixed acid is:
H2SO4 = 83.30
FreeSO3 = 14.00
N205 = 2.70
100.00 per cent.
Du Pont Nitrometer Method
The principle of the nitrometer method for the determination
of nitrogen acids in sulphuric acid and mixed acid is the reaction
between sulphuric acid and nitrogen acids in the presence of
mercury. This converts all nitrogen acids into NO:
2HN03 + 3H2SO4 + 3Hg. = 4H2O + 3HgSO4 + 2NO
There are several types of nitrometers, the Du Pont having
proved to be the most accurate and convenient, in fact, in the
United States it is now practically accepted as the standard
nitrometer apparatus. The United States government uses it ex-
clusively in all nitrometer work. By use of this apparatus, direct
readings in per cent, may be obtained, without recourse to cor-
rection of the volume of gas to standard conditions and calcula-
tions such as are required with ordinary nitrometers.
The apparatus consists of a generating bulb D of 300 c.c. capac-
ity with its reservoir E connected with heavy walled rubber tub-
ing. D carries two glass stop-cocks as is shown in illustration.
c is a two way stop-cock communicating with either the cup or
the right angle capillary exit tube. C is the chamber reading
burette, calibrated to read in percentages of nitrogen and gradu-
ated from 10 to 14 per cent., divided into one-hundredths. Be-
tween 171.8 and 240.4 c.c. of gas must be generated to obtain a
reading. B is the ungraduated compensating burette very simi-
lar in form to the reading burette C. A is the leveling bulb
which is connected with B and C with heavy walled rubber tubing
by the glass connection y. By raising or lowering this bulb the
standard pressure of the system may be obtained. F is a meas-
uring burette- that may be used in place of C where a wider range
ANALYSIS OF MIXED ACID
145
of measurement is desired. It can be used for the measurement
of small as well as large amounts of gas. It is most commonly
graduated to hold 300.1 milligrams of NO at 20°C. and 760 mm.
pressure and this volume is divided into 100 units (subdivided
in tenths) each unit being equivalent to 3.001 milligrams of NO.
«rt«
When compensated, the gas from ten times the molecular weight
in milligrams of any nitrate of the formula RNO3 (or five times
the molecular weight of R(NO3)2) should exactly fill the burette.
This simplifies all calculations; for example, the per cent, nitric
acid in a mixed acid would be :
Burette reading X 63.02
Grams acid taken X 100 = *** pent' HN°3
10
146 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Standardizing the Apparatus. — The apparatus having been
arranged and the various parts filled with mercury, the instru-
ment is standardized as follows:
20 to 30 c.c. of sulphuric acid are drawn into the gene-
rating bulb through the cup, and at the same time about
210 c.c. of air; cocks c and d are closed and the bulb well
shaken; this thoroughly desiccates the air which is then run
over into the compensating burette until the mercury is about
on a level with the 12.30 per cent, mark on the reading burette,
the two being held in the same relative position, after which the
compensating burette is sealed off by closing stop-cock a. A
further quantity of air is desiccated in the same manner and run
into the reading burette so as to fill up to about the same mark;
the cock b is then closed and a small glass U-tube filled with sul-
phuric acid (not water) is attached to the exit tube of the reading
burette; when the mercury columns are balanced and the enclosed
air cooled down, the cock b is carefully opened and when the sul-
phuric acid balances in the U-tube, and the mercury columns in
both burettes are at the same level, then the air in each one is
under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. A read-
ing is now made from the burette and the barometric pressure and
temperature carefully noted using the formula:
FoPo(273 + fl
Vt = ~
The volume this enclosed air would occupy at 760 mm. pressure
and 20°C. is found. The cock b is again closed and the reservoir
A manipulated so as to bring the mercury in both burettes to the
same level and in the reading burette to the calculated value as
well. A strip of paper is now pasted on the compensating bu-
rette at the level of the mercury and the standardization is
complete.
The better and most rapid method of standardizing is to fill
the compensating chamber with desiccated air as stated in the
previous method and then to introduce into the generating cham-
ANALYSIS OF MIXED ACID 147
ber 1 gram of pure potassium nitrate dissolved in 2 to 4 c.c. of
water, the cup is rinsed out with 20 c.c. 66°Be. sulphuric acid,
making three or four washings of it, each lot being drawn sepa-
rately into the bulb. The generating bulb is then shaken
vigorously, care being taken that stopcock d is open, until ap-
parently all gas is formed. Then close cock d and repeat the
shaking for two minutes. The generated gas is then transferred
into the measuring burette. The columns in both burettes are
balanced so that the reading burette is at 13.85 (per cent. N in
KNO3). A strip of paper is pasted on the compensating burette
at the level of the mercury and the standardization is accom-
plished. By this method the temperature and pressure readings
and the calculations are avoided.
Making the Test. — The acid is weighed, the amount being gov-
erned by its nitrogen content and transferred into the cup of the
generating bulb. If any free SO3 is present the acid should be
mixed after weighing with 95 per cent, reagent sulphuric acid.
The sample is drawn into the bulb; the cup is then rinsed with
three or four washings of 95 per cent, sulphuric acid, the total
quantity being 20 c.c. Care should be exercised that no air
enters the bulb when drawing the acid in.
To generate the gas, the bulb is shaken vigorously until ap-
parently all the gas is formed, taking care that stop-cock d has
been left open; this cock is then closed and the shaking repeated
for two minutes. The reservoir A is then lowered until about
60 c.c. of mercury and 20 c.c. of acid are left in the generating
bulb. There will remain then sufficient space for 220 c.c. of gas.
If too much mercury is left in the bulb the mixture will be so
thick that it will be found difficult to complete the reaction, a
long time will be required for the residue to settle and some of
the gas is liable to be held in suspension by the mercury, so that
inaccurate results follow.
The generated gas is now transferred to the reading burette,
and after waiting a couple of minutes to allow for cooling, both
burettes are balanced, so that in the compensating tube the
148 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
mercury column is on a level with the paper mark, as well as
with the column in the reading burette ; the reading is then taken :
HNO3 63.018
N 14.01
= 4.4981
Burette reading TTAT/^
r X 4.4981 = per cent. HN03
Weight acid taken
Note. — The generating bulb should be flushed out with 95 per
cent, sulphuric acid after every determination.
A test should always be made to see whether the glass stop-
cocks are tight. They will hardly remain so without greasing
occasionally with vaseline, but this ought to be done very slightly,
so as to avoid any grease getting into the bore, for if it comes
in contact with acid, troublesome froth will be formed.
Ferrous-sulphate Method
Nitric acid may be estimated quantitatively in sulphuric acid
and mixed acid by titration with ferrous sulphate in the presence
of strong sulphuric acid. The strong sulphuric acid is used as the
medium in which the titration is performed. This method checks
the nitrometer method very well and very accurate results may
be obtained.
The following equation represents the reaction taking place :
4FeSO4 + 2HNO3 + 2H2SO4 = 2Fe2(S04)3 + N203 + 3H20
For detailed procedure the analyst is referred to Scott's
''Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis."
CALIBRATION OF STORAGE TANKS AND TANK CARS
One of the problems often confronted in acid practice is the
accurate calibration of storage tanks and tank cars. When
these are merely of upright cylindrical shape, the solution is very
simple, but when the cylinder has bumped ends and lies on its
CALIBRATION OF STORAGE TANKS 149
side, it becomes more complicated as there are two variables to
be considered, that is, the cylinder and the spherical segments at
the ends.
Methods based on the assumption that the tank is a true cylin-
der are applicable with accuracy only to cases when the tank has
flat heads. In the majority of cases met with in practice, how-
ever, the mechanical advantages to be gained have required that
the heads of the tanks be bumped. To such tanks it is impossi-
ble to apply the aforementioned method of calculation without
the introduction of considerable error.
General practice of tank design is to have the radius of the tank
head equal to the diameter of the tank. On account of the almost
universal acceptance of this practice of construction, the proposi-
tion will be confined to the above condition. In subsequent
calculations, therefore, advantage of the above condition will be
taken, which results in making the diameter of the base of the
spherical segment equal to the radius of the sphere.
Procedure. — Treat the tank as consisting of two component
parts :
1. The content of the material in the cylindrical portion of the
tank, i.e., the tank exclusive of the bumped ends.
2. The content of the material held by the bumped ends.
Treating the two component volumes separately, designate
them as:
Vol. A = volume of cylinder.
Vol. B = volume of single bumped end.
Total volume = Vol. A + 2 Vol. B.
Vol. A is equal to the product of the length of the cylinder and
the area of the segment of the circle.
Vol. B may be expressed as the volume of a portion of a spher-
ical segment.
To calibrate a tank for each vertical inch of height, determine
these component volumes for every inch of height and add them
together.
150
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Determination of Vol. A
Calculate the height of the segment as a decimal fraction of
the diameter of the tank y . Consult the following table and
find the corresponding coefficient.
Vol. A = (Coefficient) X (Square of diameter) X (Length of tank)
If the tank is filled to over one-half, calculate the volume of
the empty space and deduct this from the total capacity of the
cylinder.
Then Vol. A = (Total capacity of cylinder) —
(Volume of empty space)
h
d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
.001
.00004
.021
.00403
.041
.01093
.061
.01972
.002
.00012
.022
.00432
.042
.01133
.062
.02020
.003
.00022
.023
.00462
.043
.01173
.063
.02068
.004
.00034
.024
.00492
.044
.01214
.064
.02117
.005
.00047
.025
.00523
.045
.01256
.065
.02166
.006
.00062
.026
.00555
.046
.01297
.066
.02216
.007
.00078
.027
.00587
.047
.01339
.067
.02265
.008
.00095
.028
.00619
.048
.01382
.068
.02316
.009
.00114
.029
.00653
.049
.01425
.069
.02366
.010
.00133
.030
.00687
.050
.01468
.070
.02417
.011
.00153
.031
.00721
.051
.01512
.071
.02468
.012
.00175
.032
.00756
.052
.01556
.072
.02520
.013
.00197
.033
.00791
.053
.01601
.073
.02571
.014
.00220
.034
.00827
.054
.01646
.074
.02624
.015
.00244
.035
.00864
.055
.01691
.075
.02676
.016
.00269
.036
.00901
.056
.01737
.076
.02729
.017
.00294
.037
.00938
.057
.01783
.077
.02782
.018
.00320
.038
.00976
.058
.01830
.078
.02836
.019
.00347
.039
.01015
.059
.01877
.079
.02889
.020
.00375
.040
.01054
.060
.01924
.080
.02944
CALIBRATION OF STORAGE TANKS
151
h
d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
.081
.02998
.116
.05081
.151
.07459
.186
.10077
.082
.03053
.117
.05145
.152
.07531
.187
.10155
.083
.03108
.118
.05209
.153
.07603
.188
. 10233
.084
.03163
.119
.05274
.154
.07675
.189
.10312
.085
.03219
.120
.05339
.155
.07747
.190
.10390
.086
.03275
.121
.05404
.156
.07819
.191
.10468
.087
.03331
.122
.05469
.157
.07892
.192
. 10547
.088
.03387
.123
.05535
.158
.07965
.193
. 10626
.089
.03444
.124
.05600
.159
.08038
.194
. 10705
.090
.03501
.125
.05666
.160
.08111
.195
.10784
.091
.03559
.126
.05733
.161
.08185
.196
.10864
.092
.03616
.127
.05799
.162
.08258
.197
. 10943
.093
.03674
.128
.05866
.163
.08332
.198
.11023
.094
.03732
.129
.05933
.164
.08406
.199
.11103
.095
.03791
.130
.06000
.165
.08480
.200
.11182
.096
.03850
.131
.06067
.166
.08555
.201
.11263
.097
.03909
.132
.06135
.167
.08629
.202
.11343
.098
.03968
.133
.06203
.168
.08704
.203
. 11423
.099
.04028
.134
.06271
.169
.08779
.204
.11504
.100
.04088
.135
.06339
.170
.08854
.205
.11584
.101
.04148
.136
.06407
.171
.08929
.206
.11665
.102
.04208
.137
.06476
.172
.09004
.207
.11746
.103
.04269
.138
.06545
.173
.09080
.208
.11827
.104
.04330
.139
.06614
.174
.09156
.209
.11908
.105
.04391
.140
.06683
.175
.09231
.210
.11990
.106
.04452
.141
.06753
.176
.09307
.211
. 12071
.107
.04514
.142
.06823
.177
.09384
.212
. 12153
.108
.04576
.143
.06892
.178
.09460
.213
. 12235
.109
.04638
.144
.06963
.179
.09537
.214
.12317
.110
.04701
.145
.07033
.180
.09614
.215
. 12399
.111
.04763
.146
..07103
.181
.09690
.216
.12481
.112
.04826
.147
.07174
.182
.09768
.217
.12563
.113
.04889
.148
.07245
.183
.09845
.218
.12646
.114
.04953
.149
.07316
.184
.09922
.219
. 12729
.115
.05017
.150
.07388
.185
.10000
.220
.12811
152
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
h
d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
.221
. 12894
.256
. 15876
.291
. 18996
.326
.22228
.222
.12977
.257
. 15964
.292
. 19087
.327
.22322
.223
. 13061
.258
. 16051
.293
.19177
.328
.22415
.224
.13144
.259
.16139
.294
. 19269
.329
. 22509
.225
. 13227
.260
. 16226
.295
. 19360
.330
.22603
.226
.13311
.261
.16314
.296
. 19451
.331
.22697
.227
. 13395
.262
. 16402
.297
. 19542
.332
. 22792
.228
.13478
.263
. 16490
.298
. 19634
.333
.22886
.229
. 13562
.264
. 16578
.299
. 19725
.334
.22980
.230
. 13647
.265
. 16666
.300
.19817
.335
.23075
.231
.13731
.266
. 16755
.301
. 19909
.336
.23169
.232
.13815
.267
. 16843
.302
.20000
.337
.23263
.233
. 13900
.268
. 16932
.303
.20092
.338
.23358
.234
. 13984
.269
. 17020
.304
.20184
.339
.23453
.235
. 14069
.270
.17109
.305
.20276
.340
.23547
.236
.14154
.271
.17198
.306
.20368
.341
.23642
.237
. 14239
.272
. 17287
.307
.20461
.342
.23737
.238
. 14324
.273
.17376
.308
.20553
.343
.23832
.239
. 14409
.274
. 17465
.309
.20645
.344
.23927
.240
. 14495
.275
. 17554
.310
.20738
.345
. 24022
.241
. 14580
.276
. 17644
.311
.20830
.346
.24117
.242
. 14666
.277
.17733
.312
. 20923
.374
.24212
.243
.14751
.278
. 17823
.313
.21016
.348
.24307
.244
. 14837
.279
.17912
.314
.21108
.349
.24403
.245
. 14923
.280
. 18002
.315
.21201
.350
. 24498
.246
. 15009
.281
. 18092
.316
.21294
.351
. 24594
.247
. 15095
.282
. 18182
.317
.21387
.352
.24689
.248
.15182
.283
. 18272
.318
.21480
.353
. 24785
.249
. 15268
.284
. 18362
.319
.21573
.354
. 24880
.250
. 15355
.285
. 18452
.320
.21667
.355
.24976
.251
. 15441
.286
. 18543
.321
.21760
.356
.25072
.252
. 15528
.287
. 18633
.322
.21853
.357
.25167
.253
.15615
.288
. 18724
.323
.21947
.358
.25263
.254
. 15702
.289
.18814
.324
. 22040
.359
. 25359
.255
. 15789
.290
. 18905
.325
.22134
.360
.25455
CALIBRATION OF STORAGE TANKS
153
h
d
Coefficient
h
~d
Coefficient
h
d
Coefficient
Coefficient
d
.361
.25551
.396
.28945
.431
.32392
.466
.35873
.362
.25647
.397
.29043
.432
.32491
.467
.35972
.363
.25743
.398
.29141
.433
.32590
.468
.36072
.364
.25840
.399
.29239
.434
.32689
.469
.36172
.365
.25936
.400
.29337
.435
.32788
.470
.36272
.366
.26032
.401
.29435
.436
.32887
.471
.36372
.367
.26129
.402
.29533
.437
.32987
.472
.36471
.368
.26225
.403
.29631
.438
.33086
.473
.36571 .
.369
.26321
.404
.29729
.439
.33185
.474
.36671
.370
.26418
.405
.29827
.440
.33284
.475
.36771
.371
.26515
.406
.29926
.441
.33384
.476
.36871
.372
.26611
.407
.30024
.442
.33483
.477
.36971
.373
.26708
.408
.30122
.443
.33582
.478
.37071
.374
.26805
.409
.30220
.444
.33682
.479
.37171
.375
.26901
.410
.30319
.445
.33781
.480
.37270
.376
.26998
.411
.30417
.446
.33880
.481
.37370
.377
.27095
.412
.30516
.447
.33980
.482
.37470
.378
.27192
.413
.30614
.448
.34079
.483
.37570
.379
.27289
.414
.30713
.449
.34179
.484
.37670
.380
.27386
.415
.30811
.450
.34278
.485
.37770
.381
.27483
.416
.30910
.451
.34378
.486
.37870
.382
.27580
.417
.31008
.452
.34477
.487
.37970
.383
.27678
.418
.31107
.453
.34577
.488
.38070
.384
.27775
.419
.31206
.454
.34676
.489
.38170
.385
.27872
.420
.31304
.455
.34776
.490
.38270
.386
.27970
.421
.31403
.456
.34876
.491
.38370
.387
.28067
.422
.31502
.457
.34975
.492
.38470
.388
.28164
.423
.31601
.458
.35075
.493
.38570
.389
.28262
.424
.31699
.459
.35175
.494
.38670
.390
' .28359
.425
.31798
.460
.35274
.495
.38770
.391
.28457
.426
.31897
.461
.35374
.496
.38870
.392
.28555
.427
.31996
.462
.35474
.497
.38970
.393
.28652
.428
.32095
.463
.35573
.498
.39070
.394
.28750
.429
.32194
.464
.35673
.499
.39170
.395
.28848
.430
.32293
.465
.35773
.500
.39270
154 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Determination of Vol. B
Calculate the height of the portion of the spherical segment
as a decimal fraction of the diameter of the tank H) . Consult
.05
.10
.15
.20
.25
.30
.35
.40
.45
.50
the following table and find the
Coefficient corresponding coefficient or inter-
polate to find the approximate co-
.00017 efficient if necessary.
.00085
.00221 Vol. B = (Coefficient) X (Cube of
00420 diameter)
.00687
• 01048 If the tank is filled to over one-
half, calculate the volume of the
02234 empty space and deduct this from
02697 the total capacity of the bumped
end.
Then Vol. B = (Total capacity of bumped end) —
(Volume of empty space) .
Determination of Total Capacity
Calculate one-half the volume of the tank by the previous
methods. Double this result which gives the total capacity.
Or Vol. A = (Square of diameter) X (0.7854) X (Length of tank)
Vol. B = 0.5236 X h(3a2 + h2).
Where a = radius of base of segment
h = height of segment
r = radius of sphere
The height of the segment can better be calculated than
measured.
If h = height of segment
R = radius of sphere
r = radius of base of segment
h = R -
Total capacity = Vol. A + 2 Vol. B.
