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SUPPLEMENT
TO THE
P HARM AC OP (EI A:
BEING A CONCISE BUT COMPREHENSIVE
DISPENSATORY,
AND
MANUAL OF FACTS AND FORMULAE,
FOR THE USE OF PRACTITIONERS IJ^ MEDICINE AND PHARMACY.
BY
THEOPHILUS EEDWOOD, Ph. D.
raOFZSSOB op CHEMISTET AWD PHAEMACT to the PHAEMACEniCAL SOCIBTY OB-
GBEAT BBITAIir, AND SECBEIABY TO THE CHEMICAL SOCIEIT.
THIRD EDITION.
LONDON:
LONGMAN AND CO.; SIMPKIN AND CO.; JOHN CHURCHILL;
HENRY BOHN; AND HENRY REN SHAW.
1857.
ttRA«y
JAN 1 1 '^'■
^5/
^t
IA5Y
PREFACE.
I UNDERTOOK, in 1844, to edit an edition of Qray's Supplement to
the Pharmaeopoda, a book which had for many years been in
extensive circulation, and the demand for which continued after
the death of the author. In the prosecution of this undertaking it
was found necessary to make considerable alterations in the matter
and arrangement of the work, in order to reconcile it with the
existing state of knowledge, and to adapt it to the altered cir-
cumstances of the class of readers for whom it was principally de-
signed. These changes gave to the book an entirely new character.
The original intention of Mr. Gray, as expressed in the preface
to the first edition of his Supplement, published in 1818, was,
*' to give a concise account of the actual state of our knowledge of
drugs in general, using that term in its most extensive significa-
tion, as including not only those natural substances and compounds
which are employed by physicians and private practitioners of
medicine, but those other substances and compounds which, from
their analogy to these, are usually sold by the same retailers as sell
medicines, for the purpose of being used as dyes, paints, perfumes,
cosmetics, liqueurs, &c. ; and upon this account the work appears
under the title of A Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia, as that
book contains only the medicines in use at present with the
physicians of London and its environs. Still, however, the
medicines form the greater bulk of the work, from the vast variety
of them that are employed in dififerent places."
Adopting the design expressed in the above quotation, and using
so much of the matter of Ghray'a Supplement as I considered
useful, yet omitting much, and adding still more, this work was
VI PREFACE.
produced in 1847, and another edition of it, with much new
matter, in 1848. In those editions the title of Gray's Supplement
to the Pharmacopoeia was used ; but the work having now, for the
third time, been submitted to revision, and no part of Avhat ori-
ginally constituted Gray 8 Supplement being retained, excepting
such facts as are acknowledged in common with those taken from
other sources, Mr. Gray's name is omitted from the title-page.
In the introduction of new matter, pains have been taken to
extend as far as possible the brief notices of natural products,
derived from the animal and vegetable kingdoms, with the view
of comprising all those substances whose applications in medicine,
domestic economy, and the arts, have been described by authors.
The part of the work which treats of *' animals yielding pro-
ducts employed in medicine," &c., contains a notice of about three
hundred animals, which are arranged according to Cuvier's classifi-
cation. Some of the characters, the habitations, food, and useful
products of these are briefly described, and an outline of Cuvier's
classification of the animal kingdom, with some allusions to
modifications of it adopted by other naturalists, is given.
Among the " vegetables yielding products employed in medi-
cine," &c., are included about three thousand plants. These are
arranged after De CandoUe's classification, and reference is given,
for all the genera, to the Prodromus (De Cand.), or Botanicon
Gallicum (De Cand. Bot. Gal.) of that author; to Midlicher»
Genera Plantarum (Endl. Gen. PL); to Smith and Hookers
English Flora (Smith Eng. Fl.) ; or to Lindleys Works (Lindl. or
L.). Eeference is also frequently made to Sowerhy's English
Botany (E. B.), where drawings of the plants may be found.
Those plants which grow wild in this country are distinguished
by having an asterisk (*) prefixed to the name ; and those which
are commonly cultivated in this country, but are not natives, are
distinguished by two asterisks (* *). The habitat of nearly every
plant is given, and to those which grow in this country, the
period of inflorescence and colour of the flowers are also added.
The notices of the applications and uses of the plants or their
PREFACE. Vii
products are necessarily brief, in accordance witli the scope and
purpose of the work ; they are generally given on the authority of
the writers to whom reference is made, by the letters G. (Gray),
L. (Lindley), O'Sh. (O'Shaughnessy), Loud. (Loudon), or, in other
cases, by the name in full.
The last part of the work comprehends the formulae for the pre-
paration of compounds employed in medicine, domestic economy,
and the arts, together with mineral substances, and some animal
and vegetable products. Besides all the formulee of the three
British Pharmacopoeias, a selection is here given from the foreign
Pharmacopoeias of various parts of the world, with the view of
comprising such authorised processes as are most likely to prove
useful to the prescriber or dispenser of medicines in this country.
The sources from whence these formulae have been taken are
distinctly specified, including the dates of the Pharmacopoeias, so
that by reference to the historical account of those works, in the
first part of the book, the dispenser of medicines may ascertain
whether they are still in authority, and what the country or
district is to which they relate. But the value of these formulas
is not, in all cases, confined to the aid afforded to the pharmaceutist
in dispensing prescriptions ; many of them are for processes the
products of which are similar to, or identical with, those ordered
in our own Pharmacopoeias ; yet, the instructions being different,
they may be advantageously referred to by the manufacturer, the
scientific inquirer, and those engaged in framing new Pharma-
copoeias. There are also a great number of formulje, derived from
different sources but not authorised by any Pharmacopoeia, for the
preparation of medicinal and other substances which are either sold
or applied by those for whose use the book is intended.
T. P.
19 Montague Street, BusseU Square,
October 1856.
CONTENTS.
Brief chronological history of Pharmacopoeias and Dispensatories 1
Historical and descriptive account of weights and measures, with
tables for facilitating calculations _ _ _ - 15
Description of the methods of taking specific gravities, and of the
instruments used for that purpose, with tables of hydrome-
trical equivalents, and of the relations between the specific
gravities and strengihs of acid and alkaline solutions, &c. - 37
Kelation between dilferent thermometrical scales ; table of ther-
mometrical equivalents ; formulae for freezing mixtures, &c. 58
Chemical elements, their symbols and equivalents - - - 78
Table of solubility of salts ______ 79
Explanation of terms used in prescriptions - - - - 95
The Pharmaceutical Calendar, containing a notice of plants to be
collected, and operations to be performed at particular periods
of the year -------- 101
Animals yielding products employed in medicine, domestic
economy, and the arts _ _ ~ - - - 106
Preservation of animal substances _ - _ - _ 181
Vegetables yielding products employed in medicine, domestic
economy, and the arts - - - - - - 186
Collection and preservation of plants - - - " - - 575
Animal, vegetable, and mineral products, and formulae for the
preparation of compounds employed in medicine, domestic
economy, and the arts - - - - - -579
SUPPLEMENT TO THE PHARMACOPOEIA,
ETC.
?HARMACOP(EIAS AND DISPENSATOKIES.
When physicians ceased to prepare the medicines which they pre-
scribed for their patients, and pharmacy became, to a certain extent, a
distinct profession or business^ it was necessary that some authorized
standards should be fixed upon, by which to determine the meaning
and vahie of the terms employed in extemporaneous prescriptions.
Hence the origin of Pharmacoposias. These works emanate from
that portion of the medical profession which consists of prescribers of
medicines — in this country, the Colleges of Physicians. They contain
descriptive notices of the medicines employed by medical men, together
with formulae for those compounds which admit of being kept ready
made, and the preparation of which occupies more time than would be
compatible with the speedy aduiinistration of the remedy when ordered.
A Pharmacopojia is, in fact, intended to serve the twofold purpose,
of a register of approved and established remedies, which the physician
employs in the treatment of disease, and a key, or index, by which the
pharmaceutist, or dispenser of medicines, can interpret the terms by
which these remedies are distinguished and ordered.
The separation of pharmacy from the practice of medicine is sup-
posed to have taken place, first, in Arabia. It is here that the occu-
pation of a pharmaceutist appears to have been first recognised by law
as a distinct and separate branch of the medical profession. Establish-
ments for dispensing medicines existed at Cordova, Toledo, and other
large towns under the dominion of the Arabs, prior to the twelfth
century, and all establishments of this description were placed under
severe legal restrictions. From these regulations, the Emperor Fre-
derick II. is said to have copied the principal articles of the law
passed in 1233, and which remained in force for a long time in the
two Sicilies, with reference to the practice of pharmacy.* According
. • Hoefer, Histoire de la Chimie depuis les temps les phis recules jusqu'il noire e'poquo
1842.
2 PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES.
to this law, every medical man was required to give information
against any pharmaceutist who should sell bad medicines. The phar-
maceutists were divided into two classes: 1st, the Stationarii, who
sold^ simple medicines, and ;^o;^-w^a^^s<ra^ preparations, according to a
tariff settled by competent authorities ; 2ndly, the Confectionarii, whose
business consisted in scrupulously dispensing the prescriptions of the
medical men. All these pharmaceutical establishments were placed
under the surveillance of a College of Medicine.*
During the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, apothe-
caries' shops, or dispensaries, w ere established in most of the large cities
in France and Germany ; and these, in the first instance, were often
fitted up and supported at the public expense. A garden was also, in
these cases, often appropriated to the apothecary, for the cultivation of
such indigenous plants as he required.
In 1345, King Edward III. gave a pension of sixpence a day to
Coursus de Gangland, an apothecary in London, for taking care of, and
attending, his Majesty during his illness in Scotland. But it is probable
that apothecaries were not common in England at this period.
We are informed by Saladin, a writer of the fifteenth century, that
at that time the only books referred to by the apothecaries, as authori-
ties with reference to the preparation of medicines, were, the works
of AviCENNA ; the treatise on Simple and Compound Medicines, by
Serapion ; a treatise on Synonemes, and the Quid pro Quo on Substi-
tutes, by Simon ; the Liber Servatoris of Bolchasin Ben Aberazerin,
treating of the preparation of plants and animals, and the chemical
remedies then in use ; the Antidotarium of Johannes Damascenus, or
Mesue'; and the Antidotarium of Nicolaus de Salerno.
The last-named author, who was director of the school at Salernum,
a city in the kingdom of Naples, lived about the middle of the twelfth
century. In his Antidotarium, or Isagogica introductio in artem
ApothecariatuSj he described a great number of medicines, principally
taken from the Arabs, fie must not be confounded, as he has been
by some writers, with Nicolas Prevost, called Propositus, of
Tours, whose Dispensatory was published in 1488, and subsequent
editions of it in 1505, 1564, and 1582. This work is considered to
have been the first of the kind circulated in Europe.
Many of the remedies introduced into medicine about this period,
owed their origin to the investigations of the alchemists, who were
engaged in the futile endeavour to discover the philosopher's stone, and
the universal remedy for all diseases of the body.
Raymond Lully, of Majorca, was one of the principal writers of
this school. He was born in the year 1235, and died in Africa in
1315. He is said to have written about sixty volumes on subjects
connected with chemistry. Among these were his works, de Lapide
Aurifico ; de Quinta Essentia ; de Accurtatione Lapidis Philosopho-
rum ; Lux Mercuriorum, &c.
Basil Valentine, born in 1394, contributed greatly by his writings
to the introduction of chemical remedies in the practice of medicine.
* Constitutiones Neapolitanae et Sicula-, liii. tit, xxxiv. 1, 2, apud Lindenborg., Cod.
legum antiquarum ; Francf., 1613, in fol.
PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES.
One of the most celebrated of his works was the Currus triumphalis
Antimonii.
The efforts made by Basil Valentine to introduce chemical agents,
derived from the mineral kingdom, in the treatment of disease, were
subsequently followed up by his successor, Paracelsus, who was born
in 1493.
At this period, the number of pharmaceutical establishments in
France, Germany, and Italy, which had previously been very limited,
began to increase. The proprietors of these establishments, however,
were but little acquainted witli the art of compounding medicines,
and therefore the most important remedies were often prepared in the
presence of the medical men by whom they were prescribed.* Che-
mical remedies, in the sense in which this term was then employed,
were but seldom obtained from the apothecary's shop, such being pre-
pared and supplied by a distinct class of men, who were professed
chemists. Paracelsus and his followers, anxious for the introduction
of ciiemical remedies, loudly complained of the ignorance and incom-
petency of the pharmaceutists, and ascribed to this cause, in a great
measure, the strong hold which the advocates for Galenical medicines
still retained on the confidence of the public.
In 1524, the Dispensatory of Valerius Cordus was published,
under the sanction of the senate of Nuremberg. This is considered
to have been the first authorized Dispensatory or Pharmacopoeia, pub-
lished in Europe. Subsequent editions appeared in 1535 {Dispensa-
torium Pharmacorinn omnium ; Nuremb. 1535) and in 1542. This
work, like that of Nicolas Prevost, was principally compiled from the
Antidotarium of MESUc'and of Nicolaus de Salerno.
In 1538, t!ie medical men of Augsburg, in Germany, formed a sort
of Pharmacopoeia, the formulae contained in which were generally
adopted in that place.f Augsburg was then a place of great trade,
especially with Italy, from whence, it is probable, the regulations con-
nected with the practice of medicine were introduced. The work
thus commenced was subsequently published in a more mature form in
1601, under the title of Pharmacopoeia Auguslana. The seventh
edition appeared in 1622.
The following works were published during the sixteenth century : —
Bretschneider's Pharmacopoeia in compendium redacta; Antw. 1560.
Yoe's Pharmacopoeia ; Basil, 1561. Collado's Pharmacorum omnium,
qua in usu sunt apud 7iostros pharmacopoeos enumeratio ; Valentiae,
1561. Fuch's Pharmacorum omnium, qua in communi sunt practi-
cantium usu ; Paris, 1569. Maselli's Pharmacopoeia Bergamensis ;
Bergam. 1580. 'N uck! s Pharmacopobia ; Amsterd. 1580. Bauderon's
Paraphrase sur la Pharmacopee ; Lyon, 1588.
Fernel and Sylvius also wrote in the sixteenth century.
In the years 1514, 1516, 1520, 1571, 1583, and 1594, laws were
passed for the regulation of the practice of Pharmacy in France.
* Lisetti Bcnanciy Declaratio fraudum et errorum apud pharmacopoeos commissorum
Acced. ejusd. argumenti dialogus, Lodetti. Turon. 1653,
+ Conclusiones I't propositiones imiverium mediciaam per genera complectentes.
A'ujusta Vindelicorum, 1558,
B 2
PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES.
PHARMACOPffilAS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE,
The first Pharmacopoeia of the London College of Physicians ap-
peared ill May, 1618. This was circulated among the members of the
College, and the London apothecaries, but wasfoimd to be so imperfect^
that tiie greater part of the edition was cancelled, and a new edition
issued in the following December. It was reprinted, with slight altera-
tions and improvements, in 1621, 1632, and 1639, and was remodelled
in 1650.
In this edition, the names of the original authors of the several
formulas, which had previously been inserted, were omitted. Several
new formulse were added, and some of the old ones left out. Similar
alterations were again made in 1677. An excellent formula for
" Usquebagh, sive aqua vita, Hibemis popularis" was inserted in this
edition, (see formulae,) and several other equally important additions
were made. The next material change was made in 1721, under the
presidency of Sir Hans Sloane, when, for the first time, the botanical
names of the vegetables included in the Materia Medica were given ;
it being stated in the preface, — " The catalogue of simples has been
drawn up entirely de novo : the name of each plant, and in some cases
there is more than one, has been annexed ; as well the officinal namCy
as that which is retained by the more accurate botanists. Those who
know how easily plants of the same genus and name may be confounded,
must clearly see that errors could scarcely have been avoided in any
other way than by employing thin distinction of terms " Tins was the
first step towards a scientific improvement in the work ; in other
respects, however, it still retained its original character, the great
majority of the formulse remaining unaltered, although a few of the
obsolete ones were omitted. Among other changes, " Saccharum
Hordeatum " {barley sugar) was substituted for " Saccharum Peni-
dium " {pulled sugar).
At this period, a " more correct and concise method of prescribing"*
began to prevail among the most eminent of the piiysicians, with
whom the old-fashioned formulae, lengthened out with redundancy of
heterogeneous and often incompatible ingredients, had fallen into
disuse ; and a desire soon prevailed for effecting a more radical reform-
ation in the Pharmacopoeia than had hitherto been attempted. Most
of the formulae adopted by the London College, even those of the
Pharmacopoeia of 1721, were taken from the works of Mesne, Nicolaus,
Renodius, Fernel, and authors of this class, with reference to whiclx
formulae, the College, in the preface to their Pharmacopoeia of 1746,.
state : " It were certainly a disgrace and just reproach, if pharmacy
should any longer abound with those inartificial and irregular mixtures,
which the ignorance of the first ages introduced, and the perpetual
fear and jealousies of poisons enforced ; against which the ancients
endlessly busied themselves in the search of antidotes, which for the
most part they superstitiously and doatingly derived from oracles,
dreams, and astrological fimcies ; and vainly hoping to frame composi-
* Preface to the London Pharmacopoeia, 1746,
PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES. 5
tions that might singly prevail against every species of poison, they
amassed together whatever they had imagined to be endued with
alexipharmie powers. By this procedure, the simplicity of physic
was lost, and a wantonness in mixing, enlarging, and accumulating,
took place, which has continued even to our times." The celebrated
mithridate and theriaca may be instanced in illustration of the fore-
going statement, these medicines having been said to contain the proper
antidote against every possible species of poison. Nor was this redun-
dancy of composition confined to such medicines as the above : the
same feature pervaded nearly the whole of the forniulse of tlie early
pharmacopeias. One of the old Paris Pharmacopoeias contained a
formula for a plaster, (emplastrum diabotonon,) consisting of sixty
ingredients, and for a distilled water, (aqua generalis,) consisting of
more than 120 ingredients. Previous to the publication of the Phar-
macopoeia of 1746, the London College appointed a committee of their
body for the purpose of suggesting such alterations as were thought
desirable to be made. This committee appear to have entered upon
their work with a determination of founding the formulse upon the
principles of simplicity. A most radical change was recommended by
the committee and carried out by the College. The arrangement of
the work was entirely recast ; nearly the whole of the old prolix
formulae were rejected, and those which were substituted for them
may be said to have originated and formed the bases of the medicinal
compounds which have chiefly been employed in this country from
that day to the present. Dr. Plumptre was president of the College at
the time this Pharmacopoeia was published.
In 1788 a further change was made; and as that which had taken
place in 1746 related chiefly to what are called the Galenical prepara-
tions, so this, for the most part, had reference to the chemical. Subse-
quent changes were made in 1809, 1824, 1836, and 1851, the last date
being that of our present Pharmacopoeia.
The following are the years in which the several editions and reprints
o£ the London P/iarmacojicsiahsive appeared: — viz., 1621, 1627, 1632,
1639, 1650, 1651, 1677, 1678, 1682, 1699, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1724,
1731, 1736, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1757, 1762, 1763, 1771, 1786,
1787, 1788, 1809, 1815, 1824, 1836, and 1851.
The Edinburgh Pharmacopceia was first published in 1699. Subse-
quent editions, or republications, have appeared in 1721, 1722, 1727,
1735, 1744, 1756, 1774, 1783, 1784, 1788, 1792, 1803, 1804, 1806,
1813, 1817, 1839, and 1841.
The first Dublin Pharmacojjccia was published in 1807. Previous
to this time, however, in the year 1794, a Specimen Pharmacopceia
had been circulated among the members of the college, and anotlier in
1805. The preparation of these works had been chiefly committed to
Dr. Percival.* A new Pharmacopoeia for Ireland was brought out in
1 826, and this has since been superseded by The Pharmacopceia of the
King and QueeiiUs College of Physicians in Ireland, of 1850.
A Pharmacopceia was announced some years ago, as being in course
of preparation, for Bengal and Upper India.
* Historical Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy In Great Britain, By Jacob Bell.
PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES.
FRANCE,
Tlie Parisian Codex, or French Pharmacopceia, was first issued in
1639. In the year 1590, the parliament had decreed, with a view to
the public good, that the faculty of medicine should elect a committee
of their body, for the purpose of preparing' a Dispexsatory containing
the simple and compound medicines which the apothecaries of Paris
ought to keep in their shops. This decree remained unexecuted, and
parliament, in 1597, named twelve members of the faculty of medicine,
who were enjoined to prepare a Dispensatory. Notwithstanding this,
and that a fresh injunction was issued in the succeeding year, the Codex
did not appear until 1639, in compliance with a new order from Louis
XIII.
New editions of the Codex were published in 1645, 1732, 1748, and
1758, which was the last published before the Revolution.
On the 21st Germinal, year 11 of the Revolution, a law was passed
by which the government was required to charge the Professors of the
Schools of Medicine, associated with the Professors of the School of
Pharmacy, to prepare a " Codex, or Formulary, of the medicinal and
pharmaceutical preparations that ought to be kept by pharmaceutists."
It was also enacted, that this Codex should not be published without
the sanction and order of the government.
In compliance with this law, and by order of the government, the
Codex Medicamefitarius was published in 1816.
In 1835, a commission was appointed by the king for preparing a
new edition of the work. Of this commission, M. Orfila was President,
and MM. Andral, Duraeril, and Richard, Professors of the faculty
of medicine, and MM. Bussy, Caventou, Pelletiei', Robiquet, and
Soubeiran, Professors of the School of Pharmacy, were members.
The work was completed and published in 1839, and is that which
still continues in authority. It is written in French, the title being,
" Codex, Pharmacopce Fran^aise, redigee par ordre du Gouverne-
ment par une commission composee de MM. les professetirs de la
facidte de medecine, et de VEcole speciale de Pharmacie de Paris."
Paris, 1839.
Besides the above, the following Pharmacopoeias have been pub-
lished in France, but they have since been superseded by the Paris
Codex : —
Codex Medicamentorum , seu Pharmacopoeia Tolosana. Tolos.
1648, 1695.
Pharmacopee de Lyon. 1778.
HOLLAND AND BELGIUM.
The Pharmacopeia Batava was published in 1805 for the united
provinces of Holland. Previously to this time, the Pharmacopoeia of
Amsterdam, which was published so early as 1636, and subsequently
in 1639, 1682, 1701, 1714, and 1792, had been in general use among
the Dutch. After the annexation of Holland to Belgium, a new Phar-
macopoeia was published in 1823, under the name oi Pharmacopca
PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES. T
Belgica, superseding the Pharmacopcea Batava, and having authority
througliout the Netherlands. No subsequent edition of tlii-s work has
appeared, but it is said that one is in course of preparation.
Soon after the publication of the Pharmacopcea Belgica, J. F.
Niemann republished the Pharmacopcea Batava with notes, under the
title of,
Pharmacopcea Batava recusa, cum- notis et addltameatis Medico-
pharmaceuticis. Edit. Jno. Frid. Niemann. Lips. 2 torn. 8vo.
1824.
I'iiis work acquired some reputation, being considered superior to
that which had been invested with authority.
Tlie following were published in these countries, at early dates, but
are not now extant : —
Phormacopceia Antwerpiensis. Antwerp, 1661.
Pharmacopoeia Hagana. 1738.
Pharmacopoeia Leiden sis. Leyden, 1751, 1770.
Pharmacopoeia Leodensis. Liege, 1741.
Pharmacopoeia Utrajectiva. Utrecht, 1664.
NORTH GERMANY.
Germany is divided into a great number of states or principalities,
which have separate laws for the regulation of pharmacy, and separate
Pharmacopoeias of their own.
Pharmacopcea Borussica. This has authority throughout the
Prussian state. As far back as 1608 there was published a Phar-
macopoeia, entitled, Dispensatorium Brandenhurgicum s. norma juxta
quam in provinciis 3Iarchionatus Bratidenburgici medicamenta officinis
familiaria dispensanda, i^c. Berol. It was followed in 1713 by the
Dispen. regiuin et electorate Borusso- Brandenhurgicum, of which there
were new editions in 1726, 1731, and 1781. On the last of these was
founded the Pharmacopcea Borussica, which appeared in 1799, under
the title of Pluirmacopoea Borussica cum gratia et privilegio sacrce
rcgicB Mnjcstatis, Berolia. New editions have since appeared in 1801,
1813, 1827, and 1846, the last having come into authority since the
1st of April, 1847. The title of this, which is the sixth edition, is
simply Pharmacopcea Borussica.
Codex Medicamentarius Hambergensis. Laws have existed for the
regulation of the practice of medicine and pharmacy in the free town
of Hamburgh and its territories since 1818. The Hamburgh Piiar-
macopa>ia is published under the authority of these. The present is
the second edition, which was published at Hamburgh in 1845. Its
title is. Codex Medicamentarius Hambergensis. Auctoritate collegii
sanitatis editus.
Pharmacopcea Hannoverana nova. This appertains to the king-
dom of Hanover. The first edition was published in 1818 ; the present,
which is the second edition, in 1831.
Pharmacopoea Hassiaca, for the principality of Hesse. Tliis was
preceded l)y the Bispensatorium Hessiacum, published at Cassell in
1806, and again in 1816.
Pharmacopoea Saxonica. Piderits Pharmacia rationalis, was for-
8 PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES.
merly used by the apothecaries of Saxony. The first Latin Phar-
macopoeia was published by Dr. Leonard! in 1820; and a supplement
was added to this in 1830 by Dr. Seller, The second edition of this
work, edited by Seller, Carus, and others, under the title of Phar-
viacopcea Saxonicajussu regio et mictoritate puhlica denuo edita, re-
cognita et emejidata, appeared in 1837, and is that now in authority.
It is published at Dresden.
Pharmacopcea Slesvico-Holsatica. The Danish Pharmacopccia of
1772, and subsequently that of 1805, were formerly used in Sleswick-
Holstein. In 1831, however, a Pharmacopoeia was published at
Kiel, under the title oi Pharmacopcea Slesvico-Holsatica, regia aucto-
ritate edita. It was prepared by C. H. Pfatf, under the autiiority of
the Sanitary College of Kiel. There has been no subsequent edition.
SOUTH GERMANY.
Pharmacopcea Austriaca. I'here are two Pharmacopoeias for
Austria ; one for general purposes, and the other for the army. The
former of these, Pharmacopcea Austriaca, has passed through four
editions, the present or fourth having appeared in 1834, and a reprint
of it, with some corrections, in 1836. It was prepared by four mem-
bers of the faculty of medicine at Vienna, and two presidents of the
Pharmaceutical College.
The Pharmacopcea Castrensis Austriaca, or Military Pharmaco-
poeia, is of later date, having been published in 1841, under the auspices
of the Military Academy of Medicine at Vienna. Most of the formulae
are the same in both Pharmacopoeias, but where differences occur, the
advantage is considered to lie on the side of the Military Pharma-
copoeia.
These Pharmacopoeias have authority 'in all the German-Illyrian,
Bohemian-Gallician, and Italian provinces of the Austrian empire.
Pharmacopcea Badensia. The increased importance which Baden
acquired in the beginning of the present century led to the adoption
of regulations for the government of its medical and pharmaceutical
affairs. In the first instance, however, it was not thought desirable
to have a separate Pharmacopoeia for this district, and accordingly
the Pharmacopcea Borussica was adopted in Baden until the year
1841, in the latter part of which year the Pharmacopcea Badensia
was published. The present is the first and only edition of the
work.
Pharmacopcea Bavarica. This is the Pharmacopseia for the king-
dom of Bavaria ; it was published in 1822.
Pharmacopcea Wurtembergica. This Pharmacopoeia has existed
since 1750, and has passed through several editions in 1770, 1785,
1798, and 1847.
NORTH EUROPE.
Pharmacopcea JDanica. Medical and pharmaceutical institutions
have been long established and well regulated in Denmark. The first
Danish Pharmacopoeia was published in 1772, and subsequent editions
PHARMACOPOiilAS AND DISPENSATORIES. 9
in 1786, 1805, and 1840. The last is that which is now in authority
in Denmark, under the title of Pharmacopcea Danica, regia auctori-
tate a collegio sanitatis regio Hafniensi edita. Hafniae, 1840.
Besides this, however, there are two other Pharmacopoeias, or Dis-
pensatories, used in the state, one by the military physicians, entitled,
Pharmacopcea Militaris. JBfter allerho'ieste Befaling udarheitet et en
dertil nedsat Commission. Kjobenhavn Reitzel, 1840, The other, for
the poor, entitled, Udvalg af Luegemidler, der skidle hruges i den
offentlige Praxis. Kjobenh, 1843.
The Pharmacopceia Danica is used in Norway, but steps have been
taken for the preparation of a Norwegian Pharmacopceia.
Pharmacopcea Suecica. The successful cultivation of chemistry in
Sweden has produced a beneficial influence on the pharmaceutical regu-
lations of tliat country, which in their .principal features are similar to
those which exist in Denmark. The general management of medical
and pharmaceutical affairs, including the publication of the Pharmaco-
poeia, is vested in the Sanitary College at Stockholm.
The first Pharmacopoeia was entitled Pharmacopcea Holmiensis, and
was published at Stockholm, in 1686, This was followed, in 1775,
by the Pharmacopcea Suecica, new editions of which appeared in
1779, 1784, 1790. In 1817, was publislied the fifth edition, the
botanical part of which was prepared by the celebrated Swartz, and the
chemical part by Berzelius. There has been one edition published since
— namely, that of 1845, entitled Pharmacopcea Suecica. Editio sexta.
Stockholmiae, 1845. Reprinted in 1846.
Pharmacopcea Castrensis Ruthena. Russia has imitated the more
advanced European states in the enactment of laws for regulating the
practice of pharmacy. These only date from the year 1836, yet a
Hussian Pharmacopceia was published so long ago as 1778. Subse-
quent editions appeared in 1782, 1798, 1799, and 1803.
Besides this, which was called Pharmacopcea Rossica^ there was a
separate Pharmacopoeia for Finland, the Pharmacopcea Fennica, pub-
lished at Abo in 1819; and another for Poland, the Pharmacopcea
Polonica, published at Warsaw in 1817.
All these, however, were superseded by the Pharmacopcea Castrensis
Ruthena.
The first military' Pharmacopoeia was published in 1765, but this was
little more than a catalogue. The Pharmacopcea Castrensis Rossica
appeared in 1779, and a Pharmacopcea Navalis, in 1789. These
passed through several editions, and were ultimately both absorbed by
the Pharmacopcea Castrensis Rutheiia. which was first published by
Dr. Jacob von Wylie, Baronet, in 1808, subsequently in 1812 and
1818, and, lastly, the fourth and present edition in 1840. This Phar-
macopoeia is required to be used in all militarj'^, naval, and other
government establishments. In the private apothecaries' shops, the
Prussian Pharmacopoeia is very generally used, and the law allows
the use of this, the Saxon, Slesivick-Holstein, Danish, Swedish^
Davarian, Dutch, London, Edinbitrgh, Dublin, Spiehnan's, or the
Russian Military Pharmacopceia. This state of the law is embar-
rassing to th.e pharmaceutist, and has been considered unsatisfactory ;
10 PHARMACOPOEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES.
a Civil Pharmacopceia for Russia and also Finland was, there-
fore, undertaken, and a new Pharmacopoea Fennica was published in
1850.
SPAIN AND POKTLTGAL.
In these countries, and in south and south-west Europe generally,
less progress has been made in advancing the pharmaceutical art tlian
is the case in the more northern countries. The following Pharmaco-
poeias have been published in Spain ; —
Pharmacopoeia Valentianensis. Valenc. 4to. 1651.
Pharmacopoeia Catalana. 4to. 1686.
Pharmacopoeia 3Iadritensis. 1729, 1738, 1794, 1798, 1822.
Pharmacopoeia Hispana. Ed. alt. Regis jussu et impensis. Madrid.
Svo. 1798.
Pharmacopoea Hispanlca et Lusitanica continens. 1822.
Farmacopea en Castellano. Madrid. 1823.
The following have been published in Portugal : —
Pharmacopoeia Lusitana. Lisbon. 1711.
Pharmacopoeia do Pinto. Coimbra. 1794.
Pharmacopeia Geral para o Reina e Dominios de Portugal, publi-
cada por ordem da Rainha Fidelissima Maria I. 8vo. Lisbon.
1794.
P harmacopea Liisitana feita por uma Commissao creada por
Decrclo de 5 de Outubro, 1838. 1838.
Formulario dos Hospitares militares feito por uma Commissao.
1841.
Formulario dos Medicamentos para o Hospital Real de S. Jose feito
por uma Commissao. 1843.
SOUTH EUROPE.
Pharmacopoea Grccca. It is only since the establishment of the
present dynasty in Greece, that a Pharmacopoeia has existed in that
country. The confusion resulting from the establishment of I^uropeau
physicians in Greece, while there was yet no recognised standard for
the preparation of medicines, induced the Sanitary College of Athens
to commission Professors Bouro, Landerer, and Sartori, to prepare a
Pharmacopoeia. This was published in 1837, under the title of Phar-
macopoea Grceca, jussu regio et approhatione Collegii Medici edita
auctoribus, Joanne Bouro, Med. et Chir. D., Path, et Ther. Prof,
p.o., Coll. Med. Mem.br. ; Xaverio Landerer, Pharmac. Reg. Chem.
Prof., Coll. Med. Membr. ; et Josepho Sartori^ Pharm. aid. Athenis.
1837.
SWITZERLAND.
Pharmacopoeia Genevensis, auct. C. G. Dunant, L. Odier, et De
la Roche. Gen. 8vo. 1780.
Pharmacop. Helvetica. 1771. 2 vols. fol.
Pharmacopoeia Regia, Galetiica ct Chimica. Gen. 1684.
Manuale Pharmaceuiicvm in vsum minor um urbium. Basil. 8vo.
1779.
PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES. 11
ITALY.
Pharmacopoeia Ferrarese, dell dolt. Antonio Campana. Firenz.
Edit. 7 ma. 1821, pp. 423.
Bononiensis Collegii Medicorum Antidotarium, editum anno 1783.
Editio novissima in qua Completissimus adjectus est Index virium ac
Usuum Medicamentorum. Venet. (Venice.) 4to. 1783.
Formulario Farmaceutico. Genov. (Genoa.) 1791. 8vo.
Formidario Farmaceidico per uso dell Ospedale di Pammatone.
Genov. (Genoa.) 8vo. 1798.
Codice Pharmaceutico per lo stuto delta ser. Rep. di Venezia, com-
pilato per ordine del excellentiss. magistrato della Sanila. Padov.
(Padua.) 4to. maj. 1790.
Pliarmacopceia Bergamcnsis, raiioneni componendi medicamenta
tisitatiora complectens, ed. P. Land et P. Maselli. Berg. (Bergamo.)
4to. 1580.
Pharmacop. Messenensis. Mess. fol. 1629.
Pharmacop. Sardoa, ex Selectioribus codicibus, optimisque Scrip-
toribus collecta, in unum corpus digesta, ac nunc primum edita, a Jac.
Jn. Pedemontano August. Taurin. (Turin.) 4to. 1773.
Ricettario de dottori de Arte e di Medicina dell Collegia Fiorentino
all' instanza di Signori Conculi della Universita cett. Fiorenze, foL
1498. Kecus.i6irf. 1567, 1597.
Ricettario Fiorentino nuovamente Compilato e redotto all' uso
Moderno, diviso in due parte. Firenze, 1789, 4to. pp. 350.
PERSIA,
Pharmacopceia Persica, ex idiomate Persico in Latinum conversa.
Paris. 1681.
AMERICA.
The Pharmacopceia of the United States of America was first pub-
lislied near the close of the year 1 820, under the authority of a Na-
tional Medical Cc?ivention, which met at Washington, on the first day
of the preceding January. It was entitled.
The Pharmacopceia of the United States of America. By the
authority of the Medical Societies and Colleges. 8vo. Boston. 1820.
A revised edition of this work appeared in 1830, and regulations
were now made for revising it every ten years. The second revision
commenced in 1840, and resulted in the publication of the Pharmaco-
poeia of 1842. Another revision took place in 1850, and The Phar-
macopceia of the United States of America {by authority of the
National Convention, held at Washington, a.d. 1850) appeared in
1851. This and the preceding work were published at Philadelphia.
Besides the Pharmacopoeias which have been published under the
sanction and authority of the laws of the respective countries in which
they are principally used, there are a great number of works, usually
called Dispensatories, which resemble Pharmacopoeias in their general
objects, but differ from them in being the production of individual
12 PHAEMACOPGEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES.
authors, and not of any public bodies having legal power to enforce
compliance witli the prescribed fornmlce. Several works of this de-
scription which appeared in the sixteentli century have already been
alluded to ; a brief notice of some of tliose which have since been pub-
lished will now be given.
Quercetan's Pharmacopceia Dogmaticorum Restituta was published
in 1603. An edition of this work was published at Frankfort, in
1615, together with a second edition of the Dispensatorium Medicum
of Renou, or Renodoeus. This was probably the first Dispensatory
written upon the plan which has generally been adopted by the authors
of Dispensatories in this country. It treats, first, of Pharmaceutical
Operations; secondly, of the Materia Medica ; and thirdly, of ihe
Preparations and Compounds ; each formula being followed by a com-
mentary.
In 1621, Mindererus published a work on Military Medicine ; and
about the same time appeared the Pharmacopceia Spagirica of Poterius.
Schroeder's Pharmacopceia Medico- Chy mica was a work of some
merit. It was published in 1641, at Ulm, in Wurtemberg. An
edition of 1672, published at Leyden, in Holland, contains the Materia
Medica, in Latin, French, English, and Dutch.
Glauber's works — De Furnis JVovis Philosophicis ; Tractatus de
Medicina Universali ; De Natura Salium ; Novum lumen Chimicum ;
and Pharmacopyceia Spagirica — were published between tlie years
1646 and 1668, in which latter year the author died.
About this time Culpeper wrote, and acquired some celebrity by
the severity of his criticisms on the London College of Physicians and
their first Pharmacopceia. He was born in 1616, and published his
translation of the London Pharmacopoeia in 1653, soon after which
period he died.
In 1676, Charas published his Pharmacopee Roy ale, Gulenique et
Chemique, which two years after was published in this country in
English.
Contemporary with Charas, and not less celebrated as pharmaceutical
writers, were Pomet, chief pharmacien to Louis XIV., whose Hist aire
des Drogues was published in 1694, and Nicolas Lemery, whose Phar-
macopee Uhiverselle, and Dictionnaire ou Traite Universet des Drogues
Simples, were published in 1697. These works acquired a just and
lasting reputation. The second edition of Lemery's Dictionary was
published in Paris in 1714.
In 1688, Mr. James Shipton, an apothecary in London, published
a collection of formulae said to have been those prescribed by Dr.
George Bate, a celebrated physician in the time of Charles II. This
work was entitled. Pharmacopoeia Dateana. In qua octingenta
circiter pharmaca, pleraque omnia e praxi Georgii Datei, Regi Carolo
Secundo proto-medici excerpta, ordine alphabetico concise exhihentur.
Quorum nonnulla in Laboratorio Publico Pharmacopceano Lond.
Jideliter parantur vencdia : atque in usu sunt hodierno apud Medicos
Londinenses. The third edition appeared in 1700. Meanwhile,
translations of the previous editions were published by Dr. Fuller in
1691, and by Dr. Salmon, in 1694. The Pharmacopoeia Bateana has
pharmacopq:ias and dispensatories. la
been a work of frequent reference from the time of its first appearance
to the present day.
Dr. Fuller also published a Pharmacopoeia of his own, called the
Pharmacopoeia Extemporanea^ in 1714.
Dr. Quincy was an author of some repute in the early part of the
eighteenth century. He delivered lectures on Pharmacy, which were
published shortly after his death, in 1723, by Dr. Shaw. His principal
work was his Pharmacopceia Officinalis et Extemporanea, or, Com-
plete English Dispensatory, which first appeared in 1718, and reached
a sixth edition in 1726. It was translated into French, in 1745, by
Clausier.
Dr. R. James's Pharmacopceia Universalis, or. New Universal
English Dispensatory, followed Dr. Quincy's, being first published in
1747, and the second edition in 1752. It was arranged on a similar
plan to that of Quincy's Dispensatory.
In 1753 was published Dr. Brookes's General Dispensatory ; and
in the following year, 1754, Dr. Lewis published the first edition of
his New Dispefisatory, containing commentaries on the London and
Edinburgli Pharmacopoeias. A concise system of the theory and
practice of pharmacy was prefixed as an introduction. This work
acquired a high reputation, and was decidedly the best of the kind
that had been published at the time. It passed through many editions
during the author's lifetime ; and after his death, the work was re-
printed without much alteration, in London, where it had originally
beein published ; while, in Edinburgh, Dr. Webster, Dr. Duncan, Dr.
Rotherham, and Dr. Duncan, jun., brought out new editions of it,
with such alterations and improvements as the advancement of scientific
knowledge demanded ; and to distinguish these from the London edi-
tions, the authors adopted the title of The Edinburgh New Dispensa-
tory. Dr. Duncan, jun., became the editor, in 1803, from which time
to 1830 the work passed through twelve editions. The tenth edition
was translated into French by M. E. Pelouse, with notes by Robiquet
and Chereau.
In 1806, Dr. Coxe's American Dispensatory appeared.
Dr. Anthony Todd Thomson commenced the publication of his
London Neio Dispensatory in 1811. This work was written on the
plan of the Edinburgh New Dispensatory ; it has been always con-
sidered a very useful work, and has had a great circulation, having gone
through ten editions, during the lifetime of the author. The eleventh
edition, edited by Dr. A. B. Garrod, was published in 1852.
In this year, 1811, also appeared the Traite de Pharmacie, TJico-
rigue et Pratique, of I. I. Virey.
Dr. Paris's Pharmacol ogia, although not strictly a work of the
description here treated ot, merits a brief notice, on account of the
information it contains on pharmaceutical subjects. It was first pub-
lished in 1812, and has reached the ninth edition.
In 1818, Mr. Gray published the first edition of his Supplement to
the Pharmacopoeias.
This work had passed through six editions previously to its being
remodelled by the present editor.
Magendie's Formulaire pour la Preparation et VEmploi de Plusieurs
14 PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES.
Nouveaux Medicamens, commenced in 1821 ; it lias been translated
into English by Mr. Iloulton and Dr. Gully.
Translations of the London Pharmacopoeia were published by Dr.
Eichard Powell, in 1809 and 1815.
In 1824, Mr. Richard Phillips, who had previously published some
criticisms on the London Pharmacopoeia, brought out a translation of
the new edition of the Pharmacopoeia, puljlished by the London College
in that year. This work contained much valuable information on
practical pharmacy, some of which the college availed themselves of in
the subsequent edition of their Pharmacopoeia; and of this latter work
Mr. Phillips became the authorized translator.
Brande's Manual of Pharmacy was published in 1825 ; and Rennie's
New Supplement to the Pharmacopoeias in 1 826.
In 1828, appeared Jourdan's Pharmacopee Universelle, an English
translation of which was edited by Rennie in 1833.
In 1828 also appeared the Traite de Pharmacie of Henry and
Guibourt of Paris ; a work of great merit. The third edition has been
published in an enlarged form by Professor Guibourt.
The Observations on the Dublin Pharmacnpceia, by Drs. Barker
and Montgomery, which appeared in 1830, and the Translation of the
London Pharmacopaia, with criticisms, by Dr. Collier, in 1837, con-
tain a good deal of valuable information.
A Translation of the London Pharmacopoeia, with a Commentary,
was also published by Dr. Spillan in 1837.
Dr. Kane, of Dublin, in 1831, published a very useful little volume,
entitled Elements of Practical Pharmacy.
Among the works of this class more recently published, may be
mentioned
The Dispensatory of the United States of America, by Drs. Wood
and Bache ; first edition, 1833 ; fifth edition, 1843 ; ninth edition, 1851.
The Nouveau Traite de Pharmacie, by E. Soubeiran ; first edition,
1836; second edition, 1842; and third edition, 1846.
The Elements of Materia Medica, by Dr. Pereira ; fii-st edition,
1837 ; second edition, 1842; third edition, 1849-53.
A Dispensatory, or Commentary on the Pharmacopoeias of Great
Britain, by Dr. Christison ; first edition, 1842; second edition, 1848.
Manual of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, by J. F. Royle, M.D.
1847. Second Edition, 1853.
Elements of Materia Medica and Tlierapeutics, by E. Ballard, M.D.,
and A. B. Garrod, M.D. 1845.
Practical Pharmacy, by F. Mohr and Theophilus Redwood. 1849.
A Translation of the New London Pharmacopoeia, including the
Dublin and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias. By J. B. Nevins, M.D.
1851.
The Three Pharmacopoeias (London, Edinburgh, and Dublin), with
practical remarks, by Peter Squire. 1851.
The Bengal Dispensatory, by Dr. O'Shaughnessy. 1842.
Medicines, their Uses and Mode of Administration, by Dr. Neligan.
1844 ; second edition, 1847.
Tfie Pocket Formulary, by Henry Beasley, fifth edition, 1851.
'The Druggist's General Receipt Book, second edition, 1852.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 15,
WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES.
Weights and measukes are artificial standards by which the gravity
and bulk of substances are estimated. In the "first instance, some
natural products, such as seeds, which were easily attainable, and the
gravity and dimensions of which were pretty uniform, were used as
units, from wliich other denominations of weight or measure were cal-
culated. Thus by a law passed in the fifty-first year of the reign of
Henry III., a.d. 126G, it was enacted, that "an English penny, called
a sterling, round and without clipping, shall weigh thirty-two wheat
corns in the midst of the ear, and twenty pence do make an ounce,
and twelve ounces one pound, and eight pounds do make a gallon of
wine, and eight gallons of wine do make a London bushel, which is
the eighth part of a quarter." The standards of weight and measure
being arbitrary, differences have existed between those adopted in
different countries, and it has not unfrequently occurred that two or
three standards have been employed in the same country. This has
been the case in England, where the Avoirdupois, the Troy, the
Tower or Saxon, and the Foil Weights, have been introduced at dif-
ferent periods, and more or less extensively used for weighing different
substances.
ENGLISH WEIGHTS.
AvoiKDUPOis WEIGHT, according to Mr. Gray, (Elements of Prac-
tical Pharmacy, p. 5,) was introduced to this country by the Romans,
at the period of the first civilization of the island ; but it was then
called aunoel weight, from its being' used according to the Roman
custom, with the xtatera Romana, or steel-yard, or with the auncel,
atisula, or Danish steel-yard, with a fixed weight and moveable ful-
crum. Dr. Ellis, however, in a paper published in the second volume
of the American Journal of Pharmacy, states that the Troy and
Avoirdupois weiglits were originally introduced by the Lombards, and
the first sanctioned by law in 1496, when it was introduced in the
composition of the gallon and bushel. In the 24 Henry VIIL,
butchers are ordered to provide beams, scales, and weights, called
haherdepois.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT (Old Dicision).*
1 grain Englisli .....
24- 1 scruple English ....
36 = li= 1 adarme of silk .
72 = 3 = 2 = 1 dram Englisli .
576= 24 = 16= 8= 1 ounce
6912 = 288 =192= 96 = 12 = 1 small pound
9216 = 384 =256=128=16=1 pound
Other pounds, containing more ounces, have been in use in different
trades and places, as that for raw silk, containing 24 ounces. The
Roman government allowed the merchants for waste, in paying custom
duties, 20 ounces to the pound ; so that the 100 pounds, or centenarius,
* Gray's Elements of Pharmacy, p. 5.
Equivalents
in Trov grains.
6-77
18-22
27-34
53-69
437-50
5250-00
7000-00
16
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
was 120 common pounds. They afterwards lowered the allowance to
18 ounces to tlie pound, so that the 100 pounds was 112 common
pounds and a half. The fraction has since been omitted, and the
hundred- weight reckons 112 pounds.
Although our avoirdupois weight has been said to have been derived
from the liomans, yet there appears to be some little difference in the
values of our pound avoirdupois and the standard of the same denomi-
nation still kept at Rome, the Roman pound of 12 ounces being 11 troy
grains lighter than ours.
A different division of the pound from that above given was employed
by the Romans, as well as a different nomenclature. The common
traders used a set of weights in which the ounce was divided and sub-
divided bv two, as follows : —
ROMAN WEIGHT.
1 lens or primus
18= 1 quadrans drachmae
dimidium drachmae
36= 2 =
1 d
72= 4 =
2 =
144= 8 =
4 =
288= 16 =
8 =
576= 32 =
16 =
6912 = 364=192 =
1 drachma .
2 = 1 sicilius, or siclus
4 = 2 = 1 semiuncia, or assarius
8 = 4 = 2 = 1 uncia .
96 = 48 = 24 = 12 = 1 libra
Equivalents
iii Troy grains.
6-76
, 13-64
27-28
54-57
, 109-14
, 218-29
, 436-58
, 5239-00
9216 = 712=256=128 = 64 = 32=16=1 mina or pondo . 6985-00
Another division of the ounce, used by some old medical writers,
was into sextulse and scrupuli, which latter were subdivided in imitation
of the Attic weights, as in the following table : —
Equivalents
in Troy grains.
1-13
909
18-19
72-78
sextula . . 145-56
436-58
5239-00
1 chalcos .....
8 = 1 simplium or obolus
2 = 1 scrupulum or gramma
8 = 4=1 sextula or sextans
16 = 8=2=1 duella or bina
48= 24= 6= 3= 1 uncia
16 =
64 =
128 =
384 =
4608 = 576 = 288 = 72 = 36 = 12 = 1 libra
The following terras are sometimes met with in old Latin medical
and chemical works for denotins: diffierent numbers of ounces : —
Uncia .......
Sextans librae ......
Quadras librae, or triunx ....
Triens .......
Quincunx .......
Semis, Semissis, Semissius, Selibra, or Sembella
Septunx .......
Bes, bessis, or des .....
Dodrans .......
Dextans, or decunx .....
Deunx .
1 ounce
2
9
10
11
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 17
The modern division of the avoirdupois pound will be found at page
20, where it will be seen that the ounce is divided into 16 drams;
but according to Mr. Gray, the division originally was into 8 drams
and 16 adarnis. The adarm having been, in modern times, employed
only in the sale of silk, has become confounded with the dram.
Tkoy Weight. — Some differences of opinion have been expressed,
as to the period at which this weight was introduced into England.
The committee upon whose report was founded the Act of 1824, for
regulating weights and measures, state as their reason for recommend-
ing the adoption of the troy pound as the standard unit of weight —
"Because it is the weight best known to our law; that which hath
been longest in use ; that by which our coins are measured ; that
which is best known to the rest of the world ; that to which our
learned countrymen have referred, and compared ancient and modern
weights ; the weight which hath been divided into the smallest parts.
On the other hand, the avoirdupois weight is of doubtful authority ;
and, though unfit to be made a standard, yet the frequent use of it
renders it necessary to ascertain how many ounces, pennyweights,
and grains troy, the pound avoirdupois ought to weigh." The divi-
sions of the troy pound, including the apothecai'ies' weight, are as
follow : —
TROY AND APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT {Old Division).
1 grain.
6 = 1 farthing penny of silver.
20 = 1 scruple, apothecary.
24 = 1 i- = 1 pennyweight, or denarius.
30 = 1^ = li = 1 farthing penny of gold.
60 = 3 = 2^^ = 1 drachm, apothecary.
288 = 14-1- = 12 = 4| = 1 shilling or solidus.
480 = 24= 20 = 8 =1| = 1 ounce troy and apothecary.
5760 = 288 = 240 = 96 = 20 = 12=1 pound troy and apothecary.
For the sake of calculation, the gold and silversmiths divide the
grain troy into 20 mites, the mite into 24 droits, the droit into 20
periots, and the periot into 24 blanks.
The shilling was more usually employed as the first division of the
troy pound, than the ounce, which seems to have been restricted to the
avoirdupois weight, as the name of the ore was to the first divisions of
the Saxon pound or Danish mark.
Tlie modern divisions of the troy and apothecaries' pound will be
found at page 21.
Tower or Saxon Weight. — From an old record, it appears that
the Tower pound counterpoised Hi ounces, or 5400 grains troy.
The exact correspondence of 8 ounces of this weight with the mark of
Cologne, used in most of the German mints, shows that this pound is
the small pound of our Saxon ancestors, or that of the Easterlings, as
being derived from Greece, through Thrace. Galen informs us that
c
118
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
24 Greek litras, were equal to 25 Roman libras, which is very nearly
the proportion between this pound, and the 12 ounce avoirdupois
pound.
The reports of assayers refer to this small Saxon pound as the integer.
The divisions employed in assaying gold, and formerly in weighing it,
are the following : —
TOWER WEIGHT (Gold).
1 Tower grain ......
15 = 1 quarter carath grain, or feorthling mancus
60 = 4=1 carath grain or mancus
240= 16= 4 = 1 carath or loth
5460 = 384 = 96 = 24 = 1 Tower pound
Equivalents in ,
Troy grains.
0-98
13-87
55-50
225-00
5400-00
In assaying silver, a different division of weights is employed, and
although it is probable, from analogy, that the integral pound used for
this purpose was originally the same as that used for assaying gold,
yet as it has been divided in the same way as the troy pound, the
integer is now supposed to refer to this latter ; and the talent,
now called a journey (day's work) of silver, is taken as sixty pounds
troy.
TOWER WEIGHT {Silver).
1 Tower grain
24 = 1 peninga or penny
480 = 20 = 1 ora or ounce
5460 = 240 = 12 = 1 Tower pound
Equivalents in
Troy grains.
0-98
22-50
450-00
5400-00
Other divisions of this pound were formerly made for weighing
different commodities, as also another pound containing fifteen ounces.
The whole are comprised in the following table : —
TOWER WEIGHT.
Equivalents in
Troy grains.
1 Tovfer grain 0-98
24= 1 peninga . . ...
22-50
36= 1^= 1 mserra peninga or bener peninga
27-75 ;
60= 2J= 2 = 1 mancus or draclima
55-50
96= 4 = 3^= 1|= 1 smaelle skylling .
90-00
120= 5 = 4 = 2 = li= 1 skilling ,
112-50
384= 16 = 12|= 6§= 4 = 3| = 1 smaelle ora
. 360-00 i
480= 20 = 16 = 8 = 5 = 4 = IJ = 1 ora
450-30
2400 = 100 = 80 = 40 = 25 = 20 = 6 = 5 = 1 Danish marc
2250-00
5460 = 240 =192 = 96 = 60 = 48 = 15 = 12 = 1 smaelle punda
5400-00
7200 = 300 =240 =120 = 75 = 60 = 18|= 15 = 1 pui
ida
6750-00
Trett. — An allowance used to be made on some goods at the Custom-
house, and also in their sale from the wholesale to the retail dealers,
called trett. This allowance amounted to 4 lbs. in 104 lbs. ; that is,
k
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 19
104 lbs. were reckoned as 100 lbs., the 41bs, being allowed for trett.
Now this 4 lbs. in 104 lbs. is just the difference between the Tower
weight and avoirdupois weight, 104 lbs. of 15 ores Tower weight
being equal to 100 lbs. of 16 ounces avoirdupois weight. Hence it is
probable that this allowance was first made in consequence of the
Tower weight being used for weighing goods at the Customhouse,
and that the object of the allowance was to reduce this weight to the
avoirdupois weight generally used in commerce. The practice of
allowing trett at the Customhouse has been for some time abolished.
Trett has been supposed by some persons to be an allowance made on
account of waste.
Foil Weight. — This was formerly used to weigh gold and silver
wire, foil, and jewels ; and its smaller divisions are still used by the
jewellers to weigh diamonds, pearls, and precious stones. As the
pound is nearly equal to that of Venice, which weighs 4656 troy
grains, and as the articles for which it has been used were formerly
imported from Venice, this weight was most likely introduced from
thence.
FOIL WEIGHT.
Equivalents in
Troy grains.
1 sixteenth ........ 0*05
16= 1 jeweller's grain ..... 0*80
64 = 4 = 1 jeweller's carat .... 3-20
404 = 24 = 6 = 1 penny foil .... 19-20 ,
7680= 480= 120= 20= 1 ounce foil . . . 384-00
92160 = 5760=1440 = 240=12=1 pound foil . . 4608'00
The carat of this weight is derived from the seed of the kurua-tree,
whereas the carath of the Tower pound is an Egyptian word, signi-
fying the 24th part of anything, and is applied in Egypt to the
divisions of the land into provinces, or of the larger cities into wards,
in the same manner as the Latin uncia is used for the 12th part of an
integer. As the jewellers mostly deal in silver and gold, and are,
therefore, obliged to keep the troy weight, ihey now use those weights
for their jewels, but reckon 150 carats for an ounce. The sixteenths
foil, which are equal to the mites of the gold and silversmiths, are
sometimes divided again into quarters, which are the smallest weights
used in commerce. Some authors assert that the troy ounce is equal to
152 carats 3 grains; in which case, of course, the carat would be equal
to 3-152 troy grains.
Imperial Weight. — By a law passed in the year 1824 (5 Geo. IV.,
cap. 74,) it was enacted, " That from and after the first day of May,
" 1825, the standard brass weight of one pound troy weight, made in
" the year 1758, now in the custody of the clerk of the House of
" Commons, shall be, and hereby is declared to be, the original and
" genuine standard measure of weiglit, and that such brass weight
'• shall be, and is hereby denominated the imperial standard troy
c 2
20 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
" POUND, and shall be, and the same is hereby declared to be, the unit
*' or only standard measure of weight, from which all other weights
"shall be derived, computed, and ascertained; and that one-twelfth
" part of the said troy pound shall be an ounce ; and that one
*' twentieth part of such ounce shall be a pennyweight ; and that one
" twenty-fourth part of such pennyweight shall be a grain ; so that
" 5760 such grains shall be a troy pound ; and that 7000 such grains
" shall be, and they are hereby declared to be, a pound avoirdupois ;
" and that one-sixteenth part of the said pound avoirdupois shall be an
" ounce avoirdupois ; and that one-sixteenth part of such ounce shall be
" a dram."
" And whereas it is expedient that the said standard troy pound, if
" lost, destroyed, defaced, or otherwise injured, should be restored of
" the same weight, by reference to some invariable natural standard ;
'• and whereas it has been ascertained, by the commissioners appointed
" by his Majesty to inquire into the subjects of weights and measures,
*' that a cubic inch of distilled water, weighed in air by brass weights,
*' at the temperature of 62^ of Fahrenheit's thermometer, the barometer
" being at 30 inches, is equal to two hundred and fifty-two grains, and
" four hundred and fifty-eight thousandth part of a grain, of which, as
" aforesaid, the imperial standard troy pound contains 5760 ; be it
" therefore enacted, that if at any time hereafter the said imperial
" standard troy pound shall be lost, or shall be in any manner destroyed,
" defaced, or otherwise injured, it shall and maybe restored by making,
" under the direction of the Lord High Treasurer, or the Commissioners
" of his Majesty's Treasury of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
" and Ireland, or any three of them for the time being, a new standard
" troy pound, bearing the same proportion to the weight of a cubic inch
*' of distilled water, as the said standard pound hereby established bears
" to such cubic inch of water."
And by a law passed in the year 1835, (5 & 6 Gulielmi IV., cap.
63,) the use of any other weights besides those above described, and
the apothecaries' weight, is rendered illegal, and it is enacted, " That
" from and after the passing of this act, all articles sold by weight
" shall be sold by avoirdupois weight, except gold, silver, platina,
" diamonds, or other precious stones, which may be sold by troy weight,
" and drugs, which, when sold by retail, may be sold by apothecaries'
" weight."
The following, then, are the three kinds of weight now recognised by
law in this country : —
AVOIRDUPOIS, OR IMPERIAL WEIGHT.
Equivalents in
Troy grains.
1 dram 27-34375
16= 1 ounce .....
256= 16= 1 pound.
3584 = 224 = 14 = 1 stone
28672= 1792= 112= 8= 1 hundred weight
473440 = 35840 = 2240 = 1 60 = 20 = 1 ton
437-5
7000-
98000-
784000-
15680000-
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 21
TROY WEIGHT.
1 grain.
24 = 1 pennyweight.
480= 20= 1 ounce.
5760 = 240=12=1 pound.
APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.
(^Adopted by the London and Edinburgh Colleges.^
Symbols.
1 grain gr.
20= 1 scruple .... 9
60 = 3=1 drachm ... 3
480= 24= 8= 1 ounce ... 3
5760 = 288 = 96 = 12 = 1 pound . . Vb
The Dublin College of Physicians, in their Pharmacopoeia of 1850,
rejected the troy pound and its sub-multiples, and substituted the avoir-
dupois or imperial pound, of 7000 grains, making, however, a new
division of this weight, coinciding with that of the apothecaries' weight,
as shown in the following table : —
DUBLIN WEIGHTS.
{Adopted bij the Dublin College, in their Pharmacopoeia of 1850.)
Symbols,
1 grain ...... gr.
18-22= 1 scruple .... 9
54-68 = 3 = 1 drachm ... 3
437-5 = 24 = 8=1 ounce . . 5
7000- =384 = 128=16=1 pound . lb
The apothecaries' weight is that alone the use of which is recognised
by the London and Edinburgh Colleges of Physicians, in the preparation
or dispensing of medicines, either according to the Piiarmacopceia, or
extemporaneous prescriptions. It is not, however, customary for phar-
maceutical chemists to keep any large weights of this description ; and,
therefore, in preparing medicines on the large scale, it is necessary to
calculate the equivalents of the weights ordered in avoirdupois weight,
the latter being the only kind of large weights generally used. The
following table has been prepared for the purpose of facilitating such
calculations: —
95
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
EQUIVALENTS IN TROY AND AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
Trot.
Avoirdupois.
Troy strains.
J &
lbs.
oz.
drs.
grs.
lbs.
oz.
grs.
60
1
60
120
2
120
' 240
4
240
437-5
7
17-5
1
480
1
1
42-5
875
1
6
35
2
960
2
2
85
1312-5
2
5
52-5
3
1440
3
3
127-5
1750
3
5
10
4
1920
4
4
170
2187-5
4
4
27-5
5
2400
5
5
212-5
2625
5
3
45
6
2880
6
6
255
3062-5
6
3
2-5
7
3360
7
7
297-5
3500
7
2
20
8
3840
8
8
340
3937-5
8
1
37-5
9
4320
9
9
382-5
4375
9
0
55
10
4800
10
10
425
4812-5
10
12-5
11
5250
10
7
30
12
5280
11
12
30
5687-5
11
6
47-5
13
5760
13
72-5
6125
0
6
5
14
6562-5
1
5
22' 5
15
7000
2
4
40
7680
4
1
242-5
9600
8
5
422-5
10500
9
7
8
11520
2
10
145
14000
2
5
1
20
2
17280
3
2
7
217-5
21000
3
7
6
0
3
23040
4
3
4
290
28000
4
10
2
40
4
28800
5
4
1
362-5
34560
6
4
14
435
35000
6
0
7
20
5
40320
7
5
12
70
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
EQUIVALENTS IN TROY AND AVOIRDDPOIS WEIGHT.
2a
Troy.
AVOIRDDPOIS.
Troy grains.
lbs.
oz.
drs.
grs.
lbs.
oz.
grs.
42000
7
3
4
0
6
46080
8
6
9
142-5
49000
8
6
0
40
7
51840
9
7
6
215
56000
9
8
5
20
8
57600
10
8
3
287-5
63000
10
11
2
0
9
63360
11
9
0
360
69120
12
9
13
432-5
70000
12
1
6
40
10
74880
13
10
11
67-5
77000
13
4
3
20
11
80640
14
11
8
140
84000
14
7
0
0
12
86400
15
12
5
212-5
91000
15
9
4
40
13
92160
16
13
2
285
97920
17
13
15
357-5
98000
17
0
1
20
14
103680
18
14
12
430
105000
18
2
6
0
15
109440
19
15
10
65
112000
19
5
2
40
16
115200
20
16
7
137-5
119000
20
7
7
20
17
120960
21
17
4
210
126000
21
10
. 4
0
18
126720
22
18
1
282-5
132480
23
18
14
355
133000
23
1
0
40
19
138240
24
19
11
427-5
140000
24
3
5
20
20
144000
25
20
9
62-5
147000
25
6
2
0
21
149760
26
21
6
135
154000
26
8
6
40
22
155520
27
22
3
207-5
161000
27
11
3
20
23
161280
28
23
0
280
167040
29
23
13
352-5
168000
29
2
0
0
24
172800
30
24
10
425
175000
30
4
4
40
25
178560
31
25
8
59
182000
31
7
1
20
26
24
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
EQUIVALENTS IN TROY AND AVOIRDUPOIS
WEIGHT.
Troy.
Avoirdupois.
Troy grains.
lbs.
oz.
drs.
grs.
lbs.
oz.
grs.
184320
32
26
5
131-5
189000
32
9
6
0
27
190080
33
27
2
204
195840
34
27
15
276-5
196000
34
0
2
40
28
201600
35
28
12
149
203000
35
2
7
20
29
207360
36
29
9
421-5
210000
36
5
4
0
30
230400
40
32
14
275
280000
48
7
2
40
40
288000
50
41
2
125
345600
60
49
5
412-5
350000
60
9
1
20
50
403200
70
57
9
262-5
420000
72
11
0
0
60
460800
80
65
13
113
490000
85
0
6
40
70
518400
90
74
0
400-5
560000
97
2
5
20
80
576000
100
82
4
250-5
630000
109
4
4
0
90
645120
112
92
2
245
700000
121
6
2
40
100
,
784000
136
1
2
40
112
FOREIGN WEIGHTS.
French Weights. — Previous to the revolution of 1789, the weight
called ^^poids de marc" the unit of which was the pound of Charle-
magne, was that almost exclusively used in France. This was divided
in the followin": manner : —
OLD FRENCH WEIGHT.
Equivalents in
Equivalents in
English troy grains.
French grammes
1 grain .....
0-8203
0-0531
24= 1 scruple ....
19-687
1-274
72= 3= 1 gros or dragme .
59-070
3-824
576= 24= 8= 1 once .
. 472-562
30-594
4608 = 192= 64= 8 = 1 marc
. 3780-500
244-750
6612 = 288= 96 = 12 = 1 livre medicinal.
. 5670-750
367-125
9216 = 384 = 128 = 16 = 1 | ^^''' .T;^^^"*^
\ or poid de marc
} . 7561-000
489-500
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
2&
During the progress of the revolution, a new system of weights and
measures was introduced by the government, whicli has been called
the decimal system. According to this system the ten-millionth part
of a quarter of the meridian of the earth is taken as the unit from which
all other measures are calculated. This unit is called the metre (from
fii-poy, measure). It is divided into ten parts, each of which is called a
decimetre ; and this is again divided into ten parts, each of which is
called a centimetre. A cubic decimetre is taken as the unit of measures
of capacity, and is called a litre. A cubic centimetre of distilled water,
at its maximum density, that is, at a temperature of 39*o^ Fahrenheit,
is the unit of weights, and is called a gramme. There is some discre-
pancy in the value assigned to the gramme by different authors, as
expressed in relation to English weights. It is sometimes repre-
sented = 15*44242 Troy grains, but these numbers are too high. In
tiie previous edition of this work, the gramme was described as = 15*434
grains, this value having been assigned to it from experiments made at
our Mint. The subject has been more recently and accurately investi-
gated by Professor Miller, of Cambridge, who has found the kilogramme
to be = 15432-3488 grains, of which the English standard pound
contains 7000-000.
In the following table the French decimal weights are given, with
their equivalents in English troy and avoirdupois weights : —
French Decimai, Weight.
English Weights.
S
1
6
8
I
«
a
E
1
s
i
2
to
s
s
1
V
B
8
1
Equivalents
in Troy
Weight.
Equivalents
in
Avoirdupois
Weight.
Equivalents
in
Troy Grains.
o
0
o
fl
1 a-. .
•F1
ori 1 m
s
^
»
Q
o
a
o
s
J3
o
T3
to
£
O
a to
1
•0154
1
10
•1543
1
10
100
1-5
1-5
1-5432
1
10
100
1000
15-4
15-4
15-432
1
10
lOOi 1000
10000
2 3+
154
154-323
1
10
100
1000, 10000
100000
3
li 43
3 230-7
1543-234
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
2
8
11 12
2
3:il9-8
154.32-348
:
10
100
1000 10000
i
100000
1000000
10000000
26
9
4 3
22
0323-4
1
154323-488
A table for converting French decimal weights into English weights
is given at page 35.
Several laws have been passed, at different periods, to render the
decimal system of weights and measures obligatory througliout France,
but for many years it was found impossible to overcome the prejudices
of the people in favour of the old system.
In 1812 an attempt was made to amalgamate the old and new
systems, by altering the old pound, or livre, making it equal to the half
kilogramme, taking this as the unit, and calculating the other divisions
from this, according to the old nomenclature. The following table
contains this system of weights, with the equivalents in French grammes,
and in English avoirdupois weight.
26 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
FRENCH WEIGHTS OF 1812.
French weights
Decimal weight
English
avoii
•dupois.
of 1812.
grammes.
lb.
oz.
drs.
grains.
1 livre
=
500
=
1
1
10
11-07
i „
=
250
=
8
13
5-53
i „
= -
125
=
4
6
16-18
2 once
=
62-5
= ■
2
3
8-9
1 „
=
31-25
=
1
1
17-71
* „
=
15-625
=
8
22-52
2 gros
=
7-812
= ■
4
11-26
1 „
=
3-906
=
2
5-63
i „
=
1-9021
=
1
2-81
1 grain
=
0-0542
=
0-90
The adoption of this system was not made obligatory upon the
pharmaciens by law until the year 1827 ; and indeed it appears never
to have been generally adopted, the greatest confusion having pre-
vailed with regard to the weights and measures used in the prepara-
tion of medicine, as well as in commerce generally, up to the year
1840. In July 1837, a law was passed which definitively abolished the
use of all other weights and measures, excepting those of the decimal
system, from and after August 1840. The Decimal Weight, there-
fore, is now the only one permitted to be used throughout France.
The Medicinal Weights, used in the principal countries in con-
tinental Europe, are represented in the following table?, the third of
which gives the equivalents in English troy grains, according to the
calculations of Soubeiran and Christison : —
1. SPANISH, TUSCAN, ROMAN, AND OLD FRENCH
MEDICAL WEIGHTS.
1 grain.
24 = 1 scruple.
72 = 3=1 drachm.
576 = 24 = 8 = 1 ounce.
6912 = 288 = 96 = 12 = 1 pound.
2. AUSTRIAN, GERMAN, RUSSIAN, PRUSSIAN, DUTCH, BELGIAN, SWEDISH,
PIEDMONTESE, AND VENETIAN MEDICINAL WEIGHTS.
1 grain.
20 = 1 scruple.
60 = 3 = 1 drachm.
480 = 24 = 8 = 1 ounce.
5760 = 288 = 96 = 12 = 1 pound.
The value of the grain in several of the above countries differs, as
will be seen in the following table : —
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
2f
VALUE OF CONTINENTAL MEDICINAL WEIGHTS IN TROY GRAINS.
Pound.
Ounce.
Dram.
B
.Scruple consisting of
Grain.
24 grains.
20 grains.
French, (Old)
5670-7
472-50
59-07
19-68
0-820
Spanish
5320-4
443-49
55-44
18-47
0-769
Tuscan
5240-3
436-67
54-58
18-19
0-758
Eonian
5235-0
436-25
54-53
18-17
0-757
Austrian
6495-1
541-25
67-65
22-55
1-127
German
5524-8
460-40
57-55
19-18
0-960
Russian
5524-8
460-40
57-55
19-18
0-960
Prussian
5415-1
451-26
56-40
18-80
0-940
Dutch
5695-8
474-64
59-33
19-78
0-988
Belgian
5695-8
474-64
59-33
19-78
0-988
Swedish
5500-2
458-34
57-29
19-09
0-954
Piedmontese
4744-7
395 • 39
49-45
16-48
0-824
Venetian
4661-4
388-45
48-55
16-18
0-809
Weights in Use in British India.* — The unit of the British
Indian ponderary system is called the tola. It weighs 180 grains
English troy weight. From it upwards are derived the heavy weights,
viz., chitak, seer, and mun, or maund ; and by its subdivision the
small, or jeweller's weights, called mashas, ruttees, and dhans.
In the following table, the equivalents for these are given in troy
weiarht : —
BRITISH INDIAN WEIGHTS.
Equivalents in
Troy weight.
1 dhan . , . . . . . , . . •4687
4 =: 1 ruttee 1-875
32 = 8 = 1 masha 15-
384= 96= 12= 1 tola or rupee . . . .180*
1920 = 480 = 60 = 5=1 chitak . . lb. oz. 900-
30720 = 7680 = 960 = 80 = 16 = 1 seer . . 2 6
153600 = 38400 = 4800 = 400 = 80 = 5 = 1 pusseree 12 6
1228800 =307200 =38400 =3200 =640 =40 = 8 = 1 raun 100 0
The mun (or that weight to which it closely accords in value, and
to which it is legally equivalent in the new scale) has been hitherto
better known among Europeans by the name oi bazaar maund; but
upon its general adoption, under regulation vii., 1833, for all trans-
actions of the British government, it should be denominated the British
maund, (in the Hindee, Ungrezee mun,) to distinguish it at once from
all other weights in use throughout the country.
The seer being the commonest weight in use in the Indian bazaar,
and being liable, according to the pernicious system hitherto prevalent,
* O'Shanghnessy's Bengal Dispensatory, from Frincep's Useful Tables, and Rushton's
Bengal and Agra Gazetteer.
28 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
to vary in weight for every article sold, as well as for everj^ market, is
generally in native mercantile dealings referred to the common unit for
distinction, as " tlie* seer of so many tolas" (or siccus, barees, takos,
&c.) The standard, or bazaar seer, is always eighty tolas.
The tola is chiefly used in weighing the precious metals and
coin. All bullion at the mints is received by this denomination of
weight.
The following is the system of weights to be adopted in the forth-
coming Bengal Pharmacopceia.
" To ensure perfect uniformity in the preparation and doses of
medicines, and at the same time to provide a standard vmiversally and
easily obtained, we have adopted as the basis of our system, both of
weights and measures, the Honourable East India Company s new
rupee.
" By numerous experiments it has been ascertained that the new
rupee or tola, as found in circulation, is exactly equal to 180 English
pharmaceutical grains.
" The half rupee and quarter rupee (silver) of the new currency are
equal to 90 and 45 grains each.
" The new copper joi'ce is equal to 100 grains.
" The quarter rupee (silver) we divide into 45 equal parts, each
termed one grain."
" Having thus derived the grain weight equivalent to one grain
troy, other denominations of weights are formed, corresponding witli
the English apothecaries' weight, which weights are to be used in dis-
pensing medicines."
OTHER FOREIGN WEIGHTS.
Tchegy, the pound by which drugs are sold in Turkey = 4957
English grains. It is divided into 100 drachms ; each drachm into
16 killos ; and each killo into 4 grains.
Loth, in Germany = -^ an ounce.
Obolo (Spanish), = ^ a Spanish scruple ; 3 silicua = 1 obolo ;
4 grains = 1 silicua.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Before the passing of the Act, 5th & 6th William IV. cap. 63, in
1835, there were several measures of extension and capacity employed
in this country. Laws had frequently been passed, from an early
period in our history, for the regulation of these, in common with
weights. King Henry I. commanded that the ulna, or ancient ell,
which answers to the modern yard, should be made of the exact
length of his own arm ; and by the statute called " Compositio
Ulnarum et Perticarum," it was enacted that three grains of barley
make one inch; 12 inches one foot; 3 feet one yard; and oi yards
one perch.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 29
P
LONG MEASURE.
1 inch.
^
12 =
1
foot.
36 =
3
= 1 3
•ard.
72 =
6
2
= 1 fathom.
198 =
m
= 5i
= 1 pole, perch, or rod.
7920 =
660
= 220
= 40= 1 furlong-.
63360 =
5280
= 1760
= 320 = 8 = 1 mile.
190080 =
15840
= 5280
= 960 = 24 = 3 = 1 league
COR^
■ MEASURE.
4 =
2 =
8 =
4 =
16 =
8 =
64 =
32 =
512 =
256 =
2560 =
1280 =
1 pint.
2 = 1 quart.
1 pottle.
2 = 1 gallon.
4 = 2 = 1 peck.
16= 8= 4=1 bushel.
128= 64= 32= 8= 1 quarter.
640 = 320 = 160 = 40 = 5 = 1 load, wey, or ton.
51 20 = 2560 = 1280 = 640 = 320 = 80 = 10 = 2 = 1 last.
The gallon of this measure contains 268*8 cubic inches, and the
bushel, which was called the Winchester bushel, 2150*42 cubic inches.
ALE AND BEER MEASURE.
1 pint.
2 = 1 quart.
8 = 4 = 1 gallon.
288 = 144 = 36 = 1 barrel.
432 = 216 = 54 = U= 1 hogshead.
576 = 288= 72 = 2 = li-= 1 puncheon.
864 = 432 = 108 = 3 = 2 = 14 = 1 butt.
1728 = 864 = 208 = 6 = 4 = 3i = 2 = 1 tun.
The ffallon of this measure contains 282 cubic inches.
WINE MEA
SUI
IE.
1 pint.
2 =
1(
quart.
8 =
4
=
l!
gallon.
336 =
168
=
42
= 1 tierce
504 =
252
=
63
= u =
1
hogshead.
672 =
336
=
84
= 2 =
1^
= 1 puncheon.
1008 =
504
=
126
= 3 =
2
= 1^= 1 pipe or butt.
2016 =
1008
=
252
= 6 =
4
= 3 =2=1 ton.
The gallon of this measure contains 231 cubic inches. The wine
gallon and ale gallon have the same proportion to each other that the
troy pound and avoirdupois pound have.
30 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Imperial Measure. — By the Act, 5th Geo. IV. cap. 74, already
referred to, it is enacted, " That from and after the first day of May,
" 1825, the straight line or distance between the centres of the two
*' points in the gold studs in the straight brass rod, now in the custody
" of the Clerk of the House of Commons, whereon the words and figures,
" 'standard yard, 1760,' are engraved, sliall be, and the same is hereby
" declared to be the original and genuine standard of that measure of
" length or lineal extension called a yard ; and that the same straight
" line or distance between the centres of the said two points in the
" said gold studs in the said brass rod, the brass being at the tempera-
" ture of 62 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer, shall be, and is
" hereby denominated, the 'imperial standard yard;' and shall be and
" is hereby declared to be the unit or only standard measure of exten-
" sion, wherefrom or whereby all other measures of extension whatso-
" ever, whether the same be lineal, superficial, or solid, shall be derived,
" computed, and ascertained ; and that all measures of length shall be
" taken in parts or multiples, or certain proportions of the said standard
" yard ; and that one-third part of the said standard yard shall be a
" foot, and the twelfth part of such foot shall be an inch ; and that the
" pole or perch in length shall contain 5J such yards, the furlong 220
" such yards, and the mile 1760 such yards."
" And whereas it is expedient that the said standard yard, if lost,
" destroyed, defaced, or otherwise injured, should be restored of the
" same length, by reference to some invariable natural standard : and
" whereas it has been ascertained by the Commissioners appointed by
" his Majesty to inquire into the subject of weights and measures, that
" the said yard hereby declared to be the imperial standard yard,
" when compared with a pendulum vibrating seconds of mean time in
" the latitude of London, in a vacuum at the level of the sea, is in the
" proportion of thirty-six inches to thirty-nine inches and one thousand
"three hundred and ninety-three ten thousandth parts of an inch;
" (36 : 39" 1393) ; be it therefore enacted and declared, that if at any
" time hereafter the said imperial standard yard shall be lost, or shall
" be in any manner destroyed, defaced, or otherwise injured, it shall
" and may be restored by making, under the direction of the Lord
" High Treasurer, or the Commissioners of his Majesty's Treasury of
" the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or any three of
" them, for the time being, a new standard yard, bearing the same pro-
" portion to such pendulum as aforesaid, as the said imperial standard
" yard bears to such pendulum."
" And be it further enacted, that from and after the first day of
" May, 1825, the standard measure of capacity, as well for liquids as
" for dry goods not measured by heaped measure, shall be the gallon,
" containing ten pounds avoirdupois weight of distilled water weighed
" in air, at the temperature of 62° Fahr., the barometer being at
" thirty inches ; and that a measure shall be forthwith made of brass,
" of such contents as aforesaid, under the directions of the Lord High
" Treasurer, or the Commissioners of his Majesty's Treasury of the
" United Kingdom, or any three or more of them, for the time being ;
" and such brass measure shall be, and is hereby declared to be, the
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
31
" imperial standard gallon, and shall be, and is hereby declared to be,
" the unit and only standard measure of capacity, from which all
" other measures of capacity to be used, as well for wine, beer, ale,
" spirits, and all sorts of liquids, as for dry goods not measured by
" heaped measure, shall be derived, computed, and ascertained ; and
" that all measures shall be taken in parts or multiples, or certain
" proportions of the said imperial standard gallon ; and that the quart
" shall be the fourth part of such standard gallon, and the pint shall
" be one-eighth of such standard gallon, and that two such gallons
" shall be a peck, and eight such gallons shall be a bushel, and eight
" such bushels a quarter of corn or other dry goods, not measured by
" heaped measure."
And by the Act passed in September, 1835 (5th and 6th "William
IV. cap. 63), it is enacted, " That from and after the passing of this
'' Act, the measure called the Winchester bushel, and the lineal
" measure called the Scotch ell, and all local or customary measures,
" shall be abolished ; and every person who shall sell by any deno-
" mination of measure other than one of the imperial measures, or
" some multiple, or some aliquot part, such as half, the quarter, the
" eighth, the sixteenth, or the thirty-second parts thereof, shall, on
" conviction, be liable to a penalty not exceeding the sum of forty
" shillings for every such sale : provided always that nothing herein
" contained shall prevent the sale of any articles in any vessel, Avhere
" such vessel is not represented as containing any amount of imperial
" measure, or of any fixed, local, or customary measure heretofore in
" use."
In the adoption of the new imperial measure, there is no exception
made for medicines, as in the case of weights ; and the use of any
other than the imperial measure is therefore illegal in the sale of these
as well as every other article of commerce.
IMPERIAL MEASURE.
Equivalents in
Avoirdupois weight.
Equivalents in
Troy weight.
^ Of distilled water at 62° Fahrenhei?,
1 pint . . . . . 1-25 lb
.2= 1 quart ... 2-5 „
8 = 4=1 gallon . . 10- „
16= 8= 2= 1 peck . . 20- „
64 = 32 = 8 = 4=1 bushel . 80- „
8750 grains.
17500 „
70000 „
140000 „
560000 „
512 = 256 = 64 = 32 = 8 = 1 quarter 640- „
4480000 „
APOTHECARIES' MEASURE.
(Adopted by the London and Edinburgh Colleges).
Equivalents in
Troy grains.
1 minim ......
0-91
60= 1 fluidrachm ....
54-7
480 = 8 = 1 fluidounce .
437-5
9600= 160= 20=1 pint
. 8750-
76800 = 1280 = 160 = 8 = 1 gallon
. 70000-
32
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
APOTHECARIES' MEASURE.
(Adopted by the Dublin College, in their Fharmacopceia of 1826.)
Equivalents in Troy
Equivalents in
grains of distilled
Troy grains.
water at 60*^
Fahr.
(Christison's
(Dublin Pharm
, 1826.)
Dispensatory.)
1 grain measure
1 grain
very nearly
0-95 g
1 scruple measure
19 „
18-948
1 drachm measure
57 „
56-95
1 ounce measure
456-5 „
455-6075
1 pint measure
7291- ,,
7289-725
1 gallon measure
58327-5 „
58317-798
grams.
The Dublin College direct, that wherever the term Libra occurs in
their Pharmacopoeia of 1826, as applied to liquids, it is to be understood
as a pint by measure.
APOTHECARIES' MEASURE.
(^Adopted by the Dublin College, in their Pharmacoj)a:ia of 1850.)
Symbols.
1 minim
20 = 1 fluid scruple .
60 = 3 = 1 fluid drachm
480 = 24 = 8 = 1 fluid ounce .
9600= 480= 160= 20=1 pint .
76800 = 3840 = 1280 = 160 = 8 = 1 gallon
" The term libra, which properly signifies a pound, has been also
used to designate a pint ; but as the imperial pint of water weighs 1 i
pound, such application of the term is no longer proper."' — Dublin
Pharmacopoeia, 1850.
Relation between the Old, or Wine Measure, formerly used in Medi-
cine, and the New or Imperial Measure.
ML
. fl9
. . . fl:5
. . . fl5
. 0
. C
WINE MEASURE.
Equivalents in
cubic inches.
Equivalents in Troy
grains of distilled
water at 60'= Fahr.
1 gallon
=
231-
= 58317-798
1 quart
=
57-75
= 14579-4495
1 pint
=
28-875
7289-72475
16 ounces
=
28-875
7289-72475
1 ounce
=
1-8046
455-6075
IMPERIAL MEASURE
Equivalents in
cubic inches.
Equivalents in
Troy grains of
distilled water
at 62° Fahr.
1 gallon
=
277-274
= 70000
1 quart
=
69-3185
= 17500
1 pint
=
34-65925
8750
16 ounces
=
27-72740
7000
1 ounce
=
1-73296
437-5
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 33
The weight of 1 cubic inch of distilled water weighed in air at 62^
Fahr. is stated in the Act of Parliament (see page 20) to be 2.52-458
Troy grains ; but this is probably not strictly correct.
FOREIGN MEASURES.
OLD FRENCH MEASURE, CALLED PARIS LONG MEASURE.
The French toise = 6-3945 English feet
The Paris royal foot of 12 inches ~
The inch
The line, or -^ of an inch
The tV of a line .
= 12-7895 English inches.
1-0657 „ „
-0888 „ „
•0074 .,
To reduce Paris feet or inches into English, multiply by li.nR'^QTT-
To convert English feet or inches into Paris, divide by f
To reduce Paris cubic feet or inches to English, multiply by ) . oi 1 070
To convert English cubic feet or inches to Paris, divide by J f
OLD FRENCH MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
Poisson = 3-631 English cubic inches.
Paris pint = 58-145 „ „
Litron = 49-617 „ „
Boisseau = 793-856 „ „
Minot = 1-378 cubic feet.
Mine = 2-756 „
Setier = 5-512 „
Muid = 66-146 „
To reduce the Paris pint to the English imperial]
pint, divide by ' 1.677618
To convert the English imperial pint to the Paris [
pint, multiply by J
FOREIGN MEASURES.
Kanne, or Mass, (Austria) = 1-415 litres.
Kanna, (Sweden)
= 2-62
Mass, (Wurtemburg)
= 1-837
Pott, (Denmark)
= 0-9653
Arroba, (Spain)
= 16-073
Almude, (Portugal)
= 16-451
Quart, (Prussia)
= 1-145
Barile, (Naples)
= 43-621
Do., (Rome)
= 58-341
Do., (Tuscany)
= 45-584
Wedro, (Russia)
= 12-29
NEW FRENCH MEASURES, CALLED THE DECIMAL MEASURES.
The use of any other measures but these was made illegal by the law
passed in 1837, and which came into operation in January, 1840.
3i
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
FRENCH MEASURES OF LENGTH.
{The French measure being at 32° Fahr., and the English at 62° Fahr,)
English inches.
•03937
Millimetre
Centimetre
Decimetre
Metre
Decametre
Hectometre
Kilometre
•39371
3-93708
39-37079
393-70790
3937-07900
39370-79000
English Long Measure.
miles.
= 0
= 0
= 0
= 0
Myriaraetre =393707-90000 = 6
ftirls.
0
0
0
4
1
yards.
1
10
109
213
156
feet.
0
2
1
1
0
inchef,
3-7
9-7
1
10
0
FRENCH MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
English Apothecaries' Measure,
English
cubic inches.
galls.
pts.
ozs.
drs.
m.
Millitre .
-0610
16-9
Centilitre
-6103
2
50
Decilitre
6-1027
3
4
13
Litre
61-027
1
15
2
11
Decalitre
610-27
2
1
12
5
51
Hectolitre
6102-7
22
0
7
3
8
Kilolitre
. 61027-
220
3
13
►t
t
30
Myrialitre
. 610270-
2204
4
10
3
The annexed table is used in the same way as the tables given in works
on Analytical Chemistry. The figures in the first horizontal line repre-
sent the number of any denomination of French measures or weights
(expressed in capitals in the first vertical column), the equivalents for
which in English measures or weights are required. The figures
opposite the several denominations of English measures or weights
are the eq'uivalents for the French measures or weights, and each,
vertical column gives the several values of the number of French
measures or weights indicated by the figure at the top of the column.
Thus, 1 metre = 1-09363 English yards, or 3-28090 feet, or 39-37080
inches. 2 decimetres = 0-65618 feet. 4 litres = 7*04531 pints, 5
kilogrammes = 77161-7440 grains. 1 gramme = 15-4323488 grains, &c.
The nine columns of numbers, therefore, give the values, respectively,
of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, of each of the denominations of French
measures or weights specified. If it be required to get the values of
10, 20, 30, 40, &c., instead of 1, 2, 3, 4, &c., of any denomination of
French measure or weight, it is only necessary, in the line of figures
in which the values are expressed, to remove the decimal point over one
figure towards the right hand. Thus the value of 10 metres is 10-9363
yards, and the value of 20 decimetres is 6-5618 feet. In this way the
units may be converted into tens, hundreds, &c., by shifting the decimal
point towards the right. In like manner the whole numbers may be
converted into decimals, and their values ascertained by shifting the
decimal point towards the left hand. An illustration will render the
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREST.
33
■
(M
(N
>
O 05 CI
r-l T-l
t^
■ -*
OS lO-
05
03
V
t> o o
00 t^
CO
CO
■<1< 05
CO
CO
<>» 00 t^
(M CO
CO
•>*'
V-4
»
-* (M .-O
lO CO
^
lO
00 'O
>
1— 1
o
00 iO CO
Ol -*
lO
CO
05 00
CT>
OS
00
C5 Oi ■*
<^l 1^
CO
6
I^ lo
00
<N lO
CO
00
00
CO
CO
CO
T(<
"*
O 05 O
<M CO
CO
r-
CO (M
o
o
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t- CD
CO
05
CO CD
05
as
® (>. CD
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a>
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— o
t-
t-
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ffiOi
yff
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00
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CO •*
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c- o
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OPh
13
Yards
Feet
Inches
1 '. '.
1 •
1 •
1 =
E
1 •
1
ei
a
c:
S
1
i-s
03 .
H
H
1 -^
a
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a m
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Feet
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tf.9
11
S.S
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^
«
o
» 2
36
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
mode of using the table evident. Let it be required to give the value
of 461-32 grammes in English grains. The table shows that 4
grammes are = 61-7293752 grains. Now, by moving the decimal
point over two figures towards the right hand, we get the value of
400 grammes, and by shifting the decimal i^oint over one figure, in
the numbers representing the value of 6 grammes, we get the value
of 60 grammes. "We thus get the result as follows : —
400-
60-
1-
•3
-02
grammes
= 6172-93752 grains
= 925-94090 „
15-43234 „
4-62970 „
-30864 „
461-32
= 7119-24910 ,,
BAROMETER SCALE IN MILLIMETRES AND INCHES.
Milm.
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
Inches.
27-
560
27
590
27
638
27
678
27
717
27
756
27
795
27
835
27
876
27
914
27
953
27
992
28
032
28
•071
28
111
28
150
28
•189
28
•229
28
•268
28
•308
28
■347
28
•386
28
•426
28
465
28
504
28
•543
28
583
28
622
28
661
28
701
Milm.
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
Inches.
28 •
741
28-
780
28
819
28
859
28
898
28-
938
28-
977
29
016
29
056
29
095
29
•134
29
•174
29
213
29
•252
29
292
29
331
29
•371
29
410
29
•449
29
•489
29
•528
29
•567
29
607
29
646
29
685
29
725
29
764
29
804
29
843
29
882
Milm.
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
Inches.
29
992
29
961
30
000
30 •
040
30
079
SO-
119
SO
158
30
197
30
237
30
•276
30
■315
30
355
30
384
30
•434
30
•473
30
•512
30
552
30
•591
30
631
30
•670
30
709
30
749
30
788
30
827
30
867
30
906
30
945
30
985
31
024
31
063
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. 37
28 inches = 711*187 millimetres.
29 „ = 735-587
30 „ = 761-986 „
31 „ = 787-386
1 millimetre = 0-03937 inch.
•1 „ = 0-00394 „
•01 „ = 0-00039 „
1 inch = 25-39954 millimetres.
•1 „ = 2-53995 „
•01 „ = 0-25400 „
•001,, = 0-02540
SPECIFIC GEAVITY.
The determination of the specific gravity of a body consists in esti-
mating the weight of a given volume of it, as compared with an equal
volume of some other body. The bodies usually taken as the standards
of comparison are, pure water for solids and liquids, and atmospheric
air for gases.
The specific gravity of a solid is determined by first weighing it, in
the ordinary manner, with an accurate balance suspended in the air ;
then attaching a horse hair or fine silken thread to the solid body, im-
mersing it in pure distilled water, and weighing it while thus immersed.
The weight of the body in air, divided by the difference between its
weight in air and its weight in water, will be its specific gravity.
Thus a piece of lead is found to weigh 398 grains in air ; when
immersed in water, its weight is 362-4 grains ; and the diflference
between these two weights, namely 35'6, is the weight of the volume
of water displaced by the lead, or of a volume of water equal to that
of the lead. The volume of water being taken as unity, the specific
gravity of the lead is found by the following rule-of-three sum : —
35-6 : 1 : : 398 : 11-176, the specific gravity of the lead.
In taking the specific gravity of a solid substance lighter than water,
some modification of the process is required ; but we have, neverthe-
less, the same preliminary points to determine : first, the weight of the
substance in air ; and secondly, the weight of an equal volume of
water. This may be illustrated by taking the specific gravity of a
piece of wax. The weight of the wax in air is 105-4 grains. On
immersing the wax in water, two pressures are exerted, — a pressure
downwards equal to the gravity or weight of the wax, and a pressure
upwards equal to the weight of the volume of water displaced by the
wax ; but the specific gravity of water being greater than that of wax,
the upward pressure preponderates, and the wax rises to the surface.
Thus we find, that a volume of water equal to that of the wax weighs
as much as the wax, and something more. "We must ascertain how
much more ; and this is done in the following manner : — Some body
heavier than water, and the weight of which in water is known, is
attached to the wax, and the two bodies are weighed in water together.
A piece of lead may be used for this purpose. The lead alone weighs
378 grains in water ; with the wax attached to it, the weight in water
38 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
is 372*4 grains, making a diflPerence of 5*6 grains ; and this 5*6 grains
is equal to the excess of the upward over the downward pressure on
the wax when immersed in water. Thus a volume of water equal to
that of the wax weighs 5'6 grains more than the wax, or 105-44-5*6
= 111 grains.
Then, 111:1:: 105*5 : 0-949, the specific gravity of the wax.
It sometimes happens that the solid substance, the specific gravity
of which is to be determined, is in powder, or in several small particles.
In such cases, it is found convenient to proceed as in the following
method of taking the specific gravity of calomel : —
100 grains of calomel are introduced into a specific-gravity bottle,
which holds 1000 grains of distilled water ; the bottle is filled up with
water, and the weight of the contents is found to be 1083*7 grains ;
deducting the weight of the calomel (100 grains) from this, the re-
mainder (983*7 grains) will be the weight of the water in the bottle,
and the diflPerence (16*3 grains) between this and 1000 grains, the
weight of the whole contents of the bottle when filled with distilled,
water, is the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the
calomel.
Then, 16*3 : 1 : : 100 : 6*03, the specific gravity of the calomel.
In taking the specific gravity of substances soluble in water, or her
modifications of the process are required. Sometimes the substance
may be covered with a thin coating of varnish, so as to protect it from
the action of the water. This method answers very well for blue pill,
which may be brushed over with a strong tincture of mastic, and then
proceeded with as in the case of the lead. In other instances, how-
ever, it is necessary to pursue a diflTerent course. Thus, any powder
that is soluble in water must have its specific gravity taken, in
the first instance, with reference to some liquid in which it is not
soluble.
Spirit of wine, oil of turpentine, or olive oil, may be used in such
<ases. The process may be illustrated by describing the method of
taking the specific gravity of guano in oil of turpentine.
In the first place, the specific gravity of the oil of turpentine is
ascertained to be 0*874. Then 100 grains of guano are introduced
into a specific-gravity bottle, as in the case of the calomel ; and the
bottle being filled up with oil of turpentine, the weight of the contents
is found to be 922*7 grains, from which, deducting 100 grains, the re-
mainder (842*7 grains) will represent the oil not displaced by the
guano ; and this, deducted from 874 grains, the quantity of oil the
bottle is capable of holding, leaves 51*3 grains as the weight of a
volume of oil of turpentine equal to that of the guano. Now,
874 : 51*3 : : 1000 : 58*7, the weight of a volume of water equal
to that of the guano.
Then, 58*7 : 1 : : 100 : 1*7, the specific gravity of the guano.
The methods by which the specific gravities of liquids are usually
determined, may be divided into two classes :— -
1st. Those which consist in filling any suitable vessel with the liquid
to be estimated ; ascertaining the weight of the contents, and dividing
this by the weight of the same volume of water.
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. 89
2adly. Those which consist in displacing a portion of the liquid by
some solid body floating in it, and estimating the specific gravity
according to the weight and volume of the substance immersed, as
compared with its immersion in water.
In the first case, the instruments employed are, a specific-gravity
bottle, and an ordinary balance.
In the second case, the instruments used may be comprehended
under the general terms of hydrometers or areometers. These, how-
ever, are distinguislied from each other — for there are many varieties
of them— by dififerent names, according to the particular purpose for
which they are respectively intended, or from some peculiarity in their
construction.
The specific-gravity bottle affords the most accurate means of deter-
mining the comparative densities of liquids. It consists, usually, of a
globular bottle with a flat bottom and a slender neck, which holds
exactly 1000 grains of distilled water at a certain fixed temperature.
It is very easy at any time to test the accuracy of one of these bottles
by a single experiment ; and having ascertained that the bottle is cor-
rectly adjusted with regard to distilled water, the indications afforded
with any other liquid will be equally trustworthy. The weight in
grains, of the quantity of any liquid filling such bottle, will indicate its
specific gravity.
Hydrometers, or Areometers, are floating instruments, and their
application for the purpose of determining the specific gravities of
liquids depends upon the fact, that a body immersed in any liquid
sustains a pressure from below, upwards, equal to the weight of the
volume of the liquid displaced by such body.
The use of hydrometers for determining the specific gravities of
liquids has been traced back to a period about 300 years before Christ ;
an instrument of this kind being described as the invention of Archi-"
medes, the Sicilian mathematician. It subsequently fell into disuse^
but was again brought into notice by Basil Valentine.
There are two kinds of hydrometers which may be taken as the types
of all the different varieties in regard to construction ; — ■
1st. Those which are always immersed in the liquids to be tried to
the same depth, and to wiiich weights are added to adjust the instru-
ment to the density of any particular liquid. Of this description are
FaJirenheit's, Nicholson's, and Guyton de Morveau's hydrometers.
2nd. Those which are always used with the same weight, but which
sink into the liquids to be tried to different depths, according to the
densities of the liquids. These usually have graduated scales attached
to their stems. Of this description are the common glass hydrometers
generally, including those of Baume, Cartier, Gay Lussac, Twaddle,
Zanetti, &c., and the specific-gravity beads.
Sikes's and Dicas's hydrometers combine the principles of both types,
having moveable weights and graduated scales.
Hydrometers may also be divided into two classes, as follow : —
First. Those having a general application for determining the com-
parative densities of any liquids ;
Second. Those intended for special application, as for estimating the
40 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
comparative strengths of spirits, or the comparative densities of syrups,
oils, &c.
Fahrenheit's, Nicholson's, Guyton de Morveau's, and the common
glass hydrometers, including Baume's, Cartier's, Zanetti's, and the
specific-gravity beads, belong to the first class.
Gay Lussac's, Sikes's, and Dicas's hydrometers, the Saccharometer,
Urinometer, and Elaeometer belong to the second class.
Fahrenheit s Hydrometer consists of two glass bulbs blown in a
glass tube, like a common hydrometer, excepting that the upper bulb
is larger, and the stem, which is small, is terminated at the top in a
cup or funnel. It has a mark on the middle of the stem, indicating
the point at which the instrument is to be made to float, by means of
weights put into the cup.
Nicholson's Hydrometer is a modification of Fahrenheit's. It is
made of brass, and consists of a hollow globe, to which is fixed a
slender stem surmounted by a cup ; on the opposite side of the globe
is another cup fixed in a kind of stirrup, and loaded so that this may
always form the lowest point of the instrument when immersed in any
liquid. There is a mark on the middle of the upper stem, indicating
the point at which the instrument is to be made to float. A certain
weight is introduced into the cup, to cause the instrument to sink to
the proper mark in distilled water. On immersing the hydrometer
into any other liquid, more or less weight will have to be put into the
cup, according as such liquid is more or less dense than water. Thus
the relative densities of liquids is determined.
This instrument is also applicable for taking the specific gravities of
solids. If the solid substance be put into the cup as part of the weight
required to sink the hydrometer in distilled water, the Aveight of the
substance in air is ascertained ; and if it be then put into the lower
cup, immersed in the water, and the instrument again adjusted, its
•weight in water is ascertained ; and from these its specific gravity is
calculated.
Guyton de Morveav!s hydrometer is similar to Fahrenheit's.
Baume^s hydrometers are used extensively in this country, as well
as in France, and are applicable for all kinds of liquids. There are
two distinct instruments, one for liquids lighter than water, and the
other for liquids heavier than water. The latter is, for distinction,
called the Acidometer or Saccharometer {pese-acide or pese-sirop) ;
the former, the Spirit Hydrometer (pese-esprit).
Baumes Acidometer is made in the form of the common hydrometers.
It consists of a glass tube terminated at the lower end by two bulbs,
the lowest bulb being much smaller that the other, and intended to
contain the ballast with which the instrument is loaded. The scale is
marked on a slip of paper, or of ivory, fixed in the tube, and is ad-
justed in the following manner : — The top of the tube being open, the
slip of paper on which the scale is to be marked is put into the stem,
and the instrument is then immersed in pure distilled water; quick-
silver is now dropped into the lower ball until the instrument sinks so
low in the water that only the top of the stem remains above the sur-
face, and a mark is made on the glass denoting exactly the point to
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. 41
which it sinks. The instrument is now taken out of the pure water,
and put into a solution of fifteen parts of common salt in eiglity-five
parts of distilled water, this solution being- at the same temperature as
the water in which the instrument was previously immersed. The point
to which it sinks in this solution is to be marked on the stem as before,
and the distance between the two marks being taken with a pair of
compasses, and transferred to the slip of paper, the first is made the
zero or 0, and the other the 15th degree of the scale. This distance
being divided into fifteen equal parts or divisions, each division is
called a degree, and the scale is completed by adding as many more
degrees as the length of the stem will admit of. This being done, the
slip of paper is again introduced into its place, and so fixed that the
zero (0) of the scale shall be exactly opposite the first mark made
on tlie glass. The end of the stem is now sealed with the flame of a
blowpipe.
Baume^s Spirit Hydrometer is similar in form to the acidometer,
but the weight of the instrument, and the scale, are different. In this
case, the hydrometer is first immersed, as before, in pure distilled
water ; but it is made to float, so that the greater part of the stem
shall be above the surface of the water. This point is marked, and
the instrument is then transferred to a solution of ten parts of common
salt in ninety parts of water, when another mark is made. The dis-
tance between these marks is made ten degrees of the scale, which are
divided with the compasses, and marked on the slip of paper, as in the
other case, the floating point in the solution of salt being made the
zero, and the degrees carried upwards from this point.
The temperature at which these instruments were originally adjusted
by Baume, was 10" Reaumur, or 12-5 Centigrade; but those made in
England are usually adjusted at 60° Fahrenheit. It is sometimes im-
portant to be aware of this difference.
Cartier^s Hydrometer is much used in France. It is only applicable
for liquids lighter than water. This instrument is a modification of
Eaume's spirit hydrometer, the form of the instrument being the same,
and the same point being taken as the zero of the scale ; but the space
which in Baume's scale is divided into 32'', is in Cartier's divided
into ZQ°.
It is becoming the common practice in this country to have the
scales of hydrometers marked with the specific gravities intended to be
indicated, and this is by far the most convenient kind of hydrometer for
general use.
Twaddle's Hydrometers are much used by manufacturers for esti-
mating the strength of saline and other solutions. They are made of
glass like the common hydrometers, and are sold in sets of six. Each
degree on the scale is equal to 0*005 of specific gravity ; so that the
specific gravity of a liquid is found, with these hydrometers, by multi-
plying the number of degrees indicated by 5, and adding 1000. Thus,
10** l)y Twaddle's hydrometer, x 5-f 1000 = 1-050 specific gravity.
Zanetti's Hydrometers, which are made at Manchester, are also sold
in sets of six. With these the specific gravity is got by adding a cipher
to the number of degrees indicated.
42 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
Specific-gravity beads, sometimes called Lovis heads, are hollow
sealed globes of glass, about the size of small pistol-bullets. Each bead
is a small hydrometer, intended to indicate one fixed density, by its
remaining half-way between the top and bottom of the liquid into which
it is introduced. These beads are sold in sets, each one being marked
with the specific gravity it is to indicate at a certain fixed temperature.
They are very useful in making mixtures of any required densities, as,
for instance, in making test acids.
Gay Lussacs Aleoliolometre is frequently employed in France ; it is
adapted only for estimating the strength of spirits. The instrument
is made like a con)mon glass hydrometer, the scale of which is divided
into 100 parts or degrees. The lowest division, marked 0, at the
bottom of the scale, denotes the specific gravity of pure water at a
temperature of 16'^ Cent., and the highest division, at the top of the
scale, the specific gravity of absolute alcohol at the same temperature.
The intermediate degrees indicate the number of volumes of absolute
alcohol in 100 volumes of the spirit tried. The instrument is accom-
panied by a table for correcting the numbers marked on the scale, when
it is used at any other temperature than that of 15*^ Cent.
Sikes's Hydrometer is used exclusively in the collection of the spirit
revenue. It consists of a spherical ball or float, and an upper and
a lower stem, made of brass ; the upper stem has ten principal divisions,
numbered 1, 2, 3, &c., which are each subdivided into five parts; the
lower stem is made conical, and has a pear-shaped loaded bulb at its
lower extremity. There are nine moveable weights, having the form
of circular discs, and nmnbered 10, 20, 30, and so on to 90. Each of
the circular weights is cut into its centre, so that it can be placed on
the inferior conical stem, and slid down to the bulb ; but in consequence
of the enlargement of the cone, they cannot slip off at the bottom ; but
must be drawn up to the thin part for this purpose. The instrument
is adjusted to strong spirit, specific gravity '825, at 60" Fahr., this
being reckoned as standard alcohol. In this spirit the instrument
floats at the first division, 0, or zero, without a weight. In weaker
spirit, having a greater density, the hydrometer will not sink so low,
and if the density be much greater, it will be necessary to add one of
the weights to cause the entire immersion of the bulb of the instru-
ment. Each weight represents so many principal divisions of the
stem as its number indicates : thus, the heaviest weight, marked 90, is
equivalent to 90 divisions of the stem, and the instrument with this
weight added floats at 0 in distilled water. As each principal division
on the stem is divided into five, the instrument has a range of 500
degrees between standard alcohol, specific gravity •825, and water.
In using this instrument, it is immersed in the spirit, and pressed
down by the hand to 0, till the whole divided part of the stem be wet.
The force of the hand required to sink it will be a guide in selecting
the proper weight. Having taken one of the circular weights, which,
is necessary for this purpose, it is slipped on the conical stem. The
instrument is again immersed and pressed down as before to 0, and is
then allowed to rise and settle at any point of the scale. The eye is
then brought to the level of the surface of the spirit, and the part of
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. 43
the stem cut by the surface, as seen from below, is marked. The
number thus indicated by the stem is added to the number of the
weight employed, and with this sum at the side, and the temperature
■of tlie spirits at the top, tlie strength per cent, is found in a table which
accompanies the hydrometer. The strength is expressed in numbers
■denoting the excess or deficiency per cent, of proof spirit in any sample,
and the number itself, having its decimal point removed two places to
the left, becomes a factor, wliereby the gauged contents of a cask or
vessel of such spirit being multiplied, and the product being added to
the g-auged contents if over proof, or deducted from it if under proof,
the result will be the actual quantity of proof spirit contained in such
•cask or vessel.
Uicas's Hydrometer is similar in construction to Sikes's, and it is
used in a similar manner, with the same result, indicating the relation
•of the spirit tried to standard proof spirit.
It is the practice in commerce to designate the strength of spirit as
so many degrees above or below proof, the Government having fixed
upon Avhat is called proof spirit as the standard in comparison with
which the strength of all spirit shall be estimated. The term proof
is said to have been derived from the ancient practice of trying the
«trength of spirit by pouring it over gunpowder in a cup, and theft
setting fire to the spirit ; if, when (he spirit had burned away, the
gunpowder exploded, the spirit was said to be ever proof; if, on the
other hand, the gunpowder failed to ignite, in consequence of the
water left from the spirit, it was. said to be under proof The weakest
spirit capable of firing gunpowder in this way was called proof spirit :
but it requires a spirit nearly of the strength of what is now called
rectified spirit to stand this test. The standard proof spirit of the
Excise is defined by law (56 Geo. III. cap. 140) to be " that which at
a temperature of 51° by Fahrenheit s thermometer, weighs exactly
twelve-thirteenth parts of an equal measure of distilled water." This
will liave a specific gravity of -923 at 51*^ Fahr., or about -920 at 60^
Fahr. The */a«(/arc? a/eo/io/ of the Excise is spirit the specific gravity
of which is '825 at 60^* Fahr. By "spirit 60 degrees over proof," is
understood 'a spirit 100 measures of which added to 60 measures of
water, will form standard proof spirit, sp. gr. 920. By " spirit 10
degrees under proof," is understood a spirit 100 measures of which,
mixed with 10 measures of standard alcohol, sp. gr. '825, will form
standard proof spirit.
Saccharometers, which are hydrometers intended for determining
the density of syrups, are usually made and graduated in the same
manner as Baume's Acidometers, and differ only from these in being
tiiade smaller ; but the scale is sorhetimes graduated to indicate the
proportion of sugar in the solutioh.
■ The Urinometer is a small hydrometer, originally suggested by Dr.
Prout, for estimating the density of urine. The scale is divided into
€0 degrees, the zero being the point at which it floats in distilled
water. The numbers on the scale, added to 1000, the assumed sp. gr.
of water, give the specific gravities at the respective points: thus,
supposing the number cut by the surface of the liquid to be 30, this
44
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
indicates a sp, gr. 1030. The letters H. S. on the back of the scale
signify healthy standard, which ranges from 10® to 20* of the scale.
The Elaeometer is a very delicate glass hydrometer, intended for
testing the purity of olive oil, or oil of almonds, by determining their
densities. The 0 or zero of the scale is the point at which the instru-
ment floats in oil of jioppy seeds. The point at which it floats in pure
olive oil is made the 50th degree, and the space between these two
points is divided into 50 equal parts, and numbered accordingly. It
floats at 38 or 38^'^ m picre oil of almonds.
The following tables have been drawn up for the purpose of show-
ing the relations between the indications afforded by some of the
foregoing instruments : —
TABLE OP THE PROPORTION BY WEIGHT OF ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL
(SF. GR. '7938) CONTAINED IN 100 PARTS OP SPIRITS OP DIFFE-
RENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES, AT 60° FAHR.
{Fownes.)
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent.
of
Alcohol.
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent.
of
Alcohol.
(
Specific
jravity.
Per cent,
of
Alcohol
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent.
of
Alcohol.
•9991
0-5
9638
26 •
•9160
51^
•8581
76-
•9981
1
9623
27
9135
52
8557
77-
•9965
2
9609
28
9113
53
8533
78-
•9947
3
9593
29
9090
54
8508
79-
•9930
4
9578
30
9069
55
8483
80-
• 9914
5
9560
31
9047
56
8459
81 •
• 9898
6
9544
32
9025
57
8434
82-
•9884
7
9528
33
9001
58
8408
83 •
•9869
8
9511
34
8979
59
8382
84-
•9855
9
9490
35
8956
60
8357
85-
•9841
10
9470
36
8932
61
8331
86-
•9828
11
9452
37
8908
62
8305
87-
•9815
12
9434
38
8886
63
8279
88-
•9802
13
9416
39
8863
64
8254
89-
•9789
14
9396
40
8840
65
8228
90-
•9778
15
9376
41
8816
66
8199
91-
•9766
16
9356
42
8793
67
8172
92-
•9758
17
9335
43
•8769
68
8145
93-
•9741
18
9314
44
•8745
69
8118
94 •
• 9728
19
9292
45
•8721
70
8089
95-
•9716
20
9270
46
8696
71
8061
96-
•9704
21
9249
47
8672
72
8031
97-
•9691
22
9228
48
•8649
73
8001
98-
•9678
23
9206
49
8625
74
7969
99-
•9665
24
9184
50
•8603
75
7938
100-
•9652
25-
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
45
HYDROMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
100 parts
contain ol
1000 pt3.
Per cent, of
8p. Gr.
Alcohol
contain of
Alcohol,
at60O
Sp. Gr.
Water.
Standard
Sikes
Baume.
Cartier.
Sp. Gr. 79G
Fahr.
796.
Ale. Sp.
by volume.
ByW
eight.
Gr. 825.
Gay Lussac.
796
100
0
46-5
43-48
100
797
99-5
•5
99-75
798
99
1
46
43-06
99-50
799
98-67
1-33
99-25
800
98-33
1-67
99
801
98
2
98-75
802
97-67
2-33
45
42-14
98-50
803
97-33
2-67
42
98-28
804
97
3
98-15
805
96-67
3-33
98
BOG
96-33
3-67
97-80
S06-5
96-17
3-83
44
41-22
97-70
807
96
4
97-60
808
95-5
4-5
41
97-40
809
95
6
97-29
809-5
94-89
6-10
97-10
810
94-67
5-33
97
811
94-33
5-67
43
40-34
96-75
812
94
6
96-50
813
93-67
6-33
40
90-25
814
93-33
6-67
96
815
93
7
95-75
816
92-5
7-5
42
39-40
95-50
817
92
8
95-25
818
91-67
8-33
95
818-6
91-5
8-5
39
94-90
819
91-33
8-67
94-75
820
91
9
94-50
821
91-5
9-5
41
38-46
94-25
822
90
10
♦»
94
823
89-67
10-33
38
93-75
824
89-33
10-67
93-50
825
89
11
1000
63- O.P.
40
37-55
98-25
826
88-5
11-5
993
62
93
827
88
12
988-5
61-5
37
92-6
828
87-67
12-33
984
61
39-5
92-3
829
87-33
12-67
979-5
60-5
39
36-63
91
880
87
13
975
60
91-7
831
86-5
13-5
970-5
59-5
38-5
36-17
91-35
46
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
HYDROMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Sp. Gr.
at 60"
Fahr.
lOOpwts
Alcohol
Sp. Gr.
796.
ByW
contain of
Water,
eight.
1000 pts.
contain of
Standard
Ale. Sp.
Gr. 825.
Sikes.
Baume.
C artier.
Per cent, of
Alcobol,
Sp. Gr. 796
by volume.-
Gay Lussac.
832
86
14
966
59 O.P.
36
91
833
85-67
14-33
961-5
58-3
90-65
834
85-33
14-67
957
58
38
35-72
90-3
835
85
15 :
953
57-5
90
836
84-67
15-33
949
57
37-&
35-26
89-7
837
84-33
15-67
944-5
56-5
89-35-
837-6
84-25
15-75
942-5
56-3
35
89-20
838
84
16
940
56
89
839
83-5
16-5
936
55-5
37
34-80
88-75
840
83
17
932
55
88-5
84]
82-67
17-33
928
54-5
36-5
88-25
842
82-33
17-67
924
54
U'U
88
843
82
18 •
920
63-5
34
87-65
844
81-67
18-33
916
53
36
33-88
87-a
845
81-33
18-67
912
52-5
87
846
81
19
908
52
86-7
847
80-5
19-5
903
61
36-5
33-42
86-35
848
80
20
898
50
86
849
79-67
20-33
893
49-5
86-65
850
79-33
20-67
888
49
3;5
33
85-3
851
79
21
883
48-5
85
852
78-5
21-5
878
48
34-5
32-43
84-7
853
78
22
873
47-5
84-35
854
77-5
22-5
868
47
■
84
855
77
23
862-5
4C-5
34
32-04
83-65
856
76-5
23-5
857
46
83-3
857
76
24
853
45-5
33-5
31-58
83
858
75-67
24-33
849
45
82-7
859
75-33
24-67
844-5
46
82-36
K60
75
25
840
45
33
31-13
82
BOl
74-67
25-33
836-5
fU-6
31
81-7
862
74-38
25-67
833
44
81-3
882-5
74-16
25-84
830-5
43-75
32-5
30-76
80
863
74
26
828
43-5
80-8
864
73-5
26-5
823
43
80-.3
835
73
27
818
42-5
32
30-21
79-95
866
72-5
27-5
813
42
79-6
867
72
28
810
, 41
79-3
867-6
71-83
28-17
808-5
40-5
31-5
29-78
7915
868
71-67
28-33
807
■ 40
79
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
47
HYDROMETEICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Sp. Gr.
atOOo
Fahr.
100 parts (
Alcohol
Sp. Gr.
796.
ByW
lontain of
Water,
eight.
1000 pts.
containof
Standard
Ale. Sp!
Gr. 825.
Sikes.
Baume.
Cartier.
Per cent, of
Alcohol,
Sp. Gr. 796
by volume.
GayLussac.
869
71-33
28-67
802-6
39-5 O.P.
78-65
870
71
29
798
39
31
29-29
78-3
•871
70-5
29-5
792-6
38-6
78
872
70
30
787
38
29
77-7
873
69-5
30-5
781-6
37
30-5
28-83
77-35
874
69
31
776
36
77
875
68-67
31-33
772
36
76-5
876
68-33
31-67
768
34
30
28-38
76
877
68
32
762-5
33
75-65
877-6
67-75
32-25
759-25
32-6
28
75-5
878
67-5
32.5
757
32
75-3
878-5
67-25
32-75
763-75
31-6
29-5
27-91
75
879
67
33
751-6
31
74-8
880
66-5
33-5
746
30
74-3
881
66
34
742
29-5
29
27-44
74
882
65-5
34-6
738
29
73^7
883
65
35
733-5
28-5
27
73-35
883-5
64-83
35-17
731-25
28-25
28-5
26-99
73-17
884
64-67
35-33
729
28
73
885
64-33
35-67
724
27-6
72-5
886
64
36
719
27
28
26-63
72
887
63-67
36-33
714
26
71-5
888
63-33
36-67
709
25
71
889
63
37
704
24-5
27-5
2607
70-65
890
62-6
37-5
699
24
70-3
891
62
38
694
23
69-8
89-2
61-5
38-5
689
22
27
25-61
69-3
893
61
39
644-5
21
69
894
60-67
39-33
680
20
68-7
896
60-33
39-67
675-6
19-5
68-36
896-6
60-16
39-84
673-25
19-25
26-5
25-15
68-17
896
60
40
671
19
25
68
897
59-6
40-5
666-6
18
67-66
898
59
41
662
17
26
24-69
67-a
899
58-6
41-5
666-5
16
67
900
58
42
649
15
60-7
900-5
57-76
42-26
647
14-75
26-6
24-23
06-52
901
57-5
42-5
645
14-5
00-36
901-5
57-25
42-75
643
14-25
24
60-17
90^
57
43
641
14
m '
06
48
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
HYDROMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Sp. Gr.
at 60°
Fahr.
100 parts contain of
Alcohol
Sp. Gr. Water.
796.
By Weight.
1000 pts.
contain of
Standard
Ale. Sp.
Gr. 82.'^.
Sikes.
Baum6.
C artier.
Per cent, of
Alcohol,
Sp. Gr. 796
by volume.
Gay Lussac.
903
56-5
43-5
636
13 O.P.
25
23-77
65-5
904
56
44
631
12
65
905
55-5
44-5
626
11-6
64-5
906
65
45
621
11
24-5
23-31
64
907
54-6
46-6
616-5
10-6
63-66
908
54
46
612
10
23
63-3
909
53-5
46-5
607
9
24
22-85
02-65
910
53
47
602
8
62-3
911
52-5
47-5
595-5
7-5
61-9
912
52
48
591
7
23-5
22-39
61-5
913
51-67
48-33
686
6
61
914
51-33
48-67
581
5
60-5
915
61
49
576
4
23
21-94
60
916
50-5
49-6
671
3
69-6
917
60
60
6G0-5
2
59-3
918
49-67
50-33
562
1
22-6
21-48
59
919
49-33
50-67
654
•5
58-5
920
49
61
550
Proof
68
921
48-5
61-6
545
1 U.P.
22
21-02
67-5
922
48
52
540
2
67
923
47-5
62-5
536-6
3
21-5
20-56
56-5
924
47
53
631
4
66
925
46-6
53-5
626
6
55-6
926
46
54
621
6
21
20-10
55
927
615-6
6-6
928
46
56
610
7
54
929
44-5
66-5
505
8
53-6
929-5
44-25
65-75
502-5
8-5
20-6
19-64
63-25
930
44
56
500
9
53
931
43-67
56-33
495-5
10
52-5
932
43-33
56-67
489
11
62
933
43
67
484
12
20
19-18
51-5
934
42-6
67-5
479
13
19
51
935
42
68
472-5
14
50-5
936
41-5
58-5
468
15
19-5
18-72
50
937
41
59
462
16
49-6
938
40-5
59-5
466
17
49
939
40
60
450
18
]9
18-26
48-6
940
39-5
60-5
444
19
48
940-5
39-26
60-75
441
1,9-5
18
47-63
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
49
HYDROMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Sp. Gr.
at 60°
Fabr.
100 parts
Alcohol
Sp. Gr.
V90.
ByW
3ontain of
Water,
eight.
1000 pts.
contain of
Standard
Ale. Sp.
Gr. 825.
Sikes,
Baume.
C artier.
Per cent, of
Alcoliol,
Sp. Gr. 796
by volume.
Gay Liissac.
941
»39
61
438
20 U.P.
47-25
942
38-5
61-5
432
21
18-5
17-80
40-5
943
38
62
426-5
22
45
944
37-5
62-5
421
23
45-5
945
37
63
416
23-5
18
17-35
44-75
946
36-5
63-5
411
24
44
947
36
64
399
25
17
43-5
948
35-5
64-5
397
26
17-5
16-89
43
949
35
65
389-5
27
42-25
950
34-5
65-5
382
28
41-5
951
34
66
376
29-5
17
16-43
40
952
33-5
66-5
370
31
40-5
953
33
67
364
32-5
39-75
954
32-5
67-5
358
34
39
955
32
68
352
35
16-5
16-3
38-5
956
31-5
68-5
346
36
16
38
957
31
69
339-5
37-5
37-25
958
30
70
333
39
36-5
959
29-5
70-5
324
40-5
16
15-51
35-75-
900
29
71
315
42
35
961
28-5
715
307-5
43-5
34-5
962
28
72
300
45
15-5
15
34
9G3
27
73
292-5
46-5
33
964
26-5
73-5
285
48
32
965
26
74
277-5
49-5
15
14-59
31
966
25-5
74-5
270
51
30
967
26
75
201-5
52-5
29
968
24
76
253
54
28
968-5
23-75
76-25
14-5
14-13
27-5
969
23-5
76-5
244-5
55-5
27
970
23
77
236
57
26
971
22-5
77-5
227
58-5
25
972
22
78
218
60
14
13-67
24
973
21
79
209
62
23
974
20
80
200
64
22
975
19
81
195
66
13-5
13-21
21
976
18-5
81-5
190-5
68
20
977
18
82
183-5
70
19
978
17
83
175
72
13
12-70
18
979
10
84
163
73-5
17
50
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
HYDROMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Sp. Gr.
at 60°
Fahr.
100 parts contain of
Alcohol
Sp. Gr. Water.
706.
By Weight.
1000 pts.
contain of
Standard
Ale. Sp.
. Gr. 825.
Sikes.
Baume.
Cai-tier.
Per cent, of
Alcohol
Sp. Gr. 796
by volume.
Gay Lussac.
980
15-6
84-5
150
75 U.P.
16
981
15
85
143
76
15
982
14
86
135
77
12-5
12-30
14
983
13-5
86-5
128
78-5
13
984
13
87
120
80
12
985
12-5
87-5
112
81
11-25
986
12
88
105
82
12
11.84
10-5
987
11
89
98
83-5
9-75
988
10
90
90
85
9
989
9
91
82
87
11-5
11-38
8
990
8
92
75
89
7
991
7
93
67-5
90-5
6-5
992
6
94
60
92
6
993
5-5
94-6
52-5
93-6
11
10-92
5
994
5
95
45
95
4
995
4
96
37-5
95-6
3-5
996
3-5
96-5
30
96
10-6
10-46
3
997
3
97
22-5
97
2
998
2
98
15
98
1
999
1
99
7-5
99
•5
1000
0
100
0
100
10
10
0
BAUME'S HYDEOMETER.
RELATION BETWEEN SPECIFIC GRAVITIES, AND DEGREES OP BAUMe's
HYDROMETER FOR LIQUIDS HEAVIER THAN WATER.
Sp. Gr. Baum6. Sp. Gr. Baume.l Sp. Gr. Baume
1-000 =
1-007
014
022
029
1-036
044
052
060
067= 9
075 10
083 11
091 12
100 13
108 14
116 15
125 16
134 17
143 = 18
152 19
161 20
171 21
180 22
190 23
199 24
210 25
221 26
Sp. Gr. Baume.
231 = 27
242 28
252 29
264 30
275 31
286 32
298 33
309 34
321 35
Sp. Gr. Baume.
•334 = 36
•346 37
•359 38
-372 39
-384 40
•398 41
-412 42 a
•426 43
-440 44
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
BAUMi's HYDROMETER.
51
Sp. Gr. Baume.
Sp. Gr. Baume.
Sp. Gr. Baume'.
Sp. Gr. Baume'.
Sp. Gr. Baume.
1-454 = 45
1-566 = 52
1-676 = 58
1-801=64
1-946 = 70
1-470 46
1-583 53
1-695 59
1-823 65
1-974 71
1-485 47
1-601 54
1-714 60
1-847 66
2-002 72
1-501 48
1-618 55
1-736 61
1-872 67
2-031 73
1-526 49
1-637 56
1-758 62
1-897 68
2-059 74
1-532 50
1-656 57
1-779 63
1-921 69
2-087 75
1-549 51
SULPHUEIC ACID.
QUANTITIES OF ANHYDROUS AND OF LIQUID SULPHURIC ACID CON-
TAINED IN MIXTURES OF OIX, OF VITRIOL AND WATER AT DIFFERENT
DENSITIES. (URE.)
Specific
Gravity.
Liq. Acid.
Sp. Gr.
1-8485
in 100.
Dry Acid
in 100.
Specific
Gravity.
Liq. Acid
in 100.
Dry Acid
in 100.
1-8485
100
81^54
1-6630
76
61-97
8475
99
80
•72
•6520
75
61
-15
•8460
98
79
•90
•6415
74
60
-34
•8439
97
79
•09
•6321
73
59
-52
-8410
96
78
-28
•6204
72
58
-71
-8376
95
77
-46
•6090
71
57
-89
•8336
94
76
-65
•5975
70
57
-08
•8290
93
75
•83
5868
69
56
•26
8233
92
75
•02
5760
68
55
•45
8179
91
74
•20
5648
67
54
•63
8115
90
73
39
5503
66
53
■82
8043
89
72
57
5390
65
53
•00
7962
. 88
71
75
5280
64
52
18
7870
87
70
94
5170
63
51
37
7774
86
70
12
5066
62
50
55
7673
85
69
31
4960
61
49
74
7570
84
68
49
4860
60
48
92
7465
83
67
68
4760
59
48
11
7360
82
66
86
4660
58
47
29
7245
81
66
05
4560
57
46
48
7100
80
65-
23
4460
56
45
66
6993
79
64
42
4360
55
44-
85
6870
78
63
60
4265
54
44-
03
6750
77
62-
78
4170
53
43-
22
52
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
Specific
Liq. Acid
Dry Acid
Specific
Liq. Acid
Dry Acid
Gravity.
in 100.
in 100.
Gravity.
in 100.
in 100.
1-407B
52
42-40
1-1876
26
21-20
1-
3977
51
41-
58
1792
25
20-
38
1-
3884
50
40-
77
1706
24
19-
57
1-
3788
49
39^
95
1626
23
18^
75
1-
3697
48
39^
14
1549
22
17^
94
1-
3612
47
38-
32
1480
21
17 •
12
1-
3530
46
37-
51
1410
20
16^
31
1-
3440
45
36-
69
1330
19
15
49
1-
3345
44
35-
88
1246
18
14-
68
1
3255
43
35-
06
1165
17
13
86
1
3165
42
34-
25
1090
16
13
05
1
3080
41
33-
43
1019
15
12
23
1
2999
40
32-
61
0953
14
11
41
1
2913
39
31
80
0887
13
10
60
1
2826
38
30
98
0809
12
9
78
1
2740
37
30
17
0743
11
8
97
1
2654
36
29
35
0682
10
8
15
1
2572
35
28
54
0614
9
7
34
1
2490
34
27
72
0544
8
6
■52
1
2409
33
26
91
0477
7
5
•71
1
2334
32
26
09
0405
6
4
•89
1
•2260
31
25
28
•0336
5
4
•08
1
•2184
30
24
•46
-0268
4
3
•26
1
•2108
29
23
•65
•0206
3
2
•446
1
•2032
28
22
•83
•0140
2
1
•63
1-1956
27
22-01
1-0074
1
0-8154
NITKIC ACID.
QUANTITIES OF ANHYDROUS AND OF LIQUID NITRIC ACID CONTAINED
IN MIXTURES OF NITRIC ACID AND WATER AT DIFFERENT DENSI-
TIES. (URE.)
Specific
Liq, Acid
Sp. Gr.
Dry Acid
Specific
Liq. Acid
Drv Acid
Gravity.
l-5inl00.
in 100.
Gravity.
in 100.
in 100.
1-5000
100
79-700
1-4820
93
74^121
1-4980
99
78-903
1-4790
92
73-324
1-4960
98
78^106
1-4760
91
72^527
1-4940
97
77^309
1-4730
90
71-730
1-4910
96
76^512
1-4700
89
70^933
1-4880
95
75^715
1-4670
88
70-136
1-4850
94
74-918
1-4640
87
69-339
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
53
Specific
Liq. Acid
Sp. Gr.
1-5 in 100.
Dry Acid
Specific
Liq. Acid
Dry Acid
Gravity.
in 100.
Gravity.
in 100.
in 100.
1-4600
86
68^542
1-2523
43
34-271
•4570
85
67
•745
1-2462
42
33
•474
•4530
84
66
•948
1-2402
41
32
•677
•4500
83
66
•155
1-2341
40
31
-880
•4460
82
65
•354
1-2277
39
31
-083
•4424
81
64
•557
1-2212
38
30
•286
•4385
80
63
•760
1-2148
37
29
-489
•4346
79
62
•963
1-2084
36
28
•692
•4306
78
62
•166
1-2019
35
27
-895
•4269
77
61
•369
1-1958
34
27
-098
•4228
76
60
572
1-1895
33
26
•301
•4189
75
59
•775
1-1833
32
25
-504
■4147
74
58
•978
1-1770
31
24
•707
4107
73
58
•181
1-1709
30
23
-900
•4065
72
57
•384
1-1648
29
23
•113
•4023
71
56
•587
1-1587
28
22
•316
•3978
70
55
•790
1-1426
27
21
-519
•3945
69
54
993
1-1465
26
20
•722
3882
68
54
196
1-1403
25
19
-925
3833
67
53
399
1-1345
24
19
-128
3783
66
52
•602
1-1286
23
18
•331
•3732
65
51
•805
1-1227
22
17
-534
•3681
64
51
•068
1-1168
21
16
-737
•3630
63
50
•211
1-1109
20
15
-940
•3579
62
49
•414
1-1051
19
15
•143
•3529
61
48
•617
1-0993
18
14
•346
3477
60
47
•820
1-0935
17
13
■549
3427
59
47
023
1-0878
16
12
752
3376
58
46
226
1-0821
15
11
955
3323
57
45
429
1-0764
14
11
158
3270
56
44
632
1-0708
13
10
361
3216
55
43'
835
1-0651
12
9
564
3163
54
43
038
1-0595
11
8
767
3110
53
42-
241
1-0540
10
7
970
3056
52
41-
444
1-0485
9
7
173
3001
51
40-
647
1-0430
8
6
376
2947
50
39-
850
1-0375
7
5'
579
2887
49
39
053
1-0320
6
4-
782
2826
48
38-
256
1-0267
5
o
985
2765
47
37-
459
1-0212
4
3-
188
2705
46
36-
662
1-0159
3
2-
391
2644
45
35-
865
1-0106
2
1-
594
1-2583
44
35-068
1-0053
1
0-797
54
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
VALUE AND ATOMIC COMPOSITION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID AT
DIFFERENT DENSITIES.
DAVY.
THOMSON,
(Temp. 40
Specific Gravity.
°. Bar. 30.)
100 grains contain
of hydroc. acid gas.
Specific Gravity.
Real Acid in 100
of liquid.
Atoms of
water to
1 of acid.
1-21
42-43
1-203
40-66
6
20
40
80
179
37
00
7
19
38
38
162
33
95
8
18
36
36
149
31
35
9
17
34
34
139
29
13
10
16
32
32
128
27
21
11
15
30
30
119
25
52
12
14
28
28
112
24
03
13
13
26
26
106
22
70
14
12
24
24
100
21
51
15
11
22
30
096
20
44
16
10
20
20
090
19
47
17
09
18
18
086
18
59
18
08
16
16
082
17
79
19
07
14
14
087
17
05
20
06
12
12
05
10
10
04
8
08
03
6
•06
•02
4
•04
1-01
2-02
A
CETIC
ACID.
CIFIC GRAVITY OP ACETIC ACID AT DIFFERENT DEGREES OP
DILUTION.
(THOMSON.)
Atoms of
Atoms of
Specific Gravity
Acid.
Water.
at 60°.
+ 1
=:
1-06296
+ 2
=:
1-07060
+ 3
=;
1-07084
+ 4
:c
1-07132
+ 5
zs
1-06820
+ 6
=
1-06708
+ 7
=
1-06349
+ 8
=
1-05974
+ 9
=
1-05794
+ 10
=
1 - 05439
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
SOLUTION OF AMMONIA.
55
qdantities of ammonia in solutions
op different specific gravities.
(davy).
STRENGTHS OF SOLUTIONS OF AMMONIA
OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES^
AND THEIR RESPECTIVE 130ILTNG-
POINTS. (daLTON.)
100 parts.
Specific Gravity
of Aminonia.
Specific
Gravity.
Grs. of Am-
monia in 100
grs. of liquid.
8750
contain
32-50
8875
)f
29-25
9000
j>
26-00
9054
> 5
25-37
9166
JJ
22-07
9255
))
19-54
9326
>>
17-52
9385
)>
15-88
9435
}»
14-53
9476
J>
13-46
9513
J>
12-40
9545
>J
11-56
9573
5>
10-82
9597
}1
10-17
9619
59
9-60
9612
»>
9-50
850
860
870
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
Boiling-
Point.
35-3
32-6
29-9
27-3
24-7
22-2
19-8
17-4
15-1
12-8
10
26
38
50
62
74-
86
98
100
122
134
146
158
173
187
196
Vol. of gas
in one vol.
of liquid.
494
456
419
382
•346
311
■277
244
211
180
.147
116
87
57
28
SOLUTION OF POTASH.
QUANTITY OP ANHYDROUS POTASSA CON-
TAINED IN SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENT
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. (DALTON.)
SOLUTION OF SODA.
QUANTITY OF ANHYDROUS SODA CON-
TAINED IN SOLUTIONS OP DIFFERENT
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. (dALTON.)
Specific
Gravity
68
60
52
•47
44
■42
1-39
36
33
1-28
23
19
15
11
■06
Potassa
per Cent.
51-
46-
42-
39-
36-
34-
32-
29-
26'
23
19
16
2
7
9
6
8^
4
4
4
3
4
5
2
13-0
9-5
4-7
Boiling-Point.
Specific
Gravity.
329°
290
276
265
255
246
240
234
229
224
220
218
215
214
213
85
72
63
56
50
1-47
1-44
i-4a
1
1
1
36
32
■2^
1-23
18
12
06
Dry Soda
per Cent.
63-6
53-8
46-6
41-2
36-8
34-0
31-0
29-0
26-0
23-0
19-0
16-0
13-0
9-0
4-7
Boiling-Point.
600°
400
ado
280
265
255
248
242
235
228
224
230
217
214
213
56
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOME OF THE SUBSTANCES
ORDERED IN THE PHARMACOPCEIAS.
The London Pharmacopoeia directs the Specific Gravity to be taken at a temperature
of 62° Fahr,, the Edinburgh at 60° Fahr.
Acetum
Acetum Destillatum .
Acidum Aceticum
Glaciale.
e ligno venale,
forte
dilutum .
Hydrochloricum
dilutum
Hydrocyanicum dilutum
Muriaticum purum .
dilutum
Nitricum
purum
dilutum
Phosphoricum dilutum
Sulphuricum .
purum
dilutum
-(Ether
Aromaticum
Sulphuricus
Alcohol
Ammoniae Hydrosulphuretum
Aqua Destillata .
Ammoniae .
Acetatis .
Potassse
Bisrauthum
Sp, Gr.
London
1019
London
1-0065
Edin.
1-005
London
1-048
f 1-063
Edin.
to
il-068
Dublin
1-065
Dublin
1-044
Dublin
1-066
London
1-008
Dublin
1-006
London
1-16
Edin.
1-17
Edin.
1-050
Dublin
0-997
Dublin
1-176
Dublin
1-045
London
1-420
Edin.
1-500
Dublin
1-500
London
1-082
Edin.
1-077
Dublin
1-092
London
1-064
London
1-843
Edin.
1-845
Dublin
1-846
London
1-103
Edin.
1-090
Dublin
1-084
Dublin
0-974
London
0-750
Edin.
0-735
Edin.
0-796
Dublin
0-795
Dublin
0-999
L. E. D.
1-000
Edin.
0-960
Edin.
1-011
Edin.
1-072
London
9-8
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
67
Sp. Gr.
Chloroformyl
Chlorofomium
Creasotum .
Glycerina .
Hydrargyrum .
Liquor Ammoniae
Fortior
Acetatis
Antimonii Terchloridi
Arsenicalis .
Barii Chloridi
Calcii Chloridi
Calcis Chlorinatae
Ferri Pernitras
Plumbi Diacetatis
Subacetatis
Potassae.
Causticae
Carbonatis
Sodas
Causticae
• Carbonatis
Chlorinatae
Zinci Chloridi
Oleum ^thereum
Spiritus iEtheris Nitrici
Sulphuric!
Ammoniae Aromaticus
Fcetidus
Fortior .
Pyroxilicus
Rectificatus
— Tenuior.
Syrupus Simplex
Tinctura Ferri Acetatis
Sesquichloridi
Zincum ....
London
1-48
Dublin
1-496
London
1-046
Dublin
1-066
Dublin
1-260
London
13-5
London
0-960
Dublin
0-950
London
0-882
Dublin
0-900
London
1-022
Dublin
1-012
Dublin
1-470
Dublin
1-013
Dublin
1-088
Dublin
1-225
Dublin
1-035
Dublin
1-107
London
1-260
Dublin
1-066
London
1-063
Dublin
1-068
Dublin
1-310
London
1-061
Dublin
1-056
Dublin
1-026
Dublin
1-034
Dublin
1-593
London
1-05
London
0-834
Edin.
0-847
Edin,
0-809
London
0-918
Dublin
0-852
London
0-861
Dublin
0-849
Dublin
0-818
Dublin
0-846
London
0-838
Edin.
0-838
Dublin
0-840
London
0-920
Edin.
0-912
Dublin
0-920
Dublin
1-330
Dublin
0-891
London
0-992
Dublin
1-237
London
6-860
( 58 )
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT THERMOMETRICAL.
SCALES.
The thermometer always used in this country is that of Fahrenheit ;
it is also used in parts of Germany.
In this instrument the range between the freezing and boiling points
of water is divided into 180°, and as the greatest possible degree of
cold was supposed to be that produced by mixing snow and salt
together, it was made the zero. Hence the freezing-point became 32°,
and the boiling-point 212°.
The Centigrade thermometer places the zero at the freezing-point of
water, and divides the range between the freezing and boiling points
into lOO*'. This scale has long been used in Sweden, under the title
of Celsius's thermometer, and is generally adopted on the Continent.
Reaumur's thermometer, which was formerly used in France, divides
the space between the freezing and boiling-points of water into 80°,.
and places the zero at the freezing point. It is now little employed.
Le Lisle's thermometer is used in Russia. The graduation begins
at the boiling-point, and increases towards the freezing-point. The
boiling-point is marked 0°, and the freezing-point 150°.
To reduce Centigrade degrees to those of Fahrenheit.
Rule. — Multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32.
Cent. Eahr.
Thus, 40 X 9 -f- 5 -f 32 = 104.
To reduce Fahrerthei€ s degrees to those of Centigrade.
Rule. — Subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9.
Fahr. Cent.
Thus, 104 - 32 X- 5 -r- 9 = 40.
To reduce Reaumur's degrees to those of Fahrenheit.
Rule. — Multiply by 9, divide by 4, and add 32.
Reaumur. Fahr.
Thus, 32 X 9 -f- 4 + 32 = 104.
To reduce Fahrenheit s degrees to those of Reaumur.
Rule. — Subtract 32, multiply by 4, and divide by 9,
Fahr. Reaum.
Thus, 104 - 32 X 4 -^- 9 = 32.
To reduce Reaumur's degrees to those of Centigrade.
Rule. — Multiply by 5, and divide by 4,
Reaum. Cent.
Thus, 32 X 5 -^ 4 = 40.
To reduce Centigrade degrees to those of Reaumur.
Rule. — Multiply by 4, and divide by 5.
Cent. Reaum,
Thus, 40 X 4 -^ 5 = 32.
The following table of Thermometrical Equivalents has been cal-
culated according' to these rules.
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
59-
Fahrenheit.
Beaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Beaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
2570
1128
1410
761
324
405
2480
1088
1360
752
320
400
2390
1048
1310
743
316
395
2300
1008
1260
734
312
390
2210
968
1210
725
308
385
2120
928
1160
716
304
380
2030
888
1110
707
300
375
1940
848
1060
698
296
370
1850
808
1010
689
292
365
1760
768
960
680
288
360
1670
728
910
671
284
355
1580
688
860
662
280
350
1490
648
810
653
276
345
1400
608
760
644
272
340
1310
568
710
635
268
335
1220
528
660
626
264
330
1130
488
610
617
260
325
1040
448
560
608
256
320
1004
432
540
600
252-44
315-55
995
428
535
599
252
315
986
424
530
598
251-55
314-44
977
420
525
597-2
251-2
314
968
416
520
597
251-11
313-88
959
412
515
596-75
251
313-75
950
408
510
596
250-36
313-35
941
404
505
595-4
250-4
313
932
400
500
595
250-22
312-77
923
396
495
594-5
250
312-5
914
392
490
594
249-77
312-22
905
388
485
593-6
249-6
312
896
384
480
593
249'33
31J-66
887
380
475
592-25
249
311-25
878
376
470
592
248-88
311-11
869
372
465
591-8
248-8
311
860
368
460
591
248-44
310-55
851
364
455
590
248
310
842
360
450
589
247-55
309-44
833
356
445
588-2
247-2
309
824
352
440
588
247-11
308-88
815
348
435
587-75
247
308-75
806
344
430
587
246-66
308-33
797
340
425
586-4
246-4
308
788
336
420
586
246-22
307-77
779
332
415
585-5
246
307-5
770
328
410
585
245-77
307-22
60
THERMOMETKICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Fahrenheit.
Eeaumur.
Centigrade,
Fahrenheit.
Eeaumur.
CentigrnJc,
or Celsius's.
or Celsius's.
684-6
245-6
307
559
234-22
292-77
584
245-33
306-66
558-5
234
292-6
683-25
245
306-25
558
233-77
292-22
583
244-88
306-11
557-6
233-6
292
682-8
244-8
306
657
233-33
291-66
682
244-44
305-55
556-25
233
291-25
681
244
305
656
232-88
291-11
680
243-55
304-44
555-8
232-8
291
679-2
243-2
304
655
232-44
290-55
679
243-11
303-88
554
232
290
578-76
243
303-75
663
231-55
289-44
578
242-66
303-33
562-2
231-2
289
577-4
242-4
303
552
231-11
288-88
677
242-22
302-77
551-75
231
288-75
676-6
242
302-5
651
230-66
288-33
676
241-77
302-22
550-4
230-4
288
675-6
241-6
802
560
230-22
287-77
676
241-33
301-66
549-5
230
287-5
674-25
241
301-25
649
229-77
287-22
674
240-88
301-11
648-6
229-6
287
573-8
240-8
301
648
229-33
286-66
573
240-44
300-55
547-25
229
286-25
572
240
300
547
228-88
286-11
671
239-55
299-44
646-8
228-8
286
670-2
239-2
299
546
228-44
285-55
670
239-11
298-88
646
228
285
• 669-75
239
298-75
644
227-56
284-44
5G9
238-66
298-33
643-2
227-2
284
668-4
238-4
298
543
227-11
283-88
668
238-22
297-77
542-75
227
283-75
567-5
238
297-5
542
226-66
283-33
667
237-77
297-22
541-4
226-4
283
566-6
237-6
297
641
226-22
282-77
666
237-33
296-66
640-6
226
282-5
565-25
237
296-25
640
225-77
282-22
566
236-88
296-11
639-6
225-6
282
564-8
236-8
296
539
225-33
281-66
664
236-44
295-55
638-25
225
281-25
663
236
295
538
224-88
281-11
562
235-55
294-44
537-8
224-8
281
561-2
235-2
294
537
224-44
280-55
561
235-11
293-88
636
224
280
560-76
235
293-75
535
223-55
279-44
560
234-66
293-33
534-2
223-2
279
659-4
234-4
293
634
223-1 i
278-88
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
61
Falirenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
Falirenheit.
Eeaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
or Celsius's.
533-75
223
278-75
508
211-5
264-44
533
222-66
278-33
507-2
211-2
264
532-4
222-4
278
507
211-11
263-88
532
222-22
277-77
506-75
211
263-73
531-5
222
277-5
506
210-66
263-33
531
221-77
277-22
505-4
210-4
263
530-6
221-6
277
505
210-22
262-77
530
221-33
276-66
504-5
210
262-5
529-25
221
276-25
504
209-77
262-22
529
220-88
276-11
503-6
209-6
262
528-8
220-8
276
503
209-33
261-66
528
220-44
275-55
502-25
209
•261-25
527
220
275
502
208-88
261-11
526
219-55
274-44
501-8
208-8
261
525-2
219-2
274
501
208-44
260-55
525
219-11
273-88
600
208
260
524-75
219
273-75
499
207-55
259-44
524
218-66
273-33
498-2
207-2
259
523-4
218-4
273
498
207-11
258-88
523
218-22
272-77
497-75
207
258-75
522-5
218
272-5
497
206-66
258-33
522
217-77
272-22
496-4
206-4
258
521-6
217-6
272
496
206-22
257-77
521
217-33
271-66
495-5
206
257-5
520-25
217
271-25
495
205-77
257-22
520
216-88
27111
494-6
205-66
257
519-8
216-8
271
494
205-33
256-66
519
216-44
270-55
493-25
205
256-25
518
216
270
493
204-88
256-11
517
215-55
269-44
492-8
204-8
256
516-2
215-2
269
492
204-44
255-55
516
215-11
268-88
491
204
255
515-75
215
268-75
490
203-55
254-44
515
214-66
268-33
489-2
203-2
254
514-4
214-4
268
489
203-11
253-88
514
214-22
267-77
488-75
203
253-75
513-5
214
267-5
488
202-06
253-33
513
213-77
267-22
487-4
202-4
253
512-6
213-6
267
487
202-22
252-77
512
213-33
266-66
486-5
202
252-5
511-25
213
266-25
486
201-77
252-22
511
212-88
266-11
485-6
201-6
252
610-8
212-8
266
485
201-33
251-66
610
212-44
265-55
484-25
201
251-25
609
212
265
484
200-88
251-11
62
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Fahrenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Reaumur,
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
483-8
200-8
251
458
189-33
236-66
483
200-44
250-65
457-25
189
236-25
482
200
250
457
188-88
236-11
481
199-55
249-44
466-8
188-8
236
480-2
199-2
249
456
188-44
235-55
480
199-11
248-88
455
188
235
479-75
199
248-75
454
187-55
234-44
479
19866
248-33
453-2
187-2
234
478-4
198-4
248
453
187-11
233-88
478
198-22
247-77
452-75
187
233-77
477-5
198
247-5
452
186-66
233-33
477
197-77
247-22
461-4
186-4
233
476-6
197-6
247
451
186-22
232-77
476
197-33
240-66
460-5
186
232-5
475-25
197
246-26
450
185-77
232-22
475
196-88
246-11
449-6
186-6
232
474-8
196-8
246
449
185-33
231-66
474
196-44
245-55
448-26
186
231-25
473
196
245
448
184-88
231-11
472
195-55
244-44
447-8
184-8
231
471-2
1952
244
447
184-44
230-65
471
195-11
243-88
446
184
230
470-76
195
243-75
445
183-65
229-44
470
194-66
243-33
444-2
183-2
229
469-4
194-4
243
444
183-11
228-88
469
194-22
242-77
443-76
183
228-75
468-6
194
242-5
443
182-66
228-33
468
193-77
242-22
442-4
182-4
228
467-6
193-6
242
442
182-22
227-77
467
193-33
241-66
441-6
182
227-5
466-25
193
241-25
441
181-77
227-22
466
192-88
241-11
440-6
181-6
227
465-8
•192-8
241
440
181-33
226-66
465
192-44
240-66
439-26
181
226-26
464
192
240
439
180-88
226-11
463
191-55
239-44
438-8
180-8
226
462-2
191-2
239
438
180-44
225-65
462
19111
238-88
437
180
226
461-75
191
238-75
436
179-55
224-44
461
190-66
238-33
435-2
179-2
224
460-4
190-4
238
435
179-11
223-88
460
190-22
237-77
434-75
179
223-76
459-5
190
237-5
434
178-66
223-33
459
189-77
237-22
433-4
178-4
223
45.8-6
189-6
237
433
178-22
222-77
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
G3
Fahrenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
432-5
178
222-5
407
166-66
208-33
432
177-77
222-22
406-4
166-4
208
431-6
177-6
222
406
166-22
207-77
431
177-33
221-66
406-6
166
207-5
430-26
177
221-25
406
165-77
207-22
430
176-88
221-11
404-6
165-6
207
429-8
176-8
221
404
166-33
206-66
429
176-44
220-55
403-26
106
206-25
428
176
220
403
164-88
200-11
427
175-55
219-44
402-8
164-8
206
426-2
175-2
219
402
104-44
206-65
426
17511
218-88
401
164
206
425-75
176
218-75
400
163-56
204-44
425
174-66
218-33
399-2
163-2
204
424-4
174-4
218
399
163-11
203-88
424
174-22
217-77
398-76
163
203-75
423-5
174
217-5
398
162-66
203-33
423
173-77
217-22
397-4
162-4
203
422-6
173-6
217
397
162-22
202-77
422
173-33
216-66
396-6
162
202-5
421-25
173
216-25
396
161-77
202-22
421
172-88
216-11
396-6
161-6
202
420-8
172-8
2J6
395
161-33
201-66
420
172-44
216-56
394-26
161
201-25
419
172
216
394
160-88
201-11
418
171-56
214-44
393-8
160-8
201
417-2
171-2
214
393
160-44
200-65
417
171-11
213-88
392
160
200
416-75
171
213-75
391
169-66
199-44
416
170-6
213-33
390-2
169-2
199
416-4
170-4
213
390
169-11
198-88
416
170-22
212-77
389-75
159
198-75
414-6
170
212-6
389
158-66
198-33
414
169-77
212-22
388-4
168-4
198
413-6
169-6
212
388
168-22
197-77
413
169-33
211-66
387-5
168
197-5
412-26
169
211-26
387
167-77
197-22
412
168-88
211 11
386-6
167-6
197
411-8
168-8
211
386
157-33
196-66
411
168-44
210-5
386-25
157
196-25
410
168
210
385
166-88
196-11
409
167-55
20944
384-8
156-8
196
408-2
167-2
209
384
156-44
196-65
408
167-11
208-88
383
156
196
407-75
167
208-76
382
156-55
194-44
64
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Fahrenheit.
Eeaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Eeaumur.
i Centigrade.
j or Celsius's.
381-2
155-2
194
357
144-44
180-55
381
155-11
193-88
356
144
180
380-75
155
193-75
355
143-55
179-44
380
154-66
193-33
354-2
143-2
179
379-4
154-4
193
354
143-11
178-88
379
154-22
192-77
853-76
143
178-75
378-5
154
192-5
353
142-66
178-33
378
153-77
192-22
352-4
142-4
178
377-6
153-6
192
352
142-22
177-77
377
153-33
191-66
351-5
142
177-5
376-25
153
191-25
351
141-77
177-22
376
152-88
191-11
350-6
141-6
177
375-8
152-8
191
350
141-33
176-66
375
152-44
190-55
349-25
141
176-25
374
152
190
349
140-88
176-11
373
151-55
189-44
348-8
140-8
176
372-2
151-2
189
348
140-44
175-55
372
151-11
188-88
347
140
175
371-75
151
188-75
346
139-55
174-44
371
150-66
188-33
345-2
139-2
174
370-4
150-4
188
345
13911
173-88
370
150-22
187-77
344-75
139
173-76
369-5
150
187-5
344
138-66
173-33
369
149-77
187-22
343-4
138-4
173
368-6
149-6
187
343
138-22
172-77
368
149-33
186-66
342-5
138
172-5
367-25
149
186-25
342
137-77
172-22
367
148-88
186-11
341-6
137-6
172
366-8
148-8
186
341
137-33
171-66
366
148-44
185-55
340-25
137
171-25
365
148
185
340
136-88
171-11
364
147-55
184-44
339-8
136-8
171
363-2
147-2
184
339
136-44
170-55
363
147-11
183-88
338
136
170
362-75
147
183-75
337
135-55
169.44
362
146-66
183-33
336-2
135-2
169
361-4
146-4
183
336
135-11
168-88
361
146-22
182-77
335-75
135
168-75
360 5
146
182-5
335
134-66
168-33
360
145-77
182-22
334-4
134-4
168
359-6
145-6
182
334
134-22
167-77
359
145-33
181-66
3335
134
167-5
358-25
145
181-25
333
133-77
167-22
358
144-88
181-11
332-6
133-6
167
S07-8
144-8
18]
332
133-33
166-66
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS
65
F*lireiilieit.
Beaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Ceisius's,
331-25
133
166-25
306
121-77
152-22
831
132-88
1G6-11
305-6
121-6
152
330-8
132-8
1G6
305
121-33
151-68
330
132-44
165-55
304-25
121
151-25
329
132
105
304
120-88
151-11
328
131-55
104-44
303-8
1208
151
327-2
131-2
164
303
120-44
150-55
327
131-11
103-88
302
120
150
326-75
131
163-73
301
119-55
149-44
326
130-66
163-33
300-2
119-2
149
325-4
130-4
163
300
119-11
148-88
325
130-22
102-77
299-75
119
148-75
324-5
130
102-5
299
118-66
148-33
324
129-77
102-22
298-4
118-4
148
323-6
129-6
102
298
118 22
147-77
323
129-33
101-66
297-5
118
J 47-5
322-25
129
101-25
297
117-77
147-22
322
128-88
101-11
296-6
117-0
147
321-8
128-8
101
290
117-33
140-06
321
128-44
100-55
295-25
117
146-25
320
128
160
295
116-88
146-11
319
127-55
159-44
294-8
110-8
146
318-2
127-2
159
294
110-44
145-55
818
127-11
158-88
293
116
145
317-75
127
158-75
292
115-55
144-44
317
126-66
158-33
291-2
115-2
144
316-4
126-4
158
291
115-11
148-88
816
126-22
157-77
290-75
115
143-75
8 J 5-5
126
157-5
290
114-66
143-33
315
125-77
157-22
289-4
114-4
143
314-6
125-6
157
289
114-22
142-77
3.14
125-33
16G-66
288-5
114
142-5
313-25
125
156-25
288
113-77
142-22
313
124-88
156-11
287-6
113-6
142
312-8
124-8
156
287
113-33
141-66
312
124-55
155-55
286-25
113
141-25
311
124
155
286
112-88
141-11
310
123-55
154-44
285-8
112-8
141
309-2
123-2
154
285
112-44
140-55
309
123-11
153-88
284
112
140
308-75
123
153-75
283
111-55
139-44
308
122-66
153-33
282-2
111-2
139
307-4
122-4
153
282
111-11
138-88
307
122-22
152-77
281-75
111
138-75
306-5
122
152-5
281
110-66
138-38
66
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Fahrenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
280-4
110-4
138
255
99.11
123-88
280
110-22
137-77
254-75
99
123-76
279-5
110
137-5
254
98-66
123-33
279
109-77
137-22
263-4
98-4
123
278-6
109-6
137
263
98-22
122-77
278
109-33
136-66
262-5
98
122-5
277-26
109
136-25
252
97-77
122-2^
277
108-88
136-11
251-6
97-6
122
276-8
108-8
136
251
97-33
121-66
276
108-44
136-55
250-25
97
121-25
275
108
135
250
96-88
121-11
274
107-55
134-44
249-8
96-8
121
273-2
107-2
134
249
96-44
120-55
273
107-11
133-88
248
96
120
272-76
107
133-77
247
96-65
119-44
272
106-66
133-33
246-2
95-2
119
271-4
106-4
133
246
95-11
118-88
271
106-22
132-77
246-76
95
118-75
270-5
106
132-5
245
94-66
118-33
270
105-77
132-22
244-4
94-4
118
269-6
105-6
132
244
94-22
117-77
269
105-33
131-66
243-5
94
117-5
268-25
105
131-25
243
93-77
117-22
268
104-88
131-11
242-6
93-6
117
267-8
104-8
131
242
93-33
116-66
267
104-44
130-55
241-25
93
116-25
266
104
130
241
92-88
116-11
265
103-55
129-44
240-8
92-8
116
264-2
103-2
129
240
92-44
1J5-56
264
103-11
128-88
239
92
115
263-75
103
128-75
238
91-55
114-44
263
102-66
128-33
237-2
91-2
114
262-4
102-4
128
237
91-11
113-88
262
102-22
127-77
236-75
91
113-76
261-5
102
127-5
236
90-36
113-33
261
101-77
127-22
235-4
90-4
113
260-6
101-6
127
235
90-22
112-77
260
101-33
126-66
234-6
90
112-5
259-25
101
126-25
234
89-77
112-22
269
100-88
126-11
233-6
89-6
112
258-8
100-8
126
233
89-33
111-66
258
100-44
125-56
232-26
89
111-25
257
100
125
232
88-88
111-11
256
99-56
124-44
231-8
88-8
111
255-2
99-2
124
231
88-44
110-5
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
67
Falireiilieit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Eeaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
230
88
110
205
76-88
96-11
229
87-55
109-44
204-8
76-8
96
228-2
87-2
109
204
76-44
95-56
228
87-11
108-88
203
76
95
227-75
87
108-75
202
75-66
94-44
227
86-66
108-33
201-2
76-2
94
226-4
86-4
108
201
75-11
93-88
226
86-22
107-77
200-75
75
93-76
225-5
86
107-5
200
74-66
93-33
225
85-77
107-22
199-4
74-4
93
224-6
85-6
107
199
74-22
92-77
224
85-33
106-66
198-5
74
92-5
223-25
85
106-25
198
73-77
92-22
223
84-88
106-11
197-6
73-6
92
222-8
84-8
106
197
73-33
91-66
222
84-44
105-55
196-25
73
91-25
221
84
105
196
72-88
91-11
220
83-55
104-44
195-8
72-8
91
219-2
83-2
104
195
72-44
90-56
219
83-11
103-88
194
72
90
218-75
83
103-75
193
71-55
89-44
218
82-66
103-33
192-2
71-2
89
217-4
82-4
103
192
71-11
88-88
217
82-22
102-77
191-75
71
88-75
216-5
82
102-5
191
70-66
88-33
216
81-77
102-22
190-4
704
88
215-6
81-6
102
190
70-22
87-77
216
81-33
101-66
189-5
70
87-5
214-25
81
101-25
189
69-77
87-22
214
80-88
101-11
188-6
69-6
87
213-8
80-8
101
188
69-33
86-66-
213
80-44
100-55
187-25
09
86-25
212
80
100
187
68-88
86-11
211
79-55
99-44
186-8
68-8
86
210-2
79-2
99
186
68-44
85-55
210
79-11
98-88
186
68
85
209-75
79
98-75
184
67-55
84-44
209
78-66
98-33
183-2
67-2
84
208-4
78-4
98-0
183
67-11
83-88
208
78-22
97-77
182-75
67
83-75
207-5
78
97-5
182
66-66
83-33
207
77-77
97-22
181-4
66-4
83
206-6
77-6
97
181
66-22
82-77
206
77-33
96-66
180-5
60
82-5
205-25 i
77
96-25
180
65-77
82-22
r2
68
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Falirenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Eeaumur.
Centigrade
or Celsius's.
179-6
65-6
82
154
64-22
67-77
179
65-33
81-66
153-6
54
67-5
178-25
65
81-26
163
63-77
67-22
178
64-88
81-11
152-6
53-6
67
177-8
64-8
81
152
53-33
66-66
177
64-44
80-55
151-25
53
66-26
176
64
80
161
52-88
66-11
175
63-55
79-44
150-8
62-8
66
174-2
63-2
79
150
62-44
66-55
174
63-11
78-88
149
52
65
173-75
63
78-75
148
51-65
64-44
173
62-66
78-33
147-2
51-2
64
172-4
62-4
78
147
51-11
63-88
172
62-22
77-77
146-75
61
63-75
171-6
62
77-5
146
50-66
63-33
171
61-77
77-22
145-4
60-4
63
170-6
61-6
77
145
50-22
62-77
170
61-33
76-66
144-6
50
62-5
169-25
61
76-25
144
49-77
62-22
169
00-88
76-11
143-6
49-6
62
168-8
60-8
76
143
49-33
61-66
168
60-44
75-55
142-26
49
61-25
167
60
75
142
48-88
61-11
166
59-55
74-44
141-8
48-8
61
165-2
59-2
74
141
48-44
60-56
165
59-11
73-88
140
48
60
164-75
59
73-75
139
47-56
59-44
164
58-66
73-33
138-2
47-2
69
163-4
58-4
73
138
47-11
68-88
163
58-22
72-77
137-75
47
68-75
162-5
58
72-5
137
46-66
58-33
162
57-77
72-22
136-4
46-4
58
161-6
57-6
72
136
46-22
57-77
161
57-33
71-66
135-6
46
67-5
160-25
57
71-25
135
45-77
57-22
160
56-88
71-11
134-6
46-6
57
159-8
56-8
71
134
45-33
56-66
159
56-44
70-56
133-25
45
56-25
158
56
70
133
44-88
66-11
157
55 55
69-44
132-8
44-8
66
156-2
65-2
69
132
44-55
55-55
156
55-11
68-88
131
44
55
155-75
55
68-75
130
43-65
54-44
155
54-66
68-33
129-2
43-2
64
154-4
54-4
68
129
43-11
53-88
TPIERMOMETRIC AL EQUIVALENTS.
69
Fahrenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigi-ade
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsiua'8.
128-75
43
53-75
103
31-56
39-44
128
42-66
53-33
102-2
31-2
39
127-4
42-4
53
102
31-11
38-88
127
42-22
52-77
101-75
31
38-76
126-6
42
52-5
101
30-66
38-33
120
41-77
52-22
100-4
30-4
38
125-6
41-6
62
100
30-22
37-77
125
41-33
61-66
99-5
30
37-5
124-25
41
51-25
99
29-77
37-22
124
40-88
51-11
98-6
29-6
37
123-8
40-8
61
98
20-33
36-66
123
40-44
60-55
97-25
29
36-25
122
40
60
97
28-88
36-11
121
39-55
49-44
96-8
28-8
36
120-2
39-2
49
96
28-44
■ 36-65
120
39-11
48-88
96
28
36
119-75
39
48-75
94
27-55
34-44
119
38-66
48-33
93-2
27-2
34
118-4
38-4
48
93
27-11
33-88
1J8
38-22
47-77
92-76
27
33-77
117-5
38
47-5
92
26-66
33 33
117
37-77
47-22
91-4
20-4
33
llG-6
37-6
47
91
26-22
32-77
116
37-33
46-66
90-5
26
32-5
115-25
37
46-25
90
25-77
32-22
115
36-88
46-11
89-6
25-6
32
114-8
36-8
46
89
25-33
31-66
114
36-44
45-55
88-26
26
31-25
113
36
46
88
24-88
31-11
112
35-65
44-44
87-8
24-8
31
111-2
35-2
44
87
24-44
30-65
111
3511
43-88
86
24
80
110-75
35
43-75
85
23-66
29-44
110
34-66
43-33
84-2
23-2
29
109-4
34-4
43
84
23-11
28-88
109
34-22
42-77
83-75
23
28-75
108-5
34
42-5
83
22-66
28-33
108
33-77
42-22
82-4
22-4
28
107-6
33-6
42
82
22-22
27-77
107
33-33
41-66
81-5
22
27-5
106-26
33
41-26
81
21-77
27-22
106
32-88
41-11
80-6
21-6
27
105-8
32-8
41
80
21-33
26-66
105
32-44
40-55
79-25
21
26-25
104
32
40 .
79
20-88
26-11
70
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
Falirenheit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Beaumui.
Centigrade,
or Cel^iufe'.'.
78-8
20-8
26
53
933
11-60
78
20-44
25-65
52-25
9
11-26
77
20
25
52
8-88
11-11
76
19-55
24-44
51-8
8-8
11
75-3
19-2
24
51
8-44
10-5
75
19-11
23-88
50
8
10
74-75
19
23-75
49
7-55
9-44
74
18-66
23-33
48-2
7-2
9
73-4
18-4
23
48
7-11
8-88
73
18-22
22-77
47-75
7
8-75
72-5
18
22-5
47
6-66
8-33
72
17-77
22-22
46-4
6-4
8
71-6
17-6
22
46
6-2^
7-77
71
17-33
21-66
45-5
6
7-6
70-25
17
21-25
45
5-77
7-22
70
16-88
21-11
44-6
5-6
7
69-8
16-8
21
44
5-33
6-66
69
16-44
20-56
43-25
5
0-25
68
16
20
43
4-88
6-11
67
15-55
19-44
42-8
4-8
6
66-2
15-2
19
42
4-44
5-55
66
15-11
18-88
41
4
5
65-75
15
18-75
40
3-55
4-44
65
14-66
18-33
39-2
3-2
4
64-4
14-4
18
39
3-11
3-88
64
14-22
17-77
38-75
3
3-75
63-5
14
17-6
38
2-66
3-33
63
13-77
17-22
37-4
2-4
3
62-6
13-6
17
37
2-22
2-77
62
13-33
16-66
36-5
2
2-5
61-25
13
16-25
36
1-77
2-22
61
12-88
16-11
35-6
1-6
2
60-8
12-8
16
36
1-33
1-66
60
12-44
15-55
34-25
1
1-25
59
12
15
34
0-88
Ml
58
11-55
14-44
33-8
0-8
1
67-2
11-2
14
33
0-44
0-65
57
11-11
13-88
32
0
0
56-75
11
13-75
31
—0-44
—0-55
56
10-66
13-33
30-2
—0-8
— 1
65-4
10-4
13
30
—0-88
—Ml
55
10-22
12-77
29-75
— 1
-1-26
54-5
10
125
29
— 1-33
— 1-66
64
9-77
12-22
28-4
— 1-6
—2
63-G
9-6
12
28
— 1-77
—2-22
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
71
Falirenlieit.
Reaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Eeaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's,
27-5
— 2
_ 2-5
2
-13-33
—16-66
27
— 2-22
_ 2-77
1-4
— 13-6
— 17
26-6
_ 2-4
_ 3
1
— 13-77
-17-22
26
_ 2-66
— 3-33
0-5
—14
— 17-5
25-25
_ 8
_ 3-75
0
-14-22
—17-77
25
— 8-11
— 3-88
— 0-4
— 14-4
— 18
24-8
— 3-2
— 4
— 1
-14-66
-18-33
24
_ 3-55
— 4-44
— 1-75
—16
—18-75
23
— 4
_ 5
- 2
—1611
—18-88
22
— 4-44
— 5-55
— 2-2
-15-2
—19
21-2
— 4-8
— 6
— 3
— 15-65
—19-44
21
— 4-88
— 6-11
— 4
—16
—20
20-75
— 5
— 6-25
— 5
— 16-44
—20-55
20
— 5-33
— 6-66
— 5-8
— 16-8
—21
19-4
— 5-6
— 7
— 6
—16-88
-21-11
19
— 5-77
— 7-22
— 6-25
— 17
—21-25
18-5
— 6
— 7-5
— 7
— 17-33
—21-66
18
— 6-22
— 7-77
— 7-6
—17-6
—22
17-6
— 6-4
— 8
— 8
— 17-77
—22-22
17
— 6-66
— 8-33
— 8-5
— 18
—22-5
16-25
— 7
— 8-75
— 9
— 18-22
—22-77
16
— 7-11
— 8-88
— 9-4
— 18-4
—23
15-8
— 7-2
— 9
—10
— 18-66
-23-33
15
— 7-55
— 9-44
—10-75
—19
—23-75
14
— 8
—10
— 11
—1911
—23-88
13
— 8-44
—10-55
—11-2
-19-2
—24
12-2
— 8-8
—11
— 12
— 19-55
—24-44
12
— 8-88
—11-11
— J3
—20
—25
11-75
— 9
-11-25
— 14
—20-44
—25-55
11
— 9-33
-11-66
—14-8
-20-8
—26
10-4
— 9-6
—12
—15
-20-88
—26-11
10
— 9-77
—12-22
-15-25
—21
—26-25
9-5
—10
—12-5
—16
—21-33
—26-66
9
— 10-22
-12-77
—16-6
—21-6
—27
8-6
—10-4
—13
—17
—21-77
—27-22
8
—10-66
—13-33
—17-5
—22
—27-5
7-25
—11
—13-75
—18
—22-22
-27-77
7
-11-11
—13-88
-18-4
—22-4
—28
0-8
—11-2
—14
— 19
—22-66
—28-33
6
—11-65
—14-44
—19-75
—23
—28-75
5
—12
—15
—20
—2311
-28-88
4 "
— 12-44
-15-55
—20-2
—23-2
—29
3-2
-12-8
—16
—21
— 23-55
—29-44
8
—12-88
-16-11
—22
—24
—30
2-75
—13
— 16-25
—23
—24-44
—30-55
72
THERMOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS.
labrenlieit.
Eeaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
Fahrenheit.
Beaumur.
Centigrade,
or Celsius's.
—23-8
—24-8
—31
—32-8
—28-8
—36
—24
-24-88
—31-11
—33
—28-88
—36-11
—24-26
—26
—31-25
—33-26
—29
—36-25
—25
-26-33
—31-66
—34
—29-33
—36-66
-25-6
—25-6
—32
-34-6
—29-6
—37
—26
—25-77
—32-22
—35
—29-77
—37-22
-26-5
—26
—32-5
—35-5
—30
—37-5
—27
-26-22
—32-77
—36
—30-22
-37-77
-27-4
—26-4
—33
—36-4
—30-4
—38
—28
-26-66
—33-33
—37
-30-66
—38-33
—28-76
—27
—33-76
—37-75
—31
—38-75
—29
—27-11
—33-88
—38
—31-11
—38-88
—29-2
—27-2
—34
—38-2
—31-2
—39
—30
— 27-65
—34-44
—39
—31-56
—39-44
—31
—28
—35
—40
—32
—40
—32
—28-44
—36-56
FREEZING MIXTURES.
FORMULiE FOR COOLING OR FREEZING MIXTURES.
(me. walker.)
FRIGORinC MIXTURES WITHOUT ICE.
Jlixtures.
Muriate of Ammonia
Nitrate of Potassa
Water . . . .
Muriate of Ammonia
Nitrate of Potassa
Sulphate of Soda . .
Water . . . .
Nitrate of Ammonia
Water . . .
Nitrate of Ammonia
Carbonate of Soda
Water ....
Sulphate of Soda . .
Diluted Nitric Acid .
Parts. Thermometer sinks
Degree of
cold
produced.
5 [From + 50° to + 10° = 40
16j
glFrom + 50° to + 4° = 46
le]
5 j From + 50° to + 4° =
46
1)
UFrom + 50° to — 7° = 57
2 j From + 50° to — 30° = 80
FKEEZING MIXTURES.
73
Mixtures.
Sulphate of Soda .
Muriate of Ammonia
Nitrate of Potassa
Diluted Nitric Acid
Sulphate of Soda .
Nitrate of Ammonia
Diluted Nitric Acid
Phosphate of Soda
Diluted Nitric Acid
Phosphate of Soda
Nitrate of Ammonia
Diluted Nitric Acid
Sulphate of Soda .
Muriatic Acid
Sulphate of Soda .
Diluted Sulphuric Acid
Degree of
Pai-ts, Thermometei- sinks cold
produced,
6j
2 [From + 50° to — 10° = 60
4]
5 [From + 50° to — 14° = 64
4)
^JProm + 50° to — 12° = 62
21° = 71
6 [From + 50° to
4)
^iFrom + 50° to — 3° = 53
iFrom + 50° to — 3° = 53
Snow or pounded ice .
Salt
FRIGORIFIC MIXTURES, WITH ICE.
to —
1}
Snow or pounded ice.
Common Salt 2
Muriate of Ammonia . . 1
Snow or pounded ice. . . 24]
Common Salt 10 1
Muriate of Ammonia . . 5
Nitrate of Potassa . . .51
Snow or pounded ice. . . 12
Common Salt 5
Nitrate of Ammo nia ... 5
s
m
B
a»
>^
s
OS
s
s
to — 12<:
to
to — 25''
Snow
Diluted Sulphuric Acid
IProm + 32° to — 23^
Snow .
Muriatic Acid
= 55
= 59
Snow ....
Diluted Nitric Acid
Snow ....
Chloride of Calcium
^JFrom + 32° to — 27°
^iFrom + 32° to — 30 = 62
^IProm + 32° to — 40° = 72
74 FREEZING MIXTURES.
Degree of
Mixtures. Parts. Thermometer sinks cold
produced.
Snow
Cryst. CMoride of Calcium .
gJFrom + 32° to —
50° =
82
Snow
Potassa
^IProm + 32° to —
51° =
83
COMBINATION OF FRIGORIFIC MIXTURES
Phosphate of Soda .
Nitrate of Ammonia .
Diluted Nitric Acid . . .
^1
3yFrom 0° to —
4j
34° =
34
Phosphate of Soda .
Nitrate of Ammonia .
Diluted mixed Acids
2yFrom — 34° to —
4.1
50° =
16
Snow
8]
Diluted Sulphuric or Nitric
Acid
►From — 10° to —
3
56° =
46
Snow
Diluted Nitric Acid .
2 [From 0° to —
46° =
46
Snow
Diluted Sulphuric Acid .
HProm — 20° to —
60° =
40
Snow
Chloride of Calcium .
^Wrom 4- 20° to —
48° =
68
Snow
Chloride of Calcium .
^JFrom + 10° to —
54° =
64
Snow
Chloride of Calcium .
glProm — 15° to —
68° =
33
Snow
Cryst. Chloride of Calcium .
gJFrom 0° to —
66° =
QQ
Snow
Cryst. Chloride of Calcium .
gJFrom — 40° to —
73° =
33
Snow
Diluted Sulphuric Acid .
j^JFrom — 68° to —
91° =
23
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE.
Degrees
f below zero.
cold produced by the evaporation of a mix-
ture of solid carbonic acid and ether, in vacuo, by Faraday 160
Ditto in the open air, by Thiloreir 135
Solid compound of alcohol and carbonic acid fuses . . . 131
Greatest artificial cold produced by Walker 91 ,
Strongest nitric acid freezes 55
Sulphuric ether congeals 47
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE. 7«
Degrees
below zero.
Liquid ammonia freezes 46
Mercury freezes 39
Proof spirit and brandy freeze 7
Degrees
above zero.
Solution of 1 salt in 3 water, freezes 4
Solution of 1 salt in 4 water, freezes ....... 7
Mixture of 1 alcohol 3 water, freezes 7
Solution of sal-ammoniac in 4 water 8
Oil of turpentine freezes 16
Strong wines freeze 20
Fluoric acid freezes 23
Oils of bergamot and cinnamon 23
Vinegar freezes 28 -
Milk freezes 30 '
Ice melts 32
Olive oil freezes 36
Glacial acetic acid solidifies 36
Medium temperature of the surface of the globe .... 50
Medium temperature of England 52
Oil of aniseed freezes 64
Lard melts from 90 to 97
Heat of human blood 98
Phosphorus melts 99
Stearine from hogs' lard melts 109
Spermaceti melts 112
Tallow melts (Thomson) 92
(Nicholson) 127
Bees' wax melts 142
Ambergris melts (La Grange) 145
Potassium melts (Fownes) 150
(Daniell) 136
Bleached wax melts (Nicholson) 155
Sodium perfectly fluid 200
Iodine fuses (Gay Lussac) 210
(Fownes) 225
Sulphur fuses (Fownes) 226
Camphor fuses 303
Tin fuses 442
Bismuth fuses 476
Lead fuses 594
Zinc fuses 773
Antimony fuses 809
Red heat (Daniell) 980
Heat of common fire (Daniell) 1140
Brass fuses (Daniell) 1869
Iver fuses (Daniell) 2233
en fuses 3479
76
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE.
TEMPERATURES AT WHICH CERTAIN SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
ARE VOLATILIZED.
Degrees
above zero.
Liquid Sulphurous acid boils (anhydrous) 14
Ether boils 98
Fuming sulphurous acid boils (^o/m^ww) 113
Bisulphuret of carbon boils 126
Liquid ammonia boils 140
Pyroligneous spirit boils 150
Alcohol boils 176
(Black) 174
sp. gr. 0-800 (Henry) 172
Water boils 212
Phosphorus distils (Pelletier) 219
Water saturated with sea salt boils 225
Nitric acid boils (sp. gr. 1-5) 187
White oxide of arsenic sublimes 283
Oil of turpentine boils (Ure) 304
Petroleum boils (Ure) 316
Metallic arsenic sublimes 540
Phosphorus boils in close vessels 554
Sulphur boils 570
Sulphuric acid boils (Dalton) 590
(Black) 546
(Fownes) 620
Linseed oil boils 600
Mercury boils 662
BOILING-POINTS OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS.
Alum ....
. 220°
Sulphate of nickel
. . 235
Muriate of ammonia
. 236
Chlorate of potass ,
. 218
Oxalate of ammonia
. 218
Nitrate of potass .
. 238
Tartrate of ammonia
. 230
Quadroxalate of potass
. 220
Chloride of barium .
. 222
Acetate of soda
. 256
Nitrate of baryta
. 214
Nitrate of soda
. 246
Acetate of copper .
. 214
Biborate of soda .
. 222
Sulphate of copper .
. 216
Carbonate of soda .
. 220
Acetate of lead .
. 212
Phosphate of soda .
. 222
Chloride of calcium .
. 220
Nitrate of strontia.
. 224
Bichloride of mercury
. 214
Sulphite of zinc
. 220
Bicyanide of mercury
. 214
Boracic acid
. 218
TEMPERATURES TO BE OBSERVED IN CERTAIN PHARMACEUTICAL
OPERATIONS.
In the fermentation of saccharine solutions, the highest temperature
should not exceed 86° (Thomson).
The lowest temperature at which they will ferment is 38° (Thom-
son).
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE. 77
The process of acetous fermentation is best conducted at a tempera-
ture of about 86°.
The temperature reqtiisite to coagulate albumen varies with the state
of dilution. If the quantity of albumen be so great that the liquid has
a slimy aspect, a heat of 145° or 150° suffices, but in a very dilute con-
dition boiling is required (Fownes).
In the London Pharmacoposia.
"When a boiling heat is directed, a temperature is meant of 212°
Fahr.
When a gentle heat is directed, a temperature is meant of from 90°
to 100°.
The specific gravities of substances ordered in the London Pharma-
copoeia are to be taken at a temperature of 62°.
A water bath is that by which any substance contained in a proper
vessel is exposed either to hot water, or the vapour of boiling wateif:
A sand bath is made of sand, to be gradually heated, in which anything
is placed contained in a proper vessel.
Syrups are to be kept in a place where the temperature never exceeds
55°.
In drying vegetables, put them into very shallow wicker baskets soon
after they are gathered, and expose them to a gentle heat and a current
of air, excluded from light. When the moisture is expelled, increase
the heat gradually to 150° F., until they are dried. Afterwards
preserve them in suitable vessels, so as to exclude light and moisture.
In the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias.
Whenever mention occurs of the specific gravity of any body, its
temperature is supposed to be at 60°.
78
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, WITH THEIR SYMBOLS
AND EQUIVALENTS.
The' equivalents given in this table' are founded upon the views
generally received among Chemists with regard to the constitution of
the compounds from the analysis of which the determinations have been
made, and the numbers in the table represent the best and most recent
results. In the case of mercury, however, the equivalent is represented
as = 200, because this number accords with the constitution assigned to
the compounds of mercury in the London Pharmacopoeia, although 100
is now more generally assumed to be the equivalent of mercury.
Symb.
Equiv,
Aluminum .
. . . Al 13-7
Antimony (Stibi
um) . Sb.
. . 129
Arsenic .
. . . As.
. . 75
Barium .
. . . Ba.
. . 68-5
Bismuth .
. . Bi. .
. .213
Boron .
. . . B. .
. . 10-9
Bromine .
. . Br.
. 80
Cadmium
. . . Cd.
. . 56
Calcium .
. . Ca.
. . 20
Carbon .
. . C. .
. . 6
Cerium .
. . Ce.
. . 47
Chlorine .
. . CI. .
. 35-5
Chromium
. . Cr.
. 26-7
Cobalt .
. . Co.
. 29-5
Columbium (Tai
italum) Ta.
. 184-0
Copper (Cupruni
) . . Cu.
. . 31-7
Didymium .
. . Dy.
. 50
Erbium .
. . Er.
Fluorine .
. . F. .
'. 19
Glucinium .
. . G. .
• 1 6-9
Beryllium .
. . Be.
Gold (Aurum) .
. . Au.
.' 197
Hydrogen .
. . H. . .
1
Iodine .
. . I. .
. 127
I idium .
. . Ir. . .
. 99
Iron (Ferrum) .
. . Fe.
. 28
Lanthanum .
. . Ln.
. 47
Lead (Plumbum
) . . Pb. .
. 103-7
Lithium .
. . Li. . .
. 6-5
Magnesium .
. . Mg. .
. 12
Manganese .
. . Mn. .
. 27-6
Mercury (Hydra
rgyrum) Hg. .
. 200
Molybdenum
. . Mo. .
. 46
Nickel .
. . Ni. .
. 29-6
Niobium
. . Nb. .
Nitrogen or j
AlZO
te . . N. . .
! 14
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS.
79
Norium .
Osmium .
Oxygen .
Palladium .
Pelopium
Phosphorus .
Platinum
Potassium (Kalium)
Rhodium
Ruthenium .
Selenium
Silicium, or Silicon
Silver (Argentum)
Sodium (Natrium)
Strontium .
Sulphur .
Tellurium .
Terbium
Thorium
Tin (Stannum) .
Titanium
Tungsten (Wolfram)
Uranium
Vanadium .
Yttrium .
Zinc ....
Zirconium .
Symb.
No.
Os.
O. .
Pd.
Pe.
P. .
Pt. .
K. .
R. .
Ru,
Se. .
Si. .
Ag.
Na.
Sr. .
S. .
Te..
Tb.
Th..
Sn. .
Ti. .
W.
U. .
V. .
Y. .
Zn..
Zr. .
Equiv.
99-6
8
53-3
32
98
39
52
52
35
21
108
23
43-8
16
64-2
59-6
58
25
92
60
68-6
32-6
33-6
THE SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
Name of Salt.
Sp
. gr.
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
Solubility in 100 paiis
Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point.
at 60° at Boiling-point.
Aluminum
Alumina
i
2
3
3
1
1
67
9to
97
245
645
Undetermined
Insoluble
Uncrystallizable
0-05
Uncrystallizable
Very soluble
Very soluble
Uncrystallizable
Insoluble
Insoluble
Acetate of
Arseniate of .
Borate of .
Camphorate of
Lactate of
Muriate of
Nitrate of
Oxalate of
Phosphate of .
Seleniate of .
100 at 54^o
. . . . 100
... .2-91
80
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 paits
Name of Salt.
Sp.gr.
i
Water
Alcohol
It 60° at Boiling-point.
it 60" at Boiling-point.
Alumina.
1-67
50
Sulphate of . . .
Sulphate of, and Potash
1-71
5-4 . 133-33
Sulphate of, and Soda
1-6
100
Sulphite of . . .
Insoluble
Tartrate of . . .
Uncrystallizable
2-91
Tartrate of, and Potash
Uncrystallizable
Tungstate of .
Insoluble
Urate and Lithate of.
••
Insoluble
Ammonia.
Very soluble
Acetate of . . .
Readily soluble
Arseniate of .
, .
Soluble
Binarseniate of
, ,
Soluble
Arsenite of .
. .
Uncrystallizable
Benzoate of .
, .
Soluble
Boletate of .
, ,
38
Borate of .
8* . . . .
. . . 0-416
Camphorate of
, ,
vy^ • « • •
1. . . .33
Carbonate of (Sesqui)
33 {Ure)
20 (Brande)
Chlorate of . . .
. .
Very soluble
Chromate of . .
■ •
Very soluble
Citrate of. . . .
( Difficultly crystal-
( lizable
Ferrocyanide of .
. .
Very soluble
Formate of . . .
. .
Soluble
Hydriodate of, (or lo- ]
dide of Ammonium) J
••
Very soluble
Hydrocyanate of ,
Soluble
Hydrosulphuret of
Very deliquescent
Hypophosphite of
••
(Soluble and deli-
\ quescent
Hyposulphite of .
. .
Very soluble
lodate of .
. .
Sparingly soluble
Lactate of . . .
Uncrystallizable
Meconate of . .
. .
66
Molybdate of.
Soluble
( 7
Muriate of, (or Chlo-1
ride of Ammonium) j
1-53
36 . . . 100
)7-5at80'' ("S^I-GOO
U-75 do. |&:S 1-872
[I'b do. {^^{'8U
Nitrate of . . .
1-58
50 . . . 100
. . . 19-16
Oxalate of
,
1-46
4-5. . 40-84
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
81
Solubility in 100 parts
I Solubility in 100 parts
Water
1 Alcoliol
Name of Salt,
Sp. gr.
at 60" at Boiling-point, at 60° at Boiling-point'
Ammonia.
1-8
25 {Brande)
1 — — ^
Phosphate of .
Biphosphate of .
Less soluble
Phosphite of .
Very soluble
Purpurate of .
- 0066 much more
Pyrolithate of
Soluble
Suberate of . . .
Very soluble
Succinate of . . .
Very soluble
Sulphate of . . .
l-7o
50 {Brande) 100
Sulphite of . . .
100 {Ure)
Tartrate of . . .
60-03 . 304-7
. . . .2-gi
Tungstate of .
Soluble
AxTiMoxr .
6-72
Soluble {Ure)
Acetate of . . .
Benzoate of . . .
Soluble ( Ure)
Tartrate of . . .
••
1 Very soluble
( {Brande)
Potassio-tartrate of .
••
7 . . . .50
Barium .
4-00
Baryta .
1-828
5 at 50° 10 at 212°
88. . . .96
Acetate of . , .
Antimoniate of .
Insoluble
Antimonite of
Slightly
Arseniate of .
Insoluble
Arsenite of . . .
Difficultly
Benzoate of . . .
Soluble
Borate of .
Very sparingly
Caniphorate of .
Veiy sparingly
Carbonate of .
4-331
1 Very nearly in-
\ soluble
Chlorate of . . .
2o
Chromate of . .
Very sparingly
Citrate of. . . .
Difficultly soluble
Ferrocyanuret of .
•0005. . -01
Hydriodate of, (or lo-l
dide of Barium) . j
Very soluble
Hydrosulphuret of .
11. . . .50
Hypophosphite of
Very soluble
lodate of .
•33 . . 1-6
Lactate of . . .
Soluble
82
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 parts
Name of Salt.
Sp. gr.
Water
Alcohol
at 60'' at Boiling-point.
at 60'^ at Boiling-point.
Baryta.
^
Insoluble
Lithate of.
Muriate of, (or Chlo-j
Ciat80° 1's f-goo
ride of Barium) >
(Anhydrous) . . J
2-825
36-8. . 68-5
l0-29. . li;^l-848
)0-18. . j ^a,j.834
(0-09. .ji'i'sn
[1 ' 56 at 80° \ 2 /•
Muriate of (or Chlo-1
ride of Barium) Cryst. J
3-14
43 (Brande) 78
0-43 . . |. -900
0-32 . . -g -848
0-06 . . fe -834
Nitrate of ...
3-28
( 8- 18 at 58-90
(3o- 18 at 214-97°
l0-25 . . j^l.
Oxalate of . . .
, ,
Nearly insoluble
Phosphate of .
1-286
Insoluble
Phosphite of .
0-25
Pyrocitrate of
-066 . . -02
Sulphate of . . .
4-3
Insoluble
Sulphite of . . .
1-694
Insoluble
Tartrate of . . .
••
Slightly
Bismuth .
9-77
Soluble
Acetate of . . .
Arseniate of .
Insoluble
Benzoate of . . .
. .
Soluble . . .
Sparingly.
Carbonate of .
Insoluble
Chloride of . . .
Deliquescent
Nitrate of . . .
2-73
Decomposed
Phosphate of .
. .
Soluble
Sulphate of . . .
••
Decomposed
Cobalt
8-51
Soluble
Acetate of . . .
Antimoniate of .
Soluble
Arseniate of . . .
Insoluble
Borate of .
Scarcely
Carbonate of .
Insoluble
Lactate of . . .
-026 (Ure)
Muriate, or Chloride of
Very soluble
Nitrate of . . .
Soluble .
Oxalate of . . .
Insoluble
100 at 54*o
Sulphate of . . .
4 (Brande) .
Insoluble.
Tartrate of . . .
Soluble
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
83
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 parts
iName of Salt.
Sp.gr.
Water
Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point
at 60" at Boiling-point.
Copper
8-862
1-78
{Ure) 20
Acetate of . . .
Antimoniate of .
, .
Insoluble
Arseniate of .
. .
Insoluble
Beiizoate of . . .
. .
Slightly
Borate of .
. .
Insoluble
Carbonate of .
, .
Insoluble
Chlorate of . . .
, ,
Soluble
Chromate of . . .
, .
Insoluble
Citrate of.
. .
Insoluble
Ferrocyanide of .
Insoluble
.""
Fluoride of . . .
Soluble
Formate of . . .
1-815
12
Hyposulphite of .
. ,
Soluble
Muriate, or Chloride of
3-05
Soluble .
100 at 176P
Bichloride of .
3-37
Nearly insoluble
Nitrate of . . . .
2-174
Deliquescent
Oxalate of . . .
, ,
Soluble?
„ and Ammonia
, .
Soluble ?
„ and Potassa .
, ,
Soluble?
„ and Soda
Insoluble
Phosphate of .
l-4i58
Insoluble
Subnitrate of .
. ,
Insoluble
Sulphate of . . .
2-25
25 . . .50
Disulphate of.
. ,
Insoluble
Trisulphate of
. .
Insoluble
Sulphite of Protoxide
Insoluble
Sulphate of and Potassa
2-24
Soluble
„ and Ammonia
1-89
Soluble
Ammonio Subsulphate
. ,
66-6
Tartrate of . . .
, ,
Soluble
Bitartrate of . .
, .
Less soluble
Tartrate of and Potfl.ssa
••
Soluble
Gold . .
19-25
Soluble
Perchloride of
Protochloride of .
••
Soluble
Iron .
7-788
1-368
Soluble
Acetate (Prot.) . .
Acetate (Per.) .
. .
tJncrystallizable
Antimoniate of .
Insoluble
o2
84
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 parts
Name of Salt,
Sp. Gr.
Water
Alcobol
■\t 60° at Boiling-point.
at 60" at Boiling-point.
Iron,
3-
Insoluble
Arseniate of (Prot,) ,
Arseniate of (Per.) .
Insoluble
Benzoate of . . .
Insoluble
Borate of ,
Insoluble
Citrate (Proto.) . ,
Soluble
Citrate (Biproto.)
Sparingly solulUe
Citrate Per. .
J Very soluble and
i uncrystallizable
Ferrocyanide (Prus-)
sian Blue) , . .J
Insoluble
Fluoride of . . .
Insoluble
Gallate of Peroxide of
Insoluble
Hyposulphite of .
Soluble
Lactate of Protox, of
Scarcely
Molybdate of Protox. of
Insoluble
Protochloride of .
Soluble
Perchloride of
Veiy soluble
100 at 176''
Nitrate of Protoxide of
Uncrystallizable
Nitrate of Peroxide of
Very soluble
Oxalate of Protoxide of
Soluble
Oxalate of Peroxide of
Scarcely
Phosphate of ,
2-6
Insoluble
Phosphate of Perox. of
Nearly insoluble
Superphosphate of .
Nearly insoluble
Succinate of Peroxide of
Insoluble
Sulphate of (Cryst,) .
1-85
j76-238(Brande)
\ 333-3
Sulphate of (Dry) .
2-64
Persulphate of .
Uncrystallizable
Soluble
Hyposulphite of ,
Uncrystallizable
Persulphate of & Potassa
Soluble
„ and Ammonia
Soluble
Tartrate (Proto,) of .
0-25 (Dumas)
Tartrate (Per,) of .
Soluble
Tartrate of and Potassa
Uncrystallizable
Soluble
Lead .
11-33
2-345
27 (Bosfock) 29
Acetate (Cryst.) .
12-5 (Brande)
Acetate (Anhyd.)
2-57
,
Soluble
Diacetate of . . .
Soluble
Antimoniate of .
, .
Insoluble
Arseniate of . . .
Insoluble
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
85
Name of Salt.
Lead.
Benzoate of .
Borate of .
Carbonate of .
Citrate of
Chlorate of .
Chloride of .
Chloride of (fused)
Chromate of .
Ferrocyanuret of
Gallate of
Iodide of .
Hyposulphite of
Lactate of
Superlactate of
Malate of
Molybdate of
Nitrate of
Dinitrate of .
Oxalate of
Phosphate of .
Phosphite of .
Succinate of .
Sulphate of .
Sulphite of .
Tannate of .
Tartrate of .
and Potassa
Lime .
Acetate of
Antimoniate of
Arseniate of .
Arsenite of .
Benzoate of .
Borate of .
Sp. Gr.
at 60" at Boiling-point.
4 to
75
823
13
65
2-3908
1-005
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
Solubility in 100 parts
Alcohol
at 60'' at Boiling-point.
Insoluble
Insoluble
> Insoluble
Nearly insoluble
Soluble
S-33{Brande)i'5
Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
0-08 . . 0-5
Soluble
Soluble (Ure)
Soluble
Scarcely
Insoluble
13
(Scarcely at 60°,
but much more
so at 212°
Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
( Not absolutely in-
I soluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Almost insoluble
( Insoluble {Berze-
\ liics)
{Kirwan)
Soluble . . .
Insoluble
Insoluble
Difficultly soluble
Sparingly soluble
Very difficultly
86
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 parta
Name of Salt.
Sp. Gr.
Water
Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point.
8,t 60° at Boiling-point,
Lime.
2-7
Insoluble
Carbonate of (Anhyd.)
Chlorate of . . .
, ,
Very soluble
Soluble
Chromate of . .
, ,
Soluble
Citrate of . . .
Nearly insoluble
Fluoride of . . .
3-15
Insoluble
[Solubility nearly
Hypophosphite of
•■•
< equal at all tem-
[ peratures
Hyposulphate of .
. .
4O-65(Brande)l50
Hyposulphite of .
, ,
Very soluble
lodate of .
. ,
20 100
Iodide of Calcium
. .
Deliquescent
Malate of . . .
^ ^
•66 1-53
Molybdate of . .
Insoluble
200 at 32°
Muriate, (or Chlor 1
of Calcium) . e)
1-76
400 at 60°
almost any quan-
tity at 220°
Nitrate of . . .
1-62
25 ... .
. . . .161-66
Oxalate of . . .
Insoluble
Phosphate of .
Insoluble
Biphosphate of .
. .
Soluble
Subphosphate of .
3-
Almost insoluble
Succinate of . . .
, ,
Difficultly soluble
Sulphate of . . .
. ,
0-301 at 50°
Sulphite of . . .
12-5
[Nearly insoluble at
Tartrate of . . .
1-9009
- 60°, but -16 at
212°
Tungstate of .
...-
Insoluble
LiTHIA.
Deliquescent
Acetate of . . .
Bicarbonate of .
Slightly soluble
Borate of .
Soluble
Carbonate of .
1
Insoluble
Chloride of Lithium .
Very deliquescent
Chromate of . . .
Very soluble
Citrate of . . . .
(Very difficultly
( soluble
Nitrate of . . .
....
Very deliquescent
i
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
87
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 parts
Name of Salt.
Sp. Gr.
Water
Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point.
at 60° at Boiling-point.
LiTHIA.
Very deliquescent
Oxalate of . . .
Binoxalate of.
Less soluble
Phosphate of .
Insoluble
Sulphate of . . .
Soluble
Tartrate of . . .
Easily soluble
„ and Potassa.
Easily soluble
„ and Soda .
Easily soluble
Magnesia .
2-3
1-378
Very soluble
Acetate of . . .
Arseniate of . . .
, .
Deliquescent
Arsenite of . . .
Difficultly soluble
Benzoate of . . .
Soluble
Borate of . .
2-566
Insoluble
Carbonate of .
Very slightly
Chlorate of . . .
••
Very soluble
Chloride of Magnesium
1-6
200 (Brande)
(50 547
{50at8073.gr.ofV817
(21-25. .\ Sprts. /-OOO
Chromate of .
Very soluble
Citrate of. . . .
Difficultly soluble
Iodide of Magnesium
Soluble
Malate of. . . .
3-56 (Brande)
Molybdate of.
6-66 8-35
(Nearly insoluble
Nitrate of . . .
1-46
100 ... .
< in pure alcohol
(11 sp. gr. '840
Oxalate of . . .
, ,
Nearly insoluble
Phosphate of .
1-55
6-66
„ and Ammonia
Sparingly soluble
Succinate of . . .
Unerystallizable
Sulphate of (dry)
33-192 73-57
Sulphate of (cryst.) .
1-66
68-042 150-71
1 at 80° (Kirwan)
„ and Ammonia
1-72
Soluble
5, and Potassa.
2-07
Soluble
„ and Soda
33-3
Sulphite of . . .
1-38
5
„ and Ammonia
, ,
Difficultly soluble
Tartrate of . . .
^ ^
Insoluble
Tungstate of . . .
^ ,
Soluble
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 parts
Name of Salt.
Sp. Gr.
Water
Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point.
at 60*^ at Boiling-point.
Manganese
8-02
3
Acetate of . . .
Soluble
Ammonio-chloride of
, ,
Soluble
Ammonio-sulphate of
, .
Soluble
Antimoniate of .
Moderately soluble
Arseniate of . . .
Insoluble
Benzoate of . . .
I Deliquescent
\ (Brande)
Carbonate of .
. .
Insoluble
Chromate of . . .
Soluble
Nitrate of . . . .
. ,
Very soluble
Soluble
Oxalate of . . .
Insoluble
Phosphate of .
Nearly insoluble
Succinate of . . .
1 (Ure)
Sulphate of , . .
2-877
131 (Ure)
150 (Brande)
Hyposulphate of .
. .
Deliquescent
Sulphite of . . .
Insoluble
Tungstate of .
Insoluble
Mercury
14-00
0-16 (Braconnoi)
Acetate of (Prot.) .
Acetate of (Per.)
Readily soluble
Arseniate of .
Insoluble
Benzoate of . . .
Insoluble
Borate of .
2-66
Insoluble
Bichloride of .
62
6-25(Brande)^Z-Z
42-6 85-2
{Hasen-
[10-74 at oOo
fratz)
ISprts. sp. gr. -915
6-5
• • •
j 43 -66 at 50°
(^Graham')
(Sprts. sp. gr. -818
Chloride of . . .
7-176
1 -00833 at 212^
\ (Dumas)
( Graham.)
Chromate of . . .
, ,
Insoluble
Citrate of . . .
, ,
Insoluble
Bicyanuret of
. ,
. . 54
Fluoride of . . .
. .
Soluble
Molybdate of
. .
Very sparingly
Nitrate (Prot.) . .
4-78
( Soluble and decom-
( posed by excess
Nitrate (Per.) . .
. .
Do. do.
Oxalate of (Proto.) .
4-98
Scarcely
.
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
89
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
Alcohol
Name of Salt.
Sp. Gr.
at 60° at Boiling-point.
it 60° at Boiling-point.
Mercury.
Insoluble
Oxalate of (Per.)
Sulphate of (Proto.) .
0-20 . . 0-33
Sulphate of (Per.) .
Decomposed
Sulphate of (Sub.) .
6-444
-005 . . 0-33
Tartrate of . . .
. ,
Insoluble
„ and Potassa
••
Soluble
Nickel .
8-33
Very soluble
Acetate of
Arseniate of . .
. ,
Soluble {Ure)
Carbonate of .
Insoluble
Chloride of . . .
, .
Soluble in hot water
Nitrate of Protox.
. .
50 ... .
Soluble ■
„ and Ammonia
. .
Soluble
Oxalate of . . .
. ,
Insoluble
Phosphate of .
Nearly insoluble
Sulphate of . . .
2-03
33-3 185-71
„ and Ammonia
, .
25
„ and Potassa
2-19
11-1
„ and Iron
, ,
Soluble
Tartrate of . . .
••
Very soluble
Platinum
20-98
Soluble . . .
Protochloride of . . 1
Perchloride of . . J
1 Easily soluble,
j also in Ether
Protochloride of . . 1
„ and Ammonium I
Soluble . . .
Insoluble
„ and Potassium
, ^
Soluble . . .
Insoluble
„ and Sodium
. ,
Uncrystallizable
Very soluble
Bichloride of . . . 1
„ and Ammonium j
Very spanngly
„ and Potassium
. .
Very sparingly
„ and Sodium
. ,
Soluble . . .
Soluble
„ and Barium
. ,
Soluble
Protonitrate of .
Soluble
Pernitrate of .
^ ^
Soluble
Protosulphate of .
. .
Soluble
Persulphate of .
••
Very soluble
(Very soluble, also
\ in Ether
90
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
Solubility in 1 00 parts
Solubility in 100 parts
Name of Salt.
Sp. Gr.
Water
Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point.
at 60° at Boiling-point-
Potassium
0-865
POTASSA .
1-706
100 . . . .
Acetate of
. . . 2(»
Ammonio-oxalate of
, ,
Soluble
Ammonio-sulphate oJ
13
Ammonio-tartrate of
Very soluble
Antimoniate of .
, ,
Slightly
Antimonite of
Soluble
Arseniate of .
. ,
Uncrystallizable
3-75
Binarseniate of
18-86 at 40°
Insoluble
Arsenite of .
. . .
Uncrystallizable
Benzoate of ,
.
Very soluble
Bibenzoate of
, ,
10
Borate of .
.
Soluble
Camphorate of
• • •
1 . . 25
Carbonate of .
2-6
100
Bicarbonate of
2-085
25 . . 83
Chlorate of .
6-03 60 at 188i°
Chromate of .
2-6
48 extremely
Insoluble
Bichromate of
2-692
10 much more
Citrate of
Very soluble
Columbate of
Uncrystallizable
Ferrocyanide of
1-83
33-3 . . 100
Iodide of Potassium
3-05
(143 at 65 {G.
\ Lussac
^Sparingly
lodate of .
, ,
7-14 {Brande)
Molybdate of
Soluble
(2-083
Chloride of Potassiun
1 1-90
(29-21 at 66-83°\
159-26 at 229-28]
I4-62 at 80° (o ^-j-OOO
1-66 . . <&>i -812
29-31 at 64°)
(0-38 . . (^=^^j-834
Nitrate of
. 2-073
{236-45 at 207°
. . . 2-083
(285- at 238° J
Oxalate of .
2-10
\^0{Ure) . .
(30 {Brande) .
2 '76 at 80° sp.gr. -900
1 . . of Sprts. -872
Binoxalate of.
1-96
j (10 Brande)
\{Vre\OQ))
Quadroxalate of .
. 1-81
. . 66-66
. . . 2-91
Phosphate of ,
Difficultly soluble
Diphosphate of .
Soluble in hot water
Biphosphate of .
! 2-85
Very soluble
Hypophosphite of
Very deliquescent
Very soluble
Hyposulphate of .
• •
(Difficultly solub.at
|60° readily at 2 12°
Hyposulphite of
« • •
Deliquescent
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
91
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
Alcohol
Name of Salt.
Sp. Gr.
at 60° at Boiling-point.
at 60° at Boiling-point.
POTASSA.
Difficultly
Hyposulphite of and . 1
Silver . . . .j
Succinate of . . .
••
Very soluble
110-57 at 54°
\26-33at 214°
Sulphate of . . .
2*64
Bisulphate of.
2-47
j 50 at 40°
1200 at 220°
Sulphite of . . .
1-586
100
Tartrate o^ . . .
1-556 lOO ....
. . . 0-416
Bitartrate of . . .
1-95
1-05 . .6-66
. . . 2-91
Tartrovinate of .
. ,
10 any quantity
Tungstate of .
. .
Uncrystallizable
Nitro-tungstate of .
••
. . {Ure) 5
Silver
10-49
(Very difficultly
I soluble
Acetate of . . .
Arseniate of . . .
Insoluble
Arsenite of . . .
•- •
Insoluble
Borate of .
Difficultly soluble
Chlorate of . . .
25 {Chenevix)
Chromate of . . .
Very slightly
Citrate of. . . .
Insoluble
MolyMate of.
Insoluble
Chloride of (F«sed) .
5-45
Insoluble
Nitrate of (Cryst.) .
3-521
100 . . 200
.... 25
Oxalate of . . ..
. .
Insoluble
Phosphate of .
7-3
Insoluble
Succinate of . . .
Soluble
Sulphate of . . .
1-15
Sulphite of . . .
Very little soluble
Hyposulphite of .
Soluble
„ and Potassa
Difficultly soluble
Tartrate of . . .
Soluble
„ and Potassa
Soluble
Sodium .
0-953
Soda.
2*1
35 . . . 150
Acetate of . . ,
Arseniate of . . .
1-76
(10 ( Tfiompson)
\25 (Ure)
92
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
Solubility in 100 parts
Solubility in 100 parts
Name of Salt.
Sp. Gr.
Water
Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point,
at 60° at Boiling-point.
Soda.
