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j no. 970
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Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
http://www.archive.org/details/summaryofillinoi970muel
42nd annual
AfiRir.ill TURF LIBRARY
SUMMARY OF ILLINOIS FARM BUSINESS RECORDS
PRODUCTION
COSTS
INCOME
INVESTMENTS
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
CIRCULAR 970
Source of Data
This report is based on data obtained from farm The segment of Illinois agriculture that includes
business records on 6,500 Illinois farms. It is the 42nd Economic Class I, II, and III farms is often referred
in a series of annual summaries of such records ob- to as "commercial farming." In 1964, there were
tained from farmers cooperating with the University 68,322 farms in Illinois with more than $10,000 of
of Illinois Cooperative Extension Service, the Depart- product sales. These farms represented 52 percent of
ment of Agricultural Economics, and the Illinois Farm the total number of farms and produced nearly 90 per-
Bureau Farm Management Service. cent of the products sold from Illinois farms.
At present about 1 out of every 10 full-time com- Although the record-keeping farms in this report
mercial farmers (farmers with $10,000 or more of are largely within the first three economic classes, they
gross sales) in Illinois is enrolled in this service. The are not proportionately distributed among the groups,
service has grown steadily, and in 1967 there were 10 In 1964, the Census of Agriculture identified 3,832
associations in 102 counties served by 42 full-time field- Illinois farms with more than $60,000 in sales. Over
men. Participation in this farm business analysis one-third (34 percent) of these farms were enrolled in
service is voluntary, and cooperating farmers pay a fee the Illinois Farm Bureau Farm Management Service,
for the services received. Of the 6,152 farms that sold from $40,000 to $59,000
The development since 1940 is shown by the follow- of products, 24 percent participated in the farm record
ing figures: . program. There were 32,881 Economic Class III farms
Couftttcs
Associa- partici- Fieldmen Farmers in the 1964 Census of Agriculture (farms with sales
Year lions pating employed enrolled ranging from $10,000 to $19,999). Only 730, or 2.2
1945" 8 54 9 1 830 percent, of these farms were enrolled in the record-
195o!'.'.'.!'. '. !'. ...... 8 59 15 2*760 keeping program.
1960" 10 100 3$ 5 '494 The data presented in this report are group aver-
1965 10 102 39 6,366 ages identified by size of business, type of farm, and
1967 10 102 42 6,635 ... , -\ t a «-u e Axnf * r
' quality of sou found on the farm. Where segments of
Over 98 percent of the 6,500 farms in this report Illinois agriculture are identified by these criteria, the
fall within the size of business of Economic Class I, II, data from record-keeping farms may be used with
and III as defined in the 1964 Census of Agriculture. reasonable confidence, even though the record-keeping
These three classes include farms selling $10,000 or farms as a group do not represent a cross-section of all
more of farm products a year. commercial farms in the state.
Uses for This Report
The management of a modern commercial farm in-
volves decision making in the application of technology,
the choice of a proper combination of crop and live-
stock enterprises, and effective business administration
of the farming operations. A basic farm business
analysis involves a careful study of past performance
to detect problem areas and strengths in the farming
operation. Also involved is the process of planning
and developing future operations to attain the full
potential of the land, labor, and capital resources avail-
able and to improve economic efficiency of the farm
business. The farm business summaries contained in
this report are used by individual farmers to analyze
their business operations and as a basis on which to
develop plans for future farming operations. This re-
port summarizes the information so that specialists
working in agricultural extension, research, teaching,
and agribusiness activities may use the data to assist
them in the effective performance of their duties.
The data are presented in three sections. In the
first part of the report (Tables 1 to 3), farm business
trends and recent changes in farm income on Illinois
farms are summarized. Economic forces and factors
that contribute to these changing trends are identified.
In the second section, detailed livestock enterprise data
are presented. These data (Tables 4 to 11) provide
comprehensive and detailed information for use as re-
source data by all who are interested in livestock pro-
duction. Because a large proportion of the feed grains
and roughage produced on Illinois farms is marketed
through livestock, the margins of income from live-
stock enterprises are important in interpreting the eco-
nomic results of farming operations.
The third section (Tables 12 to 16) reports costs,
returns, financial summaries, investments, land use, and
crop yields for different sizes and types of farms in
northern and southern Illinois. The definitions of terms
and accounting measures that precede these tables will
aid in using the data.
X?6c
M»X
SUMMARY OF ILLINOIS FARM BUSINESS RECORDS, 1966
Farm business trends in 1966
Illinois agriculture is based largely on crop produc-
tion, especially the corn and soybean crops. Year-to-
year variations in net farm income are related to vari-
able climatic conditions and their effect on crop yields.
In 1966, a high level of crop production was attained
in spite of adverse weather conditions during the grow-
ing season. Adverse weather was especially severe in
the southern half of Illinois, with high temperatures
and drouth in July. By the first week in August, 51
counties in central and southern Illinois were declared
drouth disaster areas. In 1966, average corn yields
for the state as reported by the Illinois Crop Reporting
Service were 80 bushels per acre, 14 bushels below the
revised estimate of 94 bushels in 1965 but slightly
above the 5-year average yield. Soybean yields in 1966
were 27 bushels per acre, 2.5 bushels below the 1965
yield and .5 bushel below the 5-year average. Winter
wheat yields were 41 bushels an acre, a record high for
the state, and 6.3 bushels above the 5-year average.
Crop and livestock prices. A second major de-
terminant of change in farm income is the price farm-
ers receive for crop and livestock products. In 1966,
market prices received by farm account cooperators
for grain crops were above the 1965 prices for all
major grain products. Market prices for livestock
and livestock products were generally higher in 1966
than in 1965. Market prices for hogs averaged $23.09,
up from the $20.68 received in 1965. Milk prices aver-
aged $4.43 per 100 pounds in 1966, up 66 cents from a
year earlier. Prices for eggs were 38 cents a dozen,
an increase of 7 cents from 1965. Little change was
recorded in the average price level for slaughter steers
and heifers.
Farm costs and farm income. According to the
Census of Agriculture, the average Illinois farm in
1964 contained 226 acres compared with 196 acres per
farm in 1959. The incentive to operate a larger-sized
farm to obtain lower costs and higher earnings is
illustrated in Figure 1. Savings in labor and machinery
costs amount to about $10 per acre as farm size in-
creases from 100 to 200 acres (Figure 1, left side), $5
from 200 to 300 acres, and average $2 to $1 per acre
lower for each 100 acres as farm size increases beyond
300 acres. Most economies in labor and machinery
costs per acre can be realized when size of farm
reaches about 400 acres.