Cubic feet X 7.48 = gallons
MATHEMATICAL TABLE
155
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OP CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE
AND CUBE ROOTS
»
x/»
O
n*-
XT
•
n1
n»
\AT
^T
1.0
3.142
0.7854
1. 000
1.000
1.0000
.0000
1.1
3.456
0.9503
1.210
1.331
1.0488
.0323
1.2
3.770
1.1310
1.440
1.728
1.0955
.0627
1.3
4.084
1.3273
1.690
2.197
1 . 1402
.0914
1.4
4.398
1.5394
1.960
2.744
1.1832
.1187
1.5
4.712
1.7672
2.250
3.375
1.2247
.1447
1.6
5.027
2.0106
2.560
4.096
1.2649
.1696
1.7
5.341
2.2698
2.890
4.913
1.3038
.1935
1.8
5.655
2.5447
3.240
5.832
.3416
.2164
1.9
5.969
2.8353
3.610
6.859
.3784
.2386
2.0
6.283
3.1416
4.000
8.000
.4142
1.2599
2.1
6.597
3.4636
4.410
9.261
.4491
1.2806
2.2
6.912
3.8013
4.840
10.648
.4832
1.3006
2.3
7.226
4.1548
5.290
12.167
.5166
1.3200
2.4
7.540
4.5239
5.760
13.824
.5492
1.3389
2.5
7.854
4.9087
6.250
15.625
.5811
1.3572
2.6
8.168
5.3093
6.760
17.576
.6125
1.3751
2.7
8.482
5.7256
7.290
19.683
.6432
1.3925
2.8
8.797
6.1575
7:840
21 . 952
.6733
1.4095
2.9
9.111
6.6052
8.410
24.389
.7029
1.4260
3.0
9.425
7.0686
9.00
27.000
.7321
1.4422
3.1
9.739
7.5477
9.61
29.791
.7607
.4581
3.2
10.053
8.0425
10.24
32.768
.7889
.4736
3.3
10.367
8.5530
10.89
35.937
.8166
.4888
3.4
10.681
9.0792
11.56
39.304
.8439
.5037
3.5
10.996
9.6211
12.25
42.875
1.8708
.5183
3.6
11.310
10.179
12.96
46.656
.8974
.5326
3.7
11.624
10.752
13.69
50.653
.9235
.5467
3.8
11.938
11.341
14.44
54.872
.9494
.5605
3.9
12.252
11.946
15.21
59.319
.9748
.5741
156
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued}
n
•m
O
n2
» 4
•
n2
n»
Vn
j/n
4.0
12.566
12.566
16.00
64.000
2.0000
1.5874
4.1
12.881
13 . 203
16.81
68.921
2.0249
1 . 6005
4.2
13 195
13.854
17.64
74.088
2.0494
1.6134
4.3
13 . 509
14.522
18.49
79.507
2.0736
1.6261
4.4
13.823
15 . 205
19.36
85.184
2.0976
1.6386
4.5
14.137
15.904
20.25
91.125
2.1213
1.6510
4.6
14.451
16.619
21.16
97 . 336
2.1448
1.6631
4.7
14.765
17.349
22.09
103.823
2.1680
1.6751
4.8
15.080
18.096
23.04
110.592
2.1909
1 . 6869
4.9
15.394
18.857
24.01
117.649
2.2136
1.6985
5.0
15.708
19.635
25.00
125.000
2.2361
1.7100
5.1
16.022
20.428
26.01
132 . 651
2.2583
1 . 7213
5.2
16.336
21.237
27.04
140.608
2.2804
1.7325
5.3
16.650
22.062
28.09
148.877
2.3022
1 . 7435
5.4
16.965
22.902
29.16
157.464
2.3238
1.7544
5.5
17.279
23.758
30.25
166.375
2.3452
1.7652
5.6
17.593
24 . 630
31.36
175.616
2.3664
1 . 7758
5.7
17.907
25.518
32.49
185.193
2.3875
1.7863
5.8
18.221
26.421
33.64
195.112
2.4083
1.7967
5.9
18.535
27.340
34.81
205.379
2.4290
1 . 8070
6.0
18.850
28.274
36.00
216.000
2.4495
1.8171
6.1
19.164
29.225
37.21
226.981
2.4698
1.8272
6.2
19.478
30.191
38.44
238.328
2.4900
1 . 8371
6.3
19.792
31 . 173
39.69
250 . 047
2.5100
1.8469
6.4
20.106
32.170
40.96
262.144
2.5298
1.8566
6.5
20.420
33.183
42.25
274.625
2.5495
1.8663
6.6
20.735
34.212
43.56
287 . 496
2.5691
1.8758
6.7
21.049
35.257
44.89
300.763
2.5884
1.8852
6.8
21.363
36.317
46.24
314.432
2 . 6077
1.8945
6.9
21.677
37.393
47.61
328.509
2.6268 i 1.9038
MATHEMATICAL TABLE
157
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
It
»-n
0
n^
TT
• .
n-
n»
Vn
^T
7.0
21.991
38.485
49.00
343.000
2.6458
.9129
7.1
22.305
39.592
50.41
357.911
2.6646
.9920
7.2
22.619
40.715
51.84
373 . 248
2.6833
.9310
7.3
22.934
41.854
53.29
389 . 017
2.7019
.9399
7.4
23.248
43.008
54.76
405.224
2.7203
.9487
7.5
23.562
44.179
56.25
421.875
2.7386
1.9574
7.6
23.876
45.365
47.76
438.976
2.7568
1.9661
7.7
24.190
46.566
59.29
456.533
2.7749
1.9747
7.8
24.504
47.784
60.84
474.552
2.7929
1.9832
7.9
24.819
49.017
62.41
493.039
2 . 8107
1.9916
8.0
25.133
50.266
64.00
512.000
2.8284
2.0000
8.1
25.447
51.530
65.61
531.441
2.8461
2.0083
8.2
25.761
52.810
67.24
551.368
2.8636
2.0165
8.3
26.075
54.106
68.89
571 . 787
2.8810
2.0247
8.4
26.389
55.418
70.56
592 . 704
2.8983
2.0328
8.5
26.704
56.745
72.25
614.125
2.9155
2.0408
8.6
27.018
58.088
73.96
636.056
2.9326
2.0488
8.7
27.332
59.447
75.69
658.503
2.9496
2.0567
8.8
27.646
60.821
77.44
681 . 472
2.9665
2.0646
8.9
27.960
62.211
79.21
704.969
2.9833
2.0724
9.0
28.274
63.617
81.00
729.000
3.0000
2.0801
9.1
28.588
65.039
82.81
753.571
£.0166
2.0878
9.2
28.903
66.476
84.64
778.688
3.0332
2.0954
9.3
29.217
67.929
86.49
804 . 357
3.0496
2.1029
9.4
29.531
69.398
88.36
830.584
3.0659
2.1105
9.5
29.845
70.882
90.25
857.375
3.0822
2.1179
9.6
30.159
72.382
92.16
884 . 736
3.0984
2.1253
9.7
30.473
73.898
94.09
912.673
3.1145
2.1327
9.8
30.788
75.430
96.04
941 . 192
3.1305
2.1400
9.9
31.102
76.977
98.01
970.299
3.1464
2.1472
158
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OP CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued]
n
TT/l
O
n-
%
«2
ns
Vn
^n
10.0
31.416
78.540
100.00
1,000.000
3.1623
2.1544
10.1
31 . 730
80.119
102.01
1,030.301
3.1780
2.1616
10.2
32.044
81.713
104.04
1,061.208
3.1937
2.1687
10.3
32.358
83.323
106.09
1,092.727
3.2094
2.1757
10.4
32.673
84.949
108.16
1,124.864
3.2249
2.1828
10.5
32.987
86.590
110.25
1,157.625
3.2404
2.1897
10.6
33^301
88.247
112.36
,191.016
3.2558
2.1967
10.7
33.615
89.920
114.49
,225 . 043
3.2711
2.2036
10.8
33.929
91 . 609
116.64
,259.712
3.2863
2.2104
10.9
34.243
93.313
118.81
,295.029
3.3015
2.2172
11.0
34.558
95.033
121.00
,331.000
3.3166
2.2239
11.1
34.872
96.769
123.21
,367.631
3.3317
2.2307
11.2
35.186
98.520
125.44
,404.928
3.3466
2.2374
11.3
35.500
100.29
127.69
,442.897
3.3615
2.2441
11.4
35.814
102.07
129.96
,481.544
3.3754
2.2506
11.5
36.128
103.87
132.25
,520.875
3.3912
2.2572
11.6
36.442
105.68
134.56
,560.896
3.4059
2.2637
11.7
36.757
107.51
136.89
,601.613
3.4205
2.2702
11.8
37.071
109.36
139.24
,643.032
3.4351
2.2766
11.9
37.385
111.22
141.61
,685.159
3.4496
2.2831
12.0
37.699
113.10
144.00
,728.000
3.4641
2.2894
12.1
38.013
114.99
146.41
,771.561
3.4785
2.2957
12.2
38.327
116.90
148 . 84
,815.848
3.4928
2.3021
12.3
38.642
118.82
151.29
,860.867
3.5071
2.3084
12.4
38.956
120.76
153.76
,906.624
3.5214
2.3146
12.5
39.270
122.72
156.25
1,953.125
3.5355
2.3208
12.6
39.584
124.69
158.76
2,000.376
3.5496
2.3270
12.7
39.898
126.68
161.29
2,048 . 383
3 . 5637
2.3331
12.8
40.212
128.68
163.84
2,097.152
3.5777
2.3392
12.9
40.527
130.70
166.41
2,146.689
3.5917
2.3453
MATHEMATICAL TABLE
159
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued]
n
irn
o
n*
TT
•
n»
n<
v^T
^T
i
13.0
40.841
132.73
169.00
2,197.000
3.6056
2.3513
13.1
41.155
134.78
171.61
2,248.091
3.6194
2.3573
13.2
41.469
136.85
174.24
2,299.968
3.6332
2.3633
13.3
41 . 783
138.93
176.89
2,352.637
3.6469
2.3693
13.4
42.097
141.03
179.56
2,406 . 104
3.6606
2.3752
13.5
42.412
143.14
182.25
2,460.375
3.6742
2.3811
13.6
42.726
145.27
184.96
2,515.456
3.6878
2.3870
13.7
43 . 040
147.41
187.69
2,571.353
3.7013
2.3928
13.8
43.354
149.57
190.44
2,628.072
3.7148
2.3986
13.9
43.668
151.75
193.21
2,685.619
3.7283
2.4044
14.0
43.892
153.94
196.00
2,744.000
3.7417
2.4101
14.1
44.296
156.15
198.81
2,803.221
3.7550
2.4159
14.2
44.611
158.37
201.64
2,863 . 288
3.7683
2.4216
14.3
44.925
160.61
204.49
2,924.207
3.7815
2.4272
14.4
45.239
162.86
207.36
2,985.984
3.7947
2.4329
14.5
45.553
165.13
210.25
3,048.625
3.8079
2.4385
14.6
45.867
167.42
213.16
3,112.136
3.8210
2.4441
14.7
46.181
169.72
216.09
3,176.523
3.8341
2.4497
14.8
46.496
172.03
219.04
3,241.792
3.8471
2.4552
14.9
46.810
174.37
222.01
3,307.949
3.8600
2.4607
15.0
47.124
176.72
225.00
3,375.000
3.8730
2.4662
15.1
47.438
179.08
228.09
3,442.951
3.8859
2.4717
15.2
47 . 752
181.46
231.04
3,511.808
3.8987
2.4772
15.3
48.066
183.85
234.09
3,581.577
3.9115
2.4825
15.4
48.381
186.27
237.16
3,652.264
3.9243
2.4879
15.5
48.695
188.69
240.25
3,723.875
3.9370
2.4933
15.6
49.009
191.13
243.36
3,796.416
3.9497
2.4986
15.7
49.323
193.59
246.49
3,869 . 893
3.9623
2.5039
15.8
49.637
196 . 07
249.64
3,944.312
3.9749
2.5092
15.9
49.951
198.56
252.81
4,019.679
3.9875
2.5146
160
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
n
•xn
0
n2
•
n2
n3
Vn
^
16.0
50.265
201.06
256.00
4,096.000
4.0000
2.5198
16.1
50.580
203.58
259.21
4,173.281
4.0125
2.5251
16.2
50.894
206.13
262.44
4,251.528
4.0249
2.5303
16.3
51 . 208
208.67
265 . 69
4,330.747
4.0373
2.5355
16.4
51 . 522
211.24
268.56
4,410.944
4.0497
2.5406
16.5
51.836
213.83
272.25
4,492 . 125
4.0620
2.5458
16.6
52.150
216.42
275.56
4,574.296
4.0743
2.5509
16.7
52.465
219.04
278.89
4,657.463
4.0866
2.5561
16.8
52.779
221.67
282.24
4,741.632
4.0988
2.5612
16.9
53 . 093
224.32
285.61
4,826.809
4.1110
2.5663
17.0
53 . 407
226.98
299.00
4,913.000
4.1231
2.5713
17.1
53.721
229 . 66
292.41
5,000.211
4.1352
2.5763
17.2
54.035
232.35
295.84
5,088.448
4.1473
2.5813
17.3
54.350
235.06
299.29
5,177.717
4.1593
2.5863
17.4
54 . 664
237 . 79
302.76
5,268.024
4.1713
2.5913
17.5
54.978
240.53
306.25
5,359.375
4.1833
2.5963
17.6
55.292
243.29
309.76
5,451.776
4.1952
2.6012
17.7
55.606
246.06
313.29
5,545.233
4.2071
2.6061
17.8
55.920
248.85
316.84
5,639.752
4.2190
2.6109
17.9
56.235
251 . 65
320.41
5,735.339
4.2308
2.6158
18.0
56.549
254.47
324.00
5,832.000
4.2426
2.6207
18.1
56.863
257.30
327.61
5,929 . 741
4.2544
2.6258
18.2
57.177
260 . 16
331.24
6,028.568
4.2661
2.6304
18.3
57.491
263 . 02
334.89
6,128.487
4.2778
2.6352
18.4
57.805
265.90
338.56
6,229.504
4.2895
2.6400
18.5
58.119
268.80
342.25
6,331.625
4.3012
2.6448
18.6
58.434
271.72
345.96
6,434.856
4.3128
2.6495
18.7
58.748
274.65
349.69
6,539.203
4.3243
2.6543
18.8
59.062
277 . 59
353 . 44
6,644.672
4.3459
2 . 6590
18.9
59.376
280.55
357.21
6,751.269
4.3474
2.6637
MATHEMATICAL TABLE
161
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
n
TTH
O
»2
TT
n2
7i3
\AT
^
19.0
59.690
283.53
361 . 00
6,859.000
4.3589
2.6684
19.1
60.004
286.52
364.81
6,967.871
4.3703
2.6731
19.2
60.319
289.53
368.64
7,077.888
4.3818
2.6777
19.3
60.633
292.55
372.49
7,189.057
4.3942
2.6824
19.4
60.947
295.59
376.36
7,301.384
4.4045
2.6869
19.5
61.261
298.65
380.25
7,414.875
4.4159
2.6916
19.6
61.575
301 . 72
284 . 16
7,529.536
4.4272
2.6962
19.7
61.889
304.81
388.09
7,642.373
4.4385
2.7008
19.8
62.204
307.91
392.04
7,762.392
4.4497
2.7053
19.9
62.518
311.03
396.01
7,880.599
4.4609
2.7098
20.0
62.832
314.16
400.00
8,000.000
4.4721
2.7144
20.1
63.146
317.31
404.01
8,120.601
4.4833
2.7189
20.2
63.460
320.47
408.04
8,242.408
4.4944
2.7234
20.3
63.774
323.66
412.09
8,365.427
4.5055
2.7279
20.4
64.088
326.85
416.16
8,489.664
4.5166
2.7324
20.5
64.403
330.06
420.25
8,615.125
4.5277
2.7368
20.6
64.717
333.29
424.36
8,741.816
4.5387
2.7413
20.7
65.031
336.54
428.49
8,869.743
4.5497
2.7457
20.8
65.345
339.80
432.64
8,998.912
4.5607
2.7502
20.9
65.659
343.07
436.81
9,129.329
4.5716
2.7545
21.0
65.973
346.36
441.00
9,261.000
4.5826
2.7589
21.1
66.288
349.67
445.21
9,393.931
4.5935
2.7633
21.2
66.602
352.99
449.44
9,528.128
4.6043
2.7676
21.3
66.916
356.33
453.69
9,663.597
4.6152
2.7720
21.4
67.230
359.68
457.96
9,800.344
4.6260
2.7763
21.5
67.544
363.05
462.25
9,938.375
4.6368
2.7806
21.6
67.858
366.44
466.56
10,077.696
4.6476
2.7849
21.7
68.173
369.84
470.89
10,218.313
4.6583
2.7893
21.8
68.487
373.25
475.24
10,360.232
4. -6690
2.7935
21.9
68.801
376.69
479.41
10,503.459
4 . 6797
2.7978
11
162
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
n
irn
o
n2
"T
7l2
n»
vv
#n
22.0
69.115
380.13
484.00
10,648.000
4.6904
2.8021
22.1
69.429
383.60
488.41
10,793.861
4.7011
2 . 8063
22.2
69.743
387.08
462.84
10,941.048
4.7117
2.8105
22.3
70.058
390.57
497.29
11,089.567
4.7223
2.8147
22.4
70.372
394.08
501.76
11,239.424
4.7329
2.8189
22.5
70.686
397.61
506.25
11,390.625
4.7434
2.8231
22.6
71.000
401 . 15
510.76
11,543.176
4.7539
2.8273
22.7
71.314
404.71
515.29
11,697.083
4.7644
2.8314
22.8
71.628
408.28
519.84
11,852.352
4.7749
2.8356
22.9
71 . 942
411.87
524.41
12,008.989
4.7854
2.8397
23.0
72.257
415.48
529.00
12,167.000
4.7958
2.8438
23.1
72.571
419.10
533.61
12,326.391
4.8062
2 . 8479
23.2
72.885
422.73
538.24
12,487.168
4.8166
2.8521
23.3
73.199
426.39
542.89
12,649.337
4.8270
2.8562
23.4
73.513
430.05
547.56
12,812.904
4.8373
2.8603
23.5
73.827
433.74
552.25
12,977.875
4.8477
2.8643
23.6
74.142
437.44
556.96
13,144.256
4.8580
2.8684
23.7
74.456
441.15
561.69
13,312.053
4.8683
2.8724
23.8
74.770
444.88
566.44
13,481.272
4.8785
2.8765
23.9
75.084
448.63
571.21
13,651.919
4.8888
2.8805
24.0
75.398
452.39
576.00
13,824.000
4.8990
2.8845
24.1
75.712
456.17
580.81
13,997.521
4.9092
2.8885
24.2
76.027
459.96
585.64
14,172.488
4.9192
2.8925
24.3
76.341
463.77
590.49
14,348.907
4.9295
2.8965
24.4
76.655
467.60
595.36
14,526.784
4.9396
2.9004
24.5
76.969
471.44
600.25
14,706.125
4.9497
2.9044
24.6
77.283
475.29
605.16
14,886.936
4.9598
2.9083
24.7
77.597
479.16
610.09
15,069.223
4.9699
2.9123
24.8
77.911