■->
Soluble
Binarseniate of .
J, and Potas
sa
Soluble
Benzoate of .
, ,
Very soluble
Biborate of .
1-73
8-033 . . 50
Carbonate of Crj^st.
1-45
50 . . . 100
Bicarbonate of
2-19
7-6
Chlorate of .
33-3. . . .
Sol. in sp. rect.
Chromate of . . .
Very soluble
Sparingly
Citrate of.
1 100 or more
\ (Brande)
Iodide of Sodium .
173
lodate of .
7-3
Insoluble
Molybdate of . .
Soluble
Muriate of (or Chlo
■} 2-01
f Equally solubleat]
(5-8at80°(Sp. gr.j-900
ride of Sodium)
< all temperatures I
I {Berz.) J
{3-6 . .{ of i'872
(0-5 . . [ Sprts.J -834
33-3 at 60°) „
100 atl23°f^'"^'
50 at 60° Berzel-
C 9-58
73 at 32° 1 Gay
173 at 212° J ^«ssac
10-5at80°fspgr)-900
6 . . { oi }-872
Nitrate of . . .
2-18-j
80 at 32o
l0-38 . (Sprts.J -834
22-7at 50°L,„,^
55 at 61° (
V
218-5 at 246°)
Oxalate of . . .
, ,
Sparingly soluble
Phosphate of .
1-33
25 ... 50
„ and Amnion:
a 1-50
Soluble
Biphosphate of .
Very soluble
Hypophosphite of
Very soluble
Very soluble
Succinate of . . .
, .
Soluble
Sulphate of (Cryst.) .
1-46|
48-28 at 64°
32212 at 91°
(
16-73 at 64°]((?ay
>Insoluble
Sulphate of (dry)
2-59]
50-65 at 91°Uws-
42-65 at 217°J '<"=)
Hyposulphate of .
. .
41-6 . . 91
Insoluble
Bisulphate of
2-74
50
Sulphate of & Ammoni
a
Soluble
Sulphite of . . .
2-95
25
Hyposulphite of .
. .
Deliquescent
Insoluble
Tartrate of . . .
1-980
56-37 (Thompson)
Insoluble
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
93
Nama of Salt.
Soda.
Tartrate of and Potassa
Tartrovinate of .
Tungstate of .
Strontium
Strontia
Hydrate of .
Acetate of
Arseniate of .
Arsenite of .
Borate of .
Carbonate of .
Chlorate of .
Chloride of Strontium
Chromate of .
Citrate of
Ferrocyanuret of
Iodide of Strontium
lodate of .
!Nitrate of
Oxalate of
Phosphate of .
Phosphite of .
Hypophosphite of
Succinate of .
Sulphate of .
Hyposulphite of
Hyposulphate of
Tartrate of .
Tin
Acetate of .
Arseniate of .
Borate of .
Nitrate Proto. of
Nitrate Per. of
Oxalate of
Phosphate of .
Succinate of .
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
at 60° at Boiling-point,
20
Soluble
25 .
50
66
83
70
j 0-625 at 60°] . ^r s
l;5at212o |(^^^)
2 ... 50
Very soluble
Sparingly soluble
Sparingly soluble
0-76
0-0651 at 212°
Very soluble
50 ... .
Insoluble^ J3rande)
Soluble
25
Soluble
25
1-837
7-28
... 113
. . . 0-52
Insoluble
Soluble
Very soluble
Soluble
0-026 at 212°
20 ( Gay Lussac)
22-22 . 66-66
0-67 at 170°
Soluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Uncrystallizable
Scarcely
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
Solubility in 100 parts
Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point.
Sol. in sp. rect., but
sparingly in abso-
lute alcohol
Soluble
Soluble
Insoluble
94
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS.
Name.
Tin.
Sulphate Proto. of .
Sulphate Per. of .
Tartrate of . . .
„ and Potassa
Zinc
Acetate of
Antimoniate of
Borate of .
Chromate of
Citrate of
Chlorate of
Chloride of
Iodide of .
lodate of .
Lactate of
Nitrate of
Molybdate of
Oxalate of
Phosphate of
Succinate of
Sulphate of
Sulphite of
Hyposulphite of
Sulphate of, and Nickel
Tartrate of .
Tartrovinate of
Trisulphate of
Sp. Gr.
at 60° at Boiling-point.
6* 861
1-577
93
Solubility in 100
parts Water
Crystallizable
Uncrystallizable
Soluble
Very soluble
Very soluble
Very sparingly
Insoluble
Sparingly
Scarcely
Very soluble
Very soluble
Soluble
Difficultly soluble
2 ( Ure)
Deliquescent
Insoluble
Nearly insoluble
Uncrystallizable
Soluble
140 {Bumas)
81-81 at 220° .
Soluble .
33 33
Difficultly soluble
Soluble ...
Soluble
Solubility in 100
parts Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point.
100 at 54*°
Insoluble
Soluble
Sparingly soluble
95
SOLUBILITY OF ACIDS, BASES, &c.
Name.
Sp. gr.
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
Solubility in 100 parts
Alcohol
at 60° at Boiling-point,
at 60° at Boiling-point.
Acid.
3-7385
3-699
1-0345
1-62
1-6
r 1-78 {Graham)
{ 9-68
[2-9 {Graham)
\ 11-47
-50
3-9 . 33-3
133-33 . 200
5 . . 33-33
11-5
4 . 33-33
150 '{Brande) 200
Arsenious
Vitreous
Opaque
Benzoic ....
Boracic ....
Citric
Gallic. ....
Oxalic (Cryst.) . ,.
Succinic ((5ryst.) .
Tartaric ....
20 at 11 6P{Henry)
Soluble
74 at 176°
Soluble
Brucia ....
Cinchonia.
Morphia ....
Quinia ....
Strychnia ....
Camphor ....
Cane Sugar .
0-9887
1-59
-1177. . 0-2
Insoluble 0-04
Nearly insolub. 1
Nearly insolub.O * 5
jO-04 {Graham)
\ 0-15
0-229 . . .
200
75 at 176°
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN
PRESCEIPTIONS.
A. aa., ana (Greek) of each. It signifies equally by weight or by
measure.
Ahdom., abdomen, the abdomen, the belly.
Abs.fehr., absentefebre, fever being absent.
Ad catharsis, until purging occurs.
Ad 2 vie., ad secundum vicem, to the second time ; or ad duas vices,
for two times.
Ad gr. acid., ad gratam aciditatem, to an agreeable acidity.
Ad def. animi, ad defectionem animi, to fainting.
Ad del. an., ad deliquium animi, to fainting.
Ad libit., ad libitum, at pleasure.
Add., adde, or addaniur, add, or let them be added; addendum, to be
added.
Adjac, adjacens, adjacent.
96 EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
Admov., admove, admoveatur, admoveantur, apply, let it be applied,
let them be applied.
Ads.fehre, abstante febre, while the fever is present.
Alter, hor., alternis horis, every other hour.
Alvo adstr., alvo adstrictd, when the bowels are confined.
Aq. astr., aqua astricta^ frozen water.
Aq. btdl., aqua bulliens, boiling water.
Aq. com., aqua communis, common water.
Aq.Jiuv., aquajluviatilis, river water.
Aq. mar., aqua marina, sea water.
Aq. niv., aqua nivalis, snow water.
Aq. pluv., aqua pluviatilis, or pluvialis, rain water.
Aq. ferv., aquafervens, hot water.
Aq. font., aqua fontana, or aquafontis, spring water.
Mis ind., bis indies, twice a-day.
Sib., bibe, drink,
JB.A., balneum arence, a sand bath.
BB., Bbds., Barbadensis, Barbadoes, as aloe Barbadensis.
B.M., balneum maria, or balneum maris, a warm-water bath.
Bull., bulliat, boil.
But., butyrum, butter.
B. v., balneum vapor is, a vapour bath.
Ccerul., cceruleus, blue.
Cap., capiat, let him (or her) take.
Calom. calomelas, calomel, protochloride of mercury.
C.C., cornu cervi, hartshorn; it may also sigmij cucurbitula cruenta,
the cupping-glass with scarificator.
C. C. v., cornu cervi ustum, burnt hartshorn.
Cochleat., cochleatim, by spoonfuls.
Coch. ampl., cochleare amplum, a large (or table) spoonful ; about half
a fluid ounce.
Coch. infant., cochleare infantis, a child's spoonful.
Coch. magn., cochleare magnum, a large spoonful.
Coch. med., cochleare medium 1 a middling or moderate spoonful ; that is, a
Coch. mod., cochleare modicum J dessert spoonful— about two fluid drachms.
Coch. parv., cochleare parvum, a small (or tea) spoonful ; it contains
about one fluid drachm.
Col., cola, strain.
Col., colatus, strained.
Colet., coletur, colat., colatur, let it be strained ; colaturce, to the
strained liquor.
Colent., colentur, let them be strained.
Color., coloretur, let it be coloured.
Comp., compositus, compounded.
Cong, congius, a gallon.
Cons., conserva, conserve; also (imperat. ofconservo) keep.
Cont., contunde, bruise.
Cont., rem., or med., continuentur remedia, or medicamenta, let the
remedies, or the medicines, be continued.
Coq., coque, boil ; coquantur, let them be boiled.
USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS. 97
Coq. ad med. consumpt., coque, or coquatur ad medietatis consump-
tionem, boil, or let it be boiled to the consumption of one-half.
Coq. S. A., coque secundum artem, boil according- to art.
Coq. in S. A., coque in stifficiente quantitate aquce, boil in a sufficient
quantity of water.
Cort., cortex, bark.
C. v., eras vespere, to-morrow evening,
C. m. s., eras mane sumendus, to be taken to-morrow morning.
C. «., cra^ node, to-morrow night.
Crast., crastinus, for to-morrow.
Cuj., ctijus, of which.
Cujusl., cujuslibet, of any.
Cyath. thece, cyatho thece, in a cup of tea.
Cyath., cyathus, vel )a wine-glass ; from an ounce and half to
C. vinar., cyathus vinarius,] two ounces and half.
jDeaur. pil., deaurentur pilules, let the pills be gilt.
Deb. spiss., debita spissitudo, due consistence.
Dec, decaida, pour off.
Decub. hor., decubitus hord, at the hour of going to bed, or at bed-time.
De d. in d., de die in diem, from day to day.
Deglut., deglutiatur, let it be swallowed.
Dej. alv., dejectiones alvi, stools.
Dep., depuratus, purified.
Dei., detur, let it be given.
Dieb. alt., diebus alternis, every other day.
Dieb. tert., diebus tertiis, every third day.
Dig. digeratur, let it be digested.
Dil. dilue., dilutus, dilute (thin), diluted.
Diluc, diluculo, at breiik of day.
Dim., dimidius, one -half.
D. in 2 ph., deter in duplo, let it be given in twice the quantity.
D. in p. (Bq., dividatur in partes cequales, let it be divided in equal
parts.
D. P., directione propria, with a proper direction.
Donee alv. bis dej., donee alvus bis dejecerit, until the bowels have
been twice opened.
Donee alv. sol.,fuer., donee alvus soluta fuerit, until the bowels have
been loosened.
Donee dol. neph. exulav., donee dolor nephriticus exulaverit, until the.
nephritic pain has been removed.
D., dosis, a dose.
Ebum., eber7ieus, made of ivory.
£d., edulcorata, edulcorated.
Ejusd., ejusdem, of the same.
Elect., electuarium, an electuary.
Enem., enema, a clyster.
Exhib., exhibeatur, let it be administered.
Ext. sup. alut. moll., extende super alutam mollem, spread upon soft
leather.
F..fuc, make ; fiat,fiant, let it be made, let them be made.
u
98 EXPLANATION OF TERMS
F. j)iL,Jiant pilulce, let pills be made.
Fasc, fasciculus, a bundle.
Feb. dur.,febre durante, during the fever.
Fern, intern., femoribus internis, to the inside of the thighs.
F. ven(£S.,Jiat vencesectio, let venesection be performed.
F. H.,fiat liaustiis, let a draught be made.
Fict.,Jictilis, earthen.
Fil.,filtrum, a filtre.
Fist, arm., fistula armata, a clyster-pipe and bladder fitted for use.
Fl.,fluidus, fluid.
F. L. A., fiat lege artis, let it be made by the rules of art.
F. M.,fiat mistura, let a mixture be made.
F. S. A., fiat secundum artem, let it be made according to art.
Gel. quav., gelatina quavis, in any jelly.
G. G. G., gummi gutt<s gambce, gamboge.
Gr., granum, a grain ; grana, grains.
Gr. vi. pond., grana sex pondere, six grains by weight.
Gtt., gutta, a drop ; guttcB, drops.
Gtt. quibusd., guttis quibusdam, with some drops.
Guttat., guttatim, by drops.
Har.pil. sum. iij., harum pilularum sumantur ires, of these pills let
three be taken.
H. D., or hor. decub., hord decubitus, at bed-time.
H. P., haustus purgans, purging drauglit.
H. S., hord somni, at the hour of going to sleep.
Hor. un. spalio, JiortB unius spatio, at the expiration of one hour.
Hor. interm., horis intermediis, in tlie intermediate hours.
Hot. Wmd. mat., hord undecimd matutind, at 11 o'clock in the
morning.
Ind., indies, 6.0x1^.
In pulm., in pulmento, in gruel.
Inf., infunde, infuse.
Jul., julepus, julapium, a julep.
Inj. enem. injiciatur enema, let a clyster be thrown up.
Kal. ppt., kali pra^aratum, prepared kali {potasscB carbonas. Ph. L.)
Lat. dol., lateri dolenti, to the affected side.
M., misce, mix ; mensurd, by measure ; manipulus, a handful ; mini-
mum, a minim.
Mane pr., mane primo, early in the morning.
Man., manipulus, a handful.
Min., minimum, a minim, the 60th part of a drachm measure.
M. P., massa pilularum, a pill mass.
M. R., mistura, a mixture.
3Iic. pan., mica panis, crumb of bread.
Mitt., mitte, send ; mittantur, let them be sent.
Mitt. sang, ad o^ij., mitte sanguincm ad $xij., take blood to tMelve
ounces.
Mod. prcescr., modo prcescripto, in the manner directed.
Mor. diet., more dicto, in the way ordered.
Mor. sol., more solito, in the usual way.
USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS. 99
Ne tr. s. niim.^ ne tradas sine nummOy do not deliver it without the
money.
iV. M., nux moschata, a nutmeg.
No., mimero, in number.
O., octarius, a pint.
Ol. lini s. i., oleum lini sine igne, cold-drawn linseed oil.
Omn. hor.f omni hord^ every hour.
Om?i. hid., omni biduo, every two days.
Omn. bih. omni bihorio, every two hours.
O. 31., or otnn. man., omni mane, every morning.
O. N., or omn. noct., omni node., every night.
Om7i. cjuadr. hor., omni quadrante horce, every quarter of an hour.
O. 0. O., oleum olivce optimum, best olive oil.
Ov., ovum, an e^^.
Oz., the ounce avoirdupois, or common weight, as contrddistiBguished
from that prescribed by physicians.
P. ce., part, cequal., partes cequales, equal parts.
P. d., per deliquium, by deliquescence.
Past.,pastillus, a pastil, or ball of paste.
P., ponder e, by weight.
Ph. ])., Pharmacopoeia Dubliniensis.
Ph. E., Pharmacopoeia PJditiensis.
Ph. L., Pharmacopoeia Londinensis.
Ph. U.S., Pharmacopoeia of the United States.
Part, vie, partitis vicibus, in divided doses.
Per. op. emet., peractd operatione emetici, the operation of the emetic
being over.
Pocul., poculum, a cup.
PocilL, pocillum, a small cup.
Post sing. sed. liq., post singulas sedes liquidcts, after every loose stool.
Ppt., prcBparata, prepared.
P. r. n., pro re nata, occasionally.
P. rat. cetat., pro ratione cetatis, according to the age.
Pug., pugillus, a pinch, a gripe between the thumb and the two first
fingers.
Pulv. pulvis, pulverizatus, a powder, pulverized.
Q. I., quantum lubet 1 , i
}\ ^ . , , > as much as vou please.
V. P', quantum placet ) j f
Q. s,, quantum sufjiciat, as much as may suffice.
Quor., quorum, of which.
Q. v., quantum vis, as much as you will.
JRed. in pulv., redactus in pulverem, reduced to powder.
Redig. in pulv., redigatur in pulverem, let it be reduced into powder
Meg. umbil., regio umbilici, the umbilical region.
Repet., repetatur, or repetantur, let it, or them, be repeated.
•S". A., secundum artem, according to art,
Scat., scatida, a box.
^S". N., secundum naturam, according to nature.
Semidr., semidrachma, half a drachm.
Semih., semihora, half an hour.
n 2
100 SYMBOLS USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS.
Sesunc, sesuncia, half an ounce.
Sesquih., sesquihora, an hour and a half.
Si n. val., si non valeat, if it does not answer.
Si op. sit, si opus sit, if it be necessary.
Si vir. perm., si vires permittmit, if the strength allow it.
Signal., signatura, a label.
Sign, n.pr., signetur nomine propria, let it be written upon, let it be
signed with the proper name (not the trade name).
Sing., singulorum, of each.
S. S. S., stratum super stratum, layer upon layer.
Ss., semi, a half.
St., stet, let it stand; stent, let them stand.
Sub Jin. coct., sub finem coctionis, towards the end of boiling, when
the boiling is nearly finished.
Sum. tal., sumat talem, let the patient take one such as this.
Summ., surnmitates, the summits or tops.
Sum., sume, sumat, sumatur, sumantur, take, let him or her take, let
it be taken, let them be taken.
S. v., spiritus vini, spirit of wine.
S. V. R., spiritus vini rectificatus, rectified spirit of wine.
S. V. T., spiritus vini tenuis, ■proof ST^irit.
Tabel., tabella, a lozenge.
Temp, dext., tempori dextro, to the right temple.
T. O., tinctura opii, tincture of opium.
T. O. C, tinctura opii camphorata, camphorated tincture of opium.
Tra., tincticra, tincture.
Ult. prcescr., ultimo prcescriptus, last prescribed.
V. O. S., vitello ovi solutus, dissolved in the yoke of an e^^.
Vom. urg., vomititione urgente, the vomiting being troublesome.
V. S. H., vencBsectio brachii, bleeding from the arm.
Zz., zingiber, ginger.
SYMBOLS USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS.
R, recipe, take. This sign is really a modification of the symbol y. ,
Avhich was the old heathen invocation to Jupiter, imploring his
blessing on the prescription.
gr,, granum, a grain, the 60th part of a drachm.
3, scrupulus, or scrupulum, a scruple = 20 grains troy.
3, drachma, a drachm = 3 scruples.
5, uncia, an ounce troy.
lb, libra, a pound weight.
iTt, minimum, a minim, the 60th part of a fluidrachm.
f3, fluidrachma, a fluidrachm, the 8th part of a fluidouuce.
fo, Jluiduncia, a fluidounce, the 20th part of a pint.
O, octarius, a pint, the 8th part of a gallon.
C, congius, a gallon.
THE PHARMACEUTICAL CALENDAR.
101
SYMBOLS USED IN GEKMAN PHARMACY.
ff, Sugar.
gg, Gum.
5 Powder.
V Water.
°° Oil.
Spirit.
Ammonia.
Mercury.
Antimony.
Sulphur.
THE PHARMACEUTICAL CALENDAR.
Containing a yiotice of Plants to be collected, and Operations to be
performed, at particular periods of the year.
JANUARY AND FEBRUARY.
Taraxacum Root is sometimes collected in these months, for the pre-
paration of extract ; but it affords a watery juice, the inspissated
extract of which is different from that made in September, October,
and November, when the root possesses a greater amount of medicinal
activity.
The following roots are considered by some persons to be in perfec-
tion in these months : —
Aconitum napellus.
Polygonum bistorta,
Potentilla tormentilla.
Rumex hydrolapathum.
Eryngium campestre.
Inula helenium.
Savine {Juniperus sabina) is in proper condition for making the
ointment, and for distilling for the oil.
Few vegetables, excepting some cryptogamic plants, such as Boletus
igniarius. Boletus laricis, and Cetraria islandica, are collected in these
months.
Any operations which require a low temperature should be per-
formed during the cold frosty weather which frequently prevails at this
time : thus,
Oleine is obtained by separating the fluid from the congealed part
of olive oil in cold weather.
Tlie p&icdering of some gums, gum-resins, and other similar sub-
stances, such as Scammony, Amtnoniacum, Aloes, &c., is more easily
effected in cold than in warm weather.
MARCH.
The flowers diad leaves of Coltsfoot ( Tussilago farfard) are in season.
Puds of the Poplar, {Populus nigra,) in a fit state for the pre-
paration of the ointment, ( Unguentum Populeum ;) also for tincture. .
Almond flowers and 3Iistletoe may be collected.
Violets beffin to flower.
102 THE PHARMACEUTICAL CALENDAR.
APRIL.
Violet flowers, ( Viola odorata,) for making syrup and for drying.
Asarabacca, (Asarum Europceum,)
Great Celandine, (Chelidonium majus,)
Scui'vy-gra^s, ( Cochlearia officinalis,) are in season during this and
the next month.
Roots ofEryngo {Eryngium campestre') may be obtained for candying.
The entire plant of Taraxacum, ( Taraxacum dens-leonis,) which is
sometimes used medicinally, is collected in this and the next month.
MAY,
Roots of Horseradish, ( Cochlearia antioracia,) fol* making the spirit,^
or distilled water.
Flowers of Hearths-ease ( Viola tricolor) are occasionally used me-
dicinally ; they are more extensively employed as a substitute for
Viola odorata in making syrup of violets ; but this practice is very
unjustifiable, and the substitution ought to be carefully guarded against.
Tops of Wormwood, (^Artemisia absinthium,) and Juniper, (Juni"
perus communis,) may be collected. Also,
Cuckoo-flowers, {^Cardamine pratensis,) and
Cowslips, (^Primula veris.)
JUKE.
Tops of Wormioood, (^Artemisia absinthium.)
Tops of Broom, (Spartium scoparium ;) in season.
Wormwood is collected during this and two following months, for
making extract, and for distilling oil.
Monkshood, {Aconitum napellus,)
Belladonna, (Atropa belladonna,)
Hemlock, {Conium maculatum^
Foxglove, {Digitalis purpurea,)
Henbane, {Hyoscyamus niger,)
Lettuce, {Lactuca sativa, and Lactuca virosa,) to be obtained while
in flower during this and tiext month, for the preparation of extract,
and the preservation of the leaves.
Soap-wort, (ySaponaria officinalis,) for making extract.
Elder-flovjers, {Sambucus niger,) during this and part of next
month, for preserving and for making elder-flower water.
Petals of Red Poppy {Papaver rhoeas) should be collected in dry
weather, for making the syrup.
Roses (Rosa centifoUa and Rosa gallica) are in season during this
and next month for making rose-water, and for drying the petals.
Tlie leaves of Leopard' s-bane, {Arnica montana.)
The leaves of Elder, {Sambucus niger,) for making elder ointment
and green oil.
Rosemary, {Rosmarinus officinalis.)
Wake-Robin, or Cuckoo-pint, {Arum maculatum.)
THE PHARMACEUTICAL CALENDAR. 103
JULY.
Many of the plants mentioned under last month are in season also
during tliis.
Seeda ef Colchicum ( Colchicum autumnale) are collected in this, or
the end of last month.
Capsules of White Poppy, {Papaver somniferum,) may be obtained
in the green state, for making extract, which, prepared at this period, is
preferred by some persons.
Boots of Tormentil, {Potentilla tormentilla,) common in dry, hilly
pastures.
Peppermint, (Mentha piperita.)
Petini/roi/al, (Mentha pulegiiim.)
Mint, {Mentha viridis,) supplied for making distilled waters.
Lavender flowers, {Lavendula vera,) in season.
Garlic, {Alinm sativum^ comes into season this month.
The Cormi of Meadoiv Saffron ( Colchicum autumnale) are some-
times dug up towards the latter end of the month.
The fruit of Squirting Cucumber (Momordica elaierium) is in a
fit state for the preparation of Elaterium during the latter end of this,
and part of next month.
Rosemary, {Rosmarinus officinalis^ for distilling.
Green Tobacco leaves, {Nicotiana tabacum,) for making Tobacco
ointment, are to be obtained about this period of the year.
The following herbs may be obtained in the fresh state : —
Common Balm, {Melissa officinalis?)
Hyssop, {Hyssopus officinalis.)
Horehound, {Marrubium vulgare.)
Melilot, {Melilotus ccertdea.)
Yarrow, {Achillea millefolium.)
Common Sorrel, ( Rumex acetosa.)
Wood-sorrel, { Oxalis acetosella.)
AUGUST.
Flotcers of Camomile {Anthemis nobilis) are gathered during this
month and next. The wild camomile is more active than the cultivated.
There is a distinct variety that yields a blue-coloured oil.
Tlie Cormi of Meadoiv- Saffron {Colchicum autumnale) are in per-
fection during this and next month.
The Squirting Cucumber {Momordica elaterium) is generally in a
better condition for yielding elaterium in this than in the previous
month. The pepos should be gathered after some of the most forward
have discharged the seed. They are generally gathered too early.
Green Tobacco leaves {Nicotiana tabacum) may still be obtained.
The preparation of the ointment should not be neglected.
Poppy Capstdes {Papaver somniferum) are becoming ripe. They
are more active if they are gathered before they are quite ripe.
104 THE PHARMACEUTICAL CALENDAR.
Stramonium, (^Datura stramonium.) The herb is now fit for
collecting.
White Briony-root, {Bryonia dioica.)
Black Briony-root, (Tamus communis).
Wi7iter Cherry, [Phy salts alkekengi.)
Pomegranate, or Balaustine Jlowers , {Piinica granatum,) in season.
The Hop {Humulus lupulus) grows wild in many parts of the
countiy, and may be collected at this period for medicinal use. Com-
mercial hops are exposed to the vapour of sulphur, during the drying
process to which they are submitted, by which the flavour is somewhat
injured.
The fruit of the Mulberry (Morus nigra) is coming to maturity.
The ripe fruit should be used for the syrup.
The fncit of Barberry, {Berberis vulgaris^ ripe. When prepared
as a conserve, it forms, with water, an agreeable and refreshing
beverage in fevers.
Root of Marsh-mallow {Althcsa officinalis) is in the best condition
for yielding the mucilage on which its medicinal efficacy depends.
lioot of Angelica {Archangelica officinalis) may be obtained for
candying.
The fruit of Buckthorn, {Rhamnus catharticus,) found in woods
and hedges. The unripe berries are used as a yellow dye. The juice
of the ripe fruit, when inspissated, forms sap-green ; it also enters
into the composition of the syrup of buckthorn. These preparations
should be made about this time. It is often later than this before tlie
fruit ripens.
SEPTEMBER.
Hips, fruit of Dog-rose, (Rosa canina,) collected from the hedges,
for making Conserve of Hips.
Elder-berries, {Sambucus niger,) collected from the hedges for
making Elder Rob.
Buckthorn-berries {Rhamnus catharticus) may also be collected
now.
This is the season for collecting the following roots : —
Roots of Aconitum 7iapellus.
,, Archangelica officinalis.
,, Arnica montana.
„ Alihcca officinalis.
„ Glycyrrhiza glabra.
,, Helleborus niger.
„ Polygonum bistorta.
,, Rumex aquatica.
„ Valeriana officinalis.
The Root of Taraxacum {Taraxacum dens-leonis) is now filled
with a white milky juice, which it yields in abundance, and which,
when inspissated, forms a bitter and efficacious extract. The extract
should be made during this and followins? month.
THE PHARMACEUTICAL CALENDAR. 105
The Rhizomes of Male fern, {Aspidiumjilix mas,)
„ Sweet ^aff, (Acorus calamus,)
„ Orris, (Irisflorentina,)
„ White Hellebore, ( Veratrum album,)
may be collected ; also,
The Cormi of indigenous Salep, ( Orchis mascula.)
OCTOBEH.
Some of the fruits already noticed are still in season.
The fruit of the Juniper {Juniperus communis) may be collected.
This is the month for collecting most barks.
Saffron, the stamens of Crocus sativus, is gathered during this
month.
Quince seeds ( Cydonia vulgaris) may be got at some of the fruit-
shops.
Eringo root {Eryngium campestre) is again in season for candying.
Taraxacum Root is still in a good state for making extract.
The hark of Mezereon-root {Daphne mezereum) may be collected.
It is not yet too late for Buckthorn-berries.
NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER.
2%e tops of Savine {Juniperus sabina) may be got for making the
ointment.
The stems of Woody Nightshade {Solanum dulcamara) are col-
lected.
Liquorice Root, {Glycyrrhiza glabra,) in season.
106
AMMALS YIELDING PRODUCTS
EMPLOYED IN
MEDICmE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY, AND THE ARTS.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS.
The following arrangement of the animal kingdom was adopted by
Cuvier, whose system has been followed, although in some cases with
modifications, by most subsequent writers on tliis branch of natural
history.
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM INTO
FOUR GREAT DIVISIONS,
If, on entering upon a consideration of the animal kingdom, we
divest ourselves of previous opinions, founded on the divisions formerly
recognized, and direct our attention merely to the organization and
nature of animals, and not to their size, their use, the greater or less
extent of knowledge which we have of them, nor to any of the other
accessory circumstances connected with them, we shall find that there
are four principal or leading forms — four general plans, according to
■which all animals seem to have been modelled, and the ulterior divi-
sions of which, under whatever title naturalists may think fit to cha-
racterize them, are but slight modifications, founded on the develop-
ment or addition of some parts, which occasion no essential change in
the nature of the plan.
I. Animalia Vertebrata. Vertebrate Animals. In this, the first
of these forms, which is that of man, and the animals most closely re-
sembling him, the brain and principal trunk of the nervous system are
enclosed in a bony envelope, consisting of the cranium and vertebrae ;
to the sides of this middle column are attached the ribs and the bones
of the extremities, which constitute the frame-work of the body ; the
muscles, in general, cover the bones, which they bring into action ;
and the viscera are enclosed within the head and the trunk.
Animals of this form all have red blood ; a muscular heart ; a mouth
with two jaws placed the one above or anteriorly to the other; distinct
organs for sight, hearing, smell, and taste, all placed in the cavities of
the face ; never more than four extremities ; sexes always distinct ; and
a similar distribution of the medullary masses and of the principal
branches of the nervous system.
ANIMALS. lOT
On examining more closely each of the parts of this great series of
animals, we invariably find some analogy, even in the species most
remote from each other, and we can trace the gradations of one and
the same plan from man even to the least of the fishes.
II. Ammalia MoLLUscA. Mollusco US Animals. In this, the second
form, there is no skeleton ; the muscles are merely attached to the skin,
which forms a soft envelope, capable of contracting in different direc-
tions ; in which stony laminae, called shells, are produced in several
species, the position and production of which are analogous to those of
the corpus mucosum : the nervous system is, together with the viscera,
in this general envelope, and is constituted of several scattered masses,
united by nervous filaments, and the chief of which, placed on the
oesophagus, is called the brain. Of the four proper senses, we only
distinguish the organs of that of taste and of that of vision ; even these
latter are frequently wanting. Only one family exhibits organs of
hearing. There is always a complete system of circulation, and of the
particular organs for respiration. Tliose of digestion and of the secre-
tions are nearly as complex as in the vertebrate animals.
III. Animalia Articulata. Articulated Animals. This, the
third form, is that observed in insects, worms, &c. The nervous
system consists of two long cords, extending along the abdomen, swell-
ing out at different intervals into knots or ganglions. The first of
these knots, placed above the oesophagus, and called the brain, is
scarcely larger than those placed along the abdomen, with which it
communicates by filaments which encompass the oesophagus like a
necklace. The envelope of the trunk is divided by transverse folds
into a certain number of rings, the integuments of wliich are sometimes
hard, sometimes soft, and the muscles are always attached to the inte-
rior. The trunk frequently carries articulated members at its sides ;
frequently, too, it is destitute of them.
It is among these that we observe the transition from the circula-
tion in short vessels to nutrition by imbibition ; and the corresponding
transition from the respiration in the circumscribed organs, to that
which takes place by tracheae and air-vessels diffused thi*oughout the
entire body. The organs of taste and of sight are most distinct in
them ; only one family exhibits those of hearing. The jaws, when they
have any, are always lateral.
IV. Animalia Radiata. Radiated Animals. In all the pre-
ceding classes of animals, the organs of motion and of the senses are
arranged symmetrically on two sides of an axis. There is a posterior
aspect, as well as an anterior, both dissimilar. In the animals of this
division they are like radii around a centre, and this is true even
when there are but two series, for then the two aspects are similar.
They approximate to the homogeneousness of plants ; we see in them
neither a distinct nervous system, nor organs of particular senses ; in
some we scarcely perceive traces of a circulation ; their respiratory
organs are almost always on the surface of their body ; most of them
have but a sliort sac for the entire intestine, and the lowest families
present but a sort of homogeneous pulp, possessing moving and sensi-
tive properties.
108
ANIMALS. — MAMMALIA.
The following' table exhibits the distribution of the animal kingdom
into the foregoing four great divisions, and these latter into nineteen
classes : —
Animals /
General Forms.
I. Vertebrate
II. Molluscous
III. Articulated
IV. Radiated
or
Zoophyte
Classes.
I Mammalia {Mammals) ... 1
Aves {Birds) 2
Reptilia {Reptiles) .... 3
Pisces {Fishes) 4
rCephalopoda 5
Pteropoda 6
.'Gasteropoda 7
|Acephala 8
Bracheopoda ... . . . 9
(Cirrhopoda 10
! Annelida H
Crustacea 12
Arachnida 13
Insecta 14
fEchinodermata . . . . . . 15
Ilntestinalia 16
Acalepha 17
Polypa ' . . 18
ilnfusoria 19
dFt«t ©ibifiiou of tije ^utmal BtnsUom.
VERTEBRATA. (Cuv.) -VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.
Myelencephala. (Owen.) Spinecerebrata. (Grant.)
CLASS I. MAMMALIA.
The Mammalia have a heart with two auricles and two ventricles-
They have a perfect and complete circulation of the blood ; that is to
say, the whole of the blood which returns from the extremities of the
body passes through the lung, before returning to nourish them. The
females nourish their young for some time after birth by means of
organs called mammoe. They have in general four extremities.
(The cetacea have but the rudiments of tlie posterior extremities.)
The number of vertebrae varies ; there are three kinds, — the cervical,
the dorsal, and the lumbar. Man, who is comprised in this class,
has the body naturally vertical, by which he is distinguished from the
others, which are quadrupeds, and covered with hair, or cetacea.
ANIMALS. MAMMALIA.
109
genera,
orders :
mammalia are divided into nine orders, and these into families,
sub-genera, and species. The following- is a table of the
Having nails,
or
tmguiculatefl. ^
Three sorts of
teeth — molar,
canine, incisor
Less than three
kinds of teeth.
j Not ruminant.
\ Ruminant.
Having hoofs,
or ungulated.
Having the extremities obliterated.
Orders.
(Thumb free. i^'
Without thumb,f3.
or fingers united. \i.
Bimana.
Quadrumana,
Carnaria.
Marsupialia.
rAbsence of
) nine teeth.
Absence of
cisoi-s.
ca-"l
5. Rodentia,
Edentata.
Pachyderniata.
Kuminantia.
9. Cetacea.
Order 1. BIMANA.
Homo. Man. This is the only genus in this order. In the pre-
sent day, the only product obtained from the human body for use in
medicine is urea, which is sometimes procured from human urine.
In the old Pharmacopoeias, many other products or parts were in-
cluded in the Materia Medica. The Lond. Pharm., 1639, orders the
" OS triqtietrum" of the human skull ; — human fat ; — human excrement ;
— human milk; — human blood; — and human urine. The Lond.
Pharm., 1650 — the skull of a man, who has suffered a violent death,
and mummy, which was a favourite remedy. The Lond. Pharm.,
1677, — calculus from the human bladder. Other parts were used^in
medicine about the period of the above dates, such as the parings of
the nails, which were esteemed a good emetic ; the wax of the ears,
and the moss groioing on a dead man's skull, were also used.
Order 2. QUADRUMANA.
Animals of this order are distinguished by having four extremities^
each of which is furnished with long flexible fingers, and a thumb
capable of being opposed to the fingers, in the same manner as in the
human hand. Hence the name of the order.
SiMiA. The Monkey. One of the Bezoars, formerly esteemed in
medicine, was said to be obtained from the intestine of a species of
monkey.
Order 3. CARNARIA (Carnassiers, Cuv^
The animals included in this order possess, like man and the quad-
rumana, three kinds of teeth, but have no thumb capable of biing
opposed to the fore-fingers.
They all live on animal substances, and so much the more exclusively
as their molar teeth are more cutting. Those which have them either
entirely or in part tuberculated, consume more or less of vegetable
substances. The articulation of their lower jaw admits of nj lateral
or horizontal motion ; the mouth can merely open and shut.
110 ANIMALS. — MAMMALIA.
There are three femilies of the Carnassiers ; viz., the Cheircptera.
Insectivora, and Carnivora.
The Cheiroptera have some affinity to the quadrumana, by bavingj
the mammae on the chest. Their distinctive character consists in a
fold of skin, which, commencing' at the sides of the neck, extends be-
tween their fore-feet and their fingers ; this sustains them in the air,
and even allows those to fly that have the hands sufficiently developed.
— Ex. The Vespertilio or Bat.
The Insectivora, like the Cheiroptera, have the molar teeth get
with conical points ; they generally live a nocturnal and subterraneous
life. They have not, like bats, lateral membranes, and still they never
want clavicles ; their feet are short ; their mammae are placed beneath
the abdomen ; none of them have a caecum. They vary in the position
and relative properties of their incisor and canine teeth. — Ex. The
Erinaceus, or Hedgehog.
The Carnivora. In the two preceding families, the comparative
weakness of the animals, and the presence of conical tubercles on their
molar teeth, oblige them to confine their carnivorous propensities to
the destruction of insects. It is in the Carnivora alone that the
sanguinary appetite is combined with the strength necessary to gratify
it. This family is characterized by four large and long canine teeth,
separated one from the other, between which there are six incisors in
each jaw.
This family has been subdivided into three tribes : —
1st. Plantigrade, comprising the Bear, Badger, &c.
2nd. Digitigrade, comprising the Dog, Cat, Tiger, &c.
3rd. Amphibious, comprising the Phoca, &c.
Family 1. Cheiroptera. (x^'P, hand, and vre^ov, wing.)
Vespertilio. (Linn.) The Bat.
Hah. Dark places in general ; they fly abroad in the evening.
Food. Gnats, flies, flesh, &c.
Use. The flesh of the animal is said to have been used by Galen
against the g-out. Avicenna employed an oil obtained from it in tlie
same disease.
Family 2. Lisectivora.
Ebinaceus euhoj'^us. (Linn.) The Hedgehog.
Dental Formula. — Incisors —; canines 0 ; molars ^^ = 36.
Hah. Everywhere, except Crete, according to Pliny.
Food. Various fruits, as well as insects.
Use. The ac?e/>* is mentioned as a simple in some of the old Phar-
macopoeias. This was considered useful in diarrhoea.
Talpa EDROPiEA. (Linn.) The Mde.
Hah. Almost everywhere ; they lead a subterraneous life.
Food. Worms, roots of herbs, &c.
Use. The excrements of the mole, mixed with honey, were supposed
useful in scrofulous ulcers. The earth cast up with the head ^ helps
wens and iraposthumes." " The ashes of a mole taken uiwardly with
beer or wine, help running gout."
ANIMALS. — MAMMALIA. Ill
Family 3. Carnivora. Tribe 1. Plantigrade.
Ursus americanus. (Pallas.) The American Black Bear. The
Sass of the Chippewayan Indians.
Hub. Every wooded district of the American continent, from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Carolina to the shores of the Arctic
Sea.
Food, habits, S^c. Its chief food seems to be berries of different
kinds — als^o roots, insects, lish, eggs, birds, and quadrupeds ; it, how-
ever, prefers vegetable diet. It generally selects a spot for its den
under a fallen tree. Dr. Richardson allots sixteen weeks as the pro-
bable time of gestation to the American Black Bear. It is, however,,
so characteristic for the female to conceal itself, that little can be
known with certainty on this point, with respect to either the brown
or black bear. '" No man. Christian or Indian," according to Brickell,
" ever killed a she-bear with young." Aristotle made the same remark
long since, in Chap, xxx., Bodk vi. Kvovaay h apKvoy toyov tan
Xafitiv.
Use. The skin of the black bear was formerly sold at from twenty
to forty guineas ; it now hardly fetches more than so many shillings.
The soft fat obtained from different species of the bear has long been
celebrated as an application for promoting the growth and preservation
of the human hair.
Ursus arctos. (Linn.) The Brown Bear. ApKroc, of Aristotle.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; canines j-^^; molars ^-77-^ = 42.
Hub. Mountainous districts of Europe, from very high latitudes in
the north, (Arctic Circle,) to the Alps and Pyrenees in the south ;
Siberia, Kamschatka, and even Japan to the eastward, and a portion of
the northern regions of America, Africa, and the Moluccas.
Food, habits, S^c. The brown bear is a solitary animal. Its retreat,
during hybernation, is the natural hollow of a tree or some cavern ;
or, for want of these, some habitation constructed by the animal itself.
The bear was at one time common in the British isles. The Lap-
landers hold this bear in great veneration. Seven months is the
i:)eriod of gestation.
Use. To the Kamschatkans this bear seems to have given the neces-
saries and even the comforts of life. The skin forms their beds and
coverlets, bonnets and gloves. The flesh and fat are dainties ; of the
intestines they make covers for thtir liaces, to protect them from the
glare of the sun in spring, and use them for glass over their windows.
Ursus gulo. (Linn.) Common Glutton, or Wolverene.
-4
I5 "* 6—6
Dental Formula. — Incisors -^; canines 7—;; molars \—, or ^
o 1 — i' 5 — 5
34 or 38.
Hab. The northern part of the American continent — Lapland.
According to Lesson, the animal inhabits a complete circle round the
North Pole in Europe and Asia, as well as America.
Food, Sjc. It feeds chiefly, according to Dr. Richardson, on the
carcases of beasts which have been killed by accident. The wolverenes
112 ANIMALS.— MAMMALIA.
are represented as extremely mischievous, doing more injury to the
small fur-trade than all other animals conjointly. They follow the
marten-hunter's path round a line of traps, extending forty, fifty, or
sixty miles, and render the whole unserviceable, merely to come at the
baits, which are generally the head of a partridge, or a bit of dried
venison.
Use. Chiefly valued for their furs.
Uksus meles. (Storr.) TJie Badger.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; canines -—^ ; molars — = 36.
Uab. The whole of Europe, Northern and Central Asia, and North
America.
Food, habits, Sfc. The badgers sleep all day at the bottom of their
burrows, and move about at night in search of food, which consists of
rabbits, game, lambs, roots, and fallen fruits. Their habits are in
general solitary.
Use. Their flesh is relished as an ar'ticle of food.
It may be well to remark, that the Aleles of Cuvier, a genus of
plantigrade carnivorous animals, included by Linnaeus among the bears,
has been, as well as the gluttons, racoons, &c., separated from that
group by succeeding naturalists.
Family 3. Carnivora. Tribe 2. Digitigrade.
Canis.
Dental Formida. — Incisors -r-; canines —^ ■ molars ^! = 42.
b ' 1 — 1 ' 7 — 7
According to M. F. Cuvier, dogs in general have forty-nine teeth ;
viz., six incisors, two canines, three false molars, one carnassier, and
two tubercular teeth in the upper jaw ; and six incisors, two canines,
three false molars, one carnassier, and two tubercular teeth in the lower
jaw.
Fore-feet with five toes ; hind-feet with four toes ; claws not retrac-
tile.
Canis familiaris. (Linn.) The Domestic Dog.
Hab. In all countries.
Food. Chiefly flesh.
Use. In the editions of the Lond. Pharm. of 1.618, 1650, and 1677,
the adeps, as also the excrement {album gr cecum) of this animal were
ordered as articles of the Materia Medica. Various and extraordinary
virtues were ascribed to the different parts of the dog ; a young puppy
applied to the bowels was considered capable of affording relief. The
fat was supposed good in paralysis.
Canis lupus. (Linn.) The Wolf.
Hab. It may be found from Egypt even to Lapland, and it seems to
have passed into America.
Food. Chiefly the flesh of animals. This is perhaps the most vora-
cious of all the carnivora.
Uses. In the Lond. Pharm., 1618, the ^liver and intestines of the
wolf are enumerated among the Medicamenta Simplicia, and the same
parts, as well as the udeps, in the Lond. Pharm of 1650. The adeps
ANIMALS. — MAMMALIA. 113
was employed as an ointment among other articular remedies. Pliny
mentions it as an application for modifying the uterus, and also as
being useful in ophthalmia tarsi. The liver was recommended in
hepatic diseases. Avicenna employed it in indurated liver.
Canis vulpes. (Linn.) The Fox.
Hah. In Russia, the Alps, England, &c., from Sweden, in fact, to
Egypt. The animal is also an inhabitant of the new continent of
America.
Food. Hens, geese, hares, &c. &c. &c.
Uses. The adejjs has been mentioned among the simples in some of
the Pharmacopceias. It appears to have had the character of a re-
solvent, antispasmodic, and anodyne.
Felis.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; canines ,"~. ; molars „ „ = 30.
O' 1—1' *> — o
(The formation of these teeth is beautifully shown in four prepara-
tions in the Museum of the R. C. Surgeons, London; see Nos. 329,
330, 331, 332 ; Catalogue, Physiological Series.— Gallery, V. i., p. 93.)
Felis oatds. (Linn.) The Cat.
Hob. In its original state of wildness an inhabitant of the forests
of Europe. In its domesticated state, in which its appearance becomes
much modified, it is to be found in almost all countries.
Food. Flesh, in general, and fish.
Uses. Various medicinal properties have been assigned to the parts
of this animal. The flesh, it was supposed, " helpeth the pain of
haemorrhoids, heateth the reines, and helpeth the pain of the back." —
Ursin. " 'J'he fat of a wild cat is of like nature with the flesh." —
Sylvius. " The ashes of the head of a black cat, burned in a glazed
vessel, and put into the eye with a quill, helpe the haw, wert, and web
in the eye. And if there be heat in the night, two or three oak-leaves
applied wet in water help the same." — Galen. "The liver burned
and drunk helpeth the stone." — Pliny.
Felis leg. (Linn.) The Lion.
Hah. This animal, which was formerly to be found in several parts
of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is now almost entirely confined to Africa,
and some of the adjoining parts of Asia.
Food. Flesh in general ; more especially, that of men, beasts, and
birds.
Use. We find the fat of the lion enumerated among the simples in
the Lond. Pharm. of 1618. Various, and many of them very fanciful,
virtues, were assigned to it by the old physicians. According to
Galen, lion's fat resists poison ; used with wine, it expels evil beasts,
and the smell drives away serpents. According to Pliny, mixed with
oil of roses, it preserves and whitens the skin of the face. Injected in
the form of a clyster, it relieves dysentery.
Felis lynx. (Temm.) The Lynx.
Hah. The Felis lynx, originally an inhabitant of the temperate parts
of Europe, has almost entirely disappeared from the populous countries
114 ANIMALS.— MAMMALIA.
of that quarter of the globe. It is still to be found in the Pyrenees,
the mountains in the kingdom of Naples, and, according to some, in
parts of Africa.
Food. Flesh of beasts, as cats, &c.
Use. The ungula, or hoof of the animal, is enumerated among the
simples of the Lond. Pharm. of 1618. It was supposed to possess
certain virtues in the cure of the " fallen sickness/' and in the treat-
ment of nervous and spasmodic diseases in general.
Felis tardus. (Linn.) The Leopard.
Hah. Africa and some parts of Asia.
Food. Flesh, as of dogs, apes, and lambs.
Use. The adeps of this animal is among the simples of the Lond.
Pharm. of 1618. It was supposed to be beneficial in paralysis, and
nervous affections of the heart. Mixed with oil of bays, it was " found
useful in ringworm."
Felis TIGRIS. 77*6 Tiger.
Hah. Chiefly Asia.
Food. The flesh of animals, chiefly that of goats.
Use. The Indians are said to use the buttocks as meat.
LuTRA COMMUNIS. (MusTELA LUTRA, Linn.) The Common
Otter.
Dental Formula. — Incisors -; canines t—t; molars ~-t = 36.
Hah. In various parts of Europe ; tliey inhabit the rivers, on the
banks of which they are frequently seen.
Food. Fishes, tops of plants, fruits, and barks.
Use. Various and absurd uses, not worth noticing in this place,
have been assigned to them.
MusTELA FURO, (Binu.) The Ferret.
Hah. Almost everywhere.
Food. Mice, moles, serpents, hares, eggs.
Use. The blood, drunk in wine, was considered good against the
stings of scorpions, according to Dioscorides. According to Galen,
the liver "helps the epilepsy." "The lungs help diseases of the
lungs."
VivERRA. (Cuv.)
Generic characters. A deep pouch situated between the anus and
the sexual organs, divided into two bags, filled with an abundant con-
crete secretion of the consistence of pomade., exhaling a strong musky
odour, secreted by glands which surround the pouch. Pupil of the
eye round during the day. Claws only half retractile.
Dental Formula. — Incisors P-. : canines -—, ; molars ~, = 48.
Of the genus Viverra there are two species commonly described,
the Viverra civetta, or African Civet Cat, and the Viverra zihetha,
the Asiatic Zibet Cat.
Viverra civetta. (Linn.) The Civet.
Ash-coloured, irregularly barred and spotted with black ; the tail
less than the body, black towards the end, with four or five rings near
ANIMALS. — MAMMAI.IA. 115
its base; two black bands surrounding the throat, and one surrounding
the face ; a mane along the whole length of the spine and tail that
bristles up at the will of the animal.
Habitat. The dry and mountainous regions of Africa from 31° N.
to 25° S. lat.
Habits, S)-c. In its habits the civet approaches rather near to the
foxes and smaller cats. In a state of captivity, it becomes in a degree
tame, but never familiar, and is dangerous to handle. The young are
fed on farinaceous food, with a little flesh or fish, and the old on raw
flesh. ]Many of them are kept in North Africa for the sake of the
perfume, which bears the name of the animal, and brings a iiigh price.
The secretion of Civet is favoured by scraping the pouch with an iron
spatula about twice a week. About a dram is obtained each time.
YivERRA ziBETHA. (Linn.) The Zibet.
Ash-coloured, spotted with black ; black half rings on the white
tail, and black bands on the sides of the neck.
Habitat. Between 31° N. lat., and 9° S. lat., in Hindostan, Malabar,
Ceylon, Bengal, Siam, &c. &c., to the Philippine islands, and the
island of Buro. From the Philippines it is said to have been carried to
America ; it is found in the wild state in Guatimala, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Cuba, &c.
Habits, 8^c. Similar to those of the African species, except that,
according to Miiller, its bite is dangerous, and it burrows in the ground
like the rabbit.
The specific names civetta and zibetha are derived from the Arabic.
The substance obtained from the JRasse* agrees with the civet afforded
by the Viverra civetta and zibetha in colour, consistence, and odour. It
is a very favourite perfume among the Javanese, and is applied both to
their dresses, and, by means of various unguents and mixtures of flowers,
to their persons. Even the apartments and the furniture of the natives
of rank are generally scented with it to such a degree as to be often-
sive to Europeans.
As sub-genera of the Viverra, Cuvier mentions the Genetta and
Paradox urus.
Viverra genetta. (Linn.) Genet.
Sub-generic character. Odoriferous pouches reduced to a slight
depression, formed by the projection of the glands, and without any
perceptible excretion, although the odour is manifest. The pupil has
a vertical slit, and the claws are retractile, as in the cats.
Description. Gray, spotted with small black or brown patches,
sometimes round, sometimes oblong ; the tail, which is as long as the
body, is ringed with black and white, the black rings being to the
* Dr. Horsfield, in his Zoological Eesearches in Java, figures and describes two
Javanese Viverrw, viz., Viverra Mvsanga, Tar. Javanica, and Viverra rasse. The
Ibrmer of these very much infests the cofl'ee-plantations in Java, and from this cir-
cumstance it is called the coffee-rat in several parts of that island. These injurious
effects in the coffee-plantations are fully counterbalanced by its propagating the plant
in various parts of the forests, and particularly in the declivities of the fertile hills.
The same writer gives a description of the V. rasse and of the V. zibetha ; which latter
is called by the Malays Tanggalung.
I 2
1 1 6 ANIMALS. — MAMMALIA.
number of nine or eleven. "White spots on the eyebrow, cheek, and
on each side of the end of the nose.
Hah. From the south of France to the Cape of Good Hope. It
prefers lowlands, the banks of rivers, and the neighbourhood of
springs.
Paiiadoxurus. (Fr. Cuv.)
Sub-generic character, generally that of the Civets and Genets.
Tail capable of being rolled from above downwards to its base, but not
prehensile. Toes five, nearly palmated ; sole of foot tuburculous. Eyes
with pupils slit longitudinally. No pouch.
Dental Formula. — Incisors—; canines — ^ ; molars ^— = 40.
6 1 — 1 6 — 6
Family 3. Carnivora. Tribe 3. Amphibious.
Phoca communis. {Phoca vitulina, Linn.) Sea-calf, Sea-dog, or
Seal.
Hah. Both sea and land. This species, according to some authors,
inhabits the Caspian Sea, and the extensive fresh-water lakes of
Russia and Siberia.
Food. Fish.
Use. The flesh was supposed to be good in epileptic diseases. The
fat was used, both internally and externally, in female diseases. The
flesh is considered delicate. The skin, fur, and oil, are used.
Phoca jubata. (Gm.) Sea-lion of Steller, &c.
Flesh of the young, nutritious. Skin used for tanning.
Phoca leonina. (Linn.) Sea-lion of Anson ; Sea-elephant, or
Sea-horse of the English. Yields blubber.
Order 4. MARSUPIALIA. Marsupial Animals.
The marsupial animals (from marsupium, a pouch) bear some
resemblance to the carnaria ; but are distinguished from the latter, as
well as from the other mammals, by the existence of a pouch formed
by the skin of the abdomen in the female, which serves to contain tjie
young ones, which are born when they are but very imperfectly
formed, until they are developed to the degree at which animals
are usually born. Linnaeus had given them the name of didelphi, a
term signifying a double uterus, (or rather twin brothers?^ Zlq, twice,
and ceXcpoc, uterus, or a^eX^oc, a brother. This order comprehends
the different species of opossum, kangaroo, &c. ; but none of these
animals yield anything to medicine.
Order 5. RODENTIA. (Cuv.) Rodents.
Essential characters. Two large incisors in each jaw, separated
from the molars by a vacant space. No canine teeth. Molars with
flat crowns, or blunt tubercles. Extremities, the posterior longest,
terminated by unguiculated toes, the number varying according to the
species. Mammse variable in number. Stomach empty. Intestines
very long. When speaking of this order, Cuvier remarks that two
ANIMALS. — MAMMALIA. 117
great incisors in each jaw could hardly seize a living prey, nor rend
tiesh ; they could not even eat aliments ; but they might serve for re-
ducing them, by continued labour, into fine molecules — in a word, for
gnawing them, Avhence the term Bodents, or gnawers (rodo, to gnaw).
With tiiese weapons they attack the hardest vegetable productions,
and frequently feed on wood and bark. In order to effect tliis, these
incisors have enamel only in front, so that their posterior border being
more worn away than their anterior edge, they are always kept set
like a cliisel. The lower jaw is articulated by a longitudinal condyle,
so as to have no horizontal movement, except from behind forwards,
and vice versa. The molars consequently have flat crowns, the
enamelled eminences of which are always transversal, so as to be in
opposition to the horizontal movements of the jaw. The genera in
wliich thcvse eminences are simple lines, and which have the crown
very flat, are more exclusively frugivorous.
Castor fiber. (Linn.) The Beaver.
Dental Formula. — Incisors ,— r ; molars ,-—. = 20.
1 1 ' 4 — 4
This animal is distinguished from all the rest of the order (Rodentia)
by a broad horizontally flattened tail, which is nearly oval and covered
with scales. Five toes on each of the feet ; those of the hinder
ones only are webbed, the webs extending beyond the roots of the
nails.
Hah. Europe and Asia. The inhabitants of the former are hur-
rotoers, the latter builders.
Food. Bark of trees, fish and fruits.
Use. Castoreum, a substance contained in two sacs situated near
the anus of the animal, has been used in medicine since the time of
Hippocrates. It was considered to exercise a jieculiar influence on
the internal functions. The pods are said to be prepared by first
boiling them in a ley of wood -ashes, then drying and smoking them
over a fire into which birch bark has been put.
There are two kinds of Castor or Castoreum, distinguished in com-
merce as Russian and American. The former is considered the best,
and is much the most expensive.
Russian Castor usually occurs in smaller sacs than the American.
The castoreum contained in the sacs is somewhat pulverulent, and of a
dull, ash-grey colour. It occasions effervescence when added to hydro-
chloric acid.
American Castor is met with in sacs of various sizes, and which
are sometimes very large. Two sacs are usually united together by a
ligament., The castoreum has a resinous appearance, and frequently
a bright yellow or red colour.
The^a^ of the castor is enumerated among the simples of the Lond.
Pharm. of 1618. The fur has been valued for its application in tlie
manufacture of hats.
Hystrix cristata. (Linn.) TJie Porcupine.
Hah. Italy, France, and Spain; also Africa and India.
Food. Various kinds of fruit and vegetables.
Use. The Jlesh was considered beneficial in various diseases, as
118 ANIMALS. — MAMMALIA.
leprosy ; being salted, it was said to cure dropsy and incontinence of
urine.
Lepus.
Mr. Swainson defines the genus Lepus thus : cutting teeth -, the
upper in pairs, two in front, large and grooved, and two smaller be-
hind ; lower teeth square : grinders -r^, composed of two soldered
vertical plates ; a sixth very small in the upper jaw ; soles of feet
hairy ; anterior feet with five toes ; posterior with four ; tail very sliort,
turned upwards.
The &ub-family, Leporina, seems to be strictly natural, consisting
entirely of those species, and they are not few, which are usually
known by the name of hares and rabbits.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; molars -^— = 28.
2 ' ^~ .
The common hare, or Lepus timid us, which is generally considered
as the type, is the A ay we (Lagus) of the Greeks.
Lepus cuniculus. (Linn.) 77te Rabbit.
' Hob. Originally a native of Spain, but may now be found all over
Europe.
Food, Various plants and herbs.
Use. The fat of the rabbit is among the simples of the London
Pharm. 1618.
Lepus timidus. (Linn.) The Hare.
Hab. In most countries of Europe ; also in various parts of Africa.
Food. Grass, corn, and the like.
Use. Several parts of the hare, as the adeps, the astragalus, the
blood, &c., are enumerated among the simples in the Lond. Pharm. of
1618. Thus the brain of the hare, when roasted, was said to "help
trembling, to make children breed teeth easily, their gums being
rubbed with it." The small bones in the fore-feet of the hare, when
pulverized, and drunk in wine, were considered powerfully diuretic.
Mus MuscuLUS. (Linn.) The Mouse.
Hah. Almost everywhere, in houses, barns, &c.
Food. Bread, cheese, corn, tallow, &c. &c.
Use. The adeps and excrement of the mouse are mentioned among
the simples of the Lond. Pharm. of 1618. Vai'ious virtues were as-
signed to the flesh of the mouse when eaten.
SciuRUS VULGARIS. (Linn.) The Squirrel.
Hab. Almost in all countries.
Food. Apples, chestnuts, walnuts, &c. **
Use. The fat was recommended by Galen in earache.
Ordee 6. EDENTATA.
This order of animals is characterised by the absence of teeth in the
front jaw. Claws large. They possess more strength than agility.
Cuvier divides them into three tribes.
1st. The Tardigrades. Example, the Sloths. {Bradypus, Linn.)
ANIMALS. MAMMALIA. 119
ncl. The Armadillos {Dasi/pns, Linn.). Chlamyphorus comes under
this tribe, as well as Orycterojnts, Myrmecophaga (^Ant-eater), and the
Panf/olins {Manis, Linn.).
3rd. The Monotremes. [^Echidna, Omithorynchus, «&c.]
OuMTHORYNCirus PARADOXUS, (Blum.) The Common Omitho-
rynchus, or Water-mole.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; canines — — ; molars -^— ^- = 8.
Description. Molar teeth fixed only in the gum ; body covered with
hairs, anteriorly terminated by a broad, depressed, duck-like beak;
leo^ four, pentadactyle, palmated, with a spur on the hind ones in the
male.
Hah. The rivers and marshes on the eastern coast of New Holland,
and in the vicinity of Port Jackson.
This animal is remarkable for having the bill of a duck, and the
limbs of a quadruped. The male has a spur, resembling that of the
domestic cock, attached to the hinder legs, with which dangerous and
even fatal wounds are inflicted.
Order 7. PACIIYDERMATA. (Cuv.) Pachydermes.
(Thick-skinned — Tra^wc? thick, and ^spfxa, hide.)
Essential characters. Three kinds of teeth. Four extremities, the
toes varying in number, and furnished with strong nails or hoofs. No
clavicles.
This order is divided into three families: 1. The Proboscidiana, or
those furnished with a proboscis, including the elephant, and some
fossil animals. 2. The commo7i Pachydermata, including all the
rest except the horse, whicli belongs to Family 3. Solipeda, or solid-
footed.
Family 1. Proboscidiana.
The only living type of this order is the
Elephas. (Linn.) The Elephant.
The Elephants of the present day are only found in the torrid zone
of the eastern continent, where hitherto only two species have been
ascertained, scil. Elephas Indimis, (Cuv.,) the Indian Elephant; and
E. Africanus, (Cuv.,) the African Elephatit.
( .24
_ , ^ , African Elephant, incisors -r-; molars -r- = 10.
Dental FormulcB. { . . -, .
I Asiatic Elephant, incisors -— ; molars -^ = 6.
Pood. Herbs, leaves of trees, various kinds of fruits, &c.
Use. Elephant's tooth was once recommended as an astringent in
leucorrhoea ; it was also given in yellow jaundice, and for the purpose
of removing sterility in females. It forms the ivory of commerce.
Family 2. Common Pachydermata.
Hippopotamus ampuibius. (Linn.) The Hippopotamus, Hiver'
horse.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; canines —^ ; molars —-^ = 38.
4 1"~1 6 — 6
120 ANIMALS, — mammalia.
Hah. The rivers of the central and southern parts of Africa.
food. Roots, and various sorts of vegetables.
Use. Tlie fat of the animal was applied to the pulse or stomach to
relieve fits of ague. The tongues are preserved by drying. The
teeth {morse-teetli) are harder and whiter than ivory, and not so apt to
become yellow ; used for making artificial teeth.
IIyrax capensis. (Cuvier.) Cavia Cujjensis. (Pallas.) The
Cape Badger, the Dasse, the Coney.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; canines 0 ; molars — '- - 34.
4 ' 7 — 7
Hah. The Cape colony and mountains of Africa.
Use. A substance called Hyraceum is deposited by the animal on
the mountains on which it dwells. This substance has been supposed
by the natives of the Cape to be the inspissated urine of the animal ;
but Dr. E. Marting and others regard it as a secretion connected with
the sexual functions. It has been proposed as a substitute for castor,
"which it somewhat resembles in smell. It is of a blackish-brown
colour, and presents in places a rather resinous appearance.
Rhinoceros unicornis. (Linn.) Rhinoceros indicus. (Cuv.)
The Rhinoceros.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; canines 0 : molars 4-^ = 36.
4 7—7
Hah. In the deserts of Africa, and several parts of Asia.
Food. Herbs and prickly shrubs.
Use. The horn was supposed to be useful in cases of poisoning,
contagion, &c. The skin, steeped in wine, was supposed to be bene-
ficial in malignant diseases.
Sus SCROPA. (Linn.) The Hog.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ov4-; canines — — — ; molars-^; —
= 43 or 44.
Hah. The temperate parts of Europe and Asia ; northern parts of
Africa ; America.
Food. Various roots, and many animal and vegetable substances.
Use. Nearly every part of the pig contributes to the wants of man.
The flesh, preserved in different ways, constitutes 2^ork, haco7i, ham,
&c. The strong hairs, called hristles, from the neck and back, are
used by shoemakers. The skin is sometimes tanned for saddle-seats.
The intestines are fried and eaten, and the blood is made into a
food called hlack-pudding . The fat of the animal, called adeps suillus,
and by some axungia, axunge, or lard, is officinal in all the modern
Pharmacopoeias.
Family 3. Solipeda.
Eqdus.
The family of horses, or Equidae, have but a single finger or toe
terminating each extremity, incased in a horny hoof or shoe. There
are, however, on each side of the metacarpus and metatarsus two
small rudimentary processes, representing two lateral toes. The fol-
I
ANIMALS. MAMMALIA. 121
lowing is the form of dentition belonging to this family of Pachy-
derms.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; canines -P- ; molars -^ = 42.
Equus asinus. (Linn.) Tlie Ass.
Hah. Everywhere.
Food. Grass ; it can eat almost any kind of food.
Use. Extraordinary medicinal virtues have been attributed to
various parts of the ass's body. The ass's hoof occurs among the
simples of the Lond. Pharm., 1618 ; it was considered an effectual dis-
cntient ; when burned it was said to be useful in epileptic and hysterical
affections. The fiesh has been eaten and esteemed a delicacy ; the
skin is made into shagreen ; the milk is considered nutritious.
Equus caballus. (Linn.) The Horse.
Hah. In almost all countries.
Food. Grass, hay, oats, &c.
Use. The fat, excrement, and hoof of this animal may be found
among the simples of the Lond. Pharm., 1618. Mare's milk is laxa-
tive. The flesh and dung were considered useful in the bites of ser-
pents. The fume of the fat " expels the dead birth and secundine.'*
The stone found in the stomach, called hippolithus, was considered to
possess virtues similar to those of the bezoar. The bones are boiled
for the grease they contain, and burned in close vessels to make animal
charcoal. The skins are tawed to make thongs of whips ; and catgut
is prepared from the intestines. Of all animals the horse ^is most
useful to man.
Order 8. RUMINANTIA. {Pecora, Linn.)
Essential characters. No incisors in the upper jaw ; eight generally
in the lower. Molars twelve in each jaw, the crown marked with two
double crescents of enamel, of which the convexity is outwards in the
lower jaw, and inwards in the upper. No clavicles. ^Extremities dis-
posed for walking. Two toes furnished with hoofs; metacarpal and
metatarsal bones united ; four stomachs ; intestines long ; two or four
inguinal mammae. Horns in the males, and often in the females, of
most species.
The term Ruminantia indicates the singular faculty possessed by
these animals of masticating their food a second time, by bringing it
back to the mouth after a first deglutition. Tliis faculty depends on
the structure of their stomachs, of which they have always four ; the
first is called the paunch, which receives the vegetable matter coarsely
bruised by mastication, whence it passes into the second, called the
honeyconih or honnet. From this second stomach the food, after being
moistened and compressed into little pellets, reascends to the mouth to
be re-chewed. The aliment, thus re-masticated, descends directly into
the third stomach, called the leaflet, (feuillet,) so called from its being
laminated longitudinally like the leaves of a book ; and thence it de-
scends to the fourth stomach, trie caillette, the true organ of digestion.
This order has been divided into two families, those without horns, or
122 ANIMALS.— MAMMALIA.
Akeratophora, (a priv. Kepag, horn, and (j>epu}, to cany,) and Keuato-
PHORA, or those carrying horns. Under the first family are ranged
the Camehis (Linn.), Camel. Moschus (Linn.), Musk. Under the
second are contained the Cervns (Linn.). Species C. alces, the Elk,
or Moose-deer. Camdopardalis (Linn.), sp. C. Girafa, (Fr. Cuvier,)
the Girafte. Antelope, (Linn.) Sp. A. dorcas, the Gazelle, &c. &c.
Ovis, the sheep, and Bos iaurus, or common Ox.
Bos TAURUS (Linn,). The Ox.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; canines 0 ; molars ^^ = 32.
8 6 — 6
Hab. In every part of the world.
Food. Grass, hay, leaves, &c. &c.
Use. The importance of this animal is fully recognised for i(s ser-
vices in tillage, for its flesh, the milk it affords, and its skin ; even the
horns are turned to good account. Various parts of the animal have
also been recommended as useful in medicine ; the blood, fat, and
excrement, have been enumerated among the simples in the Lond.
Pharm. of 1618. The filings of the horn, taken with water, were
thought useful in arresting haemorrhage and intestinal fluxes. The ex-
crement was supposed capable of dispersing tumours and hard swellings.
Goldbeater s skin is prepared from the peritoneal membrane of the
caecum, which, as soon as it is detached, is pulled out to the extent of
two feet or upwards, then dried. The dried membrane, which has the
appearance of a piece of packthread, is then soaked in a very weak
solution of potash, and spread out flat on a frame ; another membrane
is then taken and applied to the other, so that the two surfaces which
adhered to the muscular membrane of the intestine may adhere together ;
they unite perfectly, and soon dry. The skins are then glued on a
hollow frame, washed with alum water, dried, washed with a solution
of isinglass in white wine, to which spices, such as clove.«, nutmegs,
ginger, or camphor, have been added, and varnished with white of e^^.
These skins are used to separate the leaves of gold while being beat to
the proper degree of thinness ; they are used also as a defensive for cuts.
The allantoides of calves are prepared in a somewhat similar manner
to the above, for making air-balloons for lecturers, &c.
The bladders and intestines of oxen and calves are prepared by re-
moving the fat, washing them in solution of chloride of lime, blowing
them out, and then drying them. These are used for covering pots,
and other similar purposes.
Bos bubalus. (Linn.) The Bvffalo.
Originally a native of India, but brought to Egypt, Greece, and
Italy, during the middle ages. The buffaloes generally herd in marshy
places, and feed on large plants, such as would not suit our oxen.
The skin makes good leather ; the flesh is coarse and not much
esteemed ; the milk is good. Some of the buffaloes of India have very
large horns, which are brought over to this country.
Camelus. (Linn.) Camel.
Dental char. Teeth, thirty-four. Sixteen in the upper jaw ; viz.
two incisors — for the camels and the llamas have these, and form the
ANIMALS MAMMALIA. 12S
exception?, the other ruminants being without any incisors in the
upiJtT jaw — two canines, twelve molars. Eighteen in the lower jaw;
viz. six incisors, two canines, ten molars.
Gen. char. Lower incisors in the form of cutting wedges ; upper
incisors sub-lateral: canines conical, sub-erect, strong; false molars
situated in the interdentary s[iace on either side. Head long, ears
small, neck elongated. Baclc with fleshy bosses or haunches ; tail
moderate. Toes united below. Teats, ventral, four in number. There
are two species.
1. Camelus bactrianus. (Linn.) The Bactrian Camel.
Char. Two humps on the back. Length about ten feet. Colour
generally dark brown.
Hab. Persia, Turkey, &c.
2. Camelus dromedarius. (Linn.) TJie Dromedary.
Char. One hump in the middle of the back. Length about eight
feet. Hair pale brown.
Hah. Arabia, Africa, &c.
Use. Great virtues were assigned by the old physicians to the milk
of the camel in various diseases. Avicenna states that when the camel
is newly impregnated, the milk from the animal relieves asthmatic
affections. According to Rhases, " it strengthens the liver, openeth
obstructions, looseneth the hard spleen, and helpeth the dropsy, being
drunk hot, especially sugar being mixed therewith." In the writings
of Rhases and A vicenna, more especially, frequent mention is made of
the medicinal virtues of camel's milk.
Capra. (Linn.) The Goat.
Char, Horns directed upwards and backwards ; chin generally fur-
nished with a long beard. Forehead generally concave.
Hab. In almost all parts of the world. The Capra ceg^ragus, which
seems to be the original stock of our domesticated goats, dwells in
troops along the mountains of Persia, and probably on those of other
countries also, as on the Alps. The oriental bezoar is a concretion
found in its intestines.
CERVIDiE.
A family of solid-horned ruminants; the horns caducous, and
belonging, generally speaking, to the male only.
The reproduction of the horns is annual in the deer of temperate and
cold climates ; it is supposed that some of the species inhabiting hot
climates do not cast them every year. -The palmated horn seems more
especially to belong to those deer which inhabit the northern latitudes.
Dental formula. — Usually the same as in the giraffes, goats, ante-
lopes, sheep, oxen, &c. ; viz.
Incisors —-, cauines — ; molars — = 32.
8 ' 0-0 ' 6-6
In the above formula the canines are noticed as absent : this rule,
however, is not without exception, some of the species presenting
canines similar to those of the Musks (Moschus) in the upper jaw.
Cervus alce?. (Linn.) The Moose, or Elk.
124 ANIMALS.— MAMMALIA.
Description- As large as a horse, and sometimes larger; muzzle
cartilaginous and inflated ; a pendulous swelling under the throat ; hair
stiff, and of a more or less deep ash-colour. Horns increase Avith age
so as to weigli from fifty to sixty pounds ; body round, compact, and
short ; tail about four inches long. During its progress, it holds the
nose up. This attitude prevents it from seeing the ground distinctly ;
hence it sometimes trips by treading on its fore-heels, and gives itself
heavy falls. From this circumstance it was supposed to have frequent
attacks of epilepsy, and to be obliged to smell its hoof before it could
recover. Hence the Teutonic name of Elend, (miserable,) and the
reputation of the fore-hoofs, especially, as a specific against epilepsy.
The elk was undoubtedly the AX/cj; pf Pausanias, who describes it as
being eXacpov kui Kafir}Xov fxeTat,v, "between a stag and a camel." It
was the Alee of Caesar and Pliny.
Habitat. The marshy forests of the north of both continents, espe-
cially Sweden, Norway, Canada, Russia, Prussia, Hungary, &c.
Food- The moose-deer feeds on the tops of large plants and the
leaves of trees in summer, and in the winter on the tops of willows
and the small branches of the birch-tree.
Use- The flesh of the elk is said to be excellent, that of the young
especially. The tongue and the nose are by some considered great
delicacies. As a medicinal substance, the hoof of the elk occurs
among the simples of the Lond. Pharm. of 1618, as a remedy in epi-
lepsy.
Cervus dama. (Linn.) The Deer.
Gen-char. Incisors — ; canines : or ■ — ; molars-^ — — .
8 0 0 ' 0 0 ' 6 6*
Canines, when present, compressed, and bent back. Head, long,
terminating in a muzzle. Ears, large and pointed. Body slender-
Horns solid, deciduous, palmated, branched and simple, in the males ;
females, in general without horns.
Hab. In all parts of the world.
Food. Grass, hay, herbs, and leaves of shrubs and trees.
Use. Decoction of hartshorn, nutritive and demulcent. Hartshorn
shavings are ordered in the preparation of the Piilv. Ant. Compositiis.
The marrow of the leg of the deer, as also the suet, are among the
simples ordered in the Lond. Pharm. 1618.
Cervus elaphus, (Linn.) The Stag.
Description. Horns with three anterior antlers, all curved upwards,
the summit forming a crown of snags from a common centre. Lachry-
mal sinuses. Fur red-brown in summer, with a blackish line along
the back, and on either side a number of small marks of a pale fawn
colour ; in winter, the fur is of a uniform grey-brown colour.
Hab. Europe, Asia, and north of Africa.
Use. The antlers of this species are used for the same purposes as
those of the Cervus Dama.
Cervus tarandus. (Linn., Euff.) Tlie Rein-Deer.
Description. Size of a stag, but has shorter and stouter legs ; both
sexes have antlers divided into several branches, terminating by age in
r
ANIMALS. — MAMMALIA. 125
broad denticulated palms. Fur, brown in summer, and becoming
nearly white in winter.*
Hah. Norway, Lapland, Sweden, the northern parts of America.
Use. The flesh, the milk, and the hide, contribute to the food and
clothing of the Laplanders.
MoSCHIDiE.
The Moschidae are a family of ruminant animals familiarly known
as Musk-Deer.
Linnaeus divides the genus Moschus, which he places between
Camelus and Cervus, mider his order Pecora, as having no horns, and
the upper canine teeth solitary and exserted. Cuvier gives it the same
position assigned to it by Linnaeus. Cuvier states that the Musks only
differ from the other ruminants in the absence of horns, in having
a long canine tooth on each side of the upper jaw, which comes out
of the mouth in the males, and finally, in having in their skeleton a
slight fibula, which has no existence in the camels.
Moschus moschiferus. (Linn.) The Mush-hearing Animal.
Gen. char. Incisors — - ; canines — ; molars — 4-. No
8 0 0 6 (5
canines in the females. Ears long and acuminated. Body slender.
Feet hoofed. Two inguinal mammce.
Sp. char. Fur grey-brown ; hair coarse. Pouch, before prepuce
of the male, filled with a musky substance.
Hah. Siberia, China, and Thibet.
Food. Spikenard, and other sweet plants.
Use. The substance called Mnsk is a dark-brown or blackish,
granular, and slightly unctuous matter, contained in a sac, situated
near the organs of generation of the male animal. There are three
principal varieties of musk met with in commerce — namely, Chinese,
liussian, and Indian. Musk is a powerful stimulant and antispasmodic,
and has been found a valuable remedy in all diseases attended with
spasms and low fever.
Ovis ABIES. The Sheep.
Dent. Form. — Incisors — ; canines — —; molars — — = 32.
Gen. char. Horns (generally present in both sexes) wrinkled trans-
versely, turned laterally in a spiral form. Ears small. Legs slender.
Mammce two.
Sp. char. Horns arched backwards. Colour generally fawn.
Hob. This animal is generally domesticated everywhere.
Food. Herbs, leaves, &c.
Use. It is principally used in medicine for the suet, which is em-
ployed as a basis for ointments and cerates. The flesh both of the
young and adult animal is much used as food in this country, and is
considered easily digestible and nutritive.
Coarse catgut is made from the intestines, by removing the mucous
and peritoneal membranes, then soaking them in water, to each gallon
* The ancients ascribed to this animal the power of assuming any colour it wished,
126 ANIMALS mammalia.
of which is added an ounce or two of carbonate of potash ; then scrap-
ing- them with a copper plate having a semicircular notch, twisting
them according to the use for which they are intended, and some-
times colouring them, and exposing them to the fumes of burning
sulphur.
Fine catgut is prepared in much the same way as the above de-
scribed, but more care is taken, and a longer time occupied in the
process.
The c(EC(il intestines are prepared by soaking them in an alkaline
solution, then cleaning, scraping, stretching, sulphuring, and finally
cutting them into the proper lengtii, when they constitute the haudruches,
condoms, or French letters.
Order 9. CETACEA,
These are mammiferous animals without hind feet. To the genera
which, up to this time, naturalists had ranked among the Cetacea,
Cuvier adds those which had previously been confounded with the
Walrusses. This order is now divided into two families : — 1st. The
Herbivorous Cetaceans, whose teeth have a flat crown, which deter-
mines their mode of life, as they often leave the water to creep and
feed, on the banks. They have two teats on the breast, and have
hairy moustaches. 2nd. The Ordinary Cethceans, which are distin-
guished from the preceding by the apparatus from which they have
received the name of Souffieurs, or Blowers. They take into their
capacious mouth, together with their prey, large volumes of water,
the latter of which it is necessary subsequently to separate ; this is
efi'ected by forcing the water through a small aperture, passing from
the mouth to the upper part of the head, while the prey is retained
by a kind of strainer formed of the substance called whalebone.
The second family, the Ordinary Cetaceans, are subdivided into
two tribes : — 1st, those, the size of whose heads bears an ordinary
proportion to that of tlieir bodies ; 2nd, those whose heads are dispro-
portionately large.
Family 1. Herbivorous Cetaceans.
Halicore. (111.) The Dugong.
Gen. char. Body elongated ; tail-fin in form of a crescent ; molars
composed each of two cones united by the side ; small pointed tusks
inserted in the incisive bones ; skin very thick and without hairs.
Dent. Form. — Incisors y^Tj- ; canines 0 ; molars ^_^ = 30 or 32.
Hab. Sumatra and all the warm seas of the Indian Archipelago.
Use. Flesh superior to the buffalo or common ox. A very sweet,
pure oil, is obtained from this animal, which has been proposed as a
substitute for cod-liver oil, from which, however, it differs in its che-
mical reaction.
Manatus. (Cuv.) Manatee. Sea-Cow.
Gen. char. Body oblong ; molar teeth marked with two transversal
elevations on their crown ; no canines in the adult ; vestiges of nails
on the edges of their anterior extremities or pectoral fins; pectoral
p
ANIMALS.— MAMMALIA. 127
mammEe ; skin very thick and naked ; whiskers very strong and close
set : horizontal tail, thick, tegumentary, and elongated oval.
Dental Formula. — Incisors — ; molars g_g = 34.
Hab. The warmer parts of America ajid its islands. Western Africa.
Use. The flesh is excellent, either fresh or salted.
Family'2. Ordinary Cetaceans. Tribe 1.
Delphinid^. The Dolphins.
Tliese have an elongated body ; jaws more or less projecting in the
form of a beak ; no tusks ; they have a great number of teeth, simple
and equal in size, which are, however, wanting in some species ; no
baleen, or whalebone ; blowholes, with a common opening on the head.
The dental formula may be stated generally as consisting of from
84 to 95 teeth in the upper jaw, and from 84 to 95 in the lower
= 168 to 190.
Delphinus PHOCiENA. (Linn.) Common Porpoise.
Gen. char. Muzzle short, convex, and not terminating in a rostrum ;
teeth numerous, placed irregularly in each jaw ; a dorsal fin.
Dental Formula.~l>,io\?iTS ~^^ = 80 to 92.
A 40 to 4o
Hab. Atlantic Ocean ; seas of Europe.
This seems to be the ^w/catva {phoccena) of Aristotle. Some have
supposed it to be the Tursio of Pliny. It is the porco pesce of the
Italians (whence probably the English term porpesse) ; the Meer-
schwain of the Germans.
Use. The oil produced from the fat surrounding the body is of the
purest kind ; the skin, when tanned and dressed, is used for wearing
apparel. The flesh is by some much esteemed.
Delphinapterus leucas. (Gm.) Delph. albicans. (Fabr.) Tlie
Beluga, or White Whale.
Gen. char. Head obtuse ; muzzle short and conical, or tenninated
in an elongated rostrum ; number of teeth variable ; no dorsal fin.
Dental Formula. — According to F. Cuvier ^_^ = 34.
Hab. The Northern Ocean.
Use. The oil is said to be of the best, whitest, and finest quality,
and of their skins a sort of morocco leather is said to be made, which,
though thin, will resist a musket-ball. The flesh is said to resemble
beef.
MoNODON monoceros. (Linn.) Narval. Norivhal, or Unicorn
Whale.
Gen. cJiar. Body elongated; a slight longitudinal projection, or
crest, in the place of the dorsal fi« ; flippers oval.
A long, straight, and pointed tusk, projecting from the upper jaw,
has been long known as the unicornis horn. The tusk is sometimes
ten feet long, marked with spiral grooves. The animal has the germ
of a second of these defensive appendages, but usually only that on the
left side becomes fully developed.
128 ANIMALS. — mammalia.
Hah. The Northern Ocean.
Use. The blubber yields a very superior oil, which, as well as the
flesh, is considered a great dainty by the Greenlander, who regaids
the norwhal as the herald of the mysticete. The ivory of the tusk is
considered superior to that of the elephant.
Family 2. Ordinary Cetaceans. . Tribe 2.
Balenid^, or Bal^nas.
Gen. char. Head not so convex forward as that of the cachalot :
both sides of the upper jaw furnished with transverse plates of a
fibrous horny substance, with loose or unwrinkled edges, being llie
baleen or whalebone ; lower jaw entirely unarmed. No dorsal fiji,
which in some species is replaced by a boss or hump.
In this genus, the baleen, or whalebone, is most highly developed.
J. Hunter describes this extremely flexible animal substance as being
of the same nature as horn, — a term used by him to express what
constitutes hair, nails, claws, feathers, &c. It consists, he remarks, of
thin plates of some breadth, and in some of very considerable lengtli,
their breadth and length in some degree corresponding to one another ;
when longest, they are commonly the broadest, but not always so.
The plates differ in size in different parts o:^ the same mouth, more
especially in the large whalebone whale. "They are placed," says
Hunter, " in several rows, encompassing the outer skirts of the upper
jaw, similar to teeth in other animals. They stand parallel to eacli
other, having one edge towards the circumference of the mouth, tlie
other towards the centre or cavity." — (See Hunter on Whales.)
Bal^na mysticetus. (Linn.) Greenland Whale.
Description. Colour velvet-black, grey, and white, with a yellow
tinge. Head very large, forming nearly one-third of the entire bulk,
the under part being flat. On the most elevated part of the head are
situated the blowholes, two longitudinal apertures, like the holes in
the belly of a violin, and from eight to twelve inches long. There
are upwards of three plates of whalebone on each side of the jaw.
There is no dorsal fin. The horizontal tail is flat and semilunar,
indented in the middle. The eyes not mucii larger. From sixty-
five to seventy feet appears to be the extreme length of a full-grown
mysticete.
Hah. This is usually stated to be very extensive : it is said by
some that it inhabits all the seas of the globe, especially the two
poles.
Tlie Common Whale., Greenland Whale, or Great Mysticete, appears
to be the [xvariKriroQ of Aristotle (Hist. Anim. iii. 12) ; it is the Baleine
Franche and JBaleine Ordinaire of the French ; Greenlands Wal/isk
of the Swedes; and Morjil Cyffredi7i of the Ancient British.
Food, hahiis, &jc. In the whale, the sense of hearing seems to be
rather obtuse. Throat so narrow as scarcely to admit a hen's egg.
The usual rate of swimming about four miles an hour; but wiitn
harpooned, they will descend at a velocity of seven or eight miles an
ANIMALS.— MAMMALIA. 129
hour. The mysticete seldom remains longer than two minutes at the
surface to breathe, during which period it blows eight or nine times ;
it then descends for five or ten minutes. Though having no voice,
according to Mr. Scoresby, it makes a loud noise in blowing. The
smallness of the gullet is only fitted for swallowing small animals,
such as the Clio horealis, numerous specimens of which will be found
in tlie preparation No. 323 A. of the Physiological Series of the
Museum of the K. C. S., London. This small mollusc is said to con-
stitute the chief support of the mysticete, and the structure and dis-
position of the whalebone plates are such as to retain these or any
other small species of animal in the capacious mouth of their devourer,
while the water taken in along with them drains through the inter-
stices of the plates. Nine or ten months is supposed to be the term
of utero-gestation ; and so attached is the mother to her young one,
or " sucker," as it is called, that it is often struck as a snare to the
affectionate parent, for she will not leave it, and so falls a victim to
her maternal love.
Use. The mysticete is everything to the Esquimaux and the
Greenlander. They eat the flesh and fat with great relish. The
membranes of the abdomen serve them for clothing, and the thin
transparent peritoneum admits light through the windows of their
huts, while it keeps out the weather. The bones are made into props
for their tents, or aid in the formation of their boats, and supply them
with harpoons or spears. To civilized nations the oil made from its
fat or blubber, and the whalebone, have long made it a great com-
mercial object. The fat, or blubber, lies immediately beneath the skin,
being from ten to twenty inches in thickness, varying in different
parts of the body. The colour is not always the same, being white,
red, and yellow. It is chiefly for the blubber that the Greenland
fishery is carried on. It is cut from the body in large lumps, and
carried on board the ships, and then cut into smaller pieces. The
fleshy parts and skin, connected with the blubber, are next separated
from it, and it is again cut into such pieces as will admit of its being
passed into casks by the bunghole, which is only three or four inches
in diameter. In these casks it is conveyed home, where it is boiled
in vessels capable of containing from three to six tons, for the purpose
of extracting the oil from the fritters, which are tendinous fibres,
running in various directions, and containing the oil, or rather con-
necting together the cellular substance which contains it. The follow-
ing table, taken from Mr. Scoresby's work, shows the average quantity
of oil a whale of each size of bone will produce : —
Bone. Oil.
1 foot 1^ tons.
2 feet 3 „
3 3i ,.
4 4 ,;
5 4i „
6 5* „
7 7 „
K
130 ANIMALS.— MAMMALIA.
Bone. Oil,
8 9 tons.
9 . • 11 „
10 13 „
11 16 „
12 20 „
Physeteb, or Cachalot, (guffaw, to blow.)
Gen. char. Length of head = \ ov ^ the whole length; upper
jaw large, elevated, and either without teeth, or with very few, which
are short and nearly hidden by the gum ; lower jaw narrow, and
armed with stout conical teeth ; orifices of the blowholes united ; no
dorsal fin.
In a specimen given by M. F. Cuvier, and found in the Paris
Museum, no teeth were observed in the upper jaw ; — in the lower there
were 27 on each side ; = 54.
Physeter macrocephalus, or Spermaceti Whale.
Hah. This species has been seen in almost all seas ; but it is now
principally found in the Southern Ocean, on the coasts of America^
Japan, New Guinea, &c. Cachalots have occasionally been stranded
on the British Islands, as in the Frith of Forth, the Orkneys, &c.
Use. From this animal it is that the commercial spermaceti (ceta-
ceum; spermaceti) is obtained. This substance is found in several
parts of the body, mixed with the common fat. The head is, how-
ever, the great reservoir of this substance. Here, it is found (mixed
with oil) in a large cavity in the upper maxillary bone, anterior to,
and quite distinct from, the true cranium. There are two places in
the head which contain the oil, the one above and the other below
the nostrils. The purest oil is contained in the smallest cells, lying
above the nostril, along the upper part of the head. The " case," as
it is called, which is situated on the right side of the nose and upper
surface of the head, contains spermaceti mixed with oil. Into this an
opening is made, and the liquid contents are taken out by a bucket.
This is called " head-matter." The spermaceti is separated from the
oil by pressure, and purified by boiling it with a caustic ley. Am-
bergris is obtained from the caecum of this animal.
CLASS II. AVES, BIRDS.
Birds are oviparous vertebrata, with a double system of circulation
and respiration, organized for flight. Their distribution into orders
is founded, like that of the mammalia, on the organs of nianducation,
or the beak, and on those of prehension. This class comprises six
orders: — 1. Accipitres {Birds of Prey). 2. Passeres (Sparrow-
kind). 3. ScANSORES (Climbers). 4. GALLiNACEiE (Poultry-kind).
5. Grall^ (Waders). 6. Palmipedes (Web-footed).
ANIMALS.— AVEs. 131
ObdebI. ACCIPITRES. (Linn.) Birds of Prey.
These birds are distinguished by their hooked beaks and talons.
They are among birds what the carnaria are among quadrupeds. The
muscles of their thighs and legs indicate the strength of their claws ;
they all have four toes ; the nail of the thumb and that of the internal
toe are the strongest. This order forms two families, the diurnal and
nocturnal — the former including the two great genera of Linnseiis, the
vultures and falcons ; the latter his genus of owls. These genera have
been subdivided by Cuvier into several sub-genera.
Falco buteo. (Linn.) The Buzzard.
Hah. Almost everywhere.
Food. Herbs, and the flesh of animals.
Use. The testicles, boiled fresh with honey, were said to strengthen
those men whose procreative powers had been enfeebled from any
cause.
Falco fulvus. (Gm.) Aquila. (Cuv.) The Eagle.
Hah. They dwell on the mountains in various parts of the globe.
Food. Birds and quadrupeds.
Use. Various parts of the eagle were supposed to be endowed with
medicinal virtues. The bones of the head were considered good for
removing headache. The wings placed under the feet promoted
labour. The gall was converted into an errhine, in affections of the
head. The brain steeped in wine useful in jaundice. The tongue, in
incontinence of urine.
Falco milvxts. (Linn.) The Kite.
Hah. In almost all countries.
Food. Birds, carrion, and the like.
Use. The powder of the flesh " helpeth the gout." " The testicles
drunk fasting with spring water promotes fecundity." " The blood
applied with nettles helps the gout."
Stryx otus. (Linn.) Tlie Owl.
Hah. England, France, Germany, and several other places.
Food. Wasps, bees, lizards, and mice.
Use. The flesh was recommended in paralysis and in melancholy.
The brain, eaten, removed headache. The gall used to remove specks
from the cornea.
VuLTUR GRYPHus. (Linn.) The Vulture.
Hah. Various parts of Asia and America, more especially South
America.
Food. Dead bodies; birds.
Use. The flesh was used to remove various tumours in the body, as
also gout and convulsion. The brain used to remove headache. The
liver considered a prophylactic against the bites of serpents. The
fume of the excrement, as also of the feathers, used to promote par-
turition.
K 2
132 ANIMALS.— AVES.
Order 2. PASSERES. (Passer, a Sparrow.)
This order is the most numerous of the whole class. The birds
composing it have neither the violence of birds of prey, nor the fixed
regimen of the gallinacese, nor of the water-birds ; insects, fruits, and
grain, constitute their food, which consists the more exclusively of
grain, in proportion to the largeness of their beak, and of insects, as it
is the more slender. Among them are found the singing birds, and
the most complicated inferior larynx. The first division is founded
on the feet ; recourse is then had to the beak. The first and most
numerous comprehends those genera in which the external toe is
united to its fellow by one or two phalanges only ; the second are
called the syndactyles, in which the union extends to all but the last
articulation. The first division contains the families Dentirostres,
Fissirostres, Conirostres, and Tenuirostres, with their several genera
and sub-genera ; the second form but one family containing six genera.
The Dentirostres contains the various species of the genus Lanius,
(Linn.) ; of the genus Jhwcrycr (Linn.); of the genus Turdus (Linn.),
as the Turdus merula, or common blackbird ; Turdus rnusicus, or
common thrush ; of the genus Motacilla, as the Mot. rubicola, or
stonechat ; Mot. rubecula, or red-breast ; Mot. luscinia, or nightingale ;
also the wren, wagtail, &c. &c. Among the family of the Fissirostres,
we have the swallow. Among the Conirostres, we have the skylark,
house-sparrow, chaffinch, goldfinch, linnet, canary-bird, &c. &c.
Alauda arvensis. The Skylark.
Alauda CRiSTATA. The Lark.
Hah. England, France, Italy, and several other parts of the globe.
Food. Corn and worms.
Use. The Alauda cristata, eaten roasted or boiled, "helps the
colic, " according to Galen and Dioscorides. The heart, applied to the
thigh, " helps the colic."
Alcedo ispida. (Linn.) The Kingfisher.
Hah. Almost everywhere by rivers and ditches.
Food. Fishes.
Use. Eating the flesh of this bird, or applying the eyes in a linen
cloth to the head of those that sleep too much, was said to cause waking.
" The heart dried and hung about the necks of children helpeth the
falling sickness."
CoRVUS coRNix. (Linn.) The Crow.
Hah. Desolate, humid, and high places that are tilled.
Food. Corn, apples, cherries, and worms.
Use. " The eggs with myrtles make the hair black, as also the
blood and brain with black wine." The brain, with vervain water,
*' helpeth the epilepsy." " The dung, with wool, helps the toothache.
The eggs cause abortion."
Fringilla domestica. (Naum.) The House Sparrow.
Hah. Almost everywhere.
ANIMALS.— A VES. 133
Food. Corn, seeds, flies, &c.
Use. The flesh was considered good against epilepsy, and also in
renal calculi. The fat considered good against hard tumours. The
dung was considered good against toothache.
HiRUNDO APUS ] [ Common Sicallow.
lIiKUNDO RiPAKiA I -r . River Sivallow.
HiRUNDO RUSTicA j ' J Chimney Sicallow.
HiRUNDO URBicA j Window Swallow.
Hab. In all countries.
Food. Insects.
Use. The excrement of the swallow is found among the simples of
the Lond. Pharm. 1618. Drunk in sheep's milk, it was said to be
good against quartan agues. The heart was said to help the memory
and to sharpen the wit. The flesh, often eaten, was considered good
against epilepsy. The stones in the ventricles of the swallow were
used to expel things fallen into the eyes.
MoTACiLLA LusciNiA. (Linn.) The Nightingale.
Hab. In woods in almost all countries.
Food. Worms, ants, eggs, and bread.
Use. The gall of this bird with honey was said to clear the eyes.
" The flash eaten helps the cachexy."
Sturnus vulgaris. (Linn.) The Starling.
Hab. Almost everywhere.
Food. Berries, grapes, «Scc.
Use. " The dung cosmetic — good in ringworm, being abstersive
and drying." Flesh considered good after poison had been taken, but
is injurious in haemorrhoids, according to Arnold.
TuRDUS merula. (Linn.) Tlie Blackbird.
Hab. England, and, in fact, almost everywhere.
Food. Haws, sloes, misleberries, &c.
Use. The "flesh roasted, with myrtle-berries, helps the flux of the
belly." Aldrovand.
Order 3. SCANSORES. Climbers.
This order includes those birds, whose external toe is directed
backwards like the thumb, by which conformation they are tlie better
enabled to support the weight of their bodies, and by which certain
genera cling to and climb upon trees, whence the name scansores, or
climbers. The cliynbers usually nestle in the hollow of old trees ; their
food, like that of the passeres, consists of insects or fruit, in proportion
as their beak is more or less stout. This order is distributed into
thirteen genera, and the latter into sub-genera and species. Among
the species Ave find the jackamar, the woodpecker, the various species
of the cuckoo, the cockatoo, parrot, &c.
CucuLUS CANORUs. (Linn.) The Cuckoo.
Hab. Almost everywhere.
Food. Flesh, flies, eggs, fruit, &c.
134 ANIMALS.— A VES.
Use. A decoction of the dung was considered good against the
bite of a mad dog. The "ashes help the pain and moisture of the
stomach, as also the stone ;" " good also in epilepsy."
Order 4. GALLINACE^. Gallince, Linn. (Gallus, a Cock.)
These birds have been so called from their affinity to the domestic
cock ; and like it, they generally have the upper mandible arched.
Most of our barn-door fowls, and many excellent game birds, are to be
found in this order. It is composed in a great measure of one natural
family, and is divided into genera, sub-genera, and species.]
CoLUMBA MIGRATORIA. (Lath.) Passeuger Pigeon. Carolina
Pigeon.
Description. Body ash-coloured ; nape golden purplish green ; wing-
coverts with oval spots ; chest rufous ; belly white. Female grey-
brown ; beneath whitish ; chest yellowish-white.
Hah. North America.
Use. Yields an oil.
CoLUMBA PALUMBUS. (Linn.) The Ringdove.
Hah. In almost all countries and places.
Food. Corn and other seeds.
Use. The flesh of the pigeon was recommended to persons in a
languishing condition. When frequently eaten, it was said to prevent
plague ; good in epileptic and paralytic cases. The brain and testicles
said to occasion venery.
NuMiDA MELEAGRis. (Linn.) The Turkey.
Hah. Most parts of the globe.
Food. Grain and the like.
Use. Flesh very delicate and nutritious. The rough inner skin of
the gizzard, salted and dried, used to curdle milk.
Pavo cristatus. (Linn.) The Peacock.
Hah. Various parts of the world.
Food. Barley, herbs, and serpents.
Use. The broth, if fat, recommended in pleurisy; the excrement
recommended for the eyes, as also in gout.
PiiAsiANUs GALLUS. (Linn.) The Domestic Cock.
Hah. In almost all countries.
Food. Corn, seeds, flies, and snails.
Use. The flesh, when young, is easily concocted ; was considered
beneficial in consumptions and hectic fevers. The flesh of capons
seven or eight months old was much esteemed by the old physicians for
its nutritious properties. The white dung was considered beneficial
in colic. " The dry comb of a hen stops the involuntary discharge
of urine."
•
Phasianus colchicus. (Linn.) The Pheasant.
Hah. England, France, and other countries.
Food. Corn, seeds, and berries.
Use. The flesh was recommended in phthisis. The gall was said
r
ANIMALS — AVES. . 135
to sharpen the sight. The fat recommended in the affections of the
kidneys."
Tetrad coturnix. (Linn.) TTte Common Quail.
Description. Back brown, undulated with black ; a pointed white
stripe on each feather ; throat brown ; eyebrows whitish. Celebrated
for its migrations. The bird, heavy as it is, finds means to traverse
the Mediterranean.
Imported from Turkey, preserved in oil ; and from Cagliari, potted
with clarified butter.
ij ^Tetrao cinereus. (Linn.) Perdix. (Briss.) TJie Partridge.
Hah. Almost everywhere.
Food. Corn, chickweed, snails, and ants.
Use. The liver dried was given in epilepsy.
Order 5. GEALL^. (Linn.) Waders.
The birds of this order derive their names from their habits, and
from the conformation which causes them. They are generally long-
legged wading birds, generally living in the vicinity of water, except
the ostrich and cassowary, which did not originally belong to this
order, as established by Linnaeus. Those which have a strong bill
feed on fish and reptiles, while such as have a weak one consume
worms and insects. The external toe is most commonly united at its
base with that of the middle one by means of a short membrane.
Cuvier has divided the order into five families.
Ardea ciconia. (Linn.) The Stork.
Hah. Egypt, Ethiopia, and other places.
Food. Frogs, snakes, and fishes.
Use. The ilesh was said to prevent lippitude. The ashes of the
young ones were deemed good for spots in the eyes. The oil good
for palsy- The gall was recommended for clearing the sight. The
excrement drunk in water of use in epilepsy.
Ardea cinerea. (Linn.) The Heron.
Hah. England, France, and several other countries.
Food. Fishes, oysters, &c.
Use. The bill was supposed to possess a hypnotic effect. The flesh
considered bad for those with hemorrhoids. The fat recommended as
relieving the pain of gout.
FuLicA CHLOROPUS. (Linn.) The Moor Hen. Coot.
Hah. Fenny and watery places.
Food. Herbs, seeds, and the like.
Use. The heart was recommended in epilepsy. The flesh was
deemed good for the biting of spiders.
Grus cinerea. (Bechst.) The Crane. "
Hah. Libya, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
Food. Fruits and herbs.
Use. The eggs were supposed good against a variety of diseases, as
136 ■ ANIMALS— AVES.
cancers, palsy, and as a defence against venomous creatures. The
powder of the head and eyes good in fistulas and all sorts of ulcers.
Struthio camelus. (Linn.) Tlie Ostrich.
Hub. Africa, Libya, Ethiopia, Arabia, &c.
Food. Almost anything.
Use. The flesh has a very strengthening effect on the system. The
fat useful to allay the pain of gout, as also the eggs. The feathers,
which are used as articles of dress, are preserved by dipping them in
weak lime-water, and then drying and stoving them. They are
brousrht from Africa.
Order 6. PALMIPEDES. Web-footed Birds.
This order contains generally such birds as are web-footed, and
fitted for an aquatic life. It is divided into four natural families : —
1. The Brachyptera, or divers. 2. The Longipennes, or high-flying
birds. 3. The Totipalmes, in which the thumb, as well as the other
toes, is included in the common web, or membrane of the foot : and
4. The Lamellerostres, having the bill furnished with rows of laminae,
resembling fine teeth.
Anas cyanoides. (Linn.) The Duck.
Hab. Watery and fenny places.
Food. Roots and seeds of aquatic plants.
Use. The liver was recommended in fluxes occasioned by liver
disease. The excrement applied was said to be good for venomous
bitings. The womb is recommended, in the Antidotus Ecloge of
Myropsus, against the cceliac passion and spitting of blood.
Alca impennis. (Linn.) The Great Penguin. The Razor-bill
of the English.
Description. About the size of a goose, which bird it somewhat re-
sembles in some respects. It stands with its head and body vertical ;
has a black compressed beak, with eight or ten furrows in it. The
colour of the back is black, that of the breast, belly, and sides, white,
or partly grey. There is an oval white mark between the beak and
the eye. The wings are undeveloped, constituting what are called
flippers. It is said to lay but one large e^^, which is marked with
purple blotches. When young, the beak is smooth, and there is no
white frontal spot.
Hab. The Arctic seas of both continents.
Alca torda, et pica. (Gm.) The Common Penguin.
Description. This bird has some resemblance to the duck, being
smaller than the preceding species. The colours resemble those of the
great penguin, but there is a white mark on the flippers, and one or
two on the beak. This as well as the preceding species is web-footed.
The penguin of a small species, about fourteen inches in height, is
found in the Sandwich Islands. On the coast of Chili, a large species,
twenty-four or twenty-five inches high, is usually met with. The
same bird, with a little variation of colour, is found at Cape Horn in
ANIMALS.— REPTiLiA. 137
immense numbers on the rocks and islands, especially on Penguin
Island : also on the islands on the east coast of South America, the
Falkland islands, Tristan D'Acunha, and the islands and rocks along
the African coast. These birds cannot fly, having no wings adapted
for such purpose. They are frequently seen on the water in groups
of six or eight, and are excellent divers. They breed on rocks and
islets, where they congregate in vast numbers, and where their excre-
ments accumulate in immense quantities, and constitute the chief part
of the substance called Guano, which is now so extensively used in
agriculture.
Anas olor. (Gm.) The Swan.
Hah. Almost everywhere ; it is amphibious.
Food. Grass, grain, and fish spawn.
Use. The fat was considered good for the nerves. The eggs were
thought useful in erysipelas. The skin, dressed with the down, and
applied to the breast, was said to assist concoction.
Anser anser. (Linn.) The Goose.
Hah. Almost everywhere.
Food. Grain, grass, and the like.
Use. The flesh, eaten, was said to cause length of life, as also the
fat. It was said to cure hydrophobia, and to excite venery. Goose-
grease, with honey, was supposed good against the bitings of a mad
dog. The large feathers of the wings, quills, prepared by dipping into
lime-water, hardening by the fire, and the- barrels coloured with dilute
nitric acid, used for making pens.
Pelecanus aquilus. (Linn.) The Frigat.
Hub. They were formerly to be found in great numbers in the
island of Guadaloupe.
Food. Small fish.
Use. The oil or fat of this bird was once considered a sovereign
remedy for sciatica pains.
Pelecanus carbo. (Linn.) The Cormorant,
Hah. Seas, rivers, fens, and such places.
Food. Eels and congers.
Use. The flesh, roasted and eaten, useful in elephantiasis and in the
spleen. The blood was considered alexipharmic. The heart was
thought good against quartans. " The old liver, drunk with hydromel,
bringeth out the secimdine. The gall, with rosin of cedar, hinders the
growth of hair on the eyelids after evulsion."
CLASS III. REPTILIA. REPTILES. {Repo, to crawl.)
The structure of the heart in Reptiles is such, that at each contrac-
tion a portion only of the blood it has received from the different parfs
of the body is transmitted to the lungs, the remainder returning to
those parts without being passed through the pulmonary organs, and
without having respired. The result of this arrangement is, that the
138 ANIMALS.— REPTiMA.
oxygen acts less upon the blood than in the mammalia. As it is from
respiration that the blood derives its heat, and the fibre its susceptibility
of nervous irritation, the blood of reptiles is cold, and the muscular
energy less than that of quadrupeds, and much less than of birds : thus
we find their movements confined usually to crawling and swimming.
In cold or temperate climates almost all of them pass the winter in a
state of torpor. The smallness of the pulmonary vessels permits
reptiles to suspend the process of respiration without arresting the
course of the blood. No reptile hatches its eggs. The young batra-
chians, on quitting the egg, have the form and branchiae of fishes, and
some of the genera preserve these organs, even after the lungs have
become developed.
Reptiles are divided into four sufficiently natural orders, the Che-
Ionian, Saurian, Ophidian, and Batrachian, severally represented by
the tortoise, the lizard, the serpent, and the frog. The last of these is
remarkable for presenting in early life a structure diflPerent from that
which it is to assume when adult ; thus the young tadpole, it is well
known, breathes by gills, and in some genera of this order the gills are
never lost. An easy transition is thus formed from the class reptiles
to the fishes.
Objdeb 1. CHELONIA.
Testudo europ^a. (Schn.) T. orbicularis. (Linn.) The fresh-
water European Tortoise, or Spotted Tortoise.
Hab., &c. The southern and eastern parts of Europe. Its carapace
is oval, but little convex, rather smooth, blackish, and marked with
yellowish points. It scarcely attains ten inches in length. It is
brought up on bread, herbs, insects, small fishes, «fec.
Use. This is sometimes employed in Paris to make soups, and a cer-
tain kind of syrup.
Testudo gr^ca. (Linn.) The Land Tortoise, or Common Tor-
toise.
Hab., &c. Greece, Italy, Sardinia, and in fact all around the Medi-
terranean. It is distinguished by its carapace, which bulges out
equally ; by its elevated scales, granulated in the centre, streaked at
the edge, and marked with black and yellow spots. It scarcely attains
a foot in length ; and feeds on leaves, fruits, insects, worms.
Testudo imbricata. (Linn.) The Caret of the French.
This is not so large as the T. mydas ; its muzzle is more elongated ;
its jaws are indented; it bears thirteen yellow and brown scales, which
lie one upon the other like tiles ; the flesh is disagreeable and unwhole-
some, but its eggs are a great delicacy : this it is which yields the most
i)eautiful tortoise-shell for use in the arts.
Testudo mydas. (Linn.) T. viridis. (Schn.) 77«e Green
Tortoise, or Green Turtle.
This is distinguished by its greenish scales, to the number of thirteen,
which, however, are not imbricated, those of the middle row being
ANIMALS.— BEPTiiJA. 139
nearly regular hexagons. It is from six to seven feet in length, and
from seven to eight hundred pounds in weight. Its flesh affords a
pleasing and wholesome food for navigators sailing on the torrid zone.
Its eggs are also much prized, but no use is made of its shell.
Order 2. SAURIA. (Saupoc, Lizard.)
Ess. char. Heart like that of the Chelonians ; ribs moveable ; mouth
armed with teeth ; and toes, with few exceptions, furnished with nails ;
skin covered with scales, or scaly granules ; tail more or less long ;
most of them have four legs.
This order has been divided into six families, represented severally
by the Crocodiles, Monitors, Iguanas, Geckos, Cameleons, and Skinks.
Of these families, the first and fifth have each only one genus ; the
second, two ; and the others have several genera.
Draco. (Linn.) The Dragon.
The dragon Is distinguished from all the other Saurian reptiles by
reason of the first six false ribs, instead of turning round the abdomen,
being extended in a right line, and sustaining a production of the skin,
which forms a species of wing somewhat resembling that of the bat,
but independent of the four feet ; it sustains the animal like a para-
chute in its leaping from branch to branch, but it is incapable of
enabling it to fly. All the known species come from the East Indies.
Lacerta AGiiiis. (Linn.) The Lizard.
There are very many species of the Lacerta which have been con-
founded by Linnaeus under the name of Lacerta agilis. The most
striking of these are the
Lacerta ocellata. (Daud.)
Lacerta viridis. (Daud.) Tlie Green Lizard.
Hah. France, Spain, Italy, &c. &c.
Use. This Saurian reptile has been extolled as a sudorific in syphi-
litic diseases when eaten raw.
SCINCOIDII.
These constitute the sixth and last family of the Saurian reptiles.
They are characterized by short feet, tongue not extensible, and by the
equal scales which cover the body and tail like tiles.
Lacerta scincus. (Linn.) Scincus Officinalis. (Schn.) The
Seine, or Skink.
From six to eight inches long ; tail shorter than the body ; feet
short ; body yellowish, and traversed with blackish bands, covered
with shining scales.
Hab. Egypt, Nubia, Arabia, Abyssinia, &c.
Use. In order to preserve this animal, the intestines were drawn
out, and their place supplied by aromatic plants ; the body was then
dried, and wrapt up in dried wormwood leaves. It was considered
aphrodisiac ; it formed a constituent in the Electuarium Mithridatis.
140 ANIMALS.— REPTiLi A.
Iguana delicatissima. (Linn.) Ig. nudicollis. (Cuv.)
Hab. The Brazils, Guadaloupe.
Use. This was considered a valuable sudorific, when eaten raw,
in syphilitic diseases. The flesh is an agreeable food ; preserved by
salting.
Order 3. OPHIDIA. (JxpLc, a serpent.) Ophidian Reptiles.
Serpents are reptiles without feet. Their very elongated body
moves by means of the folds it forms when in contact with the ground.
This order is principally divided into three families : — 1. The snakes,
{Anguis ;) 2. The true serpents ; and 3. The naked serpents. Of these,
the first and third contain each but one genus ; the second contains all
the rest, and as these diflPer in several respects, is subdivided, first,
into two tribes, the double-mar cheurs, that is, those that move with
either end foremost ; and the serpents proper, which always advance
with the head in front. The serpents proper are then divided accord-
ing as they are non-venomous or venomous ; and afterwards these
latter according as they have isolated fangs, or fangs accompanied by
the ordinary jaw teeth. Finally comes the division into genera, sub-
genera, and species. Among the Anguis, or first family, we find
the species Lacerta apoda, Pall. Ang. vefitralis, L., glass serpent.
A.fragilis, L., common blind-worm. A. meleagris, L., javelin snake,
or Cape Pintado snake. Among the serpents or second family, we
have the Amphisbcena alba, Lacep. Anguis scytale, L., whip-lash
snake, (<7)cii7-aX7j, a whip). Uropeltis ceylanicus, Cuv. Boa Constrictor,
L. Coluber Javanicus, Sh. Great adder of the Sunda Isles. Cro-
talus horridus, L., American rattle-snake. Then the various sub-
genera and species of the Vipera, Daud., as Col. berus, L., the common
viper. The third and last family, or Naked serpents, consist of but
one very singular genus, the Ccecilia of Linnaeus. Species, Ccec. an-
nulata, annulated caecilia.
Anguis fragilis. (Linn.) Blind-worm.
Hab. Very common in all parts of Europe.
I Food. Worms and insects.
They bring forth their young alive.
Anguis meleagris. (Linn.) Javelin Snake, or Cape Pintado
Snake.
Hab. The Cape of Good Hope.
Anguis scytale. (Linn) The Whip-lash Snake.
Description. About two feet long, marked with irregular black and
white bands.
Hab. America.
Anguis ventralis. (Linn.) Tlie Glass Serpent.
Description. Colour, yellow-green, with black marks above ; the
tail is longer than the body ; it is so easily broken as to have received
from this circumstance the name o^ glass -serpent.
Hab. The southern states of North America.
ANIMALS. — REPTiuA. 141
Use. Many virtues were formerly ascribed to the liver, fat, and
other parts of various species oi Anguis. The liver was said to be
good for stone in the bladder.
Boa.
The boas, properly so called, have a hook on each side of the
anus, a compressed body, thickest in the middle, a prehensile tail, and
small scales on the head, at least on its posterior portion. In this
genus the largest of all serpents are found ; some species attain the
length of thirty or forty feet. A subdivision of the boas has been
made, founded on differences in the integuments of the head and jaws,
as follows :
1 . Head covered to the end of the muzzle with small scales, like
those of the body. The plates, with which the jaws are provided, not
dimpled. Under this head comes the Boa Constrictor, L.
Boa constrictor. (Linn.) Boa empereur. (Daudin.) The Devin.
Description. Known by a broad chain extending along the back,
formed alternately by large, blackish, irregularly-hexagonal spots, and
by pale oval ones, the two ends of which are notched, or jagged, form-
ing a very elegant pattern.
Hab. The New World.
Food. Animals of all kinds.
2. Scaly plates from the eyes to the end of the muzzle. No dimples
on the jaws. Examples, Boa scytale, and Boa murina. (Linn.)
Boa aquatica of Prince Maximilian.
Boa scytale. (Linn.) Boa murina. (Linn.)
Description. Brown : a double suit of round black spots along the
back : ocellated spots on the flanks.
Hab. South America.
Food. Chiefly mice ; whence the name Murina.
3. Scaly plates on the muzzle, and dimples upon the plates at the
sides of the jaw. Ex. Boa cenchria. (Linn.) Boa centhris
(Gmel.)
Boa cenchria. (Linn.)
Description. Yellowish, with a row of large brown rings running
the whole length of the back, and variable spots on the sides. These
are generally dark, containing often a whitish semilunar mark.
Hab. South America ; the marshy places of the warm parts.
Food. The various quadrupeds that come to drink.
4. Plates upon the muzzle and sides of the jaw hollowed into a
kind of slit under the eye, and beyond it. Example. Boa canina.
(Linn.)
Boa canina. (Linn.)
Description. Greenish, with white irregular longish spots, some-
what annularly disposed.
Use. The excrement of the Boas, usually the Boa constrictor, is
the source from which uric acid is most abundantly and economically
procured.
142 ANIMALS.— REPTiMA.
Coluber ^scdlapii. (Sh.)
Description. Brown, superiorly ; straw-coloured inferiorly and oa
the flanks ; scales of the back almost smooth. It is this which the
ancients have represented in their statues of Esculapius, and it is pro-
bable that the Epidaurian serpent belonged to this species.
Hab. Italy, Hungary, lUyria, &c. &c.
The Coluber esculapii of Linnaeus is a different species.
Coluber bebus. (Linn.) Vipera bebus. (Daud.) The Common
Viper.
Hab. Arabia, Africa, and Europe.
Food. Herbs, horse-flies, cantharides, &c.
Use. According to Culpeper, " The flesh of vipers being eaten
clears the sight, and helps the vices of the nerves." According to the
same author, the head of the viper, which gave the bite, is the best
remedy.
Crotalus horridus. (Linn.) The American Rattle-snake.
This is a species of the genus Crotalus. (Linn.)
The Crotali are distinguished from all other serpents by the fatal
subtility of the poison. Like the Boa, they have simple transverse
plates under the body and tail. But what best distinguishes them is
the noisy instrument which they carry under the tail, and which is
formed of many scaly cornets, embossed loosely in each other, which
move and resound when the animal moves his tail. The number of
these cornets increases with age, and there remains an additional one
at each moulting. The muzzle of these serpents is hollowed, with a
small round fosset behind each nostril. All the species, whose country
is well known, come from America. They are more dangerous in
proportion to the heat of the climate or season. Their natural dispo-
sition, however, is tranquil, and rather lethargic.
Food, &c. Birds, squirrels, &c. It was once believed that it had
the power of torpifying them by its breath, and even of fascinating,
that is, of forcing them by its glance alone to precipitate themselves
into its mouth. It appears, however, that it is able to seize them
only during those irregular movements which the fear of its aspect
causes them to make.
Orber4. BATRACHIA. (ySarpaxoc, a frog.)
Ess. char. Heart, consisting of one auricle and one ventricle ; two
equal lungs, to which at first are added branchiaa. Most of them lose
their branchiae, and the apparatus which supports them, when they
attain maturity. The envelope of the ova is membranous. The eggs
become much enlarged in the water. The young differ from the adult
not only in the presence of branchiae, but in having feet which are de-
veloped by degrees. Some species are viviparous.
This order has been divided by Gray into two very natural orders
or families, according as they do or do not undergo metamorphosis.
Cuvier has adopted the same division, and then subdivides. The first
genus is the
ANIMALS REPTiuA. 14^
Rana (Linn.), of which there are several sub-genera.
Ess. cimr. Four legs, in the perfect state, but no tail ; head flat,
muzzle rounded ; tongue generally soft, not attached to the bottom of
the gullet but to the edge of the jaw, and folds inwards ; four toes to
anterior feet ; the hind ones usually exhibit the rudiment of a sixth ;
no ribs to skeleton. Inspiration effected by muscles of the throat,
which, by dilating, receive air from the nostrils; expiration, on the
contrary, effected by the muscles of the abdomen. The principal
species of this genus are Rana temporaria, L., common frog. R. ar-
borea, L., tree-frog. R. hufo, L., common toad. R. papa, L., Suri-
nam toad. The second genus is the Salamandra, Brongn. The
principal species are the Lacerta Salamandra, L., common salamander ;.
Salam marmorata, L., marbled salamander.
Rana bufo. (Linn.) The Common Toad.
Description. Reddish or brown gray, sometimes rather olive and
blackish ; back covered with many rounded tubercles as large as lentiles.
Hind feet semi-palmate.
Hab. It remains in obscure and sheltered places, and passes the
winter in holes which it excavates. Coupling takes place in the
winter, and in March and April. The common toad lives more than
fifteen years, and produces at four years of age.
Rana esculenta. (Linn.) The Green Frog. Gibbous Frog.
Description. Of a fine green, spotted with black. Three yellow
stripes on the back, the belly yellowish. Four legs and no tail, in the
perfect state. The tongue, which is soft, is attached, not to the
lower part of the throat, but to the edge of the jaw, and is folded
inwards.
Hab. This is the species so common in all stagnant waters, and in
grassy places near rivers, and which is so troublesome in summer,
fi*om the continuity of its nocturnal clamours.
Use. It furnishes a wholesome and agreeable aliment. It spreads
its eggs in clusters in the marshes. The liver of the frog was among
the simples of the Lond. Pharm., 1618. It was considered beneficial,
when dried, in quartan agues.
Rana paradoxa. (Linn.) The Paradoxical Frog.
Of all the species of this genus, this is that M^hose tadpole grows
the most. The loss of an enormous tail, and of the envelopes of the
bodj', cause even the adult animal to be smaller in size than the tadpole,
so that the earliest observers believed that it was the frog which was.
metamorphosed into a tadpole, or, as they said, into a fish.
Char. Greenish, spotted with brown, and particularly recognised by
irregular brown lines along its thighs and legs.
Hab. Guiana.
Use. Flesh used as food.
Rana tinctoria. (Linn.) Hyla T. The Stained Tree Frog.
A very remarkable species of the genns Hyla, or Tree Frog. It is
said, that if some of the feathers of a parrot be plucked out, and the
skin be imbued with the blood of this animal, it causes a reproduction
144 ANIMALS.— PISCES.
of red or yellow feathers, and forms that peculiar appearance which is
termed by the French Tapire* It is a brown species, with two
whitish bands transversely united in two places (Daud. pi. viii.) ; the
toes of the hind feet are almost free.
Salamandra maculosa. (Laur.) Lacerta Salamandra. (Linn.)
The Common Salamander.
Description. Blacic, with great spots of a lively yellow ; on its sides
are ranges of tubercles, from which, in times of danger, oozes a bitter
milky fluid, of a powerful odour, and poisonous to weak animals. This
probably has given rise to the fable that the salamander can rasist the
flames. In consequence of the length of the body and tail, which
assimilates it to the Lizard, this animal was placed by Linnaeus among
the Lacertae.
Hah. In the Alps, Germany, &c. ; in cold moist places.
Food. Worms, insects, humus, and, according to some, milk,
honey, &c.
Use. According to Avicenna, the powder is a good application for
corns, and is septic.
CLASS IV. PISCES. FISHES.
The class of fishes is composed of Oviparous Vertebrata, with a
double circulation, but in which respiration is altogether effected
through the medium of water. For this purpose they have, on each
side of the neck, an apparatus called branchiae or gills, which consist
of laminae suspended on arches that are attached to the hyoid bone,
each composed of numerous separate laminae, and covered with a
tissue of innumerable blood-vessels. The water which the fish
swallows escapes between these laminae through the branchial openings,
and, by means of the air it contains, acts on the blood that is con-
tinually arriving in the branchiae from the heart, which only repre-
sents the right auricle and ventricle of warm-blooded animals. This
blood, having received the benefit of respiration, is poured into an
arterial trunk under the spine, which, exercising tiie functions of a left
ventricle, distributes it to every part of the body, whence it returns
to the heart by the veins. In several species immediately under the
spine, there is a bladder filled with the air, which, by compression or
dilatation, varies the specific gravity of the fish, and assists it to rise or
descend. Progression is eflPected by the motion of the tail, which, by
striking the water alternately right and left, forces them forward ;
the branchiae, by impelling the water backwards, may also contribute
to this effect. The fins, which correspond to the anterior extremi-
ties, are termed pectorals, those answering to the posterior, ventrals.
Fishes are divided into two distinct series, the Ossei and Chox-
DROPTERYGii ; in the former, the skeleton is formed of true bone,
while in the latter it always remains in the state of cartilage or gristle,
(xov^poc, cartilage, and Trrepv^, a fin.) The former (Ossei) is divided,
into six, the latter into two orders; the principal characters being
* And hence its French name Rainetto a tapirer.
ANIMALS. — PISCES.
145
derived from the first gills, as is evident from the .names of the
orders.
/ Series.
Fishes. •■
I. OssEi, (bony fishes.) '
II. Chondropterygii,
^cartilaginous fishes.)
Order.
1. Acanthopterygii.
2. Malacopterygii Abdominales.
3. Malacopterygii Subbrachii.
4. Malacopterygii Apodes.
5. Lophobranchii.
^6. Plectognathi.
7. Eleutherobranchii, (gills free;
iXtvdepoc, free.)
8. Pectobranchii, (gills confined
or fixed ; Trrj/croc, fixed.)
First Series of Fishes. OSSEI.
Order 1. ACANTHOPTERYGII.
(Spiny-finned ; aKuvdoc, a spine.)
Ess. char. Spines occupying the first rays of their dorsal, or which
alone support the first fin of their back, when there are two : some-
times, instead of a first dorsal, there are only a few free spines. The
first rays of their anal are spines, and there is generally one to each
ventral.
Tlie Acanthopterygians make three-fourths of all the fishes known.
The families into which they are divided are in general very natural,
but present so many varieties with respect to their characters, on
which it might be supposed they could be grouped into orders or other
subdivisions, that it has been found expedient to leave them all
together. There are fifteen families of the Acanthopterygians.
CoTTUS scoRPius. (Linn.) The Fatlter Lasher.
Hah. On our sea-coast.
Use. Pressed for oil.
Gasterosteus aculeatus. (Linn.) The Stickleback.
This extremely small fish is in some places so plentiful as to be
pressed for its oil ; the marc being used as manure.
MULLUS BARBATAS. The Mullct.
Hah. In the Northern Ocean, and in the Mediterranean.
Food. Almost anything.
Use. DiflScult in digestion, but nutritious. " Good in colic from
cold, and pituitous humours. Applied fresh, they help the bitings of
the sea-dragons, scorpions, and spiders."
Scomber scombrus. (Linn.) The Mackerel.
Hah. The Ocean and Mediterranean.
Food. They feed near sandy sliores.
Use. Supposed good for those labouring under hepatic diseases.
Scomber thynnus. (Linn.) 2%e Tunny.
146 ANIMALS. -PISCES.
Hah. The IVrediterranean Sea.
Imported from Italy ; preserved in oil, or salted.
Sparus aubata. (Linn.) Lunulated Gilt Head.
A beautiful fish, called by the ancients Chrysophris, (golden eye-
brow,) from a golden-coloured band passing from one eye to the other.
The flesh is salted.
Sparus pagrus. (Linn.)
Hah. The Indian seas, and the shores of the United States. The
flesh said to be poisonous, and used for suicide. (Gray.)
Order. 2. MALACOPTERYGII ABDOMINALES.
(Soft-finned ; jxaXamQ, soft.)
"Char. Ventral fins behind the pectorals ; rays soft or articulated.
There are five families of this order. The first of these is the
Cyprinoides, or the carp family: this includes the following species
among others, the carp, the barbel, the gudgeon, the tench, the bream,
the roach. The second family, or the Esoces, contains the species of
pike. The fourth family, or salmons, contains the Salmon, properly
so called, or the Trout. The fifth family, called Clupes, comprehends
the herring, shad, sprat, the Clupea encrasicholus (Linn.) or Anchovy.
Clupea encrasicholus. (Linn.) TJie Anchovy.
A little sea-fish, as thick and as big as one's finger, having a thick
head. The little anchovies are valued more than the larger ones.
The anchovies are taken in several parts, as in the river of Genoa, in
Catalonia, at Nice, Antibes, St. Tropez, and other places in Provence.
They are generally taken in the night, always in May, June, and July,
when they come from the great ocean into the Mediterranean to go to
the Levant.
Use. Aperitive and stimulating to the stomach. Pomet.
Clupea harengus. (Linn.) The Herring.
Hah. In the Baltic.
Food. According to some, only water.
Use. When salted, they are said to promote the secretion of urine.
The pickle was used in clysters, in pains of the hips, and dropsy.
Clupea catulus, white biat. Clupea pilchardus, pilchard.
Clupea sprattus. (Linn.) The Sprat.
Hah. Abundant on our coasts.
Use. A cheap article of diet among the poor. The whole fish, not
gutted, is preserved in brine. Gutted, headed, and piekled in vinegar,
it is used for anchovies.
Cyprinus alburnus. (Linn.) The Bleak, or Bley.
Hah. Throughout Europe.
Use. Said to furnish false pearls. The scales used to make oriental
essence. (Cuvier and Gray.)
Cyprinus brama. (Linn.) Abramis. (Cuv.) The Bream.
Hah. Clayey rivers and pools.
Food. Mud and herbs.
ANIMALS.— PISCES. 147
Use. Tlie Cud-bream, or Scarus ruminans, is the best and lightest
fish of the river, fit for sick and weak persons.
Cyprinus cabpis. (Linn.) The Common Carp.
Hah. Rivers, ponds, and lakes. It was introduced into England in
1574, by Leonard Maschall.
Food. Larvae of insects, worms, roots, and young sprouts of plants.
Use. " The spawn serveth to make red caviare of." The fat was
considered aphrodisiac. The gall was supposed good in dimness of
sight. Some medical men have ascribed to this fish, when eaten in
excess, the property of inducing fits of gout.
Cyprinus gobeo. (Linn.) Gobius Vulgaris. (N.) The Gud'
geon.
Hab. Almost everywhere ; in England, &c.
Food. Worms, grubs, and the fry of other fishes.
Use. The tohite was considered better than the black. When roasted,
" they help dysenteries." According to Dioscorides, " they help the
bitings of mad dogs."
Cyprinus leuciscus. (Blaine.) The Dace.
Hah. The Rhine.
Use. Scales used to make oriental essence.
Cyprinus rutilus. (Linn.) The Roach.
Hah. Almost in all rivers, and in streams.
Food. Worms of various kinds, &c.
Use. This was considered a very healthful fish, whence the proverb,
" as sound as a roach." The flesh was considered light, sound, and
wholesome.
Cyprinus tinca. (Linn.) The Tench.
Hab. Standing waters among reeds.
Food. Mud.
Use. " Laid to the soles of the feet, they often draw away the ague."
The old physicians used them to ease pains of the head and limbs.
Esox LUCIUS. (Linn.) The Pike.
Hab. Rivers and pools, almost everywhere.
Food. Fishes and frogs, &c.
Use. " The ashes of the jaws helpeth the stone. Drunk in wine
will act as a diuretic. The powder of the teeth considered good in
leucorrhoea. The gall cures the ague." The fat (to be found among
the simples in the Lond. Fharm. 1618) was considered to act bene-
ficially as a revellent in catarrhs, when rubbed to the soles of the feet
and breasts of infants.
Salmo ALPiNus. (Linn.) The Trout of the Alps.
Hab. It inhabits the lakes of Lapland.
Use. It is a valuable source of food to the Laplanders in the summer.
The flesh preserved by potting is called Potted Char.
Salmo salar. (Linn.) The Salmon.
Hab. The northern seas, from which it enters our rivers, in large
shoals, in the spring.
L 2
148 ANIMALS.— PISCES.
Food. Little fishes.
Use. This is too well known to require description.
SiLURis GLANis. (Linn.) Tlie Shad.
Description. The largest of the fresh-water fish of Europe, being'sorae-
times six feet or more in length, and weighing three hundred pounds.
Hab. It is found in the rivers of Germany, Hungary, Russia, &c.,
and in the lake of Haarlem. This or other species of the same genus
are met with in the Nile, the Danube, the Orontes, and some of the
rivers of Asia Minor.
Use. It contains a large quantity of fat, which has been used in
place of lard. It yields isinglass, — the kind known in commerce as
the Samovey isinglass is said to be obtained from it by the Russians.
SiiiURUS Parkerii. (Trail.) The Geelhrick, or Gilbricker.
Description. About three feet in length, and weighing from twenty
to thirty pounds. The upper parts are of a fine olive-green, and the
sides and belly of a rich yellow, hence it is sometimes called " Yellow
helly."
Hab. The muddy waters of the rivers of Guiana.
Use. Esteemed as an article of food. The dried air-bladder is the
isinglass of Denierara, and probably constitutes at least a part of the
Brazilian isinglass of commerce. The dried ovaries have been im-
ported into London, and described as False isinglass, but they possess
none of the properties of isinglass.
Obdeb 3. MALACOPTERYGII SUB-BRACHIL
Char. Ventrals inserted icnder the pectorals; the pelvis directly
suspended to the bones of the shoulder ; it contains almost as many
families as genera. The first family or Gadoides, i. e. the Cod family,
contains the cod, whiting, hake, ling, &c. ; the second family, the Planiy
or flat-fish, contains the flounder, halibut, brill, &c. &c.
Gadus ceglefinus. (Linn.) The Haddock.
Hab. Northern seas.
Use. The flesh is split and dried.
Gadus brosme. (Gm.) The Forsk. (One fin on the back.)
Hab. Does not come down lower than the Orkneys.
Use. This fish is salted and dried ; when merely split and dried, it
goes by the name of stock-Jish.
Gadus merlangus. (Linn.) The Common Whiting.
Hab. Along the shores of the ocean. Very abundant.
Use. Esteemed as a light food, and easy of digestion.
Gadus molua. (Linn.) The Ling.
Hab. Northern seas.
Use. A common article of food among the poor.
Gadus morrhua. (Linn.) Hie Cod.
Hab. The seas of the northern hemisphere, from the 40° to the 75°.
Food. Sand-eels, plaice, &c.
ANIMALS.— PISCES. 149
Use. The flesh used as food. The oil obtained from the liver
{Cod-liver oil) has been administered with advantage in rheumatic and
scrofulous affections.
Order 4. MALACOPTERYGII APODES.
These constitute one natural family, viz., — the Anguilli formes, {an-
guilla, eel, diad forma, form,) or the various species of the eel.
Gymnotus electricus. (Linn.) The Electric Eel.
So called from its resemblance to an eel, and the electric power it
possesses.
Description. About five or six feet in length ; the head rather broad
and depressed ; the muzzle obtuse ; the body compared with that of the
common eel, stunted and shorter in proportion ; the anterior part nearly
cylindrical ; the pectoral fins small and rounded ; colour brownish black.
Hab. The rivers of South America.
Use, &c. This eel is said to communicate shocks so violent that
men and even horses are overpowered by them. This power is de-
pendent on the will of the animal, but decreases, if frequently repeated,
unless at considerable intervals.
MuR^NA ANGUI1.LA. (Linn.) The Eel.
Hah. Almost everywhere.
Food. Frogs, worms, fishes, roots, herbs, &c.
Use. Laxative. Are not considered wholesome. " The fat is con-
sidered good against stripes." It is among the simples of the Lond.
Pharm. 1618.
MuR^NA CONGER. (Linn.) The Conger Eel.
Hah. It is found in all our seas.
Use. It is not much esteemed at table when fresh; the flesh is
salted, and the fat which runs out is collected.
Order 5. LOPHOBRANCHII. (Tufted gills, Xo^oc, a tuft.)
Char. Gills in tufts ; operculum fixed by a membrane which only
aflfords a small aperture for the escape of the water.
There are two genera, Scil. Syngnathus (Linn.), or Sea Eels ; and
Pegasus (Linn.)
Order 6. PLECTOGNATHI. (Cheeks united by suture, ,;
irKtKTw, to weave, and yvaBoQ, cheek.)
Char. Maxillary fixed to the intermaxillary bones, and the palatal
to the cranial. Opercula covered in.
This order comprises two very natural families, characterised by
their mode of dentition. 1st. The Gymnodentes, (naked teeth, yu/xj^oc,
naked, and olov^, tooth.) 2nd. Sclerodermata, (rough-skinned, aKkqpoc,
hard, and Cepfia, skin.)
DiODON ATINGA. (Bl.)
Use. Sounds are made into isinglass ; gall poisonous.
150 ANIMALS.— PISCES.
Tetraodon lineatus. (Linn.)
Hah. The Nile.
Use. The flesh is said to be poisonous. Some species of the Tetrao-
don are said to be electrical.
Second Series op Fishes. CHONDROPTERYGIL
This series is divided into Eleutherohranchii, whose branchiae are
free, (iXeuflfpoe, free,) and the PectobrancMi, those whose branchiae are
fixed, (jrriKTOQ, fixed.) To the former belong the following species :
Scil. the Acipenser Sturio, L., or common sturgeon ; the Chimcera
Monstrosa, L., king of the herrings, &c. To the latter belong the
several species of shark, the saw-fish, the torpedo, the lamprey.
Order 7. ELEUTHEROBRANCHII. {Free BrancMce.)
Acipenser.* (Linn.) The Sturgeons.
Gen. char. Body furnished with osseous bucklers implanted on the
skin in longitudinal ranges. Their head cuirassed in the same man-
ner externally ; their mouth, placed under the muzzle, is small, and
devoid of teeth ; the palatine bone is cemented to the maxillaries, and
we find the intermaxillaries in the rudimentary state, in the thickness
of the lips ; supported on a pedicle with three articulations, the mouth,
is more protracted than that of the squali ; their eyes and nostrils are
at the sides of the head ; some barbels depend from the muzzle. The
labyrinth is entire in the bone of the cranium ; but there is no vestige
of an external ear. The dorsal is behind the ventrals, and the anal i»
imder it. The caudal surrounds the extremity of the spine, and has a
salient tube underneath, shorter, however, than its principal point.
Internally we find the spiral valve of the intestine and the pancreas
united into a mass ; but there is, moreover, a very large natatory
bladder, communicating by a wide hole with the oesophagus.
The sturgeons ascend in abundance from the sea into certain rivers^
where they constitute very profitable fisheries. Most of their species
have well-fiavoured flesh. Caviare is made of their eggs, and isinglass
of their natatory bladder.
Acipenser huso. (Linn.) The Large Sturgeon. "" "
Description. Bucklers more blunt, muzzle and barbels shorter than
in the ordinary sturgeon ; the skin also is smoother. It often attains a
length of from twelve to sixteen feet, and a weight of more than 1200
pounds.
Hah. The Caspian Sea, and the rivers which empty themselves into
it, as the Wolga.
Food. Sea birds and small seals are often found in the stomach.
* The origin of this term is uncertain, and the mode of spelling it is twofold, Aci-
penser and Accipenser. The more correct mode, however, is with one c, as appears
from a verse in LuciLiUS, in Cic. de Fin. 1. 2 : Consumis squilla atque Acipensere cum
decumano. Martial also, xiii. 91, Ad Palatinas Acipensera mittito mensas. Some
write Aquipenser.
f
ANIMALS.— PISCES. 151
Use. The roe is prepared to form the substance called caviare. The
flesh is not considered so good as that of some other species. The best
isifiglass is said to be obtained from the swimming-bladder of this
species.
ACIPENSER GUIiDENSTADTII.
Under this head two varieties are found. Tn the one, the osseovis
skin-scales, together with the bucklers and radiated streaks, as well as
all the cutaneous scales, are very much developed ; it accordingly ap-
pears rough, and bears the name of Kostera.
The otlier has the skin-scales less developed, so that on a superficial
examination, when the skin is much covered with mucus, it seems to
be almost smooth, though it feels rough. A specific difi'erence between
them is not to be found.
AciPENSER RDTHENUS. (Linn.) A. Pygmceus. (Pall.) Tlie Sterlet,
or Small Sturgeon.
Description. This is supposed to have been the Elops, and Acipenser,
so celebrated among the ancients. It seldom exceeds two feet in
length.
Hub. The Black and Caspian Seas and their tributary rivers, and the
Arctic Ocean.
Use. The flesh of this species is much esteemed ; and the caviare
obtained from it is reserved for the court. The swimming-bladder
yields isinglass.
AciPENSEK STEiXATUS. (Bl.) A. helops. (Pall.)
Description. Attains a length of four feet. The snout is longer
and smaller than that of the other species, and the bucklers more
bristled.
Hab. The Caspian and Black Seas and their tributary rivers, where
it is exceedingly abundant.
Use. Yields caviare and isinglass. The flesh is not so good as that
of the common sturgeon.
Acipenser stdrio. (Linn.) The Common Sturgeon.
Description. The body is elongated and angular ; defended by in-
durated plates and spines, arranged in longitudinal rows ; the snout
is pointed ; the mouth small, on the under side of the head, and with-
out teeth. This species usually attains to a length of six or seven
feet.
Hab. The Caspian and Black Seas and their tributary rivers, but
it is found on our coasts, and has been caught in the river Thames.
Use. The flesh is considered to resemble veal. It is pickled in
brine, or sliced and frozen, (runkel.) The sounds are made into a
kuid of isinglass ; the back-bone, which is soft, is preserved by smok-
ing, (chinolia. spinachia.) The roe is made into caviare ; the skin is
dressed for leather ; that of the young fish is transparent, and some-
times used for covering windows.
Several species of sturgeon are found in the lakes, rivers, and seas
of North America, which are peculiar to that countrj^ Among these
are the Acipenser oxyrhyncus, Acipenser brevirostris, Acipenser rubi-
152 ANIMALS.— PISCES.
cundus, which very much resembles the sterlet; and the Acipenser
maculosus, which resembles the common sturgeon.
Order 8. PECTOBRANCHII. {Fixed brancJdce.)
Petromyzon branchialis. (Linn.) Pride, Lampern.
This is employed as a bait for fishing-hooks.
Petromyzon fluviatilis. (Linn.) The River Lamprey.
Hah. This is found in fresh water.
Petromyzon marinus. (Linn.) The Great or Sea Lamprey.
Hah. This fish ascends in the spring as far as the mouths of rivers.
It is much esteemed as a delicacy for the table. Its flesh, however,
is very difficult of digestion. It is glutinous, and is preserved— /Jo^^ec?
lampreys — by hig}> seasoning. It was by indulging in this dish to
excess that Henry I. lost his life.
Raia batis. (Linn.) The Skate. Blue Skate. Grey Skate.
Eaia clavata. (Linn.) The Thornback.
Raia oxyrinchus. {Raia rhinobatus. Linn.?) White Skate.
Use. The flesh of these different varieties of Raia is nutritive ; it is
generally salted, and dried for exportation.
Raia sephen. Rousette.
Skin dressed, {galuchat, Jish skin,) transparent, used to cover
boxes, cemented on green-stained paper, the tubercles filed down,
polished, and the skin stained with verdigris; spots, circular, large,
very beautiful.
Raia toberculata. Shagreen Ray.
The skin dried {shark's skin, shagreen) is used to cover boxes.
Squalus catulus (et sq. STELLARis,) (Linn.,) the male ; and
Squalus canicula, (Linn.,) the female. The Spotted Dog-fish.^ or
Rough-hound ; the Chien de mer of the French.
Use. The skin dressed {shark-skin)^ rough, used for polishing wood
and ivory.
Squalus carcharias. (Linn.) Sometimes called Cams marinus,
or Sea-dog. The White Shark. The French call it Requiem, from
its proving so destructive to man.
Hub. All seas indiscriminately.
Use. The flesh, though eaten sometimes, is not good ; the liver is
pressed for the oil. The teeih have been used to rub children's gums
with, to make their teeth cut.
Squalus galens. (Linn.) Melandre.
Squalus spinax. (Acanthias. Linn.)
The skins of these are dried, and used either as fish-skin for cover-
ing, or for polishing wood.
Torpedo galvanii. (Riss.) The Cramp-fish.
Hah. In the Nile and muddy parts of the sea.
Food. Fishes.
ANIMALS. — MOLLUSCA. 153
Use. Aperient when eaten. According to Dioscorides, being ap-
plied to the head it relieves pain. This and other species of the
same genus have the property of communicating an electric shock
when touched.
j&MontJ JSibt^ioii of tl)c Animal Binstrom.
MOLLUSCA (Cuv.)— SOFT ANIMALS.
Heterogangliata. (Owen.) Cyclogangliata. (Grant.)
The Mollusca have neither an articulated skeleton, nor a vertebral
canal. Their nervous system is not united in a spinal marrow, but
merely in a certain number of medullary masses dispersed in different
points of the body, the chief of which, termed the brain, is situated
transversely on the oesophagus, and envelops it with a nervous collar.
Some of them respire elastic air, others salt or fresh water. The cir-
culation in them is always double ; that is, their pulmonary circulation
describes a separate and distinct circle. The blood of the Mollusca is
white or bluish. Their muscles are attached to various points of
their skin. Their motions consist of various contractions, which pro-
duce inflexions and prolongations of the several parts, or a relaxation
of the same, by means of which they swim, creep, and seize on
various objects. Their irritability is in general very great, and remains
for a long time after they are divided. Nearly all the Mollusca have
a development of skin which covers their body, more or less resem-
bling a mantle. The Naked Mollusca are those in which the
mantle is merely membranous. When the substance constituting the
mantle becomes so much developed that the contracted animal finds a
shelter beneath it, it is then termed a shell, and the animal is said to
be Testaceous.
The Mollusca are divided into six classes.
' 1. Cephalopoda, ((Cf^aX??, head, ttovq, food, from their
crawling by means of appendages on the head.)
2. Pteropoda, (Trrepov, a fin, the organs of locomotion
being fins attached to the neck.)
3. Gasteropoda, (yaorjj/), belly, from their crawling
by means of a fleshy disc on the belly.)
Mollusca . . \ 4. Acephala, (a priv., KecpaXtj, head ; having no appa-
rent head.)
. Brachiopoda, (brachium, an arm, having fleshy or
membraneous arras.)
. CiRRHOPODA, (cirrus, from the abdomen being fur-
nished with filaments named cirri, or ciliated articu-
\ lations, corresponding to feet, or fins.)
154 ANIMALS. — mollusca.
CLASS I. CEPHALOPODA. (Class V. of General Division.)
This class of animals, which contains but one order having the same
name, includes six genera. These animals are remarkable for a peculiar
and intensely-black secretion, with which they darken the surrounding
water when they wish to conceal themselves.
Sepia elegans. (Blainville.)
Hah. The coasts of Sicily, where it is called Sepia mezzana.
Use. Yields part of the cuttle-fish bone of commerce.
Sepia loligo. (Linn.) Calamary. Anchor-jish. Poor Cuttle.
The flesh well washed, after the ink has been let out, is white, and
being dressed has the taste of veal.
Sepia OFFICINALIS. (Linn.) Cuttle-fish.
Hah. Found in all our seas.
Food. Small fishes and Crustacea.
Use. The bone, os sepice, is sometimes given to calves as an astrin-
gent. It is often used in tooth-powders ; for polishing metals, and to
make moulds for casting small gold and silver work, as it takes a good
impression from the pattern. The fluid contained in the ink-bag is used
as a pigment.
CLASS n. PTEROPODA. (Class VI. of General Division.)
In the animals of this class the organs of locomotion have the appear-
ance of wings, or fins. These animals yield nothing to medicine.
CLASS III. GASTEROPODA. (Class VII. of General
Division.)
This is a very numerous class of molluscous animals. They are
either naked or testaceous. The class has been divided into eight
orders — namely, 1. Pulmonaria, to which order belong the Helix
pomatia, or snail, and the Limax rufus, or slug. 2. Nudihra7ichiata,
to which belongs the genus Doris. 3. Infer ohranchiata. 4. Tecti-
branchiata. 5. Heteropoda. 6. Pectinibranchiata, containing the
genera Purpura, Turbo, and Murex. 7. Scutibranchiata, containing
the Haliotis. 8. Cyclobranchiata.
Doris. (Linn. Cuv.) Beche de Mer.
Description. The anus opening on the posterior part of the back,
and the branchiae arranged around the anus, in the form of small
sprouts, resembling altogether a kind of flower. The mouth is a small
projection situate beneath the anterior edge of the mantle, and furnished
with two small conical tentacula. Two other tentacula proceed from
the superior and anterior part of the mantle. The organs of genera-
tion open near its right border. The stomach is membranous. A
gland interlacing with the liver pours out a peculiar liquor through a
9
ANIMALS. — GASTEROPODA. 155
foramen situate near the anus. The species are very numerous, and
they attain a considerable size.
Ifah. They are found in all seas. Collected on the west coast of
New Holland.
Use. When dried, they are used for making a rich soup,
Haliotis. (Linn.) Sea-ear. (aXc, sea, and ovq, ear.)
Description. One of the most ornamented of Gasteropods. All
round its foot to its mouth there is a double membrane cut out into
leaflets and furnished with a double row of filaments. On the outside
of its long tentacles are two cylindrical projections, for carrying the
eyes. The mantle is deeply divided on the right side, and the water,
which passes by means of holes in the shell, can, through this slit, pene-
trate into the branchial cavity. The mouth is a short proboscis.
The most common species is the Haliotis tuberculata. This there
can be no doubt is the ayptaXtTrac, r]v tiviq koXoxxti daXamov ovg, " the
wild lepas, which some call the sea-ear," of Aristotle, Hist. An. lib.iv.-
0.4.
JIab. This is very common at Guernsey and Jersey.
Use. The flesh is pickled in vinegar, and very highly spiced, and is^
im{)orted as food from Guernsey. The inhabitants of this place and
Jersey ornament their houses with the shells, placing them so that their
bright interior may catch the rays of the sun.
Helix pomatia. (Linn.) Escargot. The Garden Snail.
Description. Shell globular, of a reddish colour, marked with stripes-
of a somewhat paler colour. Aperture almost semicircular and ovaL
Border of the aperture a bluish, rose-red colour. Umbilicus covered.
Hab. England, France, Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden.
Food. Succulent plants.
Use. In some countries they are used for the preparation of snail-
broth. Snails have been recommended in certain diseases of the lungs-
and air-tubes.
Limax. (Linn.) Tlie Slug.
This animal belongs to the Terrestrial Pulmonaria, which genus i»
generally characterized by having four tentacula ; such as have no
apparent shell, form in the Linnsean system the genus Limax. To this-
belongs the
Limax rijfus. (Linn.) The Slug.
This is to be met with at every step we take in wet weather ; it is
sometimes almost entirely black.
Use. The soup of this slug has been recommended in pulmonary
affections.
MuREX. (Linn.)
Gen. char. Animal furnished Avith two long and approximated
tentacles ; mouth without jaws, but armed with hooked tentacles in lieu
of a tongue ; foot rounded, generally rather short ; mantle large, often
ornamented with rings on the right side only ; branchiae formed of two
unequal pectinations ; anus on the right side in the branchial cavity ;
orifice of the oviduct on the right side at the entrance of the same
156 ANIMALS. — gastkeopoda.
cavity ; orifice of the deferent canal at the end of the exciting organ, on
the right side of the neck.
Shell, oval, oblong, more or less elevated on the spiral side, or pro-
longed forwards ; external surface always interrupted by rows of
varices in the fonn of spires, or simply tubercles, generally arranged in
regular and constant order ; aperture oval, terminated anteriorly by a
straight canal, more or less elongated and closed : right tip often plaited
or wrinkled. Operculum horny.
MUKEX BKANDARIS.
Description. Shell subovate, surrounded with straight spines ; beak
moderately long, subulate, straight, and obliquely surrounded with
spines.
Ifab. It inhabits the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas ; the shell is
white, cinerous, or brownish, with a triple row of small spines, the third
row shorter, rarely a single row, with the beak unarmed.
Purpura. (Brugiere.) Purple-fish.
It is known by its flattened columella, which is trenchant near the
end opposite to the spine, and which, with the external margin, forms
a canal there, sunk in the shell, but not salient. The Purpurae were
scattered among the Buccinae and Murices of Linnaeus. The animal
resembles that of a true Buccinum.
It has been usual to confound together the genera of the Murex
and Purpura, and to use the words as synonymous ; but though there
is some general resemblance between many of the shells of the two
genera, yet they are easily distinguished by this, that the mouth of
the purpura is less long, and is less dentated and alated than that of
the murex. The body and the head of the shells of this genus are
not so elevated as those of the murex kind, and are not covered with
points or buttons at the mouth. If a shell is therefore found to have
a small, smooth, and round mouth, and a body covered with undu-
lated leaves, and sometimes with long points, and its tail, whether
long or short, be hollowed and somewhat bent, this may be called a
purpura, and not a murex. Linnaeus makes the purpura a species of
murex.
Use. The purpura, as well as the murex, served among the ancients
to afford the fine purple dye they were so fond of, and some of the
Buccinae (e. g. the Lapillus of Linnaeus) have been of late found to
possess the same property.
Hob. The purpura and murex are both fished up in great plenty in
the Gulf of Tarentum, but the small quantity of the coloured juice
which each fish contains, and the necessity of using it before the
animal dies, render it impossible to make it a regular article of traffic.
The ancients used this colour only on cotton and woollen stuffs ;
whereas our cochineal, which was unknown to the ancients, strikes
equally well on silks and stuffs. These shells are also found in various
parts of the Mediterranean. In the seas of the Spanish West Indies,
about Nicoya, is found a shell-fish which perfectly resembles the
ancient purpura, and is probably the very same. The purple dye is
said to lie in the throat of the fish. On the coast of the South Sea,
ANIMALS.— ACEPHALA. 157
near the equator, there are found certain sea-snails, sticking to the
stones, which contain a, liquor or juice having the true colour of
purple. The modern purple fish is a kind of Buccinum, and it appears
from Pliny, that part of the ancient purple was taken from this kind
of shell-fish.
Food. The purpura lives on other fish. It usually hides itself at a
small depth in the sand, and as it lies hid, it thrusts up a pointed tongue,
which wounds and kills anything that comes near it.
Tdrbo. (Linn.)
This comprehends all the species with a completely and regularly
turbinated sliell and a round aperture. Lamarck has thus described the
Turbo, (properly so called.)
Description. Shell round or oval, and thick ; the aperture completed
on the side next the spire, by the penultimate whorl. The animal has
two long tentacula, and the eyes placed on pedicles at their external
base ; the sides of the foot are provided with membranous wings,
sometimes simple, at others fringed, and sometimes furnished with one
or two filaments.
Use. The shelly operculum of one of the species of the genus
Turbo — namely, T. pullus — called Guernsey eye-stone, when put into
the corner of the eye, works its way out at the other corner, and
brings out any substance with it that may have been accidentally
introduced.
CLASS IV. ACEPHALA. (Class VIII. of General Division.)
The acephaJa have no apparent head, but a mere mouth, concealed
in the bottom or between the folds of their mantle. The latter is
almost always doubled in two, and encloses the body, as a book is
clasped by its cover ; but it frequently happens that, in consequence of
the two lobes uniting, it forms a tube ; sometimes it is closed at one
end, and then it represents a sac. 'Jhis mantle is generally provided
with a calcareous bivalve, and sometimes multivalve shell, and in two
genera only is it reduced to a cartilaginous, or even membranous
nature. The brain is over the mouth. The branchias usually consist
of large lamellae covered with vascular meshes, under or between which
passes the water. From these branchiae the blood proceeds to the heart,
generally unique.
All the acephala are aquatic.
Cardium edule. (Linn.) The Cockle.
A species of the genus Cardium, a name given to it from some
resemblance of its figure to that of a heart.
Use. Flesh eaten raw or dressed ; it is also pickled for sauce.
Mya margaritifera. (Linn.) Pearl Mussel.
This is a species of the genus Unio ; the anterior tooth in it is more
or less stout and unequal.
Hab. Found in fresh water in runninar streams in France.
158 ANIMALS.— ACEPHAJLA.
Use. The mother-of-pearl of this large thick species is so beautiful,
that its concretions are used in dress as pearls.
Mya pictokum. (Linn.)
This is also a species of the genus Unio. It is an oblong and thin
species, known to every one.
Use. Shells — colour shells — used to spread colours upon.
Mttilus edulis. (Linn.) Common Mussel.
Hah. The common mussel is frequently seen suspended in extended
■clusters, along the whole coast of France, to rocks, piles, &c.
Use. It forms a considerable item of food ; but is dangerous if eaten
to excess.
Mytilus margaritiferus. (Linn.) The Pearl Mussel.
This is a species of the genus Avicula of Brugiere. It has nearly
a semicircular shell, greenish without, and ornamented with the most
beautiful nacre within.
Use. The nacre is employed in the arts, and it is from the extrava-
sation of this substance that the oriental or fine pearls are produced,
taken by the divers at Ceylon, in the Persian Gulf, &c.
Mytilus hirundo. (Linn.)
This is a species of Avicula of Brugiere. It is remarkable for the
pointed ears which extend its hinge on each side. Its byssus is coarse
and stout, resembling a little tree.
Hab. The Mediterranean.
OsTREA EDULIS. (Linn.) The Common Oyster.
Linncean definition of the genus Ostrea. Animal tethys. Shell
bivalve, inequivalve, subaurited. Hinge edentulous, with a hollow,
ovate, little excavation, and lateral transverse striae.
The t7-ue oysters have been divided into two groups : —
A. True oysters with simple or undulated, but not plaited, valves.
B. True oysters with the borders of their valves distinctly plaited.
A. This considerable group, which consists of between thirty and
forty recorded species, (recent,) maybe illustrated by the well-itnown
Ostrea edulis, or common edible oyster of the European seas. These
are the Ostree of the ancient Italians; Osiras of the Spaniards;
Austern of the Germans ; and Huitres of the French. The Roman
epicure well knew the value of the British oyster. (Juv. iv. 140.)
There are gradations, however, in the quality of the British oyster, the
animal varying much, both in size and flavour, according to the nature
of the coast, and the food with which the locality is furnished. The
oysters on the south coast are generally very well flavourpd ; the best
being found at Purfleet, and the worst at Liverpool. Colchester and
other places in Essex are the great nurseries or feeding-grounds for
supplying the metropolis ; and indeed, in a great measure, England
generally.
Food. The favourite food of the oyster consists of a green navicula
{Vibrio navicularis,) and various species of that and other genera of
Infusoria ; these make the oyster fat, tender, and peculiarly well-
flavoured.
ANIMALS. — ciEOHOPODA. 159
Use. Plesh eaten raw, or dressed, also pickled in vinegar and brine.
The shells, exposed to the air for months to bleach, {testae ostreorum,')
used in medicine as an absorbent.
Pecteiv maximus. (Brug.) Ostrea maxima. (Linn.) The
Scollop.
The seollops found on the French coast have convex valves, one
whitish and the other reddish, each having fourteen ribs, broad and
longitudinally striated.
IJse. The flesh, when dressed, is eaten. They are also pickled in
vinegar.
Pinna. (Linn.)
Gen. char. Two equal valves forming a segment of a circle, or
resembling a half-opened fan, closely united by a ligament along one
of their sides.
Pinna nobihs. (Linn.)
This species is distinguished by the valves being roughened, with
recurved and semitabular plates. It remains half buried in the sand,
and anchored by its byssus.
Use. The byssus, which is extremely fine and brilliant, is used as
silk for fabricating the most costly stuffs. It also produces pearls of
considerable size, but tinged with brown.
CLASS V. BRANCHIOPODA. (Class IX. of General
Division.)
These, like the acephala, have a bilobed mantle, which is always
open. Instead of feet, they are provided with two fleshy arms. The
mouth is between the bases of the arms. All the branchiopoda are
invested with bivalve shells, fixed and immovable.
CLASS VI. CIRRHOPODA. (Class X. of General Division.)
The cirrhopoda, in several points of view, are intermediate be-
tween this division and that of the articulata. Enveloped by a mantle,
and testaceous pieces which frequently resemble those seen in several
of the acephala, their mouths are furnished with lateral jaws, and the
abdomen with filaments called cirrhi, arranged in pairs composed of
a multitude of little ciliated articulations, and corresponding to a sort
of feet or fins similar to those observed under the tail of several of the
Crustacea. Their heart is situated in the dorsal region, and the
branchiae on the sides ; the nervous system forms a series of ganglions
on the abdomen. The position of these animals in the shell is such
that the mouth is at the bottom and the cirrhi near the orifice. These
animals are always fixed. Linngeus comprised them all in one genus,
Lepos. Brugiere has divided them into two.
160 ANIMALS.— ANNELIDA.
Zlyivti Bihiiion ot ii)t Sintmal l^tngUom,
ARTICULATA. (Cuv.) AKTICULATED ANIMALS.
Homogangliata. (Owen.) Diploneura. (Grant.) Annulosa.
(Macleay.)
This, the third general form, is as well characterized as that of the
vertebrata ; the skeleton is not internal, as in the latter ; the articulated
rings which encircle the body, and frequently the limbs, supply the
place of it, and as they are usually hard, they furnish to the powers
of motion all requisite points of support ; so that here, as among the
vertebrata, we find the walk, the run, the leap, natation, and flight.
This great division is divided into four classes.
1. Annelida, (Lam.,) or worms with red blood. (Cuv.) 2. Crus-
tacea. 3. Arachnida. 4. Insecta.
CLASS L ANNELIDA. (Class XL of General Division.)
Char. Body soft, elongated, articulated, or divided into segments
or transverse folds.
The annelida are divided into three orders — viz.
1. Tubicola. 2. Dorsibranchiata. 3. Abranchiata.
Order 1. TUBICOLA.
Dentalum. (Linn.) Dog-like tooth shell.
This is a pipe of about three inches long, thick at one end, and
small at the other. This pipe is of a greenish, shining white ; is
hollow, light, of the size of a quill at the thick end, and smaller by
degrees to the other end. It was used in medicine as an absorbent.
(See Pomet.)
Order 3. ABRANCHIATA.
LuMBRicus terrestris. (Linn.) Earth-worm.
Hab. Almost everywhere.
Food. Earth.
Use. According to Pliny, the ashes of earth-worms with oil pre-
serve hair from hoariness. According to the same authority, drank
with wine they are beneficial in breaking vesical calculi. Various
other virtues have been assigned to them.
H-EMOPis sANGuisoRBA. (Sav., Moq. Tand.) Hirudo sanguisuga.
(Linn.) The Horse Leech.
This is usually larger than the ordinary medicinal leech ; the colour
is, above, of a greenish black ; beneath, greenish, cinerous with black
spots. The teeth are blunt, flattened, and fewer in number than those
of the medicinal leech, and they are incapable of penetrating the
human skin. They are said to produce troublesome wounds where
^^ thev
ANIMALS.— ANNELIDA. 161
they have attempted to puncture the skin. They are found through-
out Europe in ponds.
Sanguisuga ciilorogaster, (Brandt,) sometimes met with among
the speckled leeches from Russia. Back coloured as the preceding.
Belly brighter green tint, speckled with small brownish-red spots.
Sanguisuga intekrupta. (Moq. Tand., Brandt.) Sangsue inter-
rompue. (Audonin.) Sa?igsue marquetee. (Bl.) The interrupted
Gibraltar green, or Morocco leech.
Char. Back of a beautiful pea or grass green ; sometimes in the
smaller varieties it has an ochre or brownish tint. The two marginal
bands yellow, broad, and well-marked ; the dorsal interrupted. Belly
generally of a duller green. These leeches are collected in Morocco,
and exported by way of Gibraltar.
Sanguisugu marginata. (Letheby.)
Char. Back and belly almost black, or very dark green, with no
spots, but having a bright yellow or orange marginal band running
tlie full length of each side of the body.
Sanguisuga medicinalis. (Sav., Moq. Tand., Brandt.) Hirudo
medicinalis. (Linn., Mull., Cuv., Car., Johnson.) Sajigsue medi-
cinalegrise. (Bl.) Hirudo officinalis. (Devh.) Old English, or speckled
leech. Hamburg grey, or Russian leech.
Char. Back dark olive, sometimes almost black or brown, with six
orange or rusty yellow longitudinal bands — two marginal, and four
dorsal, lielly dirty yellowish, or light olive green, spotted more or
less with black. Tliis is the most valuable of the commercial leeches.
It is imported, by way of Hamburg, from the northern countries of
Europe, as Russia, Norway, Sweden, &c. ; it was formerly to be ob-
tained in England, but from the great demand, and the destruction of
its haunts, it is now nearly extinct.
Sanguisuga OBscuRA. (Moq. Tand.) Sangsue noire. (Bl.)
Char, l^ack either dark rusty brown, or black, with the central
dorsal bands very indistinct. The two lateral bands orange yellow.
Belly greenish, .spotted, or not spotted.
This is frequently met with among the Spanish and French green
leeches.
Sanguisuga officinalis. (Sav., Moq. Tand., Brandt.) Sanguisuga
medicinalis. (Risso.) Sangsue medicinale verte. (Bl.) Hirudo
ojficifialis. (Geiger.) Hirudo provincialis. (Carena.) Hamburg
and French green leech.
Char. Back brownish olive green, with six yellow or reddish longi-
tudinal bands. Belly light dirty pea-green, or yellowish-green, free
from spots, but exhibiting the two lateral stripes. There are two
varieties of this species in commerce, one being collected in the central
parts of Europe, and called the German, or Hamburg green ; it is
the lai"gest and best. The other variety is collected in the more
northern countries, and is known as the French or Spanish green ;
they are of less value, are of small size, and very unhealthy, from a
fraud which the natives are guilty of before exporting them — that is, of
M
162 ANIMALS.— CRUSTACEA.
filling them with blood, so as to improve their appearance, and make
them look larger ; they are consequently very indisposed to bite, and
must be kept some time before they are saleable.
Sanguisuga verbana. (Moq. Tand., Brandt, Carena.) Sangui-
sugacavena. (Risso.) Smigsue medicinale de verbano. (Bl.) Sang-
sue de sac majeur. (Audonin.)
Char. Back deep dirty green, with the two lateral or marginal bands
rusty yellow ; along the middle of the back there is a double row of
longitudinal ochre yellow stripes, each stripe running for the space of
three rings ; the back also exhibits a series of black tmnsverse bands,
which occur about every sixth ring. Belly brownish-green, either
without spots, or with very small ones. This leech is common in
some of the Italian lakes.
CLASS 11. CRUSTACEA. (Class XIL of General Division.)
The Crustacea are articulated animals, with articulated feet, respir-
ing by means of branchiae, protected in some by the borders of a shell,
and external in others. Their circulation is double. Their envelope
is usually solid, and more or less calcareous.
Cancer astacus. (Linn.) Astacus ftuviatilis. (Fabr.) 77*6
Crawfish. The River Crawfish^ or Cray-fish.
The crawfish is found in the rivers of Europe, especially those
having a clayey bottom. It sometimes, although very rarely, attains
the size of a small lobster, but usually does not exceed four or five
inches in length. The colour, when alive, is olivaceous, or dark brown.
The concretions, commonly called crab''s eyes, or crab's stones, {La-
pilli cancrorum,) are found in the stomach of this animal, about the
period at which it changes its shell. These concretions are white,
and resemble in appearance small mushrooms. They vary in size
from a quarter to five eighths of an inch in diameter, and consist of
carbonate, with a little phosphate of lime and animal matter. Crab's
eyes are said to be procured in the greatest abundance at Astracan.
They were formerly used as absorbents and antacids.
Cancer gammaeus. (Linn.) Astacus marinus. (Fabr.) The
Lobster.
The lobster is met with in the European ocean, the Mediterranean,
and on the coasts of America. Its flesh is esteemed as an article of
food.
Cancer pagurus. (Linn.) The common or blach-clawed Crab.
Char. Shell, granulated with nine folds on each side ; front with
three lobes ; apex of the hand black.
The crab occurs in great abundance during the summer months on
all our rocky coasts, especially where the water is deep. It is con-
sidered to be in season between Christmas and Easter. The tips of
the claws, and crustaceous covering, when reduced to powder, have
been used as an absorbent and antacid.
ANIMALS. — AUAcirNibA. 163
Oniscus armadillo. (Linn., Gmel.) Armadillo vulgaris. (Lat.)
Cloporte armadillo. (Geoff.) Millepedes, common armadillo, or Pill
i7iillepede.
This animal is commonly met with amongst moss, and under stones.
Its length is rather more than half an inch. The body is elongate-
ovate, somewhat convex above, smooth, and consist of ten crustaceous
semicircular scales, or segments of a cinerous lead colour ; the poste-
rior mari^in of the segments are whitish. It has seven pairs of very
short legs, each terminated by a minute horny claw. When touched,
it rolls itself up into a ball, like the singular quadrupeds called Arma-
dillos.
Millepedes are prepared by exposing them to the vapour of hot alcohol,
which kills tliem. In this state they are always contracted into the
globular form, and are tlius distinguished from Avood-lice, which have
sometimes been confounded with them.
Tliey were formei'ly administered in medicine, and considered to be
expectorant, aperient, and diuretic.
Oniscus asellus. (Gmel.) Oniscus murarius. (Fabr.) Cloporte
ordinaire. (Geoff.) The Wood-louse, Smc-louse, Church-louse,
Pigs-louse, or Carpenter .
The Prench name, Cloporte, applied to this and the preceding
species, is abbreviated from Clous-a-porte. The "wood-louse is met
with throughout Europe, in rotten wood and old walls. It is somewhat
larger than tiie millepede, being about three-fourths of an inch in
length. The body is oval, with crustaceous imbricate segments, rough
above, and of a livid brown, or dirty ash-colour; the sides are
yellowish, and the belly nearly white. The body is not capable of
contractinsr into a ball.
CLASS III. ARACHNIDA. (Class XIIL of General Division.)
The Arachnida, comprising the third class of articulated animals,
provided with moveable feet, are, as well as the Crustacea, deprived of
wings, are not subject to changes of form, or do not experience any
metamorphosis, simply casting their skins. They differ from the
Crustacea, as well as from insects, in several particulars. Like the latter,
the surface of their body presents apertures called stigmata, for the
introduction of air. Respiration is effected either by air-branchiae, or
by radiated tracheae. Most of the Arachnida feed on insects, which
they either seize alive, or to which they adhere, abstracting their fluids
by suction. Others are parasitical, and live on vertebrated animals.
Some are found in flour, cheese, and in various vegetables. The
Arachnida are divided into two orders : 1. Pulmonaria. 2. Trachearia.
The former have pulmonary sacs, a head with distinct vessels, and six
or eight ocelli. The Tracheariae respire by tracheae, and have no
organs of circulation, or if they have, the circulation is not complete.
Acarus scabiei. Sarcoptis hominis, (Raspail.) The Itch Acarus.
This little animal is thoun^ht by some to be the cause of the disease
M 2
164 ANIMALS.— ARACHNIDA.
called itch. It is found in the neighbourhood of the pustules on persons
affected with this disease.
Aranea domestica. (Linn.) The common House Spider.
Hah. Almost everywhere, in corners of houses, &c.
Food. Flies, wasps, &c.
Use. Pliny used the cobwebs of the house spider in the cure of
epiphora. Theophrastus mentions it as a useful application for stoppinjjj
haemorrhages.
Aranea tarentula. (Linn.) Lycosa Tarentula. (Latr.) The
common Tarentula.
The bite of tiiis spider has been described by travellers as being
generally fatal, and curable only through the influence of music. It
is a native of the south of Europe, and is generally found during
winter in a deep hole formed in the declivity of small hillocks, but in
the summer it keeps in the air and spins its web. It is one of tlie
largest of the European spiders ; the upper part of the body is of a
gieyish-brown colour ; the margin of the thorax is grey, with a radiated
dorsal line of the same colour ; the anterior part of the dorsum of the
abdomen is marked with triangular spots ; the belly is of a fine deep
saffron colour, with a transverse black band.
The name Taregtula is derived from Tarentum, (now Taranto,) in
the kingdom of Naples, near which place they were supposed to be
found in the greatest abundance.
Scorpio afer. (Linn.) The Indian Scorpion.
Hah. India, Persia, and some parts of Africa,
This is the largest and most formidable of the scorpion tribe,
measuring eight or ten inches in length. It is much dreaded on
account of the poisonous effects of its sting.
Scorpio americanus. (Linn.) The American Scorpion.
Hah. South America, and Sierra Leone, in Africa.
Scorpio australis. (Linn.) The African Scorpion.
An inhabitant of Africa ; the body is brown ; the legs reddish ; the
hands long, smooth, rufous, and furnislied with filiform claws.
Scorpio europ^us. (Latr.) The European Scorpion.
This species is met with in the south of Europe, especially in many
parts of Italy. Much pain and inflammation are caused by its sting,
but it is not considered dangerous.
Scorpio maurus. (Linn.) The Barhary Scorpion.
An inhabitant of Barbary.
Scorpio occitanus. (Amor.) The Yelloio Scorpion.
This is the animal with whose poison liedi and Maupertuis made
their experiments. It is very common in Spain, under stones, in
warm, sandy mountainous situations. It is rather a small species, of
a pale-yellowish colour. The body is oblong, ovate, about an inch
and a half in length, and divided into six or seven segments. The
legs are eight in number, slightly hairy underneath, and terminated by
two small curved claws.
ANIMALS.— iNSECTA. 165
Scorpions feed on worms, spiders, small insects, and even one
another. All the species ai'e natives of warmer climates tlian ours.
They run quickly, bendincr their tails in the form of an arch over their
back. Tiiey are ovo-vivipai'ous, the body of a pregnant female ex-
hibiting-, when dissected, between forty and fifty young.
Tlie poison of scorpions, though much more active, is said to resemble
that of bees and wasps in many of its chemical characters.
CLASS IV. INSECTA, INSECTS. (Class XIV. of General
Division.)
Insects form the most numerous class of all the animal kingdom.
The bodies of this class of animals (with the exception of the Myria-
poda) have been divided by naturalists into three parts : the head,
wliich bears the antennae, the eyes, and the mouth : the thorax or
corslet, which bears the feet and tlie wings, when there are any ; and
the abdomen, which is suspended behind the thorax, and contains
the principal viscera. Those insects which have wings do not receive
them till they are of a certain age, and frequently pass through two
foniis, more or less different, before they assume that of the winged
insect. In all their states of existence they respire by means of
Tracheae, that is to say, by elastic vessels, which receive the air through
stigmata, or external apertures in the sides of the body, and dis-
tribute it, by means of numberless ramifications, to all parts of the
body. There is but a vestige of a heart perceptible, and this
consists of a vessel which lies along the back, and which exhibits
alternate contractions, but from which no branches can be discovered
to go off; so that we must conclude that the nutrition of the parts is
caiTied on by imbibition. It is probably this sort of nutrition which
induced the necessity of that kind of respiration peculiar to insects,
because the nutritious fluid which was not contained in vessels, not
being capable of being directed towards pulmonary organs so cir-
cumscribed as to receive the air, the air must be diffused througljout
the entire body, in order to a(^t on this fluid. It is for this reason
that insects have no excretory glands, but only long .spongy vessels,
which appear to absorb through their great extent of surface, from
the mass of the nutritious fluid, the peculiar juices which they are
to produce.
The class of insects has been divided into twelve orders : —
The three first are composed of apterous insects, (a priv^, and irreoov,
wing,) undergoing no essential change of form or habits, but merely
subject to simple changes of tegument, or to a kind of metamorphosis,
which increases the number of legs, and that of tlie annuli of tlie
body. The organ of sight in tliese animals is usually a mere assem-
blase, more or less considerable, of ocelli resembling granules.
The first order, the Mykiapoda, (yuuptot, ten thousand, and ttovq,
a foot,) has more tlian six feet — twenty-four and upwards — arranged
along the whole length of the body, on a suite of annuli, each of which
166 ANIMALS. — insecta.
bears one or two pairs, and of which the first, and in several in-
stances, even the second, seem to form a part of the mouth. They
are apterous. In the second, or the Thysanoura, {Qvaavoi, fringe,
and ovpa, a tail,) there are six leg-s, and the abdomen is furnished on
its sides with moveable parts, in the form of false feet, or terminated
by appendages fitted for leaping. In the third, or the Parasita,
(vapa, and gitov, food, or corn,) we find six legs, no wings, and na
other organs of sight than ocelli ; the mouth, in a great measure, is in-
ternal, and consists of a snout, containing a retractile sucker, or in a
slit between two lips, with two hooked mandibles. In the fourth, or the
SucTORiA, {sugo, to suck,) there are six legs, but no wings ; the mouth
is composed of a sucker enclosed in a cylindrical sheath, formed of twa
articulated portions. In the Jifth, or the Coleoptera, {koXeoq, sheath,,
and irrepor, a wing,) there are six legs, and four wings, the two
superior of which have the form of cases, and mandibles and maxilla
for mastication; the inferior wings are simply folded cross-wise, and
the cases, always horizontal, are crustaceous. They experience a com-
plete metamorphosis. In the sixth, or the Orthoptera, (op0oc, straight,^
and Trrepov, wing,) there are six legs, four wings, the two superior in
the form of cases, and mandibles and jaws for mastication, covered at
the extremity by a galea; the inferior wings are folded in two
directions, or simply in their length, and the iimer margins of the
cases, usually coriaceous, are crossed. They only experience a semi-
metamorphosis. In the seventh, or the Hemiptera, (rj^i, half, and
Trrepoi', a wing,) there are six legs, and four wings, the two superior
in the form of crustaceous cases, with membraneous extremities, or
similar to the inferior, but larger and firmer, the mandibles and jaws
are replaced by setae forming a sucker, enclosed in a sheath, composed
of one articulated, cylindrical, or conical piece, in the form of a
rostrum. In the eighth, or the Neuroptera, (revpoy, nerve, or view,,
and Ti-tpov, a wing,) there are six legs, four membraneous and naked
wings, and mandibles and jaws for mastication ; the wings are firmly
reticulated, and the inferior are usually as large as the superior, or
more extended in one of their diameters. In the ninth, or Hymen-
optera, there are six feet, and four membraneous and naked wings, and
mandibles and jaws for mastication ; the inferior wings are smaller
than the others, and the abdomen of the female is almost always ter-
minated by a terebra , or sting. In the tenth, or Lefidoptera, (Xi-kiq^
scale, and vTepov,) there are six legs, four membraneous wings, covered
with small coloured scales resembling dust ; a horny production in the
form of an epaulette, and directed backwards, is inserted before each
upper wing, and the jaws are replaced by two united tubular fila-
ments, forming a kind of spirally-convoluted tongue. In the eleventh,
or the RniPiPTERA, (pnriQ, a fan, &c.,) there are six legs, two mem-
braneous wings, folded like a fan, and two crustaceous moveable
bodies, resembling little elytra, situated at the anterior extremity of
the thorax ; the organs of manducation are simple, setareous jaws, with
two palpi. In the twelfth, or the Diptera, (hic, two, and Trrepov,)
there are six legs, two membraneous extended wings, accompanied in
most of them by two moveable bodies, or halteres, placed behind
ANIMALS.— ixsECTA. 167
them ; the organs of manducation are a sucker, composed of a variable
number of setae, enclosed in an articulated sheath, most frequently in
the form of a proboscis, terminated by two lips.
Order 1. MYRIAPODA.
ScoLOPENDRA ALTERNANS. (Leach.) Alternate Centipede.
Description. Segments transverse, alternately longer and shorter.
Hinder legs, with the first joint rounded, and internally spinulose.
Hah. Unknown.
ScoLOPENDRA GiGAS. (Leach.) Gigantic Scolopendra.
Description. Body, with the segments nearly equal. Length, eleven
inches.
Hah. Unknown.
Scolopendra morsitaks. (Linn.) Tlie Venomous, or Biting
Centipede.
Description. Body, with the segments elongate, or sub-elongate, irre-
gular. Colour, yellowish-brown ; feet, forty-two, with the first joint
spinulose on the internal side. Usual length, nine or ten inches, but
sometimes longer.
Hah. Asia, Africa, and America.
The centipedes are animals of a very formidable appearance, and in
warm climates, where alone they are found, they are viewed with fear
and disgust. They are armed with strong horny jaws, furnished, like
the sting of a scorpion, with a small orifice, visible under a common
lens, from which a poisonous fluid issues, capable of producing violent
local inflammation, fever, and, it is said, even death. De Geer,
Catesby, and other authors, however, assert that the bite of the scolo-
pendra, although more painful than that of the scorpion, seldom proves
fatal to man and the larger animals.
Order 3. PARASITA.
Pedicui-us nuMANus CAPITIS. (De Geer.) The Human-head
Louse.
Description. An oval, lobed, cinerous body, marked with an inter-
nipted ^band on either side. It deposits single nits or eggs in the hair
of the head, and does not spontaneously quit the scalp or its natural
covering.
Pediculus humanis corporis. (De Geer.) The Human-body
Louse.
Description. It is white and nearly immaculate ; it seldom appears
on the head, but resides on the trunk of the body and on the garments.
The nits are conglomerate, and usually deposited on the folds of linen
and other articles of dress.
Pediculus pubis. (Linn.) The Crab Louse.
This parasite inhabits the eyebrows, pubes, &c., of men and women.
It is distinguished by the cheliform structure of its legs, whence its
name crab-louse. It frequently perforates the skin, and completely
buries itself, so as to be with difficulty dislodged. In common with
168 ANIMALS.— I xsECTA.
the rest of the family, it is furnislied with a mouth consisting- of a
tubulose very short haustellum, but it has no mandibles, properly so
called.
Order 4. SUCTORIA.
PuLEX iRRiTANS. (Linn.) Tlie Common Flea.
This animal is too well known to require description. It lives on
the blood of man and other animals, such as the dog-, the cat, &c., on
whose body it is frequently found.
PuLEX PENETRANS. (Linn.) The Chegoe.
This is one of the most troublesome and noxious insects of the lower
regions of South America and the West India Islands. It is furnished
with a rostrum as long as the body. It often introduces itself into the
skin, usually under the nails of the toes, where it deposits its eggs, and
produces malignant and sometimes fatal ulcers. Waterton, in his
" Wanderings in South America," says, in alluding to this insect, " It
looks exactly like a small flea, and a stranger would take it for one."
Order 5. COLEOPTERA.
Cantharis albidus. (Latr.) Lytta alhida. (Say.)
Description. Body black, entirely covered with dense prostrate
greenish or yellowish-white hairs ; head with a longitudinal impressed
line ; antennae subglabrous, first and second joints rufous, the latter
nearly equal in length to the first ; length nearly one inch. An in-
habitant of the United States of America.
Cantharis atomaria. Employed in the Brazils.
Cantharis atrata. (Latr.) {Lytta atrata. (Fabr.) Black can-
tharis.
Description. Entirely black, immaculate ; length of male four lines ;
of female, five lines or more.
Hab. The United States of America and Barbary.
Cantharis cinerea. (Latr.) Lytta cinerea. (Fabr.) Ash-
coloured Cantharis.
Description. Body black, covered with a cinerous down ; length six
lines.
Habitat. United States of America. It feeds on the leaves of the
potato, English bean, wild indigo, and several other plants. It appears
in July and August. Said to be equal, if not superior, as a vesicating
agent, to any of the species of cantharis.
Cantharis gigas. Lytta ccerulea. (PfaflT.) A native of Guinea
and the East Indies.
Cantharis marginata. (Latr.) Lytta marginata. (Fabr.)
Marginoted Cantharis.
Description. Head, thorax, and abdomen black, but nearly covered
with an ash-coloured down ; elytra black, Math margins and suture
ash-coloured ; upper part of the abdomen, imder the wings, marked
with two longitudinal lines of a bright clay colour ; length about six
lines.
ANIMALS. — iNSECTA. 169
Hah. Fabricius mentions this species as a native of the Cape of Good
Hope. It is also found in the United States of America, on the leaves
and flowers of different species of Clematis.
Cantiiaris nuttallii. (Latr.) Lytta nuttallii. (Say.)
Description. Body glabrous ; head deep greenish, with a rufous spot
on the front : antennae robust, surpassing tlie base of the thorax, black ;
thorax golden green ; feet black ; thighs blue or purplish. Length
nine-tenths of an inch.
Hab. Tiie State of Missouri, North America, and seems to be
limited to the western region of the State.
Cantharis ruficeps. a native of Sumatra and Java, and is said
to possess extraordinary blistering properties.
Cantharis syriaca. Lytta segetum. Employed in Arabia, ac-
cording to Forskal. (Pereira.)
Cantharis violacea. Lytta gigas mas. (Buchner.) A native
of the East Indies.
Cantharis vittata. (Latr.) Lylta vittata. (Fabr.) Tlie
Striped Cantharis, or Potato-fiy.
Description. Head light red, with vertical spots ; antennae black ;
thorax black, with three yellow lines ; elytra black, with a central
longitudinal fillet, and the whole margin yellow ; abdomen and legs
black, covered with a cinerous down. Length six lines.
Hab. The United States of America, principally the middle and
southern States.
This species feeds principally on the wild potato plant, living in the
soil about the roots of the plant, and ascending in the morning and
afternoon, but avoiding the heat of the sun at noon. All the parts of
this fly possess a vesicating property, and it is even said to be more
certain in its effects than the connnon Spanish fly.
Cantharis vesicatoria. (Latr.) Meloe vesicatorius. (Linn.)
Lytta vesicatoria. (Fabricius.) Hlistering Beetle, or Spanish Fly.
Gen. char. Antennae elongate, simple, filiform. Maxillary palpi
with terminal joint somewhat ovate. Head large, heart-shaped.
Tiiorax small, rather quadrate, narrower than the elytra, which are as
long as the abdomen. Wings two, ample. (Stephens.)
Sp. char. Bright glossy brass-green or bluish, glabrous ; beneath
more glossy, with a few hairs. Breast densely pubescent. Head and
thorax with a longitudinal channel. Elytra with two slightly-raised
lines. Tarsi violaceous. Antennae black. (Stephens.)
Form elongated. Length six to eleven lines. Breadth one to two
lines. Colour brass or copper green. Odour nauseous. Body covered
with whitish-grey hairs, most numerous on the thorax. Plead large,
subcordate. Eyes lateral, dark brown. Thorax not larger than the
head, narrowed at the base. Elytra from four to six lines long, and
from three-fourths to one and a-half lines broad. Legs stout, from
four to six lines long. Abdomen soft, broadest in the female.
^a6. Europe, originally ; perhaps, the southern parts, as Italy and
Spain ; now , however, found in France, Germany, Hungary, Russia,
170 ANIMALS.— iNSECTA.
Siberia, and England. TJiey are found on species of oleacece, and of
caprifoliacece.
Food. The ash, rose, wild olive, corn, &c.
Cantliarides should be kept in well-stopped bottles ; by the addition
of a few drops of strong acetic acid, they may be preserved from the
attack of mites (Acarus domesticus) . They are imported from St.
Petersburg, and also from Messina, chiefly towards the close of the
year, Tlie cantharides from St. Petersburg are the largest and most
esteemed.
Meloe majalis. (Linn). The True Mayworm.
Description. Entirely black, glossy. The abdominal rings on the
posterior brim generally present a rust-yellow margin.
Hah. Portugal, Spain, and the south of France.
Use. Its medicinal application is not satisfactorily established. (This
must not be confounded with the M. majalis of Fabricius,)
Meloe variegatus. (Donav. Brit. Insect.)
Description. Green, with a purple-red and a golden lustre, sheath-
wings rugose.
Hah. Germany, England, France, and Italy.
Meloe proscarab^us. (Linn.) The Oil-heetle.
Description. Bluish-black, with a violet and reddish-violet shade.
Thorax somewhat elongated and quadrangular, considerably dotted.
Sheath-wings leather-like and wrinkled.
Hah. Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, and as far as Sweden,
Siberia, &c.
Uses, &c. This has been used for a considerable time in several
coimtries as a medicine, as in several forms of gout, renal diseases,
dropsy, also in syphilis, gonorrhoea, intermittent fever, and jaundice.
Its action is that of an acrid diuretic, somewhat similar to that of can-
tharides.
Mylabris cichorii. (Fabr.) The Banded 3Iylahris, Meloe
Cichorii. (Linn.)
Description. About one inch and four lines in length. The sheath-
wings black, each presenting anteriorly two almost quadrate, brownish-
yellow spots ; behind these, two brownish-yellow bands, each of which
equals about one-sixth of the length of the sheath-wings.
Hab. The East Indies and China.
Use, &c. This insect, from its containing cantharidin, is used in the
East for the same purpose for which we employ the Spanish fly. Dios-
corides must have alluded to this animal, when he says, " The most
efficacious cantharides are those of many colours, which have yellow
transverse bands, Avith the body elongated, bulky, and fat ; those of a
single colour have no virtue." It is found on the flowers of the suc-
cory plant.
Order 7. HEMIPTEPvA.
Cicada orni. (Linn.) Tettigonia ami. (Fabr.) Manna-pro-
ducing Cicade.
ANIMALS.— iNSECTA. 171
Hal. Italy, and especially Calabria.
This insect is found on the manna ash, by puncturing the leaves of
which it causes the exudation of a sort of manna, called 3Ianna foliata,
or Manna defronde. Tlie insects, and also their larvae, were formerly
used by the Eastern nations as articles of food, for exciting' the appetite^
and also as a remedy for colic and atfections of the urinary organs.
CiMEX i.ECTULAUius. (Linn.) The Bed-bug.
Hah., &c. It is generally believed that the bug' was first introduced
to this country in the fir timber which v^^as brought over for the pur-
pose of rebuilding this metropolis after the great fire of 1666.
Food. Blood more particularly ; they will also feed on dried paste,
size, deal, beech, osier. It is said that they will not touch oak, walnut,^
cedar, or mahogany, but this is not true.
COCCINELLA BIPUNCTATA. (Linn.)
Description. Circumference of the body rather oval than round. The
entire lateral edge of the corslet white. Sheath-wings mostly red,
with two black points ; rarely black, M'ith four or six red spots, li — '2.h
lines in length.
Use. Employed for the yellow fluid in which it abounds.
CocciNELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA. (Linn.) The Common Ladybird.
Description. Sheath-wings posteriorly entirely blunt, generally pre-
senting seven dots. 3 — 3i lines in length. Very finely dotted.
Hah. All over Europe.
Use. 'The same as that of cochineal in general.
CocCDS CACTI. (Linn.) Cochineal.
The cochineal insect is a native of Mexico ; it feeds on various
species of Cactus and the allied genera, especially the Opuntia coche-
nillifera. The insects are collected at different seasons. The product
of the first collection, consisting of impregnated females, is best. They
are killed by immersion in boiling water. They are imported into this
country from Vera Cruz and Honduras. In this state the insect forms
a roundish plano-convex body, rough and somewliar ringed on the back,
weighing about one-tenth of a grain, and scarcely two lines in length.
There are two sorts in commerce, the silver and the black cochineal.
The silver is the most valued ; it has a greyish-red colour, and the
furrows of the rings are filled with a white bloom, which consists of a
fine down.
Use. Used in medicine only as a colouring matter for giving a pleas-
ing tint to other preparations. It is said to possess sedative or anti-
spasmodic properties, and hence it has been sometimes employed in
hooping-cough.
Coccus iLicis. (Linn.) Kermes ilicis. (Dumeril.) The Kermes
insect.
This insect lives upon the leaves of the Quercus ilex. The dried
bodies of the female insects of this species constitute the Kermes
grains.
Hah. The south of Europe ; the female has no wings, is of the size
of a small pea, of a brownish-red colour, and is covered with a whitish
172 ANIMALS.— iNSECTA.
dust. The kermes have been employed from time immemorial in India
to dye silk.
Coccus roLONious. (Linn.) Cochineal of Poland.
This is found upon the roots of the Scleranthus perennis and the
Scleranthus annuus, in the sandy soils of Poland. It has been em-
ployed for the same purposes as the preceding. In Germany, during
the 9th, 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, the rural serfs were bound to
deliver annually to the convents a certain quantity of kermes, the Coccus
polonicus, which, from being collected on St. John's day with certain
religious ceremonies, was called Johannisblub.
Coccus LACCA. (Kerr.) Coccus Ficus. (Fabr.) The Lac-
insect.
Description. Head and body uniformly continued ; both together oval,
compressed, consisting of twelve cross-rings. Abdomen flat. An-
tennee filiform, obtuse, about one-half of the body giving off" two or
three diverging hairs. Tail, a small white point, sending off" the
horizontal hairs about the length of the body. Feet, half the length
of the insect About the size of a louse.
ffab. The East Indies. According to Kerr, the insect is to be
found on both sides of the Ganges.
Food, &c. The animal lives on various trees, as the Ficus religiosa
(Linn.) ; the Ficus indica (Linn.) ; the Ramnus jujuba ; the Croton
lacciferum ; and the Butea frondosa, which grow in Siam, Assam,
Pegu, Bengal, and Malabar.
The male is about twice the size of the female, and has four wings ;
there is one to 5000 females. In November or December the young
brood escapes from the eggs, lying beneath the dead body of the
mother ; they crawl about and fasten themselves to the bark of the
shrubs. About this time the branches often swarm to such a degree
with this insect, that they seem covered with a red dust. These insects
produce small nipple-like incrustations on the twigs, their bodies
being apparently glued by means of a transparent liquor, which goes
on increasing to the end of March, so as to form a cellular texture.
At this time the animal resembles a small oval bag, without life, of
the size of cochineal. At first a beautiful red liquor only is perceived,
afterwards eggs appear ; and in October or November, when the red
liquor gets exhausted, twenty or thirty young ones bore a hole through
the back of their mother and come forth. The empty cells remain on
the branches. The twigs, encrusted with the radiated cellular sub-
stance, constitute stick-lac of commerce. When the resinous concre-
tion is taken off the twigs, coarsely pounded and triturated with water
in a mortar, the greater part of the colouring matter is dissolved, and
the remaining granular matter, dried in the sun, constitutes seed-lac.
Lac-dye is the watery infusion of the ground stick-lac, evaporated to
dryness, and formed into cakes.
Coccus SINENSIS. (Wcstwood.) The Chinese white-wax insect.
Hab. China.
Use. Produces the Insect white-wax of China, importations of
which took place in 1846 and 1847. This wax, which was imported
ANIMALS.— iNSECTA. 173
in cakes about 13 inches in diameter, and 3^ inches in thickness, is a
beautifully-white crystalline substance, without smell or taste. It has
been used for making candles. The production of Chinese white-wax
has been erroneously ascribed to Cicada limbata.
Family 9. Hymenoptera.
Apis indica. (Fabr.) The Indian Bee.
Description. Black, with a grey cinerous down, the first two seg-
ments of the abdomen, and the base of the third, reddish-brown.
Hab. Bengal, where, as well as at Pondicherry, it is cultivated.
Apis ligustica. (Spin.)
This species is very similar in appearance to our common hive-bee.
It is a native of Italy and the islands of the Archipelago, where it is
also cultivated.
Apis mei.lifica. (Linn.) The Honey Bee, or Hive Bee.
This species is common, in the wild state, in the forests of Kussia,
and in difl'erent parts of Asia, occupying cavities in trees and rocks.
It is very rarely found wild in this country, and has therefore probably
been domesticated at a very remote period, or introduced from abroad.
It is very common in the woods of America, where it is supposed to
have been carried in the sixteenth or seventeentli century.
The societies of bees include three kinds of individuals: — the
neuters, or workers, forming the greater portion of the hive; the
males, or drones, which are much less immerous ; and the females, of
which there is generally but one in each hive, known by the name of
the Queen Bee. The neuters and the females are armed with a
sting.
Apis unicolor. (Latr.) Inhabits the Isle of France and [Mada-
gascar. It is almost black, shining ; the abdomen without spots or
coloured bands. The honey obtained from this species is much
esteemed.
Cynips. (Linn.)
Description. They appear, as it were, humped, having the head small,
and thorax thick and raised. The abdomen is compressed, cavinated
at its under part, and truncated obliquely at its extremity.
Cynips brandtii. (Ratzeburg.)
Ess. char. In the female the antennae consists of only twelve
joints, the third joint scarcely longer than the others, the last the
longest. Posterior part of the body entirely black. Male not to be
distinguished from that of the Cynips liosce, (which see).
Cynips GALLiE tinctori^.
Diplolepis gallce tinctoricv. (Oliver.) Cynips a la galle a teinture.
(Latr.) Cynips quercus infectorice. (Nees ab. Es.)
Ess. char. 2- — 3 lines in length, and when the wings are expanded
7 — 8 lines in breadth ; a dirty yellowish-brown, only above, at the
base of the back part of tlie body a shining blackish-brown. Areola
of the upper •wings very large and closed. Antennae short, and of a
brownish-yellow colour.
174 ANIMALS.— iNSECTA.
Hah. Asia Minor, Turkey in Europe, &c.
Food. Tiiese insects live on the oak, chiefly the Quercus infectoria.
Cynips ROS^. (Linn.) Le Cynips dubedeguar. (Latr.) Diplolepis
hediguaris. (GeoflTr.)
JEss. char. In the female the antennae consist of fourteen joints ; the
third joint longer than the others. The hind-body reddish-yellow,
black at the summit. Male entirely black, only from the third to the
thirteenth joint of the antennae, as also the haunches and the last tarsal
joint brown.
Hah. The entire of Europe ; very common throughout Germany.
They live only on roses, and are found on the Rosa canina, the Rosa
villosa, and the Rosa sepium.
Formica rufa. (Linn.) The Ant, Emmet, Pismire.
Hah. Almost everywhere.
Food. Fruits, seeds, serpents, &c.
The ant, like the bee, is a social animal, and, as in the hive, three
sexes are distinguished in an ant-nest — males, females, and mules.
The latter alone labour, and take charge of the ova and young larvae ;
Ihey are destitute of wings. The males and females have wings, and
■do nothing but enjoy themselves ; they copidate in the air, the males
perisli soon after, and the females deposit their ova in the ant-nest ;
but they do not live much longer than the males, for they perish at
the approach of winter. The red ant contains a free acid in abundance.
It also contains a resinous oil, acrid and odorous, which may be
obtained, mixed with the acid, by means of alcohol ; the resulting
tincture is Hoffman's Water of Magnanimity, and lias been supposed
to possess aphrodisiac properties. The free acid of ants, or formic
acid, has been taken by some chemists for acetic acid ; but its particular
and distinct nature was first ascertained by Arvidson and Oehrn. M.
Doebereiner has shown that this acid is formed by a great number of
reactions on organic principles, and more particularly by treating
citric, or tartaric acid, sugar, starch, «&:c., witli peroxide of manganese
and sulphuric acid. This acid is hydrated, liquid, volatile, not crystalliz-
able ; the property which distinguishes it most readily from acetic
acid is that of reducing, by the help of ebullition, the oxides and salts
of mercury and silver. Combined with bases, and anhydrous, its
composition is C", H*, 0*.
Vespa cbabo. (Linn). The Hornet.
This is the most formidable species of the genus met with in this
country. It is much larger than the wasp, and its colours not so
bright. The hornet's nest is usually built in hollow trees, or dry-
stony banks ; it is composed of the bark of the ash-tree, detached in
filaments, and ground by the mandibles of the insect into a paste,
whicii hardens as the work goes on.
The sting of the hornet causes much pain and inflammation.
Vespa vulgaris. (Linn. ) The Wasp.
The wasp's nest is made in mucli the same way as the hornet's nest.
Both wasps and hornets frequently attack bee-hives, destroying the
bees, and taking possession of, and consuming the honey.
ANIMALS.— ANIMALIA RADIATA. ' 175
Order 10. LEPIDOPTERA.
BoMBYX MORI. (Linn.) Tlie Silkivorm Bomhyx.
Description. The moth is whitish, with two or three obscure
transverse rays, and a spot crossing the upper wings. Its caterpillar
is the silkworm.
It feeds on mulberry-leaves, and spins an oval cocoon of a serrated
tissue of very fine silk, generally of a bright-yellow colour, but some-
times white. It will also feed on the lettuce and other plants ; but it
then yields silk of inferior quality. It was originally a native of the
southern provinces of China.
Hepialus virescens.
This moth is a native of New Zealand, and is found only at the
root of the rata tree, (^Metrosiderus robusta,) a myrtaceous plant. The
fungus, called Sphosria Robertsii, is found growing on the larva of this
insect.
iTourt]^ iStbtgion of tf)e Minimal BtngKom.
ANIMALIA RADIATA. (Cuv.) RADIATED ANIMALS.
The Radiated Animals, or Zoophytes, as they are called, include
a number of beings whose organization, always more simple than that
of the three preceding divisions, also presents a greater variety of
degrees than is observed in either of them, and seems to agree but in
one point, viz., their parts are arranged around an axis, and on one or
several radii, or on one or several lines, extending from one pole to the
other. Even the entozoa, or intestinal worms, have at least two
tendinous lines, or two nervous threads proceeding from a collar round
the month, and several of them have four suckers situated around a
probosciform elevation. In a word, notwithstanding some irregularities,
and some few exceptions — those of the Planaria, and most of the
Infusoria — traces of the radiating form are always to be found, which
are strongly marked in the greater number, and particularly in Asterias,
Echinus, the Acalepha, and the Polypi.
Thus Cuvier has included in this division all those animals which
are not comprehended in the three preceding ; but, in doing so, he has
departed from the principle upon which the classification of his three
first divisions is founded. In all the animals comprising the verte-
brata, moUusca, and articulata, the arrangement of tlie nervous system
forms the essential distinguishing character ; whilst in tliose com-
prising the radiafa, the structure of the nervous system has been
allowed to give place in importance to other characters, so that this
division embraces creatures of very dissimilar and incongruous forma-
tions.
The success of Cuvier in selecting the nervous system as the great
point of distinction in establishing the higher divisions of the animal
176 ANIMALS.— INTESTINALIA.
kingdom, has led succeeding naturalists to attempt a further sub-
division of the radiata in accordance with tlie same principle. From a
careful examination of the creatures included in this division, it is
found, that whilst in some of them nervous filaments are distinctly
visible, tl)ere are, on the other hand, others in which no trace of dis-
tinct nervous matter can be discerned. The former of tliese have
been classed by themselves, and designated by Mr. Owen, the Nema-
TONEUKA ; {vr]fia, a thread, and vivpov, a nerve ;) and the latter have
been formed into a distinct group, which has been denominated by Mr.
M'Leay the Acrita (a, priv., and Kpivu), to discern.)
The Nematoneura (Owen) includes, 1. Bryozoa, or Polyps with
ciliated arms. 2. Rotifera. 3. Epizoa. 4. Cavitary entozoa, or
Calelmintha. 5. Echinodermata.
The Acrita, (M'Leay,) Cryptoneura, (Rudolphi,) includes, 1.
Sponges. 2. Polyps. 3. Polygastric animalcules. 4. Acalephce.
5. Parenchymatous entozoa.
As there are but few animals in this division requiring notice, we
shall adhere to Cuvier's arrangement of them.
CLASS I. ECHINODERMATA. (ext^oc, sea-urchin, and hpfxa,
skin.) (Class XV. of General Division.)
These derive their name from the Echinus, or sea-urchin, whose
skin is usually covered with spines or thorns. They possess a distinct
intestine floating in a large cavity, and accompanied by several other
organs for generation, respiration, and a partial circulation.
CLASS IL INTESTINALIA. (Cuv.) ENTOZOA. (Rudolphi.)
(eyroc, intus, within, and i^oor, animal.) Intestinal worms.
(Ci^ASs XVI. of General Division.)
The greater number of these inhabit the interior of other animals,
and tliere only can propagate. There is scarcely an animal that is not
the domicile of several kinds; and those which are observed in one
species, are rarely found in others. They not only inhabit the ali-
mentary canal, and the ducts that empty into it, such as the hepatic
vessels, but even the cellular tissue, and the parenchyma of the most
completely-invested viscera, such as the liver and brain. Tliey have
neither vessels, even for a partial circulation, nor respiratory organs ;
they must, therefore, receive the influence of oxygen through the
medium of the animal they inhabit. Their body is generally elon-
gated or depressed, and their organs are arranged longitudinally.
AscARis LUMBRicoiDES. (Gmel.) The Long Round Worm.
This worm is about the thickness of a goose-quill, and from twelve
to flfteen inches long. It is generally of a brownish-red colour, but
varies according to the aliments with which it is filled. The head is
ANIMALS. INTESTINALIA. 177
distinguished from the rest of the body by a circular depression, and
it is furnished with three tubercles or valves found in no other entozoa.
These Morms usually occur in the small intestines of man. The
cabbage-tree bark ( Geoffroya inermis) has been recommended for their
expulsion.
AscARis VERMicuLARis. (Gmel.) Oxyuris veimicularis. (Brem-
ser) The Maw, or Thread Worm.
This, wiiich is commonly known as the Ascaris, is a small worm,
the female being four or five lines in length, and the male only a line
or a line and a half. The body is thread-like, very elastic, and of a
faint yellow colour. They inhabit the intestines of children, even of
those newly born, especially the rectum.
EcHiNococcus HOMiNis. (Rudol.) The Hydatid.
The Hydatid is a spherical body, consisting of one, and sometimes
of two membranes, enclosing a fluid, most commonly limpid and
transparent, but which is sometimes found of a tough, hard, and opaque
consistence. On the inner coat of the membrane are attached a num-
ber of small granular bodies, which are called echinococci. Rodolphi
divides the hydatids into viveyites and non viventes. He denies the
vitality of the hydatid, properly so called, and supposes that tlie small
granular bodies, or echinococci, only, which cover the internal surface
of the membrane, are endowed with life. Others, however, consider
the whole vesicle as a distinct animal. Hydatids have been found in
all the textures and cavities of the human body, except the intestinal
canal. These are species peculiar to the sheep, the ox, the pig, &c. ;
their presence in the last gives rise to tlie condition in pork commonly
called measly.
Fasciola HUMANA. (Gmel.) T7ie Liver Fluke.
This worm is three or four lines in length, of an oblong ovate shape,
obtuse at each extremity, and of a dirty- whitish or brown colour. It
is formed in the gall-bladder, and according to Dr. Bremser, in the
liver of man. It is said to be common in sheep, and to cause the dis-
ease called rot in those animals.
FiLARiA MEDiNiNsis. (Gmel.) The Guinea-worm.
It is of the thickness of a voilin-string, tapering a little at the tail,
which is slightly curved, and several feet in length. Its colour is
white. It occurs only among the inhabitants of Africa and the
southern parts of Asia, and is found in the cellular tissue below the
integuments, exciting intolerable itching, swelling, pain, and ultimately
suppuration, in the part, accompanied by fever. It is generally
coiled up circularly, and may be felt upon pressure being made with
the finger. When the tumour breaks, and the head of the worm
protrudes, it is cautiously pulled, day after day, until the whole is
extracted.
Strongylus gigas. (Rudol.) The Large Strongyle.
This species varies in length from five inches to three feet, and in
diameter from two to six lines. The body is slender, cylindrical,
tapering towards each extremity, and composed of annular rings.
N
178 ANIMALS.— ACALEi'iiA.
The female is larger than the male. It is found in the kidneys, and
has frequently been passed by the urethra. It is said to be met with
in many of the lower animals as well as in man.
TAENIA SOLIUM. (Gmel.) The Common Tape-worm.
This is the species of the tape-worm most common in the inhabit-
ants of this country. It consists of a series of articulations, form-
ing a flattened, riband-like worm, which varies in length from three
to fifteen or twenty feet. In this species, the articulations are some-
what irregular, being transverse, oval, rhomboidal, or quadrangular,
wrinkled transversely, and having marginal pores, sometimes on one
side, and sometimes on the other. The mouth is situated on the an-
terior part of the head ; it is a small orifice, and when viewed with a
microscope, exhibits a projecting margin, surrounding an excavation
of a striated appearance. On the head there are four orifices,
which are supposed to be suckers, by which the worm adheres to the
intestines. This worm is more frequent in adults than in children.
It occupies the small intestines, especially of females. This species
was formerly supposed to be solitary, and hence the specific name
solium ; it is now, however, found to be gregarious, two or three gene-
rally occurring in the same individual.
T^NiA VULGARIS. (Gmel.) The Broad Tape-worm.
In this species the articulations are generally broader than long, of
an oblong square form, and studded with minute papillae. On the
flattened surface, near the edge of each of these joints, there are one
or two small round openings or pores, surrounded by the oviducts,
which are disposed in the form of a star. The tail is generally round
and simple, but sometimes bifurcated. It infests the small intestines
of the inhabitants of Poland, Russia, Switzerland, and some parts of
France, but is rarely found in this country.
Trichocephalus iiominis. (Gmel.) Trlchocephalus dispar.
(Reid). The Long Thread-worm.
When full grown, this worm is about two inches long, and of a pale
yellowish colour. The anterior end is capillary, and double the length
of the posterior. This species was first discovered in 1761, by Rhceder,
at Gottingen, in the bodies of some French soldiers, who had died of a
contagious disease. It is found chiefly in the caecum, and is generally
more numerous in infants than in adults. Rudolphi found more than
a thousand in one individual.