Figure 1 (right side) shows earnings per acre to
capital and management on the same farms shown in
the left side of the figure. Grain farms, which rely on
land resources for the efficient utilization of fixed in-
puts, approach an optimum size with land areas of
over 300 acres. The higher earnings per acre on the
smaller hog farms illustrate higher levels of intensity
DOLLARS PER ACRE
1*70
60
50
40
30
20
LABOR AND MACHINERY
COST PER ACRE
CAPITAL AND MANAGEMENT
EARNINGS PER ACRE
HOG FARMS
GRAIN FARMS
1
100 200 300 400 500 100 200
ACRES PER FARM
300
400
500
600
Labor and machinery cost (left) and capital management earnings (right) by size of farm, grain and hog farms in
northern Illinois, 1964-1966. (Fig. 1)
in the use of capital and labor in the business on the
smaller hog farms. The productivity of the added
labor and capital associated with land on hog farms
tends to offset the diseconomies that are related to size
of business measured in acres. The 160- and 220-acre
hog farms had $45 more capital invested per acre and
fed about $85 more feed per acre than the grain farms.
The higher rate of earnings on 300-acre hog farms
as compared with 220-acre farms is a consistent phe-
nomenon that has been observed for many years and
has never been clearly explained. It is believed that
there are more above-average hog producers in the 300-
acre size than in the 220-acre size, and more of these
farms may be committed to a hog program with two
men rather than stretching the labor available from one
man. These facts, when combined with the size effi-
ciencies in crop production, are likely to result in a
farm business operated at a higher level of efficiency.
Income changes on Illinois farms
Comparative costs and returns between years and
among major types of farming in northern and south-
ern Illinois are reported in Tables 1 to 3. The separa-
tion of farms into northern and southern Illinois is
based on soil-type regions, and divides the state ap-
proximately on an east-west line from Mattoon to
Jacksonville. The sample of farms ranged between 260
and 339 acres in size, and averaged about 300 acres.
Labor used on farms of this size averaged 15 months
on grain farms, 17 months on hog and beef farms, and
22 months on dairy farms. The data in these tables
are presented as if the farms were all owner-operated.
Landlord and tenant shares of the business were com-
bined where farms were leased.
Size of farm, type of farm, quality of soil, and
managerial inputs were held reasonably constant over
time by the sampling procedure used in selecting farms
within each type of farm. Variations between 1965,
1966, and the 10-year average are due to changes in
farm prices and costs, weather, and internal farming
adjustments made within each system of farming. The
data in these tables are particularly helpful for evalu-
ating changes in farm costs and returns within a
particular size and type of farm, and in making com-
parisons between types of farming. The data do not
reflect over-all farming adjustments resulting from
farm enlargement or major changes in resource use.
Table 1. — Average Selected Total Farm Items on 260-339 Acre Northern Illinois Grain, Hog, and Dairy Farms
Grain farms
Items 1Q 57-66
1966 1965 iy5/ 00
average
Number of farms 119 166 151
Total acres 304 305 302
Soil-productivity rating 78 81 80
Total cash sales £34,513 £34,303 £28,446
Less purchased feed and livestock .. . 4,578 4,347 4,008
Net cash sales 29,935 29,956 24,438
Inventory change 3,610 2,660 1,299
Farm products consumed 116 114 138
Value of farm production 33,661 32,730 25,875
Cash operating expenses £12,401 £11,900 £9,698
Annual depreciation 3,834 3,882 3,364
Farm and family earnings 17,426 16,948 12,813
Unpaid labor charge 3,797 3,117 2,864
Returns to capital and management .. . 13,629 13,831 9,949
Interest charge on capital 8,925 8,184 7,185
Management returns 4,704 5,647 2,764
Total cash income* £34,690 £34,517 £28,659
Total cash expenditures" 21,882 20,981 17,352
Cash balance 12,808 13,536 11,307
FARM INVESTMENT
Livestock inventory 5,070 4,894 4,746
Grain inventory 15,808 14,863 13,067
Remaining capital cost in:
Machinery 9,348 8,682 7,160
Buildings and fence 12,107 14,270 13,039
Soil fertility 92 124 347
Auto 854 791 805
Value of land (current basis) 158,209 150,080 129,578
Total farm investment 201,488 193,704 168,742
a Includes sales or purchases of capital items.
Hog farms
1966
1965
1957-66
average
78
94
96
300
74
£62,164
19,048
43,116
1,259
211
44,586
£16,237
5,724
22,625
4,183
18,442
9,830
8,612
£62,478
45,026
11,198
20,216
57
832
141,126
299
75
£56,175
17,211
38,964
7,898
229
47,091
£14,681
4,992
27,418
3,382
24,036
8,161
15,875
£56,447
39,536
298
75
£44,817
15,879
28,938
1,673
253
30,864
£11,944
4,201
14,719
3,103
11,616
7,221
4,395
£45,007
33,211
17,452 16,911 11,796
21,632 16,363 16,064
15,811 14,204 12,520
9,592
19,704
68
794
128,128
8,200
15,879
352
767
111,553
210,872 188,853 165,335
Dairy farms
1966
1965
1957-66
average
15
20
22
297
69
£46,603
8,732
37,871
4,175
307
42,353
£16,115
6,302
19,936
4,530
15,406
10,095
5,311
£46,608
32,657
291
70
£39,426
5,910
33,516
2,589
319
36,424
£16,235
5,845
14,344
4,019
10,325
8,100
2,225
£39,696
29,348
293
71
£34,366
6,138
28,228
936
337
29,501
£12,737
5,066
11,698
3,733
7,965
7,289
676
£34,672
21,358
13,951 10,348 13,314
18,419 18,088 15,402
13,014 11,054 10,068
13,399
35,187
4
706
131,288
12,608
26,226
12
781
116,533
10,800
24,615
234
869
102,733
212,017 185,302 164,721
The farm and family earnings measure includes re-
turns to the farm family for all unpaid labor, interest
on invested capital, and managerial inputs used in
farming. Changes in value of farm inventories and
value of farm products consumed are included as in-
come. Farm and family earnings are calculated by
accounting methods that are generally comparable to
the accrual method of calculating taxable farm income
for the federal income tax. Important differences in
accrual income tax accounting methods are the pro-
vision for capital gains on livestock sales, and the in-
clusion of interest paid as a farm expense.
The cash balance figure is the amount taken out of
the farm business to pay for living costs, income and
social security taxes, interest, and debt repayment, and
to add to savings. Purchases of new capital invest-
ments for the farm business have been included with
total cash expenditures. Although the cash balance
figure reflects the cash position of the farm business, it
is influenced by purchase and sale transactions of feed
and livestock, and changes in liabilities and borrowed
funds.
The investment per farm is for January 1 of each
year. Physical quantities of grain and livestock are
valued at farm market prices. Machinery, buildings,
soil fertility, and auto are valued at remaining capital
cost; that is, original cost less depreciation charged to
date. Land is priced at current values. A basic value
is established for each farm, based on a soil produc-
tivity rating, and is adjusted to a current value each
year by using an index of land prices in Illinois.