483.05
615.04
15,252.992
4.9799
2.9162
24.9
78.226
486.96
620.01
15,438.249
4.9899
2.9201
MATHEMATICAL TABLE
163
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
n
n*
o V
n»
v^T
^
25.0
78 540
490.87
625.00
15,625.000
5.0000
2.9241
25.1
78.854
494.81
630.01
15,813.251
5.0099
2.9279
25.2
79.168
498.76
635.04
16,003.008
5.0199
2.9318
25.3
79.482
502.73
640.09
16,194.277
5.0299
2.9356
25.4
79.796
506.71
645.16
16,387.064
5.0398
2.9395
25.5
80.111
510.71
650.25
16,581.375
5.0497
2.9434
25.6
80.425
514.72
655.36
16,777.216
5.0596
2.9472
25.7
80.739
518.75
660.49
16,974.593
5.0695
2.9510
25.8
81.053
522.79
665.64
17,173.512
5.0793
2.9549
25.9
81.367
526.85
670.81
17,373.979
5.0892
2.9586
26.0
81.681
530.93
676.00
17,576.000
5.0990
2.9624
26.1
81.996
535.02
681.21
17,779.581
5.1088
2.9662
26.2
82.310
539.13
686.44
17,984.728
5.1185
2.9701
26.3
82.624
543.25
691 . 69
18,191.447
5.1283
2.9738
26.4
82.938
547.39
696.96
18,399.744
5.1380
2.9776
26.5
83.252
551.55
702.25
18,609.625
5.1478
2.9814
26.6
83.566
555.72
707.56
18,821.096
5.1575
2.9851
26.7
83.881
559.90
712.89
19,034.163
5.1672
2.9888
26.8
84.195
564.10
718.24
19,248.832
5.1768
2.9926
26.9
84.509
568.32
723.61
19,465.109
5.1865
2.9963
27.0
84.823
572.56
729.00
19,683.000
5.1962
3.0000
27.1
85.137
576.80
734.41
19,902.511
5.2057
3.0037
27.2
85.451
581.07
739.84
20,123.648
5.2153
3.0074
27.3
85.765
585.35
745.29
20,346.417
5.2249
3.0111
27.4
86.080
589.65
750.76
20,570.824
5.2345
3.0147
27.5
86.394
593.96
756.25
20,796.875
5.2440
3.0184
27.6
86.708
598.29
761.76
21,024.576
5.2535
3.0221
27.7
87.022
602.63
767.29
21,253.933
5.2630
3.0257
27.8
87.336
606.99
772.84
21,484.952
5.2725
3.0293
27.9
87.650
611.36
778.41
21,717.639
5.2820
3.0330
164
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued]
n
•n-n
0
n2
* 4
•
n2
n^
^n
^T
28.0
87.965
615.75
784.00
21,952.000
5.2915
3.0366
28.1
88.279
620.16
789.61
22,188.041
5.3009
3.0402
28.2
88.593
624.58
795 . 24
22,425.768
5.3103
3.0438
28.3
88.907
629.02
800.89
22,665.187
5.3197
3.0474
28.4
89.221
633.47
806.56
22,906.304
5.3291
3.0510
28.5
89.535
637.94
812.25
23,149.125
5.3385
3.0546
28.6
89.850
642.42
817.96
23,393.656
5.3478
3.0581
28.7
90.164
646.93
823.69
23,639.903
5.3572
3.0617
28.8
90.478
651.44
829.44
23,887.872
5.3665
3.0652
28.9
90.792
655.97
835.21
24,137.569
5.3758
3.0688
29.0
91 . 106
660.52
841.00
24,389.000
5.3852
3.0723
29.1
91.420
665.08
846.81
24,642.171
5.3944
3.0758
29.2
91.735
669.66
852.64
24,897.088
5 . 4037
3.0794
29.3
92.049
674.26
858.49
25,153.757
5.4129
3.0829
29.4
92.363
678.87
864.36
25,412.184
5.4221
3.0864
29.5
92.677
683.49
870.25
25,672.375
5.4313
3.0899
29.6
92.991
688.13
876.16
25,934.336
5.4405
3.0934
29.7
93 . 305
692.79
882.09
26,198.073
5.4497
3.0968
29.8
93.619
697.47
888.04
26,463.592
5 . 4589
3.1003
29.9
93.934
702.15
894.01
26,730.899
5.4680
3.1038
30.0
94.248
706.86
900.00
27,000.000
5.4772
3.1072
30.1
94.562
711.58
906.01
27,270.901
5.4863
3.1107
30.2
94.876
716.32
912.04
27,543.608
.5.4954-
3.1141
30.3
95.190
721.07
918.09
27,818.127
5.5045
3.1176
30.4
95.504
725.83
924.16
28,094 . 464
5.5136-
3.1210
30.5
95.819
730.62
930.25
28,372.625
5.5226
3.1244
30.6
96.133
735.42
936.36
28,652.616
5.5317
3.1278
30.7
96.447
740.23
942.49
28,934.443
5.5407
3.1312
30.8
96.761
745.06
948.64
29,218.112
5.5497
3.1346
30.9
97.075
749.91
954.81
29,503.629
5.5587
3.1380
MATHEMATICAL TABLE
165
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
n
*-n
O
n-
*T
•
n*
n*
v^
^T
31.0
97.389
754.77
961.00
29,791.000
5.5678
3.1414
31.1
97.704
759.65
967.21
30,080.231
5.5767
3.1448
31.2
98.018
764.54
973.44
30,371.328
5.5857
3.1481
31,3
98.332
769.45
979.69
30,664.297
5.5946
3.1515
31.4
98.646
774.37
985.96
30,959.144
5.6035
3.1549
31.5
98.960
779.31
992.25
31,255.875
5.6124
3.1582
31.6
99.274
784:27
998.56
31,554.496
5.6213
3.1615
31.7
99.588
789.24
1,004.89
31,855.013
5.6302
3.1648
31.8
99.903
794.23
1,011.24
32,157.432
5.6391
3.1681
31.9
100.22
799.23
1,017.61
32,461.759
5.6480
3.1715
32.0
100.53
804.25
1,024.00
32,768.000
5.6569
3.1748
32.1
100.85
809.28
1,030.41
33,076.161
5.6656
3.1781
32.2
101.16
814.33
1,036.84
33,386.248
5.6745
3.1814
32.3
101.47
819.40
1,043.29
33,698.267
5.6833
3.1847
32.4
101.79
824.49
1,049.76
34,012.224
5.6921
3.1880
32.5
102.10
829.58
1,056.25
34,328.125
5.7008
3.1913
32.6
102.42
834.69
1,062.76
34,645.976
5.7056
3.1945
32.7
102.73
839.82
1,069.29
34,965.783
5.7183
3.1978
32.8
103.04
844.96
1,075.84
35,287.552
5.7271
3.2010
32.9
103.36
850.12
1,082.41
35,611.289
5.7358
3 . 2043
33.0
103.67
855.30
1,089.00
35,937.000
5.7447
3.2075
33.1
103 . 99
860.49
1,095.61
36,264.691
5.7532
3.2108
33.2
104.30
865.70
1,102.24
36,594.368
5.7619
3.2140
33.3
104.62
870.92
1,108.89
36,925.037
5.7706
3.2172
33.4
104.93
876.19
1,115.56
37,259.704
5.7792
3.2204
33.5
105.24
881.41
1,122.25
37,595.375
5.7879
3 . 2237
33.6
105.56
886.68
1,128.96
37,933.056
5.7965
3.2269
33.7
105 . 87
891 . 97
1,135.69
38,272.753
5.8051
3 . 2301
33.8
106.19
897.27
1,142.44
38,614.472
5.8137
3.2332
33.9
106.50
902.59
1,149.21
38,958.219
5.8223
3.2364
166
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued}
n
irn
o
n-
n-
n*
w
^r
34.0
106.81
907.92
1,156.00
39,304.000
5.8310
3.2396
34.1
107.13
913.27
1,162.81
39,651.821
5.8395
3.2424
34.2
107.44
918.63
1,169.64
40,001.688
5.8480
3.2460
34.3
107.76
924.01
1,176.49
40,353.607
5.8566
3.2491
34.4
108.07
929.41
1,183.36
40,707.584
5.8751
3.2522
34.5
108.38
934.82
1,190.25
41,063.525
5.8736
3.2554
34.6
108.70
940 . 25
1,197.16
41,421.736
5.8821
3 . 2586
34.7
109.01
945.69
1,204.09
41,781.923
5.8906
3.2617
34.8
109.33
951.15
1,211.04
42,144.192
5.8991
3 . 2648
34.9
109.64
956.62
1,218.01
42,508.549
5 . 9076
3 . 2679
35.0
109.96
962.11
1,225.00
42,875.000
5.9161
3.2710
35.1
110.27
967 . 62
1,232.01
43,243.551
5 . 9245
3 . 2742
35.2
110.58
973.14
1,239.04
43,614.208
5.9326
3.2773
35.3
110.90
978.68
1,246.09
43,986.977
5.9413
3.2804
35.4
111.21
984.23
1,253.16
44,361.864
5.9497
3.2835
35.5
111.53
989.80
1,260.25
44,738.875
5.9581
3.2860
35.6
111.84
995 . 38
1,267.36
45,118.016
5 . 9665
3.2897
35.7
112.15
1,000.98
1,274.49
45,499.293
5.9749
3 . 2927
35.8
112.47
,006.60
1,281.64
45,882.712
5.9833
3.2958
35.9
112.78
,012.23
1,288.81
46,268.279
5.9916
3.2989
36.0
113.10
,017.88
1,296.00
46,656.000
6.0000
3.3019
36.1
113.41
,023.54
1,303.21
47,045.881
6.0083
3.3050
36.2
113.73
,029.22
1,310.44
47,437.928
6.0166
3 3080
36.3
114.04
,034.91
1,317.69
47,832.147
6.0249
3.31H
36.4
114.35
1,040.62
1,324.96
48,228.544
6.0332
3.3141
36.5
114.67
1,046.35
1,332.25
48,627.125
6.0415
3.3171
36.6
114.98
1,052.09
1,339.56
49,017.896
6.0497
3.3202
36.7
115.30
1,057.84
1,346.89
49,430.863
6.0580
3.3232
36.8
115.61
1,053.62
1,354.24
49,836.032
6.0363
3 . 3262
36.9
115.92
1,069.41
1,361.61
50,243.409
6.0745
3.3292
MATHEMATICAL TABLE
167
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
n-
irn IT -r
J
n-
n»
\AT
^T
37.0 116.24
1,075.21
1,369.00
50,653.000
6.0827
3.3322
37.1
116.55
1,081.03
1,376.41
51,064.811
6.0909
3.3352
37.2
116.87
1,086.87
1,383.84
51,478.848
6.0991
3.3382
37.3
117.18
1,092.72
1,391.29
51,895.117
6.1073
3.3412
37.4
117.50
1,098.58
1,398.76
52,313.624
6.1155
3.3442
37.5
117.81
1,104.47
1,406.25
52,734.375
6.1237
3.3472
37.6
118.12
1,110.36
1,413.76
53,157.376
6.1318
3.3501
37.7
118.44
1,116.28
1,421.29
53,582.633
6.1400
3.3531
37.8
118.75 1,122.21
1,428.84
54,010.152
6.1481
3.3561
37.9
119.07 1,128.15
1,436.41
54,439.939
6.1563
3.3590
38.0
119.38
1,134.11
1,444.00
54,872.000
6.1644
3.3620
38.1
119.69
1,140.09
1,451.61
55,306.341
6.1725
3 . 3649
38.2
120.01
1,146.08
1,459.24
55,742.968
6.1806 3.3679
38.3
120.32
1,152.09
1,466.89
56,181.887
6.1887
3.3708
38.4
120.64
1,158.12
1,474.56
96,623.104
6.1967
3.3737
38.5
120.95
1,164.16
1,482.25
57,066.625
6.2048
3.3767
38.6
121.27
1,170.21
1,489.96
57,512.456
6.2129
3.3797
38.7
121.58
1,176.28
1,497.69
57,960.603
6.2209
3.3825
38.8
121.80
1,182.37
1,505.44
58,411.072
6.2289
3.3854
38.9
122.21
1,188.47
1,513.21
58,863.869
6.2370
3 . 3883
39.0
122.52
1,194.59
1,521.00
59,319.000
6.2450
3.3912
39.1
122.84
1,200.72
1,528.81
59,776.471
6.2530
3.3941
39.2
123.15
1,206.87
1,536.64
60,236.288
6.2610
3.3970
39.3
123.46
1,213.04
1,544.49
60,698.457
6.2689
3.3999
39.4
123.78
1,219.22
1,552.36
61,162.984
6.2769
3 . 4028
39.5
124.09
1,225.42
1,560.25
61,629.875
6.2849
3.4056
39.6
124.41
1,231.63
1,568.16
62,099.136
6.2928
3 . 4085
39.7
124.72
1,237.86
1,576.09
62,570.773
6.3008
3.4114
39.8
125.04
1,244.10
1,584.04
63,044.792
6.3087
3.4142
39.9
125.35
1,250.36
1,592.01
63,521 . 199
6.3166
3.4171
168
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Contim
n
7T7J
o
n2
V^
•
7l2
n»
Vn
JK
40.0
125.66
1,256.64
1,600.00
64,000.000
6.3245
3.4200
40.1
125.98
1,262.93
1,608.01
64,481.201
6.3325
3.4228
40.2
126.29
1,269.24
1,616.04
64,964.808
6.3404
3.4256
40.3
126.61
1,275.56
1,624.09
65,450.827
6.3482
3.4285
40.4
126.92
1,281.90
1,632.16
65,939.264
6.3561
3.4313
40.5
127.23
1,288.25
1,640.25
66,430.126
6.3639
3.4341
40.6
127.55
1,294.. 62
1,648.36
66,923.416
6.3718
3.4370
40.7
127.86
1,301.00
1,656.49
67,419.143
6.3796
3 . 4398
40.8
128.18
1,307.41
1,664.64
67,917.312
6.3875
3.4426
40.9
128.49
1,313.82
1,672.81
68,417.929
6.3953
3.4454
41.0
128.81
1,320.25
1,681.00
68,921.000
6.4031
3.4482
41.1
129.12
1,326.70
1,689.21
69,426.531
6.4109
3.4510
41.2
129.43
1,333.17
1,697.44
69,934.528
6.4187
3 . 4538
41.3
129.75
1,339.65
1,705.69
70,444.997
6.4265
3.4566
41.4
130.06
1,346.14
1,713.96
70,957.944
6.4343
3.4594
41.5
130.38
1,352.65
1,722.25
71,473.375
6.4421
3.4622
41.6
130 . 69
1,359.18
1,730.56
71,991.296
6.4498
3.4650
41.7
131.00
1,365.72
1,738.89
72,511.719
6.4575
3 . 4677
41.8
131.32
1,372.28
1,747.24
73,034.632
6.4653
3.4705
41.9
131.63
1,378.85
1,755.61
73,560.059
6.4730
3.4733
42.0
131.95
1,385.44
1,764.00
74,088.000
6.4807
3.4760
42.1
132.26
1,392.05
,772.41
74,618.461
6.4884
3.4788
42.2
132.58
1,398.67
,780.84
75,151.448
6.4961
3.4815
42.3
132.89
1,405.31
,789.29
75,686.967
6.5038
3.4843
42.4
133.20
1,411.96
,797.76
76,225.024
6.5115
3.4870
42.5
133.52
1,418.63
,806.25
76,765.625
6.5192
3.4898
42.6
133.83
1,425.31
,814.76
77,308.776
6.5268
3.4925
42.7
134.15
1,432.01
,823.29
77,854.483
6.5345
3.4952
42.8
134.46
1,438.72
,831.84
78,402.752
6.5422
3.4980
42.9
134.77
1,445.45
,840.45
78,953.589
6.5498
3.5007
MATHEMATICAL TABLE
169
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
n
irti
o
n-
TT
•
n*
H*
vV
y;
43.0
135.09
1,452.20
1,849.00
79,507.000
6.5574
3.5034
43.1
135.40
1,458.96
1,857.61
80,062.991
6.5651
3.5061
43.2
135.72
1,465.74
1,866.24
80,621.568
6.5727
3.5088
43.3
136.03
1,472.54
1,874.89
81,182.737
6.5803
3.5115
43.4
136.35
1,479.34
1,883.56
81,746.504
6.5879
3.5142
43.5
136.66
,486.17
1,892.25
82,312.875
6.5954
3.5169
43.6
136.97
,493.01
1,900.96
82,881.856
6.6030
3.5196
43.7
137.29
,499.87
1,909.69
83,453.453
6.6106
3 . 5223
43.8
137.60
,506.74
1,918.44
84,027.672
6.6182
3.5250
43.9
137.92
,513.63
1,927.21
84,604.519
6.6257
3.5277
44.0
138.23
,520,53
1,936.00
85,184.000
6.6333
3.5303
44.1
138.54
,527.45
1,944.81
85,766.121
6.6408
3.5330
44.2
138.86
,534.39
1,953.64
86,350.888
6.6483
3.5357
44.3
139.17
,541.34
1,962.49
86,938.307
6.6558
3.5384
44.4
139.49
,541.30
1,971.36
87,528.384
6.6633
3.5410
44.5
139.80
1,555.28
1,980.25
88,121.125
6.6708
3.5437
44.6
140.12
1,562.28
1,989.16
88,716.536
6.6783
3.5463
44.7
140.43
4,569.30
1,998.09
89,314.623
6.6858
3.5490
44.8
140.74
1,576 ..33
2,007.04
89,915.392
6.6933
3.5516
44.9
141.06
1,583.37
2,016.01
90,518.849
6.7007
3.5543
45.0
141.37
1,590.43
2,025.00
91,125.000
6.7082
3.5569
45.1
141.69
1,597.51
2,034.01
91,733.851
6.7156
3.5595
45.2
142.06
1,604.60
2,043.04
92,345.408
6.7231
3.5621
45.3
142.31
1,611.71
2,052.09
92,959.677
6.7305
3.5648
45.4
142.63
1,618.83
2,061.16
93,576.664
6.7379
3.5674
45.5
142.94
1,625.97
2,070.25
94,196.375
6.7454
3.5700
45.6
143.26
1,633.13
2,079.36
94,818.816
6.7528
3 . 5726
45.7
143.57
1,640.30
2,088.49
95,443.993
6.7602
3.5752
45.8
143.88
1,647.48
2,097.64
96,071.912
6.7676
3.5778
45.9
144.20
1,654.68
2,106.81
96,702.579
6.7749
3.5805
170
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
n
0*
n~
•"4
•
n'1
n«
^n
^V
46.0
144.51
1,661.90
2,116.00
97,336.000
6.7823
3 . 5830
46.1
144.83
1,669.14
2,125.21
97,972.181
6.7897
3.5856
46.2
145.14
1,676.39
2,134.44
98,611.128
6.7971
3.5882
46.3
145.46
1,683.65
2,143.69
99,252.847
6.8044
3.5908
46.4
145.77
1,690.93
2,152.96
99,897.344
6.8117
3.5934
46.5
146.08
1,698.23
2,162.25
100,544.625
6.8191
3 . 5960
46.6
146.40
1,705.54
2,171.56
101,194.696
6.8264
3.5986
46.7
146.71