CLASS III. ACALEPHA. (araXr;^»?, a nettle.)
(Class XVII. of General Division.)
These have neither circulatory nor respiratory organs; their form
is circular and radiating ; in general the mouth holds the place of the
anus ; they differ from polypi only in possessing more development in
the tissue of their organs.
ANIMALS.— roLYPi. 179
CLASS IV. POLYPL (iroXvc, many, and ttovc, foot.)
(Class XVIII. of General Division.)
These are small g-elatinous animals, whose mouth, surrounded by
tentacula, leads into a stomach, which is sometimes simple, sometimes
followed by intestines in the form of vessels ; it is in this class that we
find those numberless compound animals with a fixed and solid stem,
whicli were for a lon^^ time considered to be marine plants. The
various species of coral, and the sponge, belong to this class.
Antipathes spiuaus. (Lamarck.) Black Coral.
Tiiis species of coral is branched, and has a cortical covering, which
is so soft that it entirely decays after death. The dried coral has the
appearance of a branch of dry wood. It was formerly used in medicine.
CouALiUM RUBRUM. (Lamarck.) Isis nohilis. (Linn.) Red Coral.
Its general appearance is that of a small shrub, which is found fixed
by its base to submarine rocks and other bodies, and, it is said, always
in a pendant or reversed position. It is principally obtained in the
Indian or Mediterranean seas. The bi'anches seldom exceed three feet
in height, and about two inches in diameter. In the recent state, the
stem and branches are covered with a soft cortical substance, or epi-
dermis, which is the habitation of numerous small, whitish, soft, semi-
transparent polypi. The coral consists principally of carbonate of lime
and magnesia, with a small quantity of oxide of iron.
CoRALLiNA OFFICINALIS. (Linn., Gmel.) Coralline, or Sea-moss.
This marine production is found in the Mediterranean and other seas,
attached to rocks and shells. It consists of several slender articulated
stems, subdivided into fine ramifications, and has some resemblance to
certain mosses, among which, indeed, it was placed by Tournefort.
"When fresh, it has a greenish or reddish colour, but from exposure to
the air, becomes nearly white. Like coral, it consists principally of
carbonate of lime. It was formerly used in medicine.
Although the corallines have been classed among the animal creation
by Cuvier, Lamarck, and others, yet they are said to be proved by
microscopical examination fo possess the cellular structure appertaining
to vegetable organization, and are, therefore, placed by many naturalists
among the vegetables.
Madrepora. (Linn.) Madrepore.
Some of the species of madrepore have been known under the name
of White Coral. It occurs sometimes branched, sometimes in rounded
masses, in slender filaments, or foliaceous ; but it is always furnished
with a lamellar covering, the divisions of which are joined concentri-
cally, so as to form star-like points, or sometimes lines of a more or less
serpentine figure.
Spongia officinalis. (Linn.") The Officinal Sponge.
Sponge, in the state in wliich it is met with in commerce, is a soft,
light, elastic, and very porous substance, which readily absorbs liquids
into Avhich it is immersed, and yields them up again on compression.'
It may. be considered as the skeleton of an animal, from which the soft
N 2
180 ANIMALS.— INFUSORIA.
gelatinous part representing the flesh has been removed at the time of
its collection. In the living state it is found attached by its base to
rocks at the bottom of the sea. It occurs in the Indian, American, and
Norwegian Seas, and the Mediterranean. Tlie best sponges are brought
from the Grecian Archipelago, and are called Turkey sponges. An
inferior kind is brought from the AVest Indies, and is called West India,
or Bahama sponge. Sponge is extensively used for various domestic
purposes ; the ashes resulting from its combustion in close vessels have
also been used in medicine, on account of a small portion of iodine
which they contain.
CLASS V. INFUSOEI A. (Class XIX. of General Division.)
The term infusoria has been applied to numerous minute animals
found in water. They are also called animalcules. It has been ascer-
tained by the microscope that a drop of water, though appearing to the
naked eye perfectly clear, is sometimes swarming with living beings.
Ehrenberg, to whom we are chiefly indebted for our knowledge of these
animalcules, has described species not larger than from one thousandth
to one two-thousandth of a line in diameter, and which are separated
from one another by intervals not greater than their own size. A
cubic ineh of water may thus contain more than 800,000 millions of
these beings, estimating them only to occupy one-fourth of its space ;
and a single drop, measuring a line in diameter, placed under the
microscope, will be seen to hold 500 millions. Linnaeus, not being
acquainted with the structure of these minute animals sufficiently well
to enable him to distribute them according to their relations in his
several classes, placed them at the end of his last class, Vermes, in a
genus to which he gave the name of chaos. Miiller first separated
them as a distinct order, and gave them the name of infusoria, from
the circumstance that the greater number of animalcules had been dis-
covered in liquids, in which vegetable or animal matters had been dis-
solved by infusion, Miiller based his arrangement of the different
genera not on their varieties of structure, but on the differences of
their external form. After some time, Dr. Ehrenberg of Berlin
directed his attention to the subject, and made numerous observations
on the internal structure of these animals by means of feeding them
with particles of colouring matter, which he diffused in the water con-
taining them. Pure indigo was the substance he employed. By the
use of these means, he arrived at very interesting conclusions. He
demonstrated, by means of a powerful microscope, the existence of
distinct digestive organs in all the species. No disiinci muscular Jib7'es
have been detected in the simpler or polygastric forms of infusoria,
but in the rotiferous species they have. AVith respect to the other
systems, discoveries equally interesting have been made by Ehrenberg.
This observer has separated from what he calls the true infusoria
several families of animalcules formerly included in the same class.
The principal genera so separated are the Spermatozoa, Cerearia, and
Vibrio, which are now considered to belong to the class Entozoa. The
PRESERVATION OF ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 181
true infusoria have been separated into two distinct divisions : the
Pob/gastrica, and the liotifera, or wheel animalcules.
Habitat. These animalcules are not only met with in water con-
taining large quantities of organic matter in solution, but in common
sea-water, stagnant fresh-water, and well-water exposed for a short
time to the air.
Origin. It has been supposed that they are generated spontaneously ;
but as they never are observed in fluids secluded from the air, we may
suppose that ova of extreme minuteness are always floating in the air,
and only require a pro[)er medium to develop themselves. These
animals live on fine particles of animal and vegetable matter held in
solution in water, and the larger species devour the smaller ani-
malcules.
Ci)t ^rciScrbation of Siumal Suft^tancciS.
Various processes are employed for preserving animal substances
from undergoing decomposition.
1. Drying in a stove or oven. This is effected by the application
of a temperature suflScient to cause the evaporation of all the mois-
ture, without burning any of the external parts, or causing tlie juices
to run out.
2. The action of cold is applied in the northern regions for the pre-
servation of rein-deer tongues, fish, and other animal substances.
3. Brine, or a solution of common salt, is an efl^icient preservative
agent. Dissolve one part of salt, in two and a half parts, by weight,
of water, and immerse the meat or other animal substance in this so-
lution, placing a board on the surface of the liquor, loaded with a lump
of salt, so as to insure the entire submersion of the animal matter,
and at the same time to keep up the strengtii of the brine by the so-
lution of more salt to compensate for the dilution caused by the animal
juices. After the animal substance has remained in the brine for
tiu'ee or four days, it is to be taken out and dried, by rubbing it witli
bran or pollard, or with dry salt ; and it may then be packed in barrels
witii intermediate layers of large-grained salt, if intended for long
keeping, or it may be hung up in a smoking-room. The addition of
one ounce of saltpetre to eacli pound of salt will tend to preserve the
red colour of the meat, and the further addition of a small quantity
of brown sugar is said to improve its flavour.
The following pickle has been recommended for preserving meat,
to which it is said to give a mild and excellent flavour : —
R Brown sugar,
Bay salt,
Common salt, of each Ifeij.
Saltpetre Ifess.
Water, cong. ij. Mix.
4. Packing in dry salt is a mode of preservation sometimes re-
sorted to. For this purpose, salting-tubs are used, having false bottoms
182 PRESEUVATION OF A^n^IMAL SUBSTANCES.
perforated with holes. A layer of coarse-grained salt is first made^
and then alternate layers of meat and salt. After a week or ten days,
tiie meat is taken out, and again repacked with more dry salt. Some-
times the dry salt is merely rubbed into the meat.
5. Bucaning meat is a rude kind of smoking practised by hunters
in the forests. Forked branches of trees are stuck in the ground, and
by this means a grating of rods, two or three feet higl), is made. The
flesh, to be preserved, is cut into thick slices, and placed on this grating,,
while a fire is lighted underneath, so that the meat is rendered fit for
keeping, partly by drying and partly by smoking it.
6. Jerking meat, or charqui, is a method sometimes resorted to in
liot climates. It coiisists in cutting the lean part of meat into thin
slices, and exposing these to the full action of the sun, turning the
pieces when necessary until perfectly dried. The dried pieces are
then pounded in a mortar, and put into pots.
7. Olive oil is sometimes used to preserve fish and other animal
substances. .Tars into which the substances to be preserved are put,
are made quite full with the oil, and are then well closed, and the
covers cemented down.
8. Alcohol is the agent most frequently employed for the preservation
of animal preparations for museums, &c. Wlien used alone, it is sub-
ject to the objection of its causing the contraction and hardening of
the finer parts of animal substances, but this effect may be counter-
acted, at least in part, by the addition of a small quantity of ammonia.
A mixture of equal parts of rectified spirit, sp. gr. 838, and of water,
may be used in ordinary cases ; but the strength of the spirit must be
regulated in some degree by the quantity of fluids contained in the
animal substance.
9. Solution of Corrosive Sublimate is often used for the preserva-
tion of animal substances, but it renders them very hard. It is ad-
vantageously employed for dry preparations, and tends especially to
protect them from the attacks of insects. It may eitlier be used by
injection or by rubbing them over the surface. For the former mode of
applying it, solution in water answers best ; for the latter mode, solution
in spirit.
10. Alum preserves animal substances very well for a certain time,
but bones are attacked by it. A solution of one ounce of alum in
eight ounces of water, when injected into veins and arteries, renders
them capable of resisting decay for a long time. In the process of
tawing skins, hereafter to be described, ahmi is used,
11. Goadhifs Solution is a good substitute for alcohol, and has been
found to answer well in a variety of cases. The following are Mr.
Goadby's formulae : — •
A 1.
R Bay salt Jiv., alum Jij., corrosive sublimate gr. ij., water Oij.
Mix.
A 2.
R Bay salt Jiv., alum Jij., corrosive sublimate gr. iv., water Oiv.
Mix.
PRESERVATION OF ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 183
B.
R Bay salt Ibss., corrosive sublimate gr. ij., water Oij. Mix.
BB.
R Bay salt Ibss., arsenious acid gr. xx., boiling water Oij. Boil
until solution is effected.
C.
R Bay salt Rss., arsenious acid gr. xx., corrosive sublimate gr. ij.,
boiling water Oij. Boil until solution is effected.
The solution A 1 is that which Mr. Goadby usually employs. A 2
is used in those cases where there is a tendency to mouldiness, and
where the animal texture is tender, for the salt, if in too great quan-
tity, sometimes destroys the tissue. B is used in cases where the
animal substance contains carbonate of lime, as in those cases alum
effects a decomposition. BB is intended for old preparations ; and
C, for preparations of this kind, in which there is a tendency to a
softening of the parts. Professor Owen has found these solutions to
answer better than alcohol for the preservation of nervous matter, and
has employed them extensively in the museum of the College of
Surgeons.
12. GannaVs Solution owes its efficacy to the presence of Acetate of
Alumina. Its efficacy is similar to that of the solution of alum, and it
is subject to the same inconvenience, arising from the action of the
salt on some animal substances. It is made by dissolving one ounce of
acetate of alumina in twenty ounces of water.
13. Solution of Sulphate of Zinc is used to preserve the muscles,
teguments, and cerebral substances of vertebrata. It does not injure
the bones, and does not become mouldy. It possesses the singular pro-
perty of destroying all the parts of caterpillars but the teguments, and
is therefore well adapted for the preservation of those larvae which are
not naked.
Solution of Chloride of Zinc. Sir William Burnett's Solution.
A patent was taken out by Sir W. Burnett, in 1840, for applying a
solution of chloride of zinc, one pound of chloride of zinc to a gallon of
water, for the preservation of animal and A^egetable substances. The
substances to be preserved are immersed in the solution for a period
varying from 48 to 96 hours, and afterwards dried in the air.
14. Solution of Sal-ammoniac, or Chloride of Ammonium, has been
found to preserve the muscular substance of mammaliae. The solution
is made in the proportion of one part of the salt to ten parts of water.
15. Solutions of Nitrate of Potash and of Persulphate of Iron are
effective preservative agents, but they change the colour of the pre-
parations, and the iron salt attacks the bones.
16. Naphtha mixed toith water, in the proportion of one part of
the former to seven of the latter, is said by Mr. Babington to be a
good antiseptic,
17. Kreosote preserves animal matter well, but renders the prepa-
rations brown. Sixteen drops of kreosote may be mixed with one ounce
and a half of water. ;
184 PRESERVATION OF ANIMAL SUBSTANCES.
18, Essential Oils are good preservatives of all parts but the fat,
which they dissolve. Oil of turpentine is one of the best. They
render many parts transparent if previously dried, which is sometimes
advantageous.
19- The Process of Tanning is applied to the skins of animals,
with the view of preserving and hardening them, and rendering them
more fit for some economical purposes. This process consists in soak-
ing the skins, from which the hair and grease have been previously
removed by tlie application of lime, in a sohition of tannic acid, to-
gether with some extractive matters derived from the barks of certain
trees, more especially of the oak.
20. The Process of Tawing is also applied for a similar purpose.
It consists in first soaking the skins in water with fresh slaked lime
for several weeks, the water being changed two or three times during
this period. The skins are then taken out and rinsed, and again
soaked in water with wheat bran. After this, a paste is made as fol-
lows : — Eight pounds of alum and three pounds of common salt are
dissolved in hot water ; to this is added twenty pounds of wheat-flour,
and the yolks of about one hundred eggs, so much water being used
as shall form a thin paste. A portion of this paste being diluted with
water, the skins are soaked in the mixture, and pulled and stretched
from time to time, and subsequently dried.
21. Acids are frequently required to dissolve the calcareous parts
of animals, such as bones, shells, &c. Hydrochloric or nitric acid,
diluted with four or five parts of water, may be used for this
purjjose.
22. Alkalies serve to convert grease into soap, to render it capable
of drj'ing, and to make the preparations cleaner.
1. Weak Ley.
R Carbonate of soda giv.
Quicklime O.j-
Water boiling Ov.
Add the lime to the soda dissolved in the water, stir, and pour oft
the clear liquor.
Greasy bones, where the medulla oozes out, may be placed in this
for a week or two, and when they begin to whiten, they are to be
boiled for a quarter of an hour in the same ley, then well washed
and dried. To saponify the spots of grease on the bones, cotton
wool dipped in the ley should be laid on. The bones must not be left
too long in the ley, as it will, after a time, attack the gelatine.
2. Strong Ley.
R Carbonate of soda giv.
Quicklime 5.j-
Water boiling Oiiss.
Proceed the same as before.
23. Injections. The various injections used by anatomists may be
conveniently divided into three classes — viz., 1. Ccmmon injections;
PRESERVATION OF ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 185
2. Fine injections ; and 3. Injections for corrosion. The first are used
to fill large vessels. The following are some of the principal : —
COMMON INJECTIONS.
1. R Tallow 5xij., wax 5v., olive oil jiij. Melt and mix.
2. R Wax 5xij., common turpentine 5^'jj tallow 5iij., oil of tur-
pentine 5J. Melt and mix.
3. R Spermaceti Jij., wax Jj., common turpentine 5J. A very-
penetrating injection.
FINE INJECTIONS.
These injections are used to trace the capillary vessels.
1. R Gelatine oxij., water Ov. Mix, with a gentle heat.
In M'inter only 5vij. of gelatine must be used.
2. R Canada balsam, vermilion, q. s. Mix.
INJECTIONS FOR CORROSION.
1. R Bismuth 5viij., lead 5v., tin 5iij. Fuse together.
{D'Arcet's.)
2. R Resin ^viij., wax 5x., common turpentine zxij. Melt together.
3. R Wax jxvj., resin 5^"j'j turpentine varnish ^v\., vemiiliou
5iij. Melt together. (J//-. Knox's.)
186
YEGETABLES YIELDING PEODUCTS
EMPLOYED IN
MEDICIM, DOMESTIC ECONOMY, Am THE ARTS.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS.
Among the several kinds of classification whicli have been adopted
by different botanical writers, that of De Candolle has, perhaps, been
received with the most general approbation. The arrangenjent of
plants which that distinguished botanist has made in his Prodromus,
so far as that work, which is not yet completed, extends, will be
followed here. The vegetable kingdom is first arranged in two great
divisions : —
1. The Vascular, — Phanerogamous, or Flotvering Plants ; and
2. The Acrogens, — Acotyledons, Cellular, Cryptogamic, or Floioer-
less Plants.
The flowering plants, which have spiral vessels, and distinct flowers
and sexes, are again divided into Exogens, or Dicotyledonous Plants ;
and Endogens, or Monocotyledonous Plants.
ExoGENS are plants whose leaves have reticulated or branched
nerves, forming a sort of network ; the stems, when cut across and
examined, are found to consist of central pith, wood, and bark, and
from the centre to the circumference there are fine lines, called medul-
lary rays ; they increase with growth, by the deposition of layers of
wood beneath the bark, and there are found to be as many concentric
circles of wood, in the trunk of a tree of this kind, as the plant is
years old ; \h<i flowers usually have a quinary division ; and \!(i% embryo
of the seed has two or more cotyledons, opposite.
Endogens are plants whose leaves have parallel veins ; the stems,
when cut across, present no distinction of pith, wood, bark, and me-
dullary rays, but consist of confused bundles of woody fibre ; they
increase with growth, by depositions in the interior of the stems ; hence
these increase but little in thickness, and there is no appearance of
concentric circles of wood ; the floioers usually have a ternary division ;
and the embryo of the seed has but one cotyledon, or if two, they are
alternate.
Acrogens, or Cryptogamic Plants, have no floioers, properly so
VEGETABLES. 187
calletl ; many of them are destitute of leaves, but if they have leaves,
there are either no veins to them, or the veins are of the most simple
kind, being- either not branched, or if branched, divided by repeated
forking ; they consist principally of cellular tissue, spiral vessels being
for the most part absent ; when they have stems, the wood is arranged
in a sinuous or zigzag- manner ; the sexual organs being absent, they
have no seeds or embryo ; they are reproduced by bodies resembling
seeds, and answering the same purpose, called spores or sporules.
These distinctive characters, however, are not found always to
apply as here indicated ; so that a plant cannot be referred to either
of the foregoing classes, with absolute certainty, from the presence of
any one character, but only from a combination of characters. Thus,
a plant may have one of tlie characters of a class to which it never-
theless does not belong, because its other characters are at variance
with those appertaining to that class.
In estimating the value of the characters by which a plant should
be referred to any particular class, they should be placed in the fol-
lowing order : — 1st, wood; 2i\(\, embryo ; Srd, leaves; 4lh, Jlcwers.
" The structure of the wood is of more importance than all the others,
because it indicates a whole series of differently-modified vital phe-
nomena : the embryo is of more importance than the leaves, because
it is the part which determines all the final structure of the plant ; and
the leaves are of more importance than the flowers, because they are
intimately connected with the peculiar manner in which the wood of
the stem is organized, and determine in the first instance the organiza-
tion of the flower itself." {Lindley.)
Exogens are divided by De Candolle into four sub-classes : —
1. ThalamijiorcB ; 2. Calijci/lorce ; 3. CorolliJtorcE; A^. Monochlamydece.
Sub-class I. Thalamijiorce. Flowers furnished with both a calyx
and corolla. Perianth double. Calyx polysepalous. Petals distinct,
together with the stamens inserted on the receptacle (thalamus) not
attached to the calyx.
Examples. Ranunculus. Papaver. Sinapis.
Sub-class 2. Calyciflorce. Flowers furnished with both a calyx
and corolla. Perianth double. Calyx gamosepalous. Petals distinct,
or more or less united at the base, inserted into the calyx together
with the stamens.
^ Examples. Rhamnns. Glycyrrhiza. Rosa.
Sub-class 3. Corolliflorce. I'lowers furnished with both a calyx
and corolla. Petals cohering in the form of a monopetalous corolla,
bearing the stamens, and inserted on the receptacle (thalamus).
Examples. Gentiana. Convolvulus. Mentha.
Sub-class 4. MonocJdamydece. Perianth single ; petals incorpor-
ated with the calyx or entirely wanting.
Examples. Rheum, Laurus. Quercus.
Endogens are dividf^d into two sub-classes : — 1. Petaloideee ; 2. Glu-
macece. The Prodromus has not reached this class.
Sub-class 1. Petaloidece. Calyx and corolla both present, in three
or six divisions ; or imperfectly developed in the form of herbaceous
scales upon a spadix. '
188 VEGETABLES.— RANUNCULACE^.
Examples. Crocus. Allium. Scilla.
Sub-class 2. Glumacea;. Perianth usually absent, its place occupied
by herbaceous or scabriose bractse, imbricated over each other; if
present, surrounded by such bractse.
Example. The Grasses.
Cryptogamic plants are arranged in three classes : —
Class 1. Filicoidese. — The Ferns.
Class 2. Muscoideae. — The Mosses.
Class 3. Fungoideae. — The Fungi, Lichens, Algcu.
* Plants which have an asterisk prefixed to the name, grow wild in this country.
** Plants which have two asterisks prefixed to the name, are commonly cultivated in
this country, but are not natives.
DIVISION I.
VASCULARES; PHANEROGAMIA ; or FLOWERING
PLANTS.
Class I. EXOGEN^. Sub-class I. THALAMIFLOR^.
Order 1— RANUNCULACE^.
(De Cand. Prod., t. i. p. 2. Lindl. Nat. Syst., Ed. 2, p. 5.)
' Herbaceous plants, with alternate or opposite leaves, generally much divided, with a
dilated petiole. Sepals 3 — 6, hypogynous, deciduous; petals 8 — 15; hypogynons ;
stamens, hypogynous, indefinite in number; anthers adnate ; pistils numerous, seated
on a torus; carpels capsular, baccate, or follicular, one or many seeded; seeds albu-
minous ; albumen corneous ; embryo minute.
Plants acrid ; many are poisonous.
AcoNiTUM. (De Cand. i. .56.)
AcoNiTDM ANTiioRA. (Linn.) Anthora s. Antithora. (Camer.)
Anthora vulgaris. (Clus.) Wholesome wolfsbane. Yellow helmet
Jlower. Mountainous parts ; Europe, Siberia.
Roots cordial. (G.) Root extremely poisonous, similar in action to
that of Aconitum napellus. (L.)
AcoxiTOM FEROX. (Wallich). Himalaya Mountains.
Root exceedingly poisonous, fatal either when taken internally, or
when applied to wounds. Used by the Indian practitioners in cases
of chronic rheumatism.
Aconitum heterophyllum. (Wallich). Atees. India.
Root used in Indian medicine as a tonic, and aphrodisiac. (O'Sh.)
Aconitum lycoctonum. (Linn.) Great yellow wolfsbane. Various
parts of Europe.
Root poisonous, occasioning veriigo,, stupor, and spasm ; has been
employed to kill wolves.
VEGETABLES.— RANUNCULACE^. 1 89
*AcoNiTUM Napellus. (Linn.) (E. B. t. 2730.) Early blue
tvolfsbane.
Fl. purple. June, July. Perennial. Various parts of Europe.
ACONITUM CAMMAKIJM. AcONITUxM NEOMONTANUM.
These are considered by De Candolle as varieties of Aco?ii(u?n
Nnpellus.
Tliese plants are used indiscriminately for each other, and are ex-
ceedingly poisonous. The roots are more active than the leaves ; both
parts are employed in medicine. Given in doses of one grain, gra-
dually increased, they are narcotic, powerfully diaphoretic, and diuretic.
The extract and aconitine are used externally in chronic rheumatism,
gout, paralysis, dropsy, &c.
AcoNiTDM PANicuLATUM. (Lam.) Pamcled wolfsbafie.
This was the species ordered in the Lond. Pharm. 1836 ; but Acoiiitum
Napellus is generally supplied by the herbalists in London, and is now
introduced into the Pharmacopa3ia. Aconitum paniculatum is said by
some persons to be inactive.
AcTJEA. (De Cand. i. 64.)
AcT^A ciMiciFUGA. (Linn.) Cimicijuga fatida. (Gaertn.) Siberia.
Root antispasmodic.
*AcT^A spicATA. (Linn.) (E. B. t. 918.) Aconitum bacciferum.
(C. Bauh.) Christophoriana. Herb Christopher. Bane berries.
Fl. white. May. Perennial, Europe.
Vulnerary, astringent ; juice of the berries affords a deep black dye.
AcT^EA RACEMOSA, (Linn.) Cimicifuga racemosa. (Torr.) Ma-
crotys racemosa. Black snakeroot. Cohosh. North America.
Root infused in spirit used in rheumatic pains, and also in astringent
gargles. This is the Cimicifuga serpentaria of the P. U. S., the root
being employed instead of rattle-snake root.
Adonis. (De Cand. i. 23.)
•Adokis veknalis. (Linn.) Helleborus niger tenuifolius. (C.
Bauh.) A. Apennina. (Jacq.) Bird's eye.
*Adonis adtumnalis. (E. B. t. 308.) Pheasants eye^ Red mo-
rocco.
Fl. scarlet. May to October. Annual. Europe, Siberia.
Astringent, roots bitter.
Anemoxe, (De Cand. i. 16.)
Anemone cernua. (Thunb.) Hah too woo of the Chinese. Japan.
Root nmch used among the Chinese and Japanese as a bitter
medicine.
*Anemone nemorosa. (Linn.) (E. B. t. 355.) Hanunculus
sylvarum. (Clus.) Wood anemone, Wood crotofoot.
Fl. white, or with a shade of purple. April, May. Perennial.
Anemone sylvestris. (Linn.) White ivood anemone.
Anemone pratensis. (Linn.) Pulsatilla pratensis. (Mill.)
190 VEGETABLES.— KANUNcuLACEiE.
Anemone vernalis. (Linn.) Yellow anemone. Europe and Asia.
Plants acrid, caustic, and ulcerating; used in gout and rheumatism ;
vvlien chewed, they act as sialogogues. Fl. poisonous.
*Anemone PULSATILLA. (Linn.) (E. B. t. 51.) Pulsatilla vul-
garis. (Mill.) Pas que flower, Pulsatilla.
Fl. purple. May. Perennial. Europe, Siberia.
Root acrid, sternutatory ; leaves detersive,
AQurLEGiA. (De Cand. i. 50.)
*Aquilegia vulgaris. (Linn.) (E. B. t. 297.) Aquilegia sylves-
tris. (C. Bauh.) Columbine.
Fl. purple, June. Perennial. "Woods and coppices.
Herb, flower, and seeds opening, acrid, diuretic, and used in deter-
sive gargles,
Caltha. (De Cand. i, 44.)
*Oaltha palustris. (Linn.) (E. B. t. 2175.) Marsh marygold.
Fl. yellow. March, June. Perennial, Marshy places.
Herb acrid, caustic ; useful externally in diseases of the reins or
loins.
Clematis, (De Cand, i. 2.)
Clematis dioica. (Linn.) Jamaica.
Leaves hot and acrid ; an infusion of the bruised leaves and flowers
forms a good lotion for the skin.
Clematis erecta. (Willd.) Clematis erecta. (Linn.) Upright
virgin's bower. Austria.
Clematis flammula, (Linn,) Flammula. (Dodon.) South
of Europe.
Caustic, burning ; used for issues and venereal ulcers ; seeds drastic ;
leaves used outwardly in leprosy, internally in inveterate syphilis.
Clematis Mauritiana. (Lamb.) Madagascar and Isle of France.
Used as a vesicatory.
Clematis Sinensis. Cochin China.
Used in China as a diuretic and diaphoretic. (O'Sh.)
*Clematis vitalba. (Linn.) (E. B. t. 612.) Vitalba. (Dodon.)
Traveller's joy.
Fl. greenish white. May, June. Hedges, on chalky soils.
Bark and herb caustic, raising blisters; ophthalmic; young roots
eaten as a pot-herb.
**Clematis viticella. (Linn.) Clematis, Atragene alpina,
Virgin's bower. (Bot. Mag. 565.)
Fl. purple. June, September. Perennial. South of Europe.
Leaves used as a poultice in leprosy ; seeds purgative.
Coptis. (De Cand. i. 47.)
CopTis teeta. (Wallich.) Golden thread root of Assam, Mish-
mee bitter, Mishmee teeta. Assam,
VEGETABLES.— RANDNCULACE.E. 191
Root intensely bitter, deemed in India a tonic remedy of the greatest
value. (O'Sli.) It abounds in a yellow bitter principle, soluble in
alcohol and water, but appears to possess but little astringency. It
may be administered in the form of powder, infusion, tincture, or
extract. In Scinde this root is called Mahmira, and is used in
inflammation of the eyes. Frofessor Guibourt describes it under the
name of Racine de chyiilen ou de mangoiiste^ and he ascribes it to an
apocynaceous plant. Bergins, and J. A. Murray, describe it under
the name of Chynlen. Ainslie mentions it under the name of Sou-
line or Chyn-len. The Chinese call it Honglane.
CoPTis TRiFOLiA. (Linn.) Hellehorus trifolius. Gold thread.
Canada and Siberia.
Root a pure bitter, xised in thrush ; leaves dye yellow.
Delphinium. (De Cand. i. 51.)
**Delphinium ajacis. (Linn.) Upright larkspur.
Fl. blue. Annual. Native of Asia Minor. ,
Delphinium elatum. (Willd.) Siberian bee larkspur. Siberia.
*DELrHiNiuM coNsoLiDA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1839.) Consolida
regalis, Delphinium, Larkspur.
Fl. blue. Jime, July. Annual. Sandy or chalky corn-fields.
Europe, Asia, North America.
Root, Delphinium, P. U. S. Vulnerary, consolidating wounds,
ophthalmic.
Delphinium Staphysagria. (Linn.) Staphysagria, Stavesacre.
South of Europe, Levant, Canaries.
Seeds, staphisagrice semina, acrid, nauseous ; imported from Turkey ;
kill lice and rats ; purge violently, in doses of gr. iij. to x. ; used as a
masticatory in tooth-ache, and also in apophlegraatizant gargles.
FicARiA. (De Cand. i. 44.)
FiCARiA ranunculoides. (Monch.) (E. B. t. 584.) Chelido-
nium minus. (Fuch.) Ficaria verna. (Persoon.) Ranunculus
ficaria. (Linn.) Lesser celandine, Pilewort.
Fl. yellow. April, May. Perennial.
Juice of root acrid ; styptic ; useful in piles, being weakened with
wine or beer ; leaves caustic, but mild, and eaten in Sweden, according
to Linnaeus.
Helleborus. (De Cand. i. 46.)
*Helleborus FfETiDus. (Linn.) (E. B. 613.) Helleboraster
maximum. (Lob.) Great Bastard bearsfoot, Setter wort.
Fl. green, tipped with purple. April. Perennial. Thickets, &c.
The leaves are emetic and purgative. The juice, obtained by
moistening the bruised leaves with vinegar, and then pressing, has
also been used. They have been strongly recommended as a vermi-
fuge for the large round worm, (Ascaris lumbricoides).
**Hellebor'js NIGER. (Linn.) (Bot. Mag., 8.) Veratrum
192 VEGETABLES.— RANUNCULACE^.
nigrum. (Dodon.) Helleborus niger, Melampodium, Black hellebore,
Christmas rose.
Fl. white. January. Perennial. Native of the south of Europe.
The fibres of the rhizome are the parts used in medicine. Nauseous,
and violently purgative both to man and horse, anthelmintic, diuretic,
and emraenagogue ; also used as an exutory in cattle to keep open issues:.
Helleborus orientalis ? (Lamb.) East Indian hlach hellebore.
Greece and the Levant.
Roots very different from the European ; qualities the same.
*Hellebortjs viridis. (Linn.) (E. B. 200.) H. hyemalis, Wild
black hellebore, Bearsfoot.
Fl. light green. April. Perennial. Woods, &c., in chalky soil.
Qualities the same as black hellebore.
Hepatica. (De Cand. i. 22.)
**Hepatica TRILOBA. (Willd.) (Bot. Mag., 10.) Aiiemone hepatica.
(Linn.) Hepatica nobilis, Trifolium. aureum, Hepatica, Liverwort.
Fl. purple or pink. March. Perennial. Native of the south of
Europe.
Aperitive, vulnerary, useful in diabetes and dysentery ; leaves
detergent ; infusion taken ad libitum.
Hydrastis. (De Cand. i. 23.)
Hydrastis Canadensis. (Linn.) United States and Canada.
Root, Canada yellow root. Bitter, used for calumba ; gives out a
most beautiful yellow colour.
Knowltonia, (De Cand. i. 23.)
Knowltonia vesicatoria. (Sims.) Cape of Good Hope.
Used as a vesicatory.
Myosurus. (De Cand. i. 25.)
*Myosurus minimus. (Linn.) (E. B. t. 435.) Mouse-tail.
Fl. yellow. June. Annual. Corn-fields, &c.
Astringent, roots bitter.
Nigella. (De Cand. i. 48.)
NiGELLA sativa. (Linn.) Fennel fiower, Devil in a bttsh, Gith,
Nigella.
Nigella arvensis. (Linn.) Melanthium sylvestre. (J. Bauh.)
Nigella indica. South of Europe, &c.
Seeds acrid, oily, attenuant, opening ; used as a spice.
P^ONiA. (De Cand. i. 65.)
**P^ONiA OFFICINALIS. (Retz.) (Bot. Mag. t. 1784.) Peony.
Fl. crimson, generally double. June. Perennial. Native of the
south of Europe.
Roots and seeds anti-epileptic, emmenagogue. (G.) Seeds emetic
and cathartic; root believed to be antispasmodic. (O'Sh.)
VEGETABLES.— KANUNCDLACB^. 193
Ranunculus. (De Cand. i. 26.)
**Ranunculus ACONiTiFOLius. (Linn.) (Bot, Mag., 204.) Bachc'
lor^s buttons.
Fl. white. May, June, Perennial. Native of the Alps.
Herb used to cure intermitteuts, by being- applied to the wrists.
♦Ranunculus acris. (Linn.) (E. B. 652.) Buttercups, Upright
meadow crotcfoot.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. Meadows, &.c.
Very acrid. Root used, when dry, as a febrifuge in intermittents.
♦Ranunculus aquatilis. (Linn.) (E. B. 101.) Water crowfoot.
Fl. white. May, June. Perennial. Ditciies and rivers.
•Ranunculus arvensis. (Linn.) (H B. 135.) Corn crowfoot.
Fl. yellow. Annual, Corn-fields.
Very acrid and poisonous, but eaten by animals in some countries.
♦Ranunculus auricomus. (Linn.) (E. B, 624.) Wood crotvfoot.
Fl. yellow. April, May. Perennial. Woods and coppices.
Less acrid ; used while young as a potherb. By drying, most of the
ranunculi lose their acridness.
♦Ranunculus bulbosus, (Linn.) (E. B. 515.) Bulbous crowfoot,
Hound root crotvfoot.
Fl, yellow. May, Perennial. Meadows,
Very acrid : kills rats, but not sheep ; root used as a vesicatory ;
yields a nutritive faecula.
♦Ranunculus flammula. (Linn.) (E, B. 387.) Ranunculus
fiammeus minor. Lesser spearwort.
Fl. yellow. June, August. Perennial. Moist Places,
♦Ranunculus LINGUA. (Linn.) (E. B. 100.) R.flammeusrnapr,
Great spearwort.
Fl. large, yellow. July. Perennial, Marshes and ditches.
Very acrid, cauterise the skin, poisonous to man and horse.
Ranunculus glacialis, (Linn,) France and North of Europe.
Called by the mountaineers of Dauphiny Carline or Caraline ; the in-
fusion in hot water is employed by them as a powerful sudorific in
colds and rheumatism.
Ranunculus montanus. (Willd.) White-flowered croiofoot.
South of Europe.
Properties similar to those of R. aconitifolius.
♦Ranunculus REPEXs. (Linn.) (E. B. 516.) Creeping crowfoot.
Crowfoot.
Fl. yellow, June, October, Perennial, Pastures.
Herb, used as a potherb while young.
♦Ranunculus scELERATUs, (Linn.) (E. B, 681.) R. palustris,
Celery -leaved crowfoot, Marsh crowfoot.
Fl. yellow. June, Perennial. Ditches and sides of pools.
Very acrid and poisonous : sometimes eaten by animals.
o
194 VEGETABLES.—DiixENiACM.
Ranunculfs thoka. (Linn.) Thora, Alpine crowfoot. Alps of
Europe.
Root extremely acrid and poisonous ; the juice has been employed
to poison weapons with fatal effect.
Thalictrum. (De Cand. i. 11.)
Thamctrum ANGiJSTiFoi-ixjM. (Jacq.)
Thalictrum aquilegifolitim. (Linn.)
Root and herbs bitter, purgative, diuretic ; useful in old ulcers and
the jaundice.
*Thalictrfm flavum. (Linn.) (E. B. 367.) Pseudo rhabarba-
rum, Spanish meadow rue, Common meadow rue.
n. yellow. July. Perennial. Moist meadows. .
♦Thalictritm MAJUS. (Murr.) (E. B. 611.) English rhubarb ^
Greater meadow rue.
Fl. yellow. Perennial. Stony pastures in north of England.
Roots of both of these substituted for rhubarb ; a double dose re-
quired.
* Thalictrum MINUS. (Linn.) (E. B. 11.) Lesser meadow rue.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. Stony pastures.
Qualities similar to those of T. angustifolium.
Trollius. (De Cand. i. 45.)
*Trollius Europ^us. (Linn.) (E. B. 28.) Ranunculus globosus.
(J. Bauh.) Ranunculus montanus. (C. Bauh.) Globe crowfoot j
Locker gowans, Mountain globe flower.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. Moist mountain pastures.
Trollius Asiaticus. (Linn.) Europe and Siberia.
Very acrid ; must be used with caution.
Zanthorhiza. (De Cand. i. 65.)
Zanthorhiza apiifolia. (L'Her.) Southern parts of United States.
Root, Yellow root. Zanthorhiza, P. U. S., extremely bitter ; bitter-
ness very permanent ; makes a yellow lake. (G.) A valuable tonic
medicine. (O'Sh.)
Order 2. DILLENIACE^E. (De Cand. i. 67.)
Parts of the flowers disposed in fives, sepals five, persistent, two exterior, three in-
terior ; petals five, deciduous, in a single row, hypogynous ; stamens numerous, arising
from a torus ; filaments thread shaped, dilated either at the base or apex ; anthers ad-
nate, usually bursting longitudinally, always turned inwai'ds ; carpels from two to five,,
either distinct, or cohering together, with a terminate style, and simple stigma, either
baccate or two-valved ; seeds fixed in a double row to inner edge of carpels, either many
or only two, sometimes solitary by abortion, surrounded by a pulpy aril ; testa hard ;
emhrijo minute, lying in the base of solid fleshy albumen. Trees or shrubs with alter-
nate leaves, rarely opposite, and solitary flowers in terminal racemes, or panicles, often
yellow.
CuRATELLA. (De Cand. i. 70.)
CcRATELLA Cambaiba. (Lindl.) Cambaiba. Brazil.
VEGETABLES.— MAGNOLiACEiE. 195
Astringent ; decoction used in Brazil as an application to wounds.
* Davilla. (De Cand. i. 69.)
Davilla Brasiliana. (D. C.) Davila rugosa. (Poir.) Cipo
dicarijo, Cambalbinha, Cipo de cahoclo. Forests of Brazil.
Astringent ; decoction used in Brazil in swellings of the legp and
testicles.
Davilla eluptica. (Lindl.) Cambaibinha. Brazil.
Astringent.
Dillenia. (De Cand. i. 75.)
DiLLENiA SPECiosA. (Thunb.) Malabar, Celebes.
Dillenia elliptica. (Thunb.) Malabar, Celebes.
Fruits used to acidulate cooling drinks.
Order 3. MAGNOLIACE^. (De Cand. i. 77.)
The parts of the flowers disposed in threes. Sepals 3 — 6, deciduous ; petals 3 — 27,
in many rows, hypogynous ; stamens numerous, free, inserted on the tonis beneath the
ovaries ; anthers adnate, long ; ovaries numerous, simple, arranged upon the torus
above the stamens, generally in a spike; stijles short; stigmas simple; carpels equal
in number to the ovaries, one -celled, one or many seeded, either dehiscent, or inde-
hiscent, in some follicular or subcarnose, in others samariform, aggregate, or partially
united into a loose or dense strobilus ; seeds solitary, or many, attached to the inner
edge of the carpels ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute, at base of albumeni Fine trees
or shrubs, with alternate leaves ; flowers large, handsome, often strongly odoriferous.
The bark of these trees is bitter, astringent or aromatic.
Drimys. (De Cand. i. 78.)
Drimys granatensis. (Linn.) South America.
Drimys MAGNOLiiEFOLiA, and two other species not well known.
America.
Bark, slightly bitter, very acrid, heating and aromatic.
Drimys winteri. (Forst.) Winterana aromatica. (Soland.)
Winter a aromatica. (Murr.) America.
Bark, cortex Winteranus, Winter s cinnamon, Winter's bark ; thick,
channelled across on the outside, grey ; much cracked on the inside,
solid, iron grey ; sharp tasted, aromatic, very fragrant ; used in scurvy,
vomiting, and palsy. Rare at present, being not in such esteem as
Canella alba.
Illicium. (De Cand. i. 77.)
Ilucium anisatum, (Linn.) Anisum stellatum, Star anise. China.
Fruit, fine scented, stomachic, make excellent liqueurs ; also burned
as incense ; yield an essential oil, Oleum badiani, which resembles the
common oil of anise, but remains fluid at a lower temperature.
Illicium Floridanum. (Ellis.) Country north of the Gulf of
Mexico.
Bark and leaves aromatic and spicy ; the effects are similar to those
of other aromatic barks.
o 2
196 VEGETABLES.— ANON ACE^.
LiRiODENDRON. (De Cand. i. 82.)
**LlRiODENDRox TuLiPiFERA. (Linn.) (Bot. Mag., 275.) Tulip
tree. Fl. yellow. June. Large tree ; native of North America.
Root and bark smell like essence of bergamot, and are used to flavour
liqueurs ; bark of the root {Liriodendron, F. U. S.) used in fevers ;
contains a bitter principle without tannin or gallic acid.
Magnolia. (De Cand. i. 79.)
Magnolia acuminata. (Linn.) M. auriculata. (Lamb.) INI.
Glauca. (Linn.) M. grandifloua. (Linn.) M. tripetala. (Lamb.)
Umbrella. (D. C.) America.
The barks of the above species are febrifuge, used for the Peruvian ;
flowers strongly scented, causing nausea, headache, and even fever.
Magnolia yulan. (Desf.) Magnolia precia, Tsin-y, Yu-la/r
China.
Seeds bitter, febrifuge ; flowers used in perfumery.
Michelia. (De Cand. i. 79.)
MiCHELiA CHAMPACA. (Linn.) M. suaveolcfis, Champac. India.
Flowers used in perfumery. (G.) Bark bitter and aromatic ; has
similar qualities to those of Magnolia acuminata. (O'Sh.)
Talauma. (De Cand. i. 81.)
Talauma plumieri. (Swart.) Anona dodecapetala, Magnolia
plumieri, Elephant wood. West Indies.
Flowers distilled with spirit to make a spirituous liquor.
Order 4.— ANONACE./E. (De Cand. i. 83.)
Sepals 3 — 4, persistent, usually partially cohering ; petals 6, hypogynoiis, arranged
in two rows, sometimes united in a monopetalous corolla ; stamens numerous, packed
closely together, covering a large hypogynous torus ; filaments very short ; anthers adnate,
turned outwards, with an enlarged four-cornered connective, sometimes nectariferous;
ovaries usually numerous, closely packed, separate, or cohering; sti/les short, stigmas
simple ; carpels either succulent or dry, one or many seeded, distinct, or concrete into
a fleshy mass ; seeds attached to the sutures in one or two rows, sometimes furnished
•with an aril ; testa brittle ; embryo minute, in the base of hard fleshy albumen. Trees
or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves ; flowers usually green or brown.
Anona. (De Cand. i. 83.)
• Anona muricata. (Linn.) Sour sop. West Indies.
Root in decoction used against fish poison ; fruit eatable ; inner
bark made into bast.
Anona palustris. (Linn.) Alligator apple, Water apple.
Anona reticulata. (Liim.) Nettle custard apple.
Anona squamosa. (Linn.) Sioeet sop. West Indies.
Fruit esculent ; imported from the West Indies ; preserved in .syrup.
VEG ETABLES.— MENisPERMACE^. 197
AsiMiNA. (De Cand. i. 87.)
AsiMiNA TRILOBA. (Dunal.) North America.
Fruit fleshy ; juice very acid.
GuATTERiA. (De Cand. i. 93.)
GuATTERiA viRGATA. (Dunal.) Cavavga virgata, and some other
species. Jamaica.
Fruits aromatic, very heating.
MoLLiNEDiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 314.)
MOLLINEDIA REPANDA.
Fruits yield a purple colour.
MOLLINEDIA OVATA.
Fruit yields a violet colour.
MoNODORA. (De Cand. i. 87. Lindl. 28.)
MoNODORA MYRiSTicA. (Dunal.) Anona myristica, American
nutmeg. Jamaica, Africa.
Qualities similar to those of the nutmeg, but less pungent.
PoRCELiA. (De Cand. i. 88.)
PoRCELiA NiTiDiFOLiA. (Ruiz et Pav.) Peru.
Fruit grateful, leaves yield a yellow colour.
Unona. (De Cand. i. 88.)
Unona ^THiopiCA. (Dunal.) Habzelia (Bthiopica, Uvaria cEthio-
ptca. Sierra Leone.
Capsules, Piper cethiopicum, Ethiopian pepper, Grains de zelimf
Monkey pepper ^ very aromatic.
Unona aromatica. (Dunal.) Habzelia aromatica. Guiana.
Fruit pungent, aromatic ; employed by the blacks in the place of
spice.
Unona discreta ? (Linn.)
Fruit aromatic.
Unona tripetala. (D. C.) Uvaria tripetaloidea. Amboyna.
Yields a gum by incision.
Unona xylopioides. (Dunal.) Uvaria febrifuga, Xylopia longi-
folia. Banks of the Orinoco.
Bark febrifuge, said to be superior to Peruvian bark. The fruit is
found a valuable febrifuge on the Orinoco.
Xylopia. (De Cand. i. 92.)
Xylopia glabra. (Linn.) Bitterwood. Barbadoes and Jamaica.
Wood, bark, berries, warm and bitter.
Order 5.— MENISPERMACE^.
Flowers sometimes unisexual, very often dioecious, and very small. Sepals and
petals confounded in one or more rows, each of which is composed of either three or
four parts, hypogynous, deciduous; stamens monadelphous, occasionally distinct.
198 VEGETABLES.— MENisPERMACE^.
sometimes opposite the inner sepals, and equal to them in number, sometimes three or
four times as many ; anthers adnate, turned outwards ; ovaries sometimes numerous,
each with one style, sometimes cohering, and forming a many-celled body, occasionally
by abortion, celled; drupes generally berried; one-seeded, oblique, or lunate, com-
pressed; seed oi the same shape as the fruit; alhumenY^rj sraaW; embryo curved, or
turned in the direction of the circumference ; cotyledons flat. Shrubs, with a flexible
tough tissue, and sarmentaceoufe habit, with alternate, simple, rarely-divided leaves ; and
small, and usually racemose _/?OM;(?rs.
Abuta. (De Cand, i. 103.)
Abut A candicans. (Richard.) Liane amere.
Abuta amara. Bitter pareira. Cayenne.
Roots bitter.
Abuta rufescens. (Aubl.) Menispermum abuta. Brown Pa-
reira hrava. Cayenne and Guayana.
Same qualities as Cissampelos pareira.
Cissampelos. (De Cand. i. 100.)
Cissampelos Caapeba. (Linn.) Liane a glacer Veau, Timac.
West Indies.
A very powerful diuretic, in use among the negroes in Martinique
against bites of serpents.
Cissampelos glaberrima. (Aug. de St. H.) Brazilian Pareira.
Cissampelos ovalifolia. (D. C.) Orilha de onga. Brazil.
Bitter ; roots employed in Brazil in decoction as a cure for inter-
mittent fever.
Cissampelos Pareira. (Lamb.) White Pareira hrava, Velvet
leaf. West Indies, &c.
Trunk and root diuretic, very useful in obstructions, dropsy, or
gravelly complaints. This is the true Pareira hrava. (De Cand.)
CoccuLus. (De Cand. i. 96.)
CoccuLUs ACUMiNATUs. (D. C.) Menispermum acuminatum,
(Lamb.) Coromandel and Brazil.
Employed as an antidote to the bites of snakes.
CoccuLUS cebatha. (D. C.) Menispermum edule, Cahatha.
Arabia.
Berry esculent, but acrid, producing an intoxicating liquor by fer-
mentation.
CoccuLus PALMATUS. (D. C.) Menispermum palmatum. (Lamb.)
Jateorrhiza pqlmata. (Miers.) Kalumha, Mozambique.
Root. CalumhcB radix, Calumha or Colombo root. Bitter,
aromatic, stomachic, anti-emetic, astringent; dose 3ss. frequently in a
day ; in transverse slices, one or two inches in diameter, and not half an
inch thick, covered with a bark ; imported from Mozambique in bags
or cases.
CoccuLUS bakis. (G. p.) C. Burmanni. (D. C.) C. Cordi-
FOLius. (D. C.) C. Crispus. (D. C.) (known by the name of
Funis felleus). C. Epibaterium. (D. C.) C. Fibraurea. (D. C.)
VEGETABLES.— BERBERiDE^. 199
•C. PLATTPHYiJLUS. C. PELTATUS. Also Contain a bitter principle,
and are used by the inhabitants of the East Indies, Africa, and South
America, for the cure of intermittent fevers, liver complaints, and
urinary affections.
CocctJLUs suBEROSus. (D. C.) Anamirta coccnlus. (Willd.)
Jfenispermum cocculus. (Linn.) Cocculus indicus. Malabar,
Indian Archipelago.
Capsules acrid, used to intoxicate fisli, and to destroy vermin ; also,
by brewers, to give a false strength to beer. Poisonous to all animals,
and generally to vegetables also.
Lardizabajla. (De Cand. i. 95.)
Lardizabala biternata. (Ruiz et Pav.) Chili.
Berry esculent.
Menispermum. (De Cand. i. 102.)
Menispermum fenestratum. (Gaertn.) Coscinium fenestratum.
^Colebr.) Cissampilos convolvulacecc. (Moon's Cat.) Pareira medica.
(Lindl.) Woniwol, Wennewelle, Venivel, or Bangwellzelta. Ceylon.
Infusion of the root used by the Cingalese as a stomachic and anthel-
mintic. It has been imported into London in pieces of from twelve to
eighteen inches in length, and is known as Calumha wood. The wood
yields an inferior yellow dye. (Thwaites.) Transverse sections of tlie
wood somewhat resemble Calumba root in appearance ; and their
substitution for that substance having been attempted, they have been
called False Calumha root. The colouring matter of the wood consists
principally of J3eeberme.
Menispermum lacunosum.
Fruit used to intoxicate fish.
Order 6.— BERBERIDEiE. (De Cand. i. 105.)
Sepals 3 — 4- — 6, oblong or oval, oft^-n somewhat coloured, arranged alternately in a
Jonble row, furnished externally with petaloid scales ; petals as many as the sepals,
nnd opposite to them, or in a few instances double the number, hypogynous, and gene-
rally with a glandular scale at the base ; stamens as many as the petals, and opposite to
them ; filaments short ; anthers oblong, adnate, bilocular, the cells dehiscing from base
to apex by a subelastic valve; ovary by abortion solitary, ovate, suboblique, one-celled;
style subiateral, veiy short, crowned with a suborbicular stigma ; fruit baccate or cap-
sular ; seeds 1 — 3, ovate or globose, attached to the base of the lateral placenta ; albumen
fleshy, or subcorneous ; embryo straight ; radicle swollen at the point ; cotyledons flat.
Shrubs or herbaceous perennial plants, for the most part smooth wiUi alternate, compound,
usually exstipulate leaves.
Berberis. (De Cand. i. 105.)
Berberis lycium, (L.) Mountains in North India.
In India, an extract prepared by digesting in water sliced pieces of
the root and stem branches of this and other species of barberry, is
■called Rusot, and is used advantageously in cases of ophthalmia. Dr.
Royle has seen it particularly useful when the acute symptoms have
200 VEGETABLES.— PODOPHYLLACEJE.
subsided ; and others say, that it is perhaps the best application in
ophthalmia ever employed. (L.)
The other species employed for making rusot are B. akistata
(D. C.) and B. kunawubensis. (O'Sh.)
*Beubkuis vulgaris. (Linn.) (E. B. 49.) Berberis dumetorum.
(C. Bauh.) Oxycantha Galeni. (Tabern.) B. oxycantha. Common
Barberry.
n. Yellow. June. Perennial. Woods and hedges.
Berries, barberries, pipperidges, very acid, incisive ; astringent,
hepatic ; bark useful in jaundice as an aperitive ; root very bitter ;
root, wood, and bark give wool a yellow colour, destructible by air and
soap. (G.) A refreshing drink prepared by crushing the fruit in
water is considered serviceable in fevers. (L.)
Epimedium. (De Cand. i. 110.)
*Epimedium Alpinum. (Linn.) (E. B. 438.) Alpine barren wort.
ri. purplish. May. Perenial. North of England.
Koots and leaves astringent.
Leontice. (De Cand. i. 109.)
Leontice Chrysogonum. (Linn.) Chrysogonum, Red turnip.
Greece.
Leontice Leontopetalum. (Linn. Leontapetalon, Black turnip.
South of Europe.
Roots stomachic.
Order?. PODOPHYLLACE.E. (De Cand. i. 111.)
Sepals ?j — 4, deciduous, oi* persistent ; petals in two or tliree rows, each of which is
equal in number to the sepals; stamens hypogynons, 12 — 18, arranged in two, three,
or more rows; filaments filiform; anthers lineal, or oval, terminal, turned inwards,
bursting by a double longitudinal line ; torus not enlarged ; ovary solitary ; stif/ma
thick, nearly sessile, somewhat peltate ; fruit succulent or capsular, one-celled ; seeds
iadefinite, attached to a lateral placenta, sometimes having an aril ; embryo small, at
the base of the fleshy albumen. Herbaceous plants, with broad-lobed leaves, and radical
solitary, white _^otoers.
Jeffersonia. (De Cand. i. 111.)
Jepfersonia diphylla. (Pers.) North America.
Root purgative.
Podophyllum. (De Cand. i. 111.)
Podophyllum peltatum. (Linn.) May-apple, 3Iandrake in
North America. United States.
Root, Podophyllum, P. U. S., purgative, a very valuable, sure, and
active cathartic ; it is administered in fine powder. The leaves are
poisonous, and the whole plant narcotic.
Order 8.— NYMPHiEACE^. (De Cand. i. 113.)
Torus of the flower expanded into a cup, which encloses the ovaries, and is crowned
by the stigmas ; sepals 4 — 6, coloured, persistent, inserted on the torus ; petals oblong.
VEGETABLES.— PAPAVEBACM. 201
flat, in many rows, each row consisting of as many petals as there are sepals ; stamens
numerous, in many rows, inserted a little above the petals on the torus ; filaments flat ;
anthers adnate, introrse, linear, bilocular, longitudinally birimose ; carpels 8 — 24, en-
closed within the torus, membraneous, without valves, many-seeded ; stvjmas connate at
the base, free at the apex, radiating over the urceolate torus ; seeds numerous, inversely
ovate, globose, surrounded by a follicular arillus, and attached to the parietes of the
carpels ; embryo at the base of a farinaceous albumen, small, turbinate, globose, en-
closed in a separate membraneous bag, and hence it appears to be monocotyledonous,
but upon opening the bag two foliacoous cotyledons are exposed. Aquatic herbs, with
round, repent, horizontal stems ; leaves peltate, or cordate, fleshy, floating ; jiowers
solitary and radical, with long peduncles.
EuRiALE. (De Cand. i. 114.)
Edriale ferox. (Salisb.) A?ieslia spinosa. Calcutta.
Seeds farinaceous, much eaten by the natives when roasted, or
rather baked. The Hindoo physicians consider them possessed of
powerful medicinal virtues, such as restraining seminal gleets, invigo-
rating the system, &c. (L.)
Nelumbium, (De Cand, i. 113.
Nelumbium speciosum. (Willd.) Faha jEgyptiaca, Nympha;a ne-
lumbo, Egyptian bean, Jamaica xoater lily. AVarm parts of Asia, &c.
Root used as food ; liquor that runs out of the foot-stalk wlien cut
used in looseness and vomiting ; also diuretic and cooling ; seeds nu-
tritive ; bark is said to form Chinese rice-paper ; others ascribe it to
Artocarpus jaca.
NuPHAR. (De Cand. i. 1 16.)
*NuPHAR LUTEA. (Smith.) fE. B. 159.) Nymph(Ea lutea, (Linn,)
Nenuphar lutea, (Haynes.) Yelloiv xvater lily.
Fl. yellow. July. Perennial. Lakes and still waters.
Root stock slightly poisonous ; beetles and cockroaches are said to
be killed by its infusion in milk ; it has been reputed sedative and
anti-aphrodisiac (L.) ; it is also astringent, and contains a quantity of
fecula. (G.)
Nymph^a. (De Cand. i. 114.)
♦Nymph^a alba. (Linn.) (E. B. 160.) White water lily
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Lakes and still waters.
Root, astringent, refrigerant ; a weak infusion useful in leprosy,
dose a pint, night and morning ; it is also styptic, and slightly nar-
cotic ; has been prescribed in dysentery , and is occasionally chewed by
singers to relieve the relaxation of the uvula.
Nymph^a odorata. (Ait.) United States.
Stems extremely astringent, sometimes used in the composition of
poultices, answering a purpose similar to that of lead poultices and
alum curd. (L.)
Order 9.— PAPAVERACE^. (De Cand. i. 117.)
Sepals two, deciduous ; petals, hypogynous, regular, often four, disposed in a cruciate
manner ; stamens hypogynous, some multiple of four, combined in parcels ; anthers
bilocular, innate, opening by a double furrow; ovary free, consisting either of a few
carpels (2, 8), or of many (10 — 12), oflen surrounded by a membraneous production
of the thalamus; style none, or short; sti(jmas radiating; c«/W(/fc ovate, or elongated
and pod-shaped, the carpels being connected by thi.'ir seminiferous margins; seeds
202 VEGETABLES.— PAPAVERACEiE.
numerous; albumen hetween fleshy and oilv; embryo straight, minute at the base of
the albumen; cotyledons plano-convex. Herbaceous plants, or shrubs, with a milky
juice, and alternate, more or less divided leaves; peduncles long, one-flowered; flowers
never blue.
Argemone. (De Cand. i. 120.)
Argemone Mexicana. (Linn.) Jamaica yellaiv thistle. North
America, West Indies.
Juice and leaves used in ophthalmia ; seeds emetic, yield an oil.
(G.) Called Figo del inferno by the Spaniards, on account of the
powerful narcotic effects of the seeds, which are stronger than opium ;
an emulsion prepared from them acts first as an anodyne, and after-
wards as a purgative : these effects are denied by some, but in Nevis
the oil obtained from the seeds is used instead of castor-oil ; juice em-
ployed in India in chronic ophthalmia, and 'in primary syphilitic sores ;
infusion said to be diuretic, and to give relief in strangury produced by
blisters. (L.)
BoccONiA. (De Cand. i. 121.)
BoccoNiA frutescens. (Linn.) Mexico.
Root red, used in dyeing.
Chelidonium. (De Cand. i. 122.)
*Chelidonium MA jus. (Mill.) (E, B. 1581.) Common celan-
dine, Great celandine.
Fl. yellow. May, June. Perennial. Waste places near towns.
Root detersive, acrid, purgative ; herb ophthalmic. (G.) Juice a
violent acrid poison ; it has been regarded, medicinally, as stimulating,
aperient, diuretic, and sudorific ; it was also considered a powerful de-
obstruent. It is a popular remedy for warts, and has been employed
successfully in opacities of the cornea. (L.)
Glaucium. (De Cand. i. 122.)
*Glaucium fjlavum. (Crantz.) (E. B. 8.) Yellow-horned poppy,
Chelidonium glaucum.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Biennial. Sandy sea-shores.
Properties of the seeds and juice analogous to those of Argemone
Mexicana. (G.) Juice used in veterinary practice ; two drachms of
the seed in a pint of water make a good emetic. (O'Sh.)
Hypecoum. (De Cand. 123.)
Hypecoum pendulum. (Linn.) Cuminum soliquosum, Codded
wild cumin. South of Europe.
Hypecoum PROCUMBENS. (Linn.) Hypecoon, Horned wild cumin.
South of Europe.
Narcotic, yield Cumin opium.
Meconopsis. (De Cand. i. 120.)
Meconopsis aculeata. (O'Sh.) Nepaul.
Roots reputed to be exceedingly narcotic ; but an alcoholic extract of
one drachm of the root given to a small dog produced no perceptible
effect. (O'Sh.)
Pafaver. (De Cand. i. 117.)
*Papaver Argemone. (Linn.) (E. B. 643.) Argemone capitulo
longiori. (C. Bauh.) Papaver erraticum capile oblongo hispido,
(Buxb.) Long-headed bastard poppy, Long prickly-headed poppy.
VEGETABLES.— FUMARiACE^. 203
Fl. scarlet. June, Annual. Corn-fields,
Leaves used outwardly in inflammations ; the yellow expressed juice
takes off' spots in the cornea.
*Papaver rhceas. (Linn.) (E. B. 645.) Papaver erraticum niajus.
(C. Bauh.) P. rubrum, Rhceas, Common red poppy, Corn rose.
Fl. scarlet, June, July. Annual. Corn-fields.
Petals, rhoeadas petala, pectoral, slightly anodyne, used also as a
red colouring ingredient in medicines. (G.) The beautiful red petals
are employed in the preparation of the Syrupus rhceados of the Phar-
macopoeia, useful merely as a colouring matter ; the plant is not known
to be narcotic. (Pereira.)
♦Papaver somniferum. (Linn.) (E. B. 2145.) Papaver offici-
nale. (Gmel.) P. hortense. (C. Bauh.) While poppy.
Fl. white. July. Annual. Originally from Asia, but now often
cultivated in, and spontaneously growing by, the sides of fields.
There are two varieties of this plant,
a. Nigrum, with black seeds.
/3, Album, with white seeds.
Seeds, maw seed, put into cakes, used in emulsions, better tasted
than almonds, yield oil ; capsules without the seed. Poppy-heads, Pa-
paveris capsulcB, used in anodyne fomentations, yield by incision the
best opium, and by expression a coarser sort ; cultivated by the Lin-
colnshire cottagers for the purpose of distilling a narcotic water from
the flowers, (G.) From the wounded half-ripe capsules flows a juice
which concretes into opium, tlie well-known powerful narcotic drug ;
from the dried capsule, the decoction, syrup, and extract of poppies,
are prepared. Dr. Pereira justly observes, that these capsules, or
" heads," would be more active, if gathered before ripeness ; when full-
grown, and just when the first change of colour is perceptible, should
be the best time to collect them ; the seeds are not narcotic, but yield
a bland oil, similar to that obtained from olives ; they are given to
birds as food.
Sanguinakia. (De Cand. i. 121.)
Sanguinaria Canadensis. (Linn.) Blood root, Puccoon, Red
root. North America.
Juice blood red, used in dyeing ; fruit narcotic ; root Sanguinaria,
P. U. S., emetic, purgative, (G.) An acrid narcotic ; in small doses
it lowers the pulse, in smaller still it has some reputation as a tonic
stimulant ; powder of root acts violently as an emetic, is a useful escha-
rotic in cases of soft polypi, has been recommended in typhoid pneu-
monia, phthisis, croup, hydrothorax, jaundice, &c. (L.)
Order 10.— FUMARIACEiE. (De Cand. i. 125.)
Calyx of two small membranaceous and deciduous sepals ; petals four, cruciate,
free, or united at the base, sometimes one free, and three united ; the two exterior
ones alternate with the sepals, and either one or both having a spur, or gibbosity, the
two anterior ones oblong, linear, with a callosity at the apex ; stamens with six fila-
ments, arranged in two phalanxes opposite to the external petals; anthers six, small,
204 VEGETABLES.— CRuciFER^.
the lateral ones of each phalanx are one-celled, the central two-celled ; there are, there-
fore, eight cells of the anthers, and, strictly speaking, there are but two anthers in each
phalanx ; ovary one, free ; style filiform ; stigma bilamellate, parallel to the interior
petals; fruit dry, in some a bivalved, polyspermous, dehiscing silique, with opposite
valves, having two persistent, nerviform placentas at the suture ; in some, the fruit is
two-seeded, and indehiscent, the valves being firmly united : in others, tlie fruit is
without A'alves, indehiscent, one-seeded by abortion ; seeJs ovato-globose, shining, with
an arillus, or caruncle, horizontally attached to the lateral placenta ; albumen fleshy ;
embryo basilar ; cotyledons oblong. Herbaceous plants, with brittle stems, and a watery
juice ; leaves usually multiplied, alternate, often with tendrils ; flowers purple, white, or
yellow ; inflorescence racemose.
CoRYDALis. (De Cand. i. 126.)
♦CoRYDALis BULBosA. (D. C-) (E. B. 1471.) Fumariu hulhosa,
(Linn.,) Fumaria cava, (Hoffm.,) Bulbous-rooted fumitory. Solid-
rooted corydalis.
Fl. white or reddish. April, May. Perennial. Groves and thickets.
*CoRYDAiJS CAPNOiDES. (Pers.) (E. B. 588.) Fumaria lutea,
Yellow corydalis, Yellow fumitory.
Fl. yellow. May. Perennial. Old walls.
Very opening, refreshing ; of use in cutaneous disorders, boiled in
milk ; or their expressed juice taken daily, to 5i,j twice a-day ; infusion
removes freckles, and clears the skin ; dyes yellow.
Corydalis fabacea. (Pers.) Fumaria fabacea. (Linn.) Sweden'
Denmark.
CoRYDAXis TUBEROsA. (D. C.) Fumaria cava. Hedges in South
Europe.
Roots very bitter, rather acrid ; they are the Radix aristolochice of
the continental shops, which is principally employed as an external
application to indolent tumours.
Fumaria. (De Cand. i. 129.)
♦Fumaria officinalis. (Linn.) Commoti fumitory.
Fl. pink, blood-red at tips. June, September. Annual. Road-sides.
Herbage bitter, slightly diaphoretic and aperient; the juice was for-
merly administered in cutaneous diseases, and obstructions of the liver.
(L.)
Order 11.— CRUCIFER^. (De Cand. i. 131.)
Sepals four, cruciate, deciduous ; petals four, cruciate, alternate with the sepals ;
stamens six, of which two are shorter, and opposite the lateral petals, sometimes
toothed ; disk with various green glands ; ovary single ; sti/le one ; stigmas two ; fruit
a silique, or silicle, one-celled, one or many-seeded, often tipped with the style ; seeds
attached in a single row by a funiculus to each side of the placenta ; albumen none ;
embryo oily, with the radicle folded upon the cotyledons. Herbs, or shrubs, with
mostly alternate leaves; racemes opposite the leaves, or terminal, generally without
bracteffi.
Contain azote (nitrogen) in their composition, and therefore easily
putrify, and furnish volatile alkali by distillation ; they are generally
stimulant, but, when dried, lose their antiscorbutic quality ; seeds soon
lose their vitality, unless kept moist in a cool place ; these plants are
always the first to be attacked by insects, and soon destroyed by them,
when kept in a hortus siccus.
VEGETABLES.— CRUCiFER^. 205
Alyssum. (De Cand. i. 160.)
Altssum campestre. (Linn.) Alysson. Spain.
Seeds, with honey, take away freckles ; used in mania.
Allaria. (De Cand. i. 196.)
*Allaria OFFICINALIS. (Andrz.) (E. B. 796.) JErysimum allaria,
Jack by the hedge, Sauce alone.
Fl. white. May, June. Perennial. Hedges.
Antiscorbutic, used in coughs ; externally detersive ; seeds acrid,
lithontriptic.
Arabis. (De Cand. i. 142.)
*Arabis HiRSUTA. (Scop.) (E. B. 587.) Turritis hirsuta, Tower
mustard.
Fl. white. June. Biennial. Walls, rocks, and banks.
*Arabis turrita. (Linn.) (E. B. 178.) Bastard tower mus-
tard, Totoer-ioall cress.
Fl. white. May. Perennial. Walls at Oxford and Cambridge.
Juices kill worms, and cure the thrush.
Barbarea. (De Cand. i. 140.)
*Barbarea pr.^cox. (Brown.) (E. B. 1129.) Erysimum prcecox.
Early winter cress,
Fl. yellow. April, October. Waste places, Devonshire.
Herb acrid, used in scurvy, eaten in salads.
*Barbarea vulgaris. (Brown.) (p]. B. 443.) Erysimum bar-
barea. Bitter winter cress, Yellow rocket. Winter rocket.
Fl. yellow. May, August. Perennial. Pastures and hedges.
Antiscorbutic, used in coughs ; externally detersive ; seeds acrid,
lithontriptic.
Brassica. (De Cand. i. 213.)
*Brassica campestris. (Linn.) (E. B. 2234.) Wild navew.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Annual, biennial. Fields.
Several varieties of this plant are cultivated for different purposes,
these are —
a. Brassica campestris oleifera, Colsa de printems, Navette de
printems.
Seeds pressed for oil.
)8. Brassica pabtdaria.
Employed for sheep fodder.
y. Brassica nnpobrassica, Swedish turnip.
Used for food.
♦Brassica napus. (Linn.) (E. B. 2146.) Brassica napus oleifera,
Napus sylvestris, Cole, Rape, Colsa d^hiver, Navetta dHhiver.
Fl. yelloM'. May, June. Biennial. Fields.
Cultivated for an oil expressed from the seeds.
Brassica esculenta {variety). Napus dulcis, Navew, French
turnip.
Roots nourishing, containing a sweet juice, which is very pectoral,
and of great use in coughs, asthma, colds, and consumptions.
Brassica oleracea. (Linn.) (E. B. 637.) B. Sylvestris, Wild
cabbage.
Fl. yellow. May, June. Biennial. Fields, &c.
206 VEGETABLES.— CRDCIFERJE.
The principal cultivated varieties are —
S. Acephala, Curled kale.
y. Sullala, Savoy cabbage.
^. Capitata, Common lohite and red cabbage.
t. Caulorapa, Turnip-stemmed cabbage.
^. Botrytis.
a. Caulijlora, Caidiflower.
h. Asparagoides, Broccoli.
These, and others, form a copious source of aliment to man and
beast ; juice a good pectoral, discussive, diuretic, and opens the belly :
leaves vulnerary, opening.
Med cabbage, Brassica oleracea rubra. Leaves used to make a
test-liquor for acids and alkalies. Pickled red cabbage. The leaves
sliced, and preserved with vinegar and spices, used as a sauce.
Saur kraut, Brassica acidulata. Large white cabbages, cut into
thin horizontal slices, and placed in a barrel, Avith a layer of salt at the
top and bottom, and between each layer of cabbages. A board, with
some weight on it, is then put on the top, and it is kept in a cool place
for some weeks ; a kind of fermentation takes place, and vinegar is
formed ; some add juniper berries, coriander seeds, tops of anise, or
caraway seeds, to the salt, as a kind of spice. It may be dried in an
oven without any loss of its flavour.
*Brassica kapa. (Linn.) (E. B. 2176.) Wild turnip.
Fl. yellow. April, May. Biennial.
When cultivated, the root is nourishing.
Brassica rapa oleifera, Navette de dauphine is a variety cultivated
on account of the oil expressed from the seeds.
BuNiAs. (De Cand. i. 229.)
BuNTAS ERUCAGO. (Linn.) South of Europe.
Acrid, diuretic.
Cameuna. (De Cand. i. 201.)
*Camelina SATivA. (Crautz.) (E. B. 1254.) Myagrumsativnmf
Wild gold of pleasure.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Annual. Fields among flax.
Vermifuge ; seeds, Sesamum seeds, useful in palsy ; yield oil.
Capseixa. (De Cand. i. 177.)
*Cafsella bursa pastoris. (Monch.) (E. B. 1485.) Thlaspi
burso pastoris, Shepherd's purse.
Fl. white. Whole year. Annual. Very common.
Seeds acrid, detersive, astringent.
Cakile. (De Cand. i. 185.)
*Cakile MARiTiMA. (Scop.) (E. B. 231.) Bunias cakile, Purple
sea-rocket.
Fl. purple. June, August. Annual. Sandy sea-shores.
Antiscorbutic ; useful in the colic.
Cardamine. (De Cand. i. 149.)
*Cardamine PRATENSis. (Linn.) (E. B. 776.) Nasturtium pre-
VEGETABLES.— CKuciFER^. 207
tense, magneflore. (C. Bauh.) Flos cuculi. (Dod.) Cuckoo-flower,
Ladies-smock.
Fl. purple or violet. May. Perennial. Moist meadows.
Said to be stimulant, diaphoretic, and diuretic. The dried flowers
have been a popular remedy for epilepsy in children. (L.) Depura-
tive, and antiscorbutic ; used in obstructions and calculous cases.
Flowers, cardamines flores, antispasmodic, in doses of 3jj to 3ij twice
or thrice a day. Flowering tops, are still more successfully used in
epileptic fits. (G.) Recommended by Sir George Baker in cholera
and spasmodic asthma. (Pereira.)
Cheirantiius. (De Cand. i. 135.)
•Cheiranthiis cheiri. (Linn.) (E. B. 1934.) Cheiri, Leucojum
lutea, Commo7i ivall fioiver.
FI. yellow or dark brown. April, May. Perennial or biennial.
Walls.
Flowers cordial, emmenagogue ; used in palsy.
CocHLEARiA. (De Cand. i. 172.)
*CocHi.EARiA Anglica. (Linn.) (E. B. 552.) C. Britannica
mari?ia, English scurvy grass.
Fl. white. May, June. Annual. Sea-shores.
*CocHLEARiA Armoracia. (Linn.) (E. B. 2403.) Armoracia,
Saphanus rusticanus, (C. Bauh.) R. sylvestris, (J. Bauh.) Armoracia
Hivini, (Rupp.) Horse-radish.
Fl. white. May. Perennial. A doubtful native ; gardens.
Root Armoraci(B radix, powerfully antiscorbutic, antirheumatic,,
acrid ; taken, cut into small pieces, without chewing, cochl. j., every
morning ; incisive, used as a sauce. (G.) Root stimulant, diapho-
retic, and diuretic, and externally rubefacient ; it is used in paralysis,
rheumatism, dropsy, and some cutaneous affections ; a syrup made with
a concentrated infusion of it removes hoarseness arising from relaxa-
tion. (Thomson.) Steeped in cold milk, it is said to form one of
the best cosmetics. (Burnett.)
*Cochlearia officinalis. (Linn.) (E. B. 551.) C. hortensis,
C. Batava. (Blackw.) Common scurvy grass.
Fl. white. May, June. Annual. Muddy places near the sea.
These herbs abound in valuable principles, which are dissipated by
heat ; they are the most valuable of antiscorbutics, when eaten raw, or
only their juice, ^ to ^m] ; an excellent whey may be made from
them.
CoRONOPUS. (Senebiera, De Cand. i. 202.)
*CoRONOPUS RUELLi. (E. B. 1660.) Senebiera coronoptis (D. C),
Cochlear a coronopus, Sidneys cress, Wart cress.
Fl. white. June, September. Annual, biennial. "Waste ground.
Properties the same as those of Cochlearia officinalis.
Crambe. (De Cand. i. 225.)
*Crambe MARiTiMA. (Linn.) (E. B. 924.) Brassica marina
Anglica, Sea-cabbage, Sea-colewort, Sea-kale.
Fl. white. June. Perennial. Sandy sea-shores.
An excellent pot-herb when blanched.
208 VEGETABLES.— cRuciFER^.
Dentaria. (De Cand. i. 154.)
Dentaria diphylla. (Michx.) North America.
Dried roots used as mustard.
Dentaria heptaphylla.
Root astringent, attenuant.
Draba. (De Cand. i. 166.)
*Draba muralis. (Linn.) (E. B. 912.) Wall whitlow grass.
Fl. white. May. Annual. Limestone mountains and walls.
Opening, detersive ; seed, English pepper, hot, used for pepper.
EROPHII.A. (De Cand. i. 172.)
*Erophila vulgaris. (D. C.) (E. B. 586.) Drahaverna^ Paro-
nychia vulgaris, Whitlow grass.
Fl. white. March, May. Annual. Walls and dry banks.
Qualities the same as those of Draha muralis.
Eruca. (De Cand. i. 223.)
Eruca sativa. (Lamb.) Brassica eruca, Garden rocket. South
of Europe.
Antiscorbutic, diuretic, flatulent ; seeds acrid, stimulant, exciting the
stomach ; may be substituted for mustard, but are less pungent.
Erysimum. (De Cand. i. 196.)
♦Erysimum cheiranthoides. (Linn.) (E. B. 942.) Camelina,
Treacle mustard, Worm seed.
Fl. white. June. Annual. Fields, &c.
Herb, vermifuge, stomachic.
Hesperis. (De Cand. i. 188.)
*Hesperis matronalis. (Lamb.) (E. B. 731.) Darnels violet^
Rocket.
Fl. purple. June. Perennial. Hilly pastures.
Incisive ; used in dysury, strangury, and dyspnoea.
Iberis. (De Cand. i. 178.)
Iberis amara. (Linn.) (E. B. 52.) Bitter candytuft.
Fl. white. July. Annual. Chalky soil, rare.
Antiscorbutic ; may be eaten in salads.
IsATis. (De Cand. i, 210.)
*IsATis TiNCTORiA. (Linn.) Glastum, Isatis, Dyer's woad, Wood,
Fl. yellow. July. Perennial. Cultivated fields.
Desiccative, astringent ; used as a blue dye ; and indigo is said to have
been manufactm-ed from it. /. Lusitanica is also used in dyeing.
Lepidium. (De Cand. i. 203.)
*Lepidium campestre. (Brown.) (E. B. 1385.) Thlaspi cam-
pestre, Bastard cress, Mithridate mustard, Mithridate pepperwort.
Fl. white. July. Annual. Very common.
Seeds acrid, detersive, astringent ; cultivated as a salad.
Lepidium Iberis. (Linn.) Sciatica cress. South of Europe.
Made into a poultice with curd, used in sciatica.
*Lepidium EATiFOLiUM. (Linn.) (E.B.I 82.) Piperitis, Broad-
leaved pepperwort, Dittander.
VEGETABLES.— CRUciFERiE. 209
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Wet places near the sea.
Acrid, irritative, useful in sciatica ; infused in beer, facilitates deli-
very ; sialogogue.
**Lepidium sativum. (Linn.) Nasturtium hortense. (Dodon.)
Garden cress. Native of Asia.
Cultivated as a salad. Seeds opening, incisive, antiscorbutic. (G.)
Seed used in India by the native practitioners as a gentle stimulant.
Bruised and mixed with lime-juice, it is deemed useful for checking
local inflammation. Taken whole in half-drachm doses, it answers as
a gentle and warm aperient. (O'Sh.)
LuNARiA. (De Cand. i. 156.)
♦♦LuNARiA REDiviVA. (Linn.) Honesty, Moonwort, Satin flotoeV'
Fl. purple, fragrant. May, June. Perennial. South of Europe.
Roots detersive ; leaves diuretic ; seeds extremely acrid, used in
epilepsy.
Matiiiola. (De Cand. i. 132.)
♦Mathiola incana. (Brown.) (E. B. 1935.) Cheiranthus in-
canus, Leucctjum album, Stock gillijiower. Hoary shrubby stock.
Fl. purple,.red, white, or variegated. May, June. Biennial. Cliffs
near Hastings. Doubtful native.
Flowers used in inflammation, and to cleanse ulcers.
Nasturtium. (De Cand. i. 137.)
♦Nasturtium amphibium. (Brown.) (E. B. 1840.) Raphanus
aquaticus. Sisymbrium amphibium. Amphibious cress. Water radish.
Fl. yellow. June, August. Perennial. "Watery places.
'Acrid, used in scurvy, eaten in salads.
♦Nasturtium officinale. (Brown.) (E. B. 155.) Nasturtium
aquaticum, Sisymbrium aquaticum. Water cresses.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Brooks, &c., common.
Depurative and antiscorbutic, used in obstructions and calculous
cases.
Raphanus. (De Cand. i. 228.)
*Raphanus raphanistrum. (Linn.) (E. B. 856.) Jointed char-
lock, Wild mustard.
Fl. yellow, veined. June, July. Annual. Corn-fields.
**Raphanus sativus. (Linn.) R. hortensis, Common radish
Fl. white, with violet veins. July. Annual. Native of Asia.
The principal varieties cultivated are,
a. Rotundus. Root subglobose. White or red.
)8. Oblongus. Root oblong. White or red.
y. Niger. Root hard ; black ; oblong, rarely round.
Aperitive, diuretic, and excite the appetite ; seeds attenuant, pressed
for oil. (G.) They are said by Von Martius to be emetic. The
roots are diuretic and laxative ; the expressed juice is sometimes used
on the continent. (L.)
SiNAPis. (De Cand. i. 217.)
*Sinapis ALBA. (Limi.) (E. B. 1677.) White mustard.
Fl. yellow. July. Annual. Waste ground.
V
210 VEGETABLES.— CRuciFERiE.
Seeds ground for mustard, but not so stimulant. (G.) Seeds
powerfully acrid and pungent, employed in the state of flour in the
common table nmstard, and in their entire state as stimulating
cathartics ; ulceration of the intestines has, however, been produced
by the use of them, when they have been lodged in the vermiform
appendages of the caecum. (L.)
*SiNAPis ARVENSis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1748.) Eruca arvemis
vulgaris. (Rupp.) Irion. (Fuch.) Yellow charlock.
Fl. yellow. June. Annual. Waste ground.
Seeds detersive and digestive ; when given to birds instead of
rape, they heat and kill them ; ground for mustard, but of inferior
flavour.
SiNAPis CniNENSis. (Linn.) Chinese mustard. China.
Seeds considered by the Mahometan and Hindoo practitioners
stimulant, laxative, and stomachic. (L.)
*SiNAPis NIGRA. (Linn.) (E. B. 969.) Eruca rapi folio.
(Rupp.) Sinapi, Common mustard.
Fl. yellow. June, Annual. Waste ground.
Seeds, Sinapis semina, unbruised, coch. min. j. stimulant, and
generally laxative ; cure vernal agues ; farina of the seeds used as a
rubefacient, and as seasoning ; when mixed with water or vinegar,
has a bitter flavour, Avhich after some time goes off; hull of the seed
sold for ground-pepper, under the name of P. D., i.e., pepper dust,
and pressed for oil. (G.) Seeds acrid, stimulating, and bitter; the
oil is purgative, and has been proposed as a rubefacient in paralysis,
and as a vesicant ; the distilled water has been used in itch ; the flour
forms an useful local irritant in the form of a poultice. (L.)
Sinapis dichotorna, Sersoon.
Sinapis ramosa. JRaee.
Sinapis glauca, Sheta sersha. Toria.
Sinapis juncea. (Linn.) JBunga serson.
Seeds pressed for oil. (G.) Employed in India as mustard ; the
last three species extensively cultivated for their oil. (O'Sh.)
Sisymbrium (De Cand. i. 190.)
*SiSYMBRiuM iRio. (Linn.) (E. B. 1631.) Erysimum latifolium,
Broad-leaved hedge mustard, London rocket.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Annual. Waste places.
Herb used as a heating pot-herb.
♦Sisymbrium officinale. (Scop.) (E. B. 735.) Erysimum
officinale, Hedge mustard.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Annual. Waysides, common.
Antiscorbutic, used in coughs ; externally detersive ; seeds acrid,
lithon trip tic,
*SiSYMBRiuM Sophia. (Linn ) (E. B. 963.) Sophia chirurgorum,
Flixweed.
Fl. yellow. August. Annual. Waste places.
Vulnerary, astringent, detersive.
VEGETABLES.— cAPPARiDE^. 211
Teesdama. (De Cand. i. 178.)
♦Teesdalia iberis. (D. C.) (E. B.-327.) Bursa pastoris
minor, Iberis nudicaulis.
Teesdalia nudicaulis. (Brown.) Lesser shephercfs purse,
Naked-stalked teesdalia.
Fl. white. May, June. Annual. Battersea, common.
Antiscorbutic, may be eaten in salads.
Thlaspi. (De Cand. i. 175.)
*Thlaspi arvense. (Linn.) (E. B. 1659.) Mithridate mustard.
Penny cress, Treacle mustard.
Fl. white. June, July. Annual. Fields and road-sides, rare.
Seeds acrid, detersive, astringent.
Order 12.— CAPPARIDEtE. (De Cand. i. 237.)
Sepals 4, either nearly distinct, equal or unequal, or cohering in a tube, the limb
of which is variable in form ; petals 4, cruciate, usually unguiculate and unequal ;
stamens almost perigynous, very seldom tetradynamous, most frequently arranged in
some high multiple of a quarternary number, definite, or indefinite; c?ts^ hemispherical
or elongated after bearing glands ; ovary stalked ; sti/le none, or filiform; fruit either pod-
shaped and dehiscent, or baccate, one-celled, very rarely one-seeded, most frequently
with two polyspermous placenta; ; seeds generally reniform, without albumen, but with
the lining of the testa tumid, attached to the margin of the valves ; embryo incurved ;
cotyledons foliaceous, flattish. Herbaceous plants, shrubs, or even trees, without true
stipules, but sometimes with spines in their place ; leaves alternate, stalked, undivided,
or palmate; flowers in no particular arrangement,
Capparis. (De Cand. i. 245.)
Capparis cynophallopiiora. (Linn.) Caribbean Islands.
An infusion of the acrid root has been recommended as a specific in
dropsy.
Capparis pulcherrima. (Jacq.) Carhorescens. Carthagena.
A poisonous fruit, called Fruta de burro, is supposed to belong to
this or an allied species.
Capparis spinosa. (Linn.) Caper tree. South of Europe.
The young flower-buds are the pickled capers of the shops ; they
are esteemed antiscorbutic, stimulant, and aperient. (L.) Bark of
the root acerb, discussive, diuretic, splenic ; useful in gout. (G.)
Crat^eva. (De Cand. i. 243.)
Crat^va gynandra. (Linn.) Garlick pear. Jamaica.
Bark of root said to blister like cantharides.
CratjEva tapia. (Linn.) West Indies.
Bark bitter and tonic ; has been used in the cure of intermittent
fevers.
Polanisia. (De Cand. i. 242.)
PoLANisiA xcosANDRA. (Wight and Arm.) Cleome icosandra, and
dodecandra. (Linn.) C. viscosa. (Linn.) P. viscosa. (De Cand.)
Bastard mustard. East Indies.
Used in Cochin-China as a counter-irritant, in the same way as
sinapisms in Europe, and as a vesicant. The root used as a vermifuge
in the West Indies (Linn.) ; it is also employed as a sauce. (G.)
p 2
212 VEGETABLES.— BixiNE^.
Order 13.— FLACOURTIANEiE. (De Cand. i. 255.)
Sepals 4 — 7, definite, slightly cohering at base; petals equal to the sepals in number,
and alternating with them, seldom wanting; stamens hypogynous, either equal to the
petals in number, or some multiple of them, sometimes changed into nectariferous
scales; ovary roundish, distinct, sessile, or slightly stalked: style none, or filiform;
stiqmas as many as the valves of the ovary, more or less distinct; fruit one-celled,
either fleshy and indehiscent, or capsular, with four or five valves, the centre filled with
a thin pulp ; seeds few, thick, usually enveloped in a pellicle formed by the withered
pulp, attached to the surface of the valves in a branched manner, not in a line, as in
Violacea and Passifloracere ; albumen fleshy, rather oily; embryo straight in the axis,
with the radicle turned to the hilum, and therefore usually superior; cotyledons Aat,
foliaceous. Shrubs, or small trees, with alternate simple leaves, without stipules;
peduncles axillary, many-flowered.
Chaujlmoogra. (Roxb. fl. Ind. iii. 836.)
Chaulmoogra. odorata. Chaulmoogra. East Indies.
The seeds, beaten up with butter into a soft mass, and applied
thrice a day to the parts affected, are used extensively by the natives
of India in the cure of cutaneous diseases.
Flacourtia. (De Cand. i. 256.)
Fjoacourtia cataphraota. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Small leaves and shoots used in India as gentle astringents, in the
dose of half a drachm in powder. An infusion of the bark in cold
water is also employed as a remedy in hoarseness. (O'Sh.)
Flacourtia sepiaria. (Roxb.) Courou moelli. East Indies.
Fruit delicious, eatable ; a decoction of the bark in oil used against
gout ; a decoction of the leaves and root in cow's milk used as an
antidote against the bite of serpents.
The fruits of F. ramontschi, and F. sapida, are also eaten.
Hydnocarpus. (De Cand. i. 257. Hydrocarpus. Lindl.)
Hydnocarpus inebrians. (Vahl.) H. venenata. Ceylon.
Bears a poisonous fruit, which, when eaten, occasions giddiness and
dangerous intoxication.
Stigmarota. (De Cand. i. 257.)
Stigmarota Jangomas. (Jjomt.) Spina spinarum,Jangomas. Java.
Fruit eaten.
Order 14.— BIXINE^. (De Cand. i. 259.)
Sepals 4 — 7, either distinct, or cohering at the base, with an imbricated {estiva-
tion ; petals five, like the sepals, or wanting ; stamens indefinite, distinct, inserted
upon a receptacle at the base of the calyx ; anthers two-celled ; ovary superior, sessile,
one-celled ; ovules proceeding from four to seven parietal placentae ; style single, or in
two or four divisions; fruit capsular, or berried, one-celled, many-seeded; seeds
attached to parietal placenta, or enveloped in pulp; albumen either fleshy, or very
thin ; embryo included, either straightish, or curved ; cotyledons leafy ; radicle point-
ing to the hilum. Trees, or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves; peduncles axiliaiy,
one or many flowered, with bracts.
BlXA.
BiXA Orellana. (Linn.) Onotho incolarum. (Kunth.) Orleana.
(Pluk.) Uruku. (Sloan.) Annotto, or arnotto plant. Tropical parts
of America.
The seeds are covered with an orange red waxen pulp, or pellicle,
VEGETABLES.— vioLARM. 213
which substance is the annotto or arnotto of the shops ; it is chiefly
used for colouriug- cheese, and in the preparation of chocolate ; but
was formerly reckoned an antidote to the poison of the Manioc, or
Janipha manihot.
Order 15.— CISTINE^. (De Cand. i. 263.)
Sepals five, pereistent, continuous, with the pedicle generally unequal, two esteiior
being smaller than the others, and sometimes evanescent, three interior contorted in
a'stivatlon ; petals five, hypogynous, (aducous, equal, contorted in aestivation, but in
a direction opposite to that of the sepals ; stamens indefinite, few or many, hypogynous,
erect; filaments free; ant/iers ovate, bilocular, birimose, innate; ovary free; style
one, filiform; stvjmM simple; capsule of 3 — 5, (seldom 10,) valves; in some having
in their centre a placentary longitudinal nerve, and then the capsule is one-celled ; in
others the middle nerve projects internally, forming a more or less perfect septum, and
then the capsule is completely or incompletely multilocular ; the seeds are therefore
either parietal, or adnate to the septum, numerous, and small ; albumen farinose ; em-
bryo spiral or curved, within the albumen. Shrubs, or herbs, having simple, entire, or
subdental opposite leaves and racemose inflorescence.
The plants of this order are astringent and pectoral.
CiSTUs. (De Cand. i. 263.)
CiSTus Cketicus. (Linn.) Cistus tauricus. (Presl.) Ladanum
Creticum. (P. Alpin.) Crete, Syria.
The gum resin Ladanum is produced principally by this species ;
esteemed as a stimulant and emmenagogue ; it has also been recom-
mended in chronic catarrh.
Cistus ladaniferus. (Linn.) C. Lauuefolius. (Linn.) ; and
C. Ledon. (Lamb.) Natives of the South of France and Spain, are
also said to yield the same substance. (L.) The inferior sort. (Gray.)
Cistus incanus. (Linn.) Spain.
The parasitic plant Hypocistus^ Cytinus hypocistus, grows chiefly
upon this plant.
Cistus salvifolius. (Linn.) C. fcemina, Female holly rose.
South of France.
Cistus viLLOsus. (Lamb.) C. mas., Male holly rose. Spain.
Leaves and flowers astringent.
Helianthemum. (De Cand. i. 266.)
Helianthemum fumana. (Mill.) Cistus fumana. France.
*IIelianthemum GUTTATUM. (Mill.) (E. B. 544.) Cistus guttatuSf
Spotted annual rock rose.
Fl. yellow, spotted at the base. June, July. Annual. Jersey.
*liELiANTHEMUM vuLGARE. (Gaertu.) (E. B. 1321.) Cistus
helianthemum, Helianthemum anglicum luteum, Dwarf cistus, Little
suiifloicer.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. Dry pastures.
These and the other species are astringent.
Order 16.— VIOLARE^. (De Cand. i. 287.)
Calyx of five persistent sejjals, usually elongated at the base ; petals five, alternate
with the sepals, hypogynous, equal or unequal, lower one spurred, or cuculate ;
stamens five, alternate with the petals, inserted on a thalamus; anthers bilocular,
often free and adpressed to the ovary, sometimes more or loss united at the base into
214 VEGETABLES.— VIOLARE.E.
a monadelphous disk ; filaments dilated ; mary one-celled, with parietal placentas ;
stijle one, simple; stigma slightly lateral, hooded; capsule three-valved, many-seeded,
albumen fleshy ; embryo straight. Herbs, or shrubs, generally with alternate stipulate
leaves ; inflorescence various.
loNiBiUM. (De Cand. i. 310.)
loNiDiuM MiCROPiiYJLLUM. (Kunth.) CuichunculU. Quito, South
America.
loNiDiuM POYAYA. (Lindl.) Poaya do campo. South America.
Roots emetic, collected as a substitute for true ipecacuanha in
Brazil. (G.) These lonidia deserve to be attentively studied with
reference to their medicinal properties. (L.) Cuichunchulli has been
recommended as a remedy for elephantiasis.
lONIDIUM BREVICAULE. (Mart.)
lONIDIUM MAYTENSILLO.
loNioiuM PARViFLORUM. (Vent.) Viola parvifloru, V, Jbonbou?
lONIDIUM URTICI-FLORUM.
Also furnish similar active principles.
loNiDiuM suFFRDTicosuM. (Ging. msf.) Violu suffruticoso. East
Indies.
Employed in India as a demulcent. (O'Sh.)
PoMBALiA. (De Cand. i. 307.)
PoMBALiA iTUBU. (Ging. mss.) lonidium ipecacuanha, Viola
ipecacuanha, Poaya branca, Poaya da praja. Brazil.
Root, white ipecacuanha, emetic, milder than the false kinds, but
mostly adulterated with them ; dose, gr. v. to 9 ij. ; in small doses,
gr. ss. to gr. ij. ; given frequently it is diaphoretic, expectorant, and
stomachic. In both methods it is antidysenteric, gr. v., or enough
to excite nausea, given an hour before the fit, has been successful
in intermittents.
Viola. (De Cand. i. 291.)
*Vioi.A CANiNA. (Linn.) (E. B. 620.) Viola sylvestris. (Volck.)
Viola inodora. (Dill.) Dog violet, Marsh violet.
Fl. blue. April, August. Perennial. Woods and banks.
Considered as a depurative, and recommended for the cure of
cutaneous affections ; root emetic.
* Viola odorata. (Linn.) (E. B. 619.) Viola officinarum.
(Rupp.) Flos trinitatis. (Camer.) Jacea. Sweet violet, Purple violet.
Fl. deep purple, fragrant. March, April. Perennial. Woods and
banks.
Petals made into syrup.
♦Viola tricolor. (Linn.) (E. B. 1287.) Hearfs-ease, Pansy.
Fl. of one, two, or three colours, blue, yellow, and white. Whole
summei'. Annual. Banks.
The flowers of these three are moistening and pectoral; seeds
diuretic; roots expectorant, slightly emetic, and in doses of 9j.
cathartic. (G ) Leaves of V. tricolor employed in Italy in the cure
of Tinea capitis. (L.) Leaves of flower used instead of those of
V. odorata in syrup.
Viola pedata. (Linn.) American violet, Viola P. U. S.
Root emetic.
VEGETABLES.— RESEDACE^. 215
Order 17.— DROSERACE^. (De Ccond. i. 317.)
Sepals five, persistent, imbricated in aslivation ; petals five, distinct, hypogynous,
alternate with the sepals ; stamens free, alternate with the petals, aiid equal to them
in number, or double, triple, or quadruple their number ; anthers two-celled ; ovan/
one ; styles 3 — 5, united at the base, or distinct ; bifid or ramose ; capsule 1 — 3 celled,
3 — 5 valved, margin of valves bent inwards, dehiscing at the apex; seeds attached to
a central uerve, or only to the base, naked, or enclosed in a thin follicular arillus ;
albumen cartilaginous or fleshy; embryo straight, with the radicle towards the hilum.
Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves, having stipulary fringes, and a circinate
vernation ; peduncles, when young, circinate.
Drosera. (De Cand. i. 317.)
*Drosera rotundifolia. (Linn.) (E. B. 867.) Rosella vulgaris.
(Berg.) Rosa solis, Ros solis. (Thai.) Rosella, Round-leaved sundew.
Fl. white. July. Annual. Bogs and moist heaths.
Acrid, anti-arthritic, detersive, externally rubefacient.
Parnassia. (De Cand. i. 320.)
*Parnassia palustris. (Linn.) (E. B. 82.) Cistus palustris.
(Volck.) Hepatica alba. (Cord.) Gramen Parnassi. (C. Bauh.)
Grass of Parnassus.
n. white^ with green pellucid nectaries. August, October. Perennial.
Bogs and wet places.
Juice ophthalmic ; seeds diuretic, aperitive.
Order 18.— RESEDACE^E. (De Cand., Bot. Gal. i. QQ.)
Sepals 4 — 6, continuous, with the pedicle persistent ; petals 4 — 6, alternate, with
the sepals hypogynous, unequal, the upper with squamiform, palmatipartite limbs; the
lateral 2 — 3 lobed, and the lower entire; stamens 10—24, hypogynous; filaments
generally somewhat united at the base, monadelphous, or polyadelphous ; anthers two-
celled ; nectariferous scales very obtuse, inserted on the torus beneath the stamens ;
tones either short or stipitiform; ovaries 3 — 6, monostylous, sometimes free, inserted
on the upper part of the torus ; sometimes united into one ovaiy, which is then crowned
by 3 — 6 short conical styles ; the carpels are therefore either free, foUiculiform, few-
seeded, and dehiscing internally, or united into a 3 — 6 valved capsule, gaping at the apex,
one-celled, many-seeded ; placentas 3 — 6, adnate to the middle of the carpels oi v.ilves,
many-seeded ; sometimes in the fi'ee carpels, 1 — 2 seeded ; seeds subpendulous from
the placenta in a double row, and funiished with a crustaceous testa ; albumen none, cr
thin and carnoso membraneous ; embryo arcuate ; cotyledons fie; hy ; radicle superior.
Herbs with alternate leaves ; flowers with short pedicles.
Reseda.
*Reseda lutea. (Linn.) (E. B. 321.) R. vulgaris, Wild
mignonette, Wild rocket.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Annual. Waste places.
Discussive, used externally to dissipate inflammations and tumours ;
dyes yellow.
•Reseda luteola. (Linn.) (E. B. 320.) Dyers weed, Yellow
weed, Weld.
Fl. yellow. July. Annual. "Waste places on chalky soil.
Used in dyeing yellow and green ; French weld, stem much finer
than the English.
216 VEGETABLES.— POLYGALE^.
Ordek 19.— POLYGALE^. (De Cand. i. 321.)
Sepals five, imbricate in aestivation, the two interior generally petaliform, the three
exterior smallei', two of them are anterior, and sometimes united, the third is posterior ;
petals 3 — 5, hypogynous, more or less united by means of tlie tube of the stamens,
(rarely distinct) ; f laments of stamens adherent to the petals, monadelphous, divided at
the apex into two opposite equal phalanxes ; anthers eight, one celled, innate, dehiscing by
pores at the apex; ovari/ one, free, two-celled, rarely one or three-celled; style one;
stigma one; pericarp capsular, or drupaceous, two or one-celled, valves septigerous in the
middle ; seeds pendulous, solitary, often with a carunculate arillus at the base ; embryo
straight, generally in the axis of a fleshy albumen, or (rarely) exalbuminous, in which
case the endopleura is turned. Herbs, or shrubs, with entire, generally alternate leaves,
articulated on the stem.
Krameria. (De Cand. i. 341.)
Krameria ixina. (Linn.) St. Domingo.
Krameria triandra. (Ruiz et Pav.) Peru.
Root. Rhatany, Rhatania, Kramerice radix, astringent •and tonic.
(G.) The extract of K. triandra is styptic and tonic, operates power-
fully upon tumours, resolving and restoring tone to those parts ;
corrects and cures all kinds of ulcers, when applied to them in plaisters ;
when administered internally, extract of Rhatany is apt to be rejected
by the stomach, till three or four doses Iiave been taken ; if the stomach
will not retain it, it should be given in pills, the patient immediately
chewing a little lemon, and drinking and gargling M'ith vinegar diluted
with water. (Ruiz.) Commonly used in Peru as tooth-powder. (L.)
MoNNiNA. (De Cand. i. 338.)
MoNNiNA POLYSTACHYA. (Ruiz et Pav.) Peruvian Andes.
The bark of the root, when fresh pounded and moulded into balls,
or the dry bark, is detergent ; it readily froths when agitated in water,
and is used by the Peruvians as a substitute for soap ; the silversmiths
of Huanuco employ it for cleansing and polishing wrought silver.
Antidysenteric, used with great success in the cure of dysenteries
and irritating diarrhoeas in Peru, where it is preferred to quassia.
(Ruiz, L.)
MoNNiNA SALCiFOLiA. (Fl. Pcruv.) Pcru.
Has the same qualities.
PoLYGALA. (De Cand. i. 321.)
PoLYGALA AMARA. (Liiui.) Polygola myrtifolia. (Dillen.) Poly-
gala Austriaca. (Cranz.) Polygala uliginosa. (Reich.) Europe.
♦PoLYGALA VULGARIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 76.) Common milk-u'ort.
Fl. blue, pink, or white. January, August. Perennial. Dry hills,
pastures, «&;c.
Roots may be substituted for rattlesnake root ; dose in powder 5ss.
to 5J., useful in pleurisy ; herbs bitter, diaphoretic, in infusion oiiij.,
taken daily, promote expectoration, and are used in catarrhous coughs.
(G.)
Polygala Caracas an a. (Kunth.) Caracas.
Root with a taste similar to P. senega, but not altogether equal to
it. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— roLYGALEJE. 217
PoLYGALA Ckam^buxus. (Linn.) Mountain woods, Europe.
Qualities similar to those of P. senega.
POLYGALA CUOTALARlo'iDES. (Buch.) Nepal.
A reputed cure for the bite of venomous reptiles. (G.) Used as
a snake antidote in Nepal and the Himalayas. (O'Sh.)
POLYGALA GLANDUI-OSA. (Kunth.)
Emetic.
PoLYGALA POAYA. {MaHtus Spec. Mat. Med. Bras.) Brazil.
An active emetic ; root used successfully in the bilious fevers of
Brazil ; when fresh, scarcely inferior to ipecacuanha. (Martins.)
PoLYGALA Rubella. (Pursh.) P. polygama, Bitter pohjgala^
United States.
A strong bitter taste pervades all the parts ; in small doses its infusion
is found useful as a tonic and stimulant to the digestive organs ; in large
doses it opens the body, and excites diaphoresis. (L.)
PoLYGALA SANGUiNEA. (Linn.) Carolina.
A supposed antidote to the bite of poisonous reptiles. (L.)
PoLYGALA SENEGA. (Linn.) Rattlesnake root. Seneka, Snake
root. United States.
Roots, Senega, Senegce radix, diaphoretic, diuretic, used in America
against the bite of the rattlesnake, either in powder 3j. to 3ij., or 5j-
boiled in ftjss., of water to Ibj., and given by 51). at a time ; black
snake root is used for it. (G.) Root unpleasant, somewhat acid and
acrid ; it acts as a sudorific and expectorant in small doses, and as an
emetic and cathartic in large ones ; employed in pneumonia, asthma,
croup, dropsy, chronic rheumatism, and especially in such uterine
complaints as amenorrlKca : Dr. Archer has extravagantly praised it
in cynanche trachealis. (L.) An exceedingly valuable remedy in
the latter stages of bronchial or pulmonary inflammation, when this
disease occurs in aged, debilitated, and torpid constitutions. It appears
to re-establish a healthy condition of the secreting organs, to promote
tlie resolution of the morbid deposits, and to give strength to the system.
(Pereira.)
PoLYGALA THEEZANS. (Linn.) Java, Japan.
Mixed with tea in Japan.
PoLYGALA ULiGiKOSA. (Rehb.) P. amara. Germany.
Whole plant bitter, much extolled by Van Swieten and others in
pulmonary complaints and spitting of blood. (L.)
PoLYGALA VENENOSA. (JuSS.)
Said by Commerson to be a poisonous plant, so much dreaded by
the Javanese, that they are unwilling to touch it. (L.)
SouLAMEA. (De Cand. i, 335.)
SouLAMEA AMAUA. (Lamb.) Rex amaroris. Coast of Moluccas.
All the parts, especially the roots and fruit, intensely bitter ; em-
ployed in the Malayan Archipelago with extraordinary success in
cholera and pleurisy, and most valuable as a febrifuge. (L.) Also
used in ague. (O'Sh.)
218 VEGETABLES.— CARYOPHYLLE^E.
Order 20.— PITTOSPORE^. (De Cand. i. 345.)
Sepals five, deciduous, either distinct, or partially cohering, aestivation imbricated ;
stamens five, hypogynous, sometimes slightly cohering, aestivation imbricated, distinct,
alternate with the petals; ocrtry single, distinct, with the cells or the placenta 2 — Sin
number, and many-seeded ; style one ; stigmas equal iu number to the placentas ; fruit
capsular, or beri'ied, with many-seeded cells, which are sometimes incomplete; seeds
often covered with a glutinous or resinous pulp ; embryo minute, near the hilum, lying
in fleshy albumen ; radicle rather long ; cotyledons very short. Trees or shrubs ; leaves
simple, alternate, without stipules, usually entire; _/?o«.-ers tenninal, or axillary, some-
times polygamous.
Several species have a liquid resin round the seeds, which deserves
examination. (O'Sh.)
BiLLARDiERA. (De Cand. i. 345.)
BiLLARDiERA scANDENS. (Smith.) New Holland.
Flesh of the berry eatable.
PiTTOspORUM. (De Cand. i. 346.)
PiTTOspoRUM ToBiRA. (Ait.) Japan.
Seeds surrounded by a kind of resinous birdlime.
Order 21.— CARYOPHYLLEJi:. (De Cand. i. 351.)
Calyx of four or five sepals, continuous with the pedicle, either free or united into a
tube, imbricated in aestivation, generally persistent ; petals four or five, (very rarely
none,) inserted on a more or less elevated torus, hypogynous, alternate with the
sepals, unguiculate, with an entire or bifid spreading limb, often furnished with petaloid
scales in the throat ; stamens equal to, or double the number of the petals, inserted on
the torus ; filaments subulate ; anthers two-celled ; ovary simple, 2 — 5 valved, inserted
at the apex of the torus, and crowned by an equal number of styles; capsule of 2 — 5
valves, united at the base, opening at the apex, either one-celled, or 2 — 5 celled ;
septa protruding from the middle of the valves, incomplete, or continuous to the axis ;
placenta central; seeds numerous, rarely i'ew, or defined; albumen mealy; embryo
curved round the albumen, rarely straight ; radicle directed towards the hilum. Herbs,
or under shrubs, with knotted stems, opposite, entire, and often connate leaves and
terminal flowers.
Arenaria. (De Cand. i. 400.)
*Arenaria media. (Linn.) (E. B. 958.) A. marina^ Sea-side
sandwort, Sea spurry.
n. purple. June, July. Annual. Sea-coast.
Externally used in whitlows and other inflammations; very succu-
lent ; when pickled sold for samphire.
*Arenaria PEPLOiDES. (Linn.) (E. B. 189.) Adenarum p., Sea
sandxoort.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Sandy shores.
Herb fermented and made into Iceland beer.
Cerastium. (De Cand. i. 414.)
*Cerastium aquaticum. (E, B. 538.) Alsine aquatica major,
Great marsh chickweed.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Sides of ditches in England.
VEGETABLES.— CAB YOPHYLLE^. 219
*Cerastium arvense, (Linn.) (E. B. 93.) Field chickweed, Corn
mouse-ear.
FJ. white. June, July. PerenniaL Dry sandy places in England.
*Cerastium viscosuM. (Linn.) (E. B. 790.) Alsine hirsuta altera
viscosa, Narrow-leaved mou&e-ear chickweed.
Fl. white. April, September. Annual. Pastures.
♦Ceuastium vulgatdm. (Linn.) (E. B. 789.) Alsitie hirsuta
myosotis, Broad-leaved mouse-ear chickweed.
Fl. white. April, June. Annual. Fields and pastures.
Cooling moistening herbs, nourishing cattle ; used as spinach.
DiANTHus. (De Cand. i. 355.)
DiANTHUs ARENAKius. (Linn.) Maiden pink, Stone pink. North
of Europe.
*DiANTHUs Armeria. (Linn.) (E. B. 317.) Caryophillus prU'
iensis, Deptford pink.
Fl. rose-coloured with white spots. July, August. Annual. Fields^
**DiANTiius BARBATUS. (Linn.) (Hot. M. 205.) Sweet William^
Fl. pink, purple, or white, variously spotted. June, August.
Perennial. South of France.
DiANTiius Carthusianorom. (Linn.) (Eillet des chartreux. Europe^
•DiANTHUS Caryophyllus. (Linn.) (E. B. 214.) Caryophylhis
ruber, Clove gilliflower^ Clove pink. Carnation.
Fl. pink, white, or variegated. July. Perennial. South of Eng-
land.
DiANTHUS SUPERBUS. (Linn.) Fringed pink.
The flowers, tunicoe, of D. earyopliyllus are cephalic, cardiac, anti-
spasmodic, nervine ; in doses of 3j. to 3J. useful in heartburn and con-
tagious fevers ; the odour is improved by drying. The other species of
dianthus have similar qualities, but weaker. (G.)
Gyfsophila. (De Cand. i. 351.)
Gypsophila muralis. (Linn.) France, Germany.
Gyfsophila SAXIFRAGA. (Linn.) South of Europe.
Gyfsophila Struthium. (Linn.) Spain.
Lithontriptic, and used for soapwort in lues ; saponaceous and are
used for washing.
HoLOSTEUM. (De Cand. i. 393.)
•HoLOSTEUM tJMBELLATUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 27.) Caryophyllus
arvensis, Field pink, Umbelliferous jagged chickiveed.
Fl. white, or reddish. April. Annual. Rare. Norfolk.
Cooling, moistening, used as spinach.
Lychnis. (De Cand. i. 385.)
Lychnis cceli rosa. (Lamb.) Agrostemma cfeli rosa. Sicily.
**Lychnis coronaria. (Lamb.) (Bot. Mag. 24.) Agrostemma
coronaria. Crown lychnis.
Fl. red or white, single or double. July, August. Perennial.
Native of Italy.
Lychnis flos Jovis. (Linn.) Agrostemma Jios Jovis.
*Lychnis Gituago. (Lamb.j (E. B. 741.) Agrostemma githago^
Corn cockle.
220 VEG ET ABLES.— CARYOPiiYLLE^.
Fl. purple. June, July. Annual. Corn-fields.
Roots vulnerary, astringent ; seeds purgative.
♦Lychnis DioiCA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1580.) Saponaria dioica. (Willd.)
Var. 1. DiURNA. Red Canqnon, Campioti cuckoo Jlower.
Fl. red, scentless. May — September. Perennial. Hedges, ditches,
and moist woods.
Var. 2. Vespertina. White Campion, or Cue/too jflower, Bache-
lor's button.
Fl. White. June, July. Perennial. Road-sides, hedges.
*Lychnis FI.OS CUCU1.I. (Linn.) (E. B. 573.) Cuckoo Jlower,
Meadow pink, Ragged robin.
Fl. rose-coloured. June. Perennial. Moist meadows.
*Lychnis viscaria. (Linn.) (E. B. 788.) Red German catchfiy.
Fl. rose-coloured. June. Perennial. Scotland.
Roots cordial.
Saponaria. (De Cand. i. 365.)
*Saponaria OFFICINALIS. (LiiHi.) (E. B. 1060.) Lychnis saponaria.
(Volck.) Saponaria, Soap-icort.
Fl. rose-coloured. July, August. Perennial. Road-sides.
Attenuating, opening, antivenereal, saponaceous.
Saponaria vaccauia. (Linn.) Cow basil, Vaccaria. Europe.
Seed heating, diuretic ; the plant is said to increase the lacteal
secretions of" cows fed upon it.
SiLENE. (De Cand. i. 367.)
*SiLENE Armeria. (Lluu.) (E. B. 1398.) Behen album, LobeVs
catchfly.
Fl. purple. July. Annual. Commonly in gardens.
Silene Behen. (Linn.)
*Silene inflata. (Smith.) (E. B. 1081.) Behen album, Cuca-
halus behen, Spatling poppy, White behen, White bottle.
Fl. white. August. Perennial. Pastures and road-sides.
The root of the White Behen was used by the Greeks and Arabs of
the middle ages. It is said to be slightly bitter or acrid, and odorous.
(Guibourt.)
Silene muscipula. (Linn.) Red catchfiy. Spain.
Roots cordial.
Silene saxifraga. (Linn.) Saxifraga antiquorum, Great saxi-
frage. Alps.
Herb used in calculous disorders.
Silene Virginica. (Linn.) United States.
Root said to be anthelmintic.
Spergula. (De Cand. 394.)
*Spergula arvensis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1535.) Corn spurrey.
Fl. white. June, August. Annual. Corn-fields.
Stellaria. (De Cand. i. 396.)
Stellaria alsine.
*Stellaria holostea. (Linn.) (E. B. 511.) Greater Stichwort.
Fl. white. May. Perennial. Hedges, &c.
Stellaria media. (Smith.) (E. B. 537.) Alsine media, Chickweed.
VEGETABLES— Malvaceae. 221
Fl. white. The whole year. Annual. Road-sides.
All cooling, moistening herbs, nourishing cattle ; used as spinach.
Order 22.— LINE^. (De Cand. i. 423.)
Sepals 3 — 4, frequently five, persistent; petals equal in number to the sepals, by-
pogynous, with a twisted astivation, caducous ; stamens equal in number to the petals,
ami alternating with them, cohering at the base into a monadelphous ring, with an
abortive filament, or tooth between each; anthers ovate, innate; ovari/ sub-globose,
with as many cells as there are sepals, rarely fewer ; styles equal in number to the
cells ; capsule globose, pointed with the base of the styles, opening with two valves at
the ajiex ; seeds in each cell single, ovate, compressed, inverted ; albumai often absent ;
embri/o straight, fleshy. Herbs, or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and pedun-
culated inflorescence.
LiNUM. (De Cand. i. 423.)
*LiKDM OATiiARTicuM. (Linn.) (E. B. 382.) Dwarf wild jlax, Mill
mountain. Purging jiax.
Fl. white. June, July. Annual. Pastures.
Bitter, and powerfully cathartic ; a drachm of the dried plant is a
convenient purgative, or we may employ an infusion of a handful of
the recent plant. (Pereira.) Purgative in doses of 3ss. to 3j. (G.)
Leaves, when fresh, strongly purgative, but uncertain in their action.
(O'Sh.)
LiNUM SELAGiNoiDES. (Lamb.) Monte Video and Chili.
Herb bitter and aperitive.
*LiNUM usiTATissiMUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1357.) Linum arvense.
(C. Bauh.) Common fiax,
Fl. purplish blue. July. Annual. Corn-fields.
Seeds, Lini usitatissimi semina, Linseed, L,ini semina, emollient,
diuretic ; meal, Lini farina, used for cataplasms ; imported from
Russia, Poland, and North America ; yield oil, Li7ii oleum, Linseed
oil ; Lini placenta, Linseed cake, left after the oil has been pressed
out, used for feeding cattle and broken-winded horses. (G.)
Order 23.— MALVACE^. (De Cand. i. 429.)
Sepals usually five, rarely three or four, more or less united at the base, valvate in
a?stivation, often bearing external sepals or bracts, forming an involucre, or outer
calyx ; petals alternating with, and equal in number to, the sepals, hypogynous, with a
contorted aestivation, either distinct or adhering to the lower part of the tube of the
stamens; stamens numerous, or as many as the pettils, hyj)ogynous, filaments mona-
delphous; anthers one-celled, renifonn, bursting transversely; ou'M-// of many carpels,
verticillate round an axis, sometimes distinct ; stifles equal in number to the carpels ;
either united or distinct ; stigm/ts as many as the carpels, more or less distinct ; fruit
capsular, or baccate, having one, two, or many- seeded carpels; seeds usually ovate,
often hairy; albumen none; em^rf/o straight, with cotyledons twisted like a chrysalis.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate divided stipulate leaves, and stellate hairs.
Alth.tia. (De Cand. i 436.)
♦Altii^a hirsuta. (Linn.) (E. B. 2674.)
Fl. pale rose-coloured. August, September. Perennial. Hedges.
Leaves emollient, cleansing to ulcers ; seeds opening, diuretic.
♦ALTHiEA OFFICINALIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 47.) Malva Bismalva offi-
cinarum. (Volck.) Althcea, Bismalva, Ibiscus, Marsh mallow.
Fl. pale rose-colour. August, September. Perennial. Hedges
and pasitures.
222 VEGETABLES— MALVACE^.
Roots, allhcBCB radix, and leaves, althcefe folia, very emollient, par-
ticularly useful in diseases of the bladder ; flowers pectoral.
** Althaea kosea. (Cav.) Alcea rosea. (Linn.) Malva arborea,
Hollyhock.
Fl. various in colour. July, September. Biennial. From India.
Same qualities as Althaea officinalis.
GossyriTTM. (De Cand. i. 456.)
GossYPiUM Barbadense. (Linn.) West Indies.
Seeds pressed for oil.
GossYPiuM HERBACEUM. (Linn.) Bombax, Cotton. India, America.
Seeds pectoral, antiasthmatic; down of seeds used as a caustic
instead of moxa ; young buds very mucilaginous, pectoral.
Hibiscus. (De Cand. i. 446.)
Hibiscus Abelmosciius. (Linn.) Bamiamoschata,H.moschatus,
Musk ochra. Musk mallow. East Indies, South America.
Seeds, Musk seeds, Grains d^amhreite, smell like musk ; are cordial,
cephalic, stomaciiic, and emetic ; used in coffee and mixed with hair-
powder.
Hibiscus cannabintts. (Linn.)
Acidulous.
Hibiscus esculentis. (Linn.) Abelmoschus esculentus Okra. "West
Indies.
Unripe pod used as a pot-herb ; contains a kind of gelatine ; used in
hot countries as a means of thickening soup ; decoction of leaves and
pods demulcent, pectoral.
Hibiscus rosa sinensis. (Linn.)
Flowers astringent.
, Hibiscus sabdarifpa. (Linn.) Guinea sorrel, Red sorrel.
Herb acid, refreshing, diuretic.
Hibiscus surratxensis. (Linn.)
Acidulous.
Lavatera. (De Cand. i. 438.)
*Lavatera arborea. (Linn.) (E. B. 1841.) Malva arborea,
Tree mallow.
Fl. pink. July, August. Perennial.
Lavatera Thuringiaca. (Linn). Germany.
Lavatera triloba. (Linn.) Spain.
Have the same qualities as Althaea officinalis.
Malva, (De Cand. i. 430.)
Malva ALCEA. (Linn.) Alcea, Vervain malloto. Europe and Asia.
Malva CKisPA. (Linn.) Curl-leaved malloio. Europe and Asia.
*Malva moschata. (Linn.) (E. B. 754.) Musk mallow.
*Malva kotundifolia. (Linn.) (E. B. 1092.) Dwarf mallow.
*Malva sylvestris. (Linn.) (E. B. 671.) M. coinmunis, Com-
mon mallow.
The English species have purple or rose-coloured flowers. Flower
from June to August, and are perennial.
VEGETABLES.— BOMBACE^. 223
All these herbs are eminently emollient and moistening; proper to
cool and open the belly ; flowers pectoral.
Pavonia. (Lindl. Fl. Med. 142.)
Pavonia diuretica. (Ang. de St. H.) Brazil.
Decoction used with success in cases of dysuria. (L.)
Sph^ralcea. (Lindl. 142.)
Sph^ralcea cisplatina. (Aug. de St. H.) Brazil.
Decoction used in Brazil in inflammations of the bowels, and genC'
rally as the marsh mallows of Europe.
SiDA. (De Cand. i. 459.)
SiDA Abutilon. (Linn.) Indian malloiv. East Indies.
Has the same qualities as Althaea ofiicinalis.
SiDA CORDIFOLIA. (Linn.) East Indies and Africa.
Mixed with rice used in dysentery.
SiDA Indica. (Linn.) East Indies.
Used in India as an emollient.
SiDA RHOMBOiDEA. (Roxb.) East ludlcs.
Emollient, used as marsh mallows.
Urena. (De Cand. i. 441.)
Urena liOBATA. (Linn.) East Indies.
Decoction used in Brazil as a remedy in windy colic ; flowers in
inveterate coughs as an expectorant.
Order 24.— BOMBACEiE. (De Cand. i. 475.)
Calyx either naked, or surrounded with an involucre, consisting of five sepals,
united at the base; petals five, or none; stamens definite, or indefinite, variously mo-
nadelphous ; anthers one-celled ; carpels of ovary five, rarely ten, sometimes distinct,
sometimes closely cohering, bursting in various ways ; styles either distinct, or more
or less cohering; fruit vai-ious ; seeds often woolly, or surrounded with a pulp, some
without albumen, with comigated or convoluted cotyledons, others albuminous, with
fiat cotyledons. Trees, or shrubs, witli alternated bistipulated leav/^s ; pubescence often
stellate.
Adansonia. (De Cand. i. 478.)
Adansonia digitata. (Linn.) Baobab. Africa.
Emollient ; fruit acidulous, used in pulmonary affections, and instead
of tamarinds. Has been recommended for intermittent fevers as a
substitute for quinine.
Bomb ax. (De Cand. i. 478.)
Bombax ceiba, British Guiana.
Yields a fibre called Silk cotton, which is said to be imported to the
United States, and used in the manufacture of hats.
Bombax Malabaricum. (Rheed.) JB. heptaphyllum. (Cav.) India.
Yields a gum resin called Moocherus ; roots constitute the Sufed
mooslie of the Hindoos. Much used in India as a nutritious demulcent
for convalescent persons. (O'Sii.)
224 VEGETABLES.— BVTTNERACEiE.
Carolinea. (De Cand. i. 478.)
Cakolinea princeps. (Linn.) Pachera aquatica, Sergeant, Wild
cacao. Guiana.
Seeds esculent, similar to almonds.
Eriodendron. (De Cand. i. 479.)
Eriodendron anfractuosum. Bombax pentandrum, (Linn.)
Cotton tree. India.
Yields Cotton-tree gum. (G.) Gum given in solution with spices,
in bowel complaints. (O'Sh.)
Order 25.— BYTTNERACE^. (De Cand. i. 481.)
Calijx either naked, or surrounded with an involucre ; sepals five, more or less joined
at the base, with a valvate aestivation; petals five, hypogynous, alternate with the
sepals, convoluted in aestivation, varying in form, rarelj' unequal, or none ; stamens either
equal in number to the pefeils and sepals, or some multiple of them ; filaments more or
less monadelphous ; anthers two-celled, turned outwards ; carpels five, very rarely
three, distinct, or cohering into one ovary ; sttjles as many as the carpels, whether dis-
tinct, or cohering ; albumen oily, or fleshy, rarely none ; embryo straight, with an inferior
radicle ; cotyledons either foliaceous, fiat, and plaited, or rolled round the plumule, some-
times very thick, but this only in the seeds without albumen. Trees and shrubs, with
alternate simple leaves ; inflorescence variable.
Byttneria. (De Cand. i. 487.)
Byttneria cordata. (Lamb.) Peru.
Leaves applied to bites of spiders.
GuAzuMA. (De Cand. i. 485.)
Guazuma tomentosa. (Kunth.) Bvhroma guazuma, Bastard
cedar. South America.
Old bark employed as a sudorific ; young bark mucilaginous ; em-
ployed for cleansing sugar. (O'Sh.)
Guazuma ulmifolia. (Lamb.) TJieohroma guazuma. South
America and West Indies.
Young bark used, on account of its mucilage, to clarify sugar.
Helicteres. (Lindl. 138.)
Helicteres sacaroeha. (Aug. de St. H.) Brazil.
Decoction of roots administered in Brazil in venereal complaints.
Kydia. (De Cand. i. 500.)
Kydia calycina. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Bark used in India to clarify sugar.
Pentapetes. (De Cand. i. 498.)
Penta PETES PHOENiCEA. (Linn.) Muchucunda. East Indies.
Flowers expressed yield a mucilaginous and refrigerant juice used in
gonorrhoea.
SouTHWEELiA. (Lindl. 136.)
SouTHWELLiA TRAGACANTHA. (Schott.) StcTcuUa trogacantha.
Sierra Leone.
Known at Sierra Leone as the Tragacanth tree, as it exudes a gum
reserablins: Trasracanth when wounded.
VEGETABLES.-TiLiACEiE. 225
Sterculta. (De. Cand. 481.)
Stehculta acuminata. (Beauv.) Kola. Africa.
Fruit, Kola nuts, much esteemed in Africa, as brackish water tastes
well after eating them.
Sterculia Balang-has. (Linn.) Cleompanos minor, Cavalam.
Malabar.
Pulp of fruit esculent ; kernels toasted and eaten.
Sterculia fcetida. (Linn.) Cleompanos major, S. digitifolia,
Karil root.
Leaves and fruit in decoction, useful in pains of the joints. (G.)
Leaves considered aperient, and a decoction of the fruit mucilaginous
and astringent. (O'Sh.)
Sterculia platanifolia. (Linn.)
Seeds pressed for their oil.
Sterculia urens, (Roxb.) Cavallium uren^. Hindostan.
Yields a gum extremely like Tragacanth.
Theobroma. (De Cand. i. 484.)
Theobroma cacao. (Linn.) Cacao theobroma. (Tuss.) Cacao
minus. (G'art.) South America.
Seeds, Chocolate nut, Island cacao. Cacao des antilles, Cacao des
isles. Cacao antillanum, flattened, covered with a red paper-like enve-
lope; kernel brown, fat, tastes agreeable, slightly acrid, yields oil;
chocolate and cacao are made from it. Caracca, Cacao Caraque,
Cacao Carraccense, seed larger, round, covering reddish-brown ; kernel
pale brown, friable, dry, and strong tasted, is often mouldy, as having
been buried thirty or forty days, to get rid of some of its acridness.
Waltheria. (Lindl. 136.)
TValtheria DouRADiNiiA. (Aug. de St. Hil.) Brazil.
Used in complaints of the chest, and also in venereal complaints.
Order 26.— TILIACEiE. (De Cand. i. 503.)
Oihjx externally naked ; sepals 4 — 5, with a valvular aestivation ; petals equal in
number to the sepals, alternating with them, frequently having a little pit at their base,
entire, very seldom wanting ; stamens hypogynous, distinct, generally indefinite in
number ; anthers two-celled, dehiscing longitudinally ; glands as many as the petals,
opposite to them, adhering to the stalk of the ovary ; ovary single, formed of from four
to ten carj)els ; styles as many as the carpels, united into one ; stigmas as many as the
carpels, free ; capsule many-celled ; seeds numerous in each cell ; embryo erect ; cotyledons
flat, leafy. Trees, or shrubs, with simple bistipulate leaves.
Abatia. (De Cand. i. 503.)
Abatia parviflora. (Ruiz et Pav.) Peru.
Abatia rugosa. (Ruiz et Pav.) Peru.
Leaves dye black.
CoRCHORUs. (De Cand. i. 504.)
CoRCHORUS capsularis. (Linn.) Ghee, Naltha paut.
CoRCHOHus OLiTORius, (Linn.) Sunghee paut, Jew^s mallow.
Tropical parts, Asia, Africa, America.
226 VEGETABLES.— DiPTERACE^.
Leaves emollient, eaten as spinach in hot coutitries. (G-.) Infu-
sion of the leaf much employed as a fever drink in India. (O'Sh.)
Grewia. (De Cand. i. 508.)
Grewia FLAVA (D. C.) Brandewyn bosh. Cape of Good Hope.
Berries make a spirituous liquor.
GiiEwiA ORiENTALis. (Liun.) East Indies.
Fruit and leaves boiled in water make a kind of drink.
Grewia microcos. (Linn.) Microcos paniculata, Schageri cottan.
East Indies.
Juice with sugar, used as an astringent gargle ; also internally in
dysentery.
TiLiA. (De Cand. i. 512.)
TiLiA INTERMEDIA. (Hayu.) (E. B. 610.) T. Europea, Linden,
Bast, Lime-tree.
Fl. straw-coloured. July. Tree. "Woods, &c.
Flowers antispasmodic, cephalic ; bark and leaves drying, astringent,
diuretic, emmenagogue; berries astringent, slime of the bark used in
burns and wounds.
Order 27.— ELEOCARPE^. (De Cand. i. 519.)
Sepals 4 — 5, with a valvate aestivation, no involucre; petals 4 — 5, hypogynous,
alternate with the sepals, lobed, or fimbriated at the apex ; torus glandular, somewhat
projecting; stamens hypogynous, or rarely peiigynous, some multiple of the sepals
(8 — 10); filaments short, distinct; anthers long, filiform, four-cornered, two-celled,
the cells opening by an oblong pore at the apex ; ovarii many-celled ; stjile one, very
rarely four ; seeds one, two, or more, in each cell ; albumen fleshy ; einbrijo erect, with
flat foliaceous cotyledons. Trees, or shntbs, with alternate leaves and racemose flowers.
DiCERA. (De Cand. i. 520.)
Dicera serrata. (Forst.) Elceocarpus serratus, Ganitrum.
El^ocarpus. (De Cand. i. 519.)
El^ocarpus hinau. Hinau. Tropical Asia, New Zealand.
The bark of this tree is used in New Zealand for dyeing black, and
affords a remarkably deep and brilliant dye.
El^ocarpus integrifolius. (Lamb.) East Indies, New Zealand.
Ei>iEocARPUs OBLONGUS. (Smith.) Ganitrum oblongum.
Fruit eaten either raw, or preserved in sugar, or salt and vinegar ;
strengthening.
Vallea. (De Cand. i. 520.)
Vallea coRDiPoriA. (Ruiz et Pav.) Peru.
Leaves dye cloth yellow.
Order 28.— DIPTERACEiE. (Lindl. Nat. Order 74, p. 98.)
Galijx tubular, five-lobed, unequal, persistent, and afterwards enlarged, naked at
base, {estivation imbricated ; petals hypogynous, sessile, often combined at the base,
icstivation contorted ; stamens indefinite, hypogynous, distinct, or slightly and irregu-
larly polyadelphous ; anthers innate, subulate, opening longitudinally towards the apex ;
VEGETABLES.—DiPTEBACE^E. 227
filaments dilated at base ; ovary superior without a disk, few-celled ; ovules in pairs,
pendulous ; stijle single, stigma simple ; fruit coriaceous, one-celled by abortion, three-
valved, or indehiscent, surrounded by the calyx, having tough, leafy, enlarged permanent
divisions, vrhich crown the fruit; seed single, without albumen; cotyledons twisted and
crumpled, or unequal, and obliquely incumbent ; radicle superior. Elegant trees, abound-
ing in I'esinoiis juice, with alternate leaves, and large jloivers, in terminal racemes, or
panicles.
DiPTEROCARPus. (Endl. Gen. PL 1013.)
DiPTEROCAUPUS TttiNEuvis. (Blume.) Java.
Yields a resinotis secretion called Gurgun, used by the natives as
salve for inveterate ulcers, when it is desirable to excite the wound
and correct the pus ; dissolved in spirits of wine, it has the same effect
as balsam of copaiba upon the mucous membranes, and hence has been
recommended as a substitute for that article. (L.) This and other
species, such as Dipterocarpus larvis, (Kamilt.,) and Z). turbmatus,
(Roxb.,) yield the substance called Ginjun balsam, or Wood oil. The
balsam is obtained by cutting a large notch in the trunk of the tree
near the ground, and then lighting a fire, which is allowed to char the
wound, soon after which the liquid begins to ooze out. A tree yields
about forty gallons in a season, acconling to Roxburgh. The balsam
vai'ies in thickness from that of honey to a light oily liquid. The
colour is a pale grey or light brown. The smell resembles a mixture of
copaiba with a little naphtha. The sp. gr. is '962. It is insoluble in
water, soluble in warm spirit sp. gr. -SSo, and difficultly soluble iu
ether. On distillation with water, it yields about thirtj'^-five or forty
per cent, of volatile oil, and a thick resin remains. Numerous experi-
ments have proved this balsam to be nearly equal in medicinal efficacy
to the balsam of copaiba. It is given in the same doses. (O'Sh.)
Dryobalanops. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1013.)
Dryobajlanops aromatica. (Gart.) Dryobalanops campJwra.
(Coleb.) Pterygium teres. (Corr.) Shorea camphorijera. (Roxb.)
Java.
Borneo camphor, and Camphor oil, are found in cavities in the
trunk of this tree. This kind of camphor is said to be very valuable,
but on account of its high price is not brought to Europe, but is chiefly
exported to China and Japan, where it is Idghly valued for its stimulant
and tonic properties.
Shorea. (Endl. Gen. PL 1014.)
Shorea robusta. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Yields the resinous substance called Dammer, in India used for
various economical purposes. (L.) Dammer unites with the oxide of
lead and forms plasters. (O'Sh.)
Vatebia- (Endl. Gen. PL 1013.)
Vateria Indica. (Linn.) Elceocarpus copalliferus. (Retz.)
Pa»oe. (Rheed.) East Indies.
Exudes a resin like copal, which hardens of a deep amber colour;
in its fluid state it is the Panoe varnish of the south of India ; it also
yields Moschat resin, and Pcenoe tallow ; in its solid state it lias been
said to constitute the resin called Anime in India, but generallv known
Q 2
228 VEGETABLES.— CAM ELLiE-E.
as Copal in this country. This resin, however, is more frequently
ascribed to Hyrnenoe verrucosa. O'Shaughnessy states that candles are
made of the resin of Vateria Indica in Malabar, which diffuse in burn-
ing an agreeable fragrance, give a fine clear light, with little smoke,
and consume the wick without snuffing-.
Order 29.~CAMELLIE^. (De Cand. i. 529.)
Sepals 5 — 7, imbricated in aestivation, tlie inner one generally larger, sub-concave,
coriaceous, deciduous ; pctcds as many as the sepals, alternate with them, often sub-
coherent at the base; stamens numerous; the filaments filiform, monadelphoas, oi
polyadelphous at the base ; anthers ellipsoid or round, versatile ; ovnrij one, ovato-rotund ;
styles 3 — 6, fih'fonn, more or loss coherent; ca2?snle three-celled, three-valved, dehiscent ;
three-seeded by abortion ; valves sometimes septiferous in the middle, sometimes having
the margin inflexed ; seeds few, large, thick, attached to the central margin of the septa ;
albumen none ; cotijledons large, thick, oleaginous, plano-convex, and articulated at the
base ; radicle very short, obtuse, turned towards the hilum ; plumula scarcely perceptible,
ascending. Evergreen shrubs, or trees, with alternate coriaceous leaves, and large, white,
pink, red, or yellow flov:ers.
Camellia. (De Cand. i. 529.)
**Camei.ma Japonica. (Linn.) (Bot. Mag. 42.) Common ca-
mellia, Japanese camellia,
Fl. pink, white, red, or variegated. February, May. Small tree.
Japan.
Leaves frequently mixed with those of tea by the Chinese.
Camellia Sesanqua. (Thunb.) Japan.
Leaves used for those of tea ; are odoriferous, and are also added to
tea to scent it ; seeds expressed for their oil.
Camellia drupifera. (Lour.) Cochin China.
Seeds expressed for their oil.
Thea. (De Cand. i. 530.)
Thea Chinensis. (Sims.)
Two varieties of this plant are cultivated in China, they are —
a Thea viridis. (Linn.) Green tea.
Doubtful whether a distinct species, or only the young leaves of the
bohea, slowly dried in the shade : the infusion narcotic in a small dose,
and appeases the qualms of intoxication, but taken largely brings
on watchfulness, nervous agitation, and is even emetic : this irrita-
bility is best allayed by butter-milk. The green teas of Des Guignes
are —
1. SoNGLO TEA, (from the place where it is grown,) has a leaden
cast, the infusion is green, the leaves are longer and more pointed
than the black teas ; the inferior sorts have yellow leaves and a smell of
sprats.
2. Hyson tea, {he tchune, first crop,) is of a leaden cast, the infusion
is a fine green, the leaves are handsome, without spots and open quite
flat ; it has a strong taste, and a slight smell of roasted chestnuts.
3. Tcheu tcha, of which he gives no characters.
Besides these, there are imported into England these green teas r
VEGETABLES.— CAMEJLLiE^. 229
Hyson skin, or bloom tea, being the large loose leaves of the hyson : a
faint delicate smell ; infusion a pale green ; the bloom is given by means
of indigo heated under it. — Superior hi/son skin, intermediate between
iiyson and hyson skin. Gunpotcder tea, a superior hyson in small
round grains, of a blooming, greenish hue. Chellan, or cowslip hi/son^
a scented liyson, mixed with small berries, that give it a cowslip
flavour. The Ankoy teas, obtained from An Khe, have the same
appearance as the Canton teas, but are inferior in flavour, and gene-
rally sell from 4r/. to 1*. a lb, lower. They are supposed to be picked
from wild tea plants. The leaves of tea having little or no smell, they
are rendered fragrant by mixing with them the leaves of Olea fragrans,
and Camellia sesanqua. The leaves of Polygala theezans, and of llam-
nus theezans, are also mixed with China tea.
Mr. Warington has lately discovered that the bloom and much of
the colour of green tea is produced by means of Prussian blue, instead
of being caused by drying the leaves upon copper plates, as formerly
supposed. Large quantities of Prussian blue were formerly sent from
tliis country to China, but tlie demand has ceased for some years, owing
possibly to the circumstance of the Cliinese having discovered the
method of making it themselves.
fi. Thea Bohea. (Linn.) Black tea.
Des Guignes gives the following characters of the diflferent kinds of
black tea, as he observed them in China, using the common English
orthography, with their usual price at Canton ; they are supposed to be
picked from old trees, and are dried in shallow pans over charcoal
fires.
1. Bohea tea, ( Vo he, the name of a place,) is of a black cast, and
yields a deep yellowish infusion ; sells in China for 12 to 15 taels.
2. Congou tea, {cong fou, great care,) the infusion is lighter tlian
that of boliea, rather green, and seldom of an agreeable smell ; pre-
ferred by the Chinese and Indian islanders for their own use.
3. SouTciiONG TEA, (se ow chong, a very little sort,) the infusion is
a fine green, smells agreeably ; the leaves ought to have no spots on
them.
4. Pekao TEA, (pe koto, white leaf bud,) the infusion is light and
rather green, has a violet scent, and a very fine perfume in the mouth.
o. Imperial tea, (jiiao tcha,) has a green cast, the infusion is also
green ; the leaves large and of a fine green : has a slight smell of soap.
To these may be added, Carnpoi tea, which is intermediate between
congou and soutchong.
6. Padre tea, {pou chong tcha) a very fine soutchong, imported
in pound papers, for presents ; being the best and most delicious.
Caper tea, made into balls with gum, and scented, imported only in
small boxes.
Cliina tea is not turned black by being put into water impregnated
with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, nor does it tinge spirit of hartshorn
blue. The infusion is amber-coloured, and is not reddened by adding
a few drops of oil or spirit of vitriol to it. The leaves of speedwell,
wild germander, black currants, syringa or mock orange, purple-spiked
willow-herb, sweetbriar, cherry-tree, sloe, are all sulSstituted for tea,
230 VEGETABLES.— AURAKTIACE.E.
either singly or mixed. In foreign countries a variety of plants are
used instead of Chinese tea, as Capraria bifolia, Alstonia theaoformis,
Gualtheria procumbens, Myrtus ugni, Leptospermumscnparium, Ceano-
thus Americanus, Prinos glaber, Ledum latifolium, Chenopodimn am-
brossoides, Monardakalmiana, Psoralia ylandulosa, Cassine peragua.
Zenopoma thea Sinensis is beginning to be cultivated in France as a
substitute for Chinese tea. In Hindostan, those with whom the com-
mon tea does not agree, use an infusion of lemon grass, or of Ocymum
album.
Order 30.— AURANTIACE^. (De Cand. 535.)
Calyx urceolate, or campanulate, subadnate to the disk, short, 3 — 5 toothed, wither-
ing ; petals 3—5, broad at the base, free, or slightly united together, inserted on the
outside of a hypogynoiis disk ; stamens either equal in number to, or some multiple ol'^
the petals, inserted on the sides of tlie hypogynous disk; filaments flattened at the
base, free, or variously united, always free at the apex : anthers terminal, innate, erect ;
ovarij ovate, many-celled; stf/le one; stir/ma thick, subdivided ; /r(«'f pulpy, separated
into many cells by the membraneous partitions; seeds attached to the inner angles of
the carpels, numerous, or solitary, usually pendulous, exiiibuminous ; embri/os some-
times many, straight ; rajjhe and chalnza distinct. Trees, or shrubs, almost always
smooth, and filled everywhere with little transp-arent receptacles of volatile oil, with
alternate, ollen compound leaces, articulated on the stem.
^GLE. (De Cand. i. 538.)
.^GLE MARMELOS. (Corr.) Cratfivu marmelos, Bilva or Mahura.
East Indies,
Fruit nutritious, warm, cathartic, delicious ; its efficacy in remov-
ing habitual costiveness has been proved by constant experience ; root,
bark, and leaves, reckoned refrigerants by the Malabar physicians. (L.)
The mucus of the seeds is for some purposes a very good cement. (O'Sh.)
Bergera. (De Cand. i. 537.)
Bergera KoNiGii. (Linn.) Coast of Coromandel.
Bark and root used as stimulants by the natives of India, and em-
ployed externally against the bites of poisonous animals ; green leaves
prescribed to be eaten raw in dysentery, also bruised and applied ex-
ternally to cure eruptions. (L.) An infusion of the toasted leaves
used by the Hindoos to stop vomiting. (O'Sh.)
Citrus. (De Cand. i. 539.)
**CiTRtJs AURANTIUM. (Risso.) C. sinensis, China orange, Com-
mon orange, Sweet orange.
Fl. white. June. Small tree. Cultivated in gardens and green-
houses.
Fruit sweet, imported from Faro, Lisbon, Port St. Michael's ; price
very variable ; juice of the fruit contains a saccharine, as well as an
acid matter ; mixed m ith salt is a common purge in the West Indies ;
flowers, naphce, sweet-scented, ustd to make orange flower-water, are
collected every morning in May and June, for thirty miles round
Paris, from both public and private gardens ; buds, Auraniice f'ores,.
that fall from tlie trees, used to make orange-HoAver water ; Flores
aurantium conditi, Candied orange Jiowers, orange flowers freed from
VEGETABLES.— AUKANTiACE.'E. 23 1
their cup«, stamina, and pistils ; four ounces are put into Ibij. of sugar,
boiled to a candy height, and poured on a slab, so as to be formed into
a cake ; stomachic, antispasmodic ; Malta orange, pulp red, juice very-
sweet ; Chota chia, Easl Indian small clove orange, rind used to make
the best orange marmalade ; East Indian country orange, Koula, pulp
austere and coarse ; rind added in small quantity to orange marmalade
to give it an agreeable Havour. (G.) The leaves of the orange tree
have been used in the form of powder, or infusion, in spasmodic
diseases; the young unripe fruit, dried and turned in a lathe, are the
issue peas of the shops ; the rind is a mild tonic and aromatic, a large
quantity said to be sometimes productive of mischief; juice refreshing
in fevers ; orange flowers yiekl the officinal oleum aurantii, or oil of
neroli. (L.)
CiTKUS DECUMANA. (Linn.) Pampelmus, Shaddock, West Indies.
Fruit, very large, esculent.
Citrus limetta. (Eisso.) C. I. hergamiurn, C. hergamia, C.
medica hergamotta, Limon bergamotta, Bergamot lemon tree. Culti-
vated in the South of Europe.
Rinds of the fruit very thick, yield the essence or oil of bergamotte
of the shops, used in medicine on account of its odour. (G.) Em-
ployed as a perfume only.
**CiTRUS LiMONUM. (Risso.) Citrus medica acida, Lemon tree.
Fl. white, externally purplish. June. Small tree ; greenhouses.
Pulp juicy, very acid ; juice of the fruit yields citric acid ; when
properly diluted, and slightly sweetened, it is a most agreeable and
refreshing beverage ; the essential oil of the rind recommended by Mr.
Foote as a stimulant in various inflammations of the eye ; peel aromatic
and stomachic, but does not agree with all stomachs. (L.) The fruit,
Limonia malus, imported from Malaga and Lisbon, in chests, each
lemon in a separate paper ; juice of the fruit more acid than that of
the citron ; rind of the fruit, Limonum cortex, aromatic, not so hot as
orange peel, yields essence of lemons ; Candied lemon peel, cortex
limonum condita, prepared as candied citron peel, a stomachic sweet-
meat. (G.)
Citrus medica. (Risso.) Citron.
Fl. white, externally purplish. June. Small tree. Native of Asia,
Fruit, Citria mains, citrus, excites the appetite, stops vomiting, is
acidulous, antiseptic, antiscorbutic, and used along with cordials as an
antidote to tlie manchineel poison ; rind of tlie fruit, Citri cortex,
aromatic, tonic, yields essence de cedrat ; seeds bitter, vermifuge.
Candied citron peel, cortex citri condita ; soak the peels in water fre-
quently changed, until their bitterness is exhausted, put them into
syrup until they become soft and transparent, then take them out and
drain them ; stomachic used as a sweetmeat.
Lime tree. Citrus medica acida, C. acida, C. limetta. Fruit, Lime,
Limetta, used to rub floors to cleanse them, and also to scent the
rooms. Juice of the fruit very acid, and even acrid ; used to acidulate
spirituous drinks.
**CiTRUS vulgaris. (Risso.) C. aurantium, C. bigaradia,
Aurantium amarum. The Seville orange.
232 VEGETABLES.— iiYPERiciNE^.
Fl. white. June. Small tree. South Europe, Asia.
Leaves and flowers antispasmodic, cordial 3ss. to 3J., his terve in
die, or in a decoction ; fruit, Seville orange, Aurantia rnalus, Aurantiee
hacc(B, imported from Seville. (G.) Rind of the fruit, Aurantii
cortex^ more bitter and tonic than that of the last species, and there-
fore more employed medicinally. (L.) Unripe fruit, Orange peas,
Curasso oranges., Baccce aurantics, Aurantia curassoventia, used to
flavour liqueurs, and for issue peas ; Candied orange peel, Cortex
aurantiarum condita, made the same way as candied citron peel ;
stomachic. (G.)
Feronia. (De Cand. i. 538.)
Feronia elephantum. (Corr.) Capittha, Elephant, or wood
apple. East Indies.
Both leaves and flowers exhale a powerful odour of anise. (L.)
Young leaves employed by the native practitioners as a gentle sto-
machic stimulant in the bowel complaints of children ; yields a gum
much resembling gum arable in its chemical and sensible properties.
(O'Sh.)
Order 3L— HYPERICINE^. (De Cand. i. 541.)
Sepals 4 — 5, either more or less cohering, or wholly distinct, persistent, with glandular
dots, often unequal, i. c. the two outer ones smaller, the three ii'.ner larger : petals 4—5,
hypogynous, alternating with the lobes of the calyx, contorted in asstivation ; stamens
indefinite, hypogynous, in three or more parcels ; anthers versatile ; filaments long ;
ovarii one, superior, free; styles numerous, long, sometimes united into one; stifpnus
simple, rarely capibite; fruit a capsule or berry of many valves, and many cells ; cells as
many as the styles ; placenta entire and central, or multipartite, and affixed to the
incurved margin of the valves ; seeds very numerous, generally round ; cmbri/o straight ;
radicle inferior ; albumen none. Herbaceous 2:ilants or shrubs, with a resinous juice, and
opposite, entire, sometimes dotted leaves, occasionally alternate and crenelled, with
generally yellow flowers.
Andros^mdm. (De Cand. i. 543.)
*ANDROSiEMUM OFFICINALE. (All.) (E. B. 1225.) Clymenum
Ilaloritm, Hypericum androscemum, Park haves, Tutsan.
Fl. yellow. July. Hedges on gravelly soil.
Resolvent, atteuuant. (G.) Leaves once much esteemed as vulne-
rary, still employed in cures of recent wounds by rustic nurses. (L.)
liYr'EKicuM. (De Cand. i. 543.)
HyPERlcuM ASCYUON. (Linn.) Ascyron, St. Peters wort.
Siberia.
Seeds purgative, useful in sciatica.
Hypekicom coins. (Liini.) Coris, Bastard St. John's wort.
South of Europe.
Seeds diuretic, antispasmodic.
Hy'pericum perfokatum. (Linn.) (E. B. 295.) Hypericum,
Cotnmon St. John's wort.
Fl. yellow, with a few black dots at the tips. July. Perennial.
Hedges.
Resolvent, attenuant, nervine, employed in maniacal cases ; contains
resin ; leaves astringent, give a good red dye to wool and oil ; an infu-
sion has been used in gargles and lotions.
VEGETABLES.— GUTTiFER^, 233
VisMiA. (De Cand. i. 542.
ViSMiA GuiANENSis. (Pers.) Hypericum giciane?ise. Guiana.
Bark, when wounded, yields a gum resin, wliicli, when dry, re-
sembles gamboge ; leaves and fruit also yield a similar secretion ; it is
purgative in doses of 7 — 8 grs. ; a decoction of the leaves taken inter-
nally is valued as a cure for intermittent fevers. (L.) Several other
species of Visinia, as V. guttifera, V. sessilifolia, &c., yield a similar
secretion, known in Europe under the name of American or Mexican
"ramboare.
Order 32.— GUTTIFERiE. (De Cand. i. 557.)
Flowcrtf liormaplu-odite or unisexual ; sepitls 2 — 6, usually persistent, round, membrane-
ous, fi-equently unequal and coloured; petals hypogynous, from four to ten; stamens
numerous,, hypogynous, rarely definite ; filaments of various ]en;:;ths : anthers adnate,
bursting inwards; ocarij solitaiy, free; style very short, or none; stupna peltate, or
radiate ; fruit a beny, or drupe, or capsular, and opening by many valves, one or many
seeded; sct'tZs with a tliin membraneous coat; albmien notiQ; e»i'</7/o straight ; coti/ledons
thick. Trees or s/irubs, yielding resinous juice, with exstipulate, generally opposite,
coriaceous, entire Icaces, and numerous ajiillary or terminal flowers.
Calophyllum. (De Cand. i. 562.)
Calopuyllum calaba. (Jacq.) Santa Maria, tree. Travancore.
Yields Oleum SanetcE Mar icE. (G.) Produces the true East Indian
Tacaniahoxa, or Calaba balsam. (L.)
Calophyllum inophyllum. (Lamb.) C. tacamahaca. (Willd.)
Alexandrian laurel, Pootiamarum, Poon-wood tree. India.
Yields Mauritius tacamahaca. (G.) Seeds yield an oil ; resin of
roots, supposed by some authors to be the same as the Tacamahaca of
tjje Isle of Bourbon. (L.)
Calysaccion.
Calysacciox longifolium. (Wiglit.) Soorger. Malabar Ghauts.
The dried Hower-buds, called Nag-kassar, have a fragrant smell, and
are said to be used for stuffing pillows.
Canella. (De Cand, i. 563.)
Canella alba. (Murr.) Winterania canella. (Linn.) Wild
cinnamon. West Indies, America.
Berry aromatic, used as a spice ; bark, White cinnamon, Cauelhe
cortex, rolled, peeled, whitish, thicker tliati cinnamon, pungent, and
sweet smelling ; warm, stimulant, antiscorbutic, dose gr. x. to 3ss., used
also as a stimulatory : Alouchi is said to be the produce of this tree.
(G.) Bark yields by distillation a warm aromatic oil, reckoned car-
minative and stomachic ; it is often mixed w ith oil of cloves in the
West Indies; in this country it is principally employed as an aromatic
addition, either to tonics or purgatives, in debilitated conditions of the
digestive organs. Canella bark lias also been employed in scurvy.
(Pereira.)
Clusia
Clusia
Juice used as pitch
Clusia. (De Cand. i. 558.)
Clusia alba. (Linn.)
Clusia rosea. (Linn.) America.
234 VEGETABLES.— GUTTiFER^.
Garcinia. (De Cand. 560.)
Garcinia Cambogia. (Desrous.) Camlogia yutta. (Linn.)
Mangostana Cambogia. (Giirt.) Carcapuli Acoste. (Pluk.) Ccd-
dam-pulli. (Rheed.) Camhoge tree. India.
Produces gamboge. (G.)
Garcinia Mop.ella. (Desrous.) Hebradendron cambogioides.
(L,) Gokatu. or Kana goraka. Ceylon.
This plant lias been proved to yield a kind of gamboge, not dis-
tinguishable chemically or medicinally from that of Siam : it is, how-
ever, doubtful M'hether the plant producing that is the same as this; it
has also been proved by Drs. Graham and Christison, that the gam-
bogioid exudation from Stalagmitis cambogioides, Garcinia Cambogia,
and Xanthochymus pictorius differ from the real drug in .texture,
effects, colour, and chemical composition. (L )
Garcinia PICTORIA. (Roxb.) HelradendrGn jyictorium. (L.) India.
Roxburgh says, he uniformly found the gamboge from this tree,
even in its crude unrefined state, superior in colour, while recent, to
any other kind he had tried, but not so permanent as that from China.
(L.) Several other species of Garcinia produce gamboge. (OSh.)
Garcinia purpurea. (Roxb.) India.
The Indian name of the Mangosteen is Kokum. The Portuguese
term it Brindao. The fruit, which is of the size of a crab apple, is
of a purple colour throughout, when ripe, and is eaten by the natives.
Workers in iron use the acid juice as a mordant. From the seeds of
this plant the article known as Kokum butler, Cocum oil, or Concrete
oil of Mangosteen is obtained. It is used in various parts of the
peninsula, to adulterate ghee or butter, and to be exported to England
for mixing with bears' grease, in the manufacture of pomatum. It is
a white or pale greenish-yellow, solid oil, brittle, or rather friable, having
a faint but not unpleasant smell, melting at about 98°, and when
cooled after fusion remaining liquid to 75°, and when it then begins to
solidify, the temperature rises to 92°, at which it becomes solid. It is
imported from Bombay.
Stalagmitis. (De Cand. i. 562.)
Stalagmitis cambogioides. (Murr.) Ceylon.
Produces a kind of gamboge.
Stalagmitis ovalifolia. (L.) Xanthochymus ovalifolius. South
of India, Ceylon.
Dr. Wright considers this as yielding one kind of true gamboge.
The properties of gamboge are acrid and catliartic.
Mammea. (De Cand. i. 561.)
Mammea Americana. (Linn.) Abricot sauvage. West Indies.
Fruit eaten, skin and seeds very bitter and resinous ; bark abounds
in a strong resinous gum, used by the negroes for extracting chigoes
from their feet ; melted down witli a little lime juice, and dropped
into sores, it is effectual in destroying maggots at the first dressing ; a
bath of the bark hardens the soles of the feet, like Mangrove bark. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— MALPiGHiACE^. 235
OnDER 33.-HIPPOCRATEACE^. (De Cand. i. 567.)
Sepals five, rarely 4 — 6, veiy small, combined as far as the middle, persistent ; petals
five, rarely 4 — 6, equal, hypogynous, somewhat imbricated in a'stivation ; stamenx three^
very seldom 4 — 5 ; jilameats cohering almost to the apex into a tube, dilated at the base,
forming round the ovary a disk-like cup; anthers one-celled, dehiscing transversely
at the apex, two, or even four celled ; ovarj concealed by the tube, three-cornered, free ;
stjile one ; stigmas 1 — 3 ; fruit either composed of three samaroid carpels, or berried,
with from one to three cells ; seeds four in each cell, atta.:hed to the axis in pairs, some
occasionally abortive, erect, exalbuminous ; einbri/o straight ; radicle tending towards the
base ; cotyledons flat, elliptical, oblong, somewhat fleshy, cohering when dried. Arbo-
rescent, or climbing shrubs, with opposite, simple, entire or toothed leaves anik a. racemose
inflorescence.
HippocKATEA. (De Cand. i. 567.)
HiPPOCBATEA COMOSA. (Swartz.) H. multijlora. Hispaniola.
Nuts, white, sweetish.
Order 34.— ERYTHROXYLEiE. (De Cand. i. 573.)
Sepals five, combined at the base, persistent ; petals five, hypogynous ; stamens ten,
monadelphous ; anthers innate, erect, two-celled, dehiscing lengthwise ; ocar// three-celled,
witii two cells spurious; sti/les three, distinct; stigmas three, capitsite ; op«fc solitary,
pendulous, anati opal ; fruit drupaceous, one-seedetl ; seed angular ; albumen horny ;
embryo straight, central; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle superior; plumule incon-
spicuous ; shrubs or trees ; leaces alternate, usually smooth ; flowers small, whitish or
greenish.
Erythboxyjlum. (De Cand. i. 573.)
Erytiiroxylum Coca. (Lamb.) Andes of Pern.
The leaves constitute the celebrated Coca or }^cr«/« of the Brazil ians^
by whom they are chewed in the same way as tobacco. A small pinch
is wetted with saliva, and made into a ball with unslaked lime. It is
a powerful stimulant, acting on the nervous system in the same way
as opium, but less powerful and more permanent in its effects.
Order 35.— MALPIGHIACEiE. (De Cand. i. 577.)
Calyx five, often persistent ; petals five, unguiculate, inserted in a hypogynous disk,
sometimes rather unequal, rarely wanting ; stamens ten, alternating with the petals, very
seldom fewer, sometimes solitary ; filaments either distinct, or cohering for a short space
at the base ; anthers roundish ; ovary one, usually three-lobed, formed of three carpels
more or less combined; styles three, distinct, or combined; ovides suspended; fruit
dry or bemed, three-celled or three-lobed, occasionally by absorption 1 — 2 celled;
seeds solitary, pendulous, exalbuminous; embryo more or less curved or straight;
radicle short ; lobes leafy or thickish. Small trees or shrubs sometimes climbing, with
opposite, rarely alternate leaves, generally with stipules and a racemose or corymbose
inflorescence.
Byrsonima. (De Cand. i. 579).
Byrsonima CRA5SIFOLIA. (D. C.) MulpigMa cra^sifolia. (Linn.)
M. moureila. Guiana.
Bark employed as a febrifuge ; under the name of Chapara manticay
it is used in infusion as an antidote to the bite of the rattlesnake ; it is
also said to be employed successfully as a remedy for abscesses in the
lungs. (L.)
236 VEG KTABLES. — HirrocASTANEiE.
Alcornoca hark has been said to be the produce of Byrsonima lauri-
folia, rhopalccfolia^ and coccolohcefolia. (Liiid. Veg'. K. 390.)
Malpighia. (De Cand. i. 577.)
Malpighia glabra. (Linn.) Cerasus Jamaicensis, Barbadoes
cherry. Warm parts of America.
Fruit subacid, carminative, stomachic.
Triofteris. (De Cand. i. 586.)
Triopteris Jamaicensis. (Linn.) Sivitch sorrel. Jamaica.
Acerb, bitterish.
Order 36. ACERINEiE. (De Cand. i. 593.)
Calyx 4 — 5 — 9 partite ; petals 4 — 9, inserted around the hypogynous disk, altemale
with, and generally of the same colour jis, the calyx, lobes rarely wanting ; stmnens
inserted into the hypogynous disk, generally eight, rarely 5 — 12 ; anthers oblong; ovarj/
didymous ; style one ; stiijinas two ; fruit consisting of two indehiscent carpels, which
sejiarate when ripe, forming a samara, i. e. a one-celled 1 — 2 seeded cai-pel, compressed at
the upper part, and terminating in a diverging membraneous wing, thickened at the
lower part ; seeds oblong, attached to the base of the cell ; endopleura subcarnose ;
albumen none ; embryo curved or convolute ; cotyledons fbliaceous ; radicle directed
towards the base of the cell. Trees with opposite simple leaves.
Acer. (De Cand. i. 593.)
*AcER CAMPESTRE. (Liuu.) (E. B. 304.) Acer minus, Common
maple.
Fl. pale green. June. Large tree. Hedges, &c.
Koot used in liver complaints.
Acer platanoides. (Linn.) Norway maple. Europe.
*AcER pseudo-platanus. (Linn.) (E. B. 303.) Acer majus,
Greater maple, Sycamore.
Fl. yellowish green. June. Large tree. Hedges, «S:c.
Acer sacciiarinum. (Linn.) Sugar maple. Canada.
The sap of these trees, as well as that of the common maple, is used
for making sugar and wine.
Acer kubrum. (Linn.) Viryinia maple. North America.
Decoction of the inner bark used as an astrins^ent eve-water.
Order 37.— HIPPOCASTANE^. (De Cand. i. 597.)
Calyx campanulate, five-lobed ; petals five, or four by abortion, hypogynous, im-
equal ; stamens 7 — 8, inserted on a hypogynous disk, unequal, free; ovary roundish,
hree-cornered ; style one, tiliform, conical; fruit coriaceous, 2 — 3 valved, 2 — 3 celled;
seeds large, roundish, with a smooth shining coat, and a broad ash-coloured hilum;
albumen none ; embryo curved, inverted, with thick fleshy cotyledons and a verv large
plumula. Trees or shrubs with compound, opposite, exstipulate leaves ; floiiers ia
terminal lacemes,
JEscuLus. (De Cand. i. 597.)
**iEscuLUS HippocASTANUiM. (Linn.) Sorse chestnut.
Fl. white, spotted with red and yellow. May. Large tree. India.
Bark recommended as a valuable febrifug-e in intermittent and other
VEGETABLES.— sAPiNDACE^. 237
fevei*s (as well as the skin of the fruit), astringent, used for Peruvian
bark in doses of 3ss. to 3J. ; it deserves to be the subject of a series
of well-conducted experiments ; a decoction has been recommended in
gangrene, and its powder is errhine ; seeds farinaceous, but must be
soaked in an alkaline ley to take off their bitterness.
Pavia. (De Cand. i. 598.)
Pavia rubra. (Lamb.) j32sculus pavia, Scarlet-Jlowered horse
chestnut.
Bark febrifuge : root used for soap : seeds, buck eyes, used to poison
fish.
Order 38.— RHIZOBOLEiE. (De Cand. i. 599.)
Sep'jls five, more or less combined, imbricated in aestivation ; petals five, tliickisli,
unequal, arising along with tlie stamens from a hypogynous disk ; stumens extremely
numerous, slightly monadelphous, arising in a double row from a disk, the innennost
being shorter and often abortive; anthers roundish; ovari/ superior, 4 — -6 celled, 4 — 6
seeded; sti/les 4 — 6; stiijmn simple; ovules peltate; fruit consisting of 4 — 6 nuts
combined together, part of which are sometimes abortive, each nut indehiscent, one-
seeded, one-celled, with a thick double putamen; seed reniform, exalbuminous, with a
funicle which is dilated into a spongy excrescence ; radicle very large, constituting
nearly the whole of the almond-like substance of the nut, with a long two-edged caulicle,
having two small cotyledons, and lying in a furrow of the radicle. Trees with opposite-
stalked compound exstif)ulate leaves and racemose floiccrs.
Caryocar. (De Cand. i. 599.)
Caryocar butyrosum. (Willd.) Pekea hutyracea, Rhizobolus
butyrosus, Surawah, Suwarrow, or Souari nut. Guiana.
Seed esculent. The kernel of the nut is considered one of the most
delicious of the nut kind. The wood is excellent for ship timber, mill
work, «&c. (Scliomburgk.)
Caryocar tomextosum. (Willd.) Pekca, tuberculosa, Rhizobolus
pehea, JR. tuberculosa, Guiana almonds, Brazil nuts. Guiana, &c.
Seeds esculent, imported from the Brazils.
Order 39.— SAPINDACEiE. (De Cand. i. 601.)
Flo'.ccrs polygamous. Males: eali/x moi-e or less deeply 4 — 5 paiied, or 4 — 5
louved, with an imbricated estivation ; petals 4 — 5, or occasionally absent, alternate
with the sepals, hypogynous, sometimes naked, sometimes with a double apipendace
on the inside, sestivation imbricated ; disk fleshy, sometimes occupying the base of tlie
calyx, regular, nearly entire, expanded between the petals and stamens, sometimes
glandular, incomplete, the glands stationed between tlie petals and the stamens;
stamens 8 — 10, rarely 5 — 6 — 7, very seldom 20, sometimes inserted into the disk,
sometimes into the receptacle between the glands and the pistil ; f laments free, or
combined just at the base; antliers turned inwards, dehiscing longitudinally ; radiment
of a pistil very small or none. Hermaphrodite flowers: calyx, petals, disk, stamens,
as in the males; ovanj three-celled, rarely 2 — 4 celled, the cells containing 1 — 2 — 3,
very seldom more ovules ; stijla undivided, or more or less deeply two or three cleft ;
ovules, when solitary, erect or ascending, rarely suspended ; when double, the npper
ascending, the lower suspended ; fruit sometimes capsular, 2 — 3 valved, sometimes
samaroid, sometimes fleshy and indehiscent ; seeds usually with an aril, the outer in-
tegument crustaceous or membraneous, the interior pellucid; albumen none; embri/o
seldom stiTiight, usually cur\-ed or spirally twisted ; radicle next the hilum ; cotyledons
238 VEGETABLES.— sAPiNDACE^E.
incumbent, sometimes combined into a thick mass ; plumule two-leaved. Trees or shrubs
which often climb, and have tendrils, seldom climbing herbs: leaves alternate, compound,
very rarely simple, with or without stipules, often marked with lines or pellucid dots;
flowers in i-acemes, or racemose panicles, small, white or pink, seldom yellow.
Cardtospeiimtjm. (De Cand. i. 601.)
Cardiospermum IIalicacabum. (Linn.) East Indies.
Hoot aperient ; juice used as an emollient in gonorrhoea ; herb used
as food.
Euphoria. (De Cand. i. 611.)
Euphoria Litchi. (Desf.) E. punicea. (Lamb.) Dimocarpus
Lychi. (Lour.) Lit-chi Chinensis. (Sonn.) Scytalia Chinensis.
(Gaertn.) Nephelium. (Linn.) Sapindm cdulis, Lit-schi. India
and China.
Fruit esculent.
Magonia. (L.)
Magonia pubescens. (Aug. de St. H.) Phceocarpus campestris.
(Mart.) Brazil.
Ashes extremely alkaline ; bark used for subduing the swellings
produced in the hides of horses by the stings of insects ; leaves letlial
to fish. (L.)
Melicocca. (De Cand. i. 614.)
Melicocca bijuga. (Linn.) Gerdp tree. "West Indies.
Seeds oily, esculent.
IMehcocca trijuga. (.Tuss.) Schleichera trijiiga. (Wtlld.) India.
Bark astringent ; rubbed up with oil, the natives of India use it to
<;ure the itch. The pulpy subacid aril is edible and palatable. (L.)
Paullinia. (De Cand. i, 604.)
Paullinia australis. (L.) Brazil.
Supposed to be the plant from which a species of Polistes prepares
a veaomous honey in the woods of Brazil, (Auguste de St. Ililaire.) (L.)
Paullinia sorbilis. (Mart.) South America.
The Indians of Para are said to prepare the substance called Guarana
from the seeds of this plant.
Paulijnia subrotunda. (Pers.) Woods in Peru.
Arillus esculent.
Sapindus. (De Cand. i. 607.)
Sapindus emargixatus. (Vahl.) India.
Employed by the Hindoo' physicians as an expectorant. (Ainslie.)
"When mixed with water froths like soap, and is used instead of that
substance for many impoi'tant purposes ; Dr. Slierwood states that the
seeds pounded with water often put an end to the epileptic paroxysm,
a small quantity being introduced into the patient's mouth. (O'Sh.)
Sapindus saponaria. (Linn.) Saponaria, Soap-berry tree. West
Indies.
Fruit used with rum as an embrocation in rheumatism ; tops, leaves,
and seed vessels, form a lather with water, and cleanse linen, &c. ; the
plant intoxicates and kills fish. (G.) Fruit detersive and very acrid,
they lather freely in water, and are used in the West Indies instead of
VEGETABLES.— MELiACE^. 239
soap ; " a few of them will cleanse more linen than sixty times their
weight of soap ;" pounded and thrown into water they intoxicate fish ;
a tincture of the berries has been recommended in chlorosis ; S. ince-
qualis is said to have similar detersive qualities. (L.)
ScHMiDELiA. (De Cand. i. 610.)
ScHMiDELiA SERRATA. (D. C.) Ornitrophe serrnta. Bengal.
Root astringent, employed by the Telinga physicians in substance to
stop diarrhoea ; ripe berries eaten by the natives of Coromandel. ( L.)
Serjania. (De Cand. i. 602.)
Serjania triternata. (Willd.) Liane a persil. "Warm parts
of America.
Used to poison fish.
Order 40.— MELIACEiE. (De Cand. i. 619.)
Sepals 4 — 5, more or less united; petals as many as the sepals, alternating with them,
hypogynous, usually conniving at the base or even cohering ; stamens twice as many as
the petals ; filaments cohering in a long tube ; ovary solitary ; style one ; stigmas distinct
or combined ; fruit beriied, drupaceous, or capsular, many-celled, often by abortion one-
<:elled ; seeds albuminous, or sometimes without albumen. Trees or shrubs with alternate
«sstipulate leaves.
Cahapa. (De Cand. i. 626.)
Carapa Guianensis. (Aubl.) Persoonia guareoides. (Willd.)
The bark has a high reputation as a febrifuge ; the oil, Oil of Carapa,
which is obtained from the fruit, is applied to the skin, also to the hair
to promote its growth, and is administered internally as an anthelmintic.
It is said to be excellent for preventing iron from rusting.
Cakapa obovata. (L.) Xylocarpus ohovatus.
Carapa Moluccensis. (Lamb.) Carapa Indica. (Juss.) Xylo-
carpus granatum. (Kaen.) Various parts of the East Indies.
Contain an extremely bitter principle. (L.)
Carapa Touloucouxa. C. Guineensis. Africa.
A concrete fixed oil is obtained from the fruit, called Tallicoonah or
Kundah oil. It has a bitter, acrid, and disagreeable taste, and is used
by the natives as an anthelmintic and purgative. It is also used for
burning in lamps, and as an application to the skin.
CiiLOROXYLON. (Dc Cand. i. 625.)
Chloroxylon SwiETENiA. (D. C.) Sivietenia chloroxylon. (Ro.xb.)
East Indies.
The wood of this tree is the Satin-wood of the cabinet-makers. It
is said to be one of the trees yielding the wood-oil of India. ( L.)
Cedrela. (De Cand. i. 624.)
Cedrela ODORATA. (Linn.) C. rosmarinus^ Barbadoes cedar.
Wood slightly odoriferous, antirlieumatic ; yields a resin. (L.)
Cedrela Toona. (Roxb.) C.fehrifuga. Poma. Toona. Ben-
gal, Java.
Bark used as a febrifuge. (G.) It has been employed in Java
with much success in the worst epidemic fevers, diarrhoea, and other
240 VEGETABLES.— MEHAOE^.
complaints; and also in various cases of dysentery, but in the last sta^e
only, when the inflammatory symptoms had disappeared ; it has also
been considered especially useful in bilious fevers and inveterate
diarrhoea arising from atony of the muscular fibre. (L.)
GuAKEA. (De Cand. i. 623.)
GuAREA AuBLETir. (A. de J.) Tricliilia guarea. (Aublet.)
Bark a violent emetic and purgative; a decoction is said to produce
similar etfects, but in a milder manner ; possibly the same as the next
species. (L.)
Guarea trichilioides. (Cav.) Melia guara. (Jacq.) Cuba.
Juice of bark purgative and violently emetic. (L.)
Humiria. (De Cand. i. 619.)
Humiria balsamifera. (Aubl.) Myrodendron amplexicaule,
Houmiri, or Touri. Guiana.
Yields balsam houmiri ; bark resinous. (G.) The balsam is very
similar to that produced by
Humiria floribundum. (Mart.) Brazil.
This plant, the Umiri of the people of Para, yields from its trunk,
when wounded, a valuable, fragrant, limpid, pale-yellow balsam, called
Balsam of umiri, possessing the same medicinal qualities as balsam of
copaiva ; compared by Martins to that of Peru. (L.)
Melia. (De Cand. i. 621.)
Melia azedarach. (Linn.) Azedarach, Bread-tree. Syria and
South of Europe.
Seeds yield oil ; bark, azedarachta P. U. S., used for the Peruvian ;
leaves vulnerary, vermifuge, diuretic ; root bitter and nauseous, used in
ZS'orth America as an anthelmintic ; the pulp that surrounds the seeds
said to be poisonous, but this is denied by Turpin ; trees yield gum,
and also toddy.
Sandoricum. (De Cand. i. 621.)
Sandoricum Indicum. (Cav.) East Indies.
Root aromatic, stomachic, and antispasmodic ; it is employed in
Java against leucorrhoea, combined with the bark of the root of Ca-
rapa ohovata ; it is extremely bitter. (L.)
Swietenia. (De Cand. i. 625.)
Swietenia febrifuga. (Roxb.) Soymida fehrifuga. (L.) Med
wood tree. India.
Bark an efficient remedy for the dangerous jungle fever of India
when cinchona produces no effect : it has also been employed success-
fully in India in bad cases of gangrene, and in Great Britain in typhus
fever, and as an astringent. (L.) Dose in powder 3ss. (G.)
Swietenia chicicrassa. (Roxb.) Chickrassia tubularis. (L.)
East of Bengal.
Bark powerfully astringent, without bitterness. (L.)
Swietenia mahogoni. (Linn.) Cedrus mahogoni. (Mill.) Maho-
gany tree. Hotter parts of America.
VEGETABLES.— AMPKLiDEiE. 241
"Wood astringent ; an extract is made from it. (G.) Has been
used in the West Indies as a substitute for Peruvian bark, but inferior
to it. (L.) This is the Mahogany wood used for furniture, &c.
SwiETENiA Senegalensis. (Desrous.) Khaija Senegalensis. (L.)
Borders of the Gambia.
Bark very bitter, called Call cedra, febrifuge ; the blacks use it in
infusion and decoction, never in powder ; it is employed as a remedy
for the fevers so common in the damp districts of the Gambia.
The Jtirihali, or Euribali, is a plant possibly allied to this genus ;
the bark is a potent bitter and astringent ; it appears to be far superior
to Peruvian bark in fevers of a typhoid or malignant nature ; it is cor-
dial and purgative, and is also a powerful diaphoretic, especially if
taken warm. (Dr. Hancock.) It is not known to what genus this be-
longs. (L.)
TuiCHiLiA. (De Cand. i. 622.)
Trichilia emetica. (Vahl.) Yemen, Senegal.
Fruit used by the Arabs as an emetic under the name of Djouz
elkai ; ripe seeds formed with sesamum oil into a salve against the
itch. (L.)
Thichilia sfondioides. (Swartz.) Bastard Brazil. Jamaica
and Hispaniola.
Wood used in dyeing.
Trichilia spinosa. (Willd.) East Indies.
Berries boiled for their oil.
Trichilia trifoliata. (Linn.) Cura^oa.
The female slaves in Curagoa use a decoction of the roots to pioduce
abortion ; the Dutch call the tree Kerseboom, the Spaniards Ceraso
mojcho. (L.)
Walsura. (O'Sh.)
Walsura piscidia. East Indies.
Bark employed to intoxicate fish, which are not deemed unwliole-
some in consequence. (O'Sh.)
Order 4L— AMPELIDEiE. (De Cand. i. 627.)
Cahjx small, entire or toothed at the margin ; petals 4 — 5, alternate with the teeth
of the calyx, inserted on a disk which surrounds the ovary ; utamciis as many as the
])etals, inserted upon the disk ; anthers ovate, versatile ; Ofciri/ free, globose ; style very
short or none ; stigma simple ; bcrri/ often pulpy, one-celled ; seeds 4 — 5 or fewer by
abortion, ere<-t, osseous ; albumen fleshy, hard ; embryo erect ; coti/ledous lanceolate.
Climbing sfirxbs with tumid separable joints, the lower leaves opposite, the upper alter-
nate ; small greenish fiowers.
Cissus. (De Cand. i. 627.)
Cissus acida. (Linn.) South America.
Cissus setosa. (Roxb.) Bengal.
Every part of these plants exceedingly acrid; the leaves toasted
and oiled are applied to indolent tumours to bring them to suppura-
tion. (L.)
B
242 VEGETABLES.— GERANiACE^.
Cissus SALUTARis. (H. B. et Kunth.) South America.
Has a root useful in dropsical cases. (L.)
ViTis. (De Cand. i. 633.)
**ViTis viNiFERA. (Linn.) Grape vine.
June. Native of Asia.
Numerous varieties of this plant are cultivated ; fruit, grapes, uvcPy.
esculent when ripe, cooling and antiseptic ; in large quantities diuretic
and laxative, very useful in bilious and putrid fevers, dysentery, and
all inflammatory affections ; raisins more laxative then the fresh fruit ;
juice made into a variety of wines, also inspissated, and made into
sugar. Dried grapes, Uvce siccatce, Raisins, from Barbary, in jars.
Raisins of the sun, Uvce passce majores ; these and the other raisins
are prepared by being left to wither a little on the vine, the stalk
being cut half-way through, then gathered and dipped in a ley of
wood-ash and barilla, at 12 or 15 deg. Baume, sp. gr. 1'094 to Til 6,
to every four gallons of which are added a handful of salt and a pint of
oil, or a pound and a half of butter, and then drying them in the sun ;
they lose about two-thirds of their weight, and become covered witli a
saccharine exudation ; Denia raisi?is, Malaga raisi?is, Valencia raisins,.
JBelvidere raisins, Lexia raisins. Muscatel raisins, Bloom raisins, Sul-
tana raisins, Uvce apyrencB (small, yellowish red, without stones)^
Slack Smyrna raisins. Red Smyrna raisins. Currants, Uvce minores
Coritithiacce, JEast Indian raisins (Kishmish, from the small Schiraz
grapes). All these dried grapes are used for food, or fermented with
water, and made into wine. Rape, Vinacea, the cake left on pressing
grapes : it is fermented with water, and distilled for brandy.
Order 42.— GERANIACE^. (De Cand. i. 637.)
Sepals five, persistent, ribbed, more or less unequal, with an imbricated a-stivation,.
one soinetimes saccate, or spurred at the base ; i^etals five, alternating with the sepals,
iingiiicnlate, equal or unequal, either hypogynous or perigynous ; stamens usually mona-
delphous, hypogynous, double the number of the petals, some occasionally sterile, equal
or unequal; ovunj in appearance, five-celled, terminating in a long thick style, crowned'
by five stigmas, but in reality the torus is elongated over the slender, subpentagonal
axis ; carpels five, submembraneous, iudehiscent, one-celled, two-seeded, addressed to
the base of the torus, having at their apex five filiform styles, which are closely adnate
to the furrows in the torus, and terminate at tlie apex in five short, simple, acute stigmas ;
after fecundation, the styles twist up in various modes from base to apex, and thus
draw the carpels out from the calyx, and in a short time both fall off from the torus \
seed in the carpels solitary, pendulous, exalbuminous ; emhri/o curved ; radicle deflexed
and turned towards the base of the carpel ; cotyledons foliaceous, convolute, and plaited.
Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with tumid stems separable at the joints, and either oppo-
site or alternate leaves, with pedunculate inflorescence.
Slightly acrid or acid, vulnerary and astringent.
Erodium. (De Cand. i. 644.)
*Erodium cicuTARiuM. (Lcman.) (E. B. 1168.) Hemlock stork's-bill.
Fl. pale red. May, September. Annual. Waste ground.
*Erodium moschatum. (Willd.) (E. B. 902.) Musky stork's-bilL
Fl. rose-coloured. June, July. Annual. Mountainous pastures.
Astringent and detersive, used in poultices.
VEGETABLES.— GERANiACEiE. 243
Geranium. (De Cand. i. 639.)
*Geranium coLUMBmuM, (Linn.) (E. B. 157.) Long-stalked
craties-bill, Dove s-foot.
Fl. bluish or rose-coloured. June, July. Annual. Dry pastures.
*(tEranium robertianum. (Linn.) (E. B. 1486.) Gratia Dei,
Herb Robert.
Fl. deep crimson, sometimes white. May, August. Annual. Commoii.
♦Geranium rotundifoi.ium. (Linn.) (E. B. 157.) Mound-
leaved crane's-bill.
Fl. reddish-purple. June, July. Annual. Pastures and waste
grounds.
♦Geranium sanguineum. (Linn.) (E. B. 272.) Bloody cranes-hill.
Fl. reddish-purple. July. Perennial. Alpine or limestone pastures.
♦Geranium sylvaticum. (Linn.) (E. B. 121.) G. batrachy aides.
Blue dove' s-foot, Wood crane's-bill.
Fl. purplish-blue, with crimson veins. July. Perennial. Woods.
Astringent and detersive ; used in poultices. (G.) G. Robertia-
nnm is a popular remedy in Wales in nephritic complaints. (L.)
Geranium maculatum. (Linn.) American crane's-bill. Canada
and Carolina.
Root, Geranium, P. U. S., boiled in milk, used in the cholera of
infants. (G.) A most powerful astringent, containing considerably
more tannin than kino ; according to Bigelow, it is particularly suited
to the treatment of such diseases as continue from debility after the
removal of the exciting cause ; tincture an excellent local application
in sore throat and ulcerations of the mouth ; used in powder, extract,
or tincture. (L.)
Geranium tuberosum. (Linn.) Bulbous-rooted crane's-bill.
South of Europe.
Root in wine used as a wash in inflammation of the vulva.
Pelargonium. (De Cand. i. 649.)
Pelargonium capitatum. (Ait.) Rose-scented Pelargonium,
or Stork' s-bill. Cape of Good Hope.
Pelargonium odoratissimum. (Willd.) Sweet-scented Pelar-
gonium, or Stork' s-bill. Cape of Good Hope.
Pelargonium roseum. (Ait.) Rose-coloured Pelargonium, or
Stork' s-bill. Cape of Good Hope,
These three species of Pelargonium yeild an essential oil by distilla-
tion, which somewhat resembles otto of roses in flavour, and is much
used for adulterating otto of roses. The oil of Pelargonium contains
an acid, called Pelargonic acid, which combined with ether is used for
giving the whiskey flavour to spirits. Pelargonic acid is produced
artiiiciaUy by the action of nitric acid on oil of rue.
R 2
244 VEGETABLES.— BALSAMiNE^.
Order 43.— TROPiEOLEiE. (De Cand. i. 683.)
Calyx five-partito, coloured, uppca- segment spurred at the base, spur free ; pctah
five, unequal, irregular, inverted on the cah'x, two upper sessile and remote, inserted
on the fauces of the spur, three lower stalked, smaller, sometimes abortive; stamens
eight, jierigynous, distinct; anthers innate, erect, two-celled; ovary three-corneied,
made up of three carpels; stylos three, united into one; stiijmas three; carpels three;
one-celled, one-seeded ; seeds large, exalbuminous ; embryo large ; eoti/ledons straight,
distinct when young, afterwards closely coherent ; radicle hidden between the processes
01 the cotyledons. Smooth herbaceous plants, with alternate peltinerve leaves and axillary
one-flowered peduncles.
TROPiEOLUM. (De Cand. i. 683.)
**Trop^ox.um majus. (Linn.) Garden nasturtium^ Indian cress.
Fl. deep orange. July, August. Annual. Native of Peru.
TROPiEOLUM MINUS. (Linn.) Smaller nasturtium. Peru.
Eaten in salads, antiscorbutic, excite the appetite, assist digestion,
externally used in stubborn itch.
Trop^oj:.um tuberosum. (Flor. Per.) Peru.
Root eaten.
Order 44.— BALSAMINEJi:. (De Cand. i. 685.)
Calyx two-sepalled ; sepals small, deciduous, opposite, often mucronate, with an im-
bricated aastivation ; petals four, hypogynous, cruciate, two outer ones alternate with the
sepals, and callous at the apex, uppei- one arched, emarginate, lower entire, prolonged
at the base into a sjiur, two iinier ones alternate with the former, equal, often bifid or
appendiculated ; stamens five, hypogynous ; filaments short, thickened at apex ; anthers
subconnate, the three lower stamens opposite the petals, with bilocular anthei-s, the two
upper opposite the upper petal, witli one or two celle<l anthers ; anthers dehiscing by a
longitudinal chink ; ovary one ; style none ; stiymas five, or united into a single sessile
short stigma ; capsule of five valves, dehiscing elastically ; placenta central, five angular,
the membraneous angles extending into the valvular suture, and therefore the young
capsule is five-celled ; seeds pendulous, numerous, exalbuminous ; embryo straight ; radicle
superior. Succulent herbaceous plants, with simple, opposite, or alternate leaves, without
stipules, with an axillary pedunculated injlorescence.
Tmpatiens. (De Cand. 687.)
*Impatiens koli tangere. (Linn.) (E. B. 937.) Touch-me-
not. Yellow Balsam-
Fl. yellow, spotted with red. July, August. Annual. Rare.
Near Guildford, Surrey ; Yorkshire.
Herb diuretic, capable of producing a diabetes, but extremely
uncertain in its operation. (G.)
LiQUiDAMBAR. (Liudl. Fl. Med. 321.)
Liquidambar altingia. (Blume.) Altlngia excelsa. (Noronha.)
JRas-sa-ma-la. Java.
Bark with a hot and bitterish taste, yielding, when wounded, a
fragrant honey-like balsam ; the latter is liquid storax, a stimulating
expectorant substance, acting in the same way as solid storax, that is
to say, influencing the mucous membranes, especially that wliich lines
the air passages. But although this tree undoubtedly produces the fine
liquid storax, or Rasamala of the Malayan Archipelago, it is probable
that the principal part of that in use is obtained from L. orientale, for
VEGETABLES.— oxALiDE.^. 245
it has been ascertained by Dr. Pereira that all the storax imported for
seven years came from Trieste. (L.)
LiQuiDAMBA RORiENTALE. (Mill.) L.imberbe, Pltttanus ojientalis.
Cyprus and East of Europe.
Produces by incision excellent white turpentine. The common
Cypriots toast and suck morsels of the wood and bark, esteeming them
a specific remedy for fevers. (L.)
LiQuiDAMBER STYEACiFLUA. (Linn.) Styrax aceris folio. (Raj.)
Sweet-gum. Mexico, and Southern States of North America.
A balsamic juice flows from the trunk of the tree when wounded,
which is called Liquidamher, or Copalm balsam. This is a transparent
liquid, of the consistence of thin honey, of a yellowish colour, agreeable
balsamic odour, and bitter, acrid taste. An inferior product is obtained
by boiling the young branches in water, and skimming off the fluid
wJiich rises to the surface.
I
Order 45.— OXALIDE^. (De Cand. i. 683.)
Cahjx of five, persistent, equal sepals, or five-parted; petals five, hypogynous, equal,
tinguiculate; stamens ten, the five opposite the petals longest; filaments subulate,
generally nionadelphous ; anthers two-celled; ovari/ free, witli five angles and five cells;
stt/les five, filiform ; stiijmas capitate or somewhat bifid ; capsule ovate or oblong, mem-
braneous, with five cells, and from five to ten valves ; seeds few, fixed to the central angle
of the cells, ovate, striated, enclosed in a fleshy ariilus, which opens with elasticity;
embryo inverted ; coti/lcdons foliaceous. Herbaceous plants or under shrubs, with alter-
nate, rarely opposite leaves.
AvERRHOA. (De Cand. i. 689.)
AvERRnoA BiLiMBi. (LiuH.) Bengal.
A syrup is prepared with the juice, and a conserve with the flowers,
employed in India in the treatment of fevers. (O'Sh.)
AvERRHOA CARAMBOLA. (Liun.) KamaruTiga. Bengal.
Fruit used in pickle, in curries, and as an ingredient in several
native electuaries. The dyers also employ it very extensively. (O'Sh.)
The fruits of both of these are acid, and. are made into preserves with
sugar. (G.)
OxALis. (De Cand. i. 690.)
♦OxALis ACETOSELLA. (Linn.) (E. B. 762.) Acetosella, Alleli/ja,
Lujula, Trifolium acidiim, Comvion ivood. sorrel, Green sauce.
Fl. white. May, June. Perennial. Woods. Common.
Herb in salads very refreshing, acidulous, antiputreseent, makes a
very pleasant whey ; used for the extraction of salt of sorrel. (G.)
Taken as a salad, it forms a good scorbutic ; infused in milk or water,
it forms a grateful drink in fevers and inflammatory cases. (L.)
*OxALis CORNICUEATA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1726.) Yellow procumbent
iLOod sorrel.
Fl. yellow. May, June. Annual. Shady waste ground, Devon.
Qualities the same as those of 0. acetosella.
OxALis coMPREssA. (Jacq.) Cape of Good Hope.
OXALIS FRUTESCENS.
246 VEGETABLES.— ZYGOPHYLLE^,
OXAMS DODECANDRIA.
OxALis STRiCTA. (Linn.) Jamaica wood sorrel.
Acid, cooling.
OxALis TUBEROSA. (Sav.) Chili.
Root like potatoes, herb acid.
Order 46.— ZYGOPHYLLE JE. (De Cand. i. 703.)
Calyx of five sepals, distinct, or veiy slightly connected at the base ; petals five,
altei-nating with the sepals, inserted on the receptacle ; stamens ten, distinct, hypogy-
nous, five opposite the petals, five alternating with the petals ; ovary simple, five-celled ;
styles five, coalescing in one ; fruit capsular, with four or five angles or wings, and four
or five cells; st'ccfe usually numerous, sometimes exalbuminous ; em^rj/o straight ; radicle
superior ; cotyledons leafy. Herbaceous plants, shrubs, or trees, with opposite, stipulate,
generally pinnate leaves; with white, blue, red, or yellow flowers, either solitary, or in
pairs or threes.
Balanites. (De Cand. i. 708.)
(Placed by Endlicher under genus " Olacinies affine")
Balanites ^gyptiaca, (Delille.) Ximenia jEgyptiaca, (Linn.)
Africa, cultivated in Egypt.
Leaves anthelmintic. Unripe drupe acrid, bitter and purgative, but
when ripe eaten without inconvenience. The fruit, Egyptian myro-
halans, sometimes mixed with true myrobalans in commerce.
GuAiACUM. (De Cand. i. 707.)
' GuAiACUM officinale. (Linn.) Lignum-vitce tree. India.
"Wood, guaiaci lignum, lignum sanctum, lignum vitcB, resinous, hot,
aromatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, used in dropsy, gout, and especially
in the venereal disease ; in warm climates, yields gum guaiacum, or,
more correctly, guaiacum resin ; leaves detergent, used in scouring
floors, and washing printed linens ; the wood is excessively hard and
compact. (G.) Internally taken, either wood or resin excites a sensa-
tion of warmth in the stomach, and dryness of the mouth and throat-
It increases the heat of the skin, accelerates the pulse, and proves
diaphoretic if the patient be kept warm, or diuretic if the surface of
the body be exposed to the air. In large doses it acts as a purgative.
It is also given in cases of foul ulcers, hospital gangrene, thickened
ligaments, mercurial ulcerations, and in various forms of scrofula.
(O'Sh.) Continued use of the wood occasions heartburn, flatulence,
and costiveness. (Pereira.)
Guaiacum sanctum. (Linn.) Porto Rico, South America.
Guaiacum in tears, Guaiacum in lachrymis, is said to be exuded by
this species.
PoRLiERA. (De Cand. i. 707.)
PoRLiERA HYGROMETRicA. (Ruiz ct Pav.) Chili, Peru.
Wood sudorific, antirheumatic. Properties similar to those of
Guaiacum. (L.)
Tribulus. (De Cand. i. 703.)
Tribulus TERRESTRis. (Linu.) Caltrops. South of Europe, Barbary.
Herb detersive ; astringent, vermifuge ; seeds cordial.
VEGETABLES.— nuTACE.E. 247
Zygophyllum. (De Cand. i. 705.)
Zygophyllum Fabago. (Linn.) Bean caper. Syria.
Vermifusro.
Order 47.— RUTACEiE. (De Cand. i. 709.)
Calyx 3—5 sepaled, the sepals more or less united together, thus making the calyx
either dentate, cleft, or partite; petals (very rarely none) generally as many as the
sepals, often unguiculate, distinct ; disA fleshy, glandular, surrounding the ovary, aris-
ing from the receptiic.le, external to the petals, bearing the stamens on the upper part;
stamens usually double the number of petals ; carpels as many as the sepals, (sometimes
by abortion fewer,) either distinct, or united at the base, or perfectly connate ; style
arising from the centre of the ovary, single, divided into as many stigmas as there are
ovaries; carpels when ripe generally distinct, one-celled, dehiscent; seed's inverted,
iiffixed to the inner angle ; embryo straight, compressed ; radicle superior. Herbs or
shrubs, witli opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and axillary or tennmal flowers. All
the parts are aromatic,
Antidesma. (Endl. Gen- pi. 287.)
Antidesma alexiteria. (VVilld.) Noela tali. Laurel-leaved
imtidesma- East Indies.
Fruit acid, like the barberry ; a decoction of the leaves is reputed
to be an antidote against the bite of serpents ; the bark is used for
making ropes.
DicTAMNUs. (De Cand. i. 712.)
**DiCTAMNus PRAxiNELLA. (Pers.) Dictavtinus albus. (Var.)
Bastard dittany. Fraxinella.
Fl. purple or white. June, July. Perennial. South of Europe.
Root rather bitter, cordial, cephalic, alexiterial, uterine, anti-epileptic,
vermifuge ; in powder 3j. twice a day.
DiosMA. (De Cand. i. 714.)
DiosMA CRENATA. (D. C.) Barosma crenata, Bucku. Cape of
Good Hope.
Powder of the leaves strong smelling, tonic, astringent, and diuretic ;
in gleet and other diseases of the urinary passages.
DiOSMA ODORATA. (D. C.) D. CRENULATA, D. SERRATIFOLIA.
(Lodd.) Cape of Good Hope.
Plants whose leaves are collected in South Africa under the name of
Bucku ; the infusion is much praised as a remedy in chronic inflamma-
tions of the bladder and urethra, and in chronic rheumatism.
Elaphrium. (De Cand. i. 723.)
Elaphriom tomentosum. (.Jacq.) Fagara octandra. (Linn.)
Zanthoxylum octandra. Cura^oa and neighbouring islands.
The tree abounds in a fragrant, balsamic, glutinous resin, which is
believed to furnish one of the sorts of Tacamahaca. (L.) Yields
Tacamahaca in the shell. (G.)
EvoDiA. (De Cand. i. 724.)
EvoDiA AROMATIC A. Agathophyllum aromaticum, E. ravensarUf
Ravensara aromutica, Jiavensara. Madagascar.
liark aromatic, red ; nut resembles both cloves and pimento ; kernel
248 VEGETABLES.— iiuTACE^.
Clove nutmeg, Madagascar nutmeg, extremely hot, biting, with a
strong spicy smell ; leaves an excellent tonic cordial spice, form an
agreeable cordial, yield an oil.
EvoBiA FEBRiFUGA. (St. Hil.) Brazil.
Bark and young wood extremely bitter and astringent ; used Avith
great success in Brazil as febrifuges. (L.)
Gaupea. (De Cand. i. 731.)
Galipea cusparia. (St. Hil.) Cusparia fehrifuga, Bonplandia
trifoliata. Tropical America.
Bark, Angostura bark, Cusparice cortex, in pieces of different
lengths, aromatic, intensely bitter, tonic, stimulant, very useful in
dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and dysentery ; dose, gr. ;v. to xx. Imported
from Cadiz and West Indies in casks. (G.) Said by Humboldt to
produce Angostura bark, but denied by Dr. Hancock, who assigns it to
G. officinalis.
Gaupea officinalis. (Lindl. p. 211.) South America.
Oraguri of the natives. According to Dr. Hancock, this, which
he found to yield the true Angostura, or Carony harh, is essentially
different from tiie Cusparia febrifuga of Humboldt. He considers it
one of the most valuable febrifuges we possess, being adapted to the
worst and most malignant bilious fevers, while those in which cin-
chona is administered are simple intermittents. The natives use the
bruised bark as a means of intoxicating fishes.
Malambo hark, an aromatic bark witli very active, bitter, astringent,
febrifugal properties, a native of Columbia, the tree of which is un-
known, is supposed by Bonpland to be furnished by some plant allied
to Galipea.
Pegakum. (De Cand. i. 712.)
• Peganum Harmala. (Linn.) Ruta sylvestris^ Harmelwildrue.
East of Europe.
Seeds very inebriating, soporific, causing a happy forgetfulness and
pleasant delirium.
Ptelea. (Linfl. Fl. Med. 215.)
Ptelea trifoliata. (Linn.) Carolina shrub trefoil- United States.
Young green shoots anthelmintic ; fruit aromatic and bitter, a good
substitute for hops.
EuTA. (De Cand. i. 710.)
RuTA ANGUSTIFOLIA. (Pcrs.) Narroto-leaved rue. South France.
Vermifuge.
**RuTA GRAVEOLENS. (Linn.) Ruta hortensis. Hue.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. South of Europe.
Leaves, Rutce folia, powerfully resolvent, emmenagogue, carmina-
tive, diuretic ; also alexiterial, nervine, ceplialic, antispadmodic, and
anaphrodisiac ; dose gr. xv. to 3ij. ; externally rubefacient.
TicoREA. (De Cand. i. 730.)
TicoREA FEBRIFUGA. (St. Hil.) Brazil.
Bark inten.^ely bitter, astringent, febrifugal.
VEGETABLES.— siMARUBE.^:. 249
TicoREA JASMiMFLORA. (St. Hil.) Brazil.
A decoction of the leaves talien by the Brazilians as a cure for
franiboesia.
Zanthoxylttm. (De Cand. i. 725.)
Zanthoxylum alatum. (lloxb.) (Lind. Med. Bot. 217.) Nepal,
and north of Bengal.
Aromatic and pungent ; seeds used medicinally by the natives.
Zanthoxylum Avicexne. (D. C.) Fagara Avicennce. China.
Usetl in China as an antidote against all poisons, undoubtedly a
powerful stimulant.
Zanthoxylum Clava Herculis. (Linn.) Tooth-ache tree. West
Indies.
Leaves sudorific, diuretic, sialagogue, when taken internally ; used
in rheumatism and palsy ; expressed juice of the roots, cochl. ij. anti-
spasmodic ; roots in infusion used as a collyrium ; powder of bark of
roots useful in dressing putrid sores ; tincture found by Dr. Gillespie
lo be a good febrifuge; according to others, the decoction is anti-
sypliilitic.
Zanthoxylum fraxineum. (Willd.) Z. caribhocum, Prickly ash,
Prichly yellow toood. United States.
l&Vivk, Zanthoxylon,P. &^. .S"., febrifuge, dyes yellow. (G.) lias a
good deal of reputation in North America as a remedy in chronic rheu-
matism, generally given in decoction ; has also been used as a topical
stimulant, producing a powerful effect when applied to secreting sur-
faces and to ulcerated parts. (L).
Zanthoxylum heumaphroditum. (Willd.) Fagara guianensis,
Cticatin. Guiana.
Used as spice.
Zanthoxylum piperitum. (D. C.) Piper Japonicum, Japan
pepper. Japan.
Bark, leaves and fruit, powerfully aromatic, used as spice: the
active principle is chiefly in the fresli leaves, the dry bark, and the
pericarp ; the doctors of the country apply a poultice, made of the
bruised leaves and rice flour, to sore throats.
Order 48.— SIMARUBE^. (De Cand. i. 733.)
Flowers hermaphrodite, or occnsionally unisexual; calyx 4 — 5 narted, persistent;
petals 4 — 0, hypogynous, erect, deciduous ; stamens equal in numb" to the petals, or
twice as many, inserted on a hypogynous disk, free ; ovari/ with as many lobes as tliere
are petals ; style one, filiform, enlarged at the base ; carpels as many as the petals,
attiiched to a common axis, capsular, bivalved, opening inwards, one-seeded; seeds with-
out albumen, pendulous ; cotyledons two, thick ; radicle short, superior. Trees or
8hntl)s, found principally in the tropical regions of the New World, with very bitter
bark, and milky juice, having alternate, pinnate, exstipulate leaces, and whitish, green,
or pui-ple flowers.
NiMA.
Nima quassioides. (Hamilt.) Simaruba quassioiries. (Don.)
Nepal, Himalaya mountains.
Extremely bitter. Used as a substitute for quassia.
250 VEGETABLES.— ocHNACEJE.
Quassia. (De Cand. 733.)
Quassia amara. (Linn.) Coissi quassia. South America.
Wood of the root very bitter, febrifuge, stomachic : used in gout,
dose gr. x. to 3]., three or four times a day, or in infusion ; bark of the
root esteemed in Surinam the most powerful, but not to be had in
Europe. (G.)
Simaba. (De Cand. i. 733.)
SiMABA CEDRON. (PlanchoD.) Cedrou. New Granada. Banks
near vSan Pablo of the Magdalena. Isle de Caybo, coast of the
Pacific.
The cotyledons of the seed are the officinal part, and are said to
possess invaluable specific qualities against the bites of snakes, inter-
mittents, and stomach complaints generally ; by some, considered to be
also a specific against madness. The method of administering it is to
mix a little with water, and apply it to the wound, and then to scrape
about two grains into brandy or water, and administer it internally.
Doubts are entertained of the alleged specific qualities of tlie drug.
SiMARUBA. (De Cand. i. 733.)
SiMARUBA EXCELSA. (D. C) PtcrcBna excelsa ( (Lind.) Quassia
excelsa. (Swartz.) Quassia polygama, JBitter wood. Jamaica.
Wood makes a good bitter infusion, 3ii — iv. to lib of cold water ;
or the powder, ^r. xv. may be taken. (G.) The intensely bitter
timber furnishes the Quassia chips of the shops. (L.)
SiMARUBA OFFICINALIS. (De Cand.) S. amara. Quassia simO'
rouha, Simaruha, Mountain damson, Stave wood. Guiana.
Bark Simaruhce cortex^ inodorous, bitter, astringent ; useful in
dysentery, intermittent fever, dyspepsia, the whites; dose 3j. to 3ss.
(G.) Infusion more bitter than the decoction. (L.)
SiMARUBA VERSICOLOR. (Aug. de St. II.) Brazil.
So intensely bitter that no insects will attack the wood.
Order 49.— OCHNACEiE. (De Cand. i. 735.)
tScpals five, persistent, aestivation imbricated ; petals liypogynous, definite, sometimes
twice as many as the sepals, deciduous, spreading, imbricated in astivatiou ; stamens
five, opposite the sepals, or ten, or indefinite, arising from a hypogynous disk ; filaments
persistent; a/'ifAecy* bilocular, innate, opening by pores : carpels equal in number to the
petals, lying upon an enlarged tumid fieshy disk (the gynobase), their styles combined
in one ovule, erect ; fi-idt composed of as many pieces as there were carpels, somewhat
drupaceous, one-seeded, articulated with the gynobase, which grows with their growth ;
seeds without albumen; embryo straight; radicle short; cotyledoiis thick. Irecs and
under sh-ubs, sometimes downy, having a watery juice, with alternate bistipulated
■leaves, and racemose inflorescence.
GoMPHiA. (De Cand. i. 736.)
GoMPHiA ANGUSTiFOLiA. (Vald.) Ccylon and continent of India.
Root and leaves bitter ; a decoction in milk or water employed in
Malabar as a tonic, stomachic, and anti-emetic.
VEGETABLES.— CELASTRINE^. 251
"Walker.\. (De Cand. i. 739.)
Walkera serrata. (Willd.) Ceylon and Malabar.
Properties the same as Gomphia angustifolia.
Order 50.— CORIACEiE. (De Cand. i. 739.)
Flowers either hermaphrodite, or monoecious, or dioecious; caljx campanulat«, five-
pai-ted, ovate; petals five, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, and smaller than they
are, fleshy, with an elevated keel in the inside ; stamens ten, arising from the torus, five
betweeen the lobes of the calyx and the angles of the ovary, five between the petals and
the furrows of the ovary ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong, two-celled ; ovary seated
on a thickish gynobase, five-celled, five-angled ; style none ; stigmas five, long, sub-
ulate; OKules solitary, pendulous, or ascending; carpels five, when ripe close together,
but separate, indehiscent, one-seeded, sometimes surrounded with glandular lobes; seed
pendulous or ascending; albumen none; embryo straight; cotyledons two, fleshy.
Shitiljs with opposite branches, often three on each side, two of them being secondary to
an intermediate principal one ; leaves opposite or alternate, simple, entire ; buds scaly ;
racemes terminal and axillary.
CoRiARiA. (De Cand. i. 739.)
CoRiARiA MYRTiFOLiA. (Linn.) Myrtle-leuved sumach. Shores
of Mediterranean.
Leaves used in tanning and dyeing, the same as sumach ; sometimes
mixed with senna. (G.) Fruit a dangerous poison, exciting violent
fits of tetanus, giving place to apoplectic coma ; senna adulterated with
the leaves equally dangerous ; many fatal cases on record. (L.)
Sub-class II.— CALYCIFLORiE.
Order 5L— CELASTRINE^. (De Cand. ii. 2.)
Sepals 4 — 5, coherent at the base, not adherent to the ovary, imbricated in estivation ;
petals as many as the sepals, and alternate with them, very rarely wanting : stamens as
many as the sepals, alternate with the petals, and therefore opposite to the sepals, ambi-
guously perigynous in their insertion ; anthers two-celled ; ovary free, surrounded by a
fleshy disk, 2 — 3 — 4 celled, cells one, or many-seeded ; ovules erect, rarely pendulous ;
jitylc one or none ; stipna 2 — 4 cleft ; pericarp capsular, baccate, drupaceous, or sama-
roideous, various in form, and often deformed by the abortion of the cells ; seeds in many,
especially in tlie capsular ones, with an arillus ; albumen none or fleshy ; embryo straight
in the axis of the seed. Shrubs or trees often with stipulated alternate or opposite
leaves.