Northern Illinois Farms
Grain farms. Farm and family earnings on north-
ern Illinois 300-acre grain farms in 1966 were $17,426
compared with $16,948 in 1965. Most of the increase
in net income on grain farms was reflected in a greater
quantity of farm grains on inventory at the end of the
year. This is the second consecutive year of increase
in inventory values. While crop yields were down 15
percent, this was offset by higher inventory prices for
corn and soybeans and a 4-percent increase in acreage
of row crops grown. Cash operating expenses in-
creased by $501 per farm. Investment in new capital
items exceeded the depreciation charged against capital
investment by more than $1,000 per farm in 1966. With
favorable net farm incomes in 1966, farmers added to
their investment in machinery and received above-
average returns on their investments.
Hog farms. Even though farm and family earn-
ings on 300-acre northern Illinois hog farms dropped
nearly $5,000 in 1966 from 1965rthey were still the
second highest on record. In 1966, the earnings were
$22,625, compared with $27,418 in 1965 and with a
ten-year average (1957-1966) of $14,719.
Lower livestock inventory values at the end of the
year and higher cash operating expenses and annual
depreciation in 1966 more than offset the higher cash
sales from livestock and grain.
The total weight of pork produced per farm in 1966
was up 10,350 pounds or 6.3 percent (about 6 litters)
above the 1965 weight. Hog farms have become more
specialized in recent years. The increase in total pounds
of pork produced contributed to larger market supplies
and lower hog prices near the end of 1966.
Dairy farms. Farm and family earnings on 300-
acre northern Illinois dairy farms in 1966 were $19,936,
or $5,592 above net earnings in 1965. Most of this in-
crease resulted from a 660 per cwt. higher average
milk price for the year. The ten-year average manage-
ment return for dairy farms has consistently been
below other types of farms. In 1966, the return of
$5,311 was double of that in 1965 and is more compa-
rable to returns from other types of farms in northern
Illinois.
Table 2. — Average Selected Total Farm Items
on 260-339 Acre Northern Illinois Beef Farms
Items
1966
1965
1957-66
average
Number of farms 43 52
Total acres... 301 301
Soil-productivity rating 76 76
Total cash sales #80,022 #70,914
Less purchased feed and
livestock 42,733 34,223
Net cash sales #37,289 #36,691
Inventory change 3,683 6,158
Farm products consumed 437 263
Value of farm production 41,409 43,112
Cash operating expenses 16,515 15,550
Annual depreciation 5,934 5,837
Farm and family earnings 18,960 21,725
Unpaid labor charge 4,162 3,447
Returns to capital and
management 14,798 18,278
Interest charge on capital 11,519 9,318
Management returns 3,279 8,960
Total cash income0 #80,275 #71,151
Total cash expenditures8 67,080 59,694
Cash balance 13,195 11,457
FARM INVESTMENT
Livestock inventory #33,481
Grain inventory 17,694
Remaining capital cost in:
Machinery 13,521
Buildings and fence 26,455
Soil fertility 131
Auto 726
Value of land (current basis) . . . 149,967
Total farm investment 241,975 213,015
a Includes sales or purchases of capital items. •
59
300
78
#64,680
35,991
#28,689
2,108
310
31,107
12,413
4,977
13,716
3,104
10,613
8,902
1,711
#64,860
54,002
10,858
#28,814
#30
,993
16
,141
15
,249
10
,192
9
,545
23
,543
22
,317
179
388
788
846
133:
,358
121
,070
200,408
The number of dairy farms has been declining
rapidly in Illinois, but the average number of dairy
cows per farm in this sample was 50.7 in 1966 com-
pared with 50.8 in 1965.
Beef farms. Farm and family earnings on 300-
acre northern Illinois beef farms in 1966 averaged
$18,960, a drop of $2,765 from 1965. Livestock and
grain sales increased $598 in 1966 over 1965, but cash
operating expenses increased $965. This, combined
with a $2,475 decrease in inventory values of grain
and livestock during 1966, resulted in the lower net
farm income.
Beef farms had substantial increases in building
and machinery investments in 1965 and again in 1966.
Labor and interest costs also increased $1,458 in 1966
over 1965. This combination of higher costs and 5-
percent-lower crop yields and lower end-of-year live-
stock prices contributed to the lower net earnings on
these farms. If it were not for the very high hog prices
to offset some of these factors, earnings on beef farms
would have been even lower in 1966.
Southern Illinois Farms
Grain farms. Farm and family earnings on south-
ern Illinois 300-acre grain farms averaged $12,651 in
1966, which was about the same as the 1965 earnings.
This is the highest net income for grain farms on
record. It takes a higher income today to provide
interest returns on larger investments. Grain sales
were up enough to cover the increase in cash operating
expenses and lower inventories at the end of the year.
Corn yields were down 10 to 15 bushels per acre but
this was offset by more acres of row crops and higher
grain prices.
Hog farms. Farm and family earnings on south-
ern Illinois 300-acre hog farms averaged $17,208, the
second highest hog farm income on record and nearly
two and a half times the 1964 earnings of $7,182, and
$7,165 above the 1957-1966 average of $10,043. As in
northern Illinois, higher grain and hog prices and more
hogs and more acres of row crops offset most of the
higher costs and lower corn yields. The lower hog
Table 3. — Average Selected Total Farm Items on 260-339 Acre Southern Illinois Grain, Hog, and Dairy Farms
Grain farms
Items 10S7-(Sfi
1966 1965 iyi/ 00
average
Number of farms 41 57 48
Total acres 304 300 300
Soil-productivity rating 36 35 34
Total cash sales £27,920 £25,495 £21,144
Less purchased feed and livestock. . . 3,337 3,065 3,052
Net cash sales £24,583 £22,430 £18,092
Inventory change 1,305 2,700 810
Farm products consumed 122 153 168
Value of farm production 26,010 25,283 19,070
Cash operating expenses 9,872 9,376 7,510
Annual depreciation 3,487 3,405 2,973
Farm and family earnings 12,651 12,502 8,587
Unpaid labor charge 3,626 3,042 2,775
Returns to capital and management .. . 9,025 9,460 5,812
Interest charge on capital 4,475 3,581 3,208
Management returns 4,550 5,879 2,604
Total cash income* £28,312 £25,672 £21,304
Total cash expenditures" 17,592 17,182 14,212
Cash balance 10,720 8,490 7,092
FARM INVESTMENT
Livestock inventory 5,074 3,922 3,848
Grain inventory 8,417 7,093 6,426
Remaining capital cost in:
Machinery 10,466 9,031 7,210
Buildings and fence 6,591 5,726 5,904
Soil fertility 186 227 534
Auto 715 658 608
Value of land (current basis) 64,703 56,205 48, 740
Total farm investment 96,152 82,862 73,270
a Includes sales or purchases of capital items.