1,712.87
2,180.89 •
101,847.563
6.8337
3.6011
46.8
147.03
1,720.21
2,190.24
102,503.232
6.8410
3 . 6037
46.9
147.34
1,727.57
2,199.61
103,161.709
6 . 8484
3 . 6063
47.0
147.65
1,734.94
2,209.00
103,823.000
6.8556
3.6088
47.1
147.97
1,742.34
2,218.41
104,487.111
6.8629
3.6114
47.2
148.28
1,749.74
2,227.84
105,154.048
6.8702
3.6139
47.3
148 . 60
1,757.16
2,237.29
105,823.817
6.8775
3 . 6165
47.4
148.91
1,764.60
2,246.76
106,496.424
6.8847
3.6190
47.5
149.23
1,772.05
2,256.25
107,171.875
6.8920
3.6216
47.6
149.54
1,779.52
2,265.76
107,850.176
6.8993
3 . 6241
47.7
149.85
1,787.01
2,275.29
108,531.333
6.9065
3 . 6267
47.8
150.17
1,794.51
2,284.84
109,215.352
6.9137
3.6292
47.9
150.48
1,802.03
2,294.41
109,902.239
6.9209
3.6317
48.0
150.80
1,809.56
2,304.00
110,592.000
6.9282
3.6342
48.1
151.11
1,817.11
2,313.61
111,284.641
6.9354
3 . 6368
48.2
151.42
1,824.67
2,323.24
111,980.168
6.9426
3 . 6393
48.3
151.74
1,832.25
2,332.89
112,678.587
6.9498
3.6418
48.4
152.05
1,839.84
2,342.56
113,379.904
6.9570
3.6443
48.5
152.37
1,847.45
2,352.25
114,084.125
6.9642
3.6468
48.6
152.68
1,855.08
2,361.96
114,791.256
6.9714
3.6493
48.7
153.00
1,862.72
2,371.69
115,501.303
6.9785
3.6518
48.8
153.31
1,870.38
2,381.44
116,214.272
6 . 9857
3.6543
48.9
153.62
1,878.05
2,391.21
116,930.169
6.9928
3.6568
MATHEMATICAL TABLE
171
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Continued)
n
n2
•m T —
° •*
n*
n»
V^
V*
49.0
153.94
1,885.74
2,401.00
117,649.000
7.0000
3.6593
49.1
154.25
1,893.45
2,410.81
118,370.771
7.0071
3.6618
49.2
154 . 57
1,901.17
2,420.64
119,095.488
7.0143
3 . 6643
49.3
154.88
1,908.90
2,430.49
119,823.157
7.0214
3.6668
.49.4
155.19
1,916.65
2,440.36
120,553.784
7.0285
3.6692
49.5
155.51
1,924.42
2,450.25
121,287.375
7.0356
3.6717
49.6
155.82
1,932.21
2,460.16
122,023.936
7.0427
3.6742
49.7
156.14
1,940.00
2,470.09
122,763.473
7.0498
3.6767
49.8
156'. 45
1,947.82
2,480.04
123,505.992
7.0569
3.6791
49.9
156.77
1,955.65
2,490.01
124,251.499
7.0640
3.6816
50.0
157.08
1,963.50
2,500.00
125,000.000
7.0711
3.6840
51.0
160.22
2,042.82
2,601.00
132,651.000
7.1414
3.7084
52.0
163.36
2,123.72
2,704.00
140,608.000
7.2111
3.7325
53.0
166.50
2,206.19
2,809.00
148,877.000
7.2801
3.7563
54.0
169.64
2,290.22
2,916.00
157,464.000
7.3485
3.7798
55.0
172.78
2,375.83
3,025.00
166,375.000
7.4162
3.8030
56.0
175.93
2,463.01
3,136.00
175,616.000
7.4833
3.8259
57.0
179.07
2,551.76
3,249.00
185,193.000
7.5498
3.8485
58.0
182.21
2,642.08
3,364.00
195,112.000
7.6158
3.8709
59.0
185.35
2,733.97
3,481.00
205,379.000
7.6811
3.8930
60.0
188.49
2,827.44
3,600.00
216,000.000
7.7460
3.9149
61.0
191.63
2,922.47
3,721.00
226,981.000
7.8102
3.9365
62.0
194.77
3,019.07
3,844.00
238,328.000
7 . 8740
3 . 9579
63.0
197.92
3,117.25
3,969.00
250,047.000
7.9373
3.9791
64.0
201.06
3,216.99
4,096.00
262,144.000
8.0000
4.0000
65.0
204.20
3,318.31
4,225.00
274,625.000
8.0623
4.0207
66.0
207.34 3,421.20
4,356.00
287,496.000
8.1240
4.0412
67.0
210.48 3,525.66
4,489.00
300,763.000
8.1854
4.0615
68.0
213.63
3,631.69 4,624.00
314,432.000
8.2462 4.0817
69.0
216.77
3,739.29 1 4,761.00
328,509.000
8.3066 4.1016
172
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND
CUBE ROOTS — (Concluded)
n
•n-n
o
7l2
TT
•
n2
n«
VV
VZ
70.0
219.91
3,848.46
4,900.00
343,000.000
8.3666
4.1213
71.0
223.05
3,959.20
5,041.00
357,911.000
8.4261
4.1408
72.0
226.19
4,071.51
5,184.00
373,248.000
8.4853
4.1602
73.0
229.33
4,185.39
5,329 . 00
389,017.000
8.5440
4.1793
74.0
232.47
4,300.85
5,476.00
405,224.000
8.6023
4.1983
75.0
235.62
4,417.87
5,625.00
421,875.000
8.6603
4.2172
76.0
238.76
4,536.47
5,776.00
438,976.000
8.7178
4.2358
77.0
241.90
4,656.63
5,929.00
456,533.000
8.7750
4.2543
78.0
245.04
4,778.37
6,084.00
474,552.000
8.8318
4.2727
79.0
248.18
4,901.68
6,241.00
493,039.000
8.8882
4.2908
80.0
251.32
5,026.56
6,400.00
512,000.000
8.9443
4.3089
81.0
254.47
5,153.01
6,561.00
531,441.000
9.0000
4.3267
82.0
257. 6i
5,281.03
6,724.00
551,368.000
9.0554
4.3445
83.0
260.75
5,410.62
6,889.00
571,787.000
9.1104
4.3621
84.0
263.89
5,541.78
7,056.00
592,704.000
9.1652
4.3795
85.0
267.03
5,674.50
7,225.00
614,125.000
9.2195
4.3968
86.0
270.17
5,808.81
7,396.00
636,056.000
9.2736
4.4140
87.0
273 . 32
5,944.69
7,569 . 00
658,503.000
9.3274
4.4310
88.0
276.46
6,082.13
7,744.00
681,472.000
9.3808
4.4480
89.0
279.60
6,221.13
7,921.00
704,969.000
9.4330
4.4647
90.0
282.74
6,361.74
8,100.00
729,000.000
9.4868
4.4814
91.0
285.88
6,503.89
8,281.00
753,571.000
9.5394
4.4979
92.0
289 . 02
6,647.62
8,464.00
778,688.000
9.5917
4.5144
93.0
292.17
6,792.92
8,649.00
804,357.000
9.6437
4.5307
94.0
295.31
6,939.78
8,836.00
830,584.000
9.6954
4.5468
95.0
298.45
7,088 . 23
9,025.00
857,375.000
9.7468
4.5629
96.0
301.59
7,238.24
9,216.00
884,736.000
9.7980
4.5789
97.0
304.73
7,389.83
9,409.00
912,673.000
9.8489
4.5947
98.0
307.87
7,542.98
9,604.00
941,192.000
9.8995
4.6104
99.0
311.02
7,697.68
9,801.00
970,299.000
9.9499
4.6261
100.0
314.16
7,854.00
10,000.00
1,000,000.000
10.0000
4.6416
DECIMALS OF A FOOT
173
DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOB EACH
IN.
Inch
0 in.
'I in.
2 in.
3 in.
4 in. 5 in.
0
0
.0833
.1667
.2500
.3333
.4167
K4
.0013
.0846
.1680
.2513
.3346
.4180
y*2
.0026
.0859
.1693
.2526
.3359
.4193
%4
.0039
.0872
.1706
.2539
.3372
.4206
He
.0052
.0885
.1719
.2552
.3385
.4219
%4
.0065
.0898
.1732
.2565
.3398
.4232
%2
.0078
.0911
.1745
.2578
.3411
.4245
K*
.0091
.0924
.1758
.2591
.3424
.4258
H
.0104
.0937
.1771
.2604
.3437
.4271
%4
.0117
.0951
.1784
.2617
.3451
.4284
%2
.0130
.0964
.1797
.2630
.3464
.4297
iy*4
.0143
.0977
.1810
.2643
.3477
.4310
•Ke
.0156
.0990
.1823
.2656
.3490
.4323
^4
.0169
.1003
.1836
.2669
.3503
.4336
7/
>32
.0182
.1016
.1849
.2682
.3516
.4349
J^4
.0195
.1029
.1862
.2695
.3529
.4362
>4
.0208
.1042
.1875
.2708
.3542
.4375
^4
.0221
.1055
.1888
.2721
.3555
.4388
^2
.0234
.1068
.1901
.2734
.3568
.4401
J%4
.0247
.1081
.1914
.2747
.3581
.4414
He
.0260
.1094
.1927
.2760
.3594
.4427
2^4
.0273
.1107
.1940
.2773
.3607
.4440
%
.0286
.1120
.1953
.2786
.3620
.4453
2%4
.0299
.1133
.1966
.2799
.3633
.4466
%
.0312
.1146
.1979
.2812
.3646
.4479
2%4
.0326
.1159
.1992
.2826
.3659
.4492
%
.0339
.1172
.2005
.2839
.3672
.4505
2%4
.0352
.1185
.2018
.2852
.3685
.4518
Ke
.0365
.1198
.2031
.2865
.3698
.4531
2%4
.0378
.1211
.2044
.2878
.3711
.4544
%
.0391
.1224
.2057
.2891
.3724
.4557
3^4
.0404
.1237
.2070
.2904
.3737
.4570
>^
.0417
.1250
.2083
.2917
.3750
.4583
174
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR EACH
IN. — (Continued)
Inch
6 in.
7 in.
8 in.
9 in.
10 in.
11 in.
0
.5000
.5833
.6667
.7500
.8333
.9167
^4
.5013
.5846
.6680
.7513
.8346
.9180
Hs
.5026
.5859
.6693
.7526
.8359
.9193
%4
.5039
.5872
.6706
.7539
.8372
.9206
He
.5052
.5885
.6719
.7552
.8385
.9219
%4
.5065
.5898
.6732
.7565
.8398
.9232
Hi
.5078
.5911
.6745
.7578
.8411
.9245
%4
.5091
.5924
.6758
.7591
.8424
.9258
H
.5104
.5937
.6771
.7604
.8437
.9271
%4
.5117
.5951
.6784
.7617
.8451
.9284
H 2
.5130
.5964
.6797
.7630
.8464
.9297
*H4
.5143
.5977
.6810
.7643
.8477
.9310
Me
.5156
.5990
.6823
.7656
.8490-
.9323
*%4
.5169
.6003
.6836
.7669
.8503
.9336
%2
.5182
.6016
.6849
.7682
.8516
.9349
X%4
.5195
.6029
.6862
.7695
.8529
.9362
M
.5208
.6042
.6875
.7708
.8542
.9375
*%4
.5221
.6055
.6888
.7721
.8555
.9388
"32
.5234
.6068
.6901
.7734
.8568
.9401
*%4
.5247
.6081
.6914
.7747
.8581
.9414
X\
.5260
.6094
.6927
.7760
.8594
.9427
2^4
.5273
.6107
.6940
.7773
.8607
.9440
lHa
.5286
.6120
.6953
.7786
.8620
.9453
2%4
.5299
.6133
.6966
.7799
.8633
.9466
H
.5312
.6146
.6979
.7812
.8646
.9479
2^4
.5326
.6159
.6992
.7826
.8659
.9492
18J
.5339
.6172
.7005
.7839
.8672
.9505
2%4
.5352
.6185
.7018
.7852
.8685
.9518
He
.5365
.6198
.7031
.7865
.8698
.9531
2%4
.5378
.6211
.7044
.7878
.8711
.9544
15/S2
.5391
.6224
.7057
.7891
.8724
.9557
3K4
.5404
.6237
.7070
.7904
.8737
.9570
H
.5417
.6250
.7083
.7917
.8750
.9583
DECIMALS OF A FOOT
175
DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR EACH ^4 IN. — (Continued)
Inch
0 in.
1 in.
2 in.
3 in.
4 in.
5 in.
3%4
.0430
.1263
.2096
.2930
.3763
.4596
17,^2
.0443
.1276
.2109
.2943
.3776
.4609
3^4
.0456
.1289
.2122
.2956
.3789
.4622
KG
.0469
.1302
.2135
.2969
.3802
.4635
3%4
.0482
.1315
.2148
.2982
.3815
.4648
1-Ko
.0495
.1328
.2161
.2995
.3828
.4661
3%4
.0508
.1341
.2174
.3008
.3841
.4674
%
.0521
.1354
.2188
.3021
.3854
.4688
4K4
.0534
.1367
.2201
.3034
.3867
.4701
2L^2
.0547
.1380
.2214
.3047
.3880
.4714
43^
.0560
.1393
.2227
.3060
.3893
.4727
^le
.0573
.1406
.2240
.3073
.3906
.4740
4%4
.0586
.1419
.2253
.3086
.3919
.4753
2 3 ^ .
.0599
.1432
.2266
.3099
.3932
.4766
47,^
.0612
.1445
.2279
.3112
.3945
.4779
?4
.0625
.1458
.2292
.3125
.3958
.4792
4%4
.0638
.1471
.2305
.3138
.3971
.4805
2^2
.0651
.1484
.2318
.3151
.3984
.4818
5 ^4
.0664
.1497
.2331
.3164
.3997
.4831
%
.0677
.1510
.2344
.3177
.4010
.4844
5%4
.0690
.1523
.2357
.3190
.4023
.4857
2^^
.0703
.1536
.2370
.3203
.4036
.4870
5%4
.0716
.1549
.2383
.3216
.4049
.4883
%
.0729
.1562
.2396
.3229
.4062
.4896
5%4
.0742
.1576
.2409
.3242
.4076
.4909
2^2
.0755
.1589
.2422
.3255
.4089
.4922
5%4
.0768
.1602
.2435
.3268
.4102
.4935
ly\&
.0781
.1615
.2448
.3281
.4115
.4948
6K4
.0794
.1628
.2461
.3294
.4128
.4961
3^^2
.0807
.1641
.2474
.3307
.4141
.4974
6%4
.0820
.1654
.2487
.3320
.4154
.4987
1
|
176
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR EACH ^4 IN. — (Concluded)
Inch
6 in.
7 in.
8 in.
9 in.
10 in.
11 in.
3%4
.5430
.6263
.7096
.7930
.8763
.9596
1 ^2
.5443
.6276
.7109
.7943
.8776
.9609
35,^ .
.5456
.6289
.7122
.7956
.8789
.9622
Jfe
.5469
.6302
.7135
.7969
.8802
.9635
37^4
.5482
.6315
.7148
.7982
.8815
.9648
ia^2
.5495
.6328
.7161
.7995
.8828
.9661
3%4
.5508
.6341
.7174
.8008
.8841
.9674
%
.5521
.6354
.7188
.8021
.8854
.9688
4^4
.5534
.6367
.7201
.8034
.8867
.9701
2/^2
.5547
.6380
.7214
.8047
.8880
.9714
4%4
.5560
.6393
.7227
.8060
.8893
.9727
1Ke
.5573
.6406
.7240
.8073
.8906
.9740
4%4
.5586
.6419
.7253
.8086
.8919
.9753
2%2
.5599
.6432
.7266
.8099
.8932
.9766
4%4
.5612
.6445
.7279
.8112
.8945
.9779
?4
.5625
.6458
.7292
.8125
.8958
.9792
4%4
.5638
.6471
.7305
.8138
.8971
.9805
2^2
.5651
.6484
.7318
.8151
.8984
.9818
51^ .
.5664
.6497
.7331
.8164
.8997
.9831
1^le
.5677
.6510
.7344
.8177
.9010
.9844
5%4
.5690
.6523
.7357
.8190
.9023
.9857
27,^2
.5703
.6536
.7370
.8203
.9036
.9870
5%4
.5716
.6549
.7383
.8216
.9049
.9883
%
.5729
.6562
.7396
.8229
.9062
.9896
5%4
.5742
.6576
.7409
.8242
.9076
.9909
2&^2
.5755
.6589
.7422
.8255
.9089
.9922
5%4
.5768
.6602
.7435
.8268
.9102
.9935
1Ke
.5781
.6615
.7448
.8281
.9115
.9948
61/4
.5794
.6628
.7461
.8294
.9128
.9961
314o
.5807
.6641
.7474
.8307
.9141
.9974
63^.
.5820
.6654
.7487
.8320
.9154
.9987
1
1 . 0000
DECIMALS OF AN INCH
177
DECIMALS OF AN INCH FOR EACH
H2ds 1 H*th9
Decimal Fraction
i
H2ds
K*ths
Decimal
Fraction
1
.015625
33
.515625
1
2
.03125
17
34
.53125
3
.046875
35
.546875
2
4
.0625
1-16
18
36
.5625
£-16
5
.078125
37
. 578125
3
6
.09375
19
38
.59375
7
. 109375
39
.609375
4
8
.125
1-8
20
40
.625
5-8
9
. 140625
41
.640625
5
10
. 15625
21
42
.65625
11
.171875
43
.671875
6
12
.1875
3-16
22
44
.6875
11-16
13
.203125
45
.703125
7
14
.21875
23
46
.71875
15
.234375
47
.734375
8
16
.25
1-4
24
48
.75
3-4
17
. 265625
49
.765625
9
18
.28125
25
50
.78125
19
.296875
51
.796875
10
20
.3125
5-16
26
52
.8125
13-16
21
.328125
53
.828125
11
22
. 34375
27
54
.84375
23
.359375
55
.859375
12
24
.375
3-8
28
56
.875
7-8
25
.3Q0625
57
.890625
13
26
.40625
29
58
.90625
27
.421875
59
.921875
14
28
.4375
7-16
30
60
.9375
15-16
29
.453125
61
.953125
15
30
.46875
31
62
.96875
31
.484375
63
.984375
16
32
.5
1-2
32
64
1.0
1
BELTING RULES
To Find Speed of Belt. — Multiply the circumference of either
pulley in inches by the number of its revolutions per minute.
12
178 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Divide by 12 and the result is the speed of the belt in feet per
minute.
To Find Length of Belt. — Multiply the distance between the
shaft centers by 2 and add to the result one-half the sum of the
circumferences of ; the two pulleys.
To Find Diameter of Pulley Necessary to Make Any Required
Number of Revolutions. — Multiply the diameter of the pulley,
the speed of which is known, by its revolutions, and divide by
the number of revolutions at which the other pulley is required
to run.
To Find Diameter of Driving Pulley. — Multiply diameter of
driven pulley by its revolutions and divide the product by the
revolution of the driving pulley.
To Find Revolution of Driving Pulley. — Multiply diameter of
driven pulley by its revolution and divide the product by the
diameter of the driving pulley.