Catha. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1086.)
Catha edulis, and Catha spinosa. (Forskal.) Suhbaree Kdty
Muktaree Kdt. Kdt or Khdt.
The Arabs make use of this plant in large quantities as an excitant ;
it heightens the spirits, and creates wakefulness. The part of the plant
used is the leaf, and the Arabs believe it to be a preventive against
infections of all kinds. The Subbaree variety is the most esteemed.
Celastrus. (De Cand. ii. 5.)
Celastrus macrocarpus. (D. C.) Peru.
Seeds oily.
252 VEGETABLES.-cELASTRiKE^.
Celastrus paniculatis. (Willd.) C. nutans. (Roxb.) East Indies.
A stimulant and useful medicine according to Dr. Royle. (L.) An
empyreuniatic black oily fluid is distilled from the seeds, which is ad-
ministered in doses of a few drops daily in emulsions, with a beneficial
effect. (O'Sh.)
EuoNYMus. (De Cand. ii. 3.)
EuoNYMUS EuRor^us. (Linn.) (E. B. 362.) Fusian prick-woo J ,
Spindle-tree.
Fl. greenish-white. May. Large shrub. Hedges.
Seeds, three or four, emetic and purgative ; externally used as a
powder to kill lice, &c. ; wood makes good charcoal ; fruits dye a
yellowish-red, or rusty colour. (G.)
EuoNYMUs TiNGENS. India.
Used to mark the Tiha on the forehead of the Hindoos, and is con-
sidered by the natives as useful m diseases of the eyes. (O'Sh.)
El^odendron. (De Cand. ii. 10.)
El^jodexckon Roxburghii. (W. and A.) Neerija dichofoma.
(Roxb.) India.
The fresh bark of the root, rubbed with plain water, is applied by
the natives externally to almost every sort of swelling ; it is a very strong
astringent, possessing scarcely any other sensible quality. (Roxb.)
Ilex. (De Cand. ii. 13.)
*Ilex Aquifolium. (Linn.) (E. B. 496.) Common holly.
Fl. white. May, June. Large shrub. Hedges and w^oods.
Root, bark, berries, acrid, purgative; externally used, emollient,
and resolvent ; berries roasted, used for coffee ; bark yields Inrdlime.
(G.) Dr. Rousseau asserts that the leaves are equal to Peruvian bark
in the cure of intermittent fever ; the root and bark are said to be
emollient, expectorant, resolving, and diuretic. Ilaller recommends
the juice of the leaves in icterus ; Iveil also affirms that he has used
the bark successfully in cases of epidemic intermittent fever, when
Peruvian bark has failed.
Ilex voMiToniA. (Ait.) Cassine perigua. (Mill.) Ilex ligustrina.
(Jacq.) Florida and Carolina.
Leaves, Paraguay tea, diuretic in infusion, and diminish hunger,
but if too much is used, emetic ; an infusion of the high-dried leaves, is
drank as an exhilarant. (G.) A strong decoction of this plant, called
Black drink, is used by the tribe of the Creek Indians at the opening
of their councils. (L.)
Maytenus. (De Cand. ii. 9.)
Maytenus Chilensis. (D. C.) Celastrus 7naytenus. (Willd.)
Senacia maytenus. (Lamb.) Chili.
A decoction of the young branches used in Chili as a wash for swell-
ings produced by the poisonous shade of the tree called Lithi. (L.)
Myginda. (De Cand. ii. 12.)
Myginda Uragoga. (Jacq.) Carthagena.
Root, in infusion or decoction, a most powerful diuretic.
VEGETABLES.— KHAMNEiE. 253
Myginda Goxgonha. (D. C.) Cassine Gongonha. (Mart.) Ilex
paraguariensis. (Aug-, de. St. Hil.) Mate. Yapon, Verba de j^cilos,
Paraguay tea.
Said by Von Martius to deserve notice as a diuretic.
Prinos. (De Cand. ii. 16.)
Prinos glaber. (Linn.) Apalachian tea. North America.
Leaves used as tea.
Prinos verticillatus. (Linn.) Black alder. United States.
Bark febrifuge. (G.) Considered as a valuable tonic, especially
in cases of great debility, accompanied by fever ; as a corroborant in
anasarcous and other dropsies, and especially as a tonic in cases of
incipient sphacelus or gangrene : benies also reputed tonic, but Bigelow
asserts that they are emetic. (L.)
Staphylea. (De Cand. ii. 2.)
Staphylea trifolia. (Linn.) Bladder-nut tree. North America.
Kernels eaten.
Order 52.— RHAMNEiE. De Cand. ii. 19.)
Tube of the cahjx adhering to the ovary ; lobes 4 — 5, valved ia a?stivation ; petals
equal in number to, and alternate with, the lobes of the calyx ; stamens as many as the
petals opposite to them ; anthers bilocular; ovari/ superior, or half superior, irom two to
four celled, cells with one ovule ; sti/le single ; stlqniata 2 — 4 ; pericarp generally inde-
hiscent, a berry or drupe ; seeds erect, without arillus ; albumen none, or mostly fleshy ;
embryo straight, with an inferior radicle, and large flat cotyledons. Shrubs or suudl trees,
with simple, alternate, very rarely opposite leaves often stipulate.
Berchemia. (De Cand. ii. 22.)
Berchemia volubilis. (D. C.) JEnopilia voluhilis. (Schult.)
Rhamiius voluhilis. (Linn.) Carolina and Virginia.
Roots prescribed in cachectic disorders ; said to be antisyphilitic,
(O'Sh.)
Ceanothus. (De Cand. ii. 29.)
Ceanothus Americanus. (Linn.) New Jersey tea. United States.
Leaves used for tea. (G.) An infusion of the twigs has been em-
ployed on account of its astringency to stop gonorrhoeal discharges ;
root said to be antisyphilitic. (L.)
HovENiA. (De Cand. ii. 40.)
HovENiA DULCis. (Thuub.) Japan.
Peduncle fleshy, sweet-tasted, esculent.
Paliurus. (De Cand. ii. 22.)
Paliurus aculeatus. Rhamnus paliurus. South Europe.
Seeds diuretic ; root and leaves astringent, detersive ; fruit incisive.
Rhamnus. (De Cand. ii. 23.)
**Rham\us alaternus. (Linn.) Evergreen privet.
Fl. greenish. April, June. Large shrub. South Europ3.
Some sap green is made from it ; laxative.
254 VEGETABLES.— KHAMNEiE.
*Rhamnus catharticus. (Linn.) (E. B. 1629.) Spina cervina,
JBuckthorn.
Fl. yellowish-green. June. Large shrub. Hedges.
Berries a powerful hydragogue, purgative ; usually made into a
syrup ; juice made into sap green ; bark, dyes yellow ; inner bark is
cathartic. The berries are globular, bluish-black, with four cells,
and as many seeds, by which last character they may be easily dis-
tinguished by druggists from tiie fruit of U. frangula, which is supposed
to be less active.
*Rhamnus frangula. (Linn.) (E. B. 250.) Alnus nigra.
Slack alder tree, Berry-bearing alder tree.
Fl. greenish. May. Large shrub. Woods and thickets.
Unripe berries used to make sap green; ripe berries purgative and
emetic ; bark bitter, emetic, detersive, aperitive, and dyes yellow ;
bark of root violently purgative ; wood, Black dogwood, makes the
best charcoal for gunpowder.
Hhamnus infectorius. (Linn.) South Europe.
Berries purgative ; unripe berries dried, French berries, Grana
avenionensia, dye yellow ; Turkey berries, preferred by the dyers, are
a larger variety. They are principally used for dying Maroquin
leather yellow.
Rhamnus amygdalinus, (Desf.) buxifouus, (Poir.) oleoides,
(Linn.) PUBESCENS, (Poir.) and saxatilis, (Linn.) have similar
properties.
Rhamnus lycioides. (Linn.) R. niger, Black ramthorn. Spain.
Fruit in decoction relieves the pain of the gout.
Rhamnus sanguineus. (Pers.) Spain.
Bark boiled in milk used for the itch.
Rhamnus theezans. (Linn.) China.
Leaves used to reduce tea, or as a substitute, by the poor in China.
Rhamnus siculus. Elceodendron argan.
Nuts pressed for their oil.
Zizyphus. (De Cand. ii. 19.)
Zizyphus ^NOPiiiA. (Mill.) Z. napeca, Rhamnus cenoplia. Great
jujuhes. India.
Unripe fruit stomachic, astringent; juice of the ripe fruit laxative.
(G.) Tlie fruit is eaten by the natives, the taste is a very pleasant
acid ; a decoction of the fresh bark is said to promote the healing of
fresh wounds. (Roxb.)
Zizyphus Jujuba. (Lamb.) Rhamnus jujuba. East India and
China.
Fruit styptic ; bark employed in the Moluccas as a remedy for diar-
rhoea ; the root, with some warm seeds in infusion, in fever. (O'Sh.)
Zizyphus vulgaris. (Lamb.) Rhamnus zizyphus. Jujube tree.
Syria, Persia, India.
Fruit, Jujubes, Jojubcv, nourishing, mawkish, mucilaginous, pectoral.
From this and the former species are prepared the pleasant pectoral
lozenges called Pate de jujubes when genuine.
VEGETABLES. — terebixtiiace.te. 255
ZizYPiius Lotus. (Lamb.) Lotus. Sicily, Portugal.
Fruit eatable, makes a pleasant wine.
ZlZYPHUS SOPORIFERA. (Schult.)
Fruit anodyne, soporific, used in decoction.
Order 53.— HOMALINE^. (De Cand. ii. 53.)
Calyx funnel-shaped, superior, with from five to fifteen divisions ; pefafe alternate
with the segments of the calyx, and equal to them in number ; glands present in front
of the segments of the calyx ; stamens arising from the base of the petals, either singly.
or in threes or sixes ; anthers two-celled, opening longitudinally ; ovary half inferior,
one-celled, with numerous ovules; styles from three to five, simple, filiform, or subu-
late ovules attached to as many parietal placenta; as there are styles ; fruit berried or
capsular; seeds small, ovate or angular, with an embryo in the middle of the fleshy
albumen. Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate with deciduous stipules, toothed or entire ;
flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles.
Aristotelia. (De Cand. ii. 56.)
Aristotelia MAQur. (L'Her.) A. glandulosa. Chili.
Fruit eaten with sugar, or rubbed down with water for a drink.
Order 54.— TEREBINTHACE^. (De Cand. ii. 61.)
Calyx of 3 — 5 sepals, more or less united at the base; petals most frequently equal
in number to the sepals, and alternate with them, usually distinct, imbricate, or valved
in OL'stivation ; stamens rising with the petals from the bottom of the calyx, or from the
calycine disk, sometimes equal in number to the petals, and alternate with them, some-
times twice as many ; carpels numerous, sometimes united, sometimes distinct, monosty-
lous, some in either case generally abortive, and thence the carpels in many instances
appear solitary and one-celled ; fruit drupaceous or capsular ; seeds few, generally soli-
tary, and without albumen ; embryo straight, arcuate, or replicate ; cotyledons various ;
radicle often superior. Trees or shrubs with alternate generally compound leaves ;
resinous, balsamic, or gummy bark, and small fioxcers generally panicled.
Amyris. (De Cand. ii. 81.)
Amyris hexandra. (L.) (Hamilt.) Nevis.
Mr. Hamilton, who has given an account of this tree, says, that it
produces the fragrant fennel-scented substance called Gum elemi in
Nevis. There is, however, great doubt respecting the origin of this
resin. According to Dr. Pereira, Gum elemi is brought into this country
in three forms : — 1st, Elemi in flag leaves, Resine elemi en pains,
(Guibourt;) Resina elemi orientalis, (Martins,) imported from Holland
in masses enveloped in palm-leaves, weighing from one to two pounds
each ; 2nd, Elemi in the lump, differing in nothing but colour, being
paler, from, 3rd, Brazilian elemi. Tliese varieties appear to be pro-
duced by different trees, as Canarum balsamiferum, Idea icicariba,
Balsamodendron zeylanicum, &c. According to the Edinburgh Col-
lege, it is the produce of one or more unascertained plants ; the London
and Dublin Colleges call it the resin oi Amyris elemifera. (Linn.) Its
principal use is as a constituent of the Unguentum elemi.
Amyris Plumieri. (D. C.) A. elemifera. (Linn.)
Yields by incision Gum elemi ; wood, Bois de chandelle tioir, split
in laths and burned for lights.
2o6 VEGETABLES.— TEKEBINTHACE.B.
Amyris TOXiFERA. {WiWd.) A. balsamifera. (Linn.) West Lidies.
VV^ood, Jamaica rosewood, Ligman rhodium, used in cephalic fumi-
gations, burning' Avith a scent of roses ; leaves in infusion diaphoretic,
aromatic, cephalic ; berries used for balsam of copaiba ; it also yields
a resin, used as a poison in war and hunting, which is, perhaps, that
called Ticuna. From undescribed trees of this genus Amyris, are
produced true or male frankincense and liquid myrrh.
Anacardium. (De Cand. ii. 62.)
Anacardium occidentale. (Linn.) Cassuvium occidentale,
Cashew-nut tree. P2ast and West Indies.
Peduncle of the nut astringent, eatable ; juice astiingent, made into
a kind of wine ; kernel of the nut aphrodisiac, used to increase the
memory, as also to quicken the genius ; shell of the nut contains an
acrid oil ; exudes gum. (G.) The oil is caustic and thick, blistering
when applied to the skin ; has been used as a caustic for warts, corns,
obstinate ulcers, ringworm, &c. ; the vapour of the oil when roasting
will often produce violent swelling and inflammation ; a gum resembling
gum arable, and called Casheio gum, exudes from the bark. (Pereira.)
This gum, which in its properties almost entirely agrees with gum
arable, is rather more astringent, is used in Brazil in the same manner
as that substance ; the bookbinders in the principal towns sometimes
wash books with it, which is said to keep off tiie moths and ants ; the
fresh acid juice of the flower-stalks is used in lemonade ; wine and
vinegar, too, are made of it by fermentation ; the sympathetic effect
whicli the nut borne about the person has upon chronic inflammations
in the eyes, especially such as are of a scrofulous nature, is remarkable.
(Martins.) (L.) The black balsam of the fruit is used for the same
purposes as that of Semecarpus Anacardium. (O'Sh.)
Balsamodendron. (De Cand. ii. 76.)
Balsamodendron Gileadense. (Kunth.) Amyris gileadensis.
(Linn.) A. opohalsamum. (Forsk.) Protium gileadetise. Balm of
Gilead tree. Arabia.
Yields by incision tlie true Balm of Gilead in very small quantities,
generally at the rate of three or four drops a day from a branch ; even
the most resinous trees not yielding more" than sixty, whence arises its
value ; fruit carpohalsamitm, and branches xylohulsamum, vulnerary,
antiseptic, and used against barrenness. (G.) The wounded bark
yields opohalsamum, according to Forskal ; this, ivhich is also called
Balsam of Mecca, is reckoned by the Orientals a perfect panacea,
being, according to them, vulnerary, stomachic, alexipharmic, &c. ;
according to Prosper Alpinus its different qualities depend upon its
preparation. (L.)
Balsamodendron kafal. (Kunth.) Amyris kafal, Protium hafal.
Arabia.
A very fragrant resin is obtained from the fruit of this tree ; the gum
is purgative. (L.)
Balsamodendron kataf. (Kunth.) Amyris hataf, Protium kataf,
B. myrrha. Arabia.
f
VEGETABLES.— TEREBiNTiiACE^. 257
Accordin<^ to Ehrenberg, this is the plant yielding myrrh, which
exudes from the baric like gum from the bark of a cherry-tree ; it
promotes the appetite, creates an agreeable warmth in the stomach,
and occasions slight constipation. The Indian bdellium, a gum-resin
resembling myrrh, is supposed to be obtained from some tree of this
genus. (L.)
Balsamodendron mukul. (Hook.) The MuJml, Googul, or
Guygar tree. Scinde.
Yields the gimi-resin called Googul, the Mukul of the Persians and
Arabians, and the Bdellium of Dioscorides. This is esteemed cordial
and stimulant. (Dr. Stocks.)
Balsamodendron pubescens. (Stocks.) The Bayee balsam-
tree. India.
Young shoots and buds remarkably fragrant when bruised. Yields
a tasteless, inodorous, brittle gum, almost wholly soluble in water.
Boswellia. (De Cand. ii. 76.)
Boswellia glabra. (Roxb.) India.
Exudes hoondricum. and by incision yields the gugtd, or googul of
the Coromandel coast. The latter is a coarse resin caller Koonder gum,
which is said to be used for pitching the bottoms of ships.
BoswELLiA SERRATA. (Stackh.) S. tJiurifera. (Roxb.) Libanus
thurifera. Incense, Male i?icense, Indian incense. India.
Yields a gum-resin called Olihanum, Indian olihanum, chiefly used
in tlie Indian temples as an incense, but also stimulant, astringent, and
diaphoretic; prescribed hj the native Indian doctors, mixed with clari-
fied butter, in gonorrhoea and bloody flux. There is also a variety of
this gum-resin, called African olibanum, the source of which is un-
certain, the tree supposed to yield it has been named Plosslea Jiori-
hunda, by Endliclier, and placed among Sapindaceae ; but Dr. Royle,
and, after him, other botanists, consider it to be a species of Boswellia,
and have accordingly named it B . Jloribunda.
Brucea. (De Cand. ii. 88.)
Brucea antidysenterica. (Mill.) B. ferruginea. (L'PIer.)
Wooginos, False angostura. Abyssinia.
Inner bark astringent, used to make brucine. (G-) Considered in
Abyssinia a most valuable remedy in dysentery and severe cases of
diarrlioea, but not known in Europe ; it was supposed that a poisonous
bark called false angostura was yielded by this plant, but it is now
ascertained that it is the bark of the nux vomica ; all the statements,
therefore, concerning the danger of brucea bark and brucine belong to
strychnos, and have nothing to do with brucea itself. (L.)
Brucea sumatrana. (Roxb.) Gonus amarissimus. (Lour.)
Sumatra.
Properties similar to tliose of B. antidysenterica ; Dr. Horsfield
thinks it would be as serviceable a tonic as quassia. (L.)
s
258 VEGETABLES.— TEREBiNTHACEJE.
BuRSERA. (De Cand. ii. 78.)
BcRSERA ACUMINATA. (Willd.) Wcst Indies.
A yellow concrete essential oil is yielded by this plant. (L.)
BuRSERA GUMMiFERA. (Jacq.) Jamaica birch-tree. West Indies.
Yields Resina chibou, cachibou, or resine Gommart : bark has the
qualities of Simarouba ; root astringent.
Balsam of Makasira is said to be produced from Bursera halsami-
fera. (Pers.) Hedwigia balsamifera. (Swartz.)
Canarium. (De Cand. ii. 79.)
Canarium balsamiferum.
Yields a resin resembling elemi.
Canarium COMMUNE. (Linn.) Bois de colophane. Canarium vtdgare.
(Rumph.) Canarium mehenbethene. (Gaertn.) Amyris zeylanica.
(Retz.) Bursera paniculata. (Lamb.) Indian Islands.
Nuts, Java almonds, eaten and made into bread ; kernels yield an
oil. (G.) The bark yields an abundance of limpid oil with a pungent
turpentine smell, congealing into a buttery camphoraceous substance,
having the same properties as balsam of copaiba ; raw fruit eatable,
but apt to bring on diarrhoea ; said to yield East Indian elemi. (L.)
This plant, Balsamodendron zeylanicum, De C, and Colophonia
mauritiana, De C, appear to be the same. Vide Lindl. Med. Bot.,
p. 170.
Cneorum. (De Cand. ii. 83.)
Cneorum tricoccon. (Linn.) Chamcelea. (Dioscorid.) CameUe.
Widow wail. Spain, France.
Acrid, caustic, drastic ; a powerful detersive, but dangerous.
Commiphora? (Lindl. Flor. Med.)
Commiphora madagascariensis. (Jacq.) Amyris commiphora.
(Roxb.) Supposed to be the same tree as Balsamodendron Roxburghii,
Silnet, Assam, Madagascar,
Produces Indian bdellium., a substance resembling myrrh, according
to Professor Koyle ; Guggul or Bengal elemi, according to Guibourt.
(L.) Bengal elemi is met with in pieces of bamboo, about 12 inches
long and 2h inches diameter. (Guibourt.) Indian bdellium is in
roundish pieces, of a dark dull-red colour, more moist than myrrh,
and not brittle like it, softening even with the lieat of the hand ; bitter
and a little acrid in taste, with a less agreeable odour. It often lias
portions of the birch-like bark adhering to it. (Royle.) It is very
similar to myrrh, and is sometimes sold for it.
CoMOCLADiA. (De Cand. ii. 65.)
CoMOCLADiA dentata. (Jacq.) Cuba, St. Domingo.
Wood, Bastard Brazil, dark red, dyes like Brazil wood ; juice dyes
the skin of a nearly indelible black colour (G ) ; juice milky, glutinous,
becoming black by exposure to the air, staining the linen or the skin
of the same colour, only coming off with the skin itself, and not
removable from, linen by washing, even if repeated for many years
successively ; it is supposed by the inhabitants of Cuba that it is death
to sleep beneath its shade, especially for persons of a sanguine or fat
VEGETABLES.— TEREBINTHACE^. 259
habit of body : this is firmly believed, and there is no doubt that it is
the most dangerous plant upon the island. (L.)
CoMOCLADiA iLiciFOLiA. (Swartz.) C. angulosa. (Willd.) ComO'
cladia tricuspidata. (Lamb.) Ilex dodoncea. (Linn.) St. Domingo.
Wood, St. Domingo braziletto, used in dyeing ; juice stains the skin
black.
Heudelotia, (L. Med. B. 286.)
Heudelotia Africana. (Guillem ) Balsamodendron Africanum.
(Arnott.) Nioutlout. Senegal.
Supposed to produce the African bdellium. This gum resin is met
with among the gum Senegal of commerce ; it is in roundish tears of
about an inch in diameter, of a yellowish-grey, reddish, or greenish
colour, semitransparent, but becoming opaque when long kept.
HoLiGARNA. (De Cand. ii. 63.)
HonGARNA roNGiFoLiA. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Similar in qualities to Stagmaria verniciflua, which see.
IciCA. (De Cand. ii. 77.)
IciCA HETEROPHYLLA. (D. C.) /. aracouckini. (Aubl.) Amyris
heterophylla. (Willd.) Guiana.
The wounded branches yield an abundance of a yellowish balsamic
aromatic liquid, of a terebinthinous nature, which preserves its fluidity
for a long time, and is the Balsam of acouchi, esteemed highly by the
Caribs as a vulnerary. (L.)
IciCA CARANA. (L.) (H. B. K.) Banks of the Oronoco.
Yields the fragrant substance called Caranna, according to most
writers.
IciCA iiEPTAPHYLLA. (Aubl.) Amyris ambrosiaca. (Willd.) Woods
of Guiana.
Trunk yields a liquid, limpid, resinous, fragrant substance, which is
a valuable remedy for coughs, hardens into a whitish resin, called by
the natives Hyawa or Arou aou. (L.)
IcK^A loicARiBA. (D. C.) Amyris ambrosiaca. (Linn.) Brazil.
Yields Coumia. (G.) The fragrant fennel-scented resin of Brazil,
called Elemi, is said to be produced by this tree. De Candolle says,
Resin of coumia comes from it, but I do not find such a substance in
books. (L.) De Candolle, in the Prodromus, says it is found in
Brazil, " ubi dicitur Icicariba et resina Icicce Elemio succedanea."
loiCA TACAMAHACA. (H. B. ct Kutith.) South America.
Produces one of the bitter resins called Tacamakaca. (L.)
Another supposed species of this genus is the Copal of the Mexicans
of Papantla and Misantla.
Mangifera. (De Cand. ii, 63.)
Mangifera Indica. (Linn.) Mangifera amba. (Forsk.) Man-
gifera domestica. (Gaertn.) Mangoe. East Indies.
Fruit eaten raw ; pickled mangoes, used as a sauce ; preserved man-
goes, the fruits peeled and pressed into sheets like brown paper. (G.)
This fruit is to the inhabitants of India what the peach is to the Euro-
s 2
260 VEGETABLES.— TEUEBiNTHACE^ii.
peans, but the inferior kinds have so much of the turpentine flavour
as to be uneatable ; from wounds made in the bark there issues a soft
reddish-brown resin, which age hardens and renders exceedinglv like
bdellium; burnt in the flame of a candle, it emits a smell like that of
Cashew-nuts while roasting; it softens in the mouth, adheres to the
teeth, has a slightly bitter taste, with some degree of pungency ; dis-
solves almost entirely in spirits, and in a great measure in water. (L.)
Melanorrhcea. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1132.)
Melanorrhcea usiTATissiMUM. TTictsee, Theet-see, or Varnish-
tree. India.
This tree extends over a wide range of country. It attains its
greatest size in the valley of Kubbu, about two hundred miles distant
from the sea-shore. The trees average from thirty to forty feet high,
and have a circumference of from five to eleven feet, four feet above
the ground. A good tree yields about ten or twelve pounds of varnish
annually, and its value at Prome, on the Irrawaddy, is about tenpence
per pound. It is used in enormous quantities by the natives, who are
said by Dr. Wallicli, never to experience the ill effects of handling it
in the liquid state, which Europeans are said to do. In the fresh state
it has very little pungency of taste, and is entirely devoid of smell.
The natives are apt to adulterate that brought to market with
sesamum oil. The Burmese style it the Theet-see, or Varnish-tree.
Omphalobium. (De Cand. ii. 8.5.)
Omfhalobium Lambertii. Connarus Guianensis. (Lamb.) Guiana.
Yields the beautiful zebra wood of the cabinet-makers, according to
Schomburgk.
PiCRAMNiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1138.)
PiCRAMNiA ANTiDESMA. (Willd.) P. triandro, Psendo Brasiliiim,
Srasilletto. Jamaica and Ilispaniola.
Wood used to dye red.
PiSTACiA. (De Cand. ii. 64.)
PiSTACiA Atlantica. (Desf.) Barbary.
Yields Barbary mastich, called Turn ; fruit acidulous.
PiSTACiA LENTiscus. (Linn.) Mastich-tree. Shores of Mediter-
ranean.
Yields by incision Mastich ; berries yield oil ; wood used in dyspeptic
affections, gout, and dysentery. (G.) It is also employed to strengthen
and preserve the teeth, in old obstinate gleet, diarrhcea, &c. (L.)
PiSTACiA TEREBINTHUS. (Linn.) Turpentine-tree. Syria.
Yields by incision Scio tu?-pe?itine ; fruit styptic, pickled for eating ;
bark resinous, substituted for narcaphte. (G.) Cyprus turpentwe
is obtained from the trunk by incision ; when pure, this is very thick,
yellowish, sweet-scented, resembling lemon or fennel in some degree,
with an agreeable and by no means acrid taste ; follicular horn-like
galls are produced on this species, which have been used, according to
Clusius, in the manufacture of a sanative and glutinous balsam. The
purest turpentine is obtained by crushing these young galls and filter-
ing the juice. (O'Sh.)
VEGETABLES. — tebebinthace^ 261
PiSTACiA VERA. (Linn.) Pistacia-nut. (Var. y8.) P. trifolia. (Linn.)
Kernel oily, sweeter than those of almonds, forms a green emulsion,
cooling-; fruit eaten. (G.) Fruit commonly employed in the south of
Europe at the dessert, for confectionary ; it contains a considerable
quantity of fixed oil, and makes a excellent emulsion for irritation of
the urethra, and for other purposes. (L.)
Protium. (De Cand. ii. 78.)
Protium Javanicum. (Burm.) Amyris protium. (Linn.) Java.
Shells of the fruit yield an essential oil.
Rhus. (De Cand. ii. 66.)
Rhus copallina. (Linn.) North America.
Has been said to yield West Indian copal. See Hymencea Cour-
haril and verrucosa.
**Ruus COEIARIA. (Linn.) R. obsoniorum, Common elm-leaved
sumach.
Fl. whitish green. July, August. Large shrub. Native of South
of Europe.
Bark, leaves, flowers, and fruits, acidulous, very astringent ; shoots
;ind leaves imported and sold ground, for dyeing.
**Rhus cotixus. (Linn.) Hed sumach, Venice sumach, Venus
sumach. Native of South of Europe.
Very astringent; wood, young J'ustick, yellow, dyes coffee colour,
and with nitro-muriate of tin an orange colour ; fruit, Sumach berries,
astringent.
Rhus glabra. (Linn.) Common Pennsylvanian sumach.
Bark febrifuge, used in dyeing red.
Rhus javanicum. (Willd.)
Berries boiled in water yield resin.
Rhus metopium. (Linn.) Hog-gum tree. West Indies.
Yields hog-gum.
Rhus perniciosa. (H. B* et Kunth.) North America.
Rhus pumila. (Michx.) North America.
Both poisonous ; the latter is the most venomous of the whole
genus. (L.)
Rhus radicans. (Linn.) North America.
Juice vesicatory.
Rhus striata. (Flor. Per.) South America.
Juice of bark yields a black colour.
Rhus toxicodendron. (Linn.) Poison oak. Poison ivy. United
States.
Juice caustic, dyes linen, &c. black ; raises blisters on the skin, and
is poisonous taken internally ; leaves. Toxicodendron, P. U. S., Toxi-
codendri folia, stimulant, narcotic, used in palsy ; dose gr. ss. to gr. iv.,
twice or thrice a-day. (G.) Yields abundantly a yellowish, narcotic,
acrid, milky juice, which becomes black when exposed to the air, and
forms an indelible ink when applied to linen ; tliis juice, and even the
exhalations from the plant, are extremely poisonous to many persons,
262 VEGETABLES.— TEREBINTHACEiE.
though not to all ; they bring on itching, redness, and tumefaction of"
the affected parts, particularly of the face, succeeded by blisters, sup-
puration, aggravated swelling, heat, pain, and fever, but these effects
are rarely fatal ; it is employed in powder, infusion, and extract, inter-
nally in certain diseases ; it has been administered with success, in the
dose of a tea-cup of the infusion, to consumptive and anasarcous patients ;
has been employed Avith supposed benefit in consumption, and is well
spoken of in cases of herpetic eruption, palsy, mania, and paralysis. (L.)
Rhus typhinum. (Linn.) H. virginianum, Virginian sumach.
Berries astringent, used in fluxes of different kinds ; juice of the stem
raises blisters on the skin.
Rhus venenata. (D. C.) jR. vernix, Poison tree, Poison ash,
Poison sumach. North America.
Yields by incision Japanese varnish; milky juice dyes linen, «fec.
black. (G.) The juice, or even air impregnated with the volatile
principle of this plant, is to many persons a serious poison, producing
severe and dangerous erysipelatous swellings. Kalm mentions a per-
son who, by the simple exhalation, was swollen to such a degree, that
he was as stiff as a log of wood, and could only be turned about in
sheets; some constitutions are, however, but slightly or not at all
affected by it. (L.)
Semecarpus, (De Cand. ii. 62.)
Semecabpus anacardium. (Linn.) Anacardium orientate, A.
latifolium, A. officinarum. (Gaertn.) Marking nut. East Indies.
Nut, Malacca bean, boiled for the oil ; contains a caustic, black,^
oily mucilage, and then a sweet white kernel, which is cephalic, and
increases the memory ; the mucilage is used externally in disorders of
the skin ; green fruit used for marking, eatable. (G.) "Wood con-
tains much acrid juice, which renders it dangerous to those who work
upon it; receptacles eaten like apples when roasted; the pure black
acrid juice employed externally by the natives of India to remove
rheumatic pains, aches, and sprains, a little being rubbed over the
parts affected, and is an efficacious remedy, except in such consti-
tutions as are subject to inflammations and swellings ; universally used
to mark linen ; employed by the Telinga physicians, mixed with garlic
and other substances, in almost every sort of venereal complaint ; bark
mildly astringent. (L.)
ScHiNus. (De Cand. ii. 74.)
ScHiNUS MOLLE. (Linn.) Mexico and Peru.
Yields Peruvian mastich ; wood purgative, detersive, astringent ;
fniits make a kind of wine, rather acrid, soon turning into vinegar.
(G.) A white odoriferous substance, resembling gum elemi, is also
procured from the leaves, and, dissolved in milk, is used in diseases of
the eyes ; of the bark boiled in water, lotions are made for healing
tumours and reducing inflammations. (L.)
Spondias. (De Cand. ii. 74.)
Spondias dulcis. (Forst.) S. citherea, Otaheite apple. South*
America, &c.
Fruit edible, acid, cooling.
i
VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNos^. 263
Spondias entra. Hog-plum.
Bark used externally as a fomentation in anasarca.
Spondias lutea. (Linn.) S. myrobalanus, Mombin. Warm
parts of America.
Yields resin ; fruit acerb, acidulous, laxative.
Spondias mangifera. (Pers.) 5*. amara. East Indies.
Trunk when wounded yields large quantities of a mild insipid gum,
exactly like gum arabic. (L.)
Stagmaria. (L. Med. B. 286.)
Stag MARIA vernicifj^ua. (.Jack.) East Indies.
Resin copious, extremely noxious and acrid, causing excoriation and
blisters when applied to the skin ; the exhalations from the tree are so
deleterious as to render it unsafe to remain beneath its shade ; it yields
one of the celebrated hard black lackers or varnishes of China. (L.)
Order 55.— LEGUMINOSJE. (De Cand. ii. 93.)
Calyx of five (rarely four) sepals, more or less united ai the base, and therefore five-
dentate, five-cleft, or five-partite ; sepals generally unequal, sometimes sub-equally cohe-
rent, sometimes concreted into two lips, the upper consisting of two sepals, which are
either tree at the apex, or entirely united ; the lower of three sepals, generally distinct
at the apex ; petals five, or by abortion 4 — 3, 2 — 1, or none, generally unequal, inserted
into the base of the calyx, (seldom on the torus,) generally imbricated in aestivation,
(rarely valved,) almost always free, (sometimes united into a gamopetalous corolla ;)
stamens inserted with the petals, generally double their number, (seldom three or four
times their number or fewer ;) the filaments free, variously united, being either mono-
petalous, with tlie tube entire or cleft, open above, or diadelphous, nine and one, or five
and five, very rarely triadelphous ; anthers two-celled ; carpel generally one, the others
being abortive ; ovary sessile or stipitate, free; style one, filiform, arising from the upper
suture ; stigma terminal or lateral ; legume two-valved, membraneous, coriaceous, dehis-
cent, or indehiscent, one-celled, or, by the folding in of one of the sutures, longitudinally
two-celled, or, by transverse membranes or articulations, many-celled ; seeds one, two, or
more, affixed to the upper suture, inserted alternately into each valve, generally oval or
reniform ; funiculus various, seldom expanded into an arillus ; testa smooth ; endopleura
often tumid, resembling an albumen ; embryo sometimes straight, at other times bent over
the commissui-e of the lobes, in either case directed towards the hilum ; cotyledons folia-
ceous or fleshy, the first exsert, the latter germinating within the spermoderm under
ground. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate, bistipulate, simple, or variously com-
pounded petiolated leaves.
Abrus. (De Cand. ii. 381.)
Abrus precatorids. (Linn.) Glycine abrus. India and America.
Root, Jamaica wild liquorice, yields an extract like liquorice, but
diaphoretic, pectoral, demulcent ; seeds, Jumble beads, sold at the
china shops, opiithalmic, cephalic. (G.) The seeds have been incor-
rectly stated by some to be very deleterious, two or three being,
according to Hermann, a mortal dose; they are, on the contrary, per-
fectly innocuous, and although hard and indigestible, form an article of
food in Egypt. (L.)
Acacia. (De Cand. ii. 448.)
Acacia amara. (Willd.) East Indies.
Bark bitter.
264 VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNos^E.
Acacia Arabica. (Willd.) A. nilotica. (Delil.) Mimosa ara-
hicn. (Lamb.) Barbura, Babul. India and Arabia.
Yields yellow gum arable. (G.) Bai-k a powerful tonic. The pods
are used by the tanners of Egypt, who call them TN'ipi-^zei. (L.) (Said
by Ehrenberg to be a mere variety of A, vera.)
Acacia catechu. (Willd.) Mimosa catechu. East Indies,
Yields Terra japonica. (G.) Yields ^e/i^aZ ca<ec/m, but, according
to Dr. Pereira, of inferior quality. (L.)
Acacia farnesiana. (Willd.) Mimosa farnesiana, Vachelliaf.
East and West Indies.
Bark exudes a considerable quantity of gum. Flowers distilled yield
a delicious perfume. (L.)
Acacia ferruginea. (D. C.) Mimosa ferruginea. India.
Bark strongly astringent ; added to jagghery water in India forms an
intoxicating liquor. (L.)
Acacia giraffe. (Willd.) Africa.
Yields a superior gum.
Acacia gummifera. (Willd.) Africa.
It is by no means certain that the Sassa gum, ascribed by some to
Inga sassa, is not produced by this plant. Dr. Pereira refers Barbary
gum to it. (L.)
Acacia horrida. (Willd.) Doornboom. The Cape Colony.
A large tree, which yields an inferior gum, called Cape gum.
Acacia leucophlea. (Roxb.) Mimosa leucophlea, A. alba.
Coast of Coromandel.
Properties similar to those of A. ferruginea.
Acacia orfota. Mimosa orfota. (Forsk.) Arabia.
Leaves prevent fresh camel's milk fiom becoming acid for several
days ; fumigation with the wood and resin employed with success by
the Arabs in epilepsy. (L. ex Forsk.)
Acacia scandens. (Willd.) Mimosa scandens, Coccoon. Brazil.
Seeds eaten.
Acacia vera. (Willd.) Mimosa nilotica. (Linn.)
From this the best gum arabic is said to be obtained.
The following species also yield a gum like gum arabic.
A. Ehrenbergii. a. Senegal, A. seyal, A. tortilis.
Several New Holland species also yield a gum like catechu, espe-
cially A. mollisima, A. decurrens, and A. melanoxylon. The extract
of this bark has been exported in considerable quantity, under the name
of extract of mimosa bark, from Van Diemen's Land. The bark itself
is also brought in in large quantities. (L.)
Adenanthera. (De Cand. ii. 446.)
Adenanthera favoxina. (Linn.) East Indies.
Wood substituted for red sanders. It yields a deep-red dye. .
VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNos^. 265
Agati. (De Cand. ii. 266.)
Agati GRANDiFLORA. (Desv.) JEschinomene grandiflora. (Linn.)
Coronilla grandijlora. (Willd.) Sesbana grandijlora. (Poir.)
Bastard sensitive plant. India.
Seeds eatable ; yield Gum agati ; used in dyeing. (G.) Bark prin-
cipally bitter and tonic. (L.)
Alhagi. (De Cand. ii. 352.)
Alhagi mauborum. (Tourn.) Hedysarum alhagi. (Linn.)
Manna hebraica. Camel's thoi-n. Ka-ri-shuter. Joursa. Egypt,
Syria, Persia, &c..
Yields Persian manna. (G.) From the branches of this plant
there exudes a sweet substance of the nature of manna, the Tereng-
jahim of the Arabs, which is gathered by merely shaking the branches ;
some writers are of opinion that this was the manna on which the
children of Israel were fed in the wilderness. The manna is not
secreted from this plant in India, Arabia, or Egypt. (L.)
Aloexylon. (De Cand. ii. 518.)
Aloexylon agallochum. (Lour.) Aquilaria ovata. Cochin China.
Wood, Aloes-wood, Calambac, Eagle-wood, Lignum aloes, white,
buried for some time becomes dark and resinous ; cordial, alexiterial ;
used in fumigations and pastiles ; Aghilcuttay, Lignum aspalathe,
reddish, resinous, added to Sandal-wood to increase its fragrancy. (G.)
This tree produces one of the two sorts of Calambac, Eagle-wood, or
Lign aloes, a fragrant substance, which, Loureiro states, consists of a
concretion of the oily particles into a resin in the centre of the trunk ;
it is brought on by some disease, and tlie tree in time dies of it. Of all
perfumes, this is the most grateful to Oriental nations ; it is stimulant,
corroborant, cephalic, cardiac ; the scent is used against vertigo and
paralysis ; the powder prevents vomiting, and stops diarrhoea by its
tonic but astringent properties. Its name, Aloe-wood, has nothing to do
with aloes, being a corruption of its Arabic name Allowat or Allieh.
Anagyris. (De Cand. ii. 99.)
Anagyris fcetida. (Linn.) Stinking bean trefoil. South Europe.
Leaves emmenagogue, cephalic ; seeds diuretic. (G.) Seeds said
to be poisonous like those of Cytisus laburnum. (L.)
Anthyllis. (De Cand. ii. 168.)
Anthyllis IlERMANNiiE. (Linn.) Cytisus grcBcus, Aspalathus,
Spartium spinosum, Trefoil acacia. Greece, Spain.
Roots diuretic. (L.) Yields Italian acacia. (G.)
* Anthyllis vulneraria. (Linn.) Wound-ivort.
Fl. yellow or reddish. May, August. Perennial. Dry pastures.
Has had great reputation as one of the best of styptics. (L.) Dyes
yellow. (G.)
Andira. (De Cand. ii, 475.)
Andira inermis. (H. B. et Kunth.) Geoff roya inermis. (Swartz.)
Geoffrcea inermis. Cabbage tree. Worm bark tree. Tropical America.
Bark bitter, astringent, febrifuge, and vermifuge, in doses of 3j. to
266 VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNos^.
3j., but the dose should be less at first, and gradually increased, lest
it should occasion vomiting, delirium, and fever. (G.) Bark anthel-
mintic, it has a disagreeable smell, and a sweet mucilaginous taste ; its
effects are drastic, emetic, purgative, and narcotic ; poisonous in large
doses, producing violent vomiting, fever, and delirium. (L.)
Andira retusa. (H. B. et Kunth.) Cayenne.
Has similar properties to the preceding.
Apios. (De Gaud. ii. 390.)
Apios tuberosa. (Monch.) Glycine apios. (Linn.) North America.
Root farinaceous,
Arachis. (De Cand. ii. 474.)
Arachis HYPOGiEA. MunduU. America and Africa,
Seeds, Earth peas, Pindars, Ground nuts, nourishing, yield oil,
made into chocolate ; root sweet, (G.) The pods, as they increase
in size, force themselves under ground, where the seeds are ripened ;
hence the name as above, or under-ground kidney hean.
AsTROLOBiUM. (De Cand. ii. 311.)
AsTROLOBiUM scoRPioiDES. (D.C.) Omithopi/s scorpioidcs. (Linn.)
Scorpioides, Scorpion-wort . South of France, Italy, and Spain,
Herb stimulant, applied externally to bites of venomous animals.
(G.) Leaves vesicant, (L.)
Astragalus. (De Cand. ii, 281,)
Astragalus Creticus. (Lamb,) Crete.
Astragalus gummifer. (Labill.) On Lebanon.
Exude Gum tragacanth. (G.) A. Creticus is said by Martius to
produce the sort of tragacanth that is received in the form of threads
or slender strips ; that produced by A. gummifer also is inferior in
quality, while A. tragacantha is said by De Candolle to yield no traga-
canth, (L.)
*Astragalus glycyphyllos. (Linn.) (E, B. 203,) Liquorice
vetch, Sweet milk vetch. Wild liquorice.
Fl, dingy yellow, July, Perennial. Woods and thickets.
Root sweet, used for liquorice ; leaves used in retention of urine.
Astragalus Syriacus. (Linn.) Astragalus, Milk vetch. Syria.
Root astringent, diuretic.
Astragalus verus. (Oliv,) Persia.
The principal part of the Tragacanth used in Europe is said by
Olivier to be yielded by this plant; Martius also ascribes the Cake
tragacanth to it. (L.)
Baphia. (De Cand, ii. 424.)
Baphia nitida. (Lodd.) Sierra Leone.
Yields the red dye-wood, known under the name of Cam-ioood.
Baptista. (De Cand. ii, 100.)
Baptisia tinctoria. (R. Brown.) Podalyria tinctoria. (Sims.)
United States.
Root dyes black. (G.) Yields indigo of indifferent quality ; roots
and herbage antiseptic, sub-astringent, cathartic, and emetic. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNos^. 26T
Bauhinia. (De Cand. ii. 512.)
Bauhinia tomentosa. (Linn.) India.
Dried buds and young flowers prescribed in dysentery in India.
(L.) The leaves of several species of Bauliinia are employed in Brazil
under the name of Unha de boy, or Oxhoof, as mucilaginous remedies.
(L. ex Martins.)
BowDiCHiA. (De Cand. ii. 519.)
BowDicHiA viRGiLioiDES. (II. B. et Kunth.) South America.
Said by Humboldt to produce Alcornoco hark.
BuRTONiA. (De Cand. ii. 106.)
A poisonous leguminous plant, which has proved very destructive to
sheep and cattle belonging to settlers on the Swan River, New South
Wales ; has been said to belong to this genus or that of Gompliolobium.
BuTEA. (De Cand. ii. 414.)
BuTEA FRONDOSA. (Roxb.) Erythrina wonosperma. (Lam.) India.
Yields by incision, Gummi rubrum astringens. (G.) The juice,
which exudes naturally from cracks and wounds in the bark, hardens
into a most beautiful ruby-coloured astringent gum, which dissolves
perfectly in water, and partially in spirit ; infusions of the flowers dye
cotton cloth previously impregnated with a solution of alum, of a
beautiful bright yellow ; a little alkali changes it into a deep yellow
orange ; lac insects are frequent on the small branches and petioles.
Guibourt considers that this plant produces the Cachou en masse, or
Cachou lucide ; but Dr. Pereira doubts it. (L.) Furnishes Palass
goond, or Bengal kino, a powerful astringent, used in chronic diar-
rhoea. As an external astringent application it is quite unrivalled.
Flowers gpve a fine yellow dye. (O'Sh.)
BuTEA suPEHBA. (Roxb.) India.
Properties the same as the preceding plant. (L.)
CiESALPmiA. (De Cand. ii. 481.)
CiESALPiNiA Bahamensis. Braziletto. Imported from New Pro~
vidence ; yields a dye.
C^SALPiNiA Brasihensis. (Linn.) Braziletto. "West Indies,
and Forests of Brazil.
Wood, Brazil-wood of commerce, according to Lindley ; used to dye
red ; gives a deep colour to water.
CiESALPiNiA cokiaria. (Willd.) Poinciana coriaria. (Jacq.)
South America.
Pods, Libidibi, or Dividivi, used in fcinning.
C^SALPiNiA CRISTA. (Linn.) South America.
Wood, Brazil wood, Lignum brasiliense, very hard, sinks in water^
pale when fresh cut, but turns nearly black by exposure to the air;
used to dye red, and for ink. (G.)
C^SALPiNiA EcuiNATA. (Lamb.) Guilandina echinala. (Spreng.)
South America.
268 VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNos^.
Wood, Pernamhuco wood, or Brazil wood, of best quality, hard,
compact ; pale-red or yellowish, becomes brownish-red on exposure to
the air. Inodorous and almost insipid; scarcely colours cold water,
affords a pale-reddish decoction with water, and a darker tincture with
spirit. Used for dyeing.
C^SALPiNiA NUGA. (Ait.) GuUandina nuga. Moluccas.
A decoction of the roots used, according to Humph, in calculous and
nephritic complaints. (L.)
CiESALPiNiA SAPPAN. (Linn.) GuUandina sappan. East Indies.
"Wood, Cha.ppungham sappan, or Bukkum-wood, Bois d'lnde,
Brisellet des hides; used to dye red.
C^SALPiNiA BiJUGA. (Swartz.) C. vesicaria. (Linn.) Poinciana
lijuga. (Linn.) Jamaica.
Wood, Bastard nicaragua wood, brown, dyes red.
Nicaragua wood, or Peach icood. St. Martha wood. California
iDOod. Terra Firma wood, and Sappan wood are inferior kinds of
Brazil wood, supposed to be obtained from different species of Caesal-
pinia. According: to Guibourt, the St. Martha wood is probably the
production of C. Brasiliensis,
Caragana. (De Cand. ii. 268.)
Cakagana arborescens. (Lamb.) Rohinia caragana. (Linn.)
Siberia.
Seeds oleaginous, eatable.
Cassia. (De Cand. ii. 489.)
Cassia absus. (Linn.) Egypt and Ceylon.
Leaves, reverse ovate, two awl-shaped glands at the base of the
petiole; mixed with those of C. acutifolia ; seeds, Tschischim seminoe,
applied with sugar to the eyes in the Egyptian ophthalmia. (De
Cand.)
Cassia acutifolia. (Delile.) C. senna. (Lindl.) Cassia medica.
(Forsk.) C. orientalis. Upper Egypt and Nubia.
Leaves, Senna Alexandiina, Alexandrian senna. This plant fur-
nishes the principal part of the senna consumed in this country, and
when unaduheiated, it is one of the best of all purgatives, but is very
much mixed — in some samples it is said to the extent of twenty per
cent. — with leaves of 'Jephrosia apollinea and Cynanchum argel, and
it is even reported to be mixed with Coriaria myrtifolia ; these adultera-
tions are, however, easily detected by any careful observer. U'he leaves
of T. apollinea are obovate, almost wedge-shaped ; those of Cynan-
chum argel thick, veinless, longer, downy or smooth ; and of Coriaria
ribbed. (L.)
, Cassia JEthiopica. (Guib.) C.ovata. (Merat.) Sene de Nuhia.
Nubia.
This furnishes exclusively the Senna of Tripoli, which, according
to Guibourt, is extremely uniform in its appearance. (L.) Leaves, Tri-
poli senna, Senna Tripoiilana, large, blunt, rough, darkish green. (G.)
VEGETABLES.— LEGL'MiNos.Ti. 269
Cassia alata. (Linn,) C. herpelica. (Jacq.) Ringworm bush.
"Warm parts of America. India.
Flowers used to cure tetters ; bruised leaves and expressed juice,
used against itch, tetters, and ringworm. (G.) The Telinga and
Taniiil physicians say tliat this plant cures all poisonous bites and
venereal outbreakings, and also strengthens the body ; fresh leaves
often employed to cure ringworm. (L.)
Cassia Brasiliana. (Lamb.) C. mollis (Yahl.) C.javanica. Brazil.
Pods, Horse cassia, or Brazilian cassia, sometimes substituted for
Cassia fistula.
Pulp purgative, bitter.
Cassia cham.bckista. (Linn.) Cassia putchella. (Sal.) Cane-
piece sensitive plant. West Indies.
Used against the poison of the nightshade.
Cassia elongata. (Lemaire Lisanc.) C. Lanceolata. (Royle.) India.
The dried leaves form the finest senna of commerce, known by the
name of Tinevelly senna. (L.)
Cassia emarginata. (Linn.) West India senna. West Indies.
Pulp of the pod.s laxative ; leaves purgative, used as senna.
Cassia fistula. (Linn.) Calhartocarpvs fistula. (Pers.) Bac-
tyrilohium fistula. (Willd.) Cassia stick tree. East Indies, &c.
Fruit ; Cassia fistula, two feet long, size of the thumb, imported
from the West Indies ; pulp purgative, cooling ; an extract of the
pulp gently laxative ; seeds in the dose of 4 — 6 drachms purgative;
roots reputed an excellent febrifuge. (L.)
Cassia lanceolata. (Forsk.) Cassia orientalis. (Pers.) Arabia.
Leaves, Mocho senna, Mecca senna, Senna Arabica, very long,
lanceolate, equal-sided, smell weak. (G.) Forskahl asserts that this
is the true senna of Mecca, and not C. elongata, as supposed by some.
(L.) It must be here remarked, that the C. lanceolata of D. C. ap-
pears to be the same as C. acutifolia, and not the true lanceolata.
Cassia Marylandica. (Linn.) American senna. Wild senna.
North America.
Leaves purgative. (G.) Nearly resembles senna in its properties ;
according to Bigelow about one third more of the leaves of this plant
than of true senna is required to produce a given effect. (L.)
Cassia medica. (Velloz.) Brazil.
Root called Febra-fuge ; used instead of cinchona, (L.)
Cassia obovata. (Coll.) Cassia senna. (Nectoux.) Cassia
senna Italica. (Linn.) India, Africa, &c.
The leaves of this furnish the inferior senna, known by the name of
Aleppo and Italiati senna. (L.)
Cassia occiDENTALis. (Linn.) Jamaica piss-a-bed, Stinking tveed.
West Indies.
Expressed juice useful in eruptions; root diuretic. (G.) The
root greatly stimulates the lymphatic system, and is, therefore, very
beneficial in obstructions and weakness of the stomach and also inci-
•270 VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNosjE.
pient dropsy, against which disease it is used as a diuretic. (L. ex
Martins.)
Cassia senna.
Leaves, Italian senna, Coromandel senna, Country senna ; nearly
•ovate, petiole not glandular ; more numerous and less active than the
Alexandrian ; used in the East Indies for senna.
Cassia tora. (Linn.) C obtusifolia. Senna tora. Arabia.
Leaves used to adulterate C. obovata, to which it bears a good deal
of resemblance; it may, however, be readily known by its leaflets
never being in more than three pairs, by their distinctly cuneate form
and ciliated margin, by the gland between the lowest pair, and espe-
cially by the pods, which are long, slender, and quadrangular, instead
of being flat and falcate. (L.)
Ceratonia. (De Cand. ii. 486.)
Ceratonia siliqua. (Linn.) Caroba ceratia, Siliqua dulcis. (C.
Bauh.) Carob tree, St. Johns bread. Africa, East Indies.
Pods used as food for man and beast, and by singers to improve the
voice. They have been imported from Spain under the name of Al-
garoba beans, the tree being known in that country by the name of
Algaroba. There is, however, another tree, the Prosopis pallida, a
native of Chili, which is called Algaroba.
Cercis. (De Cand. ii. 518.)
Cercis siliquastrum. (Linn.) Siliquastrum orbiculatum. (Monch.)
■Judas tree. South Europe.
Flowers piquant, antiscorbutic in salads. (G.)
Cicer. (De Cand. ii. 354.)
CiCER ARiETiNUM. (Linn.) Cicer, Chick pea. South Europe.
Seeds, Calavanches, Bhoot, Horse grain, heavy but wholesome ;
roasted for coffee ; farina resolvent. (G.)
CuTORiA. (De Cand. ii. 233.)
Clitoria ternatea. (Linn.) Ternatea vulgaris. (H. B. et
Kunth.) Lathyrus spectahilis. (Forsk.) Clitoria spectabilis. (Sal.)
East Indies.
Root emetic, (a.)
CoLDTEA. (De Cand. ii. 270.)
**Colutea arborescens. (Linn.) Colutea hirsuta. (Roth.) C.
•arborescens. (Burm.) Bladder senna.
Fl. yellow. June, August. Large shrub. Native of South Europe.
Leaves and pods purgative ; used for adulterating senna. (G. L.)
Colutea cruenta. (Ait.) C. orientalis. (Lamb.) South Europe.
Has similar properties.
CoPAiFERA. (De Cand. ii. 508.)
Copaifera coriacea. (Mart.) Province of St. Paul, Brazil.
Copaifera Langsdorfii. (Desf.) Province of St. Paul, Brazil.
Copaiva balsam is furnished by these according to Spix and Martius.
I
VEGETABLES — leguminosje. 271
CoPAiPERA MULTiJUGA. (Hayne.) Para.
According to Hayne this yields the copaiva exported from Para.
The balsatn of copaiva, an acrid, bitter, nauseous, liquid resin, with
stimulant, diuretic, and cathartic properties, is apparently furnished by
all the species of this genus. Hayne, however, discontinues the name
of C. officinalis, wliich appears to have been given indiscriminately to
many different species. (L.)
CoPAiFEEA OFFICINALIS. (Linn.) C. JacquinL (Spreng.) West
Indies.
From this is obtained the Copaiva balsam of the West Indies. (L.)
CoKONiiiLA. (De Cand. ii. 309.)
**CoRONii,LA EMERUS. (Linn.) Coronilla, or Scorpion senna.
Fl. yellow. April, June. Large shrub. Native of South Europe.
Leaves purgative, used instead of senna by the country people. (G.)
Leaves cathartic, like those of senna, but less active. (L.)
Coronilla juncea. (Linn.) Polygala vera^ Milk vetch. South
France.
Herb in decoction increases the milk.
Coronilla securidaca. (Willd.) Securidaca,
Seed extremely bitter, purgative. (G.)
Coronilla varia. (Linn.) South Europe, Crimea.
Juice emetic. (G.) Leaves diuretic and cathartic ; juice said to be
even poisonous. (L.)
Crotolaria. (De Cand. ii. 125.)
Crotolaria juncea. (Linn.) Coimbatore.
This plant yields the fibre known as Sunn, Janapam, and Indian
hemp.
Cytisus. (De Cand. ii. 153.)
Cytisus cajan. (WilM.)
Seeds, Pigeon peas, Angola pea, Orror, used as food, strong tasted ;
young slioots pectoral ; root aromatic. (G.)
Cytisus hirsutus. (Linn.) Pseudo cytisus, Hairy shrub trefoil.
South Europe.
Leaves cooling, diuretic.
**Cytisus laburnum. (Linn.) Cytisus alpinus. (Lamb.) Common
laburnum.
Fl. yellow. May, June. Tree. Native of lower range of Alps.
Leaves diuretic, resolvent. (G.) Seeds highly poisonous, possessing
narcotico-acrid properties, supposed to be owing to the presence of an
active principle called cytisin. (L.) Bark also poisonous.
Cytisus scoparius. (Link.) (E. B. 1339.) Genista scoparia. (Lamb.)
Sparlium scoparium. (Linn.) Common broom.
Fl. yellow. June. Shrub. Dry hills.
Decoction of the young tops diuretic and cathartic ; seeds said to be
emetic ; Mead and Cullen found tl)em useful in dropsy. (L.) Tops,
Spartii cacuniina, diuretic, even to animals, who browse on them ;
272 VEGETABLES.— MGUMiNos^.
flowers used as a pickle for the table ; seeds emetic, cathartic, roasted
and used as coffee. (G.)
Dalea. (l)e Cand. ii. 245.)
Dalea enneaphylla. (Willd.) Psoralea enneaphylla. (Linn.) P.
Carthayencnsis. (Jacq.) Cartliagena.
Dyes yellow. (G.)
Derris. (De Cand. ii. 415.)
Derris riNNATA. (Lour.) Cochin China.
Root used for areca nut.
DiPTERix. (De Cand. ii. 477.)
DiPTERix ODORATA. (WilM.) Bari/osmu tonga, Cournaroiima odorata.
Guiana.
Kernel, 7o?ica 56'a?^, odoriferous ; used to scent snuff; contains Com-
marine, which exudes between the lobes.
DoLicHOs. (De Cand. ii. 396.)
DoLiCHOS BiFLORUS. (Linn.) Coolthi. East Indies.
DOMCHOS BULBOSUS. (Willd.)
Seeds eaten.
DoLiciios CATiANG. (Linn.) Barhaty. East Indies.
Seeds used to make soy ; eaten in soup.
DoLiCHOs SINENSIS. (Linn.) D. Cylindricics. (Mbnch.) China.
Seeds eaten.
DoLiCHOs TUBERosus. (Lamb.) Martinico.
Roots eatable.
DoRYCNiuM. (De Cand. ii. 208.)
DoRYCNiuM HiRSUTUM. (Ser. MSS.) Lotus hirsutus. (Linn.) Tri-
folium lusmorrhoidale, Pile lotus. South of Europe.
DoRYCNiuM suFFRUTicosuM. (Vill.) Loltis dorycnium. (Linn.)
White lotus. South of Europe.
Seeds useful in piles.
Ervum. (De Cand. i. 366.)
Ervum ervilia, (Linn.) Vicia ervilia. (Willd.) Ervilia sativa.
(Link.) Bitter vetch. South of Europe.
Farina matiirative and resolvent. (G.) Seeds poisonous; mixed
with flour and made into bread, they produce weakness of the extre-
mities, especially of the limbs ; horses become almost paralytic. (L.)
Ervum lens. (Linn.) Lens escidenta. (MoHch.) Germany.
Seeds lentil, lens vulgaris, massoor, difficult of digestion, astringent,
hurtful to the eyes. (G.)
Erythropiiyllum. (Endl. Geu. PL 1323.)
Erythrophyllum. Sp. incert. (Afzel.) Sassy bark. Saucy bark,
Ordeal hark, Boom hark, Casi<a hark. Afiica.
Used by the natives, as a means of determining the guilt or innocence
of persons accused of crimes ; for this purpose a strong infusion of the
bark is administered, or the bark itself is chewed, and it is stated to
VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNos^. 273
liave an instant and convulsive operation as a most violent emetic and
purge. If the poison remains on the stomach, and the partj-^ dies, he is
considered guilty ; if, on the other hand, he is relieved by vomiting, he
is deemed innocent. The tree that yields it does not appear, as yet,
to be satisfacttorily determined. It is probably a leguminous tree, and
contains much tannin.
Faba. (De Cand. ii. 354.)
**Faba vulgaris. (Monch.) Vicia faba. (Linn.)
n. white, with a black silky spot in the wings. June, July.
Annual. Native of borders of Caspian.
Seeds, Garden hean^ Faba major, nourishing, difficult of digestion,
flatulent. Vicia faba /3. Seeds, Horse bean, Faba minor, F. equina^
nourishing, roasted for coffee.
Galega. (De Cand. ii. 248.)
Galega OFFICINALIS. (Linn.) Ruta capraria. (Gesner.) Goats' rue,
South of Europe.
Sudorific, vermifuge, alexiterial, useful in epilepsy and convulsions.
(G.)
Genista. (De Cand. ii. 145.)
Genista Canariensis. (Linn.) Canary rosewood. Canary islands,
Spain.
Root, Lignum rhodium, yellowish, with red veins ; has the scent of
roses, used for fumigation, is cordial and cephalic ; yields oil of rhodium
by distillation.
Genista ovata. (Waldst.) South of Europe.
Used to dye yellow.
Genista purgans. (Linn.) Spartium purgans. France.
Leaves and seeds purgative.
*Genista tinctoria. (Linn.) (E. B. 208.) Genista inermis. (Hall.
Goett.) Spartium tinctorium. (Rotii.) Dyer's broom, Dyer's greenweed,
Wood toaxen, Sereque.
Fl. yellow. July. Small shrub. Pastures and thickets.
Flowers and leaves aperitive, diuretic, used to die yellow. (G.)
Chiefly employed in dyeing ; the whole plant affords a good yellow
colour, and with woad a good green. Ray says the milk of cows
feeding upon it is rendered bitter, which flavour is communicated to
butter and cheese. (L. ex Smith.)
Gleditschia. (De Cand. ii. 479.)
Gleditschia triacanthos. (Linn.) Triple-thorned acacia. Vir-
ginia and Carolina.
Seeds used to feed animals ; sap yields sugar. (G.)
Glycyrrhiza. (De Cand. ii. 247.)
Glycyrrhiza ecitinata. (Linn.) Prickly liquorice. Apulia. '
Root sweet, juice used in tetters and ringworms.
**Glycyi{rhiza glabra. (Linn.) Glycyrrhiza leevis. (Pall.)
I/iquirilia officinalis. (Monch.) Liquiritia officinalis. Liquorice.
274 VEGETABLES.— LEGuMiNOs^.
Fl. pale blue. June, September. Perennial. South of Europe.
Root, Stick liquorice, Liquoritia, Glycyrrhizm radix, sweet, open-
ing, expectorant, pectoral, diuretic; chewed, it extinguishes thirst: its
infusion covers the taste of unpalatable drugs more effectually than
sugar. (G-) The roots abound in a saccharine mucilaginous matter,
which is slightly bitter, and readily soluble in water; a powder and
the well-known common extract are prepared from it ; the decoction in
different forms is a common remedy for coughs, and hectic or phthisical
cases. (L.)
GoMPiiOLOBiuM. (De Cand. ii. 105.)
According to Mr. .Tames Drummond the destruction done to the
flocks of sheep on the Swan River was occasioned by their cropping
a leguminous plant belongmg to this genus. Others have ascribed it
to a Burtonia, which see.
GuiLANDiNA. (De Cand. ii. 480.)
GuiLANDiNA BONDUC. (Ait.) Yelloio nickar-trec. East and West
Indies.
Nuts, Yellow nickars, astringent, used in gonorrhoea, yaws, and con-
vulsions. (G.) The seeds in powder are a powerful tonic. (L.)
GuiLANDiNA BONDUCCELLA. (Linn.) Grey nickar-tree. A variety
of the preceding.
Nuts pressed for oil,
H^EMATOXYLON. (De Cand. ii. 485.)
H^MATOXTLON Campeachianum. (Linn.) Logwood. Campeachy.
Exudes a gum ; wood, Lignum Campeachense, HcBtnatoxyli lignum,
in large logs witliout any bark, solid, inside pale-reddish brown,
sweetish, astringent, used to dye red or purple. (G.) Chiefly used by
dyers ; it is a powerful astringent, and may be employed as a substitute
for kino, catechu, &c. In diarrhoea and dysentery the decoction is
used with benefit. (L.)
HiPPOCREPis. (De Cand. ii. 312.)
*HiPPOCREPis comosa. (Linn.) (E. B. 31.) Ferrum equinum com.o-
sum. Tufted horse-shoe vetch.
Fl. yellow. July. Perennial. Chalky pastures.
Leaves purgative ; used by the country people instead of senna. (G.)
Hymen^a. (De Cand. ii. 511.)
IlYMENiEA COURBARIL. (Linn.) Courharil bifolia. (Plum.) Arbor
siliquosa ex qua gnmmi anime elicitur, (C Bauh.) Jetaiha. (Pis.)
Jataba. Lotus courbaril, Locust-tree. Tropical parts of America.
Exudes Gum anime ; pods contain an acidulous nutritive farina. (G.)
The mealy substance, or farinaceous pulp, in which the seeds are em-
bedded, is sweet and pleasant, but apt to purge when recently gathered ;
it loses this property when it becomes old ; a decoction of the pulp^
allowed to ferment, forms an intoxicating drink resembling beer ; a
fine transparent resin of a yellowish or red colour exudes from wounds
in the bark, and from between the principal roots ; it is the Gum
anime. or Anime resin, of the shops ; it burns readily, emitting a fra-
VEGETABLES.— LEQUMiNosiE. 275
grant smell, and has been employed by way of fumigation in attacks
of spasmodic asthma, and other eml)arrassments of respiration. In so-
lution, it is given internally in doses of a tea-spoonful, as a substitute
for gum guniacum, and employed externally as an embrocation.
(Hamilton.) The resin called Jatahy,Jatcliy,ov Copal, 'And in Minas
Geraes, Jatoha, is used, not only for various kinds of varnish, but
also against tedious coughs, weakness of the lungs, spitting of blood,
and incipient phthisis pidmonalis; the Caradores have a method of
mixing it with sugar and rum, so as to make a very agreeable emul-
sion, or syrup. (Marti us.) A decoction of the inner bark is said to
act as a vermifuge. (Macfadyen.)
Hymen^ea verrucosa. (Mart.) Trachylohium Gdrtnerianum.
(Hay lie.) Taurouk-rouchi. Madagascar.
Forests of this tree, in Madagascar, yield large quantities of a trans-
parent resin, which is known in this country by the name of Copal.
There is much confusion in the accounts given by authors of the
sources of this resin, and that c;illed Anime. The name Copal is said
to be of Mexican derivation, while Anime is an Indian name ; yet the
resin brought from America is called Anime in commerce, and that
brought from India is called Copal. Both kinds have many characters
in common, and there is reason to suppose that they are, as above
represented, both produced by the same genus of plants.
Indigofera. (De Cand. ii. 221.)
Indtgofera anil. (Linn.) "West Indies.
Yields nmch of the Indigo of the West Indies ; powdered leaf used
in hepatitis. (L.)
Indigofera argentea. (Linn.) Indigofera articulata. (Gow.)
/. glauca (Lamb.) /. tinc/oria. (Forsk.) Egypt.
Cultivated for indigo in Egypt.
Indigofera c^rulea. India.
Said by Roxburgh to produce the finest indigo he knew. (L.)
Indigofera enneaphylla. India.
Expresised juice given as an alterative by the native physicans in
old syphilitic diseases. (O'Sh.)
Indigofera tinctoria. (Linn.) Indigo plant. East and West Indies.
Yields Indigo. (G.) A decoction of the root effectually destroys
vermin; the juice of the young branches mixed with honey is recom-
mended for aphthae of the mouth in children, and indigo in powder is
sprinkled on foul ulcers to cleanse them ; the disease in poultry known
by the name of yaws is cured by the application of a solution of
indigo by means of a rag ; indigo is also used in epilepsy and erysi-
pelas ; the valuable dye obtained from it is a highly-dangerous vegetable
poison; the other species are equally important in regard to their
dyeing qualities. (L.) Disagreeable and even alarming symptoms have
sometimes occurred on commencing the administration of indigo, but
these frequently subside, and it is then given in large doses. Dr.
Pereira mentions its being given to the extent of half an ounce or an
ounce daily ; and Mr. Ince, of the house of Godfrey and Cooke, says,
T 2
276 VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNos^.
that a delicate lady took fifteen troy pounds of indigo within twelve
months, made up in five-grain pills.
Inga. (He Cand. ii. 432.)
Inga Burgoni. (D.C.) Mimosa fagifolia. (Linn.) I.fagifolia.
Guiana and West India Islands.
Seed purgative, but eaten. (G.) Bark acrid and astringent. (L.)
Inga Martha. (Spreng.) Santa Martlia, New Carthagena.
This is said to yield the astringent substance called Algaruvilla,
consisting of bruised pods, agglutinated more or less by the extractive
exudation of the husks. These pods possess more tiian four times the
power of good oak bark in the tanning of leather. They have also
been ascribed to Prosopis pallida. (Ure.)
Inga saponaria. (Willd.) Molucca and Cochin China.
Bark makes a kind of soap, (G.)
Inga sassa. (Willd.) Abyssinia.
According to Bruce, this tree exudes gum in such quantity as to
appear deformed by the size of the concretions ; Guibourt says he met.
with a case of it called Gum tragacanth, and he reckons it among
the false tragacanths. (L.)
Inga unguis cati. (Willd.) Mimosa unguis cati. (Linn.) Cafs
claw. West Indies.
In decoction diuretic. (G.) A decoction of the bark is veiy as-
tringent, has the reputation of acting as a diuretic, and has been em-
ployed externally as a lotion and injection in cases of relaxation of the
parts. (L.)
Lablab. (De Cand. ii, 40 L)
Lablab vulgaris, (Savi.) Dolichos lablab. (Linn.) Black
Egyptian bean.
Seeds nutritive.
Lathyrus. (De Cand. ii. 369.)
*Lathyrus aphaca. (Linn.) (E. B. 1167.) Yellow vetchling.
n. yellow. June, August, Annual. Borders of sandy and gravelly
fields. Rare.
Seeds narcotic, producing excessive headache if eaten abundantly in
the ripe state ; young and tender, tliey are served sometimes at table
like green peas, and then are harmless. (L.)
Lathyrus cicera. (Linn.) Spain.
Flour, with which the seeds have been ground up, is poisonous. (L.)
Lathyrus sativus. (Linn.) Chick-pea, Keesari. Spain.
Seeds nutritive.
Lathyrus tuberosus. (Linn.) Tuberous vetch. Various parts
of Europe.
Root tuberous, sweet, yields fecula ; sold for salep roots. (G.)
VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNosiE. 277
Lotus. (De Cand. ii. 209.)
♦Lotus corniculatus. (Linn.) (E- B. 2090.) Common bird's
foot trefoil. Yellow lotus.
Fl. yellow. July, Aug-ust. Perennial. Pastures.
Anodyne, emollient, used in burns ; petals turn green in drying.
LupiNus. (De Cand. ii, 406.)
**LupiNUS ALBUS. (Linn.) Lupinus sativus. (Gater.) White lupine.
Fl. white. July, August. Annual. , Native of Asia.
Seeds rather bitter, emmenagogue, vermifuge, used as food, and ex-
ternally in resolvent poultices.
LuPiNus VAKius, (Linn.) L. sylvestris. (Lamb.) Wild lupine.
Sjiain.
Seeds bitterish, but nutritive.
Medicago. (De Cand. ii. 17L)
*Medicago circinata. (Linn.) Anthyllis, Sea kidney vetch. South
of Europe.
Herb used in dysury.
*Medicago lupulina. (Linn.) (E. B. 971.) Trifolium luteum mi-
nimum, Blackmedick or nonsuch, Little yelloiv trefoil, Melilot trefoil.
Fl. small yellow. May, August. Annual. AVaste ground.
Herb lenifying.
*Medicago sativa. (Linn.) (E. B. 1749.) Lucerne.
Fl. purple. June, July. Perennial. On chalky soils.
Seeds dye yellow.
Melilotus. (De Cand. ii. 186-)
Mel,iix)tus c.€rulea. (P. S.) Blue melilot. Germany.
Properties similar to those of M. officinalis.
Melilotus Italica. (Lamb.) 3L vera, Trifolium melilotus Ita-
lica, Italian melilot. Italy.
Herb suppurative.
♦Melilotus officinalis. (Willd.) (E. B. 1340.) Trifolium
melilotus officinalis. (Linn.) Yellow melilot.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Annual. Bushy places.
Herb pectoral, discussive, causes the peculiar flavour of the Schab-
ziger or scraped cheese of Germany. (G.) Decoction emollient, and
occasionally employed in lotions and enemas ; the odoriferous principle
very fugacious ; it was asserted by Vogel to be benzoic acid, but ac-
cording to Guibourt and others it is Coumurine, the aromatic principle
of the Tonka-bean. (L.)
Mimosa. (De Cand. ii. 425.)
Mimosa ferox.
Seeds purgative, but eaten.
Mimosa natans.
Eaten as a salad herb.
278 VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNosiE.
MoRiNGA. (De Cand. ii. 478.)
MoRiNGA APTERA. (Gaertn.) Egypt, East Indies.
From the seed is obtained by pressure the Oil of Ben, much used
by perfumers as the basis of various scents, and by watchmakers be-
cause it does not readily freeze ; the seeds are acrid, and have been
employed in fevers, and also as rubefacients. (L.) Said also to be
purgative and emetic in small quantities. (O'Sh.)
MoRiNGA PTERYGOSPERMA. (Gaertn.) Guilandina woringa'
(Linn.) Hyperanthera moringa. (Vahl.) M. oleifera, M. zeylanica,
Mouringon, Smooth bonduc-tree. East Lidies.
Root, Mourlnghy root. East Indian country horseradish, acrid, used
as a sauce ; wood, Lignum nephriticum, diuretic, used for dyeing blue ;
nuts, Ben nuts, Pois queniques, Nuces behen, Balanus myrepsica, Glans
unguentaria, yield oil by pressure ; pods, leaves, and flowers eaten as
pot-herbs. (G.) Leaves, flowers, and seed-vessels used in curries,
lloots similar in flavour to horseradish, and have the same properties ;
employed when bruised as an external irritant ; oil of the seeds pos-
sesses the same qualities as that of the first species, said by Royle to
be aperient; much used by the natives as an unguent in gout and
rheumatism. Seeds used internally for their pungent and stimulating
virtues. (O'Sh.) Green root employed as a stimulant in paralysis,
and in intermittents, in scruple doses, also in epilepsy and hysteria.
In Jamaica the wood is employed for dyeing a blue colour. (Ainslie.)
MucuNA. (De Cand. ii. 404.)
MucuN A PRURIEXS. (D. C.) Boliclios pvuriens. (Linn.) "West Indies.
Pods, Siliqua hirsuta, eaten when young, imported from the West
Indies ; closely covered with strong, brown, stinging hairs ; Cowhage,
Dolichi piibes, occasions violent itching, which is allayed by a solution
of green vitriol or oil ; vermifuge by scraping the iiair off a pod and
taking it with treacle or syrup for a morning dose, and giving a brisk
purge after two or three doses of tlie cowhage ; root in decoction
diuretic, and very useful in dropsy. (G.)
MucuNA PRDRiTA. (L.) (Hook.) East Indies.
Pod covered with white, erect, stinging hairs, which are brown
when ripe, and turn black in drying; they are used as a mechanical
antlielmintic, and together with the former species constitute the sub-
stance called Cowhage, or Cowitch. (L.)
Myrospermum. (De Cand. ii. 94.)
Myrospermum peruiferum. (D. C.) M. pedicellatum. (Lamark.)
Myroxylon 'pedicellatum. (Lamb ) Myroxylon peruiferum. (Linn.)
Original Jesuit's bark-tree, Kina kina. Quinquina. Forests of Peru.
The first kind of Peruvian bark brought to Europe ; speckled on the
outside, resinous when hehl to the sun, odoriferous, not so bitter or
astringent as the present sort from the Loxa-tree ; yields a resin. (G.)
The stem yields the fragrant, bitter, aiomatic balsam called Balsam of
Peru, having stimulant, tonic, expectorant properties, employed in
palsy, chronic asthma, gleet, leuconhoea, &c. ; applied externally in
the form of plaster, it mitigates iieadache and toothache ; the balsam
VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNos^. 279
•closes recent wounds. (L.) Some doubt has existed with regard to
the species of Myrospermuin yielding Balsam of Peru. Specimens of
the plant were received by Dr. Pereira from Central America, and
have been described by him under the designation of Myrospermum of
Sonsonate. From the account derived from the same source, it appears
that tlie tree yielding the balsam grows in the state of Saint Salvador,
upon the Pacific coast, and that the balsam is collected within a small
district, called the Balsam Coast, extending from Acajutla to Port
Libertad. The Black Balsam, or Balsam of Peru, is obtained by
making incisions into the bark, which is slightly burned to cause the
juice to flow. A substance, called While Balsam, is obtained by ex-
pression from the fruit. A tincture, or essence, called Balsamito, is
prepared by digesting the fruit in spirit.
Myrospermum toluiferum. (Ach.) Myroxylon toluifera. (H. B.
et Kunth.) Toluifera balsamum. (Mill.) Carlhagena, and espe-
cially the neighbourhood of Tolu.
The warm, sweet, fragrant, solid, stimulant balsam, called Balsam
of Tolu, is obtained from this tree, by making incisions into the trunk,
from wiiich the juice exudes ; it is used in couglis and chronic pulmo-
nary complaints, and is preferred to the preceding on account of its
flavour.
Onobeyciiis. (De Cand. ii. 344.)
*Onobrychis sativa. (Lamb.) (E. B. 96.) Hedysarum onohry-
■chis. (Linn.) Saintfoin cockshead.
Fl. crimson. June, July. Perennial. Dry places in a chalky soil.
Herb ripening, discussive, useful in strangury.
Ononis. (De Cand. ii. 158.)
♦Ononis spinosa. (Wallr.) (E. B. 682.) Anonis, Resta bovis,
•Cammock, Petty whiti, Rest karroto.
Fl. red or white. June, July. Small shrub. Dry heaths.
Root diuretic, detersive, aperient, used in decoction. (G.)
Ornithopus. (De Cand. ii. 311.)
*Ornithopus PERPUSILLUS. (Linn.) (E. B. 369.) Small bird* s-foot .
Fl. white, with red lines. June. Annual. Sandy heaths.
Herb lithontriptic, and used in ruptures.
Orobus. (De Cand. ii. 376.)
Orobus luteus. (Linn.) O. Tournefortii. (Lapeyr.) Alps.
♦Orobus niger. (Linn.) (E. B. 2788.) Black hitter vetch.
Fl. purple. June. July. Perennial. Shady rocks, Scotland.
♦Orobus 8TLVATICUS. (Linn.) (E. B. 518.) V/ood bitter vetch ,
Bastard vetch.
Fl. purplish white. May, June. Perennial. North of England.
Orobus vernus.. (Linn.) East of Europe.
Seeds yield a resolvent farina.
280 VEGETABLES.— LEGUMIXOS.K.
*Ohobus TUBEKOSUS. (Liiiii.) (E. B. ]153.) Bitter Vetch, Heath
pea, Tuberous orohus.
FI. purple or pink. May, June. Perennial. Woods.
Roots nutritive ; seeds yield a resolvent farina.
Phaseolus. (De Cand. ii. 390.)
Phaseolus aconitifolius. (Jacq.) Dolichos dissectus. (Lainb.j
Moot.
Phaseolus xunatus. (Linn.) Duffin bean, Vellore bean.
Phaseoi-us Max. (Linn.) Krishna moog.
Phaseolus Tunkinensis.
Natives of the East Indies ; seeds eaten as pulse.
**Phaseolus multiflorus. (Wild.) Scarlet runner.
Var. a. Phaseolus coccineus. Scarlet bean. Fl. red.
Var. /3. Phaseolus albiflorus. Fl. white.
July, August. Annual. Cultivated in gardens. Native of Cen-
tral America.
Pods eatable, nourishing ; flour of the seed emollient, diuretic, nou-
rishing.
Phaseolus Mungo. (Linn.) Halli Moog. East Indies.
Seeds made into sago.
Phaseolus radiatus. (Linn.) Mash colly. East Indies.
Seeds eaten as pulse. (G.) Roots narcotic. (L.)
Phaseolus trilobus. (Roth.) Dolichos trilobus. (Linn.) East
Indies.
Leaves considered by tlie Hindoo practitioners cooling, sedative,
antibilious, and tonic, and useful as an application to weak eyes. (L.)
Phaseolus tuberosus. (Lour.) Cochin China.
Root esculent,
**Phaseolus vulgaris. (Sav.) French bean, Feve de Heme,
Haricot, Kidney bean.
Fl. lilac or white. July, August. Annual. Native of India.
There are several varieties cultivated.
a. Unicolor. Seeds of one colour.
/3. Fasciatus. Variously striped. Zebra striped bean.
y. Variegatus. Variously spotted. Speckled bean.
And a dwarf one. Ph. nanus.
Qualities the same as those of P. multiflorus.
PisciDiA. (De Cand. ii. 267.)
PisciDiA erythrina. (Linn.) Erythrina piscipula. (Linn.) Dog-
wood. Spanish Main, &c.
Bark of the root thrown into ponds or still water stupefies the
larger fish, without rendering them unwholesome, and kills the smaller
ones ; used to cleanse foul ulcers. (G.) Tincture of the bark most
powerfully and remarkably narcotic and diaphoretic ; a specific in the
removal of pain caused by carious teeth ; it is also used as a common
fish poison. (Hamilton.)
VEGETABLES.-LEGu.-viiNos.K. 281
PisuM. (De Cand. ii. 368.)
**PisuM SATIVUM. (Linn.) Motor pea^ Garden pea.
Fl. white or red. May, September. Annual. Is'ative country
unknown.
Green pods used in the scurvy ; fresh seeds saccharine, nutritive ;
dry seeds heavy and flatulent.
PoiNCiANA. (De Cand. ii. 483.)
PoixciANA PULCHERRiMA. (Linn.) Cccsalpina pulcherrimu.
(Swartz.) Barbadoes pride, Barhadoes flower fence, Spanish car-
nations. Originally from East Indies.
Tea of the leaves and flowers, and syrup of the flowers, purgative
and emmenagogue ; also the seeds in powder, dose 3j., in common uso
with the negro slave girls to procure abortion. (G.) The leaves, when
bruised have a smell resembling that of savine ; the infu.^ion either of
them or the flowers is considered a powerful emmenagogue, so as even
to bring on abortion ; the leaves are said to have been used as a sub-
stitute for senna ; the seeds in powder are stated to form a remedy for
the bellyache ; a decoction of the leaves and flowers has also been em-
ployed with success against the fevers of Tortola ; root acrid, and even
poisonous ; the wood makes the best of all charcoal. (L.)
PoNGAMiA. (De Cand. ii. 416.)
PoNGAMiA GLABRA. Tropical Asia.
The seeds of this plant, and those of the Galedupa arborea, yield
an oil, Kanagn nunc or Kurrunj oil ; it is honey-brown and almost
ta.steless, fluid at common temperatures but gelatinizes at 55°.
Prosopis. (De Cand. ii. 446.)
Prosopis algaroba. An intoxicating drink, called Chica, much
used by the inhabitants of South America, is made from the sweet
pods, it is said, of this species. These are chewed by old women,
mixed with the bitter stalks of the Schinus molle, and left to ferment
with water.
Prosopis dulcis. (Kunth.) Mexico.
Yields a gum, Mesquitina or Goma mesquitina, which is used
instead of gum arable.
Prosopis HORRiDA. (Kunth.) The pods called .<4Z$raroia. (DeCand.)
Prosopis Juliflora. (D. C.) 3Iimosa Juiiflora. (Swartz.)
M. piliflora. (Swartz.) Cashew. Jaiuaica.
Leaves and twigs fatal to cattle which browse upon them, unless
they are accustomed to them ; legumes, although sweet, are also held
to be noxious ; this, however, is denied by Dr. Macfadyen, wlio says
that the young siioots, leaves, and pods are very nutiiiious, and may be
browsed upon by cattle of every kind with impunity during dry
weather, and the pods are said to be as nutritious as corn ; after rains,
he states that the pods do become pernicious, and are fatal to horses ;
this he ascribes to the seeds at that time being prepared to sprout,
germinating in the stomach, and giving off" carbonic acid, which induces
inflammation of the stomach and bowels. Great quantities of gnm,
282 VEGETABLES.— i^EGUMiNOSiE.
having all the properties of gum arable, may be obtained by wounding
the stem and large branches. (L.)
Prosopis pallida. (Kunth.) South America.
The astringent pods, called Algarovilla or Algaroba. have been said
to have been produced by this tree. (See Inga Marthce.)
Prosopis siliquastrum. Chili.
The pods are called Chili algaroba. (De Cand.)
Prosopis spicigera. (Linn.) India.
Pods esculent.
PsoKALiA. (De Cand. ii. 216.)
Psoralia bitdminosa. (Linn.) Trifolium bituminosum, Stinking
trefoil. Soutli of £}urope.
Leaves diuretic, anticancerous ; seeds yield oil.
Psoralia corylifolia. (Linti.) Trifolium unifolium. (Forsk.) India.
Seeds considered in India stomachic and deobstruent. (L.)
Psoralia glandulosa. (Linn.) Paraguay tea. Cliili.
Leaves stomachic, vulnerary, vermifuge.
Psoralia pentaphvlla. (Linn.) Mexico.
Root, Spanish contrayerva, Contrayerva, slightly aromatic, taste
sharp, used in typhoid fevers.
Pterocarpus. (De Cand. ii, 418.)
Pterocarpus dalbergioides. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Wood, Andaman red wood. Rood hout, used in dyeing.
Pterocarpus draco. (Linn.) Pterocarpus officinalis. (Jacq.) P.
hemiptera. (Gaertn.) AVest Indies and South America.
Bark when wounded yields drops of red juice, which soon harden
into crimson tears ; these are collected under the name of Dragon's
blood. (L.) Bark, wood, and leaves remarkably astringent. (O'Sh.)
Pterocarpus erinaceus. (Lamb.) P. Senegalensis. "Woods of the
Gambia.
When the branches are wounded a red juice flows, which hardens
upon exposure to the air, and becomes a dark-coloured, brittle, glit-
tering, astringent substance, the real original Gum kino of the shops.
(L.) For the origin of the East Indian kino, see P. marsupium.
Pterocarpus Indicus. (Willd.) East Indies.
Yields Dragon's blood.
Pterocarpus Marsupium. (Roxb.) P. bilobus. Circar mountains.
Roxburgh suspects this to be the tree that produces Gum kino.
The red juice hardens into a dark-red, very brittle gum resin, which
on being powdered changes into a light brown, not unlike Peruvian
bark ; its taste is strongly but simply astringent. (L.) Dr. Royle has
proved that East Indian kino is the inspissated juice of this tree. The
-whole of the kino brought to this country is prepared at Anjara
Kandy, near Tellichery.
Pterocarpus santalinus. (Linn.) Mountains of Coromandel.
Wood, Red sanders, Bresille rood, Ccdiatour hout, Santalum rubrum,
r
VEGETABLES.— LEGOMiNosiE. 283
Pterocarpi lignum, resinous, odoriferous, austere, astringent, tonic,
used as a red colouring ingredient in spirituous tinctures ; yields a
resin analogous to dragon's blood. (G.) From this is obtained Red
sandal wood, a timber chiefly used by the dyers and colour manufac-
turers of the present day ; but also employed to colour several oflScinal
preparations, such as the compound tincture of lavender. (L.) Also
employed as the basis of various dentifrice mixtures. (O'Sh.)
PuERARiA. (De Cand. ii. 240.)
PuEBARiA TUBEROSA. (D. C.) Hedysarum tuberosa. Circar moun-
tains.
The root peeled and bruised into a poultice is employed by the
natives of the mountains where it grows to reduce swellings of the
joints. (L.)
Sabinea. (De Cand. ii. 263.)
Sabinea FLORIDA. (D. C.) Rohinitt Jlorida. (Vahl.) West Indies.
The violet flowers are considered as poisonous. (Schomburgk ex L.)
ScHOTiA. (De Cand. ii. 507.)
ScHOTiA SPECiosA. (Jacq.) Guaiacum afrum. (Linn.) Cape of
Good Hope.
Seeds eaten.
Sesbania. (De Cand. ii. 264.)
Sesbania -^gyptiaca. (Pers.) JEschynomene sesban. (Linn.) Ses-
ban. Egypt, East Lidies.
Seeds stomachic, emmenagogue. (G.) Yields an excellent charcoal ;
used at the gunpowder works of Ishapore. (O'Sh.)
SoJA. (De Cand. ii. 396.)
SoJA HISPIDA. (Monch.) Dolickos soja. (Linn.) Soja Japonica.
(Savi.) Japan, East Indies.
Seeds used to make soy ; eaten in soup.
SoPHORA. (De Cand. ii. 95.)
SOPHORA HEPTAPHYLLA. (Linn.)
SoPHORA Japonica. (Linn.) Sophora.
The roots and seeds, termed Radices and Semina anticholerica,
have been employed as a remedy against cholera ; and, according to
X. Landerer, produce remarkably drastic effects in doses of 3 or 4
grains. They are imported from the East Indies.
Spartium. (De Cand. ii. 145.)
Spartidm junceum. (Linn.) Genista juncea. (Lamb.) Spanish
broom. South of Europe.
Qualities the same as common broom.
Tamarindus. (De Cand. ii. 458.)
TamarindusIndica. (Linn.) SiliquaArabica.{Q.'RBM\i.') Palam-
pulli. (Rheed.) Tamarind. Egypt, East Indies, &c.
Pulp acidulous, cooling, laxative ; stones baked, soaked in water to
get off" the skins, and the kernels boiled or fried, used for food. (G.)
The leaves are subacid, and according to Prosper Alpinus were em-
284 VEGETABLES.— LEGUMiNosiE.
ployed by the Arabians as an anthelmintic. (L.) Tamarinds in the
pod, Tamarindi fructus naiuralis, from Egypt, in bags of six cwt.
each ; Red tamarinds, Tamarindi rid)ri, Tamarindi pra:parati, the
shells broken off and syrup added to preserve the pulp ; Black tama-
rinds, the shell broken off and salt added to preserve the pulp ; East
Indian tamarinds, the shell broken off, and the pulp dried in the sun.
Tephrosia, (De Cand. ii. 248.)
Tepiirosia apollinea. (D. C.) Galega apollinea. Egypt and
Nubia.
The leaves are often found mixed with those of senna ; cultivated
for its indigo in Nubia. (Hoskins ex L.)
Tephrosia puhpuuea. (Pers.) (L.) Galega purpurea. (Linn.)
Coast of Coromandel.
Root bitter, a decoction prescribed by Indian doctors in dyspepsia,
lientery, and tympanitis. (L.)
Tephrosia senna. (H. B. et Kunth) Popayan.
Leaves used instead of senna by the people of Popayan. (L.)
Tephrosia toxicaria. (Pers.) Galega toxicaria. Cayenne.
Employed in Jamaica for the purpose of poisoning the fish in rivers.
It has been suggested that this plant might be substituted for digitalis,
where that plant does not grow, as its action on the human system is
probably the same ; as the roots of T. leptostachya and the leaves of
T. senna are purgative, it is probable that this plant might act as an
evacuant, combiued with some peculiar depressing infiuence on the
nervous system. (Macfadyen by L.)
Tespesia? Cercis? Wood, Cam wood Red wood, Bois de cham,
Pao zaban, red with black veins, more porous, lighter and smoother
than either logwood, brasilletto, or Nicaragua green wood, from Africa.
Trifolium. (De Cand. ii. 189.)
Trifolium Alpinum. (Linn.) Alpine trefoil. Mountain liquorice.
Alps of Europe.
Root sweet. (G.) Possesses the same qualities as liquorice. (L.)
*Trifolium arvense. (Linn.) (E. B. 944.) Lagopus, Pes lepo-
rinus. Harems foot.
Fl. pale red or whitish. July, August. Annual. Sandy barren fields.
Leaves pectoral, anti-dysenteric.
Trifolium cceruleum. Lotus urhana, T. odoratum. Field trefoil.
Herb diuretic, vulnerary, anodyne.
*Trifoi.ium pratense, (Linn.) Lotus herba sylvestris, Common
purple trefoil, Clover.
Fl. purple. May, September. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
Herb laxative.
Trigonella. (De Cand.) ii. 181.)
Trigonella FCENUM GR^CUM. (Linn.) Foenum gr cecum. (Fuchs.)
Fenugreek, Maytee. South of Europe, India.
Seed odoriferous, mucous, resolvent, stomachic, roasted for coffee.
VEGETABLES.— KOSACE.E. 285
tlyes yellow. (G.) A decoction of the seeds used as an emollienf;
poultices are made of the flour ; only used in veterinary medicine. (L.)
Used in India in dysenteric affections, and tiie Ai'abs employ it in
poultices and fomentations. (Ainslie.)
Ulex. (De Cand. ii. 144.)
*Ulex Europ^us. (Linn.) (E. B. 742.) Ulcx grandiflorus.
(Pourr.) Uvernalis. (Thore.) Genista spinosa, Furze, Gorse, Whins.
Fl. yellow. February, November. Shrub. Heathy places.
Plant attenuant, diuretic, determining to the skin, occasioning
nausea. (G.)
ViciA. (De Cand. ii. 354.)
*Vic;iA SATiVA. (Linn.) (E. B. 334.) Common vetch.
Fl. purple or red. June. Annual. Cultivated ground.
Seeds, tares, detersive, astringent. The Canadian variety makes
good bread. •
Order 56.— ROSACEA. (De Cand. ii. 525.)
Calyx generally of five sepals, often cohering into a tube at the base, and so five-
lobed, generally persistent, most frequently free, sometimes adhering to the ovary ;
(jetals as many as the sepals, inserted into the calyx, with a quincuncial aestivation,
generally regular ; stamens inserted with the petals, most frequently indefinite, filaments
incurved in aestivation; anthers biloeular, dehiscnig with a double opening; ovaries
many, one-celled, sometimes solitary from abortion, sometimes by union with each
other, or with the tube of the calyx, converted into what at first sight appears to be
a single ovary ; styles simple, dilated at the summit into stigmas of various forms,
generally rising from the sides of the ovary, most frequently distinct, but sometimes
united ; seeds generally one or two in each carpel, rarely numerous, erect or inverted,
(•xalbuminous ; embrt/o straight ; cotyledons sometimes leafy, sometimes fleshy. Herbs,
shrubs, or trees, with alternate leaves, having two stipules at the base, simple or com-
pound ; inflorescence various.
Agrimonia. (De Cand. ii. 587.)
*Agrimonia EupATORiA. (Linn.) {E- "B. 1335.) Agrimonia JSupa-
torium GrcEcorum, Agrimony.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. Borders of fields.
Herb used in gargles, also as tea. (G.) Celebrated as a vermifuge,
also used in decoction as an astringent gargle and lotion. (L.)
Alchemilla. (De Cand. ii. 589.)
*ALcnEMrLLA Alpina. (Linn.) (E. B. 244.) Alpine ladies-mantle.
Fl. green, with a tinge of yellow. July, August. Perennial.
Mountains, North of England.
* Alchemilla vulgaris. (Linn.) (E. B. 597.) Bear's foot, Com-
mon ladies mantle.
Fl. yellowish. June, July. Perennial. Alpine pastures.
Very astringent, used in decoctions as a bath, to render women's
breasts firm. (G.) Decoction slightly tonic. (L.)
*Alchemilla arvensis. (Scop.) (E. B. 1011.) Aphanes
nrvensis. Parsley piert.
Fl. green. May, July. Annual. Fields, gravelly soils, &c.
Diuretic.
286 VEGETABLES.— KosACEiE.
Amygdalus. (De Cand. ii. 530 )
**Amygdalus COMMUNIS. (Linn.) Almond tree.
• Fl. rce-colourecl or white, single or double. March, April. Tree.
Native of north of Africa.
Kernels, Sweet almonds, Amygdaloe dulces, pectoral and cooling, but
mawkish ; imported from the south of Europe and the Barbary coast ;
Mogadore Blanched almonds, thrown into boiling water until the skin
comes off by pressing them between the finpers ; the hot water is then
strained away, the almonds thrown into cold watei, peeled and dried,
either in a stove or in the sun, until they are brittle ; Burnt almonds,
used to colour and flavour liqueurs ; Bitter almonds, Amygdalce amarce,
a variety imported from Mogadore ; used to relieve the flavour of the
sweet, and to clear muddy water ; both pressed tor oil ; Almond cake.
Amygdalae placenta, left on pressing the oil, used for washing the
hands, (G.) The bitter and sweet almonds of the shops are both
produced from varieties of this tree. Sweet almonds are scentless and
farinaceous, containing a large quantity of fixed oil, used in emulsion
and confection, and are a common article of food, but are apt to prove
indigestible, and to bring on Urticaria febrilis ; their skin is irritating,
and should always be removed before the almond is eaten. (L.) They
also contain a peculiar substance called emulsin. Bitter almonds yield
a fixed oil like that of the last variety. They also contain emulsin,
and a peculiar substance called amygdalin, which is not contained in
the sweet almond, and to which is due tiie production of the volatile
oil of almonds and prussic acid, produced by the action of water and
heat. (Ed.) Many fatal cases of poisoning, from the incautious use
of these seeds, are recorded by medical writers ; bitter almonds have
nevertheless been recommended as a remedy for intermittent fever,
wlien mixed with decoction of bark ; a liqueur, called Mandel amara,
is fabricated from them by the Italians, but it is unsafe for persons out
of health, or with weak stomachs, to drink it; they also produce urti-
caria, and have the reputation of being an antidote to intoxication. (L.)
Amygdalus persica (Linn.), vide Persica vulgaris. (Mill.)
Amygdalus pumila. (Willd.) Dwarf almond.
Flowers purgative.
Akmeniaca. (De Cand. ii. 531.)
**Armeniaca vulgaris. (Lamb.) Prunus Armeniaca. (Linn.)
Apricock, Tree apricot.
Fl. white, with a tinge of red. February, March. Small tree.
Native of Armenia.
Fruit, Apricocks, Apricots, Armeniaca mala, Prcecocia, nourishing,
laxative, febrile ; seeds bitter, saponaceous.
Armeniaca Brigantiaca. (Pers.) Brangon apricots.
Fruit acid ; kernels yield oil. (G.) From the seeds is expressed the
oil called Huile de marmote. (De Cand.)
Brayera. (De Cand. ii. 588.)
Brayera Anthelmintica. (Kunth.) Cahotz. Kosso. Abyssinia.
Small packets of the dried flowers are sold by the Abyssinians, and,
VEGETABLES.— KosACE^. 28T
according to Mr. Brayer, are an effetual remedy for taenia, when all
other medicines have failed. (L.)
Cerasus. (De Cand. ii. 535.)
Several species of Cerasus are cultivated for their fruit, and these
have produced many varieties ; the principal are —
Cerasus aspera. (Loisel.) Prunus aspera. (Thunb.) Japan.
Fruit edible.
Cerasus avium. (Monch.) (E. B. 706) Prunus cerasus avium,
Wild cherry.
n. white. May. Small tree. Four varieties.
Fruit, Black cherries, Cerasa nigra, astringent, nauseous, but gives
an agreeable flavour to wine or brandy. The cultivated varieties are
called merries in Herts and Bucks, from the French merise.
Cerasus capollin. (D. C.) Mexico.
Bark considered a good febrifuge. (L.)
**Cerasus caproniana. (D. C) May duke, Morello cherry.
Much cultivated, yielding some of our best cherries ; nine varieties,
** Cerasus duracina. (D. C.)
Fruit known as white, black, and red-heart cherries ; three varieties.
Cerasus hyemalis. (Michx.) Prunus hyemalis.
Fruit acerb, edible in winter.
•♦Cerasus juliana. (D. C.) Gean and Guiguiers cherry.
Black eagle, Herefordshire Mack, &c. Two varieties.
Flowers of all these white. About May. Trees.
For the cultivated varieties of cherries, see Don's Syst. Gard.,.
vol. ii. p. 505.
The fruit of the cherry is coolinsr, nutritive, laxative ; leaves used as
tea in fevers ; Brandy cherries, Morello cherries preserved in brandy ;
Sour cherry, Amarelle, Prunus cerasus acida. Fruit esculent.
**Cerasus laurocerasus. (Loisel.) Prunus laurocerasus. (Linn.)
Common laurel, Cherry laurel.
Fl. white, or cream-coloured. April, May. Large shrub. Native
of Trebizond.
Leaves have been used in cookery for those of the bay-tree, but are
less aromatic, and communicate the flavour of bitter almonds ; as they
yield prussic acid, they act on the nervous system, and are dangerous;
distilled oil of the leaves poisonous to animals. (G.)
Cerasus mahaleb. (Mill.) Prunus mahaleb. (Linn.) Perfumed
cherry-tree. South Europe.
"Wood, Saint Lucie wood, odoriferous, sudorific; kernels, Macanet
grairis, used to scent wash-balls.
*Cerasus padus. (D. C.) (E. B. 1833.) Prunus padus. (Linn.)
Bird cherry.
Fl. white. May. Small tree. Woods and coppices.
Yields a volatile oil, similar to oil of bitter almonds, and consequently
a dangerous poison. (L.)
288 VEGETABLES— ROSACEA.
Cerasus serotina. (Loisel.) Primus Virginiana. (Mill.) Wild
cherry-tree. Virginia and Carolina.
Bark febrifuge ; plum and leaves poisonous to many animals.
Cerasus undulata, (Ser.) C. capricida, Prunus undulata.
(Ham.) Himalaya mountains.
So poisonous as to kill goats in Nepal. (L.)
Cerasus Virginiana. (Michx.) Prunus rubra. Woods of Vir-
ginia and Carolina.
Leaves considered poisonous ; bark a good febrifuge. (L.)
Chrysobalanus. (De Cand. ii. 525.)
Chrysobalanus iCAco. (Linn.) Cocoa Plum. Africa, "West Indies.
Chrysobalanus oblongifolius. (Michx.) Greorgia.
Fruits eaten raw and preserved.
CoTONEASTER. (De Cand. ii. 632.)
*CoTONE aster VULGARIS. (Lindl.) (E. B. 2713.) Mespilus coto-
neaster. (Linn.) Cotoneaster.
Fl. white. June. Small shrub. Limestone cliffs, Carnarvonshire.
Fruit astringent.
Crat^gus. (De Cand. ii. 626.)
Crat.«gus azarolus. (Linn.) Pyrus azarolus. (Scop.) Azarole.
Fruit of a sharpish taste, saccharine, refreshing.
*Crat^gus oxyacantha. (Linn.) Mespilus oxyacantha. (Gaertn.)
Spina alba. May, Hawthorn, White thorn.
Fl. white or red. May, June. Large slirub. Hedges.
Flowers odoriferous ; fruit. Haws, Cenelloe, yields by fermentation a
refreshing acidulous liquor.
**Crat.«gus pyracantha. (Pers.) Mespilus pyracantha. (Linn.)
Evergreen thorn.
Fl. white. May, June. Large shrub. Native of the south of Europe.
Fruit astringent.
Cydonia. (De Cand. ii. 638.)
**Cydonia vulgar'is. (Pers.) Cydonia Europoea. (Sav.) Cotonea,
Pyrus cydonia. (Linn.) Quince-tree.
Fl. white. May, June. Small tree. Native of Cand ia.
Fruit, Quince, Cydonm, rough, astringent, binding, very stomachic;
seeds, CydonicB semina, very mucilaginous. (G.) The seeds are
officinal for the sake of the mucus they are covered with, and which
can be extracted with hot water. The fruit forms an agreeable mar-
malade, and is sometimes used in the preparation of a domestic wine
of some excellence. (L.)
Fragaria. (De Cand. ii. 569.)
Fragaria vesca. (Linn.) (E. B. 1524.) Alpine strawberry,
Strawberry plant, JVvod strawberry.
Fl. white. May, July. Perennial. "Woods and thickets.
Roots aperient ; fruit, straioberries, cooling, opening, diuretic ;
dissolves the tartar of the teeth, diaphoretic ; used in calculus, gout,
and consumption.
VEGETABLES.— RosACK.^. 289
Geum, (De Cand. ii. 550.)
Geum Canadense. (Mur.) Geum Aleppicum. (Jacq.) G.
strictum. (Ait.) Chocolate root, Blood root. North America.
Root and leaves employed in Prince Edward's Island as a mild
tonic. It is agreeably bitter, and found particularly useful in the
diarrhoea of children. (L. ex Med. Bot. Trans. 1829, p. 8.)
Geum montanum. (Linn.) Alps of Europe.
Root, Pink root, imported from the south of Europe, and for the
same purposes as avens.
Geum rivale. (Linn.) Geum nutans. (Rafin.) (E. B. 106.)
Water avens.
Fl. purplish-orange. June, July. Perennial. Marshes in north
of England.
*Geumurbanum. (Linn.) (E. B. 1400.) Caryophyllata urbana.
(Scop.) Avens, Herb bennet.
Fl. yellow. .June. Perennial. Hedges and woods.
Roots scented like cloves ; sudorific, tonic, antipodagric, stomachic,
febrifuge ; may be substituted for bark ; when young, they give a
pleasant flavour to ale, and prevent it from growing sour, (G.) They
are also said to be useful in diarrhoea. (L.)
Gillenia. (De Cand. ii. 546.)
Gillenia trifoliata. (Monch.) Spircea trifoliata. (Linn.)
American ipecacuanha, Indian physic. North America.
Bark of the root, Gillenia P. U. S., gr. xx., emetic, tonic. (G.)
It requires a larger dose than ipecacuanha, with whose properties it
agrees, but is considered uncertain in its operation. (L.)
Gillenia stipulacea. (Nutt.) Spiraea stipulata. (Willd.) North
America.
A mild and efficient emetic, sometimes acting on the bowels. The
dose is from twenty to thirty grains, repeated at intervals of twenty
minutes until it operates. (Wood and Bache.)
LicANiA. (De Cand. ii. 527.)
Licatvia incana. (Alibi.) Hedycrea incana. (Willd.) Guiana.
Fruit eaten.
Mespilus. (De Cand. ii. 633.)
*Mespilus Germanica. (Linn.) (E. B. 1523.) Dutch Medlar.
Fl. large, white. May. Small tree. Hedges.
Fruit extremely astringent, even when ripe ; leaves and seeds used
in detersive gargles. (G.)
Persica. (De Cand. ii. 531.)
Persica vulgaris. (Mill.) Amygdalus Persica. (Linn.)
Common peach.
Fl. rose-coloured. April, May. Small tree. Gardens. Native of
Persia.
There are two varieties of the peach : —
a. Flesh separating from the stone. Freestone peach.
/3. Flesh adhering to the stone. Clingstone peach.
290 VEGETABLES.— nosACE^E.
The peach yields an oil similar to the oil of bitter almonds, espe-
cially the flowers and kernels, and these parts are dangerous ; Dr.
Christison quotes the case of a gentleman who died in consequence of
having swallowed a salad of the flower, in order to purge himself; and
another of a child, which perished after taking a decoction of the
flowers, in order to kill worms. (L.)
**Persica li^vis. (D. C.) Amygdalus Persica. (Lamb.) Nectarine.
Fl. rose-coloured. April, May. Small tree. Native country unknown.
The two varieties of the nectarine are distinguished by the same
characters as those of the peach.
The leaves and flowers of both these plants are purgative ; fruit,
Persica mala, in hot countries the same ; wood used in dyeing ; sold
in chips, and ground. (G.)
PoTENTiLLA. (De Cand. ii. 571.)
*PoTENTiLLA ANSERiNA. (Linu.) (E. B. 861.) Fvagaria anserina.
(Crantz.) Argentina, Silver weed, Wild tansy.
Fl, yellow. June, July. Perennial. Road sides.
*P.OTENTiJLEA ARGENTEA. (Linn.) (E. B. 89.) Hottry cinqucfoH.
Fl. yellow. June. Perennial. Pastures and road sides.
*PoTENTiLLA Com ARUM. (Scop.) (E. B. 172.) Comarum palustre,
(Linn.) Pentaphyllum rubrum palustre. Purple marsh cinquefoil.
Fl. dingy purple. July. Perennial. Marshes and peat bogs.
Febrifuge ; root of this last dyes a dirty red.
*PoTENTiLLA FRAG ARIA. (Poir.) (E. B. 1785.) Fragaviasterilis.
(Linn.) Barren strawberry .
Fl. white. INIarch, April. Perennial. Woods, banks, &c.
Root astringent, dyes red.
*PoTENTiLLA REPTANS. (Linn.) (E. B. 862.) Pentaphyllum vul-
gare. (J. Bauh.) Quinquefolium vulgare. (Volck.) Fvagaria pen-
taphyllum. (Crantz.) Five-leaved grass, Creeping cinque-foil.
Fl. yellow. June, August. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
Bark of the root used as a gargle for loose teeth ; leaves febrifuge,
taken as tea. (G.) Other properties the same as the next species (L.)
PoTENTiLLA TORMENTiLLA. (Nestl.) Heptaphyllum, Sept-foil, Tor-
mentilla, Tormentilla erecla, (Linn.) Tormentil.
Root, Tormentillm radix, very astringent, febrifuge, and not stimu-
lant. (G.) In the opinion of some, this is one of the best medicines
of its class, as it produces its astringent effects without causing excite-
ment. Dr. A. T. Thomson recommends it in some kinds of diarrhoea;
it was once considered a specific in syphilis. (L.)
PoTERiUM. (De Cand. ii. 594.)
*PoTERiUM SANGuisoRBA. (Linn.) (E. B. 860.) Pimpinella san-
guisorba, (Gaertn.) Salad burnet, Small burnet.
Fl. dull purple. July. Perennial. Dry and chalky pastures.
Used in salads ; cordial.
Prunus. (De Cand. ii. 532.)
Prunus cocoMiLiA. (Tenore.) "Woods of lower mountains of
Calabria.
I
VEGETABLES.— ROSACEA. 291
The bark of this plant, which seems to be nothing more than a wild
state of our domestic plum, is spoken of in the highest terms, as a
remedy for the intermittent fevers of Calabria; in the Neapolitan hos-
pitals it has been found superior to cinchona. (L.)
*Prunus DOMESTicA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1783.) Wild plum-tree.
Fl. white. May. Small tree. Rather rare, and a doubtful native.
There are many cultivated varieties of this plant ; the principal are —
a P. armenoides, Mirabelle plum.
y8 P. claudiana. Green gage,
y P. turonensis, Orleans plum.
h p. atibretiana, Magnum bonum, or Mogul plum,
t P. pruneauliana, Damson.
For varieties (270) and culture of plums, see DorCs Syst. of Gard.,
ii. p. 499.
Fruit laxative ; French plums, Pruna gallica, black, acidulous, cool-
ing, laxative, apt to purge. Prunelloes, Imperial plums, Brignoliensa,
yellow, not apt to purge. Prunes, Pruna, Damascena, black, purgative.
*Prunos spinosa. (Linn.) (E. B. 842.) P. sylvestris, Black thorn,
Sloe tree.
Fl. white. April, May. Large shrub. Hedges. Common.
Leaves substituted for tea ; bark powdered ^ij. used in intermittent
fevers; flowers 5j> infused in water or whey are a pleasant purge;
fruit, Sloes, Pruna sylvestria, gives a pleasant flavour and red colour
to wine ; juice of the fruit stains linen of an indelible colour. (G.)
Fruit globular, black, rather larger than a black currant, acid, astrin-
gent, and very austere, not eatable except when baked or boiled with
a large proportion of sugar ; the juice, inspissated over a slow fire, is a
substitute for catechu ; in some form or other this juice is said to be
used in factitious or adulterated port wine ; the leaves also are reckoned
among the adulterations of tea in England ; they possess, in fact, a
portion of tliat peculiar aromatic flavour which exists in Spira?a ul-
maria, the American Gualtheria, and some other plants, and which
resembles the more delicate perfume of green tea : a water distilled
from the blossoms of the sloe is said to be used as a medicinal vehicle
in Switzerland and Germany. (L. ex Smith.)
Pyrus. (De Cand. ii, 633.)
*Pyrus ARIA. (Ehrh.) (E.B.I 85 8.) Crattegus aria, White beam-
tree. Wild pear.
Fl. white. June. Large shrub. "Woods and hedges,
♦Pyrus tormina lis. (Ehrh.) (E. B. 298.) Cralcegus torminalis.
(Linn.) Sorb-tree, Wild service-tree.
Fl. white. April, May. Large shrub. Woods and hedges.
Fruit, Wild service, Sorb, Sorbus, ripened upon straw until soft,
eatable, astringent, useful in fluxes.
*Pyrus aucuparia. (Gaertn.) (E, B. 337.) Fraxinus sylvestris,
Sorbus aucuparia, (Linn.) Mountain ash. Quicken, Roan.
Fl. white. May, June. Tree. Mountainous woods.
Fruit astringent, dried and powdered makes a kind of bread ; in-
u 2
292 VEGETABLES.— RosACKiE. '
fusion acidulous ; seeds yield oil ; bark tans better than oak bark. (G.)
Flowers, bark, and root yield fully as much hydrocyanic acid as that
procurable from an equal vveig-ht of cherry laurel leaves. (Lind. ex
Buch. rep. xxvii. 238.) Fruit yields malic acid.
*Pyrus communis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1784.) Pmr-tree.
Fl. white. April, May. Small tree. Woods and heds^es.
677 varieties of cultivated pear are enumerated in Don's Syst. of
Gardening, ii. p. 606.
Fruit, pear, jiyriis, nearly the same as that of the apple, but becomes
much sweeter by cultivation ; yields sugar.
*Pyrus MALijs. (Linn.) (E. B. 179.) Sorbus malus. (Crantz.)
Apple-tree.
Fl. pale pink. May. Small tree. Woods and hedges.
Fruit of the wild crab. Malus sylvestris, rousjh to the taste, contains
an astringent principle, and much malic acid ; fruit of tlie cultivated
apple malus, sweet, eatable.
Don, in his Syst. Gard., ii. p. 624, enumerates 1400 varieties of the
cultivated apple.
Rennet apple, Poma renetlia, C. P., the sort to be used in pharmacy.
*Pyrus Sorbus. (Gaertn.) (E. B. 350.) P . domestica. (Smith.)
Sorbus domestica. (Linn.) True service-tree.
Fl. white. May. Large tree. Cornwall and Staffordshire. Rare.
Fruit rough, very astringent, even when softened.
Rosa. (De Cand. ii. 597.)
**RoSA ALBA. TLinn.) R. alba vulgaris major, White or blush rose.
Fl. white, or delicate blush, generally semi-double or double. June,
July. Large shrub. Native of Germany.
Petals smell less agreeably than those of the hundred-leaf rose ;
more purgative.
*RosA ARVENSis. (Huds.) (E. B. 188.) Trailing dog-rose.
Fl. white. June, July. Small shrub. Woods and hedges.
*RosA CANiNA. (Linn.) (E. B. 992.) Cynorrhodon, Dog-rose bush,
"Wild briar.
Fl. pink. June. Small shrub. Hedges. "Very common.
Root has been recommended in hydrophobia ; a decoction of it used in
dysentery; ivmi,hips, Cy?^o*6G^o5,lithontriptic, opening; the pulp, Rosa:
canini pulpa, makes a fine conserve ; excrescences made by an insect,
Sedeguar, Spongia roscc, used in calculous diseases ; petals cathartic.
**RosA CENTIFOLIA. (Linn.) Rosaflore albopleno, Cabbage rose,
iHundred leaved rose.
Fl. white or red, generally double. Gardens. Very common.
Petals, Flores rosarum albarum, Rosa; ceritifolia: petala, astringent,
purgative, yield an odoriferous distilled water, and attar of roses. (G.)
The petals are collected for the distillation of rose-water ; they are
laxative, and used in infantile diseases. (L.) Provins rose. Rose de
provi?ire, Rosa rubra, C. P., R. provincialis, petals deep red, scent
powerful, which they preserve after dryina"; astringent, tonic, cephalic ;
may be kept for a year or eighteen months by being closely pressed
VEGETABLES.— KosACEJE. 293
together ; some prefer iron vessels for this purpose. All the varieties
of the Provius roses belong to Rosa centifolia.
** Rosa Damascena. (Mill.) Damask rose.
Fl. deep red. June, July. Small shrub. Native of Syria.
Petals, Flores rosarum damascenarum^ pale red, good, scent, more
])urgative than some others.
**RosA Gallica. (Linn.) R. pallida, C P., R. rubra, P. Z.,
Pale red rose hush, French rose.
Fl. red. June. Small shrub. South of Europe.
Petals, Flores rosarum rubrarum, Rosa: nallicce petala, less odori-
ferous than those of the Piovins rose ; powder laxative. Don enume-
rates more than 200 varieties of this species. The dried petals of the
unexpanded flowers, deprived of their white claws or peels, constitute
the red rose leaves, Flores rosea rubrce, of the shops. (Pereira.)
Rosa mollissima.
Fruit edible.
**Rosa rubiginosa. (Linn.) (E. B. 991.) Sweethriar.
Fl. rose coloured. June. Small shrub. South of England.
Leaves odoriferous, substituted for tea.
Rosa sempervirens. (Linn.) Evergreen rose. South of Europe.
Petals musky, very purgative, used for distilling attar of roses.
*RosA STYLOSA. (Desv.) (E. B. 1895.) R. systyla. Close-styled
dog-rose.
Fl. pink. June, July. Small shrub. Thickets and hedges.
Hips fine flavoured.
RcBUS. (De Cand. ii. 556.)
*RuBus c^sius. (Linn.) (E. B. 826.) Dewberry bush, Small
bramble.
Fl. white. June, July. Small shrub. Thickets and borders of
fields.
Properties the same as R. idaeus, but sourish.
*RuBus CHAM^MORUS. (Linn.) (E. B. 716.) Cloudberry, Knot-
berry bush.
Fl. large, white. June. Perennial. Alpine moors.
Fruit, Cloudberry, Knotberry, acerb, astringent, dyes a bluish
purple; leaves and tops astringent.
*RuBus FRUTicosus. (Linn.) (E. B. 715.) R. vulgaris, Black-
berry, Dramble.
Fl. rose coloured, or white. July, August. Small shrub. Hedges, &c.
Fruit, Blackberry, rather acerb, eatable, but soon sickening ; green
twigs used in dyeing black ; root used in chin cough.
♦RuBus ID^EDS. (Linn.) (E. B. 2442.) Raspberry.
Fl. white. May, June. Small shrub. Woods.
Fruit, Raspberry, Hindberry, cooling, cordial, communicates a fine
flavour to liqueurs ; leaves form astringent aiid detersive gargles.
Varies by cultivation, producing white or red fruit.
i»4 VEGETABLES.— ROSACE.E.
•RuBus sAXATiLis, (Linn.) (E. B. 2233.) Chamceruhus, Stone
bramble.
Fl. white. June. Perennial. Stony mountainous places.
Berry esculent.
RuBUS viLLosus. (Ait.) American blackberry. Humid woods.
Europe and America.
RuBus HispiDus. (Linn.) B. trivialis. (Michx.) American
dewberry. Canada.
Bark of the roots febrifuge, used instead of cinchona.
SriEiEA. (De Cand. ii. 541.)
Spir^a filipendula. (Linn.) (E. B. 284.) Filipendula vid-
garis. (C. Bauh.) Dropwort, Filipendula.
Fl. white, tipped wiih pink. July. Perennial. Dry pastures in
chalky and gravelly soils.
Herb astringent, diuretic ; roots, dried and powdered, used for bread
in famines. (G.) Both this and S. ulmaria are accounted tonics on
account of their bitter astringent qualities.
*Spir^a salicifolia. (Linn.) (E. B. 1468.) Spiked tcillow,
Willoiv-leaved spircea.
Fl. rose coloured. July. Small shrub. Moist woods in north of
England.
Seed astringent.
Spiraea tomentosa. (Linn.) Hard hack. America.
Root Spircea, P. U. S. Tonic.
*Spir^a ulmaria. (Linn.) (E. B. 960.) Filipendula ulmaria.
(Berg.) Regina prati. (Dodon.) Ulmaria. (J. Bauh.) Meadoio
sweet, Queen of the meadoios.
Fl. cream-coloured. July, Perennial. Meadows and waterj-
places.
Herb sudorific, astringent, antispasmodic ; flowers give a fine flavour
to wai'm water. (G.) Taste of the herbage and flowers aromatic; a
fragrant water, forming an agreeable aromatic beverage, may be dis-
tilled from the flowers. (L.) The volatile oil obtained by distillation.
Oleum SpircecB ulmarice, is remarkable as being identical with hydruret
of salicyle, (C* H* 0*4-H,) which is obtained artificially by dis-
tilling a mixture of one part of salicine, one part of bichromate of
potash, two and a half of oil of vitriol, and ten of water.
Sudia.
SuDiA HETEROPHYLLA. Mauritius ipecacuanha.
Bark emetic.
Orber 57.— CALYC anther.— (De Cand. iii. I.)
Calyx coloured, tube ureeolate, enclosing the ovaries, limb multipartite, the lobes
unequal ; petals none ; stmnens numerous, inserted in many rows on a fleshy disk at
the fauces of the calyx, the inner ones sterile; anthers two-celled, adnate, dehiscing
externally and longitudinally ; carpels numerous, enclosed within the j^arietes of the
calyx (as in the roses) ; ovary one-celled, two-ovuled, and, by the abortion of one ovule.
. VEGETABLES.— GRANATE^. 29o
one-seeded ; styles terminal, distinct, exsert from the tube of the calyx ; stigmas simple ;
akenes enclosed within the fleshy tube of the calyx ; one-seeded, the pericarp subcorneous ;
seed ascending, hilum almost opposite the cicatrix of the pericaip ; embryo exalbuminous.
straight ; cotyledons convolute ; radicle inferior. Shrubs with opposite, simple, exstipulate,
rough leaves; flowers solitary, pedicellated.
Calycanthus. (De Cand. iii. 2.)
**Calycanthus floridus. (Linn.) (Bot. Mag. 503.) Carolina
allspice.
Fl. dark purplish brown. May, June. Large shrub. Native of
Carolina.
Koot emetic ; seed poisonous.
Order 58.— GRANATE^. (De Cand. iii. 3.)
Tube of the calyx turbinate, limb coriaceous, 5 — 7 cleft, with lobes valved in aesti-
vation ; petals 5 — 7 ; stamens indefinite, filaments free ; anthers bilocular, dehiscing
in front with a double opening; style filiform; stigma capitate, papulose ; /r«j'^ large,
spherical, crowned with the limb of the calyx, indehiscent, unequally divided into two
chambers by a horizontal diaphragm, the upper chamber containing from five to nine
cells, the smaller and lower one three-celled, with membraneous septa ; seeds very nume-
rous, exalbuminous ; embryo oblong, with a short straight radicle, and cotyledons
foliaceous and spirally twisted. Small trees, or shrubs with four-sided, somewhat
thorny branches ; leaves deciduous, opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, often fascicled
in the axils, oblong, entire, without dots ; flowers 2 — 5, scarlet, nearly sessile.
Punica. (De Cand. iii. 3-)
PuNiCA granatum. (Linn.) Malus punica. (C. Bauh.) Pome-
granate. Persia and the East.
Fruit, Pomegranate, Mala punica, Granata, very cooling, antibi-
lious, astringent, cordial; rind of the fruit. Pomegranate peel, Granati
cortex, Malacorium, astringent, detersive, vermifuge; used in tanning;
from tlie south of Europe ; double flowers of the wild trees, Balaustioe,
of the cultivated trees Cytini, tonic, astringent. (G.) A decoction of
the bark of the root a powerful anthelmintic ; flowers and bark of the
fruit tonic and astringent ; used in leucorrhoea, chronic dysentery, &c.
The acid juice of the fruit used in bilious fevers. (L.)
Order 59.— COMBRETACEiE. (De Cand. iii. 9.)
Calyx adhering to the tube of the ovary, limb 4 — 5 lobed, deciduous ; petals 4 — 5,
inserted into the upper part of the tube of the calyx, alternate with the lobes, sometimes
wanting ; stamens inserted into the same part, twice as many as the lobes of the calyx,
very rarely equal in number, or three times as many ; filaments distinct, filiform, or
subulate; anthers two-celled, dehiscing longitudinally; ovary one-celled, with from
2 — 4 ovules hanging from the apex of the cavity; style one, slender; stigma simple;
fruit drupaceous, baccate, or nut-like, one-celled, by abortion one-seeded, indehiscent,
often winged ; seed pendulous, filling the cavity of the pericai-p, exalbuminous ; embryo
with the radicle turned towards the hilum, plumule inconspicuous; cotyledons leafy,
often convolute, sometimes plaited. Trees or shrubs with alternate, opposite, exstipu-
late, entire leaves ; flowers in terminal or axillary spikes.
Bark generally artringent.
296 VEGETABLES.— coMBRETACE^.
Pentaptera. (De Cand. iii. 14.)
Pentaptera tomentosa, (Roxb.) Terminalia alata. (Roth.)
T. tomentosa. India.
Bark astringent and febrifugal. (L.)
Terminalia. (De Cand. iii. 10.)
Terminalia angustifolia. (Jacq.) T. benzoin, Catapha
benzoin, Croton benzoe. East Indies.
A milky juice flows from the stem and concretes into a fragrant sub-
stance resembling benzoin, used in churches in the Mauritius as a kind
of incense. (L. ex Royle.)
Terminalia belerica. (Roxb.) Myrobalanusbelerica. (Breyw.)
2\mi. India.
Fruit, B cleric myrobalans, Myrobalani belerici, taken from 5vj. to
ojss., are astringent. (G.) Kernels of the fruit eaten in India and
reckoned intoxicating : bark abounding in a gum resembling gum arabic,
soluble in water, burning away in the flame of a candle. Ainslie reckons
the fruit astringent, tonic, and attenuant. (L.) Much used in the
arts as an astringent, and as the basis of several colours. (O'Sh.)
The fruit, Seleric myrohalans, is about the size of a nutmeg, nearly
spherical or slightly pentagonal, but is distinguislied from the other
kinds of myrobalaiis by the angles being rounded, and the surface not
rugose ; it is terminated on one side by a projecting point resembling a
peduncle.
Terminalia CATAPPA. (Linn.) Adamarum. East and West Indies.
Fruit, Indian almond, nourishing, used by the sick : yields an oil.
The kernels of several other species are eaten. (G.) Bark and leaves
very astringent, and yield a black paint. (O'Sh.)
Terminalia chebula. (Retz.) Myrobalanus chebula. (Gaertn.)
Forests of Bengal.
Fruit, Hurr nut, Ink nut, Chebulic myrobalans, Myrobalani chebuli ;
galls on the leaves, Aldccay, excellent for dyeing. (G.) Galls power-
fully astringent, as fit for making ink as oak galls; they yield the
chintz-painters on the coast of Coromandel their best and most durable
yellow. (Roxb.) With a ferruginous mud they strike an excellent
black. (L.) The fruit, Chebulic myrohalans, is the largest kind of
myrobalans ; it is usually about the size of a date, oblong and elongated
in the form of a pear at the extremity which is fixed to the peduncle ;
it is but slightly or not at all ribbed, of a dark-brown colour, and in-
ternally more compact than the citrine or yelloiv myrohalans.
Indian myrohalans, or Black myrohalans, are said to be obtained
from the same tree as the foregoing, but to be gathered before the fruit
is mature. It is much smaller than either of the other kinds, black,
and shining on the surface.
Terminalia citiuna. (Roxb.) Myrohala7ius cilrina. (Gaertn.)
Yellow myrohalans. India.
Pickled myrohalans, the yellow myrobalans preserved in brine. (G.)
Fruit a common article in the Hindoo Materia Medica ; usually em-
ployed as a gentle purgative. (L.) Citrine or Yelloio myrohalans are
VEGETABLES.— RHizoPHOREJE. 297
rather smaller than the Chebulic, of an ovoid form, having five longitu-
dinal ridges distinctly marked, and five more intermediate but less
marked. The surface is shining, and the colour varying from pale to
brown yellow.
TeRxMinalia liATiFOLiA. (Swartz.) Jamaica.
Eoot used in Jamaica in diarrhoea. (L.)
Terminalia Moluccana. (Lamb.) East Indies.
Uses the same as those of T. belerica, for which it is substituted in
India. (L.)
Tekminalia vernix. (Lamb.) Varnish-tree of China. Moluccas.
Produces the resin used in varnishing the Indian cabinets. (G.) One
^^ the trees which furnishes the celebrated Chinese black lacquer. (O'Sh.)
Order 60.— RHJZOPHOREiE. (De Cand. iii. 31.)
Tube of the cali/a; adhering to the ovary, limb 4 — 13 lobed, lobes ^iilvate in estiva-
tion; petals inserted into the calyx, alternate with its lobes, and equal in number to
them ; stamens inserted with the petals, and twice or thrice their number ; filaments
free, subulate, erect ; anthers ovate, erect, inserted into the base ; ovary adnate to the
calyx, two-celled, each cell containing two or more pendulous ovules; fruit indehiscent,
crowned by the calyx, one-celled, one-seeded ; seed pendulous, exalbuminous ; radicle
long; cutijledons two, flat. Trees or sliruhs growing on the sea-shores, with simple,
opj)i)site, entire, or toothed leaves, with stijjules between the petioles; peduncles
axillary.
Rhizophora. (De Cand. iii. 31.)
Rhizophora GYMNORHizA. {lAnxi.) Bvuguier a gymnovhiza. (Lamb.)
East Indies.
Fruit, leaves, and even bark, eaten.
Rhizophora Mangle. (Linn.) Mangrove. "Warm parts of Ame-
rica, East Indies.
Fruit and bark used in tanning ; imported from the West Indies,
(G. ;) bark very astringent. (O'Sh.)
Order 61.— ONAGRARI^. (De Cand. iii. 35.)
Tube of the cahjx cither entirely adnate to the ovary, or adherent to its base and
produced beyond the ovary; limb 2 — 5 lobed, generally four-lobed, the lobes valvate in
iestivatiou ; petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, generally regular, alternate with
its lobes, contortetl in sestivation, and inserted in the upper part of the tube (very
rarely wanting) ; stamens sometimes as many as the petals, sometimes twice as many,
and in a few cases half as many ; filaments free, filiform ; antliers oblong or ovate ;
ovarii many-celled, often crowned by a cupular gland ; styles filiform ; stiijma capitate
or lobate; fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous, two or four celled ; seeds numerous,
(or rarely solitary,) in each cell, fixed to the central angle ; albumen wanting, the
tumid endopleura sometimes resembling albumen ; embryo straight, with a long taper-
ing ratlicle, and two short cotyledons. Herbaceous plants or shrubs with alternate or
opposite leaves, entire or toothed, and red, purple, white, blue, or yellow, axillary or
terminal flowers.
Circcea. (De Cand. iii. 63.)
♦CiRCCEA LUTETiANA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1056.) Circcea vulgaris.
(Miiuch.) C.pubescens. (Pohl.) C. ovali/blia. (Gray.) Common en-
chanter's nightshade.
298 VEGETABLES.— ONAGRARiiE.
Fl. white, or rose-coloured. June, July. Perennial. Woods and
shady places.
Resolvent, vulnerary ; formerly supposed to possess wonderful pro-
perties in regard to magic and sorcery.
Epilobium. (De Cand. iii. 40.)
*Epilobium angustifolium. (Willd.) (E. B. 1947.) French wil-
low, Persian willow, Rosebay willow herb.
Fl. purplish, rose-coloured. July. Perennial. Margin of woods.
Suckers eatable ; an infusion of the herb intoxicates ; down of the
seeds, mixed with cotton or fur, has been felted.
Epilobium montanum. (Linn.) (P2. B. 1177.) Chamcenerion
montanum. (Scop.) Broad smooth-leaved willow herb.
Fl. rose-coloured. July. Perennial. Dry shady banks, &,c.
*Epilobium tetragonum. (Linn.) (E. B. 1948.) Square-stalked
willoio herb.
Fl. rose-coloured. July. Perennial. Ditches and watery places.
This, and the foregoing species, are used to cleanse foul ulcers.
Jussi^A. (De Cand. iii. 52.)
JussiiEA Peruviana. (Linn.) Peru.
Leaves emollient.
CEnothera, (De Cand. iii. 45.)
♦OENOTHERA BIENNIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 1534.) Common evening
primrose. Tree primrose.
Fl. yellow. July, September. Biennial. Sandy soils, Suffolk, &,c.
Root cleanses foul ulcers, and is eaten in salads.
Trapa. (De Cand. iii. 63.)
Trapa natans. (Linn.) Tribulus aquations, Water caltrops.
Europe and Siberia.
Herb cooling ; nuts, Nu4;es aquaticcB, farinaceous and nourishing.
(G.) Fruit, called Singara, used extensively in Cashmere as an article
of food, and also in China, where the kernel is roasted or boiled like
the potato. (O'Sh.)
Order 62.— LYTHRARIE J3. (De Cand. iii. 76.)
Calyx monosepalous, free, tubular, or bell-sliaped ; the lobes during astivation valverl
or separate, the sinuses sometimes produced into small exterior lobes; petals in-
serted on the upper part of the tube of the calyx, between the lobes, various in number,
sometimes none, generally very caducous ; stamens inserted into the tube of the calyx
below the petals, sometimes as numerous as they are, sometimes two, three, or four,
times as many; anthers oval, two-celled, versatile; ouar;/ free ; st;ile filiform; stigma
usually capitate ; capsule membraneous, covered, or surrounded with the calyx; when
young, of two to four cells, eventually one-celled from the disappearance of the septa,
opening longitudinally, sometimes bursting irregularly all round ; seeds very numerous,
small, exalbuminous, adhering to a central placenta; embryo straight; radicle inm^
towards the hilum; cotyledons flat, foliaceous. Herbs with opposite, rarely alternate,
exstipulate, simple leaves, and axillary or terminal, spiked or racemed^OM:«-s.
Ammannia. (De Cand. iii. 77.)
• Ammannia vesicatoria. (Roxb.) Daud maree, Blistering am-
mannia. Hindostan.
VEGETABLES.— LYTHRARiE^. 29&
Leaves acrid, universally employed by the natives of India to raise
blisters in rheumatic pains, fevers, &c. ; the fresh leaves, bruised, per-
form their office actually in half an hour. (Lindl. ex. Roxb.) In
eight trials of this article, blisters were not produced in less than
twelve hours in any, and in three individuals not for twenty-four
hours. The bruised leaves had been removed from all after half an
hour. The pain was absolutely agonising till the blister rose. "We
should not be justified in recommending these leaves for further trial,
as they occasion more pain than cantharides, and are far inferior to
the plumbago (Lalchitra) in celerity or certainty of action. (O'Sh.)
GiNORiA. (De Cand. iii. 9L)
GiNORiA Americana. (Jacq.) Hanchinol'} West Indies.
Juice, oiiJjv is diaphoretic, diuretic ; used in syphilis. (G.)
Heimia. (De Cand. iii. 89.)
Heimia SALiciFOLiA. (Link, et Ott.) Nesaa salicifoUa. (H. B.
et Kunth.) New Spain, on the Volcano of Jorullo.
A powerful sudorific and diuretic ; the Mexicans consider it a patent
medicine in venereal disorders, and call it Hanchinol. (L.)
Lafoensia. (De Cand. iii. 93.)
Lafoensia amminata. (Vand.) Calyplectus acuminatus. Peru.
Leaves yellow, affording a yellow dye.
Lawsonia. (De Cand. iii. 90.)
Lawsonia alba. (Linn.) L. inermis. (Linn.) Henna. North
of Africa.
Used to colour the nails of females of a reddish colour. (G.) It
is also employed for dyeing hair.
Lythrum. (De Cand. iii. 80.)
♦Lythrum saucaria. (Linn.) (E. B. 1061.) Salicaria vul-
garis. (Berg.) Lysimachia purpurea spicata. (C. Bauh.) Purple-
spiked willow herb, Spiked purple lousestrije.
Fl. purple. July. Perennial. Watery places.
Ophthalmic, astringent, used in the winter diarrhoeas of northern
countries; also as tea, and to make beer. (G.) An astringent which
has been recommended in inveterate cases of diarrhoea. (L.) Demul-
cent and astringent. (Pereira.)
Physocalymna. (De Cand. iii. 89.)
Physocalymna FLORIDA. (Pohl.) Brazil.
This is said by Don to yield the rosewood of the cabinet-makers,
but others ascribe it to a Mimosa.
Order 63.— TAMARISCINE^. (De Cand. iii. 95.)
Calyx 4 — 5, parted, persi.stent, with an imbricate {Estivation ; petals 4 — 5, alternate
with the sepals inserted into the base of the calyx, withering, imbricated in a'stivation ;
stamens equal to, or double the number oi the petals, the filaments being either free, or
united into a long monadelphons tube ; ovary free, trigonal ; style one; stigma three ;
capsule three-valved, one-celled, many-seeded ; seeds parietal, erect, or ascending,
covered with down at the apex; albumen none; eni6r(/o straight; radicle small, inferior;
cotyledons plano-convex, oblong. Shrubs or herbs, with slender branches; Icatcs alternate,
like .scales, entire ; floxcers in close spikes or racemef
300 VEGETABLES.— MELASTOMACEiE.
Tamarix. (De Cand. iii. 95.)
Tamarix Africana. (Poir.) T. Gallica. (Willd.) Egypt and
tlieEast.
*Tamarix Gallica. (Linn.) (E. B. 1318.) French tamarisk,
lamarisk.
Fl, pink. July. Small shrub. South coast of England.
Ashes contain sulphate of soda : a species of tamarisk a^SovAs Arabian
manna. (G.) From this species is collected in the vicinity of Sinai
an abundance of a white gummy substance resembling manna, which,
however, is said to contain no niannite, but chiefly to consist of pure
mucilaginous sugar, supposed to be produced by a species of coccus
whicii inhabits the tree ; the bark of the plant is slightly bitter and
astringent ; the galls and young shoots of this and some other species
or varieties are highly astringent, and used in India both in medicine
and dyeing.
Myricaria. (De Cand. iii. 97.)
Myricaria Germanica. (Desv.) Tamarix germanica, (Linn.)
German tamarisk.
Properties the same as those of the former species.
Order 64.— MELASTOMACEtE. (De Cand. iii. 99.)
Cahjx divided into four, five, or six lobes, coliering more or less with the angles of
the ovary, but distinct from the surface between the angles, and thus fonning a num-
ber of Ctivities, within which the young anthers are curved downwards; petuls equal to
the segments of the calyx, arising from their base, or from the edge of a disk that lines
the calyx; twisted in ."estivation ; siawzejis usually twice as many as the petals, some-
times equal to them in number; in the fonner case, those which are opposite the seg-
ments of the calyx are alone fertile; filaments curved downwards in aestivation; aatliers
long, two-celled, usually bursting by two pores at the apex, and elongated in various
ways beyond the insertion of the filament; sometimes bursting longitudinally; before
flowering contained within the cases between the ovary and sides of the calyx ; ovary
more or less coherent with the calyx, with several cells and indefinite ovules ; style
one; stigma simple, either capitate or minute; a cup often present upon the apex of
the ovary, surrounding the style ; pericarp either dry and distinct from the calyx, or
succulent and combined with it, with several cells ; if dehiscent, bursting through the
valves, which thereibre bear the septa in the middle; placentas attached to a central
column ; seeds innumerable, minute, with a brittle testa and no albumen, usually with
iippendages of some kind ; embryo straight, or curved with equal or unequal cotyledons.
Trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants, with opposite, undivided, usually entire leaves, not
•lotted and with several ribs ; flowers terminal, usually thyrsoid.
Melastoma. (De Cand. iii. 144.)
Melastoma alata.
Melastoma succosa.
Juice used to wash wounds. The berries of various species of
Melastoma dye a black which is very lasting, and many of them are
eatable.
Melastoma hirta. (Willd.) Hairy melastoma. .Jamaica.
Leaves powdered used to sprinkle on ulcers ; berries yield a juice
like that of myrtle berries ; also used for ulcers.
TococA. (De Cand. iii. 165.)
TococA GuiANENsis. (Aubl.) Guiana.
Berries eatable.
VEGETABLES.— rHiLADELPiiE^. 301
Order 65.— ALANGIE^. (De Cand. iii. 203.)
Califx superior, campannlate, 5 — 10 toothed; petals 5 — 10, linear, reflexed ; stamois
loni^, exserted, two or four times the number of the petals; filaments free, filiform,
villous at the base; anthers adnate, bilocular, linear, turned inwards, dehiscing longi-
tudinally by a double opening, often empty ; disk fleshy, at the base of the limb of the
calyx ; drupe oval, somewhat crowned by the calyx, fleshy, slightly ribbed and downy,
nucleus without valves, one-celled, bony, with a foramen at the apex ; seed one, (or thi-ee,
according to Rheed,) inverted ovate; albumen fleshy, friable ; embryo straight; radicle
long, ascending; cotijledons flat, foliaceous, cordate, ovate. Large trees, branches often
spinous; leaves alternate, exstipulatc, ovate, lanceolate, entire, without dots; flowers
iixillary, fascicled ; fruit eatable.
Alangium. (De Cand. iii. 203.)
Alangium decapetalum. (Lamb.) Grewia salvifoUa. (Linn.)
Alangi and Angolum. Stony mountains of Malabar. .,
Alangium hexapetalum. (Lamb.) Kura angolam, Namedoce.
Malabar.
Roots aromatic, cathartic. (G.) Said by the Malays to have a
purgative hydragogue property. (L. ex Royle.) The juice of the
Alangium is said to be purgative, but the fact is not well established.
(O'Sh.)
Order 66.— PHILADELPHEiE. (De Cand. iii. 205.)
Tube of the cahjx turbinate, adhering to the ovary, limb with from four to ten divisions,
persistent; petals equal in number to, and alternate with, the segments of the calyx,
convolute, imbricate in aestivation; stameiis 20 — 40, inserted into the fiiuces of the calyx,
in 1 — 2 rows ; sti/les either distinct, or more or less consolidated into one ; stigmas many ;
capsule semiadnate to the calyx, 4 — 10 celled, many-seeded ; seeds scobiform, subulate,
smooth, heaped in the angles of the cells upon an angular placenta, with a loose mem-
braneous aril ; albumen fleshy ; embri/o inverted, almost as long as the albumen ; coti/lcduas
oval, obtuse, rather flat ; radicle longer than the cotyledons, superior, straight, obtuse.
filhrnbs, with exstipulate, opposite, not dotted leaves, with axillary or terminal flowers in
trichotomous cymes ; flowers always white.
Philadelphus. (De Cand. iii. 205.)
**PiiiLADELPHUs coRONARius. (Linn.) (Bot. Mag. 391.)
Syringa suaveoleus. (Monch.) Syringa, Mock orange.
Fl. white, odorous. June, Large shrub. South of Europe.
Flowers strong scented ; leaves detersive, used as tea.
Order 67.— MYRTACE^. (De Cand. iii. 207.)
Cah/x of 4 — 6, generally five sepals, united into a tube, adnate witli the ovary; petals
insertiKl on the calyx, equal in number to its segments, and alternate with them, quin-
cuncial in aestivation, very rarely none; stamens inserted with the petals, often in many-
rows, double in number, or some multiple of them ; filaments sometimes free, sometimes
connected in several parcels, curved inwards at the apex before flowering ; anthers ovate,
two-celled, small, dehiscing vi'ith a double opening ; carpels four to six, generally five,
often by abortion fewer, coheiing into a many-celled ovary, adnate with the calyx; style
simple; stigma simple; fruit various, generally many-celled and many-seeded; seeds
A'ariable in form ; embrt/o exalbuminous. Trees, or shrubs, with leaves generally opposite,
rarely alternate, without stipules, entire, dotted with pellucid glands, and witli a nerve
running parallel to the margin ; inflorescence variable, usually axillary ; floircrs red,
white, occasionally yellow, never blue.
302 VEGETABLES.— MYRTACE^.
Barringtoxia. (De Cand. Hi. 288.)
Barringtoxia RACEMOSA. (Blume.) Eugenia racemosa. (Linn.)
Stravadium racemosum. Malabar.
Root slightly bitter, but not unpleasant; considered by the Hindoo
doctors valuable on account of its aperient, deobstruent, and cooling
properties ; bark reputed to possess properties similar to those of Cin-
•chona. (L. ex Ainslie.)
Bertholletia. (De Cand. iii. 293.)
Bertholletia excelsa. (H. and Bonpl.) Brazil.
The seeds constitute the well-known Brazil nuts of the shops of
London.
Calyptranthes. (De Cand. iii. 256.)
Calyptranthes aromatica. (St. Hil.) Rio Janeiro.
Young flower-buds have much the sahie qualities as cloves, for
which they might be advantageously substituted. (L. ex Aug. de St.
Hilaire.)
Caryophyllus. (De Cand. iii. 261.)
Caryophyllus aromaticus. (Linn.) Myrtus caryophyllus.
{Sprerig.) Eugenia caryophyllata. (Thunb.) Clove tree. Molucca
Islands.
Flower-buds of the tree, before they open, dried and smoked, Cloves,
Girojle anglais, Caryophyllus aromaticus, Caryophylli, hot, stitnulating,
•and aromatic ; imported from the West Indies in chests ; an inferior
kind from Cayenne, Girojle de Cayenne ; preserved cloves are also
imported ; the ripe fruit, Mother cloves, Fusses, Antophylli, large, less
aromatic ; Preserved mother cloves, stomachic and antispasmodic ; the
foot-stalks, Griffes de girojle, used to flavour distilled spirit. (G.)
Stimulant and carminative, similar in effect to Eugenia pimenta ; the
cloves of the shops are the dried flower-buds ; Oil oj cloves is a com-
mon remedy for the tooth-ache. (L.)
Eucalyptus. (De Cand. iii, 216.)
Eucalyptus mannifera. (Mudie.) New Holland.
Exudes a saccharine mucous substance, resembling manna in action
and appearance, but less nauseous ; it is not produced by insects, and
only appears in the dry season (Med. Bot. Trans. 1. c.) ; other species
yield a similar secretion at Moreton Bay and in Van Dieman's Land ;
Mr. Backhouse says it coagulates and drops from the leaves in particles
often as large as an almond. (Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 69.) (L.)
Eucalyptus piperita. New Holland.
Yields an oil by distillation, which is very similar, if not identical
with oil of cajeput ; it is a powerful solvent of caoutchouc. It may be
probably used with advantage in the manufacture of varnish, as it
readily dissolves copal, and when its solution is spread over a surface,
the oil soon evaporates, leaving a hard, brilliant, and uniform coating
of the resin.
Eucalyptus resinifera. (Smith.) Metrosideros gummifera,
(Gaertn.) Brown gum tree. Iron bark tree. New Holland.
Yields the Brown gum, or Botany Bay kino, which is the inspis-
VEGETABLES.— MYRTACEiE. 303
sated juice of the tree. It is said that as much as sixty gallons of
juice is souietimes obtained from a tree. Both the bark and the in-
spissated juice hare been imported as astringent substances.
Eucalyptus robusta. (Smith.) New Holland.
Often contains large cavities in its stem, between the annual con-
centric circles of wood, filled with a most beautiful red, or rich vermi-
lion-coloured gum. (L. ex Smith in Bot. Trans.)
Eugenia. (De Cand. iii. 262.)
Eugenia pimenta. (D. C.) Myrtus pimenta. (Linn.) Pimento^
or Allspice. West Indies.
Myrtvs pimenta, Allspice tree : fruit dried before it is thoroughly
ripe, Allspice, Jamaica pepper, Clove pepper. Piper jamaicense, Pi-
menta, Pimetitce baccce. Piper odoratum, P. caryophyllatum, is heating,
aromatic, used as a sauce, and in liqueurs ; yields an essential oil. (G.)
All the plant, especially the unripe fruit, abounds in an essential oil,
>vhich is a powerful irritant, and is often used to allay toothache ; the
bruised berries are carminative, stimulating the stomach, promoting
tiigestion, and relieving flatulency. (L.)
GusTAviA. (De Cand. iii. 289.)
GusTAViA SPECIOSA. (D. C.) Piriguva speciosa. (H, B. et Kunth.)
New Granada.
Produces singular effects upon the constitution ; according to Hum-
boldt and Boiipland, ciiildren are very fond of the fruit, and become
quite yellow after eating it, but in 24 — 48 hours they regain their
natural colour without any remedy ; in Burnett's Outlines of Botany,
it is asserted, by some strange mistake, that after it remains for 24 or
48 hours, nothing can erase the colour. (L.)
Jambosa. (De Cand. iii. 286.)
Jambosa vulgaris. (D. C.) Eugenia jambos. (Linn.) Eugenia
jamboo. (Roxb.) Myrtus jambos. (H. B. et Kunth.) Malacca.
Fruit eatable, aromatic. The fruit of this and other species called
Jiose apples, in the East.
Lecythis. (De Cand. iii. 290.)
Lecythis ollaria. (Linn.) Ollato, Sapucaya. Brazil.
This is one of the most gigantic trees of the forests of Brazil. The
bark is easily separable, by beating the liber into a number of fine dis-
tinct layers, which divide so neatly from each other that they have the
appearance of satin-paper. The seeds of this and other species are
eatable, but leave a bitter after-taste.
Lecythis zabucajo. (Aubl.) Qtmtele, Zahtccajo. Guiana.
Seeds eatable. Have been called Brazil nuts,
Leptospermum. (De Cand. iii. 226.)
Leptospermum scoparium. (Sif^ith.) Philadeiphus scoparitis.
(Ait.) Melaleuca scoparia. (Wendl.) New Holland.
Leaves used as tea.
304 VEGETABLES.— MYBTACEJE.
Melaleuca. (De Cand. iii. 211.)
Melaleuca minor. (Smith.) M. Cajuputi. (Roxb.) Kya putty
tree. Moluccas.
Leaves yield an essential oil, called Cajuput, Cajepnt, or Kyapootie
oil, which is obtained by distillation. It is a green aromatic oil, and is
used in toothache and rhenmatic affections, and as an internal remedy
in hysteria and epilepsy, flatulent colic and cliolera. A powerful anti-
spasmodic, diffusible, stimulant, and sudorific.
Melaleuca LEUCADENDKON. (Linn). Molucca Islands.
By some said to give Cajuputi oil, but has been asserted by
Roxburgh to possess little or no fragrance in its leaves, and not to be
ever employed as far as he could discover in the distillation of that
drug. (L.)
Myrclv. (De Cand. iii. 242.)
Myrcia acris. (D. C.) Eugenia acris. Wild clove. West India
Islands.
Supposed to have been confounded with Eugenia pimenta, in whose
aromatic qualities it altogether participates. (L.)
Myrtus, (De Cand. ii. 238.)
**Myrtus COMMUNIS. (Linn.) Common myrtle.
F\. white. July, August. Large shrub. South of Europe.
Leaves odoriferous, cephalic, astringent ; bark and leaves used in
tanning; berries used in dyeing, and to form an extract; flowers and
leaves yield an essential oil by distillation, and the berries a fixed oil,
Myrteum. (G.) Myrtle buds and berries were eaten as spice by the
ancients, and are still used in Tuscany instead of pepper ; the Tuscans
also prepare a sort of myrtle wine, which they call Myrtidanum ; the
distilled water of myrtle flowers is that very agreeable perfume known
by the name of Eau d'ange. (L, ex Burnett.)
Myrtus cheken.
Juice from the green wood used in glaucoma. (G.)
Myrtus luma.
Berries used to make wine ; leaves make a very good cordial tea ;
root astringent. (G.)
Myrtus ugni. (Molin.) Chili,
Root used in dysentery ; leaves used as tea.
PsiDiuM. (De Cand. iii. 232.)
PsiDiuM roMiFERUM. (Linn.) Mexico.
Fruit esculent.
PsiDiUM PYRiFERUM. (Liim.) Psidiicm vulgare. (Rich.) Guayava
pyriformia. (Gaertn.) Bay plum, Guava tree. America.
Young leaves, buds, and fruit, in decoction, astringent ; marmalade
of the fruit the same.
Robinsonia.
Robinsonia melianthifojlia. (Schr.) Touroulia Guajanensis,
(Aubl.)
Berry edible. (G.)
I
VEGETABLES— cucuEBiTACE^E. 305
Order 68.— CUCURBITACEiE. (De Cand. iii. 297.)
Floicers heiin aphrodite, moncEcious, or dioecious, axillary; cali/x gamosepalous ;
sepals five, more or less coherent at the base, and adhering to the carpels through the
medium of" the torus ; petals five, free, or somewhat cohering, distinct from the calyx,
or rarely adhering to it, arising from the margin of the torus, entire, or rarely imbri-
cated ; stamens five, free, or generally triadelphous, rarely triadelphous and syngene-
sious ; filaments sometimes hairy ; anthers bilocular, vei-y long, flexuose, rarely ovate
and short; style short; stigmas 3 — 5, bilobed, thick, velvety, rarely fimbriated ; carpels
'i — 5, fleshy, surrounded by the torus and calyx, forming a pepo or gourd, the middle
nerve of the carpels being central, and the seminiferous margins external ; umbilical
cord tumid near the seed; arillus watery, becoming membraneous by drying; seeds
generally obovate, compressed, attached to the parietes of the fruit, the apex being
more or less directed towards the centre, the margin often tumid by drying, appearing
2 — 3 lobed at the apex and biise; /iz7K?rt oblique at the apex of the seed, the spermo-
derm being there abruptly perforated by the vessels of the stigma, while the vessels of
nutrition encircle the margin of the seed ; embryo straight, exalbuminous ; cotyledons
leafy, pelmatinerved ; radicle basilar, directed towards the hilum ; root annual or peren-
nial, fibrous, or tuberous; stem sannentaceous, herbaceous, or shrubby, generally
striated ; Icaces palmate, nerved, or often covered with very rough hair; cirrhi (or abor-
tive leaves), solitary, lateral, undivided or divided ; flowers solitary, paniculated, or fasci-
culated, yellow, white, or rose-coloured; bracteas generally wanting ; branches arising
from between the leaves and cirrhi.
Fruits mostly esculent, but a few have the laxative power so in-
creased as to become drastic purgatives.
Bryonia. (De Cand. iii. 304.)
Bryonia Abyssinica? (Lamb.) Abyssinian bryony. Africa.
Root esculent when boiled.
Bryonia alba. (Linn.) Bryonia nigra. (Rupp.) Black-berried
bryony. South of Europe.
Properties the same as B. dioica.
Bryonia callosa.
Seeds vermifuge, yield an oil.
♦Bryonia i>ioica. (Jacq.) (E. B. 439.) B. alba. (Reich.)
Red-berried bryony, White bryony.
Fl. with greenish veins. May, June. Thickets and hedges.
Root acrid and purgative, owing to the presence of an extractive
matter called Bryonine ; it produces violent vomiting and purging,
tormina, profuse watery evacuations, and fainting ; it is not admitted
into the Britisli Pharmacopoeias, but is a frequent instrument in the
practice of quack doctors in the coimtry ; Burnett says it is sold in
Covent Garden market as a discutieiit to remove the bruise of a
blackened eye ; Withering considers it one of the best cathartic medi-
cines for horned cattle. (L.)
Bryonia epig^a. (Rottl.) " India.
Powder of the root given by the native practitioners as an aperient
and alterative in doses of a pagoda weight once daily for a week in
chronic dysentery and venereal atfections. (O'Sh. ex Ainslie.)
Bryonia rostrata. (Rottl.) Tranquebar.
Root prescribed in India as an astringent and emollient poultice in
cases of piles ; it is also used as a demulcent in form of a powder. (L.
ex Ainslie.)
X
306 VEGETABLES.— cucuRBiTACE^.
CucuMis. (De Cand. iii. 299.)
CucuMis Angueia. (Linn.) ) nr f j (Jamaica.
CucuMis CiTKULLUs. (Scr. MSS.) } ^''^^'' "'^^°'^' ) Africa & India.
Fruit eatable, refresiiing ; flesh of the fruit saccharine and watery.
CucuMis Chate. (Linn.) Egypt and Africa.
Fruit has a sweet refreshing juice.
CucuMis CoLOCYNTHis. (Linn.) ColocyntJiis, Coloquintida, koXo-
Kvydtc, (Diosc.) Egypt, Turkey, Coromandel,
Fruit, Shell colocynth, imported from tiie Levant ; pulp of the dry
fruit, Bitter apple, Peeled colocynth, Colocinthidispulpa, also imported ;
purgative ; the fruit contains the intensely bitter resinoid called Colo-
cynthin ; it is very acrid, and a considerable number of severe cases of
poisoning have occurred in the human subject ; nevertheless, in com-
bination with other substances, the extract is one of the commonest of
cathartics.
CucuMis HARDwiCKii, (Roylc,) called by the natives Puharee in-
drayun, or Hill colocynth. Foot of the Himalaya.
Properties similar to those of C. colocynthis. (L.)
**CucuMis Melo. (Linn.) Melo, melon.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Annual. Native of Asia.
Fruit very refreshing, much eaten in France, where it takes the
place of our potatoes.
CucuMis rsEUDo COLOCYNTHIS. (Royle.) Indrayun,Bisloomhha.
India.
Substituted in India for the true Colocynth. (L.)
**CucuMis SATivus. (Linn.) C. hortensis, Cucumber.
Fl. yellow. May, July. Annual. Native of India.
Fruit eaten, cooling; young fruit, Girkins, pickled for a sauce;
Salted Cucumbers, imported from Russia ; seeds yield oil.
CucuMis UTiLissiMus. (Roxb.) Bengal.
Powder of the toasted seeds said to be a powerful diuretic, and
serviceable in promoting the passage of sand or gravel. (L. ex Roxb.)
CucuRBiTA. (De Cand. iii. 316.)
CucuRBiTA Melopepo. (Linn.) Squash.
Fruit better tasted than that of C. pepo, but of the same quality.
**CucuRBiTA Pepo, (Linn.) Pepo, Common gourd or Pumpkin,
Pumpion.
Fl. yellow. June, August. Annual. Native of Asia.
Seeds cooling; leaves, No. 15 — 20, in decoction, form a purgative
clyster, applied externally to burns, erysipelas, &c. (G.)
**CucuRBiTA oviFERA. (Linn.) Vegetable marrow.
Fl. yellow. July, September. Annual. Native of Astracan.
Fruit an excellent pot-herb, coming into use in England.
Feuillea. (De Cand. iii. 297.)
Feuillea cordifolia. (Poir.) F. hederacea. (Turp.) Cocoon
antidote. West Indies.
VEGETABLES.— CUCURBIT ACE^. 307
Alexiterial, febrifuge, used in venomous bites ; kernel of the fruit
called in St. Domingo Noix de serpent, infused in rum or water, used
against sedative poisons.
Feuillea trilobata. (Linn.) F. scandens. (Linn.) Calabash
cocoon antidote. West Indies.
Seeds bitter and laxative, a large dose vomits. (G.) The bitter
seeds of this and the last are said by Drapiez to be a powerful antidote
against vegetable poisons. They purge and vomit with rapidity. (L.)
Lagenaria. (De Cand. iii. 299.)
Lagenaria vulgaris. (Ser. MSS.) Cucurbita lagenaria. (Linn.)
Calabash gourd, £ottle gourd. East Indies.
Seeds cooling; leaves, No. 15—20, in decoction, form a purgative
clyster. (G.) In the wild state the fruit is poisonous ; some sailors
died at one of our outports a few years since from drinking beer that
had been standing in a flask made of a bottle gourd ; Dr. Royle says
that he learned from a very respectable and intelligent native doctor,
attached to the gaol hospital at Saharumpore, tliat he had seen a case
of poisoning from eating of the bitter pulp, in which the symptoms
were those of cholera. (L.)
Luffa. (De Cand. iii. 302.)
LuFFA AMARA. (Roxb. fl. Ind. iii. 715.) East Indies.
Every part extremely bitter; fruit violently cathartic and emetic.
Juice of roasted young fruit applied to the temples by the natives of
India to cure headache. Ripe seeds, eitlier in infusion or substance,
used by them to vomit and purge. (L.)
LuFFA BiNDAAL. (Roxb. fl. Ind. iii. 717.) Hindostan.
Considered in northern India a powerful drastic in cases of dropsy.
(L. ex Royle.)
LuFFA Egyptiaca. (Mill.) Momcrdica luffa. (Linn.) Arabia.
Used to rub the body in cutaneous eruptions ; fruit eatable.
LuFFA PURGANS. (Mart.) Momordicu oncha. Brazil.
Fruit called Cabacinha or Burhinha, used by the natives of Per-
nambuco as a substitute for colccynth. A peculiar active principle,
called Buchanina, is said to have been extracted fiom it.
MEiiOTHRiA. (De Cand. iii. 313.)
Melothria pendula. (Linn.) South America.
Extremely drastic ; four ripe fruits will purge a horse. (L.)
MoMORDiCA. (De Cand. iii. 311.)
Momordica Balsam in a. (Linn.) Balsam apple, Cerasse. East
Indies.
Root purgative, 9 ij. in powder ; plant vulnerary, balsamic, refresh-
ing ; leaves used in decoctions for clysters ; fruit, infused in oil, makes
a vulnerary balsam ; the juice that exudes upon cutting the ripe fruit,
used for fresh wounds. (G.) This plant is supposed to be that called
Neurosperma cuspidata by Rafinesque, the fruit of which is said to be
a dangerous poison, but in moderate doses to act as a powerful hydra-
gogue. (L.)
x2
308 VEGETABLES.— cucuRBiTACE^.
MoMORDiCA Charantia. (Linn.) Papareh. East Indies.
Very bitter, vermifuge ; used in brewing in the East Indies.
MoMORDicA Elaterium, ('Linn.) Ecbalium officinarum. (Richard.)
Cucumis agrestis. (Blackw.) C. asininus. (C. Bauh.) 2t/cuc ayptoc,
{Dioscor.) Spirting cucumber, Wild cucumber. South of Europe.
Root and herb hydra<2;ogue, vermifuge ; leaves used externally,
detersive and resolvent; fruit, Elaterii poma, yields Elaterium; juice
of the fruit hydragogue. (G.) Elaterium., a substance obtained from
the juice surrounding the seeds of this plant, is so powerful a poison,
that a single grain has been known to act powerfully on man, but its
strength and effects are uncertain ; it is used in practice, in the form of
an extract as a violent cathartic and hydragogue. Dr. Ciiristison
quotes a case of a medical man in Paris, who, after carrying a specimen
to iiis lodgings in his hat, was seized with acute pain &c. in his head,
succeeded by colic pains, fixed pains in the stomach, frequent watery
purging, bilious vomiting, and some fever. (L.)
MuRiciA. (De Cand. iii. 318.)
MuRiciA CocHiNCHiNENSis. (Lour.) China and Cochin China.
Seeds and leaves astringent and aperient ; employed by the Chinese
in obstructions of the liver, tumours, and malignant ulcers. Externally
employed in fractures and dislocations. (L.)
Trichosanthes. (De Cand. iii. 313.)
Trichosanthes amara. (Linn.) St. Domingo.
Fruit very bitter, purgative, emetic, used to destroy rats. (G.)
Seeds bitter and astringent, sometimes emetic. (L. ex Martius.)
Trichosanthes cordata. (Roxb. fl. Ind. iii. 703.) Boomeekoomura.
Hindostan
Root used by the natives of India as a substitute for Columbo root. (L.)
Trichosanthes cucumerina. (Linn.) Hedges in Bengal.
Fruit reckoned in India an anthelmintic. (L.)
Trichosanthes dioica. Bengal.
An alcoholic extract of the unripe fruit is described as a powerful
and safe cathartic in three to five grain doses, repeated every third hour
till the desired efl^ect is produced. (O'Sh.)
Trichosanthes paemata. (Roxb. fl. Ind. iii. 704.) India.
Fruit reckoned poisonous. (Roxb.) Pounded small and intimately
blended with warm cocoa-nut oil, it is considered a valuable applica-
tion in India for cleansing and healing the ofl^ensive sores that some-
times form within the ears ; it is also supposed to be a useful remedy,
poured up the nostrils, in cases of ozeena. (L. ex Ainslie.)
Trichosanthes villosa. (Blume.) Java.
Fruit acts like colocynth. (L.)
Order 69.— PAPAYACE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 932.)
Lactescent trees, with cylindrical trunks, indigenous to tropical America, but intrO'
duced by cultivation into Asia and Africa. Is Hied to Cucurbitaceae and Passifloreae.
VEGETABLES.— PASsiFi^ouE^. 309
Carica. (Endl. Gen. PI. 933.)
Catjica Papaya. (Linn.) Papaw. West Indies.
Fruit nutritive; seed an excellent vermifuge, leaves saponaceous,
milky ; juice corrosive ; is mixed with water, and used to wash meat
to make it tender. (G.) The milky juice is a powerful vermifuge ;
the powder of the seeds has the same property ; fibrine is contained in
the juice in such abundance that the latter bears a most extraordinary
resemblance to animal matter; water impregnated with the milky
juice makes meat washed with it tender; the same effect is produced
when the meat is suspended among the branches of the trees ; it first
becomes tender, and then passes into a state of putridity. Vauqueliu
says tliat a sample of the juice which he examined had the taste and
smell of boiled beef; the leaves are used by the negroes to wash linen
instead of soap, and the fruit is eaten as a vegetable. (L.)
Order 70.— PASSIFLORE^. (De Cand. iii. 312.) ^
Sepals 5 — 10, coherent into a tube, free at the apex, in 1 — 2 rows, the outer lobes
large, Ibliaceous, the inner ones alternate with the former, more petaloid in appearance,
sometimes wanting, fauces naked or adorned with coloured filamentous or membraneous
appendao-es, in one or many rows, and the lower part often closed by an operculum ;
petals none (in Passiflora) ; stamens five ; filaments opposite the external lobes of the
calyx, monadelphous, the tube sheathing the stalks of the ovary; anthers versatile,
appearing extrorse, but in reality introrse ; io;-its elongated into a long cylindrical stalk;
ouar^ free, ovate ; style none, or short; stigmas three, thick, sub-bilobed at the apex;
frail naked, or surrounded by the calyx, supported on the stipitate torus, three-valved,
one-celled ; valves either dry and dehiscent, or fleshy, coherent, indehiscent, having a
lonsitudinal placenta in the middle; seeds attached to the placenta in many rows,
covered with a large and often pulpy arillus, compressed, generally furrowed. Herbaceous
plants, or shmhs, usually climbing, seldom erect ; with alternate stipulate leaves, autl
axillary or terminal flowers.
Passiflora. (De Cand, iii. 322.)
**Passiflora ccerulea. (Linn.) (Bot. Mag. 28.) Common blue
passion /lower.
Calyx green and rose-coloured, corolla in circles of red, white, and
blue. August, September. Shrub. Brazils and Peru.
Passiflora iscarnata. (Linn.) JRed passion-Jioiver. Virginia.
South America.
Passiflora normalis. (Linn.) Wild passion-flower. South
America.
Hoots sudorific.
Passiflora coxtrayerva. (Smith.) i ^ Mexico.
Said to be alexipharmic and carminative.
Passiflora fgetida. (Cav.) Passiflora variegata. (Mill.) P.
hirsuta, (Lodd.) West Indies.
Esteemed an emmenagogue ; thought to be serviceable in hysteria ;
the infusion of the flowers is also taken as a pectoral in the West
Indies. (L.)
Passiflora LAURiFOLiA. (Linn.) Sweet Calih ash. South America .
Passiflora maliformis. (Linn.) Water lemon.
Fruit esculent.
310 VEGETABLES.— PORTULACM.
Passiflora quadrangularis. (Linn.) Granadilla.
Root emetic ; powerfully narcotic, said to be cultivated in several
French settlements for the sake of its root ; said to owe its activity to
a particular principle called Passiflorine ; the fruit, called Granadilla,
is a common article in a Brazilian dessert. (L.)
MuRUCUJA. (De Cand. iii. 333.)
MuRUCUJA OCEIXATA. (Pers.) Passiflora murucuja. (Linn.) BulVs
hoof, Dutchman's laudanum. West Indies.
Herb made into a syrup, or flowers infused in rum, narcotic ; used
for laudanum.
Order 71.— PORTULACE^. (De Cand. iii. 351.)
Sepals two, seldom three or five, cohering by the base ; petals generally fire, some-
times 3 — 4 — 6, rarely none, either entirely free, or connected at the base into a short
tube, and when equal in number alternate with the sepals ; stamens inserted along with
the petals either into the base of the calyx, or perhaps on the torus, variable in number
even in the same species; all fertile; filaments free among themselves, but connected
to the {Petals, to which they are also opposite; anthers versatile, two-celled, opening by
a double chink; ovary superior, one-celled; style one, (sometimes wanting,) filiform;
stigmas several, much divided ; capsule one-celled, dehiscing either transversely or by
three valves, from apex to base, rarely indehiscent, one-seeded ; seeds numerous, affixed
to a central placenta ; albumen farina<;eous ; embryo surrounding the albumen, with a
long cylindrical radicle. Succulent herbs, or shrubs; leaves alternate, seldom oppo-
site, entire, exstipulate, or with membraneous ones ; flowers axillary or terminal, usually
ephemeral, expanding only in bright sunshine.
Calandrinia. (De Cand. iii. 358.)
Calandrinia umbellata. (D. C.) Talinum urnbellatum. (Ruiz,
et Pav.) Chili.
Flowers used as a cosmetic.
Claytonia. (De Cand. iii. 360.)
CiiAYTONiA PERFOLiATA. (Donn.) C. cubensis. (Bonpl.) "West
Indies, America.
Used both as a salad and potherb.
PoRTUL,ACA. (De Cand. iii. 353.)
PoRTULACA OLERACEA. (Linn.) Portulaca, Purslane. Europe,
India, America.
Used as a potherb, cooling, useful in scurvy, heat of urine, and
bilious disorders ; seeds vermifuge,
Portulaca pilosa. Jamaica purslane. West Indies.
In salads diuretic, as also its expressed juice.
Portulaca quacrifida. (Linn.) P. linifolia. (Forsk.) India.
The bruised fresh leaves are prescribed as an external application in
erysipelas, and an infusion given in dysuria. (O'Sh.)
Order 72.— PARONYCHIE^. (De Cand. iii. 365.)
Calyx of five (rarely 3 — 4) sepals, more or less concreted together, hence the calyx
is five-partite, five-cleft, or five-toothed; petals small, squamiform, appearing like
sterile stamens, generally as many as the sepals, and inserted into the tube of the calyx,
exactly opposite the lobes, even in Ihe apetalous genera, equal in number to the sepals,
or by abortion fewer ; //amends distinct ; anthers two-celled; ovary free; styles two
or Uiree ; distinct, or more or less united ; fruit dry, small, generally membraneous,
1
VEGETABLES.— PAEONYCHiE^. 311
sometimes without valves, indehiscent, sometimes three-valved ; seeds numerous, affixed
to a central placenta, or solitary, suspended by a long cord which arises from the
bottom of the cell; albumen farinaceous; embryo cylindrical, lateral, cuived, or sur-
rounding the albumen ; radicle turned towards the hilum. Branched herbs, or shrubs,
with leaves generally opposite, with or without scariose stipules; Jiowers sessile,
small, entire.
AcHYRANTHES. (Endl. Geti. PI. 303.)
AcHYRANTHES L,ANATA. (Linn.) Illecebrum lanatum. Bengal.
Root demulcent, prescribed in strangury. (O'Sh.)
CoRRiGiOLA. (De Cand. iii. 366.)
*CoRitiGiOLA LiTTORALis. (Linn.) (E. B. 668.) Sand strapwort.
Fl. whitish. July, August. Annual. Coast of Devon and Cornwall.
Herb cooling.
Herniaria, (De Cand. iii. 367.)
*Herniaria glabra. (Linn.) (E. B. 206.) Herniaria alpestris.
(Aubry.) H. fruticosa. (Govan.) Glabrous rupture-wort.
Fl. green. June, August. Perennial. Rare. Lizard Point,
Newmarket.
Rather saltish, astringent, diuretic ; juice removes specks in the eye.
Illecebrum. (De Cand. iii. 369.)
*Illecebrum verticillatum. (Linn.) (E. B. 895.) Whorled
knot grass.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Marshy ground, Devon and Cornwall.
Refrigerant and astringent.
PoLYCARPON. (De Cand. iii. 376.)
*PoLYCARPON TETRAPHYLLUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1031.) MollugO
tetraphylla. (Linn.) Arenaria, Four-leaved allseed, Sea chickweed.
Fl. greenish. May, September. Annual. Southern coasts.
Herb applied to whitlows.
ScLERANTHus. (De Cand. iii. 378.)
*ScLERANTHUS ANNuus. (Linn.) (E. B. 351.) Knavel annuumt
(Scop.) Annual knaivel, German knot grass.
Fl. greenish. July. Annual. Corn-fields.
Diuretic, astringent, the vapour arising from a decoction of it is
used in tlie toothache.
♦ScLERANTHUS FERENNis. (Linn.) (E. B. 352). Perennial
knawel.
Fl. greenish. August, October. Perennial. Dry sandy places.
Coccus polonicus is found upon its roots.
Trianthema (De Cand. iii. 351.)
Trianthema decandra. (Linn.) Zaleya decandra. (Burm.)
India.
Root aperient. (O'Sh.)
Trianthema obcordata.
Root catliartic, given in powder to the extent of two tea-spoonsful
twice daily, with a little ginger. (O'Sh.)
312 VEGETABLES.— CRAssuLACE^.
Order 73.— CRASSULACEiE. (De Cand. iii. 381.)
Caliix consisting of many sepals, 3 — 20, more or less, concreted at the base, and
therefore multipartite ; petals equal in number to the sepals, alternate with them, and
inserted into the base of the calyx, either free or concreted into a gamopetalous corolla.
utameiis inserted with the petals, either equal in number to, and alternate with, them,
or double their number, those alternate with the petals longer and earlier, those opposite
the petals shorter and later in ariivirig at perfection ; filaments free, subulate ; anthers
oval, two-celled, dehiscing by a double chink ; nectariferous squama; at the base of the
carpels solitary ; carpels as many as the petals, and opposite to them, verticillated about
an ideal axis, free, one-celled, dehiscing by a longitudinal chink at the inner angle ; seeds
fixed ill a double row to the inner angle of the carpel; albtiinen thin, fleshy; emhri/o
straight ; radicle directed to the liilum. Succulent herbs, or shrubs, with entire or
plnnatifid leaves, without stipules; flowers usually in cymes, sessile, often arranged
unilaterally along the divisions of the cymes.
The thick juicy leaves are used outwardly as cooling and astringent
applications ; many of them contain malate of lime.
Sedum. (De Cand. iii. 401.)
*Sedum ACRE. (Linn.) (E. B. 839.) Illecehra, Sedum minimum.
Stone-crop, Wall pepper.
n. yellow. June. Perennial. Walls, rocks, and sandy ground.
Emetic, cathartic, detersive, used in cancers and scrofula ; antiscor-
butic ; externally rubefacient. (G.) Leaves acrid. This plant has
been recommended in cancerous cases, and also in epilepsy. (L.)
*Sedum album. (Linn.) (E. B. 1578.) Sedum minus, Lesser
Iwuse-leek, Prick madam, White stone-crop.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Rocks in Somersetshire,
Cooling and astringent ; used in salads.
Sedum Anacampseros. (Linn.) Evergreen lesser house-leek.
South of France, &c.
Cedum CEPiEA* (Linn.) Annual white house-leek. South of
Europe.
Equally cooling, astringent, and diuretic.
*Sedum Rhodiola. (D. C.) (E. B. 508.) Hhodiola rosea.
(Linn.) Sedum roseum. (Scop.) Rhodiola odorata, (Lamb.)
JRhodia radix, Rose root, Rose wort,
Fl. yellow. June. Perennial. "Wet rocks on high mountains.
Root cephalic, astringent,
*Sedum Telephium, (Linn.) (E. B. 1319.) Crassula, Faharia
telephium. Livelong orpine.
Fl. purple. July. Perennial, Borders of fields and stony hedges.
Astringent, easing pain in fresh wounds or in old ulcers, eaten as a
potherb, leaves a slight but disagreeable irritation in the throat. (G.)
Refrigerant, and slightly astringent ; leaves boiled in milk are recom-
mended in diarrhoea. (L.)
Sempervivum. (De Cand, iii. 411.)
*Sempervivum tectorum. (Linn,) (E. B. 1320.) Sedum
majus, (C. Bauh.) Sempervivum, Common great house-leek,
Fl. red, July. Perennial. Housetops, and on walls.
Coolirg, astringent, used externally to corns, (G.) The leaves are
VEGETABLES.— FicoiDE^. 313
cooling when applied externally and frequently renewed ; they possess,
moreover, an astring'ent property, which is rather salutary in many
cases ; the dispensatory describes a beautiful, white, higlily volatile
coagulum, formed of the filtrated juice of these leaves with an equal
quantity of spirits of wine. (L. ex Smith.)
Umbilicus. (De Cand. iii. 399.)
♦Umbilicus fendulinus. (D. C.) (E. B. 322.) Cotyledon um-
bilicus. (Linn.) Umbilicus veneris. (BlackAv.) Navel-wort, Wall
penny-iuort, Kidney-ivort, has been recommended by Dr, Salter, and
others, as a remedy for epilepsy. Used also for curing corns and warts.
Fl, yellowish green. June, August. Perennial. Rocks and walls.
Refreshing, detersive, cooling, very diuretic, useful in inflammations
of the skin.
Cotyledon orbiculata. Cape of Good Hope.
The fresh juice is of service in epilepsy. The leaves form an
excellent application to hard corns, (Dr. Papper.)
Order 74.— FICOIDE^. (De Cand. iii. 415.)
Sepals definite, varying from 4 — 8, usually five, more or less combined at the base;
either distinct from the ovary, or adherent to it, equal or unequal, with a quiucuncial
or valvate aestivation ; petals sometimes wanting when the calyx is petaloid within, or
numerous, inserted into the calyx, in many rows, opening beneath bright sunshine;
stamens arising from the calyx, indefinite, free ; anthers oblong, incumbent ; ovan/
free or adnate to the calyx, many-celled ; stigmas numerous ; capsule either naked or
surrounded by the fleshy calyx, many or five-celled, opening in a stellate manner at
the apex ; seeds numerous, very rarely solitary, fixed to the inner angle of the cells ;
embri/o straight, curved, or spiral. Shrubby or herbaceous plants, with succulent,
opposite, simple leaves ; and usually terminal flowers.
Mesembryanthemum. (De Cand. iii. 415.)
Mesembryanthemum Copticum. (Linn.) Egypt.
Burned for barilla.
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. (Linn.) Ice plant. Cape
of Good Hope.
Contains acetate of potash : like the other species of this genus, it is
very mucilaginous, and useful in inflammatory and bilious fevers.
Mesembryanthemum edule. (Linn.) Cape of Good Hope.
Esculent.
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum. (Linn.) Egypt.
Used in the preparation of morocco leather, and burned for barilla.
Reaumuria. (De Cand. iii. 456.)
Reaumuria vermiculata. (Linn.) Sicily, Barbary, Egypt.
Exudes common salt mixed with saltpetre.
Sesuvium. (De Cand. iii. 453.)
Sesuvium roRTULACASTRUM. (Linn.) Aizoon Canariense. (Andr.)
Mexico, Senegal, &c.
Used as a potherb.
314 VEGETABLES.— GROssDLAKiEiE.
Tetragonia. (De Cand. iii. 451.)
Tetragonia expansa. (Ait.) Dimedovia telragonoides. (Pall.)
New Zealand, Japan.
Antiscorbutic, cooling, used as a potherb.
Order 75.— CACTE^. (De Cand. iii. 457.)
Calyx consisting of numerous sepals, usually indefinite in number, and confounded
with the petals, either crowning the ovary, or covering its whole surface ; petals nu-
merous, usually indefinite, arising from the orifice of the calyx, sometimes irregular ;
stamens numerous, indefinite, more or less cohering with the petals and sepals ; filaments
long, filiform; anthers ovate, versatile, bilocular; ocar;/ obovate, fleshy, one-celled, with
many ovules arranged upon a series of parietal placentae, equal in number to the lobes of
the stigma; style filiform; stigmas numerous, in some aggregate, in others spreading;
fruit succulent, one-celled, many-seeded, either smooth, or covered with scales, scars, or
tubercles ; seeds at first parietal, when ripe, having lost their adhesion, nestling in the
pulp of the fruit, ovate or obovate, without albumen ; embryo either straight, curved, or
spiral, with a short thick radicle ; cotyledons flat, thick, foliaceous, sometimes almost
obsolete in the leafless species. Succulent shrubs varying greatly in form ; stems usually
juigular, two-edged or foliaceous ; leaves almost always wanting, when present fleshy,
smooth and entire, or spine-like ; flowers either showy or minute, usually lasting only one
day or night, always sessile.
Opuntia. (De Cand. iii. 471.)
Opuntia cochinillipera. (Mill.) Cactus cochinillifera. (Linn.)
"Warm parts of Amercia.
The food of the grana fina cochineal.
Opuntia ficus indica. (Haw.) Cactus ficus indica. (Linn.)
South America.
The food of the grana sylvestria.
Opuntia vulgaris. (Mill.) Cactus opuntia. (Linn.) Indian fig,
Prichly pear. Southern parts of North America.
Fruit sweetish, diuretic ; plants very cooling ; juice contains a red
colouring principle, which colours the urine of those that eat the fruit.
Order 76.— GROSSULARIE^. (De Cand. iii. 477.)
Limb of the calyx superior, 4 — 5 partite, regular, coloured ; petals 5 — 4, inserted into
the throat of the calyx, alternating with its segments, equal ; stamens 4 — o, very rarely
6, inserted between the petals on the calyx, all of equal size ; filaments conical, or cylin-
drical, free ; anthers two-celled, dehiscing longitudinally and internally, (in some varieties
of Kibes rubrum transversely and laterally ;) ovary one-celled, placenta: two, opposite,
parietal ; ovules abundant ; style one, 2 — 3 — 4 cleft ; fruit succulent, subglobose, one-
celled, crowned with the persistent calyx ; seeds numerous, suspended by long filiform
cords ; outer integuments gelatinous or membranaceous, inner one a thin membrane
closely adherent to the albumen ; albumen horny ; embryo minute, straight, filaced in the
narrow extremity of the seed ; radicle obtuse. Prickly or unai-med shrubs, with alternate,
lobed, and incised leaves.
Fruit eatable, acidulous and cooling.
RiBEs. (De Cand. iii. 477.)
RiBES ALBiNERViuM. (Michx.) North America.
VEGETABLES.— sAxiFR AG ACE.«. 315
RiBES ALPINUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 704.) Tasteless mountain currant.
Fl. yellowish. May. Small shrub. Woods, Yorkshire and Scotland.
EiBES FRAGRANS, (Pall.) Siberia.
RiBES MACROBOTRYs. (Ruiz. et Pav.) Woods on the Andes.
RiBES PUNCTATUM. (Ruiz. et Pav.) Peru.
Rises viscosum. (Ruiz, et Pav.) Chili.
Fruits eaten.
*Ribes nigrum. (Linn.) (E. B. 1291.) Rihes olidum. (Monch.)
Black currants, Quinsy berries.
Fl. greenish, tipped with purple externally. May. Small shrub.
Wood and river sides ; also cultivated.
Odour similar to that of bugs ; leaves in infusion aperitive, diuretic,
used in gargles ; young leaves substituted for tea ; fruit aperitive, used
in calculous affections ; the juice boiled made into wine. (Gr.) Fruit,
leaves, and wood, tonic and stimulant; a juice prepared from the fruit
is used in domestic medicine against catarrhs. (L.)
*RiBEs RUBRUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1289.) Ribesia, Ribes, Red
and white currants.
Fl. greenish. May. Small shrub. Alpine woods in north of Eng-
land and Scotland.
There are two varieties cultivated —
/3. R. hortense, Red currant,
y. R. album, White currant.
Red currants, Garnet berries, acid, cooling ; juice of the fruit, with
sugar, drank as lemonade or orgeat, and made into wine. White cur-
rants, fruit less acid ; juice made into wine. (G-.) Juice of the fruit
refrigerant, very grateful to the parched palates of persons suffering
from fever. (L.)
RiBEs TRisTE. (Pall.) Siberia.
Berry black, used to colour wines.
*RiBES UvA Crisfa. (Linn.) Ribes grossularia. Common goose-
berry.
Fl. pale purple. April, May. Small shrub. Hedges and thickets.
A doubtful native.
Don, in his Syst. Gard. 3, p. 179, enumerates nearly two hundred
varieties of cultivated gooseberries.
Berries used as a sauce for mackerel and other fish, astringent, but
when very ripe laxative ; make wine and vinegar ; seeds, washed and
joasted, substituted for coffee.
Order 77.-SAXIFRAGACE^. (De Cand. iv. 1.)
Sepals generally five, (rarely 3 — 7,) more or less united at the base; tube either more
or less adnate to the ovary, or free ; limb toothed or lobed, generally persistent ; petals
as many as the sepals, inserted into the tube of the calyx, alternating with its lobes,
deciduous or persistent, rarely wanting; stamens inseited on the calyx, either equal in
number to, and alternate with, the petals, or double their number, half being opposite
to, and hall alternate with, the petals ; filament one, subulate; anthers ovate, bilocular;
316 VEGETABLES.— UMBEixiFER^.
ovary composed generally of two carpels, rarely of 3 or 5, concrete ; styles as many as
the carpels, therefore generally two, either distinct from the base, or more or less con-
crete, terminated by a capitate or a clavate stigma ; fruit two-celled, dehiscing either by
an opening fiom the base to the apex, or by one between the styles from the apex to the
base ; seeds minute, numerous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo small ; radicle short, turned
towards the hilum ; cotyledons short, ovate. Herbs or shi'ubs.
Chrysosplenium. (De Cand. iv. 48.)
*CnRYsosPLENiuM ALTERNiFoLiuM. (Linn.) (E. B. 54.) Saxi-
fraga aurea, golden saxifrage.
Fl. yellow. March, April. Perennial. Moist places among rocks,
in north of England,
♦Chrysosflenium opposiTiFOLiUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 490.) Common
golden saxifrage.
Fl. yellow. May, June. Perennial. Sides of rivulets and springs.
Aperitive, diuretic, anti-asthmatic, and pectoral.
Heuchera. (De Cand. iii. 51.)
Heuchera Americana. (Linn.) Heuchera viscida- (Pursh.) H.
cortusa. (Michx.) American Sanicle. North America.
Root, Alum root, Heuchera, P. U. S., astringent ; used externally
in cancer. (G.) Boot g, powerful astringent. (L.)
Saxifraga. (De Cand. iv. 17.)
Saxifraga Cotyledon. (Linn.) Narrow-leaved saxifrage. North
Europe.
*Saxifraga Geum. (Willd.) (E. B. 1561.) Kidney-shaped sa^ci-
frage.
Fl. cream-coloured, spotless. June. Perennial. Ireland.
*Saxifragagranulata. (E. B. 500.) S. alba. White meadoiv
saxifrage.
Fl. wliite, large. May, June. Perennial. Hedgebanks, &c.
*SAXirRAGA tridactylites, (Linn.) (E. B. 501.) Paronychia,
Rue-leaved whitloiv grass, Three-leaved saxifrage.
Fl. white. May, June. Annual. On walls, common.
These, and most others of this genus, are aperitive, diuretic, useful
in jaundice, obstructions, and scrofula. (G.)
Weinmannia. (De Cand. iv. 8.)
"Weinmannia. Med tan.
Bark astringent, frequently mixed with that of the Loxa tree, or
Peruvian bark. (G.) Used in Peru for tanning leather. (L.)
Order 78.— UMBELLIFERiE. (De Cand. iv. 55.)
Calyx superior, adherent to the ovary, either entire, five-toothed, or obsolete ; petals
five, inserted on tlie top of the tube of the calyx, alternate with its lobes, sometimes,
entire, sometimes emargiiiate or bifid, usually inflexed at the point, involute, imbricate,
rarely valvate in estivation; stamens five, alternate with the petals, and inserted with
them on the calyx ; replicate in a?stivalion ; anthers ovate, bilocular ; ovary inferior,
two-celled ; styles two, generally persistent, thickened more or less at the base into a
fleshy disk or stylopodia ; fruit (called a diakenium or cremocarp) consisting of two
VEGETABLES.— UMBELUFER^. 317
mericarps or carpels, separable from a common axis to which they adhere by their f:\ce
(the commissure), cacli carpel traversed by five nerves or ridges, which are called pri-
maiy, and occasionally with four alternate ridges, which are named secondary, the rido^es
are separated by interstices or channels, beneath which are often situated, in the substance
of the pericarp, longitudinal canals or vittse, contiiining a gummy, resinous, aromatic
juice ; seed solitary in the carpel, pendulous, usually adhering firmly to the pericarp ;
albumen large, fleshy, somewhat horny; embryo pendulous at the base of the albumen ;
radicle superior. Herbaceous plants, with fistular furrowed stems ; leaves usually divided,
sometimes simple, sheathing at the base ; flowers in umbels, white, pink, yellow, or, blue,
generally surrounded by an involucre.
^GOPODiuM. (De Cand. iv. 114.)
*^GOPODiuM PoDAGRABiA. (Linti.) (E. B. 940.) Trayoseli-
num Angelica. (Lamb.) Pimpinella angeliccBfolia. (Lamb.) Li-
gusticum podagraria. (Crantz.) Seseli jEgopodium. (Scop.) Po-
dagraria ^gopodium. (Monch.) Sison j>odagraria. (Spreng.)
Ash weed, Gout wort. Herb gerande.
Fl. white, with purple anthers. May, June. Perennial. Gardens
and wet places.
Roots and herbs used in the gout ; young leaves used in salads.
^THUSA. (De Cand. iv. 141.)
•JEthusa Cynapium. (Linn.) (E. B. 1192.) Coriandrum Cy-
tiapium. (Crantz.) Cicuta cynapium. (Targ.) Cicutaria fatita^
FooVs parsley, Lesser hemlock.
Fl. white. June, August. Annual. Cultivated ground, very
common.
Poisonous, liable to be mistaken for parsley, but is inodorous and
insipid. (G.) The leaves are poisonous, producing nausea, vomiting,
headache, giddiness, drowsiness, spasmodic pain, numbness, &c. ; they
are dark in colour, and nauseous in smell, which ought to prevent the
mistaking of this plant for common parsley. (L.)
Ammi. (De Cand. iv. 112.)
Ammi ma jus. (Linn.) A. vulgare, Common bishop's tveed. Mid-
dle and south of Europe.
Fruit sold for that of Ammi verum.
Ammi Visnaga. (Lamb.) Daucus silvestris, D. visnaga. (Linn.)
Visnaga daucoides. (Gaertn.) Wild carrot. South of Europe.
Fruit diuretic, antipleuritic ; rays of the umbel Spanish toothpicks.
Anethum. (De Cand. iv. 185.)
Anethum geaveolens. (Linn.) Anethum minus. (Gouan.) Pas-
tinaca Anethum. (Spreng.) Selinum Anethum. (Roth.^ Anethum,
Dill. South of Europe.
Fruit discussive, galactopoietic, stopping vomiting and the hiccough ;
leaves ripen tumours. (G.) Fruit carminative and stimulant, taken
with the food may be regarded as condimentary ; it is used in the colic
of children to relieve hiccough ; it has also been supposed to promote
the secretion of milk ; Aqua anethi is chiefly employed ; the fruit also
yields by distillation a volatile oil. (L.)
Anethum segetum. (L.) Fceniculum dulce, Sweet fennel.
South of Europe.
318 VEGETABLES.— UMBELUFER^.
Blanched stem used as a potherb ; fruit carminative, used in soups ;
imported from Italy. (G.) See Foeniculum.
Anethum Sowa. (Roxb.) Womum. East Indies.
Fruit carminative. (G.) Fruit aromatic and carminative; used in
the curries of the East Indies. (L.)
Angelica. (De Cand. iv. 167.)
Angelica atropurpurea. (Linn.) American Angelica, Angelica,
P. U. S. North America. Cordial, aphrodisiac.
Angelica nemorosa. Naples.
Root acrid, used as a remedy for the itch, (O'Sh.)
* Angelica sylvestris. (Linn.) (E. B. 1128.) Selinum syl-
vestre. (Crantz.) Sel. angelica. (Roth.) Sel. pubescens. (Monch.)
Wild Angelica.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Moast places in woods and near rivulets.
Cordial, aphrodisiac.
Anthriscus. (De Cand. iv. 222.)
*Anthriscus Cerefolium. (Hoffm.) (E. B. 1268.) Chcero-
phyllum sativum. (Lamb.) Scandix cerefolium. (Linn.) Garden
chervil.
Fl. white. July. Annual. About gardens,
A common potherb, with eatable roots. (L.) Very resolving,
diuretic, lithontriptic. (G.)
Anthriscus cicutaiua. (Duby.) Chcerophyllum cicutaria. (Vill.)
Hemlock chervil. The Alps.
Roots poisonous as well as the leaves.
*Anthriscus sylvestris. (Hoffm.) (E. B. 752.) Chcerophyllum
sylvestre. (Linn.) Cicutaria vulgaris, Coiv-tveed, Wild cicily.
Fl. white. April, June. Perennial. Hedges, &c. ; very common.
Strong smelling, acrid, diuretic, dyes woollen yellow and green.
(G.) Recommended by Osbeck, in 1811, in the form of an extract in
syphilitic complaints. Reputed to be similar in its effects to hemlock,
only rather less narcotic. (L.)
*Anthriscus vulgaris. (Pers.) (E. B, 818.) Scandix anthriscus.
Common beaked parsley, Hough chervil.
Fl. white. May, June. Annual. Waste places, common.
Deleterious. Some Dutch soldiers, who gathered it by mistake for
common chervil, were poisoned by the soup into which it was put.
(L. ex Burnett.)
Apium. (De Cand. iv. 100.)
*Apium graveolens. (Linn.) Seseli graveolens. (Scop.) Slum
Apium. (Roth.) Sium graveolens. (Vest.) Apium. Eleoselinum,
Celery, Smallage.
Fl. greenish-white. August, September. Perennial. Marshy
places, especially near the sea.
Root opening, diuretic, used in jaundice and the gravel; fruit more
active ; blanched stalks eaten in salads. (G.) When wild, growing
in wet meadows and in ditches, it is acrid and poisonous ; when culti-
VEGETABLES.— uMBELLiFER^. 319
vated in dry ground, and partially blanched, it is the celery well
known as a salad. (L.)
Arch ANGELICA. (De Cand. iv. 169.)
*Archangelica officinalis, (HofFm.) (E. B. 2561.) Angelica
Archangelica. (Linn.) Garden angelica.
Fl. white. June, September. Biennial. Banks of Thames.
Root stomachic, carminative, aperitive, diaphoretic, useful in typhus
fever ; fruit aromatic. (G.) Root fragrant, bitterish, pungent, sweet
when first tasted, but leaving a glowing heat in the mouth ; the
Laplanders extol it not only as food, but as medicine. In coughs,
hoarseness, and other pectoral disorders, they eat the stalks roasted in
hot ashes ; they also boil the tender flowers in milk, till it attains the
consistence of an extract, which they use to promote perspiration in
catarrhal fevers, and to strengthen the stomach and bowels in diaiThoea.
The leaves, seeds, and root, are certainly good aromatic tonics. (L.
ex S. & C) Candied angelica, Caules angelicce conditi ; the fresh
stalks are boiled in water to take away the bitterness and some of the
strong scent, then put into syrup, boiled to a candy height, taken out
and dried ; cordial, aphrodisiac. (G.)
Arctopus. (De Cand. iv. 236.)
Arctopus echinatds. (Liim.) Plaidoorn, or Ziekte-troosl of
the Boers, South Africa.
The root (Radix arctopi echinati) is used in South Africa as a
substitute for sarsaparilla. It has been imported into this country in
irregular pieces, formed by cutting the root transversely, and presenting
somewhat the appearance of small and much-discoloured Calumba root.
It has a weak bitter, somewhat acrid taste, causing a slight flow of
saliva, and is almost devoid of odour. It is demulcent and diuretic,
and is administered as decoction in lues, lepra, and for chronic eruptions
of all kinds.
Artedia. (De Cand. iv. 208.)
Artedia squamata. (Linn.) Gingidium, Oriental pichtooth.
Leaves diuretic, stomachic, used as a potherb, or eaten raw ; rays of
the umbel used as toothpicks.
AsTRANTiA. (De Cand. iv. 86.)
Astrantia major. (Linn.) Black mastor-wort.
Roots acrid and purgative. (L.)
Astrantia minor. (Linn.)
Roots of this and of the former used in scirrhus of the spleen and
mania. (G.)
Athamanta. (De Cand. iv. 154.)
Athamanta Cretensis. (Linn.) Daucus creticus. Middle and
south of Europe.
Tlie fruits are aromatic, with a Avarm, agreeable flavour, and a smell
like that of marjoram ; they were used in the preparation of Diaphoenix,
Venice treacle, and compound syrup of wormwood. (^Semina dauci
cretici, officin.) (L.) Fruit odorous, carminative, diuretic, anti-
hysteric, and nervine. (G.)
320 VEGETABLES.— UMBELLiFEtt^.
Athamanta Matthioli. (AVulf,) Seseli, Turbith? Alps of
Carinthia and Carniola.
Roots acrid, and purge upwards and downwards very violently.
BuBON. (De Cand. iv. 184.)
B0BON Galbanum. (Linn.) Selinu?n GaViamim. (Sprang.)
Agasillis Galbanum. (Spreng.) Cape of Good Hope.
Yields Galbanum. (G.) Valde dubium ex hac stirpe Galbanum
hauriri. (De Cand.) Vide Galbanum.
BuPLEURUM. (De Cand. iv. 127.)
BuPiiEURUM PRUTicosuM. (Linn.) Seseli cethiopicum, Shrubby
hartwort. South of Europe.
Fruit carminative, very acrid and odorous.
BuFLEUHUM PERFOLiATUM. PerfoUata, TJioroughwax.
Vulnerary ; used externally in tumours.
*BuPLEURUM ROTUNDiFOLiiJM. (Linn.) (E. B. 99.) Auricula
leporis, Common hare's ear, Thoroughwax.
Fl. yellow. July. Annual. Corn-fields on chalisy soil.
This, and other species of the same genus, are aperitive, discussive,
and diuretic.
Cachrys. (De Cand. iv 236.)
Cachrys Libanotis. (Linn.) Sicily, north of Africa.
Root very heating and detersive ; used externally in piles.
Cachrys odontalgica. (Pall.) Siberia, the Crimea, &c.
Used in toothache. (G). The root excites salivation, and is said
to cure pain in the teeth. (L.)
Carum. (De Cand. iv. 114.)
Carum Bulbocastanum. (Roch.) Bunium Bulbocastanum.
(Linn.) Sium Bulbocastanum. (Spreng.) Bunium minus. (Gow.)
Scandix Bulbocastanum. (Monch.) Various parts of Europe.
Tuber, Earth nut, Kipper nut. Pig nut, Haugh nut, very nourish-
ing, stimulant, useful in bloody urine, and spitting of blood. (G.)
*Carum carui. (Linn.) (E. B. 1503.) Carvi carum, Caraway.
Fl. white. June. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
Fruit, Caraway seeds, Carui semina, stomachic, carminative ; root
sweet, nourishing, and better eating than parsnips. (G.) Similar iu
action to dill and anise ; used in the flatulent colic of children ; the
fruit or the oil obtained from it enters as an adjuvant or corrective
into various officinal preparations, as the confection of opium, of rue,
and of scammony, the compound tincture of cardamoms and of senna.
(L. ex Pereira.)
Carum nigrum. (L. Med. Bot. 38.)
Called Zeera seeah, is imported from Kunawur into India as a car-
minative. (L. ex Royle.)
Caucalis. (De Cand. iv. 216.)
*Caucai.is daucoides. (Linn.) (E. B. 197.) Conium Royeni.
(Linn.) Caucalis leptophylla. (Lamb.) Baitcusleptophyllus. (Scop.)
Fine-leaved bastard parsley, Small bur parsley.
VEGETABLES.— UMBELLiFER^. 321
Fl. white, tipped with red. June. Annual, Corn-fields on a
chalky soil.
Diuretic.
Caucalis leptophylla. (Linn.) C. humulis. (Jacq.) C. parvi-
jiora. (Lamb.) Middle and south of Europe.
The same.
Ch^rophyllum. (De Cand. iv. 224.)
*Cii-EROPnYi.LUM AROMATicuM. (Jacq.) (E. B. 2636.) Broad-
leaved chervil, Musk chervil.
n. white. .June. Perennial. Near Forfar, Scotland.
"Very resolving, diuretic, lithontriptic.
CicuTA. (De Cand. iv. 99.)
CiccTA MACULATA. (Linn.) Snahe-xoeed. United States.
A most dangerous poison resides in the roots ; a drachm of the fresh
root has killed a boy in an hour and a half, and in America, fatal acci-
dents, arising from its being mistaken for other apiaceous plants, are not
uncommon ; has been used as a substitute for conium, with similar
eiFect, except that it is more energetic. (L.)
*CicuTA viROSA. (Linn.) (E. B. 479.) Cicutaria aquatica.
(Lamb.) Coriandrum cicuta. (Roth.) Sium cicuta. (Vest.) Sium
crucfpfolia, Cow-bean, Long-leaved water parsjiip, Water hemlock.
Fl. white. July, August. Perennial. Margin of watery places,
not common.
Acrid, poisonous, especially the roots ; emetic, and acts upon the
nervous system ; used externally, powerfully resolvent, anodyne, and
used in scrofulous and scirrhous tumours, and in inflammation of the
penis; juices yellow, poisonous. (G.) A dangerous poison, pro-
ducing effects similar to those of hydrocyanic acid ; it appears to cause
true tetanic convulsions in frequent paroxysms, and death on the third
day. (Christison.) Haller considered it as the conium of the Greeks ;
it appears to be fatal to cattle. (L.)
Conium. (De Cand. iv. 242.)
*CoNiUM MACULATUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1191.) Cicuta maculata.
(Lamb.) C. major. (Lamb.) Coriandrum cicuta. (Crantz.) Corian-
drum maculaium. (Roth.) Cicuta, k'iovuov (Dioscorid.) Common
hemlock.
Fl. white. June, July. Biennial. "Waste places, very common.
Very poisonous in warm countries, but less active in cold ones,
powerfully narcotic ; used in many obstinate disorders, as scirrhous
cancer, chronic rheumatism, ill-conditioned ulcers, and glandular
tumours ; dose of the dried leaves, Cicutce folia, Conii folia, in powder
gr. j., gradually increased to 3j., every four hours, to be exhibited
with caution, especially M'hen a fresh parcel of the powder is used.
(G.) A powerfully narcotic acrid plant, occasioning stupor, delirium,
palsy, and asphyxia ; some authors state that it produces death with
the most dreadful convulsions, but this is at variance with the accounts
of Drs. Christison and Pereira. It is recommended in cancerous a,nd
scrofulous disorders, syphilis, dropsy, epilepsy, as an anodyne, &,c. &c. ;
Y
322 VEGETABLES.— UMBELLiPEBJE.
it is said by Aretaeus to be anti-aphrodisiac, by Storck and Bergius to
be the reverse ; the leaves are the parts usually employed, but the
preparations from them are frequently inert : this may arise in part
from the manner of preparing them, or from the time when they have
been collected. Fothergill long since stated, what is quite comformable
to theory, that conium was to be obtained in its most active state
when the flowers are just past, the fruit forming, and the plant inclin-
ing to yellow, and that the quality of that collected when the herbage
is strong and succulent is very inferior. (^FothergilVs Works, 266.)
Drs. Pereira and Christison recommend an alcoholic tincture of the
bruised ripe fruit, instead of the leaves. (L.)
CoRiANDRUM. (De Caud. iv. 250.)
, *CoRiANDRUM SATIVUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 67.) Coriander. '^
ri. white. June. Aimual. About Ipswich and in Essex.
Herb eaten as a salad too frequently occasions fatuity. (G.) Fruit
carminative and aromatic ; Cullen considered it as more powerfully
correcting the odour and taste of senna than any other aromatic. (L.)
Crithmum. (De Cand. iv. 164.)
*Crithmum MARiTiMUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 819.) Crithmum, Herha
sancti Petri, Foeniculum maritimum, Samphire.
Fl. greenish white. August, September. Perennial. Sea-shore.
Excites the appetite ; Pickled samphire, used for sauce.
CuMiNUM. (De Cand. iv. 201.)
CuMiNUM Cyminum. (Linn.) Cyminum cumin. Cumin. Upper
Egypt.
Fruit carminative, as in other plants of the order, but the smell
disagreeable ; chiefly used in veterinary surgery ; combined witli resin
they make a warm stimulating plaster. (L.)
Daucus. (De Cand. iv. 209.)
*Daucus Carota. (Linn.) (E.B.I 174.) D. nostras, D. vulgaris.
(Neck.) Common carrot.
Fl. white, with a dark purple abortive floret in the centre. July.
Biennial. Fields, very common.
Roots, Dauci radix, saccharine, alimentary ; used externally to carci-
nomatous and foul ulcers ; a sugar is made from them. (G.) A poul-
tice for correcting the foetid discharge, allaying the pain, and changing
the action of ill-conditioned, phagedsenic, sloughing, and cancerous
ulcers, is prepared from the root ; fruit carminative, but supposed to
act more particularly on the urinary organs. (L. ex Pereira.)
Daucus Gingidium. (Linn.) Eocky shores of Corsica.
Properties same as
Daucus gummifer. (Lamb.) Sea-coast of Sicily.
Yields one sort of Opopanax. (G.) The roots yield the Bdellium
siculum of the old Pharmacopa3ias, according to Boccone ; it has a bitter
balsamic taste, and a weak but unpleasant odour.
N.B. De Candolle considers the plant thus called by Lamarck the
same as our British Daucus maritimus, and reduces it as a synonym
VEGETABLES.— UMBELLiPER^. 823
to the D. hispanicus of Gouan ; he then refers Boccone*s Bdellium
carrot to D. Gingidium, but Gussone, the greatest of all authorities con-
cerning Sicilian })lants, retains D. gummifer as a distinct species. (L.)
DoREMA. (Don in Linn. Trans, xvi. 601.)
DoREMA AMMOMACUM. Persia.
Stem and roots yield a great abundance of the foetid gum resin Am-
moniac?//)* ; its action is similar to that of assafoetida ; it is chiefly em-
ployed as a discutient and expectorant. (L.) Also applied externally
as a warm and stimulating plaster. (O'Sh.)
Ertkgium. (De Cand. iv. 87.)
Eryngium aqoaticum. (Linn.) Button snake-weed. North
America.
Root, Eryngium, P. U. S.