Hog farms
1966
1965
1957-66
average
31
47
38
293
32
£46,639
17,272
£29,367
3,994
216
33,577
11,912
4,457
17,208
3,694
13,514
4,665
8,849
£46,669
36,590
14,322
9,502
9,040
9,112
121
894
52,138
295
31
£40,342
13,807
£26,535
6,943
201
33,679
10,974
3,534
19,171
3,215
15,956
3,590
12,366
£40,410
30,499
296
33
£32,357
11,875
£20,482
1,662
257
22,401
9,196
3,162
10,043
2,954
7,089
3,429
3,660
£32,466
25,545
10,079 9,911 6,921
9,977 10,182
7,007 7,138
7,916
8,004
262
602
47,532
6,754
7,366
479
674
43,920
95,129 81,300 76,513
Dairy farms
1966
1965
1957-66
average
23
23
27
311
30
£36,378
6,418
£29,960
3,287
297
33,544
14,253
5,123
14,168
4,418
9,750
5,103
4,647
£36,610
29,169
12,781
13,651
246
776
56,340
297
26
£29,420
6,119
£23,301
2,744
375
26,420
11,454
3,995
10,971
3,576
7,395
3,740
3,655
£29,444
24,140
297
29
£26,244
4,934
£21,310
1,170
350
22,830
9,785
3,870
9,175
3,442
5,733
3,559
2,174
£26,339
19,820
7,441 5,304 6,519
12,192 11,014
7,837 5,601
9,913
11,296
253
847
44,845
9,533
6,133
9,372
10,761
474
711
41,546
103,823 83,769 78,530
prices anticipated in 1967 due to increased supplies
were reflected in lower inventory prices at the end of
the year. With favorable net farm incomes in 1966,
farmers added an additional $3,872 to investments in
capital items above the annual depreciation charges.
Dairy farms. Farm and family earnings on 300-
acre southern Illinois dairy farms in 1966 were $14,168,
an increase of $3,197 over 1965. The 1957-1966 aver-
age earnings on southern Illinois dairy farms were
$9,175 compared with the $14,168 in 1966. Total value
of grain and livestock inventories continued to in-
crease on dairy farms. These increases resulted from
an increase in average number of cows from 40.7 to
42.8, increased prices of grain, and more acres of row
crops which offset the effect of 15-percent-lower corn
yields.
Over the ten-year period (1957-1966) livestock
systems of farming in southern Illinois have averaged
greater net farm incomes than grain farms. Hog and
dairy farms have had similar income levels of $10,043
to $9,175 per farm for the ten-year period.
LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISES
Table 4 shows the returns per $100 feed fed to
various livestock enterprises, and the price of corn
during each of the past 15 years. Fifteen-year (1952-
1966) averages are also shown. The difference between
the average return figure and $100 feed cost represents
the margin available to pay cash expenses other than
feed, labor, depreciation on equipment, and interest on
investment, and also to provide for profit.
The margin needed to cover non-feed costs varies
with the kind of livestock and depends on the propor-
tion of total production costs represented by feed. The
15-year averages represent the approximate level of
returns at which farmers have been willing to maintain
livestock production. This average may not represent
break-even returns on all farms because some farmers
may discount market prices for some resources used in
producing livestock. If a farmer already has facilities
for livestock, he need only cover operating costs to
continue production. However, when he views live-
Table 4. — Returns per $100 Feed Fed
to Different Classes of Livestock
Beef Dairy Feeder Native F d p • Yearly
Year cow cow cattle sheep . Hogs price
herds herds bought raised ^^s r^ of corn
1952
99
175
86
67
116
116
51.65
1953
64
147
81
84
178
148
1.44
1954
95
141
126
97
154
104
1.46
1955
94
168
106
103
95
109
142
1.28
1956
103
177
117
137
129
142
133
1.30
1957
134
189
143
138
149
172
136
1.15
1958
162
199
144
98
144
180
142
1.10
1959
147
191
112
102
92
114
123
1.10
1960
129
200
117
108
143
164
157
1.03
1961
139
196
116
110
132
164
150
1.01
1962
149
190
148
126
129
159
144
.98
1963
117
171
88
126
108
131
141
1.11
1964
107
174
112
124
122
142
141
1.12
1965
127
174
151
143
176
210
143
1.15
1966
132
190
117
129
140
178
168
1.23
1952-66
aver.
120
179
118
113
130a
154
139
1.21
0 Twelve-year average.
stock production as a new or long-run enterprise, he
hopes to cover all costs — fixed and variable — or he
may not undertake the enterprise.
As individual farmers try to increase profits, they
tend to curtail livestock production when returns per
$100 of feed fed are below the 15-year average, and to
increase production when returns are above average.
This tendency on the part of producers causes supplies
of livestock products to fluctuate.
The hog enterprise is the best illustration. Since
1953 the pattern of hog returns has been to exceed the
15-year average for two to three years, and then to fall
below for one to two years. This pattern is referred to
as the hog cycle and is related to the supply and
demand for pork. Higher feed prices and lower selling
prices for hogs indicate that returns for 1967 may be
near the long-run average.
Feeder cattle returns were below the 15-year aver-
age in six of the past eight years. Except for 1962 and
1965, the average cattle feeder has had to justify any
profits on the basis that some of his feed, buildings, or
labor had no alternative uses.
Feeder cattle returns vary greatly from year to
year. Long-run average returns shown here indicate
the cattle feeding business is very competitive. Above-
average skills are needed in buying, selling, and feed-
ing to meet competition of other uses for time and
money on farms feeding cattle. It is more difficult to
identify cyclic income movements over a 15-year period
in the beef cattle industry because it is more complex
and adjusts more slowly than other livestock enter-
prises.
Dairy and poultry returns fluctuate less than beef
cattle returns from year to year. In both enterprises,
15-year average returns are below the margin needed
to cover all fixed and variable costs. The implication is
that these enterprises compete most favorably on farms
with plentiful labor, capital, and management resources
that have few alternative uses.
The business of raising livestock is very competi-
tive. Average profit margins are very narrow. Large
numbers of farmers are willing to stay in business as
long as their returns cover only operating costs. Ex-
pansion plans involving large investments for new fa-
cilities should be based on estimated returns that are
high enough to cover all costs. Fluctuations in live-
stock returns also involve a risk in years when returns
are low.
Hog enterprises
The information in Table 5 is based on a sample of
702 farms farrowing ten or more litters per year.
Farms were omitted from the sample if the number of
hogs purchased exceeded 10 percent of pigs weaned.
This eliminated from the sample those farms with
combined farrowing and feeder-pig operations. Feeder-
pig enterprise information is included in Table 6.