To Find the Approximate Length of Belting in a Roll. — Add
together the diameter of the roll and the hole in the center, in
inches. Multiply by the number of coils in the roll, and then
multiply by 0.131. The result will be the approximate number
of feet of belting in the roll.
ANTI-FREEZING LIQUIDS FOR PRESSURE AND SUCTION GAGES
33°Be*. sulphuric acid is a very good anti-freezing liquid to use
in permanent pressure and suction gages. This acid has a specific
gravity of 1.295 and a freezing point of — 97°F, If a gage is to
be made with two separate glass tubes, construct as follows:
Bend the tubes on the bottom at right angles so they meet — join
with rubber tubing and wire fast — then wrap with ordinary elec-
trician's friction tape. In this way a connection is made that
resists weather and the acid will have but little action on the
rubber. To obtain water readings from the acid readings it is,
of course, necessary to multiply by 1.295.
For gages where high suction and pressures are to be read,
ANTI-FREEZING LIQUIDS
179
mercury with a specific gravity of 13.595 and a freezing point of
— 39.1°F. is very satisfactory.
ANTI-FREEZING SOLUTIONS FOB SUCTION AND PRESSURE GAGES. READINGS
IN INCHES CONVERTED INTO APPROXIMATE INCHES OF WATER
33°B6. sulphuric acid = 1.295 specific gravity = — 97°F. freezing point
Acid
Water
Acid
Water
Acid
Water
Acid
Water
Acid
Water
1
1M
7K
9K
14
18
20^
26K
27
35
V4
2
8
IOK
14K
19
21
27
27^
35^
2
2K
8K
11
15
19^
21^
28
28
36^
2X
3
9
UK
15K
20
22
28^
28^
37
3
4
9K
12K
16
20^
22^
29
29
37^
3K
4K
10
13
16K
21^
23
30
29^
38
4
5
IOK
13K
17
22
23^
30^
30
39
*K
6
11
14
17K
22^
24
31
30^
39^
5
6K
UK
15
18
23^
24^
31K
31
40
5K
7
12
15K
18K
24
25
32K
31^
41
6
8
12K
16
19
24^
25K
33
32
41^
6K
8K
13
17
19M
25}.$
26
33^
32^
42
7
9
13K
17K
20
26
26>^
34.^
33
42^
Mercury = 13.595 specific gravity = — 39.1°F. freezing point
Hg
H20
Hg
H20
Hg
H20
Hg
H20
Hg
H20
M6
1
%
12
1%
23
2K
34
3^6
45
y8
IK
%
12K
1%
24
2K6
35
3%
46
KG
2K
1
13 K
1^6
24K
2%
35K
3Ke
47
.^
3K
1K6
14K
1%
25K
2^6
36K
3K
47K
5/16
4K
IK
15K
1%
26K
2^
37K
3^6
48K
H
5
WG
16
2
27
2%
38
3%
49K
KG
6
1M
17
2K6
28
2%
39
3^6
50
K
7
W6
18
2K
29
2%
40
3%
51
KG
7K
1%
18K
2%6
29K
3
41
3%
52
5/s
8K
IKe
19K
2K
30K
3K6
41K
3%
52K
%
9K
IK
20K
2^6
31K
3K
42K
3%
53K
%
10
iHe
21K
2%
32 K
3%6
43K
4
54K
lMe
11
1%
22
2K6
33
3M
44
4Me
55
180 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS
Much confusion has resulted in the past, due to the various
standards for flange dimensions and bolting adopted by manu-
facturers and engineering societies. In 1912, the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Master Steam and Hot
Water Fitters' Association adopted what is known as "The 1912
U. S. Standard," and in the same year, at a meeting of manu-
facturers in New York City, the " Manufacturer's Standard"
was promulgated. The disadvantages of having two standards
in existence were immediately recognized, and committees of the
A. S. M. E. and the manufacturers united in a compromise known
as the " American Standard," to be effective after Jan. 1, 1914.
Notes on the American Standard. — The following notes apply
to the American Standard for flanges and flanged fittings:
(a) Standard and extra heavy reducing elbows carry the same dimensions
center-to-face as regular elbows of largest straight size.
Standard and extra heavy tees, crosses and laterals, reducing on run only,
carry same dimensions face-to-face as largest straight size.
Flanged fittings for lower working pressures than 125 Ib. conform to this
standard in all dimensions except thickness of shell.
. Where long-radius fittings are specified, reference is had only to elbows
made in two center-to-face dimensions and known as elbows and long-radius
elbows, the latter being used only when so specified.
Standard weight fittings are guaranteed for 125 Ib. working pressure and
extra heavy fittings for 250 Ib.
Extra heavy fittings and flanges have a raised surface }{$ in. high inside
of bolt holes for gaskets. Standard weight fittings and flanges are plain-
faced. Bolt holes are ^ in. larger in diameter than bolts, and straddle the
center line.
The size of all fittings scheduled indicates the inside diameter of ports.
The face-to-face dimension of reducers, either straight or eccentric, for all
pressures, is the same as that given in table of dimensions.
Square-head bolts with hexagonal nuts are recommended. For 1%-in.
and larger bolts, studs with a nut on each end are satisfactory. Hexagonal
nuts for pipe sizes up to 46 in. on the 125-lb. standard, and up to 16 in. on
the 250-lb. standard can be conveniently pulled up with open wrenches of
minimum design of heads. For larger pipe sizes (up to 100 in. on 125-lb.,
and to 48 in. on 250-lb. standard) use box wrenches.
FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS 181
Twin elbows, whether straight or reducing, carry same dimensions center-
to-face and face-to-face as regular straight-size ells and tees.
Side outlet elbows and side outlet tees, whether straight or reducing
sizes, carry same dimensions center-to-face and face-to-face as regular tees
having same reductions.
(6) Bull-head tees, or tees increasing on outlet, have same center-to-face
and face-to-face dimensions as a straight fitting of the size of the outlet.
Tees, crosses and laterals 16 in. and smaller, reducing on the outlet use the
same dimensions as straight sizes of the larger port. Sizes 18 in. and
larger, reducing on the outlet or branch, are made in two lengths, depending
on sizes of outlet or branch as given in dimension table.
(c) The dimensions of reducing flanged fittings are always regulated by the
reductions of the outlet or branch.
(d) For fittings reducing on the run only, always use the long-body pattern.
Y's are special and are made to suit conditions.
(e) Double-sweep tees are not made reducing on the run.
Steel flanges, fittings and valves are recommended for superheated
steam.
182
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
AMERICAN STANDARD
Names of Fittings
Elbow Reducing Elbow Side Outlet Elbow Twin Elbow
Long, Radius Elbow 45 Elbow Tee Single Sweep Tee
Double Sweep Tee Side Outlet Tee Reducing Tee Reducer
Reducing Reducing
Single Sweep Tee Side Outlet Tee
Cross Reducing Cross
Lateral
Reducing lateral
FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS
183
TEMPLATES FOR DRILLING STANDARD AND LOW-PRESSURE FLANGED
VALVES AND FITTINGS l
American Standard
Size, inches
Diameter of
flanges, inches
Thickness of
flanges, inches
Bolt circle
diameter,
inches
Number of
bolts
Size of bolts,
inches
1 4 KG
3
4
KG
IK
4K
H 3%
4
KG
IK
5
KG
3%
4
H
2
6
%
4%
4
%
V/2
7
XK6
5K
4
%
3
7K
%
6
4
%
3K
8K
^6
7
4
H
4
9
^6
7K
8
H
4K
9K
%
7%
8
%
5
10 i^e 8K
8
%
6
11
1 9K
8
H
7
12K
IMe 10%
8
H
8
13M
IK
11%
8
%
9
15
IK
13^
12
%
10
16
1%6
14K
12
H
12
19
IK
17
12
%
14
21
1% 18%
12
\
15
22K
1% 20
16
i
16
23^
!Ke 21K
16
i
18
25
IMe
22%
16
IK
20
27M
1^6
25
20
IK
22
29K
1^6
' 27K
20
IK
24
32
IK
29K
20
IK
26
34K
2
31%
24
IK
28
36^
2Ke
34 28 IK
30 38% 2% 36 28 1%
1 These templates are in multiples of four, so that fittings may be made
to face in any quarter and bolt holes straddle the center line. Bolt holes are
drilled K in. larger than the nominal diameter of bolts.
184
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
FLANGED FITTINGS
185
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186
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD REDUCING TEES AND CROSSES (SHORT-
BODY PATTERN)
American Standard
Size,
inches
Size of outlets and
smaller1
Center-to-face run,
A
Center-to-face outlet,
B
1 to 16
All reducing fittings from 1 to 16 in. inclusive have the
same center-to-face dimensions as straight-size fittings
i
18
12
13
15^
20
14
14
17
22
15
14
18
24
16
15
19
26
18
16
20
28
18
16
21
30
20
18 23
Long-body patterns are used when outlets are larger than given in the
above table, therefore have same dimensions as straight-size fittings. The
dimensions of "reducing flanged fittings" are always regulated by the
reduction of the outlet.
Fittings reducing on the run only, the long-body pattern will always be
used, except double-sweep tees, on which the reduced end is always longer
than the regular fittings.
Bull heads or tees having outlets larger than the run will be the same
length center-to-face of all openings as a tee with all openings of the size of
the outlet. For example, a 12 by 12 by 18-in. tee will be governed by the
dimensions of the 18-in. long-body tee, namely, 16H in. center-to-face of all
openings and 33 in. face-to-face.
Reducing elbows carry same center-to-face dimension as regular elbows of
largest straight size.
FLANGED FITTINGS
187
GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD REDUCING LATERALS (SHORT-BODY
PATTERN)
American Standard
Size,
inches
branch and | F^°£<*
smalleri run' C
Center-to-face
run, D
Center-to-face
run, E
Center-to-face
branch, F
1 to 16
All reducing fittings 1 to 16 in. inclusive have the same center-
to-face dimensions as straight-size fittings
18
9 26
25
1
27^
20
10
28
27
1
29^
22
10
29
28K
H
31 K
24
12
32
31K
y*
34 K
26
12
35
35
0
38
28
14
37
37
0
40
30
15
39
39
0
42
1 Long-body patterns are used when branches are larger than given in the
above table, therefore have same dimensions as straight-size fittings.
The dimensions of "reducing flanged fittings" are always regulated by the
reduction of the branch ; fittings reducing on the run only, the long-body pat-
tern will always be used.
188
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
si
O
FLANGED FITTINGS
189
~1
>
re
i
row
(NfNfNCOCOCOCC'^'*
<N <Nf eV'eVcVcO CO CO Co'cO^ '-*"»O »O »O~CO «o"<£> l^ CO 00 O5 O '
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i
190
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF EXTRA HEAVY REDUCING TEES AND CROSSES
(SHORT-BODY PATTERN)
American Standard
Size,
Size of outlets
Face-to-face run,
Center-to-face
Center-to- face
inches
and smaller1
AA
run, A
outlet, B
1 to 16
All reducing fittings 1 to 16 in. inclusive have the same center-
to-face dimensions as straight-size fittings
18
12
28
14
17
20
14
31
15H
18K
22
15
33
163^
20
24
16
34
17
21M
26
18
38
19
23
28
18
38
19
24
30
20
41
20K
25^
1 Long-body patterns are used when outlets are larger than given in the
above table, therefore have same dimensions as straight-size fittings. The
dimensions of "reducing flanged fittings" are always regulated by the reduc-
tion of the outlet.
Fittings reducing on the run only, the long-body pattern will always be
used, except double-sweep tees, on which the reduced end is always longer
than the regular fitting.
Bull heads or tees having outlets larger than the run will be the same
length center-to-face of all openings as a tee with all openings of the size of
the outlet. For example, a 12 by 12 by 18-in. tee will be governed by the
dimensions of the 18-in. long-body tee, namely, 18 in. center-to-face of all
openings and 36 in. face-to-face.
Reducing elbows carry same center-to-face dimension as regular elbows of
largest straight size.
FLANGED FITTINGS
191
GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF EXTRA HEAVY REDUCING LATERALS (SHORT-BODY
PATTERN)
n
American Standard
Size,
inches
Size of
branches and
smaller1
Face-to-face
run, C
Center-to-facc
run, D
Center-to-face
run, E
Center-to-face
branch, F
1 to 16
All reducing fittings 1 to 16 in. inclusive have the same center-
to-face dimensions as straight-size fittings
18
9
34
31
3
32^
20
10
37
34
3
36
22
10
40
37
3
39
24
12
44
41
3
43
1 Long -body patterns are used when branches are larger than given in the
above table, therefore, have same dimensions as straight-size fittings.
The dimensions of "reducing flanged fittings" are always regulated by the
reduction of the branch; fittings reducing on the run only, the long-body
pattern will always be used.
192
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
TEMPLATES FOR DRILLING EXTRA HEAVY FLANGED VALVES AND FiTTiNGS1
American Standard
Size,
inches
Diameter of
flanges,
inches
Thickness of
flanges,
inches
Bolt circle
diameter,
inches
Number of
bolts
Size of
bolts
1
4K
%
3M
4
K
1M
5
%
3%
4
X
IK
6
%
4^
4
5A
2
6H
%
5
4
5/8
2K
7K
1
5%
4
%
3
8K
IK
6%
8
%
3K
9
1%6
7^
8
%
4
10
1M
7%
8
H
4K
IOK
We
8K
8
%
5
11
1%'
9M
8
%
6
12K '
IKe
10%
12
H
7
14
IK
11%
12
%
8
15
1%
13
12
%
9
16M
1%
14
12
i
10
17K
1%
15M
16
i
12
20K
2
17%
16
IK
14
23
2^
20^
20
IK
15
24K
2Ke
21K
20
IK
16
25K
2^
22K
20
IK
18
28
2%
24%
24
IK
20
30K
2K
27
24
l%
22
33
2^
2934
24
IK
24
36
2^
32
24
1%
26
38K
2^6
34K
28
1%
28
40%
2^6
37
28
i%
30
43
3
39K
28
1%
1 These templates are in multiples of four, so that fittings may be made to
face in any quarter and bolt holes straddle the center line. Bolt holes are
drilled K in. larger than nominal diameter of bolts.
FLANGED FITTINGS
193
WEIGHTS OF CAST-IRON FLANGED FITTINGS
(American Standard Dimensions)
Size,
inches
Approximate weight per piece, pounds
Standard (125 Ib.)
Extra heavy (250 Ib.)
Ell
45° Ell
Tee
Cross
Ell
45° Ell
Tee
Cross
2
18
15
26
34
23
20
38
80
2H
22
20
34
43
34
29
50
85
3
30
27
45
58
46
38
70
90
3M
37
33
55
74
57
44
75
115
4
45
38
67
89
67
61
100
140
4K
46
43
75
100
85
70
120
170
5
63
53
90
121
95
85
130
190
6
75
68
115
152
125
105
190
250
7
100
90
150
200
160
145
235
325
8
120
100
170
236
190
175
280
370
9
150
130
220
305
240
195
330
480
10
205
160
285
400
320
250
450
580
12
285
230
430
570
450
380
680
900
14
390
300
550
750
640
520
970
1,300
15
440
330
660
800
750
570
1,050
1,400
16
525
400
760
1,000
840
675
1,255
1,675
13
194
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
NOMINAL WEIGHT OF CAST-IRON PIPE WITHOUT FLANGES, POUNDS
PER FOOT1
Inside
diameter,
inches
Thickness of metal in inches
K
H
*
H
H
y*
i
IK
IK
2
5.5
8.7
12.3
16.1
20.3
24.7
29.5
34.5
40.0
2H
6.8
10.6
14.7
19.2
24.0
29.0
34.4
40.0
46.0
3
7.9
12.4
17.2
22.2
27.6
32.3
39.3
45.6
52.2
3/>i
9.2
14.3
19.6
25.3
31.3
37.6
44.2
51.1
58.3
4
10.4
16.1
22.1
28.4
35.0
41.9
49.1
56.6
64.4
4;Hj
11.7
18.0
24.5
31.5
38.7
46.2
54.0
62.1
70.6
5
12.9
19.8
27.0
34.5
42.3
50.5
58.9
67.7
76.7
5M
14.1
21.6
29.5
37.6
46.0
54.8
63.8
73.2
82.8
6
15.3
23.5
31.9
40.7
49.7
59.1
68.7
78.7
89.0
7
17.8
27.2
36.8
46.8
57.1
67.7
78.5
89.7
101.0
8
20.3
30.8
41.7
52.9
64.4
76.2
88.4
101.0
114.0
9
22.7
34.5
46.6
59.1
71.8
84.8
98.2
112.0
126.0
10
25.2
38.2
51.5
65.2
79.2
93.4
108.0
123.0
138.0
11
27.6
41.9
56.5
71.3
86.5
102.0
118.0
134.0
150.0
12
30.1
46.6
61.4
77.5
93.9
111.0
128.0
145.0
163.0
13
32.5
49.2
66.3
83.6
101.0
119.0
137.0
156.0
175.0
14
35.0
52.9
71.2
89.7
109.0
128.0
147.0
167.0
187.0
15
56.6
76.1
95.9
116.0
136.0
157.0
178.0
199.0
16
60.3
81.0
102.0
123.0
145.0
167.0
189.0
212.0
18
67.7
90.8
114.0
138.0
162.0
187.0
211.0
236.0
20
101.0
127.0
153.0
179.0
206.0
233.0
261.0
22
110.0
139.0
168.0
197.0
226.0
255.0
285.0
24
120.0
151.0
182.0
214.0
245.0
278.0
310.0
26
130.0
163.0
197.0
231.0
265.0
299.0
334.0
28
30
....
140.0
149.0
175.0
188.0
211.0
226.0
248.0
265.0
284.0
304.0
321.0
343.0
358.0
383.0
1 Approximate weight of each flanged joint = weight of 1 ft. of pipe.
Values in table are theoretical, and based on cast iron weighing 450 Ib. per
cubic foot.
CAST-IRON PIPE
195
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196
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
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WROUGHT-IRON AND STEEL PIPE
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202
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Reducer.
STANDARD SCREWED FITTINGS
(Approximate Weights and Dimensions)
Malleable iron
Dimensions in inches
Weight in pounds per 100 pieces
Ells 45° Ells Tees Crosses
2%
2%
3K
2
2%
tffc.
6
2
2%
6^6
3%
4%
IMe
IKe
1%
13
17
27
39
60
105
131
232
420
637
940
1,100
11
14
21
32
50
80
111
197
350
483
665
775
14
23
35
55
80
136
183
285
428
742
1,000
1,200
21
42
54
96
152
197
340
575
960
1,040
1,550
Cast iron
2K
3%
6K
7^6
7%
9
6
IK
tO
M
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01
Oi
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h-
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2K
3
3K
4%
5M
to to
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4K
2K
2K
6
6%
7%
8K
9K
12K
13%
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14
24
40
55
93
152
192
318
500
700
920
1,250
1,600
2,100
3,000
4,400
5,500
7,800
11,100
16,800
24
37
55
84
138
196
284
440
660
850
1,125
1,450
1,650
2,500
3,500
4,600
6,900
8,600
12,500
20
32
53
81
122
200
268
430
650
1,000
1,325
1,780
2,330
2,620
4,000
5,500
7,900
10,200
14,900
21,500
70
100
150
238
350
530
785
1,100
1,550
2,150
2,700
3,000
4,300
6,600
8,300
13,600
15,400
25,500
'SCREWED FITTINGS
203
EXTRA HEAVY SCREWED FITTINGS
(Approximate Weights and Dimensions)
Malleable iron
Size,
inches
Dimensions in inches Weight in pounds per 100 pieces
A
#
C
Ells
45° Ells
Tees
Crosses
y±
iMe
«
20
20
34
42K
H
IK
%
38
25
64
81
l/2
IK
1
....