*Eryngiu>i campestre. (Dod.) (E. B. 718.) Eryngo. Middle
and south of Europe.
Fl. blue, or yellowish. July, August. Perennial. Near Plymouth
and Daventry ; very rare.
Roots aphrodisiac, diuretic, sudorific, may be used for contrayerva.
(G.) The root is sweet, aromatic, and tonic; Boerhaave reckons it
as the first of aperient diuretic roots ; it has been recommended in go-
norrhoea, suppression of the menses, and visceral obstructions, parti-
cularly of the gall-bladder and liver ; it has also the credit of being a
decided aphrodisiac ; a good deal of candied root is sold. (L.) Candied
eryngo, Radex eryngii condita ; roots slit, washed in cold water, and
then put into syrup. (G.)
Eryngium fcetidum. (Linn.) Stinking weed. America.
Leaves in infusion anti-hysteric, either internally or in clysters. (G.)
♦Eryngium maritinum. (Linn.) Sea eryngo, or Sea holly.
Fl. blue. July, August. Perennial. Sea-shore.
Shoots boiled eaten as asparagus.
Eryngium tricuspid ATUM. (Linn.) T/irce-leaved eryngo. South
of Europe.
These two have similar properties to E. campestre, but in a less
degree.
Ferula. (De Cand. iv. 171.)
Ferula assafcetida. (Linn.) Assafoetida disgunensis. (Kaempfer.)
Hingisch, Narthex assafoetida. (Falconer.) Persia.
Old roots yield assafoetida ; young roots roasted and eaten ; leaves
eaten as greens ; some fruits found in Sagapenum produced an unknown
fecula. (G.) A foetid, alliaceous, gum resin, is obtained by slicing the
fleshy perennial roots ; collecting the juice which exudes, and
exposing it to the sun to harden ; it is acrid, bitter, and antispas-
modic. This is the most genuine assafoetida plant, which is hardly
known to modern botanists ; probably the same substance is yielded by
other species of Ferula ; as the Ferula persica. Professor Royle says
he obtained two different fruits from the bazaars in India ; see also
Ferula persica and Ferula hooshee. Dr. Pereira is of opinion that the
tear and lump Assafoetida of the shops are the produce of diflTerent
Y 2
324 VEGETABLES.— UMBELUFEBiE.
species. It was formerly considered to yield the Sylphium, or Laser
of the ancients ; this, however, seems to have been produced by the
Thapsia sylphion (Viviani).
Ferula communis. (Linn.) F.femina. (Plinii.) F. nodiflora.
(Linn.) Ferula, Fennel giant. South of Europe.
Fruit carminative ; green pith of the stem used in spitting of blood.
FERUI.A Ferulago. (Linn.) Ferula, F. galbanifera, F. nodiflora.
(Jacq.) Coasts of the Mediterranean.
Fruit found in Galbanum produced this plant. (G.) Yields abun-
dantly a gum-resinous secretion, and vvas thought to produce Galba-
num. See Galbanum officinale. (L.)
Ferula hooshee. (L. Med. Bot. 46.) Beloochistan.
Eesembles F. assafoetida in size and appearance, and has a gum, but
it is not collected, and resembles the Opopanax of the European shops.
(JSIrs. MacneiVs Letter, Mar. 1 833.) Referred to in Professor Eoyle's
Illustrations, p. 231, as resembling Opopanax; not, however, in the
structure of the fruit, but in the quality of the produce. (L.)
Ferula orientalis. (Linn.) F. ammonifera, Fashook, 'A^jiioviaKov,
{the drug,) 'AyairvXXiQ, (the plant,) Dioscorid. Asia Minor, Greece.
What is supposed to be this plant yields, in the state of Morocco, a
gum resin similar to Ammoniacum, whence it has been thought to be
really the origin of that substance, and with good reason, so far as the
drug of Dioscorides is concerned, for certainly there is no ground
whatever for regarding Ammoniacum a corruption of Armeniacum, as
Professor Don supposes ; Dioscorides expressly points to the meaning
of the word, when he says, ytypaTaL U kv Aifivr] KaTa"Anjxwvn, "It is
produced in Libya, in the district of Amnion." Mr, Don seems, how-
ever, to have produced evidence of the Ammoniacum of the shops being
obtained from a Persian plant. (See Dorema.) (L.)
Ferula Persica. (Willd.) F. sagapenum. Persia.
Also said to yield gum ammoniacum. (G.) This plant is said by
Willdenow, Sprengel, and Fee, to produce sagapenum, but without
sufficient evidence; Michaux sent its fruit from Persia as that of
assafoetida ; Nees and Ebermaier regard it as one of the plants yielding
the latter substance, and probably with justice. (L.)
Ferula Tingitana. (Linn.) Barbary.
Sprengel considers this as the Silphion of the ancients, from which
the Laser cyreniacum, or Asa dulces, \vas produced ; but Viviani
asserts that F. Tingitana does not grow in the country of Gyrene, but
only occurs more to the v/estward. (See Thapsia.) (L.)
Fceniculum. (De Cand. iv. 142.)
Fceniculum dulce. (Bauh.) Sweet fennel. Italy, Portugal, &c.
Considered by the Italians as only a variety of the common fennel ;
oil of sweet fennel is obtained from the fruit. (L.) ( Vide Anethum
segetum.)
Fceniculum Panmorium. (D. C.) Anethum panmori. East
Indies.
VEGETABLES.— UMBELLiFEKiE. 325
Used medicinally in India as a warm aromatic and carminative, in
flatulent colic and dyspepsia. (L.)
*FcENicuLUM VULGARE. (Gaertn.) (E. B. 1208.) Anethum
foe)iiculum. (Linn.) 31eum faniculum, Common fennel.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. Chalky cliffs near the sea.
Fruit aromatic, hot, carminative ; roots opening ; leaves diuretic ;
used as seasoning to fish. (G.) Oil of wild fennel is obtained from tlie
fruit. (L.)
Galbanum. (Don in Linn. Trans, xvi. 603.)
Galbanum officinale. Barzud, (Arab.) Biruja (Hindoost.),
the drug ; Kinneh and Naful, the plant, according to Royle. XaXiSavr].
(Dioscorid.) Syria, according to Dioscorid.
The gum resin Galbanum is less powerful than assafostida, but its
action is of the same icind, and their uses the same ; the drug comes
from Smyrna and India. It would appear that the opinion of this
drug being furnished by Bubon galbanum or Ferula ferulago is
unfounded. (L.) (See Opoidia.)
Helosciadium. (De Cand. iv. 104.)
*HELOscrADiuM NODiFLORUM. (Roch.) (E. B. 639.) Slum no-
diflorum. (Linn.) Creeping icater-parsnip, Procumbent marsh-wort.
Fl. white. July, August. Perennial. Sides of rivulets, &c.
Juice used in cutaneous diseases, dose for children three tea-spoon-
fuls twice a day, and for adults jiij. every morning.
Heracleum. (De Cand. iv. 191.)
Heracleum gummiferum.
Yields gum ammoniacum. (G.)
Heracleum gummiferum. (Willd. 312.) Supposed to be the
same as H. pubescens. (De Cand. iv. 193.) Has been erroneously
supposed to yield opopanax. (L.)
Heraci-eum lanatum. (Michx.) Mastcr-icort. North America.
Root, Heracleum., P. U. S., emollient.
Heracleum panaces? (Linn), and some other species are added to
fermented liquors, and distilled by the northern nations.
*Heracleum Sphondylium. (Linn.) (E. B. 939.) Sphondylium,
Cote parsnip. Cow parsley.
Fl. white, rayed. July. Biennial. Meadows and bushy places.
Root and leaves emollient ; fruit a specific in hysteric spasms ; juice
renders the hair of the Iiead curly ; young shoots substituted for aspa-
ragus ; exudes sugar. (G.) Rind and root acrid, and will ulcerate the
skin on which they are applied ; inside of the root eaten by the Kam-
schatdales ; root contains sugar. (L.)
Hydrocotyle. (De Cand. iv. 59.)
Hydrocotyle Asiatica. (Linn.) Bevilacqua, Codagen, Pancaga,
Pes equinum, Tamool ofvullarey.
Moist places of almost all the hot countries of the Eastern hemisphere,
such as the Malay Islands, India, Ceylon, Central Africa, &c.
Used externally as a vulnerary, and internally as a diuretic, and
326 VEGETABLES.— DMBELLIFERiE.
even as food. (Rumphius.) Given in infantile colic and fever, con-
jointly witli fenugrec. (Ainslie.) Given internally as infusions, (half
an ounce of dried herb to a pint,) and externally as a bath, containing
three pounds of fresh herb, for leprosy. (Dr. Boilean.)
*Hyduocotyle VULGARIS, (Linn.) (E. B. 751.) Marsh Penny-
wort^ White rot.
FI. often tinged with red. May, June. Perennial. Bogs and marshes.
Properties the same as those of Eryngium, which see.
Imperatokia. (De Cand. iv. 183.)
*ImperatouiaOstrutiiium. (Linn.) Imperatoria major. (Moris.)
Selinum Iinpeiatoria. (Crantz.) Peucedanum ostruthium. (Roch^,)
Angelica officinalis. (Bernh.) (E. B. 1380.) Astrantia, Imperatoria,
Master-wort.
Fl. white. Doubtful native. Banks of the Clyde.
Root very restorative after fatigue, formerly chewed by military
officers and soldiers in forced marches, and other fatiguing duties. (G.)
Root acrid and bitter, it is used as a masticatory in toothache, and
many writers speak well of it as a febrifuge ; Lango even affirms that
it has cured agues which had resisted the influence of Peruvian bark.
(L. ex Burnett.)
Lagoecia. (De Cand. iv. 233.)
Lagoecia cuminoides. (Linn.) Cuminum sylvestre, Wild cumin.
Greece, Persia.
Fruit carminative.
Laserpitium. (De Cand. iv. 204.)
Laserpitium glabrum. (Crantz.) L. latifolium. (Jacq.) Moun-
tains of Europe.
The root is gorged with a gum-resinous juice, which is acrid, bitter,
and even somewhat caustic ; it is reckoned a violent purgative ; the
French call it Turbith des montagnes, and Faux turbith. {h. ex Fee.)
Laserpitium Siler. (Linn.) Seseli, Siler montamim. Hart-wort.
Mountains in middle and south of Europe.
The roots of this, and of some other species, are employed in scrofula,
spitting of blood, and piles. (G.)
Levisticum. (De Cand. iv. 164.)
Levisticum officinale. (Roch.) Ligu&ticum levisticum, (Linn.)
Lovage. West of Germany, Transylvania.
Root, leaves, and fruit aromatic, stomachic, and diaphoretic ; stem
yields English opopanax.
LiBANOTis. (De Cand. iv. 150.)
*LiBANOTis vulgaris. (D. C.) (E. B. 138.) Athamanta libanotis.
(Linn.) Gentiana nigra, Blach gentian.
Fl. white. August. Perennial. Chalky pastures. Rare.
Diaphoretic, diuretic ; used in calculus.
Meum. (De Cand. iv. 162.)
*Meum Athamanticum. (Jacq.) (E. B. 2249.) JEthusa meum.
(Linn.) Athamanta meum. (Linn.) Meu, Meum, Baldmoney, Spignel.
VEGETABLES.— UMBELLiFEBJE. 327
Fl. yellowish. June, July. Perennial. North of England.
Root gummy, resinous, carminative. (Gr.) The Meoy adafiavTiKov
of Dioscorides ; the roots are sweet and aromatic, something like carrot,
and contain a small quantity of essential oil ; they form aa ingredient
of Venice treacle. (Radix Mei, Officin.) (L.)
Meum Mutellina. (Gaertn.) j^Ethusa mutellina. (Lamb.) CEnan-
the purpurea. (Lamb.) PheUandriuni mutellina. (Linn.) Sub-
alpine meadows in middle of Europe.
Used like the last. (Radix JVlutellinae, Officin.) (L.)
MoLOPOSPEUMUM. (De Cand. iv. 230.)
MoLOPOSPERMUM cicuTARiuM. (D. C.) Ligusticum Peloponesia-
cum. (Linn.) Seseli peloponense. (Diosc.) Great broad-leaved hem-
lock. Pyrenees, Alps, &c.
Root and fruit used in nervous diseases.
Myrriiis. (De Cand. iv. 231.)
*MyBRHis ODORATA. (Scop.) (E. B. 697.) Scajidixodorata. (Linn.)
Sweet cicily.
Fl. white. May, June. Perennial. Pastures in mountainous parts
of England and Scotland.
Very resolving, diuretic, lithontriptic. (G.)
(Enanthe. (De Cand. iv. 136.)
*CEnanthe crocata. (Linn.) (E. B. 2313.) CE. cicutce facia,
Hemlock dropioort, Hemlock tcater-drop.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Watery places.
Acrid, poisonous, especially the roots, emetic, and acts upon the
nervous system ; used externally is powerfully resolvent, anodyne, and
used in scrofulous and scirrhous tumours, and in inflammations of the
penis ; juices yellow, poisonous. (G.) A dangerously-poisonous plant,
the cause of many fatal accidents ; Dr. Christison considers it the most
energetic of the narcotico-acrid apiaceae ; it is difficult to conceive how
it should be mistaken for hemlock by the herb-gatherers, as Godefroi
asserts ; the roots are usually the parts eaten by those who fall victims
to it, mistaking it for parsneps, ground nuts, or similar roots ; it has
been used in lepra and ichthyosis, and Dr. Hope found an infusion of
the leaves useful in promoting the menstrual discharge. (L.)
•CEnanthe FisTULOSA. (Linn.) (E. B. 36.3.) Common water
dropwort.
Fl. white. June, July. Perennial. Ditches and marshes.
*Qi^nanthe Phellandrium. (Lamb.) (E. B. 684.) (E.aquatica,
Phellandrium aquaticum, Fine-leaved water dropwort.
Properties same as CE. crocata, but less poisonous.
♦O^nanthe peucidanifolia. (Poll.) (E. B. 348.) Parsley water
dropwort, Sulphur weed, VFater dropwort.
Fl. white. June. Perennial. Bogs and ditches in midland counties.
•CEnanthe PiMPiNEUiOiDES. (Linn.) (E. B. 347.) Parsley water
dropwort.
Fl. wliite. July. Perennial. Salt marshes.
328 VEGETABLES.— uMBELLiPERiE.
Roots used as potherbs. (G.)
This genus contains twenty species according to De Candolle, and
Fee reckons theni all dangerous poisons, notwithstanding that the fleshy
tubercles of (E. pimpinelloides and CE. peucidanifolia have occasion-
ally been eaten. (L.)
Opoidia, (Endl. Gen. PI. 1414.)
Opoidia galbanifera. (Lind.) Persia.
The gum-resin, called Galbanum, is now considered to be derived
from this plant.
Opopanax, (De Cand. iv. 170.)
*Opopanax Chironium, (Roch.) Pastinaca opopanax.^: (Linn.)
Ferula opopanax. (Spreng.) JlavciKiQ ripuKXeioy. (Dioscorid.) Gum
parsnep. Dry hills, margins of fields, south of Europe.
Root yields by incision opopanax. (G.) A milky juice exudes
from the root when wounded, and hardens into opopanax, a fetid gum-
resin similar in its effects to assafoetida (L.), but much feebler. (O'Sh.)
Pastinaca. (De Cand. iv. 188.)
*Pastinaca sativa. (Linn.) (E. B. 556.) P. hortensis, Parsnep.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Biennial. Borders of fields and pas-
tures in chalky soil.
Roots nutritive, but their strong smell renders them disageeeable to
many; sugar and wine are made from them, fruit aromatic. (G.)
Petroselinum. (De Cand. iv. 102.)
*Petroselinum sativum. (Hoffm.) (E. B. 2793.) Apium petro-
selinum. (Linn.) P. vulgare. (Lamb.) Parsley.
Fl. greenish white. July. Biennial. On old walls; a doubtful
native.
Root diuretic, leaves used as a seasoning to meat, resolve coagulated
milk in the breasts, but supposed to produce epilepsy and inflammation
of the eyes; fruit carminative. (G.) The leaves are a pleasant
stimulating salad, they are diuretic, and are at once recognised by
their agreeable smell ; Burnett says the fruit is a deadly poison to
parrots. (L.)
*Petroselinum segetum, (Roch.) (E. B. 228.) Sison segetum.
(Linn.) Corn hone-wort, Corn parsley.
Fl. white or slightly reddish. August. Annual, Biennial. Moist
fields on chalky soil.-
Useful in indolent tumours.
Peucedanum. (De Cand. iv. 176.)
*Peucedanum officinale. (Linn.) (E. B. 176.) Hog's fennel^
Hore strange. Sulphur-wort, Sulphur-weed.
Fl. yellow. July, September. Perennial. Salt marshes in Kent,
Essex, and Sussex. Rare.
Root very diuretic, attenuant, expectorant, aperitive ; wounded it
exudes a gum resin. (G.) Juice of the root inspissated in the sun,
or before the fire, is reputed antispasmodic and diuretic. (L.)
Peucedanum Oreosemnum. (Cusson.) Athamanta Oreoselinum.
(Linn.) Open hills in middle of Europe.
VEGETABLES.— UMBELMFERJE. 329
The leaves and stem {Herha oreoselini, officin.) are bitter and
aromatic, as is the fruit, but in a higher degree ; they were used as
powerful stimulants of the intestinal canal, and are still esteemed in
some countries. (L.)
Peucedanum montanum. (Roch.) Selinum palustre. (Linn.)
3Iountain parsley. Marshes and boggy meadows in the north and
middle of Europe.
The root abounds in a white, bitter, fetid juice, which hardens into
a brown acrid resin ; the Russians employ it as ginger ; a famous
remedy in Courland in epilepsy. (L. ex Rust's Krit repert, xii. 2,
p. 281.
Peucedanum SYLVESTRE. (D. C.) P. palustre. (Monch.) Atka-
mantha Jlexnosa. (Juss.) A. Pisana. (Savi.) Selinum sylvestre^
3IiUty parsley. North and East of Europe.
Roots alexiterial.
Physospermum. (De Cand.) iv. 246.)
*Physospermum Cornubiense. (D. C.) (E. B. 683) Lig^isticum
cornitbiense. (Linn.) Cornish lovage.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Near Bodmin, Cornwall.
Root exudes a resin.
PiMPiNELLA. (De Cand. iv. 119.)
PiMPiNELLA Anisum. (Linn.) Anisum officinale. (Monch.) Sison
anisum. (Spreng.) 'Avtcou. (Dioscorid.) Anise, Egypt, Isle of Scio,
the Levant.
Fruit cephalic, stomachic, carminative, diuretic, and emmenagogue ;
our summers not being sufficiently warm to ripen the seeds, they are
usually imported. (G.) The officinal preparations, especially the
aqua anisi, are employed to relieve flatulence, colicky pains, especially
of children ; nurses sometimes take it to promote the secretion of milk ;
it has also been used in pulmonary affections ; its effects are condimen-
tary, stimulant, and carminative. (L. ex. Pereira.)
•PiMPiNELLA Saxifraga. (Linn.) P. crispa (Horn.) Tragoselinum
minus. (Lamb.) Tragoselinum saxifragum. (Monch.) (E. B. 407)
Common Burnet saxifrage.
Fl. white or slightly reddish. July, August. Perennial. Dry pastures.
Root, chewed, relieves the toothache ; fruit opening, detersive, and
lithontriptic. (G.) Root astringent, used as a masticatory to relieve
toothache, and in decoction to remove freckles. (L. ex Burnett.)
PiMPiNELLA DissECTA and P. MAGNA (Linn.) have similar properties.
Prangos. (De Cand. iv. 239.)
Prangos PABULARiA (Linn.) Fiturasnlioon. North of India.
Leaves dried and eaten by cattle as winter fodder, its effects iieating,
producing fatness quickly ; destructive of the Fasciola hepatica in sheep.
(L. ex Moorcroft.)
Ptychotis. (De Cand. iv. 107.)
Ptychotis Ajowan. (D. C.) Adjowaen, Daucus copticus, Bubon
copficumy Ligustieum adjowan. (Roxb.) India.
330 VEGETABLES.— UMBELLiFERiE.
Fruit carminative, imported from the East Indies. (G.)
Tlie fruit has an aromatic smell, and a warm pungent taste ; one of
the most useful and grateful of the umbelliferous tribe ; an excellent
remedy in flatulent colic ; much used in India. (L. ex Roxb.)
Ptychotis CoPTiCA. (D. C.) Daucus copticus. (Pers.) Bunium
copticum. (Spreng.) Trachyspermum copticum. (Link.) Ammi copti-
cum. (Linn.) Egypt and Candia.
Has similar properties.
Ptychotis hetekophylla. (Roch.) Sesili saxifragum. (Linn.)
South of Europe.
Roots purgative, not so acrid as the Thapsise, or as Athamanta
mathioli.
Ptychotis invoeucrata. India.
Used by Europeans in India as a substitute for parsley. (L. ex
Royle.)
Ptychotis sylvestris. India.
An Indian carminative. (L. ex Royle.)
Sanicula. (De Cand. iv 84.)
*Sanicula Eukop^a. (Linn.) S. officinarum. (Bauh.) S. offici-
nalis. (Gouan.) Astrantia dispensia. (Scop.) Caucalis sanicula.
(Crantz.) (E. B. 98.) Wood safiicle.
Fi. white. May, June. Perennial. Woods and thickets.
Leaves vulnerary, cleansing.
ScANDix. (De Cand. iv. 220.)
*ScANDix pectex VENERIS. (Linn.) (E.B.I 397.) Pecten veneris,
Shepherd's needle, Venus' comb.
Fl. white. May, June, Annual. Corn-fields.
Young shoots eaten raw or boiled.
Selinum. (De Cand. iv. 165.)
Seeinum Carvifoeia. (Linn.) S. membranaceum. (Vill.) S.pseudo"
carvifolia. (All.) Angelica carvifolia. (Spreng.) Laserpitium seli-
noides. (Scop.) Mylinum carvifolia. (Gaudin.) Europe.
Roots alexiterial.
Seseei. (De Cand. iv. 144.)
Seseei montanum. (D. C.) Bastard spignel. Hills in France.
Roots purgative, not so acid as the Thapsiae, or as Athamanta
mathioli.
Seseei eeucospermum. (Waldst.) Athamanta leucospfrmum. (Poir.)
Pannonia.
Root resinous, aromatic.
Seseei Hippomaratheum. (Linn.) Sium Hippomarathrum. (Roth.)
Seseli articulatum. (Crantz.) Alsatia, Germany.
Seseei tortuosum. (Linn.) French hart-wort. South of France.
Seeds stomachic, aperitive ; roots anti-asthmatic.
SiEAUS. (De Cand. iv. 161.)
*SiEAus PRATENSis. (Bcss. et Eoch.) (E. B. 2142.) Peucedanum
silaus. (Linn.) Saxifraga vulgaris, Meadow pepper saxifrage.
VEGETABLES.— uMBELLiFEa^. 331
Fl. yellowisli. July, September. Perennial. Pastures and meadows.
Root aperitive, used in calculous cases.
SisoN. (De Cand. iv. 110.)
*SisoN Amomum. (Linn.) (E. B. 954.) Slum Amomuni. (Roth.)
Siumaromaticus. (Lamb.) Seseli amomum. (Scop.) Cicuta Amomum,
(Crantz.) Symrnium heterophyllum. (Moiich.) Amomum vulgare,
Common amomicm, Bastard stone parsley^ Hone-wort.
Fl. cream-coloured. August. Biennial. Moist ground on a chalky
soil.
Fruit warm, aromatic, used in Venice treacle. (G.) Fruit pungent
and aromatic, but has a nauseous smell of bugs when fresh ; it formed
the Semen atnomi of the old apothecaries. (L.)
SiUM. (De Cand. iv. 124.)
*SiuM ANGUSTiFOLiuM. (Linn.) (E. B. 139.) Berula. angustifolia,
(Roch.) ISium htrula ? Narroiv-leaved water par S7iep, Upright water
parsnep.
Fl. white. July, August. Perennial. Watery places.
*SiUM LATiFoLiuM. (Linn.) (E. B. 204.) Pastinaca aquatica,
Broad-leaved water parsnep^ Great water parsnep.
Fl. white. July, August. Perennial. Watery places.
Root poisonous ; leaves aperitive, diuretic, antiscorbutic. (G.)
SiUM SiSARUM. (Linn.) Sisarum, Skirret. China, Japan, &c.
Root used as a potherb, stomachic, a specific against the bad eflPects
of quicksilver ; sugar is made from it.
Var. y8. Ninsi, Slum ninsi, Ninsi, Ninzen, Nin sing. China and
East Indian islands.
Alexiterial and aphrodisiac, and thought to lengthen life ; frequently
confounded with ginseng, as in the Pharm. Lond. 1 720.
Smyunium. (De Cand. iv. 247.)
*SMYRNruM OLUSATRUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 230.) S. Mathioli. (Tourn.)
Hipposelinum, Smyrnium, Alexanders.
Fl. yellowish green. May, June. Biennial. Waste grounds, among
ruins near the sea.
Root and herb opening, emmenagogue. (G.) Leaves pleasantly
aromatic ; fruit stimulant and slotnachic. (O'Sh.)
Thapsia. (De Cand. iv. 202.)
Thapsia Asclepium. (Linn.) T. Apulia. (Mill.) Apulia, Sicily.
Thapsia Gargamca. (Linn.) South of Europe.
Roots acrid, and purge upwards and downwards very violently. (G.)
The variety y of the latter of these is found on the mountains of
Cyrene, and is the T. silphion of Viviani. (Fl. Lybica, p. 17.) The
Laser cyrenaicum, or Asa dulces of Cyrene, was a drug in high repu-
tation among the ancients for its medicinal uses ; it had miraculous
powers assigned to it ; to neutralize the effects of poison, to cure
envenomed wounds, to restore sight to the blind, and youth to the
aged, were only a part of its reputed properties ; it was also reckoned
antispasmodic, deobstruent, diuretic, &c. So great was its reputation.
332 VEGETABLES.--ARAi.iACE^.
that the princes of Cyrene caused it to be struck on the reverse of
their coins, and the Cyrenean doctors were reclioned among the most
eminent in the world ; its value was estimated by its weight in gold ;
although such extravagant powers were ascribed to it, there can be no
doubt that it possessed some very active principles, and accordingly it
has always been a point of much interest to determine what the plant
was ; it has been successively referred to Opopanax, to Ferula tingi-
tana, to Laserpitum siler, and gummiferum, and to Thapsia asclepiuni ;
but the discovery of Cyrene by Delia Cella seems to set the question
at rest ; it is the only umbelliferous plant inhabiting those regions
which will at all answer to the figure struck on the Cyrenean coins, and
this agrees as well with such rude representations as can be expected
from any plant. While, however, it may be considered certain that
the Silphion of Cyrene was yielded by Thapsia silphion, it by no
means follows that all the Silphion was from that species; on the
contrary, Pliny {Hist. Nat. lib. xxii. c. 23) expressly states, that in
his time it was chiefly imported from Syria, the worst kind being the
Parthian, the Median of better quality, and that of Cyrene altogether
lost. (L.)
Thapsia villosa. (Linn.) South of Europe.
Hoot purgative ; may be used for jalap.
ToKDYLiuM. (De Cand. iv. 197.)
*ToRDYLiuM officinale. (Linn.) (E. B. 2440.) Small hart's
wort.
n. white, with large rays. June, July. Annual. Doubtful native.
Roots and fruit diuretic.
ToRiLis. (De Cand. iv. 218.)
*ToRixis Anthriscus. (Gmel.) (E. B. 987.) Caucalis Anthriscus.
(Scop.) C. aspera. (Lamb.) Torilis rubella. (Monch.) Caucalis
viinor, Tordylium anthriscus. (Linn.) Hedge parsley, Hen's foot.
Fl. white, with a reddish tinge. July. Annual. Hedges and
waste places.
Eoots and fruit diuretic.
Trinia. (De Cand. iv. 103.)
Trinia vulgaris. (D. C.) Var. fi. Sesili glaucuin, Glabrotis
hone-wort.
Fl. white. May, June. Perennial. Limestone rocks.
Roots purgative, not so acrid as Athamanta mathioli, or the
Thapsise.
Order 79.— ARALIACE^. (De Cand. iv. 251.)
Tube of the cali/x adnate to the ovary, limb entire or toothed; petals 5 — 10, alternate
with the teeth of the calyx, valvate in astivation, very rarely wanting, and then (in
Adoxa) perhaps converted into stamens; stamens as many as the petals, rarely double
their number, inserted into the margin of the large epigynous disc; anthers two-celled,
peltate ; ovary adnate to the calyx, composed of two, or many one-seeded cells ; styles
many, simple, either distinct and diverging, or concreted into one (rarely none) ;
stigmas simple; berry 2 — 15 celled, crowned by the entire or dentate limb of the caly.x.
VEGETABLES.— ARALiACE^. 333
cells equal in number to the styles, one-seeded ; seeds angular, erect ; testa crustaceous
enclopleiira membraneous ; embryo small, inverted, surrounded by a copious fleshy albu
men. Trees, herbs, or shrubs, sometimes climbing or adhering by root-like fibrillsE
leaves alternate, exstipulate, petiolated, simple, or variously compounded ; petioles long,
often dilated and thickened at the base; floviers axillary or terminal, more or less
umbelled.
Aralia. (De Cand. iv. 257.)
Aralia HisriDA. (Michx.) Wild elder. Dwarf elder. Virginia
and Pennsylvania.
Sudorific.
Aralia nudicaums. (Linn.) False sarsaparilla. Wild sarsa-
parilla, Small spikenard. Nortli America.
A gentle stimulant and diaphoretic, used in rheumatism, syphilis,
and cutaneous affections, in the same way as common sarsaparilla.
Aralia racemosa. (Linn.) American spikenard. North America.
Roots bitter. (G.) The first is alterative and tonic, and is con-
sidered by the American writers to be as valuable a medicine as sarsa-
parilla. (L.)
Aralia spinosa. (Linn.) Angelica free. Toothache tree, some-
times called Prickly ash. Nortli America.
Bark astringent ; berries used in rheumatism and colic. (G.) A
tincture of the wood is also employed to allay the spasms in colic. (L.)
Hedera. (De Cand. iv. 261.)
*Hedera Helix. (Linn.) (E. B. 126.) Common ivy.
Fl. pale green. October, November. Large shrub. Trees, rocks, &c.
Leaves used internally in atrophy, and to dress issues ; also boiled in
wine as a wash to kill vermin ; berries purge ; the trunk yields a gum
resin, (G.) It is also mentioned as a sodorific, and was once reputed
to prevent drunkenness, and to dissipate the effects of wine. (L.)
Hedera umbellifera. (D. C.) Aralia umhellifera. (Lamb.)
Mountains of Amboyna.
Yields a blackish or dull-brown resin, with a very powerful aromatic
camphorated smell. (L.)
Panax. (De Cand. iv. 252.)
Panax fruticosom. (Linn.) Scutellaria tertia. (Rumph.)
Ternate, Java.
Herb diuretic.
Panax Morototoni. (Aubl.) P. undulata. (Pers.) Caj^enne.
AVood, bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit aromatic.
Panax quinquefolium. (Linn.) Ginseng. China and North
America.
Root cordial, alexiterial, and aphrodisiac, dose 5J. — ij. ; chewed, or
sliced and made into tea, often confounded with nin sing. (G.) Root
an agreeable bitter sweet, with some aromatic pungency ; has a prodi-
gious reputation among the Chinese as a stimulant and restorative,
under the name of "Ginseng;" by Europeans and .Americans con-
sidered nothing more than a demulcent approaching liquorice in its
properties ; this, however, requires further investigation, for we cannot
belie\ e that all the Chinese say, believe, and practise, is fabulous or
imaginary. (L.)
334 VEGETABLES.— LOKANTHACEiE.
OuDEU 80.— C0RNEJ3. (De Cand. iv. 27.)
Calyx of four sepals, united together into a tube, adnate to the ovary, limb four-lobed;
petals four, oblong, broad at the base, inserted into the upper part of the tube of the
calyx, regular, valvate in aestivation ; stamens four, inserted with the petals and alternate
with them; anthers ovate, oblong, bilocular; stijle filiform; stijma simple; drupe
baccate, crowned by the remains of the calyx, having a bilocular nut ; seed solitary,
pendulous in the cells ; albumen fleshy ; radicle superior, shorter than the two oblong
cotyledons. Trees and shricbs, rarely herbs ; leaves (excepting in one species) opposite,
whole, or toothed : floicers capitate, umbellate, or corymbose, naked, or with an involucre,
rarely by abortion dioecious ; fruit edible.
CoRNUS. (De Cand. iv. 271.)
CoRNUS CIRCINATA. (L'Her.) C. tome7itosula. (Michx.) C-
rugosa. (Lamb.) Round-leaved dogwood. America.
Bark of root used as a poultice. (G.) Has been recommended in
diarrhoea. (L.)
CoRNUS FLORIDA. (Linn.) Ainericnn dog-wood. North America.
Bark a powerful bitter, with an astringent and somewhat aromatic
taste ; it acts as a tonic, astringent, and antiseptic, approaching Cin-
chona in its general effects, and not inferior to it in the cure of inter-
mittents. (Bigelow.) The young branches stripped of their bark, and
rubbed with their ends against the teeth, render them extremely wliite ;
from the bark of the roots the Indians extract a good scarlet colour.
(Barton.) (L.)
**CoRNUS MAS. (Linn.) C. mascula. (L'fler,) Cornelian cherry^
Male cornel.
Fl. yellow. February, March. Small tree. Europe.
Fruit edible, very astringent, useful in loosenesses. (G.) Bark has
been employed with great success in intermittent fevers. (O'Sli.)
*CoRNUS SANGUiNEA. (Linn.) (E. B. 249.) Comus fcemina. (Lob.)
Dog-wood, Gutter tree. Wild cornel,
Fl. white. June. Large shrub. Hedges, &c
Seeds yield oil, as well as those of the former species ; wood used for
making charcoal for gunpowder. (G.) Flavour of oil very agreeable ;
a good substitute for olive oil. (O'Sh.)
CoRNUs SERiCEA. (L'Her.) C. ccerulea. (Lamb.) C. lanuginosa.
(Michx.) Swamp dog-wood. Moist woods in the United States.
Said to be one of the best tonics in North America, nothing having
been foimd in the United States that so effectually answers the purpose
of Peruvian bark in intermittent fevers. (L. ex. Barton.)
*CoRmJS SuECiCA. (Linn.) (E, B. 310,) C. herbacea. (Linn.)
Dwarf cornel.
Fl. dark purple. July, August. Perennial. Alpine pastures.
Is reputed to have tonic berries, whicii increase the appetite, whence
its Highland name Lus-a-chrasis, or plant of gluttony. (L.)
Order 81.— LORANTHACEiE. (De Cand. iv. 277.)
Flowers hermaphrodite, or of different sexes ; tube of the cahjx surrounded at the
base by scales, and adnate to the ovary: limb short, entire or lobed ; petals 4—8, free,
or more or less coherent, valvate in a;stivation ; stamens as many as the petals, and
VEGETABLES.— CAPRiFOLiACE^. 335
opposite to them ; filaments more or less adnata to the corolla, or wanting ; style filiform
ornone ; stigma capitate; 6e/Ty one-seeded ; seed surrounded by a membraneous integu-
ment ; albumen fleshy ; radicle superior, thickened or truncated at the apex. Generally
parasitical plants, with opposite, more or less fleshy, entire leaves.
Bark astringent ; berries contain a principle analogous to caoutchouc,
called bird-lime.
LoRANTHUS. (De Cand. iv. 286.)
LoRANTHUS EuROP^us. (Linn.) Viscum quercimcm, Mistletoe of
the oak.
Esteemed a sacred plant by our ancestors, hence extirpated by them,
but still found plentifully on the oaks in those parts of Europe where
the druidical religion was not established ; the common mistletoe,
which is rarely found on the oak, is still used as a substitute for it in
medicine, and also to deck our churches and preserve our homes from
evil spirits.
Viscum. (De Cand. iv. 277.)
*ViscDM ALBUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1470.) Viscum mistletoe, Mis'
tletoe.
Fl. yellowish. May. Small shrub. Parasite on apple and thorn
trees, and on the oak near Basingstoke, &c.
Berries very purgative, used to make bird-lime ; leaves anti-epilectic,
ill doses of 9j. to 3 j. twice a-day.
Order 82.— CAPRIFOLIACE^. (De Cand. iv. 321.)
Culyx consisting of five (rarely four) sepals, coherent in a tube, adnate to the ovary ;
corolla inserted into the calyx, gamopetalous, or of as many petals as there are lobes of
the calyx, more or less united at the base, sometimes irregular, not valvate in aestivation ;
stam^tis inserted into the calyx, adnate to the base of the corolla, equal in number to, and
alternate with, the lobes of the corolla ; style exserted or none ; stigmas 1 — 3 ; berry
generally crowned by the limb of the calyx, one or many celled, cells one, many-seeded,
spennoderm, crustaceous; embryo in the centre of the albumen, which is fleshy; radicle
supei-ior ; cotyledons ovate, oblong. Shrubs with opposite, or alternate exstipulate leaves ;
flowers generally corymbose, sometimes terminal or axillary.
LiNNiEA. (De Cand. iv. 340.)
*LiNN^A BOREALis. (Linn.) (E. B. 433.) Two-fiowered linnfea.
Fl. rose-coloured, yellowish within, fragrant. May, June. Peren-
nial. Northumberland ; rare.
Used in rheumatism and gout ; astringent and diuretic.
LoNiCERA. (De Cand. iv. 330.)
*LojfiCERA Caprifolium. (Linn.) (E. B. 799.) Peryclimenum
Italicum. (Mill.) Caprifolium hortense. (Lamb.) C. rotundifolium.
(Monch.) C. Italicum ( Room.) Honeysuckle, Pale perfoliate honey-
suckle.
FL yellowish. June. Climbing shrub. Oxfordshire and Cambridge-
shire ; rare.
*Lonicera PERiCLYMENUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 800.) Caprifolium,
Matrisylca, Periclymemim, Common honeysuckle, Woodbine,
Fl. buff-coloured, extei'nally red. June, October. Climbing shrub.
Woods and hedges ; common.
Leaves used in detersive gargles ; flowers anti-asthmatic.
336 VEGETABLES.— CAPRiFOLiACEiE.
Sambucus. (De Cand. iv. 321.)
Sambucits Canadensis. (Linn.) American elder. North America.
Berries, Sambucus, P. U. S., used as those of Sambucus nigTa.
*Sambucus Ebulus. (Linn.) (E. B. 475.) Dicarf elder, Dane
wort, Ebulus.
n. white. July. Perennial. Waysides and waste places.
Root 3jss, a strong purge ; leaves used in poultices for the gout and
piles ; berries used to dye blue, and also to make wine.
*Sambucus nigra. (Linn.) (E. B. 475.) Sambucus, Common elder.
n, cream-coloured. June. Small tree. Coppices and hedges.
Inner bark, gr. v.'to 3j., very active, antihydropic ; leaves a nauseous
purgative ; flowers diaphoretic, useful in disorders of the chest, dis-
cussive and attenuant; berries used to flavour sugar and wine, poisonous
to poultry ; dry berries, Gra/«a ac^e*, useful in dropsy. (G.) Inner
bark purgative, in large doses emetic : flowers employed in French
pharmacy as expectorants. (L.)
Sambucus nigra vibescens. White-berried elder. Yar /3. of S.
nigra. (D. C.)
Flowers used to give wine the flavour of Frontignac.
Sambucus racemosa. (Linn.) Mountain elder. Middle and south
of Europe.
Narcotic.
Tbiosteum. (De Cand. iv. 329.)
Triosteum pebfoliatum. (Linn.) T. majus. (Michx.) Fever root,
Wild ipecac. United States.
Root, Triosteum, P. U. S., emetic, and cathartic ; bark of the root
bitter, tonic. (G.) Leaves diaphoretic, eflficacy impaired by age,
should be kept in closely-stopped jars, and renewed annually. (L.)
Viburnum. (De Cand. iv. 323.)
Viburnum cassinoides. (Linn.) Cassine peragua, Perygua, Cashio-
herry bush. North America.
Leaves purgative, sometimes emetic or diaphoretic, used as a specific
in diabetes.
*Yiburnum eantana. (Linn.) (E. B. 331,) 3Iealy guelder rose,
Pliant mealy tree. Wayfaring tree.
Fl. White. June. Large shrub. Woods and hedges on chalky soil.
Berries drying, astringent ; bark of root made into bird-lime.
*ViBURNUs OFULUs. (Linn.) '^(E. B. 332.) V. lobatum. (Lamb.)
Opulus glandulosus. (Monch.) Common guelder rose.
Fl. white, outer ones abortive, large. June, July. Large shrub.
Woods and coppices ; common.
Leaves and berries refreshing, and used in astringent gargles.
**Viburnum tinus. (Linn.) (Bot. Mag. 38.) Laurestlmis, Wild
hay.
Fl. white, tinged with pink. December, March. Large shrub.
Native of south of Europe.
Berries purge violently.
VEGETABLES.— BUBiACEJE. 337
Order 83.— RUBIACEiE. (De Cand. iv. 381.)
Cahjx adhering to the tube of the ovary, 4 — 5, rarely six-lobed ; corolla gamopetalous,
inserted into the upper part of the tube of the calyx, with 4 — 5, rarely 3 — 8 lobes,
cohering variously, twisted or valved in a;stivation ; stamens equal in number to the
segments of the corolla, alternate with them, and more or less adnate with its tube ;
anthers oval, two-celled, bursting inwardly ; ovai'y within the calyx, and united with it,
usually two, or many-celled, rarely one-celled, crowned with a fleshy urceolus or calycine
limb; style single, springing from the urceolus; stigmas generally two, distinct, or
more or less united ; fruit baccate, capsular, or drupaceous, two or many celled, cells
1 — 2, or many-seeded ; seeds, in the cells containing but one, fixed by the apex, or more
generally by the base ; in those which contain many, generally horizontal, and attached
to a central placenta ; albumen large, horny, or fleshy ; embryo straight, or slightly
curved, imbedded in the centre of the albumen, with a terete radicle turned towards the
liilum ; cotyledons foliaceous. Trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants, with simple, very
entire, opposite, rarely verticillate leaves, generally histipulate ; flowers small, rotate,
or tubulose.
Antirrhcea. (De Cand. iv. 459.)
Antirrhcea VERTiciLLATA. (D. C.) A. borboTiica. (Gmel.) Cun-
ninghamia verticillata. (Willd.) Malanea veriicillata. (Lamb.) Isles
of Bourbon and Mauritius.
Root and bark said to be powerfully astringent. In Bourbon it is
employed as a styptic to restrain haemorrhage, and is known by the
name of Bois de Losteau. (L.)
AsPERULA. (De Cand. i. 5 81.
AsPERULA ARVENSis. (Linn.) A. ccBTulea. (Dod.) A, ciliata,
(Monch.) A. dubia. (Willd.) Field woodrvff.
Fl. blue. July. Annual. Corn-fields near Devonport.
AsPERULA TiNCTORiA. (Linn.) Galium tinctorium. (Scop.) Europe.
Roots dye red ; herbs opening.
•AsPEUULA CYNANcmcA. (Linn.) (E. B. 33.) JRubia cynanchica.
Squinancy wort.
Fl. Mhite, or blush coloured. June, September. Perennial. On
chalk downs.
Used externally in quinsy.
*AsPERULA ODOKATA. (Dod.) (E. B. 755.) Asperula, Sweet wood-
ruff.
Fl. white, odorous. May, June. Perennial. Woods.
Hepatic and deobstruent internally ; antipsoric externally. (G.)
Also reckoned diuretic. (L.)
BoRRERiA. (De Cand. iv. 540.)
BoRRERiA FERRUGINEA. (D. C.) Spermacocc ferruginca. (St. Hil.)
Spermacoce globosa. (Pohl.) Brazil.
Root emetic. (L.)
BoRRERiA POAYA. (D. C) Spermococe poayu. (St. Hil.) Brazil.
Rout emetic, .substituted for ipecacuanha ; leaves at first sweet, but
afterwards acrid ; a decoction of them used in the cure of colic.
BuENA. (De Cand. iv. 356.)
BuENA ^EXA^^DRA. (Pohl.) Cinchona hexandra, Cosmibuena hcx-
andra. Brazil.
338 VEGETABLES.— KUBiACE^V
An indifferent sort of fever-bark is produced by this tree ; M. Guibourt
thinks it may be what has been known in common as Quinquina
colorada ; he received the latter under the name of Brazilian quin-
quina. It contains a very little cinchonine, is thin, blood-coloured
within, very bitter. (L.)
BuENA OBTUSIFOLTA (D. C.) Cinchotia grandijftora. (Ruiz et^
Pav.) Cosmibuena obtusifolia. (Ruiz et Pav.)
Bark slightly febrifuge.
Canthium. (De Cand. iv. 473.)
Canthium pakviflokum. (Lamb.) Weber a tetrandra. (Willd.)
India.
Root bitter, red. (G.) A decoction of the leaves used in certain
stages of flux, is also anthelmintic ; bark and young shoots used in
dysentery. (L. ex Ainslie.)
Cei'haelis, (De Cand. iv. 532.)
Cephaelis ipecacuanha. (Rich.) Callicocca ipecacuanha.
(Brot.) Brazil, New Granada.
The well-known emetic root called ipecacuanha is obtained from
this plant. In commerce it is called the annulated, Brazilian, or
Lisbon ipecacuanha, to distinguish it from the roots of other emetic
plants also collected in Brazil for officinal use ; it is chiefly used as an
emetic, sudorific, and expectorant ; its powder acts upon the respira-
tory passages as an 'irritant, producing spasmodic asthma: in some
cases the mere odour of the root seems sufficient to excite difficulty of
breathing, with a feeling of suffocation. (Pereira.) The outside con-
tains sixteen per cent, of emetine ; the woody fibre in the centre only
one quarter per cent.
According to Pereira, the varieties of ipecacuanha are : —
a. Brown annulated ipecacuanha, Richard ; Brown ipecacu-
anha, Lemery ; Grey, or annulated ipecacuanha of Merat.
y6. Red annulated ipecacuanha, Richard ; the Red-grey ipeca-
cuanha of Lemery and Merat.
y. Grey annulated ipecacuanha, Richard ; White-grey ipeca-
cuanha, Merat ; Greater annulated ipecacuanha, Guibourt.
Cephaelis muscosa. (Swartz.) Morinda muscosa. (Jacq.)
Tapogomea muscosa. (Poir.) Jamaica and West Indies.
Cephaelis PUNicEA. (Willd.) Tapogomea elata. (Poir.) Jamaica
and West Indies.
Are also emetic, according to Von Martins.
Chiococca. (De Cand. iv. 482.)
Chiococca anguifuga. (Mart.) C. brachiata. (Ruiz et Pav.)
C. racemosa. (H. B. et Kunth.) South America and West Indies.
Chiococca densifolia. (Mart.) Cahinca. Brazil.
The roots of these two species, under the name Cahinca, or Cainca,
are employed with confidence by the natives of Brazil, as a certain
remedy for serpent bites ; an infusion of the bavk of the root produces
the most violent emetic and drastic effects ; copious perspirations fol-
VEGETABLES.— KUBiACEiE. 339
low, and these are succeeded by a gentle sleep ; their violent action
reiiders them dang-erous to employ, except in cases of poisoning-, or in
such maladies as require a prompt and complete evacuation of the
intestines. (L.)
Cinchona. (De Cand. iv. 351.)
The bark of different species of Cinchona has, for about two cen-
turies, been extensively and most successfully used in medicine. It
has been used under the names of Countesses Poivdei\ Pulvis Comitissce^
Jesuits Bark, Pulvis Patrum, Lugo's Poicder, Taibor's Powder^ ^c.
Tlie tree yielding the bark was first made known to botanists in 1737
by La Condamine, a French acndemician, who collected specimens in
the province of Loxa, and published a description of them on his
return to Europe. Linnaeus, soon afterwards, gave to it tlie name of
Cinchona officinalis, in honour of the Countess of Chinchon, wife of
the Viceroy of Peru, who is said to have first introduced the bark into
Europe about the year 1639. For sometime after the first botanical
description of the tree had been published, all the commercial varieties
of Peruvian bark were ascribed to one species, the Cinchona officinalis,
of Linnaeus. In the course of time, however, specimens were collected
by several botanists who visited the bark districts, and numerous species
became recognised. The botanists who, after La Condamine, personally
examined the tree yielding Peruvian bark were Joseph de Jussieu,
Mutis, Zea, Ruiz and Pavon, Humboldt and Bonpland, Popping, and
lastly Weddell. Joseph de Jussieu visited the district of Loxa in 1739.
Mutis and his pupil Zea examined the Cinciiona trees of New Granada
in 1762 and succeeding years. Ruiz and Pavon explored the central
portions of Lower Peru in 1777. Humboldt and Bonpland visited the
bark districts of Peru about 1790. Popping travelled in the same
districts in 1832, and Weddell in 1845 to 1848.
The genus Cinchona of Linnaeus was divided into two sections, or
sub-jzenera, by Endlicher, and these have been made two distinct genera
by "\reddell, the one being called Cinchona and the other Cascarilla.
The former of these alone yields the Cinchona barks of commerce and
the true Cinchona alkaloids. Weddell notices twenty-one species,
thirteen of which are supposed to yield barks which are met with in
commerce. These twenty-one species will be first described, and then
some species referred to by other botanists.
1. Cinchona amygdalifolia. (Wedd.) Bolivia and Peru.
Bark called in Peru Cascarilla Echenique, and by the Bolivians
Cascarilla- Quepo, or Quepo- Cascarilla^ It is sometimes met with in
English commerce, being one of the so-called spurious ov false Calisaya
barks.
2. Cinchona asperifolia. (Wedd.) Bolivia.
Bark not met with in commerce.
3. Cinchona Australis. (Wedd.) South Bolivia.
Bark called by the Bolivians Cascarilla de la Cordillera, or de
Peraify or Cascarilla de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Perhaps occa-
sionally met with in commerce.
z 2
340 VEGETABLES.— KOBiACEiE.
4. Cinchona Boliviana. (Wedd.) Bolivia and Peru.
Bark called Calisaya morada, or Cascarilla verde morada. It is
mixed with the Calisaya bark of commerce, and is one of those some-
times distinguished as light ox fiimsy Calisaya barh.
5. Cinchona Calisaya. (Wedd.) Bolivia and South Peru.
There are two varieties of this species : —
a. C. Calisaya vera. (Wedd.) This yields the yellow, or true
Calisaya bark of English commerce, which is one of the
species of bark most rich in quinine. It is generally '\nfiat,
but also in quilled pieces. It is sometimes distinguished as
Royal yellow bark, or China Regia.
fi. C. Calisaya Jesephiana. (Wedd.) Ichu Cascarilla, or
Cascarilla del Pajonal. The bark of this tree is sometimes
imported mixed with the true Calisaya bark.
6. Cinchona Carabayensis. (Wedd.) Peru.
Bark very thin ; has not been collected for commercial purposes.
This species does not yield the Carabaya bark of commerce, which is
referred by Weddell to C. ovata var. vulgaris.
7. Cinchona Chomeliana. (Wedd.) Bolivia. ,
Bark similar to that of C. ovata, but not known in commerce.
8. Cinchona Condaminia. (Wedd.)
Weddell describes five varieties of this species.
a. C. Condaminia vera. (Wedd.) Cinchona officinalis.
(Linn.) Cinchona lancifolia (Rohde.) C. Condaminea (H.
and B.) Mountains near Loxa.
There seems to be no doubt that this tree furnished the Pale,
Croion, or Loxa bark formerly known in English commerce, or at all
events a principal part of it.
fi. C. C. Candollii. (Wedd.) C. Macrocalyx. (Pav.)
Qui?ia nigra. Slack Cinchona. Cuenca.
The bark of this tree probably forms part of the Loxa bark of
commerce.
y. C. C. Lucummfolia. (Wedd.) Cinchona lucumasfolia.
(Pav.) C. macrocalyx var. lucumoefolia. (De Cand.) Loxa.
Bark, in large quills, with white, silvery, lustrous coat, occasionally
mixed in Loxa bark. Pereira refers White Crown bark to this variety.
0. C. C. Lancifolia. (Wedd.) Cinchona lancifolia,
(Mutis.) Cinchona angustifolia. (Ruiz and Pav.) Peru,
Equador, and New Granada.
Bark, Caqueta, or Coquetta, or Bogota bark, is largely imported
into England from Carthagena and other ports of the Caribbean Sea.
It is the Spongy Carthagena bark of Guibourt, the Fibrous Carthagena
bark of Goebel, or 31utis''s Orange-coloured bark. This bark is much
used for the manufacture of sulphate of quinine.
£. C. C. Pitayensis. (Wedd.) Cinchona lanceolata. (Ben-
tham.) Cascarilla roja de Pitaya. New Granada.
Bark, supposed to be the Pitaya bark of commerce, one of the most
esteemed sorts for the manufacture of sulphate of quinine. It is also
known as Colombia, or Antioquia bark, .
VEGETABLES.— RUBiACE*. 341
• 9. Cinchona cordifolia. (Wedd.)
Weddell describes two varieties of this species : —
a. C. Cordifolia vera. (Wedd.) Cinchona cordifolia.
(Mutis.) C. puhescens var. cordata. (De Cand.) Isew
Granada and Peru.
Bark, called Velvet bark in New Granada, and known in England
as Hard Carthagena bark. It has also been called the Yellow bark
of Santa Fe. It is considered an inferior bark for manufacturing
purposes.
y3. C. C. rotujidifolia. (Wedd.) Cinchona rotundifolia.
(Pavon.) Loxa.
Bark, probably the Ashy Crown bark of commerce.
10. Cinchona discolor. (Weddell, and Klotzsch.) Cascarilla
hojix de Olivia. Olive-leaved Cinchona. Peru.
Bark not known in commerce.
11. Cinchona GLANDULiPERA. (Weddell, and Ruiz and Pavon.)
Peru.
Bark, called Ca^canV/a negrilla, or Blackish //ar^, forms, accord-
ing to Poeppig, part of the Huanuco bark of commerce.
12. Cinchona hirsuta. (Weddell, and Ruiz and Pavon.) Peru.
Bark, called Cascarilla delgada, or delgadilla {Slender bark) by
the Peruvians, lias been supposed to form the Wiry Crown bark of
commerce.
13. Cinchona Humboldtiana. (Lambert.) Cinchona villosa.
(Lind.)
Bark not known in commerce.
14. Cinchona MiCRANTHA. (Wedd.) Bolivia and Peru.
Weddell makes two varieties of this species : — a. rotundifolia ; and
/6. oblongifolia.
Bark, called by the inhabitants of Huanuco, Cascarilla provinciana ;
in Carabaya, Motosolo ; and in Bolivia, Cascarilla verde. The quilled
pieces form part of the Huanuco or Grey barks of commerce ; the
flat pieces are sometimes mixed with Calisaya bark.
15. Cinchona MuTisii. (Lambert.) Cinchona glandulifera (JAnn.)
Loxa.
Weddell makes two varieties of this species : —
a. C. M. microphylla. (Wedd.) Cinchona microphylla (Mutis.)
Cinchona quercifolia. (Pav.)
yS. C. M. crispa. (Wedd.) Cinchona quercifolia var. crispa (Pav.)
Bark not known in commerce.
16. Cinchona nitida. (Wedd. and Ruiz and Pav.) Cinchona
lancifolia, var. nitida. (Rcem.) Peru, especially Huanuco, «S:c.
Bark forms part of the Huanuco, or Grey bark of English commerce.
17. Cinchona ovata. (Wedd.)
Weddell makes three varieties of this species : —
a. C. 0. vulgaris. (Wedd.) Cinchona ovata. (Fl. Per.)
Cinchona pubescens. (Lamb.) Peru and Bolivia.
342 VEGETABLES-— RUBiACEiE.
Yields the Ash, Jaen, or Ten hark, of English commerce. This
bark is known in Peru by the name of Cascarilla pata dc Gallareta.
The bark known as Carabaya bark is ascribed to tiiis species by Dr.
Weddell.
yS. C 0. riifinervis. (Wedd.) Carabaya in South Peru.
The bark of this species is called Cascarilla Carabaya in Peru.
y. C. 0. erythroderma. (Wedd.) Peru
Yields a red bark, which may probably be the red bark of commerce.
18. Cinchona pelalba. (Weddell, and Pavon.) Peru.
Bark not known in commerce.
19. Cinchona pdbescens. (Wedd.) Peru and Bolivia.
Weddell makes two varieties of this species : —
a. C. p. Pelletieria?ia. (Wedd.) Cinchona pubescens. (Vahl.)
Bark, Arico, or Cusco bark, inferior in quality.
j6. C. p. purpurea. (Wedd.) Cinchona purpurea. (Ruiz and Pav.)
' Bark called mulberry-leaved booby bark.
20. Cinchona purpurascens. (Wedd.) Bolivia*
Guibourt ascribes what he calls White Loxa bark to this species.
21. Cinchona scrobiculata. (Wedd.)
Weddell makes two varieties of this species : —
a. C. s. genuina. (Wedd.) Cinchona scrobiculata. (Humb.
and Bonpl.) Cinchona purpurea. (Lamb.) Cinchona
micrantha. (Linn.)
The Red Cusco bark of the Peruvians, which is one of the Cusco
barks of English commerce, is derived from this tree. The bark is also
known as St. Ann's bark, or Cascarilla de Santa-Ana. The younger
quilled and coated pieces are supposed to form part of the bark now met
with as Crown bark in commerce.
y6. C. s. Delondriana. (Wedd.) Middle Peru.
The bark of this variety is known in English commerce as Peruvian
Calisaya.
Cinchona acutifolia. (Ruiz et Pav.) Cascarilla acufifolia.
(Wedd.) Cascarilla de hoja aguda. (Ruiz.) Low groves of the
Peruvian Andes in Chicoplaya by the river Taso.
One of the worst species for me<iicinal purposes, sometimes found in
parcels of the other barks. (Ruiz and Pavon.)
Cinchona caduciplora. (Humb.) Cascarilla magnifolia. (Wedd.)
Near the town of Jaen de Bracamoros.
It is stated in the Plantoe JEquinoctiales, that this is called Casca-
rilla bora, and that no use is made of the bark, although that of the
trunk contains a great deal of resin. (L.)
Cinchona dichotoma. (F1. Peruv, ii. 53 to 197.) Ladenbergia
dichotoma. (Klotzsch.) Cascarillo ahorquillado, (R. and P.) Andes,
.near Pueblo Nuevo.
Uncertain whether this is really a cinchona; according to R. and P.
the bark has the reputation in Chicoplaya of being one of the Quinas
Jinas, or best for medicinal purposes. (L.) It is excluded from the
Cinchonas by Weddell.
VEGETABLES— RUBiACE^. 343
Cinchona macrocakfa. (Vahl.) Cinchona ovalifolia. (Mutis.)
Cascarilla macrocarpa. (Wedd.) Loxa, Santa Fe.
Bark, Guaiana bark, in long pieces, thick, bitter, scentless. (G.)
It is excluded from the Cinchonas by Weddell.
Cinchona oblongifglia. (Mutis, not of Lambert.) Cinchona
magnifolia. (Ruiz and Pa von, and Lambert.) Cinchona grandifolia.
(Poir.) Cinchona caducifiora. (Humb. and Bonpl.) Cascarilla
amarillo. (Ruiz, Quinol. 71.) Cascarilla magnifolia. (Weddell.)
New Granada. Abundant on the mountains of Panatahuas, about
Cuchero, Chincao, Chacahuassi, &c.
This tree is known in the districts in which it grows by the name of
Cascarilla de Jlor de Azahar, whicli is derived from the resemblance
whicii the smell of its beautiful flowers bears to those of the orange. It
was long considered, having been so assigned by Mutis, as the source
of the Red Cinchona bark of commerce. This error arose from Mutis
having confounded the red bark of New Granada with that of Loxa,
the former being derived from this tree, while the latter is a perfectly
distinct species. The bark of Cinchona oblongifolia (Mutis), is the Red
CartJiagenabark, sometimes known as Quina nova or New hark. For
manufacturing or medicinal purposes it is worthless, being deficient in
the alkaloids. The tree has been excluded from the genus Cinchona by
Weddell, who makes it the type of his new genus Cascarilla.
Cinchona oblongifolia. (Lambert, not of Mutis.) Cascarilla
Riveroana. (Wedd.) Jean de Loxa.
According to Lindley, the bark of this species is unknown in com-
merce. It is excluded from the Cinchonas by Weddell.
Cinchona rosea. (Ruiz et Pav.) Lasionema rosea. (Don.) Peru.
Bark thick, woody, long, straight, flat, smooth ; coat whitish ; inside
red or flesh-colour, mawkish, then acrid, nauseous ; infusion and tinc-
ture astringent, not bitter, slightly febrifuge.
Cinchona tbiplora. (Wright.) Exostemma trifiora. (Berg.)
Bark, Jamaica bark, in a full dose emetic.
Officinal and Commercial Cinchona Barks.
Three varieties of Cinchona bark are included in the Materia Medica
of the London Pharmacopoeia of 1851, under the popular names of
Pale hark. Yellow bark, and Red bark.
Pale bark, is referred by the London College of Physicians to
C. Condaminia. (Weddell.) Of this species, however, Weddell makes
five varieties, the barks of two of which certainly do not come under the
demouiuation of Pale bark, and the autliors of the Pharmacopaeia do
not indicate whicli of the varieties they intend to be used.
1. Loxa, or Crown bark, is the sort of bark to which the name of
Pale bark is most frequently ap[)lie(i in commerce, and as the Loxa
bark which was originally imported is considered to have been derived
principally from Weddell's variety vera of Condaniinea, but partly also
from varieties Candollii and Lucumcefolia of the same species, it may
be inferred that this is the bark referred to by the College. But the
Crown bark now usually occurring in commerce, which is known as
344 VEGETABLES.— RCBiACE^.
H. 0. Crown barh, is probably derived from C. scrobiculata, var.
genuina, or C. glandulifera ; this, tlierefore, is not tiie pale bark of the
pharmacopoeia.
Under the general denomination of Pale hark may also be included
some other varieties of quilled bark, which more or less resemble Crown
bark in external appearance, and in tlie alkaloids present, among which
cinchonine predominates. These are, —
2. Grey, Silver, or Huanuco bark, which is referred to C. nitida, and
C. micrantha. The former is supposed to yield the best or Fine Grey
hark, and the latter the Inferior or Coarse Grey hark.
3. Huamalies bark, which, when quilled, is of a dull-grey externally.
This has been ascribed to C. pubescens, var. purpurea (Weddell), but
according to Mr. J. E. Howard, it is more probably derived from C.
Condaminea, var. vera.
4. Ash, Jaen, or Ten bark, which is derived from a variety of
C. ovata.
Yellow bakk, is referred by the London College of Physicians to
C. Calisaya (Weddell). This species, of which Weddell makes two
varieties, furnishes the bark known in commerce as, —
1. Calisaya, Royal, or Yellow bark, which is usually in flat, but
sometimes in quilled pieces. This sort of bark is richer than any other
in quinine. It is principally derived from C. Calisaya, var. vera, of
Weddell, but the bark of the other variety of this species, and barks of
other species are sometimes mixed with or substituted for the true
Calisaya bark. The false or spurious Calisaya barks are derived
from C. JBoliviana, C. ovata, var. rufinervis, C rnicrantha, C. amygda-
lifolia, C. scrobiculata, varieties, genuina and Delondriana.
Under the general denomination of Yellow bark may be included
the following, —
2. Carahaya bark, which is probably derived from C. ovata,
varieties, vulgaris and rufinervis.
3. Cusco hark, which is derived from C. pubescens, var. Pelletie-
riena.
4. Pitaya bark, known also as Colombia ov Antioquia bark, derived
from C. Condaminea, var. Pitayensis.
5. Hard Carthagena bark, derived from C. cordifolia, var. vera.
6. Fibrous or Spongy Carthagena bark, derived from C. Conda-
minea, var. lancifolia.
Red bakk, according to the London Pharmacopseia of 1851, is
derived from an uncertain species of Cinchona. It is probable that
the colour of the Cinchona barks is not peculiar to any particular species
of the genus, but is rather due to the conditions under which the bark
has been produced or prepared, such as climate, soil, age of the tree,
mode of drying the bark, &c. Weddell states that he has found the
barks of C. ovata, C. scrobiculata, C. pubescens, and C. Calisaya,
sometimes to assume a more or less red tint from such causes. Nothing
has been satisfactorily made out respecting the origin of the Hed bark
of commerce. Weddell was at one time disposed to ascribe it to C.
ovata, var. erythroderma, but has since been induced to doubt this.
VEGETABLES.— nuBiACE^. 345
The bark of C. oblongifolia of Mutis, which was at one time considered
to yield the red bark, of commerce, may be distinguished as the Red
Carthagena hark.
CoFFEA. (De Cand. iv. 468.)
CoFFEA Arabica. (Linn.) Cojffi, Coffee shrub. Low mountains
of Arabia Felix.
The fresh seeds are febrifuge, diuretic, and tonic ; decoction used
for that of Peruvian bark. (G.) The albumen of the seeds consti-
tutes the coffee of commerce, the agreeable stimulating effects of which,
after being roasted, are well known. It has the power of removing
drowsiness, and of retarding the access of sleep, for some hours.
CoNDAMiNEA. (De Cand. iv. 402.)
CoNDAMiNEA CORYMBOSA. (D. C.) Macrocnemum corymbosum.
(R. et P.) Peruvian Andes.
Bark bitter, viscid, inside white, often mixed with that of cinchona.
(G.) Bark febrifugal ; the bark-gatherers of Peru are said by Ruiz
and Pavon to use this plant for adulterating cinchona ; its bark is only
slightly bitter, and may be easily recognised by its being white inside,
rather bitter and viscid. (L.)
CouTAREA. (De Cand. iv. 350.)
CouTAREA SPECIOSA. (Aubl.) Portlandia hexandra. (.Jacq.)
Guayana, Cayenne.
The bark of French Guayana is said to be procured from this shrub ;
its properties are similar to those of cinchona.
ExosTEMMA. (De Cand. iv. 358.)
ExosTEMMA BRACHYCARPUM. (RcBui.) Cincliona brachycarpa.
(Swartz.) .Jamaica.
Bark emetic in a full dose. (G.)
ExosTEMMA Carib^eum. (Rocm.) Cinchona caribcea, (Jacq.) C.
Jamaicensis, (Wright,) Quinquina pit07ij Sea-side beech. West Indies
and Mexico.
Bark, Caribhee bark. Quinquina des antilles, cinnamon colour, bitter,
scentless, cheap. (G.) Febrifuge and emetic ; smell nauseous, ex-
cessively bitter and disagreeable ; according to Dr. Wright, the flavour
is at first sweet, with a mixture of horse-radish and aromatics, after-
wards excessively bitter.
ExosTEMMA CORIACEUM. (Rcem.) Cinchona coriacea. (Poir.)
St. Domingo.
Bark highly esteemed in America.
ExosTEMMA FLORiBUNDUM. (Roem.) Cinchouajloribunda, (Swartz,)
C. Montana, (Badier,) C. sancta- Luzice, (David,) C. Luziana, ( Vitm.)
West India Islands.
Bark, St. Lucie bark, Quinquina piton, thick, brown, rugged ; inside
rusty fawn ; mostly used externally, being apt to excite vomiting and
purging. (G.) Bark similar to that of E. Caribccum, but rather drastic ;
Pelletier and Caventou found in it neither quinine nor cinchonine ; it
is also called Quinquina of St. Lucia. (L.)
ExosTEMMA Peruvianum. (Humb.) Cinchona Peruviana. (Poir.)
Colder parts of Peru.
846 VEGETABLES.— RUBiACE^.
Bark very bitter, sweetish, smell nauseous. (L.) Supposed to
yield Quina bicolorata, but this is doubtful.
ExoSTEMMA SoDZANUM. (Mart.) Brazil.
According to Guibourt, this plant produces an excessively bitter
febrifugal bark, called Quinquina de piautri. It colours the saliva
yellow, and is said to contain cinchonine ; Buckner found in it an alkali,
which he called Esenheckine, upon the erroneous supposition that the
bark belonged to Esenheckia febrifuga. (L.)
Guibourt has ascribed the bark sometimes called Pitaya bark (not
thePitaya described at page 340), tlie Qui?ia bicolorata of the French,
to a species of Exostemma.
Galium. (De Cand. iv. 593.)
*Galium aparine. (Linn.) (E. B. 816.) Apnrine hispida.
(Monch.) Rubia tinctorum. (Lapeyr.) Aparine, Cleavers, Goose
grass.
Fl. white. June, July. Annual. Hedges. Very common.
*Galium ULiGiNOSUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1972). Mollugo montana,
Hough marsh bedstraw.
Fl. white. August. Perennial. Sides of ditches. Common.
*Galicm verum. (Linn.) (E. B. 660.) Cheese renning bedstraw.
Yellow bedstruio.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. Dry banks in sandy soil.
Common.
Vulnerary, infusion used to curdle milk ; roots dye a red colour.
(G.) Flower-stalks used as a yellow dye, and employed for colouring
Cheshire cheese. (O'Sh.)
*Galium Mollugo. (Linn.) (E. B. 1673.) G. luteum. (Monch.)
Rubia sylvestris Icevis, Great hedge bedstraw, Wild madder.
Fl. white. July, August. Perennial. Hedges and thickets. Common.
Galium sylvaticum. (Linn.) Most parts of Europe.
The roots of this and of the preceding species dye red ; herbs opening.
*Galium Cruciata, (Scop.) G. cruciatum. (Smith.) G. Vaillantia.
(Wett.) G. Valantia. (Baumg.) Aparine latifolia. (Monch.) Cruciata,
Valantia cruciata. (Linn.) Cross-leaved bedstraw, Crosstvort.
Fl. yellow. May, June. Perennial. Hedge-banks and thickets.
Root used in dyeing.
Gardenia. (De Cand. iv. 379.)
Gardenia campanulata. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Fruit cathartic and anthelmintic. (Roxb.)
Gardenia gummifera. (Linn.) Ceylon, Coromandel.
Exudes a gum-resin like elemi.
Gardenia lucida. (Roxb.) G. resinifera. (Eoth.) East Indies.
The young shoots and flower-buds exude a resin called Dikki-malei,
Dik-millei, or Cumbi gum of Hindostan. Aint^lie describes this as a
gum-resin resembling myrrh in appearance, and possessing nearly
similar virtues, but more active. Mr. Edward Solly found it to contain
83 per cent, of a yellowish-brown resin, mixed with impurities.
VEGETABLES.— RUBiACE^. 347
Genipa. (De Cand. iv. 378.)
Genipa Americana. (Linn.) Gardeni Genipa. (Swartz.) West
Indies.
Berry eatable.
Geophila. (De Cand. iv. 537.)
Geophila MACROPODA. (D. C.) Psychotria macropoda. (Ruiz
et Pav.) Psychotria cordifolia. (Dietr.) South America.
Emetic.
Geophila reniformis. (Cham, et Schlecht.) Cephaelis reni-
formis. (H. B. et Kunth.) Psychotria herhacea. (Linn.) Hotter
parts of America.
Root emetic, substituted for ipecacuanha. (L.)
HrDROPHiLAX. (De Cand. iv. 576.)
'"" Hydrophilax maritima. (Linn.) Sarissus anceps. (Gaertn.)
Mahibar and Coromandel.
Fibres of the roots, Muddi awl, imported from the East Indies ;
used for dyeing reds and browns. See Morinda and Patabea.
Hymenodictyon. (De Cand. iv. 358.)
Hymenodictyon excelsum. (Wall.) Cinchona excelsa. (Roxb.)
East Indies.
Tlie two inner layers of bark possess the bitterness and astringency
of Peruvian bark ; the bitterness is not so quickly communicated to
the taste on chewing the baik, but is much more durable, especially
about the upper part of the fauces. (L. ex Roxb.)
Isertia. (De Cand. iv. 437.)
Isertia cocciNEA. (Vahl.) Guettardacoccinea. (Aubl.) Guayana.
Bark very bitter. (G.) A decoction of the leaves employed by the
Creoles as a fomentation to cure swellings ; bark febrifugal. (L.)
Manettia. (De Cand. iv. 362.)
Manettia cordifoeia. (Mart.) 31. Glabra. Buenos Ayres, &C'
Bark of the root considered a valuable remedy in dropsy and dysentery ;
given in powder, dose 5ss. to oiss., acts as an emetic. (L.)
Morinda. (De Cand. iv. 446)
Morinda ciTRiFOLi a. (Linn.) Bancudus latifolius, Cada pilava.
Morinda umbellata. (Linn.) India.
Fibres of the roots, Muddi awl, imported from the East Indies ;
used for dyeing reds and browns. See Patabea and Hydrophilax
NoNATELiA. (De Cand. iv. 466.)
NoNATELiA OFFICINALIS. (Aubl.) Psychotrta involucrata.
(Swartz.) Cayenne and Guayana.
Pectoral in infusion. (G.)
All the parts, when bruised, give out a slight aromatic odour. The
Creoles call it Azier a Vasthme, because they find an infusion of the
leaves an excellent remedy for asthma. (L.)
348 VEGETABLES.— nuBiACE.^.
Oldenlandia. (De Cand. iv. 424.)
Oldenlandia UMBEiiiATA. (Liiui.) Indian madder. Java, Co-
romandel.
Root, Chay root, used in dyeing. (G.)
Leaves expectorant ; roots substituted for madder in the East
Indies. (L.)
Employed in Coromandel to dye an excellent red on cotton cloth.
(O'Sh.)
Ophiokhiza. (De Cand. iv. 415.)
Ophiorhiza MuNGOs. (Linn.) Java, Ceylon, Sumatra.
The parts are so intensely bitter that it is called by the Malays
Earth-gall ; it has the reputation of being a most powerful alexiphar-
niic, but this requires confirmation. (L.) Has high reputation as a
remedy for snake-bites ; but Roxburgh altogether discredits its supposed
virtues. (O'Sli.)
P^deria. (De Cand. iv. 471.)
PiEBERiA FCETiDA. (Linn.) Apocijnum fatidum. (Burm.) Ccn-
volvidus fcetidus. East Indies, Japan.
Leaves very foetid and alliaceous ; used to impregnate baths, and in
decoction are administered internally in retention of urine, and in cer-
tain febrile complaints. Root employed as an emetic. (L. ex Roxb.)
Palicoubea. (De Cand. iv. 524.)
Palicourea crocea. (D. C.) PsycJiotria crocea. (Swartz.) AVest
Indies.
Emetic.
Palicourea Marcgravii. (St. Hil.) Galvania vellozii, (Roem.
et Schult.) Ervado rato. (Mart.) Brazil.
A poisonous plant, used to kill rats and mice.
Palicourea officinalis, (Mart.) Brazil.
In small doses powerfully diuretic ; used both in human and veteri-
nary medicine. (L.)
Palicourea diuretica. (Mart.) P. strepeus, (Mart.) P. soxaxs,
(Mart.) and P. longifolia, (H. B. et K.) are said to have similar
properties.
Palicourea speciosa. (H. B. et Kunth.) ' Douradinha da Campo.
Leaves antisyphilitic. (G.) New Granada, Brazil.
The decoction, which in large doses is poisonous, acts especially by
an increased action of the skin and kidneys, and the digestion is not
hindered by moderate doses. (L. ex Martins.)
Palicourea sulphurea. (D. C.) Psychotrea sulphurea. (Ruiz
et Pav.) Peru.
Extremely bitter ; yields a fine yellow tincture, used as a tonic.
Patabea. (De Cand. iv. 537.)
Patabea coccinea. (Aubl.) Cephcelis sessilijiora. (Willd.)
One of the plants, the fibres of whose roots, under the name of 3Iuddi
awl, are imported from the East Indies, and employed in dyeing reds
and browns. See Hydrophilax and Morinda.
VEGETABLES.— RUB! ACE«. 349
PiNKNEYA. (De Cand. iv. 366.)
PiNKNETA ruBENS, (Michx.) Ciiichona Caroliniana, P. pubescenS'
South Carolina and Florida.
Bark febrifugal, and used in Carolina as a substitute for cinchona.
(L.)
PsTciiOTRiA. (De Cand. iv. 504.)
PsYCHOTRXA EMETiCA. (Mutis.) Cephaelts emetica. (Pers.)
Ronahea emetica. (Richard.) New Granada.
Root, Brown ipecacuanha, Ipecacuanha noir, Ipec. non annele ;
emetic ; contains nine per cent, of emetine. (G.) It is the striated
ipecacuanha of Guibourt, Pereira, &c. ; the black or Peruvian ipeca-
cuanha of others. (L.) Similar to the true ipecacuanha in its pro-
perties but weaker. It is not found in the English market. (Pereira.)
PsYCHOTRiA NoxiA. (St. Hil.) Brazil.
Is a reputed poison. (L.)
Randia. (De Cand. iv. 384.)
Randia dumetorum. (Lamb.) Canthium coronatum. (Lamb.)
Gardenia dumetorum. (Retz.) G. spinosa. (Thunb.) R. spinosa.
(Blum.) Gardenio spinosa. (Linn.) Posoqueria dumetorum. (Roxb.)
Ceriscus Malabaricus. (Gaertn.) Coast of Coromandel.
Root, Malabar ipecacuanha, emetic. (G.) The fruit, when bruised
and thrown into water, intoxicates or even kills fish, which are not
considered less wholesome in consequence ; in the form of powder, it
is a powerful emetic ; an infusion of the bark of the root is employed
to nauseate in bowel complaints. (L.) O'Shaughnessy states, that the
fruit was carefully examined during a search made by himself and others
for an efficient substitute for ipecacuanha ; the result was, the opinion,
that little or no dependence can be placed on it as an emetic remedy.
Rakdia Ruiziana. (D. C.) Gardenia longijlora. (Ruiz et. Pav.)
South America.
Berry eatable.
Remijia. (De Cand. iv. 357.)
Remijia ferruginea. (D. C.) Cinchona ferruginea. (St. Hil.)
Brazil.
Remijia Vellozii, (D. C.) Cinchona Vellozii. (St. Hil.) Brazil.
These are substituted in Brazil for cinchona bark, under the names
of Quina de serra, or Quina de remijo, but are said to be of inferior
quality. (L.)
RiCHARDSONiA. (De Cand. iv. 567.)
RiCHARDSoNiA ROSEA. (St. Hil.) i?. emetica. (Mart.) Brazil.
Von Martins speaks highly of the excellence of the root of this plant,
as an agreeable emetic, in doses of one or two drachms. (L.)
RiciiARDSONiA SCABRA. (St. Hil.)i?. BraziUensis. (Gom.) Richardiit
scabra. (Linn.) Richardia pilosa. (Ruiz et Pav.) Spermacoce hirsuta.
(Rcem. et Schult.) Spermacoce hexandra. (Rich.) Brazil.^
Root imported as a substitute for ipecacuanha, and forms the undu-
lated, ami/laceous, or tohite ipecacuanha of pharmaceutical writers. It
350 VEGETABLES.— RUBiAC^.
does not contain, according to Pelletier, more than six per cent, of
emetine.
EuBiA. (De Cand. iv. 588.)
RuBiA MUNGisTA. (Roxb.) H. mangith. (Roxb.) JR. cordata.
(Thunb.) Bengal.
Root, Bengal madder, Mungeet, employed in dyeing.
RuBiA TINCTOBUM. (Linn.) R. peregrina. (Murr.) li. syhestris.
(Mill.) R. tinctorum. (Mill.) Madder. South of Europe.
Root, madder, grappe, meehrappe, lizari, rubies radix, slightly
astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, and aperitive ; used in the rickets ;
dose in powder 9j. to 3ss. ; chiefly used as a valuable dyeing root;
dyes red. (G.) The roots of both of these contain a red colouring
matter, Alizarin, (Robiquet,) and also a yellow colouring matter,
Xanthine (Kuhl). The former occurs in orange-red crystals, taste-
less, inodorous, little soluble in cold, but soluble in boiling water ; also
in alcohol, ether, the fixed oils, and alkalies. A solution of alum
added to a solution of alizarin, and precipitated by potash, gives a rose
lake of the most charming tint. Xanthine is yellow, very soluble in
water, and alcohol, slightly in ether ; the solution passes to orange-
red by contact with alkalies, to lemon-yellow by acids ; it is inodorous,
but has a sweetish-bitter taste. (O'Sh.) According to Runge, there
are no fewer than five colouring matters in madder — viz.. Madder
pvrple (purpurin) ; Madder red (alizarin) ; Madder orange ; Madder
yellow (xanthin) ; and Madder brown. He also mentions two colour-
less acids of madder, viz., Maderic and Ruhiacic acids. (Pereira.)
The bones of animals fed on madder are coloured red.
Sherardia. (De Cand. iv. 58L)
*Sherardia ARVENSis. (Linn.) (E. B- 891.) Herb sherard. Little
field madder.
Fl. blue. June, August. Annual. Cultivated fields. Common.
Qualities the same as those of galium. (G.)
SiDERODENDRON. (De Cand. iv. 478.)
SiDERODENDRON TRiFLORUM. (Vahl.) Iroti wood. South America. "
Bark diuretic, stomachic.
Stenostomum. (De Cand. iv. 460.)
Stenostomum acutatum. South America.
The bark called Quina bicolorata has been ascribed by some authors
to this tree.
Uncaria. (De Cand. iv. .347.)
IJncaria Gambir. (Roxb.) Nauclea gambir. (Hunt.) Indian
Archipelago.
Gutta gambir is made from it. (G-) An extract, called Gambier,
is prepared by the Malays from the leaves of this shrub ; with some
sweetness, it has a more astringent taste than Terra Japonica ; Rox-
burgh considered it one of the drugs, if not the only one, formerly
called by that name in Europe. 1 he extract is chewed by the natives
with betel-leaf and areca ; the leaves are chewed to relieve aphthous
VEGETABLES.— vALERiANE^. 351
eruptions of the mouth and fauces. Dr. Pereira considers this gambier
not to form any of the kinos of the shops, but to be one of the sub^^tances
called catechu in commerce. (L.)
Vanguiera. (De Cand iv. 454.)
Vanguiera edults. (Vahl.) V. cymosa. (Gaertn.) V. Madagas-
cariensis. (Gmel.) V. Commersonii. .(Desf.) Madagascar, China.
Seeds like almonds.
Order 84. VALERIAN E^. (De Cand. iv. 623.)
Tube of the calyx adnate to the ovary, limb either dentate or partite, or pappifoiin
and involute ; corolla tubular, iiifunilibuliform, generally five-lobed, rarely 3 — 4 lobed,
lobes obtuse, tube equal, or gibbous, or spurred at the base ; stamens adhering by their
filaments to the tube of the corolla, free at the apex, alternate with the lobes of the
corolla, five, or by abortion, four, three, two, or one ; anthers ovate, bilocular ; style
liliform ; stigmas 2 — 3, free, or concreted into a single one; fruit membraneous, or
ubnuciimentaceous, indehiscent, crowned when young by the limb of the calyx, either
one or three celled, two being empty ; seeds in the fertile cell solitary, pendulous, ex-
albuminous; embryo straight; radicle superior; cotyledons flat. Annual or perennial
herbs, the latter having strong-scented roots ; leaves opposite, exstipulate, varying
ranch in shape, not only in different species, but also in the same individual ; flowers
cymo-corymbose.
Centranthus. (De Cand. iv. 631.)
*Centranthus RUBER. (D. C) (E. B. 1532.) C.latifolins. (Dufr.)
C maritimus. (Gray.) Valeriana rubra. (All.) Red valerian.
Fl. rose-coloured. June, July. Perennial. Chalk pits in Kent.
Doubtful native.
Young shoots eaten as a salad.
Nardostachys. (De Cand. iv. 624.)
Nardostachys jatamansi. (D. C.) Nardus indica. (Bauh.)
Patrinia jatamansi. (Don.) Valeriana jatamansi. (Jones.) Nap^oc
ivliKT]. (Dioscor.) Spikenard.
This, the true spikenard of the ancients, has been highly esteemed
both as a perfume and as a stimulant medicine. Oriental writers give it
as a remedy for a multitude of diseases, and it appears to be really
valuable in hysteria and epilepsy. (L.)
Vaxeriana. (De Cand. iv, 632.)
Valeriana Celtica. (Linn.) Nardus celtica, Celtic nard. Alps,
France, and Italy.
Roots much esteemed in the Levant as a cosmetic and perfume.
(O'Sh.)
Valeriana Montana. (Linn.) 3fountai?i valerian. Mountainous
parts of Europe.
Roots of this and the former species aromatic ; used in hysteria and
epilepsy. (G.)
•Valeriana dioica. (Linn.) (E. B. 628.) V. sylvestris. (Gray.)
Phu minus, Small marsh valerian.
Fl. white, tinged with red. Perennial. Marshy meadows. Common.
Root an active tonic, exhibited in spasmodic diseases.
352 VEGETABLES.— DiPSACE/E.
Valeriana Dioscoridis. {Fl. Grcec.) ^ov. (Dioscorid.) Near
Liinysus in Lycia.
According to Sibthorp this is the real Phu of Dioscorides, and
therefore the most powerful of the Valerians, for which V. officinalis is
to be merely considered the northern substitute. De Candolle refers the
species to V. sisynibrifolia of Desfontaines, an oriental plant ; but this
does not appear to be certain, and the former learned botanist was not
personally acquainted with the subject. (L.)
Valeriana Hardwickii. (Wall.) Mountains in north of India.
Tlie thick, fleshy, strongly-scented root used in medicine in Nepal
and the north of India. (Royle.)
*Valeriana officinalis. (Linn.) (E. B. 698.) V. sylvestrisj
Officinal valerian, Wild valerian.
Fl. pale flesh-colour. June, July. Perennial. Ditches and sides
of rivers. Common.
The aromatic, or rather foetid roots, are stimulant, not only acting
upon the secretions, but producing a specific influence over the cerebro-
spinal system, bringing on, as is well known, a kind of intoxication in
cats, and in large doses occasioning in man scintillations, agitation, and
even convulsions ; it is chiefly employed in asthenic fevers, epilepsy,
chorea, hysteria, and as an anthelmintic. (L.)
Valeriana phu. (Linn.) Phu, Valeriana major. Great valerian.
Alps of Switzerland, &c.
Hoot an active tonic, used in spasmodic diseases.
Valerianella. (De Cand. iv. 625.)
*Valerianella olitoria. (Monch.) (E. B. 811.) Fedia olitoria.
(Vahl.) Valeriana locusta, Corn salad, LamUs lettuce.
FI. blue. April, June. Annual. Banks and corn-fields. Common.
Youno: shoots eaten as a salad.
Order 85.— DIPSACE^. (De Cand. iv. 643.)
Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovavy, limb in the form of a variously-divided
pappus, often surrounded by a scariose involucel ; corolla gamopetalous, tubular, in-
serted into the upper part of the calyx; limh oblique, 4 — 5 cleft; stamens four, inserted
into the tube of the corolla, alternate with its lobes, and distinct ; style filiform ;
ovary one-celled, one-seeded, generally covered by the involucel ; seed pendulous ;
albumen fleshy ; embryo straight ; radicle superior ; flowers in dense heads, very rarely
in veiiicels.
DiPSACus. (De Cand. iv. 645.)
*DiPSACus FULLONUM. (Mill.) (E. B. 2080.) Carduusfullonum^
Dipsaciis sativus. (Gmel.) Fuller's teasel, Fuller's thistle.
Fl. pale purple. July, August. Biennial. Waste places. Doubtful
native.
Root bitter and tonic.
*DiPSACUs sYLVESTRis. (Mill.) (E. B. 1032.) Z>. vulgaris,
(Gmel.) D.fullonum. (Thor.) Luhrum veneris. Wild teasel.
Fl. purple. July. Biennial, Road sides and ditches. Common
Roots antiscrofulous, and in wine, diuretic.
VEGETABLES.— C0MP08IT.E. 353
Knautia. (De Cand. iv. 650.)
*Knautia arvensis. (Coult.) (E. B. 659.) Scabiosa, S. arvensis.
(Linn.) Field scabious.
Fl- bluish. July. Perennial. Pastures and corn fields. Common.
Leaves depurative, xised in diseases of the skin, of the lungs, and in
quinsy.
Scabiosa. (De Cand. iv. 654.)
Scabiosa Scccisa. (Linn.) (E. B. 878.) Asterocephalus S?iccisa.
("Wall.) Succisa pratensis. (Monch.) Succisa, Morsus diaboli,
DeviVs bit.
Fl. violet, or dark blue. July, August. Perennial. Meadows and
pastures.
Roots used in syphilis and scrofula. (G.)
Order 86.— COMPOSITE. (De Cand. v. 4.)
Calyx superior, closely adhering to the ovary, its limb entire, membraneous, toothed
and formed of scales or hairs called pappus ; corolla monopetalous, superior, either
llgulate, or tabular, and 4 — 5 toothed ; stameiis usually five, filaments distinct ; anthers
cohering into a cylinder (syngenesious) ; ovary interior, one-celled ; style simple,
passing througli the tube of the anthers; stigma bifid; fruit consisting of an achene
and calyx, closely connected, and enclosing the embryo; the achene one-celled, arti-
culated on the receptacle, generally sessile, rostrate, or not rostrate at the a]iex ; seed
attached to the base of the fruit by a very short funiculus ; embryo erect ; radicle short,
straight, inferior ; plumula inconspicuous ; florets collected into dense heads (capi-
tules), either all hermaphrodite, or the outer ones female or neuter, the inner being
hermaphrodite, or male, or they are entiielv composed of florets of distinct sexes;
capitules with the florets sometimes all tubular, sometimes all ligulate, sometimes the
central florets are tubular and the outer ones ligulate; involucre of one or many rows,
of more or less united scales, surrounding the receptacle. Herbs, or shrubs, I'arely
trees, forming almost a tenth part of the vegetable kingdom ; leaves simple, alternate, or
opposite.
Achillea. (De Cand. vi. 24.)
Achillea Ageratum. (Linn.) Ageratum, Eupatorium mesues,
Sweet maudlin. South of Europe.
Stomachic, cordial, cephalic.
*Achillea Millefolium. (Linn.) (E. B. 758.) Millefolium^
Milfoil, Yarrow.
Fl. white, sometimes rose-coloured. June, September. Perennial.
Dry hilly pastures.
Achillea NOBiLis. (Linn.) Showy 3Iilfoil. South of Europe.
Astringent, tonic, and vulnerary, used in haemorrhages, and externally
in headache, tumours, &c. ; added to beer to render it more intoxicat-
ing, and lately recommended to smokers in lieu of tobacco ; root warm,
used for contrayerva ; Dr. Stokes, of Dublin, has found milfoil useful
in dropsies.
AcHYROPHORUS. (De Cand. vii. 92.)
*AcHYROPHORus MAcuLATUS. (Scop.) (E. B. 225.) Hypochceris
maculata. (Linn.) Herba costa, Hungarian hawk-icecd, Spotted
cat's ear.
2 A
354 VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE.
Fl. deep yellow. July. Perennial. Open chalky and limestone
pastures.
Used in pulmonary affections, and pains of the side.
Adenostyles. (De Cand. v. 203.)
Adenostyles glabra. (D. C.) Cacalia alliariafolia. (Lamb.)
Cacalia alpina. (Jacq.) Tussilago cacalia. (Scop.) Cacalia alpina.
(Linn.) C. glabra. (ViH.) Alps of France, Italy, &c.
The leaves have been recommended in coughs. (L.)
Ambrosia. (De Cand. v. 525.)
Ambrosia maritima, (Linn.) South of Europe.
Cardiac, cephalic, astringent.
Anacyclus, (De Cand. vi. 15.)
Anacyclus Pyrethrum, (D. C.) Anthemis pyrethrum. (Linn.)
Chamcemelum specioso Jlore radice fervente. (Shaw.) Pellitory of
Spain. Barbary, &c.
The root is imported from the Levant under the name of Pellitory
of Spain. It is brownish externally, whitish internally ; its taste is hot,
acrid, and permanent, depending on a fixed acrid oleo-resin deposited in
vesicles in the bark ; this oleo-resin renders the root a powerful rubefacient
and stimulant. It is principally employed as a masticatory in rheu-
matic affections of the face, or in the form of tincture in the tooth-
ache. Sometimes gargles are made of it, and used in relaxations of
the uvula. Internally it has been taken as a gastric stimulant. (L. ex
Pereira.) The powder is used in large quantities by the Mahometans
to excite transpiration, being rubbed on the skin ; it is also used inter-
nally as a cordial and stimulant in lethargy and palsy, and in certain
stages of typhus fever. (Ainslie.) The root is pickled while young
as a sauce. (G.)
Anacyclus radiatus. (Lois.) Anthemis valentina. (Linn.)
Buphthalmum, Ox-eye. South of Europe.
Vulnerary, aperitive, dyes a good yellow. (G.)
Anthemis, (De Cand. vi. 4.)
Anthemis arvensis. (Linn.) (E. B. 602.) Chamcemelum arvense.
(All.) Corn chamomile. Wild chamomile.
Fl. disk yellow, ray white. July. Biennial. Corn fields.
*Anthemis nobilis. (Linn.) (E. B. 980.) A. odorata. (Lamb.)
A. aurea. (Brot.) Chamcemelum nobili. (All.) Chamcemelum, Com-
mon chamomile.
Fl. disk yellow, ray white. August. Perennial. Dry heaths.
Chamomile heads, in the shops caWedt. Jiowers, contain a volatile oil,
resin, and bitter extractive ; the oil and resin render them stimulant,
while the bitter extractive communicates tonic properties ; the warm
infusion is used externally as a fomentation, and internally to promote
vomiting ; the cold infusion, or the extract, is taken as a tonic, in any
cases in which tonic substances are indicated, as dyspepsia. (Pereira.)
Chamomile in substance has, in some instances, proved useful in in-
termittents ; Dr. Schall affirms that it is not only an effectual pre-
VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE. 355
ventitive of nightmare, but the sole certain remedy for that complaint.
(Burnett.)
*Anthemis tinctoria. (Linn.) (E. B. 1472.) Chamccmelwn
tinctorium. (AH.) Ox-eye chamomile.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. Durham, Essex.
Flowers dye a good yellow.
Arnica. (De Cand. vi. 316.)
Arnica Montana. (Linn.) Doronicum montanum. (Lamb.) Ger-
man leopard's bane. Mountain tobacco. Meadows of the cooler part of
Europe.
Root discussive ; leaves attenuant, diaphoretic, and diuretic ; in large
doses they induce vomiting, until the stomach is used to them. The
emetic action of Arnica was found by M. Dupuytren to depend on par-
ticles of down which remain suspended in the infusion ; hence the
necessity of filtering. Much used in bruises from falls ; flowers have
been substituted for Peruvian bark in intermittents and gangrenes. In
their effects the flowers are stimulating, and when administered in small
doses, they are very beneficial in raising the pulse, in exciting the action
of the entire sanguiferous system, in checking diarrhceas, and particu-
larly in removing paralytic affections of the voluntary muscJes ; they
have also been recommended in chronic rheumatism, in retention of
urine from paralysis of the bladder, and in amaurosis. (G.) It is said
to owe its noxious qualities to the presence of cytisine. The activity
of Arnica seems, however, to have been exaggerated. It has been re-
commended in the cure of putrid fever, ague, palsy, amaurosis, &c, &c.,
and on the continent is called Panacea lapsorum. (L.)
AuoNicuM. (De Cand. vi. 319.)
Aronicum scorpioides. (D. C.) Arnica scorpoides. (Linn.) Do-
ronicum, grandijlorum. (Lamb.) Grammarthron scorpioides. (Cass.)
Doronicum radice dulci, Creeping leopard's bane. Alps of Europe.
Roots aromatic, used by sportsmen in Alpine countries against gid-
diness.
Artemisia. (De Cand. vi. 92.)
** Artemisia Abrotanum. (Linn.) Abrotanum mas, Old man,
Southernwood. Native of sotith of Europe.
Fl. yellowish. September. Small shrub. Gardens.
Tops discussive, antiseptic, vennifuge and tonic. (G.) A powerful
anthelmintic. (L.)
*Artemisia Absinthium. (Linn.) (E. B. 1230.) Absinthium
vulgar e. (Lamb.) Common tvormwood.
Fl. dingy yellow. August. Perennial. Waste places on chalky soils.
Bitter, stomachic, excites the appetite, promotes digestion, antiseptic
and vermifuge ; it was recommended by Haller for keeping off" fits of
the gout, for which it is said to have served the Emperor Charles V.
This plant is thought to drive away insects from clothes and furniture,
for which purpose it is often laid into drawers and chests in the country.
A very bitter matter called absinthin, has been obtained from it.
Brewers are said to add the fruit to their hops, to render beer more
heady, and rectifiers to their spirits.
2 A 2
356 VEGETABLES.— coMPOsiTJE.
*Artemisia campestris. (Linn.) (E. B. 338.) Artemisia, Fine-
leaved mugioort, Field southernwood.
Fl. dusky yellow. August. Perennial. Dry sandy Iieaths. Rare.
Herb astringent, antiseptic, discutient.
Artemisia Chinensis. China.
Chinese moxa has been said to be prepared from the downy leaves of
this species.
Artemisia Dracunculus. (ljma.)Dracunculushortensis,Tarragon,
All the north of Russia in Asia.
Excites the appetite and the menses ; heating ; carminative ; eaten as
a potherb, and communicates a peculiar fine flavour to vinegar and to
mustard. (G.) The inspissated juice of the leaves considered by many
a powerful sudorific. (O'Sh.)
Artemisia Indica. (Willd.) Nepal, China, Japan.
Leaves slightly aromatic and bitter, considered in India as a powerful
deobstruent and antispasmodic. (L.) Substituted for A. absinthium,
but weaker. (O'Sh.)
Artemisia Judaica. (Linn.) Syria, Egypt.
The seeds, Worm seeds. Semen contra, S. cince, used as a vermifuge,
in doses of gr. x. to 3ss., three or four times a day ; they are also
stomachic ; tansy seeds are substituted for them. (G.) vide A. sieheri.
Artemisia maritima. (Linn.) (E. B. 1706, and 1 101, vars. a and /3.)
Absinthium maritimum, Common Roman wormwood. Sea wormwood.
Fl. yellow. September. Perennial. Sea-shores.
Properties the same as A. absinthium.
Artemisia Moxa. (D. C.) Absinthium moxa. (Bess.) Moxa
weed. China.
Described by Gray as A. sinensis, and A. maderaspatana. Down
of the leaves, Moxa, formed into small cones, is burned on the place
aflfected, in gout, rheumatism, diseases of the joints, &c. (G.) It is
from the woolly leaves of this, and not A. Chinensis, that the Chinese
prepare their moxa ; this substance, employed as a convenient means of
applying the actual cautery, is, however, obtained from many other
plants. (L.)
Artemisia Pontica. (Linn.) Artemisia balsamila. (Willd.) Ab-
sinthium Homanum, True Jioman toormwood. South Europe.
Artemisia rupestris. (Linn.) Artemisia grandiflora. (Hoffin.)
Absinthium rupestre, Alpine wormwood. Aland, Siberia.
Properties like those of A. Judaica. (G.) The latter is much
esteemed as an application to injured parts, and also taken internally,
and supposed to be tonic and diaphoretic. (O'Sh.)
Artemisia santoxica. Santonicum, Tartarian southernwood.
(W. B. 122.)
Properties the same as those of A. Judaica.
Artemisia Sieberi. (D. C.) A. contra, A. glomerata. Palestine.
According to Batka, this produces the substance called Semen contra,
or Barbotine, a strong aromatic bitter drug imported from Aleppo and
VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE. 357
Barbary as a vermifuge; it is employed in powder, in aqueous infusion,
or in syrup. A beautiful crystalline substance called santonine, has
been obtained from worraseed. It also yields volatile oil, resin, &c.
♦Artemisia vulgaris. (Linn.) (E. B. 978.) Artemisia, Mugtvort.
n. whitish-yellow. August. Perennial. Hedges; common.
Tops active uterines, employed in decoction and as a bath ; mixed
with rice and sugar, are by the Chinese women used as a pessary. (G.)
Besides these, the following have been employed medicinally : —
A. PROCERA. (Willd.) A. ARBORESCENS. (LiuU.) A. GLACIALIS.
(Linn.) A. spicata. (Jacq.) and A. Vallesiaca. (All.)
Aster. (De Cand. v. 226.)
Aster Ameulus. (Linn.) Star-wort. Middle and south of Europe.
Leaves discussive, vulnerary, resolvent, and useful in angina.
Atractilis. (De Cand. v. 549.)
Atractylis humilis. (Linn.) Cirsellium humili. (Gaertn.) South
Europe.
Analogous to Cnicus benedictus. Flowers coagulate milk.
Baccharis. (De Cand. v. 398.)
Baccharis concava. (D. C.) Molina concava. (Ruiz et Pav.)
JBaccharis tridentata. (Pcepp.) JB. resinosa. (Hook.) South America.
Leaves dye a black colour.
Baccharis dependens. (Pers.) Molina dependois. (Ruiz et Pav.)
South America.
Baccharis emarginata. (Pers.) Molina emarginata. (Ruiz et Pav.)
South America.
Baccharis oblongifolia. (Spreng.) Molina oblongifoli^. (Ruiz et
Pav.) South America.
Vulnerary and consolidant.
Baccharis genistelloides. (Pers.) Conyza genistelloides. (Lamb.)
Molina reticulata. (Less.) Peru and Brazil.
This and B. venosa, a nearly-allied species, are called in Brazil
Carqueja dolce, and C. amarga, on account of the quantity of bitter
extractive matter they contain, and which is combined with a specific
aroma ; they are particularly useful in all intermittent fevers, and for
all disorders in which Artemisia is employed in Europe. Both the
extract and the decoction are used ; it is particularly serviceable in
chronic diseases of horses, which are very fond of this herb. (L. ex
Martins.)
Baccharis prostrata. (Pars.) Molina prostrata. (Ruiz et Pav.)
South America.
Decoction used in dysury.
Bellis. (De Cand. v. 304.)
*Belli8 perennis. (Linn.) (E. B. 424.) Bellis minor, Consolida
minima, Datfs eye, Daisy.
358 VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE.
Fl. with a white ray, in cultivated varieties red or variegated, and
all semi-ligulate. April, October. Perennial. Pastures.
Root antiscrofulous ; leaves in salads open the body ; used in vul-
nerary fomentations.
BiDENS. (De Cand. v. 593.)
*BrDENs TRIPARTITA. (Linn.) (E. B. 113.) Eupatorium cannahi-
num fceminum, Trifid burr marygold. Water hemp agrimony.
Fl. yellowish. July. Annual. Wet places. Common.
Strong smelling, hepatic, vulnerary. (G.) The whole plant is acrid,
and when chewed, excites salivation powerfully. (L.)
BiDENS CHRYSANTHEMoiDES. (Michx.) Corsopsis bidcns. (Walt.)
Carolina.
Has the same properties. (L.)
Galea. (De Cand. v. 671.)
Galea Jamaicensis. (Linn.) Santolina Jamaicensis. (Linn.)
Halbert weed. West India islands.
The leaves contain a powerful bitter, and, steeped in wine or brandy,
form a stomachic medicine in the West Indies ; it is, however, not
certain that this account does not rather apply to Neurolsena lobata (L.)
Cacalia. (De Cand. vi. 327.)
Cacalia kleinia. (Linn.) Kleinia neriifolia. (Haw.) India.
Decoction of the leaves given in rheumatism, syphilis, and lepra,
and in similar cases to those in which sarsaparilla is given by European
practitioners. (O'Sh.)
Calendula. (De Cand. vi. 451.)
Calendula ARVENSis. (Linn.) Ccallha. Caltka arvensis. (Monch.)
Caltha amplexifolia. (Holl. et Reich.) Field marygold, Wild mary-
gold. South of Europe.
Herb cordial.
**Galendula officinalis. (Linn.) Caltha officinalis. (Monch.)
Caltha vulgaris. (Bauh.) Common marygold.
Fl. yellow. Annual. Native of south of Europe.
Flowers cordial, hepatic, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue. (G.)
Formerly much employed as a carminative, now chieHy used to adul-
terate saffron. (L.)
Carlina. (De Cand. vi. 545.)
Carlina acanthifolia. (All.) C. acaulis. (Lamb.) C. chardousse.
(Vill.) C.utzka. (Hacq.) Chamccleonalbus. (Dalech.) South of Europe.
Receptacle esculent.
Carlina gummifera. Atractylis gummifera.
Analogous to Cnicus benedictus ; flowers coagulate millc.
Carlina subacaulis. (D. C.) Carlina, C. acaulis. (Linn.) C. cha-
mceleon. (Vill.) Carline thistle. Mountains of Europe.
Root restorative; useful after great fatigue, when proper refresh-
VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE. 359
ments cannot be procured ; formerly in common use with military men
and foot travellers.
♦Caklina vulgaris. (Linn.) (E. B. 1144.) Carline thistle, Prickly
earline thistle.
Fl. purplish, with a yellow ray of scales. June. Biennial. Dry
hilly pastures.
Diuretic and diaphoretic ; the dried calyx may serve as a hygro-
meter; in fine weather it opens horizontally, and is even sometimes
reflexed ; on the contrary, in wet weather it is closed.
Caethamus. (De Cand. vi. 62L)
Cakthamus tinctorius. (Linn.) Carthamus, Cnicus tinctorius,
Bastard saffron, Dt/er's saffron. East Indies.
Flowers, Safflower, used to colour broths, also in dyeing", and to
adulterate saffron ; the East Indian is oiled ; seeds, Parrots' corn, pur-
gative, emetic, yields oil. (G.) The most lovely tints are imparted by
this dye to silk and cotton ; rouge is a mixture of the dry carthamic
acid and finely-powdered talc. The pink saucers used for giving a
flesh tint to silk are prepared from this dye, with a small portion of
soda. The Chinese card rouge is a carthamate of soda, colourless
when applied, but being decomposed by the acid secreted by the skin,
produces a most beautiful rosy tint. (O'Sh.)
Catananche. (De Cand. vii. 83.)
Catananche ccerujlea. (Linn.) Blue gum succory.
Similar to wild succory.
Centaurea. (De Cand. vi. 565.)
Centaurea Behen. (Linn.) Piptoceras Behen. (Cass.) Behen
album. (Ranw.) Persia.
Root, White ben, Ben album, Rhapontic blanc, Rhubarbe indigene,
Hhaponticum behen, used for rhubarb ; very ■".astringent. (G.) Has
similar properties to C. calcitrapa. (L.) A bitter tonic; used for
seasoning among the Persians. (O'Sh.)
*Centaurea Calcitrapa. (Linn.) (E. B. 125.) Calcitrapa stel-
lata. (Lamb.) Hypophcestum. (Gaertn.) Calcitrapa. (Linn.) Car-
duus stellatus, Star thistle.
Fl. rose-coloured. July, September. Perennial. Gravelly and
sandy places.
Root diuretic, deobstruent, lithontriptic ; leaves alexiterial in in-
fusion ; seeds diaplioretic. (G.) Has been used as a febrifuge, and
has even been preferred to gentian. (L.)
Centaurea Centaurium. (Linn.) Centaurium majus. (Clus.)
Great centaury. Alps, Italy.
Root vulnerary, astringent, antidysenteric. (G.) Has similar pro-
perties to C. calcitrapa. (L.)
♦Centaurea Cyanus. (Linn.) (E. B. 277.) Cyanus arvensis.
(Monch.) C. vulgaris. (Lob.) Jacea segetum. (Lamb.) Cyanus
segetum, (Bauh.) Corn blue-bottle.
360 VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE.
Fl. of disk purple, of the ray blue. July, September. Annual.
Corn fields.
Flowers cooling, astringent, make a fine blue wash colour. (G.)
The distilled water was once so esteemed as an application to weak
eyes, that the plant received the popular appellation of Casse lunette,
or Break your spectacles. The fine azure colour prepared from the
petals is much used by miniature painters. (O'Sh.)
*Centaurea Jacea. (Linn.) (E. B. 1678.) Jacea nigra, Mat-
fellon, Brown radiant knapweed. Knapweed.
Fl. purple. August, September. Perennial. Waste places. Sussex.
Flowers cooling, astringent.
Centaurea MONTANA. (Linn.) Cyanus major. Great blue-bottle,
Mountain knapweed.
Fl. of disk purple, of ray blue. June, August. Perennial. Native
of the Alps.
Properties similar to those of C. cyanus.
*Ckktaurea SOLSTITIALIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 243.) Calcitrapa sol-
slitialis. (Lamb.) C. sicula. (Leyss.) Calcitrapa, St. Barnaby's
thistle, Yellow star thistle.
Fl. yellow. July, September. Annual. Borders of fields.
Herb and seed opening, deobstruent.
Centaurea St(ebe. (Linn.) South of Europe.
Flowers cooling, astringent.
CEPHALornoRA. (De Cand. v. 66L)
Cephalophora glauca. (Cav.) Santolina tinctoria. (Mol.) South
America.
Affords a yellow dye.
Ceradia. (Lind. Veg. Kingd.)
Ceradia furcata. « Coral Plant. The most sterile regions of the
south-west coast of Africa, near Ichaboe.
The whole plant, bark, wood, and pith, abounds in a resinous juice,
which concretes on exudation, forming a transparent yellowish resin,
Hesiii of Ceradia, or African bdellium, which burns with a fragrant
odour. The plant is named from its forked character, which, with the
absence of leaves, excepting at the summits of the horn-like branches,
gives it somewhat the appearance of coral.
Cham^peuce. (De Cand. vi. 657.)
CHAM.EPEUCE Casabon^e. (D. C.) Carduus pobjacanthus. (Lamb.)
Cnicus casabona. (Willd.) Cirsium trispinosum. (Monch.) Lamyra
triacantha. (Cass.) Polyacanthus casabonce. (Bauh.) Acarna, Car-
duus casabona. (Linn.) Fish thistles. Europe.
Eaten as a potherb while young.
Chondrilla. (De Cand. vii. 14L)
Chondrilla juncea. (Linn.) Rushy gum succory. North of
Europe.
Laxative, diuretic, used in dropsy.
VEGETABLES.— coMPosiTiE. 361
Chrysanthemum. (De Cand. vi. 63.)
Chrysanthemum coronarium. (Linn.) Chrysanthemum Dios-
coridis, Garden chrysanthemum. South of Europe.
Flowers used to discuss steatomatous tumours.
♦Chrysanthemum segetum. (Linn.) (E. B. 540.) Corn chry-
santhemum.
Fl. yellow. June, August. Annual. Corn fields.
Discussive and attenuant when used externally ; and given against
the jaundice, asthma, and sliortness of breath.
Cichorium. (De Cand. vii. 83.)
**Cichorium Endivia. (Willd.) Cichorium^ Seris, Garden
endive.
Fl. blue. August, September. Annual. Native of India.
Roots used as a potherb ; blanched stem as a salad and potherb.
* Cichorium Intybus. (Linn.) (E. B. 539.) C. agreste, Wild
succory. Chicory.
Fl. blue. July, August. Perennial. In gravelly and chalky soils.
Aperitive, hepatic, attenuant, used in fevers : root used for coffee.
(G.) The root is said to be tonic, and in large doses aperient ; it has
been used in chronic, visceral, and cutaneous diseases, especially in the
form of a decoction. (Pereira.) The root is extensively cultivated,
especially in France, as a substitute for coffee ; when full grown it is
cut into dice, roasted, and ground down, when it cannot be distin-
guished by the eye from that substance ; it agrees with it also in taste,
but wants the pleasant aroma. The French maintain that the quality
of coffee is improved by the addition of succory root, if not in too large
a quantity. It certainly affords a most harmless means of adulterating
it. (L.)
CiRSiUM. (De Cand. vi. 634.)
Cirsium eriophorum. (Scop.) Carduus eriocephalus. (Dod.)
Eriolepis latiigera. (Cass.) Carduus eriophorus. (Linn.) Cnicus
eriophorus. (Hoftm.) South of Europe.
Used in scirrhous tumours.
Cirsium lanatum. (Spreng.) Cnicus lanatus. (Willd.) Atrac-
tylis, Distaff" thistle. East Indies.
Root depurative.
Cirsium laniflorum. (Bieb.) Carduus eriophorus. (Pall.)
Cnicus lanijlorus. (Bieb.) Woolly-headed thistle. JFriar^s crown.
South of Europe, Persia.
Receptacle eaten as artichokes.
Cirsium Mo^sfessulanum. (All.) Carduus monspessulanus.
(Linn.) Melancholy thistle. South of France, Spain.
Root bound on varices to assuage the pain of them.
Cnicus. (De Cand. vi. 606.)
Cnicus benedictus. (Linn.) Carduus benedictus. (Cam.)
Centaurea benedictus^ calcitrapa lanuginosa. (Lamb.) South of
Europe, Persia.
362 VEGETABLES— COMPOSITE.
Root diuretic, deobstruent, lithontriptic ; leaves alexiterial in infusion,
seeds diaphoretic, (G.) Once much used as a febrifuge, although
now neglected. Mr. Burnett says that its properties are such as to
lead us to a belief that it has been superseded by other not more effica-
cious remedies. (L.) Herb tonic and mildly diaphoretic; decoction
causes vomiting ; seeds diaphoretic. The cold infusion is employed as
a tonic in debilitated conditions of the stomach. Taken warm in bed,
the infusion has been given as a sudorific in various chronic diseases.
The decoction has been employed to promote the operation of emetics.
(Pereira.)
Cynara. (De Cand. vi. 620.)
Cynara CARDUNCUiiUS. (Linn.) Chardoon. South of France, &c.
Aperitive, diuretic, and aphrodisiac ; flowers used to curdle milk ;
petioles and ribs of the leaves eaten as potherbs. (G.)
**CyNARA ScoLYMUS. (Linn.) Cinara, Scolymus, ArticJioke.
Fl. purplish blue. August, September. Perennial. Native of the
south of Europe.
Receptacle and base of the calyx scales eaten as a potherb ; the
bottoms are preserved in brine ; infusion of the flowers used in rennet.
(G.)
DioTis. (De Cand. vi. 34.)
*DiOTis CANDiDissiMA. (Desf.) (E. B. 141.) D. maritima^
Filago maritima. (Linn.) Santolina tomentosa. (Lamb.) Santo-
Una maritima. Smith.) Otanthus marilimus, (Link.) Athanasia
maritima. (Linn.) Gnaphalium legitimum. (Gaertn.) Santonica
maritima^ Cotton weed.
Fl. yellow. August, September. Perennial. Sandy sea-shores,
south of England.
Vermifuge ; used to drive away insects from wardrobes.
DoRONicuM. (De Cand. vi. 320.)
*DoRONicuM Pardalianches. (Linn.) (E. B. 2654.) Z>.
cordatum. (Lamb.) D. procurrens. (Dumost.) D. romanum.,
Great leopard^s bane.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. Mountains in the north of
England.
*DoRONiccM PLANTAGiNEUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 630.) D. minus.
Plantain-leaved leopard's bane, Small leopard's bane.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. Road sides. Salinghall,
Essex.
Roots aromatic, used by sportsmen in alpine countries against
giddiness.
EcHiNOPS. (De Cand. vi. 522.)
EcHiNOPS RiTRO. (Linn.) JE. pauciflorus. (Lamb.) Ritro, Little
globe thistle. South of Europe.
Root astringent.
EcHiNOPS SPH^RoCEPHALus. (Linn.) E. multijlorus. (Lamb.)
E. maximus. (Siev.) Crocodilian, Globe thistle. South of Europe.
Root used internally in bleeding of the nose ; seed diuretic.
VEGETABLES.— coMPosiTJE. 363
EcHiNOPS STRiGOSCS. (Linn.) Spain, Portugal.
The down of the flower and tlie woolly leaves, Spanish tinder, used
in Spain as amadou.
EiiEPHANTOPUs. (De Cand. v. 85.)
Elephantopus scabek. (Linn.) East Indies.
A decoction of the leaves and roots are given on the Malabar coast
in cases of dysuria. (L.)
EcuPHA. (De Cand. v. 489.)
EcLiPHA EKECTA. (Linn.) E. adpressa. (Monch.) Verbesina
alba. (Linn.) Cotula alba. (Linn.) 3Iicrelium asteroides. (Forsk.)
West Indies. Asia Minor.
Juice used to dye the hair black.
Emilia. (De Cand. vi. 301.)
Emilia sonchifolia. (D. C.) E. purpurea. (Cass.) Crassocephalum
sonchifolium. (Less.) Cacalia sonchifolia. (Wall.) East Indies, China.
Decoction of the leaves used in India as a febrifuge. (L.)
Erigeron. (De Cand. v. 283.)
*Erigeron acre. (Linn.) (E. B. 1158.) E.vulgare. (Linn.)
Trimorphaa vulgaris. (Cass.) Bluejleabane, Fleabane.
Fl. yellow in the disk, purple in the ray. August, September.
PereJHiial. Gravelly and chalky pastures, and walls.
*Erigeron Canadense. (Linn.) (E. B. 2019.) E. paniculatum.
(Lamb.) Senecio ciliatus. (Walt.) Canadian Jleabane
Fl. yellowish white. August, September. Annual. Waste grounds-
and walls.
Are diuretic, lithontriptic, and vulnerary.
Erigeron Philadelphicum. (Linn.) E. amplexicaule. (Poir.)
Philadelphia Jleabane. North America.
Said to be a powerful emmenagogue ; commonly used in the United
States as a diuretic. (L.)
EuPATORiuM. (De Cand. v. 141.)
Eupatorium Ayapana. (Vent.) Eupatorium triplinerve. (Vahl.)
Ayapana. South America.
The infusion of this plant is said to be a powerful sudorific and
alexipharmic ; Heritier recommends it as an antidote against the
bite of venomous serpents and malignant insects ; for this purpose it is
used in Brazil ; a quantity of the bruised leaves, which is to be fre-
quently changed, is laid on the scarified wound, and some spoonfuls of
the expressed juice are from time to time administered to the patient,
till he is found to be free from the symptoms, particularly the dreadful
anxiety which follows the wounds of venomous reptiles. (Marti us.)
*EuPATORiuM CANNABiNUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 428.) E. avicermcB,
Hemp agrimony.
Fl. pale-reddish purple. July, August. Perennial. Banks of rivers.
Herb bitter, hepatic, aperitive, useful in catarrh, cough, and cachexy,
also diuretic and vulnerary ; root purgative, used for jalap. (G.)
364 VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE.
EuPAToniUM GLUTiNOSUM. Soutli America.
This is said by Hartvveg to be the true Matico of tlie inhabitants of
Quito and Riobamba, where it is much used as a styptic.
EuPATORiOM Perfoliatum. (Linn.) E. connatum. (Michx.) Boneset,
Cross wort, Thorough root, Thorough wax, Thorough wort. North
America.
All the parts bitter ; a decoction of the leaves the most active form ;
a valuable tonic stimulant ; used as a substitute for Peruvian bark in
the cure of intermittent fevers in the United States ; in large doses, in
warm infusion and decoction, emetic, sudorific, and aperient ; a good
substitute for chamomile-flowers in facilitating the operation of an
emetic. (L.)
EuPATORiuM PURPUREUM. (Linn.) North America.
Eoot, gravel root, lithon trip tic.
EuPATORiuM TEUCRiFOLiuM. (Wllld.) Wild horchound. North
America
Astringent.
FiLAGo. (De Cand. vi. 247.)
FiLAGO ARVENSis. (Linn.) Gnaphalium arvejise ("Willd.) Filago
pnnicidata. (Monch.) Acharitherium arvense. (Bluff et Fing.)
Oglifa arvensis. (Cass.) South of Europe.
*FiLAGO Germanica. (Linn.) (E. B. 946.) Filago vulgaris.
(Lamb.) F. cespitosa. (Raf.) F. rotundata. (Monch.) Gnaphalium
Germanicum. (Willd.) Gifola vulgaris. (Cass.) Impia Germanica.
(Bluflf et Fing.) Gnaphalium, Cudweed, Herb impious.
Fl. scales yellowish, shining. July, August. Annual. Sandy and
clayey pastures.
*FiLAGo MINIMA. (E. B. 1157.) Variety of F. montana. (De
Cand.) Gnaphalium minimum. (Smith.) Filago minima. (Pers.)
Logfia brevifolia. (Cass.) Least Cudweed.
Fl. yellowish. July, August. Annual. Dry heaths.
Filago Montana. (Linn.) Gnaphalium montanum. (Willd.)
Xeroiium montanum. (Bluff et Fing.) Logfia lanceolata. (Cass.)
Gnaphalium gallicum. (Wall.) France.
Roots, astringent and discussive.
Galinsoga. (De Cand. v. 677.)
Galinsoga parviflora. (Cav.) G. quinqueradiata. (Ruiz et
Pav.) Wiborgia acmella. (Roth.) South America.
Vulnerary and antiscorbutic.
Glossocardia. (De Cand. v. 631.)
GiiOSSocARDiA BoswALLEA. (D. C.) Verbesitia Boswallea. (Linn.)
Glossocardia linearifolia. (Cass.) Pedis meifolia. (Wall.) East Indies.
Esculent, having the smell and taste of fennel.
Gnaphalium. (De Cand. vi. 221.)
•Gnaphalium luteo album. (Linn.) (E. B. 1002.) G. conglo-
batum. (Monch.) Jersey cudweed.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Annual. Jersey, Cambridgeshire, &c.
Tops used in obstructions and colds.
VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE. 365
*Gnaphalium sylvaticum. (Linn.) (E. B. 913. Var. a.) G.
tomefitosum, Highland cudweed.
Flower scales shining-, with broad brown border. August. Perennial.
Thickets and pastures, Scotland.
Flowers used in the violent running of the nose in children ; slightly-
astringent and diaphoretic.
Grangea. (De Cand. v. 372.)
Gbangea Maderaspatana. (Poir.) Artemisia maderaspalana.
(Linn.) Cotula maderaspalana. (Willd.) Grangea Adansonii.
(Cass.) East Indies.
Leaves considered by the Indian doctors a valuable stomachic medi-
cine ; they are sometimes used in anodyne and antiseptic fomentations.
(L.) Furnish moxa. (G.)
GuiTZOTiA. (De Cand. v. 551.)
GuiTZOTiA OLEIFERA. (D. C.) Verbesina saliva, Kutrelloo, Kul-
syelloo, Werinnua, Ramtill. East Indies.
Seeds pressed for oil.
HiERACiuM. (De Cand. vii. 198.)
HiERACiUM Groxovh. (Linn.) North America.
Leaves bruised used to destroy warts.
*HiERACiuM MURORUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 2082.) Pulmonaria
gallica, Golden lung-wort, Wall hawkweed.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. "Woods, and on walls and
rocks.
Herb cordial and pulmonary.
*HiERAciuM PiLosELLA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1093.) Auricula muris.
Common mouse-ear, Common mouse-ear hawkweed.
Fl. lemon yellow. May, July. Perennial. Banks and dry pastures.
Leaves sternutatory, vulnerary, astringent.
Helianthus. (De Cand. v. 585.)
**HEEiANTnus ANNUUS. (Linn.) If. platycephalus. (Cass.)
Common sunjioioer.
Fl. very large, yellow. August, September. Annual. Native of
Peru.
Seeds oily, used in emulsions ; young shoots boiled are aphrodisiac j
flowers yield turpentine.
**Helianthds tuberosus. (Linn.) Jerusalem artichoke.
Fl. yellow. August, September. Perennial. Native of the Brazils.
Cultivated for culinary purposes.
Roots nourishing, diuretic ; give the smell of turpentine to the urine ;
flowers yield turpentine.
Helichrysum. (De Cand. vi. 169.)
*Helichrysum arenarium. (D. C.) Gnaphalium arenarinm,
Stachas citrina Germanica, German golden locks, Sand helichrysum.
Fl. yellow, July, September. Perennial. Native of the south of
Europe.
Herbs and tops stimulant ; used in palsy.
366 VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE.
Helichbysum Orientale. (Tourn.) Chrysocome, Gnaphalium
orientale. (Linn.) Oriental golden locks. Island of Crete.
Root astringent.
Helichrvsum Stcechas. (D. C.) Gnaphalium stcecJias. (Linn,)
StcEcJias citrina, Eternal Jiower. Sea-shores of south of Europe.
Tops used in obstructions and colds.
HoMOGYNE. (De Cand. v. 204.)
HoMOGYNE ALPiNA. (Cass.) TussHugo alpina. (Linn.) Alpine
coltsfoot. Alps, Europe.
Has similar properties to Tussilago farfara.
HYPOCHiERis. (De Cand. vii. 90.)
*Hypoch^ris badicata. (Linn.) (E, B. 831.) Achyrophorus
radicatus. (Scop.) Hieracium officinale, Porcellites radicata.
(Cass.) Seriola taraxacifolia. (Salzm.) Long-rooted cat^s-ear,
Long-rooted hawkweed.
Fl. yellow. July. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
Used in pulmonary affections and pains of the side.
INUI.A. (De Cand. v, 463.)
Inula bifrons. (Linn.) Italian Inula. South of Europe.
Leaves and flowers stimulating ; used on the Continent.
*Inula Conyza. (D. C.) (E. B. 1195.) Baccharis, Conyza,
C. squarrosa, PlouglimarC s spikenard, Great Jleabane.
Fl. yellow. August, October. Perennial. Chalky and clayey
soil.
Eoot and leaves used in ointments, against the itch and farcy ; and
in wine, against the jaundice.
Inula graveolens. (Desf.) Conyza minor vera, Erigeron graveo-
lens. (Linn.) Small Jleabane. South of Europe.
Herb diuretic.
*Inula Helenium. (Linn.) (E. B. 1546.) Aster Helenium.
(Scop.) Aster officinalis. (All.) Corvisartia Helenium. (Merat
et Cass.) Enula Campana, Helenium, Elecampane.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. Moist pastures.
Root aromatic, slightly bitter, tonic, diaphoretic, stomachic ; useful
in asthma, hooping-cough, and in uterine and exanthematous diseases;
externally antipsoric ; a decoction of the root said to cure the scab in
sheep. (G.) Various preparations of the boiled root, mixed with sugar,
have been recommended to promote expectoration, and to strengthen
the stomach ; some think a spirituous extract contains most of its
aromatic and tonic properties : this plant is generally kept in rustic
gardens, on account of many traditional virtnes ; the root contains a
white starchy powder called Inuline, a volatile oil, a soft acrid resin,
and a bitter extractive. (L. ex Per.) A decoction of the root is much
praised as an application in several cutaneous diseases, especially those
attended with a troublesome itching. (O'Sh.)
Inula viscosa. (Ait.) Conyza major, Erigeron viscosum. (Linn.)
Great Jleabane.
Herb suppurative.
VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE. 367
Kleinia. (De Cand. vi. 336.)
KleiniaAntieuphorbium. (De Cand.) Caculia antieuphorbium.
Cape of Good Hope.
Serves as an antidote to Euphorbium.
Lactuca. (De Cand. vii. 133.)
Lactuca elongata. (Muhl.) Wild lettuce. Fire weed. North
America.
Herb narcotic ; said to promote the secretions from the skin and
kidneys.
Lactuca perennis. (Linn.) Chondrilla prima, Gum succory.
Mountainous parts of Europe.
Herb restrains the menses.
**Lactuca sativa. (Linn.) Lactuca, Garden lettuce.
Fl. yellow. August, September. Annual. Native country un-
known.
Many varieties ; has been substituted for opium in checking diarrhoea,
allaying cough, and diminishing pain in rheumatism; leaves refreshing,
slightly anodyne, laxative, antiplirodisiac. (G.) Yields a milk, which,
when inspissated, resembles opium in appearance, smell, and effects ;
it has been said to procure calm and sleep, without some of the ill effects
of opium ; the drug is called officinally, Thriduce, Lettuce opium, or
Lactucarium. (L.)
*Lactuca scariola. (Linn.) Scariola, Italian lettuce, Prickly
wild lettuce.
Fl. yellow. August. Perennial, On waste ground.
♦Lactuca virosa. (Linn.) Lactuca sylvestris m,ajor odore opii.
Strong-scented wild lettuce.
Fl. yellow. August. Biennial. Waysides, on chalky or clayey soil.
The inspissated juice has been given in dropsies arising from visceral
obstruction ; gently laxative, very diuretic, and somewhat diaphoretic,
narcotic, and anodyne : occasions giddiness. (G.) The milky juice,
■when inspissated, has been substituted for opium. (L.) It requires
to be administered in a sixfold dose. (O'Sh.)
Lappa. (De Cand. vi. 66L)
*Lappa MAJOR. (Gaertn.) (E.B.I 228.) Arctium lappa. (Willd.)
Bardana major, Lappa glabra. Great Burdock.
Fl. purple. July. Biennial. Waysides, and in woods.
Young shoots, stripped, eaten as asparagus ; root used in disorders of
the skin ; diaphoretic, diuretic ; also useful in dropsy ; seeds diuretic,
diaphoretic, and slightly purgative. (G.)
♦Lappa minor. (D, C.) (E. B. 1228.) Burdock.
Fl. purple. July, August. Biennial. Waste places.
Root is reckoned tonic, aperient, sudorific, and diuretic ; it has been
used in the form of decoction in rheumatism and in diseases of the skin ;
Sir Robert Walpole praised it as a gout medicine, and others have con-
sidered it an excellent substitute for sarsaparilla ; the fruit, which is
bitter and slightly acrid, has been used as a diuretic. (L.) The root
368 VEGETABLES.— coMPosiT^E.
deserves extensive trial; the seeds also are very likely to prove of value
on further examination of their properties. (O'Sh.)
Lampsana. (De Cand. vii. 76.)
*Lampsana communis. (Linn.) (E. B. 844.) Lapsana communis.
Common nipple toort.
n. yellow. July, August. Annual. Sides of ditches, and culti-
vated ground,
Used for healing sore nipples.
Leucanthemum. (De Cand. vi. 45.)
*Leucanthemum vulgare. (Lamb.) (E. B. 601.) Bellis major,
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, (Linn.) Great daisy, Great tvhite
ox-eye. Ox-eye daisy.
Fl. of disk yellow, ray white. June, July. Perennial, Dry pastures.
Properties same as tiiose of Chrysanthemum segetum.
Leontopodium. (De Cand. vi. 275.)
Leontopodium Alpinum. (Cass.) Filago leontopodium. (Linn.)
Gnaphalium leontopodium. Mountainous parts of Europe.
Hoots astringent and discussive.
LiATRis. (De Cand. v. 128.)
LiATRis SQUARROSA. (Willd.) Serratula squarrosa. (Linn.) North
America.
Known in the southern part of the United States by the name of
Mattlesnake^ s master ; in case of being bitten by this reptile, they bruise
the roots and apply them to the wound, while at the same time the patient
drinks a decoction of it in milk. (Pursh.) The roots have a terebin-
thinous odour, and are reputed to be powerfully diuretic, and hence
antisyphilitic ; it is probable that other species of this genus, particularly
L. scariosa and L. odoratissima, possess similar properties, at least that
of being diuretic. (L.)
LiNOSYRis. (De Cand. v. 351).
LiNOSYRis VULGARIS. (Cass.) Crinitaria linosyris. (Less.) Chry-
socoma linosyris. (Linn.) German golden locks. Middle and south
of Europe.
Anthelmintic, deobstruent.
Madia. (De Cand. v. 691.)
Mabia sativa. (Mol. et Don.) M. saliva, M. viscosa, et 31. mel-
losa. (Willd.) Madia. California.
Seeds yield oil.
Maruta. (De Cand. vi. 13.)
*Maruta Cotula, (D. C.) (E. B. 1772.) Anthemis cotula.
(Linn.) A.fatida. (Lamb.) M.foetida. (Cass.) Chamcemelutn fcetiday
Cotula, May weed, Stinking Chamomile.
Fl. dark yellow, ray white. July, August. Annual. Waste places.
Used in hysteric fits ; and the juice in the king's evil. (G.) Every
part of the plant is foetid and acrid, blistering the skin when much
handled. Its decoction is a strong and active bitter, in a dose of a tea-
cupful producing copious vomiting and sweating. (L. ex Barton.)
VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE. 369
Matricaria. (De Cand. vi. 50.)
Matricaria Chamomilla. (Linn.) (E. B. 1232.) Chamceme-
lum vulgara, Common chamomile, German chamomile.
Flower disk yellow, ray white. August. Annual. Corn fields and
waste grounds.
Emmenagogue, stomachic, carminative, antieolic, and used externally
as a fomentation in nephritic pains.
Mikania. (De Cand. v. 187.)
MiKANiA GuACO. (H. et Bonpl.) Guaco, Huaco. South America.
Sudorific, alexiterial, used in bites of serpents and hydrophobia. (G.)
Reputed in South America to be a powerful remedy for the wounds
of venomous serpents ; the imported extract having been tried in this
country against hydrophobia, has produced no effect, and the remedy
has fallen into disrepute ; Dr. Hancock, however, asserts that the real
alexipharmic guaco is an aristolochia. (L.)
Mikania officinalis. (Mart.) Corogoa de Jesu. Brazil.
Leaves have an agreeable mixture of bitter, mucilaginous, and
aromatic ingredients, and are therefore used with great success like
Peruvian bark and cascarilla. It is said to be particularly efficacious
as well in remitting fevers as in weakness of digestion ; it is taken both
in decoction and extract. (L. ex Martins.)
Mikania opipera. (Mart.) Eroa- da cobra. Brazil.
The expressed juice is used externally and internally, and the
bruised bark, moistened with oil, is applied as a poultice in case of
wounds caused by the bite of venomous serpents ; it is said to effect a
cure by its powerful diuretic action. (L. ex Martins.)
Mulgedium. (De Cand. vii. 247.)
Mulgedium Plumieri. (D. C.) Sonchus plumieri, Sonchus
Alpiiius. (Linn.) *S'. caruletis. (Smith.) S. montanus. (Lamb.)
S. canadensis. (With.) Hieracium ca^ruleum. (Scop.) Cicerhita
Alpina. ( Wallr.) Aracium Alpinum. (Monn.) South of Europe.
Calyx exudes resinous drops.
Nabalus. (De Cand. vii. 240.)
Nabalus serpentarius. (Hook.) Prenanthes serpentaria.
(Pursh.) Vejuco. North America.
Persons inoculated with its juice are said to be insensible to the
poison of serpents. (L.)
NoTOBAsis. (De Cand. vi. 660.)
NoTOBAsis Syriaca. (Cass.) Acarnus, Carduus Syriacus.
(Linn.) Theophrastus^ thistle. South of Europe.
Eaten as a potherb while young.
Onopordon. (De Cand. vi. 617.)
*Onopordon acanthium. (Linn.) (E. B. 977.) Acantkium,
Common cotton thistle.
Fl. purple. August. Biennial. Waste grounds and roadsides in
a gravelly soil.
Flowers used to coagulate milk ; receptacle eaten as artichokes. (G.)
2 £
370 VEGETABLES.— coMPosiTJE.
Oporinia. (De Cand. vii. 108.)
♦Oporinia autumnams, (Don.) (K. B. 830.) Leontodon
autumnale. (Linn.) Hieracium minus, Small hawhveed, Autmnnal
hatvkbit.
Fl. yellow. August. Perennial. Meadows and pastures. Common.
Leaves sharpen the sight ; laxative.
Pacourina. (De Cand. v. 14.)
Pacourina edulis. (Aubl.) Pacourinopsis integrifolia. (Cass.)
Cayenne.
Receptacle and whole plant edible.
Pallenis. (De Cand. v. 487.)
Pallenis spinosa. (Cass.) Buphthalmum spinosum. (Linn.)
Aster atticus, higuincdis. Yellow starwort.
Vulnerary, used in buboes and other swellings of the groin.
Parthenium. (De Cand. v. 531.)
Parthenium iNTEGRiFOiiiUM. (Linn.) Prairie Dock. North
America.
Has been used by' Dr. Houlton in "America, in the treatment of
intermitting fever with perfect success. An infusion of the flowering
tops was the preparation employed.
Petasites, (De Cand. v. 206.)
*Petasites vulgaris. (Desf.) (E. B. 430, 431.) Petasites,
Tussilago petasites. (Hopp.) Butterbur.
n. pale flesh colour. April, May. Perennial. Wet meadows and
river sides.
Leaves used to dress ulcers ; flowers strongly diaphoretic, useful in
asthma ; root used against the tape-worm, (G-.)
PiQUERiA. (De Cand. v. 104.)
PiQUERiA TRiNERViA. (Cav.) Ageratum febrifugum. (Sess.)
Stevia febrifuga. (Moc.) Xoxonitztal, Yoloxiltic. Mexico.
Used in Mexico as a remedy against intermittent fevers. (L.)
Placus. (De Cand. vii. 261.)
Placus l^vis. (Lour.) Cochin China.
PliACUS TOMENTOSUS. (Lour.)
Juices used to give a smell to cakes.
Ptarmica. (De Cand. vl. 19.)
*Ptarmica vulgaris. (Blackw.) (E. B. 757.) Achillea ptar-
mica. (Linn.) Ptarmica, Bastard pellitory, Sneezeivort.
Fl. white. July, August. Perennial. Moist meadows.
Leaves sternutatory ; root acrid. (G.) The whole plant is pungent,
promoting a flow of saliva ; its dried leaves produce sneezing, but this
is thought to be owing to their little sharp marginal teeth. (L. ex
Smith.)
PuLiCARiA. (De Cand. v. 477.)
*Pulicaria dysenterica. (Gaertn.) (E. B. 1115.) Aster
dysentericus. (All.) Inula conyzcea. (Lamb.) Aster undulus.
VEGETABLES.— coMPosiTiE. ^71
(Monch.) Inula pulicaria. (D'Un.) Conyza media, Inula dysen-
terica. (Liun.) Middle-size Jieabane, Common fieahane.
Fl. yellow. September. Annual. Moist places. Common.
Tonic, used in diarrhoea. (G.) Linnaeus states, on the authority of
General Keith, that this plant cured the Russian army of the dysen-
tery ; but Haller speaks contemptuously of the medical virtues of this
plant, as lie says it abounds in earthy matter. (L. ex. Smith.)
Pulicaria odora. (Reich.) Inula odora. (Linn.) Sweet-rooted
starwort.
Root aromatic.
♦Pulicaria dentata. (D. C.) (E. B. 1196.) Conyza, Inula
pidicaria, Pulicaria, Small fieahane.
Fl. yellow. September. Annual. Sandy hollows inundated in
winter.
Drives away insects by its smell.
Pyrethkcm. (De Cand. vi. 53.)
*Pyrethrum Parthenium. (Smith.) (E. B. 1231.) Matricaria
parthenium. (Linn.) Common fever few.
Flower of disk yellow, of the ray white. July. Perennial. Waste
places.
The whole plant is bitter and strong scented, reckoned tonic, stimu-
lating, and anti-hysteric. (Smith.) It was once a popular remedy in
ague ; its odour is said to be particularly disagreeable to bees, and that
these insects may be easily kept at a distance by carrying a handful of
the flower-heads. (L. ex Burnett.)
Pyrethrum Tanacetum. (D. C.) Balsamita major. (Dod.) B.
vulgaris. (Willd.) B. suaveolens. (Pers.) B. mas. (Blackw.) Tana-
cetum balsamita. (Linn.) Cost mary. South of Europe.
Leaves stomachic, cordial, cephalic, uterine ; supposed to diminish
the narcotic power of opium ; seed vermifuge.
Santolina. (De Cand. vi, 35.)
Santolina Cham/ECYParissus. (Linn.) Abrotanum fcemina, Chu-
miecyparissus, lavender cotton. South of Europe.
Vermifuge, used to drive away insects from wardrobes.
Santolina fragrantissima. (Forsk.) Egypt, Palestine.
The flower-heads are extremely fragrant when dry, and are sold in
the shops of Cairo as a substitute for chamomile, under the name of
Babouny, or Zeysoum. Forskahl says the fresh juice of the plant is
applied in affections of the eyes. (L.)
ScoLTMus. (De Cand. vii. 75.)
ScoLYMus HisPANicus (Linn.) S.perennis. (Ger.) S. conges-
tus. (Lamb.) Myscolu microcephalus. (Cass.) Spanish cardoons.
South of Europe.
Root and young shoots esculent.
ScoLYMUs MACTTLATus. (Linn.) S. angyospermos. (Gaertn.) S.
pectinatus. (Cass.) Golden thistle. South of Europe.
Root used instead of eryngo.
2 B 2
372 VEGETABLES.— coMPOSiTiE.
ScoRZONERA. (De Cand. vii. 117.)
ScoRzoNERA HisPANiCA. (Linn.) S, denticulata. (Lamb.) S. sativa.
(Gater.) Scorzonera^ Viper s grass. Spain.
Eaten.
ScoRzoNERA PURPUREA. (Linn.) S. suhccevulea^ Hungarian viper^s
grass. Germany, Bohemia, &c.
Eaten.
Senecio. (De Cand. vi. 340.)
Senecio Cacaliaster. (Lamb.) Cacalia alpina, C. sarracenica.
(Linn.) South of France.
Used in coughs, the juice allays the tickling in the throat.
Senecio Doria. (Linn.) Herba doria, I)orid!s wound wort. South
of Europe.
■ Leaves used internally, and externally in wounds and malignant ulcers.
Senecio Doronicum. (Linn.) Solidago Doronicum. (Linn.) Do-
ronicum Helveticum. (Mill.) Alpine groundsel. South of Europe.
Infusion and steam of the infusion used in asthma.
*Senecio Jacob^ea. (Linn.) (E. B. 1130.) Jacohcea, Seggrum^
Ragivort.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. "Waysides and pastures.
Used in poultices and colic pains ; also as a gargle in sore threat.
*Senecio sarracenicus. (Jacq.) (E. B. 2211.) Consolida Sara-
cenica. Broad-leaved ragwort, Saracen's wound wort.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. Moist pastures in West-
moreland and Cumberland.
Leaves used as those of S. Doria.
Senecio tomentosus. (Michx.) Cineraria heterophylla. (Pursh.)
North America.
Bark yellow, powerfully anthelmintic.
*Senecio vulgaris. (Linn.) (E. B. 747.) Erigeron, Common
groundsel.
Fl. yellow. Whole year. Annual. Waste grounds. Common.
Weak infusion a common purge ; strong infusion or juice used as an
emetic, and also given to horses to free them from botts ; leaves exter-
nally suppurative ; flowers given to song-birds as a cooler. (G.) A
popular but useless vermifuge, (O'Sh.)
Serratula. (De Cand. vi. 667.)
*Serratula tinctoria. (Linn.) (E. B. 38.) Serratula, Saw wort.
El. purple. July, August. Perennial. Thickets. Common.
Vulnerary ; dyes yellow with alum, but is inferior to woad.
SiiiYBUM. (De Cand, vi. 616.)
*Sii.YBUM Marianum. (Gaertn.) (E. B. 976.) Sihjbum macula-
fum. (Monch.) Cirsium maculatum. (Scop.) Carthamus maculatus.
(Lamb.) Carduus marice, C. marianus, Milk thistle. Our Lady's thistle.
Fl. purple. July. Perennial. Waste places. Wimbledon Common.
Pectoral, antipleuritic, aperitive. (G.) Full-grown leaves said to
be sudorific and aperient. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE. 373
SoLiDAGO. (De Cand. v. 330.)
SoLiDAGO Canadensis. (Linn.) Canada golden rod. North
America.
With alum dyes wool, silk, and cotton a beautiful yellow.
SoLiDAGO ODORA. (Ait.) S. retrorsa, (Michx.) American golden
rod. North America.
Leaves, solidago, P. U. S., carminative, nervine, used as tea, and
even exported in large quantities from America to C!hina. (G.) Leaves
delightfully fragrant, partaking of anise and sassafras, yielding a vola-
tile oil, which is aromatic, gently stimulant, diaphoretic, and carmina-
tive ; also employed as an excellent substitute for tea. (L.)
Solidago Virga Aurea. (Linn.) (E. B. 301.) Virga aurea,
Golden rod.
Fl. yellow. July, September. Perennial. Heaths and woods.
Common.
Herb vulnerary, diuretic, useful in spitting of blood ; infusion used
in fevers.
SoNCHUs. (De Cand. vii. 184.)
*SoNCHUS ARVENSis. (Linn.) (E. B. 674.) Lepicanne spinulosa.
(Lapeyr.) Hieracium spinulosum. (Spreng.) Hieracium, H. magus,
Corn soiu thistle, Great haivk weed.
Fl. yellow. August. Perennial. Corn fields. Common.
*SoNCHUS ciLiATUS. (Lamb.) S. oleraceus. (Wallr.) Common sow
thistle.
Var. a. (E. B. 343.) Sonchus Icevis, S. oleraceus Icevis, Harems
lettuce, Smooth sow thistle.
Var. ^. (E. B. 2765.) S.asper, S. oleraceus asper, Prickly sow
thistle. This variety is also referred to S. Fallax.
Fl. yellow. August. Annual. Waste places and cultivated ground.
These, and otlier species of this genus, as well as those of Pieris,
Crepis, Prenanthes, Hyoseris, &c., possess similar qualities with lettuce.
Spilanthes. (De Cand. v. 620.)
Spilanthes Acmella. (Linn.) Verbesina acmella. (Linn.) East
Indies.
Diuretic, diaphoretic, attenuant, and anodyne; leaves and seeds
used as tea.
Spilanthes oleracea. (Jacq.) Bidens fervida. (Lamb.) South
America.
When masticated, irritates the interior of the mouth, and provokes
a copious flow of saliva. (G.) The whole plant, but especially the
involucre and receptacle, act as a powerful stimulant to the salivary
organs. (L.)
Stenactis. (De Cand. v. 298.)
Stenactis annua. (Nees.) Erigeron annuum. (Pers.) Diplopappus
dubius. (Cass.) Stenactia dubia. (Cass.) Phalacroloma acuttfolium.
(Cass.) Pulicaria annua. (Gaertn.) Cineraria corymbosa. (Moncli.)
North America.
Employed in the United States as a diuretic. (L.)
374 VEGETABLES.— COMPOSITE.
Tagetks. (De Cand. v. 642.)
**Tagetes patula. (Linn.) French mar y gold.
Fl. dark yellow or orange brown. July, September. Annual.
Native of Mexico.
Dried juice used in disorders of the eyes ; flowers dye yellow.
Tanacetum. (De Cand. vi. 127.)
Tanacetdm annuum. (Linn.) Heliochrysum, Golden cud weed.
Spain. South of France.
Herb emmenagogue, used in dyeing and for rheumatism.
*Tanacetum vulgake. (Linn.) (E. B. 1229.) Tansy.
Fl. yellow. August. Perennial. Borders of fields and roads.
Every part is bitter, with a strong but not unpleasant scent. The
qualities are esteemed of a tonic and cordial nature, expelling intestinal
worms, and stengthening the digestive powers ; the plant, however,
does not agree with every stomach. (Smith.) Withering says, if meat
is rubbed with tansy leaves, the flesh fly will not touch it. (L)
Tahaxacum. (De Cand. vii. 145.)
•Taraxacum dens leonis. (Desf.) (E. B. 510.) T. officinale.
(Vill.) T. Leontodon. (Dumort.) Leontodon vtdgare. (Lamb.) He-
dypnois Taraxacum. (Scop.) Dens Leonis, Leontodon taraxacum.
(Linn.) Dandelion, Piss-a-bed.
Fl. yellow. May, November. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
Root, Taraxaci radix, diuretic, roasted and used as coffee ; blanched
leaves used in salads. The infusion, decoction, and extract of the
root are tonic, and in large doses aperient ; in some cases it acts as a
diuretic ; in the hepatic complaints of persons long resident in hot
climates, it often affords very marked relief. (L.) Dose of the extract
from three to ten grains thrice daily. (O'Sh.) It has been employed
in decoctiofe or extract in affections of the spleen, chronic cutaneous
diseases, uterine obstructions, &c. (Pereira.)
Tragopogon. (De Cand. vii. 112.)
*Tragopogon pratense. (Linn.) (E. B. 434.) Go-to-hed at noon,
Yellow Goat's beard.
Fl. yellow. June. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
*Tragopogon porrifoxiIum. (Linn.) (E. B. 638,) T. purpureum,
Purple goat's beard. Salsify.
Fl. purple. May, June. Perennial. Moist meadows.
Roots eaten as potherbs, opening, and supposed to be useful in
affections of the chest ; young roots also esculent. (G.)
Tripolium. (De Cand. v. 253.)
*Tripolium vulgare. (Nees.) (E. B. 87.) Aster tripoUum. (Linn.)
Sea starwort.
Flower, disk yellow, ray purple. July, September. Salt marshes.
Root hydragogue.
TussiLAGO. (De Cand. v. 208.)
*Tussii.AGO Farfara. (Linn.) (E, B. 429.) T. vtdgaris. (Lamb.)
T. rupestris. (Vail.) Farfara, Tussilago, Coltsfoot.
FL yellow. March, April. Perennial. Moist clay soils.
VEGETABLES.— LOBELiACEiE. ^ ^i
Leaves form the basis of most of the British herb tobaccos ; used
also externally to diminish inflammation ; an infusion of the dried
leaves is much used as an expectorant in coughs and shortness of
breath, as tea, or the steam is inhaled for the same purpose ; a strong
decoction of them is of considerable service in scrofulous cases ; the
downy substance on the under side of the leaf, dipped in a solution of
saltpetre, and dried, is used as tinder ; juice drunk liberally is service-
able in calculous complaints. (G.) The leaves, either smoked like
tobacco, or taken in infusion, have been much employed a<^ainst
dyspnoea ; it is a demulcent bitter, and acts by soothing irritation of
the air passages ; Dr. Pereira calls it a very slight tonic. (L.)
Vernonia. (De Cand. v. 15.)
Vernonia anthelmintica. (Willd.) Conyza anthelmintica, (Linn.)
Serratula anthelmintica, (Roxb.) Baccharoides anthelminticaj
(Monch.) Ascaricida Indica, (Cass.) East Indies.
The fruit is accounted in India a very powerful anthelmintic. (L.)
All the parts of the plant bitter. (O'Sh.)
Xanthium. (De Cand. v. 522.)
♦Xaivthium strtjmarium. (Linn.) (E. B. 2544.) Bardana minora
X. lappa minor. Broad-leaved burdock, Small burdock.
Fl. green. August, September. Annual. Waste ground. Rare.
Root bitter, antiscrofulous, and anticancerous.
Zacintha. (De Cand. vii. 178.)
Zacintha verrucosa. (Gaertn.) Chicorium verrucarium, Lap-
sana zacintha. (Linn.) Wart succory. South of Europe.
Herb diuretic, edulcorant, takes off warts.
Order 87.— LOBELIACEiE. (De Cand. vu. 339.)
Calyx superior, five-lobed, or entire ; corolla monopetalous, irregular, inserted in the
calyx, five-lobed ; stamens five, inserted alternately with the lobes ol' the corolla ; anthers
cohering ; ovary inferior, 1 — 3 celled, ovules very numerous ; style simple ; stigma
fringed ; fruit a capsule, one or more celled, many-seeded, dehiscing at the apex ; seeds
attached either to the axis or the lining of the pericarp ; embryo straight, in the axis
of the fleshy albumen. Herbs, or under-shrubs, with alternate, esstipulate leaves, and
axillary or terminal Jtoiccrs.
IsoTOMA. (De Cand. vii. 412.)
IsoTOMA LONGiFLORA. (Presl.) Hippobroma longiflora. (Don.)
Lobelia longiflora. (Willd.) Rapuntium longiflorum. (Mill.)
Rapunculus aquaticus. (Sloan.) West Indies.
Juice corrosive. (G.) One of the most venomous of all known
plants. Taken internally, it brings on fatal hypercatharsis ; if any of
the juice touches the lips or eyes, it produces violent burning inflam-
mation. Horses are said to burst after feeding upon it, whence the
Spanish West Indians call it Rebenta caviUos. (L.)
376 VEGETABLES.— cAMPANTJLACEiE.
Lobelia. (De Cand. vii. 357.)
**LoBELiA CARDiNALis. (Linn.) CommoTi cardinal fiower.
Fl. scarlet. July, August. Perennial. Native of Mexico. Root
vermifuge.
Lobelia inflata. (Linn.) Rapuntium injlatum. (Mill.)
Bladder-podded lobelia, Indian tobacco. North America.
Root, Lobelia P. U. S. used in leucorrhoea. (G.) An acrid narcotic,
and most powerful emetic, used in asthma with great advantage ; in
small doses it is expectorant and diaphoretic, exciting expectoration
without the pain of coughing ; in such doses as a common tea-spoonful
of the seeds and leaves, in which quantity irregular practitioners have
ventured to give it, it frequently proves fatal in five or six hours ; it
has been used instead of tobacco in the form of enema, in strangulated
hernia. (L.)
Lobelia syphilitica. (Linn.) Rapuntium syphiliticum. (Mill.)
Slue cardinal Jiower. North America.
Root depurative, antivenereal. (G.) Root acrid and emetic, and
has been used as a remedy for syphilis ; it has the reputation of acting
as a speedy cure for this disease, but European practice does not con-
firm its American reputation. Are not its curative properties vola-
tile? (L.)
*LoBELiA ubens. (Linn.) (E. B. 953.) Rapuntium vrens.
(Mill.) Acrid lobelia.
Fl. purple. August, September. Perennial. Devonshire. Very
rare.
Very active, reputed a poison.
TuPA. (De Cand. vii. 391.)
Tdpa Feuillei. (Don.) Lobelia tupa. (Linn.) Rapuntium
tupa. (Prest.) South America.
Plant and root poisonous in the extreme ; acts as an emetic simply
by smelling the flowers ; juice caustic. (G.) Has similar properties
to the last plant ; its very flowers are said to produce vomiting by their
smell.
Tupa cirsiifolia. (D. C.) Lobelia cirsiifolia. (Lamb.)
Very active, reputed a poison.
Oeder 88.— CAMPANULACEJ^. (De Cand. vii. 414.)
Calyx adnate to the ovary, generally five-lobed, persistent; corolla gamopetalous,
inserted into the upper part of tlie tube of the calyx, five-lobed, generally regular and
marescent, valvate in estivation ; stamens generally five, inserted into the calyx, be-
neath the corolla, distinct from it and alternate with its lobes ; anthers generally distinct,
sometimes slightly connate, oblong, two celled, with spherical pollen ; ovary glandular
above; style one, more or less hairy; stigma naked, 3 — 5 cleft; capsules three, rarely
five-celled, dehiscing by 3 — 5 lateral apertures, or by incomplete valves at the apex ;
cells many-seeded ; seeds attached to a central placenta of the cells ; embryo straight, ia
the axis of a fleshy albumen ; radicle inferior. Herbs with a milky juice and alternate
leaves ; flowers either distinct, or in involucrated heads.
VEGETABLES.— VAcciNiEiE. 87T
Campanula. (De Cand. vii. 457.)
Campanula laciniata. (Linn.) Medium, Syrian bell flower*
Greece, Syria.
Roots restrain the menses ; seeds stimulate their expulsion.
♦♦Campanula medium. (Linn.) Viola mariana, Canterbury
bells, Coventry bells.
Fl. purple, blue, or white. July, September. Biennial. Native
of the South of Europe.
Root used as a potherb ; cooling.
* Campanula patula. (Linn.) (E. B. 42.) C. Bellidifolia.
(Lapeyr.) C. decurrens. (Linn.) Field bell flower, Spreading bell
flower.
FI. dark blue. July, August. Biennial. Pastures and hedges in
south-east of England. Rare.
Leaves lactescent, bitter.
♦Campanula Rapunculus. (Linn.) (E. B. 283.) Rapunculus
esculentus, Rampions, Rampion bell flower.
Fl. blue. July, August. Perennial. In the southern and eastern
counties, in gravelly soil.
Root esculent, far more delicate than turnips or radishes; juice
odontalgic ; seeds ophthalmic.
♦Campanula Trachelium. (Linn.) (E. B. 12.) C. urlicifolia.
(Sclim.) C. plicatula. (Dumort.) Trachelium, Canterbury bells,
Great throat wort. Nettle-leaved bell flower.
Fl. violet blue. July, August. Perennial. "Woods.
Root eaten in salads; herb astringent; recommended in quinsey,
tumours, and inflammation of the mouth.
Jasione. (De Cand. vii. 415.)
*Jasione MONTANA. (Linn.) (E. B. 882.) J. undulata. (Lamb.)
Annual sheep's scabious. Hairy sheep's scabious.
Fl. blue. June, August. Annual. Dry heathy pastures.
Herb astringent ; used in inflammations of the mouth and neigh-
bouring parts. !,
Phyteuma. (De'Cand. vii. 450.)
*Phyteuma orbiculare. (Linn.) (E. B. 142.) Rapunculus
corniculatus, Horned rampions. Round-headed rampion.
Fl. blue. August, September. Perennial. Chalky hills.
Herb used in syphilis.
♦Phyteuma spicatum. (Linn.) (E. B. 2598.) Spiked rampion.
Fl. greenish vi^hite. June, July. Perennial. Sussex.
Root astringent, used in quinsey.
Order 89.— VACCINIEJS. (De Cand. vii. 552.)
Calyx adherent, persistent, or deciduous ; corolla epigynous, gamopetalous, 4 — 5 — 6
divided, the divisions alternating with the segments of the calyx ; stamens double the
number of the lobes of the corolla, epigynous, filaments i'ree or monadelphous ; anthers
terminnl, often two-horned, opening by pores; ovary single; style one; stigma one,
378 VEGETABLES.— ERicACE^.
simple; berry persistent, crowned by the calyx, 4 — 5 celled, the cells one, or many-
seeded; embryo straight, in the axis of a fleshy albumen; cotyledons very short; radicle
long, inferior. Under-shriihs with coriaceous alternate leaves.
OxYCOccus. (De Cand. vii. 576.)
OxYCoccus MACROCARPUS. (Pers.) Vacciniummacrocarpum. (Ait.)
V. hispidulum. (Wang.) American cranberry. North America.
Berries esculent, used in tarts ; imported in large quantities from
Nortii America, preserved in water.
*0xYCOccus PALusTRis. (Pers.) (E. B. 319.) Vaccinium oxy-
coccus. (Linn.) Cranberry.
Fl. bright rose colour. June. Under shrub. In peat bogs.
Properties the same as those of 0. Macrocarpus.
Phalerocarpus. (De Cand. vii. 577.)
Phalerocarpus serpylli folia. (Don.) Vaccinium hispidulum.
(Linn.) Arbutus filiformis. (Lamb.) Gaultheria serpyllifolia.
(Pursh.) Glyciphyllahispidula. (Raf.) Oxycoccus hispidulus. (Pers.)
White cranberry. North America.
Berries esculent, used in tarts.
Vaccinium. (De Cand. vii. 565.)
*Vaccinium Myrtillus. (Linn.) (E. B. 456.) Myrtillus, Vac-
cinia, Common bilberry,
PI. green, with a red tinge. May. Small shrub. In mountainous
districts.
Berries, black lohortle berries, bilberries, acidulous, refreshing, useful
in fevers ; also antiscorbutic ; would make wine ; dried berries, berry
dye, imported from Germany to colour wines,
* Vaccinium uliginosum. (Linn.) (E. B. 381.) Great bilberry.
Fl. flesh-coloured. May. Small shrub. Mountain bogs.
* Vaccinium Vitis id^a. (Linn.) (E. B. 598.) Red ichortle
berry, or Cowberry.
Fl. pale flesh colour. May, June. Small shrub. Dry heaths.
Leaves sold for those of Uva ursi, but are veined in a net-work
above, dotted underneath, and their infusion precipitates neither isin-
glass jelly, nor a solution of green vitriol.
Order 90.— ERICACE^. (De Cand. vii. 580.)
Calyx 4 — 5 cleft, generally equal, persistent, entirely free from the ovary ; corolla
monopetalous, regular 4 — 5 cleft, sometimes of 4 — 5 petals, imbricate in aestivation;
stamens in general twice as many as the divisions of the corolla; anthers bilocular,
terminated by two horn-like appendages at the summit or base, and dehiscing in general
by a pore near the summit ; ovary surrounded at the base by a hypogynous disk, or by
scales, many-celled, many-seeded ; style simple, straight ; stigma, with as many lobes
as there are cells in the ovary ; fruit capsular, opening by as many valves as there are
cells; seeds minute; embryo cylindrical, in the midst of a fleshy albumen; radicle
opposite the hilum. Shrubs, or under-shrubs, with evergreen, simple, rigid, whorled,
or alternate leaves.
Roots and leaves mostly astringent, sometimes narcotic ; berries
often esculent. The brown powder that adheres to the petioles of
VEGETABLES. -ERicACE^. 379
almost every species of Kalmia, Andromeda, aud Rhododendron, is used
in America as snuff.
Andromeda. (De Cand. vii. 606. J
*Andromeda polifolia. (Linn.) (E. B. 713.) Rhododendron
polifolinm. (Scop.) Marsh andromeda, Rosemary-leaved andromeda,
Wild rosemary.
Fl. rose-coloured. June. Small shrub. Peat bogs.
Used in fomentations and baths against rheumatism and paralytic
affections, causing perspiration ; dyes a fine yellow, and tans leather.
Arbutus. (De Cand. vii. 581.)
Arbutus Andrachne. (Linn.) Andrachne, Strawberry bay.
Greece, Cyprus.
Fruit acerb and austere, but esculent.
Arbutus integrifolia. (Lamb.) Andrachne Theophrasti. (Clus.)
Island of Crete.
Berry esculent.
*Arbutus Unedo. (Linn.) (E. B. 2377.) Common arbutus,
Strawberry-tree.
Fl. greenish white. September, October. Small tree. Ireland.
Fruit astringent, yields sugar. (G.) A wine is made from the
fruit in Corsica, but it is reported to be narcotic if taken in quantity.
(L.)
Arctostaphyeos. (De Cand. vii. 584.)
*Arctostaphyeos Alpina. (Spreng.) (E. B. 2030.) Arbutus
Alpina. (Linn.) Black bear berry.
Fl. white, with a tinge of pink. May. Trailing shrub. Highland
mountains.
Berry esculent.
*Arctostaphylos Uva ursi. (Spreng.) (E. B. 714.) Arbutus
buxifo/ia. (Stok.) Uva ursi buxifolia. (Sal.) Uva ursi procumbens.
(Moi)cli.) Arbuttis uva ursi, Uva ursi, Red bear berry.
Fi. rose-coloured. May. Trailing shrub. North of England.
Leaves Uv(B ursi folia, bitter, astringent ; used in disorders of the
urinary passages, and thought to be lithontriptic. (G.) Used in
nephritic and calculous cases ; of very doubtful action in the latter, but
believed to be a decided palliative in nephritic complaints ; also em-
ployed in dysuria, catarrhus vesicae, leucorrhoea, and gonorrhoea ; exhi-
bited in the form of decoction, and power of the leaves ; its action is
slow, and it therefore requires to be given for a considerable period ;
although the effects are uncertain, they sometimes give astonishing
relief. (L. ex Pereira.)
AzAEiA. (De Cand. vii. 715.)
AzALiA PoNTiCA. (Linn.) A. arborea. (Linn.) Rhododendron
flavum. (Don.) Georgia, Asia Minor.
Dioscorides asserted that the honey collected about Heraclea, in
Pontus, produced alienation of mind, with profuse perspiration ; and
it has becMi believed that the pestilence which attacked the soldiers of
380 VEGETABLES.— ERiCACE^.
Xenophon, in the famous retreat of the 10,000, was caused by the
quantity of this honey then eaten. Tournefort ascribed the poison to the
flowers of Ehododendron ponticum and Azalia pontica ; but Pallas is
of opinion that the latter alone is the cause ; he says that the effects
of the Euxine honey are like those of Lolium temulentum, and occur
in a country where no Rhododendron grows ; the natives are well
aware of the deleterious qualities of the plant, and it is related that
goats which browse on the leaves before the pastures are green, suffer
in consequence ; and, moreover, that cattle and sheep perish. (L.)
Ekica. (De Cand. vii. 613.)
Various species of heaths, as E. vulgaris, E. herbacea, E. purpuras-
cens, are used in fomentations and baths against rheumatism and
paralytic affections, causing a perspiration ; dye a fine yellow, and tan
leather.
Gaultheria. (De Cand. vii. 592.)
Gaultheria procumbens. (Linn.) Winter-green, Sox berry,
Chequer berry, Partridge berry. Mountain tea. North America.
Leaves, Gaultheria, P. U. S., used for tea. (G.) Fruit contains an
aromatic, sweet, highly pungent, volatile oil, which is antispasmodic
and diuretic ; a tincture has been useful in diarrhoea. Coxe states, that
the infusion is useful in asthma; it is used in North America as tea;
the brandy, in which the fruit has been steeped, is taken in small
quantities, in the same way as common bitters. (L.) Has been em-
ployed as an emmenagogue, and with the view of increasing the secre-
tion of milk ; but its chief use is to impart an agreeable flavour to
mixtures and other preparations. It is used in the form of infusion,
and also of an oil, Avhich last is more used in regular practice than the
leaves ; instances of death are on record, resulting from the use of the
oil by mistake, in the quantity of about a fluid ounce ; on examination
after death, strong marks of inflammation of the stomach were disco-
vered. (Wood and Cache's American Dispensatory.) The oil. Oleum
gaulthericB, which is obtained by distilling ;the plant with water, is said
to be identical with salicylate of oxide of tnethyle, having the compo-
sition (C^ H^ O + C'4 H^* O^). It is used in perfumery.
Kalmia. (De Cand. vii. 729.)
Kalmia latifolia. (Linn.) Calico bush, Ivy, Lambkill, Laurel,
Mountain laurel, Spoonwood. United States.
Leaves poisonous to many animals ; are reputed to be narcotic, but
their action is feeble and unimportant. Bigelow states, that the flesh
of pheasants which have fed upon the young roots is poisonous to
man, and some cases of severe illness are on record, which have been
ascribed to this cause alone. The flowers exude a sweet honey-like
juice, which is said when swallowed to bring on intoxication of a
phrenetic kind, which is not only formidable in its symptoms, but very
lengthened in its duration. (Bigelow.) A brown powder, which
adheres to the shoots, acts as a sternutatory. (L.) Bees and wasps
feed upon the honey-like secretion, which renders the honey of the
former powerfully intoxicating. (O'Sh.)
VEGETABLES.— ERICACEAE. 881
Ledum. (De Cand. vii. 730.)
Ledum latifolium. (Ait.) Grceulandicum. (Retz.) L. palustre
latifolium. (Michx.) Wiserpukki, Wishecumpuoware, Labrador tea.
North America.
Leaves used for tea. (G.) The leaves, infused in beer, render it
unusually heady, producing headache, nausea, and even delirium ; they
have nevertheless been used, it is said, with advantage in tertian
agues, dysentery, and diarrhoea. (L. ex Pallas.) Odour aromatic and
resinous ; the infusion of the leaves stomachic, but induces giddiness if
too strong. (O'Sh.) .
Ledum palustre. (Linn.) Marsh cistus. Wild rosemary. North
of Europe.
Root astringent. (G.) Has the same properties as the last. (L.)
Leucothoe. (De Cand. vii. 601.)
Leucothoe Mariana. (D. C.) Andromeda Mariana. (Linn.)
North America.
Decoction used as a narcotic.
LorsELEURiA. (De Cand. vii. 714.)
*LoiSELEURiA PROCUMBENS. ( Dcsv.) (E. B. 865.) Azalca pTO-
cumbens. (Linn.) Procumbent azalea,
Fl. flesh-coloured. May, June. Small shrub. Highland mountains.
Bark and leaves astringent. (G.) Has the reputation of being use-
ful as an astringent medicine. (L.)
Pernettya. (De Cand. vii. 586.)
Pernettya mucronata. (Gaudich.) Arbutus mucronata. (Linn.)
South America.
Berries esculent.
Rhododendron. (De Cand. vii. 719.)
Rhododendron chrysanthum. (Pall.) M. officinale. (Salisb.)
Yellow rhododendron. North of Asia.
The leaves are decidedly narcotic in a remarkable degree ; this was
first noticed by Stetter, a Russian botanist, who had a tame deer,
which became so intoxicated by browsing on about ten of the leaves,
that after staggering about for some time, it dropped into a deep but
troubled sleep for the space of four hours, after which it awoke free
from all sign of suffering, but never would touch the leaves again ;
after this, Stetter's servants took to intoxicating themselves with the
leaves, without any bad effects. Pallas and Koelpin assert, that a
strong decoction of the leaves is of the greatest service in chronic rheu-
matism, and even in venereal complaints, but that it is dangerous in
acute rheumatism. Its value, as a means of removing arthritic complaints,
has also been highly spoken of. Finally Pallas mentions an inveterate
case of nervous sciatica, which had brought the patient to a state of
lameness and deplorable emaciation, which was completely cured by
perseverance in the use of the leaves for two years ; no subsequent in-
convenience was experienced, nor any signs of habitual drunkenness,
although the dose was as much as four fluid ounces of the concentrated
infusion daily. (L.)
382 VEGETABLES.— PYROLACE/E.
Rhododendron maximum. (Linn.) American rosehay. North
America.
An astringent, but not narcotic, accordinif to Bigelow : Barton, how-
ever, asserts that it is certainly a poison. (L.)
Rhododendron perrdgineum. (Linn.) Dwarf rosehay . South of
Europe.
Rhododendron Ponticum. (Linn.) West of Persia, Georgia.
Reported to be deleterious, and to be among the plants whose nectar
renders the honey of Trebisond poisonous ; but this statement of
Tournefort is contradicted by Guldenstaedt. Vide Azalea Pontica.
(L.) The leaves of all these rhododendrons are austere, astringent,
bitter, stimulant, diaphoretic, and narcotic ; used against rheumatism
and tlie gout; 5ij. of the dried leaves infused in half a pint of water,
kept hot all night, and drank in the morning; roots astringent. (G.)
Order 91 .— PYROLACEJE. (De Cand. vii. 772.)
Calyx of 4 — 5 inferior persistent sepals ; corolla of five petals, sometimes free, or
more or less united, imbricated in aestivation ; stamens twice as numerous as the petals,
not adnate to the petals ; anthers bilocular, dehiscing by two pores ; ovary 3 — 5 celled,
placed upon a hypogynous disc ; style one ; stigma subrotund or lobate, sometimes sub-
indusiate; fruit capsular, 3 — 5 celled, with central placentae; seeds minute, numerous,
winged ; embryo minute, at the base of I3ie fleshy albumen. Herbaceous plants with
simple, entire, or toothed leaves.
Chimaphila. (De Cand. vii. 775.)
Chimaphila umbellata. (Nutt.) Pyrola umbellata. (Linn.) Chi-
maphila corymhosa. (Pursh.) American winter green, Pipsissewa.
North America, Europe, Asia.
An infusion of the leaves has been found efficacious as a diuretic
in dropsy. (G.) Astringent, tonic, sudorific, and diuretic. It is
especially active in the last-named property, combining a speedy
diuretic with much tonic power. (O'Sh.) The infusion of the driesi
leaves, taken internally, acts as an agreeable tonic ; it promotes the
action of the secreting organs, more especially the kidneys, over which,
indeed, it has appeared to exercise a specific influence, increasing tiie
quantity of urine, diminishing, as some have imagined, the quantity of
lithic acid, or lithates secreted, and beneficially influencing several
forms of chronic nephritic disease ; its qualities are in every respect
analogous to those of Uva ursi ; it has been employed in dropsy, chro-
nic aflPections of the urinary organs, and in scrofula, in which last its
reputation in America is so high, that it has obtained the title of king's
cure ; it is given in the form of a decoction or extract ; the latter has
been employed in doses of ten or fifteen grains. (Pereira )
Pyrola. (De Cand. vii. 772.)
*Pyrola rotundifolia. (Linn.) (E. B. 213.) P. declinata.
(Monch.) Pyrola, Round-leaved winter green.
Fl, white. July, September. Perennial. Woods in Norfolk, Suf-
folk, &c. Rare.
Vulnerary.
VEGETABLES.— SAFOTACE^E. 383
♦Ptrola SECUNDA. (Linn.) (E. B. 307.) Pyrola altera, Serrated
winter green. Small ivinter green.
Fl. greenish wiiite. July. Perennial. Yorkshire. Eare. Scotland.
Herb cooling, drying ; leaves diuretic, used in dropsy.
Sub-class III.— COROLLTFLORiE.
Order 92.— SAPOTACE^. (De Cand. viii. 154.)
Calyx five, or rarely 4 — 8 parted, or 4 — 8 lobed, lobes persistent, either in one or
two rows ; corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, its segments usually equal in number to
those of the calyx, and alternating with them, seldom twice or thrice as many ; stamens
arising from the corolla, definite, distinct, the fertile ones equal in number to the seg-
ments of the calyx, and opposite those segments of the corolla which alternate with
the latter, seldom more ; anthers usually turned outwards, bilocular ; tlie sterile stamens
as numerous as the fertile ones, with which they alternate, sometimes wanting ; ovary
with several cells, which are often opposite to the lobes of the calyx, in each of which
is one erect ovule ; style one ; stigma acute, or capitellate, with as many tubercles or
lobes as there are cells ; fruit drupaceous, or baccate iudehiscent, with several one-seeded
cells, or by abortion with only one ; seeds nut-like, sometimes cohering into a several-
celled put^men ; testa bony, shining, its inner face opaque and softer than the rest ;
embryo erect, large, white, usually enclosed in a fleshy albumen ; cotyledons when the
albumen is present, foliaceous ; when absent, fleshy, and sometimes connate ; radicle
short, straight, or a little curved, turned towards the hilum; plumule inconspicuous.
Trees or shrubs, abounding in milky juice, with alternate, exstipulate, entire, coriaceous
leaves, and an axillary inflorescence.
Bassia. (De Cand. viii. 197.)
Bassia butyracea. (Roxb.) Frelwa, or Phulwara, Mahva, or
Madhuca tree, Butter-nut tree. East Indies.
Bassia lati folia. (Roxb.) Madhuca, or Mahwah. East Indies.
Seeds yield a large quantity of oil, but they do not appear to be em-
ployed medicinally. (G. and L.) The petals contain sugar, and are
much used for the manufacture of a very intoxicating spirit. (O'Sh.)
Bassia longifolia. (Linn.) Illipe, or Illupie tree. East Indies.
The fruit, when pressed, yields a large quantity of oil, used in India
for lamps, soapmaking, and also for food ; it is also employed medi-
cinally to cure the itch, and other cutaneous disorders ; the leaves
boiled in water, as well as the milk of the green fruit and bark, are
used in rheumatic affections. (L.) The Shea, or Butter tree of Mungo
Park, is a species of this genus ; Burnett says that much of the palm
oil of commerce is yielded by species of Bassia, or other sapotaceae.
(L.) The Fulwa butter is a soft solid at 95°. (O'Sh.)
Bassia Pabkii. Micadenia. Hindoostan.
Shea butter or galam butter is obtained from the fruit of this tree.
It closely resembles the Bassia latifolia, and other species indigenous
to Hindoostan. According to Park, the tree is abundant at Bambara;
the oil is solid, of a greyish-white colour, and freezes at 97°.
Chrysophyllum. (De Cand. viii. 156.)
Chrysophtllum Buranheim. (Reidel.) Brazil.
Bark, Monesia bark, astringent and bitter. The astringent extract
called Monesia is made from the bark of this tree.
384 VEGETABLES.— SAPOTACE^.
Chrysophyllum Cainito. (Linn.) Star apple. Tropical America.
Juice of the unripe fruit, with orange juice, very astringent ; its
var. y8, C. Jaraaicense, has esculent fruit.
Chrysophyllum Macoucou. (Aubl.) French Guyana.
Chrysophyllum microcarpum. (Swz.) Hispaniola.
Chrysophyllum oliviforme. (Lamb.) C.ferrugineum. (Gaertn.)
Jamaica and Hispaniola.
Fruits esculent.
IsoNANDKA. (De Caud. viii. 187.)
IsoNANDRA GUTTA. (Hooker.) The gutta-percha tree. Malayan
Archipelago.
The milky juice of this tree becomes concrete by exposure to the air,
and forms the substance called gutta percha. The tree grows to a
large size, and yields from twenty to thirty pounds of the gutta percha.
Lucuma. (De Cand. viii. 165.)
LucuMA Caimito. (D. C.) Achras caimito. (Ruiz et Pav.) Brazil.
Tree milky, fruit eatable.
Lucuma mammosa. (Gaertn.) Achras lucuma, A. mammosa. (Linn.)
■Sapodilla tree.
Seeds resemble chestnuts; kernel bitter, makes a strengthening
■emulsion. (G.) Said by Burnett to have an emetic milk. (L.)
MiMusops. (De Cand. viii. 201.)
MiMusops Elengi. (Linn.) East Indies.
MiMusops Manilkara. (Don.) Metrosideros Macassariensis.
{Rumph.) China, Philippine Islands;
Pulp of the fruit eatable. The flowers are powerfully aromatic, and
a fragrant water is distilled from them. The seeds yield abundance of
oil in much repute among painters. The leaves are said to produce
an extraordinary noise when burnt.
Sapota. (De Cand. viii. 173.)
Sapota achras. (Mill.) Achras sapota. (Linn.) Neeseherry,
or Naseherry. Sapodilla nispam. West Indies.
Diuretic, bark used for the Peruvian bark. (G.) Bark, a powerful
astringent, used with success as a substitute for cinchona. The seeds,
stripped of their skins, are considered by the people of Martinique
powerfully diuretic ; six seeds pounded in a mortar with a spoonful of
wine or water, form a draught which is given daily, at a single dose,
in dysury, strangury, and similar disorders. If the dose is much in-
creased, severe pains, and even danger, are brought on. (Jacquin.)
Fruit eatable when it begins to blett, in that state considered by many
as superior to pine apple. The barks of four species of Achras have
been substituted for those of Cinchona, on account of their bitter and
febrifugal properties. (L.)
To this order is supposed to belong the famous Palo de vaca, or
Cow tree of South America, the trees of which are regularly milked
by the inhabitants of the districts in which they grow. (Loudon.)
VEGETABLES.- EBENACEiE. 385
Yields cow-tree milk. (G.) There seems no reason now to doubt that
the Coio tree does not belong- to this order, but to tliat of Urticece, or
ArtocarpecB. (L.) See Brosimum.
Synsepalum. (De Cand. viii. 183.)
Synsepalum dulciFicum. (De Cand.) Bumelia dulcifica. (Thon-
ningf.) Sideroxylon dulcijicum. Miraculous berry of Western Africa.
Assarvah, Tahme. Africa.
The fruit is an oblong or oval berry, about two-thirds the size of an
olive, and somewhat resembling^ one ; it possesses the singular property
of causing all acid substances or liquids, as tartaric, citric, or acetic
acids, and all unripe fruits, to have an intensely sweet taste to the
palate. The duration of these effects seems to depend on the quantity
of the fruit used, and its degree of ripeness; when over ripe the
property is much deteriorated.
Order 93.— EBENACE^. (De Cand. viii. 100.)
Flowers polygamous, or deciduous, seldom hermaphroflite ; calyx gamosepalous, 3 — 7
lohed, lobes varying in {estivation, persistent; stamens definite, either arising from the
corolla, or hypogynous, twice as many as the segments of" the corolla, sometimes four
times as many, or the same number, and then alternate with them ; filaments simple,
in the hermaphrodite species generally doubled, in the polygamous and deciduous ones
both their divisions bearing anthers, but the inner one generally smaller ; anthers at-
tached by their base, lanceolate, two-celled, dehiscing lengthwise, sometimes bearded ;,
pollen round, smooth ; ovary free, 3—12 celled, each cell having one or two ovules
pendulous from its apex; styles divided, sddom simple; siij/wns bifid or simple ; /riti4
fleshy, round, or oval, by abortion often five-seeded, its pericaip sometimes opening in
a regular manner; seed \\\\.\\ a membraneous testa of the same figure as the albumen,
which is cartilaginous and white ; embryo in the axis, or but little out of it, stiaight,
white, generally more than half as long as the albumen; cotyledons foliaceous, some-
what veiny, lying close together, occasionally slightly separate ; radicle tapering, of
middling length, or long, turned towards the hili.m ; pinnule inconspicuous. Trees
or shrubs, without milk and with a haivy wood ; leaves, alteinate, exstipulate, entire^
coriaceous ; inflorescence axillary.
DiosPYROS. (De Cand. viii. 222.)
DiospYROs CHLOKOXYI.ON. (Koxb.) East Indies.
Berries esculent.
DiosPYROS Embryopteris. (Pers.) Emhryopteris glutinifera.
(Roxb.) E. peregrina. (Gaertn.) P3ast Iijdies.
Fruit used as glue ; yields gaub ; seeds yield oil. (G.) Used in
medicine as a valuable astringent and sty[)tic, and is en)ployed iu Ben-
gal for paving the bottoms of boats. The bark has been y'ven, with
doubtful results, in the treatment of intermittent fevers. (O'Sh.)
DiosPYROs Kaki. (Linn.) Ki, Kaki. Si seu Kaki. (IvoeiKpf.)
Diospyros Chinensis. (Blum.) D. Schi-He Bung. China, Japan.
Fruit esculent.
Diospyros IMelanoxylon. (Roxb.) Ebony tree. East Indies.
The ebony tree is valuable, not only on account of its wood, but for
the sake of its bark, which is astringeni, and, mixed with pepper, is
given for the dysentery by the native dociors ot India. (L.)
2 c
386 VEGETABLES.— OLEACEiE.
DiosPYROS Sapota. (Roxb.) Var. fi Nigra. Philippine Islands.
Berries esculent.
DiosPYROs viRGiNiANA. (Linn.) D. concolor. (Monch.) Per-
simmon, Pishamin. United States,
Berries eatable when rotten ripe ; bark, Diospyros, febrifuge, P. U. S.
(G.) Bark said to be a powerful astringent and febrifuge. (L.)
Order 94.— STYRACACE^. (De Cand. viii. 244.)
Calyx inferior, or superior, five, rarely four lobed, persistent ; corolla monopetalous'
regular, with imbricated aestivation ; stamens definite, or indefinite, arising from the tube
of the corolla, of unequal length, cohering in various ways, but generally only slightly ;
anthers innate, two-celled, dehiscing inwardly; ovary inferior, 3 — 5 celled; ovules
definite, the upper ascending, the lower pendulous, or vice versa : style simple; stigma
somewhat capitate ; fruit drupaceous, containing from one to four bony nuts ; seeds
ascending, or suspended, solitary, with the embryo lying in the midst of the albumen ;
radicle long, directed towards the liilum ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous. Trees or shrubs,
with alternate, exstipulate leaves, usually toothed, turning yellow in drying, and axillary
flowers ; hairs often stellate.
Styrax. (De Cand. viii. 259.)
Styrax Benzoin. (Dryand.) Benzoin laurel. East Indies.
Yields by incision benzoin. (G.) The resinous acrid substance
called benzoin is a secretion from the bark ; it is a local irritant, its
vapour causing violent coughing ; it acts as a stimulant, more particu-
larly, as is supposed, to the lungs; it has been used in some uterine
complaints, as chlorosis.
Styrax OFFiciNAiiE, (Linn.) Cane storax tree. The Levant,
Syria, Palestine.
Yields by incision storax. (G.) Storax, a fragrant resinous bal-
samic substance, is obtained in Asia Minor from the branches, by in-
cision ; it is brownish-red, friable, but soft and unctuous, and is con-
.sidered a stimulating expectorant, being supposed to influence the
mucous membranes of the air-passages ; it is chiefly used in aflfections
of the organs of respiration ; the tree does not form the secretion in
this country. (L.)
Symplocos. (De Cand. viii. 246.)
Symplocos Alstonia. (L'Her.) Alstonia theceformis. (Linn.)
South America.
Leaves astringent, used as tea.
Symplocos tinctoria. (L'Her.) Hopea tinctoria. (Linn.)
North America.
Leaves used to dye yellow.
Order 95.— OLEACE^. (De Cand. viii. 102.)
Flowers hermaphrodite, sometimes diaecious ; calyx monophyllous, divided, persistent,
inferior ; corolla monopetalous, four-cleft, often tubular and irregular, occasionally of
four petals, connected in pairs by the intervention of the filaments, sometimes apetalous ;
{estivation somewhat valvate ; stamens two, alternate with the segments of the corolla,
or with the petals; anthers two-celled, dehiscing longitudinally ; ovary simple, two-celled.
I
VEGETABLES.— OLEACM. 887
the cells two-seeded, the orules pendulous and collateral ; style one or none ; stigma two-
lobed or entire ; fruit a drupe or berry, or alone or two-celled capsule, often by abortion
one-seeded ; seeds with a dense fleshy albumen ; embryo about half its length, straight ;
cotyledons foliaceous ; radicle superior ; plumule inconspicuous. Trees or shrubs, with
opposite, simple, sometimes pinnated leaves ; flowers in terminal, or axillary racemes, or
panicles, the pedicles opposite, with single bracts.
LiGUSTRUM. (De Cand. viii. 293.)
*LiGUSTRUM vuLGARE. (Linn.) (E. B. 746 ) Ligustrum, Com-
mon privet.
Fl. white. June, July. Large shrub. Hedges and thickets.
Leaves bitter and slightly astringent ; flowers astringent and tem-
perant, used in washes and gargles for ulcers ; berries have a dry
spongy pulp, from which a rose-coloured paint may be obtained. (G.)
Used for colouring wines. (O'Sh.)
Olea. (De Cand. viii. 283.)
Olea EuEOPiEA. (Linn.) OleUf O. saliva, Olivetree. South of
Europe.
Unripe fruit preserved in brine, oily, astringent ; ripe fruit yields
oil ; leaves astringent ; bark substituteti for the Peruvian barL (G.)
From the pericarp is obtained, by pressure, the well-known substance
called olive oil, the medical properties of which are demulcent, emol-
lient, and laxative. The bark is bitter and astringent, and has a great
reputation as a substitute for cinchona, according to De Candolle ; it
also yields a gum, or rather a gum-like substance, once in repute as a
vulnerary ; this has been found by Messrs. Poole and Pelletier to con-
tain a peculiar substance, which those chemists have named olivile. (L.)
Fraxinus. (De Cand. viii. 274.)
*Fraxinus excelsior. (Linn.) (E. B. 1692.) F. apetala.
(Lamb.) F. Ornus. (Scop.) Common ash.
Fl. greenish, with black scales. April, May. Large tree. Woods
and hedges.
Bark febrifuge and diuretic; seeds acrid, bitter; leaves 3ij. to ojss.,
in infusion a good purge, and a decoction of the same has been used
to cure agues ; exudes a small quantity of manna from the leaves in
hot weather, (G.) Not only yields manna in the warm climate of the
south of Europe, but is reported to have a tonic febrifugal bark, and
leaves almost as cathartic as those of senna, producing an unequivocal
action upon the kidneys. (L.)
Fraxinus Ornus. (Linn.) Ornus Europ(Ea. (Pars.) Flowering
ash. South Europe.
From the branches there exudes a bitter sweet substance, called
manna in the shops, well known as a gentle laxative. (L.)
Fraxinus parvifolia. (Lamb.) F. lentiscifolia. (Desf.) F.
tajnariscifolia. (Vahl.) F. halepensis. (Herm.) Asia Minor.
Fraxinus rotundifolia. (Lamb.) Ornus rotundifolia. (Pers.)
Calabria and the Levant.
Exude manna. The manna yielded by the latter of these is, ac-
cording to Tenore, of better quality than that obtained from F. ornus.
In Calabria and Sicily, in the hottest parts of the summer months, the
2 c 2
388 VEGETABLES.— JASMINES.
manna oozes out of the leaves, and from the bark of the trunk and
larger brandies of the Fraxirius, or Calabrian ash. The Ornus like-
wise affords it, but from the trunk and larger branches only, and that
chiefly from artificial apertures, whereas it flows from the Fraxinus
through every little cranny, and bursts through the large pores spon-
taneously. The diflTerent qualities of manna are from difierent parts
of the tree. (Fothergill.) (L.)
Phillyrea. (De Cand. viii. 292.)
Phillyrea media. (Linn.) Phillyrea, Mock privet. South
Europe.
Leaves astringent, cleansing ulcers of the mouth.
Syringa. (De Cand. viii. 282.)
**Syringa vulgaris. (Linn.) (Bot. Mag. 183.) Lilac vulgaris.
(Lamb.) Common lilac.
Fl. lilac or white. June. Large shrub. Native of Persia.
This plant has some reputation as a cure for intermittent fevers.
The unripe fruit is singularly bitter, without any acrimony ; and,
according to Curveiller, an extract of it is a remarkably good tonic
and febrifuge. (L.)
Order 96.— JASMINEiE. (De Cand. viii. 300.)
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, regular ; calyx persistent, toothed or lobed ;
lobes 5 — 8; corolla gamopetalous, regular, 4 — 5 — 8 lobed, or partite, hypocrateri form
lobes imbricated in a?stivation ; stamens two, inserted into the corolla ; f laments short ;
anthers two-celled, longitudinally dehiscent, turned inwards ; ovari/ destitute of a hy-
pogynous disk, two-celled, with one-seeded cells, the ovules in which are erect; style
simple; stigma two-lobed; fruit either dry, dehiscent, or indehiscent, and 1 — 2 celled,
1 — 2 seeded, or fleshy and 1 — 2 celled ; seeds covered with a membranaceous integu-
ment ; albumen white, fleshy, or horny, sometim- s very thin ; radicle cylindrical, turned
towards the hilum. Shrubs, having usually twining stems; leaves opposite or alter-
nate, mostly compound, ternate or pinnate, with an odd one, sometimes simple, the
petiole almost always having an articulation ; flowers opposite In corymbs.
Jasminum. (De Cand. viii. 301.)
Jasminum grandiflorum. (Linn.) Abyssinia.
Yields an essential oil.
**Jasminum officinale. (Linn.) J. viminale. (Salisb.) J. vulga-
vius. (Lamb.) Jasminum, White jasmifte, or Jessamine.
Fl. white. July. Climbing shrub. Native of India.
Flowers recommended in shortness of breath, and scirrhus of the
womb. A perfumed oil is prepared from this and the fixed oil of the
Moringa. (O'Sh.)
Jasminum Sambac. (Ait.) Mogorium Samhac. (Lamb.) Jasminum
fragrans. (Salisb.) Nyctanthes Sambac. (Linn.) East Indies.
Yields au essential oil.
Nyctanthes. (De Cand. viii. 314.)
Nyctanthes arbortristis. (Linn.) Tropical Asia.
This plant yields Hursinghar Floioers; used as a yellow dye.
From Kotah, in the States of Rajpootana, and from Cuttack.
VEGETABLES.— APOCYXACE^. '^SS
Okder 97.— APOCYNACE^. (De Cand. viii. 317.)
Cahjx gamosepalous, five-divided, persistent; corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous,
five-lobed, regular, imbricate, or very rarely valvate in aestivation, deciduous ; stamens
five, inserted into the base of the corolla, and alternate with its segments ; filaments
connate or distinct; anc/ters two-celled, dehiscing longitudinally; ovaries two, or 1 — 2
celled, polyspermous ; styles two or one ; stigma one, capitate ; fruit a follicle, capsule
or drupe, or berry, double or single ; seed inserted along the margin of the follicle, with
fleshy or cartilaginous albumen ; testa simple ; embryo foliaceous ; radicle superior,
turned towards the hilum. Trees or shrubs, usually milky, with opposite entire leaves,
aud an inflorescence tending to corymbose.
Allamanda. (De Cand. viii. 318.)
Allamanda cathartica. (Linn.) A. Linnoei. (Pohl.) Echites
salici folia. (VVilld.) A. grandijlora. (Lamb.) Orelia grandiflora
(Aubl.) Cayenne, Brazil.
An infusion of the leaves is considered a valuable cathartic medicine
in moderate doses, especially in the cure of painter's colic ; in over
doses it is violently emetic and purgative. (L.)
Alstonia. (De Cand. viii. 408.)
Alstonia scholaris. (R. Br.) India.
This is a large tree, which is named scholaris, from the circumstance
of its wood having been used in the form of small planks, for children
to trace their letters on, a purpose for which it is well adapted, on
account of its white, fine-grained wood. The bark has been used by a
Mr. Gibson, of Bombay, in diarrhoea and bowel complaints, with
success ; and by a Mr. Gray, of Nevvhaven, in a case of British cholera.
It is a drug well known to the foreign practitioners in India.
Alyxia. (De Cand. viii. 345.)
Alyxia STEtLATA. (Roem.) A. aromatica. (Rienvv.) Gynopogon
stellata. (Labill.) Malay Archipelago, South Sea Islands.
Bark aromatic, with similar effects to those of Can^la alba, and
Drymis Winteri, for which it may be substituted ; lately introduced
into German practice, as a remedy for clironic diarrhoea and nervous
complaints ; tlie bark has the odour of melilot, and traces of benzoic
acid have been found in it. (L.)
Apocynum. (De Cand. viii. 439.)
Apocynum andros^mifolium. (Linn.) A7nerican dug^s bane.
United States.
Root, Apocynum, P. U. S., emetic. (G.) Root with an unpleasant,
intensely bitter taste ; acts as an emetic when recent ; in small doses is
a useful tonic. (L.) The recent powder in doses of gr. xxx. emetic ;
in doses of from gr. x. to gr. xx. tonic. (Wood and Bache.)
Apocynum Cannabinum. (Linn.) North America.
Is also emetic, and in decoction diuretic and diaphoretic. (L.) F'rom
gr. XV. to gr. xxx. of the powdered root emetic and purgative. Bene-
ficial in dropsy. Called Indian hemp. (Wood and Bache-)
Apocynum indicum.
Young shoots eatable.
390 VEGETABLES.— APOCYXACE^.
Apocynum Vexetum. (Linn.) A. Sibiricum. (Pall.) Venetian
dog's bane. North of China.
Leaves, mixed up with grease, used to poison animals.
Cameraria. (De Cand. viii. 388.)
CameRxVRIa latifolia. (Jacq.) Bastard manchineel tree. West
Indies.
It is probable that this plant, which is very abundant in Cuba,
mig-ht prove a valuable source of caoutchouc, as the milk gushes out of
the smallest wound, and readily thickens; it is said to be so poisonous,
as to be used by the West Indian natives to envenom their arrows. (L.)
Carissa. (De Cand. viii. 331.)
Carissa Carandas. (Linn.) Echites spinosa. (Burm.) Capparis
Carandas. (Gmel.) India.
The acid fruit affords the well-known and favourite Caranda jelly
of our tables. (O'Sh.)
Cerbera. (De Cand. viii, 352.)
Cerbera Manghas. (Linn.) East Indies.
Bark purgative. (G.) The kernels are emetic and poisonous; the
milky sap is employed as a purgative ; according to Waitz, the leaves
and bark are so similar to senna in their action, that they are substituted
for it in Java. (L.)
Echites. (De Cand. viii, 446.)
Echites SYPHILITICA. (Linn.) Surinam.
Used in syphilis. (G.) A decoction of the herb antisyphilitic. (D. C.)
Hasseltia. (Lindl. Med. Bot. 536.)
Hasseltia arborea. (Blume.) Java.
In Java, the milk obtained from the trunk by incision, mixed with
honey, and reduced with boiling water, is employed as a powerful
drastic for destroying the tape-worm ; it is, however, apt to produce
inflammation of the intestines, and is even in some cases fatal. (L.)
HoLARRHENA. (De Cand. viii. 413.)
HoLARRHENA ANTiDYSENTERiCA. (Wall.) Chonemorpha antidy-
senterica. (Don.) Echites antidysenterica. East Indies.
Bark, Tellichery bark, Conessi bark, Codaga pala, bitter, used in
dysentery ; seeds vermifuge and antispasmodic, used in cholera. (G.)
HoLARRHENA PUBESCENS. (Wall.) India.
Qualities the same as the preceding species. (O'Sh.)
IcHNOCARPUS. (De Cand. viii. 434.)
IcHNOCARPUS FRUTESCENS. (Brown.) Apocynum frutescens . (Linn.)
Echites frutescens. (Roxb.) Ceylon.
Sometimes used in India as a substitute for sarsaparilla, according
to Professor Royle ; also mentioned as a medical plant by Afzelius in
his Remedia Guineensia.
Nertum. (De Cand. viii. 419.)
Nerium oroRUM. (Soland.) N. odorantum, N. oleander. (Lour.)
N. grandiflorum. (Desf ) India, China.
VEGETABLES.— APocYNAOEiE. 391
The bark of the root and the sweet-smelling' leaves are considered by
the native Indian doctors as powerful repellents, applied externally ; the
root taken internally acts as a poison. (L.)
Nerium oleander. (Linn.) N. lauriforme. (Lamb.) Rose bay,
South Sea rose. South of Europe.
Internally poisonous, externally astringent, antlpsoric, and sternuta-
tory ; M'ood used to clear muddy water ; leaves acrid, appear to contain
free gallic acid, poisonous, infused in oil used in itch. (G.) Very acrid ;
a decoction of its leaves or bark forms an acrid stimulating wash, nmch
employed by poor people in the south of France to cure tiie itch, and
to destroy cutaneous vermin ; the peasants in the neighbourhood of Nice
use the powdered bark and wood to poison rats. (L.)
Nerium tinctoria. Wrightea tinctoria. East Indies.
A plant flourishing in dry and barren lands, from which Pata, or
Polar indigo, is prepared in some parts of India. It is said that thi»
indigo is occasionally mixed with that of commerce.
Ophioxylon. (De Cand. viii. 342.)
Ophioxyix>n serpentinum. (Willd.) East Indies.
Root, Radix mustela, purgative, bitter, tonic, febrifuge, used in the
bites of serpents. (G.) Root employed by the Telinga physicians of
India as a febrifuge and alexipharmic, and also to promote delivery in
tedious cases. (L.)
Plumieria. (De Cand. viii. 389.)
Plumieria acutifolia. (Poir.) P. acuminata, P. obtusa. (Lour.)
Malay Archipelago.
Root used as a cathartic in Java. (L.)
Plumieria drastica. (Mart.) Brazil.
Said to be a powerful purgative.
Plumieria RUBRA. (Linn.) Jamaica and Surinam.
Milk excessively corrosive.
Strychnos. (L. Med. Bod. 528.)
Strychxos colubrina. (Linn.) Modira caniram. (Rheede.)
Malabar.
Wood, Snakewood, Lignum colubrinum, occasions tremblings, is
emetic, vermifuge, very bitter, and serviceable in stubborn intermit-
tents and chronic diarrhoea. (G.) This is the most esteemed of all the
Ligna colubrina by the natives of India, and fetches so high a price
among them, as rarely to find its way into Europe ; it is the true Pao
de cobra of the Portuguese ; the wood of the root is considered an in-
fallible remedy for the bite of the Naga, or Cobra de Capella, as well
as for that of every other venomous snake ; it is applied externally, and
at the same time given internally ; it is also used in substance for the
cure of intermittent fevers. Blume considers that several different
kinds of Strychnos are brought into the market under the name of
Lignum colubrinum, to represent this, especially that of S. nux vomica,
and probably of S. minor. (L.)
392 VEGETABLES.— APocYNACKiE.
Strychnos IGNATIA. (Berg.) Ljnatia amara. (Linn.) Ignatiana
philippinica. (Lonr.) St. Ignatms' bean. The Philippines.
Seed, Faba sa?icti Ignutii, has the form of a nutj excessively bitter ;
occasions giddiness, convulsions, and vomiting, but lias been used in
small doses to cure agues. (G.) Used successfully in India as a
remedy for cholera, under the name of Papeeta ; but giddiness and con-
vulsions are known to follow its exhibition, if given in an over dose.
(L.) Deemed also an efficacious vermifuge. (O'Sh.)
Strychnos ligustrina. (Blume.) *S'. colubrina of some authors.
Caju- Ular, and Caju-JVassi. Malayan Archipelago.
This yields the real ancient Lignum colubri?ium of Timor, once held
in the highest estimation as a remedy for paralysis of the lower extre-
mities, and old cachectic disorders, but now omitted from modern prac-
tice. M. "VYaitz, a Dutch practitioner in .Java, is stated by Blume to
report most favourably of its effects as an anthelmintic, in cases of
paralysis of the lower extremities, and in blennorrhoea faucium et
laryngis, diseases to which Europeans are very subject in Java. (L.)
Strychnos Nux vomica. (Linn.) East Indies.
Ripe pulp eatable in small quantity ; seeds nux vomica, hairy, require
rasping or roasting, very bitter, emetic and poisonous to many animals ;
they act as an excitant upon the nervous system, producing tetanus ;
used in paralysis with some success, and in chronic diarrhcea and
chronic dysentery ; said to render persons insensible to the venom of
serpents; the active principles of it are strychnia and brucea ; its action
appears to be directed towards the spinal cord, and to have no influence
on the brain ; it is found useful in paralytic affections of the voluntary
muscles. (G.) The seeds are extremely poisonous, in large doses
producing extraordinary riyidity and convulsive contractions of the
muscles previous to death ; in very small and repeated doses it promotes
the appetite, assists the digestive process, increases the secretion of
urine, and sometimes acts slightly on the bowels ; it is employed medi-
cinally in paralysis, dyspepsia, dysentery, affections of the nervous
system. &c., and appears to be very active in removing impotence; it
appears, however, that virility is preserved no longer than the use of
the drug is persevered in ; see Pereira, Med. Gaz. xix. 440. The bark
of this plant has been sold in Europe as a sort of angostura bark, and
obtained the name of False angostura ; it was at one time assigned to
Brucea antidysenterica, but G uibourt suspected it to be produced by
some plant allied to Strychnos. M. Batka, of Prague, referred it to S.
nux vomica, and Dr. Christison has found it identical with bark of
Strychnos nux vomica, obtained from India for comparison : Blume is
of opinion that a great part of the Lignum colubrinum of commerce
consists of the thick roots and wood of the middle-sized branches of
this species more than of any other ; the poisonous principle in this, and
other plants of the genus, is the Strychina of chemists. (L.)
Strychnos potatorum. (Linn.) Titan cotte, Clearing nut. India.
Wood and seeds very bitter, used to render muddy water clear ;
flowers aromatic ; ripe fruit emetic ; young fruit preserved used as a
Bweetmeat. (G.) The ripe seeds are dried and sold in every market,
VEGETABLES.— APOCYNACE.E. 393
to clear muddy water ; the natives never drink clear well-water, if they
can get pond or river water, which is always more or less impure ac-
cording to circumstances ; one of the seeds is well rubbed for a minute
or two round the inside of the vessel, generally an unglazed earthen
one, containing the water, which is then left to settle ; in a very short
time the impurities fall to the bottom, leaving the water clear and per-
fectly wholesome. These seeds are constantly carried by the more
provident part of our officers and soldiers in time of war, to enable them
to purify their water. The natives of India eat the pulp of the fruit
when ripe ; Dr. Roxburgh found it disagreeable. (L. ex Roxb.) Ainslie
informs us that the ripe fruit is deemed emetic by the natives of southern
India when given in powder to tlie quantity of about half a tea-spoon-
ful. (O'Sh.)
Strychnos pseudo quina. (St. Hil.) Geniostoma fehrifugum.
(Spreng.) Quina do Campo. Brazil.
Considered by Aug. de St. Hilaire to be the best febrifuge in
Brazil. With the exception of the fruit, which is eaten by children
without danger, all the parts, especially the bark, are extremely bitter,
and rather astringent ; it is universally employed instead of cinchona,
and is asserted to be fully equal to Peruvian bark in the cure of the
intermittents of Brazil. Vauquelin analyzed the bark, and could find
in it neither brucine, strychnine, or quinine. (L.)
Strychnos Tieute. (Lesch.) Tshettek, or Tjettek. Java.
From the bark of the root there is prepared, in Java, one of the
most dangerous of known poisons, acting like nux vomica, only in a
more intense and violent manner ; it is called Tjettek and Upas
Jiaga. (L.)
Steychnos toxifeka. (Schomb.) • Guayana.
This plant has been ascertained by Mr. Schomburgh to furnish the
basis of a celebrated poison called Wooraly^ IVoorari, Ourari, or
Urari, in Guayana; according to Dr. Hancock, the bark applied ex-
ternally is a good remedy for foul ulcers ; in his opinion it is one of
the most potent sedatives in nature, and could it be safely managed,
would no doubt become a valuable remedy in the treatment of con-
vulsive and spasmodic disorders. Med. Gaz. xx. 281.
Tanghinia. (De Cand. viii. 355.)
Tanghima venenifera. (Poir.) Cerhera tanghin. (Hook.) C,
venenifera. (Stend.)
The kernel of the fruit is a deadly poison ; although not longer
tlian an almond, it is suflicient to destroy twenty people. It was used
in Madagascar as an ordeal, but the practice is now discontinued.
There is some doubt, however, whether this plant may not be the
«ame as Cerbera manghas. (L.)
Tabern^emontana. (De Cand. viii. 361.)
Tabern^montana arcuata. (Ruiz et Pav.) Peru.
Stem lactescent, exudes resin.
394 VEGETABLES.— APOCYNACEJE.
Thevetia. (De Cand. viii. 343.)
Thevetia Ahouai. (D. C.) Cerbera ahouai. (Linn.) Brazil.
Seeds, mix ahouai, violently emetic. (G.) The seeds are very-
poisonous ; bark and sap are emetic and narcotic. (L.)
Thevetia neriifolia. (Juss.) Cerbera thevetia. (Linn.) Cer-
bera Peruviana. (Pers.) West Indies. ♦
Has a dangerous venomous milk ; the bark is bitter and cathartic,
and is reported to be a powerful febrifuge, two grains only being
affirmed to be equal to an ordinary dose of cinchona. (L.)
Urceola. (De Cand. viii. 358.)
Urceojla elastica. (Roxb.) Sumatra and Pulopenang.
Yields elastic gum. (G.) This plant yields a very fine kind of
caoutchouc, firm, very elastic, scentless and possessing all the qualities
of the best samples of that substance. (L.)
Vahea. (De Cand. viii. 327.)
Vahea gummifera. (Lamb.) Tabemcemontana squamosa. (Spreng.)
Madagascar.
Yields caoutchouc.
Vinca. (De Cand. viii. 381.)
*ViNCA MAJOR. (Linn.) (E. B. 514.) Greater periwinkle.
Fl. bluish purple. May. Perennial. Woods and thickets.
*ViNCA MINOR. (Linn.) (E. B. 917.) Vinca pervinca, Lesser
periwinkle.
Fl. blue or white. May, June. Perennial. Hedges and banks in
woods.
Leaves astringent, used in tanning, antidysenteric, contracting and
strengthening the sexual organs ; in hot climates the plants of this
genus acquire poisonous qualities. (G.)
Vinca pusiLiiA. (Murr.) V. parvijlora. (Retz.) Catharanthus
pusillns. (Don.) East Indies.
Applied in India as an external stimulant in cases of lumbago. (L.
ex Roq.)
W11.LUGHBEIA. (De Cand. viii. 321.)
Willughbeia EDU1.1S. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Every part of the plant, on being wounded, discharges copiously a
very pure white viscid juice, which is soon, by exposure to the air,
changed into an indifferent kind of caoutchouc. The fruit is eaten
by the natives of the places where it grows, and is by them reckoned
good. (L.)
Wrightia. (De Cand. viii. 404.)
Wrightia antidysenterica. (Br.) Nereum antidysentericum.
(Linn.) Echites antidysenterica. (Roxb.) East Indies.
This bark is called Conessi in commerce, and has been introduced
into European practice on account of its astringent febrifuge qualities.