Returns per $100 feed fed to hogs were $178 in
1966. This was a $32 decrease from 1965 but the third
highest return since 1951. These returns were $27
above the 1951-65 average. The fluctuation in returns
above and below the 15-year average is related to
changes in supplies of and demand for pork and to the
price of corn. In 1966, the average price received per
100 pounds of pork sold was up 12 percent, and the
Table 5. — Hog Enterprises, 1966
Items
All farms
High-
return
farms
Low-
return
farms
Number of farms 702 123 108
Average per farm
Pounds of pork produced. .. . 127,323 152,234 130,904
Total returns 327,368 333,344 327,269
Value of feed fed 315,397 316,936 318,015
Returns per 3 100 feed fed... 3 178 3 197 3 151
Returns above feed per
litter 3 162 3 193 3 117
Number of litters farrowed. . 74 85 79
Pigs farrowed per litter 9.2 9.2 8.9
Pigs weaned per litter 7.5 7.6 7.3
Number of pigs weaned 553 645 578
Number that died after
weaning 18 20 21
Death loss, percent of pounds
produced 1.3 1.2 1.5
Weight per hog sold 237 238 240
Price received per 100
pounds 3 23.09 3 23.28 3 22.70
Feed cost per 100 pounds
produced 3 12.09 3 11.12 3 13.76
Feed per 100 pounds
produced
Farm grains, lb 343 320 373
Commercial feeds, lb 71 65 87
Total concentrates, lb. . 414 385 460
Pasture (pasture days) .... .7 .8 .8
Cost per 100 pounds of
commercial feeds 3 6.23 3 6.15 3 6.31
Cost per 100 pounds of
concentrates 3 2.89 3 2.86 3 2.97
average price per bushel of corn fed (see Table 4) was
up 7 percent.
In 1966, returns above feed per litter decreased $42
from $204 in 1965 to $162. While returns above feed
per litter of $162 in 1966 were $39 above the last six-
year average of $123, four out of the past six years
were below this average.
Until 1966, feed cost per 100 pounds produced has
never varied more than a range of 65 cents in the past
six years, but pounds of concentrates per 100 pounds
produced have been dropping at the rate of about 1
percent every three years. In 1966, feed cost per 100
pounds produced increased $1.11, primarily due to the
higher price of corn. The average size of the hog
enterprise on all record-keeping farms has been in-
creasing at the rate of about 3 litters per year, from 41
litters (299 pigs weaned) per farm in 1956 to 74 litters
(553 pigs weaned) in 1966.
The high-return group of farms had returns per
$100 feed fed that ranged from $190 to $209, and re-
turns for the low-return group ranged from $140 to
$159. Most of the differences between high- and low-
return groups were caused by differences in feed con-
versions and in feed costs per 100 pounds produced.
The high-return farms used 53 pounds less farm
grains and 22 pounds less commercial feeds to produce
100 pounds pork than the low-return farms. This sav-
ing in feed was equivalent to about 1,325 bushels of
corn and 15.4 tons of protein per farm, or about $3,550.
Other differences show 0.3 more pigs weaned per litter,
0.3 percent lower death loss, and 58 cents per 100
pounds higher selling price for pork sold for the high-
return farms. There are wide variations in profits
from swine enterprises on individual farms since these
same differences between high- and low-return farms
occur each year.
The hog enterprise has been a very profitable busi-
ness for the farmers in the high-return group and a
moderately profitable business for the average hog
producer. If nonfeed costs are estimated from detailed
cost studies at $5 per 100 pounds over the past ten
years, the high-return farmer sold his hogs at $3.21
more per hundred pounds than his total cost. The
average producer received $1.76 more per hundred
pounds than his total cost. Assuming the low-return
group would have had the same $5 per 100 pounds non-
feed cost, it would have received 13 cents more than
its total cost of production.
The relationship of average returns per $100 feed
fed to hogs to the estimated breakeven returns neces-
sary to cover all nonfeed costs is shown in Figure 2.
The estimate of breakeven returns assumes feed to
represent 70 percent of the total cost of producing hogs
.while, labor and capital repxesent 30 percent. The dif-
$205
190
175
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160
145
130
115 -
100
BREAK-EVEN RETURNS
/
AVERAGE RETURNS
AVERAGE RETURNS
BREAK- EVEN RETURNS
BREAK-EVEN RETURNS
AVERAGE RETURNS
1
1
1
-DAIRY CATTLE
-HOGS
-FEEDER CATTLE
1955-58 56-59 57-60 58-61 59-62 60-63 61-64 62-65 63-66
(FOUR- YEAR MOVING AVERAGE)
Returns per $100 feed fed to dairy, hogs, and feeder cattle, and estimated break-even returns, 1955-1966.
(Fig. 2)
ference between the average return figure and $100-
feed cost represents the margin available to pay for
cash expenses, labor, depreciation, and interest on in-
vestment, and to provide for profit.
The data in Figure 2 indicate there is a reservation
profit that exists after all costs of production are paid
before managers are willing to enter or continue hog
production. Evidently, there is a human preference
factor that causes hog production to expand less than
economic conditions warrant, creating a continual mar-
gin of profit above feed and other costs.
If the relationship between hog prices and produc-
tion costs continues to be favorable enough in the years
ahead to compete with returns from selling cash grain,
it should encourage increased hog production on many
Illinois farms.
Feeder-cattle and feeder-pig enterprises
Calendar-year operations for feeder-cattle and
feeder-pig enterprises are presented in Table 6. These
involved weights and values on partly finished animals
purchased in prior years as well as on animals pur-
chased in the current year.
Pork produced per farm from feeder-pig enter-
prises was 70,709 pounds in 1966 (see Table 6), more
than two times the 35,041 pounds produced per farm
in 1956. Farmers were not only buying more feeder
pigs; they were also buying healthier pigs. Death loss
has dropped steadily the past six years from 2.7 percent
of weight produced in 1960 to 1.6 percent in 1966. Re-
turns follow the cyclical pattern of the sow and litter
enterprise. Returns per $100 feed fed averaged $140
in 1966.
The 81,129 pounds of beef produced per farm in
1966 (Table 6) is 84 percent greater than the average
production per farm for 1956-1958. Returns per $100
feed fed for feeder-cattle enterprises were $117 in
1966, down $34 from 1965. The six-year average re-
Table 6. — Feeder-Cattle and Feeder-Pig
Enterprises, 1966
Items Fe^d.er Fe-der
cattle pigs
Number of farms 384 112
Average per farm
Total pounds produced 81,129 70,709
Total returns #18,900 $11,655
Value of feed fed £16,204 $ 8,343
Returns per $ 100 feed fed $ 117 $ 140
Death loss, percent of pounds produced 1.7 1.6
Average weight purchased 549 53
Price paid per 100 pounds $ 26.88 $ 40.51
Price received per 100 pounds $ 24. 78 $ 23 .55
Feed cost per 100 pounds produced.... £19.97 £11.80
Feed per 100 pounds produced
Grain, lb 573 327
Protein and mineral feeds, lb 59 81
Total concentrates, lb 632 408
Hay, lb 109
Silage, lb 635
Pasture (pasture days) 3
turns per $100 feed fed of $122 are still below the
return needed to pay all nonfeed costs.
The relationship of average returns per $100 feed
fed to the estimated breakeven returns necessary to
cover all nonfeed costs is shown in Figure 2 for feeder
cattle. The estimated breakeven return assumes feed
to represent 75 percent of the total cost of feeder cattle
production, while labor and capital represent 25 percent.