62
49
92
106
«
1%
IK
97
69
133
163
1
2
IMe
2M
134
105
200
236
IK
2K
IK
3
223
175
320
378
IK
2K
I1 He
3K
316
232
420
503
2
3
2
4
460
370
660
800
2K
3K
2K
4%
720
538
1,000
1,200
3
4K
2K
5K
1,065
763
1,600
2,000
3K
4%
2%
6K
1,500
920
2,200
2,600
4
5^
2%
7
2,000
1,250
2,950
3,240
Cast iron
1
2
1H
196
155
285
305
IX
2K
IK
4%
292
248
400
510
IK
2^6
m
5%
403
335
525
680
2
3
1%
6M
650
548
925
1,080
2K
3K
2K
7%
900
950
1,400
1,750
3
4K
2K
8%
1,350
1,400
2,000
2,980
3K
4%
2^6
9%
1,900
1,750
2,600
3,300
4
5y8
2%
10%
2,500
2,300
3,800
4,900
4K
5K
3
3,000
2,800
4,400
6,300
5
6K
3^6
3,900
3,600
6,000
7,200
6
7M
3%
....
6,200
5,500
9,000
11,300
7
&M
4
....
8,800
7,500
12,700
16,300
8
$X
4^
....
12,500
9,800
17,500
22,000
10
nH
4%
...»
28,000
15,000
39,000
49,000
12
13%
5K
....
40,000
20,300
60,600
70,400
204
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
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PIPE THREADS
205
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206
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
LEAD PIPE
Inside
diam-
eter,
inches
Kind
Weight
per foot,
pounds
Inside
diam-
eter,
inches
Kind
Weight
per foot,
pounds
y*
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
Ex. strong
Ex. ex. strong
0.50
0.56
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.63
IK
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
Ex. strong
Ex. ex. strong
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.75
4.75
6.00
6.75
Yi
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
Ex. strong
Ex. ex. strong
0.63
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.75
2.50
3.00
1M
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
Ex. strong
Ex. ex. strong
3.00
3.50
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.50
9.00
H
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
Ex. strong
Ex. ex. strong
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
134
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
Ex. strong
3.00
3.75
4.50
5.50
6.50
8.00
H
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
Ex. strong
Ex. ex. strong
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.25
3.00
3.50
4.00
2
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
Ex. strong
Ex. ex. strong
3.00
4.00
5.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.50
H
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
2>^
Aqueduct
Light
Medium (% 6 in. thick)
Strong (14 in.)
Ex. strong (%6 inch)
Ex. ex. strong (% in.)
4.00
6.00
8.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
1
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong
Ex. strong
Ex. ex. strong
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.25
4.00
4.75
5.50
3
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium (%6 in. thick)
Strong (24 in.)
Ex. strong (%6 in.)
Ex. ex. strong (% in.)
4.00
4.75
6.19
9.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
LEAD PIPE
LEAD PIPE — (Concluded)
207
Inside
diam-
eter,
inches
Kind
Weight
per foot,
pounds
Inside
diam-
eter,
inches
i Weight
Kind per foot,
pounds
4
Aqueduct
Ex. light
Light
Medium
Strong (y± in. thick)
Ex. strong (Y\§ in.)
Ex. ex. strong (% in.)
5.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
16.00
22.00
25.00
6
Aqueduct 10 . 00
Ex. light 13.00
Light (Y± in. thick) 24.00
Medium (% in.) 36.50
Strong (Y2 in.) 50.00
5
Aqueduct 8 . 25
Ex. light 11.00
Light '14.63
Medium (% in. thick) 20 . 00
Strong (% in.) 30.25
Ex. strong (H in.) 40.00
8
Light 30 . 50
Medium 39 . 25
Strong 48 . 00
SHEET LEAD
Pounds per
square foot
Thickness in inches
Fraction
Decimal
2 H2
0.032
3
^4
0.048
4
h*
0.066
5
%4
0.082
6
3/32
0.098
7
K*
0.115
8
X
0.134
9
%4
0.145
10
5/Z2
0.164
11
1X*
0.180
12
3/16
0.198
13
1H*
0.214
14
7/32
0.230
15
X
0.248
16
y±
0.264
20
5AG
0.332
25
2%4
0.414
30
y*
0.496
60
0.992
208
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
s >.
a: m
u
co a
5 2
< 0)
CM
L. ' 2
CL <
Q O 2 >•
BRICK SHAPES
209
14
210
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
FIBER ROPE KNOTS AND HITCHES— AND HOW TO MAKE THEM1
The principle of a knot is that no 2 parts which would move
in the same direction if the rope were to slip, should lie alongside
ABC D
of and touching each other. This principle is clearly shown in
the square knot (I).
1 From LIDDELL'S "Metallurgists and Chemists' Handbook."
FIBER ROPE KNOTS AND HITCHES 211
A great number of knots have been devised, of which a few of
the most useful are herewith illustrated by courtesy of C. W.
Hunt Company, of New York. In the engravings they are
shown open, or before being drawn taut, in order to show the
position of the parts. The names usually given to them are:
A. Bight of a rope.
B. Simple or overhand knot.
C. Figure 8 knot.
D. Double knot.
E. Boat knot.
F. Bowline, first step.
G. Bowline, second step.
H. Bowline, completed.
I. Square or reef knot.
J. Sheet bend or weaver's knot.
K. Sheet bend with a toggle.
L. Carrick bend.
M. " Stevedore" knot completed.
N. " Stevedore" knot commenced.
0. Slip knot.
P. Flemish loop.
Q. Chain knot with toggle.
R. Half-hitch.
S. Timber-hitch.
T. Clove-hitch.
U. Rolling-hitch.
V. Timber-hitch and half-hitch.
W. Blackwall-hitch.
X. Fisherman's bend.
Y. Round turn and half-hitch.
Z. Wall knot commenced.
AA. Wall knot completed.
BB. Wall knot crown commenced.
CC. Wall knot crown completed.
DD to HH. Eye splice commenced and completed.
212 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
The bowline (G) is one of the most useful knots; it will not
slip, and after being strained is easily untied. It should be tied
with facility by everyone who handles rope. Commence by
making a bight in the rope, then put the end through the bight
and under the standing part, as shown in the engraving, then
pass the end again through the bight, and haul tight.
The square or reef knot (I) must not be mistaken for the
" granny" knot that slips under a strain. Knots (H, K and M)
are easily untied after being under strain. The knot (M) is
useful when the rope passes through an eye and is held by the
knot, as it will not slip, and is easily untied after being strained.
The wall knot looks complicated but is easily made by pro-
ceeding as follows:
Form a bight with strand 1, and pass the strand 2 around the
end of it, and the strand 3 around the end of 2, and then through
the bight of 1, as shown in engraving Z. Haul the ends taut,
when the appearance is as shown in the engraving AA. The
end of the strand 1 is now laid over the center of the knot,
strand 2 laid over 1, and 3 over 2, when the end of 3 is passed
through the bight of 1, as shown in the engraving BB. Haul
all the strands taut, as shown in the engraving CC.
The " stevedore" knot (M), (N) is used to hold the end of a
rope from passing through a hole. When the rope is strained
the knot draws up tight, but it can be easily untied when the
strain is removed.
If a knot or hitch of any kind is tied in a rope, its failure under
stress is sure to occur at that place. Each fiber in the straight
part of the rope takes proper share of the load, but in all knots
the rope is cramped or has a short bend, which throws an over-
load on those fibers that are on the outside of the bend and one
fiber after another breaks until the rope is torn apart. The
shorter the bend in the standing rope, the weaker is the knot.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 213
U. S. CUSTOMARY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Length
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
5% yards = 1 rod
320 rods
1760 yards
1 mile
5280 feet
Nautical Units
6080.2 feet = 1 nautical mile
6 feet = 1 fathom
120 fathoms = 1 cable length
1 nautical mile
per hour = 1 knot
Surveyors Measure
7.92 inches = 1 link
100 links
66 feet
= 1 chain
4 rods
80 chains = 1 mile
Area
144 square inches = 1 square foot
9 square feet = 1 square yard
30^ square yards = 1 square rod
160 square rods 1
\ = 1 acre
10 square chains J
640 acres = 1 square mile
Volume
1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard
1 cord of wood = 128 cubic feet
Liquid Measure
4 gills = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gallon
7.4805 gallons = 1 cubic foot
214
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Apothecaries Liquid Measure
60 minims = 1 liquid dram
8 drams = 1 liquid ounce
16 ounces = 1 pint
Dry Measure
2 pints = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
Avoirdupois Weight
16 drams =437.5 grains
16 ounces =7000 grains
100 pounds
2000 pounds
2240 pounds
= 1 ounce
= 1 pound
= 1 cental
= 1 short ton
= 1 long ton
Troy Weight
24 grains = 1 pennyweight (dwt.)
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce
12 ounces = 1 pound
Apothecaries Weights
20 grains = 1 scruple
3 scruples = 1 dram
8 drams = 1 ounce
12 ounces = 1 pound
METRIC MEASURES
Length
Unit
Symbol
Value in meters
Micron
0 000001
Millimeter
Centimeter
Decimeter
mm.
cm.
dm
0.001
0.01
0 1
Meter (unit) ....
m
1 0
Dekameter. .
dkm
10 0
Hectometer
hm
100 0
Kilometer
km
1 000 0
Myriameter .
IVIm
10 000 0
Megameter
1 000 000 0
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Area
215
Unit '
Symbol
Value in square meters
Sq millimeter
mm.2
0.000001
Sq. centimeter
Sq decimeter
cm.2
dm.2
0.0001
0.01
Sq meter (centiare)
m.2
1.0
Sq dekameter (are)
a.
100.0
Hectare
ha.
10,000.0
Sq kilometer
km.2
1,000,000.0
Volume
Unit
Symbol
Value in liters
Milliliter
ml. or cm.3
0.001
Liter (unit)
1. or dm.3
1.0
Kiloliter
kl. or m.3
1,000.0
Also
Centiliter
cl.
0.01
Deciliter
dl.
0.1
Dekaliter
Hectoliter . .
dkl.
hi.
10.0
100.0
CUBIC MEASURE
Unit
Symbol
Value in cubic
meters
Cubic kilometer
Cubic hectometer
km.3
hm.3
109
106
Cubic dekameter
Cubic meter
dkm.3
m.3
103
1
Cubic decimeter
dm.3
10~3
Cubic centimeter. .
cm.3
io-6
Cubic millimeter
Cubic micron
mm.3
M3
10~9
10~18
216
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Weight
Unit
Symbol
Value in grams
Microgram
0.000001
IVlilligram
msr
0 001
Centigram
C£.
0 01
Decigram
dg.
0.1
Gram (unit)
Dekagram
g-
dkg.
1.0
10 0
Hectogram
hg
100 0
Kilogram
kg.
1,000.0
Myriagram
Mg.
10,000.0
Quintal ... .
Q.
100,000 0
Ton..
t.
1,000,000.0
EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC AND CUSTOMARY (U. S.) WEIGHTS
AND MEASURES1
Length
METRIC
1 millimeter
1 centimeter
1 'meter
1 meter
1 meter
1 kilometer
U. S. STANDARD
1 inch
1 inch
1 foot
1 yard
1 mile
METRIC
1 square millimeter
1 square centimeter
1 square meter
1 square meter
1 square kilometer
1 hectare
Area
U. S. STANDARD
0.03937 inch
0.3937 inch
39 . 37 inches
3. 28083 feet
1.09361 yards
0.62137 mile
METRIC
25.4001 millimeters
2 . 5400 centimeters
0 . 3048 meter
0.9144 meter
1 . 60935 kilometers
U. S. STANDARD
0.00155 square inch
0. 1550 square inch
10 . 7640 square feet
1 . 1960 square yards
0.3861 square mile
2.471 acres
Table of equivalents, U. S. Bureau of Standards.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
217
U. S. STANDARD
1 square inch
1 square inch
1 square foot
1 square yard
1 square mile
1 acre
Area — (Continued)
METRIC
645 . 16 square millimeters
6 . 452 square centimeters
0 . 0929 square meter
0.8361 square meter
2 . 5900 square kilometers
0.4047 hectare
Volume
METRIC
1 cubic millimeter
1 cubic centimeter
1 cubic meter
1 cubic meter
U. S. STANDARD
1 cubic inch
1 cubic inch
1 cubic foot
1 cubic yard
U. S. STANDARD
0 . 000061 cubic inch
0.0610 cubic inch
35.314 cubic feet
1 . 3079 cubic yards
METRIC
16,387.2 cubic millimeters
16.3872 cubic centimeters
0.02832 cubic meter
0.7646 cubic meter
Capacity
METRIC
milliliter (c.c.)
milliliter
milliliter
liter
liter
1 liter
1 liter
1 dekaliter
1 hectoliter
1 hectoliter
U. S. STANDARD
0.03381 liquid ounce
0 . 2705 apothecaries' dram
0.8115 apothecaries' scruple
1 . 05668 liquid quarts
0.9081 dry quart
0.26417 liquid gallon
0.11351 peck
1 . 1351 pecks
2. 83774 bushels
26.4176 liquid gallons
218
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
Capacity— (Contin ued)
U. S. STANDARD
1 liquid ounce
1 apothecaries' dram
1 apothecaries' scruple
1 liquid quart
1 dry quart
1 liquid gallon
1 peck
1 peck
1 bushel
1 bushel
METRIC
29.574milliliters (c.c.)
3.6967milliliters
1 . 2322 milliliters
0.94636 liter
1 . 1012 liters
3 . 78543 liters
8 . 80982 liters
0.88098 dekaliter
35 . 239 liters
0 . 35239 hectoliter
METRIC
Mass
1 gram
1 gram
1 gram
1 kilogram
1 kilogram
U. S. STANDARD
1 grain
1 avoirdupois ounce
1 troy ounce
1 avoirdupois pound
1 troy pound
U. S. STANDARD
15. 4324 grains
0 . 03527 avoirdupois ounce
0.03215 troy ounce
2 . 20462 avoirdupois pounds
2.67923 troy pounds
METRIC
0 . 0648 gram
28 . 3495 grams
31 . 10348 grams
0.45359 kilogram
0.37324 kilogram
THERMOMETRIC SCALES
219
COMPARISON OF THERMOMETRIC SCALES
Fahrenheit degrees as units
°C. = %(°F. - 32)
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.
-40 -40.0
+3
-16.1
+46
+7.8
+89
+31.7
+ 132
+55.6
+ 175
+79.4
39
39.4
4
15.6
47
8.3
90
32.2
133
56.1
176
80.0
38
38.9
5
15.0
48
8.9
91
32.8
134
56.7
177
80.6
37
38.3
6
14.4
49
9.4
92
33.3
135
57.2
178
81.1
36
37.8
7
13.9
50
10.0
93
33.9
136
57.8
179
81.7
35
37.2
8
13.3
51
10.6
94
34.4
137
58.3
180
82.2
34
36.7
9
12.8
52
11.1
95
35.0
138
58.9
181
82.8
33
36.1
10
12.2
53
11.7
96
35.6
139
59.4
182
83.3
32
35.6
11
11.7
54
12.2
97
36.1
140
60.0
183
83.9
31
35.0
12
11.1
55
12.8
98
36.7
141
60.6
184
84.4
30
34.4
13
10.6
56
13.3
99
37.2
142
61.1
185
85.0
29
33.9
14
10.0
57
13.9
100
37.8
143
61.7
186
85.6
28
33.3
15
9.4
58
14.4
101
38.3
144
62.2
187
86.1
27
32.8
16
8.9
59
15.0
102
38.9
145
62.8
188
86.7
26
32.2
17
8.3
60
15.6
103 39.4
146
63.3
189
87.2
25
31.7
18
7.8
61
16.1
104 40.0
147
63.9
190 87.8
24
31.1
19
7.2
62
16.7
105
40.6
148
64.4
191
88.3
23
30.6
20
6.7
63
17.2
106
41.1
149
65.0
192
88.9
22
30.0
21
6.1
64
17.8
107
41.7
150
65.6
193
89.4
21
29.4
22
5.6
65
18.3
108
42.2
151
66.1
194
90.0
20
28.9
23
5.0
66
18.9
109
42.8
152
66.7
195
90.6
19
28.3
24
4.4
67
19.4
110
43.3
153
67.2
196
91.1
18
27.8
25
3.9
68
20.0
111
43.9
154
67.8
197
91.7
17
27.2
26
3.3
69
20.6
112
44.4
155
68.3
198
92.2
16
26.7
27
2.8
70
21.1
113
45.0
156
68.9
199
92.8
15
26.1
28
2.2
71
21.7
114
45.6
157
69.4
200
93.3
14
25.6
29
1.7
72
22.2
115
46.1
158
70.0
201
93.9
13
25.0
30
1.1
73
22.8
116
46.7
159
70.6
202
94.4
12
24.4
31
0.6
74
23.3
117
47.2
160
71.1
203
95.0
11
23.9
32
0.0
75
23.9
118
47.8
161
71.7
204
95.6
10
23.3
33
+0.6
76
24.4
119
48.3
162
72.2
205
96.1
9
22.8
34
1.1
77
25.0
120
48.9
163
72.8
206
96.7
8
22.2
35
1.7
78
25.6
121
49.4
164
73.3
207
97.2
7
21.7
36
2.2
79
26.1
122
50.0
165
73.9
208
97.8
6
21.1
37
2.8
80
26.7
123
50.6
166
74.4
209
98.3
5
20.6
38
3.3
81
27.2
124
51.1
167
75.0
210
98.9
4
20.0
39
3.9
82
27.8
125
51.7
168
75.6
211
99.4
3
19.4
40
4.4
83
28.3
126
52.2
169
76.1
212
100.0
2
18.9
41
5.0
84
28.9
127
52.8
170
76.7
1
18.3
42
5.6
85
29.4
128
53.3
171
77.2
0
17.8
43
6.1
86
30.0
129
53.9
172
77.8
+ 1
17.2
44
6.7
87
30.6
130
54.4
173
78.3
2
16.7
45
7.2
88
31.1
131
55.0
174
78.9
220
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
COMPARISON OP THERMOMETRIC SCALES
Centigrade degrees as units
°F. = %°C. + 32
c.
F.
C.
F.
c.
F.
C.
F.