(L.) For conessi bark, see also Holarrhena. The seeds are intensely
bitter, and used as a vermifuge ; conessi bark has been given with
much alleged advantage in chronic dysentery ; the infusion seems the
best form ; dose 1 oz. thrice daily. (O'Sh.)
r
VEGETABLES.— AscxEriADE^. 395
Order 98.— ASCLEPIADE^. (De Cand. v. 490.)
Calyx five-cleft, persistent; corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, five-lobed, rej^ular,
with imbricated, very seldom valvular aestivation, deciduous ; stamens five, inserted into
the base of the corolla, alternate with the segments of the limb; filaments usually con-
nate; anthers two-celled, sometimes almost four-celled, in consequence of their dis-
sepiments being nearly complete ; ovaries two ; styles two, often very short : stigma
common to both ; styles dilated, five-cornered, with corpusculiferous angles ; follicles
two, one of which is sometimes aboitive ; placenta attached to the suture, finally sepa-
rating; seeds numerous, imbricated, pendulous, almost always comose at the hilum;
albumen thin ; embryo straight ; cotyledons foliaceous ; radicle superior ; phimule incon-
spicuous. Shrubs, or occasionally herbaceous plants, almost always milky, and often
twininc; leaves entire, opposite, sometimes alternate, or whorled, having cilia between
their petioles in lieu of stipules ; flowers somewhat umbelled, fascicled, or ramose, pro-
ceeding from between the petioles. (Lindl. ex K. Brown.)
AscLEPAS. (De Cand. viii. 564,)
AscLEPiAS CoKXUTi. (D. C.) Apocynum Syriacum, Asclepias
Syriaco. (Linn.) Common silk weed. North America.
Milk of the plant a drastic poison ; leaves resolvent ; root emetic.
Asclepias cukassavica, (Willd.) Bastard ipecacuanha, Red-
head. West Indies and Tropical America.
Root whitish, mixed with ipecacuanha, less active ; expressed juice
of the plant emetic, coch. maj. j. to ij., or as a clyster in bleeding
piles ; bruised leaves applied to fresh wounds. (G.) This plant is
called Wild ipecacuanha in the West Indies, where it is employed by
the negroes as an emetic ; the roots, which are the parts used, appear
to be also purgative ; a decoction is said to be efficacious in gleets and
fluor albus. (L.)
Asclepias incarnata. (Linn.) A. incarnata. (Michx.) A,
amcBna. (Michx.) Flesh-coloured asclepias. North America.
Root diuretic.
Asclepias tdberosa. (Linn.) A. decumbens. (Linn.) A. tube-
rosa. (Michx.) Butterfly weed, Pleurisy root. United States.
Root diuretic, purgative. (G.) Root expectorant and diaphoretic,
employed successfully in catarrh, pneumony, and pleurisy. Bigelow
says he is persuaded of its usefulness as a mild tonic and stimulant. (L.)
Asclepias decumbens (Linn.) is probably a mere variety of the
last, and has similar properties. (L.)
Root, Butterfly root, diaphoretic, slightly stimulant, also purgative.
(G)
Calotropis. (De Cand. viii. 535.)
Calotropis gigantea. (Brown.) Asclepias gigantea. (Willd.)
Ericu. India.
Milk inspissated, used in lepra; inner rind of the root, madar^
mudar, in syphilis and tape-worm, gr. v. twice a day. (G.) A plant
of great importance in Indian medicine, employed in epilepsy, hysterics,
convulsions from coitus immediatety after bathing, spa>modic disorders ,
such as locked-jaw, convulsions in children, paralytical complaints,
cold SM'eats, poisonous bites, and venereal complaints, (Roxburgh.^
Under the names of mador, tnudar, ahum, and yercund, tiie root and
bark, and especially the inspissated juice, are used as powerful altera-
396 VEGETABLES.— AscLEPiADE^.
lives and purgatives ; it is especially in cases of leprosy, elephantiasis,
and intestinal worms, that it has been found important ; its activity
appears owing to the presence of mudarine, a singular substance, pos-
sessing the property of coagulating by heat and becoming again fluid
by exposure to cold. (L.) Emetic, alterative, diaphoretic and purga-
tive. (O'Sh.)
Calotropis trocera. (Brown.) C. heterophylla. (Wall.) Apocy-
num Syriacum. (Clus.) Asclepias procera. Arabia, Persia.
Juice extremely acrid ; Prosper Alpinus says it was administered
successfully as a remedy for ringworm and other cutaneous affections ;
also a powerful depilatory ; according to Professor Royle, this, or an
allied species, produces a kind of manna called Shukhr ool askur. (L.)
Camptocarpds. (De. Cand. viii. 493.)
Camptocarpus mauritianus. (D. C.) Periplocamauritiana. (Poir.)
Cynanchum mauritianum. (Lamb.) Isles of France and Bourbon.
Koot, Isle of France ipecacuanha.
Cynanchum. (De Cand. viii. 547.)
Cynanchum acutum. (Linn.) Var. a. C. monspeliacum, Euro-
■ pean scammony. Sea-coast of Italy, Spain, &c.
Yields French scammony. (G.) The inspissated juice is drastic,
and known officially under the nanie of Montpelier scammony. (L.)
Cynanchum ovalifolium. (Wight.) (L. Med. B. 642.) Penang.
Yields an excellent caoutchouc at Penang, according to Dr. Wallich.
(L.)
Cynanchum Vincetoxicum. (Brown.) (L, Med. Bot. 542.) Ascle-
pias vincetoxicum. (Linn.) Hirundinaria, Sivallow-wort. Europe.
Root, German contrayerva, irritating, forcing out a sweat, alexite-
rial and antihydropic. (G.) An emetic and purgative, once celebrated
as an antidote to poisons, whence its name. (L.)
Gymnema. (De Cand. viii. 621.)
Gymnema lactiferum. (Brown.) Asclepias lactifera. (Linn.)
Ceylon.
Milk used as food.
Gymnema sylvestre. India.
This plant, when chewed, possesses the singular property of rendering
the palate of those persons who use it, insensible to the taste of saccha-
rine substances, at the same time exerting no influence on it as regards
other things. Claptain Edgeworth could perfectly distinguish the aroma
of tea sweetened with sugar, but failed to detect the presence of saccha-
rine matter ; this he found to be likewise the case with preserves and
other substances containing sugar ; and on putting some powdered sugar
in his mouth, it seemed like so much sand, being entirely destitute of any
saccharine taste. The plant, like most of its order, produces a milky
juice, and is a native of the plains of Northern India.
Hemidesmus. (De. Cand. viii. 494.)
Hemidesmus iNDicus. (R. Brown.) Feriploca Indica. (Willd.)
Asclepias pseudosarsa. (Roxb.) India.
VEGETABLES.— AscMPiADE*. 397
Root, East Indian sarsaparilla, alterative. (G.) The sarsaparilla of
India is chiefly the root of this species ; a decoction of it is prescribed
by European practitioners in cutaneous diseases, scrofula, and venereal
affections. (Ainslie.) It is said to be quite as efficient a medicine as
the best sarsaparilla of America, and is probably the drug from which
Mr. Garden obtained what he calls Smilasperic acid ; a great deal of
it is consumed in London now, as a very fine kind of sarsaparilla. (L.)
It acts as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and tonic, in the most satisfactory
manner. (O'Sh.)
HorA. (De Cand. viii. 634.)
HoYA VIEIDIFLORA. (Brown.) Apocynum tili<Efolium, Asclepias
volubilis. (Linn.) East Indies.
The root and tender stalks sicken and promote expectoration ; the
leaves, peeled and dipped in oil, are much esteemed by the natives of
India as a discutient in the early stages of boils ; when tiie disease is
more advanced they are employed in the same way to promote suppu-
ration. (L. ex Wight.)
OxYSTELMA. (De Cand. viii. 542.)
OxYSTELMA EscuLENTUM. (Brown.) Asclepios roseo. (Roxb.) Peri-
ploca esculenta. (Linn.) East Indies.
Young shoots esculent. (G.) Said'by De Candolle to be eatable,
but Roxburgh says he did not find that the natives ever ate it, and
Dr. Wight makes the same statement, adding, however, that in de-
coction it is used for a gargle/or aphthous affections of the mouth and
fauces. (L.) Cattle eat the roots. (O'Sh.)
Pergularia. (De Cand. viii. 618.)
Pergularia edulis. (Thumb.)
Yoimg shoots eatable. (G.) Referred by De Candolle to a doubtful
species of Ceropegia.
Periploca. (De Cand. viii. 497.)
Periploca GRiECA. (Linn.) P. maculata. (Monch.) P. altera.
(Dod.) Scammony senna. South of Europe.
Leaves mixed with senna, more pointed and longer.
PiARANTHUs. (De Cand. viii. 650.)
PiARANTHUS INCARNATUS. (Don.) StapeKa incarnata. (Linn.)
Cape of Good Hope.
Herb esculent.
Sarcostemma. (De Cand. viii. 537.)
Sarcostemma aphyllum. (Brown.) Asclepias aphyUa. (Thumb.)
Africa.
Sarcostemma stipitaceum. (Brown.) A. stipHacea. (Forsk.)
Arabia.
Young shoots esculent.
Sarcostemma glaucum. (H. B. et Kunth.) Asclepias cynan-
choides. (Willd.) South America.
Employed in Venezuela as an emetic in room of ipecacuanha. (L.)
398 VEGETABLES.— spiGELiACEiE.
Secamone. (De Cand. viii. 501.)
Seoamone alpini. (Roem.) Periploca secamone. (Linn.) Oxy-
stehna tegyptiacum. (D. C.) Egypt.
Roots yield by incision Smyrna scammony. (G.) A drastic, said
by some to yield Smyrna scammony, but this is very doubtful. (L.)
Secamone emetica. (Brown.) Periploca emetica. (Retz.) India.
Eoot used for ipecacuanha. (G.) Roots acrid and emetic. (L.)
SoLENOSTEMMA. (De Cand. viii. 533.)
SoLENOSTEMMA Argei,. (Hayn.) Cynunckum argel. Upper Egypt.
The leaves and whole plant powerfully purgative, and even drastic ;
the former have been mixed very largely with Alexandrian senna, but
•whether intentionally, or through carelessness, has not been clearly
shown. The practice of mixing argel leaves with Alexandrian senna,
which was at one time so common that it was difficult to find a sample
free from them, has been in great measure relinquished.
Tylophora. (De Cand. viii. 606.)
Tylophoea ASTHMATiCA. (Wight.) Asclepias asthmatica. (Roxb.)
Cynancham vomitorium. (Lamk.) C. ipecacuanha. ■ (Willd.) C. tomen-
tosum. East Indies,
Root, Coromandd and Ceylon ipecacuanha ; young shoots esculent.
(G.) Root acrid, used on the coast of Coromandel as a substitute for
ipecacuanha; Dr. Roxburgh found it to answer the same purpose as
that drug, and had also very favourable reports of it from others ; Dr.
J. Anderson, physician general at Madras, confirms this ; it was used
with great success in a dysentery that was in his time epidemic in the
British camp ; no doubt it is one of the most valuable medicines in India ;
in large doses it is emetic, in smaller doses often repeated, it acts as a
cathartic ; Burnett states it to be valuable as a sudorific, and to be
peculiarly beneficial in humoral asthma. (L.)
Tylophora l^vigata. (D. C.) Cynanchum Icevigatum. (Vahl.)
C. rindera, Mattia Icevigata, liindera Icevignta, It. tetrapsis.
Root, White Bengal ipecacuanha.
Order 99.— SPIGELIACEJE. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 298. Endl. Gen.
PI. 606.)
Calyx inferior, regularly five-parted ; corolla regular, with five lobes, which have a
valvate aestivation ; stamens five, inserted into the corolla, all in the same line, alternate
with its lobes ; pollen three-cornered, with globular angles ; ovary superior, two-celled ;
style articulated with it, inserted; stigma simple; fruit capsular, two-celled, two-
valved, the valves turned inwards at the margin, and separating from the central placenta ;
seeds several, small; testa simple; embryo very minute, lying in a copious fleshy albu-
men, with the radicle next the hilum. Herbaceous plants or under sh-ubs ; leaves op-
posite, entire, with stipules, or a tendency to produce them ; floicers arranged ia one-
sided spikes ; pubescence simple or stellate.
Spigelia- (Endl. Gen. PI. 607.)
Spigelia anthelmia. (Linn.) Anthelminthia quadrifolia. (Brown.)
West Indies.
VEGETABLES.— GENTiANE^. 399
Spigelia Marilandica. (Linn.) Lonicera marilandica. (Linn.)
Carolina pink root^ Worm grass, Worm seed. North America.
Herbs bitter, used to expel lumbrici froin children ; dose of the
powdered root or herb g-r. x. to 3 j. night and morning. (G.) Both
root and leaves of S. Marilandica are active anthelmintics ; their effi-
cacy is much impaired by keeping ; also purgative and narcotic in a
slight degree. It appears to be an acrid narcotic, and is apt to produce
very unpleasant symptoms after being exhibited : dimness of sight,
giddinass, dilated pupil, spasms of the muscles of the eyes, and even
convulsions, are reported by Burton to have been brought on by it. (L.)
Order 100.— GENTIANE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 325.)
Cahix garaosepalous, divided, persistent ; corolla gamopetalous, regular, often ma-
rescent, limb partite, equal ; lobes imbricated in aestivation, equal in number to the
segments of the calyx, generally five ; stamens inserted on the corolla, as many as, and
alternate with its segments; ovary free; styles one, or rarely two; stigma simple, or
two-lobeil ; capsule many-seeded, 1 — 2 celled, bivalved, the valves dehiscent at the
apex, with the margin bent inwards, which in the two-celled ones forms a dissepiment ;
seeds inserted on the margin of the valves ; embryo straight, in the centre of a fleshy
albumen; radicle generally inferior. Bitter glabrous herbs, with opposite, generally
sessile leaves.
Agathodks. (Endl. Gen. Plant, p. 601.) Agathotes. (Lindl.)
Agathodes CHiRAYTA. (Don.) Gentianu chlroyta. (Flem.) Chi-
rayit, Chiretla, Creata. Nepal and north of India.
An excellent tonic bitter ; the whole plant is pulled up when the
flowers begin to decay, and dried for use ; its febrifugal properties are
in high estimation with European practitioners in India, who use it in-
stead of cinchona, when the latter is not to be procured. (L.)
Chloba. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 325. Endl. Gen. PI. 603.)
♦Chlora perfoliata. (Linn.) (E.B. 2469.) Geniiana perfoliata.
(Linn.) Yellow centaury.
Fl. yellow. July, September. Annual. Chalky and clayey pastures.
Root bitter, tonic. (G.) Qualities similar to those of gentiana and
erythraea, but weaker. (L. ex Smith.)
CiCENDiA. (LindL Med. Bot. 520. Endl. Gen. PI. 602.)
CiCENDiA HYSSOPIFOLIA, (Wight.) Exacum hyssopij'olia. (Willd.)
Gentiana H. (Linn.) East Indies.
The whole plant is somewhat bitter, though much less so than many
of its natural allies ; employed by the natives of India as a stomachic, in
decoction and powder ; thus used it is said to act also as a laxative.
(L. ex Wight.)
CouTOUBEA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 604.)
CouTouBEA RAMOSA. (Aubl.) Exucum ramosum. (Vahl.)
CouTOUBEA spicATA. (Aubl.) C. alba. (Lamb.) Guiana.
Febrifuge and stomachic. (G.) The whole plant very bitter : em-
ployed successfully in promoting the menstrual discharge, in various
stomachic complaints, in visceral obstructions, and as an anthelmintic.
(L. ex Aublet.)
400 VEGETABLES.— GENTiANEJE.
Eeythk^a. (Endl. Gen. PI. 602.) Chironia (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 327.)
*Erythr^a Centaurium. (Pers.) (E. B. 417.) Centaurium
mimts, Chironia centaurium. (Willd.) Gentiana centaurium. (Linn.)
Lesser centaury.
n. rose-coloured. August. Annual. Dry pastures. Common.
Flowering tops, Centauria cacumina, bitter, febrifuge, and vermifuge;
used against obstructions, jaundice, weaknesses, hydrophobia ; some-
times cathartic ; externally in decoction destroys lice and cures the itch ;
root more powerful than the flowers. (G.) This wild plant possesses
all the essential properties of the gentian of the shops, and although not
used professionally, is a very valuable native medicine ; in the places
where it grows, it is carefully collected for use in rustic pharmacy. (L.)
Frazera. (Endl. Gen. PI. 601.)
Frazera Carolinensis. (Walt.) F. Walteri. (Michx.) Muretta
cohimbo, American calumba. United States.
Root, American columbo, Frasera. P. U. S., used as calumba root.
(G.) The root is a pure, powerful, and excellent bitter, destitute of
aroma, and fully equal to gentian ; when fresli, it is reported to be
emetic and cathartic : the roots have been imported into Europe as a
sort of calumba, and have acquired the name o{ American calumba. (L.)
Gentiana. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 326. Endl. Gen. PI. 600.)
♦Gentiana Amarella, (Linn.) (E. B. 236.) G. praie?isis.
(Fral.) Eurythalia amarella. (Borkh.) E. pratensis. (Don.) Eri-
colajtava. (Don.) Gentianella autumnalis, Autumnal gentian, Bas-
tard gentian^ Fell wort.
Fl. pale dingy purple. April, October. Annual. Subalpine pas-
tures and chalky pastures.
Bitter, used as a tonic. (G.) One of the British substitutes for the
gentian of the shops. (L.)
*Gentiana acaulis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1594.) Gentiana grandi-
Jlora. (Lamb.) Dwarf gentian.
Fl. purplish-blue. June, July. Perennial. Doubtful native.
Bitter, used as tonic. (G.)
*Gentiana campestris. (Linn.) (E. B. 237.) Eurythalia cam-
pestris. (Borkh.) Hippion auriculatum. (Schmidt.) Field gentian.
> Fl. pale and dull purple. August, October. Annual. Hilly pastures.
A substitute for the officinal gentian. (L.)
Gentiana CATESBiEi. (Walt.) Blue gentian. North America.
Roots bitter, tonic. (G.) Dried root mucilaginous and sweetish,
then intensely bitter, approaching nearly to G. lutea. It is considered
the best substitute in North America for that species. (L).
Gentiana kurroo. (Royle.) Pneumonanthe hurroo. (Don.) Hima-
laya mountains.
Root used like gentian in the north of India. (L.)
Gentiana ruTEA. (Linn.) Common gentian. Great yellow gentian.
Middle of Europe.
The root of this species furnishes the gentian of the shops ; a valu-
able bitter drug employed extensively in certain forms of dyspepsia, in
r
VEGETABLES.— GENTiANEiE. 401
intermittents, and as an anthelmintic ; in full doses it is apt to relax the
bowels, and it does not always agree with the stomach ; in fact, it pos-
sesses a volatile principle, capable of producing nausea and a kind of
intoxication ; the root contains a good deal of sugar and mucilage,
which enables the Swiss to prepare from it a liqueur held in high
esteem among that people. (L.)
Gentiana Pannonica. (Scop.) G. punctata. (Jacq.) G. pur-
purea. (Vill.) Pneumonanthe Pannonica. (Schmidt.) Calanthe Pan-
nonica. (Don.) Alps of Europe.
Used as a substitute for G. lutea in the shops of Bavaria and Austria.
The roots are extremely bitter, and not inferior to that species. (L.)
*Gentiana pneumonanthe. (Linn.) (E. B. 28.) G. lineari-
folia. (Lamb.) Pneumonanthe Vulgaris. (Schmidt.) Ciminalis Pneu-
monanthe. (Borkh.) Calathian violet, Marsh gentian.
Fl. deep blue. August, September. Perennial. Moist heaths.
Bitter, used as a tonic.
Gentiana punctata. (Linn.) G. campanuJata. (Jacq.) Dasyste-
phana punctata. (Borkh.) Ccslanthe punctata. (Don.) Alps of
Europe.
Collected on the Alps of Europe in great quantity, and sold for G.
lutea, to which it is not inferior in quality. (L.)
Gentiana purpurea. (Linn.) Cxlanthe purpurea. (Borkh.)
Alps of Norway, Switzerland, and Savoy.
Employed in continental practice. (L.)
*Gentiana verna. (Linn.) (E. B. 493.) Gentianella verna,
Gentianel, Spring alpine gentian, •
Fl. bright blue. April, May. Perennial. Alpine pastures.
Bitter, used as a tonic.
Lisianthus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 603.)
Lisianthus pendulus. (Mart.) Brazil.
The Brazilians make use of the root, which is extremely bitter, in
decoction as a febrifuge. (L. ex Martins.)
Menyanthes. (Endl. Gen. PI. 605. De Cand. Bot. Gal. 325.)
*Menyanthes trifoi.iata. (Linn.) Trifolium paludosum, Bog
bean, Common huckbean, Marsh trefoil.
Fl. white, tipped externally with red. June, July. Perennial.
Hampstead heath.
Bitter, astringent ; leaves dried and powdered, 5J. purge and vomit,
used as a vermifuge; an infusion is extremely bitter, and useful in
rheumatism and dropsy ; substituted for hops in brewing, two oz.
being equal to one lb. of hops. (G.) All the plant, especially the root,
intensely bitter ; reckoned one of the most valuable of tonics ; large
doses produce vomiting, purging, and frequently powerful diaphoresis ;
recommended in intermittent and remittent fevers, gout, herpetic com-
plaints, rheumatism, dropsy, scurvy, and worms. (L.)
Sabbatia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 603.)
Sabbatia angularis. (Pursh.) Chironia angularis. (Linn.)
American centaury, Sabbatia, P. U. S. United States.
2 D
402 VEGETABLES.— BiGNONiACE^.
Root extremely bitter, used as a tonic. (G.) One of the most pure
and simple bitters ; extensively employed in North America in both
intermittent and remittent fevers. (L.)
S ABB ATI A DECUSSATA. North America.
Sabbatia gracilis. (Salisb.) Chironia campanulata. (Linn.)
Chironia gracilis. (Michx.) North America.
Have similar properties.
ViLLARSiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 605. De Cand. Bot. Gal. 325.)
* ViLLARSiA Nymphceoides. (Vent.) (E.B. 217.) NymphcBa lulea
minor ^ Menyanthes 7iymphceoides. (Linn.) Dwarf water lily. Fringed
hog bean, Villarsia.
Fl, yellow. July, August. Perennial. Deep rivers and pools in
the east of England.
Properties the same as Menyanthes trifoliata. (G.) Stems bitter,
tonic, and febrifugal. (L.)
Order lOL— BIGNONIACEJE. (R. Brown Prod. 47L)
Calyx gamosepalous ; corolla hypogynoiis, generally irregular, 4 — 5 lobed ; fila-
ments of the stamens five, unequal, 2 — 4 being antheriferous, the anthers two-celled ;
ovary surrounded by a glandular disk, two-celled, many-seeded ; style one ; stigma bila-
mellar; capsule two-valved, two-celled; seeds transverse, compressed, generally winged ;
albumen none ; embryo straight, fbliaceous ; radicle centrifugal. Trees, or shrubs,
oflen twining or climbing; leaves opposite, very rarely alternate, compound, or occa-
sionally simple, without stipules ; inflorescence terminal, somewhat panicled.
BiGNONiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 713.)
BiGNONiA ANTiSYPHiLiTiCA. (Mart.) Brazil.
«rhe bark of the younger branches of this tree is considered in
Brazil one of the most powerful remedies against syphilitic swellings
which are of a malignant character ; the decoction is chiefly used, and
also the bark, dried and pounded, externally. (L.)
BiGNONiA Chica. (H. et Bonpl.) Bignonia triphylla. (Willd.)
South America.
The fine red fecula of the leaves, called Chica, is used in dyeing.
(De Cand.) The substance called Chica crajura, or carajura, is ob-
tained by boiling the leaves in water, and precipitating the red colour-
ing matter by adding some pieces of the bark of an unknown tree, called
Arayana. This colouring matter is light, inodorous, insipid or slightly
bitter, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, and the oils
and fats. It is also wholly dissolved by alkalies. Boussingalt and
Rivero state that it is advantageously used in dyeing. (Virey.)
Bignonia echinata. (Willd.) Guiana.
Bignonia radicans, (Willd.) North America,
Roots vulnerary, sudorific ; employed in America against the bite of
venomous animals. (G.)
Bignonia Leucoxylon. (Willd.) West Indies.
Alexiterial, used against the poison of the Manchineel apple. (G.)
Catalpa. (Endl, Gen, PI, 711.)
Catalpa sybingifolia. (Sims.) Bignonia catalpa. (Linn.) North
America.
VEGETABLES.— CONVOLVULACE.E. 403
A decoction of the pods is used in Italy as a remedy for catarrhal
dyspnoea and coughs. (Gard. Mag. xiii. 524.) According to Koemp-
fer, a nearly allied species, or perhaps the same, has extremely bitter
leaves and bark, and a decoction of the pods is employed in astlnnatic
complaints ; the leaves are also used for fomentations. (L-)
Jacaranda. ( Endl. G en. PI. 7 11 .)
.Jacakanda Brasiliana. (Pers ) Big7ionia Brasiliana. (Lamb.)
Brazil.
Wood, green ebony, used in dyeing.
Parmentiera. (De Cand. ix. 244.)
Parmentiera cereifera. (Seem.) Palo de velas, or Candle tree.
Valley of the Chagres. South America.
Tiiis tree has received the above name in consequence of the simi-
larity which its fnnt bears to a candle. The fruit has an apple-like
odour, and is used for feeding cattle, for which purpose it is of great
value, being produc--d in its greatest abundance during the dry season
when vegetation is all destroyed by the sun.
SicsAMUM. (Eudl. Gen. PI. 709.)
Sesamum Indicum. (D. C.) S. veterum (Bauh.) East Indies.
Has mucilaginous leaves, and the seeds, like linseed, yield a mucila-
ginous n)eal, used in India for poultices. (L.)
Sesamdm obientale. (Willd.) Gingelly, Guiggiolana, Jugeoline,
Vangloe. East Indies.
Seeds, parched and ground, eaten, or mixed whole with bread ; yield
oil. (G.) Seeds yield oi7 ©/"ieyiwe.
Oroer 102.— POLEMONIDEiE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. p. 329.)
Calyx gamosepalous, five-partite, persistent, sometimes irregular; corolla regular,,
five-lobed; stamens five, inserted into the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its seg-
ments; ovary superior, free, three-celled; style simple; stigma trifid; capsule covered
by the persistent calyx, three-celled, three-valved, few or many seeded, valves having a
prominent rib or septum in the middle, which extends to the central trigonal axis ;
seeds often enveloped in mucus ; embryo straight ; albumen horny ; radicle inferior ;
cotyledons elliptical, foliaceous. Herbs, with opposite, or occasionally alternate leaves ;
stem occasionally climbing.
PoLEMONiuM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 329.)
*Polemonium c^ruleum. (Linn.) (E. B. 14.) Greek valerian,
Jacob's ladder.
ri. blue. Banks and bushy places, Derbyshire and York ; rare.
Root astringent, antidysenteric, and vulnerary.
Order 103.— CONVOLVULACE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 651.)
Calyx monophyllous, persistent, in five divisions, remarkably imbricated ; corolla
monopetalous, liypogynous, regular, deciduous, limb five-lobed, plaited; stamens five,
inserted into the tube of the corolla; ovary simple, free, supported on a hypogynous
disk, 2 — 4 celled, few-seeded; style simple, often divided; capsule 1 — 4 celled, con-
taining 1 — 2 seeds, attached toward? the base of the partitions, the valves fitting at their
2d2
404 VEGETABLES.— CONVOLVULAOE.E.
edges to the angles of the partitions ; cotyledons flat, and plicate ; emhnjo cun'ed, placed
in the centre of a mucilaginous albumen. Herbaceoxcs plants, or shrubs, usually twin-
ing and milky, smooth, or with a simple pubescence; leaves alternate, undivided, or
lobed, seldom pinnatifid, with no stipules ; inflorescence axillary, or terminal, peduncles
one, or many flowered, the partial ones generally with two bracts.
Argyreia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 654.)
Argyreia bracteata. (Chois.) Madras.
Decoctions of the leaves are used by the natives as fomentations
in cases of scrofulous enlargements of the joints, the boiled leaves
being employed as a poultice at the same time ; juice milky. (L. ex
Wight.)
Batatus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 654.)
Batatus paniculata. (Chois.) Convolvulus paniculatus. (Linn.)
Tpomea paniculata. (Brown.) East Indies, New Holland, &c.
The large tuberous root is cathartic, and is used as such by the
natives of the places where it grows. (L.)
Breweria. (Endl. Gen. PI. 652.)
Breweria scoparia. (Lindl.) Convolvulus scoparius. . (TAnn.)
Canary Islands.
Wood, rosewood, hard, used by the fan-makers ; shavings have the
scent of roses. (G.) Wood perfumed, smelling strongly of roses,
yellowish fawn colour, veined with red, burning readily when lighted ;
taste bitter, balsamic ; yields by distillation an essential oil of bitter
balsamic flavour, little used, except, according to Fee, for adulterating
oil of roses. (^Lignum Rhodium Officin.) (L.)
Calystegia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 653.)'
*Calystegia sepium. (Brown.) (E. B. 313.) Convolvulus tugu-
riorum. (Forst.) Convolvolus sepium. (Linn.) Bindioeed.
Fl. large, pure white. July, August. Perennial. Moist woods
.and hedges.
Juice purgative. (G.) Root purgative like scammony, but much
Jess active. (L.)
*Calystegia soldanella. (Brown.) (E. B. 314.) Convolvulus
soldanella. (Linn.) Brassica marina. Sea colewort, Scotch scurvy
grass, Soldanella, Sea-side bindweed.
Fl. rose-coloured. August. Perennial. Sandy banks on sea-shore.
Root purgative. (G.) Contains, according to Mr. Planche, twenty-
four per cent, of a green purgative resin. (L.)
Convolvolus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 653.)
Convolvolus alth^oides. (Linn.) C.fiexuosus. (Buch.) South
of Europe.
Roots purgative, may be substituted for jalap. (G.) According to
M. Loiseleur Deslongchamps, the roots contain a purgative resin, in
doses from 15 to 24 grains. (L.)
*CoNVOLVOLUs ARVENSis. (Linn.) (E. B. 312.) C. sagittcefolius.
(Sal.) C. prostratus. (Schm.) Small bindweed.
Fl. rose-coloured or whitish. June, July. Perennial. Corn fields
and hedges.
VEGETABLES.— CONVOLVULACE-E. 405
Juice purgative.
CoNVOLVOLUs Batatas. (Willd.) India.
Root, Sweet potatoes, Spanish potatoes, nutritive.
CoNVOLVOLUS CANTABRiCA. (Linn.) C. terrestris. (Linn.) C.
terminalis. (Sal.) Cantahrica, Convolvulus minimus, Lavender hind-
weed. South of Europe.
Herb vermifuge.
CoNVOLVOLDS CNEORUM. (Linti.) Cneorum album, Dorycnium^
Rock rose. Levant.
Root purgative.
CONVOLVOLUS EDULIS.
Root eaten.
CoxvoLVOLUS FLORiDus. (LiuH.) Canary Islands.
Root used as an errhine ; wood, roseioood, of good quality. (G.) '
CoNVOLVOLUs MACROCARPCS. (Willd.) South America.
CoNVOLVOLUS PAPIRIN.
Roots purgative.
CONVOLVOLUS SCAMMONIA. (Linn.) Aleppo scammany plant.
Hedges and bushy places in Greece and the Levant.
Roots yield by incision Aleppo scammony. (G.) The hard brittle
ash-coloured resin, called Scammony, is obtained from the roots of
this plant, which, however, according to Sibthorpe, is not the Ek-a/xjuwvta
of Dioscorides, whicli he refers to Convolvolus farinosus. The quality
of the drug is so extremely uncertain, that the gatherers have been
supposed to collect different species of convolvolus instead of the
genuine one ; but it appears from the reports of the Smyrna merchants,
that this is not the case ; the roots of young plants produce a less
active juice than old ones, and the colour of the scammony is more or
less intense, according as the plants grow in sunny or shady places ;
but the quality of the resin is not considered to be affected by this
circumstance ; the difference in samples proceeds principally from the
manipulations of the Jews, and the greater or less care of the peasants
in collecting the drug : it is certain that Sibthorpe was under a
mistake in referring the Aleppo scammony to C. farinosus, a Madeira
species. Dioscorides describes scammony as having Kko>vaQ ei.i<pcu-
yoy-ag ri da(TVTr]roQ, according to the usual reading, and this certainly
does not agree with C. scammonia, and would apply better to the
C. sagittifolius found in Samos, and other islands of the Archipelago,
but we know nothing of this plant producing anything like scammony ;
it is more probable that the text of Dioscorides is corrupt, and that the
reading in the Aldine edition of 1499, of Ta-)(VTi]roc for haavTrjrog, is
more genuine, in which case the description of the ancient author suits
C. scanunonia. (L.) The districts in which scammony is collected
are widely extended. The peasants of Smyrna and of the neighbouring
villages extend their peregrinations to Adalia on the south, and Brussa
or Mount Olympus on the north, and sometimes as far as Angora.
The scammony is collected by the Greek and Turkish peasants while
the plant is in flower. The soil is removed from the root to the depth
406 VEGETABLES.— coNvoLVULACE^.
of three or four inches; the root is then cut through in a slanting
direction, about one inch below tlie crown, and a mussel-shell is placed
to receive ihe sap, which exudes early in the morning and late in the
evening, but not during the hottest part of the day. This, when dry,
constitutes the /^Mre lackryma scamniGny. (S. U. Maltass.) I have
been informed by a Turkey merchant, who formerly resi(]ed at Smyrna,
that scammony is brought into Smyrna, in the soft state, on camels.
Here it is mixed with various impurities by persons (Jews) who are
denominated scammony-makers, and who adulterate it, and thereby
lower its value to suit the market. (Pereira.)
CuscuTA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 653.)
*CuscuTA EPiTHYMUM. (Willcl,) (E. B, 55.) Epitkymum, Dodder
of thyme, Lesser dodder.
Fl. rose-coloured. August. Annual. Parasite on furze and other
heath plants.
*CuscuTA EUROPJEA. (Willd.) (E. B. 378.) Greater dodder, Hell
tveed.
Fl. rose-coloured, stem red. August, September. Annual. Parasite
on nettles, flax, &c.
Juice purgative, deobstruent, externally used against the itch.
Ifomea. (Lind. Nat. Syst. 231.)
Ipomea BRAziiiiENSis. (Linn.) Convolvolus braziliemis, Seaside
potato slip.
Root in decoction purgative, yields scammony. (G.)
Ipomea cathartica. (Poir.) Pharbitis cathartica, (Chois.) St.
Domingo.
Roots furnish a resinous substance, used as a purgative in St. Domingo ;
its use is, however, not very safe, as it is apt to produce superpurgations.
(L.)
Ipomea macrorhiza. (Michx.) Batatas j a! apa. (Chois.) Georgia
and Carolina.
Root purgative. (G.) Said to be the Convolvolus jalapa of Lin-
neeus, but possesses no purgative properties whatever ; Dr. Baldwin
administered eight drachms of the powdered root without effect, so that,
in fact, it contains little or no resin, but, like the Batatas, consists chiefly
of saccharine and farinaceous matter. (L.)
Ipomea mechoacanna. (Linn.) Mexico.
Root, Mechoacan, Mechoacanna alba, less active than jalap, and less
fatiguing. (G.) The slightly purgative iT/fcAoaca« root of Mexico is
possibly produced by some species of tliis genus, but the Convolvolus
mechoacannus of Willdenow, or the Ipomea mechoacanna of Nees and
Ebermaier, is too little known to be described ; Wood and Bache refer
it to I. macrorhiza. (L.) Purgative properties comparatively trifling.
(O'Sh.)
Ipomea operculata. (Mart, et Spix.) Convolvolus operculatus.
(Gomez.) Opercalina convolvulus. (Silv.) Co7ivclvulus macrocar-
pus. (Linn.) Conv. frutescens. (Mill.) Piptostegia operculata.
(Hoffni.) Brazil.
VEGETABLES.— coNVOLvuLAOE^. 407
Said by Guibourt to furnish part of the Mechoacan of commerce. (L.)
Ipomea orizabensis. South America.
Lindley supposes this to be the Convolvolus orizabensis of Pellatan,
as quoted by Dr. Pereira in Med, Gaz. xx. 932. Dr. Schiede had heard of
it under its Spanisli name of Jalapa macho, or Purga macho, or Male
jalap, but he had only seen the root, which appears very like that of
I. purga. (L.)
Ipomea pandurata. (Mey.) Convolvulus panduratus. (Linn.)
Wild potato. North America.
Root purgative. (G.) The powdered root acts like rhubarb ; it
requires to be given in larger doses than jalap ; it has an American re-
putation as a remedy for calculous affections, and in cases of gravel. (L.)
The root, which is the officinal part, is very large, two or three feet m
length, and from three inches thick to the thickness of a man's thigh.
It has a somewhat acrid taste. Forty grains of the dried root is said to
purge gently. (Wood and Bache.)
Ipomea purga. (Wender.) /. Jalapa. (Royle.) South America.
From the statements of Dr. Schiede and others, confirmed by an un-
published letter in the possession of the Horticultural Society of
London, from Don Juan de Orbegozo, a pupil of Cervantes residing at
Orizaba, it appears certain that this plant furnishes the jalap of com-
merce ; it is, however, equally certain, from the information furnished
by the latter gentleman, that I. orizabensis is considered by the traders
in jalap to be extremely similar in quality, and as it is the more abundant
and larger of the two, at least in some districts, the probability is, that
it also forms a part of the imported samples of this drug. (L.) Root,
Jalap, Jalapium, Jalapa, Mechoacanna nigra, Jalupce radix, a very
active purgative in doses of 5ss. to 3j. in powder ; in hypochondriacal
diseases and bilious temperaments, it gripes violently, and seldom acts
properly as a purge, unless combined with the potassee bitartras and a
little ginger ; from South America. (G.) A most valuable purgative,
dose 10 to 30jgrs. ; usually given with twice its weight of cream of
tartar and a little ginger. (O'Sh.) A powerful and drastic purgative ;
when judiciously exhibited, both safe and efficacious. (Pereira.)
IpomeaQuamoci.it. (Linn.) Conv. paniculatus. (Blanc.) Batatas
iuberosa. (Boj.) East Indies.
Root used as a sternutatory.
Ipomea tuberosa. (Linn.) Convolvolus tuberosus. (Spreng.)
Quamoclit vulgaris. (Chois.) Seven-eared, or Spanish arbour vine.
Jamaica.
Root purgative. (G.) All the parts purgative ; Dr. Barlia.m thinks
scammony might be obtained from it. (L.)
Ipomea Turpethum. (Brown.) Conv. Turpethum. (Linn.) Oper-
culina Turpethum (Silv.) Spirantliera Turpethum. East Indies, &c.
Root, Turbith, Turbeth, Turpethum, similar to jalap, rougher in its
operation. (G.) The fresh bark of the root, rubbed up in milk, is
used in India as a purgative ; about six inches in length of a root, as
thick as the little finger, is reckoned a dose, (L.) From experiments
408 VEGETABLES— BORAGiNE^.
carefully conducted, O'Shaughnessy says he feels warranted in asserting
that the action of this medicine is so extremely uncertain, that it does
not deserve a place in our Pharmacopoeia. (^Bengal Dispensatory.)
Pharbitis. (Endl. Gen. PI. 654.)
Pharbitis Nil. (Chois.) Convolvolus Nil. (Linn.) Ipomea ccerulea.
(Roxb.) Ipomea Nil. (Roth.) Conv. hederaceus. (Linn.) Con-
volvuloides triloba. (Monch.) East Indies.
Seeds sold in apothecaries' shops of Calcutta, under the name of Kala
dana, as a purgative ; said to be an effectual quick cathartic. Seedfe
are roasted like coifee, powdered, and administered in doses of from 30
to 40 grains, in any convenient article. (L. ex Roxburgh.) An
exceedingly cheap remedy, perfectly equal to jalap as a cathartic,
superior to it in portability and flavour. (O'Sh.)
Order 104.— BORAGINE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 331.) ASPE-
RIFOLI^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 644.)
Calyx gamosepalous, five-lobed, persistent ; corolla generally regular, five-cleft, the
throat often closed with projecting appendages, imbricate in aestivation; stamens Rve,
inserted into the corolla, and alternate with its segments ; ovary 2—4 lobed, free,
within an hypogynous disk; style simple, persistent, arising from between the lobes of
the ovary ; stigrna entire or bilobed ; nuts or cariopsides 2 — 4, one-celled, one-seeded,
adnate to the style by the inner side ; seeds separable from the pericarps ; alhume^i none ;,
embryo straight; radicle inferior ; cotyledons foliaceous. Herbaceous plants, or shrubs,
leaves alternate, covered with asperities consisting of hairs proceeding from an indu-
rated enlarged base ; flowers in one-sided, gyrate spikes, or racemes, or panicles, some-
times solitary or auxiliary.
The plants of this order are refreshing. (G.) No plants of this
order are of any real importance in medicine. (L.)
Anchusa. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 334. Endl. Gen. PI. 648.)
Anchusa Italica. (Retz.) A. officinalis. (Gon.) Bugloss. Italy,
Greece.
Of no real medicinal value, being simply emollient, mucilaginous^
and perhaps slightly diuretic. (O'Sh.)
*Anchusa officinalis. (Willd.) (E. B. 662.) Buglossum lior-
tense, Common alkanet, Garden bugloss, Ox tongue. (A doubtful
native.)
Fl. deep purple. July. Perennial. Waste ground in Northum-
berland, &c.
Flowers cordial, the tops were formerly used in cool tankards;
leaves refreshing, moistening, contain nitre. (G.) Roots mucilaginous j
used in China for promoting the eruption of the small-pox. (Lou.)
Anchusa tinctoria. (Willd.) Alkanet. South of France.
Roots communicate a fine deep red to oils, wax, and all unctuous
substances, as well as to spirits of wine ; it is used chiefly by the
apothecaries for colouring plasters, lip-salves, &c., and by vintners
for staining the corks of their port-wine bottles, or for colouring and
flavouring the spurious compounds sold as port-wine. (Lou.) The
alkanet of Const<antuiople is produced by a different order of plants
VEGETABLES.— BORAGINE.B. 409
altoirether, being the root of Alcanna vera. (Nat. Ord. Salicarice.)
(O'Sh. ex Fee.)
Anchusa virginica.
Root used as alkanet.
AsPERUGo. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 335. Endl. Gen. PI. 650.)
*AsPERUGo PRocuMBENs. (Linn.) (E. B. 661.) German mad-
loort, Great goose-grass, Small wild borage.
Fl. light blue. June, July. Annual. Waste places, Purfleet,
Scotland.
Root sudorific, also used with oil as a dressing for wounds.
BoRAGO. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 334. Endl. Gen. PI. 650.)
*BoRAGO OFFICINALIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 36.) Common borage.
Fl. bright blue. June, July. Biennial. Among rubbish and near
ruins.
Qualities the same as those of Anchusa officinalis. (G.) Pliny says
that wine, with this infused in it, cheers' the spirits ; it was formerly in
great repute as a cordial; according to Withering, the young leaves
may be used as a salad or potherb. (Lou.) The whole plant has an
odour approaching to cucumber and burnet, which gives a flavour to a
cool tankard ; but its supposed exhilarating qualities, which caused
borage to be reckoned one of the four cordial flowers, along with
alkanet, roses, and violets, may justly be doubted. (Smith.) It was
once esteemed as a pectoral medicine, and a decoction of its leaves
mixed with honey makes a good ptisan. (L.)
Cynoglossum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 336. Endl. Gen. PI. 650.)
Ctkoglossuai OFFICINALE. (Linn.) (E. B. 921.) Cynoglossum^
Common hound's tongue.
Fl. purplish red. June, August. Biennial. Shady places in the
east and middle of England. Rare.
Roots astringent and sedative; used externally and internally in
decoction iu scrofula ; the herb bruised drives away mice. (G.) Smells
like mice ; was considered antiscrofulous ; is disliked by cattle. (Lou.)
Once officinal, being used as an antispasmodic, but it is so foetid that it
has long since ceased to be exhibited ; Smith says it is narcotic. (L.)
Of no medicinal importance. (O'Sh.)
EcHiuM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 332. Endl. Gen. PI. 647.)
EcHiUM iTALicuM. (Willd.) Onosmu, Stone bugloss. Jersey.
Leaves in wine facilitate delivery. (G.)
EciiiuM RUBRUM. (Jacq.) E. creticum. (Pall.) E. italicum-
(Gmel.) E. Rossicum. (Gmel.) True alkanet. Hungary.
Bark of the root colours oily substances red ; used in lip-salves ;
juice of the fresh roots used to redden the cheeks ; colouring matter
extracted by ether. (G.)
•EcHiu.M vuLGARE. (Linn.) (E.B.I 81.) Echium,Viper's bugloss.
Fl. blue. July. Biennial. On sandy and chalky soils.
Perhaps the handsomest of European flowers. (Lou.) Root opening
and slightly astringent. (G.)
4 1 0 VEGETABLES.— BORAGiNE^.
Heliotbopium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 331. Endl. Gen. PI. 646.)
Heliotropium Europium. (Linn.) Turnsol. South of Europe,
Softens warts and makes them fall off; taken internally, it opens the
belly ; flowers used as a blue colour, when altered by ammonia as a
purple, and by acids as a red. (G.) It was called Verrucaria by the
Latins, because the juice mixed with salt was said to be excellent in
removing warts. (Lou.)
Heliotropium Tndicum. (Linn.) Heliophytum fcetidum. (O'Sh.
Beng. Disp. p. 496.) Indian turnsol.
Plant slightly bitter, juice of the leaves applied to painful gumboils
and to repel pimples on the face ; also used in inflamed or excoriated
tarsi. In Jamaica, it is used with castor oil to relieve the pain of
scorpion stings, and in the treatment of hydrophobia. (O'Sh.)
Heliotropium Jamaicense. Jamaica turnsol. West Indies.
Plant in decoction diuretic.
Heliotropium supinum. ' (Linn.) Piptoclaina supina. (Don.)
Lithospermum heliotropoides. (Forsk.) II. minus, Small turnsol.
South of Europe.
Herb laxative, seeds emmenagogue.
Lithospermum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 332. Endl. Gen. PL 648.)
*Lithospermum arvekse. (Linn.) (E. B. 123.) jEgonychon
<irvense. (Gray.) Corn gronucell, Bastard alkanet.
Fl. white. May, June. Annual. Corn-fields. Common.
Bark abounds with a deep red dye, which stains paper, linen, &c.,
and is easily communicated to oily substances, like the alkanet root,
and hence called Bastard alkanet; the country girls in the north of
Sweden stain their faces with the root on days of festivity. (Lou.)
*Lithospermum officinale. (Linn.) (E. B. 134.) Litliosper-
'jnum, Milium solis, Grey millet, Gromwell.
Fl. pale jellow. June. Perennial. Dry waste places.
Seeds being like a stone, were for that reason formerly used as a
cure for that disease. (Lou.) Having no eflficacy, are not at present
employed.
Lycopsis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 334. Endl. Gen PI. 648.)
*Lycopsis abvensis. (Linn.) (E. B. 930.) Anchusa arvensis.
(Lehm.) Bugloss, Small wild bugloss-
Fl. blue purple. June. Annual. Corn-fields and road-sides.
Lycopsis vesicularia. Creeping bugloss.
Pectoral plants.
Myosotis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 335. Endl. Gen. PI. 649.)
*Myosotis arvensis. (Willd.) (E. B. 2629.) Myosotis scor-
pioides a. (Linn.) Field scorpion grass, Mouse-ear.
Fl. blue. June, July. Annual. Cultivated grounds, and on banks.
*Myosotis palustris. (With.) (E. B. 1973.) M. perennis.
{Monch.) Echioides palustris. (JVlonch.) M. scorpioides ^. (Linn.)
Forget me not, Great water scorpion grass.
VEGETABLES. -coKDiACE^. 411
FJ. bright blue. June, September. Perennial. Ditches and sides
of rivers.
Pectoral.
OxosMA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 334. Endl. Gen. PI, 647.)
Onosma echioides. (Linn.) Oncsma arenaria. (Spreng.) Small
yellow alkanet. South of Europe.
Root used as alkanet.
PuLMONARiA. (De Cancl. Bot. Gal. 333. Endl. Gen. PI. 647.)
*PuLMONAKiA OFFICINALIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 118) P. maculosa,
CoivsUps of Jerusalem, Common lungwort, Sage of Jerusalem, Spotted
comfreij, Spotted lungwort.
Fl. purple. May. Perennial. Woods and thickets, Hampshire,
&c. Not common.
Root sudorific, used with oil as a dressing- for wounds. (G.) It
must not be inferred from English names of this sort having been ap-
plied to plants, either that lungwort was ever used in this country for
the lungs, or liverwort for the liver ; the truth is, tiie old herbalists
made English names after their Latin denominations, without inquir-
ing whether such continued to be applicable or not, and their less
informed successors had no difficulty in finding those virtues in the
plants which were indicated by the names of the translatoi's. (Lou.)
SirMPHYTUM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 334. Endl. Gen. PI. 649.)
Symphytum officinale. (Linn.) (E. B. 817.) Consolida major,
Symphytum, Comfrey, Great consoude.
Fl. yellowisli or purplish. June, July. Perennial. Banks of
rivers and ditches.
Root astringent, glutinous ; leaves used to flavour cakes, young
shoots esculent. (G.) Formerly in much repute as a vulnerary, but
now not employed. (L.) Abounds in mucilage, and maybe employed
for Althaea officinalis. (Lou.) The recent root is in popular use in
France in cases of rupture and bruises. (O'Sh.)
Trichodesma. (Endl. Gen. PI. 650.)
Tbichodesma Zeylanicum. Borage zeylanica. (Linn.) T. Kots-
chyunum. (Fenzl.) East Lidies, &c.
Considered as diuretic ; one of the cures for snake-bites in India. (L.)
Order 105.— CORDIACE^. (R. Brown Prod. 492. Endl. Gen.
PI. 643.)
Cabjx inferior, five-toofhed ; corolla monopetalous, with the limb in five divisions;
stamens alternate with the segments of the corolla, out of which they arise; anthers
Tersatile; ovary superior, four-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each cell; style con-
tinuous ; stiyma four-cleft, with recurved segments ; fruit drupaceous, four-celled, part
of the cells frequently abortive ; seed pendulous from the apex of the cells by a long
funiculus, upon which it is turned back; <?m6/7/o inverted, with the cotyledons plaited
longitudinally; albumen none. Trees: leaves alternate, scabrous, without stipules, of
a hard, harsh textuie; Jlowers panicled, with minute bracts.
412 VEGETABLES.— soLANE^.
CoRDiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 643.)
CoRDiA ANGUSTiFOiiiA. (Roxb.) Varroniu angustifolia. (Vest.)
Varronia curassavica. (Poir.) India.
Bark much used in India for making astringent gargles. (O'Sii.)
CoRDiA Gerascanthus. (Jacq.) West Indies.
Wood, Jamaica rosewood, fine scented, used by the cabinet-makers,
and distilled for its oil.
CoRDiA latifolia. (Roxb.) Hindostan.
Under the name of Sebesten plums, Sehestans, or Sepislans, two
sorts of Indian fruit have been employed as pectoral medicines, for
which their mucilaginous qualities, combined with some astringency,
have recommended them ; they are believed to have been the Persea
of Dioscorides ; according to Mr. Colebrooke, this is a larger and more
mucilaginous sort than that described by European writers on materia
medica, wiiich is the produce of C. myxa. (L.)
CoRDiA Myxa. (Linn.) Sebestena officinalis. India, Persia,
Arabia, &c.
Fruit, Sebestens myxa, is esculent, laxative ; birdlime is made from
it; wood tough, solid, used for procuring fire by friction. (G.) Tlie
smell of the nut when cut is heavy, the taste of the kernels like that
of fresh filberts; it is the true Sebesten of the European Materia
Medica ; the fruits, according to Roxburgh, are not used in the northern
Circars of India for any medicinal purpose ; when ripe, they are eaten
by the natives, and also most greedily by several sorts of birds, being
of a sweetish taste ; the wood is soft, and of but little use except as
fuel ; it is reckoned one of the best kinds for kindling fire by friction,
and is thought to have furnished the wood from which the Egyptians
constructed their mummy cases ; the bark is said by Dr. Royle to be
accounted a mild tonic. (L.) Has a viscid, mucous juice, used for
glue in the east ; leaves, bruised with those of Datura metel, applied
to the forehead in headache. (Lou.) Seeds deemed an infallible
remedy in ringworm, the powder mixed with oil being applied to
the eruption. (O'Sh.)
CoRDiA Sebestena. (Willd.) West Indies.
Flowers very beautiful and ornamental ; a small piece of the wood
put on a pan of lighted coals, will perfume the whole house ; from the
juice of the leaves, with that of a species of fig, is prepared the fine
red colour with which they dye their clothes in Otaheite. (Lou.)
The dried fruits of this genus are very glutinous in the fresh state.
They are slightly laxative, but it is especially as a pectoral that they
are esteemed in India. In Java, the fruit is used in gonorrhoea and
ardor urinee ; twelve drachms of the pulp are said to be equal in
aperient effect to the same quantity of cassia pulp. (O'Sh.)
Order 106.— SOLAlSTEiE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 337.) SOLA-
NACE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 662.)
Calyx gamosepalous, equal, generally persistent, five (rarely four) cleft or partite ;
corolla gamopetalous, generally regular, five (rarely four) cleft, deciduous, plicate in
VEGETABLES.— soLANE.^. 413
aestivation; stamens five, inserted into the base of the corolla, alteruute with, and equal
to, the number of its lobes; ovary free, simple; style one; stigma simple; fruit either
a two-celled capsule, the dissepiments parallel to the valves, or a berry, the receptacle
seminiferous and central ; seeds numerous; albumen fleshy; embryo straight, or curved;
cotyledons semiterete, elongated. Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate, simple, or
lobed leaves ; flowers often extra-asillary.
Atropa. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 338. Endl. Gen. PI. 666.)
*Atropa. belladonna. (Linn.) (E. B, 592.) Belladonna, So-
lanum furiosum, S. letkale, S. maniacum, Dwale, Deadly nightshade.
Fl. drooping, lurid purple. June. Perennial. Waste places, but
not common.
Leaves, JBelladonnce folia, applied to the eye, paralyse the iris ; are
useful in cancer and scrofula, either applied as poultices, or sprinkled
over the sores ; used also internally in doses of gr. j. to iij. in obsti-
nate diseases, acting as a narcotic, diaphoretic, diuretic, and sialogogue ;
berries eaten in an overdose, that is, more than three or four, are poi-
sonous ; vinegar is the best antidote, as emetics, even tartar emetic,
3ss., have in this case scarcely any action ; juice of the berries cos-
metic, rendering the cheeks pale. The narcotic properties of this
substance depend on its containing the alkaloid Atropa. (G.) A
dangerous narcotic ; every part of the plant is poisonous, and children
and the ignorant have often suffered from eating the berries, the beau-
tiful appearance and sweet taste of which render them very alluring ;
the symptoms which they induce are those of intoxication, accompa-
nied with fits of laughter and violent gestures, great thirst, difficulty
of deglutition, nausea, dilatation of the pupil, with the eyelids drawn
down, redness and tumefaction of the face, stupor or delirium, a low
and feeble pulse, paralysis of the intestines, convulsions, and death. In
medicine, belladonna is not only narcotic, but diaphoretic and diuretic ;
it is extensively employed, especially in producing dilatation of the
pupil when its infusion is dropped into the eye ; among other proper-
ties, it is said by Hahnemann and Koreff to protect the individual who
takes it from the contagion of scarlatina. (L.) Belladonna has been
employed with success as an anodyne in neuralgia, tic-douloureux,
arthritic pains, painful ulcers, and glandular enlargements, also as an
antispasmodic, resolvent, and discutient; in maladies of the eyes it is
used to dilate the pupil, and has also been found beneficial in epilepsy,
mania, hysteria, chorea, and other maladies of the centro-spinal system ;
as a defence against scarlatina, its efficacy is exceedingly doubtful.
(Pereira.)
Capsicum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 337. Endl. Gen. PI. 665.)
**Capsictjm annuum. (Linn.) Capsicum fastigialum. (Blume.)
Capsicum, Chilly.
Fl. whitish, small. July, August. Annual. Gardens. Native of
South America.
Berries, Spanish pepper, Pepper pods, Guinea pepper, Capsici
bacca:. Capsicum, P. U. S., which are fleshless, are of a burning heat,
irritating, attenuant, used as a sauce, or to give a false strength to
vinegar, spirits, &c. ; infused in vinegar, used as a gargle, (G.) The
fruit and seeds are a powerful stimulant, without any narcotic pro-
414 VEGETABLES.— soLANE^.
perty ; the well-known condiment called Cayenne pejyper consists
principally of the ground seeds; it is employed in medicine, in com-
bination wita cinchona, in intermittents and lethargic affections, also
in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis,
paralysis, &c. ; its most valuable application appears, however, to be
in cynanche maligna and scarlatina maligna, used either as a gargle,
or administered internally. (L.)
Capsicum baccatcm. (Willd.) Bird pepper. West Indies.
Has similar properties to the last, but is more acrimonious. (L.)
Fruit gathered when ripe, dried in tlie sun, pounded and mixed with
salt, is commonly known by the name of Cayenne pepper ; a mixture
of sliced cucumbers, shallots, or onions, cut; very small, a little lime-
juice and Madeira wine, with a few pods of bird pepper well mashed
and mixed with the liquor, seldom fails to provoke the most languid
appetite in the West Indies; it is there called Mandram ; gathered
fresh from the plant, the pods of all tlie species are liberally used,
both in the East and West Indies, to assist digestion and correct
flatulencies. (Lou.)
Capsicum frutescens. (Linn.) Piper indicum, India berries,
Bird pepper, Red pepper, Cayenne pepper, Guinea pods, Tschillies.
Used for C. annuum. (G.) Is more acrimonious than C. annuum.
(L.) This plant furnishes the Cayenne pepper of the shops ; the ripe
pods are dried in the sun, and then in an oven after bread is baked, in
an earthen or stone pot with flour between tlie strata of pods ; when
quite dry, they are cleaned from the flour, and beaten or ground to
fine powder. To every ounce of this a pound of wheat flour is added,
and it is made into small cakes with leaven ; these are baked, cut into
small pieces, and baked again, that they may be as dry and hard as
biscuit, and then are beaten into powder and sifted ; it is then fit for
use as a pepper, or for being packed up in a compressed state, and so
as to exclude air, for exportation. (Lou.)
Capsicum grossum. (Willd.) Coffree tschillie. India.
Flesh of the berry pickled.
Cestrum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 667.)
Cestrum AURICUI.ATUM. (Willd.) South America.
Cestrum hediunda. (Lamb.) South America.
Cestrum laurifolium. (Willd.) South America.
Febrifugal, used externally as astringents. (L. ex Martins.)
Cestrum macrophyllum. (Vent.) West Indies.
Cestrum nocturnum. (Willd.) East Indies.
Have properties similar to those of
Cestrum venenatum (Thunb.) Cape of Good Hope.
A decoction of the bark, reduced to the thickness of .jelly, is used
by the Hottentots to envenom their weapons ; it is said to be a fatal
poison, and to be also used by the same people to destroy wild beasts,
by impregnating baits of flesh with its juice. (L.) The fruit of all
the species is poisonous. (Loud.)
VEGETABLES.— soLANE.^3. 415
Cresoentia. (Lindl. Med. Bot. 514. Endl. Gen. PI. 723.)
Crescentia Cujete. (Linn.) Calabash tree. West India islands.
Pulp used in diarrhoea, dropsy, headache, also internally in burns
and in coups de soleil ; expressed juice of the pulp jiiij. is purgative;
a pectoral syrup is also made from it, which is sent over to Europe.
(G.) From the pulp of the fruit a syrup is prepared in the West
Indies, having a great reputation as a pectoral medicine, and as a
remedy for internal bruises ; Dr. Wright recommends the pulp as an
excellent poultice for bruises and inflammation. (L.) The fruits, after
the inside has been scooped out, are dried by the natives of the
countries where they grow, and serve for containing water and other
fluids. (Loud.)
Datura. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 339. Endl. Gen. PI. 663.)
Datura metel. Metel. India.
Seeds narcotic, more powerful than D. stramonium; produce tem<-
porary idiotcy ; used for frauds. (G.)
*Datura Stramonium. (Linn.) (E. B. 1288.) Stramoniumy
Thorn apple.
Fl. white. July. Annual. Waste places. Originally from
America.
Herb a strong narcotic, even when mixed with tobacco and smoked ;
much used lately in asthma ; externally the leaves, Stramotiii folia,
are anodyne, and used in headaclie and gout ; seeds, Stramonii semina,
may be given in powder to gr. x. ; expressed juice, made into an oint-
ment with hog's lard, used for irritable ulcers, burns, and scalds. (G.)
A violent narcotic poison when taken internally, acting fotally if taken
in large doses ; in skilful hands, it is a valuable remedy in mania,
epilepsy, convulsions, tic-doulonreux, &c. ; it palliates the distressing
paroxysms of pure spasmodic asthma, when smoked, for which pur-
pose Bigelow recommends the leaves in preference to the root, in
which it is obvious he must be right, as the plant is an annual ; it is
also employed successfully as an external application, as an anodyne
and sedative in burns, haemorrhoids, irritable ulcers, &c. (L.) The
effects of the plants of this genus are similar to those of Atropa and
Hyoscyamus ; they are frequently employed by the Indian poisoners
for the purpose of producing lethargy without killing, in order to
facilitate theft and other criminal designs. (O'Sh.)
Datura Tatula. (Linn.) Nortli America, Portugal, South of
France.
Very nearly the same as D. stramonium, and having similar proper-
ties.
Hvost-YAMus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 339. Endl. Gen. PI. 664.)
Hyoscyamus albus. (Linn.) Great white henbane. South of
Europe.
Milder than the black ; seeds used in spitting of blood.
♦Hyoscyamus niger. (Linn.) (E. B. .591.) Hyoscyamus, Com-
mon henbane.
Fl, dingy yellow, veined with purple lines. July. Biennial. Waste
places.
416 VEGETABLES.— SOLAN EiE.
Leaves, Hyoscyami folia, a very powerful narcotic in doses of
gr. iij. to gr. x. ; externally are anodyne or resolvent ; seeds, Hyoscyami
semina, narcotic, gr, iij. to gr. x., less uncertain than the leaves ; their
smoke, applied by a funnel, is used in toothache. (G.) A powerful
narcotic ; the capsules and seeds of which, smoked like tobacco, are a
rustic remedy for toothache, but convulsions and temporary insanity
are said to be sometimes the consequence of tlieir use ; used medicinally,
the leaves produce effects very similar to those of opium ; it is em-
ployed with advantage in painful and spasmodic affections, hysteria,
rheumatism, and gout ; also combined with colocynth in painter's colic
and mania ; it is also used externally to allay the irritation of very sen-
sitive parts ; and the infusion dropped into the eye, dilates the pupil like
Belladonna. (L.) Employed in this country as an anodyne, soporific,
antispasmodic, and sedative, in cases where opium would disagree, and
also to dilate the pupil, but is less powerful for this last purpose than
Belladonna ; it is also used in fomentations as a topical sedative and
anodyne ; the powder of the leaves is rarely employed, the extract and
tincture being the preparations commonly used. (Pereira.)
Mandragora. (Endl. Gen. PI. 666.)
Mandragora officinalis. (Willd.) Atropa mandragora, Man-
dragora, Mandrake.
Formerly supposed to be aphrodisiac, root gr. iij., narcotic, or it may
be steeped in wine ; leaves externally used, as anodynes and resolvents,
as also the powder of the root to indurated glands. (G.) A venom-
ous plant, once an important engine in the days of medical charlatanry,
from the roots being supposed to bear a resemblance to the human
form ; in old herbals, the figures display the male mandrake with a long
beard, and the female with a long head of hair ; on the Continent the
mandrake root is still sold to insure boys or girls to pregnant women,
procure happy births, &c. ; in the seaport towns of France, mounte-
banks frequently expose them for sale. (Loud.)
NiCANDRA. (Endl. Gen. PL 665.)
NiCANDRA PHYSALODEs. (Gaertu.) Atropa physalodes. (Linn.)
Peru.
Diuretic. (L.)
NicoTiANA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 239. Endl. Gen. PI. 663.)
^icoTiANA PERsicA. (Lindl. Bot. Regis, t. 1592.) Persia,
Produces the delicate and fragrant tobacco of Shiraz. (L.)
NicoTiANA RUSTiCA. (Linn.) N. minor, English Tobacco. South
of Europe.
Leaves narcotic, sometimes sold as those of mandrake. (G.) Syrian
and Turkish tobaccos are prepared from this species, which is nmch
more mild in its operation than N. tabacum. (L.) The celebrated
Shiraz tobacco is also the produce of this species. (O'Sh.)
NicoTiANA Tabacum. (Linn.) Tabacum, JSicotiana, Petum, To-
bacco. West Indies.
Leaves, Tabaci folia, when green, detersive, acrid, narcotic, and
apo-phlegmatizant ; used externally in diseases of the skin, and as a
VEGETABLES.— soLANEiE. 41T
dressing to verminous sores : and internally as an emetic, gr. iij. to gr. x.,
in Avater 5 iiijv ^.nd in dropsy and palsy ; their smoke is used as a
pleasant mode of losing time, and as a stimulating clyster in apoplexy,
inveterate costiveness, and apparent death by drowning or hanging ; iu
which last case, however, it is sometimes improper, as, if it does not
immediately succeed, it exhausts the patient so much as to render other
means ineffectual : imported from America and the West Indian islands.
(G.) This species yields the Virginian, Havannah, and Pigtail tobacco
of the shops, and probably the principal part of that which comes from
India in the form of Cheroots. It is a powerful stimulant narcotic,
employed medicinally as an errhine, in infusion as an expectorant and
sedative, and in vapour both as an antispasmodic, and to bring on
nausea and fainting ; tobacco enemata have been found useful in
relaxing the parts implicated in strangulated hernia, but the remedy is
dangerous ; when chewed it appears to act deleteriously, impairing the
appetite, and bringing on torpor of the gastric nerves ; although, if
smoked in moderate quantities, it acts as a harmless excitant and seda-
ti\ e, yet it is a frequent cause of paralysis when the practice is indulged
in to excess. Oil of tobacco, which is inhaled and swallowed in the
process of smoking, is one of the most violent of known poisons ; the
Hottentots are said to kill snakes by putting a drop of it on their
tongues, and the death of these reptiles is said to take place as instan-
taneously as if by an electric shock ; dangerous symptoms are reported
to have followed the application of the ointment to scald heads. (L.)
In the case of a boy aged eight years, to whose head the expressed
juice of tobacco was applied, for the cure of tinea capitis, death took
place three hours and a half after the application. It has been em-
ployed in colic, ileus, strangulated hernia, constipation, ischuria, dysury,
tetanus and other spasmodic disorders, dropsy, and also as a topical
remedy in gout and rheumatic inflammation of the joints, testicles, and
sclerotic coat of the eye, and in erysipelatous inflammatipn. (Pereira.)
Physalis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 338. Endl. Gen. PI. 665.)
Physai^is Alkekengi. (Linn.) Alkekengi, Halicacabum, Winter
cherry. South of Europe.
Berries antinephritic, lithontriptic, and diuretic ; if, in gathering them,
they are rubbed against the calyx, they acquire a nauseous taste, and
become purgative. (G.) Diuretic, employed in veterinary practice.
(L.) Berries acidulous and slightly bitter ; they were esteemed deter-
gent and aperient by the ancients ; in Spain, Germany, and Switzer-
land, they are eaten as a common fruit. (Loud.)
Physalis angulata. (Willd.) Jamaica winter cherry. America.
Juice of the plant, with cayenne pepper, diuretic ; cures the colic.
Physalis somnifeua. (Linn.) Solanum somniferum, Sleepy night-
shade. South of Europe. East Indies.
Root hypnotic, milder than opium ; fruit very diuretic ; decoction of
the herb used in toothache. (G.) This plant is thought to have been
the ZTpvyyoQ v-kvwtikoq of Dioscorides ; it is reputed to be narcotic,
diuretic, and alexipharmic ; the leaves, steeped in oil, are in India
2 £
418 VEGETABLES.— SOLANE^.
applied to inflammatory tumours, and they are used in a similar way
in Egypt ; Kunth recognised this plant in Egyptian mummies. (L.)
SoLANUM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 337. Endl. Gen. PI. 665.)
SoLANUM BAHAMENSE. (Linn.) Bahama islands.
Its juice is administered in the West Indies, in cases of sore throat,
in the form of a gargle. (G.)
SoLANUM CERNUUM. (Velloza.) Brazii.
A decoction of the flowers and leaves is a powerful sudorific, and is
very serviceable in syphilis, inveterate gonorrhoea, and similar com-
plaints. (L.)
SoLANUM CRISPUM. (Ruiz et Pav.) Natre. Chili.
■ Shrub very bitter ; berry in infusion used in inflammatory fevers.
*SoLANUM DULCAMARA. (Linn.) (E. B. 365.) S. lignosmn, Dulca-
mara, Bitter sweet, Woody nightshade.
Fl. purple. June, July. Climbing shrub. Hedges and thickets.
Twigs, Dulcamara caules, diuretic, depurative, in chronic eruptions,
its taste being covered with milk ; the form in which it has been used
is chiefly that of decoction, two or three ounces of that of the London
Pharmacopoeia maybe given thrice a-day. (G.) The root and young
branches in the form of a decoction, much diluted with milk, have
been recommended in scrofulous or glandular obstructions. (Smith.)
The plant is a dangerous narcotic, and its gay tempting berries have
occasionally caused serious accidents among children and others who
have eaten them ; in medicine the plant has been considered serviceable,
both internally, and used as a wash in lepra, psoriasis, and other cutane-
ous disorders ; it is diaphoretic, and is said to have been advantageously
exhibited in asthma. (L.) Dulcamara has been thought serviceable
in chronic pulmonary catarrhs, in rheumatic gouty complaints, in
chronic skin diseases, in lepra, and in various cachectic conditions of
the system, in which sarsaparilla has been found beneficial. (Pereira.)
SOLANUM INCANUM.
. Leaves applied to cancers.
SoiiANUM Jacquini. (Willd.) East Indies.
Considered by the native practitioners as an expectorant. (L.)
SoLANUM Lycopersicum. (Willd.) Love apple, Tomatoes. South
America,
Berries used to make a sauce. (G.)
SoLANUM MAMMosuM. (Linu.) West Indies.
Said to be bitter, and a valuable diuretic.
SoiiANUM Melongena. (Willd.) Melongena, Egg plant.
Leaves narcotic ; berries, Mala insania. Mad apples, boiled and
eaten in the warmer climates. (G.) Cultivated both in Europe and
the East and West Indies for its fruit, which is used boiled ; stewed in
sauces, «&c., like that of the Love apple. (Loud.)
SOLANUM MURICATUM. (Willd.) PcHX.
Fruit eatable.
VEGETABLES.— soLANE^. 419
*SoLANUM NIGRUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 566.) S. vulgare. Black night-
shade, Common nightshade,
Fl. wliite. June, September. AnnuaL Waste places.
Leaves used externally as an anodyne in erysipelas ; young shoots,
Bredes, Laman, eaten as spinach ; berries produce mania, somnam-
bulism, and death. (G.) A grain or two of the dried leaf has some-
times been given to promote various secretion.j, possibly by exciting a
great and rather dangerous agitation in the viscera. (Smith.) It is a
narcotic, and, according to Orfila, its extract possesses nearly the same
power as lettuce opium ; in Brazil it is called Carachicu, or Erva
mora, and when bruised is applied either in poultices or baths to pain-
ful wounds, and in generally inHammatory cases, with a predominant
excitement of the nervous system. (L. ex Martins.)
SoLANUM oviGERUM. (Dun.) Oval egg plant. Arabia.
Distinguished from the egg-like variety of S. melongena by its acrid
pulp, which being removed by the scoop or pressure, the flesh is dressed
and eaten. (L.) Said to be narcotic. (O'Sh.)
SoLANOM PANicuLATUM. (Linn.) Brazil.
This plant is called Juripeba in Brazil, where the juice of its
bruised leaves and unripe fruit is much esteemed as a powerful remedy
in obstructions of the Iwwels, especially of the liver, and in catarrhus
vesicae; several other kinds of Solanum are used in similar diseases ;
wlien applied fresh they generally act very favourably in cleansing and
healing wounds and ulcers. (L. ex Martius.)
SoLANUM PsEUDO CAPSICUM, (Willd.) Amomum Plinii, Tree
nightshade, Wi7iter cherry. Madeira.
Fruit anodyne.
**SoLAXUM TUBEROSUM. (Willd.) PotatO.
Fl. purple or white. June, September. Perennial. Native of
America.
Tubers of the root, Potatoes, Batatas, appear to yield a vast quantity
of food upon a small extent of ground and with little labour, but only
one-seventh part of the weight is nutritious, the remainder is an acrid,
poisonous juice. When it first began to be used, it was supposed to
be narcotic, diuretic, and aphrodisiac. Salep powder, or French
salep, consists of potatoes peeled, cut in slices, baked until brittle,
horn-like, and breaking like glass, tlien ground to a whitish powder.
(G.) There is no root hitherto discovered so well adapted for universal
use as the tubers of the potato, for having no peculiarity of taste, and
consisting chiefly of starch, their farina is nearly the same as that of
grain ; hence, with the flour of the potato, puddings, and such prepara-
tions as do not call the gluten of wheat flour into action, may be made
equal to those of millet or rice, and excellent bread, with a moderate
proportion of good wheat flour. Potato starch, independently of its
use in the laundry, and as a hair powder, is considered an equally
tlelicate food as sago or arrowroot. As starch and sugar are so nearly
the same that the former is easily converted into the latter, the
potato yields a spirit equal to that of malt by distillation, anri a wine
2e2
420 VEGETABLES.— scRorHULARiNE^.
or beer by the fermentative process. (Loud,) Many other species
and varieties of this genus produce edible fruits or farinaceous tubers,
and some of them saponaceous berries.
SoLAiVUM VESPERTILIO.
Berries deep lake-red, used to colour the cheeks, (Gr.) A spinose
species of Solanum, called JBurahara, is reputed in Demerara to be an
antidote to the bite of the rattlesnake. (L.)
Order 107.— SCROPHULARINEiE. (Endl. Gen. PI. 670. Lindl.
Nat. Ord. 288.) ANTIREHINE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 342.)
Calyx free, five, or more generally (by abortion) four parted ; sepals more or less
united, sometimes free, unequal, the upper one largest, the lateral ones smallest, imbri-
cated in asstivation; corolla gamosepalous, five-cleft, or (by the cohesion of the two
upper petals to the apex) four-cleft, the tube short or elongated, limb expanded or erect,
sub-equally partite or bilabiate, imbricated in {estivation ; stamens simple, opposite the
sepals, upper stamens entirely wanting or sterile, very rarely fertile, shorter tlmn the
others, the two lateral equal, rarely abortive, the two lower equal to, or longer than, the
lateral ones, sometimes wanting ; anthers two or one-celled, dehiscing longitudinally ;
ovary free, two-celled, cells two, or many-seeded ; style simple, rarely slightly bifid ;
stigma generally simple, entire, emarginate, or bifid; fruit capsular, rarely baccate,
two-celled, two-seeded, dehiscing by valves or pores ; dissepiment parallel, or opposite
to the valves, becoming loose in the centre, or altogether free ; pjlacenta adhering to
the dissepiments, sometimes separating when ripe ; seeds generally indefinite ; embryo
variously placed in the albumen. Herbs, under-shrubs, or sometimes shrubs, usually
inodorous, but sometimes fcetid, rarely aromatic ; leaves opposite, whorled, or alternate ;
flowers axillary or racemose, rarely spiked ; peduncles opposite or alternate, sometimes
simple and one-flowered, sometimes many-flowered, in dichotomous cymes.
In the second edition of the Bot. Gal. of De Cand. and Duby, this
order is divided between the Antirrhineae, p. 342, and Rhinanthacese,
p. 351, but this is not generally followed. See Lind. Nat. Ord. 289.
Antirrhinum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 343. Endl. Gen. PI. 673.)
♦Antirrhinum majus. (Willd.) (E. B. 129.) Great snap-
dragon.
Fl. purplish-red. July, August. Perennial. "Walls and chalk cliffs.
An hysteric, and used externally in ophthalmia.
*Antirrhinum orontium. (Willd.) (E. B. 1155.) Orontium
arvense, Calves snout, Lesser snap dragon.
Fl. purple. July, August. Perennial. Corn fields in the east and
south of England.
Herb poisonous.
Calceolaria. (Endl. Gen. PI. 671.)
Calceolaria pinnata. (Linn.) Peru.
Leaves said to be purgative and emetic. (L.)
Calceolaria trifida. (Fl. Peruv.) Tumpu. Peru.
Leaves said to be tonic and febrifuge. (L.)
Caprabia. (Endl. Gen. PL 679.)
Capraria bifolia. (Willd.) Shrubby goatweed. Tropical
America.
Flowers used instead of tea.
VEGETABLES— scROPHULARiNE^. 421
DicERos. (Endl. Gen. PI. 695.)
DiCERos CocHiNCHiNENSis. (Lour.) Cochin China.
Eaten in salads.
Digitalis. (Endl. Gen. PI. 678.) (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 342.)
♦Digitalis purpurea. (Linn.) (E. B. 357.) Digitalis, Fox-
glove.
Fl. purple, sometimes white. Julj', August. Biennial. Dry banks.
Leaves, Digitalis folia, used externally as vulnerary and antiscro-
fulous, and internally in doses of gr. ss. to gr. ij. as a sedative, and
particularly as a diuretic, but great caution is required in using it, be-
cause it accumulates in the system ; and the practitioner may be sur-
prised at the sudden demise of his patient, even after he has left off its
use. Seeds, digitalis semina, used for the same purpose, less uncertain.
(G.) The leaves and seeds of this plant, especially the former, in the
state of powder, tincture, or infusion, afford one of the most valuable
of known medicines for the j^rpose of reducing the action of the
heart, promoting the action of the absorbents, as a diuretic, and for
producing a specific action over the cerebro-spinal system ; it is em-
ployed very extensively in fevers, dropsy, inflammation, haemorrhages,
diseases of the heart, and in mania, epilepsy, spasmodic asthma, and
the like ; it is very remarkable for its power on the system, sometimes
accumulating, till it suddenly shows itself with irresistible force, to
the imminent risk of the life of the patient. (L.) The leaves should
be gathered when the plant is in flower, and those only which are fresh
selected ; the leaf stalks and mid-rib should be rejected, and the re-
maining part be dried either in the sunshine, or on a tin pan or pewter
dish before the fire, or the plant be hung up, each leaf separate, in a
warm kitchen ; practitioners ought always to obtain a supply of the
recent leaves in the month of July, and dry them themselves, as in the
herb shops they are often so ill dried as to appear black, in which state
they are useless ; the powder should be kept in closely-stopped opaque
phials. (Loud.) Both the dried leaves and powder should be pre-
served in well-stopped bottles covered externally by dark-coloured
paper, and kept in a dark cupboard ; as keeping considerably diminishes
their medicinal activity, they should be renewed annually. (Pereira.)
Digitalis lutea. (Linn.) Z>. parvijiora. (All.) D. micran-
tha. (lioth.) Yellow foxglove. France.
May be used as the last.
Euphrasia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 354. Endl. Gen. PI. 693.)
♦Euphrasia officinalis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1416.) Euphrazia, Eye-
hright.
Fl. white, streaked with purple. July, August. Annual. Pas-
tures, common.
Cephalic, ophthalmic. (G.) Slightly bitter and aromatic; it has
had umch reputation in diseases of the eye, but has generally fallen
into disrepute ; it has, however, lately been asserted by Professor
Kranichfeld, that it is particularly useful in catarrhal inflammation of
the eyes ; he has also found it beneficial in cough, hoarseness, earache,
422 VEGETABLES.— scRorHULAiiiNE.E.
and headache, which have supervened in catarrhal affections. (L. ex.
Med. Gaz. xx. 528.) Lightfoot states, that the Scotch Highlanders
make an infusion of it in milk, and anoint tlie patient's eyes with a
feather dipped in it. (Loud.)
Gratiola. (Endl. Gen. PI. 682.)
GuATiOLA OFFICINALIS. (Linn.) Gratiola, Hedge hyssop. Marshes
of Europe.
Very acrid, drastic, vermifuge, used also in dropsy and jaundice;
dose gr. v. to 9jss., beginning with a small one ; inspissated juice, gr.
XX. to XXX., is purgative and diuretic. (G.) A very active plant,
formerly called Gratia Dei, on account of its efficiency as a medicine ;
it is extremely bitter, acts violently both as a purgative and an emetic,
and has been said to be the basis of the famous gout medicine called
Eau medicinale, wliich, as its active principle appears to be of the
nature of Veratria, is not improbable ; Graliola is said to have been
found serviceable in cases of hypochondriasis ; in over doses it is a
violent poison, and, according to HalTer, it renders by its abundance
some of the Swiss meadows useless as pastures. (L.)
G. PERUVIANA (Linn.) has purgative and emetic leaves and roots. (L.)
Hemimeris. (Endl. Gen. PI. 672.)
Hemimeris caulialata. (Pers.) Alonsoa caulialata.
Stomachic, anodyne.
Herpestes. (Endl. Gen. PI. 681.)
Herpestes Monniera. (H. B. et Kunth.) Gratiola monniei'a,
(Linn.) Monniera JJroivnii, (Pers.) Tropical parts of the world.
The natives of India use the expressed juice mixed with petroleum,
to rub on parts affected with rheumatic pains. (L.)
Herpestes? amara. Gratiola amara. Moluccas.
Leaves excessively bitter, and might no doubt answer valuable pur-
poses in medicine. (L. ex Roxb.)
LiNARiA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 343. Endl. Gen. PI. 673.)
*Linaria Cymbalaria. (Mill.) (E. B. 502.) Antirrhinum cymba-
Jaria. (Linn.) Cymbalaria, Ivy leaved toadflax.
Fl. pale blue or purplish. May, September. Perennial. On old
walls.
Has a warm, cress-like flavour, and has been recommended as an
antiscorbutic. Hamilton says that in India it is given with sugar in
cure of diabetes, and from the report of its influence over that dis-
order, it well deserves to be tried by the English practitioner ; it is,
however, jarobable that Dr. Ilamilion's remarks do not apply to this
plant, which does not grow in India, but to L. ramosissima, (Wall.) a
nearly-allied species. (L.)
*LiNARiA Elatine. (Desf ) (E. B. 692.) Antirrhinum elatine.
(Linn.) Elatine, Veronica fcemina, Female speedivell, Fluellin, ^harp
pointed jluellin, or Toadjiax.
Fl. yellow, upper lip violet. July, September. Annual. Corn
fields on chalky or sandy soil.
Said to be bitter and purgative. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— scKOPHULAHiNES. 423
♦LiNARiA MINOR. (H. K.J (E. B. 2014.) Antirrhinum minor, Lesser
toadflax, Small toadjlax,
Fl. purplish-yellow. June, August. Annual. Chalky and sandy
fields in the south of England,
These three are all anticancerous, especially L. elatine, the juice of
which is used in foul ulcers and cutaneous eruptions. (G.^
*LiNABiA VULGARIS. (Monch.) (E. B. 658.) Antirrhinum tinaria-
(Linn.) Linaria, Toadjlax, Yellow toad Jlax.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. Hedges and borders of fields.
Deobstruent, diuretic. (G.) Reported to be purgative and diuretic ;
it is bitter; its flowers have been recommended, in decoction, as a
wash for chronic diseases of the skin, and that it would not be an
inactive lotion seems probable from the fact, that in London the plant
is occasionally boiled in milk for the purpose of destroying flies. (L.
€X Burnett.)
Melamptrum. (De Cand.^Bot. Gal. 351. Endl. Gen. PI. 694.)
♦Melampyrum arvense. (Linn.) (E. B. 53.) Triticum vaccinum,
Purple cow wheat.
Fl. variegated with yellow, purple, rose-colour, and green. July.
Annual. Corn fields and dry banks in Norfolk.
*Melampyrum pratense. (Linn.) (E. B. 113.) Crat^gonum,
Common yellow cow wheat, Wild cow wheat.
Fl. pale yellow. June, August. Annual. Groves and thickets.
Seeds aphrodisiac ; herb fattens cows.
Pedicularis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 352. Endl. Gen. PI. 694.)
*Pedicul,aris palustris. (Linn.) (E. B. 399.) Louse wort, Marsh
louse wort, Red rattle.
Fl. deep rose-colour. June, July. Annual. Wet and marshy places.
Nauseous, acrid ; its juice, or a decoction, used externally in old
ulcers ; kills lice, yet said to breed lice in cattle that feed on it.
PiCRORHizA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 689.)
PiCRORHizA KuRROA. (Royle.) East Indies.
Root intensely bitter; used in the native medicine of India. (L.)
Rhinanthus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 353. Endl. Gen. PI. 694.)
Rhinanthus crista galli. (Willd.) (E. B. 657.) Chrisia Galli,
Cock's comb. Common yellow rattle.
Fl. yellow, tipped with purple. June. Annual. Meadows and
pastures.
Is used to kill lice.
Scoparia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 687.)
ScopARiA DU1.CI8. (Linn.) S. ternata. (Forsk.) S. procumhens.
(Jacq.) Spanish America.
An infusion is used by the Indians of Spanish America to cure agues,
according to Humboldt ; Martins, however, states that in Brazil, where
it is called Basourinha or Vacourinha, the expressed juice is merely
mucilaginous, and employed as a cooling laxative. (L.)
424 VEGETABLES.— scROPHULABiNEiE.
ScROPHULARiA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 346. Endl. Gen. PI. 671.)
*ScROPHULARiA AQUATiCA. (Linn.) (E. B. 854.) Bctonica aquatica,
Water betony, Water figwort.
Fl. dark purple at the mouth. July. Perennial. "Wet places.
Properties the same as in S. nodosa ; Burnett, however, says that
they cannot be very unwholesome plants, because the garrison of
Rochelle, during the celebrated siege by Cardinal Richelieu, in 1628,
supported themselves in their extremity by eating the roots of S.
aquatica, which has since that time been called by the French, Herhe
du siege. (L.)
*ScROPHULARiA NODOSA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1544.) Knotted figwort.
Fl. greenish-purple. July. Perennial. Moist ground and woods.
Leaves and roots said to be purgative and emetic ; they have a bitter
taste, and a heavy, disagreeable smell ; a decoction of the leaves is used
by farmers to cure the scab in swine. (L. ex Burnett.) Diuretic and
narcotic. (Pereira.) Both of these are incisive, attenuating, used in
scrofula and cancer. (G.)
ToRENiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 684.)
ToRENiA AsiATiCA. (Linn.) East Indies.
Juice of the leaves considered on the Malabar coast a cure for
gonorrhoea. (L.)
Vandellia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 683.)
Vandellia diffusa. (Linn.) Guayana, Brazil, Isle of France,
Of great value in Guayana as an antibilious emetic and febrifuge,
and a most efficacious remedy in malignant fevers and dysentery, espe-
cially in cases depending on a disordered state of the liver. (Hancock
in Med. Bot. Trans,, 1829, p. 9.) It is called Haimarada by the
Arowak Indians, and Bitter blain by the Dutch Creoles. (L.)
Verbascum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. (6'oZa«ecB) 339. Endl. Gen. PI. 670.)
*Verbascum Blattaria. (Linn.) (E. B. 393.) Blattaria, yellow
moth mullein.
Fl. July. Annual. Banks on a gravelly soil.
Has the same qualities as V. thapsus ; attracts moths ; seeds inebriate
fish. (G.) Is said to have the power of driving away the blatta, or
cockroach. (Loud.)
*Verbascum Lychnitis. (Linn.) (E. B. 58.) V. album, white
flowered mullein, White mullein.
Fl. cream-coloured. July, August. Biennial. Road-sides and
pastures, especially on the chalk.
Leaves pulmonary. (G.) Used in many places as a poison for
mice. (L.)
Yerrascum nigrum. (Linn.) (E. B. 59.) Black mullein, Dark
mullein.
Fl. yellow. July, August. Perennial. Banks and way-sides.
Root astringent ; leaves and flowers anodyne and pectoral. (G.)
Accounted slightly narcotic ; the seeds of this, and of the next species-,
are said to be used by poachers to poison fish. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— OROBANCHE^. 425
* Verbascum Thapsus. (Linn.) (E. B. 549.) Verha.ocum, Thapsus
harhatus. Cord's lung wort, Great mullein, High taper.
Fl. yellow, July, August. Biennial. Banks and waste ground on
a sandy or chalky soil.
Anodyne and pectoral; the down has been used as moxa for the
actual cautery ; a decoction of the leaves given in diarrhcea. (G.) The
down of several species of Verbascum may be used as tinder, and to
make wicks for lamps, whence the name Lychnitis applied to one of
the species, from \vy_voQ, a lamp. (Loud.) Used to poison fish.
(O'Sh.) Emollient, demulcent, and supposed to be feebly narcotic.
(Pereira.)
Veronica. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 355. Endl. Gen. PI. 688.)
*Veronica arvensis. (Linn.) (E. B. 734.) V. acinacifolia,
(Willd.) Speedicell chickweed. Wall speedwell.
Fl. blue. May, July, Annual. Fields and walls. Common.
Vulnerary, incisive, diaphoretic, antiphthisic.
*Veronica Beccabunga, (Linn.) (E. B. 635.) Anagallis aquatica,
JBeccabunga, Brooklime.
Fl. blue. May, September. Perennial. "Watercourses. Common.
Leaves, when fresh, diuretic, antiscorbutic ; eaten as salad-; juice in
a full dose an easy purge. (G.)
♦Veronica Cham^edrys. (Linn.) (E. B. 623). Chamcedrys sylves-
Iris, Germander speedwell. Wild germander.
Fl. blue. May, June. Perennial. Woods, pastures, and hedge
banks.
Leaves a better substitute for tea than those of V. officinalis.
♦Veronica Montana. (Linn.) (E. B. 766.) Mountain madwort.
Mountain speedxoell.
Fl. blue. May, June. Perennial. Moist woods.
Properties the same as those of V. arvensis.
*Veronica officinalis. (Linn.) (E. B. 765.) Betonica Fault,
Veronica mas, Common speedwell, Fluelliti.
Fl. blue. May, July. Perennial. Woods and dry pastures.
Leaves slightly astringent, bitter; substituted for tea, but more
astringent, and less grateful.
♦Veronica spicata. (Linn.) (E. B. 2.) Smallest fiuellin, Spiked
speedwell.
Fl. blue. July, August. Perennial. Newmarket, Bury, Lanca-
shire, and Wales. Rare.
Properties similar to those of V. arvensis.
Veronica Virginica. (Linn.) LeptandraVirginica, (Nutt.)
Virginia speedwell. Culverts physic. Virginia.
Root, Veronica, P. U- S.y astringent.
Ordee 108.— OROBANCHEiE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 348.
Endl, Gen, PI. 725.)
Ccdyx divided, persistent, inferior ; corolla monopetalous, hypogyuous, irregular, per-
sistent, with an imbricated ajstivation; stamens lour; generally didynamous, inserted
into the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its segments; anthers two-celled, cells
426 VEGETABLES.— GESNEBACEJE.
distinct, parallel, often mucronate, or bearded at the base ; ovary superior, one-celled,
seated in a fleshy disk, with two or four parietal polyspermous placenta ; style one ;
stigma two-lobed ; fruit capsular, enclosed within the withered corolla, one-celled, two-
valved, each valve bearing one or two placentae in the middle ; seeds indefinite, veiy
minute ; embryo minute, inverted at the apex of a fleshy albumen. Herbaceous leaf-
less plants, growing parasitically upon the roots of other species ; stems covered with
brown or colourless scales.
Epiphegus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 726.)
Epiphegus virginiana. (Nutt.) Orobanche virginiana. (Linn.)
South of United States.
Michaux says that in Virginia the powdered stems are frequently
sprinkled over inveterate ulcers and open cancers with considerable
benefit ; a quack medicine, known in North America by the name of
Martin's Cancer Powder, is said to be a compound of this plant and
white arsenic, (L.)
LATHRiEA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 351. Endl. Gen. PI. 727.)
*Lathr^a squamaria. (Linn.) (E. B. 50.) Squamaria, Tooth
wort.
ri. purplish. April, May. Perennial. On the roots of trees.
Herb consolidating, astringent, used in hernia and wounds.
Orobanche. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 348. Endl. Gen. PI. 727.)
*Orobanche major. (Liitn.) (E. B.421.) Orobanche, Broom rape.
Flowers and whole plant dingy purplish -brown. June, July. Peren-
nial. On roots of broom and furze.
Herb in powder gives relief in the colic ; used in hypochondriasis ;
externally resolvent.
Order 109.— GESNERACEiE. (Endl. Gen. PI. 715. Lindl.Nat.
Ord. 286.)
Calyx half superior, five-parted, with a valvate aestivation ; corolla monopetalous,
tubiilar, more or less irregular, five-lobed, with an imbricate a;stivation ; stamens two,
or didynamous ; anthers cohering, two-celled, innate, with a thick tumid connective ;
the rudiment of a fifth stamen is present ; ovary half superior, one-celled, with two
fleshy, two-lobed, parietal, polyspermous placentae, surrounded at its base by glands
alternating with stamens ; style continuous with the ovary ; stigma capitate, concave ;
fruit capsular, or succulent, half superior, one-celled, two-valved, with loculicidal
dehiscence, and two opposite lateral placenta;, each consisting of two plates ; seeds very
numerous, minute ; embryo erect, in the axis of fleshy albumen ; testa thin, with very
close fine oblique veins. Herbaceous plants, or under-sJirubs ; leaves opposite, rugose
without stipules ; ftowers showy, in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary. (Lindl.)
Besleria. (Endl. Gen. PI. 720.)
Besleria violacea. Tropical America.
Berry eatable.
PiCRiA. (Endl. Gen, PI. 719.)
PiCRiA pelterr^. China.
Intensely bitter.
VEGETABLES.— LABiATiE. ] 427
Order 110.— LABI ATiE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 359. Eudl. Gen.
PI. 607.)
Calyx inferior, persistent, gamosepalous, generally regular, either five-dentate, with
the fitlh tooth superior and next the ajtis, or ten-dentate, sometimes irregular, oblique,
incurved ; corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous. deciduous, irregular, the tube polymor-
phous, the limb 4-— 5 lobed, subcampanukte, bisubiate, or oblique, imbricated in asti-
vation ; stamens four, generally didynamous, inserted into the tube of the corolla, and
mostly fertile, the two upper sometimes sessile, generally fertile ; iwrmal anthers two-
celled, the cells imited by a connective, parallel, or diverging, or divaricate at the base,
being continuous at the apex, sometimes one cell is abortive, the anther being then
dimidiate; connective sometimes elongated, separating the anther cells to some dis-
tance ; often imperceptible, the cells being then confluent ; otarij four-lobed, the lobes
one-ovuled, ovule erect; style one, inserted between the lobes at their base, bifid;
stigmas two, terminal, or sub-tei-minal,.. generally extremely small ; fruit generally con-
sbting of four achenes (or fewer by abortion), persistent in the bottom of the calyx,
the pericai-p membraneous, thickened, or fleshy ; seeds erect ; albumen none ; embryo
erect, deeply cleft : cotyledons straight, or recurved at the apex ; radicle straight, or
slightly curved. Herbaceous plants, or under-shrubs ; stem four-cornered, with opposite
ramifications ; leaves opposite, divided, or undivided, exstipulate, replete with receptacles
of aromatic oil ; flowers in opposite, nearly sessile, axillary cymes, resembling whorls ;
sometimes solitary, as if capitate.
Ajuga. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 361. Endl. Gen. PI. 632.)
*Ajuga CHAMiEPiTYS. (Schreb.) (E. B, 77.) Chamcepitys, Iva
arthritica, Teucrium chamcepittjs, Ground pine, Yellow bugle.
Fl. yellow. May, June. Annual. Chalky or gravelly fields.
Bitter, tonic, febrifuge.
*Ajuga pyramidalis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1270.) Moimtain bugle,
Pyramidal bugle.
Fl. blue. June. Perennial. Highland pastures.
* Ajuga REPTANS. (Linn.) (E. B. 489.) Bugula, Common bugle.
Fl. blue, sometimes white. May, June. Perennial. Moist pastures
and woods.
Bitter, astringent, nearly inodorous, sometimes substituted for bark.
Amaracus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 617.)
Amaracus DiCTAMNUs. (Benth.) DictamnusCreticus, Origanum
dictamnus. (Linn.) Dittany of Crete. Rocks of Candia.
Aromatic and tonic ; once in much repute among the Greeks and
Eomans, but now not much used. (L.)
Amisomeles. (Endl. Gen. PI. 625.)
Anisomeles malabarica. (Brown.) Ajuga fruticosa, (Roxb.)
Nepeta Malabarica, (Linn.) East Indies and Isle of France.
Patients suffering from ague are made to inhale the vapour arising
from an infusion of this |plant, copious perspiration ensues, which is
kept up for some time by drinking more of the infusion. (Wight.)
The leaves, which are bitter and astringent, are taken in India to assist
<ligestion, and to impart tone to the stomach. (L ) The entire plant
deemed emmenagogue in the "West Indies. (O'Sh.)
Ballota. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 365. Endl. Gen. PI. 657.)
*Ballota nigra. (Willd.) (E. B. 46.) Marrubium nigrum^
Slack horehound.
Fl. purple. July, August. Perennial. Waste places. Common.
428 VEGETABLES.— LABIATE.
. Ballota suaveolens. Jamaica spikenard.
Strong-scented, emmenagogue, antihysteric, antiepileptic, expecto-
rant, and vermifuge ; externally they are vulnerary ; an infusion of the
latter used in dropsy and gravel. (G.)
CoLLiNSONiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 618.)
Collinsonia canadensis. (Willd.) C. prcecox? Canadian snake-
root, horse-iveed, horse-balm, richtveed, heal-all, stone-root, knot-root.
(W. and B. 1248.) North America.
Root used for Virginian snakeroot.
CuNiLA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 618.)
CuNiLA Mariana. (Linn.) Zizophora mariana, Virginia penny-
royal. North America.
Leaves, Cunila, P. U. S., diaphoretic, distilled for their oil. (G.)
Employed beneficially in slight fevers and colds, witii a view to excite
perspiration. (L.)
Dracocephalum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 623.)
Dracocephalum MoiiDAViCA. (Willd.) Moldavian mint. Moldavia.
Similar in quality to mint.
Dysophylla. (Endl. Gen. PI. 612.)
Dysophylla Auricularia. (Blum.) Mentha villosa, Auricularia,
Ceylonian plant, Earwort, Marlow. East Indies.
Used for deafness. (G.) Has been recommended as a stimulating
application in the cure of deafness. (L.)
Galeopsis. (Endl. Gen. PI. 625.)
*Gai,eopsis Ladanum. (Willd.) (E. B. 884.) Narrow-leaf all-
heal. Red hemp nettle.
Fl. purplish, rose-coloured, or white. August. Annual. Corn-fields.
*Galeopsis ochroleuca. (Lamb.) (E. B. 2353.) Trailing hemp
nettle.
Fl. large, pale yellow. July, August. Annual. Sandy corn-fields.
Well spolcen of as an expectorant, and in phthisical complaints.
*Galeopsis Tetrahit. (Willd.) (E. B. 207 and 667.) Bastard
hemp, Common hemp nettle.
Fl. purplish or white. August. Annual. Corn-fields and waste places.
Seeds yield oil. (G.) These have also the same properties as Ballota
nigra.
Geniosporum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 608.)
Geniosporum prostratum. (Benth.) East Indies.
Used at Pondicherry as a febrifuge (L.)
Hedeoma. (Endl. Gen. PI. 618.)
Hedeoma pulegioides. (Pers.) Cunila pulegioides. (Linn.) Me-
lissa p., (Linn.) Ziziphora ptdegioides, (R. and S.) American penny-
royal. North America.
This plant has great reputation in North America as an emmena-
gogue, where it is called pennyroyal. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— LABIATE. 429
Hyssopus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 617. De Cand. Bot. Gal. 363.)
**Hyssopus OFFICINALIS. (Linn.) Hyssopus^ H. angustifolius. (Bieb.)
H. orientalis. (Willd.) Hyssop.
Fl. purple. July, August. Perennial. Native of the south of
Europe and centre of Asia.
Leaves emmenagogue, pectoral, used as tea ; soaked in water or
wine, and applied as a cataplasm, used as a discutient for black eyes
and other contusions. (G.) A stimulating stomachic, considered
serviceable in hysterical complaints and in relieving flatulence. (L.)
Lamium. (Endl. Gen. PI. 624. De Cand. Bot. Gal. 366.)
*Lamium; vulgatum. (Benth.) Common dead nettle.
Var. /3. Album. (AVilld.) (E. B. 768.) Urtica mortua, White
archangel.
Fl. white. June, July. Perennial. Ditches and waste places.
*Lamium purpureum (Linn.) (E. B. 1933.) Bed archangel, Red
dead nettle.
PL purple. May, September. Annual. Waste ground.
Lamium Orvala. (Willd.) Purple archangel. Italy.
Heating and strengthening, made into tea with honey they are
diaphoretic, discutient, and expectorant. (G.) Leaves of L. orvala
eaten in Sweden as a pot-herb in spring, according to Linnaeus. (Loud.)
*Lamium galeobdolon, (Crantz.) (E. B. 787.) Galeohdolon
luteum, (Hook.) Galeopsis galeobdolon, (Linn.) Lamium luteum,
Yellow archangel, or Weasel snout.
Fl. yellow. May, June. Perennial. Woods and shady places.
Properties the same as Ballota nigra.
Lamium maculatum. (Willd.) Milzadella, Urtica lactea, Spotted
archangel. Italy.
Herb esteemed specific in scrofula and fluor albus.
Lavandula. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 369. Endl. Gen. PI. 611.)
Lavandula spica. (D. C.) L. latifolia. (Vill.) Spica vulgaris^
Spike lavender, French lavender. South of Europe.
Not employed medicinally, but yields what is called Oil of Spike,
which is used by painters on porcelain, and in the preparation of var-
nishes for artists. (L.)
Lavandula st.echas (Linn.) Stcechas arabica, French lavender.
South of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Has long been employed medicinally by the Arabs, who consider it
as a valuable expectorant and antispasmodic. (L.) Also diuretic. (G.)
**Lavandula vera. (D. C.) L. angustifolia. (Monch.) L.
officinalis, (Vill.) L. spica. (Linn.) Common lavender.
Fl. purplish grey. July. Small shrub. Native of the south of
Europe.
Flowering tops, Lavandidce Jiores, very odoriferous, yield essential
oil ; are nervine, antispasmodic, and cephalic. (G.) The spikes of
flowers contain a fragrant volatile oil in great abundance, together with
a bitter principle ; they are carminative, stimulant, and tonic, but are
430 VEGETABLES.— LABiAT^E.
more employed in perfumery than in medicine ; leaves and flowers have
been used as sternutatories ; Oil of lavender is obtained by distillation,
and is sometimes given in hysteria and nervous headache ; Spirit of
lavender is prepared by distilling lavender flowers with rectified spirit,
a sufficient quantity of water being added to prevent empyreuma ;
lavender enters into the composition of Eau de Cologne and the
Vinaigre aux quatre voleurs. (L.)
Leonotis. (R. Br.) (Lind. Nat. Ord. 277.)
Leonotis nepetifolia. (Brown.) Phlomis nepetifolia. (Linn.)
East Indies, South America.
Called Corddo defrade in Brazil ; used in that country in batlis as a
remedy in rheumatic complaints. (L.)
Leonurus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 394. Endl. Gen. PI. 625.)
*LEONunus Cardiaca. (Linn.) (E. B. 286.) Cardiaca, Mother
wort.
Fl. white, with a reddish tinge. August. Perennial. Hedges and
waste places.
A stimulant, which has been much extolled by the Russians as a
preservative against canine madness. (Burnett.) The reputed tonic
powers of this herb, and its use in palpitations of the heart, or in that
disease of the stomach called heartburn, are now little regarded. (L.
ex Smith.)
Leonurus marrubiastrum. (Willd.) Bastard horehound. Austi-ia.
Properties of this and of tlie former like those of JBallota nigra. (G.)
Lycofus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 359. Endl. Gen. PI. 613.)
*Lycopus EuROPiEus. (Linn.) (E. B. 1105.) Marrubium aqua-
ticum. Water horehound, Gipsy wort.
Fl. whitish, with purple dots. June, July. Perennial. Ditches
and banks of rivers.
Qualities same as Ballota nigra.
Lycofus Virginicus. Bugle weed. (W- and B. 436.)
Marrubium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 364. Endl. Gen. PI. 627.)
Marrubium Alyssum. (Willd.) Alyssmn Galeni, Galen's mad-
wort. Spain.
Marrubium Pseudo-Dictamnus. (Willd.) Bastard dittany.
Candia.
Properties the same as those of Ballota nigra.
*Marrubium vulgare, (Linn.) (E. B. 410.) M. album, Marru-
bium, Prassium, Horehound, White horehound.
Fl. white. August. Perennial. Waste places, especially on a chalky
soil.
Pectoral, used in coughs and colds. (G.) The whole herb has a
white or hoary aspect, and a very bitter, not unpleasantly aromatic,
flavour ; its extract is a popular remedy for coughs and asthmatic com-
plaints. (Smith.) It has been recommended in chlorosis and hysteria
as stimulating and tonic, and also in the treatment of intermittents ; an
infusion of the leaves has been found serviceable in chronic catarrh and
VEGETABLES.— LABiAT.*. 481
humoral asthma ; made into syrup or confection, and candied with
sugar, they form a popular remedy for sligiit coughs ; the plant, althouo-h
not much used professionally, appears to deserve more attention than
it now receives. (L. ex Burnett.) In large doses laxative. (Pereira.)
Melissa. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 374. Endl. Gen. PI. 619.)
♦Melissa Acinos. (Benth.) (E. B. 411.) Acynos vulgaris. (Hook.)
Thymus acynos, Basil thyme, Poly mountain, Wild Basil.
Fl. bluish purple. August. Annual. Cultivated fields on chalky
or gravelly soils.
Properties similar to those of Lamium album.
*Melissa Calamintha. (Linn.) (E. B. 1676.) Calamintha vul-
garis, C. montana. Common calamint.
Fl. whitish or pale purple. July, August. Perennial. Borders of
fields and waysides on chalky or gravelly soils.
**Melissa Clinopodium. (Benth.) (E. B. 1401.) Clinopodium
vulgare. (Linn.) Ocymiim sylvestre. Wild basil.
Fl. rose purple. August. Perennial. Hills and dry bushy places.
Heating and strengthening ; a tea made of this plant, mixed with
honey, is diaphoretic, discussive, and expectorant.
Melissa grandiflora. Calamintha grandijlora, C. magniflora,
Mountain calamint. Italy.
*Melissa Nepeta. (Linn.) (E. B. 284.) Calamintha nepeta.
(Hook.) C- odore pulegii. Thymus nepeta, Lesser calamint.
FL whitish or pale purple. August. Perennial. Dry banks, on
chalky soil.
**Melissa officinalis. (Linn.) Common balm, Melissa.
Fl. wliitish or cream-coloured. June, September. Perennial.
Native of south of Europe.
Cephalic, used in nervous and hysteric cases. (G.) M. calaminta
and M. officinalis are aromatic and slightly bitter, and are used by
country people, in the form of tea, as a grateful fever drink. (L.)
These plants are stomachic and diuretic, and wer^ formerly prized as
corroborants in hypochondriacal and nervous affections, but are now
used only in the form of tea. (Lou.) Balm tea is sometimes employed
as a diaphoretic in fevers, as an exhilarating drink in hypochondriasis,
and as an emmenagogue in amenorrhoea and chlorosis. (Pereira.)
Mehttis. (Endl. Gen. PI. 623.)
*Melittis Melissophyllum. (Linn.) (E. B. 636) Melissa fuchsii,
Bastard balm.
Fl. white or reddish, lower lip often spotted with purple. May,
June. Perennial. Woods and coppices in the soutli of England.
Diuretic, opening.
Meriandra. (Endl. Gen. PI. 613.)
Meriandra benghalensis. (Benth.) Salvia benghalensis. (Roxb.)
Bengal.
Leaves similar in smell and taste to those of Salvia officinalis, but
much stronger ; they are applied to the same uses. (L.)
432 VEGETABLES.— LABiATiE.
Mentha. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 371. Endl. Gen. PI. 613.)
*jMentha aquatica. (Linn.) (E. B. 447.) M. hirsuta, Sisymbrium
sylvestre. Hairy mint, Water mint.
Fl. purple. August, September. Perennial. Banks of rivers and
marshes.
*Mentha arvensis. (Linn.) Calamintha aquatica, Corn mint,
Water calamint.
n. pale purple. August. Perennial. Corn-fields. Common.
Mentha Cervina. (Linn.) Pulegium cervimim, Harfs pennyroyal.
*Mentha citrata. (Ehr.) (E. B. 1025.) Bergamot mint.
Fl. purplish. August, September. Perennial. "Watery places. Rare.
' Furnishes a fragrant oil, having very much the odour of bergamot. (L.)
Mentha ckispa. Var. 31. Aquatica. Curled leaved mint.
Mentha gentilis. Var. M. arvensis. Bushy red mint.
*Mentha piperita. (Huds.) (E. B. 687.) M. glabrata. (Vahl.)
M. piperissapore, Pepper?ni?it.
Fl. purplish. August, September. Perennial. "Waterj'- places.
An aromatic stimulant, and the most pleasant of all the mints :
employed in medicine for several purposes, principally to ex})el flatus,
to cover the unpleasant taste of other medicines, and to relieve nausea
and griping pains of the alimentary canal ; the volatile oil is sometimes
taken as an antispasmodic ; it is what gives their flavour to peppermint
lozenges, (L. ex Pereira.) Useful in the early stage of the malignant
cholera. (O'Sh.)
*Mentha Pulegium. (Linn.) (E. B. 1026.) Pulegium, P. vulgare,
(Mill.) Pennyroyal.
Fl. purplish. June, September. Perennial. Wet commons.
The properties of this are analogous to those of other mints ; the
public fancy it to be possessed of specific emmenagogue, and anti-
spasmodic qualities, an opinion formerly entertained of it by some
medical practitioners; it is principally employed in obstructed men-
struation, hystericalVomplaints, and hooping-cough. (L. ex Pereira.)
*Mentha rotdndifoma. (Linn.) (E. B. 446.) Round-leaved
horsemint.
Fl. whitish. August, September. Perennial. Moist places on
waste ground.
*Mentha sylvestris. (Linn.) (E. B. 686.) Menthastrum, Horse
mint.
Fl. purplish. August, September. Perennial. Moist waste ground.
All stomachic, promoting digestion, diuretic, and approved emme-
nagogues, either in powder or infusion ; all yield oil by distillation. (G.)
*Mentha viridis. (Linn.) (E. B. 2424.) Spearmint.
Fl. purplish, August. Perennial. Marshy places.
The herb has a strong, peculiar, and pleasant odour, with an
aromatic, bitter taste, followed by a sense of coldness when air is
drawn into the mouth ; it is aromatic and carminative, and employed
in flatulence, and to relieve the pain of colic ; various preparations are
VEGETABLES— LABIATE. 433
ordered by Pharmacopoeias, of which Oil of spearmint and Spearmint
water are the most common ; the former is taken in doses of from two
to five drops rubbed with sugar in a little water. (L.)
MoNARDA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 615.)
MoNARDA FiSTULOSA. (Linn.) North America.
Decidedly bitter as well as aromatic; has been employed in the
United States as a febrifuge. (L.)
MoNARDA KALMiAXA. (Psh.) Osicego tea. North America.
Leaves used as those of tea.
3I0NARDA PUNCTATA. (Linn.) Horsemint. North America.
Root, Monarda, P. U. S., emmenagogue. (G.) Abounds with cam-
phor, and has been employed as an antispasmodic to relieve the nausea
which attends the bilious fevers of America. (L.)
Nepeta. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 369. Endl. Gen. PI. 622.)
*Nepeta Cataria. (Linn.) (E. B. 137.) Mentha cataria, Nepeta,
Cat mint, Catnep.
Fl. white, tinged and spotted with pink. July, August. Perennial.
Hedu:es and waste places.
Highly alluring to cats. Other properties like those of Lamium
album. (G.) This plant, when bruised, appears to act as a real aphro-
disiac upon cats. Its stimulating properties deserve to be examined.
It is said to have been advantageously exhibited in amenorrhoea. (L.)
*Nepeta Glechoma. (Benth.) (E. B. 853.) Glechoma hederacea,
(Linn.) Hedera terrestris, Chamcecissus, Ground ivy.
Fl. blue. May. Perennial. Hedges and waste plabes.
A favourite herb with country people for making a tea against pec-
toral and other complaints ; it is said to have been serviceable in hypo-
chondriacal complaints and monomania. (L. ex Burnett.) General
properties same as the last. (G.) Before the use of hops, the leaves
were put into ale, and being bitter, aromatic, and having a peculiar
and very strong smell, were much used in popular medicine. (Lou.)
OcYMUM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 375. Endl. (ien. PI. 608.)
OcYMUAi ALBUM. Toolsie tea. India.
Leaves used as tea. (G.) Juice given to children in colds, to the
extent of a tea-spoonfid twice daily ; dried leaves used as a substitute
for tea. (O'Sh.)
**OcYMUM Basilicum. (Linn.) Basilicum, Sweet basil.
Fl. light purple. June. Annual. Native of Incfia.
Strong scented, emmenagogue ; gave the peculiar flavour to tlie ori-
ginal Fetter-lane sausages. (G.) According to Ainslie, used in India
to assuage the pains of childbirth, the pilose variety is employed. (L.)
OcYiMUM cavum. (Sims.) South America.
Esteemed a sudorific in Brazil. The small seeds are deemed cool-
ing and mucilaginous, and consequently are given in gonorrhoea, ardor
urinse, and affections of the kidneys. (O'Sh.)
OcYMUM CRisPUM. (Thunb.) Japan.
An infusion of the leaves is said by Thunberg to be used in Japan
as a cure for rheumatism. (L.)
2 F
434 VEGETABLES.— i^Bi AM.
OcYMUM HiBSUTUM. India.
"Whole plant slightly aromatic ; prescribed by the Hindoos in decoc-
tion, in the bowel complaints of children. (O'Sh.)
OcYMDM piLOsuM. India.
Seeds aromatic, used by women to relieve after-pains. (O'Sh.)
OcYMUM SANCTUM. (Linn.) India.
Reported by Ainslie as a febrifuge. (L.)
OcYMUM SUAVE. (Willd.) India.
Used by the natives as a stomachic, and as a cure for infantile
catarrh. (L.)
OcYMUM TUBEROSUM. Java potatoes. East Indies.
Tubers eaten.
OcYMUM viRiDE. (Willd.) Africa.
Employed in Sierra Leone as a febrifuge. (L.)
Origanum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 375. Endl. Gen. PI. 617.)
Origanum heracleoticum. (Willd.) Bastard marjoram. South
of Europe.
Origanum Majorana. (Willd.) Amaracus, Sampscns, Majorana.
Srveet marjoram. Portugal.
Origanum onites. (Willd.) Majorana olei-acea, Pot marjoram.
Sicily.
*Origanum VULGARE. (Linn.) (E. B. 1143.) Origanum. Winter
marjoram.
Fl. purple. July, August. Perennial. Dry hills and bushy places.
General properties the same as Lamium album. (G.) O. vulgare
yields what is called Oil of thyme in the shops, a common remedy for
the pain of toothache in carious teeth ; it is frequently used, mixed
with olive oil, as a stimulating liniment against baldness, in rheumatic
complaints, and against sprains and bruises. (L.) Tops dye purple.
(G.) Dried leaves used as tea ; oil used as a caustic by farriers. It
also dyes linen aceddish-brown colour. (Lou.) Stimulant and car-
minative. The infusion has been administered in chronic cough,
asthma, amenorrhoea. (Pereira.)
Phlomis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 364. Endl. Gen. PI. 629.)
Phlomis Lychnitis. (Linn.) Sage-leaf midlien. South of Europe.
Properties like those of Ballota nigra.
One of the styptic plants, called Matico, is said by Martius to be a
species of Phlomis.
PoGOSTEMON. (De Cand. xii. 151.)
Pogostemon Patc^houly. (Pellet.) Pogostemon intermedias,
(Bentham.) Pogostemon suavis, (Tenore.) Puchd Pat, Patchoidy.
Penang, and the Malayan peninsula. The tops of this plant (sum-
mitates patchouli) dried in the sun are imported into England. In the
form of Sachets, it is supposed by some to preserve clothes from the
attacks of insects ; this, however, does not appear to be substantiated, at
least as regards any specific power that it may possess. It is also used
VEGETABLES.— LABIATE. <4»5
as a stuffing for mattresses and pillows, and its leaves are considered
to be preventitives against contagion, and are much used in perfumery.
In India it is used by smokers mixed with tobacco.
Prunella. (Endl. Gen. PI. 620.)
♦Prunella vulgaris. (Linn.) (E. B. 961.) Prunella, Self-heal.
Fl. violet-blue. July, August. Perennial. Moist and barren pas-
tures.
Bitter, astringent, nearly inodorous, substituted for bark. (G.)
EosMARiNus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 359. Endl. Gen. PI. 615.)
♦♦Rosmarinus officinalis. (Linn.) Rosmarinus, Rosemary.
Fl. pale blue. May. Shrub. Native of the south of Europe.
Flowers, Anthos rorismarini cacumina, cephalic, nervine, cordial,
heating, emmenagogue, used for strengthening ; infusion promotes the
growth of the hair, and gives it a healthy appearance. (G.) Leaves
similar in smell and taste to those of Salvia officinalis, but much
stronger ; they are applied to the same uses. (L.) Carminative and
mildly stinmlant. Infusion of rosemary is sometimes used as a substi-
tute lor ordinary tea by hypochondriacal persons. The admired flavour
of Narbonne honey depends on the bees collecting this substance from
this plant. (Pereira.) The essential ingredient in the well-known Eau
de la reine d' Hongrie is the essential oil of this plant, which is stated
most positively to possess the power of encouraging the growth of hair
and of curing baldness. It is the colouring ingredient of green poma-
tum. (O'Sh.)
Salvia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 360. Endl. Gen. PI. 614.)
Salvia jethiopica. Ethiopian sage.
Salvia cretica. (Willd.) Sage of Crete Crete.
**Salvia Horminum. (Linn.) Horminum, Purple-topped clary.
Fl. purple, bracts purple or red. July, August. Perennial. Native
of the south of Europe.
Excite the nervous system, produce a slight intoxication ; used in
disorders of the eyes, and are aphrodisiac. (G.)
Salvia grandiflora. (Ettl.) South of Europe.
Has the same properties as S. officinalis, but in a more concentrated
degree. (L.) Preferred for making tea. (Lou.)
Salvia indica. (Willd.) East Indies.
Herb put, in Hindostan, into the country beer to improve its flavour.
Salvia lyrata. (Willd.) Cancer weed. North America.
Root leaves bruised, used to destroy warts and in cancerous cases.
**Salvia officinalis. (Linn.) Common sage.
Fl. purple, blue, or white. July, August. Small shrub. Native
of the south of Europe.
Many varieties, differing in the size, form, and colour of the leaves,
as ^S". hortensis minor, S. virtutis, Sage of virtue, Small garden sage ;
properties heating, sudorific ; used in palsy, and trembling of the nerves ;
also cordial, stomachic ; stops night sweats, and the flow of milk
after weaning ; Galls, Baisonge, eaten, ((jr.) S. hortensis major,
2 F 2
436 VEGETABLES.— LABIATE.
Great garden sage. A tea made of the leaves of these plants has the
reputation of being a stomachic ; their aromatic and bitter qualities
render them fit to assist the stomach in digesting rich or greasy meats,
on which account they are so much employed in cookery. (L.)
**Salvia Sclauea. (Linn.) Clary, Sclarea.
FJ. light blue, or whitish. July, August. Perennial. Xative of
the south of Europe.
Added to wine to give the flavour of Muscadel.
*Salvia Verbenaca. (Linn.) (E. B. 154.) Oculis christi, Wild
clary.
Fl. purple, July. Perennial. Banks and dry pastures.
Salvia verticillata. ( Willd.) Hormium sylvestre, Wild clary.
Germany.
Seeds put in the eye become mucilaginous, and thus facilitate the
extraction of anything that has got into it.
Satureja. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 370. Endl. Gen. PI. 617.)
Satdreja capitata. (Linn.) Thymiim verum, True thyme. The
Levant.
Vermifuge.
**Satureja HORTENSis. (Linn.) Summer savory.
Fl, whitish. June, August. Annual. Native of the south of Europe.
More acrid and hotter than Sweet basil, dyes a yellow colour ; em-
ployed for culinary purposes.
Satureja Juliana. (Linn.) S. spicata, Rock savory.
Herb agrees with other savories.
Satureja Montana. (Linn.) aS'. durior, S. frutesceiis, Winter
savory.
Used as spice.
Satureja Thymbra. Thymbra vera, True thymbra.
Herb emmenagogue, used with honey in coughs.
Scutellaria. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 376. Endl. Gen. PI. 620.)
*ScuTr:LLARiA galericulata. (Linn.) (E. B. 523.) Lysimachria
galericulata. Common skull-cap, Hooded xoillow herb.
Fl. blue, downy. July, August. Perennial. Banks of rivers.
Bitter, astringent, nearly inodorous; has been substituted for bark.
Scutellaria laterifolia. (Linn.) North America.
Extolled in America as a remedy for hydrophobia, but upon no good
grounds. (L.)
SiDERiTis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 368. Endl. Gen. PI. 627.)
SiDERiTis HiRSUTA. (Willd.) Sideritis, Ironwort. South of Europe.
Herb cures wounds by the first intention.
SiDEEiTis MONTANA. (Linn.) Mountain iromvort. Austria.
Sideritis scordioides. (Linn.) S.fiore luteolo^ German ironwort.
France.
Properties the same as those of Scutellaria galericulata.
VEGETABLES.— LA BiAT.r. 437
SiDERiTis SYKiACA. (WiUd.) Stachijs, Base horehound. Levant.
Leaves acrid, emmenagogue, foetid.
Stachys. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 367. Endl. Gen. PL 625.)
*Staciiys BETONiCA. (Benth.) (E.B.I 142.) Betonica officinalis.
(Linn.) B. sylvestris, B. vulgaris. Wood hetony.
Fl. Purple. July, August. Perennial. Woods and thickets.
Heating and strengthening, made into a tea with honey, diaphoretic,
discussive, expectorant. (G.) Intoxicates when fresh ; leaves when
dry excite sneezing ; roots bitter and very nauseous, in a small dose
they ^'omit and purge violently ; the plant dyes wool of a very fine
dark-yellow colour. (Lou.)
*Stachys abvensis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1154.) Sideritis arvensis
lat) folia glabra. Smooth-leaved iromoort, Corn ivound-wort.
Y\. pale purple. July, August. Annual. Dry corn-fields.
*Stachys PALusTRis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1675.) Panax coloiii,Clown^s
all-heal, Marsh wound-wmt.
Fl. rose purple. August. Perennial. Watery places. Common.
*SrACHYs SYLvATiCA. (Linn.) (E. B. 416.) Hedge wound-ivort,
Sti?ihing dead nettle.
Fl. purple. July, August. Perennial. Woods and shady places.
Strong-scented, more or less disagreeable, emmenagogue, anti-hysteric,
anti-epileptic, expectorant, vermifuge, externally vulnerary. (G.)
Tedcbium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 362. Endl. Gen. PI. 631.)
Teucrium Botrys. (Linn.) Jagged germander. South of Europe.
Used instead of hops.
Teucrium capitatum. (Linn.) Folium montanum, Poly maun-
tain. Spain.
Alexiterial.
*Teucrium Cham^edrys. (Linn.) (E. B. 680.) Chamcedrys, Tris-
sago. Creeping germafider. Wall germander.
Fl. reddish purple. July. Perennial. On walls and stony places.
Bitter tonic, febrifuge. (G.) Is said, to j^have cured the Emperor
Charles V. of the gout, by a vinous decoction taken for sixty successive
days. (Lou.)
Teucrium ceeticum. Polium creticum, Cretan poly mountain.
Alexiterial.
Teucrium flavum. (Linn.) Teucrium, Tree germander. South
of Europe.
Leaves used in diseases of the liver and spleen.
Teucrium Marum. (Linn.) Marum Syriacum. Cat thyme^ Sy-
rian herb mastich. Spain.
Emmenagogue ; cats are very fond of it. (G.) Its active proper-
ties deserve investigation. (L.)
Teucrium montanum. (Schreb.) Lavender-leaf poly. South of
Europe.
Alexiterial.
438 VEGETABLES.— VEKBENACE^i.
Teucuium Polium. (Lamb.) Polium montanum fiavum. Yellow
poly mountain. South of Europe.
Teucrium teuthrion. Polium montanum album, While poly
mountain.
Leaves used in diseases of the liver and spleen.
*Teucuium Scordium. (Linn.) Scordium germander, Water
germander .
FI. pale purple. July, August. Perennial. Wet meadows. Rare.
*Teucrium Scobodonia. (Linn.) (E. B. 1543.) Salvia agrestis,
Scorodonia, Wild germander. Wood sage.
Fl. yellowish white. July, August. Perennial. Woods and heaths.
Used instead of hops. (G.) Beer is said sooner to become clear
than when hops are made use of; T. scordium was once in high esteem
for destroying worms and for fomentations. (Lou.)
Thymbra. (Endl. Gen. PI. 620.)
Thymbka spicata. (Willd.) Mountain hyssop. The Levant.
Vermifuge.
Thymus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 372. Endl. Gen. PI. 617.)
Thymus Mastichina. (Willd.) Marum, Herb mastich. Spain.
* Thymus SERF YiiEUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1514.) Serpyllum, Lemon
thyme, Mother of thyme, Wild thyme.
Fl. purple. July, August. Perennial. Hills and dry pastures.
**Thymus vulgaris. (Linn.) Thymus, Garden thyme, Thyme.
Fl. purple. July, August. Perennial. Native of the South of
Europe.
Thymus Zygis. (Willd.) T. sylvestris, Wild thyme. Spain.
Heating and strengthening ; made into tea with honey, are diapho-
retic, discussive, and expectorant. (G.) The essential oil of T. vul-
garis is administered to remove flatulence. (L.) Used for culinary
purposes.
The drug called in India Pucha pat, extensively employed by the
natives and by the Arabs as an ingredient in tobacco for smoking, and
the essential oil as a perfume, is supposed to be a plant belonging to
this order. (O'Sh.)
Order 111.— VERBENACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 377.
Endl. Gen. PI. 632.)
Calyx tubular, generally persistent; corolla hypogynous, monopetalous, tubulous,
deciduons, generally irregular ; stameiis generally four, didynamous, rarely two or six -
ovary free, 2 — 4 celled ; ovules erect, solitary, or in pairs ; style one ; stigma simple, or
two-lobed ; pericarp drupaceous, or baccate, 1 — 4 nuts (pyrena), which are sometimes-
enclosed in an utricular membrane; embryo straight; radicle inferior; albumen none ..
Herbs, or shrubs, with opposite exstipulate leaves.
Avicennia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 638.)
AVICENNIA NITIDA.
A tree very common on the eastern coast of Demerara, the bark of
which is used in tanning. It is termed Courida Bark.
VEGETABLES.— VERBENACE^. 439
AvicENNiA TOMENTOSA. (Linn.) A. resinifera. India.
Exudes resin.
Callicarpa. (Endl. Gen. PI. 637.)
Callicarpa lanata. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Bitterish and sub-aromatic ; employed in Indian medicine. (L. ex
Royle.)
Clerodendrum. (Endl. Gen, PI. 637.)
Clerodendrum inerme. (H, K.) Volkameria inermis. (Linn.)
Yields resin. (G.) Has been occasionally employed on account of
its slightly bitter and sub-astringent qualities, but is not of much im-
portance. (L.)
CoNGEA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 638.)
Conge A villosa. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Has leaves with a strong, heavy, disagreeable smell ; used by the
natives of India in fomentations. (L, ex Roxb.)
Gmelina. (Endl. Gen. PI. 636.)
Gmelina parviflora. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Has the power of rendering water mucilaginous, which is employed
in India as a ptisan for the cure of the heat of urine in gonorrhoea.
(L. ex Roxb.)
Premna. (Endl. Gen. PI. 636.)
Premna ixtegrifolia, (Linn.) Asia, New Holland.
Slightly bitter and astringent ; has been occasionally employed in
medicine, but is of little importance. (L.)
Stachytarpha. (Endl. Gen. PI. 633, in Verbena.)
Staciiytarpha jamaicensis. (Vahl.) Verbena jamaicensis. (Linn.)
Jamaica vervain. "West Indies.
Juice cathartic, deobstruent, emmenagogue. (G.) The expressed
juice of the leaves is given in Tortola as a cooling purgative to chil-
dren, in doses of one or two table-spoonfuls ; in the French West Indies
it is employed in decoction for clysters, and also as an anthelmintic ; it
has, moreover, some reputation for promoting the menstrual discharge ;
in Brazil, the fresh leaves bruised are applied to ulcers ; it is there
called Urgerdo, or Jarbdo. (L.)
Tectonia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 636.)
Tectonia grandis. (Willd.) Teak wood. East Indies.
Leaves used against the thrush and dropsy, and also to purify water.
(G.) A timber tree of immense size and great durability, justly
called the oak of the east, famed to be the most useful wood in Asia,
being easily worked, and at the same time both strong and durable j
considered superior to all others for ship-building, (Lou.)
Verbena. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 377. Endl. Gen. PI. 633.)
*Verbena officinalis. (Linn.) (E. B. 767.) Verbena, Common
vervain.
FI. small, purple. July. Perennial. Road-sides and waste ground.
Febrifuge, vulnerary, used externally as a rubefacient in rheuma-
tism and other pains of the joints ; root, worn round the neck, cures
440 VEGP:TABLES.— ACANTHACE/E.
scrofulous and scorbutic affections. (G.) Considered by the ancients
as a sacred plant, used in making leagues by ambassadors, sacrificial
rights, incantations, &c., and by the moderns, as an amulet, as veil as
for medical purposes. (Lou.)
YiTEx. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 377. Endl. Gen. PI. 635.)
ViTEx Agnus castus. (Linn.) Agnus castus. Sicily.
Flowering tops, cooling, drying, and looked upon as anaphrodisiac,
whence they were used to strew the beds of the vestal virgins and
Christian nuns. (G.) Fruit acrid ; according to Forskahl, the seeds are
reputed at Smyrna to be a certain remedy against colic, if powdered
and strewed over half an onion and applied to the stomach. (L.)
ViTEX NEGUivDO. (Linn.) East Lidies.
In India, a decoction of the aromatic leaves helps to form a warm-
bath for women after delivery ; bruised, they are applied to tlie temples
for headache ; pillows stuffed witli them are put under the head to re-
move a catarrh and tlie headache attending it. (L. ex Eoxb.) Fruit
acrid. (L.)
ViTEX tkifolia. (Linn.) East Indies.
The leaves are a powerful discutient, and employed by the Malays
to remove the boss ; the leaves are given 'in decoction; and infusion,
and formed into a cataplasm, which is applied to the enlarged spleen.
(Roxb.) The fruit is acid, and called in India Filjil burree, or Wild
pepper. (L.)
Volkameria.
VoLKAMERiA iNERMis. (Linn.) India.
Juice of root and leaves bitter ; given as an alterative in venereal
complaints and scrofula. Dose, a table-spoonful. (O'Sh.)
Order 112.— ACANTHACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 378.
Endl. Gen. PI. 696.)
Calyx divided, persistent, often bracteate ; corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, deci-
duous, irregular ; stamens 2 — 4 didynamous ; ovary with a glandular disc, surrounding
the base, two-celled, cells many-seeded ; style one ; stigma bilobate ; capsule two-celled,
cells many-seeded, by abortion one-seeded, bursting elastically with two valves; dis-
sepiment opjjosite the valves separable into two pieces through the axis, those pieces
attached to the valves, sometimes separating fiom them with elasticity, entire, or occa-
sionally spontaneously separating in two, their inner edge bearing the seeds; seeds
roundish, hanging by the ascending ])rocesses of the placenta ; albumen none ; radicle
inferior ; cotyledons foliaceous. Herbs or shrubs, chiefly tropical ; leaves ojiposite,
exstipulate inflorescence teiTninal, or axillary, in spikes.
Acanthus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 378. Endl. Gen. PI. 703.)
Acanthus mollis. (Linn.) Acanthus, Branca ursina, Beards
breech. Italy.
Leaves diuretic, externally maturative ; dye a fine yellow. (G.)
Leaves emollient, used for poultices. (L.)
Acanthus spinosus. (Linn.) A. syhestris, Wild brank ursine.
Italy.
Herb diuretic, astringent.
VEGETABLES.— i-ENTiBULARi^. 441
Adhatoda. (Lindl. Nat. Sys. 285.)
Adhatoda Vasica. (Nees.) Justicia adhatoda. (Linn.) Malabar
nut-tree. Ceylon.
Leaves purgative. (G.) Flowers, leaves, and roots, are supposed
to possess antispasmodic qualities, they are bitterish and subaromatic.
(L.) The wood is soft, and much esteemed for making charcoal for
gunpowder. (O'Sh.)
Andrographis. (Endl. Gen. PI. 707.)
Andkoghaphis PANicuLATA. (Wall.) Jitsticia paniculata. (Burm.)
Creata. East Indies, China.
Root and herb externally bitter, stomachic. (G.) Much celebrated
as a stomachic, and used as a remedy for cholera and dysentery, and in
intermittent fevers; it is the basis of a French mixture called Drogue
amere, said also to be alexipharmic. (L.)
Barleria. (Endl. Gen. PI. 70L)
Barleria longifolia. (Willd.) East Indies.
Hoot diuretic.
Gendarussa. (Endl. Gen. PI. 705.)
Gendarussa vulgaris. (Nees.) Justicia gendarussa. (Linn.)
East Indies.
Leaves and tender stalks, when rubbed, have a strong and not un-
pleasant smell, and are, after being roasted, prescribed in India in cases
of chronic rheumatism, attended witli swelling at the joints. (Ainslie.)
The plant is said to have emetic powers. (L.)
Justicia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 706.)
Justicia Ecbolium. (Linn.) East Indies.
Diuretic. (L.)
Justicia biflora. (Vahl.) East Indies.
Leaves emollient. (L.)
Justicia pectoralis. (Jacq.) Balsam. West Indies.
Vulnerary, resolvent ; a syrup is made from it, and used in diseases
of the chest. (G.) Esteemed a stomachic in the West Indies. (L.)
Rhin acanthus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 706.)
Rhinacanthus communis. (Wall.) Justicia nasuta. (Linn.)
J. scandens, (Vahl.) India.
Milk boiled on the roots, is reckoned aphrodisiac^l in India ; rubbed
with lime-juice and pepper, they are often used with good effect to
cure tlie ringworm or herpes miliaris, which in India is a most trouble-
some disease, and very common ; they are also reckoned alexipharmic.
(L.)
Rueixia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 699.)
Ruellia tuberosa. (Linn.) .Jamaica.
Used instead of ipecacuanha.
Order 113.— LENTIBULARI^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 378.
( Utricularice.) Endl, Gen. PI. 728.)
CaXxfx divided, persistent; corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, irregular, spurred,
bilabiate ; stamens two, included, inserted into the base of the corolla ; anthers simplu
442 VEGETABLES.— PRiMULACE^.
sometimes contracted ia the middle; ovary one-celled; style one, very short ; stigma
bilabiate; capsule one-celled, many-seeded, placenta central, large ; seeds small, exal-
buminous; e»i6r^o sometimes dicotyledonous, sometimes imdivided. Aquatic or marsh
herbs ; leaves radical ; scape one, or many-flowered ; flowers unibracteate, or rarely
ebracteate,
PiNGTTicuLA. (De Cand. Bot Gal. 378. Endl. Gen. PI. 729.)
*PiNGuicuLA VULGARIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 70.) Common butter-
wort, Yorkshire sanicle.
Fl. purple. June. Perennial. Bogs and marsh banks.
Leaves heal wounds and chaps in the skin ; made into a purging
syrup ; used to thicken milk, turn it sour, and make it keep for any
length of time. (G.) Linnaeus says, that the milk of the reindeer,
poured on the fresh leaves, and set aside for a day or two, becomes
ascescent, acquires consistence and tenacity, and neither the whey nor
the cream separate ; in this state it is reckoned a very grateful food
in Sweden and Norway ; on cow's milk it acts like common rennet.
(Lou.)
Order 114.— PRIMULACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 379.
Endl. Gen. PI. 729.)
Calyx monosepalous, pereistent, 4 — 5 lobed ; corolla monopetalous, hypogynous,
regular, staminiferous, limb more or less deeply divided ; stamens inserted into the co-
rolla, equal in number to its lobes, and opposite to them ; ovary free ; style one ; stigma
simple ; capsule one-celled, many-seeded ; ^ilacenta central, free ; embryo straight, within
a fleshy albumen ; radicle inferior. Herbs with opposite rarely alternate leaves, or with
simple radicle ones.
Anagallis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 381. Endl. Gen. PI. 733.)
*Anagallis arvensis. (Linn.) (E. B. 529.) A. terrestris mas.
Pimpernel, Poor mans weather glass, Scarlet pimpernel.
Fl. scarlet. June, July. Annual. Cornfields.
Var. ;6. A, ccerulea. (E. B. 1823.) A.fcemina, Blue-fioicered
pimpernel.
Fl. blue.
Used in mania and against hydrophobia ; flower used in epilepsy.
(G.) Has some reputation in cases of madness ; it appears to possess
energetic powers, for Orfila destroyed a dog by making him swallow
three drachms of the extract ; it was found to have inflamed the mucous
membrane of the stomach ; a similar result was obtained by Grenier ;
it has been prescribed in epilepsy and dropsy. (L. )
Androsace. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 381. Endl. Gen, PI. 730.)
Androsace maxima. (Willd.) Annual navel-wort. Austria.
Diuretic.
CoRTusA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 384. Endl. Gen. PI. 731.)
CoRTUSA Matthioli. (Linn.) Beards ear sanicle. Austria.
Cephalic, anodyne, e.xpectorant.
Cyclamen. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 385. Endl. Gen. PI. 731.)
*CycLAMEN HEDER^FOLiuM. (Willd.) (E. B. 548.) C. Europceumy
Artanita, Cyclamen , Ivy-leaved sow-bi-ead, Soto bread.
VEGETABLES.— PRiMULACEJs. 44a
^ Koots drastic, emmenagogue, errhine ; leaves bruised and made into
a pessary are emmenagogue, and cause abortion ; an ointment is made
from it, which, when rubbed on the navel, purges and kills worms.
(G.) A very acrid plant, especially the root, whose acrimony is not
much perceived at tlie first tasting, but soon becomes intolerable.
(Smith.) It has been much used medicinally ; its action being that of
a drastic purgative, and formerly it was much esteemed as an emmen-
agogue, but whether its reputation was owing to its actual powers, or
to its placentiform root, is doubtful ; its acrid principle has been consi-
dered to be a body sui generis, and named Arthanitine. ( L.)
Lysimachia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 380. Endl. Gen. PI. 732.)
*Lysimachia NuMMULAKiA. (Linn.) (E. B. 528.) Nammularia,
Herb twopence, Moneywort.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. Shady places and wet pastures.
*Lysimachia vulgaris. (Linn.) (E. B. 761.) Great loosestrife,
Willow herb, Yellow loosestrife.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. Sides of rivers and wet shady-
places.
Astringent.
Primula. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 383. Endl. Gen. PL 731.)
**Primula Auricula. (Linn.) Auricula ursi, Garden auricula,
Yelloiv bear''s ear.
Fl. of every hue. May. Perennial. Native of the Alps.
Herb vulnerary and expectorant.
*Primula elatior. (With.) (E. B. 513.) P. veris elatior, Great
cowslip, Oxlip primrose.
Fl. sulphur-yellow. April, May. Perennial. Woods and thickets.
Root emetic, herb anodyne.
♦Primula VERIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 5.) P. veris officinalis, Paralysis
vulgaris, Pagils, common Cowslip.
Fl. yellow. April, May. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
Flowers used to flavour wine, and render it narcotic. (G.) The
flowers possess well-marked sedative properties, and make a pleasant
soporific wine. (L.)
*Primula vulgaris. (Huds.) (E. B. 4.) P. veris acaulis, P. veris
vulgaris, P. officinalis. Common primrose.
Fl. sulphur-yellow. April, May. Perennial. Woods and hedgebanks.
Properties same as those of P. elatior.
Samolus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 385. Endl. Gen. PL 734.)
♦Samolus Valerandi. (Linn.) (E. B. 703.) Brook iveed, Water
pimpernel.
Fl. white. .July. Perennial. Waste places, on a sandy soil.
Leaves heal wounds and chaps in the skin ; made into a purging-
syrup. (G.) Pliny says the plant was considered among the Gauls as
a specific in all maladies of swine ; it was collected with mystic cere-
monies. (Loud.)
444 VEGETABLES.— PLUMBAGiNEiE.
SoLDANELLA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 385. Endl. Gen. PI. 731.)
SoLDANELLA Alpina. (Liiin.) Switzerland.
Properties the same as those of Cyclamen liedercefolhim.
OiiDER 115.— GLOBULARIEiE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 386.
Endl. Gen. PI. 348.)
Flowers capitate, surrounded with a polyphyllous involucrum, seated on a diafty
receptacle ; calyx mono.sepiilous, tubular, five-lobed; coroWa hypogynous, inserted into
the receptacle, tubular, unequally five-lobed; stamens 4 — 5 inserted into the upper
part of the tube, and alternate with the lobes of the corolla ; anthers one-celled ; ovary
free, ovoid, with a single pendulous ovule; style \nfi6.\ fruit ovoid, one-seeded, covered
with the persistent calyx ; embryo straight; 7-ac?jc/e superior ; albumen iieshy. Herbs ov
shrubs ; leaves alternate.
Globularia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 386. Endl. Gen. PI. 640.)
Globularia Alitum. (Linn.) Montpelier turhiih. South of Europe.
Root purgative ; leaves used for senna. (G.) A bitter drastic pur-
gative, once supposed to be the \vkov of Dioscorides, and hence called
Frutex terribilis ; this, however, appears to be an error. (L.)
Globularia nudicaulis. (Linn.) Germany.
Globujlaria vulgaris. (Linn.) Middle of Europe.
Purgative like G. alypum, and have been employed as resolvents
and vulneraries, according to Lemery. (L.)
Order 116.— PLUMBAGINE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 387.
Endl. Gen. PI. 348.)
Ferigone double, persistent, the outer row monosepalous, tubular, entii'e, or toothed,
the inner one resembling a corolla, hypogonous, mono-, or polypetalous ; stamens five,
in the monopetalous plants inserted on the receptacle ; in the polypetalous ones, adnate
to the base of the petals; ovary free, simple, one-seeded, ovule inverse, pendulous from
the apex of the funiculous, which springs from the bottom of the ovary ; styles many or
one, with many stigmas; capsule one-seeded; seeds inverse; embryo compressed, sur-
rounded b}^ a farinaceous albumen. Herbs or shrubs, with simple entire leaves ; flowers
hermaphrodite, capitate, or spicate.
Armeria. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 389. Endl. Gen. PI. 349.)
*Armeria vulgaris. (Willd.) (E. B. 226.) A. maritima,
Stalice armeria, Common thrift.
Fl. rose-coloured. July, August. Perennial. Muddy sea-shores.
Dr. Ebers speaks of the flowers of this plant, vulgarly called '• Piss-
blume " in Germany, as an active diuretic ; from two drachms to an
ounce of the flowers, freshly gathered, and quickly dried, should be gently
boiled, and the patient allowed to driuk of the decoction ad libitum ;
some aromatic, as anise or cinnamon, is added to the decoction ; the
remedy appears to cause the excretion of urine in a direct manner,
(Med. Gaz. xx. 144.) (L.)
Plumbago. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 387. Endl. Gen. PI. 349.)
Plumbago EuROP^A. (Linn.) Dentaria,Dentillaria,2^oothwort.
South of Europe.
VEGETABLES.— FLANTAGiNE^. 445
Caustic, corrosive ; used by beggars to produce ulcers, in order to
excite pity, and in toothache as a masticatory ; may be used for ipeca-
cuanha. (G.) A very acrid plant ; it has been used to remove tooth-
ache, whence its French name, Dentillaire ; in decoction, it has been
recommended as a stimulating wash to old and sluggish ulcers, and as
a kind of potential cautery to cancers, but Sauvage de la Croix says,
that a young woman who had it applied, affirmed that the pain it
occasioned was intolerable, and that she felt as if being flayed alive ;
administered internally, in small doses, it is said to be as effectual an
emetic as ipecacuanha. (L. ex Burnett.)
Plumbago rosea. (Linn.) East Indies.
Used as a vesicatory. (G.) This is usually believed to be the
Radix vesicatoria of Rumph, which being sliced and applied to the
skin, produces blisters, but less rapidly and effectually than cantharides ;
it, iiowever, appears very doubtful whether the Amboyna plant is the
same as this. (L.)
Plumbago scandens. (Linn.) Herbe mi diable. West Indies.
Plumbago zeylanica. (Linn.) East Indies,
Said to have similar properties. (L.) The former used in the
itch. (G.)
Salvadora. (Endl. Gen. PI. 349.)
Salvadoua PERSICA, (Garc.) Cissus arborea. (Forsk.) Rivina
paniculata. (Linn.) East Indies, Persia, &c.
Fruit has a strong aromatic smell, and tastes like garden cress ; bark
of root remarkably acrid ; bruised and applied to the skin it soon raises
blisters, for which purpose the natives of India often use it ; as a stimu-
lant, it promises to be a medicine of very considerable power. (Roxb.)
It is supposed to be the mustard tree of Scripture. (L.)
Statice. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 387. Endl. Gen. PI. 349.)
Statice caroliniaxa. (Walf .) Marsh rosemary. United States.
Root, Statice, P. U. S., used in dysentery. (G.) Root a most
powerful and intense astringent, chiefly used as a local remedy in
apththae, and similar aftections of the mouth and fauces; has been
employed with success in cynanche maligna. (L.)
*StaticeLimonium. (Linn.) (E. B. 102.) Behenrubrum, Limo-
nium maritinum, Red be/ien, Spreading spiked thrift, Sea lavender.
Fl. blue. July, August. Perennial. Muddy sea shores.
Root astringent, used in loosenesses, &c., seeds also astringent ;
druggists sell, under this name, round transverse slices of a root
resembling jalap, of a reddish-brown colour. (G.)
Order 117.— PLANTAGINE7E. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 390.
Endl. Gen. PI. 346.)
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely monoecious ; perujone double, the outer four-partite,
persistent; the inner {corolla?) monopetaloiis, tubular, hypogynous, scariose, persistent,
bearing stamens at the base ; limb four-parted ; stamens four, inserted into the tube, and
alternate with the segments ; filaments exserteid ; anthers two-celled, the cells dehiscing
446 VEGETABLES.— PiANTAGiNE^E.
longitudinally; ovary fi-ee, simple; style one, capillary; stigma one, hispid, undivided,
rarely semibifid ; capsule dehiscing transversely by a circular fissure, divided into 2 — 4
cells by a longitudinal dissepiment, which is either flat or four-sided ; seeds sessile, peltate,
affixed to the sides of the dissepiment, definite, or indefinite, in number ; embryo straight,
within a subcomeous albumen; radicle inferior.
Plantago. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 396. Endl. Gen. PI. 348.)
Plantago albicans. (Willd.) Holostemn, Spanish plantain.
South of Europe.
Herb vulnerary, used in hernia.
Plantago arenaria. (W. and K.) Hungary.
Seeds mucilaginous, purgative.
*Plantago Coronopus. (Linn.) (E. B. 892.) Comu cervinum,
Buck's horn plantain.
Fl. brownish. June, July. Annual. Gravelly soils on the coast.
Roots and leaves, beaten up witlj bay salt, are applied as a poultice
lo the wrists in agues ; a decoction of the leaves is given in disorders
of the eyes. (G.)
Plantago CYNOPS. (Linn.) South of Europe.
Qualities same as those of P. areneria.
Plantago Isfaghula. (Flem.) Persia.
A mucilaginous drink is prepared from the seeds in India, and often
prescribed by European practitioners, where emollients are wanted ; it
also forms part of the native Materia Medica. (L.)
*Plantago lanceolata. (Linn.) (E. B. 175.) Bib grass,
Ribwort plantain.
Fl. brownish, scariose. June, July. Perennial. Meadows and
pastures.
*Pi.ANTAGO MAJOR. (Linn.) (E. B. 1558.) Way bread. Greater
plantain.
Fl. brownish, scariose. June, July. Perennial. Pastures and
road sides.
*Plantago media. (Linn.) (E. B. 1559.) Hoary plantain,
Lamb's lettuce.
Fl. silvery, scariose. June, July. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
Roots useful in vernal agues ; leaves astringent, vulnerary, used whole
as a dressing for wounds; juice of the leaves used as a collyrium, and
internally in fevers.
Plantago Psyixium. (Linn.) Psyllium pulicaria, Plea wort.
South of Europe and Barbary.
Seeds mucilaginous, purgative. (G.) The seeds are peculiarly mu-
cilaginous, and have been made into demulcent drinks, as a good sub-
stitute for linseed or marsh mallows. (L.) In the north of Europe they
are used for washing muslins. (O'Sh.)
VEGETABLES.— AMARANTHACE^. 447
Sub-class IV.— MONOCHLAMYDE^E.
Perianth single ; petals incorporated with the calyx, or entirely wanting.
Order 1 18.— NYCTAGINE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 393.
Endl. Gen. PI. 310.)
Involucrum calyciform, monophyllous, one or many-flowered; perigone monopetalous,
coloured, dilated at the base, contracted above the ovary, and then again dilating into a tube,
persistent, not adhering to the ovary ; stamens definite, inserted into a glandular disk,
surrounding the ovary ; filaments adhering to the contracted part of the perigone ; mary
one, covered by the perigone ; style one ; stigma capitate ; capsule one-seeded, indehiscent,
covered by the stameniferous disk and perigone ; embryo rolled round the farinaceous
albumen. Herbs or shrubs, generally with opposite leaves.
BoERHAViA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 311.)
BoERHAviA DECUMBENS. (Vahl.) B. diandra. (Aubl.) B. laxa.
(Pers.) Hogmeat. Guiana, Santa Cruz.
According to Aublet the root is emetic, and called Ipecaquana in
Guiana. Schomburgli says that it is astringent, and used in the form
of decoction in dysentery. (L.)
BoERHAViA TUBEROSA. (Lamb.) Herha purgativa. Persia.
Roots purgative. (G.) Reported to act both as a purgative and
emetic. (L.)
MiRABiLis. (Endl. Gen. PI. 311. {Nyctago.) (De Cand.
Bot. Gal. 393.)
MiRABiLis DiCHOTOMA. (Linn.) Nijctago dichotoma. (Juss.)
Jalapa officinarum. (Mart.)
The thick fleshy root is purgative, and at one time was taken for the
jalap of the shops. (L.)
**MiRABiLis Jalai'a. (Linn.) Nyctago jalapa. (D. C.) Marvel
of Peru.
Fl. red, pink, white, or striped. July, September. Perennial.
Native of Peru.
Root purgative. (G.) Said by some not to be purgative, by others
to be so, and to be used for adulterating true jalap. (L.)
**MiRABiLis LONGiFLORA. (Linn.) Nyctago longiflora. (D. C.)
Long-tubed marvel of Peru.
Fl. as M. jalapa. August, September. Annual. Native of Mexico.
The root is said to be more purgative than that of any other species.
(L.)
• Order 119.— AMARANTH ACEiE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 393.
Endl. Gen. PI. 303.)
Perigonium {calyx ?) free, monosepalous, persistent, 4 — 5 lobed, often coloured ;
stamens three or five, hypogynous, free or monadelphous ; ovary one, one-celled, rarely two-
celled, one, or rarely many-ovuled ; style and stigma simple, or numerous ; capsule one-
celled, dehiscing transversely, or indehiscent ; seed solitary, or rarely numerous, affixed
to a central receptacle ; albumen farinaceous, encircled by the curved embryo. Herbs,
with alternate entire leaves ; floicers small, spiked, panicled, or capitate, often of distinct
448 VEGETABLES.— CHENOPODE.E.
AciiYRANTiiEs. (Eiicll. Gen. PL 303.)
AcHYRANTHES ASPERA. (Willd.) India.
An infusion of tlie root given as a mild astringent in bowel com-
plaints ; the flowering spike made into pills with a little sugar, is a
popular preventive medicine inBehar, for persons bitten by rabid dogs ;
the root is used by the natives as a toothbrush. (O'Sh.)
Amaranthus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 393. Endl. Gen. PI. 303.)
*AMAUANTnus Blitum. (Linn.) (E. B. 2212.) Blitum minus.
All seed, Wild amaranth, UprigJit hlite.
Fl. greenish. August. Annual. Low waste grounds near towns.
E.efrigei'ant, slightly astringent, used as a potherb.
Amaranthus caudatus. (Linn.) Amarajithus Flos amoris. Flower
gentle. Love lies bleeding. East Indies.
Flowers slightly astringent.
Amaranthus melancholicus, (Linn.) Brazil.
Used for emollient poultices by the natives.
Amaranthus obtusifolius.
Mentioned as a diuretic, but not found in systematic works. (L.)
Amaranthus oleraceus. East Indies.
Amaranthus viridis. (Linn.) Blitum album, Blitum rubrum,
Great white blite. Red blite. Brazil,
Used as potherbs. (G.) A. viridis used in Brazil for emollient
poultices. (L.) Nearly all the species of Amaranthus may be used as
emollients in enemata, cataplasms, diluents, drinks, &c. (O'Sh.)
Gomfhrena. (Endl. Gen. PI. 301.)
Gomphrena officinalis. (Mart.) South and middle of Brazil.
Eoot is employed for nearly the same purposes as Aristolochia ser-
pentaria,m North America; it appears to be a stimulating tonic ; the
thick club-shaped root is chiefly used in spasms, dyspepsia, intermittent
fevers, diarrhoea, &c,, and is called Paratodo. (L.)
Gomphrena polygonoides. Achryanthes repens.
Eoot and flowers narcotic. (G.)
Order 120.— CHENOPODE^. (De Cand. Lot. Gal. 394.
Endl. Gen. PI. 292.)
Perlgone free, monosepalous, five-parted, astivation imbricated ; stamens inserted into
the lower part of the perigone, equal in number to its segments ; ovary one ; stijle one,
or many ; fruit indehiscent, either a manj^-celled, many-seeded berry, or a cariopsis, eitlier
naked, Qr covered by a membraneous perigone ; albumen generally farinaceous, central,
the emhnjo spirally, or circularly twisted round it ; radicle inferior. Herbs, or rarely
shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and destitute of stipules or sheaths ; flowers small
greenish, often hermaphrodite.
Atripeex. (Bot Gal. 397. Endl. Gen. PI. 293.)
*ATRirLEX ANousTiFOiiiA. (Smith.) (E. B. 1774.) A. patula
(^Huds.^, Narrotv-leaved orache, Spreading narroio -leaved or ache.
Fl. greenish. July. Annual, Cultivated and waste ground.
Seeds emetic, sudorific, antidysenteric ; a substitute for ipecacuanha.
I VEGETABLES.— CHENOPODE^ 449
Atriplex Halimus. (Linn.) Sea purslane. South of Europe.
Used as a potherb.
**Atripi,ex houtensis. (Linn.) Garden orache, Orache.
Fl. greenish. July, August. Annual. Native of Tartary.
Emollient, seeds emetic. (G.) Seeds reputed to be emetic; the
leaves an old-fashioned potherb, once cultivated in lieu of spinach. (L.)
*Atriplex littoralis. (Linn.) (E. B. 708.) Grass-leaved sea
orache, Sea orache.
Fl. greenish, mealy. July. Annual. Muddy salt marshes on the
east coast.
Leaves and young shoots pickled and eaten in the manner of samphire.
*Atriplex PORTULACOiDES. (Linn.) (E. B.261.) Portlaca marina,
Sea purslane, Shrubby orache.
Fl. yellowish. July, August. Small shrub. Muddy sea-shores.
Leaves and shoots pickled, and used to procure an appetite ; warm-
ing, also cosmetic.
Basella. (Endl. Gen. PI. 298.)
Basella cordifolia. (P. S.) East Indies.
Basella rubra. (Willd.) East Indies.
Esculent.
Beta. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 399. Endl. Gen. PI. 295.)
**Beta vulgaris. (Linn.) Common beet.
Fl. Greenish. August, September. Biennial. Cultivated in gar-
dens and fields.
B. vulgaris alba, White beet, root yields sugar ; leaves eaten as
spinach.
B. vtdgaris rubra. Red beet, root red, nutritive, yields sugar, (G.)
This is a well-known culinary root, used in salads either raw or boiled,
forming a beautiful varnish, very much used as a pickle, preserved as
a confiture, made a substitute for coffee, and yielding a sugar equal to
that of the cane ; the varieties most esteemed for salad are the small
red and custebrandary, and for extracting sugar the green topped.
(Loud.)
Beta hybrida, Mangel wurtzel. Root of scarcity, root red outside,
white inside, very nutritive, yields sugar, leaves eaten as spinach. (G.)
This is merely a coarse cultivated variety of B. vulgaris. (M'W.^
Blitum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 399. Endl. Gen. PI. 295.)
Blitum capitatum. (Linn.) Strawberry spinach. Austria.
Laxative.
Camphorosma. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 395. Endl. Gen. PI. 294.)
Camphouosma Monspeliaca. (Linn.) Camphorata, stinking
ground viiie. South of Europe.
Nervine, cephalic, antarthritic. (G.) Abounds with a volatile oily
salt, and is warm and stimulating. (Loud.)
2 o
450 VEGETABLES.— cHENOPODEiE.
Chenopodium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 396. Endl. Gen. PI. 296.)
Chenopodium ambrosioides. (Linn.) Mexican tea. United States,
Stomachic, antiasthmatic, used as tea. (G.) All the plant has an
agreeable penetrating smell ; it has been used with advantage in the
treatment of nervous diseases, and Plenck recommends it in chorea.
(L.)
Chenopodium anthelminticum. (Linn.) Jerusalem oak, Worm
goose foot, Worm seed. United States.
Chenopodium, P. U. S., expressed juice vermifuge. (G.) The whole
plant has a strong, heavy, disagreeable odour ; it yields from the seeds
an abundance of oil, which, under the name of Worrnseed oil, is power-
fully anthelmintic ; the expressed juice, or the leaves or seeds in pow-
der, have similar properties. (L.)
Chenopodium barysosmon. (Roem. and Sch.) Upper Egypt.
An excessively foetid plant, which Mr. Burnett supposed may be
used for the same purposes as C. olidum. (L.)
*Chenopodium Bonus Henricus. (Linn.) (E. B. 1033.) Mercu-
rialis, Tota bona, All good, English mercury.
Fl. greenish. August. Perennial. Waste places and waysides.
Herb laxative, eaten as spinach ; the roots as asparagus. (G.) Leaves
sometimes applied to wounds, and for cleansing old ulcers. (Loud.)
Chenopodium Botrys. (Linn.) Ambrosia, Botrys, Oak of Jeru-
salem. South of Europe, North America.
A stinking plant, used, when beat up with sugar, as an emraena-
gogue, antihysteric, and vermifuge ; decoction used externally in erup-
tions. (G.) The whole plant powerfully and agreeably fragrant ; it is
reported by the French physicians to be a valuable expectorant, and
to have been employed with much advantage in catarrh and humoral
asthma. (L.)
*Chenopodium murale. (Linn.) (E. B. 1722.) Pes anserinus,
Goosefoot, Nettle-leaved goosefoot.
Fl, greenish. August. Annual. "Waste places near towns.
Properties similar to those of C. bonus henricus.
♦Chenopodium olidum. (Curt.) (E. B. 1034.) Atriplex olida, C.
vulvaria, (Linn.) Stinking goosefoot, Stinking orache.
Fl. greenish. August. Annual. Waste places.
Emmenagogue, antihysteric, and vermifuge, decoction used exter-
nally in eruptions. (G.) According to Chevalier, this plant exhales
pure ammonia, during its whole existence ; notwithstanding its nauseous
odour, it is still employed as an antispasmodic and emmenagogue,
and is constantly to be found in the herb-shops of Covent Garden
Market. (L.)
Chenopodium Quinoa. (Willd.) Quinoa. Peru.
Used as a potherb. Seeds a substitute for rice. They are prepared
for cooking by brushing or rubbing them in water, until the outer
covering or husk is removed. The water becomes deep yellow, and
should be renewed during the washing. The grain after being thus
treated is white ; it may now be dried and preserved for use. In this
VEGETABLES.— CIIENOPODE.E, 451
state it is called Quinoa ; and when boiled in the same manner as rice,
forms an excellent article of food. The husks are bitter, and the seed
preserved with the husks on is called by the Peruvians, Quinoa amarga,
or bitter Quinoa.
*Chenopodium viRiDE. (Linn.) (E. B. 17230 Atriplex sylvestris,
smooth-seeded goosefoot, Wild orache, (Var, yS, C. leiospermum.) (Ue
Cand.)
V\. greenish. July, August. Annual. Waste places and dunghills.
Herb laxative, discusses whitlows ; seeds used in the jaundice,
Salicornia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 395. Endl. Gen. PI. 293.)
Salicornia fruticosa. (Linn.) Europe.
Yields Barilla by burning.
*Salicornia herbacea. (Linn.) (E. B. 2475.) Jointed gla&srvwt.
Marsh samphire.
Fl. green. August, September, Annual. Salt marshes.
Pickled, is eaten as samphire.
Salsola. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 395. Endl. Gen. Pi. 298.)
Salsola indica. (Roxb.) East Indies,
Green leaves'universally eaten by all classes of natives who live
near the sea, and are reckoned very wholesome ; the leaves of this
plant alone saved many thousand lives during the famine of 1791-2-3.
(O'Sh,)
*Salsola Kali. (Linn.) (E. B. 634.) S. decumhens. (Lamb.)
Kali, Saltwort, Prickly saltwort.
Fl. green. Julj', August, Annual. Sandy sea-sliores.
Emaienagogue, diuretic, and hydragogue ; yields Barilla by being^
burned. (G.)
Salsola sativa. (Loft.) Kali Hispanicum, Alicant glasswort.
Coast of Spain.
Salsola Soda. (Linn,) Kali, glasstoort. South of Europe, North
of Africa.
Salsola Tragus. (Linn.) South of Europe, North of Africa, &c.
All yield Barilla by burning. (G.) According to Guibourt, the
sodas of commerce are furnished by the following plants : Soda of
Alicant, which is the finest, by S. sativa, kali, soda, and tragus ; it
contains from twenty-five to forty per cent, of carbonate of soda ; Soda
of Narhonne by Salicornia annua. (Linn.) It contains 14 — 15 per
cent, of Carb. soda ; Blanquette, or Soda of Aiguesmortes, procured
from a mixture of salt plants, with from 3 — 4 percent, of the carbonate ;
finally, Normandy soda, obtained from Fucus. (L.)
Spinachia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 399. Endl, Gen. PI. 294.)
**Spixachia inermis. (Monch.) Smooth spinach.
**Spinachia spinosa. (Monch,) Rough spinach.
Flowers green. July. Annual, Biennial, Native country unknown.
Leaves emollient, opening, boiled as greens.
2 G 2
452 VEGETABLES.— POLYGONE^.
Order 121.— PHYTOLACCACE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 975. Lindl.
Nat. Ord. 210. Chenopodece. De Cand. Bot. Gal. 399.)
Calyx of four or five petaloid leaves; stamens either indefinite, or, if equal to the
number of the divisions of the calyx, alternate with them ; ovary of one or of several cells;
each containing one ascending ovule ; styles and stigmas equal in number to the cells ;
fruit baccate or dry, entire or deeply lobed, one or many celled : seeds ascending, solitary,
with a cylindrical embryo, curved round mealy albumen, with the radicle next the hilum.
Under-shrubs or herbaceous plants ; leaves alternate, entire, without stipules, often with
pellucid drops ; flowers racemose.
Phytolacca. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 399. Endl. Gen. Bot. 977.)
Phytolacca decandra. (Linn.) Jucato calleloe, Poke, American
pokeweed, Garget, Cocum Jalap, Pigeon berries. North America.
Root, Phytollacca, P. U. S. emetic, infusing one ounce in a pint of
wine, and taking two spoonsful; juice red. A very common domestic
purge in America, leaves bruised, very detersive, of great use in
cancerous cases as a poultice ; young shoots eaten as asparagus ; berries
yield a red dye, but which does not stand ; used to colour wine, (G.)
Root an emetic approaching nearly to Ipecacuanha. Bigelow says,
'• From abundant experience, the result of many trials made in dispen-
sary practice, 1 am satisfied that when properly prepared it operates in
the same doses and with the same certainty as that drug." Its exhibition
is sometimes attended by slight narcotic symptoms ; externally applied,
it excites a sense of heat and smarting ; it cures psora and taenia capitis.
(L.) The Anglo-American name Pohe is a corruption of Pocan, the
name by which it was formerly known in Virginia. (Loud.)
Rivina. (Endl. Gen. PI. 976.)
RiviNA HUMiLis. (Willd.) Herhe aux charpentiers. West Indies.
Pectoral.
Order 122.— POLYGONE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 400.
Endl. Gen. PI. 304.)
Perigone free, simple, persistent, monosepalous, deeply divided, segments disposed in a
double row, the inner one opposite to the sides of the ovary, the outer one opposite to its
angles; stamens definite, inserted into the base of the perigone ; anthers two-celled, four-
fuirowed, dehiscing laterally by a double chink ; ovary one, free ; styles many, or stigmas
numerous, sessile ; cariopsis more or less covered by the perigone, one-seeded ; embryo
lateral, or central, often curved ; albumen farinaceous. Herbs with nodose stems, and
alternate sheathing leaves, or with an interfoliaceous sheath or ochrea ; leaves revolute
when young.
Herbs acid or astringent, containing oxalic acid ; contain also a red
colouring matter, and may be used in tanning, and leaves may be
made to yield woad.
CoccoLOBA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 308.)
CoccoLOBA uviFERA. (Linn.) Sea-side grape. West India Islands
and North America.
Fruit very astringent, yields Jamaica kino. (G.) Leaves, wood,
and bark excessively astringent ; the decoction, prepared by evapora-
tion, forms Jamaica kino; the fruit is eatable, and commonly sold in
the West Indian market, but it is not much esteemed ; the wood yields
a red dye. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— POLYGONEiE. 453
PoLYGONUxM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 403. Endl. Gen. PI. 306.)
'Polygonum amphibium. (Linn.) (E. B. 436.) Amphibious persi-
caria.
Fl. bright rose-coloured. .July, August. Perennial. Ponds and lalces.
The root-like stems of this polygonum bear some resemblance to
Sarsaparilla, and according to Coste and Willemet are substituted for
the foreign drug, by the herbalists of Nancy : these authors also report
that it resembles true sarsaparilla in its properties, and that the
apothecaries and druggists of Lorraine use it in preference. (L.)
*PoLYGONUM AVicuLARE. (Linn.) (E. B, 1252.) Centinodia, Poly-
gonum, Common knot-grass.
Fl. pale rose-coloured. May, September. Annual. "Waste places.
Herb vulnerary, astringent ; seeds nauseously aromatic, emetic,
sometimes purgative. (G.) Fruit said to be emetic and cathartic. (L.)
Polygonum barbatum. (Linn.) China, East Indies, &c.
Considered as a diuretic at the Cape of Good Hope. In India, an-
infusion of its leaves is prescribed by native practitioners to alleviate
the pain of severe colic. (L. ex Burnett.)
♦Polygonum Distort A. (Linn.) (E. B. 509.) Bistmta, Bistorty
Snake-weed.
Fl. flesh-coloured. June. Perennial. Moist meadows.
Eoot, Bistortce radix, very astringent, dose 3j. to 5J., tans leather
very well ; young roots eaten as greens. (G.) A powerful astringent ;
the decoctiou may be employed in gleet and leucorrhcea as an injection,
as a gargle in relaxed sore throat and spongy gums, and as a lotion to
ulcers attended with excessive discharge ; internally, it has been em-
ployed, combined with gentian, in intermittents ; it may also be used
in passive haemorrhages and diarrhoea. (L. ex Pereira.) The young
shoots were formerly eaten in herb puddings in the north of England,
where it is known by the name of Easter giant, and about Manchester
they are substituted for greens, under the name of Patience dock. (Loud.
•Polygonum Convolvolus. (Linn.) (E. B. 941.) Volubilis 7iigra
Black-bird weed, Climbing buck tvheat.
Fl. greenish. July, August. Annual. Corn-fields.
Seeds equally nutritive as those of P. fagopijrum, and much easier
to cultivate.
*Polygonum Fagopyrum. (Linn.) (E. B. 1044.) Fagopyrum,
Buck wheat.
Fl. pale red. July. August. Annual. About cultivated land, a
doubtful native.
Seeds nutritive, fattening, well flavoured, made into bread, yield
an oil. (G.) In China and other countries of the east it is cultivated
as bread corn ; the flour is also used in cookery and bread-making in
various parts of Europe, to make cakes or crumpets in England, and
as rice or gruel in Germany and Poland ; the seed is said to be excel-
lent for horses and poultry, the flowers for bees, and the plant green
for soiling cows, cattle, sheep, or swine. (Loud.)
♦Polygonum Hydropiper. (Linn.) (E. B. 989.) Persicaria, Arse
smart. Biting persicaria. Water pepper.
454 VEGETABLES.— POLYGONE^.
Fl. reddish. August, September. Annual. Sides of lakes and ditches.
Vulnerary, detersive, and diuretic; dyes wool yellow; juice acidu-
lous, acrid, sharp. (G.) Leaves so acrid as to act as vesicants ; it is
reputed to be a powerful diuretic, but to lose its activity by drying,
on which account it requires to be used fresh. (L.)
*PoLYGONUM Persicaria, (Linn.) (E. B. 756.) Persicaria,
Dead arse smart, Spotted persicaria.
Fl. greenish, tipped with rose. August. Annual. Moist ground
and waste places.
Properties the same as those of P. hydropiper. (G.)
Rheum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 306.)
This genus is very important, on account of the officinal Rhubarb
being produced by some of the species ; it is, however, not a little
■curious, that up to the present time no one should have ascertained
with precision from which of the many known species any of that
which finds its way to P^nrope through Turkey and Russia is really
obtained. It is probable that Professor Royle is correct in his opinion,
that the officinal drug, obtained in the heart of Thibet, whither no
botanist has ever penetrated, is the produce of some species still un-
known. His account of the origin of officinal rhubarb is as follows : —
^' The rhubarb of commerce is well known to be brought by the Chinese
to the Russian frontier town of Kiachta, according to the treaty formed
between those powers in 1772; the Chinese obtain the rhubarb pro-
duced in China Proper from that part of the province of Shensee, now
called Kansee, situated between north latitude 35° and 40°, but the
best, according to the missionaries — who say it is called Tai Hoang, in
the province of Letchuen — from the mountains called Suechan, or of
Snow, which extend from north latitude 26° to 35°, and from about
100° to 105° of east longitude ; that from the latter province probably
forms much of what is called China rhubarb : the missionaries met
large quantities of it brought down in the montlis of October and
November : that from Kansa may afford some of what is called Kussian
rhubarb; butbotli Pallas and Rehman have ascertained that the greater
portion, if not the whole of this, is obtained in April and May, from
the clefts of rocks in high and arid mountains surrounding Lake
Kokonor. Bell also learned that it was the produce of Mongolia, and
Marco Polo of Succuir in Tanguth. Dr. Rehman ascertained that the
trade is in the hands of one Bucharian family, who farm the monopoly
from the Chinese government, and reside at Si-ning, a Chinese town
on the very frontiers of Thibet, 3000 verstes from Kiachta, and twenty
days' journey from Kiansin and Schansin, 'J'angutian towns, where
the Bucharians go to purchase rhubarb ; this would bring the rhubarb
country within 95° of east longitude, in 35° of north latitude, that is,
in the heart of Thibet." Rhubarb in small doses is an astringent
tonic, its operation being principally or wholly confined to the diges-
tive organs. In relaxed conditions of these parts, it promotes the
appetite, assists the digestive process, improves the quality of the
alvine secretions, and often restrains diarrhoea. In large doses it
■operates slowly and mildly as a purgative ; it has also been used a& a
VEGETABLES.— Poi-YQONE^. 455
topical application to promote the healing of indolent, non-painful
ulcers. (Pereira.)
Kheum caspicum. (Fischer.) Altaic mountains.
Rheum compactum. (Linn.) Tartary, China.
Roots supposed to be mixed with those of H. palmatum. (G.)
Guibonrt says, that the root of this is a pretty good imitation of Chi-
nese rhubarb, but when cleared of the yellow powder that covers it,
there is no difficulty in recognising it by its reddish or whitish-red
colour, its smell of "Rhapontic" (in which respect it corresponds with
R. undulatutn), its close radiated marbling, its staining the saliva yel-
low only in a slight degree, and in its not being gritty. (L.)
Rheum crassinervium. Native country unknown.
This plant was sent by Dr. Fischer from the imperial garden at St.
Petersburg with this name, and was placed in the apothecaries' garden
at Chelsea. Mr. "\Vm. Anderson, the gardener there, states that the
roots, when three years old, being accidentally uncovered, were found
as thick as the wrist, and brittle, and when examined at Apothecaries'
Hall, were found to possess the peculiar colour and odour of the best
Turkey rhubarb. (L.)
Rheum Emodi. (Wall.) li. anstrale. (Don.) Mountains of
Gossain Than, Kamaon.
When this plant was first made known, it was stated by Professor
Don to be the undoubted origin of the Russian and Turkey rhubarbs;
but Dr. Pereira, who had samples of the root from Dr. Wallich, found
that the specimens had hardly any resemblance to the rhubarb of the
shops ; the roots of this and of R. Webbianum nevertheless appear to
be valuable as medicines, for Mr. Twining reported that, after an expe-
rience of forty-three cases in the general hospital at Calcutta, lie found
them as tonic and astringent, superior to corresponding quantities of
the best rhubarb, but not, on the whole, so eligible in obstinate costive-
ness, on account of their arorrta and astringency ; they are less disagree-
able to take than the best Turkey rhubarb, nearly as efficacious as a
purge, and very superior in small doses as a tonic and astringent in
profluvia. (L.)
Rheum leuchorizum. (Pall.) R. nanum. (Siev.) R. tataricum.
(Linn.) Tartary.
When Pallas was at Kiachta, the Bucharian merchants, who sup-
plied the crown with rhubarb, brought some pieces of rhubarb which
had a white colour, and was equal in its effects to tlie best sorts.
(Pereira.) It is said to have been the produce of this plant. (L.)
Rheum palmatum. (Linn.) Chinese Tartary.
This has been considered one of the sources of Tartarian rhubarb.
Pallas was, however, assured by the Bucharian merchants, that they
knew nothing of such leaves as those of this species, and that the
leaves of genuine rhubarb were round, and much cut at the edges.
Pallas considered this account to agree best with R. compactum; never-
theless, the opinion that R. palmatum is the source of the true officinal
rhubarb, continues to be generally entertained. In the last edition of
456 VEGETABLES.— POLYGONE^,
the London Pharmacopoeia this is asserted, and M. Guibourt declares
tliat of all the cultivated kinds this alone resembles exactly in colour
and smell the rhubarb of China. It is stated by Stevenson and
Churchill that this plant is extensively cultivated near Banbury for
the supply of the London market. The cultivation of rhubarb for
medicinal use was commenced in the neighbourhood of Banbury about
the year 1789, by Mr. Hayward, an apothecary of that place, to whom
the gold medal of the Society of Arts was awarded in the year 1794,
for the cultivation of the " true rhubarb," or " Rheum palmatum."
It has since been ascertained that the rhubarb grown at Banbury is
not the Rheum palmatum, but Rheum rhaponticum. About twenty
tons of rhubarb for medicinal use are annually sent into the London
market from Banbury.
Rheum rhaponticum. (Linn.) Borders of the Euxine and Cas-
pian seas.
According to Guibourt, the root is bitter, astringent, and aromatic ;
when chewed, mucilaginous, and not at all gritty ; the smell like tliat
of rhubarb, but more disagreeable: it is cultivated in large quantities
at a place called Rheumpole, near L'Orient, in the department of Mor-
bihan. The prepared root is said to be extremely like rhubarb in
appearance, and to be what was analyzed by M. Henry as French
rhubarb. (L. ex Bull, de Pharmacie, vol. vi. p. 87.)
This is one of the species cultivated for domestic use in pies, «Scc.
It is the kind cultivated at Banbury for medicinal use. See above.
Rheum Ribes. (Willd.) Wharted-leaved rhubarb. Levant.
The specific name of this species has been derived from its application
in the preparation of a root, formerly used in medicine, and called
Rybes of Serapias.
Rheum spiciforme. (Royle.) Himalayas.
Roots lighter coloured, and more compact than those of R. emodi.
Dr. Royle says that the rhubarb sent by the late Mr. Moorcroft from
near Ludak was, for compactness of texture, colour, and properties, as
fine as any he has ever seen ; it is not improbable it may have been
furnished by this species. (L.)
Rheum undulatum. (Linn.) R. rhabarbarum. (Linn.) China.
Roots supposed to be mixed with those of R. palmatum. (G.) A
Tartarian merchant, a dealer in rhubarb, gave what were, or what
were said to be, seeds of the genuine rhubarb jDlant to Kauw Boer-
haave, first physician to the Emperor of Russia, about the year 1750,
and those seeds produced both R. undulatum and R. palmatum. Georgi
further states, that a Cossack pointed out to him the leaves of the
former as the true species ; hence it was at once regarded as the real
officinal plant, and cultivated as such by the Russian government, but
the culture is discontinued, and Guibourt states that he never could
make real rhubarb from it ; it is cultivated in France, and forms
a part of the French rhubarb. Stevenson and Churchill say, tliat
what is sold in the herbshops under the name of English rhubarb is-
R. undidatum ; but this does not appear to be accurate. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— POLYGONEJE. 457
Malabar rhubarb. Plant not determined, root coarse, acrid, and
verv nauseous.
RuMEX. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 400. Endl. Gen. PI. 308.)
*RuMEX AcETOSA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1 27) Acetosa, Common sorrel.
Fl. purplish. June, July. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
Leaves, Acetosce folia. (G.) An agreeably acid plant ; it acts as a
refrigerant and diuretic ; a decoction of the leaves may be employed in
the form of a whey as a cooling and pleasant drink in febrile and in-
flammatory diseases. (L.)
*RuMEX AcETOSELLA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1674.) Acetosella, Sheep's
sorrel.
Fl. reddish. May, July. Perennial. Dry pastures and heaths.
Root cooling, purges ; leaves contain much oxalate of potash, very
cooling, antiscorbutic, eaten in salads, make excellent whey by boiling
a few in milk. (G.)
*RnMEx ACUTUS. (Linn.) (E. B. 724.) Lapathum acutum, Oxy-
lapathum, Sharp-pointed dock, Sharp dock.
Fl. greenish. July. Perennial. Moist places. Common,
Root has the same qualities as foreign rhubarb, but the dose must be
nearly doubled ; used in powders, tinctures, and infusions, instead of
rhubarb, eaten whilst young as a potherb, and used in dyeing. (G.)
RuMEX ALPiNUS. (Linn.) MonUs rhubarb. Alps of Europe.
Root thick, fleshy, purgative like rhubarb, only in a much less
degree; it was taken by Linnaeus for a variety of Rheum rhapon-
ticum. (L.)
RuMEX Britannica. (Willd.) R. xanthorrhiza, Water dock.
North America.
Properties similar to those of R. acutus.
RuMEX CRispus. (Linn.) (E. B. 1998.) Lapathum crisfum, Curled
dock.
Fl. greenish, with orange-coloured tubercles. June, July. Peren-
nial." Way sides.
Seeds antidysenteric ; roots bruised, and made into an ointment, cure
the itch. (G.) This common weed has the reputation of being in
decoction or ointment a cure for the itch ; the root, which is astringent,
is the part used. (L)
RuMEX Hydrolapathum. (Huds.) (E. B. 2104.) R. aquaticus,
Hydrolapathum, Great water dock.
Fl. greenish. July. Perennial. Ditclies and river sides.
Properties similar to those of R. acutus. (G.) Root astringent,
reputed antiscorbutic. (Pereira.)
*RuMEx OBTUSiFOLius. (Liuu.) (E. B. 1999.) Rhabarbarum mo-
nachorum, Blunt-leaved dock, Broad-leaved dock, Monk's rhubarb.
Fl. greenish, red at the base. July. Perennial. Way sides and
waste places.
Properties the same as those of R. acutus. (G.) Properties similar
to those of R. crispus ; the root in powder also employed as a denti-
frice. (L.)
458 VEGETABLES.— TiiYMELEJE.
RuMEx Patientia. (Willd.) Lapathum sativum, Patientia,
Garden patience. Italy.
Properties similar to those of R. acutus. (G.) It is so called from
the slowness of its operation as a medicine. (Loud.)
*RuMEX SANGUINEUS. (Linn.) (E. B. 1533.) Lapathum sangui-
neum, Bloody dock, Bloodwort, Vei7ied dock,
Fl. greenish. July. Perennial. Shady pastures, woods, road sides.
I Has similar properties to those of the last species.
RuMEX scuTATus. (Willd.) Acetosa Romana, French sorrel.
Properties the same as those of R. acetosella.
Order 123.— THYMELE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 405.
Endl. Gen. PI. 313.)
Ferigone free, coloured, monopetalous, tubular, limb four (rarely five) cleft, ffistivation
imbricated ; stamens definite, inserted on the fauces or tube, double the number of the
segments of the perigone ; anthers two-celled, the cells dehiscing longitudinally in the
middle ; ovary one, with a single pendulous ovule ; style, one, often lateral ; stigma one;
fruit single, one-seeded, covered by the perigone, dry, or baccate ; albumen none, or thin,
fleshy ; embryo straight ; radicle superior, short ; cotyledons plano-convex. Shrubs
with simple, entire, exstipulate leaves ; flowers generally hermaphrodite, sometimes by
abortion dioecious.
Plants of this order are caustic, particularly their bark.
Daphne. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 406. Endl. Gen. PI. 330.)
Daphne cannabina. (Wall.) Nepaul.
From this shrub the Nepaul paper is prepared. (O'Sh.)
Daphne Cneorum. (Linn.) Cneorum niger, Rock rose. Alps,
Daphne Gnidium. (Linn.) Th^jmelcea^ Spurge Jiax. South of
Europe.
*Daphne Lacreola. (Linn.) (E. B. 119.) Charmed dophne,
Laureola, Evergreen spurge laurel.
Fl. yellowish green. March. Shrub. Woods and thickets.
*Daphne Mezereum. (Linn.) (E. B. 1381.) Chamcelcea, Lau-
reola fcemina, Mezereum, Mezereon, Spurge olive.
Fl. pink or white, fragrant. March. Shrub. Woods. Rare.
Have all similar qualities, but D. gnidium seems the most efficacious ;
bark of all these serves as a vesicatory, and ulcerates the parts to
which it is applied ; it has been chewed in palsy of the tongue with
success ; taken internally, in doses of only a few grains, it is a danger-
ous drastic, working both upwards and downwards ; berries Gratia
gnidia, equally drastic, added to vinegar to give it apparent strength ;
herb used to dye yellow ; both the bark and berries are steeped in
vinegar, and dried to render them milder. (G.) In Germany, the
bark of the stem and larger branches of D. mezereum is removed in
spring, folded in small bundles, and dried for medicinal use ; in this
country, the bark of the root is employed ; its taste is at first sweetish,
but afterwards highly acrid ; all the parts are excessively acrid, and
VEGETABLES.— uERNANDiACE^. 459
act as a local irritant poison. Voigt says, that it vomits and purges, and
affects the urinary organs, and that death takes place from its local
operation ; as a local irritant Mezereon bark is employed in France
under the name of GaroUy to produce vesication ; in this country, it is
frequently employed as a topical application for toothache. Dr. Wither-
ing cured a case of difficulty of swallowing by Mezereon, which he
directed to be chewed frequently. It has been recommended internally
in venereal complaints, but it appears not to have any influence over
such maladies. Dr. CuUen says, he has employed it with success in
some cutaneous maladies. (L. ex Pereira.) D. laureola and D. gni-
dium have similar properties. (L.) In this country Mezereon is usually
administered in conjunction with Sarsaparilla, and is employed as a
sudorific and alterative in venereal, rheumatic, scrofulous, and chronic
cutaneous diseases. (Pereira)
DiRCA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 329.)
DiRCA PALusTRis. (Linn.) Lealherwood. North America.
Bark acrid, emetic, gr. v. to x. ; externally produces blisters. (G.)
Bark acrid ; in the dose of six or eight grains it produces heat in the
stomach, and brings on vomiting, especially when fresh : it sometimes
acts also as a cathartic ; the bark is vesicatory in a very slow degree ;
the fruit is narcotic, producing effects like those of Stramonium. (L.
ex Bigelow.)
Lagetta. (Endl. Gen. PI. 332.)
Lagetta lintearia. (Linn.) Daphne lagetto. (Swartz.) Lace
bark. Jamaica, West Indies.
Bark possesses qualities similar to that of Mezereon, and is used for
the same medical purposes ; it is remarkable for separating readily into
a great number of thin white layers, which being stretched laterally,
assume the appearafjce of the finest lace-work ; it may even be washed
with soap, like linen. (L.)
Passerina. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 406. Endl. Gen. PI. 330.)
Passerina Tarton rairi. (D. C.) Daphne tarton rairu (Linn.)
Sanamunda, Heath spurge. France.
Leaves caustic.
Passerina tinctoria.
Used to dye yellow.
Order 124.— HERN ANDIACE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 332. (^Daph-
noideis ajfinia.) Lindl. Nat. Syst. 195.)
Flo'cers monoecious, or hermaphrodite, with a calycine involucre to the females, or her-
maphroJites ; calyx petaloid, interior, tubular, 4 — 8 parted, deciduous ; stamens definite,
inserted into the calyx in two rows, of which the outer is often sterile ; anthers bursting
longitudinally ; ovary superior, one-celled ; ovule pendulous ; style one or none ; stigma
peltate; drupe fibrous, one-seeded ; seed solitary, pendulous; em6r!/o without albumen,
inverted; cotyledons somewhat lobed, shrivelled, oily. Trees i leaves alternate, entire;
spikes, or corymbs, axillary or terminal.
ITernandia. (Endl. Gen. PL 332.)
Hernandia oviqeua. (Willd.) American myrobalans. East Indies.
Fruit astringent.
460 VEGETABLES.— HERNANDiACE^
Hernandia sonora. (Linn.) Jack in a box. East and West
Indies.
Fruit astringent ; seeds oily, purgative. (G.) The bark, seeds,
and young leaves purgative. Rumph says that the fibrous roots, chewed
and applied to wounds caused by the Macassar poison, form an effectual
cure ; the juice of the leaves is a powerful depilatory ; it destroys hair
wherever it is applied without pain. (L.) The fruit is a nut, which
is very large, and as they move in the wind produce sound enough to
alarm unwary travellers. (Lou.)
Order 125.— LAURINE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 407.
Endl.Gen. PI. 315.)
Perigone free, monosepalous, persistent, six-cleft, or six-parted, imbricated in sestivation j
stamens inserted at the base of the segments, either six in a single row, or 9 — 12 in a
double row ; anthers adnate to the filaments, dehiscing from the base to the apex ; ovari/
one ; style one ; stigma simple, or divided ; drupe or berry one-celled, one-seeded ; albumen
none ; embryo straight ; radicle superior. Trees, or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and
hermaphrodite or (by abortion) dioecious floirers.
Very aromatic fruits, or berries oily and odoriferous.
ACRODICLIDIUM. (NcCS.)
Acrodiclidium camara. (Schomb.) Camara tree. South America.
The fruit, American nutmegs, Camacou. Ackawai, or Waccawai
nutmegs, brought by the Waccawai Indians to the coast of British
Guiana, where they are much esteemed as a remedy in dysentery,
diarrhoea, &c. Dr. Hancock has mentioned them as one of the most
efficacious remedies in the above complaints, as well as for spasmodic
pains.
Agathophyllum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 318.)
Agathophyllum aromaticum. (Juss.) Evodia. (Gaertn.) Raven-
sara. (Sonnerat.) Madagascar.
The leaves and fruit have a smell resembling cloves. An oil the
same as that of cloves was obtained from the leaves by Vauquelin.
The fruit, Ravensara nuts, or clove nutmegs, resemble cloves in pro-
perties, and are substituted for them. They are about the size of a
common nut, of a blackish colour, and smooth on the outside. (Merat
and De Lens.)
Aydendron. (Endl. Gen. PI. 319.)
Aydendron Cujumary. (Nees.) Ocotea cujumary. (Mart.) Brazil.
Seeds aromatic ; their oily cotyledons are employed in powder,
mixed with wine or water, in cases of indigestion. (L.)
Aydendron Laurel. (Nees.) Ocotea pichurim. (Humb.) South
America.
This plant is supposed by Humboldt to produce the Pichurim, or
Puchury beatis, once celebrated for their febrifugal power, and it appear-s
that both the species here mentioned possess similar properties ; by
Martins they are assigned to Nectandra puchury ; these beans were
imported from Braail into Stockholm, in the middle of the last century,
and were found a valuable tonic and astringent medicine ; during the
VEGETABLES.— LAURiNEiE. 461
continental war, they were used as a bad substitute for nutmegs ; they
are now obsolete. (L.)
Benzoin. (Endl. Gen. PL 322.)
Benzoix odoriferum. (Nees.) Lauras benzoin. (Linn.) L.
pseudo benzoin. (Michx.) Fever wood, Spice berry. Spice wood.
United States.
Bark used for Cinnamon. (G.) Bark highly aromatic, stimulant,
and tonic ; given in decoction or powder in intermittents ; an infusion
of the twigs is vermifuge ; oil of the berries, which are aromatic, a sti-
mulant ; these berries are said to have been used in the United States,
during the American war, as a substitute for allspice. (G.)
Camphora. (Endl. Gen. PI. 316.)
Camphora officinarum. (Nees.) Cinnamomum camphora. (Nees.)
Laurus camphora. (Linn.) Camphor tree. Japan and China.
Roots yield Camphor by distillation. (G.) Chinese camphor is
obtained from the wood, branches, and leaves, by dry distillation ; it is
a kind of Steai-optine remaining after the Elceoptine or -3Sthereal oil of
the live tree is evaporated. (Nees.) The Camphor of commerce is
chiefly produced in the island of Formosa, and brought by the Chin-
chew junks in very large quantities to Canton, whence foreign markets
are supplied. (L. ex Reeves.) Camphor is a valuable stimulant,
especially in typhoid fevers ; in large doses narcotic ; it is also much
used as an external application. (O'Sh.) It has been employed in
fever, inflammatory diseases, small-pox, mania, and other forms of
mental disorder, spasmodic affections, chronic rheumatism, gout, and
cholera, and in cases of poisoning by opium, &c. (Pereira.)
Caryodaphne. (Endl. Gen. PI. 318.)
Caryodaphne densifjlora. (Blume.) Kiteja or Kitedja. Java.
Bark brownish, tonic, containing a great quantity of bitter, some-
what balsamic, extractive matter ; leaves gratefully aromatic ; they are
used in infusion, like tea, against spasms of the bowels, and the con-
vulsions of pregnant women. (L. ex Blume.)
Cinnamomum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 316.)
Cinnamomum aromaticum. (Nees.) C. cassia. (Blume.) Laurus
cassia. (Hort. Kew.) Laurus cinnamomum. China.
According to Nees von Esenbeck, this plant furnishes the valuable
Chinese cinnamon ; the agreeable, but powerfully aromatic flavour and
odour of the bark does not, however, seem to exist also in the leaves, for
they, in the stoves of Europe at least, are almost insipid, mucilaginous,
and somewhat astringent, with no taste of either cinnamon or cloves.
(Nees.) Cassia bark is supposed by some to come from this, but Mr.
Marshall asserts that it is only a coarse cinnamon, obtained from the
thick roots or large branches of the cinnamon tree. (L.) Two sub-
stances are believed to be obtained from this species ; namely, the bark
called Cassia-lignea, and the flower buds termed Cassia buds. (Pereira.)
Cinnamomum culiiawan. (Blume.) Laurus culilawan, (Linn.)
Amboyna.
462 VEGETABLES.— LAuiiiNEiE.
Bark, Culilmcan^ Cortex caryophylloides, brownish-red, flat, thick,
odour between clove bark and sassafras; leaves resemble those of
Raventsara ; both are healing, stimulant, and stomachic. (G.) Bark,
when rubbed, aromatic like cloves, but less pungent, and sweeter
when chewed, rather bitter and mucous ; this is the tree that yields the
true Culilawan bark; Pereira says, " Cidilawan bark is an aroniatid
stimulant like cassia, with some astringency, and a flavour of cloves ;
it owes its medicinal activity to a combination of volatile oil, resin,
and bitter extractive; it is useful as a caiminative, and stomachic in
dyspeptic complaints, especially when given in combination with the
bitter tonics ; it has been used in atonic gout, in old diarrhoeas, &c. ;
the dose of it in substance is from ten grains to half a drachm ; the
tincture of the Wirtemburg Pharmacoficeia is prepared by digesting
four ounces of bark in a pint and a half of spirit ; the dose is one or
two fluid drachms ; the oil prepared by distillation may be used as the
oils of cloves, cassia, &c, ; the natives of Amboyna employ it internally
in paralyi-is of the bladder, and externally as a stimulating liniment in
contusions, paralysis, and arthritic complaints." It appears from the
investigations of Blume, that the Culilaiocm hark of the shops consists •
of a mixture of several Indian barks, especially those of C. sintocj
Javanicum, and Xanthoneurum, a confusion of no importance, as they
are all alike in properties. (L.) This is one of the varieties of Clove
bark, namely, that in flat pieces.
CiNNAMOMDM JAVANICUM. (Blumc.) Laurus malabrathum. Java,
Borneo.
Bark a deep cinnamon-brown, more bitter than Culilatoan hark,
and the leaves, when rubbed, have a very sharp aromatic odour ; Blume
says this bark deserves the serious attention of medical men, on account
of its powerful effects in spasmodic colic, and the after-pains attending
parturition (L.)
CiNNAMOMUM iCiAMis. (Nces.) C. Buvmanni. (Blume.)
Said to produce one of the sorts of Massoy hark, the cortex oninus of
Rumphins, but according to Blume, that article is not furnished by any
species of cinnamon. (L.)
CiNNAMOMUM LouREiRii. (Necs.) Laurus cinnamomum. (Lour.)
Nikei. (Japan.) Kio kui. (Chinese.) Cochin China, Japan.
The Flotvers of cassia, or cassia buds, are produced by this species ;
according to Loureiro, the old and young branches are equally worth-
less, but the middle-sized shoots furnish a bark about a line thick, of
the best quality, superior to that of Ceylon, and sold at a much higher
price. (L.) For Cassia buds, see Cinnamomum aromaticum.
CiNNAMOMUM KiTiDUM. (Hook.) Laurus malabathrica. (Roxb.)
Cinnamomum eucalyptoides. (Nees.) India^ Ceylon, Java.
This is the plant which furnished the principal part of the Folia
malabathri of the old pharmacologists, a mixture of the lea\'es of
several species of cinnamon, and once used as an aromatic substitute
for cinnamon. (L.)
Cinnamomum rubrum. (Blume.) Laurus caryophyllus. (Lour.)
Amboyna, &c.
VEGETABLES.— LAURiNEiE. 463
Bark similar to that of C. culilawan, and hardly inferior ; Loureiro
says it contains much more essential oil than that of cinnamon, and
smells of cloves, but is not so agreeable. (L.)
CiNNAMOMUM SiNTOC. (Blume.) Nilgherrv mountains, Java.
Bark in quality very like that of the true Culilawan ; aromatic in
the same degree, but less agreeable, and with a more bitter after-taste ;
it is also drier and more powdery when chewed ; the smell, moreover,
is less agreeable, not so purely that of cloves, but with a strong odour
of nutmegs.
Cinivamomum: Tamala. (Nees.) Tai, Tadsch, or Tedsch. Con-
tinent of India.
Taste of the dried leaves warm, aromatic at first, like cinnamon,
afterwards like cloves mixed with camphor : their leaves are sold under
the name of " Folia malabathri, Tamala pathri, or Indi" in the shops,
according to Nees Von Esenbeck, but Blume says he never found this
in any samples he examined, although the latter are always mixed up
of various species. (L.)
CiNNAMOMUM XANTHONEURON. (Blumc.) Papuan Islands and
Moluccas.
A kind of Culilawan hark of great fragrance, clove scented, and
more pungent than the true sort when fresh, but losing its quality by
time ; it is so extremely like Massoy bark as to be confounded with it,
although [the latter is not the produce of any cinnamon, according to
Blume. (L.)
CiNNAMOMUM ZEYLANicuM. (Necs.) Laurus cinnamomum.
(Linn.) L. cassia. (Bot. Mag.) Ceylon, Java.
This is the true Ceylon cinnamon, furnishing bark of the best qua-
lity ; it varies, however, according to the season of the year in which it
is collected ; it is the plant usually called Laurus cassia in the gardens,
where also it is sometimes found under the name of Laurus cinnamo-
mum, and Cinnamomum aromaticum. The Laurus cassia (Linn.),
the plant that produces the Cassia lignea, is regarded by Nees von
Esenbeck as a degenerate variety of C. zeylanicum, palmed off upon
foreigners as true cinnamon by the Dutcli when they held Ceylon,
and thus carried to the continent of India, where it has naturalized
itself (L.)
Ckyptocauya. (Endl. Gen. PI. 318.)
Cryptocarya moschata. Brazil.
Yields Braziliati nutmegs.
Cryptocarya pretiosa. (Mart.) Brazil.
The bark has a strong smell of cinnamon. It assumes a blackish
colour when exposed to the air, but is red wiien freshly broken. (Guib.)
DicYPELHUM. (Endl. Gen. PI. 320.)
DiCTPELLiuM CARYOPHYLLATUM. (Nccs.) Persca caryophyllacca.
(Mart.) Licaria guianensis. (Aubl.) Bois de rose. Brazil.
Bark smelling of cloves, with a hot clove-like peppery taste, and
powerful tonic properties ; Nees von Esenbeck inquires whether this
may not be the Linharea aromatica, Canella do mate. (L.) This is
464 VEGETABLES.— LAURiNE^.
said to be the source of the clove hark, Brazilian clove hark, or Clove
cassia hark, which occurs in quilled pieces.
Laurus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 407. Endl. Gen. PI. 323.)
Laurus caustica. L. fcetens, (Willd.) L. globosa, L. pabvi-
FLORA.
Barks contain an acrid principle.
Laurus japonica.
Leaves sold for Folium indicum, but very different in taste.
Laurus myrrha. L. cassia.
Leaves bitter, narrow pointed, eliptical, sold for Folium indicum.
**Laurus nobilis. (Linn.) Laurus Bay tree, Sweet hay.
Fl. yellowish, June. Small tree. Native of south of Europe.
Berries, Lauri hacca, very heating and emmenagogue ; yield oil by
decoction or by the press ; leaves, Lauri folia, aromatic, prepared by
soaking in vinegar and drying. (G.) Leaves and fruit both ai'omatic ;
the latter enters into the composition of the Emplastrum cumini of the
London Pharmacopoeia ; the fixed oil is sometimes employed externally
as a stimulant. (L.) Water distilled from the leaves shows traces of
prussic acid, and it is probably on this component that their medicinal
and poisonous properties depend ; leaves, berries, and oil, are narcotic
and carminative. (Lou.) Berries, leaves, and oil, said to possess
aromatic, stimulant, and narcotic properties ; leaves in large doses
prove emetic ; leaves and berries used to strengthen the stomach, expel
flatus, and to promote the catamenial discharge ; the fixed oil has been
used externally to relieve colic, in paralysis of the extremities, and
against deafness. It is also employed in spasms and bruises. (Pereira.)
Laurus piperita. Litscea cvheha.
Berries carminative.
' Mespilodaphne. (Endl. Gen. PI. 319.)
Mespilo DAPHNE pRETiosA. (Nccs.) Lauvus Quixos. (Lamb.)
Peruvian cinnamon, Pao, or Casca pretiosa. South America.
Bark aromatic, astringent. (G.) Inner bark and rind of the calyx
of a most sweet odour and agreeable taste, resembling cinnamon mixed
with orange flowers, or oil of bergamot. (L.)
Nectandra. (Endl. Gen. PI. 319.)
Nectandra Cinnamomoides. (Nees.) Laurus cinnamomoides.
(H. B. et Kunth.) Cinnamomum sylvestre Americanum. South
America.
Bark with the flavour and smell of cinnamon, for which it is used in
New Grenada. (L.)
Nectandra cymbarum. (Nees.) Ocotea cymharum. (II. B. et
Kunth.) South America.
Bark aromatic, bitter, stomachic ; Martins suspects that it is one of
the ingredients in the famous Woorary poison of Guiana. (L.)
Nectandra Puchury major. (Nees.) Ocotea puchury. (Mart.)
Puchury, Pachyry. Brazil.
Martius assigns the Pichnrim heans to this plant ; (see Aydendron
VEGETABLES.— LAURiNEiE. 465
laurel ;) the fruit in the early months of the year drop from their cups
to the ground, when they are collected by the natives, cleaned of their
flesh and pericarp, and dried by a gentle heat ; they are used in dysen-
tery, diarrhoea, cardialgia, spasmodic colic, strangury, incontinence of
urine, and other disorders ; the bark has the smell of fennel mixed
witli cloves, according to Nees ; of cam.phor, according to Martins ; its
taste is aromatic, not hot. (L.) Another species, the iV. puchury
minor of Nees, is said to yield seeds having similar qualities ; its bark
is described as resembling Sassafras when fresli, but tasteless and
scentless wiien dry ; the cotyledons smell like Balsam of Peru ; it yields
the Sassafras nuts of the London shops, according to Humboldt. (L.)
Laureaster amboynensis, Tetranthera pichurim ; seeds. Sassafras nuts,
Brazilian bean, Faba pichurim, stomachic, astringent, anodyne, used
in diarrhcea and dysentery, yield oil. (G.)
jSTectandra Rodi^i. (Schomb.) JBebeeru tree, Greenlieart tree,
Sipeira, Bibiru. British Guiana.
Tlie wood, which is heavy, solid, and very permanent, is much
esteemed, and fetches a higher price than most other timber. The
bark has been brought into European notice by Mr. Rodie, as a valu-
able tonic in cases of intermittent fever. An alkaloid has been ob-
tained from it by Dr. Maclagan of Edinburgh, whicli he calls Beberine.
Oreodaphne. (Endl. Gen. PI. 321.)
Oreodaphne cupularis. (Nees.) Laurus cupularis. (Lamb.)
Bois de canelle^ Isle of Prance cinnamon. Isles of France, Bourbon, &c.
Bark aromatic, astringent. (G.) Wood strong scented, the cinna-
mon of the Isle of France. (L.)
Oreodaphne opifera. Oronoko.
Yields large quantities of volatile oil, on making incisions through
the bark of the tree. The fruit also yields a fragrant volatile oil on
distillation ; used in Brazil for pains in tlie limbs, &c,, under the name
of Canella de cheiro.
Persea. (Endl. Gen. PL 317.)
Persea gratissima. (Gaertn.) Laurus Persea. (Linn.) Avo-
cado pear. Tropical America.
Fruit yields oil. (G.) The fruit, Alligator pear, or Avocado pear,
abounds in a fixed oil of a buttery substance, and is much esteemed as
a dessert fruit in the West Indies ; the leaves are reckoned balsamic,
pectoral, and vulnerary ; the seeds are very astringent. (L.)
Persea Indica. Madeira.
. Yields an inferior kind of Mahogany, called Vinatico.
Plegorhiza. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1328. Genera Dubice sedis.)
(Lindl. Nat. Syst. 526, appendix ; to be added to those genera
imperfectly known, and not yet referred to any natural order.)
Plegorhiza astringens.
Root vulnerary, astringent.
• ' 2 H
466 VEGETABLES.— MYBiSTiCE^.
Sassafras. (Endl. Gen. PI. 322.)
Sassafras officinale. (Nees.) Laurus sassafras. (Linn.) *S'a5*«-
fras tree. North America.
Roots, Sassafras radix ; wood, Cinnamon wood, Sassafras lignum,
imported from the West Indies in logs ; sudorific, heating, and drying ;
yields essential oil. (G-) The bark of the root, which is thick and
blood-red, contains a great quantity of essential oil ; it has a high re-
putation as a powerful sudorific, and combined with Guaiacum and
Sarsaparilla, in cutaneous affections, chronic rheumatism, and old
syphilitic maladies ; the dried leaves contain so much mucilage, that
they are employed in Louisiana for thickening soup, like Hibiscus
esculentus ; the bark of the branches, as well as of the wood, have been
employed, but they are inferior to the bark of the root. (L.)
j Sassafras Parthenoxylon. (Nees.) Laurus parthenoxi/lon. (Jack.)
X. porrecta. (Roxb.) j&. pseudo sassafras. (Blume.) Virgin tree,
Oriental Sassafras. Java.
The fruit has a strong balsamic smell, and yields an oil considered
useful in rheumatic affections ; an infusion of the root is drunk as sassa-
fras, and with similar effects. (L.)
Tetranthera. (Endl. Gen. PI. 322.)
Tetranthera Roxburghii. (Nees.) Litsea sehifera. (Pars.)
Sehifera glutinosa. (Lour.) T. apetala. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Berries yield oil. (G.) The fruit yields a greasy, exudation, from
which tlie Chinese manufacture candles of bad quality, and whicii
serves as tlie basis of salves ; the leaves and branches are full of a gluti-
nous matter, which is readily communicated to water in which they are
bruised. (L.) The wood is the Mueda lukree of the Hindostanee
druggists, and a favourite application to bruises and wounds. It is
somewhat fragrant and slightly balsamic and sweet. (O'Sh.)
Order 126.— MYRISTICE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 829. Lind. Nat.
Syst. 15.)
Flowers completely unisexual ; calyx trifid, rarely quadrifid, with valvular a;stivation ;
Jlowers male; filaments either separate, or completely united in a cylinder; anthers
3 — 12, two-celled, turned outwards, and bursting longitudinally, either connate or dis-
tinct ; female ; calyx deciduous ; ovary superior, sessile, with a single seed, nut-lilce,
enveloped in a many-parted aril ; albumen runcinate, between fatty and fleshy ; anthers
small ; cotyledons foliaceous ; radicle inferior ; plumule conspicuous. Iropical trees,
often yielding a red juice, with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and axillary or terminal
inflorescence, in racemes, glomerules, or panicles.
Myristica. (Endl. Gen. PI. 829.)
Myristica officinalis. (Linn.) M. aromatica. (Lamb.) M.
moschata. (Thunb.) Nutmeg tree. Moluccas.