For the years covered by Figure 2, the average re-
turns are below the breakeven returns but above the
cost of feed or $100. This relationship means that the
margin available was not large enough to pay cash ex-
penses and market prices for all feeds, labor, depreci-
ation, and interest on investment.
The low returns shown in Figure 2 for feeder cattle
indicate that many farmers have been willing to dis-
count the returns for labor, buildings, or nonmarket-
able feeds, especially if these resources have few or
no alternative uses. Evidently Illinois farmers have
strong personal preferences for feeding cattle during a
period when economic conditions were not favorable
for this enterprise. This observation has important
implications when considering expansion of the feeder
cattle enterprise on farms where there are no non-
marketable feed resources, underemployed labor, or
fixed capital investments.
Prices paid for feeders bought were $2.72 per 100
pounds higher during 1966 than in 1965, while prices
received for cattle sold in 1966 were only 5 cents
higher. Average weight purchased was down 5 pounds
per steer. Pounds of beef produced per farm in 1966
was 4 percent higher than in 1965. Beef produced per
farm has followed an upward trend since 1956 of about
3,000 pounds a year with more than this in years of
favorable outlook and less in years of unfavorable
outlook.
Pounds of grain and pounds of hay used per 100
pounds of beef produced has trended downward from
1960 to 1966, while the pounds of silage used has in-
creased during the same period. Feed costs per 100
pounds produced were $19.97 in 1966, an increase of
$1.48 from 1965. The increase was caused primarily
by the higher price of corn. The shift to the use of
more corn silage in the ration reflects attempts by
feeders to increase production from existing land
by intensifying the crop system and to reduce labor by
mechanizing the feeding operation.
These data do not show the wide variation in profits
that exists among cattle feeding programs and indi-
vidual feeders. Since 1961 prices paid for feeders have
varied as much as $3.79 per 100 pounds from the past
six-year average while prices received have varied by
as much as $2.17 per 100 pounds sold from the past
six-year average. Many farmers are now feeding more
than one drove of cattle each year to provide a better
utilization of fixed investments in mechanized feedlots.
The increase in investments and complexity of the
cattle feeding operation makes good records more im-
portant than ever to evaluate returns to resources used
in cattle feeding.
Dairy enterprises
The minimum size of herd included in this analysis
was 10 milk cows. The average size of dairy herd was
36.1 cows in 1966, compared with 23.5 cows per farm
on record-keeping farms in 1956.
The rate of increase in the size of dairy herds since
1956 has been a little more than one cow per year.
Table 7. — Dairy Cattle Enterprises, 1966
Pasture days per animal unit
Items AH farms
0 1-119 120 +
Number of farms 253 61 120 72
Average per farm
Number of cows in
herd 36.1 42.0 38.3 27.2
Number of milk cows. . 36.0 42.0 38.3 27.0
Percent of milk cows
dry 15 15 15 16
Animal units in herd. . 61.8 77.0 64.9 43.6
Pounds of beef
produced 18,771 20,268 20,169 15,172
Totalreturns 322,210 $25,576 #24,143 $16,135
Value of feed fed #11,690 #14,001 #12,603 #8,212
Returns per #100 feed
fed # 190 # 183 # 192 # 196
Returns above feed
per milk cow # 292 # 276 # 301 # 293
Total pounds of milk
produced 421,700 486,725 456,135 309,219
Pounds of milk per
milk cow 11,714 11,589 11,910 11,453
Pounds of butterfat
per milk cow 434 434 439 426
Pounds of beef per
cow in herd 520 483 527 558
Death loss, percent of
pounds produced. .. 7.5 7.9 7.3 7.3
Feed cost per unit".... # 19.18 # 20.31 # 19.16 # 17.82
Price received for:
100 1b. milk # 4.43 # 4.46 # 4.46 $ 4.32
lOOlb.beef #19.21 #18.77 #19.50 #19.12
Feed per unit of milk
and beef:
Grain, lb 283 296 284 267
Protein and miner-
als, lb 62 61 63 61
Total concen-
trates, lb 345 357 347 328
Hay and dry
roughage, lb 344 319 335 396
Hay silage and
soilage, lb 331 624 288 63
Corn and other
silage, lb 768 964 808 427
Pasture (pasture
days) 6 ... 5 15
Pasture days per
animal unit 60 ... 56 160
a 1,000 pounds of milk or 100 pounds of beef.
10
Total number of milk cows in Illinois has been declin-
ing steadily at the rate of about 4 percent a year in
this same period, but total pounds of milk produced in
the state has been declining only about 2 percent a
year. While there are 42 percent fewer milk cows in
the state than 10 years ago, the remaining cows are in
herds that are 56 percent larger and that produce 26
percent more milk per cow.
Returns per $100 feed fed to dairy enterprises in
1966 were $190, up $16 from 1965. Higher milk prices
(66 cents per cwt.) and higher beef prices ($3.70 per
cwt.) were partially offset by $1.77 higher feed costs
per 1,000 pounds of milk or 100 pounds of beef pro-
duced (Table 7).
Dairy farmers have reduced the amount of pasture
and increased the amounts of grain and silage fed.
Pasture days per unit (1,000 pounds of milk or 100
pounds of beef) remained at 15 days prior to 1959,
but since 1960 have declined steadily to 6 days in 1966.
The dairy herds in Table 7 were divided into three
groups: herds with no pasture days per animal unit,
those with 1 to 119 days, and those with 120 days or
more. Each year a few more farmers have been adopt-
ing the practice of feeding cows in drylot. Dairy herds
averaged 42.0 cows on farms with no direct grazing
compared with 27.2 cows on farms using a full pasture
season.
The main difference among these three groups of
dairy herds is the amount of land required per cow to
produce roughage. When pasture and hay yields are
figured at 150 pasture days and 3 tons per acre respec-
tively, the farms with drylot feeding required only 1.7
acres per cow to produce grass-legume forages, while
the farms with over 120 pasture days per animal unit
used 2.9 acres. Additional roughage was obtained
through corn silage on the no-grazing farms. Milk pro-
duction per cow did not vary greatly between the
groups of farms. Part of the additional cost of har-
vesting roughage to be fed in drylot is included in the
cost of feed. Farmers using the drylot system must
relate the higher cost of feed to the increased returns
that may result either from shifting land from pasture
to grain crops, from an increase in size of dairy herd
on fixed acres of hay and pasture, or from higher pro-
duction per cow.
The relationship of average returns per $100 feed
fed to the estimated breakeven returns necessary to
cover all nonfeed costs is shown in Figure 2 for dairy
cattle. The estimated breakeven return assumes feed to
represent 50 percent of the total cost of the dairy enter-
prise while labor and capital make up the other 50
percent.
For the years covered by Figure 2, the average re-
turns are below the breakeven returns but above the
cost of feed or $100. This relationship means that the
margin available was not large enough to pay cash
expenses and market prices for all feed, labor, depre-
ciation, and interest on investment.