-40
-40.0
-4
+24.8
+32
+89.6
+68
+ 154.4
39
38.2
3
26.6
33
91.4
69
156.2
38
36.4
2
28.4
34
93.2
70
158.0
37
34.6
1
30.2
35
95.0
71
159.8
36
32.8
0
32.0
36
96.8
72
161.6
35
31.0
+ 1
33.8
37
98.6
73
163.4
34
29.2
2
35.6
38
100.4
74
165.2
33
27.4
3
37.4
39
102.2
75
167.0
32
25.6
4
39.2
40
104.0
76
168.8'
31
23.8
5
41.0
41
105.8
77
170.6
30
22.0
6
42.8
42
107.6
78
172 A
29
20.2
7
44.6
43
109.4
79
174.2
28
18.4
8
46.4
44
111.2
80
176.0
27
16.6
9
48.2
45
113.0
81
177.8
26
14.8
10
50.0
46
114.8
82
179.6
25
13.0
11
51.8
47
116.6
83
181.4
24
11.2
12
53.6
48
118.4
84
183.2
23
9.4
13
55.4
49
120.2
85
185.0
22
7.6
14
57.2
50
122.0
86
186.8
21
5.8
15
59.0
51
123.8
87
188.6
20
4.0
16
60.8
52
125.6
88
190.4
19
2.2
17
62.6
53
127.4
89
192.2
18
0.4
18
64.4
54
129.2
90
194.0
17
+ 1.4
19
66.2
55
131.0
91
195.8
16
3.2
20
68.0
56
132.8
92
197.6
15
5.0
21
69.8
57
134.6
93
199.4
14
6.8
22
71.6
58
136.4
94
201.2
13
8.6
23
73.4
59
138.2
95
203.0
12
10.4
24
75.2
60
140.0
96
204.8
11
12.2
25
77.0
61
141.8
97
206.6
10
14.0
26
78.8
62
143.6
98
208.4
9
15.8
27
80.6
63
145.4
99
210.2
8
17.6
28
82.4
64
147.2
100
212.0
7
19.4
29
84.2
65
149.0
6
21.2
30
86.0
66
150.8
5
23.0
31
87.8
67
152.6
WATER
221
WATER1
Density
Weight in grams of 1 c.c. of water free
from air
Volume
Volume in cubic centimeters of 1 gram of
water
Temperature, °C.
Density
Temperature, °C.
Volume
0
0.999868
0
1.000132
1
0.999927
1
1.000073
2
0.999968
2
1.000032
3
0.999992
3
1.000008
4
1.000000
4
1.000000
5
0.999992
5
1.000008
6
0.999986
6
1.000032
7
0.999929
7
1.000071
8
0.999876
8
1.000124
9
0.999808
9
1.000192
10
0 . 999727
10
1.000273
11
0.999632
11
1.000368
12
0.999525
12
1.000476
13
0.999404
13
1.000596
14
0.999271
14
1.000729
15
0.999126
15
1.000874
16
0.998970
16
1.001031
17
0.998801
17
1.001200
18
0.998622
18
1.001380
19
0.998432
19
1.001571
20
0.998230
20
1.001773
21
0.998019
21
1.001985
22
0.997797
22
1.002208
23
0.997565
23
1.002441
24
0.997323
24
1.002685
25
0.997071
25
1.002938
26
0.996810
26
1.003201
27
0.996539
27
1.003473
28
0.996259
28
1.003755
29
0.995971
29
1 . 004046
30
0.995673
30
1.004346
31
0.995367
31
.004655
32
0.995052
32
.004972
33
0.994729
33
.005299
34
0.994398
34
.005634
35
0.994058
35
.005978
1 According to THIESEN, SCHEEL and DIESSELHORST: Wiss. Abh. der
Physikalisch-Technischen Reichsanstalt., 3, 68-69, 1900.
222
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
DENSITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SULPHURIC Acm1 (H2SO4) AT 20°C.2
(Calculated from Dr. J. Domke's table.3 Adopted as the basis for standardi-
zation of hydrometers indicating per cent, of sulphuric acid at 20°C.)
Per cent.
H2S04
*?c.
Per cent.
H2S04
n20
z>Tc.
Per cent.
H2S04
fr.
0
0.99823
30
1.21850
60
1.49818
1
1.00506
31
1.22669
61
1.50904
2
1.01178
32
1 . 23492
62
1.51999
3
1.01839
33
1 . 24320
63
1.53102
4
1.02500
34
"1.25154
64
1.54213
5
1.03168
35
1 . 25992
65
1.55333
6
1.03843
36
1.26836
66
1.56460
7
1.04527
37
1.27685
67
1.57595
8
1.05216
38
1 . 28543
68
1 . 58739
9
1.05909
39
1.29407
69
1 . 59890
10
1.06609
40
1 . 30278
70
1.61048
11
1.07314
41
1.31157
71
1.62213
12
1.08026
42
1.32043
72
1.63384
13
1.08744
43
1 . 32938
73
1.64560
14
1.09468
44
1.33843
74
1 . 65738
15
1 . 10199
45
1.34759
75
1.66917
16
1 . 10936
46
1.35686
76
1 . 68095
17
1.11679
47
1.36625
77
1.69268
18
1 . 12428
48
1 . 37574
78
1.70433
19
1 . 13183
49
1.38533
79
1.71585
20
1 . 13943
50
1 . 39505
80
1.72717
21
1.14709
51
1 . 40487
81
1.73827
22
1 . 15480
52
1.41481
82
1 . 74904
23
1 . 16258
53
1 . 42487
83
1.75943
24
1 . 17041
54
1.43503
84
1.76932
25
1 . 17830
55
.44530
85
1.77860
26
1 . 18624
56
. 45568
85.5
1.78300
27
1 . 19423
57
.46615
86
1 . 78721
28
1 . 20227
58
.47673
86.5
1.79124
29
1.21036
59
.48740
87
1 . 79509
SULPHURIC ACID
223
DENSITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SIJLPHURIC AciD1 (H2SO4) AT 20°C.2 — (Concluded)
(Calculated from Dr. J. Domke's table.3 Adopted as the basis for standardi-
zation of hydrometers indicating per cent, of sulphuric acid at 20°C.)
Per cent.
HZS04
*?*
Per cent.
HiS04
*?c.
Per cent.
H2SO4
*&•
87.5
1 . 79875
93.0
1.82790
96.0
1.83548
88.0
1.80223
93.2
1.82860
96.1
1 . 83560
88.5
1.80552
93.4
1.82928
96 2
1.83572
89.0
1.80864
93.6
.82993
96.3
1.83584
89.5
1.81159
93.8
.83055
96.4
1.83594
90.0
.81438
94.0
.83115
96.5
1.83604
90.2
.81545
94.2
.83172
96.6
1.83613
90.4
.81650
94.4
.83226
96.7
1.83621
90.6
.81753
94.6
.83276
96.8
1.83628
90.8
.81853
94.8
.83324
96.9
1.83634
91 >0
1.81950
95.0
.83368
97.0
1.83637
91.2
1.82045
95.1
.83389
97.1
1.83639
91.4
1.82137
95.2
.83410
97.2
1.83640
91.6
1.82227
95.3
.83430
97.3
1.83640
91.8
1.82315
95.4
.83449
97.4
1.83639
92.0
.82401
95.5
.83469
97.5
1.83637
92.2
.82484
95.6
.83486
97.6
1.83634
92.4
.82564
95.7
1.83503
97.7
1.83629
92.6
.82641
95.8
1.83520
97.8
1.83623
92.8
.82717
95.9
1.83534
97.9
1.83615
98.0
1.83605
1 For general use the more extensive and elaborate "Standard Tables"
under the caption, " Sulphuric acid — 0°Be. — 100 per cent. H2SO4," should
always be referred to.
2 United States Bureau of Standards, Circular No. 19, 5th edition, March
30, 1916, p. 28.
The density values in this table are numerically the same as specific
gravity at this temperature referred to water at 4°C. as unity.
3 Wiss. Abh. der Kaiserlichen Normal-Eichungs-Kommission, 5, p. 131,
1900.
224
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
TEMPERATURE CORRECTIONS TO PER CENT. OF SULPHURIC AciD1 DETER-
MINED BY HYDROMETER (STANDARD AT 20°C.)2
(Calculated from the same data as the preceding table, assuming Jena 16 m
glass as the material used. The table should be used with caution, and only
for approximate results when the temperature differs much from the stand-
ard temperature or from the temperature of the surrounding air.)
Observed
per cent.
H2S04
j-trni.ptM.ai/uic: ui iat;j^j wo v^iitJgi au.f
0
5
10
15
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Subtract from observed
per cent.
Add to observed per cent.
o
0.16
0.35
0.59
0.86
1.17
1.5
1.9
2.1
5
0.59
0.49
0.36
0.20
0.24
0.50
0.79
1.11
1.45
1.8
2.2
2.6
10
0.92
0.72
0.51
0.27
0.29
0.60
0.93
1.28
1.65
2.0
2.4
2.8
20
1.39
.06
0.72
0.36
0.37
0.75
1.14
1.53
1.93
2.3
2.7
3.1
30
1.64
.23
0.82
0.41
0.41
0.82
1.24
1.65
2.07
2.5
2.9
3.3
40
1.65
.24
0.82
0.41
0.41
0.82
1.22
1.62
2.03
2.4
2.8
3.2
50
1.56
.17
0.78
0.39
0.38
0.77
1.15
1.52
1.90
2.3
2.6
3.0
60
1.52
.14
0.76
0.38
0.37
0.74
1.11
1.48
1.84
2.2
2.6
2.9
70
1.54
.15
0.76
0.38
0.38
0.75
1.13
1.50
1.86
2.2
2.6
3.0
80
1.72
1.30
0.87
0.44
0.45
0.90
1.36
1.83
2.31
2.8
3.3
3.8
81
1.76
1.34
0.92
0.44
0.47
0.93
1.42
1.93
2.44
3.0
3.5
4.0
82
1.84
1.41
0.96
0.47
0.50
1.00
1.51
2.04
2.58
3.1
3.7
4.3
83
1.94
1.48
.00
0.50
0.53
1.06
1.59
2.18
2.78
3.4
4.0
4.6
84
2.05
1.57
.06
0.53
0.55
1.12
1.74
2.36
3.0
3.7
4.4
5.1
85-
2.20
1.67
.13
0.57
0.61
1.23
1.88
2.57
3.3
4.0
4.9
5.8
86
2.36
1.80
.22
0.62
0.66
1.35
2.08
2.84
3.7
4.6
5.5
87
2.54
1.95
.32
0.67
0.73
1.50
2.31
3.2
4.1
5.2
88
2.75
2.12
.44
0.74
0.81
1.67
2.59
3.6
4.7
6.0
89
3.01
2.31
.58
0.82
0.89
1.86
2.91
4.1
5.6
90
3.27
2.53
.73
0.91
0.99
2.10
3.4
4.9
91
3.57
2.78
1.93
1.01
1.13
2.44
4.1
92
3.91
3.06
2.13
1.12
1.32
3.00
93
4.29
3.38
2.37
1.26
1.64
94
4.75
3.77
2.69
1.46
95
5.29
'4.26
3.12
1.76
96
5.96
4.88
3.65
2.19
97
6.78
5.68
4.42
2.90
1 For general use the more extensive and elaborate " Standard Tables"
under the caption, "Sulphuric acid — 0°Be. — 100 per cent. H2SO4, " should
always be referred to.
2 United States Bureau of Standards, Circular No. 19. 5th edition,
March 30, 1916, p. 29.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID 225
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID1
Table I. — Lunge, Isler and Naef (Zeit. angew. Chem. Ind., 1890,
15°
131; Chem. Ind., 1883, 39). Specific gravities at -JQ- in vacuo.
Table II. — In 1909 Lunge publishes this table with the follow-
ing note: "This table is based on that which the author formerly
worked out with Isler and Naef; some corrections introduced by
the Imperial Standards Commission are incorporated." The
table appears under the caption "Specific gravity of sulphuric
acid at 60°F." (No mention is made to a comparison with water.)
The entire table is not reproduced here as all strengths up to
166° Twaddell have the same values as Table I.
Again in 1913 Lunge republishes Table I and no mention is
made of his corrected table of 1909.
NOTE. — The given degrees Baume in these tables do not check
with the American Standard Baume scale. This is the Baume
scale mostly used on the continent of Europe and is calculated
by the following formula:
.fi .. 144.3
Specific gravity -= 144.3 _ degrees Baume
Water at 15° being put = 0° and sulphuric acid of 1.842
specific gravity at 15°= 66°Be.
1 These tables are published very extensively but cannot be recommended
for general American use. The more extensive and elaborate "Standard
Tables" should always be referred to. These can be found under the
caption "Sulphuric acid - 0°Be\ - 100 per cent. H2SO4."
15
226 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
TABLE I. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID
Lunge, Isler, and Naef
Specific gravity
at15°
at 40
in vacua
Degrees
Baume
Degrees
Twaddell
100 parts by weight
contain, grams
1 liter contains in
kilograms
S03
H?S04
S03
H2SO4
1.000
0.0
0
0.07
0.09
0.001
0.001
1.005
0.7
1
0.68
0.83
0.007
0.008
1.010
1.4
2
1.28
1.57
0.013
0.016
1.015
2.1
3
1.88
2.30
0.019
0.023
1.020
2.7
4
2.47
3.03
0.025
0.031
1.025
3.4
5
3.07
3.76
0.032
0.039
1.030
4.1
6
3.67
4.49
0.038
0.046
1.035
4.7
7
4.27
5.23
0.044
0.054
1.040
5.4
8
4.87
5.96
0.051
0.062
1.045
6.0
9
5.45
6.67
0.057
0.071
.050
6.7
10
6.02
7.37
0.063
0.077
.055
7.4
11
6.59
8.07
0.070
0.085
.060
8.0
12
7.16
8.77
0.076
0.093
.065
8.7
13
7.73
9.47
0.082
0.102
.070
9.4
14
8.32
10.19
0.089
0.109
.075
10.0
15
8.90
10.90
0.096
0.117
.080
10.6
16
9.47
11.60
0.103
0.125
.085
11.2
17
10.04
12.30
0.109
0.133
1.090
11.9
18
10.60
12.99
0.116
0.142
1.095
12.4
19
11.16
13.67
0.122
0.150
1.100
13.0
20
11.71
14.35
0.129
0.158
1.105
13.6
21
12.27
15.03
0.136
0.166
1.110
14.2
22
12.82
15.71
0.143
0.175
1.115
14.9
23
13.36
16.36
0.149
0.183
1.120
15.4
24
13.89
17.01
0.156
0.191
.125
16.0
25
14.42
17.66
0.162
0.199
.130
16.5
26
14.95
18.31
0.169
0.207
.135
17.1
27
15.48
18.96
0.176
0.215
.140
17.7
28
16.01
19.61
0.183
0.223
.145
18.3
29
16.54
20.26
. 0.189
0.231
.150
18.8
30
17.07
20.91
0.196
0.239
.155
19.3
31
17.59
21.55
0.203
0.248
.160
19.8
32
18.11
22.19
0.210
0.257
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID 227
TABLE I. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID — (Continued)
Specific gravity
15°
at -50
in vacua
Degrees
Baum6
Degrees
Twaddell
100 parts by weight
contain, grams
1 liter contains in
kilograms
SOj
HZS04
SO,
HiSO4
1.165
20.3
33
18.64
22.83
0.217
0.266
1.170
20.9
34
19.16
23.47
0.224
0.275
1.175
21.4
35
19.69
24.12
0.231
0.283
1.180
22.0
36
20.21
24.76
0.238
0.292
1.185
22.5
37
20.73
25.40
0.246
0.301
1.190
23.0
38
21.26
26.04
0.253
0.310
1.195
23.5
39
21.78
26.68
0.260
0.319
1.200
24.0
40
22.30
27.32
0.268
0.328
1.205
24.5
41
22.82
27.95
0.275
0.337
1.210
25.0
42
23.33
28.58
0.282
0.346
1.215
25.5
43
23.84
29.21
0.290
0.355
1.220
26.0
44
24.36
29.84
0.297
0.364
1.225
26.4
45
24.88
30.48
0.305
0.373
1.230
26.9
46
25.39
31.11
0.312
0.382
1.235
27.4
47
25.88
31.70
0.320
0.391
1.240
27.9
48
26.35
32.28
0.327
0.400
1.245
28.4
49
26.83
32.86
0.334
0.409
1.250
28.8
50
27.29
33.43
0.341
0.418
1.255
29.3
51
27.76
34.00
0.348
0.426
1.260
29.7
52
28.22
34.57
0.356
0.435
1.265
30.2
53
28.69
35.14
0.363
0.444
1.270
30.6
54
29.15
35.71
0.370
0.454
1.275
31.1
55
29.62
36.29
0.377
0.462
1.280
31.5
56
30.10
36.87
0.385
0.472
1.285
32.0
57
30.57
37.45
0.393
0.481
1.290
32.4
58
31.04
38.03
0.400
0.490
1.295
32.8
59
31.52
38.61
0.408
0.500
1.300
33.3
60
31.99
39.19
0.416
0.510
1.305
33.7
61
32.46
39.77
0.424
0.519
1.310
34.2
62
32.94
40.35
0.432
0.529
1.315
34.6
63
33.41
40.93
0.439
0.538
1.320
35.0
64
33.88
41.50
0.447
0.548
1.325
35.4
65
34.35
42.08
0.455
0.557
1.330
35.8
66
34.80
42.66
0.462
0.567
228 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
TABLE I. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID — (Continued)
Specific gravity
-V
in vacua
Degrees
Baume
Degrees
Twaddell
100 parts by weight
contain, grams
1 liter contains in
kilograms
S03
H2S04
S03
H2SO4
1.335
36.2
67
35.27
43.20
0.471
0.577
1.340
36.6
68
35.71
43.74
0.479
0.586
1.345
37.0
69
36.14
44.28
0.486
0.596
1.350
37.4
70
36.58
44.82
0.494
0.605
1.355
37.8
71
37.02
45.35
0.502.
0.614
1.360
38.2
72
37.45
45.88
0.509
0.624
1.365
38.6
73
37.89
46.41
0.517
0.633
1.370
39.0
74
38.32
46.94
0.525
0.643
1.375
39.4
75
38.75
47.47
0.533
0.653
1.380
39.8
76
39.18
48.00
0.541
0.662
1.385
40.1
77
39.62
48.53
0.549
0.672
1.390
40.5
78
40.05
49.06 0.557
0.682
1.395
40.8
79
40.48
49.59 0.564
0.692
1.400
41.2
80
40.91
50.11 0.573
0.702
1.405
41.6
81
41.33
50.63 0.581 0.711
' 1.410
42.0
82
41.76
51.15 0.589 0.721
1.415
42.3
83
42.17
51.66 0.597 ' 0.730
1.420
42.7
84
42.57
52.15 0.604 ; 0.740
.425
43.1
85
42.96
52.63 0.612 0.750
.430
43.4
86
43.36
53.11 0.620 0.759
.435
43.8
87
43.75
53.59 i 0.628
0.769
.440
44.1
88
44.14
54.07
0.636
0.779
.445
44.4
89
44.53
54.55
0.643
0.789
.450
44.8
90
44.92
55.03
0.651
0.798
.455
45.1
91
45.31
55.50
0.659
0.808
.460
45.4
92
45.69
55.97
0.667
0.817
.465
45.8
93
46.07
56.43
0.675
0.827
.470
46.1
94
46.45
56.90
0.683
0.837
.475
46.4
95
46.83
57.37
0.691
0.846
.480
46.8
96
47.21
57.83
0.699
0.856
.485
47.1
97
47.57
58.28
0.707
0.865
.490 47.4
98
47.95
58.74
0.715
0.876
.495 47.8
99
48.34
59.22
0.723
0.885
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID 229
TABLE I. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY OP SULPHURIC ACID — (Continued)
Specific gravity
at¥
in vacua
Degrees
Baume
Degrees
Twaddell
100 parts by weight
contain, grains
1 liter contains in
kilograms
SOi
HiS04
SO,
HZSO«
.500
48.1
100
48.73
59.70
0.731
0.896
.505
48.4
101
49.12
60.18
0.739
0.906
.510
48.7
102
49.51
60.65
0.748
0.916
.515
49.0
103
49.89
61.12
0.756
0.926
.520
49.4
104
50.28
61.59
0.764
0.936
.525
49.7
105
50.66
62.06
0.773
0.946
.530
50.0
106
51.04
62.53
0.781
0.957
.535
50.3
107
51.43
63.00
0.789
0.967
.540
50.6
108
51.78
63.43
0.797
0.977 .