The kernel of the fruit Nutmeg, Nux Moschata, Myristicce nuclei,
Myristicce moschatce fructus nucleus ; membrane enclosing the seed,
Mace, 3Iacis, are stomachic, cephalic, uterine, and cordial ; in an over-
dose, say 3 ij., the nutmeg is soporific, and produces delirium ; by dis-
tillation it yields an essential oil, and by expression a concrete oil- (G.)
VEGETABLES.— SANTALACE-E. 467
The seed is the nutmeg of the shops, the aril is the mace ; they contain
a volatile oil, which renders them stimulant ; in small quantities they
relieve flatulence and allay colicky pains, but in large quantities they
excite the circulation, and act as narcotics, (L. ex Pereira.)
Myristica sebifera. 1 Virola sehifera, Burahee, Dali. Cayenne,
Kernels pressed for their oil. (G.) Seeds, when boiled with water,
give out a large quantity of a fixed oil, used for making candles ; an
acrid juice also exudes from the bark, which is employed as a popular
medicine. (O'Sh.)
Myristica tomentosa. Male nutmeg tree. Moluccas.
Very inferior to the true nutmeg, and of but little commercial
value. (O'Sh.)
Order 127.— PROTEACE^. (Endl. Gen.,PL 336. Lindl. Nat.
Syst. 197.)
Calyx four-leaved or four-cleft, with a valvular aestivation ; stamens four, sometimes
in part sterile, opposite the segments of the calyx ; ovary simple, superior ; style
simple; stigma undivided; fruit dehiscent or indehiscent ; seecf without albumen; em-
bnjo with two, occasionally several ; cotyledons stjaight ; radicle inferior. Shrubs, or
small trees ; branches usually umbellate ; leaves, hard, dry, divided or undivided, oppo-
site or alternate, without stipules, their cuticle often covered equally, or on both sides,
with stomates.
GuEViNiA. (Endl. Gen. PL 340.)
GuEviNiA AVELLANA. Qwxdria heterophylla. South America.
Kernels esculent, very pleasant. (G.) Fruit sold like nuts in the
markets of Chili, under tha name of Avellano. (L.)
Persoonia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 340.)
Persoonia guareoides.
Bark used for the Peruvian bark ; nuts yield oil. (G.)
Persoonia hirsuta. (Brown.) New South Wales.
Persoonia lanceolata. (Brown.) Linkia Itevis. New South
Wales.
Persoonia linearis. (Brown.) New South Wales.
Persoonia salicina. (Brown.) P. laurina.
Fruits esculent.
Protea. (Endl. Gen; Pi: 337.)
Protea grandifxora.
Employed as an astringent in diarrhoea. (O'Sh.)
Protea mellifloka.
Flowers yield a saccharine liquid, employed in diseases of the chest.
Several species are also used in tanning leather. (O'Sh.)
Order 128.-SANTALACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 408.
Endl. Gen. PI. 324.)
Perigone adhering to the ovary, 4 — 5 cleft, somewhat coloured, a;stivation valvate ;
stamens 4 — 5, inserted into the base of the segments of the perigone, and opposite to
them ; ovary one-celled, 2 — 4 seeded ; ovules pendulous, attached to the top of the
2 H 2
468 VEGETABLES.— ELEAGNE^.
central pLicenta ; style one, often lobed ; fruit one-seeded, nucamentaceous, or drupa-
ceous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo inverted, round. Herbs, or shtnibs with alternate, or
nearly opposite, undivided, exstipulate leaves ; flowers small, subspicate, rarely umbellate
or solitary.
MioscHiLos. (Endl. Gen. PI. 327.)
MiOSCHILOS OBLONGA. Chili.
Leaves used for tiiose of Senna.
OsYRis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 408. Endl. Gen. PI. 326.)
OsYRis ALBA. (Linn.) Osyris, Cassia veterum spuria, Poet's rose-
mary. South Europe.
Santalum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 327.)
Two species of this genus yield the Sandal wood of commerce, a
kind of timber much esteemed for its fragrance ; " it is made into
musical instruments, cabinets, and curious boxes, for which it is valued,
as no insect can exist, it is said, nor iron rust, within its influence ; it
is used in the eastern countries as an incense. White sandal ivood is
the young timber, Yellow sandal wood the old ; it is considered by the
native doctors of India as sedative and cooling ; it is also used by the
French apothecaries ; its oil is said to be used to adulterate oil of
roses. (L.) Sandal wood in powder is given by the native physicians
in ardent remitting fevers ; with milk it is also prescribed in gonorrhoea ;
rubbed on the skin, it is said to allay the irritation of musquito bites,
of prickly heat, and other cutaneous disorders. (O'Sh.)
Santalum freycinetianum. (Gaud.) Sandwich Islands.
Said to produce sandal wood. (L.)
Santalum myrtifolium. (Spreng.) ^S*. albutn. (Linn.) Sirium
myrtifolium, Sandal tree. East Indies.
The outside of the wood White sa7iders, Santalum album ; the heart
of the tree, Yellow sanders, Santalam citrinum ; aromatic, slightly
bitter and sweetish, cordial, cephalic. (G.) This is the slirub with which
the Portuguese are reported to drive, or to have driven a great trade.
The Sandal ivood of Malabar is from the same species, but is con-
sidered of better quality. (L.)
Santalum paniculatum. (Hook.) Owhyhee, on the volcano.
This is unquestionably the Sandal wood of Owhyliee, as was ascer-
tained by the late Mr. Macrae. (L.)
Sandal tree of Tecumez, yields resin ; leaves rubbed between the
hands, and applied to the temples, used to take off' the headache occa-
sioned by severe drinking. (G.)
Thesium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 408. Endl. Gen. PI. 325.)
*Thesium linophyllum. (Linn.) (E. B. 247.) Bastard toad
jlax.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Chalky pastures.
Astringent. ^______
Order 129.— ELEAGNE^. (DeCand. Bot. Gal. 409. Endl. Gen.
PI. 333.)
Flowers dioecious, rarely hennaphrodite ; male ji. subamentiform, with 3—4 — 8
stamens; anthers introrse, subsessile, hi]oc\i]a.r; female fl. perigone,ivM]nY, monose-
VEGETABLES.— AKiSTOLociiiE^. 469
paious, pei-sistent, limb entire, or 2 — 4 cleft, the fauces sometimes crowned with a pro-
minent ghmdular disk (except in Hippophae) ; ovary arising from the bottom of the
perigone, and not united with it, one-celled, one-ovuled ; ovule ascending, subpedicel-
lated ; stijle very short ; stigma tongue-shaped ; fruit crustaceous, enclosed within the
pulpv ]>eiigone ; seed erect ; albumen fleshy, thin ; embryo straight ; radicle inferior ;
cotyledons flat, fleshy. Trees, or shrubs, with alternate, or opposite, entire, exstipulate
leaves.
EL.EAGNUS. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 409. Endl. Gen. PI. 334.)
ELiEAGNUS ANGUSTi FOLIA. (Linn.) Nurrow-leaved loild olive.
France.
Vermifuge.
Hippophae (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 409. Endl. Gen. PI. 334.)
*IIipporHAE RHAMNOiDES. (Linn.) (E. B. 425.) Sallow thorn,
Sea buckthorn.
Y\. brown, spotted. May. Shrub. East and south-east coast.
Leaves purgative ; berries made into a sauce.
Ordek 130.— ARISTOLOCHIE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 410.
Endl. Gen. PI. 344.)
Flowers hermaphrodite ; perigone adhering to the ovary, monosepalous, limb either
three-lobed or tubular, dilated irregularly in the upper part, JEstivation valvate ; stamens
definite, in ternary numbers, either free and distinct, or epigynous, adhering to the style
and stigma ; ovary 3 — 6 celled ; style short ; stigma divided ; capsule or berry coriaceous,
six-celled, many-seeded, placentas lateral ; embryo small, at the base of a cartilaginous
albumen. Herbs, or shrubs, generally climbing, with alternate, simple, petioiatcd
leaves.
The plants of this order are emmenagogue.
Aristolochia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 410. Endl. Gen. PI. 344.)
Aristolgchia akguicida. (Linn.) Carthagena.
The juice of the root chewed and introduced into the mouth of a
serpent so stupifies it, that it may for a long time be handled with
impunity ; if the reptile is compelled to swallow a few drops, it perishes
in convulsions ; the root is also reported to be an antidote to serpent
bites. (L. ex. Jaquin.)
Aristolochia bracteata. (Retz.) Coast of Coromandel.
Every part nauseously bitter ; in India, for a purging with gripes,
two of the fresh leaves are rubbed up with a little water, and given to
an adult for a dose, once in twenty-four hours. (Roxb.) An infusion
of the dried leaves is given as an anthelmintic ; fresh bruised, and
mixed with castor oil, they are considered a valuable remedy in obsti-
nate cases of itch. (L.)
♦Aristolochia Clematitis. (Linn.) (E. B. 398.) JSirth loort.,
Upright birth wort.
~. Fl. pale yellow. July, August. Perennial. Among ruins in the
south of England.
Root emmenagogue. (G.) Roots powerfully stimulating; when
470 VEGETABLES.— AEisTOLocHiEiE.
fresh they have a very disagreeable smell ; they have been chiefly em-
ployed as aids to difficult parturition. (L.)
Aristolochia CYMBiFEKA. (Mart.) A. ringens.. (Mart.) A.grandi-
Jlora. (Gomez.) South America.
Root has a very penetrating, disagreeable smell, and a strong,
bitter aromatic taste ; produces almost entirely the same effects as the
Virginian snake root. {^A. serpentaria.) It is very frequently used in
Brazil against ulcers, paralytic affections of the extremities, dys-
pepsia, impotentia virilis, in nervous and intermitting fevers, especially
those in which a predominant disorder of the pituitous membrane, or of
the whole lymphatic system has been observed, and lastly, against the
bites of serpents. According to Gomez, the powdered root is given
iu doses of a scruple, from four to six times a day ; the decoction is
ordered in doses of four to six ounces, and the juice expressed from the
leaves, in doses of one or two drachms daily. (L. ex Martins.)
Aristolochia frageantissima. (Ruiz.) Star reed. Peruvian
Andes.
Stems, when stripped of their bark, resemble cords, and are era-
ployed in Peru as ropes ; the Peruvian Indians use it as a remedy for
dysenteries, malignant inflammatory fevers, colds, rheumatic pains,
and various diseases arising from fatigue ; antiseptic, odontalgic, sudo-
rific ; flavour bitter, camphorous, balsamic ; the Indians also apply it
powdered, or fresh bruised, to the bites and stings of reptiles and insects,
as a powerful antidote to their poison. (L. ex Ruiz.)
Aristolochia grandiflora. (Swartz.) Jamaica.
The whole plant emits a powerful narcotic, unpleasant smell ; Swartz
says it is poisonous to hogs. (L.)
Aristolochia indica. (Linn.) East Indies.
Root nauseously bitter; the Hindoos suppose it to possess emmena-
gogue and antarthritic virtues. (L.)
Aristolochia longa. (Linn.) Long-rooted birth wort. South
of Europe.
Aristolochia rotunda. (Linn.) Hound birth wort. South of
Europe.
Roots taken to 5 iss., hot, odorous, powerfully incisive. (G.)
Aristolochia bcetica. (Linn.) Spain.
AsisToiiOCHiA PALLIDA (Willd.) Italy.
Aristolochia sempervirens. (Linn.) Candia.
The five foregoing species are slightly aromatic, stimulating tonics^
useful in the latter stages of low fever ; the taste is bitter and acrid ;
the odour strong and disagreeable ; they are said to be sudorific, and
have been employed as emmenagogues in amenorrhoea; they are sup-
posed to be the plants with which the Egyptian jugglers stupify the
snakes they play with. (L.)
Aristolochia macroura. (Gomez) Jarrinha. Brazil.
Root and herb similar in their effects to those of A. cymbifera, but
more potent. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— EDPHORBiACE^. 471
Aristolochia odorata. Jamaica contrayerva. West Indies.
Root in infusion diuretic, purgative, stomachic, and emnienagogue.
(G.)
ARiSTOLOciriA PiSTOLOCHiA. (Willd.) South of Europe.
Root enimenagogue.
' Aristolochia Serpentakia. (Linn.) Serpentaria Virginiana,
Virginia snake root. United States.
Root, SerpentaricB radix, antiseptic, heating, alexiterial, diaphoretic ;
given in doses of gr. x. to Jss. of the powder, or an infusion of 5J.
every four hours, against the bites of snakes and canine madness; im-
ported from America in bales of 200 to 500 lbs,, frequently mixed
with the roots of Collinsonia prcecox; the root has a penetrating
resinous smell, and a pungent bitter taste ; it acts as a stimulant tonic
and diaphoretic, and in certain cases as an antispasmodic and anodyne :
it is peculiarly useful in supporting the strength, and in allaying the
irregular action which attends great febrile debility ; Dr. Chapman
considers " it admirably suited to check vomiting, and to tranquillize
the stomach," particularly in bilious cases.
Aristoiajchia trilobata. (Linn.) A. trifida, (Lamb.) West
Indies,
Reported to be an antidote to the bites of serpents ; if taken in doses
of from 6 — 20 grains, it is a sudden and powerful sudorific. (L.)
AsARUM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 411. Endl. Gen. PI, 344.)
*AsARUM EUROPiEUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1083.) A. vidgare,
Asarabacca.
Fl. purplish brown. May, Perennial. North of England.
Root a drastic purge, in doses of 9 j. to 3J. ; it is also used as a
sternutatory, from gr. j. to gr. iij. ; leaves, asaii folia, milder ; were
the usual emetic before the introduction of ipecacuanha, six to nine
leaves taken in whey ; they were also applied to wounds. (G.) The
powdered leaves are used to provoke sneezing ; a few grains at a time
may be safely used, and they produce a considerable discharge of fluid
by the nostrils. (Smith.) Roots purgative, emetic, and diuretic ;
called cabaret in France, because, as it is said, drunkards use it to
produce vomiting. (L.)
AsARUM CANADENSE. (Linn,) Canada snake root, Wild ginger.
North America.
Root, Asarum, P. U. S., mixed with those of Virginian snake root,
and has the same qualities. (G.) Rhizoma agreeably aromatic, very
unlike that of A. Europaeum ; a warm stimulant and diaphoretic, acting
like Aristolochia serpentaria : not emetic, as has been asserted. (L.)
AsARUM viRGiNicuM. (Willd.) Serpentaria nigra Black snake
weed. Virginia.
Roots employed as those oi A. canadense. (G.)
Order 131.— EUPHORBIACEiE. (De Cand. Bot, Gal. 49L
Endl. Gen. PI, 1107.)
Flowers raoncEcious, or dioecious ; perigone monosepalons, the segments definite,
sometimes more, very often increased within by various squamiform or glandular ap-
472 VEGETABLES.— EUPHOKBiACEaj.
pendages: male flower ; stamens indefinite, or generally definite, sometimes inserted
into the centre of the flower, beneath the rudiments of the pistil ; anthers two-celled,
the cells sometimes distinct, dehiscing longitudinally on tlie outer side : fern, flower ;
ovary superior, sessile, or stipitate; 2 — 3, or many-celled, cells disposed in a circle
about a central placenta; ovules solitary, or in pairs, suspended beneath the apex from
the inner angle; slt/le, as many as the cells, distinct, united or none; stigmas compound,
or many lobed ; capsules of 2 — 3 cells; the cells bursting elastically, bivalved ; seeds
solitary, or in pairs, with an aril, annexed above to the central placenta: embryo sur-
rounded by a fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat ; radicle superior. Herbs or shrubs, generally
lactescent ; leaves mostly alternate, stipulate, very rarely opposite ; flowers axillary, or
terminal, with bracts, or with an involucre.
The milky juice is caustic, nauseous, and purgative; embryo or
corculum of the seeds usually violently emetic or purgative.
AcALYPHA. (Endl. Gen. PL 1111.)
AcALYPHA INDICA. (Linn.) Cupameni. East Indies.
Root bruised in hot water cathartic ; decoction of leaves laxative.
(L.)
Alchornea. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1113.)
Alchornea latifolia. (Sv^artz.) Jamaica.
Bark, Alcornocco cabarro, in thick, flat, long pieces, rather spongy,
reddish yellow, covered with yellowisli lichens ; from Jamaica ; used in
phthisis, 9j. in powder, or in decoction, (G.) Nees and Ebermaier
refer the Alcornoco bark to this plant, but it appears upon Humboldt's
authority to be the produce of Bowdichia. (L.)
Aleurites. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1114.)
Aleurites triloba. Country walnut. East Indies.
An oil termed Dessyakhroot is obtained from this plant.
Anda. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1113.)
Anda gomesii. (Jussieu.) Anda Braziliensis, (Raddi.) Brazil.
Bark used for intoxicating fish ; seeds a safe and useful purgative,
in doses of two seeds ; they have the taste of hazel-nuts ; the Brazilians
use them instead of castor-oil ; the bark, roasted, passes as a certain
remedy for diarrhoea brought on by cold ; according to Martius, it is
called Anda-acu, Jndayacti, Purga de gentio, Cocca, or Ptirgados
Paulistas, Frutta d'Arara, in Brazil. Two or three seeds prepared
as an emulsion act as a very powerful and safe purgative ; they seldom
excite vomiting ; it has been found extremely efficacious in weakness of
the lymphatic system, and particularly in general dropsy. (L.)
Briedelia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1119.)
Briedelia spinosa. (Willd.) Cluytia spinosa. (Roxb.) East
Indies.
Bark a powerful astringent ; leaves eaten by cattle ; said to destroy
worms in the bowels. (L. ex Roxb.)
Buxus. (DeCand. Bot. Gall. 411. Endl. Gen. PI. 1123.)
*Buxus SEMPERViRENS. (Linn.) (E. B. 1431.) Buxus, Common
box-tree.
Fl. straw-coloured. April. Large shrub. Dry chalky hills.
"Wood sudorific. (G.) Leaves bitter and nauseous, sudorific and
purgative ; chips of the wood have the same properties, and have been
VEGETABLES.— EUPHORBiACE^. 473
prescribed in syphilitic diseases and chronic rheumatism ; a fcetid
empyreumatic oil. Oleum buxi, was formerly sold in the shops, but for
all the purposes of box-oil, preparations of guaiacum are now employed
in preference ; tlie oil has been occasionally employed with success in
the toothache ; camels are poisoned by browsing on the leaves, in some
parts of Persia. (L.) The timber of the box-tree is of considerable
value ; it is sold by weight, and being very liard and smooth, and not
apt to warp, is very well adapted to a variety of nicer works ; it is
extensively employed by the turner, wood-engraver, carver, comb and
mathematical instrument maker ; and the roots by the cabinet-maker
and inlayer ; the English wood is esteemed inferior to that which comes
from the Levant, and the American box is said to be preferable to
ours for most purposes, but the English is superior for the purposes of
the engraver. (Lou.)
Catubus. (L.) (Endl. Gen, pi. (^ca/ypAa) 1111.)
Caturus spiciflorus. (Linn.) Acalypha hispida. (Burm.) East
Indies.
Flowers said to be a specific in diarrhoea and similar disorders ;
boiled in water, or administered in the form of a conserve. (L.)
Of CCA. (Endl. Gen. PL 1120.)
CiccA DisTicHA, (Willd.) Averrhou acida. (Linn.) Phyllanthus
longifoliics. (Jacq.) Cheramella. East Indies.
Leaves sudorific ; seeds cathartic ; fruit subacid, cooling, and whole-
some. (L.)
CiCCA RACEMOSA.
Berry acid, eatable.
Cluytia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1119.)
Cluytia coLLiNA. (Roxb.) India.
Kind of the capsule reputed to be exceedingly poisonous. (L.)
CoMMiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1109.)
CoMMiA cooHiNCHiNENSis. (Lour.) Cochin China.
Yields a white tenacious juice, or gum, of an emetic, purgative,
deobstruent nature ; if prudently administered, it is useful in obstinate
dropsy and obstructions. (L. ex Lou.)
Croton. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 411. Endl. Gen. PI. 1117.)
Croton aromaticum. (Willd.) Ceylon.
Croton balsamiferum. (Linn.) West Indies.
These, and some other species, are used to aromatise distilled liqueurs
in the West Indies. (G.) From C. halsamifera is distilled a spirituous
liqueur called Eaii de mantes, used in irregular menstruation. (L.)
Croton campesthis. (Aug. de St. H.) South America.
Has a purgative root, and is employed in syphilitic disorders. (L.)
Croton Cascarilla. (Linn.) C.lineare. (Jacq.) West India Islands.
The bark called Cascarilla, a most valuable bitter, aromatic, tonic
stimulant, abounding in volatile oil, is by some believed to be pro-
duced by this tree ; Lindley, however, adduces evidence in opposition
474 VEGETABLES.— EUPHOBBiACEiB.
to the opinion of Pereira, to prove that this article is produced by
C. eleuteria, and not by this, or by C. pseudo-china, as supposed by the
College of Physicians; Guibourt, however, suggests that several
different species may produce it, and this appears to be confirmed by
the bills of entry of the Custom-house, which mention imports from
places where neither of these species are supposed to exist. Vide
Med. Bot., p. 880.
Croton Draco. (Schelcht.) Mexico.
According to Schiede, this abounds in a sanguine juice, which hardens
into the finest kind of Dragon's blood, {Sangre del drago of the Mexi-
cans,) used in Mexico as a vulnerary and astringent. (L.)
Croton Eleuteria. (Swartz.) Cascarilla. West Indies.
Bark, Eleuteria bark, Narcaphte, Thymiama, Cortex thuris, Casca-
rillcB cortex, imported from Eleutheria, in the Baiiama Islands. This
species is considered by Lindley as the true origin of the Cascarilla
bark, as has also been affirmed by Drs. Wright and Woodville. (L.)
Cascarilla bark consists of pieces of about six or eight inches long,
scarcely one-tenth of an inch thick, quilled and covered with a whitish
epidermis ; it has a pleasant spicy odour, and a bitter, warm, aromatic
taste ; it is very inflammable, and is easily distinguished from all other
barks by emitting, when burned and extinguished, a fragrant smell re-
sembling that of musk ; it is a valuable carminative and tonic, and an
excellent adjunct to the Cinchona bark in fevers.
Croton hibiscifolius. (H. B. et Kunth.) New Granada.
Has similar properties to those of C. draco, and like that is called
Sangre del drago, or Dragon's blood. (L.)
Croton humile. (Willd.) Jamaica.
Used in baths for nervous weaknesses. (G.)
Croton lacciferum. (Linn.) Aleurites laccifera. (Willd.) C. aro-
maticum. (Spreng.) Ceylon.
Yields Ceylon lac. (G.) Bark of the root aromatic and purgative ;
the branches yield very fine lac in grains, in small quantities. (L.)
Croton lineabe. (Jacq.) West Indies.
A specific in colic. (G.)
Croton moluccanum. (Willd.) Ceylon.
Seeds, having the corculum taken out, esculent. (G.)
Croton pavana. (Hamilt.) East Indies.
This is supposed to have been the original Tilly seed plant. (L.)
Croton perdicipes. (Aug. de St. Hil.) South America.
Employed in Brazil as a cure for syphilis, and as a useful diuretic.
Croton polyandrum. (Roxb.) Jatropha montana. (Willd.)
East Indies.
Seeds reckoned by the Hindoos a good purgative ; one seed, bruised
in water, administered for each evacuation. (L. ex Roxb.)
Croton Pseudo-china. (Schlecht.) C. cascarilla. (Don.) Mexico.
A very distinct species from C. eleuteria, and according to Deppe,
beyond all doubt the true Quina blanca, or Capalchi, of the druggists
VEGETABLES.— EUPHORBiACEiE. 473
of Xalapa, and in his opinion, probably the plant yielding the Casca-
rilla of Europe ; Professor Don considered it quite certain that this
plant produces the Cascarilla bark of the English market, but although
it is extremely like true Cascaril'a, it is certainly not the same, as Dr.
Pereira has traced the importation of this bark, and shown that it re-
sembles Ash cinchona bark in appearance, and is very different in many
respects from the officinal Cascarilla of this country. There is also
another bark, called Copalchi in Mexico, which, according to Virey
and Guibourt, is furnished by Strychnos pseudo quina. (L.)
Ckoton sawguifltjus. (H. B. et Kunth.) New Andalusia.
Has similar properties to those of C draco, and is called by the same
name {Sangre del drago). (L.)
Crotox suberosum. (H. B. et Kunth.) Acapulco.
Employed in Peru as an aromatic purgative. (L.)
Croton Tiglium. (Lamb.) C. jalmagota. (Hamilt.) India,
Ceylon.
Seeds, Molucca grains, Purging nuts, Grana tiglia, gr. ss., with
catechu gr. j., very hydragogue, emetic, emmenagogue, corrected by
acids, or roasting; yield oil; wood, Lignum pavance, has the same
qualities, but weaker, sudorific in a small dose, (G.) This is one of
the plants from which the violently drastic substance called Croton oily
or Oil of Tiglium, is prepared ; the seeds are the part used ; Dr.
Hamilton has indeed shown that the original Grana dilla, or Oiloftillij.
or Grana tiglia, were produced in all probability by a different species,
C. pavana, but this is the plant of Roxburgh, and it is certain that it
is the C. tiglium of Ceylon. (C.) Croton oil is one of the most violent
cathartics we possess. It is an invaluable remedy in apoplexy and
similar disorders, where immediate catliartic action is requisite and the
swallowing of bulky medicines impracticable ; applied externally to the
skin, it causes an eruption of very painful pustules, like those caused
by tartar emetic ointment.
CfiOzoPHORA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1 117.)
Crozophora tinctoria. (.Iuss.) Cascarilla tinctorium, Crdlon
tinctorium. (Linn.) Heliotropium, Turnsol. South of Europe,
Juice blue, easily changed to red by acids, and green by alkalies j
used to dye rags and paper. (G.) An acrid plant, with emetic, drastic,
corrosive properties ; its seeds, ground into powder and mixed with oil,
are employed as a cathartic medicine ; it is cultivated for the deep
purple dye, called Turnsol, which is obtained from it. (L.) Elm-
ployed to dye silk and wool of an elegant blue colour, and the juice is
used to colour wines and jellies ; the substance for this purpose is called
Turnsol, and is made of the juice which is lodged between the calyx
and the seeds ; this, if rubbed on cloths, appears at first of a lively
green, but soon changes to a bluish purple ; if these cloths are put into
water, and afterwards wrung, they will dye the water of a claret colour ;
the rags thus dyed are brought to England, and sold in the druggists'
shops by the name of Turnsol. (Lou.)
476 VEGETABLES.— EUPHOBBiACE^.
El^ococca. (Endl.) Gen. PI. 1114.)
EL^iiococcA MONTANA. Vendcia montana. Tropical Asia.
Kernels yield oil.
Emblica.
Emblica officinalis. (Gaertn.) Phyllanthus emhlica. (Linn.)
Myrohalanus emhlica. (Bauh.) Nilicamaram. India.
Fruit, Emblic Myrohalans, purgative, acidulous, rather austere ;
when pickled, excites the appetite ; root astringent, used in dying.
(G.) Fruit extremely acid and astringent, when dry a mild purgative ;
bark used in India in diarrhoea. (L.) Also for tanning leather. (O'Sh.)
The dried fruit, JSmblic Myrohalans, is about the size of a filbert,
nearly spherical, or hexagonal, and separating into six lobes. It con-
tains an obtusely triangular nut within, which has three cells, each
containing two red shining seeds.
Euphorbia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 411. Endl. Gen, PI. 1108.)
*Euphorbia amygdaloides. (Linn.) (E, B. 2255.) Tithymalus
sylvaticus, T. sylvaticus lunato Jlore^ Evergreen wood spurge, Wood
spurge.
Fl, yellow. March, April, Perennial. Woods and thickets.
Emetic.
Euphorbia antiquorum. (Linn.) Triangular spurge. East Indies.
Yields Gum euphorhium ; cathartic, (G.) Supposed by some to yield
the drug Euphorhium, a resinous substance, possessing acrid irritant,
poisonous properties ; in all probability, however, it is obtained from
E. ojlficinarum ; Dr, Christison assigns the substance to the latter,
Guibourt to this species, Officinarum and Canariensis ; according to
Hamilton and Boyle, no euphorbium is obtained from this, at least in
India. (L,) One of the species furnishing the Euphorhium of the
Materia Medica, (Lou.) No euphorbium resin is obtained from this
species in India. (O'Sh.)
Euphorbia Apios, (Willd.) Apios,Knohhed-rooted spurge. Candia.
Caustic.
Euphorbia canariensis. (Linn,) Canary Islands,
Yields Gum euphorhium. (G.) Properties the same as those of
E. officinarum, but weaker; Martins regards this as the source of
Euphorhium, but Dr. Pereira says that he is certainly in error, as all
our Euphorhium conies from Mogador. (L.) One of the plants fur-
nishing the Euphorhium of the Materia Medica. (Lou.)
Euphorbia canescens.
Antisyphilitic, useful in venomous bites.
Euphorbia cham^esyce. (Willd.) Chamcesyce, Thyme spurge.
South of Europe.
*EuPHORBiA characias. (Linn,) (E. B, 442.) Tithymalus cha-
racias, Red shruhhy spurge. Wood spurge.
Fl. yellowish. March, April.. Large shrubs. Needwood Forest,
Staffordshire.
Both violently cathartic.
VEGETABLES.— EUPHORBiACE^. 477
EoPHORBiA COROLLATA. (Liiin.) Large fiowercd spurge. North
America.
Root emetic ; mixed with true Ipecacuanha, and used for it. (G.)
A good emetic, in the opinion of Dr. Zollickoffer of Baltimore, not in-
ferior to ipecacuanha; it is also expectorant and cathartic ; the bruised
root, wiien recent, excites inflauimation and vesication. (L.)
*EuPHORBiA CypARissiAS. (Linn.) (E. B. 840.) Cypress spurge.
Fl. yellowish. June, July. Perennial. Groves and thickets.
Juice may be used for Scammony, is also emetic. (G.) A virulent
poison ; a woman is said to have died in half an hour after taking a
dose of the root, and in other cases the skin of the face has peeled off
in consequence of its use ; nevertheless the powder of the root, in doses
of 6 — 20 grains, or even from a scruple, to a drachm, has been given
without any bad consequences. (L.)
Euphorbia dendroides. (Willd.) Tithymalus dendroides, Tree
spurge. Italy.
Violently cathartic.
Euphorbia edulis. Cochin China.
A kitchen herb. (G.) Said to be used as a potherb in Cochin
China. (Lou.)
•Euphorbia EsuLA. (Linn.) (E.B. 1399.) Leafy-branched spurge.
Fl. yellowish. July. Perennial. Sussex, and near Edinburgh.
A dangerous poison : a woman is stated by Scopole to have died half
an hour after swallowing thirty grains of the root. (L.)
Euphorbia falcata. (Linn.) E. acuminata and mucronata.
(Lamb.) E. arvensis. (Schleich.) Middle and soutii of Europe.
Tiie herb, dried and salted, was preserved by the ancient Greeks as
a powerful purge. (L.)
Euphorbia Gerardiana. (Jacq.) E. cajogala. (Ehr.) E. glau-
cescens. (Willd.) E. linaricefolia. (Lamb.) Middle of Germany
and Hungary.
Root emetic, mixed with true Ipecacuanha, and used for it. (G.)
Bark of the root cathartic and emetic ; it is said by Loiseleur Deslong-
charaps to be the best of the European Euphorbias, and to vomit easily
in doses of 18 — 20 grains. (L.)
♦Euphorbia Heuoscopia. (Linn.) (E. B. 883.) Sun spurge,
Wart wort.
Fl. yellowish. July, August. Annual. Waste and cultivated ground.
Juice applied to warts. (G.) The juice of every kind of spurge is
so acrid, that it corrodes and ulcerates the body wherever it is applied ;
hence it is dropped on warts and corns to remove them, and in the
hollow of a decayed tooth to remove the pain, by destroying the nerve,
or it is rubbed behind the ears to give relief in the toothache, by blis-
tering. (Lou.)
Euphorbia heptagona. (Linn.) Cape of Good Hope.
Juice used to poison weapons. (G.) Virey says, the -Ethiopians
tip their arrows with the milk, which is mortal poison. (L.)
478 VEGETABLES.— EUPHOBBiACE^.
Euphorbia hirta. Creeping hairy spurge, Caiaca.
Dried plant, 5J., purgative, used in diy bellyaclie. (G.)
Euphorbia Ipecacuanha. (Linn.) Ipecacuanha spurge. North
America.
Root emetic, mixed with true Ipecacuanha, and used for it. (G.)
Eoot acts powerfully as an emetic ; in doses of from ten to twenty
grains, it is both an emetic and cathartic ; it is more active than Ipe-
cacuanha in proportion to the number of grains administered ; it wants,
however, the peculiar mildness of that drug. (L.)
*EupHORBiA Lathyris. (Linn.) (E. B. 2255.) Catapuntia minor,
Lathyris, Caper spurge, Garden spurge.
Fl. yellowish. June, July. Biennial. Thickets and woods.
Seeds, No. 12 or 14, purge and vomit violently, useful in dropsy;
as they yield a fine oil, have been proposed for cultivation for that pur-
pose ; the oil purgative in doses of five or six drops ; leaves inebriate
fish ; milk corrodes warts ; decoction depilatory. (G.) This plant, the
Catapuntia minor of old Pharmacopoeias, has drastic seeds ; country
labourers are said to take one as a purge, and women several to pro-
cure abortion ; bark of the root and stems, reduced to powder, are
cathartic and emetic ; it was one of the plants directed by Charlemagne,
in his Capitularies, to be grown in every garden ; no doubt as the most
ready purge then to be procured. (L.)
Euphorbia ligularia. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Root, mixed with black pepper, used in India as a cure for the bites
of snakes. (O'Sh.)
Euphorbia linearis. (Retz.) Brazil.
Called Erva do andourinha ; milky juice employed for syphilitic
ulcers. Martins says it is singular that there is a notion throughout
Brazil, that this juice, dropped into a fresh wound in the apple of the
eye, immediately effects a cure ; it is said this experiment has often
been tried with success upon fowls. (L.)
Euphorbia MYRSiNiTis. (Willd.) Tithymalusmyrsinites, Myrtle
spurge. South of Europe.
Violently cathartic.
Euphorbia nereifolia. (Linn.) India.
Juice of the leaves prescribed by the native Indian practitioners
internally as a purge and deobstruent, and externally mixed with mar-
gosa oil in such cases of contracted limbs as are induced by ill-treated
rheumatic affections; the leaves are no doubt diuretic. (L. ex Ainslie.)
Euphorbia officinabum. (Linn.) Arabia and Africa.
Yields ^wm CMpAorimm, cathartic. (G.) Milk purgative ; seven or
eight drops, mixed with flower, and made into pills, or taken in cow's
milk as a dose, according to Forskahl. Dr. Pereira is of opinion, that
the Dergrause of Mr. Jackson, from which, according to the latter
author, Mogadore euphorbium is obtained, is a species nearly related
to this. (L.) JS. officinarum, and also Antiqiiorum and Canariensis,
furnish the Euphorbium of the Materia Medica. In the lower regions
of Mount Atlas, the inhabitants collect the concreted resin, which they
VEGETABLES.— EUFHOBBiACE^. 479
call Furhiune, in September ; it is obtained by making sliglit incisions
in the branches of the plant with a knife, from which a milk-like juice
exudes, and forms into tears, of an oblong or roundish form ; the quan-
tity yielded is so considerable, that the plants are cut once only in four
years, the supply then obtained being sufficient for that space of time
for all Europe ; the recent juice is so corrosive as to erode the skin
wherever it touches ; when dried it is inodorous, and when chewed has
little taste, but it soon gives a very acrid burning impression to the
tongue, palate, and throat, which is very permanent, and almost insup-
portable ; it possesses powerful cathartic, emetic, errhine, and rube-
facient properties ; it has been given as a hydragogue in dropsies, but
owi'-ig to the violence of its effects, its internal use is now exploded ;
neither as an errhine can it be used alone, for it occasions so much in-
flammation as to produce haemorrhage from the nostrils, and swells the
integuments of the head ; when properly diluted, however, with starch,
or any other inert powder, and .cautiously used, it is an effectual and
excellent errhine in lethargy, deafness, palsy, amaurosis, and similar
cases. (Thomson's London Dispensatory.)
Euphorbia ophthalmica.
Used in blindness.
•
EuPHOKBiA PALUSTRis. (Willd.) Esula major, Great spurge.
Sweden.
Cathartic.
*EuPHORBiA Pakalias. (Linn.) (E. B. 195.) Tithymalus para-
lias, Sea spurge.
Fl. yellowish. August, September. Perennial. Sandy sea-coasts,
south of England.
U.<ed as a a purgative, and for the other uses of spurge. (G.)
♦Euphorbia Peplis. (Linn.) (E. B. 2002.) Seveillematin, Purple
sea spurge. neirXig (Dioscorides.)
FJ. yellowish. July, September. Annual., Sea-coasts of Devon
and Cornwall.
Purgative, milk acrid ; the eyelids, being touched with it, itch so as
to hinder sleep. (G.) Properties the same as in E.falcata. (L.)
*Euphorbia Peplus. (Linn.) (E. B. 959.) Peplus, Petty spurge.
Fl. j'ellow. July, August. Annual. Cultivated and waste ground.
Violently cathartic. (G.) Properties like E. Falcata. (L.)
Euphorbia pilulifeba. (Willd.) East Indies.
Antisyphilitic, used in venomous bites. (G.)
Euphorbia piscatoria. (Willd.) Canary Islands.
♦Euphorbia platyphylla. (Linn.) (E. B. 387.) Broad-leaved
warted spurge.
Fl. yellowish. July, August. Annual. Cornfields.
Used to inebriate fish. (G.)
Euphorbia Pithyus.4. (Willd.) Esula minor, Lesser spurge.
Soutli of Europe.
Milk purgative, corrected by acids. (G.)
480 VEGETABLES.— EUPHORBiACE^.
Euphorbia segetalis. (Willd.) Tithymalus, Amygdaloides an-
gustifolius, Narrow-leaved wood spurge. South of Europe.
Employed as a purgative, and for the other uses of spurge. (G.)
Euphorbia thymifolia. (Linn.) East Indies.
Juice made into paste with wheat flour, and formed into pills, is a
violent purgative in doses of five pills ; the fresh plant, bruised, is
applied to wounds among the Arabs. (Forsk.) Leaves and seeds
given by the Tamool doctors of India, in worm cases, and certain bowel
affections of children, (L.)
Euphorbia Tirucalli. (Linn.) East Indies.
Cathartic, emetic, antisyphilitic ; exhalations affect the eyes. (G.)
Milk introduced into the eye produces severe inflammation and even
blindness ; according to Sonerat, the milk, mixed with flour, is taken
in India in doses of a drachm a day, as a remedy for syphilis, and
successfully, in cases that are not inveterate ; the same milk, thickened
by boiling has been used as a cathartic and emetic, but its action is so
violent as to render its use very dangerous. (L.)
Euphorbia tribuloides. (Lamb.) Canary Islands.
Said to be a sudorific. (L.)
Euphorbia vi;rrucosa. (Willd.) Rough-fruited spurge^ Warted
spurge. France.
Violently cathartic.
ExccECARiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1108.)
ExccECARiA Agallocha. (Linn.) Arbor exccecans. (Rumph.)
East Indies.
Trunk abounding in a most dangerous, virulent, acrid milk ; wood-
cutters, upon whom this juice has flown after a stroke of their axe,
reported to Roxburgh, that it produced inflammation and ulceration.
Rumph states, that the Dutch sailors who were sent ashore in Amboyna
to cut timber, sometimes became furiously mad from the pain produced
by the juice that fell on their eyes, and that some of them altogether
lost their sight. Agallochum, or Aloes-wood, is not produced by this
tree, but hy Aquilaria agallochum. (L.)
Ficarium.
FiCARIUM COCHINCHINENSE.
Fruit edible. (G.)
Hevea. (Endl. Gen. PI. (Siphonia) 1113.)
Hevea guianensis. (Aubl.) Jatropha elastica, (Pers.) Siphonia
cahuchu, {yaWA.^ Elastic gum tree. Woods of Guayana.
Yields by incision, elastic gum. (G.) This plant produces the
Demerara and Surinam Caoutchouc, which is imported in bottles and
other forms. (L.)
HIPPOMANE. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1110.)
HiPPOMANE BIGLANDULOSA.
Yields bird-lime.
HiPPOMANE Mancinella, (Linn.) Manchineel. West Indies.
VEGETABLES.— EUPHORBiACE^. 481
Fruit beautiful, but so caustic as to corrode the mouth and occasion
vomiting ; juice of the tree used to poison weapons. (G.) The whole
tree abounds in a white, caustic, venomous juice ; a drop of it, on the
back of the hand, produces instantaneously, like a fire, a blister ; all
the other parts are acrid in a similar manner ; it is uncertain whether
sleeping in its shade is so dangerous as popular rumour represents.
Jacquin doubts if the stories of the land crabs fed on the fruit, be-
coming poisonous, can be true. (L.) It is a common belief that to
sleep beneatli the branches is death, but Jacquin and his companions
reposed under it for three hours at a time without inconvenience ; the
wood is a most beautiful material for furniture, being finely variegated
with brown and white, and susceptible of a high polish ; the workmen
who fell the trees first kindle a fire around them, by which means the
juice becomes so much inspissated as not to follow the blows of their
axes. (Lou.)
HuRA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1110.)
HuRA CREPITANS. (Linn.) Sand-box. Tropical America.
Milk so venomous as to produce blindness a few days after touching
the eye ; seeds a violent, drastic, dangerous purgative. Aublet states
that negro slaves, to whom one or two seeds had been administered, in
the fonn of an emulsion, were almost killed by them ; Martius reckons
the plant an emetic. (L.)
Hr^NANCHE. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1124.)
Hy^nakche globosa. (Hort. Kew.) Jatropha globosa. Toxico-
dendron capense, Hy ana poison. Cape of Good Hope.
Fruit in powder used to poison hyaenas. (G.)
Janipha. (Endl. Gen. PI. {Manihot) 1115.)
Jakipha Manihot. (H. B. et Kunth.) Jatropha manihot. (Linn.)
Manihot utilissima. (Pohl.) Bitter cassava. Brazil.
Root full of an acrid, poisonous, milky juice, separable by expres-
sion, or corrected by roasting, thus yielding a nutritive farina ; also by
boiling the juice, which is used as a sauce, and made into soy. (G.)
Expressed juice dangerously poisonous; fecula of the root harmless
when separated from the juice, and exposed to heat, becoming Cassava,
a i)rincipal article of diet in South America ; the nutritious substance
called Tapioca is the Cassava differently prepared and granulated ;
these preparations are obtained by crushing the roots after the bark
has been removed, and straining off the water, when the mass is gra-
dually dried in pans over the fire. (L.) Tapioca and Moussache are
the fecula of the root of this plant. The juice of this root deposits a
white fecula, which after being well washed and dried constitutes what
is called Moussache. This is formed of rounded grains having a cen-
tral dark point, and of remarkably equal size. When the moussache
is dried on hot plates, the grains partly burst and the fecula agglome-
rates in irregular, semi-opaque, gum-like masses, and is then called
Tapioca. This is both highly nutritious and easy of digestion, form-
ing an excellent article of food for the sick and convalescent. Cassava
bread is made of the tapioca root from which the acrid juice and fecula
have been removed by washing ; the juice of the root is a very formi-
2 I
482 VEGETABLES.— EUPHORBiACEiE.
dable poison. (O'Sh.) The rasped root mixed with water, boiled, and
then fermented, yields a spirituous liquor called Cassiri. Cassava
meal is obtained by subjecting the grated root to pressure to express the
juice, and tlien drying and pounding the residual cakes. Of this meal
Cassava bread is made. The ex})ressed juice by repose deposits the
farina called Cassava starch, of which Tapioca is made. A sauce
called Casareep, or Cassireepe, is made from the juice. (Pereira.)
Jatropiia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1114.)
Jatropha Curcas. (Linn.) Curcas purgans. (Adanson.)
Barbadoes nut-tree^ Physic nut. South America, liast Indies, Africa.
Seeds, Semina Curcadis, Common physic nut, very violently pur-
gative and emetic, No. 2 or 3, carefully peeled ; yield an oil ; shrub
yields on incision a lactescent and caustic juice, which dyes linen
black ; leaves rubefacient. (G.) The leaves rubefacient and dis-
cutient ; warmed and rubbed with castor oil, are applied by the natives
of India to inflammations when suppuration is wished for ; seeds are
violently emetic and drastic; their expressed oil reckoned a good
external application in itch and herpes ; it is also used, a little diluted,
in chronic rheumatism ; milky juice reckoned detergent and healing, it
dyes linen black ; the oil boiled with oxide of iron forms a varnish,
used by the Chinese for covering boxes ; in large doses the seeds are
energetic poisons ; according to Martius, this produces in Brazil the
Pinkoes de pt/rga, one of the strongest known drastics ; in a fresh
state one seed is suflScient for a dose. (L.)
Jatropha glandulifera. (Roxb.) East Indies.
The pale or whey-coloured, thin juice, which exudes from a fresh
wound, is employed by the Hindoos as an escharotic, to remove films
from the eyes. (L. ex Roxb.)
Jatropha glauca. (Vahl.) Croto?i lobatum. (Forst.) Arabia
Felix.
Seeds pressed for their oil. (G.) Seeds yield a stimulating oil,
recommended by the Hindoos as an external application in cases of
chronic rheumatism and paralytic affections. (L. ex Ainslie.)
Jatropha GOSSiPiFOLiA. (Willd.) Wildcassada. Bastard French
physic nut. West Indies.
Young leaves, No. 6, boiled as greens, a powerful purge ; No. 15 — 20,
in decoction, with some castor oil, used as a clyster in dry bellyache ;
the powder of the gland contained in the stem is an errhine. (G.)
Seeds much relished by, and very nourishing to poultry. (Lou.)
Jatropha multifida. (Linn.) Curcas multifidus. (Endl.)
Adenorhossium multijidum. (Pohl.) French physic nut. Tropical
America.
Seed Avellana purgatrix, No. ,1, a violent purge. The seeds are
one of the best of all emetics and purgatives, acting briskly, but with-
out inconvenience ; their effects are readily stayed by the administra-
tion of a glass of good white wine. (Lou.)
Manihot. (Endl. Gen. PL 1114.)
Manihot Aipi. (Pohl.) Sweet Cassava, (Bancroft.) South
America.
VEGETABLES.— EUPHORBiACE^. 483
Usually considered as a variety of the Manihot utilissima, but
according to Polil a distinct species, The root contains a milky, non-
poisonous juice. It is cultivated in the Brazils and Spanish America.
Mercurialis. (De Cand. Bot. Gall. 417. Endl. Gen. PI. 1111.)
*MERCURiAiiis ANNUA. (Linn,) (E. B. 5o9.) M. mas etfcemina,
Annual mercury, French mercury.
Fl. green. August. Annual. Waste places and cultivated grounds.
Herb detersive, purgative, resolvent, and emmenagogue. (G.)
*Mercurialis perennis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1872.) Cynocrambe,
Perennial or Dog's mercury.
Fl. greenish. April, May. Perennial. Hedges and thickets.
Herb used instead of M. annua, but has produced fatal accidents,
(G.) Very poisonous, though, as appears from the accounts of ancient
writers, it may be eaten boiled as a potherb, if mixed with mucila-
ginous plants and oily substances; instances are, however, recorded,
of the fatal consequences of its use occasionally in this country.
(Smith.) According to Sloane, it has sometimes produced violent
vomiting, incessant diarrhoea, a burning heat in the head, a deep and
long stupor, convulsions, and even deatli. (L.) M. annua possesses
similar qualities, though supposed to be rather less virulent. (Smith.)
Mercurialis TOMENTOSA. (Willd.) Phyllon, Children's mercury..
Spain.
Herb used by the Moors in female diseases ; decoction recommended
in hydrophobia. (G.)
Omphalea.
Omphalea triandra. (Linn.) Tropical America.
Nuts exceedingly delicious and wholesome. (L.)
Pedilanthus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1108.)
Pedilanthus tithymaloides. Euphorbia tithymaloides, E. myrti-
folia, Jew bush. West Indies.
The practitioners of Curasao give a decoction of the whole plant,,
especially of the stem, as the ordinary beverage, and in arbitrary
doses, to patients with venereal complaints. The American women
also employ it in suppression of the menses ; the plant is moreover
known and used as Ipecacua?iha. (L.)
Phyllanthus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1120.)
Phyllanthus Niruri. (Linn.) Urinaria indica. (Burm.) East
Indies.
Febrifuge, diuretic, astringent. (G.) Root bitter and astringent ;
when fresh, employed successfully in jaundice ; half an ounce, rubbed
in milk, and given night and morning, completed a cure, according to
Dr. John, in a few days, without any sensible operation of the medicine.
(Roxb.) Root, leaves, and young shoots deobstruent, diuretic, and.
healing ; leaves very bitter, and a good stomachic. (Ainslie.) A de-
coction of the bruised herbage and seed a specific against diabetes, ac-
cording to Martins, who says it is called Erva Pombinha in Brazil. (L.)
Phyllanthus simplex. (Retz.) East Indies,
Fresh leaves, flowers, and fruit, mixed with equal parts of Cumin
2 I 2
484 VEGETABLES.— EUPHORBiACE^.
seeds and sugar, and made into an electuary, are administered by
the natives of India in doses of a tea-spoonful a day, in cases of go-
norrhoea ; fresh leaves, bruised and mixed with buttermilk, make a wash
to cure the itch in children. (Roxb.)
Phyllanthus urinaria. (Linn.) Tsjeru Kirganeli. India.
A powerful diuretic. (L.) Febrifuge, astringent. (G.)
Phyllanthus virosus. (Willd.) India.
Bark astringent, deleterious to fish. (G.) Bark a strong astringent,
intoxicating fish when thrown into water. (L.)
RiciNUS. (De Cand. Bot. Gall. 412. Endl. Gen. PI. 1115.)
RiciNUS COMMUNIS. (Linn.) S. C. minor, Oil bush, Palma christi.
India.
Seeds, Blexico seeds, Castor seeds, JRicini semina, purgative ; yield
oil by boiling or expression ; root in decoction diuretic ; leaves with
lard used externally, as an emollient poultice. (G.) The seeds of this
plant yield by expression the well-known valuable cathartic substance
called Castor oil.
RiciNus viRiDis. ( Willd.) JR. communis major, a variety of the above.
Seeds, Lamp-oil seeds, yield oil.
Castor oil is used to evacuate the contents of the bowels in all cases
where we are particularly desirous of avoiding the production of ab-
dominal irritation, especially of the bowels and the urino-genital organs ;
it is employed in inflammatory affections of the alimentary canal ; in
obstructions and spasmodic affections of tlie bowels, after surgical ope-
rations about the pelvis or abdomen, as well as after parturition ; in
inflammatory or spasmodic diseases of the urino-genital organs ; in af-
fections of the rectum ; as a purgative for children, and in habitual
costiveness ; it has also been employed as an anthelmintic for tape-
worms, but it does not appear to possess any peculiar or specific vermi-
fuge properties. The dose for children is one or two tea-spoonfuls ;
for adults, from one to two or three table-spoonfuls. (Pereira.)
RoTTLERA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1116.)
RoTTLERA TiNCTORiA. (Roxb.) Poonaff. Corunga Munji maram,
or Monhey' s face tree. East Indies.
The outside of the capsules yield a yellow dye, known under the
names of Wurrus, Waras, Asberg, Capili-podi, and Wassunta gunda.
(G.) Capsules the size of a small cherry, clothed with abundance of
deep red granular powder, easily rubbed off: this powder is a valuable
article of commerce, being much employed by the Moors for dyeing
silk of a deep, bright, very beautiful and durable full orange-colour ;
it is used in the following manner : to four parts of Wassunta gunda
are added one of alum and two of salt of soda (native barilla) ; these
are rubbed well together, with a portion of expressed oil of sessamum,
so small as hardly to be perceived ; when well mixed, the whole is put
into boiling water, in quantities proportioned to the silk which is to
be dyed, and kept boiling smartly more or less time according to the
shade required ; the silk is turned frequently to render the shade uni-
form. (Lou.) The tree is called in the Tamul language, Corunga
VEGETABLES.— URTiCE.^. 485
mu/iji maram, which signifies Monkeifs face tree, these animals being
said to paint their faces red by rubbing them with the fruit. (Dr.
Buchanan.)
,:_ Sapidm. (Endl. Gen. PI. {Stillingia) 1110.)
Sapium AucuPARiUM, (Willd.) Hippomane biglandulosa. (Linn.)
Carthagena.
Yields birdlime. (G.) Tiie inspissated juice furnishes a kind of
birdlime, which is venomous; the vapours from this juice are highly-
dangerous, producing erysipelatous inHanimation. (L.)
Sapium indicum. (Willd.) Delta of the Ganges.
Juice highly poisonous ; seeds used for intoxicating fish. (L.)
Stillingia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 1110.)
Stillingia sebifera. (Willd.) Cascarilla sebiferum, Sapium
sehiferum, Tallow-tree. China.
Seeds yield tallow. (G.) An oil is expressed from the kernel,
which hardens by cold to the consistence of common tallow, and by
boiling becomes as hard as bees'-wax. (Lou.) Seeds covered with a
waxy substance, used in China for making candles. (O'Sh.)
Stillingia sylvatica. (Willd.) Carolina.
Considered a specific in cases of syphilis. (Lou.)
Tragia. (Endl. Gen. PL 1111.)
Tragia involucrata. (Willd.) India.
Roots, according to the Hindoo doctors, useful in altering and cor-
recting the habit in cachexia, and old venereal complaints attended
witli anomalous symptoms. (L. ex Ainslie.) Hairs sting violently.
(O'Sh.)
Order 1 32.— T JRTICE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gall. 417.
Endl. Gen. PI. 282.)
Floxoers small, greenish, monoecious, or dicBcioiis, solitary, or surrounded by a mono-
sepalous involucrum ; perigone nioncsepalous, 3 — 5 lobed, persistent. Male flower.
Stamens definite, inserted into the base of the perigone. Fern, flower. Ocary simple,
free; stifles 2 or 1, bifurcate ; fruit an achene or drupe, covered by the persistent peri-
gone, solitary, or inserted into the dilated fleshy receptacle ; seed pendidous, albuminous,
or exalbuminous; (?)n'j/-(/o straight, curved, or spiral ; radicle generally superior. Herbs
or trees, usually with hispid and spathulate leaves ; flowers capitate, or racemose.
Antiauis. (Endl. Gen. PI. {Artocarpece) 280.)
Antiaris toxicaria. (Lesch.) Ipo toxicaria. Java, Baly, and
Celebes.
Milky juice. Upas antiar, used to poison instruments. (G.) One
of the most virulent of known poisons. Some persons are exposed to
danger when they only approacli the trees ; Leschenault de la Tour
sent- a man up into a tree, he became very ill, his body swelled, and
for several days he suffered severely by vertigo, nausea, and vomiting ;
others experience no inconvenience from the exhalations of the tree.
Blume considers it to act chiefly upon the vascular system, and states,
that it acts differently upon different animals ; thus it destroys apes,
cats, bats, and some kinds of birds, more rapidly than dogs or the more
robust mammalia, while fowls, &c., are little affected by it, and either
486 VEGETABLES.— COMPOSIT.E.
recover, or die after a much longer time than any of the above-men-
tioned animals, even mammalia; notwithstanding its virulence, the
concrete juice has been used medicinally, but even in minute doses it
produces violent vomiting and purging, and seems to be too dangerous
to be employed except with extreme caution. (L.)
Antiaris saccidora. (Dalz.) Lepurandra saccidora (Nimmo)
Sack tree. Western India,
A gigantic tree, with a trunk eighteen feet in circumference at the
base. On wounding the fruit a milky viscid fluid exudes in consider-
able quantity, whicii hardens into the appearance and consistence of
bees' wax, but eventually becomes black and shining. The inner bark
of the tree is composed of very strong tenacious fibres well adapted for
cordage and mattings. Sacks are made from this tree in Western India,
in the following manner : — A branch is cut corresponding with the size
of the sack required, this is soaked a little, and tlien beaten with clubs
until the fibre separates from the wood ; the bark is now turned inside
out, and pulled off, with the exception of a small space at the end ; the
trunk is sawed off from this piece, which is left to form the bottom of
the sack.
Artocarfus. (Endl. Gen. PI. (Artocarpecc) 281. Lindl. Nat.
Syst. 178.)
Artocarfus bengalhensis. Wonlay.
Fruit preserved in salt, used in cookery instead of tamarinds.
Artocarfus incisa, (Willd.) Bread-fruit tree. South Sea Islands.
Fruit, Bread fruit. Meat fruit, when unripe contains a farinaceous
pulp ; before the seeds fill, tlie fruit is very pulpy and pleasant. (G.)
The fruit is about the size and shape of a child's head ; it is covered
with a thin skin, and has a core about the size of tlie handle of a small
knife ; the eatable part lies between the skin and the core ; it is as
white as snow, and somewhat of the consistence of new bread ; it must
be roasted before it is eaten, being first divided into three or four parts.
Besides this use of the fruit, the economical purposes to winch the
other parts of the tree are applied are various ; the wood is used in
building boats and houses ; a cloth is made of the inner bark ; the male
catkins serve for tinder, the leaves for wrapping up food, and for wip-
ing the hands instead of towels ; and the juice for making birdlime,
and a cement for filling up the cracks of vessels for holding water.
(Lou.)
Artocarfus integrifolia. (Willd.) A.jaca, Jack-tree. India.
Fruit eatable, juice yielded by incision elastic like Indian rubber ;
bark said to make Chinese rice-paper, used for flower painting ; others
ascribe this paper to Nelumbium speciosum. (G.)
Bagassa. (Endl. Gen. PI. {ArtocarpecB) 282. Lindl. Nat. Syst. 178.)
Bag ASS A.
Tree lactescent ; fruit eatable. (G)
BoHMERiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 284.)
BoHMERiA caudata. Woods of Jamaica and Brazil.
Called Asapeixe in Brazil, according to Von Martius, who states,
VEGETABLES.— uRTicE^. 487
that a decoction of its leaves in baths is prescribed in hemorrhoidal
complaints, and is said to produce extraordinary effects. In the
northern parts of Brazil, wliere this plant does not grow, they use instead
of it several kinds of Bohmeria and of Urtica. (L. ex Martins.)
BoHMERiA NiVEA. (Gaud.) Uitica nivea. (Linn.) Chinese
grass plant, Chinese Bbhmer nettle. East Indies and China.
The fibre of this plant fias been for a long time used by the Cliinese
and natives of various parts of the Indian Empire, for the manufacture
of textile fabric. By simple maceration of the plants, they obtain from
them a strong and very useful fibre. It is comparatively a new material
in the hands of manufacturers of this country, but has been known to
scientific men for a considerable time ; certain practical difficulties, how-
ever, have prevented it hitherto from being usefully and profitably
employed ; there is, liowever, a prospect, fiom recent improvements
that liave been made in the preparation of the fibre, that these difficulties
will be ultimately removed. The fibre is known in commerce as China
grass.
Bohmeria Puya. (Wallich.) Nepal Bohmer nettle, Pooah or
Picya. Bengal.
Yields a fibre which is used for making cloth.
Brosimum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 279.)
Brosimum. (Swartz.) Some species of this genus is the celebrated
Cow tree, or Palode Vaca.
Cannabis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 417. Endl. Gen. PI. {Canna-
hinete) 286.)
**Cannabis SATiVA. (Linn.) C.Indica, Cannabis, Gunga, Hemp.
Fl. greenish. July, August. Annual. Native of India.
Juice made into an agreeable inebriating drink ; seeds oily, cooling,
antiphrodisiao, pectoral, aperitive, but inebriating, and producing fatuity ;
leaves used as tobacco ; Churrus, the resinous extract obtained from
the plant when in fruit. (G.) A very powerful stimulating narcotic,
much used in some countries as an intoxicating drug ; under the names
ai Banga, Bang, ov Gunga, in India, of Kinnab, (the root of the word
cannabis,) or Hashish, in Arabia, 3Ialach among the Turks, Ducha
with the Hottentots : the dried leaves are universally employed either
mixed with tobacco for smoking, or in the form of powder which is
swallowed in some fluid ; the male flowers are employed in the same
manner ; in Nepal, a narcotic gum resin called Churrus is supposed to
be obtained from hemp. The best of all cordage is manufactured from
the tough woody tissue of the stems ; hemp seed is nutritious, and not
narcotic ; it has the very singular property of changing the plumage of
bullfinches and goldfinches, from red and yellow to black, if they are
fed on it for too long a time, or in too large a quantity. (Burnett.)
For an interesting account of the effects of the administration of liemp
resin in various complaints, &c., see O'Sh., Bengal Dispensatory, p,
579, et seq. A variety of this plant yields the substance known as
Tobacco of the Congou D'ambra Dakka. It is prepared for the pur"
poses of smoking, and possesses powerful stimulating and intoxicating
488 VEGETABLES.— URTicE^.
properties. Nearly all the Hottentot and Kaffir races are acquainted
with its qualities, and it is commonly used by the negroes of the Kongo
and Angola, by whom it is termed Tobacco of the Congou. The plant
has numerous native titles, but is only understood by those given by the
negroes in their native countries. The people of Anibriz and Musula,
pronounced the woi"d D'yamhah, the various races in KafFraria know it
by its Hottentot name Dakha or Dacha.
DoRSTENiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. {Morece) 278.)
DoKSTENiA BRAZiLiENSis. (Lamb.) D. cordifoUa. (Swartz.) D.
tuhicina. (Hook.) Caapia. Jamaica, Brazil, Trinidad.
Hoot diaphoretic, sold as Contrayerva. (G.) The tuberous root is
used like Serpentaria against nervous fevers and general debility, as
well as against the bite of serpents, and when quite fresh, is said to
operate more powerfully than that, but to lose its virtue more speedily;
sometimes also it serves as a gentle emetic ; this plant is frequently
confounded with other species of Dorstenia, all which, however, are
inferior to it in salutary virtue. (L. ex Martins.)
Dorstenia Contrayerva. (Linn.) Contrayerva drahena, Lisbon
contrayerva. New Spain, West Indies.
Root, Contrayerva: radix, imported from the "West Indies in pieces
about two inches long, packed in bales ; when fresh, acrid ; when dry,
aromatic, stimulant, antiseptic, diaphoretic.
Dorstenia Drakena. (Mill.) High grounds near Vera Cruz.
Dorstenia Houstoni. (Mill.) Campeachy.
Roots diaphoretic, sold as Contrayerva. (G.) Under the name of
Contrayerba, or Contrayerva, there is imported from the West Indies
an officinal root, which has stimulant, sudorific, and tonic qualities ; it
is used in malignant eruptive diseases, dysentery, some kinds of
diarrhoea, atonic gout, chronic rheumatism, and the fever attending
dentition in weak infants. According to the last edition of the London
Pharmacopoeia, this drug is produced by Dorste?iia contrayerva ;
Dr. Houston, however, asserts that it came from D. Houstoni, and
another species referred by botanists to D. drakena. Guibourt says,
there are two kinds, one fnrnislied by D. braziliensis, and the other
by D. contrayerva, D. Houstoni, and D. drakena. Finally Dr.
Theodore Martius refers the drug to D. braziliensis, Contrayerva,
Houstoni, and an undescribed species which he calls Z>. opifera, a sort
which is more farinaceous than the other ; the only conclusion from
this is, that Contrayerva is in all probability produced by several
species. (L.)
Ficus. (DeCand. Bot. Gal. 419. Endl. Gen. PL {Morea;) 278.)
Ficus bengalhensis. (Willd.) Jamaica Jig tree. East Indies,
Milky juice used against the poison of manchineel. (G.)
Ficus Carica, (Linn.) F. vulgaris. Fig tree. Persia and Asia
Minor.
Dried fruit, Carica, Caricce fructus, emollient, laxative, pectoral,
used as a suppurative poultice; milk of the tree caustic, consumes
warts ; leaves kept long upon the skin inflame it. (G.) All the parts
VEGETABLES.— URTicE^, 489
abound in an acrid milky juice, which produces a disagreeable burning
sensation in the fauces ; when quite ripe, this disappears in the fruit,
which becomes sweet, high-flavoured, wholesome, and delicious ; eaten
in moderation they are digestible, but in too great quantity they
occasion flatulence and diarrhoea ; they are pectoral and demulcent, and
are occasionally eaten to remove habitual costiveness ; roasted and
split, they are sometimes used as poultices for gumboils, and other cir-
cumscribed maturating tumours; tliey are employed in making the
confection of senna, and in otlier preparations. (L.)
Ficus D^MONA. (Vahl.) Tanjore.
Juice extremely poisonous. (L.)
Ficus elastica. (Roxb.) Silhet.
A great quantity of tenacious juice flows from the branches when
wounded, and inspissates into an excellent kind of caoutchouc, which
is now imported : there is no reason to doubt that many other species
of this genus yield a juice with quite the same properties ; it is
believed that the Java caoutchouc is produced exclusively by figs.
(L.)
Ficus indica. (Linn.) Banyan tree, Indian Jig tree. East
Indies.
INIilky juice glutinous, and becomes a soft kind of Indian rubber.
(G.) Gum lac is obtained from the fruit in abundance ; the white
glutinous juice is applied to the teeth and gums to cure the toothache ;
it is also considered a valuable application to the soles of the feet, when
cracked and inflamed ; the bark is supposed to be a powerful tonic, and
is administered by the Hindoos in diabetes. (L.)
Ficus RACEMOSA. (Linn.) East Indies.
Bark slightly astringent ; and has particular virtues in heematuria
and menorrhagia ; juice of the root considered a powerful tonic. (L.)
Ficus religiosa. (Linn.) East Indies.
Seeds considered by the Indian doctors to be cooling and alterative.
(L.) Bark deemed a good tonic. (O'Sh.)
Ficus septica. (Forst.)
A powerful vermifuge ; milky juice very acrid. (G.) Leaves
emetic. (L.)
Ficus sycamorus. Sycamore fig.
Fruit less agreeable and less digestible than that of F. carica.
(G.)
Ficus toxicaria. (Linn.) India.
Used to impoison weapons. (G.) Juice a virulent poison. (L.)
HuMULus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 419. Endl. Gen. PI.
(^Canabinets) 286.)
♦HoMULus LuPULus. (Linn.) (E. B. 427.) Lupulm, Common
hop.
Fl. greenish-yellow. July. Perennial. Climbing shrub. Hedges, <fcc.
Young shoots eaten as a depurative ; Hops, Humuli strobile^ bitter,
490 VEGETABLES.— URTiCE^.
inebriating, diuretic, also sedative ; used to flavour beer, and the only
legal substance for that purpose ; yellow powder sifted from the stro-
biles, Lripuline, Lujmlinum, qualities the same as the strobiles, but
much stronger ; yields an essential oil. (G.) The ripe catkins are
said to be narcotic and extremely bitter; pillows stuffed with them
have been used as agreeable sedatives ; the infusion and tincture act
as pleasant agreeable tonics, but Dr. Pereira doubts the existence of
the narcotic effects that have been ascribed to hops ; certain yellow
grains called Lupuline, found sticking to the surface of the fruit, are
considered to be the seat of the active principle. (L.) The use of hop
in brewing is to prevent the beer from becoming sour ; the young
shoots, both of the wild and improved hops, are eaten early in the
spring as asparagus, and were formerly brought to market for that
purpose: the stalk and leaves will dye wool yellow; from the stalks a
strong cloth is made in Sweden ; a decoction of the roots is said to be
as good a sudorific as Sarsaparilla, and the smell of the flowers is
soporific; during the illness of George III. in 1787, a pillow filled
with hops was used instead of opiates. (Lou.)
Parietaria. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 418. Endl. Gen. PL 284.)
*Parietaria officinalis. (Linn.) (E. B. 879.) Helsine, Parie-
taria, Pellitory of the wall.
Fl. purplish green. June, September. Perennial. Old walls.
Herb cooling, opening, diuretic, pectoral, antiasthmatic. (G.)
Maclura. (Endl. Gen. PI. 278.)
' Maclura tinctoria. North America.
Yields Fustic, imported from St. Domingo, Savanilla, and Cuba.
MoRus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 419. Endl. Gen. PI. {Morea:) 283.)
Mortis alba. (Linn.) White mulberry. China and Persia.
Fruit esculent. (G.) Root said to be an excellent vermifuge. (L.)
MoRUS nigra. (Linn.) Black mulberry. Persia.
Bark of the root cathartic, vermifuge, dose 3 ss. in powder ; fruit,
Mora, Mori bacccB, esculent, made into a syrup. (G.) Fruit cooling
and laxative ; when not too ripe allays thirst, and proves exceedingly
grateful in febrile diseases; when eaten too freely as an article of food,
it is apt to occasion diarrhoea. (Thompson.) Bark said to be cathartic
and anthelmintic. (L.)
MoRus PAPYRiFERA (Linn.) Brovssonetia papyrifera. (Veut.)
The Cloth tree. The paper mulberry tree.
South Sea Islands, China, and Japan.
The bark is beaten and prepared, so as to form a sort of cloth which
is used for articles of clothing by tlie natives of the South Sea Islands.
In China and Japan paper of different qualities is made from it.
MoRUS RUBRA. (WiUd.) Red mulberry. North America.
Fruit esculent. (G.)
MoRUS tinctoria. (Willd.) Broussonetia tinctoria. (Kunth.)
M. Xanthoxyhim, Fustic. "West Indies.
Abounds with a sulphurous milk ; wood, Old fustic, Bois jaune,
VEGETABLES.— URTiCEvE. *4^
Bois d' Atigleterre, sulphur-coloured, in large blocks ; with alum dyes a
very durable yellow colour, with iron liquor drab colour, and with both
mordants an olive. (G.)
Urtica. (DeCand. Bot. Gal. 418. Endl. Gen. PL 283.)
Urtica crenulata, (Roxb.) Bengal.
Reported to be one of the most venomous of the genus. M. Les-
chenault mentions his having been dangerously affected by their sting,
(vide Lindl. Nat. System, 176,) of which, however, Roxburgh says,
nothing. (L.)
*Urtica dioica. (Linn.) (E. B. 1750.) Urtica, Cotnmon nettle.
Fl. greenish. July, August. Perennial. Waste places and hedges.
Root astringent, seed pectoral. (G.) Independently of its well-
known stinging properties, which indicate the presence of a virulent
poisonous principle, a decoction strongly salted will coagulate milk
w ithout giving it any unpleasant flavour ; the whole plant is esteemed
astringent and diuretic. (L. ex Burnett.) The tops of the tender
shoots of this plant are sometimes used as a potherb early in spring;
the stalk is found to have a texture somewhat like that of hemp, and
to be capable of being manufoctured into cloth, ropes, and paper. As
a remedy for the sting of the nettle, its own juice, or that of the dock,
may be applied. (Lou.)
Urtica heterophylla. (Willd.) Malabar.
Very severe, though not permanent pain, is produced by the sting
of this nettle. (L.)
*Urtica pilulifera. (Linn.) (E. B. 148.) A. romana, Roman nettle.
Fl. greenish. June, July, Annual. Under walls and among
rubbish near the sea. Norfolk and Suffolk.
Root astringent, seeds pectoral. (G.)
Urtica tenacissima. (Roxburgh.) Callooee hemp.
Among the various fibres examined by Dr. Roxburgh, at the com-
mencement of the present century, with a view to the discovery of some
cheap and good substitute for hemp, one of the most promising was the
Callooee hemp, Kankura, or the Ramy of tlie Islands and Malay pen-
insula ; the Callooee, Rami, or Kalmoi of Sumatra. This he found to
be tlie produce of an urtica, to which he gave the name of urtica
tenacissima. The China grass appears to consist of the fibre of two or
three species of urtica, and amongst others, the urtica heterophylla.
The two last are very abundant, and can be had in almost unlimited
quantities in many parts of the empire. It is from the urtica tenacissima
that the Rhea of Assam is procured. In the form of hemp, and when
the fibre is well prepared, it is remarkably strong ; and when thoroughly
bleached, although the strength is then somewhat diminished, it acquires
a most remarkably beautiful white silky lustre.
•Urtica urens. (Linn.) (E. B. 1236.) Small stinging nettle.
Fl. green. June, October. Annual. Waste places and cultivated
ground.
Root astringent, diuretic, depurative ; plant used in palsy and lethargy
■as an irritant, producing a crop of small blisters on the skin ; the young
shoots boiled as a potherb. (G.)
492 VEGETABLES.— AM ENTACE.1C.
Order 133.— JUG LANDED. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 420.)
J^foicers monoecious ; male flower amentaceous ; perigoiie scaly, 2 — Globed; stamens
hypogynous ; indefinite in number, filaments very short, free ; anthers two-celled, innate ;
female flower, perigone double or single, adherent to the ovary, the outer four-divided ;
the inner, when present, four-petalous ; ovary one-seeded, ovule erect ; styles 1 — 2, very
short, with two thick stigmas, or none, and then the stigma is large, discoid, or lobed ;
drupe fleshy, containing a 2 — 4 partitioned nut ; seed with cerebriform convolutions, more
or less four-lobed, covered by a membranaceous integument; embryo large, exalbuminous ;
cotyledons fleshy, two lobed ; radicle superior. Tree, with alternate, iniparipinnate
leaves, stipules none ; female flov:er terminal, 1 — 3, or more, in a loose spike ; male
flower remote, closely spiiiod.
JuGLANS. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 420.)
JuGLANS ALBA. (Willd.) American hiccory. North America.
Bark, green leaves, and rind of fruit, used in dyeing, with alum, a
bright yellow colour.
JuGLANS ciNEREA. (Linn.) J. cttthartica. (Michx.) Butter nut,
Pennsylvania toalnut. United States.
Inner bark, especially of the root, Juglans P. U. S., a very mild,
innocent and efficacious laxative, and used agains-t worms ; usually
employed in America in the form of an extract ; bark of stem said to be
rubefacient.
** Juglans regia. (Linn.) Common walnut.
Fruit globose. Fl. straw-coloured. May, June. Large tree. Native
of Persia.
Sap yields sugar ; kernels of seeds cooling, but are difficult of diges-
tion ; when old, acrid; yield half their weight of oil by expression;
peel of fruit used in dyeing brown colours ; leaves detersive, diaphoretic,
antiarthritic, antisyphilitic ; inner bark emetic, and also cathartic, when
given in pills ; spongy substance within the nut astringent. (G.) In
Circassia the tree is piei"ced in the spring, and a spigot left for some
time in the hole ; when the spigot is withdrawn, a clear sweet liquor
flows out, which is left to coagulate, and on some occasions they retine
it ; it is considered by them as a most valuable medicine for diseases of
the lungs and general debility. (Spencer's Circassia.) The very young
fruit, bruised and formed into a conserve, by boiling in coarse sugar,
forms an agreeable and effiective purgative without griping. (Lou.)
Pickled ivabiuts. The young fruit salted and then steeped in vinegar,
with spices, used as a condiment. (G) The bark of the root is stated
to be rubefacient, the inner bark of the stem emetic. Tliese reputed
properties demand investigation. (O'Sh.)
Order 134.— AMENTACE^. (De Cand. Bot Gal. 420.) (Endl.
Gen. PI.) (Class Juliflorae.) Divided into various orders.
Flowers dioecious, monoecious, or rarely hermaphrodite ; male flower capitate, or in a
catkin, furnished with a scale, or squamiferous perigone ; stamens inserted on the
scale, very rarely monadelphous ; anthers bilocular ; female flower solitary, fascicu-
lated or amentaceous, furnished with a scale or perigone; ovary one, (rarely more,)
VEGETABLES.— AMENTACE^. 498
free; stifftnas numerous ; pericarps as many as the ovaries, osseoas, or membranaceous ;
<ilbutnen none, or thin ; embryo straight, or curved, flat ; radicle generally superior.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate Ir.aves, which are stipulate when young.
Alnus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 412. Endl. Gen. PI. (Betulacea) 272.)
*Alnus glutinosa, (Gaertn.) (E. B. 1508.) Alnus, Betula
alniis. (Linn.) Alder.
Fl. catkins green. March, April. Tree. Moist ground near
rivers.
Bark, and leaves very astringent ; vulnerary. (G.) A decoction of
the bark is employed as a gargle in relaxation of the mucous membrane
of the fauces, and in double the dose of cinchona it has been adminis-
tered with success in cases of ague. (L.) The timber is used for a
variety of purposes, and in general for all works intended to be con-
stantly under water, for turnery and furniture ; the bark is used by
dyers and tanners, tlie sap being of a yellow colour, and very astrin-
gent. (Lou.)
Betula. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 422. Endl. Gen. PI. {BetulacecB) 272.)
♦Betula alba. (Linn.) (E. B. 2198.) Betula, Birch.
Fl. catkins green. April, May. Large tree. "Woods.
Leaves used in itch and dropsy. (G.) Bark applicable to many
useful purposes ; employed as a febrifuge, and yields by distillation a
pyroligneoiis oil, to which Russia leather, dressed with it, is said to
owe its remarkable odour. (L.)
Betulalenta. Sweet birch, Black birch, Cherry birch, and
Mountain mahogany. North America.
This is one of the finest trees of the American forest, and is no less
useful tlian large, the wood being employed for a number of economic
purposes, as cabinet work, &c. By distillation of the bark it yields also
a volatile oil. It is found abundantly in the middle and northern
states, and in Canada, and attains the height of eighty feet. It is
stated that the dry bark does not possess the peculiar odour of the
volatile oil, which is developed only by the contact of water ; it is
therefore probable, that the volatile oil is produced by the decomposition
of some principle in the bark, in the presence of water. The oil is
colourlesss, and resembles that of Gualtheria in odour and taste.
Castanea. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 428. Endl. Gen. PI. ( Cupuliferce) 275.)
Castanea pumila, (Willd.) Chinquassin. North America.
Bark, Castanea, P. U. S., astringent. (G.) Fruit very sweet and
agreeable to eat, (Lou.)
*Castanea VULGARIS. (Lamb.) Fagus castanea, Spanish chestnut.
Fl. yellowish. May, June. Large tree. Woods. Doubtful
native.
Bark astringent ; fruit dried upon hurdles over a clear fire, nutritive,
pectoral. (G.) Dried fruit not only boiled and roasted, but ground
into meal, and puddings, cakes, and bread, are made from it. (Lou.)
Celtis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 421. Endl. Gen. PI. (Celtidece) 276.)
Celtis australis. (Willd.) Nettle tree. South Europe.
Berries astringent, esculent ; kernels yield an oil ; wood dyes brown.
494 VEGETABLES.— AMENTACE^.
(G.) The wood, one of the hardest we are acquainted with, very
tough and flexible, used in France for hay-forks and other agricultural
purposes. (Lou.)
CoMPTONiA. (Lind. Med. Bot. 306.)
CoMPTONiA ASPLENiFOLiA. (Ait. Kew.) Liquid amhar aspleni-
folium. (Linn.) United States.
Tonic and astringent ; in the United States it is a favourite domestic
remedy in the cure of diarrhoea. (L.)
CoRYLUS. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 419. Endl. Gen. PL ( Cupuliferaf) 274.)
*CoRYi.us AvELLANA. (Linn.) (E. B. 723.) Avellana, Hazel
Nut tree.
Fl. March, April. Large shrub. Hedges and copses.
Nuts imported from Barcelona ; kernel of the nut oily, pectoral, used
in emulsions, yields oil. (G.)
Fagus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 428. Endl. Gen. PI. ( Cupulifera:) 275.)
*Fagus sylvatica. (Linn.) (E. B. 1846.) Fagus JBeech,
Fl. yellowish-green. April, May. Large tree. Woods.
Seeds, Beech mast, useful in gravelly complaints ; yield oil by ex-
pression. (G.)
LiQDiDAMBAR. (Endl. Gen. PI.) {Balsamifluie) 289.
LiQUiDAMBAR ALTiNGiA. (Blumc.) Altiugia excelsa. (Noronha.)
Ra-sa-ma-la. Java.
Bark yields a fragrant balsam which Lindley says is undoubtedly
" the fine liquid storax, or rasamala, of the Malayan Archipelago."
This is not the liquid storax of commerce.
LiQuiDAMBAR ORiENTALE. (Mill.) L. imberhe. (Ait.) Platanns
orientalis. (Pocock.) Cyprus and East of Europe.
Yields by incision an excellent white turpentine. The common
Cypriots toast and suck morsels of the wood and bark, esteeming them
a specific remedy for fevers. (L.) Lindley has referred the liquid storax
of commerce to this tree, but Dr. Pereira was of a different opinion.
LiQuiDAMBAR STYRACiFLUA. (Linn.) Slyrax accris foUo. (Raj.)
Sweet gum. Mexico, and southern states of North America.
A balsamic juice flows from the trunk of the tree when wounded,
which is called Liquidamber, or Copalm balsam. This is a transparent
liquid, of the consistence of thin honey, of a yellowish colour, agree-
able balsamic odour, and bitter acrid taste. An inferior product is ob-
tained by boiling the young branches in water, and skimming off the
fluid which rises to the surface,
Mybica. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 431. Endl. Gen. PI. {Myricacea) 271.)
Myrica OAROLiNENsrs. (Willd.) North America.
Yields green wax. (G.)
Myrica cerifera. (Linn.) Bayberry, Candleberry myrtle,
Waxberry. United States.
Roots in infusion very astringent ; berries yield green wax. (G.)
Bark of the root acrid and astringent, in large doses producing vomit-
ing, accompanied by a burning sensation ; costiveness generally follows
VEGETABLES.— AMENTACEiE. 495
its use. The fruit is covered with a vvaxy, aromatic secretion, which
may be collected and purified, and is used for many of tlie purposes for
Avhich bees-wax and tallow are employed. It has occasionally been
used in pharmacy in various compositions intended for external use,
and is mild or stimulating according as it is more or less pure.
(Bigelow.) (L.) In Carolina they also make sealing-wax from these
berries. (Lou.)
*MyRicA Gale. (Linn.) (E. B. 562.) Gale frutex, Dutch
myrtle, Sioeet gale, Sioeet willotv.
Fl. green. May. Small shrub. Bogs and marshy ground.
Strong smelling, driving away insects ; leaves astringent, substituted
for tea, vermifuge, used as spice. (G.) The infusion has been used
to cure the itch, and also as a vermifuge; the leaves are used as a sub-,
stitute for hops in brewing. (L.)
Myrica pennsylvanica. (Ph.) North America.
Yields green wax.
Platanus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 430. Endl. Gen. PI. (Platanecs) 289.)
PiiATANUS occiDENTALis. (Linn.) Virginian plane tree. North
America.
Root vulnerary, dyes red. (G.)
Platanus orientalis. (Linn.) Oriental plane tree. Asia.
Leaves ophthalmic in wine ; bark antiscorbutic, infused in vinegar.
(Vide Liquid ambar.)
PopuLus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 427. Endl. Gen. PI. (Salicinece) 290.)
*PopuLUS AI.BA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1618.) Abele, While poj)lar.
Fl. April. Large tree. Moist and mountain woods.
Bark useful in strangury. (G.)
PoPULus BALSAMiFERA. (Liuu.) P. Tacamuhaca, (Mill.) Caro-
lina poplar, Tacamahac poplar. North America, Siberia.
Yields Tacamahaca in the lump ; buds very resinous, infused in oil
to form a vulnerary balsam. (G.) Buds gathered for medicinal pur-
poses ; their resinous excretion, collected in shells, is brought to Europe
from Canada, and is said to be diuretic and antiscorbutic. (L.)
PoruLus CANDicANS. (Hort. Kew.) North America.
PopuLUS LAURiFOLiA. (Ledeb.)
Have similar properties to the last. (L.)
PopuLus DiLATATA. (Hort. Kew.) Lombardy poplar. Italy.
Properties like tliose of B. nigra.
**PopuLUS FASTiGiATA. (Poir.) Italian popioT, Lombardy poplar,
Fl. April. Large tree. Native of the East.
Bark dyes mordore colour. (G.)
*PoPULUs NIGRA. (Liun.) (E. B. 1910.) Black poplar.
Fl. April. Large tree. Watery places and river banks.
Buds resinous. (G.) The young leaf buds have a strong aromatic
bitter taste, and when fresh crushecl, are occasionally used in the pre-
496 VEGETABLES.— AMENTACE^.
paration of an ointment ( Unguentum populeum) for tumours, wounds,
and burns ; they are also employed as the basis of a balsam, and some-
times used for colic, headache, &c. (L.)
PoPULUs PYRAMiDALis. Lomhardy poplar.
With nitro-muriate of tin dyes a fine yellow. (G.)
*PoPUi.us TBEMULA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1909) Aspen, Trembling
poplar.
Fl. April. Large tree. Moist woods.
Bark useful in strangury.
PoFULUS TREMULOiDES. (Michx.) P. trepidu. (Willd.) United
States.
Bark tonic and stomachic. (G.) Bark esteemed as a febrifuge in
the United States. (L.)
QuERCus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 428. Endl. Gen. PI. {Cupuliferte) 274.)
QuERCus ALBA. (Ph.) White oak. North America.
Bark emetic.
QuERCus xEgylops. (Willd.) Holm oak. The Levant.
Cups, Valonia, very large, used in dyeing instead of nut galls ; im-
ported from Greece. (G.)
QuEBCUS Ballota. (Willd.) Barbary.
Acorns used as food, yield oil. (G.)
QuERCUS cocciFERA. (Linn.) Kermes oak. South of France.
Is infested by an insect belonging to the genus coccus, and yielding
the Kermes dye, from which scarlet cloths are often prepared. (L.)
QuERCUs Castanea. (Ph.) North America.
QuERCUS CASTILLANA.
QuERCUs EscuXrUS. (Willd.) South of Europe.
Acorns eatable. (G.)
QuERCus FALOATA. (Michx.) United States.
Leaves used externally in gangrene. (G.) Leaves employed in
gangrene on account of their astringency. (L.)
QuERCUs Ilex. (Willd.) Evergreen oak. South of Europe.
Astringent, more so than the common oak. On this live the kermes
insects.
QuERCus INFECTORIA. (Willd.) Gall oak. Asia Minor.
Excrescences, Nut Galls, Gallce, very astringent, tonic, antiseptic ;
those from which tlie insect has not escaped are the most esteemed ;
imported from Aleppo. (G.) From this the Oak golls of the shops
are all obtained, (L.) As nut galls contain a larger portion of tannic
acid than any other known vegetable production, they possess in the
highest degree the properties of an astringent ; they are used as a tonic
in intermittents, as an astringent in hemorrhages ; as a chemical anti-
dote in cases of poisoning by ipecacuanha, emetine, opium, colchicum,
nux vomica, and others whose activity depends on an organic alkali ;
they are also employed as a topical astringent in relaxed uvula, gleet,
ieucorrhcea, flabby ulcers with profuse discharge, piles, &c. ; the dose
of the powder is from 10 to 20 grains. (Pereira.)
VEGETABLES.— AMENTACE.E. 497
QuERCUS NIGRA. (Ph.) Q. tinctoHa, Quercitron, Black oak. North
America.
Bark used in dyeing yellow ; imported from America. (G.)
*QuERCUS PEDUNCULATA. (Willd.) (E. B. 1342.) Q. robiir, British
oak.
Fl. May. Large tree. Woods and hedges.
Bark, Quercus cortex, chiefly used for tanning leather ; astringent,
febrifuge, gr. xv. to 3ss. every two hours; also externally in foment-
ation ; a decoction of the bark, with some alum, very useful in relaxa-
tions of the uvula ; seed?:, Okecorn, Acorns, Glandes quercincB, and
their calyces. Cups, Cupula, as also the wood, leaves, and the ex-
crescences produced by the bite of insects, Oak apples, are equally
astringent, and of great use in tanning and dyeing. Tanners bark,
the exhausted bark left after tanning leather, used by gardeners to
produce a slight equable heat by its fermentation ; Tan halls, the
muddy sediment of tan pits, used for summer fuel. (G. ) The French
used the bark extensively, during the last war, as a substitute for
Cinchona. (L.)
QuEKCUS SESsiLiFLORA. (Salisb.)
Has similar properties, (L.)
Quercus Suber. (Willd.) Cork tree. South of France.
Bark, Cork, Suber, very light, elastic, astringent, more used in
stopping vessels than in medicine. The bark of the young branches
is used by tanners, under the name of Alcornoco hark.
Salix. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 423. Endl. Gen. PI. {Salicinece) 290.)
*Salix alba. (Linn.) (E. B. 2430.) Salix, White willoio.
Fl. yellow. April, May. Large tree. Marshy woods.
Bark, Salicis cortex, P. D., yevy bitter, febrifuge, substituted for
Peruvian bark ; leaves astringent, used in tanning. (G.) According
to Smith, the bark of this species, although valuable in the treatment
of agues, is inferior to that of S. Russelliana ; it is, nevertheless, t!ie
kind recommended by Mr. Stone in 1763. (L.)
♦Salix amygdalina. (Limi.) (E. B. 1936.) Almond-leaved willow.
Fl. yellowish. Small tree. Banks of ditches and rivers.
Salix babylonica. (Linn.) Weeping willow. Persia.
♦Salix caprea. (Linn.) (E. B. 1488.) Great round-leaved sallow,
Salloiv.
Fl. yellow. April, May. Small tree. Woods and dry pastures.
Salix eriocephala. {Bark, salix, P. U. S.) North America.
♦Salix fragilis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1807.) Crack willoio.
Fl. yellow. April, May. Small tree. Banks of rivers and marshy
ground.
*Salix herbacea. (Linn.) (E. B. 1907.) Least willow.
Fl. June. Small shrub. Lofty mountains in Wales.
2 K
498 VEGETABLES — amentace.^.
*Saijx Helix. (Linn.) (E. B. 1343.) S. monandra, Yellow
dwarf willow, Rose willow.
A variety of
*Salix purpurea. (Linn.) (E. B. 1388.) Bitter purple uillow,
Norfolk purple willow.
Fl. yellowisli. March, April. Large shrub. Norfolk.
*Salix viminalis. (Willd.) (E. B. 1898.) Common osier.
Fl. yellow. April, May. Large shrub. Osier grounds.
Barks very bitter, febrifuge ; substituted for Peruvian bark; leaves
astringent, used in tanning. (G.)
*Salix fentandka. (Linn.) (E. B. 1805.) S. Laurea, Bay
willow, Sweet willow.
Fl. yellowish. May, June. Small tree. Banks of rivers, &c.
Bark, the original Willow hark, recommended as a febrifuge ; leaves
aromatic, yield prussic acid by distillation, when dried with one-
thirtieth of potash ; dye silk, linen, and woollen, impregnated with
alum, of a fine yellow. (G.) Nees von Esenbeck prefers the bark of
this to that of any other species ; there is an aroma in it which the
others want. (L.)
*Salix Eusselliana. (Smith.) (E.B.I 808.) Bedford loillow.
Fl. yellow. April, May. Large tree. Marshy woods and osier
grounds.
Sir James Smith tells us this is the most valuable officinal species,
and that if practitioners have sometimes been disappointed in its use,
they probably chanced in such cases to give S. fragilis, an allied, but
different species, which is almost inert. (L.)
Ulmus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 421. Endl. Gen. PI. ( Ulmacece) 275.)
*Ui.MUS CAMPESTRis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1886.) Vlmus, Common
^mall-leaved elm.
Fl. reddish-purple. March, April. Large tree. Hampshire, Sus-
sex, &c.
Exudes Ulmine ; inner tough bark, Ulmi cortex, astringent, febri-
fuge ; leaves vulnerary. (G.) The inner bark of the elm is demulcent
and diuretic ; it is also slightly astringent, and therefore a feeble tonic ;
it lias been used in some skin diseases, but is rarely resorted to. Dr.
Pereira mentions U. glabra as another species officinally employed ;
the bark should be stripped in the spring. (L.) Lysons recom-
mended the decoction of this bark in cutaneous eruptions ; and Dr.
Lettsom found it successful in ichthyosis ; it has now fallen into disuse.
(Pereira.)
Ulmus chinensis. (P. S.) East Lidies.
Leaves used as tea.
Ulmus effusa. (Willd.) U. pedunculata. South of Europe. ,
Qualities the same as those of U. campestris.
Ulmus fulva. (Ph.) Slippery elm. America.
Inner bark, Ulmus, P. U. S., febrifuge.
VEGETABLES.— piPEBACEiE. 499
Ordeb 135.— SAIJRURE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 266.
Lindl. Nat. Syst. 184.)
Flowers naked, seated upon a scale, hermaphrodite ; stamens six, hypogynous, per-
sistent, filaments slender ; anthers two-lobed, bursting longitudinally ; ovaries four,
each distinct, with one ascending ovule, and a sessile recurved stigma, or connate into
a three or four celled pistil, with a few ovules ascending from the edge of the projecting
semi-dissepiments ; fruit, either consisting of four fleshy, indehiscent nuts, or a three or
four celled capsule, opening at the apex, and containing a few ascending seeds; seeds with
a membraneous integument; embryo minute, lying in a fleshy lenticular sac, seated on
the outside of hard mealy albumen, at the end most remote fiom the hilum. Herbaceous
plants growing in marshy places, or floating in water; leaves alternate, with stipules ;
hairs jointed ; flowers growing in spikes.
Aponogeton. (Royle.)
Apoxogeton monostachyon. (Willd.) India.
Roots esculent, nearly as good as potatoes, and much esteemed by the
natives. (O'Sh.)
Saururus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 266.)
Saurukus vernus. Mathuskea, North America.
Root fresh and roasted used as an emollient poultice, and to allay
inflammation. (G.)
Order 136.— PIPERACEiE. (Endl. Gen. PI. 265.
Lind. Nat. Syst. 185.)
Flowers naked, hermaphrodite, with a bract on the outside : stamens definite, or in-
definite, arranged on one side, or all round the ovary, to which they adhere more or less ;
anthers 1 — 2 celled ; ovary superior, simple, one-celled, containing a single erect ovule ;
stigma sessile, simple ; fruit somewhat fleshy, indehiscent, one-celled, one-seeded ; seed
€rect ; embryo placed in a fleshy sac, opposite the hilum, on the outside of the albumen.
Shruiis, or herbaceous plants, with opposite, exstipulate feaces, and generally sessile flowers,
arranged in spikes.
Herbs aromatic, seeds hot, used as spices.
Peperomia. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 186. Endl. Gen. PI. (Piper) 265.)
Peperomia peltata. (Diet.) Piper peltatum. (Linn.) Brazil.
Fruit used externally in swellings and dropsy. (G.) The fruit
called Cuapeba or Broad-leaf, in Brazil ; used in decoction as a power-
ful diuretic. (L. ex Martins.)
Peperomia umbellata. (Kunth.) Piper umbellatum. (Linn.)
Santa Maria leaf. South America.
Herb, in syrup, used in colds and coughs. (G.) The roots of this
plant (the Periparaha of Rio de Janeiro and St. Paul's, Caapeha in
Minas Geraes) have a distinguished place among the domestic reme-
dies of Brazil ; tliey have been used with great effect in obstructions
of the abdominal organs, which, together with general debility, are a
frequent consequence of intermittent fevers ; they increase the activity
of the lymphatic system in particular, produce a speedy effect, and
promote all the secretions ; the leaves are often prescribed as tea for
swellings of the glands. (L. ex Martins.)
Piper. (Endl. Gen. PI. 2G5.)
Piper Afzelii. Guinea cuhehs. Sierra L5one.
2 K 2
oOO VEGETABLES.— PiPERACE^.
This plant gave rise to the statement that Cubebs are obtained from
Guinea ; it is extremely different from either P. cubeba or caninum,
and the quality of its fruit has still to be ascertained. (L.)
Piper xImalago. (Mill.) Pepper elder. Jamaica.
Used externally in baths and fomentations. (G.) Leaves and
young shoots discutient, root in infusion resolutive, sudorific, dia-
phoretic. (L.)
Piper angustifolium. (Ruiz, and Pav.) Artanthe elongata.
(Miguel.) Piper elongatum. (Vahl.) Stephensia elongata. (Kunth.)
Narrow-leaved pepper , Matico. Soldier's herb. Soutli America.
Decoction used in venereal diseases. (G.) The leaves have been
strongly recommended as a styptic.
Piper anisatum. (H. B. et Kunth.) South America.
Leaves and fruit have the smell and taste of anise : a decoction of
the latter used to wash ulcers. (L.)
Piper Betle. (Linn.) Chavica Betle. (Miguel.) Betle pepper.
Betel. East Indies.
Leaves bitter, stomachic, tonic, highly aphrodisiac, used as a masti-
catory with ^reAa j^z^^. (G.) Leaf chewed by the Malays witii lime
and slices of the nut of Areca oleracea, or the Pinang. It pioduces
intoxicating effects, stimulates powerfully the salivary glands and
digestive organs, and diminishes the perspiration of the skin. (L.)
Piper caninum. (Rumph.) Java and Prince of Wales's Island.
Dr. Blume considers that the Cubebs of commerce are chiefly fur-
nished by this species, which is quite distinct from P. cubeba ; the
fruit is smaller and shorter stalked, having a distinct anise flavour, and
less pungent than in that species. (L.)
Piper carpapiga. Carpapiga.
Leaves used in dyspepsia, and to preserve stuffed animals from
insects. (G.)
Piper ohaba. (Hunt.) Indian Archipelago.
Properties the same as those of P. longum. (L.)
Piper cordifolium.
Acrid.
Piper crystallinum. Peperomia crystallina.
Has the odour of anise, and may be used for it. (G.)
Piper cubeba. (Linn.) Cubeb. Java and Prince of Wales's
Island.
Fruit, Cabob pepper, Tailed pepper, Cubebm, Cubeba, the same
qualities as the other peppers, used in cookery as a spice, and to orna-
ment poultry, stuck in rows on the sides ; also in gonoiThoea ; 5 ss. to
3 iss three times a-day, but in India 3 iij. six or eight times a-day.
(G.) The ripe fruit is called Cubebs in the shops ; dried and pounded,
it is aromatic, pungent, stimulant, and purgative, and acts as a specific
in arresting gonorrhoeal discharges. (L.)
Piper inebrians.
Green herb, used to make an inebriating drink, as may indeed be
most of this genus. (G.)
VEGETABLES.— piPERACE^. 501
Piper longum. (Linn.) Chavica Roxburghii. (Miguel.) Long
pepper vine. India.
Unripe fruit, Long pepper, Piper longum, Piperis longi fructus,
opening-, attenuant, stimulant, in doses similar to those of the
P. nigrum. Klephant pepper is a larger variety of this species. (G.)
Female spikes dried form the Long pepper of the shops. Root, and
the thickest part of the stems, cut into small slices, and dried, are
much consumed for medical purposes in India, under the name of
" Pippula moola." (Roxb.) The effects of " Long pepper " are
analogous to those of ^'^ Black pepper;" some consider it less
powerful, and others are agreed on its being the more acrid of the two.
(L.)
Piper methysticum. (Forst.) Ava. South Sea Islands.
Used in tincture against chronic rheumatism ; macerated in water, it
forms an intoxicating beverage, of which the Otaheitans make use to
cure venereal affections; they make themselves drunk, after which very
copious perspiration comes on ; this lasts three days, at the end of which
time we are told the patient is cured. (L.)
Piper nigrum. (Linn.) • P. aromaticiim. (Poir.) irncEpi.
(Dioscorid.) Black pepper. Black pepper vine. East and West
Indies.
Herb acrid, aromatic, stimulant, sialogogue. Berry, Black pepper,
Mellaghoo, Piper yiigrum, Piperis nigri haccce, the same ; also much
used in cookery as a spice, particularly in pilaus, mullaghootanies and
curries, and in preserving lampreys and ormiers ; dose gr. v. to 3j.,
and in larger doses in intermittent fevers ; also used to drive away
insects : White pepper. Piper album, made by soaking black pepper in
salt water, or rubbing off the outside skin, or by mei'ely rubbing the
over-ripe berries that fall from the vines, is milder. (G.) The hot,
acrid black pepper of the shops consists of the berries dried with the
pulp adliering ; the white pepper is the same thing, only the pulp is
washed off before the fruit is dried : it is principally used as a condi-
ment to stimulate the stomach, and promote digestion; as a medicine,
it is employed in the form of ointment, mixed with lard, against taenia
capitis ; in affections of the mouth and throat, requiring a powerful
acrid, such as relaxed uvula, or paralysis of the tongue, it may be em-
ployed as a masticatory ; in spirit and water it is a popular remedy
for preventing the return of a paroxysm of intermitting fever. A
crystalline substance caWeA Piperine, obtained from this spice, has been
recommended and employed by the Italians as a febrifuge in inter-
mittent fevers ; it is said to be more certain and speedy, and also
milder in its operation than the cinchona alkalies. In excessive doses
pepper is a dangerous stimulant. (L.) .
Piper obtusifolium. (Willd.) Mecaxochitle, Small American
long pepper. West Indies.
Leaves used to flavour chocolate. (G.)
Piper reticulatum. (Linn.) Jaborand. West Indies, Brazil.
Juice an antidote against the poison of mushrooms and cassada. (G.)
The roots of this plant, called Jaboranda in Brazil, and in a less
502 VEGETABLES.— eo-viFER^.
degree, the ripe catkins, are used as stimulants on account of their
pungent aromatic qualities. The root is a very powerful sialogogue,
and often cures nervous toothache. The leaves, bruised, are applied
with success to the bite of serpents. (L.)
Piper Siriboa. (Willd.) Chavica Siriboa. (Miguel.) East
Indies.
Employed in the same way as P. betle.
Piper sylvaticum. (Roxb.) Paharipeepul, Mountain long
pepper. Bengal.
Used in Bengal, both green and ripe, as long pepper.
Piper trioicum. (Eoxb.) India.
Fruit exceedingly pungent, reckoned by pepper merchants at Madras
equal, if not superior, to the best pepper of the Malabar coast or
Ceylon. See Roxb. 1. c, for important matter relating to the pepper
vines.
Order 137.— CONIFERS. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 431.
Endl. Gen. PL {Divided into several Orders) 258.)
Flowers moncEcions, or dioecious, disposed in a catkin. Male fl. Scales numerous,
variously arranged, either bearing or covering the anthers, perigone none ; anthers various-
in number, one or many celled, either inserted on bractaiform scales, or supported by
a pedicel. Female fl. Scales bracta;iform, vai'iously arranged, sometimes becoming
enlarged and succulent after flowering, or adnate to the fruit; CMjow^a generally double,
rarely simple, one-flowered, surrounding the ovary (perigone ?) ; ovary one ; stijlc sessile,
single, small ; pericarp indehiscent, one-celled, coi iaceous, or osseous ; seed one, pendulous,
albuminous; embrijo straight, in the axis of the fleshy and oily albumen ; radicle directed
towards the umbilicus, often attenuated at the apex, and adnate to the albumen ; cotyledons
two, opposite, or many in a whorl. Resinous trees, or shrubs : leaves alternate, or whorlcd,
or rarely opposite, frequently acerose, persistent.
Abies. (De Cand. 434. Endl. Gen. PI. (Abietime, Finns.) 260.)
Abies balsamea. (Marsh.) Picea balsamea. (Loud.) Pinus
balsamea. (Linn.) Balm of Gileadjir. North America.
The oleo resin, called Catiada balsam, is furnished by this species^
(L.)
Abies canadensis. (Psh.) Pinus canadensis, Hemlock spruce fir.
North America.
Young roots, Turiones pini,\n beer, antiscorbutic, cooling, antiseptic,
and tonic. (G.) Said to yield an oleo resin analogous to Canada
balsam. (Pereira.) The hardened resinous exudation, which resembles
Burgundy pitch, is used in America under the names of Hemlock gum,
Hemlock pitch, and Canada pitch.
Abies excelsa. (D. C.) Pinus abies, Nortvay spruce fir, Spruce
fir. Alps.
Exudes common Frankincense, or Thus, and yields Burgundy pitch
by incision; tops used to make Spruce beer. (G.)
Abies nigra. (Michx.) Pinus nigra. Black spruce fir. America.
The concentrated aqueous decoction of the young branches is Essence
of spruce, used in the preparation of Spruce beer. (Pereira.)
VEGETABLES.— CONIFERS. 508
**Abies piCEA. (Lindl.) A. pectinata. (D. C.) A. taxifolia,
Pinus picea. (Linn.) Picea pectinata. (Loud.) Common fir^
Silver fir-tree, Pitch-tree.
Fl. May. Large tree. Cultivated in woods. Native of the Alps.
Yields Strasburgh turpentine, by puncturing^ the small vesicles of
the bark in which it is contained, and Fir resin, by larger incisions.
(G.)
Callitris. (Endl. Gen. PI. (Cupressifiece) 259.)
Callitris quadrivalvis. (Vent.) Thuja quadrivalvis, T. arti-
culata. (Desf.) Arar-tree. North of Africa.
Yields Gum sandarach. (G.) Yields the resinous substance called
Sandarach, from which is prepared tlie pounce employed in rendering
parchment fit to write upon. (L.)
CuPRESsus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 432. Endl. Gen. PI. 259.)
**CuPRESSUS FASTiGiATA. (D. C) C. sempervirens. . (Linn.)
Ct/presstfs, Cypress.
Fl. April. Large tree. Native of South of Europe.
"Wood and berries astringent, vermifuge; strobiles, Nuces cupresstis,
astringent.
Dammara. (Endl. Gen. PI. (Abietincs) 261.)
Dammaua Agathis loranthifolia, Pinus dammara,
Dammar pine. East Indies. ■
Yields Ava. dammar.
Dammara australis. (Rumph.) Kawrie tree. New Zealand.
Yields Coiodie pine resin, used in varnishes. The finest masts in
the navy are made from this tree.
Ephedra. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 432. Endl. Gen. PI. ( Gnetacea) 263.)
Ephedra distachya. (Linn.) Shrubby horse-tail. France.
Berries sweet, eatable, used in lientery and nienorrhagia, given in
wine. (G.)
Juniperus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 432. Endl. Gen. PI. 258.)
JuNiPERUS BERMUDiANA. (Willd.) Jamaica cedar. Bermudas.
Wood used for enclosing crayons.
*.JuNiPERUS COMMUNIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 1100.) Juniperus, Juniper.
Fl. May. Large shrub. Woods and heaths.
Tops, Juniperi cacumina, diuretic, sudorific, antisyphilitic, may be
substituted for Guaiacum ; fruit, Juniperi bacccB, incisive, discussive,
very stomachic, infusion drank as tea ; if the seeds are broken, they
communicate a bitter flavour. (G.) The fruits called Juniper berries
are analogous in operation to other terebinthinate substances; they
promote the secretion of urine, in large quantities produce irritation
of the bladder and heat in the urinary passages, are sudorific, carmi-
native, and are supposed to stimulate the uterus ; Mr. Alexander says,
that the oil, in doses of four drops, is the most powerful of all diuretics ;
tliey are administered in leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, gleet, &c. (L.)
Juniper berries require to remain on the tree two years before they
are fully ripe ; they have a peculiar aromatic odour, and a sweetish,
pungent, bitterish taste when chewed ; in distillation with water, they
504 VEGETABLES.— CONIFERS.
yield a volatile terebinthinate oil of a greenish colour, on which their
virtues depend ; the flavour and diuretic properties of hollands depend
on this oil ; it is also supposed to be used for the purpose of flavouring
English gin, but for this purpose oil of turpentine is used. (Lou.)
JuNiPERUS PHCENiciA. (Willd.) Oxycedrus, Berry-bearing cedar.
South of Europe.
Wood diaphoretic, by distillation yields Huile de cade ; berries dis-
cutient ; exudes American olibanum. (G.)
**JuNiPERUS Sabina. (Linn.) Sabina, Savine.
Fl. April. Small shrub. Native of the Alps.
Leaves, Sabina folice, emmenagogue, producing abortion, diuretic,
vermifuge ; doses, in powder, gr. xv. to 3j. or 3j., twice or thrice a-
day; externally escharotic, applied to warts, i&c, once a-day. (&•)
Oil of savine is a powerful local stimulant, acting, when applied to the
skin, as a rubefacient and vesicant ; swallowed, it occasions vomiting and
purging; it is a powerful stimulant, and exercises a specific influence
over the urino-genital apparatus ; in certain cases of amenorrhcea, it
acts as a powerful emmenagogue, and in pregnancy it has a strong
tendency to produce abortion ; it, however, frequently fails, and can
only be given to a woman at the risk of her life; savine powder,
mixed with verdigris, is used as an efficacious application for the
removal of venereal warts, and in the form of ointment it is an ex-
cellent means of promoting discharge from blistered surfaces. (L.)
As an external local stimulant or escharotic, the dried leaves in powder
are applied to warts, flabby ulcers, and carious bones, and the expressed
juice diluted, or an infusion of the leaves, as a lotion to gangrenous
sores, scabies, and tinea capitis, or mixed with lard and wax, as an
issue ointment. (Lou.)
JuNiPERus viRGiNiANA. (Linn.) Red cedar. United States.
Wood, Carolina cedar, used for enclosing crayons ; leaves used as
Savine. (G.) Similar in effects to J. sabina, lor which it is used in
North America as a substitute. (L.)
Larix (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 434. Endl. Gen. PL (Abietina;) Pinus 260.)
**Larix Europ^a. (D. C.) L. communis, Larix, Abies larix.
(Ricli) Pinus larix, (Linn.) Larch.
n. reddish. May. Large tree. Native of the Alps.
Exudes Larch gum and Briangon manna, yields by boring Larch
turpentine. (G.) Venice turpentine is obtained from the trunk, a
saccharine matter, called Man7iaof Briangon, exudes from the branches,
and when the larch forests in Russia take fire, a gum issues from the
trees during their combustion which is called Gummi Orenhurgense,
and which is wholly soluble in water like gum arabic. (L.)
**Larix Cedrus. (Mill.) Pinus cedrus, (Linn.) Cedar of Lebanon.
Fl. May. Large tree. Native of Lebanon and Syria.
Wood astringent, antiseptic. (G.)
Pinus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 433. Endl. Gen. PI. (Abietince) 260.)
Pinus Cembra. (Linn.) Siberian stone pine. Siberia.
Yields Briangon turpentifie ; nuts, Cembra nuts, eatable, yield oil
VEGETABLES.— CONIFERS. 505
by distillation ; the shoots yield true Riga balsam, Balsamum
Carpatiaim, or Balsainum Libani. (G.) said to yield Carpathian
balsam. (L.)
PiNUS MARiTiMA. (Lamb.) P. pinaster, (Lamb.) Cluster pine,
Pinaster.
Yields French or Bordeaux turpentine. (G.) Bordeaux turpen-
tine, which has the property of solidifying with magnesia, is procured
from this plant. (L.)
PiNus PALUSTRis, (Ph.) Pitch pine. Swamp pine. North America.
Yields American turpentine. (G.)
PiNUS PixEA. (Willd.) Stone pine. South of Europe.
Nuts, Zirbel nuts, Pine nuts, kernels pectoral, eaten raw or pre-
served ; used in emulsions ; yield oil by expression. (G.) Seeds eaten
throughout Italy both by the poor and rich. They are sweet as
almonds, but with a slight flavour of turpentine. (Lou.)
PiNus PuMiLio. (Willd.) Mountain pine, Mugho pine. South of
Europe.
Exudes Hungarian balsam. (G.)
*PiNUs SYLVESTRis. (Linn.) (E. B. 2460.) Red deal, Scotch Jir.
Fl. May, June. Large tree. Highland mountains.
Exudes White resi?i, yields by incision common Turpentine ; inner
bark eaten raw, or made into cakes and baked ; Tar is distilled from
it, and Lamp-black obtained by burning its refuse branches in tents.
(G.)
PiNus TiEDA. (Ph.) Prankincense pine. Loblolly or Old field pi7ie.
North America.
Yields Common turpentine, but of a less fluid quality than that which
flows from P. palustris. (Pereira.)
The medicinal substances obtained from these and other coniferous
plants are, 1. The oleo-resinous juices called Turpentine; 2ndly. The
volatile oil obtained therefrom by distillation, called Oil of turpentine ;
Srdiy. The resinous residuum known by the name of Rosin; 4thly.
Tar and Pitch. There are various kinds of turpentine, obtained from
different trees of the fir, pine, &c., kind, as Venice turpentine, Stras-
burgh turpentine, &c. &c. Upon submitting turpentine to distillation.
Oil of turpentine is produced, and the residuum is Rosin or Common
resin. On burning the fir-trees in such a manner as to prevent free
access of the outward air, and thus to produce a slow combustion, Tar
is produced, and when this is submitted to distillation, an acid liquor,
i^Pyroligneous acid,) and a volatile oil, {^Oil of tar,) pass over, and the
residuum in the still is Pitch. Turpentine and oil of turpentine have
been employed internally in haemorrhages, blennorrhcea, puerperal and
ordinary fevers, rheumatism, sciatica, and other neuralgic affections,
in nephritic diseases, suppression of urine, infantile diabetes, dropsy,
spasmodic diseases, obstinate constipation, &c., and externally as a
rubefacient in rheumatism, sprains, neuralgic affections of the ex-
tremities, &c. Powdered rosin has been applied to wounds to check
506 VEGETABLES.— coNiPERjE.
haemorrhage ; but tlie principal value of rosin is in the formation of
plasters and ointments, to which it communicates great adhesiveness,
and some slightly stimulant properties. Tar has been applied ex-
ternally in various forms of obstinate skin diseases, and as an applica-
tion to foul ulcers. It is sometimes, also, used internally. Pitch
has been employed internally in ichthyosis and in other obstinate
skin diseases ; its principal use, however, is in the form of an ointment
as an application to cutaneous affections of the scalp. (Pereira.)
Salisburia. (Endl. Gen. PI. ( Taxinece) 262.)
Salisburia adiantifolia. (L. T.) Gingko hiloba, Gingko. Japan.
Seeds yield oil. (G.) Seeds large and eatable. (L.)
Taxodium. (Endl. Gen. PI. 259.)
Taxodium, Cupressus disticha. (Linn.) Schuhertia disiicka.
(Mirb.) Virginia cypress. North America.
Leaves dye cinnamon colour. (G.) Yields black and white cypress
wood.
Taxus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 432. Endl. Gen. PI. 261.)
*Taxu8 baccata. (Linn.) (E. B. 746.) Taxtcs, Yew.
Fl. March. Tree. Mountain woods and cultivated places.
Wood very hard, thought to be poisonous, as were also the berries,
Glob berries, but they may be eaten ; leaves poisonous to cattle ; Pollen
may be substituted for that of Lycopodium. (G.) Leaves fetid, very
poisonous, especially to horses and cows ; berries are not dangerous ;
seeds said to be unwholesome. On the authority of an Italian physi-
cian, it is stated that yew-leaves administered in small doses to man
have a power similar to that of digitalis, on the action of the heart and
arteries, reducing the circulation, and if persisted in too long, or given
in too large doses, as certainly fatal. Yew is, however, said to have
one decided advantage over digitalis, by its effects not accumulating in
the system, so that it is a much more manageable and more efficacious
remedy. (L. ex. Burnett.)
Taxus elongatus. Yellow wood.
"Wood scentless; sold for Yellow sanders, but of little value. (G.)
Taxus nucifera. Japan yew.
Berries eatable, aromatic. (G.)
Thuja. (Endl. Gen. PI. 258.)
Thuja occidentalis. (Willd.) Cedre blanc, Fr. American arbor
vitcE. North America.
Leaves alexiterial.
The wood, when burnt, gives out an agreeable smell, and on this
account was formerly used in sacrifices. The leaves, formed into a
salve", are used by the Indians to cure rheumatism.
Thuja orientalis. (Willd.) Chinese arbor vita. China,
Resembles T. occidentalis in appearance.
VEGETABLES.— ALisMACE^. 5Sn
Class II. ENDOGEN^, oa MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Leaves with parallel veins ; stem with no distinction of wood, pith, and bark; in-
creasing in growth by additions from the inside; tiowers with a ternary division ; coty-
ledon one, or if two, alternate.
Sub-Class I.— PETALGIDE^.
Calyx and corolla both present in three or six divisions, or imperfectly developed in the
form of herbaceous scales upon a spadix.
Order 138.— HYDROCHARIDE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 435.
Endl. Gen. PI. 160.)
Flowers inclosed in a spathe, dioecious, rarely hermaphrodite, male flower, spathe
sometimes one-flowered, the flower sessile, or pedunculated, or many-flowered, the
flowers pedunculated; female and hermaphrodite floicer, spathe one-flowered, flower
sessile; perigone six-cleft, in the female flower adherent to the ovary; outer lobes
foliaceous, inner ones petaloid, longer; stamens 1 — 13, inserted on the ovary in
hermaphrodite fl«wers, but on the site of the ovary in male flowei-s ; anthers two-celled ;
oprtTf/ inferior ; sf(/fe often wanting ; stigmas 3 — 6, glandular within, often bifid; /ria'i
sometimes crowned by the persistent limb of the perigone, oblong, indehiscent ; peri-
carp fleshy, pulpy within, sometimes unilocular, sometimes sub-multilocular, by the
greater ^or less prolongation of the dissepiments; seeds numerous, attached either ta
the parieties, or to the dissepiments, the integuments membraneous, hard ; embryo cylin-
drical, straight; albumen none. Aquatic herbs, with sessile, or petiolated, entire, or
slightly denticulated leaves.
Hydrocharis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 436. Endl. Gen. PI. 163.)
*Hydrociiaris mousus ran^. (Linn.) (E. B. 808.) Morsus rancBy
Frog bit.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Ditciies and ponds.
Root astringent.
Stratoites. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 436. Endl. Gen. PI. 163.)
*Stratoites aloides. (Linn.) (E. B. 379.) Aloe palustris, Stxa-
toites, Pislia aloides, Fresh-water soldier, Water seagreen.
Fl. white. July. Perennial. Lakes and ditches in the east of
England.
Used in wound-drinks, refrigerant.
Order 139.— ALISMACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 437.
Endl. Gen. PI. 127.)
Perigone free, six-partite, coloured; stamens 6 — 9, rarely more; ovaries, styles, xai
stigmns 3 — 6, or more; capsules indehiscent, one or many seeded, two-valved: embryo
straight, or incurved ; albumen none. Aquatic herbs, viiih radicle, alternate sheathing
leaves ; flovers in spikes, or umbels ; heimaphrodite, rarely monoecious.
Alisma. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 437. Endl. Gen. PI, 127.)
•Alisma Plantago. (Linn.) (E. B. 837.) Plantago aquatica.
Great water pla7itain.
Fl. white, or pale-rose coloured. July. Perennial. Margins of
lakes and wet places.
Root used in hydrophobia. (G.) It has now fallen into deserved
neglect. (O'Sh.)
508 VEGETABLES.— PANDANACEJE.
Hydrogeton. (Lindl. Nat. Syst.)
Hydrogeton fenestralis. Ouvirandia fenestralis.
Root bulbous, eaten when roasted. (G.)
Sagittaria. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 438. Endl. Gen. PI. 128.)
*Sagittaria SAGiTT^FOLiA. (Linn.) (Fi.^.S^^.') Sagittaaquatica.
Arrow head,
Fl. whitish. July. Perennial. Ditches and margins of rivers.
Herb acrid, opening, and incisive; root bulbous, very nutritive. (G.)
Order 140.— POTAME^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 439.
Endl. Gen. PI. {NajadetB.) 229.
Floicers hermaphrodite, or of separate sexes; spathe, or perigone, more or less deeply
divided ; ovaries numerous, definite, inserted on a common receptacle, or in a central
spadix ; stijle one, or none ; stigma simple ; stamens definite in numbei^ inserted on the
receptacle, or on the spadix ; capsules indehiscent, one-celled, one-seeded ; seed inverse,
pendulotis ; . albumen none ; embryo straight, or incurved ; radicle turned to the point
opposite to the hilum. Aquatic herbs, with simple, generally alternate leaves.
PoTAMOGETON. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 439. Endl. Gen. PI.
(Najadecs) 239.)
*PoTAMOGETON NATANS. (Linn.) (E. B. 1822.) Potamogeton,
Sharp-frnited, broad-leaved pond weed.
FI. June, July. Perennial. Stagnant waters and slow streams.
Cooling, used in itchings, and against old ulcers. (G.)
ZosTERA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 440. Endl. Gen. PI, 230.)
*ZoSTERA MARINA. (Linn.) (E, B. 467.) Z. oceanica, Z.
trinerva, Alga, Grass wrack.
Fl. May, September. Perennial. Creeks and salt-water ditches.
Cooling, used in inflammations and the gout. The charcoal used in
strumous tumours. (G.)
Order 141.— PANDANACE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 242. Lindl.
Nat. Syst. 361.)
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, arranged on a wholly-covered spadix ; perianth
wanting ; males, filaments with simple anthers ; anthers two-celled ; females, ovaries
usually collected in parcels, one-celled ; stigmas as many as the ovaries, sessile, adnate ;
ovules solitary, erect ; fruit, either fibrous drupes, usually collected in parcels, each one-
seeded, or many-celled berries, with polymorphous cells; albumen fleshy; embryo in its
axis erect, (not slit on one side,) plumule inconspicuous; stem arborescent, usually
sending down aerial roots, sometimes weak and decumbent; leaves imbricated in three
rows, long, linear, lanceolate, amplexicaul, with their margins almost always spiny ; floral
leaves smaller, often coloured. (L.)
Brocimum.
Brocimum amcastrum. Bread nut. Jamaica.
Fruits eatable.
Carludovica. (P:ndl. Gen. PI. 243.)
Carludovica palmata. (R. et. Pav.) Jipijapa. South America,
The celebrated Panama hats are plaited from tlie unexpanded leaves
VEGETABLES.— ORCHiDE^. 509
of this tree, which has much resemblance to the palms. In the
Isthmus the plant is called Portorico and also Jipijapa. The plant is
found diffused all along- the coast as far as Peru and Chili ; and in
Ecuador, a whole district derives its name from it. It is common in
Panama and Darieii, particularly in half-shady places. It is also found
all along the western shores of New Granada, and Ecuador. The hats
are manufactured principally in Veraguas and Western Panama, but
all known by that name are not made in the Isthmus ; the greater
portion are made in Manta, Monte Christi, and other parts of Ecuador.
The hats are worn through nearly the whole of the American con-
tinent and West Indies, and would probably be much used in Europe
were it not for their high price. These hats are ver}' light and flexible,
consist of a single piece only, may be rolled up and put in the pocket
without injury, and admit of easy cleaning when dirty.
Pandanus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 242.)
Pandanus (Willd.) Vaquois.
Seeds esculent. (G.) In the Sandwich and other South Sea
Islands, a species of Pandanus is used for making mats ; the branches
being of a soft spongy juicy nature, cattle will eat them very well,
when cut into pieces ; they call it Wharra tree at Otaheite. (Lou.)
Pandanus odoratissimus. (Willd.) Keora. India.
Flowers exhale a very pervading perfume ; a distilled water is pre-
pared from them, whose properties are gently stimulant and diaphoretic.
(O'Sh.)
Phytelephas. (Endl. Gen. PI. 243.)
Phytelephas mackocarpa. Calezza de negrO' Tropical America.
Phytelephas microcarpa. Vegetable ivory. Tropical America.
Milk of the fruit becomes hard like ivory, and of a fine taste. (G.)
Buttons are turned from the hard albumen of Phytelephas, or the
Tagua plant. (L.) Used very generally as a substitute for ivory in
small turned articles.
Order 142.— ORCHIDEiE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 442.
Endl. Gen. PI. 185.)
Pcrigone monosepalous, jietaloid, adhering to the ovary, six-cleft, with irregular seg-
ments, three external, called the helmet, and three internal ; the five upper ones consti-
tute, as it were, the flower, the lower one being the lip, (labellum,) various in foi-m and
direction ; ovary one-celled, with three parietal placentae ; style forming part of the
column of the stamens ; stigma a viscid spot, more or less orbicular, at the base, side, or
apex of the columnar style ; filaments of the stamens three, united with the style into a
central column, the lateral ones (except in Cypripedium) sterile, sometimes more or less
elongated, sometimes very short, or none, the middle one generally antheriferous ; anthers
two-celled, either distinct and adnate to the sides of the style, which is often prolonged
beyond them, or approximated, and then the anthers are either parallel to the stigma,
immovable and persistent, or terminating the column, moveable, in the form of an
operculum, and deciduous ; pollen granular, the grains cohering by means of a glutinous
elastic substance, sometimes easily separable, sometimes homogeneous, and concreted into
masses; these pollen masses, aft«r the dehiscence of the cells, become attiiched to the
stigma by means of a filiform process of the stigma, or of a glandular viscid retinaculum
510 VEGETABLES.— oRCHiD.'EE.
of the pollen ; capsule one-celled, three-valved, three-carinate, dehiscing laterally ; seeds
numerous, attached to three placentas, which are adiiate to the middle of the valves ;
testa loose, reticulated, contracted at each end ; embryo at the base of a fleshy albumen,
Herhs, the roots either fasciculated or tuberous, the tubers being ovate or palmate ; stems
rarely divided ; furnished with leaves and scales, or naked ; leaves amplexicaul, entire ;
Jlowers bracteated, spicate, or solitary, having all their parts inverted, in consequence of
the twisting of the ovary.
These plants are esteemed as highly aphrodisiac.
Angr^cum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 207.)
AivGRiECDM FRAGRAKS. Faliam, Fahon, or Fahum.
This is a parasitic plant, the leaves of which are imported from the
Mauritius, and on account of its fragrance is much sought after by the
Asiatics. It is sufficient to touch tlie fresh leaves for the fingers to
become impregnated with the odour. Tlie dried leaves possess an
odour much resembling Vanilla. In the country from whence they are
derived, and also in France, a^ very agreeable tea is prepared from
them, which is used as a digestive, and in diseases of the respiratory
organs. Mixed with ordinary tea, they impart an agreeable perfume
to it.
Bletia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 194.)
Bletia verecunda. (Brown.) Limodorum allum. (Linn.) "West
Indies,
According to Browne, the Cormus is " bitterish, and attended by a
clamminess that leaves a light prickly warmth behind it ; but this
wears off soon, leaving the palate free from every sensation but that of
the bitter ; when dried, it may be used with great propriety as a sto-
machic. (L.)
Epidendrum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 193.)
Epidendrum bifibum. (Aubl.) West Indian Islands, &c.
According to Mr. Schomburglc, the expressed juice is a purgative,
taken in doses of a table-spoonful at a time ; it is also reckoned in Tor-
tola an anthelmintic and diuretic, &c. (L.)
Epipactis. (De Cand, Bot. Gal. 449. Endl. Gen. PL 213.)
*Epipactis latifolia. (All.) (E. B. 269.) Serapias latifolia.
(Linn.) Bastard hellebore^ Broad-leaved helleborine, hellehorine,
FI. greenish-purple. July, August. Perennial. Woods in moun-
tainous countries.
*Epipactis ovata. (All.) (E. B. 1548.) Listera ovata. (Brown.)
Ophrys ovata, Neottia ovata. (Rich.) Common tway blade.
Fl. yellowish green. June. Perennial. Woods and moist pastures.
Roots, washed and baked, yield Salep. (G.)
EuLOPHiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 200.)
It appears by the evidence of Professor Royle, that the plant which
yields Salep in Cachmere, belongs to the present genus, but the
specimens obtained by him were not sufficient to enable the species to
be ascertained. (L.)
Habenaria. (Endl. Gen. PJ. 210.)
♦Habenaria bifolia. (Brown.) (E. B. 22.) Orchis hifolia. (Linn.)
Salyrium, Butterfly satyrion, Butterfly orchis.
VEGETABLES.— oKCHiDEiE. 511
Fl. yellowish-white, fragrant. June, Perennial. Moist copses
and pastures.
Koot yields Salep. (G.)
Neottia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 448. Endl. Gen. PI. 213.)
*Neottia spikalis. (Swartz.) (E. B. 541.) Ophrys spiralis.
(Linn.) Spiranthes autumnalis. (Rich.) Triorchis, Common ladies'
traces, Triple ladies' traces.
Fl. greenish-white, spiral. August, September. Perennial. Challc
hills.
Root yields Salep.
Orchis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 442. Endl. Gen. PI. 208.)
*Orc'Iiis fusca. (Jacq.) (E. B. 16.) Great brown-winged orchis,
Large military goatstones.
Fl. helmet, dark-greenish purple ; the rest of a paler variegated pur-
ple. May. Perennial. Chalky pastures and borders of woods.
Dried leaves have the same scent as the To?ica bean, and are used
to scent snufF, as are also those of some other species of Orchis. (G.)
*Orchis HiBCiNA. (Scop.) (E. B. 24.) Satyrium hircinum, Tra-
gorchis, Lizard orchis, Goatstones.
Fl. dingy-purplish green ; odour hircine. July. Perennial. Chalk
hilis.
*Orchis latifolia. (Linn.) (E. B. 2308.) X)rchis palmata.
Male satyrion, Royal marsh orchis.
Fl. pale rose-coloured, varying to deep purple. June. Perennial.
Marshes and moist meadows.
♦Orchis mascula. (Linn.) (E. B. 631.) Early purple orchis,
Male fool's stones.
Fl. purple, centre of lip whitish. June. Perennial. "Woods and
pastures.
*Orchis militaris. (Linn.) (E. B. 2675.) Orchis, Military
orchis, French satyrion. Satyrium.
Fl. helmet pale ash-colouied ; lip deep purple, white in the middle.
May. Perennial. Chalk hills near Reading.
*Orchis morio. (Linn.) (E. B. 2059.) FooVs stones. Green
winged meadow orchis.
Fl. iielmet purplish-green ; lip purple, pale in the middle, with pur-
ple spots. June. Perennial. Meadows and pastures.
•Orchis pyramidalis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1 10.) Anacamptis pyra-
midalis. (Rich.) Cynosorchis, Dog's stones, Pyramidal orchis.
Fl. delicate rose-purple. July. Perennial. Pastures on a clayey
or chalky soil.
Roots washed and baked, Salep, are nutritive, restorative, and
aphrodisiac; Salep forms a stiff jelly with potash, ammonia, or mag-
nesia. (G.) It is believed that some species of this genus furnislies the
nutritious substance called Salep, or Saloop, so remarkable as the
source of Bassorine, and O. mascula in particular has been named as
the plant whose tubercles are collected ; but as that plant does not
512 VEGETABLES.— ziNGiBEEACEJE.
grow in Turkey or Persia, the countries whenc6 Salep was originally
obtained, there must be some mistake in the statement ; it is more
likely to be the produce of O. variegata, taurica, or militaris. In the
Himalayas, the tubercles of an orchis were seen by Lieut. Hutton to
be collected for use under the name of Salep misri, but the species is
not mentioned. (L.) Salep is the prepared and dried roots of several
orchideous plants, and is sometimes sold in the state of powder.
(Pereira.)
Vaniixa. (Endl. Gen. PI. 221.)
Vanilla aromatica. (Swartz.) Epidendron vanilla. South
America.
Pods, Banilloes, Vanilla, brown, as thick as a quill, covered with
an efflorescence, in bundles of five oz. each, dipped in oil, cephalic,
stomachic, used to scent chocolate and liqueurs ; Vanillon, from the
Brazils in iron chests, dark coloured ; Pampova, from the Spanish
colonies, thick ; Simarouha, from St. Domingo, has scarcely any smell ;
are probably from different species. (G.) Vanilla is employed in this
country for flavouring chocolate, ice creams, &c. ; on the Continent it
is much esteemed as an aromatic stimulant ; it has been administered
in astlienic fevers, rheumatism, hysteria, impotence of the male, melan-
choly, &c. ; the dose is from eight to twelve grains. (Pereira.)
Vanilla claviculata. (Swartz.) Epidendrum claviculaium.
(Swartz.) Gretnwitlie. West Indies.
A decoction is esteemed by tlie negroes an excellent remedy for
syphilis ; the expressed juice is also used in cases of recent wounds,
whence the French in St. Domingo call it Liane a blessure. (L. ex
Swartz.)
Vanilla pompona, V. sativa, and V. sylvestris, are mentioned
by Schiede as yielding Vanilla in Mexico.
Order 143. ZINGIBERACEyE. (Endl. Gen. PI. 221.
Lind. Nat. Syst. 322.)
Calyx superior, tubul.ai-, three-lobed ; corolla tubular, irregular, -with six segments ia
two whorls, the outer three partite, the inner three partite, with the intermediate seg-
ment, (labellura,) large, and generally three-lobed; stamens 1 — 3, of which the two
lateral ones are abortive ; filavient often extended beyond the anthers, ^hich is two-celled,
and opening lengthwise ; ovary three-celled ; style filiform ; stigma concave, dilated ;
fruit a three-celled capsule, opening by three valves, bearing each a partition on the
middle of its inner surface; seerfs sometimes accompanied with an arillus; albumen faii-
naceous ; embryo cylindrical ; radicle turned toward the hilum. Herbaceous, tropical,
aromatic jjlants, with a creeping rhizoma ; simple sheathing leaves, and flowers arising
from spathaceous membraneous bractea;.
Roots and seeds mostly aromatic, and used as spices.
Alpinia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 224.)
Alpinia Galanga. (Swartz.) Amomum galanga, Galanga major,
Maranta galanga, Great galangale. Sumatra.
Roots tuberous, covered with rings, brownish, inside dirty white : a
faint aromatic smell, tastes like pepper and ginger mixed. (G.) The
VEGETABLES.— ziNGiBERACE^. 513
roots are the Galanga major of the druggists, a pungent, acrid aro-
matic, forming a kind of substitute for ginger. (G.)
Alpinia . . . .? Amomum . . . .? Costus . . . .7 Galanga
minor, Small galangale.
Root warmer and more fragrant than Galanga major, outside brown,
inside red. In India it is ten times the price of the other ; both are
warm, stomachic, and enimenagogue. (G.) Besides the larger Ga-
langa, there is a Galanga minor, which, according to Fee, is very
much smaller, and has more energetic properties than the former, and
which comes from China and the Philippines ; it is not known what
plant produces it. (L.)
Alpinia exaltata. (Meyer.) A. tuhulata, Renealmia exaltata.
(Linn.)
A plant supposed to be at least related to this, if not identical, and
called Corowatti in British Guayana, is spoken of by Dr. Hancock as
a bitterish, pungent, sub-acrid plant, acting as a diaphoretic and diu-
retic, or in large doses as an emetic, and of great value in dropsies,
rheumatism, dysentery, hooping-codgh, &c. ; the bruised rhizoma is
the part used. (L.)
Amomum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 223.)
Amomum angustifolium. (Sonn.) Madagascar.
Every part, when bruised or wounded, diffuses a strong but pleasant
aromatic smell ; the fruit is the Cardamomum majus of old authors,
the great, or Madagascar cardamom of Smith ; the seeds are said by
this latter author to have none of the vehement, hot, acrid taste of
Grains of paradise. (L.)
Amomum aromaticum. (Roxb.) Bengal.
Fruit similar in quality to Cardamoms, for which it is sold to the
druggists in India ; the seeds are similar in shape and spicy flavour.
(L.)
Amomum Cakdamomum. (Linn.) Java, Sumatra.
Seeds agreeably aromatic ; used by the Malays as a substitute for
the true cardamoms of Malabar, the produce of Elettaria cardamomum ;
fruit said by Nees and Ebermaier to be the Round cardamoms of tlie
shops. According to Smith, it is the Amomum verum of the old
apothecaries. (L.) They are officinal in the French Codex, and are
principally consumed in the southern parts of Europe. (Pereira.)
Amomum Clusii. (Smith.) Clusius's Cardamom, Long-seeded
Amomum. West Coast of Africa.
Seeds dark brown, highly polished, as if varnished, have scarcely any
flavour. (Pereira.)
Amomum citratum. (Pereira.)
This is the Cardamomum majus of Dr. Burgess's collection at the
College of Physicians. The seeds, which are brownish yellow and
shining, have a warm aromatic flavour, resembling that of lemon-grass.
When crushed they evolve this odour, and hence the specific name,
citratum, (Pereira.)
2 i
514 VEGETABLES.— ziNGiBERACE^.
. Amomum globosl'M. Round China cardamom. INEountains of
Cochin-CIiina and China.
Capsule thin, round, and oval. Seeds in globular masses. Used in
China for restraining abdominal pain, sickness, and diarrhcea.
Amomum gkandiflorum. (Smith.) Sierra Leone.
Seeds differ from those of A. grana paradisi, in being grey or lead-
coloured, much less polished, with a totally different flavour, resem-
bling that of camphor, which they equal in warmth and pungency ; as
a stimulant or cordial, these seeds appear equal to any cardamoms
whatever. (L. ex Smith.)
Amomum Grana Paradisi. (Linn.) Grana paradisi, Grains of
paradise, Guinea grains, Melligetta, ox Malaguetta pepper. Guinea.
Seeds aromatic, stimulant; taste very hot and heating, like pepper;
used by some in large doses to cure agues ; also to give a false strengtii
to wine, beer, vinegar, and other liquors. (G.) Seeds extremely aro-
matic, hot, and acrid ; properties the same as those of other Amoma ;
they are powerfully aromatic, stimulant, and cordial. (L.)
Amomum Korarima. (Pereira.) Korarima cardamom, Gurdgie
spice. Abyssinia.
Seeds rather longer than grains of paradise, roundish or somewhat
angular, olive-brown, with an aromatic flavour, but devoid of the very
hot, acrid taste of grains of paradise. In Abyssinia they are used as a
condiment and in medicine.
Amomum macrosfermum. (Smith.) Large-seeded Guinea amomum.
Zingiber meleguetta, (Gaertner.) Frnclus Cajeputi, (Trew.) Cardamo-
mum Bandaense, (Martins.) Sierra Leone. Maboohoo.
Seeds greenish-grey, or lead coloured ; flavour slightly aromatic.
They yield by distillation a volatile oil resembling Cajeput oil, of which
they were supposed by Trew to be the real source. (Pereira.)
Amomum maximum. (Roxb.) Great-winged amomum. Malay
Islands, Java.
Yields Java cardamoms, which are not used here. "When brought
to this country they are usually reshipped for continental uses.
Amomum melegueta. (Rose.) Demerara, probably from Africa.
Yields Grains of Paradise, and is cultivated by the negroes in
Demerara on account of the seeds, which are occasionally supplied to
the druggists in George Town as Guinea grains. The seeds are
identical with the Grains of Paradise of English commerce.
Amomum Villosum. (Loureiro.) Hairy China cardamom.
(Guibourt.) Mountains of Cochin China.
Seeds aromatic and terebinthinate, but not powerful. '
CosTUS. (Endl. Gen. PI. {Scitaminece) 225.)
CosTUS ARABicus. (Linn.) East and West Indies.
Root, Sweet costus, aromatic, rather acrid, with the smell of Orrice,
stomachic, tonic, discussive, becomes bitter by keeping. (G.) The
Putchuk root of India, although of unknown origin, is usually referred
to this plant; it is chiefly exported to China, where it is used as in-
cense. (O'Sh.)
VEGETABLES. — zingiberacb^. 515
Curcuma. (Endl. Gen. PI. 223.)
Curcuma Amada. (lloxb.) Bengal.
Called by the Bengalees Amada, or Mango ginger, the fresh root
possessing the peculiar smell of a fresh mango. (L.) It is a gentle
stimulant, but now only used as an article for seasoning food. (O'Sh.)
Curcuma angustifolia, (Roxb.) East Indies.
Root nutritive, excellent for sick persons ; ground to a flour yields
by washing East Indian arrowroot, (G.) Tubers produce excellent
Arrowroot, sold in the markets of Benares, and eaten by the natives.
(L.) It is bought by the starch makers, and is therefore presumed to
be employed in making starch. (Pereira.)
CuRCUM.v LEucoRHizA. (Roxb.) " TihorT East Indies.
Tubers produce excellent Arrowroot. (L.)
Curcuma i.onga. (Linn.) Curcuma, KVTreipog ivdiKog, (^Diosc) Tur-
meric. East Indies.
Roots, Turmeric, imported from the East Indies in tubers about the
size of the little finger; aromatic, tonic, discussive, and heating; used
especially in the jaundice and the itch; dose 3J. to 3 ij. ; dyes a deep
yellow, and is used as a seasoning in Indian cookery. (G.) Bitter,
aromatic, stimulant, tonic ; employed in debilitated states of the sto-
mach, intermittent fever, and dropsy. (Roxb.) Considered by the
native practitioners of India an excellent application in powder for
cleansing foul ulcers ; also used in dyeing. (L.) Formerly much used
in cookery to give things a colour ; root tinges the urine a deep yellow
colour. (Lou.) White paper dyed by an alcoholic tincture of Tur-
meric is a very sensitive test for alkalies. (O'Sh.)
Curcuma rubescens. (Roxb.) Bengal.
The pendulous tubers of tiiis, and several other species of Curcuma,
yield a veiy beautiful, clear, starch-like Arrowroot, which the natives
of the countries where the plants grow, prepare and eat. In Travan-
core this flower or starch forms a large part of the diet of the inha-
bitants. (L.)
Curcuma Zedoaria. (Roxb.) Amomum zedoaria, Jedwar or Zad;-
war. (Arab.) Turmeric Zedoary. Bengal, China.
Root, Zedoaria longa, Z. flava, Zedoaria radix, fragrant, stimulant,
stomachic ; gr. x. to 3 ss. ; and used as a spice. The Yellow zedoary
dyes a pale yellow. (G.) The Zedoaria rotunda of the shops. Em-
ployed in cardialgia, colic, cramp in the limbs, torpor of the intestinal
canal, &c. The Hindoos use the roots as a perfume, as well as medi-
cinally; aromatic, stomachic, carminative, similar in properties to-
ginger, but less efficient ; M. Fee still refers the Zedoaria rotunda to
Kcempferia rotunda, notwithstanding the express declaration of Rox-
burgh, that the tubers of that plant possess little or nothing of the
sensible properties of Zedoary. (L.)
Curcuma Zerumbet. (Roxb.) Amomum zerumhet, Broad-leaved
ginger, White zedoary. (G.) East Indies.
The Zedoaria longa of the shops ; vide C. zedoaria. (L.) Powdered
and mi.xed with the powdered wood of Ccesalpinia saphan it is
2 L 2
516 VEGETABLES.— ziNGiBERACE^.
copiously thrown about by the Hindoos during their holidays in March.
(Lou.)
Elettaria. (Endl. Gen. PI. 223.)
Elettaria Cardamomum. (Maton.) Alpinia cardamomum. (Eosc.)
Amomum repens. (Sonn.) Alpinia repens. (Smith.) True carda-
mom. Malabar.
Capsules, Lesser cardamoms, Cardamomum minus. Seeds Carda-
momi semina, stimulant, drying, assisting digestion, emmenagogue. (G.)
Seeds gratefully aromatic and pungent, with a flavour of camphor,
and are esteemed more agreeable and useful in food and medicines
than any others of 'this natural order. They are reckoned carminative
and stomachic, and are employed very generally to give warmth to
other medicines. According to Mr. White, they are one of the most
valuable articles of modern luxury, regarded as a necessary of life by
most of the inhabitants of Asia; a grateful and salubrious accessory of
diet, &c. They enter into a considerable number of pharmaceutical
compounds as adjuvants. (Pereira.)
Elettaria major. (Smith.) Ceylon elettaria. Ceylon.
Yields Ceylon, or Wild cardamoms. Their constituents, as well as
their effects and uses, are doubtless analogous to those of the Malabar
cardamoms. Their commercial value is about one-third that of the
Jatter. (Pereira.)
Embdlia.
JEmbdma supersonata.
Hoot used as a spice.
K^mpferia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 223.)
Ki«:MPFERiA Galanga. (Linn.) Alpinia sessilis. (Konig.)
India.
Roots have an agreeable, fragrant smell, and a somewhat warm,
bitterish, aromatic taste ; but they are unknown in London, although
used medicinally by the Hindoos. (Roxb.) It does not produce the
Galanga major of the druggists, and seems to have no other right to
its specific name than wliat it derives from its supposed identity witii
the Katsjula kalenga of Rheede. Fee says, the roots are the Radices
alpinice spuria. True Galanga is the produce of Alpinia galanga,
which see. (L.)
K.t:mpferia rotunda. (Linn.) India.
Root, Hound zedoary, Zedoaria rotunda. Fragrant, stimulating,
stomachic ; used ^as a spice. (G.) This was supposed to produce the
Zedoariss of the druggists, and Fee continues to refer them to it. But
it is clear that Zedoary is produced by Curcuma zedoaria, which see.
<L.)
Stissera.
Stissera curcuma.
. Root used as a spice. (G.)
Zingiber. (Endl. Gen. PI. 223.)
Zingiber Cassamunar. (Roxb.) East Indies.
Cassamunar root. (G.) Once in great repute as a medicine of un-
VEGETABLES.— CANNACE^. 517
common efficacy in hysteric, epileptic, and paralytic disorders, but now
out of use. (L.)
Zingiber officinale. (Rose.) Amomum zingiber, Ginger.
This is the plant that produces Ginger, which is prepared from the
Rhizoma ; the youn^ tender shoots of this plant are preserved in sugar,
the older are scalded, scraped, dried, and become tlie White ginger root
of the shops. If scalded without being scraped, it becomes Black
ginger, one of the most valuable of aromatics, carminative, stimulant,
sialogogue ; used in flatulent colic, dyspepsia, gout, debility, and torpor
of tlie system. (L.) Ginger yields a volatile oil, which is pale yellow,
lighter than water ; in taste very acrid and hot ; also a resin, which is
yellowish, soft, aromatic, and hot to the taste.
Zingiber Zerumbet. (Rose.) East Indies.
Rhizomata, with an agreeable smell, resembling that of ginger, and a
hot, bitter, aromatic flavour, (Radices zerumbethe offic.,) not now used.
Order 144.— CANNACEiE. (Endl. Gen. P1.225. {Marantacece.)
Lindl. Nat. Syst. 324.)
Calyx superior, of three sepals, short ; corolla tubular, irregular, with the segments
in two whorls, the outer three parted, nearly equal ; the inner very irregular, one of
the lateral segments usually coloured, and formed differently irom the rest ; sometimes,
by abortion, fewer than three ; stamens three, petaloid, distinct, of which one of the
laterals and the intermediate one are either barren or abortive, and the other lateral one
fertile ; filament f)etaloid, either entire, or two-lobed, one of the lobes bearing the anther
on its edge ; anther one-celled, opening longitudinally ; pollen round ; ovary three-
celled, ovules solitary and erect, or numerous and attached to the axis of each cell ;
style petaloid or swollen ; stigma either the mere denuded apex of the style, or hollow,
cucullate, and incurved; fruit capsular, as iu Scitaminea : seeds round, without aril;
albumen hard, somewhat floury ; embryo straight, naked, its radicle lying against the
hilum. Herbaceous tropical plants, destitute of aroma ; Rhizoma creeping, abounding
in nutritive faecula; stem often branching; leaves, inflorescence, and flowers, as in
Zingiberacea;. (L.)
Canna. (Endl. Gen. PI. 227.)
Canna edulis. (Ker.) Achiras. Peru.
The fleshy tubers are eaten in Peru as potatoes, and contain a large
quantity of starch resembling arrowroot. (L.)
Canna indica, (Rose.) Indian cane. India.
Seeds, Indian shot, cordial, vulnerary, (G.) In the East Indies, the
seeds of this and other species are sometimes used as shot. (Lou.)
The faecula of another canna, called C. coccinea, has been advertised
for sale, under the name of " Tous les mois," as an excellent sort of
Arrowroot. (See Morning Chronicle, Aug. 4, 1837.) It is, however,
very doubtful whether it is really produced by the Canna coccinea of
botanists. (L.)
Maranta. (Endl. Gen. PI. 226.)
Maranta arundinacea. (Linn.) M. Indica. (Tuss.) West Indies.
Root yields Indian arrowroot. Maranta. (G.) The tubers yield
the Arrowroot of commerce, one of the lightest and most nutritious
vegetable aliments; it was reckoned a powerful alexipharmic, and
518 VEGETABLES.— iRiDE^.
derives its English name from its reputed property of counteracting the
effects of poisoned arrows. (L.)
Thalia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 226.)
Root used as a space.
Order 145.— MUSACE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 228. Lindl.
Nat. Syst. 326.)
Flowers spathaceons; perianth six- parted, superior, petaloid, in two distinct rows,
more or less irregular; stamens six, inserted upon the middle of the divisions, some
■often becoming abortive ; anthers linear, turned inwards, two-celled, often having a
membraneous petaloid crest ; ovary inferior, three-celled, many-seeded ; rarely three
seeded ; style simple ; stigma usually three-lobed ; fruit either a three-celled capsule,
with a loculicidal dehiscence, or succulent and indehiscent ; seeds sometimes sur-
rounded by hairs, with an integument which is usually crustaceous ; embryo in the
axis of mealy albumen. Stemless or neaily stemless plants : leaves sheathing at the
base, and forming a kind of spurious stem, often very large, their limb separated from
the taper petiole by a round tumour, and having fine parallel veins diverging regularly
from the midrib towards the margin.
Heliconia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 228.)
Heliconia psittacorum. West Indies.
Root eatable.
Musa. (Endl. Gen. pi. 228.)
MuSA PARADiSAiCA. (Willd.) Musa, Plantain tree. India.
Long says, this fruit and the Banana are among the greatest blessings
bestowed by Providence upon the inhabitants of hot climates. Three
dozen Plantains are sufficient to serve one man for a week instead of
bread, and will support him much better. (Lou.)
Musa sapientum. (Willd.) Banana. West Indies.
Fruits very nutritive ; supposed to be the original and proper food of
man, eaten either baked whole, or with milk and sugar, or sliced and
stewed. (G.) The plants of this order are valuable, not only as food,
but for the many domestic purposes to which the leaves, &c., are
applied ; some of them yield a most valuable flax, from which some of
the finest muslins of India are prepared; the young shoots of the
banana are eaten as a delicate vegetable. (L.)
Order 146.— IRIDE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 451. Endl. Gen.
PI. 164.)
Perigone tubular at the base, adhering to the ovary, petaloid, six-cleft, or six-parted,
often irregular ; stamens three, inserted into the base of the outer segments of the peri-
gone ; anthers linear, dehiscing externally ; ovary 1 — 3 celled, many-ovuled, the
ovules in two rows ; style one, or none ; stigmas three, simple, or laciniated, mom-
branaceous, or petaloid; capsule three-celled; three-valved, the valves septiferous in
the middle, many-seeded ; seeds attached to the inner angle of the cell ; embryo within
the fleshy or bony albumen. Herbs with tuberous roots, and often undergi ound stems
or rhizomes ; leaves alternate, ensiform, or linear, equitant.
Crocus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 453. Endl. Gen. PI. 169-)
Crocus odorus. Sicily.
' Yields Saffron in Sicily, according to Gussone. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— iKiDE^. 519
*Crocus sativus. (All.) (E. B. 343.) Crocus, Saffron crocus.
Fl. September. Perennial. Meadows in eastern countries.
Root has been proposed to be made into bread in times of scarcity ;
summits of the pistils dried. Hay saffron, Crocus in fceno, Croci stig-
mata, cordial, emmenagogue, anodyne, and exhilarant ; dyes a fine
yellow ; used in cookery to colour rice, &c. Cake saffron. Crocus in
placenta, formerly, and still, in some countries, esteemed the best,
being now reduced with marygold flowers, and those of Bastard saffron,
or Safflower ; which is, perhaps, the true explanation of the very
different effects ascribed to saffron by medical practitioners. (G.)
The dried stigmata are the Saffron of the shops. In moderate doses
this substance stimulates the stomach, and in large quantities excites
the vascular system ; moreover, it seems to have a specific influence on
the cerebro-spinal system, as it affects, it is said, the mental faculties,
a result which De Candolle considers analogous to that produced by
the petals of certain odorous flowers. In modern practice it is but
little used except as a colouring ingredient ; on the Continent it is em-
ployed as an agreeable stimulant in many culinary preparations and
liqueurs; in a medicinal point of view, it is frequently used to assist
the eruption of exanthematous diseases, on the same principle, I fancy,
that bird-fanciers give it to birds in the moult ; it has been used as a
carminative, antispasmodic, and emmenagogue. (Pereira.) The singular
substance called Polychroite is obtained from saffron.
Gladiolus. (De Gand. 452. Endl. Gen. PI. 168.)
**Gladiolus communis. (Linn.) Corn flag.
Fl. rose-coloured. June, July. Perennial. Native of the South
of Europe.
Root has the same qualities as tliat of Iris pseudacorus, but is weaker.
(G.)
Homeria.
HoMERiA coLLiNA. Cape TuUp. Cape of Good Hope.
A plant well know n to almost every child in the colony. The poison-
ous properties of its bulbs were for a long time known to some extent,
but from a circumstance of recent occurrence, in which two persons
lost their lives and two others were recovered with difficulty, the
virulence of its poison appears to be much greater than has been
supposed. Obstinate constipation, with vomiting, were among the
symptoms noticed in the case above mentioned.
Iris. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 451. Endl. Gen. PI. 166.)
♦Iris fcetidissima. (Linn.) (E. B. 596.) Gladwine, Roast-beef
plant, Stinking gladwyn.
Fl. dull livid purple. May, June. Perennial. South of England.
Juice of the root sternutatory, useful also in dropsy and scrofula. (G)
Iris Florentina. (Linn.) Florentine orris. South of Europe.
Fresh root a drastic hydragogue ; when dried ; sialogogue, errhine ;
used to give a violet scent to oils ; cut into peas to keep open issues.
(G.) The dried rliizoma is the Orris root of the shops, a subacid,
aromatic, rather bitter substance, employed in the manufacture of
520 VEGETABLES.— AMAKYLLiDE.E.
tooth-powder and hair-powder, and to keep up the discharge from
issues. (L.)
**Iris Germanica. (Linn.) Iris vulgaris, Common Jieur-de-luce.
Fl., outer segments purple, with a yellow beard, the inner ones light
blue. June. Perennial. Native of the South of Europe.
Fresh root hydragogue, errhine ; externally repels eruptions.
*Iris Pseudacorus. (Linn.) (E. B. 578.) Acorus adulterinus.
Gladiolus luteus.
Fl. yellow. June, July. Perennial. Watery places.
Root a nauseous drastic purgative, but used in dropsies when other
medicines fail ; seeds roasted make coffee. (G.) The rhizoma is
acrid, and possesses purgative and emetic qualities. (L.)
Iris tuberosa. (Linn.) The Levant.
Root incisive and purgative ; considered by some as hermodactyles.
(G.)
Iris versicolor. (Linn.) Bluejlag. United States.
Root hydragogue, other properties the same as /. tuberosa. (G.)
Rhizoma nauseous and acrid ; it is an active cathartic, but is apt to
produce a distressing nausea like sea-sickness, with a prostration of
strength ; most useful as a diuretic. (L. ex Bigelow.)
Order 147.— AMARYLLIDE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 454.
Endl. Gen. PI. 174.)
Pcrigone monopliyllous, tubular, adhering to the ovary, six-parted, aestivation imbri-
cated, three outer segments of the same size as the inner ones ; stamens six, filaments
free or united ; anthers introrse ; ovary inferior, three-celled, cells many-seeded ; style
simple; stigma three-lobed; capsule three-valved, valves septiferous in the middle,
many-seeded, or a berry, 1 — 3 seeded; albumen fleshy; embryo straight; radicle
directed towards the umbilicus ; roots bulbous, or fibrous ; flowers umbellate, or
solitary.
Alstrcemeria. (Endl. Gen. PL 180.)
Alstrcemeria edulis, (Tuss.) South America.
Furnishes tubers filled with a nutritious faecula. (L.)
Alstrcemeria Ligtu. (Willd.) Peru.
Alstrcemeria Pelegrina. (Willd.) Peru.
Alstrcemeria revoluta.
Roots yield an esculent farina called Liuta.
Alstrcemeria Salsilla. (Linn.) South America.
Said to be diuretic and diaphoretic. (L.) Cultivated in Peru and
the West Indies for its roots, which are used like the tubers of tlie
potato. (Lou.)
Brunsvigia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 176.)
Brunsvigia toxicaria. (Ker.) Amaryllis disticha. (Linn.)
Buphane toxicaria. (Herb.) Hcemanthus toxicarius, (Hort. Kew.)
Cape of Good Hope.
The viscid juice of the bulbs is a dangerous poison. It is one of
VEGETABLES.— TACCACEJE. 521
the ingredients used by tlie Bushmen to envenom their arrows, and is
supposed to add most powerfully to the activity of the poison. (L.)
Crinum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 177.)
Crinum asiaticum. (Roxb.) C. toxicarium. (Roxb.) East Indies.
The bulbs are powerfully emetic ; they are used to produce violent
vomiting in cases of poisoning by the Antiaris. (L.) In moderate
doses it acts as a certain and mild emetic, without griping, purging, or
any other distressing symptoms. Roots, when dried, emetic, but a
double dose is required. (O'Sh.)
DoRYANTHES. (Endl. Gen. PI. 181.)
DoBYANTHEs ExcELSA. Ncw South Wales.
The fibre is used for making ropes.
Narcissus. (De Cand, Bot. Gal. 454. Endl. Gen. PI. 179.)
♦Narcissus Poeticus. (Linn.) (E. B. 275.) Narcissus.
Fl. white, with a deep-reddish orange-coloured border to the nectary.
May. Perenrnal. Norfolk and Kent.
Root emetic ; used also as a dressing' to burns. (G.) The bulbs
have considerable energy as emetics ; they are administered occasion-
ally on the Continent in doses of 5 — 10 grains to produce nausea, and
of 30 grains as an emetic ; in the form of an extract, this and other
species have been regarded almost as a specific, in cases of hooping-
cough, in doses of two or three grains ; but although the extract ap-
pears sometimes to act with surprising rapidity, effecting a cure'in five
or six days, yet it frequently fails, and is thought to be less effica-
cious than Belladonna. In doses of 2 — 3 drachms, tiie extract is a
deadly poison. (L.)
*Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus. (Linn.) (E. B. 17.) Daffodil.
Fl. large, yellow. March, April, Perennial. Woods and meadows.
Properties the same as those of N. poeticus. (G. and L.) The
flowers are said to be emetic. (L.)
Narcissus Taggetta. (Linn.) N. odokus. (Linn. ;) and possibly
many other species have probably similar properties. (L.)
QpoRANTHus. (Endl. Gen. PI. (^Sternbergia.) 175.)
Oporanthus LUTEus. (Herb.) South of Europe.
Has purgative bulbs. (L.)
Pancratium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 454. Endl. Gen. PI. 179.)
Pancratium maritimum. (Linn.) ' South of Europe.
Reported to be emetic. (L.)
Order 148.— TACCACEJE. (Endl. Gen. PI. 159.)
Flowets hermaphrodite; staincns six, inserted at the base of the divisions of the
limb; filaments petaloid, concave, or cucuUate at the apex; anthers introrse, bilocular,
free, erect or inflcxed, dehiscing longitudinally ; ovary adhering to the base of the tube
of the corolla, one or imperfectly three-celled, having three parietal placenta; ; ovules
numerous, arranged on the placenta in rows, placed either vertically or horizontally ;
berry unilocular or seniitrilocular, many-seeded; seeds numerous, ovate, angulate, or
lunate. Scapigeroits perennial herbsy roots tuberous; leaves all radical, petiolate, the
petioles half-sheathing at the base, either whole, palmate, or bepinnatifid, veiny ; inJiO'
rescence umbellate.
522 VEGETABLES.-^SMiLACE,E.
Tacca. (Endl. Gen. PL 159.)
Tacca PiNNATiFiDA. (Forst.) Molucca Isles, and Islands of the
Pacific Ocean.
The tuberose and fleshy roots, which are intensely bitter and acrid,
contain a nutritious fecula, which, at Tahiti (Otaheite), is collected,
and has been imported into England under the name of Tahiti arrow-
root, or Otaheite salep. (Pereira.)
Order 149.— DIOSCORE^. (Endl. Gen. PL 157.
LindL Nat. Syst. 357.)
Flowers dioecious ; calyx and corolla confounded, superior. Males : stamens six,
inserted into the base of the sepals and petals. Females : ovary three-celled, with one
or two seeded cells ; style deeply trifid ; stigmas undivided ; fruit leafy, compressed,
with two of its cells sometimes abortive, occasionally succulent; seeds flat, compressed;
embryo small, near the hilum, lying in a large cavity of cartilaginous albumen.
Twining shrubs : leaves, alternate, occasionally opposite, with reticulated veins ; flowers
small, spiked, with from one to three bracts each, (Lindl.)
DioscoREA. (Endl. Gen. PL 158.)
DroscoREA ALATA. (Willd.) Negro yam, White dry yam. India.
DioscoREA BULBiFERA. (Willd.) Ceylon white yam. East Indies.
DioscOREA PURPUREA. Purple yam.
DioscoREA SATiVA. (Willd.) CommoH yam. West Indies.
DioscoREA triphylla. (Willd.) Yam pee, Buck yam. Malabar.
Roots very large, tuberou-s, farinaceous, esculent ; and made also
into Sago. (G.) The large, fleshy, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers,
called yams, form an important atticle of food in all tropical coun-
tries. (Lou.)
Oncus. (Endl. Gen. PL 158.)
Oncus esculentus. Oncorhiza esculenta.
Root similar to that of Dioscorea, and has the same properties. (G.)
Tamus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. (Asparagece) 460. Endl. Gen. PL 158.)
?'^Tamus communis. (Linn.) (E. B. 91.) Brionia nigra, Black
bryony.
Fl. greenish white. June. Perennial. Lledges and thickets.
Root diuretic, incisive, and opening, externally resolvent ; young
shoots eaten as asparagus. (G.) The tubers of the root are so acrid,
that the pulp was formerly used as a stimulating plaster. The Moors
eat the young shoots boiled with oil and salt. (Lou.)
Order 150.— SMIL ACEvE. (LindL Nat. Syst. Endl. Gen. PL 152.)
Flowers hermaphrodite, or dioecious; calyx and corolla confounded, inferior, six-
parted; stamens six, inserted into the perianth near the base, seldom hypogynous;
ovary three-celled, the cells one or many seeded ; style usually trifid ; stigmas three ;
fruit a roundish berry ; albumen between fleshy and cartilaginous ; embryo usually
distinct from the hilura. Herbaceous plants, or under shrubs, with a tendency to climb ;
stems woody ; leaves reticulated.
VEGETABLES.— SMiLACE^. 523
Smilax. (Endl. Gen. PI. 155.)
Smilax aspera. (Linn.) Rough bindweed. South of Europe,
Barbary.
Indian sarsaparilla has been supposed to be produced by this plant,
but there is no good authorily to show that the rhizoma possesses
active properties, neither does it grow in India. It is used in the
south of Europe as a substitute for sarsaparilla. Indian sarsaparilla
is produced by Hemidesrnus i7idicus, an asclepiadaceous plant, which see.
Smilax china. (Linn.) China, Tsinaw. China.
Roots yield half their weight of a reddish Sago; imported from the
East Indies. (G.) The rhizoma forms one of tlie China roots of the
shops ; it is recommended as a substitute for Sarsaparilla ; the Chinese
eat it under tiie idea that it invigorates them. (L.)
Smilax glabra. (Roxb.) Sylhet.
Roxburgh says that the rhizoma is not to be distinguished by the
eye from the medicinal drug brought from China ; the natives of Sylhet
use a decoction of the fresh root annually, for the cure of sores and of
venereal complaints. (L.)
Smilax glauca. (Mart.) Brazil.
According to Martius, the woody, knotty root of this plant is called
in Brazil Haiz da Chi7ia branca e rubra, also Japicanga, or Inhape-
cdnga ; the Brazilians consider it a specific against syphilis, but be-
sides this it is much recommended for gout and chronic cutaneous
eruptions. In using tliis remedy it is taken for granted that the
patient will submit to drink an enormous quantity. (L.)
Smilax glycypiivlla. (Smith.) New Holland.
Fee says that the leaves of tliis have been introduced into practice
under the name of Sweet tea ; the infusion is sweet at first, and bitter
afterwards; it is tonic and antiscorbutic. (G.)
Smilax lance^efolia. (Roxb.) Bengal.
The large tuberous rhizomata are much used by the natives of India,
and are not to be distinguished from China roots ; the juice of the
fresh tuber is taken inwardly for the cure of rheumatic pains, and the
refuse, after extracting the juice, is laid over the parts most painful.
(L. ex Roxb.)
Smilax medica. (Schlecht.) Mexico.
This is undoubtedly the species that produces the Vera Cruz Sarsa-
parilla; Schiede, who found it on the eastern slope of the Mexican
Andes, says it is carried from the villages of Papantla, Tuspan, Nantla,
Misantla, &c., to Vera Cruz, under the name of Zarzaparilla, and is
then introduced into the European market ; he was told that the roots
were gathered all the year long, dried in the sun, and then tied in
bundles for sale. (L.) Vera Cruz Sarsaparilla is the produce of this
species. (Pereira.)
Smilax officinalis. (H. B. et Kunth.) South America.
This is called Sarsaparilla by the natives of the banks of the Mag-
dalena, who, according to Humboldt and Bonpland, send great quanti-
524 VEGETABLES.— LiLiACE^.
ties to Carthagena and Mompox, whence it is shipped for Jamaica and
Cadix. (L.) It is probably the source of Jamaica, and perhaps also
of Lima and Honduras sarsaparillas. (Pereira.)
SmiLiAX PsEUDO China. (Linn.) BastardChina, Bastard ipecacu-
anha, Wild yam. South of United States.
American china root is reported to belong to this plant, but it is
very doubtful whether this ever comes into the drug market ; several
species seem to be mixed together by this name ; P211iot says he
believes this to be the one generally preferred in medicine as an
alterative, and that it forms the basis of many diet drinks among the
unlicensed faculty. From the tubers, with maize, sassafras, and mo-
lasses, the negroes of Carolina manufacture a very pleasant beer. (L.)
Smilax PuRHAMruY. (Ruiz.) Peru.
The roots of this species are highly extolled by Ruiz, who calls it
China peruviana, as one of the very best kinds of Sarsaparilla ;
Lindley asks, " Is not this the same as S. officinalis?" (L.)
Smilax Sarsaparilla. (Linn.) United States.
There is no good authority for this plant furnishing any of the
sarsaparilla of commerce ; nothing is known in the United States
of its possessing any medicinal properties, and it is probable that the
opinion of its being the source of the drug has originated in some mis-
take. (L.) There is no evidence that it yields any of the sarsaparilla
of the shops, yet Martins ascribes the Vera Cruz variety to it. (Pereira.)
Smilax syphilitica. (Willd.) Tropical America,
In South America a kind of Sarsaparilla is produced by the roots
of this, which is held in the highest estimation. (L.) This was
considered by Dr. Pereira and others, to be the source of Lisbon or
Brazilian Sarsaparilla, but that variety is now ascribed* to Smilax
papyracea.
Smilax papyracea. (Poiret.) Brazil.
It appears from the researches of Martins and Griesbach, that the
Lisbon or Brazilian Sarsaparilla is obtained from this species, which
grows principally in the regions bordering on the river Amazon, and
on the banks of most of its contributory streams.
Order 151.— LILIACEiE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 461.
Endl. Gen. PI. 139.)
Flowers hermaphrodite ; perigone petaloid, free, often tubular, six-cleft, or six-parted,
the segments disposed in a double row ; stamens six, opposite to the segments of the
perigone, and generally adnate to them ; ovary one, free, sessile, three-sided, with many
ovules, the ovules arranged longitudinally in two rows ; style one, longitudinally tri-
sulcate, rarely wanting ; stigmas three, or one, three-seeded ; capsule three-celled, three-
valved, the valves septiferous in the middle ; seeds many, attached to the internal angle
of the cell, and covered with a crustaceous, membraneous, or spongy integument ; em-
bryo within a cartilaginous or fleshy albumen ; the radicle turned towards the hilum.
Herbs either bulbous with radical leaves, or caulescent, with the stem leaves sheathing or
sessile.
VEGETABLES.— LIU ACE «. 525
Aletris. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 451. Endl. Gen. PI. {HcBmodoracece) 172.)
Aletris farinosa. (Willd.) Star grass, Blazing star, Mealy
starwort. United States.
One of the most intense bitters known. Used in infusion as a tonic
and stomachic; large doses produce nausea, and tendency to vomit ;
has been employed in chronic rheumatism.
Allium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 468. Endl. Gen. PI. 146.)
♦Allium Ampeloprasum. (Linn.) (E. B. 1657.) Scorodoprasum,
Great round-headed garlick, Wild leek.
Fl. purplish-white. August. Perennial. Holme's Island in the
Severn. Rare.
Leaves partake of the properties of garlic and leeks. (G.)
♦Allium arenarium. (Linn.) (E. B. 1358.) Porrum vitigineum,
Sand garlic. Vine leek.
Fl. purple. July. Perennial, Mountainous woods and fields, on
sandy soil, in the north of P^ngland.
Leaves more heating than leeks ; diuretic and emmenagogue. (G.)
* "Allium ascalonicum. (Linn.) Shallot.
Fl. July. Perennial. Cultivated in kitchen gardens. Native of Asia.
Bulb used as a sauce.
** Allium Cepa. (Linn.) Cqya, Onion.
Fl. light purple. July. Biennial. Egypt?
Bulb esculent; the juice, when fermented, forms vinegar, holding
manna in solution. (G.) The onion is stimulant, diuretic, expecto-
rant, and rubefacient ; the juice is sometimes given, made into a syrup
with sugar, in infantile catarrhs and croup, in the Absence of much in-
flammatory action ; it is also recommended in dropsy and calculous
disorders ; roasted and split, it is sometimes applied as an emollient
poultice to suppurating tumours. (L.)
Allium co^"TORTUM. Rocambole, Viper^s garlic.
Bulbous heads used in sauces, milder than garlic. (G.)
Allium fistulosum. (Willd.) Welsh onion. Siberia.
Bulbs and young leaves used in salads. (G.)
Allium HiRSUTUM. Moly of Dioscorides. South of Europe.
Bulb in a pessary used in prolapsus of the womb. (G.)
Allium magicum. (Willd.) Victorialis, Spotted ramsons. Austria.
Bulbs heating, used also for an amulet, preserving against spectres
and infected air, probably inspiring courage by their stimulant qua-
lities. (G.)
Allium nigrum. (Willd.) Moly of Homer. Barbarj'.
Properties and uses like those of A. hirsutum.
'Allium OLERACEUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 488.) Streaked field garlic ,
Wild garlic.
Fl. greenish. July. Perennial. Borders of fields.
Bulb diuretic.
526 VEGETABLES.— LiLiACE^.
** Allium Porrum. (Lmn.) Porrum, Leek.
Fl, white, or purple. July, August. Biennial. Native of Switzerland.
Eulb, expectorant, stimulant, and contains a little sulphur; juice a
powerful diuretic, dissolving the calculi formed of the earthy phosphates.
(G.)
** Allium sativum. (Linn.) Allium, Garlic.
Fl. whitish-purple. August. Perennial. Native of South of Europe.
Bulbs, esculent, strong-tasted, stimulating used in sauces, (G.)
The bulbs act as a local irritant, and when taken into the stomacli, as
a stimulant, expectorant, and diuretic ; tliey have been used in drop-
sies, and as an anthelmintic ; steeped in rum, they form a favourite
remedy among country people for the hooping-cough ; the infusion is
rubbed night and morning into the skin of the patietit's loins ; a clove
of garlic, and a few drops of the juice introduced into the ear, are said
to prove highly efficacious in atonic deafness. (L.)
**ALLmM SCH^NOPRASUM. (Linn.) (E, B. 2441.) The Chive.
Fl. purplish. July. Perennial, Meadows and pastures.
Young leaves used as salads.
* Allium ursinum. (Linn.) (E. B. 122.) Ramsons.
Fl, white. June. Perennial. Moist woods and hedge banks.
Infused in brandy, used in gravelly complaints. (G.)
*Allium vineale. (Linn.) (E, B. 1974.) Crow garlic.
Fl. reddish, keels green. June. Perennial. Corn-fields and waste
places.
Bulbs diuretic.
Aloe. (Endl. Gen. PL 143.)
Aloe arborescSns. (Mill.) Cape of Good Hope,
Aloe Commelyni. (Willd.) Cape of Good Hope.
Aloe mitriformis- (Willd.) Cape of Good Hope.
Said to be collected for the preparation of Cape aloes. (L.)
Aloe indica, (Roxb,) East Indies.
Produces Cape aloes, and the coarse variety called the foetid Cabal-
line, or Horse aloes. (O'Sh,) Pereira supposes a part of the Indian
aloes to be the produce of this plant.
Aloe purpurascens, (Haworth,) Cape of Good Hope.
Considered by some botanists as a variety of A. socotrina ; stated by
Theodore Martius to produce Socotrine aloes. (L.)
Aloe socotrina. (Lamb.) A. perfoliata. (Linu.) A. vera. (Mill,)
Socotra,
Socotrine aloes, the best of all for medical purposes, are produced
by the succulent leaves of this. The drug is imported from Smyrna
and Bombay in skins, chests, and casks, is of a reddish-brown colour,
glossy and pellucid, with a smooth conchoidal fracture. Its taste is very
bitter, and the odour pleasant and aromatic. Mocha aloes, and genuine
Hepatic aloes, are supposed to be varieties of the same species. (L.)
Aloe spicata, (Thunb,) Cape of Good Hope.
Said to yield Socotrine and Cape aloes. (G.) This is said to be
the principal source of Cape aloes, a sort having a more strong and
VEGETABLES.— LiLiACE^. 527
disagreeable odour than Barbadoes aloes. Horse aloes are supposed
to be produced from the same species, and to owe their difference to
being obtained by boiling the leaves that have been previously used for
producing a finer sample. (L.)
Aloe vulgaris. (Lamb.) A. barbadetisis. (Mill.) 'AXor/. {Diosc.)
East Indies.
This yields what are called Barbadoes aloes, or Hepatic aloes, by
some writers, but not the true Hepatic aloes. It is imported in gourds
from Jamaica and Barbadoes, is of a dark-brown or black, varying to
reddish-brown, or liver colour, and has an unpleasant odour. (L.)
The use of aloes has been advised in loss of appetite and dyspepsia, in
habitual costiveness, to excite the menstrual discharge, to reproduce
the haemorrhoidal discharge, to promote the secretion of bile in certain
cases, in cerebral affections, and as an anthelmintic ; it is usually ad-
ministered in the form of pill ; the ordinary dose is five grains, but
ten, fifteen, and even twenty grains, are sometimes given. (Pereira.)
Its use is highly improper in stricture of the rectum, inflammatory
states of the bowels, during pregnancy, and in persons liable to over
profuse menstrual or haemorrhoidal discharges. (O'Sli.)
Anthekicum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 148.)
Anthericum Liliastrum. (Willd.) Phalangium, Spider xoort.
Savoy,
Leaves, flowers, and seeds, used against bites of scorpions ; bulbs
similar to those of squills, (G.)
Asparagus. (De Cand, Bot, Gal. {Asparagea) 458.
Endl, Gen. PI. 151,)
"Asparagus officinalis, (Linn.) (E. B. 339.) Asparagus.
Fl. greenish-white. August. Perennial. South coast of England,
Diuretic ; one of the five opening roots ; young shoots eaten as a
dainty, but produce in some bloody urine, and accelerate fits of the
gout. (G,)
Asparagus PETR.a:A, A. cutifolia, Corruda, Rock sparrow grass.
Root opening, diuretic, lithontriptic ; roots nutritive. (G.)
Aspiiodelus, (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 463. Endl. Gen. PI. 147.)
AsPHODELUS LUTEUS. (Linn.) A. verus luteus, Hasta regia.
King's spear. Sicily.
AsPHODELUS RAMOsus. (Willd.) A. verus albus. White asphodel.
South of Europe,
Roots diuretic, (G.)
BuLBiNE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. (Phalangium) 464.)
BuLBiNE PLANiFOLiA (R. & S.) AiithericutH bicolor. (Desf.)
Phalangium bicolor. France.
Bulbs purgative, may be used for jalap. (G.) Has purgative roots,
according to De Candolle, (L.)
CoNVALLARiA, (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 459. Endl, Gen. PI.
(Smilacece) 154.)
*CoNVALLARiA MAJALis. (Linn,) (E. B. 1035.) Convallium
mojalis, Lilium convallium, Lily of the valley.
528 VEGETABLES.— LiLiACEiE.
El. white, May. Perennial. Woods and coppices.
Flowers cephalic, in doses of 3J., or dried, and used as a sternutatory.
(G.) An extract, prepared from the flowers, or from the roots, par-
takes of the bitterness, as well as of the purgative properties of aloes.
A beautiful and durable green colour may be prepared from the leaves
with lime. (Lou.)
*CoNVALLARiA PoLYGONATUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 280.) Polygoua-
tum, Sigillvm salomonis, Solomon's seal.
Fl. greenish-white. May, June. Perennial. Woods in Kent, &c.
Ehizoma vulnerary, astringent, diuretic ; used in a recent state as a
cataplasm to take away the marks of bruises ; berries, flowers, and
leaves, acrid and poisonous. (G.)
Drac^na. (Endl. Gen. pi. 151.)
Dracaena Draco. (Linn.) Asparagus draco. (Linn.) Canary
Islands, East Indies.
Yields by incision the purest Dragon^s blood. (G.) Dragon's blood,
a tonic astringent resin, sometimes employed in diarrhoea and passive
hsemorrliages, is yielded in part by this tree, from the surface of the
leaves, and from the cracks in its trunk. (L.)
Dracaena ferrea. (Linn.) D. terminalis. (Jacq.) China.
Drac^na terminalis. (Blume.) J), ferrea. (Spreng.)
Eoots used in diarrhoea. (G.) Are said to have astringent roots,
found useful in dysentery. (L.)
Erythronium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 463. Endl. Gen. PI. 139.)
Erythronkim americanum. (H. K.) E. lanceolatum. United
States.
Erythroniiim, P. U. S., root used for squills. (G.) The fresh root
emetic in doses of twenty-five grains; leaves said to be more active
than the root. (L.)
Erythronium dens canis. Dens caninus, Dog^s-tooth violet.
South of Europe.
Root eases the colic, and is used in epilepsy and tinea. (L.)
Herreria. (Endl. Gen. PI, (^Smilacece) 156.)
Herreria Salsafarilha. (Mart.) Brazil.
Emploved in Brazil as Sarsaparilla. (L.)
Hyacinthus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 466. Endl. Gen. PI. 144.)
*Hyacinthus non scriptus. (Linn.) (E. B. 162.) Bhie bell.
Hare bell, Wild hyacinth.
Fl. blue. May. Perennial. Woods, copses, and under hedges.
Root astringent, yields a gum. (G.)
Ledebouria. (Endl. Gen. PI. {Melanthacece) 136.)
Ledebouria hyacinthoides. (Roth.) Erythonium Indicum. (Rott.)
East Indian squills.
Bulb used for squills. (G.) According to Theodore Martius, the
bulbs are used as a substitute for Squills in the East Indies. Ainslie
states that they are employed in cases of strangury and fevers in
horses. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— LiLiACE^. 529
LiLiuM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 462. Endl. Gen. PI. 141.)
LiiiiUM BULBiFERUM. (Linn.) Hemerocallis, Orange lily, Red
lily. South of Europe.
Root cathartic ; leaves cooling.
LiLiuM CANDiDUM. (Linn.) L. album. White lily. Asia.
Bulb roasted is emollient and ripening; employed as an emollient
cataplasm. (G.)
LiLiUM Maktagon. (Linn.) Martagon, Turk's cap lily. The
Alps.
Root diuretic and emmenagogue. (G.)
Mayanthemum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 459. Endl. Gen. PI.
{Smilacea) 154.)
Mayanthemum bifolium. (D. C.) Convallaria bifolia. (Linn.)»
Monophyllon, One blade. South of France.
Flowers alexiterial. (G.)
Mettronica. (Endl. Gen. PI. 141.)
Mettronica superba. Gloriosa superba. East Indies.
Root an active purgative. (G.) Has a root which is said to be a.
most violent poison. (L.)
MuscARi. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 466.)
MuscARi AMBRosiACEUM. (Monch.) Bulbus vomitorius, Hyacin-
thus muscari. (Linn.) Muse grape Jlower. South of France.
Root emetic ; used in diseases of the bladder. (G.)
Ornithogalum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 467. Endl. Gen. PI. 146.)
*ORNrTHOGAi.uM uMBELLATUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 130.) Ornitho'
galon. Star of Bethlem.
Fl, greenish, with a white margin. April, May. Perennial. Mea-
dows, &c.
Root eaten raw and dressed ; seeds used to season bread. (G.)
PoLiANTHES. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 472. Endl. Gen. PI. 142.)
Poliantiies tuberosa. (Linn.) Tuberose. South America.
Roots emetic ; used also as a dressing to burns. (G.)
Ruscus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. (Asparagece) 460. Endl. Gen, PI.
{Smilacece') 155.)
*Ruscus ACULEATUS. (Linn.) (E, B. 560.) Bruscus, Ruscus,
Butcher's broom, Knee holly.
Fl. very small, whitish, arising from the middle of the leaves.
March, April. Perennial. South of England.
Roots and berries opening ; seeds roasted for coffee. (G.)
Ruscus HYPOGLossuM. (Linn.) Hippoglossum, Bislingua, Horsc'
tongue. Italy.
Ruscus HYPOPHYLLUM. (Willd.) Laurus alexandrina, Alexandrian
bay. Italy.
Roots cathartic. (G.)
2 M
530 VEGETABLES.— MLiACEiE
Sanseviera. (Endl. Gen. PI. 143.)
Sanseviera Guineensis. (Willd.) Aletris hyacinthoides. (Mill.)
Aletris Guineensis. (Jacq.) Aloe Guineensis. (Jacq.) Acyntha
Guineensis. (Medic.) African hemp, JBlaw. Africa.
Was probably linown in England from an early date, as it is said to
have been reared without difficulty in the gardens of Hampton Court
in 1690, and known under the name of African bowstring hemp, a
name derived from the uses to which it was at that time applied by the
natives. The exsiccated fibres are used by the natives of the present
day, for the manufacture of fishing lines, nets, threads, and other kinds
of cordage, and tiiey consider them to resist the action of salt water
better than, those, similarly prepared, from any other vegetable sub-
iitance.
Sanseviera Pumixa.
Properties similar to the preceding.
Sanseviera Zeylanica. India.
A plant which is abundant in the southern parts of the continent of
India, and yields bowstring hemp ; Marool, or Moorva.
^i^^'\ ^^^ ^^"^- ^°*- ^^^' ^^^' ^"'^^- ^^"- ^1- i^^O
Squill A indica. (Roxb.) India.
The taste of the bulb is fully as nauseous and bitter as that of S.
maritima ; it is doubtful, however, whether this plant is really of this
genus. (L.)
Squilla Lilio Hyacinthus. (Linn.) Soutii of France.
Bulb used as a purgative. (G.)
Squilla maritima. (Stein.) Scilla maritima. (Linn.) Ornithogalum
maritimum. (Lamb.) Stellaris Scilla. (Monch.) Scilla, Squill. ZkiXka
{Dioscorides.) South of Europe.
Bulb, acrid, bitter, nauseous and emetic, powerfully incisive, diuretic,
and expectorant; dose of tlie fresh bulb, gr. v. to gr. xv., of the dried,
gr. j. to gr. iij. twice a-day. (G.) The bulbs contain an active
principle called Scillitin, and have been officinal from a very remote
period. They are very acrid, and capable of vesicating. Squills are
used medicinally as an emetic medicine in hooping-cough and croup,
as a diuretic in dropsies, and in chronic pulmonary affections, such as
chronic catarrh, humid asthma, winter cough, &c. ; they are also em-
ployed as an expectorant. In commerce there are two sorts, the red
and the white, which appear to be mere varieties, differing in the
colour of the bulbs; the dry external scales of the bulb, and the young
and tender interior ones, are inert, or nearly so, and should be rejected ;
the intermediate scales are, for obvious physiological reasons, the part
in which the energy of the plant principally resides. (L.)
Squilla Pancration (Stein.) TiavKpaTior. (Dioscor.) South of
Europe.
Believed by M. Steinheil to be the true Pancration of Dioscorides.
•which, according to that author, was very like squills in its effects, but
milder. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— BROMELiACE^. 531
TuLirA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 4G1. Endl. Gen. PI. 139.)
TuLiPA Gessneuiana. Tulipa, Tulip. The Levant.
Bulb nutritive.
Xantiiorkhcea. (Endl. Gen. PI. 152.)
Xanthorrhcea arborea (Brown.) New Holland.
A red resin, called Black-boy resin, is probably obtained from this
tree. (Pereira.)
Xanthorrhcea hastilis. (Brown.) New Holland.
Xanthorrhcea resinosa. (Pers.) Acaroides resinifera. (Spreng.)
Grass tree. New Holland.
Yield Yelloiv resin. (G.) Commonly called Botany Bay or New
Holland gum. It has been used in the ftjrm of tincture, with opium,
in flux us hepaticus and diarrhcea. (Pereira.)
Yucca. (Endl. Gen. PI. 144.)
Yucca gloriosa. (Willd.) Yucca, Indian bread plant. AdanCs
needle. America.
Root yields Cassava, or Indian bread.
Order 152.— BROMELIACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 472.
Endl. Gen. PI. 181.)
Perigone tubular, either adhering to the ovary, or free, six-cleft, or six-parted, the
segments disposed in a double row, the three external ones short, persistent, calicitbrm ;
the three inteniiU ones larger, generally caducous, petaloid ; stamens six, inserted beneath
the perigone ; ovary three-celled, many-ovuled ; style simple ; stigma three-lobed ; fruit
capsular or succulent, three-celled, many-seeded ; embryo elongated, recurved, lying in
the base of mealy albumen. Stemless or short-stemmed plants, their stems sometimes
composed of fibi ous roots, consolidated round a slender centre ; fruit sometimes eatable.
Agave. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 442. Endl. Gen. PI. {AmarylUdece) 181.)
Agave Americana. (Linn.) South America.
Sap of the leaves saccharine ; used as honey, and to make a wine.
Pulque. (G.) According to Long, the leaves are used as a substitute
for soap. For this purpose, after being cut, they are passed between
the rollers of a mill with their points foremost, and the juice being
conducted into wide shallow receivers, through a coarse cloth or
strainer, is exposed to a hot sun until the aqueous part being exhaled,
it is reduced to a thick consistence. It may then be made up into
balls with the help of ley ashes; it will lather with salt water as well
as fresh. The leaves are also used for scouring pewter, and other
kitchen utensils, and floors. The fibre-? of the leaves, separated by
bruising and steeping in water, make a strong thread for common uses.
(Lou.) The sap readily ferments, and forms an alcoholic liquor, which
is powerfully intoxicating, and is a favourite beverage of the Spaniards
in Mexico. Its smell is said to resemble that of putrid meat. (OSli)
Agave vivipara. (Willd.) Curatoe. South America.
Juice of tiie leaf, mixed with lime-juice and treacle, a good dressing
for ulcers. The inspissated juice used as a plaster in gout; root
chewed in diarrhoea. (G.)
2 M 2
532 VEGETABLES.— coLCHicACE^E.
Bromelia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 182.)
Bromelia Ananas. (Willd.) Ananas, Pine apple. South America.
Fruit highly odoriferous, esculent, astringent. (G.) Ropes are
made in Brazil from a species of bromelia called Grawatha.
PiTCAiRNiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 183.)
PiTCAiRNiA CRYSTALiiiNA. (Pers.) Pourretia lanuginosa. (Ruiz
et Pav.)
Exudes a crystalline gum from every part.
Pourretia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 184.)
PODRRETIA LANUGINOSA. (Ruiz et PaV.)
Exudes a crystalline gum from every part. (G.)
TiLLANDSIA.
TiLLANDSiA U8NEOIDES. (Willd.) Wcst Indies.
Used in haemorrhoids, (G.)
Order 153.— COLCHICACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 473. {Me-
lanthace^:) Lindl. Nat. Syst. 347 ; and Endl. Gen. PI. 133.)
Flowers generally hermaphrodite ; perigone coloured, six-cleft, or six-parted, the seg-
ments generally involute in aestivation ; stamens six, adnate to the segments of the
perigone ; anthers extrorse : ovaries three, sometimes scarcely adherent, sometimes
more or less united, and constituting a single three-celled ovary ; the cells containing
numerous seeds, attached to the inner angle, and terminated by a long or short style ;
stigma glandular ; fruit generally three- valved, and three-celled, separating and de-
hiscing by their inner angle; seeds many, affixed to the inner margin of the valves;
embryo in a fleshy albumen. Herbs of various habits.
Almost all the plants of this order are so active as to be really
poisonous.
AsAGR^A. (Lindl.)
AsAGRiEA OFFICINALIS. (Lindl.) Helouios officinalis. (Don.) Vera-
trum officinale. (Schlecht.) Spike-Jlowered asagrcea. Mexico, South
America.
Seeds, Cebadilla, Cevadilla, or Sabadilla, have been used as an
anthelmintic for thread and tape-worms, and as a source from which
to obtain veratria. Effects similar to those of Veratrum album, and
has been employed in similar cases.
CoLCHicuM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 473. Endl. Gen. PI. 137.)
♦CoLCHicuM AUTUMNALE. (Linn,) (E, B. 1432.) Colchicum, Mea-
dow saffron.
Fl. lilac. September, October. Perennial. Meadow and pastures.
The cormus, Colchici cormus, taken up towards the end of July,
sliced transversely immediately to prevent its growth, and dried with-
out heat, is a very powerful sedative, cathartic, diuretic, and expecto-
rant, but is inert in the autumn, or when dried by heat ; dose of the bulb,
gr. ss. to gr. iij., made into a pill ; seed, Colchici semina, milder than the
root. The Dublin College indicates the bulb {cormus) as the part used iu
medicine. The active properties of Colchicum are supposed to depend
on an alkaline principle called Colchicina. (G.) The dried cornii and
VEGETABLES.— coLCHicACE^. 533
seeds are used extensively in various pharmaceutical preparations.
Colchicum is found to increase the secretions of the intestinal raucous
membrane, and of the kidneys, and in some cases to act as a sudorific ;
it is also emetic and purgative, and in large doses is a powerful nar-
cotico-acrid poison ; it is used externally in dropsy, gout, rheumatism,
and also as an anthelmintic. The energy of the cormus, and conse-
quently of the preparations from it, is often much impaired by the
collection of the plant at a wrong time of the year, or by keeping it
after it has been collected until the flowers sprout forth, which they
will do quickly if taken into a warm place ; when the leaves are quite
withered is the best time for taking up the cormi, of which use should
be made without loss of time ; many of those sent to the drug shops
for sale have already puslied forth their flowers, which are broken off"
so as to prevent the circumstance from being observed ; I have seen
many cwts. sent to town in this state, which nevertheless found a ready
sale, and at the best price. (Lind.) Colchicum has been employed in
gout, rheumatism, dropsy, inflammatory diseases generally, fevers, as
an anthelmintic for expelling the tape-worm, chorea, hypochondriasis,
hysteria, humoral asthma, and other chronic bronchial affections. It
has been administered in substance, in a liquid, and as an extract.
(Pereira.)
Colchicum vakiegatum. (Linn.) Chequer-fiower. Greece.
Has been supposed to yield Hermodaclyls.
Colchicum moxtanum. (Linn.) C bulbocodiodes, Mountain colchi-
cum. South of Europe, Arabia.
It is not improbable that this may yield Hermodactyl, which Dale
tells us is brought from Syria. (Pereira.)
Gyromia. (Endl. Gen. PI. {Smilacece) 154.)
Gybomia viuginica. (Nutt.) Medeola virginiana. (Linn.) Indian
* cucumber. United States.
Root diuretic. (G.) The rhizoma is diuretic, and has some reputation
as a hydragogue, but it is not supposed to possess much energy. (L.)
Helonias. (Endl. Gen. PI. 135.)
Heloxias dioica. (Pursh.) H. lutea. (H. K.) H. pumila. (Jacq.)
Melantliium dioicum. (Walt.) M. densum. (Lamb.) Veratrum luteum.
(Linn.) DeviVs bit, Unicornis horn. United States.
The root in infusion is anthelmintic ; in tincture bitter and tonic.
(L. ex De Cand.)
Helonias erythrosperma. (Michx.) H. IcBta. (Bot. Mag.) Melan-
ihium IcEtum. (Ait. Kew.) Anthericum subtrigynium. United States.
This plant is a narcotic poison, and used in the southern part of the
United States for destroying flies. (L.)
Helonias frigida. Melanthium phalangioides. (Lamb.) M.mus-
ccetoxicum. (Walt.) Anthericum subtrigynim. (Jacq.) Veratrum
frigidum. (Schlecht.) Mexico.
A poisonous plant called Savoeja by the Mexicans ; horses that eat
it become stupified. (L.)
534 VEGETABLES.— coLCHiCACEJE.
Heix)nia8 officinalis. (Don.) Veratrimi officinale. (Schlecht.)
Mexico.
This was ascertained by Messrs. Schiede and Deppe to produce at
least part of the Sahadilla seeds of the shops, tlie use of which has
now become so general for the manufacture of Veratria. Its seeds are
the officinal part, and are used as those of Veratrum sabadilla. (L.)
Paris. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 348. De Cand. Bot. Gal. {Asparagece') 459.
Endl. Gen. PI. {Smilacece) 154.)
•Paris quadrifolta. (Linn.) (E. B. 7.) Herha parts, Herb
parts, One berry. True love.
Fl. greenish, the inner segments yellowish. May, June. Perennial.
Moist and wet shady woods.
Alexiterial, recommended by Boerhaave in maniacal cases; dose 3 j.
a-day ; leaves and berries narcotic ; root emetic ; dose 3 ij.
Trillium. (Endl. Gen. PI. (Smilacecc) 153.)
Trillium cerkuum. (Willd.) North America.
Root violently emetic ; berry nauseous and poisonous. (G.)
Trillium erectum. (Linn.) T.fatidum. (Par.) T. rhomhoideum.
(Michx.) United States.
Rhizoma violently emetic, and the fruit suspicious ; other species
are reported to have the same properties. (L.)
Veratrum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 473. Endl. Gen. PI. 135.)
Veratrum album. (Linn.) Elleborics albus, Veratrum, White
hellebore. South of Europe.
Rhizoma, a drastic emetic, in doses of gr. s?. to gr. iij., for horses
5 ss. to 5 j., in farcy ; also used as a sternutatory, and in itch ointments ;
juice used to poison weapons for war or hunting. (G.) The rhizoma
is very poisonous, acting as a local irritant ; applied to the nose, it pro-
duces violent sneezing ; swallowed in small doses, as one or two grains,
it is said to act as an emetic and purgative ; in large quantities it
causes violent vomiting, purging, and other consequences that produce
death. It is rarely employed internally, except in cases of mania and
epilepsy, lejira, torpid conditions of the large intestines, gout, &c. In
the form of powder, it is sometimes presented as a sternutatory in
amaurosis and affections of the biain. Tlie Unguentum veratri is used
against the itch, and the decoction not only in skin diseases, but a.ho
to destroy pediculi. (L.)
Veratrum Sabadilla. (Retz.) Cevadilla, Indian caustic barley^
Mexico and "West Indian Islands.
Capsules and grains caustic; powder used by monks to kill fleas and
lice. (G.) This furnishes one of the Cevadilla, Cehadilla, or Saba-
dilla seeds of commerce, which were formerly used to destroy pediculi,
and as anthelmintics; they have also been employed in chronic rlieum-
atism, and paralysis, and in neuralgic cases ; they are now chiefly
consumed in the manufacture of Veratria, to which they give the
name. This substance is an active and dangerous local stimulant,
but administered with caution, it proves a valuable medicine in gout,
rheumatism, anasarca, and generally as a substitute for Colchicum.
VEGETABLES.— PALM^. 535
(L.) The fruit and seeds of V, sabadilla are said to be brouglit from
the Antilles, under the name of Cehadilla (Semina Sabadillae Caribaeae),
but I have never met with them. (Pereira.)
Veratrum viride (Ait. Hort.) Helonis viridis. (Bot. Mag.) Ame-
rican hellebore. United States.
Root emetic. (G.) The roots are acrid, emetic, and powerful sti-
mulants, followed by sedative effects. In all respects it closely re-
sembles Veratrum album in its properties. CL.) It is used in the
United States as a substitute for V. album. (Pereira.)
Order 154.— PALMJE. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 480. Endl. Gen.
PI. 244.)
Perigone six-parted, persistent; stamens generally six, inserted beneath the scales of
the perigone ; ovary one, superior ; style one or three ; fruit baccate, or drupaceous, 1 — 3
celleil, 1 — 3 seeded ; seeds osseous ; embryo minute, lodged in a large cavity of the
albumen ; stem shrubby ; leaves petiolated, sheathing at the base ; spadix teiminal, oftea
branched, enclosed in a one or many valved spatha ; flowers small, with bractlets ; fruit
occasionally very large.
Many of these trees by tapping yield a juice called Toddy, which,,
when drank fresh, in the cool of the morning, is a mild aperient ; when
the day gets warm, it begins to ferment, and is converted into wine,
and lastly vinegar, unless boiled down for a coarse brown sugar called
Jaggery. The pith of the trunk of many palms yields by washing a
fecula, Sago ; and the kernels of their nuts yield by expression a butter-
like oil.
Areca. (Endl. Gen. PI. 247.)
Akeca Catechu. (Linn.) A. faufel Areca, Faufel, Betel-nut
tree. East Indies.
Husk of the fruit, Pinang, chewed with betel and a little lime as a
sialagogue and stomachic, reddens the spittle; Catechu is extracted
from the wood. (G.) The well-known Betel-nut is the fruit of this
plant, and is remarkable for its narcotic or intoxicating powers ; from
the same fruit is prepared a kind of spurious Catechu. (L.) This
plant produces a nut, which is cut into slices, wrapped in the aromatic
leaves of the betel pepper, and chewed as we do tobacco. These
leaves are previously covered with a thin layer of shell lime, ta
preserve the flavour longer in the mouth ; in most parts of the East
Indies the natives are continually chewing it, swallowing their saliva
tinctured with the juice, and spitting out the rest ; the inside of their
mouths appears as red as blood, and it gives their teeth a dark colour,
but it preserves the teeth, sweetens the breath, and is a stomachic and
diuretic. (Lou.) Two kinds of Catechu — one called Kassu, which is
black and mixed with paddy husks ; the other termed Coury, which is
yellowish-brown — are obtained from Areca-nuts, Kassu is the Colombo
or Ceylon Catechu, or Cutch. (Pereira.)
Areca globulifera.
Properties similar to the last.
Areca oleracea. (Willd.) Cabbage palm. West Indies.
Flowering bud, or cabbage, is highly esteemed, yields an oil. (G.)
536 VEGETABLES.— rALM^.
The green top is cut off, and the white heart of two or three inches in
diameter, consisting of the leaves closely folded together, taken out,
and eaten, either raw with pepper and salt, or fried with butter like
the artichoke. (Lou.)
Arenga. (Endl. Gen. PI. 248.)
Arenga saccharifera. (Labill.) Borassus gomutus, Saguerus
rumphii, Sugar palm. East Indies.
Yields Sago and excellent Toddy. (G.) Said by Dr. Hamilton to
produce one of the finest kinds of Sago. (L.)
Bactris. (Endl. Gen. PI. 254.)
Bactris minor. (Willd.) B. rotunda, Cocos guinensis, Prickly
pole. South America.
Fruit oily. (G.) Produces a fruit containing an acid juice, of
which the Americans make a sort of wine. Canes called by the French
Cannes de Tohago, are made of the stem. (Lou.)
Borassus. (Endl. Gen. PL 250.)
Borassus flabelliformis. (Willd.) Lontarus domestica, Palmyra
tree. East Indies.
Yields Toddy and also Bdellium. (G.) A wine and sugar are
made from the sap of the trunk. (Lou.)
Calamus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 249.)
Calamus Draco. (Willd.) Indian Archipelago.
Fruit yields /Jra^'ow'* blood. (G.) One of the resinous astringent
substances called Dragon's blood is obtained from this. (L.) Dragon's
blood, in drops, (^Sanguis draconis in lachrymis,) is obtained, according
to Rumphius, by rubbing or shaking the fruit of C. draco in a bag.
(Pereira.)
Caryota. (Endl. Gen. PI. 248.)
Caryota urens. (Linn.) Saguaster major. East Indies,
Yields Toddy and Sago; juice of the root used to poison wells;
kernel made into a sweetmeat. (G.) The cellular part of the trunk
yields Sago of the finest quality, according to Roxburgh ; Palm wine
is also obtained from the trunk in great abundance. (L.) In Ceylon
this plant yields a sort of liquor, sweet, wholesome, and no stronger
than water. It is taken from the tree twice or thrice a day, and an
ordinary tree will yield three or four gallons. They boil this liquor,
and thus make a kind of sugar of it called Jaggery. (Lou.)
Ceroxylon. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 346. Endl. Gen. PI. {Iriartece) 248.)
Ceroxylon andicola. (Humb.) Wax palm. South America.
Trunk covered two inches thick with wax and resin. (G.) Has its
trunk covered by a coating of wax, which exudes from the spaces
between the insertion of the leaves. It is, according to Vauquelin, a
concrete inflammable substance, consisting of one-third wax and two-
thirds resin. (L.) Melted with a little suet, this wax makes excellent
tapers. (O'Sh.)
Cham.'erofs. (Endl. Gen. PI. 253. De Cand. Bot. Gal. 480.)
CnAMiEROPS humilis. (Linn.) Chamceriphes, Palma prunifera,
Phoenix humilis. South of Europe.
VEGETABLES.— PALMiE. 537
Said to yield Bdellium ; fruit Wild dates, astringent. (G.) Yields
wax.
Cocos. (Endl. Gen. PI. 256.)
Cocos BUTiKACEA. (Linn.) JElais hutyracea. (Kunth.) Brazil.
Fruit yields a solid oil. (G.)
Cocos FusiFORMis. (Willd.) C. aculeatus, Ehenus jEthiopica,
JBlack ebony tree, Great macaxo tree, Jamaica.
Yields Macaiofat. (G.)
Cocos LAPiDEA. (Gaert.) Attalea funifera. (Mart.) Lithocarpus
cocciformis. (Targ. Tor.) Brazil.
The shell of the nut, Coquilla nut, which is about the size of a swan's
e.^'g, and very thick and hard, is used by the turner for making a
variety of small ornaments. It is of a brown colour, prettily marked,
and takes a good polish. The dilated base of the leaf-stalks separates
into a long coarse fringe, which is used in this country under the name
oi Piacaba, for making brooms, &c.
Cocos NuciFERA. (Linn.) Palma cocos, Cocoa tree. East Indies.
Yields the best Toddy ; fruit bud, Cabbage, used for food ; nuts,
Cocoa nuts, contain a milky juice, very refreshing ; flesh, strong tasted,
very nutritive, fattening ; used in stews ; rubbed down with water,
used as a milk ; yield an oil by boiling or expression. Confounded
with Cacao nut. (G.) The root is sometimes masticated instead of the
areca nut ; of the small fibres baskets are made in Brazil. The hard
case of the stem is converted into drums, and used in the construc-
tion of imts. The reticulated substance at the base of the leaf is
formed into cradles, and some say into a coarse kind of cloth ; the un-
expanded terminal bud is a delicate article of food. The leaves
furnish thatch for dwellings, and materials for fences, buckets, and
baskets. They are used for writing on, and make excellent torches ;
potash in abundance is yielded by their ashes ; the midrib of the leaf
serves for oars; the juice of the flower and stems is replete with sugar,
and is fermented into excellent wine, or distilled into a sort of spirit
called Arrack ; or the sugar itself is separated under the name of
Jaggery ; the fruit is valuable for food, and contains a delicious beve-
rage ; the fibrous and uneatable rind is not less useful ; it is not only
used to polish furniture, and to scour the floors of rooms, but is manu-
factured into a kind of cordage, called Coir rope, which is nearly
equal in strength to hemp, and which Roxburgh designates as the very
best of all materials for cables, on account of its great elasticity and
strength. Finally, an excellent oil is obtained by expression ; the juice
of this, as well as of other species of palms, is known in India by the
name of Toddy ; it is a grateful beverage, and is found to be the sim-
plest and easiest remedy that can be employed in removing constipation
in persons of delicate habit, especially European females. (L.)
CoRYPHA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 252.)
CoRYPHA CERiFERA. (Linn.) Copemicia cerifera. (Mart.) Car-
nauba palm. Brazil.
A slow-growing palm-tree, the leaves of which are covered with
538 VEGETABLES.— PALM^E.
wax, ( Carnmiba wax,) which differs from that of the Ceroxylon in
being unmixed with resin.
Elais. (Endl. Gen. PI. 255.)
Elais guineensis. (Jacq.) Palma oleosa, Guinea palm, Oil
palm. Guinea.
Yields Palm oil. (G.) Also said to yield the best kind of Palm^
wine. (L.)
EI.ATE. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 346.)
Elate sylvestris. (Willd.) Wild date tree. East Indies.
Yields a pleasant Toddy. (G.)
Hyph^ne. (Endl. Gen. PI. 251.)
Hyph^ne thebaica. (Gaertn.) Douma thebaica. (Poir). Cuci-
fera thebaica. (Delile.) iJoum Palm, Gingerbread tree. Egypt.
The fruit, wliich is about the size of an orange, is eatable, but
insipid, and has the flavour of stale bread. It forms a part of the
nourishment of the Arabs, who remove the outer envelope whicii is
red, and eat the spongy substance contained in the nut. Infused in
water with dates, it is used as a cooling drink in fevers.
LoDOicEA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 251.)
LoDoiCEA MALDiviCA. L. sechellariim. (Labill.) Borasms sechel-
lensis, Maldivian cocoa-tmt tree. Cid de Negresse. East Indies.
Fruit, Sea cocoa-nut, but indifferent eating; used in typhus fevers.
(G.)
Phcenix. (Endl. Gen. PI. 253.)
Phcenix DACTYLiFERA. (Linn.) Palma, Date tree. Levant.
Fruit, Dates, Dacfylus, saccharine, fleshy, emollient, slightly astrin-
gent, and pectoral. (G.) The fruit of this free makes a great part of
the diet of the inhabitants of Arabia and part of Persia ; in Upper
Egypt, many families subsist almost entirely upon it ; they make a
conserve of it with sugar, and even grind the hard stones in their hand-
mills for their camels ; the date is said to strengthen the stomach and
the intestines, to stop looseness, and promote expectoration, for which
purpose it is given in pectoral decoctions ; it is also recommended in
the piles, given in red wine ; juice distilled forms a kind of Arrack.
(Lou.) A single tree often affords in Arabia from 100 to 200 lbs. of
fruit. (O'Sh.)
Sagus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 250.)
Sagus farinifera. (Gaertn.) East Indies.
Yields an indifferent kind oi' Sago. (L.)
Sagus l^vis. (Jack.) Sumatra and Molucca.
Some of the finest ^ap-o of Malacca is prepared from the soft cel-
lular substance of the trunk before the fructification appears ; it forms
the principal part of the food of the natives of the Poggy Islands near
Sumatra. (L.)
Sagus vinifera. (Pers.) S. genuina, S. palma pinus, SagoUy
Sego, Sago palm. Guinea.
Yields the best Sago. (G.) Sagtis Rumphii^ and Saguerus Rum-
phii, (Roxb.,) are also employed in the manufacture of Sago.
VEGETABLES.— ARoiDE.^. 539
Order 155.— AROIDE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 480. Endl.
Gen. PI. 232.)