The low returns shown in Figure 2 for dairy cattle
indicate the reason for many farmers discontinuing the
dairy operation. Some farmers have been willing to dis-
count the returns for labor, buildings, or nonmarketable
feeds, especially if these resources have few or no
alternative uses, or if they have strong personal prefer-
ences for dairy cattle during a period when economic
conditions were not favorable for this enterprise. This
observation has important implications when consider-
ing expansion of the dairy enterprise on farms where
there are no nonmarketable feed resources, under-
employed labor, or fixed capital investments.
Beef-cow herds
The minimum size of a beef-cow herd included in
Table 8 was 10 or more cows. Farms with combina-
tions of cow herds and purchased feeder cattle were
not included. In addition to an analysis of all farms,
Table 8 shows an analysis of farmers with cow herds
who sold calves at weaning time, comparing them with
those who finished their calves to slaughter weights.
The average size of cow herd on all farms has changed
little since 1956, ranging from 25 to 28 cows. This
reflects the decision of the majority of Illinois farmers
to maintain a beef-cow herd as a supplemental enter-
prise to market nonsalable feeds and labor.
Table 8. — Beef Cow Enterprises, 1966
Items All farms C^[jJS
Number of farms 231 90
Average per farm
Number of cows in herd 28.2 28.5
Animal units in herd 43.3 38.2
Total pounds produced 20,423 14,294
Total returns $4,617 $3,303 j
Value of feed fed $3,511 $2,371 J
Returns per $100 feed fed.. . $ 132 $ 139 I
Pounds of beef per cow in
herd 724 502
Average weight per head sold 761 574
Pounds of death loss 779 651
Percent of pounds
produced 3.8 4.6
Feed cost^ per unit* $17.19 $16.59
Price received per 100 pounds $ 23.57 $ 23.63
Feed per unit of milk and beef
Grain, lb . 214 78
Protein and mineral feeds,
lb 28 18
Total concentrates, lb.. . 242 96
Hay and dry roughage, lb. 508 596
Hay silage, lb 15
Corn and other silage, lb. . . 219 274
Pasture (pasture days). . . . 188 202
a 1,000 pounds of milk or 100 pounds of beef.
Calves
fed out
115
27.
1
45.
3
24,729
5,419
: 4,329
125
912
919
893
3.
6
$ 17.
51
$ 23.
16
278
32
310
451
25
240
180
11
Table 9. — Poultry Enterprises, 1966
Items
. „ , Number of hens per farm
100-299 300-999 1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
Number of farms
127 69 32 16
10
Average per farm
Pounds of poultry produced 1 ,874
Total returns $ 5 ,088
Value of feed fed $ 3,034
Returns per #100 feed fed $ 168
Returns above feed cost per hen $2.37
Average number of hens 866
Eggs produced per hen 216
Percent production 59
Feed requirement units* 16,803
Feed cost per unit $ .18
Pounds of concentrates per unit 5.4
Cost per 100 pounds of concentrates $ 3 . 32
Price per pound sold $ .09
Price per dozen eggs sold $ .38
Pounds of death loss 572
a One dozen eggs or 1.5 pounds of weight produced.
747
1,411
2,428
10,248
896
$ 3,198
$ 7,476
$ 36,244
775
$ 2,141
$ 4,591
$ 18,986
116
$ 149
$ 163
$ 191
$ .65
$ 1.94
$ 2.11
$ 2.99
187
544
1,370
5,773
180
204
204
228
49
56
56
62
,326
10,109
24,627
118,697
$ .23
$ .21
$ .19
$ .16
7.0
6.4
5.4
4.9
$ 3.35
$ 3.30
$ 3.42
#3.28
$ .09
$ .09
$ .08
$ .09
$ .34
$ .37
$ .41
$ .38
176
476
949
3,007
Returns per $100 feed fed to beef-cow herds in
1966 averaged $132. Increased beef prices during 1966
and higher feeder calf prices continued to raise cow-
herd returns upward from the low level of 1964.
In 1966, farms that sold calves received $33 per
cow above value of feed fed, and farms that sold cattle
at slaughter weights received $40 per cow above value
of feed fed. This is the second year since 1962 that
those who sold slaughter cattle received higher returns
to apply against the added costs for labor, buildings,
and capital required to feed them out.
Poultry enterprises
The minimum size of flock included in Table 9 is
100 hens. The average size of flock, omitting farms
with less than 100 hens has increased from 304 hens in
1956 to 866 in 1966. In the same period, pounds of
concentrates per dozen eggs or I1/2 pounds of weight
produced have declined steadily each year from 7.0 in
1956 to 5.4 pounds in 1966.
In 1966, the feed cost of 18 cents per dozen eggs or
I1/2 pounds of weight produced remained the same as
in 1965. Improved feed conversion was offset by the
higher price of concentrates.
Eggs per hen increased from 197 to 210 during the
1956-1959 period but since 1960 have varied over a
range from 208 to 216 eggs per hen.
The price per dozen eggs sold in 1966 was 38 cents,
an increase of 7 cents from 1965. Returns above feed
cost per hen of $2.37, on all farms, were the highest
since 1950.
Larger flocks received more returns above feed cost
per hen than the smaller flocks (Table 9). Farms with
over 2,000 hens had returns above feed cost per hen of
$2.99, compared with only 65 cents on farms with 100-
299 hens. This difference may not reflect the actual
contribution of poultry laying flocks to farm income,
since small flocks may utilize inputs of labor, equip-
ment, and buildings that have limited alternative uses.
However, the higher production per hen on the farms
with larger flocks indicates better management and a
potentially higher return for labor and capital.
Sheep enterprises
Sheep production is a minor enterprise on record-
keeping farms. The minimum size of enterprise in
Table 10 was set at 3 animal units. One animal unit
of sheep is defined as 750 pounds of liveweight. Re-
turns per $100 feed fed in 1966 were $129 for native
flocks. Pounds of wool and mutton produced per farm
have remained fairly constant for the past ten years.
The majority of Illinois farmers who keep sheep do so
as a supplemental enterprise to market nonsalable feeds
and labor.
Table 10.
— Sheep Enterprises, 1966
Items
Native
flocks
Number of farms
112
Average per farm
Pounds of wool and mutton produced 3,729
Total returns $ 898
Value of feed fed $ 697
Returns per #100 feed fed $ 129
Percent lamb crop 115
Pounds of death loss 536
Death loss, percent of pounds produced 14.4
Feed cost per 100 pounds produced $ 18 . 69
Price received per 100 pounds $ 26.02
Price paid for sheep bought $ 21 .53
Feed per 100 pounds produced
Concentrates, lb 286
Hay, lb 562
Silage, lb 7
Pasture (pasture days) 42
12
DEFINITION OF TERMS AND ACCOUNTING MEASURES
Soil-productivity rating
An average index representing the inherent pro-
ductivity (low level of management) of all tillable
land in the farm. Individual soil types on each farm
are assigned an index ranging downward from 100.