.545
50.9
109
52.12
63.85
0.805
0.987
.550
51.2
110
52.46
64.26
0.813
0.996
.555
51.5
111
52.79
64.67
0.821
.006
1.560
51.8
112
53.12
65.08
0.829
.015
1.565
52.1
113
53.46
65.49
0.837
.025
1.570
52.4
114
53.80
65.90
0.845
.035
1.575
52.7
115
54.13
66.30
0.853
.044
1.580
53.0
116
54.46
66.71
0.861
.054
1.585
53.3
117
54.80
67.13
0.869
.064
1.590
53.6
118
55.18
67.59
0.877
.075
1.595
53.9
119
55.55
68.05
0.886
.085
1.600
54.1
120
55.93
68.51
0.895
.096
1.605
54.4
121
56.30
68.97
0.904
.107
1.610
54.7
122
56.68
69.43
0.913
.118
1.615
55.0
123
57.05
69.89
0.921
.128
1.620
55.2
124
57.40
70.32
0.930
.139
1.625
55.5
125
57.75
70.74
0.938
.150
1.630
55.8
126
58.09
71.16
0.947
.160
1.635
56.0
127
58.43
71.57
0.955
.170
1.640
56.3
128
58.77
71.99
0.964
.181
1.645
56.6
129
59.10
72.40
0.972
.192
1.650
56.9
130
59.45
72.82
0.981
.202
1.655
57.1
131
59.78
73.23
0.989
.212
1.660
57.4
132
60.11
73.64
0.998
.222
1.665
57.7
133
60.46
74.07
1.007
.233
230 SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
TABLE I. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID — (Contin
Specific gravity
at^°
in vacua
Degrees
Baum6
Degrees
Twaddell
100 parts by weight
contain, grams
1 liter contains in
kilograms
S03
H2S04
80s
H2SO4
1.670
57.9
134
60.82
74.51
1.016
1.244
1.675
58.2
135
61.20
74.97
1.025
1.256
1.680
58.4
136
61.57
75.42
1.034
1.267
1.685
58.7
137
61.93
75.86
.043
1.278
1.690
58.9
138
62.29
76.30
.053
.289
1.695
59.2
139
62.64
76.73
.062
.301
1.700
59.5
140
63.00
77.17
.071
.312
1.705
59.7
141
63.35
77.60
.080
.323
1.710
60.0
142
63.70
78.04
.089
.334
1.715
60.2
143
64.07
78.48
.099
.346
1.720
60.4
144
64.43
78.92
.108
.357
1.725
60.6
145
64.78
79.36
.118
.369
1.730
60.9
146
65.14
79.80
.127
.381
1.735
61.1
147
65.50
80.24
.136
.392
1.740
61.4
148
65.86
80.68
.146
.404
1.745
61.6
149
66.22
81.12
.156
.416
1.750
61.8
150
66.58
81.56
.165
1.427
1.755
62.1
151
66.94
82.00
.175
1.439
1.760
62.3
152
67.30
82.44
.185
1.451
1.765
62.5
153
67.65
82.88
1.194
1.463
1.770
62.8
154
68.02
83.32
1.204
1.475
1.775
63.0
155
68.49
83.90
1.216
1.489
1.780
63.2
156
68.98
84.50
1.228
1.504
1.785
63.5
157
69.47
85.10
1.240
1.519
1.790
63.7
158
69.96
85.70
1.252
1.534
1.795
64.0
159
70.45
86.30
1.265
1.549
1.800
64.2
160
70.94
86.90
1.277
1.564
1.805
64.4
161
71.50
87.60
1.291
1.581
1.810
64.6
162
72.08
88.30
1.305
.598
1.815
64.8
163
72.69
89.05
1.319
.621
1.820
65.0
164
73.51
90.05
1.338
.639
1.821
73.63
90.20
1.341
.643
1.822
65.1
73.80
90.40
1.345
.647
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID 231
TABLE I. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID — (Concluded)
Specific gravity
in vacua
Degrees
Baum6
Degrees
'Twaddell
100 parts by weight
contain, grams
1 liter contains in
kilograms
S03
H.SO,
SOa
HzSOi
1.823
73.96
90.60
1.348
1.651
1.824
65.2
....
74.12
90.80
1.352
1.656
1.825
165
74.29
91.00
1.356
.661
1.826
65.3
74.49
91.25
1.360
.666
1.827
74.69
91.50
1.364
.671
1.828
65.4
....
74.86
91.70
1.368
.676
1.829
1.830
1.831
.....
166
75.03
75.19
75.35
91.90
92.10
92.30
1.372
1.376
1.380
.681
.685
.690
65.5
.832
75.53
92.52
1.384
.695
.833
65.6
....
75.72
92.75
.388
.700
.834
75.96
93.05
.393
.706
.835
65.7
167
76.27
93.43
.400
.713
.836
76.57
93.80
.406
.722
.837
....
76.90
94.20
.412
.730
.838
65.8
77.23
94.60
.419
.739
.839
77.55
95.00
.426
.748
.840
65.9
168
78.04
95.60
.436
.759
.8405
78.33
95.95
.451
.765
.8410
79.19
97.00
.458
.786
.8415
79.76
97.70
.469
.799
.8410
....
80.16
98.20
.476
.808
.8405
80.57
98.70
.483
.816
.8400
80.98
99.20
.490
1.825
.8395
81.18
99.45
.494
1.830
.8390
81.39
99.70
.497
1.834
.8385
81.59
99.95
.500
1.838
232
SULPHURIC ACID HANDBOOK
ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE
(Lunge)
Per degree Centigrade
Up to 1 . 170 = 0. 0006 specific gravity
1.170 to 1.450 = 0.0007 specific gravity
1.450 to 1.580 = 0.0008 specific gravity
1.580 to 1.750 = 0.0009 specific gravity
1.750 to 1.840 = 0.0010 specific gravity
TABLE II. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID AT 60°F.
(Lunge)
Specific
gravity
Degrees
Twaddell
100 parts by weight contain
1 liter contains in kilograms
SOs
H2SO4
SOs
H2S04
1.830
166
75.19
92.10
1.376
1.685
1.831
75.46
92.43
1.382
1.692
1.832
75.69
92.70
1.386
1.698
1.833
75.89
92.97
1.391
1.704
1.834
. .
76.12
93.25
1.396
1.710
1.835
167
76.35
93.56
1.402
1.717
1.836
76.57
93.80
1.405
1.722
1.837
. . .
76.90
94.20
1.412
1.730
1.838
77.23
94.60
1.419
1.739
1.839
77.55
95.00
1.426
1.748 ,
1.840
168
78.04
95.60
1.436
1.759
1.8405
78.33
95.95
1.441
1.765
1.841
78.69
96.30
1.448
.774
1.8415
. .
79.47
97.35
1.463
.792
1.8410
80.16
98.20
1.476
.808
1.8405
80.43
98.52
1.481
.814
1.8400
80.59
98.72
1.483
.816
1.8395
80.63
98.77
1.484
1.817
1.8390
80.93
99.12
1.488
1.823
1.8385
81.08
99.31
1.490
1.826
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID
233
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FUMING SULPHURIC Acio1
(Knietsch, Ber. 1901, p. 4101)
Per cent,
free
SOi
Per cent,
total
SO,
Specific
gravity
35°C.
Per cent,
free
SOj
Per cent,
total
SO.
Specific
gravity
35°C
0
81.63
1.8186
52
91.18
1.9749
2
81.99
.8270
54
91.55
1.9760
4
82.36
.8360
56
91.91
1.9772 (max.)
6
82.73
.8425
58
92.28
1.9754
8
83.09
.8498
60
92.65
1.9738
10
83.46
.8565
62
93.02
1.9709
'12
83.82
.8627
64
93.38
1.9672
14
84.20
.8692
66
93.75
1.9636
16
84.56
1.8756
68
94.11
1.9600
18
84.92
1.8830
70
94.48
1.9564
20
85.30
1.8919
72
94.85
1 . 9502
22
85.66
1.9020
74
95.21
1 . 9442
24
86.03
1.9092
76
95.58
1.9379
26
86.40
1.9158
78
95.95
1.9315
28
86.76
1.9220
80
96.32
1 . 9251
30
87.14
1.9280
82
96.69
1.9183
32
87.50
1.9338
84
97.05
1.9115
34
87.87
1.9405
86
97.45
1.9046
36
88.24
1.9474
88
97.78
1.8980
38
88.60
1 . 9534
90
98.16
1.8888
40
88.97
1.9584
92
98.53
1.8800
42
89.33
1.9612
94
98.90
1.8712
44
89.70
1.9643
96
99.26
1.8605
46
90.07
1 . 9672
98
99.63
1.8488
48
90.41
1.9702
100
100.00
1.8370
50
90.81
1.9733
1 For more extensive tables on Fuming sulphuric acid, the tables of the
author under the caption "Fuming sulphuric acid" are referred to.
INDEX
Acid calculations, 86, 89, 96
methods of weighing, 135
standard, 127
Acids in burner gas, test for, 113
Allowance for temperature, hydro-
chloric acid, 52
nitric acid, 50
sulphuric acid, 57, 60, 67, 71,
224, 232
Ammonium sulphate, 31
Analysis of mixed acid, 140
of nitrated sulphuric acid, 140
of sulphur dioxide, 109
of sulphuric acid, qualitative,
125
quantitative, 126, 139
of total acids in burner gas, 113
Anhydride, sulphuric, 33
Anti-freezing liquids, 178
Approximate boiling points, sul-
phuric acid, 55, 67
Aqueous vapor, tension of, sulphuric
acid, 105
Arbitrary scale hydrometers, 5
Area of circles, 155
Atomic weights, 1
B
Baume* degrees, specific gravity
equivalents, 11
corresponding to specific grav-
ity, 16
Baume" hydrometer, 8
Belting rules, 177
Boiling points, sulphuric acid, 55, 67,
103
Brick shapes, 208
Briggs pipe threads, 204
Burettes, 41, 134
C
Calculations, acid, 24, 86
Calibration of tanks, 148
Cast-iron pipe, 194
Centigrade scale, 219, 220
Circles, circumference and area of,
155
Circumferences of circles, 155
Cleanliness of hydrometers, 8
Coefficient of expansion, 29
hydrochloric acid, 52
nitric acid, 50
sulphuric acid, 57, 60, 67, 71.
224, 232
Comparison of metric and U. S.
Weights, 216
of thermometric scales, 219,
220
Composition of dry gas, 123, 124
Concentration of sulphuric acid, 89
108
Conversion of density basis, 3
of SO2 to SO3, 113
Corrections, specific gravity, 2
Cube roots of numbers, 155
Cubes of numbers, 155
235
236
INDEX
Decimals of a foot, 173
of an inch, 177
Degrees Baume" corresponding to
specific gravity, 16
equivalent specific gravity of, 1 1
Twaddle corresponding to spe-
cific gravity, 21
Density, conversion of basis, 3
definition of, 1
hydrometers, 5
of sulphuric acid, 222
of water, 221
Description of preparation of stand-
ard acid tables, 27
Dilution of sulphuric acid, 89
Diphenylamine test, 125
Du Pont nitrometer, 144
K
Elements, names of, 1
symbols of, 1
Equivalents of Baume" degrees and
specific gravity, 11, 16
of Metric and U. S. weights, 216
of Twaddle degrees and specific
gravity, 21
Estimating acid stock, 86
Formulas for sulphuric acid calcula-
tions, 24, 89
Freezing points, sulphuric acid, 55.
63
Fuming sulphuric acid, 23, 71
for strengthening mixed acid, 97
methods of weighing, 135
specific gravity of, 72, 73, 233
tables, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 233
Gages, pressure and suction, 178
Gas, composition of, 123, 124
Glass bulb method, 136
tube method, 136
II
Hitches, rope, 210
Hydrochloric acid, allowance
temperature, 52
specific gravity of, 51
table, 51
preparation of, 44
Hydrogen sulphide test, 126
Hydrometers, 2, 5
Baum6, 8
manipulation of, 5
Twaddle, 20
for
Fahrenheit scale, 219, 220
Ferrous sulphate method, 125, 148
Fibre rope knots and hitches, 210
Fittings, flanged, 180
screwed, 202
Flanged fittings, 180
Flanges, 180
Formation of mixed acid, 96
Indicator solution, preparation of,
135
Influence of temperature, hydro-
meters, 6
of surface tension, hydrometers,
7
International atomic weights, 1
Iodine solution, preparation of, 111
INDEX
237
Iron, analysis of, in sulphuric acid,
126, 140
K
Knots, rope, 210
Lead, analysis of, in sulphuric acid,
125, 139
pipe, 206
sheet, 207
Lock-nut threads, 204
Lunge-Rey pipette, 135
M
Manipulation of hydrometers, 5
Marsh test, 126
Mathematical table, 155
Measures, Weights and, 213
Melting points, sulphuric acid, 55,
63, 103
Metallic sulphides, gas composition
from roasting, 123
Methyl orange solution, preparation
of, 108
Metric measures, 214
Mixed acid, 23
analysis of, 140
formation of, 96
Mixing table, 59° Be Sulphuric
acid, 94
60° Be Sulphuric acid, 95
66° Be" Sulphuric acid, 96
Mohr, specific gravity balance, 1
Mono-hydrate, 23, 32
preparation of, 108
Muriatic acid, see Hydrochloric add.
N
Names of flanged fittings, 182
Nitric acid, allowance for tempera-
ture, 50
specific gravity of, 49
table, 49
preparation of, 41
Nitrogen acids, analysis of, in sul-
phuric acid, 125, 140
Nitrometer, Du Pont, 144
Nomenclature of sulphuric acid, 22
Nordhausen oil of vitriol, 23
Observing hydrometer readings, 5
Oil of Vitriol, 22
Nordhausen, 23
Oleum, 23
Per cent, hydrometers, 5
Per cent. SO3 corresponding to per
cent. H2SO4, 85
H2SO4 corresponding to per
cent. SO3, 86
Phenolphthalein solution, prepara-
tion of, 135
Pipe, cast-iron, 194
lead, 206
steel, 197
threads, 204
wrought-iron, 197
Preparation of standard acid tables,
description of, 27
Pressure gages, 178
Pycnometer, 1
Q
Qualitative tests, sulphuric acid, 125
Quantitative analysis, sulphuric
acid, 126, 139
238
INDEX
R
Rectangle method for dilution and
concentration, 91
Rope Knots and Hitches, 210
Rules, belting, 177
Sartorius specific gravity balance, 1
Scales, thermometric, 219
Screwed fittings, 202
Selenium, test for, in sulphuric acid,
125
Shapes, brick, 208
Sheet lead, 207
SO2 converted to SO3, 113
Sodium carbonate, 30, 31, 34, 127
hydroxide solution, standard,
39, 131
sulphite test, 125
Specific gravity, balances, 1
corrections, 2
corresponding to degrees
Baume, 11
to degrees Twaddle, 21
definition of, 1
determinations in preparation
of standard acid tables, 28
equivalent degrees Baume, 16
hydrometers, 5
methods of determining, 1
of hydrochloric acid, 51
of nitric acid, 49
of sulphuric acid, 54, 60, 62, 68,
72, 73, 222, 225
tables, use of, 86
test, sulphuric acid, 76.07-82.5
per cent. SO3, 81
Square roots of numbers, 155
Squares of numbers, 155
Standard acid tables, preparation
of, 27
normal acid, 127
sodium hydroxide, 39, 131
solutions, protecting strength
of, 133
observing temperature of, 134
Standardization of standard acid,
128
of standard sodium hydroxide,
131
Starch solution, preparation of, 111
Steel pipe, 197
Stock, estimation of, 86
Storage tanks, calibration of, 148
Suction gages, 178
Sulphanilic acid, 33
Sulphides, metallic, gas composition
from roasting, 123
Sulphur, acid obtainable from 100
lb., 108
dioxide, estimation of in burner
gas, 109
estimation of in sulphuric
acid, 138
gas composition from combus-
tion of, 124
required to make 100 lb. acid,
109
trioxide, obtainable from 100
lb., 109
preparation of, 33
Sulphuric acid, allowance for tem-
perature, 57, 60, 67, 71,
224, 232
boiling points, 55, 67, 107
coefficients of expansion, 57, 60,
67, 71, 224, 232
concentration of, 89, 108
density of, 222
dilution of, 89
INDEX
239
Sulphuric acid, examination for
arsenic, 126
for iron, 126, 140
for lead, 125, 139
for nitrogen acids, 125
for selenium, 125
for zinc, 140
freezing points, 55, 63, 103
fuming, 23, 71
for strengthening mixed acid,
97
methods of weighing, 135
specific gravity of, 72, 73, 233
tables, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 233
mixing 59° Be., table for, 94
60° Be\, table for, 95
66° Be\, table for, 96
monohydrate, 23, 32, 108
nitrated, analysis of, 140
nomenclature of, 22
obtainable from 100 Ib. sulphur,
108
from 100 Ibs. SO3, 109
per cent. SO3 corresponding to
per cent. H2SO4, 85
H2SO4 corresponding to per
cent. SO 3, 86
qualitative tests of, 125
quantitative analysis of, 126
specific gravity of, 54-, 60, 62,
68, 72, 73, 222, 225
test 76.07-82.5 per cent.
SO3, 81
strength for equilibrium with
atmospheric moisture, 107
sulphur required to make 100
Ib., 109
tables, 54, 60, 61, 68, 225
standard, preparation of, 46
tension of aqueous vapor, 105
Sulphuric anhydride, 23
Symbols of elements, 1
Tanks, calibration of, 148
Temperature correction, hydro-
chloric acid, 52
nitric acid, 50
specific gravity, 2
sulphuric acid, 57, 60, 67, 71,
224, 232
Templates for drilling, 183, 192
Tension of aqueous vapor, sulphuric
acid, 105
Theoretical composition of dry gas,
123, 124
Thermo-hydrometers, 5
Thermometric scales, 219, 220
Threads, pipe and lock-nut, 204
Titrating vessels, 134
Titration of acid, 137
Total acids in burner gas, test for,
113
Twaddle hydrometer, 20
degrees corresponding to spe-
cific gravity, 21
U
Use of specific gravity tables, 86
V
Vitriol, oil of, 22
Volume, of water, 221
W
Water, density and volume of, 221
Weighing acid, methods of, 135
Weights and measures, 213
Westphal specific gravity balance, 1
Wrought-iron pipe, 197
Zinc, analysis of, in sulphuric acid,
140
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