Type of farm
Sampling technique. The records in each size group
for northern Illinois were sampled to provide a pro-
portional representation of all farms of that size range
according to the 1964 census.
Grain farms. Farms where the value of feed fed
was less than one-half of the feed and grain returns
and value of feed to dairy or poultry was not more
than one-sixth of the feed and grain returns.
Hog or beef farms. Farms where the value of feed
fed was more than one-half of the feed and grain re-
turns and either hog or beef-cattle enterprises received
, more than one-half of the value of feed fed.
Dairy or poultry farms. Farms where the value
of feed fed was more than one-half of feed and grain
returns and either dairy or poultry enterprises received
more than one-third of the value of feed fed.
Cost items
Value of feed fed. Includes grains priced per bu-
shel at the farm average as follows: corn — $1.23;
oats — 69 cents; barley — 88 cents; soybeans — $2.97;
rye — $1.06; wheat — $1.66. Commercial feeds were
priced at actual cost, hay and silage at farm values,
and pasture at 13 cents per animal unit pasture day.
A pasture day represents an intake of approximately
20 to 25 pounds of dry matter. It has been defined as
Table 11. — Average Prices Received and Paid
by Farm Record Keepers
1966 1965
Northern Southern Northern Southern
Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois
Grain prices
Corn sold $1.19 $1.24 $1.13 $1.15
Soybeans sold 2.83 2.77 2.59 2.46
Wheatsold 1.81 1.67 1.40 1.32
Oats sold 71 .74 .68
Corn purchased 1.25 1.25 1.19 1.18
Oats purchased 74 .... .69 ....
Livestock prices
Hogs, all weights $23.09 #20.68
Fat cattle, all weights . . 24 . 78 24 . 73
Feeder cattle, all
weights, prices paid 26.88 24.16
Dairy cattle, all weights 19.21 15.51
Sheep, all weights 26.02 25.11
Poultry .09 .07
Milk 4.43 3.77
Eggs .38 .31
16 pounds of total digestible nutrients (TDN) from
pasture.
Cash operating expenses. Includes annual cash out-
lays for non-depreciable items of fertilizer, machinery
repairs, machine hire, gas and oil, electricity and tele-
phone, farm share of auto, hired labor, seed and crop
expense, taxes, building repairs, livestock, and miscel-
laneous expense. It does not include purchased feed and
livestock since these have been deducted from gross
receipts in computing the value of farm production.
Machinery and equipment. Includes depreciation,
repairs, machine hire, gas and oil, electricity and tele-
phone, and farm share of auto.
Labor. Includes hired labor plus family and oper-
ator's labor charged in 1966 at $300 and $280 a month
respectively for northern and southern Illinois.
Interest charge on capital. Interest charged at 6
percent on January 1 inventory of remaining capital
investment in grain, livestock, machinery, buildings,
soil fertility, and farm share of auto, plus 4 percent
interest on bare land priced at current land values.
Total nonfeed costs. Includes cash operating ex-
penses, depreciation, and charges for unpaid labor and
interest. Purchased feeds and livestock are omitted.
Value of land (current basis). A basic value on
bare land is established for each farm according to the
soil-productivity rating. This basic value is adjusted
each year according to the index of land prices in
Illinois as reported by the USDA.
Return items
Feed and grain returns. The sum of grain and
feed sales, value of all feeds fed (except milk), and
change in value of feed and grain inventories less the
value of feed purchased.
Value of farm production. Total cash sales of
products and services, less purchased feed and live-
stock, plus change in inventory values of grain and
livestock, plus value of farm products consumed.
Farm and family earnings. Value of farm produc-
tion less cash operating expenses and depreciation.
This figure includes the return to the farm and family
for unpaid labor, interest on invested capital, and re-
turns to management.
Labor and management earnings. Farm and family
earnings less the value of family labor and interest
charge on capital invested. It is the residual return
to operator's labor and management efforts.
Capital and management earnings. Farm and fam-
ily earnings less a charge for all unpaid labor.
Management returns. The residual surplus left
after a charge for unpaid labor and interest charge on
capital are deducted from farm and family earnings.
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23
This report results from the cooperation of state and local Farm Bureau Farm Management Asso-
ciations and staff members of the Department of Agricultural Economics and the Cooperative Extension
Service at the University of Illinois. The information is for farmers and workers in farm management
extension, teaching, and research and for others assisting Illinois farmers in business analysis. The re-
port supplements work of FBFM fieldmen by providing comparative standards for farmers enrolled in
the service.
The cooperative effort of the university staff working with 42 fieldmen who are supported largely
by fees paid by farmers makes this educational and service program possible. By participating in this
program each farmer-cooperator (6,635 reporting this year) increases his chances for successful farm
operation and contributes to the improvement of Illinois agriculture.
Each year more farmers are adopting improved production techniques based on studies of their
farm records. Specialized crop and livestock farms are becoming more common. The Illinois Farm
Business Record is now being revised to facilitate allocating nonfeed costs to the individual farm enter-
prises. This revision is also being adapted to electronic data processing methods as records become more
important for the individual farmer in order to evaluate his competitive position in the farming business.
We hope that this 42nd Annual Report will be used to contribute to more profitable farm operation
and a more desirable level of family living.
Harold G. Halcrow, Head
Department of Agricultural Economics
ASSOCIATIONS, FIELDMEN, AND COOPERATORS ENROLLED
BLACKHAWK —
C. M. Roodhouse "
G. W. Bevington
Howard Peverly
WESTERN
T. H. Jennings
A. G. Pille
Byron Wright
R. W. Baalman
R. R. Tracy \
SANGAMON VALLEY
C. E. Botterbusch
G. W. Shafer
D. B. Brucker
C. E. Cagley
LINCOLN-
W. W. Marquart
C. B. Roodhouse
E. A. Thurn
R. E. Rogers
W. R. Cole
K. D. Brazle
H. P. Harrington
• NORTHEASTERN
N. C. Specht
D. R. Muehling
W. D. McMurtry
• ILLINOIS VALLEY
S. R. Kingry
G. E. Hulslander
J. C. Burns
D. C. Smith
G. W. McGill, Jr.
E. A. Loving
PIONEER
K. W. Amstutz
E. A. Schairer
T. E. Swigart
R. L. Ewalt
H. E. Short
L. D. Schroll
EASTERN
H. E. White
B. A. Henry
G. E. Perkins
EAST CENTRAL
R. D. Gustafson
W. E. Berner
H. J. Bourn
J. H. Conerty
- SHAWNEE
F. B. Lemmon
Prepared by A. G. Mueller, D. F. Wilken, and R. P. Kesler of the Department of Agricultural Economics
Urbana, Illinois August, 1967
Cooperative Extension Work, University of Illinois, College of Agriculture, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating.
JOHN B. CLAAR, Director. Acts approved by Congress May 8 and June 30, 1914.
14M— 8-67— 93885
C005
970 1967
§^112 019542114
I
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