Flowers mnnoccious, sessile, arranged upon a simple spadix, generally surrounded by
a monophyllous spathe, or by a few scales, sometimes naked ; perigone none. Maie
flower: staitiens definite, or indefinite; anthers 1 — 2 celled. Female flower: ovaries
either mixed with the stamens or separate, one-celled, rarely three-celled, many-seeded ;
st>/lcs and stujmas as many ; fruit ba(;cate, round, or rarely capsular, one-seeded by
abortion ; anbnjo straight, in the middle of a fleshy or farinaceous albumen ; radicle
inferior. Herbs with or without' a stem ; the leaves alternate, radical, or sheathing at
the base, sometimes pedate, or cordate.
Aconus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 481. Endl. Gen. PI. 241.)
*AcoRUS Calamus. (Linn.) (E. B. 356.) SioeetJJag, or Sedge.
Fl, June. Perennial. Watery places and banks of rivers.
The rliizoma contains an aromatic bitter principle, which has caused
the plant to be regarded as medicinal : in cases of chronic catarrh and
humid asthma benefit lias been received from its exhibition. Jn Con-
stantinople, the rhizoma is made into a confection, which is considered
a g-ond stomachic, and is eaten freely during the prevalence of epidemic
diseases. It is in this country chiefly em[)loyed by perfumers in the
manufacture of hair powder, on account of the fragrance of the essen-
tial oil which is mixed with its farinaceous substance. Dr. Pereira says,
that, although it is rarely employed in medicine, it might frequently be
substituted for other more costly aromatics. It is adapted to cases of
dyspepsia, or as an adjunct to tonics or to purgatives. (L.)
ABiSiEMA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 234.)
Aris^ma atrorubexs. (Blume.) Arum atroruhens. (H. K.) A,
ringens, A. tnjphtjllum. (Linn.) Dragon root, Indian turnip. North
America.
Arum, P. U. S., root, boiled in milk, used in phthisis. (G.)
Violently acrid and almost caustic ; the rhizoma when fresh is too
powerful to render its internal exhibition safe; the acrid property ex-
tremely volatile, easily driven off" by heat, when the rhizoma yields
one-fourth of pure delicate amylaceous matter resembling the finest
arrowroot, very white, delicate, and nutritive. (L.)
Arum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 480. Endl. Gen. PI. 235.)
Arum Colocasia. (Willd.) Calcas, Colocasia, Kachoo. Levant.
Arum cordifolium.
Arum divaricatum. (Willd.) Ncelenschena. East Indies.
Arum Dbacuncujlus. (Linn.) Dracontium, Dragons. South of
Europe.
Ahum indicum. (Lour.) Maun kachoo. China.
Arum macroruizon. (Willd.) East Indies.
Arum mucronatum.
Arum PENTAPHyLLUM. Rumphal.
Arum peuegrinum.
- Arum TENUiFOLiUM. (Willd.) Arisarum, Friar's cowl. South of
Europe.
540 VEGETABLES.— ARoiDE^.
Arum virginicum. (Willd.) North America.
Roots used as food. (G.)
*Arum maculatum, (Linn.) (E. B. 1298.) Arum, Barba Aaronis,
Serpentaria minor. Zingiber album, Z. germanicum. Cuckoo pint,
Wake robin.
Fl. spadix purplish. April, May. Perennial. Hedge banks and
groves.
Root acrid, incisive, detersive, gr. x. to 3 j. of the fresh root, made
into an emulsion with gum arable and spermaceti, taken three or four
times a day, useful in obstinate rheumatisms; has been used in wash-
ing instead of soap, but unless the juice is well separated, it frets and
chaps the hands of the laundresses. (G.) The tubers are composed
of a large quantity of amylaceous matter, mixed with an acrid poisonous
juice ; by repeated washing, and by means of heat, the acrid principle
is removed, and the residuum is a bland nutritious substance of the
nature of Arrowroot, which is manufactured in the island of Portland,
and thence called Portland sago. It is used extensively in some parts
of Devonshire. In the recent state the tubers are stimulant, diapho-
retic, and expectorant. (L.)
Caladium. (Endl. Gen. PI. 236.)
Caladium sagitt^folium. (Willd.) Arum sagittcefolium, Toyos.
Tannia. Eddoes. West Indies.
Roots imported from the West Indies, eaten boiled, the rough coat
being split, and the pulp squeezed out ; it tastes like soap, (G.) The
leaves are boiled, and eaten as coleworts. (Loud.)
Caladium violaceum. Arum violaceum.
Roots esculent. (G.)
Calla. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 481. Endl. Gen. PI. 239.)
Calla palustris. (Linn.) Water dragons. South of Europe.
Root used as food. (G.) The rhizomata, although acrid and caustic
in the highest degree, are, according to Linnseus, made into a kind of
bread, in high estimation, called '•'• Missebrod^'' in Lapland; this is
performed by drying and grinding the roots, afterwards boiling and
macerating them, till they are deprived of their acrimony, when they
are baked like other farinaceous substances. (L.)
CoLOCAsiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 236.)
CoLOCASiA EscuLENTA. (Schott.) Arum esculentum. (Linn.) Arum
eltatum, Caladium esculentum. (Vent.) Black cacao. Cocoa root,
Eddoes, Indian kale, Yam. East and West Indies.
Roots and petioles esculent. (G.) The tubers and leaves are a
common article of food among negroes, but they are so acrid as to
prove uneatable by Europeans not accustomed to them ; the boiled
leaves produce a most inconvenient flow of saliva, and a sense of
chokino-. (L.) This plant is cultivated in the East and West Indies,
China, Japan, New Zealand, the South Sea Islands, and Madeira.
The root is extremely acrid, and when eaten raw excoriates the mouth,
but it becomes mild and well-tasted when boiled, or baked in hot
ashes. It is said, however, to occasion costiveness.
i
VEGETABLES.— AROiDE^. 541
DiEFFENBACHiA. (Endl. GcH. PL 238-)
DiEFFENBACHiA Seguina. (Schott.) Arum regnium. A. seguinum.
(Linn.) Caladium seguinum. (Vent.) Dumb cane. West Indies.
Roots used in fomentation for the gout, or bruised with lard, to rub
on dropsical limbs ; expressed juice of the stem and root, with one-
fourth of rum, is diuretic, but it can scarcely be swallowed. (G.) One
of the most venomous of all known plants. If the rhizoma is chewed
it produces a dangerous swelling of the tongue, and is said to produce
dumbness when merely applied to the lips. Sir W. Hooker says, that
the slightest application of the spadix to the tongue gives great pain.
The juice is said to impart an indelible stain to linen. Browne says
that the stem is employed in the West Indies to bring sugar to a good
grain, when the juice is too viscid, and cannot be made to granulate
properly by the application of lime alone. (L.)
Draconticm. (Endl. Gen. PI. 240.)
Dracontium fertusum. (Willd.) Arum, Dracontium. West
Indies.
Dropsical patients are covered with the fresh leaves, which produce a
slight but universal vesication. (G.)
Dracontium folyphyllum. (Linn.) South America.
The spathe smells so powerfully upon the first opening, that vomit-
ing and fainting sometimes ensue from the stench. Linnaeus says,
" Olfaciente attonitos redderet et entalepticos." This is one of the
remedies used in Guayana against the bite of the Lebarri snake, which
its spotted leaf-stalk resembles in colour ; no doubt it is a powerful sti-
mulant. Ainslie says, the prepared tuber is supposed in India to be
antispasmodic, to be a valuable remedy in asthma, and to be used in
haemorrhoids ; but as this species is not found in India, some other
plant was probably intended. (L.)
HoMALOMENA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 238.)
Homalomena aromatica. (Schott.) Calla aromatica. (Eoxb.)
East Indies.
When cut this diffuses a pleasant aromatic scent, something like
that of the Zingiberaceae. The medicinal virtues of the rhizoma are
in high estimation among the natives of India ; it sells at from ten to
sixteen rupees the maund. (L. ex Roxb.)
SciNDAPSUs. (Endl. Gen. PI. 239.)
SciNDAFSus OFFICINALIS. (Schott.) Potkos officinalis. (Roxb.)
Bengal.
The fruit, cut into transverse pieces and dried, is an article of some
importance in the Hindoo Materia Medica, called Gujpippul, and sold
by the druggists under that name. (L. ex Roxb.)
Symplocarpus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 240.)
Symplocarpus fcetidus. (Nutt.) Dracontium foetidum. (Linn.)
Ictodes fatidus. (Bige.) Pothos fatida. (Michx.) Skunk cabbage,
Skunk weed. United States.
Root, Dracontium. P. U. S., antispasmodic ; used in asthma and
542 VEGETABLES.— TrPHACE^.
hoopii)g-cough ; the root of Veratrum viridi is sometimes gathered for
it in mistake. (G.) This plant emits a powerful offensive odour ; its
tubers are acrid, but when dried and powdered are antispasmodic. An
excellent remedy in asthma, catarrh, and chronic coughs ; also em-
ployed with success in hysteric paroxysms, dropsy, rheumatism, and
even epilepsy. (L.)
Typhonium. (Endl. Gen. P1.235 .)
Typhonium trilobatum. (Blume.) Arum trilohalum. (Linn.)
Ji. orixense. (Roxb.) Arisarum amhoinum. East Indies.
Root used as food. (G.) The tubers, when fresh, are exceedingly
acrid. The natives of India use them in poultices to disperse or bring
forward scirrhous tumours ; they also apply them externally to the
bite of venomous snakes, at the same time giving inwardly about the
size of a field-bean. It is certainly a most powerful stimulant in proper
hands. (L. ex Roxb.)
Order 156.— TYPHACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 482. Endl. Gen.
PI. 241.)
Flowers monoecious, aggregated in unisexual catkins ; perigone three-leaved, or obsolete.
3Iale flower: stamens £ — 6 ; filaments long; anthers wedge-shaped. Female flower:
ovary one, free, one-seeded, ovule pendulous; style one; stigmas 1 — 2; fruit one-
seeded ; embryo straight, in the middle of a fleshy or farinaceous albumen ; radicle
inferior. Aquatic herbs without joint ; leaves alternate, ensiform, somewhat sheathing.
Sparganium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 482. Endl. Gen. PI. 241.)
*SpARGANiUM RAMOSUM. (Bauli.) (E. B. 744.) Spargamum.
branched burr reed.
Fl. pale yellow. July. Perennial. Ditches and ponds.
Root given with M'ine for the bite of the viper. (G.)
Typiia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 482. Endl. Gen. PI. 242.)
*Typha latifolia. (Linn.) (E. B. 1455.) T. palustris, Typha.
Cat's tail, Reed mace, Asparagus of the Cossacks.
The young shoots are cut like asparagus and are prepared in the same
manner; when, according to Dr. Clarke, they form a nutritious and
excellent dish. They are considered best in the spring, like asparagus,
when the plant begins to shoot, and it is stated that those who have
once tasted it in this state, desire it again with increased relish.
Fl. sterile, yellow, fertile, greenish brown. July, August. Peren-
nial. Sides of ponds and lakes.
Flowers mixed with hog's lard used to cure burns. (G.) Pollen
inflammable like that of Lycopodium, used as a substitute for it. (L.)
Order 157.— CYPERACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 483. Endl.
Gen. PI. 109.)
Flowers glumacious, spiked, hermaphrodite, or unisexual ; glumes or scales univalved ;
perigone none ; stamens three ; filaments capillary ; anthers accuminate at the apex,
cordate at the base ; mary free, simple : style one ; stigmas 2 — 3 ; fruit (achene) tri-
angular, or compressed one-seeded, indehiscent ; albumen farinaceous; embryo very small,
at the base of the albumen. Perennial herbs, resembling grasses ; s^ews generally without
knots ; leaves sheathing, sheath entire.
VEGETABLES.— CYPERACEiE. 543
BuECKiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 113.)
BUECKIA
Root used as a spice. (G.)
Carex. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 488. Endl. Gen. PI. 110.)
*Carex arenaria. (Linn.) (E. B. 928.) Sea sedge.
Fl. .June. Perennial. Sandy sea-shores.
The creeping- stems are reported to be a diaphoretic, and to be pos-
sessed of demulcent and alterative powers. They are collected on the
Gontinent, and sold under the name of German sarsaparilla. (L.)
Numerous experiments made in Germany tend to prove that the root
possesses all the properties of Sarsaparilla. This plant is carefully
propagated over the dikes of Holland, where its interlacing roots bind
the sand together, and thus protect the country from fatal inundations.
<0'Sh.)
*Carex hirta. (Linn.) (E. B. 685.) Hairy sedge.
Fl. May, June. Perennial. Wet pastures.
Has a reputation similar to the last, and is said to be administered
with advantage in rheumatic and cachectic affections. (L.)
*Carex intermedia. (Good.) (E. B. 2042.) C. disticha. (Huds.)
Soft brown marsh sedge.
Fl. June. Perennial. Marshy ground and vret meadows.
*Catjex sylvatica. (Huds.) C. patula. (D. C.) (E. B. 995.)
Pendulous wood sedge.
Fl. May, .June. Perennial. Moist woods.
^ Carex villosa. Bastard sarsaparilla, German sarsaparilla.
Roots of the whole of these used for Sarsaparilla. (G.)
Cyperus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 483. Endl. Gen. PL 119.)
Cyperus articulatus. (Linn) Adrue.
Root aromatic, stimulant, used for Virginian snake root; infusion
good in vomiting and fluxes. (G.)
Cyperus esculentus. (Linn.) Rush nut. South of Europe.
Root eatable, when roasted makes good coffee. (G.) Yields a pre-
paration resembling chocolate. (O'Sh.)
Cyperus hexastichos.
Used for the true Cyperus rotundus.
*CvpERUS LONGUS. (Linn.) (E. B. 1039.) English galingale,
Long-rooted cyperus, Sweet cyperus.
Fl. light brownish. July. Perennial. Moist marshes. Rare.
Contains a bitter principle, whicli gives its roots a tonic and stomachic
property. (L.) Tonic, diaphoretic, and diuretic. (O'Sh.)
Cyperus odoratus. India.
Has a warm aromatic taste ; given in India in infusion as a stomachic.
(L.)
Cyperus Papyrus. (Linn.) Papyrus antiquorum. (Willd.) Egypt.
The Papyrus, or paper of the Egyptians, was obtained from this.
544 VEGETABLES.— GKAMiNEiE.
Cyperus perennis. Nagur mootha. India.
Root, dried and pulverized, used by Indian ladies for scouring and
perfuming the hair. (L.)
CyPERUs ROTUNDus. (Linn.) Round-rooted cyperus, Motha-ghas.
India.
Roots of this, and C fon^w*, sweet-scented, heating ; dose ^ss. to 5j.
equal to the foreign aroinatics ; when first powdered the scent is weak,
but by keeping it becomes stronger. (G.) The tubers of C. rotundus
are said by General Hardwicke to have been given with benefit in
cholera. (L.)
SciRPUs. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 485. Endl. Gen. PI. 118.)
*SciRPUS liACUSTRis. (Linn.) (E. B. 62.) Holoschcenus, Bull-
rush.
Fl. with brown fringed glumes. July, August. Perennial. Mar-
gins of lakes and ponds.
Seed astringent, emmenagogue, diuretic, hypnotic. (G.) Used to
bottom chairs, thatch cottages, and for other domestic purposes. (Lou.)
Sub-class II.— GLUMACE^.
Perianth usually absent, its place occupied by herbaceous or scariose bractese, imbricated
over each other ; if present, surrounded by such bractea;.
Order 158.— GRAMINE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 499. Endl.
Gen. PI. 77. Lindl. Nat. Syst. 369.)
Flowers usually hermaphrodite, sometimes monoecious, or polygamous, consisting of
imbricated knots, of which the most exterior are called glumes, the interior ^imme-
diately enclosing the stamens paleae, and the innermost, at the base of the ovarium,
scales; glumes usually two, alternate, sometimes single, most commonly unequal j
paletE [Glum£ll(B, D. C.) two alternate, the lower or exterior simple, the upper or interior
composed of two, united by their contiguous margins, and usually with two keels,
together fonning a kind of dislocated ailyx ; scales two or three, sometimes wanting ;
if two, collateral, alternate with the paleas, and next the lower of them, either distinct or
united; stamens hypogynous, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or more, one of which alternates with the
two hypogynous scales, and is therefore next the lower palea ; anthers versatile ; ovary
simple ; style two, very rarely one or three ; stigmas feathery, or hairy ; pericarp
usually undistinguishable from the seed, membraneous ; albumen farinaceous ; embryo
lying on one side of the albumen at the base, lenticular, with a broad cotyledon, and a
developed plumula, and occasionally, but very rarely, with a second cotyledon, on the
outside of the plumula, and alternate with the usual cotyledons ; rhizoma fibrous, or
bulbous ; culms cylindrical, usually fistular, closed at the joints, covered with a coat of
silex ; leaves alternate, with a split sheath ; flowers in little spikes, called locusta, arranged
in a spiked, racemed, or panicled manner (Lindl.) ; seeds nutritive, the basis of bread, and
in general form the most usual food of man and several animals. They are almost
universally wholesome, some few possess an aromatic quality ; the bran of most contains
an acrid resin, to get rid of which the seeds are husked or pearled, by being steamed,
dried, and ground in mills for that purpose. The stems contain a saccharine juice.
Akdropogon. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 499. Endl. Gen. PL 108.)
Andropogon Calamus aromaticus. (Royle.) Ka\a/ioc apwfiuTiKoC'
(Diosc.) India.
Known only from a short note by Dr. Royle, who states that it, and
not A. Ivrandcusa, produces the fragrant and stimulant Grass oil of
VEGETABLES.— GRAMiNE^. 545
Namur, and who conjectures it to have been the " sweet cane," and
the " rich aromatic reed from a far country," of Scripture. It is used
in India as an external application in rheumatism, in the same way as
Cajeputi. It is also given as a stimulant. (L.)
Andropogon citratum. (De Cand.) Lemon grass. India.
When fresh the plant has a citron odour ; when dry the smell
resembles that of balm. By distillation it yields an essential oil, which
is imported from Ceylon, Bombay, Cochin (Malabar coast) and Madras,
under the names of Lemon-grass oil, or Citronelle oil. It is used in
perfumery under the name of oil of Verbena. (Pereira.)
Andropogon Ivrandcusa. A. Iwarancusa. (Roxb.) India.
This has been said to yield Grass oil, but Dr. Royle denies it ; see
Andropogon Calamus aromaticus.
Andropogon Nardus. (Linn.) Nardus indica, Indian spikenard.
Bitter, smells like cyperus, and has the qualities of camel's hay ; for-
merly used in Mithridate and Venice treacle. (Gr.)
Andropogon Schoenanthus. (Linn.) Juncus odoratus, Schee*
nanthus, CameVs hay, Sweet ritsh, 'Ej^olvoq. (J)iosc.) Arabia.
Stalk and leaves aromatic, sharp tasted, heating, attenuant, discus-
sive, tonic; contains a resin analogous to Mgrrh ; formerly used in
Mithridate and Venice treacle ; the infusion of it drank in India by
those with whom the Chinese tea does not agree. (G.) The full-
grown leaves, roasted, are considered by Indian practitioners as an
excellent stomachic. The whole plant has an aromatic bitter flavour.
(L.) Formerly brought over from Turkey in bundles about a foot
long, and kept in the shops to be employed as a stimulant and deob-
stuent, but it is now little used. (Lou.)
Anthoxanthum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 509. Endl. Gen. PI. 8L)
Anthoxanthum. (Linn.) Andropogon muricatus. (Retz.) Cuscus,
Vittie-vayr. India.
The fibrous roots are. sold by perfumers under the Tamool name of
V^ittie Vayr, or Vetiver.
*Anthoxanthum: odoratum. (Linn.) (E. B. 647.) Spring grass.
Sweet-scented vernal grass.
Fl. May. Perennial. Meadows, woods, and pastures.
Nearly resembles CameVs hay and Indian nard : dried herb a sub-
stitute for tea ; the very agreeable odour of new hay is owing to this
grass ; root aromatic ; twelve pounds of hay, or at most fourteen
pounds, per diem, is the full quantity tliat ought to be allowed to a
horse that works regularly and moderately. (G.)
Arundo. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 520. Endl. Gen. PI. 91.)
Arundo Donax. (Linn.) Great reed. South of Europe.
Root diuretic and emmenagogue. (G.)
AvENA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 511. Endl. Gen. PI. 96.)
•♦AvENA SATIVA. (Linn.) Cultivated oat.
Fl. July. Annual. Native country unknown.
Of this there are many varieties, the chief of which are,
2 N
546 VEGETABLES.— GRAMINE.E.
AVENA SATIVA ALBA. White OatS.
AVENA SATIVA NIGRA. Black OUiS.
AvENA NUDA. (Linn.) Naked cat, Pill, Pilcorn.
Grain used to feed horses, fourteen pounds by the day being the
usual allowance ; but hard-worked horses need not be stinted ; a great
part passes through them unchanged, unless the oats are bruised or
wetted with salt water, in which case tliey are completely digested ; it
is also made into groats and flour ; Grits, Gruau d'avoine, avence semina,
P. L., Grutellum, C. P., oats cut into two or three pieces, and the
husks separated by a mill ; used for making a heating stimulating food.
(G.) A. nuda is considered the best for making groats. (M. W.)
Yields Emhden and other groats, a common article of food among the
sick, but it is scarcely medicinal.
*AvENA STRiGOSA. (Schreb.) (E. B. 1264.) Thistle-pointed oat,
Spanish oat.
Fl. June, July. Annual. Corn-fields.
Properties and uses the same as those of ^. sativa.
Bambusa. (Endl. Gen. PI. 102.)
Bambusa arundinacea. (Retz.) Arundo bambos. (Linn.) A.
tahaxifera, Bamboo cane.
Bambusa baccifera. East Indies, &c.
Yields Tabasheer. (G.) There is, perhaps, scarcely any plant that
serves for so many domestic purposes as the bamboo ; it is employed
in the construction of houses and bridges ; masts for boats, domestic
furniture, boxes, mats, utensils of various kinds, and even paper, are
made from it ; it is the common fence for gardens and fields, and is
frequently used as pipes for conveying water. In the cavities or
tubular parts is found, at certain seasons, a concrete white substance,
called Tabasheer, an article which the Arabian physicians hold in high
estimation ; the nature of this substance is very different from what
might have been expected in the product,' of a vegetable ; its inde-
structibility by fire, its total resistance to acid, its uniting by fusion
with alkalies in certain proportions, and thus forming a transparent
permanent glass, and its being again separable from their compounds
entirely unchanged, seem to afford the strongest reasons for consider-
ing it as very nearly identical with common siliceous earth. As to its
medical virtues, although much esteemed by oriental practitioners,
they are not such as to cause it to have any regard paid it in the
modem practice of physic in Europe. (Lou.) A kind of vessel is
formed of the space between two joints, which has been employed for
holding the quicksilver imported from China.
Bromus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 515. Endl. Gen. PI. 101.)
Bromus catharticus. (Vahl.) Guilno. Peru.
Seed? purgative. (G.) Said to be purgative; but Dr. Pereira
remarks that this statement requires further proof, for B. secalinus,
which was asserted by some authors to be poisonous, has been found
by Cordier to be innocuous. (L.)
I
VEGETABLES.— GRAMixEiE. 547
*Bromds MOLLIS. (Linn.) (E. B. 1078.) Soft brome grass.
Fl. May, June. Perennial. Meadows, pastures, and banks.
Seeds said to bring on giddiness to the human species and quadru-
peds, and to be fatal to poidtry. (Lou.)
Bhomus puugans. (Linn.) Canada.
Said to be emetic ; but this requires confirmation. (L.)
*Buomus sterilis. (Linn.) Bromus, Drank, Barren brome grass.
Wild oat grass.
Fl, June. Annual. Waste grounds and hedges.
Seed drying, corrects stinking breath ; decoction vermifuge. (G-)
Calamagrostis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 502. Endl. Gen. PL 90.)
*Calamagrostis lanceolata. (Roth.) (E. B. 2159.) Arundo
calamagrostis. (Linn.) Grumen arundinaceum, Purple-flowered small
reed, Reed grass.
Fl. June. Perennial. Moist hedges in fenny countries.
Root diuretic and emmenagogue. (G.)
Coix. (Endl. Gen. PI. 80.)
Coix LACHRYMA. (Linn.) C. ovata, Lachryma jobi, Job's tears.
Seeds diuretic, and used to make anodyne necklaces for teething
children. (G.)
Festuca. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 517. Endl. Gen. PI. 101.)
Festuca quadridentata. (H. B. et. Kunth.) Sesleria quitensis.
(Spreng.) Quito.
Humboldt tells us that this plant is very poisonous ; it is called Pi-
gouil by the natives of Quito. (L.)
Glyceria. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 525. Endl. Gen. PI. 98.)
*Glyceria fluitans. (Brown.) (E. B. 1520.) Festuca fluitans.
(Linn.) Poa fluitans. (Koel.) Gramen mannce, Typha ulva, Flote
grass. Manna grass, Manna croup.
Fl. June, August. Perennial. Stagnant waters.
Husked seeds, Russia seeds. Manna seeds, nutritive, sweet, eaten.
(G.) Used in Russia and Poland in soups and gruels. (G.)
Hordeum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 531. Endl. Gen. PI. 104.)
**HoRDEUM DiSTiCHON. (Liuu.) Hordcum, Grudum, Joiv, Com-
mon barley.
Fl. June. Annual. Native of Tartary.
Hordeum distichon nudum. Turkey barley. A variety.
**HoRDEUM hexastichon. (Linn.) Escourgeon, H. h. hybernum,
Greek barley, Bigg, Round barley, Six-sided barley, Winter barley,
Full barley.
Fl. June. Annual.
**HoRDEUM VULGARE. (Linn.) H. polystichum vernum, H. tetras-
tichum, Bere, Square barley. Spring barley.
Fl. June. Annual. Native of Tartary.
H. vtdgare cceleste, H. cceleste, H. tetrastichum nudum, Triticospel-
tum, Zeopyrum, Barley wheat, Black barley. Naked barley. A
variety.
2n2
548 VEGETABLES.— GRAMiNM.
HoRDEUM Zeocriton. (Linn.) H. distichum fi, Zeocriton com-
mune, Battledore barley, German rice, Sprat barley. All these are
cultivated for making Pearled barley, or Mall. Pearl barley, Hor-
deum. mundatum, H. perlatum, Hordeum, P. U. S., Hordei semina,
P. L. The seeds of spring- barley steamed to soften the skin, then
dried, and ground in a mill to separate the husk, except that lodged in
the deep furrow of the seed. Scotch pearl barley, French barley,
Hordeum perlatum. The seeds ground smaller than the last, into
spherical granules, generally made from Bigg, or Bere. Faro de orzo
made from Sprat barley. All these Pearl barleys are used to make a
cooling gruel, to thicken soups, and as ingredients in pectoral and
antifebrile drinks. (G.)
Malt, Maltum, Bina, is made from the seeds of any of the species
of barley soaked in water for two or three days, or until the water
turns reddish, then drained, spread about two feet thick on a floor,
where it heats and emits its root or spike ; it is then spread thinner for
two or three days, then heaped up again, until it again heats ; five
pounds of spring barley produce about four of malt ; malt is used to
make an alterative, analeptic infusion, and its decoction is fermented
to form beer and ale. Grains, the exhausted malt left from brewing,
used in London as a food for cows, to whose milk it communicates a
peculiar flavour and tendency to putrescence. (G.) In order to under-
stand the process of malting, it may be necessary to observe, that the
cotyledons of a young seed are changed by the heat and moisture of
the earth into sugar and mucilage ; malting is only an artificial method
of eflecting this object, by steeping the grain in water and fermenting
it in heat, and then arresting its progress towards forming a plant by
kiln drying, in order to take advantage of the sugar in distillation for
spirit, or fermentation for beer. (Lou.)
LoLiUM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 531. Endl. Gen. PI. 103.)
*LoLiuM TEMULENTUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1124.) Darnel, Bearded
darnel.
Fl. July. Annual. Corn-fields.
The grains are of evil report for causing intoxication in men, beasts,
and birds, and bringing on fatal convulsions. Haller speaks of their
communicating these properties to beer. (Smith.) It acts as a nar-
cotico-acrid poison ; Darnel meal was formerly recommended as a
sedative poultice. (L.)
Ortza. (Endl. Gen. PI. 78.)
Oryza sativa. (Willd.) O. Indica, Oryza, Indian rice. East
Indies.
Seeds, Eongh rice, Dahn, Paddy, used to feed birds ; a spirit is
distilled from it called Arrack. Husked seeds, Eice, boiled for food,
and to make an astringent decoction. Ground rice used for puddings.
(G.) By far the best knported rice is that from Carolina ; it is larger
and better tasted than that of India, which is small, meagre, and the
grains frequently broken. As an article of diet, rice has been extolled
as superior to almost any other vegetable, but whatever it may be in
warmer climates, where it is a common and to many persons almost
VEGETABLES.— GUAMiNEJE. 549
their only food, it does not appear to be so well calculated for Euro-
pean constitutions as the potato ; for we find that the poor constantly
reject rice when potatoes can be had, and whilst these can be obtained,
rice will always be considered in this country rather as a dainty to be
eaten with sweet condiments, spice, fruit, &c., than as ordinary food.
(Lou. from Willich's Family Cyclopaedia.)
Panicum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 506. Endl. Gen. PI. 83.)
Panicum frumentaceum. Saumah. India.
Seeds used in India as grain. (G.)
Panicum glaucum. (Linn.) Setaria glauca. (Rom. et Sch.) Panic.
France.
Seeds used to feed poultry, and sometimes for gruel.
Panicum Italicum. (Linn.) Setaria Italica. (Kunth.) Cognee,
Miglio panico. India.
Seeds small, very delicate, and wholesome ; added in India to beer
to make it more intoxicating. (G.)
Panicum MiLiACEUM. (Linn.) P. milium. Milium esculentum, Mi-
lium, Millet. East Indies.
Husked seeds, M. mundatum, used to make gruel ; also ground for
flour. (G.)
Panicum pilosum. Chenna.
Seeds used in India as grain. (G.)
Paspalum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 82.)
Paspalum Exile. (Kippist.)
Sierra Leone Millet, Fundi or Fundungi, Sierra Leone.
It is used, dressed in different ways, as an article of food by the
Europeans and natives. It is sown and ripens about the same time as
the other corn.
Paspalum frumentaceum. (Rott.) Warroogo.
Seeds used for food. (G.)
Penicillaria. '(Endl. Gen. PI. 85.)
Penicillakia spicata. (Willd.) Holcus spicatus, Panicum Ame-
ricanum, Pennisetum spiculum, Bajarah, Couscous. India.
Seed used as bread-corn, or made into gruel. (G.)
Pennisetum. (Endl. Gen. PI. 85.)
Pennisetum dichotomum. (Delile.)
Panicum dichotomum, and Phalaris setacea. (Forsk.) Phalaris
Phalaroides (Schult.) Kasheia. Arabia, Egypt.
Used as an article of food, and in some countries as fodder ; also for
the purposes of thatching.
Phalaris. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 507. Endl. Gen. PI. 81.)
♦Phalaris canariensis. (Linn.) (E. B. 1510.) Phalaris, Canary
grass.
Fl. yellowish green. July. Biennial. Cultivated grounds.
Juice of the herb drank in pain of the bladder ; seed ( Canary seed)
used to feed small birds, and ground to make flour paste. (G.)
550 VEGETABLES.— GRAMixE^.
The culture of this grass is chiefly carried on in the Isle of Thanet,
where the chaff is esteemed as a horse food. (Lou.)
Phragmitis. (Endl. Gen. PL 91.)
*Pheagmitis COMMUNIS. (Triu.) (E. B. 401.) Arundo phragmitis.
(Linn.) A. vallatoria, Common reed.
Fl. July, Perennial. Ditches and margins of rivers.
Root diuretic, depurative ; panicles dye wool green. (G.)
Saccharum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 500. Endl. Gen. PI. 107.)
Saccharum officinarum. (Linn.) Arundo saccharum, Sugar-
cane. India.
Juice yields Sugar. (G.) Dr. Chisholm says tlie juice is the best
antidote to arsenic. (L.) The canes, when cut down, are passed and
repassed between the iron-rollers of the sugar mills ; the juice thus
squeezed out is collected and boiled with quicklime, until a thick syrup
is produced, when the whole is cooled and granulated in shallow ves-
sels ; it is now the Raw or Muscavado sugar of commerce ; when still
further purified, it becomes the Loaf ov Refined sugar o^ the shops.
Sugar-candy is formed by dissolving loaf-sugar in water over a fire,
boiling it to a syrup, and then exposing it to crystallize in a cool place ;
this is the only sugar esteemed in the east. Barley-sugar is a syrup
from the refuse of sugar-candy, hardened in cylindrical moulds. Rum
is a spirit distilled from the fermented juice of sugar and M-ater.
Besides the use of sugar in medicine, dietetics, and distillation, it is
employed to preserve animal and vegetable substances from putre-
faction, and to communicate a gloss to ink, varnishes, and pigments.
"When very cheap, it has been successfully employed to fatten cattle.
(Lou.)
Saccharum sinense. (Roxb.) Chinese sugar-cane. China.
Juice yields Sugar. (G.) From this Chinese sugar is made. (L.)
Secale. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 530. Endl. Gen. PI. 103.)
**Secale cereale. (Linn.) Secale, Rye.
Fl. June. Annual. Biennial. Native of the borders of the Cas-
pian Sea.
Var. a. S. cereale hyhernum. (Black.) Winter rye.
/3. S. c. vernum. (Host.) Spring rye.
Seeds malted and manufactured into Rye spirit; also ground to
flour. Spurred rye, Ergot, S. cornutum, P. 17. S. Diseased grains
of rye, which, when ground with healthy rye and made into bread,
produce gangrene of the limbs ; now in use as an emmenagogue in
small doses ; and to accelerate the contraction of the womb in pro-
tracted labour, and passive uterine haemorrhage ; dose ten to fifteen grs.,
powdered, every ten minutes, or as an infusion. (G.) Produces the
Ergot, which is by many botanists considered a morbid condition of
tlie grains of rye ; Lindley and others, however, consider it as a I^ungus
(Spermoedia clavus,) which see.
Sorghum. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 379. Endl. Gen. PI.
(Andropogo7i) 108.)
Sorghum bicolor. (Willd.) *S'. vulgare bicolor, Holcus hicolor,
Milium sabcBum, iBarbadoes millet, Guinea corn. Persia, &c.
VEGETABLES.— GRAMiNE^. 551
Sorghum rub ens. (VVilld.) S. vulyarc ruhens, S. arduini, Holcus
rubens, Saggma rubra. Africa.
Sorghum saccharatum. (Willd.) Holchus drachna, H. saccha-
ratus, Yellow-seeded Indian millet. India.
Sorghum vulgare. (Willd.) S. commune, Holcus sorghum.
Milium Indicum, Durra, Jooar, Indian millet, Turkey millet. India.
Var. 1 . S. album, H. sorghum. White flat-seeded sorgho.
2. S. nigrum, Black-seeded sorgho.
Seeds used as bread corn, or made into gruel. Grain of S. vulgare,
black, yields little flour ; used to feed poultry. (G.) S. vulgare has
been introduced into Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and some parts of
Germany, also into the AVest Indies, where, being esteemed a hearty
food for labourers, it is called Negro Guinea corn. The flour is very
white, and they make good bread of it, or rather cakes, about two
inches in thickness. The bread they make of it in some parts of Italy
is dark and coarse. In Tuscany it is used chiefly for feeding poultry
and pigeons, sometimes for kine, swine, and horses. (Lou.)
Triticum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 528. Endl. Gen. PI. 103.)
Triticum compositum. (Linn.) Egyptian loheat, Many-eared
wheat. Egypt.
Triticum monococcum. (Linn.) Prumentum barbatum, Spelta
minor, Briza zea. Brent barley, St. Peter's corn.
Triticum roLONicuM. (Willd.) Dantzic wheat, Porty days' wheat,
Polish wheat, Ttoo months' wheat.
Triticum Spelta. (Linn.) Spelta major, Zea dicoccos, Ador far ^
Gran farro. Spelt wheat.
Triticum turgidum. (Willd.) Duck-bill wheat. Gray pollard.
Square gray wheat, T. pyramidfile. Cone wheat.
Triticum vulgare. (Vill.) Common toheat.
Var. a. jPlstivum, Vernello, Bled rouge, Proment de mars;
Gom, Spring wheat.
Var. y6. Hyhernum, Siligo, White wheat. Red wheat, T. hyber-
num granis rubescentibus, Calbigia, T. cestiium hybernum ; T,
aristatum hybernum, Bearded wheat, Bledblanc, Brance,Cascola
Bianca, T. chalipense spica breviore nitidissima alba Zea, T.
Josephi, and several other species, are cultivated for grinding
into a flour to make the best bread or other farinaceous food ; the
seeds also serve to make starch, farro, and semolino ; the Cascola
bianca is cultivated principally for its brilliant slender straw,
used in making hats, although it makes very good bread. The
ears of wheat are occasionally eaten parched, but if used for any
time are very hurtful. Parro, usually made from spelt wheat,
steamed, dried, and pearled, as in making pearl barley. Soojee,
Semolino, Semola, IJrena : the heart of the grain, that resists the
action of the mill, the stones being soft, blunt, and not set close,
remaining in granules like coarse sand, mostly made from red
wheat: imported from Italy. Semoletta, Semola rarita. A
552 VEGETABLES.— pisTiACEjE.
still smaller kind of pearled wheat separated from the preceding
by sifting. All of these are used for making gruel, and thicken-
ing soups and milk ; the two latter for making vermicelli and
other Italian pastes. Bran, Furfur. Mixed with fine white
bread to render it laxative ; a decoction of it, white drink, common
mash, used as a restorative, and alterative for horses.
*Triticum repens. (Linn.) (E. B. 909.) Agropyrum repens.
(Lind.) Gramen officinarum, Couch grass, Creeping wheat grass.
Fl. June, September. Perennial. Fields and waste places.
Boot used in pectoral decoction. (G.)
Zea. (Endl. Gen. PI. 80.)
Zea Mays. (Linn.) Zea, Bhoota mukha, Formentone, Indian corn,
Meliconi, Maize, Turkey corn. Asia.
Young ears roasted for food ; ripe grain made into flour ; used by
biscuit bakers. (G.)
ZizANiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 78.)
ZizAKiA AQUATiCA. (H. K.) Canada rice. N. America.
Bears the cold better than any other species of grain, and would
probably become the bread-corn of the north beyond the latitudes in
which oats grow freely from its productiveness, but that its seeds do
not ripen all at one time. (G.)
Order 159.— XYRIDE^. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 338.
Endl. Gen. PI. 123.)
Calyx glumaceous, three-leaved ; corolla petaloid, threc-petalled ; fertile stamens three,
inserted upon the claws of the petals ; anthers turned outwai-ds, two-celled, sterile ; stamms
alternate with the petals ; ovari/ single ; style trifid ; stif/mas obtuse, multifid, or undivided ;
capsule one-celled, three-valved, many-seeded, with parietal placenta;; seeds with the embryo
on the outside of the albumen, and at the end most remote from the hilum. Herbaceous
plants with fibrous roots ; leaves radical, ensiform, with dilated, equitant, scarious bases ;
flowers in terminal, naked, imbricated lieads, (Lindl.)
Xyris. (Endl. Gen. PI. 124.)
Xyris indica. (Linn.) East Indies.
The natives of 'Bengal consider this of great value, because tiiey
think it an easy, speedy, and certain cure for the ringworm. Rheide
says the leaves are used for this purpose mixed with vinegar ; and the
leaves and roots, boiled in oil, are taken against leprosy. (L.) Also
against the itch. (Agardh.)
Order 160.— PISTIACE^. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 367.
De Cand. Bot. Gal. {Lemnacece) 532.)
Flowers two, naked, enclosed in a spathe ; male stamens definite ; female ovary one-
celled, with one or more erect ovules ; style short ; stigma simple ; fruit membraneous,
or capsular, not opening, one or more seeded ; seeds with a fungous testa, and a thickened,
ndurated foramen ; embryo either in the axis of fleshy albumen, and having a lateral cleft
for the emission of the plumule, or at the apex of the nucleus. Floating plants with
veiy cellular, lenticular, or lobed stems, and leaves confounded; yfowers appearing from
the margin of the stems. (L,)
VEGETABLES.— CYCADACEiE. 553
Lemna. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 532. Endl. Gen. PI. (Najadece.) 232.)
♦Lemna minok. (Linn.) (E. B. 1095.) Lens palustris, Duck's meat,
Lesser duckweed.
Fl. July. Annual. Stagnant waters.
*Lemna polyrrhiza. (Linn.) (E. B. 2458.) L. major, Greater
duckiveed.
Are used externally as coolers.
PiSTiA. (Endl. Gen. PI. (Aroidecs) 233.)
PiSTiA Stratioites. (Linn.) The Tropics.
The whole plant is acrid. In Jamaica it communicates this quality
to the water-tanks in which it grows, and is said to give rise to the
bloody flux. (Browne.) The Hindoos consider the decoction demulcent
and coolinif , and prescribe it in dysuria ; the leaves are also made into
a poultice for the piles. (L.)
Order 161.— BALANOPHORE^. (Endl. Gen. PI. 72.
Lindl. Nat. Syst. 393.)
Flowers monoecious, collected in dense heads, which are roundish or oblong, usually
bearing both male and female flowers, but occasionally having the sexes distinct, the
receptacle covered with scales or seta;, variable in fonn, here and there bearing also
peltate thick scales, rarely naked. Hale flowers pedicellate ; calyx deeply three-parted,
equal, spreading, with somewhat concave segments; stamens 1 — 3 (seldom more),
epigynous, with both united filaments and anthei-s (cynomorium and lophophy tum distinct),
the latter three. Female flowers: ovary infei-ior, T — 2 celled, 1 — 2 seeded, crowned
by the limb of the calyx, which is either marginal, and nearly inverted, or consists of
from two to four unequal leaflets; ovule pendulous; style one, seldom two, filiform,
tapering ; stigm/i simple ; terminal, rather convex ; fruit one-celled, containing numerous
spores collected in a bag resembling a solitary seed ; albumen globose, fleshy, cellular,
whitish, vejy large ; embryo very minute in proportion to the albumen, roundish,
whitish, enclosed in a superficial excavation, undivided. Fungus-like plants parasitical
upon roots ; roots fleshy, horizontal, branched ; stem naked, or covered by imbricated
scales.
Cynomorium. (Endl. Gen. PI. 74.)
Cynomorium coccineum. Scarlet mushroom. Greece, the Levant.
Styptic, 3j. in wine. (G.) Cynomorium, the old Fungus melitensis,
is an astringent. (L.)
Order 162.— CYCADACE^. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 312.
Endl. Gen. PI. 70.)
Flowers dioecious, terminal. Males monandrous, naked, collected in cones, each
floret consisting of a single scale (or anther), bearing the pollen on its under surface
in two-valved cases, which adhere in clusters of two, three, or four. Females either
collected in cones, or surrounding the central axis, but in tlie form of contracted leaves,
without pinnae, bearing the ovules on their margins ; ovules solitary, naked, with no
other pericarp than the scale or contracted leaf upon which they are seated ; embryo
in the midst of a fleshy or horny albumen ; radicle next the apex of the seed, from
which it hangs by a long funiculus, with which it has an organic connexion. Trees
with a simple cylindrical trunk, increasing by the development of a single terminal bud,
and covered by the scaly bases of the leaves ; the wood consisting of concentric circles,
the cellular zones between which are exceedingly loose, tlie ligneous tissue having the
tubes marked by circular disks ; leaves pinnated, not articulated, having a gyrate ver-
nation. (L.)
554 VEGETABLES.— EQuisETACE^.
Cycas. (Endl. Gen. pi. 7].)
Cycas cafpk^a. (Thunb.) Meal bark-tree.
Pith of the trunk made into Sago. (G.)
Cycas circinalis. (Linn.) East Indies.
A kind of Sago is said to be produced by the interior of the stem,
but not the true Sago of the shops, which is obtained from Sagiis
inermis : the fruit is eaten in the Moluccas, and a kind of flour of bad
quality is procured from the kernels pounded in a mortar ; it also yields
a clear transparent gum, something like tragacanth. (L.)
Cycas eevoluta. (Thunb.) Japan.
The wounded stem, leaves, and fruit, abound in a white transparent
mucilage, which hardens into a sort of gum ; it is reported that a kind
of Sago is procured from the cellular substance occupying the interior
of the stem ; it is said by Timnberg that this is " supra modum
nutriens," and held in the higliest esteem ; soldiers are able to exist on
a very small quantity of it, and it is contrary to the laws of Japan to
take the trees out of the country ; the nuts are also eatable. (L.)
Zamia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 71.)
Zamia angustifolia. (Jacq.) Narrow-leaved zamia. Bahama.
Zamia debilis (Ait. Kew.) Long-leaved zamia. "West Indies.
Zamia furfuracea. (Ait. Kew.) Broad-leaved zamia. West
Indies.
Zamia media. (Jacq.) "West Indies.
Zamia pumila. (Linn.) Z. integrifolia. (Ait. Kew.) Pigmy zamia.
West Indies.
Zamia tenius. (Willd.) West Indies.
One of the best kinds of Arrowroot is prepared in the Bahamas
from the trunk of some species of this genus, but from which is un-
known ; no doubt some one of the preceding, all of which are West
Indian. (L.)
DIVISION n.
CELLULAEES, OE FLOWEELESS PLANTS.
(Acotyledons, or Acrogens.)
Plants composed chiefly of cellular tissue ; spiral vessels for the most part absent ;
sexual organs absent ; reproduced by spores or sporules.
Ceass I.— FILICOIDEiE.
Order 163.— EQUISETACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 534.
Endl. Gen. PI. 58.)
Fructifications terminal, in spikes or catkins, consisting of peltate, polygonous scales,
on the under side of which are from 4 — 7 involucres, which open longitudinally, and
contain numerous globose bodies (capsules), enfolded by four filaments, clubbed at
VEGETABLES.— LYcopoDiACE^. 555
their extremities (which some take for stamens) ; stems rigid, leafless, jointed, striated,
the articulations sheathed at the base ; branches, if any, mostly whorled. and as many
of them will be found as there are strias upon the stem, and teeth to the sheath, if the
teeth do not continue more or less combined. (Hooker.)
Equisetum.
*Equisetum arvense. (Linn.) (E. B. 2020.) E. minor, Cauda
equina minor, Corn horse-tail.
FI. April. Perennial. Corn-fields and road sides.
*Equisetum FLUviATiLE. (Linn.) (E.B. 2022.) Equisetum cauda
equina, Horse-tail, Great ivater horse-tail.
Fl. April. Perennial. Muddy lakes, sides of rivers and p6ols.
*Equisetum palustre. (Linn.) (E. B. 2021.) Marsh horse-tail.
Perennial. Boggy soils.
Astringent and vulnerary. (G.) Have been recommended as diu-
retics and emmenagogues, but are not now used.
*Equisetum hyemale. (Linn.) (E. B. 915.) E. majus, Dutch
rushes. Rough horse-tail.
Fl. July, August. Boggy grounds, middle and north of England.
Epidermis is formed of silica, used to polish wood and metals ; im-
ported from Holland. (G.)
Order 164.— LYCOPODIACE^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 543.
Endl. Gen. PI. 69.)
Fructifications crustaceous, sessile, either in the axillas of the leaves, then said to be
axillary, or of the bracts, and then said to be spiked ; capsules either uniform, with many
seeds, or of two forms ; the more common one (possibly the male) filled with spherical
pulverulent globules ; the other occurring more rarely (perhaps the female), containing
spherical sub-scabrous seeds, marked with three prominent ribs beneath.
Lycopodium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 543. Endl. Gen. PI. 69.)
Lycopodium clavatum. (Linn.) (E. B- 224.) Lycopodium, Mus-
cus clavatus. Common club moss.
Fl. May, November. Perennial. Heathy pastures.
Herb astringent, restores ropy wine in a few days ; pollen very in-
flammable ; used in theatres to imitate lightning, by its being thrown
across the flame of a candle ; repels water so strongly, that if it be
strewed upon a basin of that fluid, the hand may be plunged to the
bottom without being wetted ; hence females employed in delicate
works use it to keep their hands free from sweat ; used also to roll up
boluses and pills ; also in the plica polonica. (G.) The decoction of
the plant is said to be more serviceable than any other known means
in removing plica polonica ; the powder is also used to prevent excori-
ation in children. (L.)
Lycopodium rdbrum. (Linn.) South America.
This has been lately sent from tlie Caraccas under the name oi Atum
condinadum, as a medicinal plant, along with Cuichun chulli^ but its
use is not known in this country. Its briajht red colour is very remark-
able. (L.)
556 VEGETABLES.— FiLicEs.
*LycoPODiuM Selago. (Linn.) (E. B. 233.) Selago, Muscus erecius,
Fir club moss, Upright Jir moss.
Fl. May, November. Perennial. Heathy and stony places in
mountainous countries.
Violently emetic and purgative, fit only for robust constitutions,
which can bear rough medicines ; used by the country girls in the
north to procure abortion ; the decoction is employed as a wash to
destroy lice in swine and cattle. (G.) In the Highlands of Scotland
it is made into an irritating ointment, which is applied with advantage
to the neighbourhood of the eyes as a counter-irritant ; this unguent
is also employed to dress foul ulcers, and might be used to keep blisters
open instead of Savin ; internally administered, the Selago acts violently
as an emetic and cathartic ; the Highlanders, we are told, notwithstand-
ing, give it in infusion, but if the dose is not small, it is followed by
serious giddiness and convulsions, Linnseus says the Swedes find the
decoction serviceable as a detergent lotion, and in destroying the
vermin that infest swine and other animals. Dr. Winkler says it
effects appear to be sometimes irritant, but more generally narcotic in
their nature. (L.)
Order 165.— FILICES. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 536. Endl. Gen. PI. 58.)
Fructification clustered; the capsules (theccB) collected into clusters (^ori) of
various shapes ; sort generally covered with an involucre, (indusiuin.) sometimes
naked, situated on the under surface or margin of the frond, rarely spiked or racemed,
(only of one kind upon the same species); ? male flower, ? anthers, very small, scattered,
apparent in the scarcely unfolded leaves covered with a thin membrane ; female
flower, capsule (theca) one-celled, surrounded with an elastic ring, rarely two-valved,
filled with very minute and numei'ous seeds. Perennial plants, with alternate leaves
(fronds'), which are often lobed or much divided, and while young, rolled up in acircinate
manner from apex to base ; sweetish, astringent and pectoral ; a ley of the ashes of
most of the species has been used as a wash to promote the growth of the hair, from the
alkali contained in them stimulating tlie skin, whence they have been called capillary
herbs,
AcROSTiCHUM. (Endl. Gen. PI. 59.)
AcRosTiCHUM HuAcsARo. (Ruiz.) Peru.
This plant is called Huacsaro in Peru, and Calaguala Indiana, or
Cordoncillo, by the Spanish settlers ; the rhizoma in cold infusion and
decoction yields a red colour, and a slight astringent taste ; very inferior
in action to the true Calaguala {^Polypodium C.) (L. ex. Ruiz.)
Adiantum. (De Cand, Bot. Gal. 541. Endl, Gen. PI. 61.)
Adiantum ^THioPicuM. Cape of Good Hope maiden hair. Africa.
Used as an aromatic astringent.
*Adiantum Capillus Veneris. (Linn.) (E, B. 320.) A. verum,
A. vulgar e, Capillus veneris, Maiden hair.
Fl. May, November. Perennial, Moist rocks and walls near the
sea. Bare.
A fine pectoral, slightly astringent ; the decoction is a powei'ful
emetic. (G.) The rhizoma has these qualities ; mixed with syrup it
forms capillaire. (L.)
VEGETABLES.— FiLicES. 557
Adiantum melano CAUiiON. Peacock's tail Maiden hair. India.
Used in India for Maiden hair. (G.)
Adiantum PEDATUM. (Linn.) Capillus veneris Canadensis, Canada
maiden hair. North America.
Used for Maiden hair. (G.) According to Smith, it is this species
that is used in the manufacture of Capillaire, and not the C. veneris,
but as it does not grow in the south of Europe, this does not appear to
be correct. (L.)
AspiDiuM. (Endl. Gen. PI. 62.)
AspiDiuM Athamanticum. (Kunze.)
Uncomocomo. Port Natal.
Used by the Zoolu CafFres as a vermifuge, said to be a safe and
certain remedy for tapeworm. The root is the officinal part, and it is
administered in the form of powder, infusion, or electuary. (Martius.)
AsPLExiuM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 539. Endl. Gen. PI. 6L)
•AsPLENiuM Adiantum NIGRUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1950.) Adiantum
nigrum, Black-stalked spleenwort, Oak fern. Banks, and clefts of rocks.
♦AsPLENiuM RuTA MURARiA. (Linn.) (E. B. 150.) A. murale,
Adiantum album, Ruta muraria, Salvia vitce, Tent wort, Wall rue,
Spleenwort. Walls and clefts of rocks.
*AsPLENiuM Trichomanes. (Linn.) (E. B. 576.) T. adiantum
rubrjim, Common maiden hair, Common wall spleenwort. Rocks and
walls.
These have all nearly the same qualities as the true maiden hair.
(G.) This genus Avas formerly held to be a sovereign- remedy for all
diseases of the spleen, and even to destroy it, if employed in excess.
(Lou.)
Blechnum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 540. Endl. Gen. PI. 61.)
♦Blechnum boreale. (Swartz.) (E. B. 1159.) Lonchitis, Northern
hard fern, Rough spleenwort.
Fl. May, November. Perennial. Woods and heaths.
Root aperient and diuretic.
Botrychium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 536. Endl. Gen. PI. 66.)
*Botrychium LuNARiA. (Swartz.) (E. B. 318.) Lunaria,Ophio'
glossum lunar ia, Osmunda Lunar ia. (Linn.) Moon root. Moon wort.
May, September. Perennial. Dry mountain pastures.
Leaves astringent.
Cistopteris. (Endl. Gen. PI. 62.)
*Cistopteris dentata. (Hook.) Var. /3. Augustata, Adiantum
album, Cyclopteris rhcetica, Polypodum rhaeticum, White oak fem^
Toothed bladder fern. North of England and Wales.
•Cistopteris fragilis. (Bernh.) (E. B. 1587.) Adiantum alburn^
Cyatrea fragilis, Cyclopteris Fragilis, Polypodium fragile. Brittle
bladder fern. Brittle cup fern. Rocks and walls in the mountainous
parts of Great Britain.
Used for Maiden hair.
558 VEGETABLES.— FiucES.
Gkammitis. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 537. Endl. Gen. PI. 59.)
*Gkammitis Ceterach. (Swartz.) (E. B. 1244.) Asplenium
ceterach. (Linn.) A. scolopendrium, Blechnum squamosum, Ceterach
officinalis. (Bot. Gal.) Scolopendrium ceterach, Ceterach, Loradilla,
Milt waste, Scaly grammitis, Spleenwort. Rocks and walls in limestone
countries.
Astringent.
Hemionitis. (Endl. Gen. PI. 59.)
Hemionitis (Linn.) Asplenium hemionitis, Mulcts fern.
Astringent.
Nephrodium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. (^Polystichum) 538.
Endl. Gen. PI. 62.)
Nephrodium Filix mas. (E. B. 1458 and 1949.) Aspidium fdix
mas. (Swartz.) Polypodium filix mas. (Linn.) Nephrodium cre-
natum, Filix mas, Male fern. Blunt shield fern.
Fl. May, November. Perennial. "Woods and shady banks.
Root slightly bitter, astringent, a good vermifuge, in doses of J j, to
3 iiij. ; expelling the taenia, either by the assistance of a strong purge,
or by repeating the powdered root for some time ; it is also boiled in
ale to flavour it. (G.) iJAjzowia used as an anthelmintic. The Oil of
fern, extracted by ether, is the most efficacious form in which it is
administered. (L.) The dose of the recently-prepared powder is from
one to three drachms ; the oil, an ethereal extract, is also much em-
ployed on the Continent ; dose from half a drachm to a drachm, in the
form of emulsion, electuary, or pills. (Pereira.)
Ophioglossum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 536. Endl. Gen. PI. 66.)
*Ophioglossum vulgatum. (Linn.) (E. B. 108.) O. spicatum.
Common adder's tongue.
May, June. Perennial. Moist pastures, and in woods.
Used to form a celebrated ointment for wounds. (G.)
OsMUNDA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 536. Endl. Gen. PI. 65.)
*OsMUNDA REGALis. (Linn.) (E. B. 209.) Filix fiorida, Ophio-
glossum osmunda. Flowering fern, Osmund royal.
Fl. July, September. Perennial. Boggy places, wet margins of
woods.
The young shoots, made into a conserve, are a specific for the
rickets ; root^ boiled in water, makes a kind of starch, used to stiffen
linen. (G.) Rhizoma tonic and styptic, and said to have been found
serviceable in cases of rachitis. (L.)
Polypodium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 537. Endl. Gen. PI. 60.)
Polypodium calaguala. Calaguala. Peru.
Root sudorific. (G.) Called Callahuala, or Calaguala, in Peru.
The rhizoma, when dried, has great deobstruent, sudorific, anti-vene-
real, and febrifugal virtues ; it is used in decoction or infusion, allow-
ing one ounce of the rhizoma to six pints of water, boiled down to three
pints ; seldom to be had genuine in Europe ; if genuine, it is extremely
bitter. (L. ex Ruiz.) Diaphoretic and diuretic, employed in rheuma-
tism and syphilis. (Pereira.)
I
VEGETABLES.— Musci. 559
POLYFODIUM CRASSIFOLIUM. PetU.
Called Puntu puntu in Peru. The rhizoma in infusion and decoc-
tion is employed as a sudorific ; the samples should be compact, heavy,
difficult to cut, of even fracture, red within, rusty or chestnut-coloured
without. (L. ex Ruiz.)
*PoLYPODiuM Dryopteris. (Linn.) (E. B. 616.) Dryopteris, Ten-
der three-branched polypody, Small oak fern.
Fl. July, September. Perennial. Dry stony places.
Acrid, septic.
*PoLYPODiuM vuLGARE. (Liuu.) (E. B. 114.) P. quercinum.
Common polypody. Polypody of the oak.
Fl. May, November. Perennial. Rocks, walls, and trunks of trees.
Root saccharine and slightly purgative; an infusion, 3vj. in half a
pint of hot water, may be taken at twice ; by long boiling becomes
bitter. (G.)
Pteris. (De Cand. Bet. Gal. 540. Endl. Gen. PI. 64.)
*PTERrs AQuiLTNA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1679.) Filix, Filixfcemina,
Common brake, Female fern.
Fl. June, October. Perennial. Woods, heaths, or stony and sandy
soils.
Root vermifuge ; and in time of scarcity has been manufactured into
a coarse kind of bread. (G.)
ScoLOPENDRiuM. (Dc Cand. Bot. Gal. 540. Endl. Gen. PL 62.)
*ScoLOPENDRiDM vuLGARE. (Sym.) (E. B. 1150.) AspleniuM
Scolopendrium. (Linn.) Blechnum lignifolium, Lingua cervina,
Phyllitis Scolopendrium, HarCs tongue.
Fl. May, November. Perennial. Moist shady banks.
Astringent, vulnerary, pectoral, and used in spitting of blood, fluxes,
and swelling of the spleen. (G.)
Class II.— MUSCOIDE^.
Order 166.— MUSCI. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 545.
Endl. Gen. PL 46.)
Erect or creeping terrestrial or aquatic cellular plants, having a distinct axis ot
growth, destitute of a vascular system, and covered with minute, imbricated, entire, or
serrated leaves; reproductive organs of two kinds — viz., 1st, axillary bodies, cylin-
drical or fusiform stalked sacs, containing a multitude of spherical or oval particles,
which are emitted upon the application of water; 2nd, thecce, hollow urn-like cases,
seated upon a seta or stalk, covered by a membraneous calyptra, closed by a lid or oper-
culum, within which are one or more rows of cellular, rigid processes, called collec-
tively the peristome, and separately teeth, which are always some multiple of four, and
combined in various degrees ; the centre of the theca is occupied by an axis or colur
mella, and the space between it and the sides of the theca is filled with spondes ;
sponUes in germination protruding confervoid filaments, which afterwards ramify and
form an axis of growth at the point of the ramifications. (Lind. Nat. Syst.)
Hypnum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 554. Endl. Gen. PL 55.)
•Hypnum 8ERICEUM. (Linn.) (E. B. 1445.) Leskia sericea.
560 VEGETABLES.— FUNGI.
(Hedw.) Usnea cranii humani, Moss of a dead man's skull, Silhy
hypnum.
Used in haemorrhages.
PoLYTRiCHUM. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 546. Endl. Gen. PI. 54.)
*PoLYTRiCHUM VU1.GARE. Polytrickum, Adiautum ?iigrum, Golden
locks.
Sudorific, pulmonary.
Sphagnum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 581. Endl. Gen. PI. 47.)
*Sphagnum (Schreb.) S. commune, S. pulustre, Bog moss,
Old ivives-sow.
Scarcely combustible ; used to stop cracks in chimneys ; very reten-
tive of moisture ; used to pack up plants for exportation to distant
countries. (G.)
Order 167.— HEPATIC^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 584.
Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. 97.)
Plants growing in the earth, or on trees, or in damp places, composed entirely of
cellular tissue, emitting roots from their under side, and consisting of an axis or stem,
which is leafless, and bordered by a membraneous expansion ; such expansions some-
times unite at their margins, so as to form a broad-lobed thallus ? reproductive organs
consisting either of a peltate stalked receptacle, bearing thecm on its inner surface, or
of sessile naked thecw either immei-sed or superficial ; besides, there are in Marchantia
peltate receptacles, plain on the upper surface, and having oblong bodies embedded in
the disk, and also little open cups, sessile on the upper surface, and containing minute
green bodies (gemmce), which have the same power of producing new plants as
sporules, and in Anthoceros, small cup- like receptacles, containing minute, spherical,
pedunculated, reticulated bodies, (Lind.)
Marchantia, (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 414. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. 101.)
*MARCHANTrA CONICA. (Linn.) (E. B. 504.) Hepatica vulgaris.
Liverwort. Sides of mill-ponds and shady banks.
The bruised fronds are singularly fragrant, resembling bergamot.
(Hooker.)
*Marchantia poiiYMORPHA. (Linn.) (E. B. 110.) Hepatica
fontana, H. polymorpha, H. stellata, Star liver wort. Moist and wet
situations, and dry spots, when shaded.
Both of these are aperitive, acrid, astringent ; used in diseases of the
liver. (G.)
Class IH.— FUNGOIDE^.
Order 168.— FUNGL (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 728.
Endl, Gen. PI. 16.)
Plants consisting of a congeries of cellules, among which filaments are occasionally
intermixed, increasing in size by addition to their inside, their outside undergoing no
change aft€r its first formation; chiefly growing upon decayed substances, frequently
ephemeral and variously coloured ; sporules lying either loose among the tissue, or
enclosed in membraneous cases called sporidia.
Frequently poisonous ; the best remedy in this case, after immediate
vomiting by tickling the fauces and the exhibition of clysters, is 3 j.
VEGETABLES.— FUNGI. 561
of ether in a glass of water, with tincture of capsicum. The Rus-
sians, however, eat almost every species that are of any size, only
stewing them thoroughly, and drinking a glass of brandy after them ;
and the ancients stewed suspected mushrooms with some twigs of the
pear-tree, as an antidote to their bad effects. (G.) There is only one
plant of this order of which much use is made for the sake of its medicinal
qualities, namely, the Spermoedia clavus, or Ergot, but there are many
nutritious, and a great number of poisonous species. (L.)
Agaricus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 40. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2, p. 1.)
*Agauicus bulbosus. (Sow.) Bulbous agaric. "Woods, and borders
of woods.
A very active poison. *
*Agaricus deliciosus, (Linn.) Orange milked agaric. Fir woods.
Has yellow milk, and is of exquisite flavour, but must not be con-
founded with A. necator, or A. theiogalus, both of which have also
yellow milk, and are very poisonous. (G.) From the account given
by M. Roques, it should seem that this agaric, however delicious, is not
always to be eaten with impunity. (Hooker.)
*Agabicus eburneus. (With.) Ivory agaric, Mugnaio. Woods.
Sold for food in the markets of Tuscany.
♦Agaricus f(etens. (Pers.) A. piperatus. (Bull.) Fcetid simple-
gilled agaric. Woods.
Highly acrid, odour very strong and penetrating, empyreumatic,
somewhat resembling that of prussic acid, but exceedingly disagree-
able.
*Agaricus campestris. (Linn.) A. edulis. (Roques.) Common
mushroom.
Under the name of Mushrooms, several species of Agarici pratelli
are supposed to be confounded ; A. campestris is that mostly eaten in
England ; all are wholesome. (G.) The most generally used, perhaps,
of all agarics, and the safest ; it is entensively cultivated. (Hooker.)
*Agaricus muscarius. (Linn.) Fly agaric. Fir and birch woods.
Infused in milk kills flies ; juice rubbed on bedsteads expels bugs ;
dried and powdered, gr. x. to xxx., with vinegar, cathartic, sudorific ;
applied externally to ulcers and gangrenes. (G.) Highly narcotic,
producing in small doses intoxication and delirium (for which purpose
it is used in Kamschatka,) and in larger doses, death. (Hooker.) For
a very curious account of this agaric and its effects, see Lindl. Nat.
Syst. p. 423.
♦Agaricus necator. (Bull.) Deadly milky agaric. Woods and
heaths.
Has yellow milk, and is very poisonous. (G.)
Agaricus piperatus. (Scop.) Pepper agaric. Woods.
An ingredient in the Opiatum aniituberculosum, loses its acrid taste
when dressed ; eaten.
2 o
fi62 VEGETABLES.— FUNGI.
*Agakicus PRATENSI8. (Pers.) A, miniatus. (Schoeff.) A.fulvosus.
(Bolt.) A.fulvus. (With.) A.ficoides. (Bull.) Champignon, Scotch
bonnets. Pastures.
Dried and used to savour sauces. (G.)
*Agakicus procerus. (Scop.) A. colubrinus. (Bull.) A. annu-
latus, (Bolt.) Large shaggy agaric. Hedge-banks.
Is the best and most usually eaten of those whose footstalks are
furnished with a moveable collar, and whose gills do not melt into a
black liquid ; none are known to be poisonous. (G.) Taste and smell
pleasant ; forms on the Continent an article of food. (Hooker.)
*Agaricus subdulcis. (Bull.) A. lactifiuus. (Sow.) A. cimi-
carius. (Purt.) Subacid rufous agaric. Woods.
Eaten.
*Agaricus theiogalus. (Bull.) Yellow milked agaric. Amongst
dead leaves.
Very poisonous.
*Agaricus torminosus. (Schoeff.) A. piperatus. (Linn.) Bearded
pepper agaric. Woods, heaths, and borders of fields.
Very acrid, but the Russians preserve it in salt, and eat it, seasoned
with oil and vinegar. (Hooker.)
Agaricus tortilis. Mousseron de Dieppe.
Used as food.
Agaricus translucens. (D. C.) Pivoulade de Saule.
Eaten by the poor in France along with other agarici with the foot-
stalk on the side, but most are suspicious. (G.)
*Agaricus violaceus. (Linn.) JBlewitts, Violet agaric. Woods.
Used for making ketchup. (G.)
Boletus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 40. Smith, Eng, El. vol. v. part 2, p. 147.)
Boletus iEREUS. (Bull.) JBlack champignon.
Eaten on the continent.
*BoLETUS EDULis. (Bull.) CepatelU, Esculent boletus. Woods.
Eaten on the continent, particularly by the Tuscans. (G.) Though
neglected in this country, it appears to be a most valuable article of
food ; it resembles very much in taste the common mushroom, and is
quite as delicate, and might be used with much advantage, as it abounds
in seasons when a mushroom is scarcely to be found ; like that, it can
be cultivated, but by a much more simple process ; as it is merely
necessary to moisten the ground under oak-trees with water in which
a quantity has been allowed to ferment ; this method is practised with
success in France. (Hooker.)
Boletus laricis. B.purgans, Agaricus, Agaric of the larch, Male
agaric. Under or near larches.
Grows in Tartary on the larch ; the interior part has been used as a
drastic purge ; dose 9 j. to 3 ij. in powder, with some ginger ; or an in-
fusion of double that weight. Imported from Turkey. (G.)
VEGETABLES.— FUNGI. 563
*BoLETUS SCABER. (Bull.) B. aurantiacus. (Bull.) Leccino, Scurfy
boletus.
Eaten on the continent, particularly by the Tuscans.
*BoLETUs suBTOMENTOsus. (Linn.) B. chrysenteron. (Bull.) Sub'
tomentose boletus. Woods.
Eaten, at least while young. (G.) Eaten in Germany, according
to Trattenick, but he does not give a very favourable account, and
recommends only young specimens, old ones having frequently proved
injurious. M. Roques considers the use of it as hazardous. (Hooker.)
BoviSTA. (Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2, p. 302.)
BoviSTA NiGRESCENS. (Pcrs.) Lycoperdou bovista. (Sow.) Crepitus
lupi, Bullfists, Mollipuffs, Puff-balls. Heaths and dry pastures.
Narcotic ; its smoke stupifies bees, but does not kill them ; its very
subtile seminal dust is used as a styptic. (G.)
Cantharellus. (Eiidl. Gen. PI. 40.)
Canthareixus cibarius. (Fr.) Agaricus cantharellus. (Linn.)
Mericlius cantharellus. (With.) Chantarelle. Woods.
Is not a delicate species, but safe, as being unlike any poisonous
kind. (G.) Smell very agreeable, like that of ripe apricots, taste
agreeable, but pungent ; it forms a main article of food in some districts
of Europe, though dangerous when eaten raw. (Hooker.)
Clavaria. (Endl. Gen. PI. 36. Smith, Eng. Fl. v. part 2, p. 173.)
*Clavaria coralloides. (Linn.) C. cinerea. (Grev.) Goafs-
beard mushroom. Grey goafs-beard, Coral clavaria.
Eaten, and very safely, as from its coralline appearance it has not
the least resemblance to any poisonous kinds, but its flesh is rather
cottony, and its flavour very slight.
D.EDALEA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 39. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2, p. 133.)
*D^dalea suaveolens. (Bull.) Boletus suaveolens. (Ball.) Sweet-
scented dtsdalea. On trunks of willows.
Used in phthisis, 3j. in powder four times a day, made up into an
electuary. (G.) Easily distinguislied by its odour (when young),
which resembles aniseed. (Hooker.)
Dematium. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 933. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
part 2, p. 337.)
Dematium GiGANTEUM. (Chevall.) Xylostromagiganteum. (Tode.)
Oak leather.
Found in the cracks of oaks ; used in Iceland as a dressing for ulcers,
and in Virginia to spread plasters on. (G.)
Elaphomyces. (Smith. Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2, p. 306.)
♦Elaphomyces granulatus. (Alb. and Schw.) Boletus, Lycoper-
don cervinum. (Linn.) Deer balls, Granulated elapliomyces. Dry
heaths.
Aphrodisiac, and increases the milk. (G.)
ExiDiA. (Smith. Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2, p. 21 7.)
*ExiDiA Auricula Jud;e. (Linn.) Auricula Judce, Fungus
sambuci, Peziza auricula. (Linn.) Jeid's ears. On living trees, es-
pecially elder.
2 o 2
564 VEGETABLES.— FuxGi.
Grows on the elder ; used, soaked in milk or vinegar, as a gargle in
the quinsy, &c.
Fermentum CERVisiiE. (Pereira.) Mycoderma CervisicB. (Des-
mazieres.) Torula Cerevisice. (Turpin.) Cryptococcus Fermentum.
(Kiitzing.) Saccharomyces Vini et Cerevisice. (Schwann and Meyen.)
Barm or Yeast.
Owing to difference of opinion, Dr. Pereira has adopted the classical
name above given. There are three kinds of yeast, Brewers^ yeast,
Dried yeast, and Patent yeast.
That obtained from ale is the best and strongest, and is employed for
bread-making. Porter yeast is used in distilleries, but the bakers object
to it ; small-beer yeast is said to be rapid in its effects, but weak, and
is sometimes used for making rolls.
Dried yeast, commonly called German yeast in London, is imported
in hempen bags, containing half a hundredweight each, from Holland,
Belgium, and Germany. If transported in casks they are apt to be
burst, unless strongly bound with iron, owing to the carbonic acid
evolved. The power of this yeast is said to be destroyed by rough
handling, a blow, or fall, when it soon putrefies.
Patent yeast is a watery liquid obtained by fermenting an infusion of
malt and yeast.
Yeast has been used internally as a tonic and antiseptic in typhoid
fevers, and externally in the form of a poultice.
FiSTULiNA. ("Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2, p. 154.)
*FiSTULiNA HEPATiCA. (With.) Boletus hepaticus. (SchoefF.) Hypa-
di-ys hepaticus. (Pers.) JBulVs liver, BulVs tongue. On oak, ash,
walnut, &c.
Almost the only parasitic mushroom that is eaten. (G.) Much es-
teemed in Austria as an article of food. (Hooker.)
Helvella. (Endl. Gen. PI. 38. Smith. Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2.
p. 184.)
*Helvei,la lacunosa. (Afz.) //. mitra. (Pers.) Cinei-eous
helvella.
Eaten abroad.
Hydnum. (Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2, p. 155.)
*Htdnum aueiscalfium. (Linn.) Brouquichons.
*HyDNUM coralloides. (Scop.) Coral Hydnum.
*Hydnum erinaceus. (Bull.) Hedgehog hydnum. Hedgehog mush-
room.
*Hybnum repandum. (Linn.) Cheverette.
Are all eaten. (G.) Much used for food on the continent, especially
in Austria. (Hooker.)
MoRCHELLA. (Endl. Gen. PI. 38. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2,
p. 182.)
*MoRCHELLA EscuLENTA. (Linn.) Helvella Bscidenta. (Sow.) Com-
mon morel. Woods, orchards, cinder-walks, &c.
Wholesome and agreeable, as are all the other morchellse ; principally
VEGETABLES.— FUNGI. 565
imported dry from Italy ; used as a sauce. (Gr.) Esteemed every-
where as a valuable article of food. (Hooker.)
Pachyma. (Endl. Gen. PI. 42. Lindl. Nat. Syst. 419.)
Pachyma Cocos. (Fries.) Sclerotium cocos. (Schweinitz.)
Used in Carolina " Ad morbos saiiandos." (L. ex. Fries.)
Pachyma Tuber regium. (Fries.) Moluccas.
Used in the medicine of eastern nations against diarrhoea, pains in
the face, fevers, &c. ; called Uba radja, or Culat batu, by the Malays.
(L. ex. Fries.) The Cliinese have a fungus called Hoelen, the size of
a child's head, and considered a valuable medicine, which is supposed to
be another species of the genus Pachyma.
Phallus. (Endl. Gen. PI. 31. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2,
p. 226.)
*PiL\LLUs iMPUDicus. (Linn.) Fungus phalloides, Stinkhorn.
Intolerably foetid at a distance, so tiiat it is oftener smelt than seen,
being supposed to be some carrion, and therefore avoided ; when near,
it has only the pungency of volatile salts ; its odour soon fills a whole
house; applied externally to painful limbs. (G.)
PoLYPORUs. (Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 2, p. 134,)
*PoLYPORUS FOMENTARius. (Linn.) Boletus fometitarius. (Linn.)
B. imgidatuS' (Bull.) Real amadou, German tinder. On oak,
birch, &c.
*PoLYPORUS iGNiARius. (Linn.) Boletus igiiiarius. (Linn.) Hard
Amadou, Spunk. On willow, cherry, plum-trees, &c.
These, when softened by beating, are used for stopping blood ; soaked
in a ley of saltpetre, and dried, they are used as tinder ; imported from
Germany. ((^.)
*PoLYPORUs SULPHUREUS. (Bull.) Boletus sulphureus. (Bull.)
Trunks of trees.
On drj'ing evolves needle-like crystals of oxalic acid nearly pure, and
is consequently poisonous. (G.) Dry specimens are often incrusted
with crystals of Binoxalate of potash. (Hooker.)
Rhizopogox. (Smitli, Eng. Fl, vol. v. part 2, p. 229.)
Rhizopogon albus. (Bull.) Tuber album. (Bull.) White
Truffle. Sandy ground in woods.
Properties the same as those of Tuber cibarium.
Sphceria. (Endl. Gen. PL 34.)
Sphcenia Sinensis. (Berk.) Hia Tsao Tom Tchom. (Reaumur.)
Hia Tsao Tong Tchong. (Thunb.) Hiastaotomtchom. (Rees.) Tung
Chong Ha Cho. (Reeves.) Summer-plant, winter-worm. (Pereira.)
Hea Tsaou Taong Chung. (Westwood.)
Thibet.
A fungus which is developed on the neck of a caterpillar of a lepi-
dopterous insect (probably a species of Agrotis). It is considered to
possess strengthening and renovating properties, but on account of its
scarcity is only employed in the emperor's palace. It is employed as
follows : — A duck is stuffed with five drachms of the fungus, and roasted
566 VEGETABLES.— FUNGI.
slowly, when the flesh of the animal is thought to become impregnated,
and is to be eaten twice daily for the space of eight or ten days.
Spermoedia. (Endl. Gen. PI. 16. Smith, Engl. Fl. vol. v.
part 2, p. 226.)
Spermoedia Clavus. (Fries.) ErgotcBtia abortifaciens, Clavi
siliginis. (Lonicerus.) Secale cornutum. (Bald.) Sclerotium
clavus. (D. C.) Eryot. Ergot of Rye. Spurred Rye. Cockspur
Rye. Cockspur. On grains of rye, &c.
A dangerous poison if taken into the body mixed with food, pro-
ducing violent spasmodic convulsions, and dry gangrene ; if taken in
doses of as much as two drachms, giddiness, headache, and flushed
face are produced, together with pain and spasms in the stomach,
nausea and vomiting, with colic, purging, and a sense of weight and
weariness of the limbs ; in pregnant women it is found to excite uterine
action in a very remarkable manner, bringing on abortion ; or facili-
tating parturition ; hence Ergot is called by Dr. Pereira a par-
turifacient ; in medicine it is extensively employed to promote
uterine pains during the process of parturition, to produce the expul-
sion of the placenta, contraction of the uterus, and to stop uterine
haemorrhage. To a more limited extent it has been used, and, as it is
said, witli advantage, in epistaxis, haemoptysis, haematuria, and haema-
temesis, to expel clots and polypi from the uterus, leucorrhoea, puer-
peral convulsions, and amenorrhcea. Ergot is said to be adulterated
with plaster of Paris casts coloured to resemble it. (Lindl.)
Spermoedia Maydis. (Fries.) In Colombia, in the female flowers
of Zea Mays.
An Ergot attacks the Indian corn in Colombia, and is stated by
Roulin to cause a loss of the hair and teeth on the part of both ani-
mals and men that eat it; mules fed upon it lose their hoofs, and
poultry lay eggs without shell ; its action upon the uterus is said to be
as powerful as that of the Rye ergot, or perhaps more so. Maize thus
infected is called Mais peladero. (Lindl.)
Tuber. (Endl. Gen. PI. 30. Smith, Engl. Fl. vol. v. part 2, p. 227.)
Tuber albidum. (Caes.) Branchette.
*TuBEB ciBARiuM. (Sibth.) T. guhsorum, Tubera terrce, Lico-
perdon tuber, Trubs, Truffles. Buried in the ground in beech woods.
Tuber griseum. (Pers.) Piedmont truffle. Black Truffle with white
jlesh.
*TuBER moschatum. (Bull.) Musk-scented truffle. Very rare.
Tuber rufum. Rosetti.
Are all used as delicate sauces to soups and the like ; T. griseum
has a slight odour of garlic ; the Truffles grow under ground, and are
turned up, or pointed out by hogs or dogs trained for that purpose.
Imported from France or Italy, either dry or preserved in olive oil. (G.)
VEGETABLES.— LicHENEs. 36T
Oeder 169.— LICHENES. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 426. Smith's
Eng. Fl. vol. V. 129.)
Perennial plants, often spreading over the surface of the earth, or rocks, or trees in
dry places, in the form of a lobed and foliaceons, or hard and crustaceous, or leprous
substance, called a thallus ; this thallus is formed of a cortical and medullary layer, of
which the former is simply cellular, the latter both cellular and filamentous; in the
crustaceous species, the cortical and medullary layers differ chiefly in texture, and iu
the former being coloured, in the latter colourless ; but in the fruticulose or foliaceous
species, the medulla is distinctly floccose, in the latter occupying the lower half of the
thallus, in the former enclosed all round by the cortical layer; reproductive matter
of two kinds, 1, sporules, lying in membraneous tubers, (theca;,) immersed in nuclei of
the medullary substance, which burst through the cortical layer, and colour and harden by
exposure to the air in the form of little disks called shields; 2, the separated cellules of the
medullary layer of the thallus.
The softer kinds are slightly bitter, and used in affections of the
lungs ; those resembling a chalky crust are used in dyeing.
BoRRERA. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. p. 222.)
BoRRERA. FLAViCANS. (Ach.) (E. B. 21 13.) Lichen Jlavicans.
(Swartz.) L. vulpinus. (Huds.) Brass wire horrera. On fruit-trees,
south of England.
Used to poison wolves ; dyes wool yellow.
* BoRRER A FURFUR ACEA. (Ach.) (E. B. 984.) LicJieu furfuracBUS'
(Linn.) Branny horrera. On old trees.
Reputed to be an astringent and febrifuge.
Cetraria. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Engl. Fl. vol. v. p. 220.)
*Cetraria Islandica. (Ach.) (E. B. 1330.) Cladonia islandica,
Lichen islandictis. (Linn.) Muscics catharticus, Muscus pulmonarius,
Lichen, Iceland moss. In exposed situations on the ground.
Slightly bitter ; used as food in Iceland, either made into bread or
boiled in water, the first water being rejected. The bitterness of this
substance is removed by maceration in cold water ; demulcent and
nutritious, it is easy of ^digestion, hence it has been recommended in
phthisis. (G.) Notwithstanding the presence of so large a quantity
of bitter principle in this, that Sir John Franklin and his party could
hardly eat it, although in a state approaching starvation, it is a
favourite substance with same practitioners in affections of the pulmo-
nary and digestive organs, particularly in phthisis, chronic catarrh,
dyspepsia, and chronic dysentery ; it is frequently given to sick per-
sons as an alimentary substance, the bitter having been first removed
by washing in a weak alkaline solution ; the aqueous decoction, if made
sufficiently strong, forms a jelly when cold ; when flavoured with a
little white wine it is an exceedingly pleasant diet. (Lindl. ex Pereira.)
*Cetraria nivalis. (Ach.) (E. B. 1994.) Lichen nivalis. (Linn.)
Snow cetraria. Summits of the mountains in north of Scotland.
Has similar properties to the last.
Cladonia. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. p. 234.)
*Cladonia rangiferina. (Hoffm.) (E. B. 173.) Cenomyce ran-
giferina. (Ach.) Lichen rangiferinus. (Linn.) Rein-deer moss.
Moors, heaths, &c.
568 VEGETABLES.— LicHENEs.
Has an agreeable smell ; used for making Cyprus powder or French
scent-hags, (G.) One of the most nutritious of this order, and nearly-
free from the bitterness of some of the esculent kinds. (L.)
Cladonia sanguinea. (Mart.) Brazil.
Rubbed down with sugar and water, this is found to be an excellent
remedy in Brazil for aphthae in children. (L.)
*Ci.ADONiA VERMicuLAitis. (D. C.) (E. B. 2029.) Cenomyce
vermicularis. (Ach.) Lichen vermicularis. (Swartz.) Moimtains
of north of England.
Used in South America as a stomachic, under the name of Contra-
yerva hlanca. (L.)
EvEKNiA, (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. 224.)
*EvERNiA Prunastri. (Ach.) (E. B. 859.) Lichen prunastri,
Muscus arhoreus, Ragged hoary evernia. Trunks of trees.
Astringent, pulmonary, very retentive of odours, used as a basis for
perfumed powders. (G.) Recommended in pulmonary affections, also
as an astringent and febrifuge; it has a peculiar power of imbibing and
retaining odours, and is in some request as an ingredent in sweet pots
and ladies' sachets. (L.) This lichen was brought into use in Glas-
gow by the late Lord Dundonald, and employed (during the war) in-
stead of gum in calico printing ; it afterwards fell into disuse as a very
inferior substitute for that article. (Hooker.)
Gyrophora. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 630. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. 217.)
*Gyrophora CYLiNDRiCA. (Ach.) UmbiUcaria crinita. (Hoffm.)
Fringed gyrophora. On mountain rocks.
*Gyrophora proboscidea. (Ach.) (E. B. 2485.) Lichen pro-
hoscideus. Mountain rocks in Highlands of Scotland,
This and the preceding constitute a part of the Tripe de roche on
whicli travellers in the arctic regions of America have been forced to
live in cases of emergency. It is nutritious, but mixed with a dis-
agreeable bitterness, and productive of severe colic, and other distress-
ing local complaints. (Lindl.) G. cylindrica is used in Iceland occa-
sionally as food, and more frequently for dyeing woollen cloth of a
brownish-green colour. (Hooker.)
*Gyrophora pellita. (Ach.) (E. B. 931.) Lichen velleus. (Huds.)
Fleecy gyrophora. On the rocks of northern mountains.
Has the same qualities as Cetraria islandica. (G.)
Lecanora. (Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 1, p. 186.
Lindl. Nat. Syst. (Parmelia) 429.)
*Lecanora parella. (Ach.) (E, B. 727.). Lichen parellus.
(Linn.) Auvergne archel^ Ground archel, Orseille de terre. Rocks.
Used like the Canary archel in large quantities to make Litmus.
(G.) Also in dyeing. (L.) Extensively employed in France to pro-
duce a dye far superior to that of Cudbear, and quite equal to that of
Archill (Jtocella titictoria.) (Hooker.)
*Lecanora tartarea. (Ach.) (E. B. 1879 and 156.) Lichen
rtareus. (Linn.) Cudbear. On rocks in alpine countries.
VEGETABLES.— LiCHENEs. 569
Dyes purple ; collected in large quantities for the dyers. (Gr.) This
is the famous Cudbear, (so called after Mr. Cuthbert, who first brought
it into use,) employed to produce a purple for dyeing woollen yarn.
(Hooker.)
Parmema. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. p. 198.)
*Parmelia aquila. (Ach.) (E. B. 982.) Lichen arhoreus pullus,
L. aquilus. (Ach.) L. pullus. (Light.) Lichen, Sunburnt parmelia.
Devonshire.
Slightly astringent, used in asthma and old coughs. (G.)
Parmelia caperata. (Ach.) Lichen caperatus '? Arcell, Stone
crottles. Trunks of trees, rocks, and old pales.
Dyes wool of an orange colour, but if the wool is previously boiled
in urine, of a russet brown.
Parmelia olivacea. (Ach.) (E. B. 2180.) Lichen arboreus
pullus, L. olivaceus, (Linn.) Olive-coloured parmelia, Trtce liverwort.
Trees, &c.
Koborant, used in haemorrhage and old coughs. (G.)
*Parmelia omphalodes. (Ach.) (E. B. 604.) Lichen omphalodes,
(Linn.) Ai'cell corker, Cork kenkerig. On rocks and stones.
Styptic, dyes wool a reddish-brown, made into balls. (G.)
*Parmelia parietina. (Ach.) (E. B. 194.) Lichen parietinus,
(Linn.) Yelloio wall parmelia. On trees and walls.
Used as a remedy for intermittent fevers, on account of its bitter-
ness. (L.)
*Parmelia saxatilis. (Ach.) (E. B. 603.) Lichen saxatilis, (Linn.)
Grey stone parmelia, Usnea. Trees, rocks, and stones.
Astringent, used in hsemorrhages. (G.) In Scotland it is collected
abundantly by the peasantry, and used with other species to dye
woollen stuffs of a dirty purple. (Hooker.)
Peltidea. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. p. 214.)
*Peltidea aphthosa. (Ach.) (E. B. 1119.) Lichen aphthosus,
(Linn.) Muscus cumutalis. Moist, shady, alpine rocks.
A drastic vermifuge. (G.) Said to be purgative and anthelmintic.
(L.) So called because Linnaeus relates that the Swedish peasants boil
it in milk as a cure for the aphthae or thrush in children. (Hooker.)
♦Peltidea canina. (Ach.) (E. B. 2229.) Lichen caninus. (Linn.)
L. cinereus terrestris, L. terrestris, Musctis caninus. Ash-coloured
ground Uverioort, Canine peltidea.
Used in hydrophobia. (G.) Formerly employed, at the suggestion
of Dr. Mead, as a cure for the bite of a mad dog, whence the specific
name. (Hooker.)
Ramalina. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. p. 224.)
*Ramalina farinacea. (Ach.) (E. B. 889.) Lichen farinaceus,
(Linn.) Narrow mealy ramalina. Trunks and branches of trees.
Yields, like many other species of lichen, a mucilage witii water,
similar to gum arable. (G.)
570 VEGETABLES.— LiCHEXEs.
EocELLA. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v,
p. 221.)
*RocELLA TiNCTORiA. (D, C.) (E. B. 211.) L. Tocella. (JAun.')
Fticus, Canary archill, Chinney weed, Dyer's rocella, Herbarchel,
Rock moss. Rocks in South of England, Guernsey, Scilly Islands, &c.
Allays the tickling cough attendant upon phthisis, and from it is
manufactured Litmus. (G.) This is the famous Archill^ or Orchill,
Orseille of the French, which yields the most valuable dye of all this
tribe. The English blue broad cloths are first dyed with Archill,
which gives their peculiar lustre and purple tint, when viewed in a
certain light. (Hooker.)
ScYPHOPHOKUS. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Eng. Fl.
vol. v. p. 236.)
*ScYPHOPHORUS cocciFERUS. (Hook.) (E. B. 2051.) Lichen
cornucopioides. (Lightf.) Cladonia coccifera. (Schoer.) Lichen coc-
ciferus. (Linn.) Scarlet cup lichen. Heathy moors.
*ScYPHOPHORUS PYXIDATUS, (Hook.) (E. B. 1393.) Cladonia
pyxidata. (Schoer.) Lichen coccineus, L. pyxidatus. (Linn.)
Muscus pyxidatus, Cup lichen, Cup moss. Heathy places and dry
woods.
This and the preceding, used in hooping-cough, and other complaints
of the lungs ; dose, a teacupful of the infusion, which is generally
slightly emetic. (G.) Both have the credit of being astringent and
febrifuge. (L.)
Sticta. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 429. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. p. 204.)
*Sticta pulmonacea. (Ach.) (E. B. 572.) S. pulmonaria.
(Hook.) Lichen arborum, L. pulmonarius. (Linn.) Muscus pulmo-
narius, Pulmonaria arborea, Hazel crottles, Lungwort sticta, Oak
lungs, Tree lungwort. Trunks of trees.
Slightly bitter, opening, detersive, useful in diseases of the lungs ;
dyes wool of a durable orange colour ; yields a gum similar to gum
arabic. (G.) Employed in pulmonary aifections ; its nutritious pro-
perties resemble those of Cetraria islandica ; in Siberia it is used for
giving a bitter to beer. (L.)
Umbilicakia. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 430. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
p. 219.)
*Umbilicabia pustulata. (Schrad.) (E. B. 1283.) Lichen
pustulatus. (Linn.) Gyrophora pustulata. (Ach.) Lecidea pustulata.
(Ach.) Blistered umbilicaria. On rocks.
May be substituted for allspice, dyes a fine red. (G.)
UsNEA. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 426. Smith, Engl. Fl. vol. v. p. 226.)
*UsNEA PLiCATA. (Ach.) (E. B. 1354.) Lichen plicatus. (Linn.)
Muscus, M. arbor eus, Hairy tree moss, Stringy usnea. Old trees, &c.
Astringent. (G.)
Vabiolaria. (Lindl. Nat. Syst. 430. Smith, Engl. Fl.
vol. V. p. 168.)
*Variolabia discoidea. (Pers.) (E. B. 1714.) V. amara, (Ach.)
Lichen discoideus. (Ach.) Insipid zoned variolaria. On the bark of
trees.
VEGETABLES.— ALG^. 571
Whole plant intensely bitter, has been recommended as a remedy for
intermittent fevers. (L.)
*Vaiuolaria faginea. (Pers.) (E. B. 1713.) V. communis /8.
Lichen fagineus. (Linn.) Bitter zoned variotaria. Old beech
trees, &c.
Properties the same as the last. (L.) Strongly recommended by
M. Braconnot for the production of oxalic acid, of which he found it
to contain a considerable proportion ; employed for that purpose in
France upon a very extensive scale. (Hooker.)
The Lichen calcareus of the old authors, dried, powdered, and steeped
in urine, dyes a fine scarlet. (L.)
Order 170.— ALG^. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 935. Endl. Gen. PI. 1.)
Leafless, flowerless plants, with no distinct axis of vegetation, growing in water, fre-
quently having an animal motion, and consisting either of simple vesicles lying in mucus,
or of articulated filaments, or of lobed fronds, formed of uniform cellular tissue ; the pro-
dTictive matter either altogether wanting, or contained in the joints of the filaments, or
deposited in thecce of various form, size, and position, caused by dilatations of the sub-
stance of the frond ; sporules with no proper integument, in germination elongating in
two opposite directions. (Lind.)
Chondrus. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 947. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
part 1, p. 301.)
*Chonbrus crispus. (Lyngh.) Chondrus poly morhus. (Lamour.)
Fucus crispus. (Linn.) Sphcerococcus crispus. (Ag.) Carrageen,
Irish moss. On rocky shores.
Recommended as a popular remedy for pulmonary complaints,
dysentery, scrofula, and rickets, given in the form of a decoction, made
by boiling an ounce in a pint and a half of water or milk ; it is nu-
trient, demulcent, and emollient. (Pereira.) On the coast of Ireland
it is converted into size for the use of house-painters, and also em-
ployed in lieu of isinglass in the preparation of creams and other
confectionary. (L.)
Chondrus mamillosus. Irish coast.
Found mixed with the Carrageen, or Irish moss of commerce ; some
samples of which, Dr. Pereira states he found to consist principally of
this species.
*Chondrus membranifolius. (Grev.) Fucus esculentus, F, teres,
F.fimhriatus, Daberlochs. On submarine rodks.
Eaten in Scotland.
Conferva. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 989. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
part 1, p. 351.)
Conferva RivuLARis. (Linn.) Crow silk, Hairy river weed, River
conferva. In streams and rivers.
This green fibrous plant, found in stagnant water, smells marshy, is
used as a vermifuge by some country people ; it is as difficult to burn
as Fontinalis a7itipyretica, adheres firmly to glass or paper, and was
used by the ancients to bind up broken limbs, keeping it constantly
moist. (G.)
572 VEGETABLES.— ALG^.
Fucus. (DeCand. Bot. Gal. 937. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
part 1, p. 266.)
Fucus AMYLACEUS. (O'Sli.) Plocuria Candida. (Nees.) Gra-
cillaria lichenoides. (Greville.) Sphcsrococcus lichenoides. (Agartlh.)
Gigartina lichenoides. (Turner.) Jaffna Moss, Edible Moss, Sajor
carang, Agar agar carang, Ceylon Moss. Ceylon and Islands of the
Indian Archipelago.
This plant is called by the Malays Sajor carang, and Agar agar ca-
rang ; at Amboyna, it is termed Aysana, Aytsana, and Rume yar
waccar ; at Java, Bulling ; at Macassar, Dongi dongi ; and at other
places, Lottu lottu, and Collocane. The jelly, mixed with sugar, is
used by the Cliinese as a sweetmeat ; they also employ it as a paste
in the arts, and as a varnish for paper. As a nutritive it is used
as an article of food for invalids and children, for which purpose it is
well adapted, being very easy of digestion. It is usually employed
in the form of a decoction or jelly.
*Fucus KODosus. (Linn.) (E. B. 570.) Halidrys nodosa. (Lyngh.)
Knotted fucus.
*Fucus SERRATUS. (Linn.) (E. B. 1221.) Serrated fucus.
Used for the same purpose as Bladder wrack.
*Fucus VEsicuJLosus. (Linn.) (E. B. 1066.) Quercus marinus,
Bladder ed fucus, Bladder ivrack, Sea tvrack. Rocky shores.
Burned to a~ charcoal, is the Vegetable yBthiops of the shops; its
ashes yield a considerable quantity of alkali ; other species of fucus
furnish this salt, but generally in a less quantity, therefore this is more
frequently burned for that purpose ; this substance, when burned, is
supposed to possess some deobstruent powers, and as such, has been
given in bronchocele and scrofulous affections ; its efficacy depends
upon the quantity of iodine it contains. The principal use to which
this plant has been applied, however, is in the manufacture of Kelp.
(G. ) This has been employed as a local and constitutional agent ; Dr.
Russell recommended scrofulous swellings to be rubbed with the
bruised vesicles, and afterwards to be washed with sea water, in order
to produce the resolution and disappearance of the swelling; the effect
produced appears to be owing to the iodine contained in the Fucus;'
(L.) These three are also extensively employed as manure.
Gigartina. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 952. Smith, Eng. Fl. voL v.
part 1, p. 298.)
Gigartina Helminthochorton. (Grev.) Plocaria Helminthocor-
ton. (Endl.) Fucus Helminthochorton. (La Tour.) Sphcerococcus
Helminthochorton. (Agdh.) Moicsse de corse, Corsican moss, Corsican
ivorm moss. Mediterranean Sea.
This usually contains also several kinds of geniculated threadlike
algae ; vermifuge, taken in the form of a thick jelly or thick mucilage ;
imported from France. (G.) Said to produce nausea and giddiness ;
it is used as an anthelmintic, and has been supposed to be particularly
efficacious against the large round worm (Ascaris lumbricoides) ; it has
also been recommended in cases of cancer, in consequence of Napoleon,
VEGETABLES.— ALGiE. 573
during his imprisonment in St. Helena, having spoken of its efficacy
in that disease. (L.)
Gracillaria. (Lindl. Med. Bot. 630.) Gigartina. (Smith.)
*GRACiLL,ARrA coMPRESSA. (Grcv.) Sphccrococcus compresstts.
(Agdh.) Spharococcus lichenoides. (Grev.) Seashore at Sidmouth.
Makes an excellent pickle and prerserve when fresh. (L.)
Gracillaria lichenoides. (Grev.) Fucus lichenoides. (Turn.)
Sphccroccus lichenoides- (Agdh.)
Higlily valued for food in Ceylon and other islands of the east. (L.)
Gracillaria tenax. (Grev.) Fucus tenax. (Turn.) Sphcero-
coccus tenax. (Agdh.)
Used very extensively by the Chinese for the same purposes as glue
or gum araliic. (L.)
Irid^a. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 944. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 1, p. 307.)
*Irid^a edulis. (Bory.) Fucus edulis. (Stackh.) Hed dulse.
Rocky shores.
Eaten while raw, also after being pinched with hot irons, in which
case it tastes like roasted oysters ; a red lake is prepared from it. (G.)
Lamixaria. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 939. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
part 1, p. 271.)
*Laminaria niGiTATA. (Lamour.) (E. B. 2274.) Fucus digitatus,
(Linn.) Sea girdle, Tangle. Sea-shores, in deep water.
Contains a nutritive jelly, more or less saccharine, eaten both by
man and beast; also burned for kelp. (G.)
*Laminaria saccharina. (Lamour.) (E. B. 1376.) Fucus saccha-
rinus. (Linn.) Sweet fucus, Sugary laminaria. Sea-shores.
"Washed in warm water and hung up, a saccharine substance exudes
from it ; some eat it without washing. (G.)
Laurencia. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 951. Smith, Eng. Fl.
vol. V. part 1, p. 295.)
♦Lauren'cia pinnatifida. (Lamour.) (E. B. 1202.) Fucus pinna-
tijida. (Huds.) Pepper dulse. Rocks in the sea.
Taste biting, aromatic ; eaten as a salad.
NosToc. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 960. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
part 1, p. 398.)
*NosTOC commune. (Vauch.) (E. B. 461.) Tremella nostoc, Nostoc,
Star shoot. Gravelly soils, rocks, pastures, &c.
A greenish jelly, eatable ; infused in brandy, it causes a disgust to
that liquor in those who drink of it. (G.)
PoRPHYRA. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 958. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
part 1, p. 310.)
*PoRPHYRA LAciNiATA. (Ag.) (E. B. 2296.) Ulva umhilicalis.
Laciniated purple laver. Shield laver. On rocks and stones in the sea.
Esculent, but requires baking for some hours to render it eatable.
(G.) This, under the name of Laver, is much eaten in many places,
especially the south of England, pickled witli salt and preserved in
574 VEGETABLES.— ALGJE.
jars, and when brought to table, served up with lemon-juice ; the in-
habitants of the western islands gather it in the month of March, and
after pounding and macerating it with a little water, eat it with pepper,
vinegar, and butter ; others stew it with leeks and onions. (Hooker.)
Ehodomenia. (Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v. part 1, p. 288.)
*Rhodomenia PALMATA. (Grcv.) (E. B. 1306.) Fucus palmatus
(Linn.) Dills, Dulesh, Dulse. Eocky shores.
Eaten either raw, boiled, or dried, but is very tough. (G.)
Sabgassum. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 936. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
part 1, p. 264.)
*Sargassum VULGARE. (Ag.) (E. B. 2114.) Fucus natans. (Turn.)
Lenticula marina, Vitis marina. Sea lentils.
Used by the Portuguese and Dutch in dysuria. (G.)
*Sargassum bacciferum. (Ag.) (E. B. 1967.) Fucus hacciferus.
(Turn.) F. natans, Laver, Gulf weed.
Eaten raw as a salad ; also pickled as samphire ; aperient, diuretic,
and antiscorbutic. (G.)
Ulva. (De Cand. Bot. Gal. 957. Smith, Eng. Fl. vol. v.
part 1, p. 311.)
*Ui.VA LATissiMA. (Linn.) (E. B. 1551.) Iceland sea-grass. Broad
green laver.
*Ulva lactuca. (Linn.) Lichen marinus, Oyster green. Lettuce
green laver.
Are also eaten. (G.)
575
THE
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF PLANTS.
In collecting plants for medicinal purposes, it is important that they
should be gathered at that period of their growth when the part of
the plant intended for iise contains the greatest amount of medicinal
activity,
1. Roots, of herbaceous plants, should be collected either in the
spring, before vegetation has commenced, or in the autumn, after the
herb has withered. The latter period is probably the best for collect-
ing the roots of most, if not all, herbaceous plants, as a large store of
secretions is laid up in the roots at this time, for the support of the
vital functions through the winter. Some roots, such as liquorice and
dandelion, which are generally used in the recent state, may be pre-
served in this condition by keeping them covered with sand in a cellar.
Roots that are intended to be dried, should be cleansed from adhering
mould, by brushing them in a small quantity of water. The use of
much water should be avoided. It is desirable that they should be
dried without being previously sliced or cut, or having the cortex re-
moved, whenever this is possible. In the cases of liquorice and marsh
mallow roots, and some «others, the cortex is, however, sometimes re-
moved, before drying. Large and succulent roots require to be cut,
in order to facilitate their drying. They should be dried at a tempe-
rature not exceeding 120** Fahr.
2. Roots may be preserved as specimens by keeping them immersed
in spirit, in acetic acid, or in solution of common salt. Acetic acid,
about the strength of distilled vinegar, or rather stronger, answers
the purpose very well, and being cheaper than spirit, would be pre-
ferred to it.
3. Barks ought to be collected at that season in which they can be
most easily separated from the wood. (Lond. Pharm., 1851.) The
epidermis, or outer skin of the bark, being generally inefficacious,
should be scraped off. The ordinary heat of the atmosphere is in
general sufficient for drying barks. ^
576 THE COLLECTION AND
4. Herbs ought to be collected when they begin to flower; they
should be gathered on a dry day, as soon as the dew is off. Any
withered or decayed leaves should be removed. If intended for use in
the fresh state, they should be used on the day on which tliey are
gathered. If intended to be dried, they should be spread out on hurdles
or wicker-work, and exposed in a current of dry air, or covered with
paper and exposed to the sun, until perfectly dry. The more quickly
the drying is effected by these means, the better. They should then
be put into wide-mouthed bottles, and kept excluded from the access
of light and moisture.
5. Leaves are to be gathered after the flowers are blown, and before
the seeds ripen. (Lond. Pharm., 1851.) Care should be taken that
the leaves of biennial narcotic plants, such as Hyoscyamus and Digi-
talis, are not collected in the first year of their growth, as they possess
less medicinal activity at this period than at the period of inflores-
cence. They should be dried in the same manner as herbs (4).
6. Flowers are to be gathered when recently blown. (Lond. Pliarra.,
1851.) They should be dried in the same way as herbs and leaves.
In most cases it is desirable to remove the calyces. This should espe-
cially be done with roses intended for making rose-water. Red roses,
before being dried, are generally cut transversely. The colour of some
flowers, especially blue flowers, very soon fades. This effect is said to
be in some degree prevented by dipping the flowers, for a moment, in
boiling water, and then slightly pressing them before drying them.
Some flowers, sucli as roses and elder flowers, are preserved by merely
packing them in a cask with common salt, or salt and water ; this
method is advantageously adopted with roses and elder flowers intended
for making the distilled waters.
7. Herbs and leaves are sometimes preserved together with their
proper juices, in the following manner : — the herbs or leaves are put
into wide-mouthed bottles, to which corks are carefully fitted, and these
are covered with a luting of lime and soft cheese spread on calico, and
secured with string or wire. Canvas cloths are then tied round the
bottles separately, and, thus secured, the bottles are put into a boiler of
Avater, which is gradually heated until it boils, and the boiling is con-
tinued for about a quarter of an hour ; the water is then allowed to
cool, when the bottles are removed, examined to ascertain whether they
are sound, and in this state put into a cool place on their sides.
8. Herbs, leaves, and Jlowers, are preserved, as botanical specimens,
in the moist state, by keeping them immersed in spirit, in acetic acid,
or in some saline solutions, such as solution of common salt, or of alum.
The first two answer the purpose best. It is sometimes found be-
neficial to dip the plant for a moment into boiling water, before put-
PRESERVATION OF PLANTS. 577
ting it into the liquid in which it is to be kept ; the effect of which is
probably to coagulate the albumen contained in the plant. The colour
of most plants is preserved better in acetic acid than in spirit.
9. Dry botanical specimens are prepared by placing the plants be-*
tween sheets of bibulous paper, and subjecting them to pressure,
either by means of a screw-press, or with boards and straps or weights.
The principal thing to be attended to in drying plants in this way, is
to interpose plenty of bibulous paper between the specimens, and to
change the paper every day. Some plants require to be dipped in
hot water before drying them, and this is said to promote the preserva-
tion of the colours. When the specimens are sufficiently dry, they are
to be fixed with gum water on sheets of paper, arranged in cases with
a weight on the top, and a few pieces of camphor interspersed to pre-
vent the attacks of insects.
10. limits, unless their efficacy depends upon the acerbity of their
juices, ought to be gathered when they are ripe. They should be kept
on a layer of straw, in a cool, dry, shady place. The fruits ought not
to touch each other lest they should rot from want of free evaporation
at the points of contact.
11. Seeds are to be collected when ripe, and are best kept in their
own seed-vessels.
12. Fruits and seeds may be preserved by heating them in their
own juices, in the same manner as has been described for the preserv-
ation of herbs and leaves (7). Gooseberries and pease are preserved
in this way ; or sometimes the process is a little modified, — the bottles,
after being left for about half an hour in the boiling water, are filled'
up to the brim with boiling water, and then corked without leaving
any air in the bottle. The corks must be well secured with wax or
some other cement.
13. Fruits and seeds are also preserved by keeping them in spirit,
in acetic acid, or in salt and water. In preserving fruits as specimens,
it is sometimes found desirable to dip them into a hot solution of alum
in water, before putting them into the spirit or acetic acid in which
they are to be kept. This tends to preserve the colour and firmness of
the fruit. Some very succulent fruits, as well as vegetables, require to
have a portion of their aqueous juices abstracted before putting them
into the liquids in which they are to be preserved. For this purpose
they are sometimes immersed for a day or two in a concentrated solu-
tion of common salt. They are afterwards dipped, for a momenr, into
a hot solution of alum, or hot acetic acid, and then put into the cold
acetic acid or spirit, in which they are to be kept.
14. Syrup is sometimes used for preserving fruits. The syrup
should be boiled to a weak candy height, and poured hot upon the
2 p
578 PRESERVATION OF PLANTS.
fruit so as to cover if, the juice of the fruit being drawn out by
the syrup, the latter becomes weakened, and must therefore be poured
off after about twelve hours, reboiled to its former strength, and
poured on the fruit again. This must be repeated, if the fruit is very
juicy, a tliird or fourth time, or until the syrup is no longer weak-
ened by the juice of the fruit. The peel of some fruits is preserved
in this way.
15. Seeds are preserved, so as to retain their germinating power,
when sent to distant countries, by covering them with honey or thick
syrup. They are also sometimes preserved for this purpose by dipping
them into melted wax, and allowing a coating of wax to remain over
them ; the wax or the sugar is to be cleaned off previous to planting
them.
16. Some vegetable substances, such as trvffles, are preserved in
olive oil, the jars in which they are contained being closely luted, to
prevent the oil from becoming rancid.
[ 579 ]
ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL PRODUCTS
FORMULA
FOE THE PREPARATION OF COMPOUNDS
BMPLOTED Ilf
MEDICIM, DOMESTIC ECONOMY, AND THE ARTS.
AcETUM. Vinegar.
Impure acetic acid, obtained by sub-
mitting spirituous liquors to the acetic
fermentation. It is usually made from an
infusion of raw or malted barley, when it
is called Malt vinegar, or British vinegar ;'
or from wine, when it is called Wine vine-
gar, or French vinegar.
Malt, or British vinegar.
This is sold of four different degrees of
strength, called respectively Nos, 18, 20,
SJ2, and 24. The last, which is the
strongest, is also called Proof vinegar;
it ought to contain about five per cent.
of real acetic acid. Vinegai'-makers are
allowed by law to add one thousandth
part by weight of oil of viti'iol to these
Tinegars.
Lond. Ph. 185L Acetum
(Britannicum). British vinegar.
Acetic acid, dilute and impure, pre-
pared by fermentation from an infusion of
malt. Brownish, of a peculiar odour,
specific gravity 1'019; a fluid ounce of
vinegar is saturated by a drachm of the
crystals of carbonate of soda. If to the
same measure there be added ten minims
of solution of chloride of barium (BaCl 3i.,
HO^i.), and more chloride be dropped into
the filtered vinegar, nothing further is
precipitated. Hydrosulphuric acid being
added, its colour is not altered.
Edin. Ph. 184L Acetum Bri-
tannicum. British vinegar.
Density 1006 to 1019. Sulphuretted
hydrogen does not colour it. In four
fluid ounces complete precipitation takes
place with 30 minims of solution of nitrate
of baryta. (Nitr. Baryt. 40 parts, water
800 parts.)
Wine, or French vinegar.
This is prepared usually from white wine,
sometimes from red, but the former is pre-
ferred.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Acetum gal-
licum. French vinegar.
Density 1014 to 1022. Ammonia in
slight excess causes a purplish muddiness,
and slowly a purplish precipitate. In
four fluid ounces complete precipitation
takes place with 30 minims of solution of
nitrate of baryta, (Nitr. Barj't. 40 parts,
water 800 parts.)
2 p 2
580
FORMULJE, «S:c.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Acetum gal-
licum. French vinegar.
Acetum aromaticum. Aro-
matic vinegar.
This is strong acetic acid, with camphor,
and essential oils of cloves, lavender, rose-
mary, &c., dissolved in it. The acid should
be nearly as strong as the glacial acetic
acid.
The followinjr are g-ood formulae for —
Aromatic vinegar.
^ Strongest acetic acid . .
Camphor
Oil of cloves
oj.
3"J-
Oil of lavender ....
3J-
Oil of cinnamon ....
gtt. XX.
Oil of rosemary ....
gtt. XXX
Mix.
Acidum aceticum aromaticum.
Ph. Borussica, 1847, and Codex
Medic. Hamburg, 1845.
^ Oil of cloves 5J.
Oil of lavender
Oil of citron, aa. . . . . ^U-
'"Oil of bergamot
Oil of thyme, iia . . . . |^j.
Oil of cinnamon .... gtt. x.
Strongest acetic acid . . . ^j.
Jlix, to form a limpid, yellowish-brown
solution.
The following formula was given for
it in the Edin. Ph. 1839, under the name
of-
Acidum aceticum aromaticum.
^ Rosemary, dried
Origanum, dried, aa. . . . _^j.
Lavender, dried .... ^ss.
Cloves, bruised .... 3ss.
Acetic acid (sp. gr. 1"068) . Ojss.
Jklacerate for seven days, strain and ex-
press strongly, and filter the liquor.
This has been omitted in the Edin. Ph.
1841. The Aciduni' aceticum camphora-
tum of the Edinburgh College was probably
intended as a substitute.
Acidum aceticum camphoratum.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^' Camphor ^^ss.
Acetic acid f ^^'jss.
Pulverize the camphor with the aid of
a little rectified spirit, and dissolve it in
the acid.
Dubl. Ph. ] 850.
9 Camphor li- (p)
Rectified spirit f 3J.
Strong acetic acid. . . , f ^x.
Reduce the camphor to powder, by tri-
turation with the spirit; then add the
acid, and dissolve.
Acetum cantharidis. {JSpis-
pasticum.) Vinegar of cantha-
rides. {Epispastic.)
Lond, Ph. 1851.
9 Cantharides rubbed to powder ^^ij.
Acetic acid f ^xx.
Macerate the cantharides with the acid
for eight days, frequently shaking. Lastly,
press and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
'^ Cantharides, in powder . . . ^iij.
Acetic acid f ^^v.
Pyroligneous acid .... f ,^xv.
Euphorbium, in coarse powder ^ss.
Mix the acids, add the powders, mace-
rate for seven days, strain and express
strongly, and filter the liquors.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9' Spanish flies, in fine powder ^iv. (d).
Strong acetic acid . . f ^iv.
Acetic acid of commerce (sp.
gr. 1-044) f^xvj.
Mix the acid, and, having added the
flies, macerate in a close vessel for fourteen
days ; then strain through flannel with ex-
pression, and filter so as to obtain a clear
liquor.]
These preparations are intended to be
used for producing speedy vesication. A
pledget wetted with the Acetum cantha-
ridis, applied to the skin, and covered with
a piece of adhesive plaster, will often pro-
duce a blister in from half an hour to an
hour. This effect, however, cannot be
FORMULA, &c.
581
I
depended upon, especially with the pre-
paration of the London College. Several
medical men in London ai-e in the habit
of ordering Acetum cantharidis, made
according to the London Pharmacopoeia,
but substituting for the acetic acid there
ordered, a much stronger acid— that used
for making Aromatic vinegar — which is
nearly three times the strength of the
acetic acid of the London College. When
thus prepared it will generally raise a
blister in five or ten minutes.
Acetum colchici. Vinegar
of Meadow saffron.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
5- Cormus of meadow saffron, dried 3iiiss.
Diluted acetic acid ... Oj.
Proof spirit f^iss.
Macerate the meadow saffron with the
acid in a closed vessel for three days ; then
press out (the liquor) and set it by, that
the dregs may subside; lastly, add the
spirit to the strained liquor,
Edin. Ph. 1841.
IJ Colchicum bulb, fresh and sliced ^.
Distilled water fS^vj.
Proof spirit f^j-
^Macerate the colchicum in the vinegar
for three days in a covered glass vessel ;
strain and express strongly; filter the
liquors ; and add the spirit.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Colchicum bulbs, dried and
bruised !j- (")
Acetic acid of commerce (sp.
gr. 1-044) f5iv.
Distilled water f^xij.
In the acid, diluted with the water,
macerate the colchicum, in a close vessel,
for seven days ; then strain with expres-
sion, and filter.
Acetum destillatum. Dis-
tilled vinegar.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Take of vinegar a gallon : — •
Let seven pints distil in a sand-bath.
Its specific gravity is 1"0065. A fluid-
ounce of it is saturated by 57 grains of the
crystals of carbonate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of vinegar (French by preference)
eight parts ; distil over with a gentle heat
seven parts ; dilute the product, if neces-
sary, with distilled water, till the density is
1005.
Note. — Density 1005 ; colourless ; un-
altered by sulphuretted hydrogen; one
hundred minims neutralize 8 grains of car-
bonate of soda.
Acetum digitalis. Vinegar
of digitalis.
Ph. Borussica 1847.
9 Leaves of foxglove, cut . . ^.
Common vinegar .... Jviii.
Macerate for six days, press, filter, and
keep it in a well-stoppered bottle.
Note. — Limpid ; of a reddish colour.
Maximum dose for an adult, 30 drops.
Acetum opii. Vinegar of
opium.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Opium . ..... Jiv.
Distilled vinegar ., . . f^xvj.
Cut the opium into small fragments,
triturate it into a pulp with a little of the
vinegar, add the rest of the vinegar, mace-
rate it in a closed vessel for seven days, and
agitate occasionally. Then strain and ex-
press strongly, and filter the liquor,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9" Opium in coarse powder ^^iss. (d)
Dilute acetic acid . . Oj.
Macerate for seven days in a close ves-
sel, with occasional agitation ; then strain
with expression, and filter.
U. S. Ph. 1851. {Black Drop.)
9 Opium, in coarse powder . ^viij.
Nutmegs in coarse powder . ^iss.
Saffron 5^.
Sugar ^xij.
Diluted acetic acid, a sufficient
quantity.
Digest the opium, nutmeg, and saffron,
with a pint and a half of the diluted acetic
acid on a sand-bath, with a gentle heat, for
forty-eight hours, and strain. Digest the
residue with an equal quantity of the
dilated acetic acid in the same manner, for
582
FOEMUL^, &c.
twenty-four houi*s; then put the whole
into a percolator and return the filtered
liquor as it passes until it comes away
quite clear. When the filtration has
ceased, pour diluted acetic acid gradually
on the materials remaining in the in-
strument, until the whole quantity of
filtered liquid equals three pints. Lastly,
add the sugar, and, by means of a water-
bath, evaporate to three pints and four fluid
ounces.
ACETUM PROrnYl.ACTICUM.
Prophylactic vmegar. Vinaigre
des quatre voleurs, Acetum qua-
tuoT furmn. Four thieves' vine-
gar. Marseilles vinegar.
It is said that during the plague at
Marseilles, four persons, by the use of this
preservative, attended, unhurt, multitudes
of those that were affected; that under
colour of these services they robbed both
the sick and the dead, and that being
afterwards apprehended, one of them saved
himself from the gallows by disclosing the
composition of the prophylactic, which
was as follows : —
]^ Fresh tops of common worm-
wood, Iioman wormwood,
rosemary, sage, mint, rue,
each ^ss.
Dried lavender flowers . ^ij.
Garlic, calamus aromati-
cus, cinnamon, cloves,
nutmegs, each . . . jij.
Strong vinegar .... 8 pints.
Digest in the heat of the sun or a sand-
bath, in a matrass closely stopped, for
twelve days ; strain, press, and filter ; and
afterwards add one ounce of camphor dis-
solved in spirit of wine. — Lewis's Dispen-
satory.
This formula has since been much
simplified, and was introduced as follows,
under the title of
Acidum aceticum aromaticum.
Edin. Ph. 1817.
9' Dried rosemary and sage, each ^'.
Dried lavender flowers . . ^ ss.
Bruised cloves jss.
Distilled vinegar .... Ibij.
Macerate for seven days, press, and
filter.
Acetum aromaticum.
Ph. Borussica 1847.
9 Leaves of rosemary
„ sage
,, pepperment, aa . ^ij.
Cloves
Zedoary root
Angelica „ aS . . , . ^ss.
Common vinegar .... Il3vj. '
Macerate for four days in a closed vessel,
then press, and filter. To be kept in a
well-closed bottle. It will be limpid, and
of a reddish-brown colour.
Acetum rubi ib^i. Vinegar
of raspberries. Raspberry vinegar.
Ph. Borussica 1847.
^ Raspbei-ry fruit Ifej.
Common vinegar .... Ibij.
Macerate in a well-closed glass vessel,
until the liquor has acquired a bright red
colour; then strain without pressure, fil-
ter, and keep it in bottles, filled and well-
closed.
Acetum scill/e. Vinegar of
squill.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Squill, recently dried and bruised ^iiss.
Diluted acetic acid Oj.
Proof spirit f ^iss.
Macerate the squill with the acid with a
gentle heat in a closed vessel, for three
days ; then press out (the liquor) and set
it by, that the dregs may subside ; lastly,
add the spirit to the strained liquor.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Dried squill in small frag-
ments ^v.
Distilled vinegar .... Olj.
Proof spirit f^'ij"
Macerate the squill in the vinegar for seven
days in a covered glass vessel, strain and
express the liquor, add the spirit, and filter
the whole.
FORMULA, &c.
.583
I
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Squill dried and bruised . ^ij. (d)
Acetic acid of commerce
(sp. gr. 1-044) . . . f^v.
Distilled water .... fjxij.
In the acid, diluted with tlie water,
macerate the squill in a close vessel for
seven daj-s ; then strain with expression,
and filter.
AciDUM ACETiCDM, Acetic add,
Is considered to b? peculiar to the ox-
ganic kingdom. It exists free or com-
bined with potash, lime, or ammonia, in
the juices of many vegetables. It is ob-
tained as a product of the acetous ferment-
ation, and of the destructive distillation
of wood ; and hj one or other of these
means, the acetic acid of commerce is al-
ways produced. The chemical composi-
tion of acetic acid as it exists in com-
bination with bases is OHSO^. The liquid
to which the name Acetic acid is usually
applied contains water in addition to the
above ; and the proportions of water con-
tained in the acid ordered under the name
of acetic acid in tlie three British Pharma-
copoeias differ considerably.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Acidumace-
ticum. Acetic acid.
An acid prepared from wood by fire'
purified. Destitute of colour, with a very
sharp odour, specific gravity 1'048; by
heat it goes off in vapour. Nothing is
thrown down from it, either nitrate of sil-
ver or chloride of barium being added, A
strip of silver being digested with it, and
hydrochloric acid being afterwards dropped
in, nothing is thrown down. Neither is
the colour changed by hydrosulphuric acid
nor ammonia, nor ferrocyanide of potassium
being added after ammonia. 100 grains of
this acid are saturated by 87 grains of the
crj-stals of carbonate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of acetate of lead any convenient
quantity ; heat it gradually in a porcelain
basin by means of a bath of oil or fusible
metal, (8 tin, 4 lead, 3 bismuth,) to 230°
F.,and stir till the fused mass concretes I
' ■'igain ; pulverize this when cold, and heat
the powder again to 320^ with frequent
stirring, till the particles cease to accrete.
Add 6 ounces of the powder to 9 fluid
drachms and a half of pure sulphuric acid
contained in a glass matrass; attach a
proper tube and refrigeratory ; and distil
from a fusible metal bath with a heat of
320'' to complete dryness. Agitate the
distilled liquid with a few grains of red
oxide of lead to remove a little sulphurous
acid, allow the vessel to rest a few mi-
nutes, pour off the clear liquor, and re-
distil it. The density is commonly from
1063 to 1065, but must not exceed 1068-5.
A/bfe.— Density not above 1068*5, and
increased by 20 per cent, of water : colour-
less: unaltered by sulphuretted hydrogen
or nitrate of baryta : one hundred minims
neutralize at least 216 grains of carbonate
of soda.
ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE.
Glacial acetic acid.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Take of acetate of lead any convenient
quantity. Place it in an oven at about the
temperature of 300°, until it ceases to lose
weight, and, having then brought it by
trituration to a fine powder, let it be intro-
duced into a flask or retort, and exposed to
an atmosphere of dry muriatic acid gas,
until very nearly the whole of it exhibits a
damped appearance. The flask or retort
being now connected in the usual manner
with a Liebig's condenser, let heat be ap-
plied by means of a chloride-of-zinc bath,
until the entire of the acetic acid shall have
distilled over.
The muriatic gas should be slowly dis-
engaged from the materials directed in the
formula for acidum muriaticum, usino-
eight ounces of salt for every pound of
anhydrous acetate of lead, and, to render it
quite dry, it should, before being conducted
into the vessel containing the sugar of lead,
be made to bubble through oil of vitriol, and
then pass through a long tube packed with
small fragments of fused chloride of cal-
cium.
The specific gravity of this acid is 1*065.
584
FORMULiE, &c.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Acidumaee-
ticum forte (Acidum acelicuni).
9 Glacial acetic acid . . . i\y\.
Distilled water . . , , fliv.
Mix.
The specific gravity of this acid is 1-066.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Acidum ace-
ticum e Ligno venule.
Acetic acid of commerce ; purified pyro-
ligneous acid. Sp. gr. 1'044.
Acidum aceticum dilutum.
Diluted acetic acid.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Acetic acid .... fjxxiij.
Distilled water . . . Oj.
To the acid add as much water as may
be necessary that it may accurately fill a
pint measure, and mix.
The specific gravity is I'OOS. A fluid
ounce of it is saturated by 57 grains of the
crystals of carbonate of soda.
Dubl. Ph. 1S50.
9' Acetic acid of commerce
(sp. gr. 1-044.) . ,
Distilled water .
Mix.
The specific gravity of this acid is 1-006.
Acidum Arsenicum. Arsenic
acid. AsO*.
Dissolve arsenious acid in hydrochloric
acid, with the aid of heat ; then add nitric
acid in small quantities at a time, as long
as red vapours are given off. Allow the
liquor to stand, that any insoluble matter
may subside, from wliich the clear part is
to be decanted, and then carefully evapo-
rate to perfect dryness. It will form a
white powder, anhydrous, soluble in water,
and forming a strongly-acid solution.
Acidum arseniosum. Arse-
nious acid. White arsenic. AsO^.
Obtained by roasting certain arsenical
ores in furnaces adapted for the purpose,
and purifying the product by sublimation.
It is met with in commerce, in powder,
and in vitreous masses. The powder, to
Oj.
Ovij.
which the name white arsenic is usually
applied, is sometimes adulterated with
chalk, sulphate of barytes, or sulphate of
lime. The vitreous arsenious acid, when
first prepared, is in transparent, or nearly
transparent pieces, which on exposure to
the air become opaque, sometimes slightly
yellow, and having the appearance of layers
or strata, differing in colour or opacity.
This kind is generally free from adultera-
tion.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Acidum arse-
niosum. Arsenious acid. A me-
tallic acid prepared by sublima-
tion.
White or slightly yellowish, for tJie
most part opaque, sometimes also, when
freshly broken, more or less permeated by
the light ; heated in a glass tube it is sub-
limed of a white colour, afterwards when
it has cooled it is changed into octohedral
crystals destitute of colour. Mixed with
charcoal and exposed to heat, it is reduced
to arsenic and is sublimed, exhaling an
alliaceous odour; afterwards when it has
cooled it adheres to the tube, shining like a
metal. It is dissolved by boilino- water
from which it falls down, in octohedral
crystals, when it has cooled. This solution
throws down a yellow substance on hydro-
sulphuric acid being added ; ammonia and
afterwards nitrate of silver being added, a
lemon-coloured substance ; but potash and
sulphate of copper being added, a greenish
substance. If 100 grains of this acid are
boiled in diluted hydrochloric acid, and
when the solution has cooled hydrosulphuric
acid be mixed with it, 124 grains of tersul-
phuret of arsenic are thrown down.
Edin. Pli. 1841. Arsenicum
album. Sesquioxide of arsenic.
Arsenious acid. Entirely sub-
limed by heat.
Dubl. Ph. ] 850. Acidum arse-
niosum piirum. (Arsenici oxy-
dum album sublimatum^
Take of commercial white oxide of arse-
nic any convenient quantity :
FORMULAE, &c.
585
Place it in a Florence flask, the neck of
which is made to pass into that of a second
flask of larger size, and, applying to the
former a regulated heat, by suspending it
beneath a semi-cylindrical hood of sheet-
iron, a few inches above a small charcoal
fire, cause the arsenic to sublime into the
latter. This sublimation should be con-
ducted under a flue with a good draught,
so as to protect the operator from inhaling
any vapours which may escape being con-
densed.
AciDUM BENzoicuM. Bcnzoic
acid. C'*H*O^HO.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
An acid procured from benzoin by sub-
limation. The crystals. — White, or nearly
white, heat being cautiously applied it flies
oft' exhaling a peculiar* odour. It is spar-
ingly dissolved in water, copiously in recti-
fied spirit. It is also dissolved in solution
of ammonia, jjotash, soda and lime, and is
precipitated from them by hydrochloric
acid.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of benzoin any convenient quan-
tity, put it into a glass matrass, and by
means of a gradually-increasing heat, sub-
lime as long as anything rises. Squeeze
the sublimate between folds of filtering-
paper, to remove the oil as much as pos-
sible, and sublime the residuum again.
Note. — Colourless ; sublimed entirely
by heat.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Take of benzoin any convenient quantity.
Place it in a small cylindric pot of sheet
iron, furnished with a flange at its mouth ;
and having fitted the pot into a circular
hole in a sheet of pasteboard, interpose
between the pasteboard and flange a collar
of tow, so far as to produce a nearly air-
tight junction. Let a cylinder of stiff
paper, open at one end, eighteen inches
high, and having a diameter at least twice
that of the pot, be now placed in an in-
verted position on the pasteboard, and
secured to it by slips of paper and flour-
paste ; a couple of inches of the lower part
of the pot being passed through a hole in
a plate of sheet tin, which is to be kept
from contact with the pasteboard by the
interposition of a i^w corks ; let a heat
just sufficient to melt the benzoin (that of
a gas lamp answers well) be applied, and
continued for at least six hours. Let the
product thus obtained, if not quite white,
be enveloped in bibulous paper, then sub-
jected to powerful pressure, and again sub-
limed.
Synonymes.
Flares Benzoini. Lond. Ph. 1721 and
1746.
Flares Benzaes. Lond. Ph. 1788.
AciDUM BOBACicuM. Boiacic
acid. Sal sedalivum Homhergi.
Homberg's Sedative salt. ^0^,3110.
1.
Dissolve ^viij of borax in a sufficient
quantity of warm water, and add thereto
^iij of oil of vitriol. Evaporate the mix-
ture till a pellicle appears on the surface,
then remove the solution from the fii"e,
and collect, wash, and dry the crystals
which form as it cools.
2.
Put ^viij of powdered borax into a wide-
necked retort ; pour thereon ^iij of water ;
then add ^iij of oil of vitriol. Place the
retort over a furnace, adapt a receiver to
it, and increase the fire until the vessel
becomes red-hot. Tlie sedative salt will
rise into the neck of the retort, and is to
be swept out with a feather; and a little
liquor will pass into the receiver. When
the vessels have become cold, pour back
the distilled liquor into the retort, and
sublime again, repeating the process as
long as any of the salt rises. In this
process the fire must be expeditiously
raised when the matter begins to grow
dry, for it is only at this period that the
acid sublimes in any quantity Lewis's
Dispensatory.
Boracic acid is now obtained in abun-
dance in Tuscany, as a natural product,
carried up from subterraneous cavities by
the combined agencies of heat and aqueous
vapour (as in the process last described),
and retained and collected in reservoirs of
586
FORMULA,, &c.
water, called lagoons, on the surface of
the earth. This water is afterwards eva-
porated until it deposits the acid on cool-
ing. Borax is now made from this natural
boracic acid.
Boracic acid was foiTnerly considered a
mild anodyne in doses of from 2 to 18
grains.
AciDUM ciTRicuM. Citric acid.
C'*H*0'S3H0.
Exists in large quantity in the juices
of many fruits, especially those of the
genus Citrus. It constitutes nearly the
whole of the free acid in the fruits of
Dulcamara, Dog-rose, Cranberry, &c. ; and
is found mixed with malic acid in goose-
berries, currants, strawben-ies, raspberries,
and cherries.
For commercial purposes citric acid is
usually obtained from the juice of lemons
or of limes.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Acidum citricum. Citric acid.
An acid procured from the juice
of the fruit of Citrus Limonum
and other species.
Destitute of colour, the whole or nearly
the whole dissipates in the fire. It is dis-
solved in water and in spirit. That which
is thrown down from the aqueous salt by
acetate of lead, is dissolved by nitric acid.
There is no salt prepared from potash,
except the tartrate, that throws down any-
thing with it. Spai-ingly added to a cold
solution of lime it does not render it turbid.
100 grains dissolved in water, are satuiated
by 205-7 grains of the crystals of carbonate
of soda,
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of lemon-juice, Oiv.
Prepai-ed chalk, ,^ivss, or a suffi-
ciency.
Diluted sulphuric acid, f ^xxxvj, or
in the same proportion to tlie
chalk required.
Boil the lemon-juice, allow it to rest,
pour off the clear liquor, boil this again,
and add the chalk to it while hot by de-
grees till there is uo more effervescence,
and the liquor ceases to taste acid. Collect
the precipitate, and wash it with hot water
till the water passes from it colourless.
Squeeze the residuum in a powerful press ;
mix it uniformly with 2 pints of distilled
water; and then add the sulphuric acid
by degrees and with constant stirring.
Try whether a small portion of the liquid,
when filtered, gives with solution of ni-
ti-ate of baryta a precipitate almost entirely
soluble in nitric acid ; and if the precipi-
tate is not nearly all soluble, add a little
citrate of lime to the whole liquor till it
stand this test. Separate now the clear
liquor by subsidence or filtration, washing
the insoluble matter with cold water, and
adding the washings to the liquor: con-
centrate with a gentle heat till crystals
form on the surface: set the liquor aside
to cool and crystallize; and purify the
crystals by repeated solution and crystal-
lization till they are colourless.
Saturating power of Citric acid.
20 grams of .„
..". .J will
citric acid .
(or f ^v lemon- .
^ . y V rate
juice,) j
Bicarb,
potash.
Carbonate
potash.
Sesquicarb.
ammonia.
Carbonate
soda.
Sesquicarb,
soda.
29 grs.
24 grs.
17 grs.
41 gi-s.
24 grs.
nn ■ e Bicarb.
20 grams of < , ,
° potash.
Carbonate
potash.
Sesquicarb.
ammonia.
Carbonate
soda.
Sesquicarb.
soda.
Requires of citric acid , , f -,••'•
for saturation ... , ^ ''• • \
lemon-juice)
17 grs.
(or f 3iv.
lemon-juice)
24 grs.
(orf3vj
lemon-juice)
10 grs.
(orfsijss.
lemon-juice)
17 grs.
(or f 3iv.
lemon-juice)
FORMULA, &c.
587
Note. — A solution in four parts of water
is not precipitated by carbonate of potash :
when iucinei-ated with the aid of red oxide
of mercury, no asli is left, or a mere trace.
Solutio acidi citrici. Artificial
Lemon-juice.
This is made by dissolving ^ of citric acid
in f ^xiv distilled water. If the flavour of
lemon-juice be desired, a few drops of
essential oil of lemons may be added.
AciDUM FORMicuM. Formic
acid. C* H O' + H 0.
Tliis acid exists in the insect called the
Ant (Foi-mica), from which it derives its
name (see pjjge 174), and it is also pre-
pared artificially, as by the following pro-
cess:—
9 ^"gar 1 part.
Peroxide of manganese , . 3 ,,
Water . , 2
Mix in a large retort, and add
Oil of vitriol, 3 parts, mixed with
Water . , 3 „
When the first violent effervescence has
subsided, heat is cautiously applied, and
an acid liquor (impure formic acid) dis-
tilled over. This may bo purified by form-
ing with it an insoluble formiate of lead,
and decomposing this with sulphuretted
hydrogen. It is usually used much diluted
with water.
AciDUM GALLicuM. Gallic
acid. C H'' O*, H O.
When pure, is a coloui-less crystalliz-
able acid, having an acidulous and styptic
taste. It is soluble in 3 parts of boiling
water, and in 100 parts of cold water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Acidum gallicum. Gallic
acid.
An acid prepared from the gall. The
crystals destitute of colour, it dissipates in
the fire. It is dissolved in water and in rec-
tified spirit. It affects the preparations of
the sesquioxide of iron dissolved in water,
with a bluish-black colour ; but throws
down nothing from a solution of isinglass.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Of galls, in coaree powder Ibj. (d)
Distilled water as much as
may be necessary.
Having placed the galls in a porcelaiu
dish, pour on as much water as will con-
vert them into a thick paste, and keep
them in this moistened condition for six
weeks, at a temperature between 60° and
70°, adding water from time to time, so as
to supply what is lost by evaporation.
Let the residue be boiled for 20 minutes,
with 45 ounces of water, and then placed
on a calico filter. The filtered solution,
on cooling, will afford a copious precipitate.
Let this be ditiined on a calico filter, then
subjected to strong expression, after having
been first enveloped in blotting paper, and
again dissolved in 10 ounces of boiling
water. When, upon ceasing to apply heat,
the solution has cooled down to 80^, pour
it off from the crystals which have formed,
and having washed these with 3 ounces of
ice-cold water, dry them, first on blotting
paper, and finally by a steam or water
heat.
By boiling the undissolved portion of
the galls with 45 additional ounces of
water, filtering into a capsule containing
the liquor decanted from the crystals
formed in the preceding process, evaporat-
ing down to the bulk of 10 ounces, and
cooling to 80°, an additional quantity of
the crystallized acid will be obtained.
Or,
9 Powdered galls Bjj-(i>)
Oil of vitriol of commerce . f^xxvj.
Water Ov f^xiv.
Steep the galls for 24 hours in Oj of the
water, then ti-ansfer them to a glass or
porcelain percolator, and pour on Oiss of
the water in successive portions. - Dilute
5 ounces of the oil of vitriol, with an
equal bulk of water, and when the mixture
has cooled, add it to the infusion obtained
by percolation, stirring well, so as to bring
them into perfect contact. Let the viscid
precipitate which forms, be separated by a
filter, and to the solution which passes
588
FORMULA, &c.
through, add ^v. more of the oil of vitriol,
which will yield an additional precipitate.
This being added to that previously ob-
tained, let both be enveloped in calico, and
subjected to powerful pressure. Dissolve
the residue in the rest of the oil of vitriol,
this latter being first diluted with what
remains of the water: boil the solution
for 20 minutes, and then allow it to cool,
and set it by for a week. Let the deposit
which has formed at the end of this period
be pressed, dried, and then dissolved in
3 times its weight of boiling water, clear-
ing the solution, if necessary, by filtration ;
and when it has cooled down to 80°,
decant the liquid from the crystalline
sediment which has formed, and wash the
latter Avith 3 ounces of ice-cold water.
Finally let it be transferred to blotting
paper, and when deprived by this of
adhering liquid, let it be dried perfectly at a
temperature not exceeding 212°.
The gallic acid obtained by either the
preceding processes may be rendered
nearly white by dissolving it in 20 times
its weight of boiling distilled water, and
causing the solution to traverse a stratum
of prepared animal charcoal spread upon a
calico filter. When the liquid passes
through colourless, it should be evaporated
to one-sixth of its volume and then
suffered to cool, in order to the separation
of the crystallized acid,]
Gallic acid has been given in doses of
from 15 grains t6 30 grains against the
Tcenia solium. It is sometimes used ex-
ternally as a styptic.
ACIDUM HYDRIODICUM. Hy-
dr iodic acid. HI.
Consists of iodine and hydrogen. HI.
Under ordinary circumstances it exists as
a gas ; but the solution of this in water is
the form in which it is usually employed.
Solution of hydrindic acid,
1. Reduce ^. of iodine to powder, by
rubbing it, moistened with a little water,
in a Wedgwood mortar ; mix this with
^vj. of distilled water in any convenient
vessel, and pass sulphuretted hydrogen
gas into the mixture, until the colour of
the iodine is entirely removed ; boil the
liquor so as to drive off excess of sul-
phuretted hydrogen, and remove the sul-
l>hur which will be present, by passing the
fluid through a filter. The filtered liquor
(solution of hydriodic acid) should be co-
lourless and free from smell.
2. To 126 grains of iodine, mixed with
about one fluid ounce of distilled water,
add 35 grains of zinc turnings or clip-
pings. Apply a gentle heat, care being
taken that the mixture is not exposed to
atmospheric air more than is absolutely
necessary, and when the action has ceased,
and no free iodine is present, decant the
clear liquor, and wash, dry, and weigh
the residual zinc. The solution and wash-
ings are now to be evaporated, and for
every atom or 32 grains of zinc found to
have been dissolved, add one atom or 63
grains of crystallized oxalic acid. Apply
a gentle heat to the mixture, and, when
cold, separate the precipitated oxalate of
zinc by filtration.
Note. — It cannot be kept for any length
of time without undergoing decomposition.
ACIDUM HYDKOCHLORICUM.
Hydrochloric acid. Muriatic acid.
HCl.
Under ordinary circumstances a gas ; but
the above names are generally given to the
solution of hydrochloric acid gas in water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
ACIDUM HYDEOCHLOKICUM.
Hydrochloric acid.
An acid prepared from chloride of
sodium. Destitute of colour; specific
gravity 1*16 ; exposed to the air it evolves
very sharp white vapours ; the whole goes
off into vapours by heat. Mixed with
water, it throws down nothing, on either
chloride of barium, ammonia, or sesqui-
carbonate of ammonia, being added. It
exercises no action upon strips of gold
when it is boiled with them, nor does it
throw down anything if protochloride of
tin be afterwards added.
FORMULA, &c.
589
It does not abstract the colour from a so- i
lution of sulphate of indigo. 100 grains i
of this acid are saturated by 132 grains of I
the crystals of carbonate of soda. j
Edin.Ph. 1841. Acidum muri-
aticiim .
Hydrocliloric acid of commerce. Den-
sity at least I'lSO. It is always yellow,
and commonly contains a little sulphuric
acid, oxide of iron, and chlorine.
Edin. Ph, 1841, Acidum muri-
aticum purum.
Purify muriate of soda by dissolving it
in boiling water, concentrating the solu-
tion, skimming off the crystals as they
form on the surface, draining fi'om them
the adhering solution as much as possible,
and subsequently washing them with cold
■water slightly. Take of this salt, previously
well-dried, of pure sulphuric acid, and of
water, equal weights. Put the salt into a
glass retort, and add the acid previously
diluted with a third part of the water and
allowed to cool. Fit on a receiver con-
taining the rest of the water. Distil with
a gentle heat by means of a sand-bath or
naked gas-flame, so long as any liquid
passes over, preserving the receiver con-
stantly cool by snow or a stream of cold
water.
Note. — Density 1'170; nearly or en-
tirely colourless : without action on gold-
leaf. If previously diluted with distilled
water, it is not altered by solution of ni-
trate of baryta.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Acidum muriaticum purum.
9 Dried chloride of sodium Ibiij. (d)
Oil of vitriol of commerce . f ^xliv.
Water f^xxxij.
Distilled water .... f ^xliv.
Dilute the oil of vitriol with the 32
ounces of water, and when the mixture
has cooled, pour it upon the salt, previously
introduced into a globular flask, having a
capacity of at least one gallon. A gentle
heat being now applied, let the muriatic
gas, as it escapes, be conducted into a bottle
containing the distilled water, by means of
a bent tube dipping about half an inch
beneath its surface, and let the process be
continued until the product measures 3
pints. Throughout this operation, par-
ticularly towards its close, the temperature
of the water which absorbs the gas must,
by the application of external cold, be pre-
vented from rising.
The specific gravity of this acid is 1'176.
Synonymes.
Spiritus Salts. Lond. Ph, 1721. Spirit
of Salt.
Spiritus Salts Marini Glauheri. Lond.
Ph. 1746.
Acidum Muriaticum. Lond. Ph. 1788,
1809, and 1824.
Acidum hydrochloricum di-
I.UTUM. Diluted Hydrochloric
acid.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Acidum hy-
drochloricum dilutum.
9 Hydrochloric acid . . . f ^v.
Distilled water .... f ^xv.
Mix.
Its specific gravity is 1*043. A fluid
ounce of this acid is saturated by 168
grains of the crystals of carbonate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Acidum mu-
riaticum dilutum.
j^ Muriatic acid f^'^-
Distilled water .... f^xij.
Mix them together. The density of this
preparation is 1-050.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Acidum mu-
riaticum diluttwi.
^ Pure muriatic acid . . . f ^iv.
Distilled water . . . . f ^xiij.
Mix.
The specific gravity of this acid is 1*045.
Acidum hydrocyanicum. Hy-
drocyanic acid. Prussic acid.
Acidum horussicum.
This acid was first obtained in a free
state in the year 1782, by Scheele, who
prepared it from Prussian blue. It exists
590
FORMULJE, &c.
ready formed in, or may be obtained as a
product from, many vegetables, especially
those belonging to the sub-orders Amyg-
dalecB and Pomecc. Its proximate consti-
tuents are cyanogen and hydrogen, but its
ultimate composition is C^N H. Pure
anhydrous hydrocyanic acid is a solid at
the temperature of 0° F, ; it becomes li-
quid at a temperature a little above this ;
and boils at 79° or 80^ F., forming hy-
drocyanic acid vapour. The solution of this
in water forms the diluted hydrocyanic
acid which is employed in medicine.
ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DI-
LTJTUM. Diluted Hydrocyanic acid.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Ferrocyanide of pots:;sium . ^'J-
Sulphuric acid fS'^'Jj-
Distilled water Oiss.
Mix the acid with 4 fluidounces of the
water, and to these, put into a retort when
they have cooled, add the ferro-cyanide,
previously dissolved in half a pint of the
water. Pour 8 fluidounces of the water
into a cooled receiver: then, the retort
being fitted on, let 6 fluidounces of the
acid, distilled by a gentle heat in a sand-
bath, pass into this water. Lastly, add
6 other ounces of water, or as much as
may be sufficient, that 12-59 grains of
nitrate of silver dissolved in distilled water
may be accurately saturated by 100 grains
of this acid.
Destitute of colour; it goes off into
vapours by heat, evolving a peculiar odour.
It affects litmus with a slight fugacious
red colour. It does not redden the iodo-
cyanide of potassium and mercury. Hy-
drosulphuric acid being added it is not
coloured. Chloride of barium being added,
it throws down nothing. Two grains of
hydrocyanic acid are contained in 190
grains of this dilute acid.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Acidum hy-
drocyanicum. Hydrocyanic acid.
R, Ferrocyanide of potassium . ^iij.
Sulphuric acid .... f^ij.
Water f^xvj.
Dissolve the salt in 11 fluidounces oi
the water, and put the solution into a
matrass with a little sand; add the acid
previously diluted with 5 fluidounces of
the water and allowed to cool : connect
the matrass with a proper refrigeratory;
distil with a gentle heat, by means of a
sand-bath or naked gas-flame, till 14
fluidounces pass over, or till the residuum
begins to froth up. Dilute the product
with distilled water, till it measures 16
fluidounces.
Note. — Solution of nitrate of baryta
occasions no precipitate. 50 minims
diluted with 1 fluidounce of distilled
water, agitated with 390 minims of solu-
tion of nitrate of silver, and allowed to
settle, will again give a precipitate with
40 minims more of the test : but a further
addition of the test after agitation and
rest has no effect. The precipitate en-
tirely disappears in boiling nitric acid.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Ferrocyanide of potassium ^ij. (d)
Oil of vitriol of commerce . f ^.
Water f^xij.
Dissolve the salt in 8 ounces of the
water, and dilute the oil of vitriol with the
remaining 4 ounces. When both solutions
are cold, introduce them successively into
a retort or matrass, containing several
slips of platinum foil, and connected in the
usual manner with a Liebig's condenser ;
and, with the aid of a gentle heat, let 8
ounces be distilled over. Finally, dilute
the product with 8 ounces of distilled
water, or so tliat the volume of the diluted
acid shall be 16 fluidounces. The specific
gravity of this acid is '997.
Scheele's Prussic acid.
Mix together 1 0 parts of Prussian blue
in powder, 5 parts of red oxide of mercury,
and i50 parts of water ; boil the mixture
in a glass vessel for some minutes, or
until the blue colour has disappeared ;
pass the fluid through a filter, and after-
wards wash the filter with 10 parts more
of hot water. To the clear liquors add
2J parts of clean iron-filings, quite free
FORMULA, &c.
591
from rust, and 1 part of strong oil of
vitriol ; shake the mixture, and pour the
clear solution from the mercury which
separates at the bottom. Put the solution
into a retoi-t, and distil over one-fourth
part of it, which keep for use. — Tliomp-
son's Sijstem of Chemistry.
The foregoing processes for preparing
diluted h'jdrocijanic acid afford products
differing materially from each otlier in
strength. Scheele's hydrocyanic acid was
for some time generally employed in this
country, but the process for its prepara-
tion is objectionable, as the acid ob-
tained by it is of uncei-tain strength, de-
pending on the quality of the Prussian
blue. Mr. Everett found specimens of
Scheele's hydrocyanic acid, obtained from
different houses in London, to contain,
in one case, 5"8 per cent, of real acid ; in
others, 2*1 to 2*6 per cent.; and in
several instances only 1*4 per cent. The
strength of this acid has been generally
estimated at 5 per cent, of real acid. The
diluted hydrocyanic acid, Lond. Ph. 1851,
contains 2 per cent, of real acid ; the
hydrocyanic acid, Edin, Ph. 1841, con-
tains 3*226 per cent ; the Prussic acid,
DnbL Ph. 1850, contains about 2 per cent.
of real acid.
AciDUM lODicoM. Iodic acid.
10*.
A white solid, having a strong, astrin-
gent, sour taste, but no smell. Its specific
gravity is greater than that of oil of
vitriol. It is decomposed by a heat above
500° F, — Prepiration. Introduce nitric
acid, specific gravity 1*5, into a tube about
fifleeen inches long, sealed at one end ;
add a fifth part of iodine, and keep the
mixtare at a boiling temperature for
several hours, renewing the nitric acid,
as it is lost by evaporation, and returning
the iodine, which rises and condenses on
the sides of the tube, to the liquid, by
agitation, or by means of a glass rod.
When the iodine has entirely disappeared,
the nitric acid is to be driven off by
evaporation at a temperature below 500°
F., and the iodic acid will remain in the
tube. (^Mr. Conncll, of Edinburgh.)
This process answei-s very well for the
preparation of a few grains of iodic acid,
but when a larger quantity is required, it
is more conveniently and economically
made by boiling iodate of barytcs with one-
fourth of its weight of oil of vitriol, and
1^ times its weight of water, when sul-
phate of barytes is formed, which may be
separated by the filter, and the liquor, on
being carefully evaporated to dryness,
jneids iodic acid.
The following process has been given
by Mr. Lewis Thompson :— Put one atom
or 126 grains of iodine into a proper
vessel, with 24 ounces of water, and pass
chlorine, previously washed in cold water,
through the mixture, until it shall have
become colourless; set the solution aside
for an hour, then heat it to 212^ P., to
disengage the uncombined chlorine, and
add 2^ atoms or 295 grains of recently-
precipitated oxide of silver; boil the whole
for ten minutes ; filter and evaporate care-
fully to dryness. The product is pure
anhydrous iodic acid.
Morphia is said to be the only vegetable
alkali which decomposes iodic acid and
liberates iodine, on which account iodic
acid has been recommended as a test for
morphia.
AciDUM LACTICUM. Ldctic ucid.
CIPO*, HO.
This acid exists in several of the animal
secretions, especially in the urine. It is
a product of the spontaneous fermenta-
tion of whey, of the viscous fermentation
of rice-water, and of the juice of the beet-
root.
The following is the best process for
obtaining lactic acid : — Dissolve 14 pai-ts
of cane sugar in 60 parts of water, and
add 4 parts of moist cheese and about 12
parts of chalk. Let the mixture stand in
an open vessel, at a temperature between
77° and 87° F., for several weeks, or
until it becomes quite thick with crystals
of lactate of lime. These must now be
separated, for if the fermentation be al-
lowed to continue, and especially at a
temperature above 87°, the product will
592
FORMULJE, &c.
contain butyric and not lactic acid. If
the above conditions be observed, about 1 3
parts of lactate of lime will be obtained,
which is purified as follows : — The mixture
is put into a dish and heated to boiling,
which coagulates the caseine, and dissolves
the lactate of lime; it is now strained
through linen, and, as it cools, the lactate
of lime crystallizes. This may be further
purified by a second crystallization. The
crystals of lactate of lime are dissolved in
boiling water, and solution of oxalic acid
added as long as a precipitate of oxalate of
lime is formed. The solution will contain
the lactic acid, which is to be concentrated
by evaporation.
Hydrated lactic acid is a colourless,
syrupy liquid, the specific gravity of which
is 1 "215. It has a very strong acid taste,
which is remarkably weakened by dilution
with water.
AciDUM NiTRicuM. Nitric acid.
Anhydrous nitric acid was first obtained
by M. Deville, by treating perfectly dry
nitrate of silver with perfectly dry chlorine,
and condensing the liberated acid vapour by
a freezing mixture. It forms transparent
colourless crystals of great brilliancy,
which melt at a temperature a little above
85° F., and boil at above 113=' F.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Acidum nitri-
cum. Nitric acid.
An acid prepared from nitrate of potash.
Destitute of colour ; specific gravity 1*42 ;
exposed to the air it evolves very sharp
vapours ; the whole goes off into vapours
by heat. Diluted with 3 times its measure
of water, it throws down nothing either
from nitrate of silver, or chloride of barium.
100 grains of this acid are saturated by 161
grains of the crystals of carbonate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Acidum nitri-
cum. Nitric acid of commerce.
iVoi<?.- Density 1380 to 1390; colour-
less, or nearly so ; if diluted with distilled
water, it precipitates but slightly, or not
at all, with solution of nitrate of baryta,
or of nitrate of silver.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Acidum nitri-
cum purum.
Purify nitrate of potash (if necessary)
by two or more crystallizations till nitrate
of silver does not act on its solution in
distilled water. Put into a glass retort
equal weights of this purified nitrate and
of sulphuric acid ; and distil into a cool
receiver with a moderate heat from a sand-
bath or naked gas-flame so long as the
fused material continues to give off vapour.
The pale-yellow acid thus obtained may
be rendered colourless (should this be
thought necessary) by heating it gently in
a retort.
JSote. — Density 1 500 ; colourless or
pale yellow; unaffected by solution of
nitrate of silver or nitrate of baryta, if pre-
viously diluted with distilled water.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Acidum nitri-
cum purum. {Acidum niiricum.)
Ip Nitrate of potash . . fljij. (d)
Nitrate of silver ^ij (d) ; or as
much as may be necessary ;
Boiling distilled water . . Ov.
Oil of vitriol of commerce f ^xvij.
Dissolve the nitrate of silver in 2 ounces,
and the nitrate of potash in the remainder
of the water, and add by degrees the former
solution to the latter, until a precipitate
ceases to foi'm. Pass now through a calico
filter, and having evaporated to perfect
diyness the clear liquor thus obtained,
introduce the residuum into a retort, whose
neck is made to pass at least 5 inches into
the glass tube of a Liebig's condenser ; then
pour upon it the oil of vitriol, and with a
heat which, towards the close of the pro-
cess, must be raised so as to liquify the
contents of the retort, cause the nitric acid
to distil over.
The specific gravity of this acid is 1*500.
Sy^-ONYMES.
Aqua fortis simplex and aqua fortis
duplex. Lond. Ph. 1721.
Spiritus nitri glauberi. Lond. Ph. 1746.
Acidum nitrosum. Lond. Ph. 1788.
FORMULA, &c.
593
Aqua fortis. Aqua fortis du-
plex. Double aqua fortis.
A weak nitric acid, containing a portion
of nitrous acid. It was originally obtained
by distilling a mixture of nitre and copperas.
It is used in the arts, by engi-avers, &c.
Its sp. gr. is generally about 1 • 220.
Aqua fortis simplex. Single
aqua fortis.
The same as the preceding, only weaker,
being diluted with water.
ACIDDM NITRICUM DILUTUM.
Dilute nitric acid.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Nitric acid .... f ^iij.
Distilled water . . . f ^xvij.
Mix.
Its specific gi-avity is 1*082. A fluid-
ounce of this acid is saturated by 154
grains of the crystals of carbonate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Mix together one fluidounce of pure
nitric acid (D. 1500), and 9 fluidounces
of distilled water. If the commercial nitric
acid of D. 1390 be used, 1 fluidounce and
5Jt fluid drachms are required. The density
of this diluted acid is 1*077.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Pure nitric acid . . . f ^i^-
Distilled water . . . f ^xxix.
Mix.
The specific gravity of this acid is 1*092.
ACIDUMC NITRO-MURIATICUM.
Nitro-muriatic acid. Aqua regia.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Acidum nitro-
muriaticum.
9 Pure nitric acid . . . fy,
Pure muriatic add . . . f^ij.
Mix in a green glass bottle, furnished
with an accurately-ground stopper, and
keep in a cool place.
Remarks. — On mixing the acids as
above, although they may have been pre-
viously colourless, the mixture becomes
of a deep yellow, and exhales a strong
smell of chlorine and of nitrous acid. The
name Aqua rtgia is derived from its power
of dissolving gold, the ancient Rex metal'
lorum.
Acidum nitrosum. Nitrous
acid.
In chemical language, the teim nitrous
acid is generally underetood to refer to
the compound NO'*, which contains 1
equivalent of oxygen less than nitric acid.
Some chemists, however, as Graham, apply
the term nitrous acid to the compound
N 0^. Both these compounds are gaseous
under ordinary circumstances, and in this
state are of an orange-red colour. They
may both be condensed into the liquid forni
by cold or pressure, and in this state the
fonner is orange-red and the latter green.
In commerce, * Nitrous acid ' is understood
to designate a fuming liquid nitric acid,
which is coloured orange-red by the pre-
sence of nitrous acid.
Acidum oxalicum. Oxalic acid.
Acid of sugar. C' 0\ 3H 0.
This acid was discovered by Scheele.
It exists in many vegetables, in combina-
tion with potash, as in Oxalis acetosella,
Rumex acetosa, &c., or in combination
with lime, as in rhubarb, and other plants
of that family. It may be, and is occa-
sionally obtained, for commercial purposes,
from some of these sources ; but generally,
and in this country always, it is made by
acting on saccharine or amylaceous sub-
stances with nitric acid. Oxalic acid con-
sists of C*0', but, as thus composed, it
exists only in combination ; combined with
3 equivalents of water it forms the crystal-
lized oxalic acid of commerce. Prepara-
tion.— To a mixture of 5 parts of nitric
acid, specific gi'avity 1*42, and 10 parts of
water, contained in an earthen vessel, add
1 part of sugar or starch ; apply the heat
of a water-bath until nitrous vapours cease
to be evolved, then evaporate a portion of
the liquid, and the oxalic acid will ciystal-
lize from the remainder on cooling. The
mother-liquor may be used with fresh
ingredients in the next operation.
2 Q
59ft
FORMULA, &c.
The crystals of oxalic acid resemble
those of Epsom salts in appearance, and
on this account have often been taken in
mistake for tlie latter with fatal conse-
quences. Oxalic acid, when taken into
the stomach, or introduced into the circu-
lation, acts as a powerful poison. Chalk
or magnesia suspended in water is the
best antidote. It is rarely, if at all, used
medicinally. Its principal employment is
for discharging certain colours in calico-
printing ; it is also used for removing ink
and other stains from linen, &c,, and for
whitening boot-tops.
AciDUM PHOSPHORICUM. Phos-
phoric. P 0*.
Phosphoric acid may be obtained in
various ways: first, by setting fire to
phosphorus on a capsule, placed in the
centre of a large stone-ware plate, and by
covering this instanter by a large bell-jar.
Tlie phosphorus is thus converted into
wliite flakes of phosphoric acid, which fall
upon the plate like snow. The dry phos-
phoric acid, when exposed for a few
minutes to the air, deliquesces. The
anhydrous acid is perfectly fixed, unless in
the presence of aqueous vapour, when it
sublimes away. Phosphoric acid may be
•obtained, in combination with water, by
acting on phosphorus with nitric acid.
This is the method adopted by the London
College. The same acid may also be
■obtained in large quantity from calcined
bones by means of diluted sulphuric acid.
Phosphoric acid is remarkable for possessing
the property of forming three different
isalts of water, or three phosphates of
water which are all soluble without change,
and exhibit quite different properties.
■ ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILU-
TUiM. Dilute Phosphoric acid.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Pliosphorus :^vj.
Nitric acid . . . ^ . . f ? iv.
Distilled water .... f 5'v''j-
Add the phosphorus to the acid mixed
witli the water, and placed in a retort, into
a sand-batli ; then apply heat until 6
fluidounccs shall have distilled. These are
to be afterwards returned into the retort,
that 6 fluidounces may again distil, which
are to be rejected. Evaporate the remain-
ing liquor in a capsule made of platinum,
until 2 ounces remain of the whole.
Lastly, add as much as may be sufficient,
of distilled water, to the acid, when it shall
have cooled, so that it may accurately fill
a pint measure, and mix.
Destitute of colour and odour; specific
gravity 1'064. It throws down nothing,
either chloride of barium or nitrate of
silver being added. It affects strips of
copper or silver in no way; nor is it
coloured by hydrosulphuric acid being put
in either previously or afterwards. A
fluidounce of this acid is saturated by 132
grains of the crystals of carbonate of soda,
and nothing is thrown down from them.
Med. Uses. — Tonic. It is also found use-
ful to correct a tendency to abnormal de-
positions of phosphate of lime, as in cases
of exostosis, as also in some forms of
urinary concretions. It has been found
useful in forming an acidulated drink,
which assuages the thirst so common in
diabetes more effectually than any other.
Dose, rrxxx to f Ji.
ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM HY-
DRATUM. Hydrated Phosphoric
acid. Glacial Phosphoric acid.
Add a slight excess of carbonate of am-
monia to the acid phosphate of lime ob-
tained by the action of sulphuric acid on
bone-earth ; separate by means of a filter
the insoluble lime-salt, and evaporate the
solution, which will contain phosphate
and sulphate of ammonia. This salt is
afterwards to be exposed to a red heat in
a platinum crucible, when <he hydrated
phosphoric acid alone will remain unvo-
latilized.
ACIDUM PYROGALLICUM. Py-
rogallic acid. CWO^.
This acid, which is extensively used in
photography, is produced by exposing gallic
acidtoaheatof410= Fahr. Atatemprature
FORMULA, &c.
595
ot 450^ Fahr., it sublimes in the foiin of
white shining scales, in which state it is
usually met with in commerce.
AciDUM PYROIilQNEUM. Py-
Toligneous acid.
Diluted acetic acid obtained by the
destructive distillation of wood.
Edin. Ph. 1841. A^ofe.— Density at least
1"034; nearly or entirely colourless ; unaf-
fected by sulphuretted hydrogen, or solution
of nitrate of baryta ; 100 minims neutralize
at least 53 grains of carbonate of soda.
AciDUM 8UCCINICCM. Succinic
acid. Sal succini. C*H*0% HO.
This acid is said to exist in the resin
of some of the Conifera. It is produced
together with suberic acid, by oxidizing
margaric or stearic acid with nitric acid.
The method, however, by which it is
usually procured, is by submitting amber
to distillation, when succinic acid, oil of
amber, and an acid liquor, are obtained.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
Take of amber reduced to coarse pow-
der, pure sand, of each 1 part. On the
application of heat gradually increased, an
acid liquor, oil, and the acid in the crys-
tallized form, will distil over. The latter
should be received on bibulous paper, and
exposed to strong pressure, to expel the
oil, and again sublimed.
Hem^rks. — The crystals of succinic acid
are in the form of scales or prisms. They
have a slightly-acid taste, and when pure
are without smell. They dissolve in 2
parts of boiling and 5 parts of cold water.
Succinic acid has been administered in
doses of from gi-s. v to grs. xv, as a sti-
mulant and anti-spasmodic. Its chief use
now is, in combination with ammonia,
succtTiate of ammonia, as a test for the
persalts of iron.
AciDUM SULPHURICUM. Sul-
phuric acid. Oil of vitriol. Vitri-
olic acid.
The term sulphuric acid is sometimes
applied to the compound S 0', which, at a
temperature of about 68° F., is a tenacious
solid, having somewhat the appearance of
asbestos. It is liquid at 77°, and enters
into ebullition at a heat a little above that.
This, however, is generally distinguished
as dry or anhydrous sulphuric acid. In
tliis state it docs not redden litmus paper.
The term oil of vitriol applies only to the
liquid sulphuric acid containing about 1
equivalent of water. This is the state in
which alone it is met with in commerce,
and to which the names above given are
generally applied indiscriminately.
Oil of vitriol was first obtained by the
distillation of green copperas or sulphate
of iron, and this method is still adopted
at Nordhausen in tjaxony. When the
copperas is previously well dried, a very
strong acid, containing less than 1 equi-
valent of water, is obtained by this pro-
cess, and this is distinguished in com-
merce as Nordhausen oil of vitriol.
An old but very unprolific method of
making oil of vitriol was, to burn suljJiur
under a glass bell previously moistened
inside with water, to collect this moisture,
to expose it for some time to the air, then
to boil it in a retort until white vapours
cease to rise, when the liquid remaining in
the retort will consist of sulphuric acid
and water. The acid obtained in this way
was called oil of vitriol by the bell.
The method now generally adopted of
making oil of vitriol is, to burn either
sulphur or iron pyrites, (native sulphuret
of iron,) in a furnace adapted for the pur-
pose, with access of air, and to conduct
the vapour (sulphurous acid) which is
given off into a large chamber lined with
lead, into which arc also introduced ni-
trous acid gas, vapour of water, and at-
mospheric air. The bottom of the chamber
is also covered with water. The sul-
phurous acid (S 0*) is converted into
sulphuric acid, (SO^) at the expense of
a portion of the oxygen of the nitrons
acid, (N 0^,) which last is thus converted
into hyponitrous acid (N C). The sul-
phuric acid, (S 0^,) and hyponitrous acid,
(N 0',) together with a portion of water,
combine to form a crvstalline substance
■ 2 Q 2
596
FORMULA, &c.
which, on coming in contact with the
water at the bottom of the chamber, is
decomposed into oil of vitriol, binoxide
of nitrogen, and nitrous acid gas. The
binoxide of nitrogen is converted in<o
nitrous acid Ijy a portion of the oxygen of
the atmospheric air present in the cham-
ber, and then serves to oxidize a fresh
portion of sulphurous acid. The sulphuric
acid thus fomied is accumulated in the
water at the bottom of the chamber, until
this acquires a specific gravity of 1'5 or
1*6, when it is removed for concentration,
first into leaden vessels, and afterwards
into vessels made of platinum,
Lond. Ph. 1851. Acidum
sulphuricum. Acidum e sulphure
prceparatum.
An acid prepared from sulphur. Desti-
tute of colour and odour ; the specific
gravity is 1'843. Mixed with an equal
part of water, it throws down a white
substance, but for the most part but little ;
it evolves no vapour of nitrous acid.
Diluted with 12 parts of water, it throws
down nothing yellow on hydrosulphuric
acid being put in. 100 grains of this acid
are saturated by 285 grains of the crystals
of carbonate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Acidum sul-
phuricum. Sulphuric acid of com-
merce.
Density 1*840, or near it. Colourless.
When diluted with its own volume of
water only a scanty muddiness arises, and
no orange fumes escape. When diluted
with 12 volumes of water, sulphuretted
hydrogen causes a white muddiness, but
not a yellow precipitate.
AciDUai SULrHURICUM PURUM.
Pure Sulphuric acid.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
If commercial sulphuric acid contains
nitrous acid, heat 8 fluidounces of it with
between 10 and 15 grains of sugar, at a
temperature not quite sufficient to boil the
acid, till the dark colour at first produced
shall have nearly or altogether disappeared.
This process 'removes nitrous acid. Other
impurities may be removed by distillation,
which on the small scale is easily managed
by boiling the acid with a few platinum
chips, in a glass retort, by means of a
sand-bath, or gas flame, rejecting the first
half-ounce.
Note. — Density 1*845. Colourless.
Dilution causes no muddiness. Solution
of sulphate of iron shows no reddening at
the line of contact when poured over it.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Take of oil of vitriol of commerce, any
convenient quantity.
Introduce it into a small plain retort,
containing a few slips of platinum foil, and
passing the beak of the retort into a florence
flask, which is to be used as a receiver;
with the aid of a small charcoal fire or gas-
lamp, distil over one-tenth of the acid.
This being rejected, and a fresh receiver of
the same kind connected with the retort,
let the distillation be resumed, and con-
tinued until no more than about an ounce
of liquid remains behind. The distilled
product should now be transferred to, and
preserved in, a well-stopped bottle.
The specific gravity of this acid is 1"84G.
Acidum sulphuricum dilutum.
Diluted Sidphuric acid.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]J' Sulphuric acid .... f jxv.
Distilled water .... Oj.
Gradually add the acid to Oss of the
water, afterwards pour in as much of the
remaining water as may be sufficient to
exactly fill a pint measure, and mix.
Its specific gravity is 1-103. A fluid-
ounce of this acid is saturated by 216
grains of crystals of carbonate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Mix together f^ of sulphuric acid and
f^xiij of water. The density of this pre-
paration is about 1"090.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
'^. Pure sulphuric acid . . . f ,^j.
Distilled water .... f.^''"]-
Mix.
The specific gravity of this acid is 1'084.
FORMULA, &c.
597
Synonymes.
Spiritus Vitrioli tenuis, Lond. Ph.
1746.
Acidum Vitriolicum dilutum. Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Acidum sulphuricum aroma-
TicuM. Aromatic Sulphuric acid.
Elixir of vitriol.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Sulphuric acid (commercial) f^iijss.
Rectified spirit .... Ojss.
Cinnamon, in moderately
fine powder .... ^jss.
Ginger, in moderately fine
powder 5J.
Add the acid gradually to the spirit ; let
the mixture digest at a very gentle heat
for three days in a closed vessel ; mix the
powders; moisten them with a little of
the acid spirit. Let the mass rest for
twelve hom's, and then put it into a per-
colator and ti-ansmit the rest of the acid
spirit. This preparation may also be
made by digesting the powders for six days
in the acid spirit, and then straining the
liquor.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Vji Rectified spirit .... Oiss.
Pure sulphuric acid . . . f ^iiiss.
Ginger, bruised .... ^. (d)
Cinnamon, bruised . . . ^iss. (d)
Upon the spirit, placed in a stoppered
bottle, pour the acid gradually, and shake,
so as to i)roduie an uniform mixture.
Then add the cinnamon and ginger, and
macerate for a week, with occasional
agitation. Lastly, filter through paper,
and preserve in a well-stopped bottle.
The specific gravity of this preparation
is -974.
Lond. Ph. 1745. Elixir vi-
trioli acidum. Acid elixir of vitriol.
^ Aromatic tincture* . . . Ibj.
Oil of vitriol ^iv.
• Aromatic tincture. Lond. Ph. 1745.
Take of cinnamon, 3vj. ; coriander seeds,
5iij. : long pepper, gi iger, of each 5ij. ;
jiroof spirit, Ibij. Macerate without heat,
and strain.
Mis gradually, and when the sediment
has subsided filter through paper,
Acidum sulphurosum. SuU
phurous acid. SO*.
Exists in the state of gas under ordi-
nary circumstances, but assumes the liquid
form at a few degrees above zero of Fah-
renheit. Water at 60° Fahr. is capable of
dissolving 37 times its volume of the gas.
Sulphurous acid is formed by the com-
bustion of sulphur in atmospheric air.
The best method of obtaining the solution
of the gas in water is, to add 353. of
pounded charcoal to f |iv of oil of vitriol,
in a retort, and to apply the heat of a lamp
to the mixture ; eflervescence takes place
from the liberation of sulphurous acid and
carbonic acid gases; on conducting these
by means of a bent tube into a bottle con-
taining water, the former will be absorbed
while the latter passes off.
Acidum takjvicum. Tannic
acid. Tannin. Acidum Scyto^
dephicum. C" H^ O'', 3 H O.
An organic acid, having a powerful as-
tringent taste, existing in large quantity
in oak-bark, in nutgalls, and in different
parts of many other vegetables.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Acidum
Tannicum.
9' Galls, in tolerably fine pow-
der |viij. (d)
Sulphuric ether . . . Oiij.
Distilled water . . , f Jv.
Incorporate the water and ether by agita-
tion, and pour the resulting solution in suc-
cessive portions upon the gjdls, previously
introduced into a glass or porcelain perco-
lator. The liquid which accumulates in
the lower bottle will consist of two distinct
strata, the heavier of which is to be
separated, and evaporated to dryness,
finally applying an oven heat, which, how-
ever, should not exceed 212°.
From the lighter liquid the ether may be
recovered by distilling it by means of a
water-bath, and with the aid of a Liebig's
condenser.
598
FORMULA, &c.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Acidum Tan-
nicum. Tannic acid. Acidum
e galld comparatum.
An acid produced from the gall nut.
Nearly destitute of colour; dissolved
in water it is strongly astringent. It
throws down a white precipitate from a
solution of isinglass. It agrees with gallic
acid as regards the other things noted
above.
Acidum tartaricujm. Tarta-
ric acid.
Symb. of the crystallized acid 2 H 0 +
C8 H-t 0'» ; or C H^ 0^+ H O. This acid,
first prepared by Scheele, exists in many
fraits, and also as tartrate of lime in seve-
ral roots, but is prepared only from the
juice of the grape, which contains tartaric
acid in the form of tartar or bitartrate of
potash. This last salt precipitates during
the fennentation of wine ; in the crude
state it is known as argol ; when purified,
as cream of tartar.
Lond. Pb. 1851.
Acidum tartaricum. Tartaric
acid. Acidum pctassce bitartrate
prcBparatum. CrystalU.
An ucid prepared from bitartrate of pot-
ash. The crystals.
Destitute of colour, the whole, or nearly
the whole, is dissipated in the fire. It is
dissolved by water. This solution throws
down bitartrate of potash from any neutral
salt of potash. Nothing is thrown down
from the sarne solution by chloride of
barium ; that which is thrown down bv
acetate of lead, is dissolved by nitric acid.
100 grains of this acid dissolved in water
are saturated by 192 grains of the crystals
of carbonate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Bitartrate of potash ... IB iv.
Boiling distilled water, cong. ijss.
Prepared chalk . . ^xxv. and ^vj.
Diluted sulphuric acid, Ox. and f ^vii.
Muriatic acid, f^xxviss., or a suffi-
ciency.
Boil the bitartrate with two gallons of
the watei", and add gradually half the chalk,
constantly stirring. When the efferves-
cence is over, add a solution obtained by
dissolving the rest of the chalk in the mu-
riatic acid, diluted with four pints of the
water. After the tartrate of lime has sub-
sided pour off the liquid, and wash the
tartrate with distilled water till it is taste-
less ; then pour the diluted sulphuric acid
on the tartrate and boil for fifteen minutes.
Evaporate with a gentle heat to obtain ^b
crystals. Purify these by repeated solu- ^m
tion, filtration, and crystallization.
Note. — Tartaric acid, when incinerated
with the aid of the red oxide of mercury,
leaves no residuum, or a mere trace only.
Med. Uses. — As a substitute for citric
acid, in preparing what are called sodaic
powders. Dose, the same as tluit of citric
acid.
Acidum valeriaxicum. Vale-
rianic acid. C" H9 03, H O.
A volatile organic acid, obtained, to-
gether with essential oil, by distillation
from valerian root ; obtained also by heat-
ing oil of potato-spirit with a mixture of
equal parts of fused potash and lime, or
with chromic acid. When separated from
water it has the appearance of a limpid
oil, having a strong smell of valerian. Its
specific gravity is 0-937. It boils at 370°
Fahr. Soluble in all proportions in alco-
hol, ether, and oil of tui-pentine, and in 30
parts of water. The salts formed with
valerianic acid have a sweet taste.
The following is a good process for its
preparation : —
Mix 4 parts of bichromate of potash
with 8 parts of water and 6 parts of oil of
vitriol. Put this mixture into a capacious
retort, and add, in small quantities at a
time, 1 part of pure oil of potato-spirit,
shaking the mixture from time to time,
and plunging the retort into cold water to
moderate the violence of the action. The
mixture will acquire a deep-green colour.
Distil this nearly to diyness ; mix the
distillate with excess of caustic potash,
and after allowing it to stand for some
FORMULiE, &c.
599
time, remove an oily liquid wliicli will
float on the surface. Evaporate the alka-
line solution to a small bulk, and decom-
pose this, which is valerianate of potash,
with sulphuric acid in a retort, from
whicli the valerianic acid is to be distilled,
AcoiviTiNA. Aconitine.
This is the active principle of several
species of Aconite, in which plant it exists
in combination with a vegetable acid.
(Aconitic acid?) It ranks among tlie
vegetable alkalies or alkaloids.
The following process, which is said to
afford very satisfactory results, has been
published by Dr. F. W. Headland : —
Boil two pounds of coarsely-bruised diy
root of aconite (^Aconitum ferox being pre-
feri-ed) with one gallon of rectified spirit,
for an hour, in a retort with a receiver
adapted to it. Pour off the tincture left in
the retort from the solid matter, and add
to the latt«r another gallon of spirit, toge-
ther with the portion which had distilled
from the first. Boil these as before, and
then add the liquid left in the retort to
that decanted from the previous decoction.
To the residue of the root add a third gal-
lon of spirit, together with the distillate
from the previous operation, and proceed
ae before. Finally, press the root, mix the
tinctures, and filter them. Distil off the
spirit from the mixed tincture until the
latter is reduced to the consistence of thin
synip. Mix this with twice its bulk of
distilled water, and then add excess of sul-
phuric acid. Separate tlie precipitate by
tiltration and reject it. Evaporate the
clear liquor to a syrupy consistence, and
put this, which should not exceed two fluid-
ounces, into a stoppered bottle, of which it
shall occupy about one-third. Add an
excess of strong solution of ammonia, and
agitate the mixture. Add now a quantity
equal in volume to the entire liquid of pure
ether. Insert the stopper tightly, and,
holding the bottle in a damp cloth, with a
finger on the stopper, shake briskly for a
few minutes ; then allow a sutlicient time
to elapse for the ether to rise to the sur-
face, and remove this airefuUy with a
pipette or glass syringe, putting it into an
open basin. Treat the watery solution
with another and a third similar quantity
of ether in the same way. Finally, let the
ethereal solution evaporate spontaneously
when the aconitine will be deposited. It
will have a transparent, vitreous appear-
ance.
This process is said to yield from 50 to
90 grains of aconitine from a pound of the
dry root o( aconitum ferox.
Med. Uses. — It is sometimes used ia
neuralgic affections, in the form of an
ointment, tlie proportion being 1 grain to
1 drachm of lard.
Adeps. Adeps suillus. Axungia.
Lard. Hog's lard.
The fat of the hog, obtained principally
from about the loins, and separated from
the membranes in which it is contained by
melting over a slow fire and straining
through a cloth. When used in medicine
it should have very little taste or smell,
and be free from salt, which is some-
times added to preserve it from becoming
rancid,
Lond. Ph. 1851.
That which has been prepared with chlo-
ride of sodium, is not to be used.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Take of lard of commerce any convenient
quantity ; melt it in twice its weight of
boiling water, stirring the mixture con-
stantly; then set the mixture aside to
cool, and separate the lard when it has
solidified.
jEkugo, Verdigris.
This is an impure subacetate of copper,
the composition of which is not always
precisely the same. On the continent it
is generally obtained by covering plates of
copi)er wiUi the fennenting marc of grapes.
In this country, and sometimes on the
continent, acetic acid is applied directly to
the copper plates. Some specimens of ver-
digris are distinctly green, others approacli
to a blue colour. 'J'he latter kind is a
definite compound of 1 cq. acetic acid, 2.
600
FORMULA, &c.
eq. oxide of copper, and 6 eq. water ; the
former kind is a mixture of sesqui and
tribasic acetates with the preceding bibasic
acetate.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Partly soluble in water and almost
totally so in diluted sulphuric acid with
the assistance of heat ; from this solution
nothing is precipitated by ammonia added
in excess.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
iErugo. Commercial diacetate of cop-
per. Verdigris. It is dissolved in a great
measure by muriatic acid, not above 5 per
cent, of impurity being left.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Take of sub-acetate of copper, a con-
venient quantity.
Keduce it to powder, by careful tritura-
tion in a porcelain mortar, and separate
the finer parts for use by means of a sieve.
-Si^RUGOCRYSTALLIZATA. CupH
acetas. Crystallized verdigris.
Distilled verdigris. Acetate of
copper.
This is a neutral acetate of copper, ob-
tained by dissolving oxide of copper, or
more frequently common verdigris, in
acetic acid, and allowing the solution to
crystallize. The salt consists of 1 eq.
acetic acid, 1 eq. oxide of copper, and 1
eq. of water. It is perfectly soluble in
water.
-ZEs USTUM. Saffron of copper.
Cut metallic copper into small pieces
and put it into a crucible with sulphur
and common salt, stratum super stratum,
then put the crucible into a strong fire,
and when the sulphur is burnt away, the
copper will be found to be of an iron co-
lour without and reddish within. When
powdered it should have a fine red colour.
The above is the process adopted by the
Hollanders, who succeed best in making
it. (Pomet.)
^THER. jEther sulphuricus.
Ether. Sulphuric ether. Naphtha
vitrioli.
A light, volatile, highly inflammable
liquid, the vapour of which is heavier
than atmospheric air. Its composition is
represented by the symbol C* H^ 0. One
part of ether is soluble in 10 parts of
water, and 1 part of water is soluble in 36
parts of ether. It combines in all propor-
tions with alcohol.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Destitute of colour ; the specific gravity
does not exceed "ToO ; exposed to the air it
goes into vapours ; it aflects litmus, either
not at all, or very slightly only, with a red
colour. Half a pint of water is necessary
for a fluidounce to entirely unite with it.
Edin. Ph. 1841. ^ther sul-
phuricus.
9? Rectified spirit .... f ^L.
Sulphuric acid .... f Jx.
Pour 12 fluidounces of the spirit gently
over the acid contained in an open vessel,
and then stir them together briskly and
thoroughly. Transfer the mixture imme-
diately into a glass matrass connected
with a refrigeratory, and raise the heat
quickly to about 280°. As soon as the
ethereal fluid begins to distil over, supply
fresh spirit through a tube into the ma-
trass in a continuous stream, and in such
quantity as to equal that of the fluid which
distils over. This is best accomplished
by connecting one end of the tube with a
graduated vessel containing the spirit,
passing the other end through a corlc
fitted into the matrass, — and having a
stop-cock on the tube, to regulate the dis-
charge. When forty-two ounces have dis-
tilled over, and the whole spirit has been
added, the process may be stopped. Ao-itate
the impure ether with sixteen fluidounces
of a saturated solution of muriate of lime,
containing about half-an-ounce of lime
recently slaked. When all odour of sul-
phurous acid has been thus removed, pdur
off the supernatant liquor, and distil it with
FORMULA, &c.
601
a very gentle heat so long as the liquid
which passes over has a density not above
•735. More ether of the same strength is
then to be obtained from the solution of
muriate of lime. From the residuum of
both distillations a weaker ether may be
obtained in small quantity, which must be
rectified by distilling it gently again.
Note, — Density '735 or under; when
agitated in a minim measure with half its
volume of concentrated solution of muri-
ate of lime, its volume is not lessened.
Dubl. Ph. 1851. u^thersul-
phuricus.
91 Rectified spirit .... Oiij.
Oil of vitriol of commerce . f 3viij.
Fresh-burned lime, in fine
powder ^. (d)
Mix the acid and 10 ounces of the spirit
in a glass matrass, capable of holding a
quart at least, and, without allowing the
mixture to cool, connect the matrass with
a Liebig's condenser, and applying a suHi-
cient heat to maintain the liquid in brisk
ebullition, commence the distillation. As
it proceeds, admit gradually through a
glass tube traversing the coik of the
mati'ass, the remainder of the spirit, regu-
lating its influx so that the boiling liquid
shall maintain a constant level ; and, when
the entire of it has been introduced, con-
tinue the application of the heat until the
contents of the matrass become black, and
show a tendency to froth over. (The tube
through which the spirit enters should dip
by its lower extremity, where its diameter
is contracted, at least ^ an inch beneath
the surface of the liquid in the matrass ;
and the eduction pipe of the reservoir for
the spirit, with which the exterior ex-
tremity of the glass tube is connected,
should be furnished with a stop-cock, to
regulate the descent of the spirit. This
reservoir also should be placed at least 3
feet above the level of the boiling liquid.)
The crude ether thus obtained is to be
agitated with the pulverized quick-lime,
and then rectified, the distillation beincr
continued as long as the product, on beinof
well shaken, continues to have a specific
gravity lower than '750. The resulting
liquid should be preserved in a cool place
in accurately-stopped bottles.
A fresh reservoir being attached to the
further end of the condenser, and the dis-
tillation resumed, a product will be obtained
which may be substituted for rectified
spirit in a subsequent ether process.
JEther aceticus.
ether.
Acetic
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
9 Rectified spirit, (sp. gr. 0-840), 100
parts by weight ;
Acetic acid, (sp. gr. 1*075,) 66 parts
by weight ;
Strong oil of vitriol, 20 parts by
weight.
Mix together the spirit and acetic acid
in a ghiss retort, and then add the oil of
vitriol. Adapt a refrigerator and receiver,
and distil 130 parts by the heat of a sand-
bath. To the distilled liquor add a small
quantity of carbonate of potash, shake
them together, and after allowing them to
remain in contact for some hours, distil
off 100 parts, which keep for use.
Synonyjie. Naphtha aceti,
-ZEther chloricus. Chloric
ether. Terchloride of carbon.
These names have been applied to a
solution of cliloroform in rectified spirit of
wine, in the proportion of 1 part of the
former to 6 or 8 parts of the latter.
-^THER HYDROCHIiORICUS.
JEtker muriaticus. Hydrochloric
ether. Muriatic ether.
This ether was made by Paracelsus and
Basil Valentine. The following process,
which was given by Thenard, answers
very well : — [Introduce into a retort equal
volumes of the strongest hydrochloric
acid, and absolute alcohol ; adapt the re-
tort, by means of a tube bent at right an-
gles, with a three-necked bottle half filled
with water at a temperature of 68^ Fahr.
to 77° Fahr. To the middle neck of the
602
FORMULiE, &c.
bottle a safety tube is attached, and to the
third neck a bent tube communicating
with an eflScient condensing apparatus
containing a freezing mixture. The ap-
paratus being thus arranged, heat is to be
gradually applied to the retort, when a
mixture of ether and spirit will pass iato
the three necked bottle, from whence the
ether alone will distil over.] Pure hy-
drochloric ether is a colourless liquid,
having no action on test paper. It has a
strong ethereal smell, and sweetish taste.
Its sp. gr. is 0*874 at 41° Fahr. It enters
into ebullition at about 51° Fahr. It is
soluble in an equal volume of water ; and
in all proportions in alcohol. Its com-
position is C^ H= CI.
Sjtiritus sails dulcis of the
Edin. Ph. 1722.
Is a mixture of hydrochloric ether and
spirit. The following is the formula : —
^ Hydrochloric acid, 1 part ;
Rectified spirits, 3 parts.
Digest for several days, then distil from
a retort, and repeat the distillation 3 or 4
times.
^THER NITROSUS. NitrOUS
ether. Hyponitrous ether.
This is a combination of ether with the
nitrous acid of Graham (hyponitrous acid
of Turner and Kane). It is a pale yellow
liquid, having a fragrant smell somewhat
resembling that of apples. It boils at 62°
Fahr. gp. gr. 0-947 at 60° Falir. It is
soluble in 48 parts of water, and in all
proportions in ether and alcohol.
Dubl. Ph. 1826. JElher 7iitro-
sus. Nitrous ether.
^ Nitrate of potash, purified,
dried, and coarsely pow-
dered Ibjss.
Sulphuric acid .... Ibj.
Rectified spirit, by measure ^xix.
Put the nitrate of potash into a tubu-
lated retort placed in a bath of cold water,
and pour on it by degrees, and at intervals,
the sulphuric acid and the spirit, pre-
viously mixed and cooled after tlieir mix-
ture. Without almost any external heat,
or at most a very gentle one (as of warm
water added to the bath), the etliereal
liquor will begin to distil without the ap-
plication of fire ; in a short time the heat
in the retort will increase spontaneously,
and a considerable ebullition will take
place, wliich must be moderated by reduc-
ing the tempei-ature of the bath with cold
water ; the receiver must also be kept cold
with water or snow, and furnished with a
proper apparatus for transmitting the
highly-elastic vapour (bursting from the
mixture with great violence if the heat be
too much increased) through a pound of
rectified spirit contained in a cool phial.
The ethereal liquor thus spontaneously
distilled, is to be received into a phial with
a ground-glass stopper, and there must be
added by degrees (closing the phial after
each addition) as much very dry and pow-
dered carbonate of potash as will suffice to
saturate the excess of acid, using litmus
as a test : this is effected by the addition
of about a drachm of the salt; in a short
time the nitrous ether will rise to the sur-
face, and is to be separated by means of a
funnel.
If the ether be required very ])ure, distil
it again to one half, from a bath at a tem-
perature of 140^- Its specific gravity is
to that of distilled water as 900 to 1000.]
Nitrous ether is formed in the first part
of the process of the ¥Am. Pharm. 1841
for Spiritus atheris nitrici, which prepa-
ration consists of nitrous ether and spirits.
Spibitus ^theris niteici.
Spirit of nitric ether. Sweet
spirit of nitre.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Rectified spirit ..... Oij.
Nitric acid f^iiiss.
Gradually add the acid to the spirit, and
mix; then let 28 fluidounces distil.
The specific gravity of this is •834. It
slightly cheTnges the colour of litums into
red. Carbonate of soda being added no
bubbles of carbonic acid are produced.
FORMULiE, &c.
603
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Rectified spirit . . Oij.andf^vi.
Pure nitric acid (D. 1500) . f ^vij.
Put fifteen fluidounces of the spirit,
with a little clean sand, into a two-pint
mati-ass, fitted witli a cork, through
which ai-e passed a safety-tube terminating
an inch above the spirit, and another tube
leading to a refrigeratory. The safety-
tube being filled with pure nitric acid, add
through it gradually three fluidounces and
a half of the acid. Wheu the ebullition
which slowly rises is nearly over, add the
rest of the acid gradually, half a iiuidounce
at a time, waiting till the ebullition caused
by eadi portion is nearly over before add-
ing more, and cooling the refrigeratory
with a stream of water, iced in summer.
The ether thus distilled over, being re-
ceived in a bottle, is to be agitated fiist
with a little milk of lime, till it ceases to
redden litmus-paper, and then with half its
volume of concentrated solution of muriate
of lime. The pure hyponitrous ether thus
obtained, which should have a density of
899, is then to be mixed with the remain-
der of the rectified spirit, or exactly four
times its volume.
Spirit of nitric ether ought not to be
kept long, as it always undergoes decom-
position, and becomes at length strongly
add. Its density by this process is '847. 'i
Kote. — It effervesces feebly, or not at
all, with solution of bicarbonate of potash ;
when agitated with twice its volume of
concenti-ated solution of muriate of lime,
12 per cent, of etlier slowly separates.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Spiritus
CEthereus nitrosus.
^ Rectified spirit . . Oij. andf _^viij.
Pure nitric acid .... f^'U-
Water f^j.
Solution of ammonia, a sufficient quan-
tity. Place 6 ounces of the spirit in a
glass matrass capable of holding a quart,
and connect this with a Liebig's condenser,
whose further extremity is fitted loosely by
a collar of tow into a thin 8-ounce phial.
Add now the water to the nitric acid, and.
having introduced half of the resulting
solution into the matrass, through a safety
syphon tube, close the mouth of this tube
with a cork, and apply for a few moments
a gentle heat, so as to causo a commence-
ment of ebullition. When the action ^^which
shortly after commencing, proceeds with
much violence, and should be moderated by
the external application of cold water) has
relaxed, introduce gradually the remainder
of the acid, so as to restore it. The
action having entirely ceased, agitate the
distilled product with half its bulk of the
solution of ammonia, allow the mixture to
rest for a few minutes, and having separated
the supernatant ethereal liquid, mix 4
ounces of it with the rest of the spirit, and
preserve the product in small, strong, and
accurately-stopped bottles.
In the performance of the preceding dis-
tillation, the condenser should be fed with
ice-cold water, and the phial, in which the
liquid is received, should be surrounded
with a mixture of 1 part salt and 2 of
pounded ice ; or, when ice cannot be pro-
cured, with a mixture of 8 paits of
sulphate of soda in small crystals and 5 of
commercial muriatic acid,]
Med. Uses. — Refrigerant, antispasmodic,
and diuretic. Dose TT\,x to TT\,xl.
Synonyme. Spiritus Nitri dulcis. Lond.
Ph. 1746.
Ethek Phosphoratus. Phos-
phorated Ether.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
^ Phosphorus gi"- xvj.
Rectified spirit .... ^ss.
Put them into a ^iij bottle, heat the
bottle by immersing it in warm water, so
as to melt the phosphorus, then shake
them together until cold, when the phos-
phorus will be obtained in a state of mi-
nute division. The spirit is now poured
off, and Jij of ether added; these are
macerated for four days, and the liquid is
then separated by filtration, and kept in
a cold, dark place.
^THER TEREBINTHINATUS. Te-
rebinthinated Ether.
604
FORMULA, &c.
Cadet de Gassicourt.
9 Alcohol ffiij.
Spirit of Turpentine .... Dbss.
Mix, and add gradually,
Concentrated nitric acid . . . Il3ij.
Distil one half of the mixture at a gentle
heat,
Med. Uses. — This is employed exter-
nally and internally in cases of biliary
calculi, jaundice, engoi-gements of the liver,
and rheumatism. Dose, from 20 to 40
drops, in honey or yolk of egg.
-^THIOPS ANTIMONIALIS. An-
timonial ethiops.
James's Dispensatory, 1764.
Fuse together equal weights of black
antimony and sea salt in a crucible for an
hour ; allow the contents of the crucible
to cool : then rub together equal parts of
this and of quicksilver until they are per-
fectly incorporated. — See Hydrargyrum
Stibiato-Sulphuratum.
JEtiiiovs martialis. Martial
ethiops.
Lewis's Dispensatory.
Put filings of steel into an unglazed
earthen vessel, with so mucli water as will
stand above them about four inches; the
whole is to be well stirred every day, and
more water supplied as that in the vessel
evaporates, so tliat the filings may remain
always covered : continue this jirocedure
ibr several months, till the filings lose
their metallic aspect, and are reduced to a
line powder of an inky blackness.
JEtHIOPS MINEBAilS. EthiopS
mineral.
Lond. Ph. 1721.
9' Quicksilver.
Flowers of sulphur, each equal
weights.
Rub them togetlier in a glass mortar,
until globules of mercury cease to appear.
JEthiops pek se.
This name was ibrmerly applied to the
protoxide of mercury, obtained by shaking
uicksilver in a large bottle.
JEthiops plummeri. Plum-
mer's alterative powder.
This name was formerly applied to a
mixture of equal parts of calomel and
golden sulphuret of antimony.
-Ethiops vegetabieis. Vege-
table ethiops.
Obtained by incinerating the sea-weed,
Fucus vesiculosus, in a covered crucible.
It is said to contain traces of iodine, and
to have proved beneficial in bronchocele
and scrofulous maladies, in doses of grs.
X. to 3ij.
Alcohol.
A clear, colourless, very mobile liquid.
Its sp. gr. is 0'794 at 60° Fahr. It boils
at 172° P'ahr., and has not been frozen by
any degree of cold hitherto produced. Its
composition is C'* H^ 0-.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9* Rectified spirit Oj,
Lime ^^'^'iJj-
Break down the lime into small frag-
ments ; expose the spirit and lime together
to a gentle heat in a glass matrass till
the lime begins to slake; withdraw the
heat till the slaking is finished, preserving
the upper part of the matrass cool with
damp cloth. Then attach a proper re-
frigeratory, and with a gradually-increas-
ing heat, distil off seventeen fluidounces.
The density of this alcohol should not
exceed 0-796; if higher, the distillation
must have been begun before the slaking ot
the lime was finished.
Note — Density 794 — 6; when mixed
with a little solution of nitrate of silver
and exposed to bright light, it remains
unchanged, or only a very scanty dark
precipitate forms.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Take of stronger spirit Oj;
Pulverized fresh-burned lime, ^x (d)
Having introduced ^he lime and spirit
into a matrass, connected in the usual
manner with a Liebig's condenser, let heat
be applied until the lime begins to slake,
and, when this process is completed, distil
FORMULA, &c.
605
by means of a chloride-of-zinc bath until
the liquid which comes over, together with
that obtained during the slaking, measures
2 ounces. This being rejected, the receiver
should be changed, and the distillation
resumed and continued until a product of
nearly 16 ounces is procured.
The specific gravity of this product is
•795.
Alcohol dilutum. Diluted
alcohol.
U. S. Ph. 1840.
9 Alcohol.
Distilled water, of each Oj.
Mix.
Sp. gr. -935.
Alegar. Aceium Cerevisice.
Ferment strong ale upon the cuttings of
the vine, unripe grapes, or cheap raisins,
so as to form a vinegar.
Alumen. Alum. Sulphate of
alumina and potash.
The composition of this salt when
crystallized is Al* O^, 3 S 03,+ K 0, S 0^
+24 H O, — that is, one eq. of sulphate of
potash, one eq. of sulphate of alumina,
and 24 eq. of water. It occurs native,
but for commercial purposes is usually
prepared artificially.
The most abundant source of alum is
the mineral called alum slate, alum shale,
or alum schist, which differs in composi-
tion in different localities, but always con-
tains sulphuret of iron, alumina, and often
magnesia and pot.-ish. The alum schist
sometimes absorbs oxygen by mere exposure
to the air ; in other instances it requires
to be exposed to a slow smothered com-
bustion ; in either case sulphate of alum-
ina and sulphate of iron is formed, the
latter of which is separated by crystal-
lization. Sulphate of potash, if not
produced to a sufficient extent from the
mineral, is added to the sulphate of
alumina to form the double salt or alum.
Sometimes alum is formed by directly
combining the alumina of clay or other
aluminous substance with sulphuric acid,
and then adding the salt of potash.
The sulphate of potash of common alum
may be replaced by sulphate of ammonia
or sulphate of soda.
Alum crystallizes in regular octahedrons,
the solid angles of which are often replaced
by the surfaces of the cube. It is soluble
in 18-4 parts of cold water, and in 0'7r>
parts of boiling water. It has a sweetish
astringent taste, and an acid reaction.
Alumen rupeum. Hock ahem.
Roch alum.
These terms were formerly applied to
the colourless, transparent alum, in large
masses, as would appear from Pomet and
other ancient authors ; but the term Hoch
alum is now used synonymously with the
following :— .
Alumen romanum. Roman
alum. Alumen ruhrum. Rochi
gallis. Roch alum.
This was originally brought from Civita
Vecchia in Italy, where it occurs native.
It occurs in small fragments covered with
a reddish powder, part of the soil from
which it is dug. This alum has been much
valued by dyers on account of its being
free from iron, which the manufactured
alum is not. The alum now sold as Roch
or Roman alum is nothing more than com-
mon manufactured alum coloured with
Armenian bole.
Alumen exsiccatum. Dried
alum. Alumen ustum. Burnt
alum.
Lend. Ph. 1851. Alumen ex-
siccatum.
9 Alum ibj.
Melt the alum by fire : then let the fire
be increased until the ebullition has
ceased.
Edin. Ph. 1831.
Take any convenient quantity of alum ;
fuse it over the fire in a vessel of iron or
earthenware ; continue the heat till ebul-
lition ceases, and vapour is no longer dis-
charged ; and then reduce it to powder.
606
FORMULA, &c.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Alumen sic-
catum.
Take of alum anj' convenient quantity :
liquefy it in a porcelain capsule over a
gas lamp or open fii-e, and continue the
heat until vapour ceases to be disengaged.
Let the residue be then reduced to a fine
powder, and preserved in a well-stoppered
bottle.
Ikon Alum, Sulphate of iron
and potash.
This salt is called an alum, although
containing no alumina, from its assuming
the same crystalline form, and having the
same constitution as common alum. Its
composition isFe^OS ^'.SOHKO, SOH
24 HO. It may be made as follows : —
9' Peroxide of iron . . . lb ix.
Oil of vitriol .... lb siv.
Sulphate of potash . . . lb x.
Water q. s.
Dissolve the oxide of iron in the acid,
dilute the mixture with water, add the
sulphate of potash, and evaporate that
crystals may be formed.
Iron alum is used as a mordant with dye-
woods for dyeing black. It has also been
used in medicine as a powerful astringent
and styptic.
Amadou. German tinder.
Touchwood. Spunk.
The Boletus fomentarius, when softened
by beating, and cut into slices, is the true
amadou ; and this, when soaked in solution
of saltpetre and dried, is German tinder.
Boletus igniarius, Touchwood, or Spunk, is
frequently substituted for Boletus fomenta-
rius.
Amalgam, for electrical ma-
chines.
Fuse ^ij of zinc in a crucible, add ^v of
quicksilver, previously heated, and rub
them together.
Ambergrisea. Ambergris.
A solid, opaque, greyish, or sometimes
nearly black substance, having a smell
resembling that of dried cow-dung. It is
obtained from the cachalot or sperm whale,
and is supposed to be the indurated fasces
of the whale somewhat altered by disease.
It is used in pei-fumeiy, and has been sup-
posed to possess aphrodisiac properties in
doses of 3 to 10 grains.
Ammonia.
This, which is commonly called the vo-
latile alkali, consists of nitrogen and hy-
drogen, in the proportions of 1 eq. of the
former to 3 eq. of the latter (NH^.) Un-
der ordinary circumstances, it exists as a
gas, which is very soluble in water and in
spirit. Water takes up nearly 800 times
its volume of the gas at 32° Fahr. The
watery solution of ammonia possesses most
of the chemical properties of the gas, and
therefore it is usually employed in that
form.
AMMONiiE acetas. Acetate of
ammonia.
This salt in solution has been long used
in medicine, having been introduced to
notice in the early part of the seventeenth
century by Mindererus, and therefore called
Mindei'erus's spirit.
Lend. Ph. 1851. Liquor am-
monicB acetatis. Solution of Ace-
tate of ammonia.
5! Diluted acetic acid . . . Oj.
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia . jix.
or as much as may be sufficient.
Add the sesquicarbonate to the acid to
saturation.
Destitute of colour and odour, the
specific gravity is 1 * 022. It changes the
colour of neither litmus nor tunneric.
Hydrosulphuric acid being put in it is not
coloured ; neither does it throw down any-
thing on chloride of barium being added.
That which is thrown down by nitrate of
silver is dissolved by water, but especially
so by nitric acid. Potash being added it
evolves ammonia, sulphuric acid being
added, acetic vapours. The solution being
evaporated that which remains dissipates
in the fire.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Ammoniee
acetatis aqua. Water of Acetate
of ammonia.
FORMULA, &c.
607
^' Distilled vinegar (from French
vinegar in preference) . f ^xxiv.
Caibonate of ammonia . ^i.
Mix them and dissolve the salt. If the
solution hns any bitterness, add by degrees
a little distilled vinegar till that taste be
removed. The density of the distilled
vinegar should be 1'005, and that of the
aqua acetotis ammonise I'Oll,
Note. — Diluted aqueous solution of ace-
tate of ammonia. Without action on lit-
mus. Density 1'014. Free of colour or
odour. Solution of potash disengages an
amnioniacal, sulphuric acid an acetous
odour. Unaffecteil by solution of nitrate
of silver.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Ammon'uB
acetalis liquor. Ammonia; aceta-
tis aqua.
9' Sesquicarbonatc of ammonia,
in fine powder ^iiss. (d.)
or a sufficient quantity.
Dikite acetic acid . . . Oiij.
To the acid, introduced into a bottle, gra-
dually add the sesquicarbonate of ammonia
to s.ituration, and dissolve by shaking, but
without the aid of heat.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1-012.
Med. Uses. — When assisted by warmth
nnd copious dilution, this is a valuable
dinjihoretic in the dose of from f3iv to
f 3vi. Externally, as a lotion, it is a refri-
gerant.
SYNONYMES.
Spirit of Mindererus.
Mindererus's Spirit,
Ammom.« benzoas. Benzoate
of ammonia. NH* 0, C* H' 0^
Strong solution of ammonia is saturated
with benzoic acid with the application of
a gentle heat, and the salt allowed to crys-
tallize on cooling. If the neutral solution
be submitted to spontaneous evaporation,
or if it be boiled^ ammonia will be given
otf, and an acid salt will be formed, which
is de[)osited in large regular crystals.
Ammoni.^ bicarbonas. Bi-
carbonate of ammonia. Berthol-
lefs neutral carbonate of ammo-
nia. Nff, 2C0S 2H0-
Dubl. Ph. 1850. AmmonicB
bicarbonas.
Take of commercial sesquicarbonate of
ammonia, any convenient quantity. Reduce
it to a fine powder, and then having spread
it on a sheet of paper, expose it to the air
for 24- hours. Let it be now enclosed in a
well-stopped bottle.
Liquor ammonia citratis.
Solution of citrate of ammonia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Citric acid ^iij.
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia ^iiss.
or as much as may be sufficient.
Dissolve the acid in the water, and add
the sesquicarbonate to saturation.
AMMONii^E Hydriopas. Hy-
driodate of Ammonia. Ammonii
lodidum. Iodide of Ammonium.
Nff, HI, or NHS I.
This salt may be made by either of the
following processes : —
1. Neutralize caustic ammonia or car-
bonate of ammonia with aqueous solution
of hydriodic acid, and carefully evaporate
the solution to dryness, keeping a slight
excess of ammonia present during the
evaporation, and conducting the latter part
of the process over a water-bath.
2. To a solution of iodide of iron add
carbonate of ammonia as long as any pre-
cipitate of carbonate of iron is formed ;
filter the solution, and evaporate it as in
the previous process.
3. Triturate some pure iodine with dis-
tilled water, then add hydrosulphate of
ammonia, in small quantities at a time,
continuing the trituration, until the red
colour of the iodine has disappeared. Boil
608
FORMULA, *S:c.
the mixture to expel sulphuretted hydrogen;
filter the liquor, keeping it slightly alka-
line with ammonia ; and finally evaporate
the clear liquor to dryness.
When pure it is colourless, but it
acquires a yellowish colour if exposed to
the air and light. It is deliquescent, and
soluble in water and in spirit.
Ammonite hydrochloras. Hij-
drochlorate of ammonia. Muriate
of ammonia. Chloride of ammo-
nium. Sal-ammoniac. NH^, CI.
This salt is now made in this country
from the ammoniacal liquor obtained in
the manufacture of coal gas and animal
charcoal. This liquor is either saturated
directly with hydrochloric acid, and evapo-
rated to crystallization, and the impure salt
thus obtained purified by sublimation; or
sulphuric acid is first added to the ammo-
niacal liquor, and the resulting sulphate of
ammonia afterwards decomposed with com-
mon salt during the process of sublimation.
The sublimed sal-ammoniac is in large
flattened hemispherical cakes. It is slightly
deliquescent; soluble in 3 parts of cold
and 1 part of boiling water; soluble also
in alcohol.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
Note, — Translucent; it is sublimed by
heat, and totally dissolved by water. It
changes the colour of litmus slightly red.
Chloride of barium throws down nothing.
Potash or lime being added to it, ammonia
is evolved.
Ammonia hydrosulphas. Hy-
drosulphale of ammonia. Hydro-
sulphuret of ammonia. Hepatized
ammonia. BoyWs fuming liquor.
Beguins sulphuretted spirit.
These are composed of hydrogen, sul-
phur, and ammonia.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Ammonice hydro-sulphuretiim.
^ Solution of ammonia. . . f ^iv.
Sulphuret of iron .... _^iss. (d)
Oil of vitriol of commerce . f^iss.
Water f ^xv.
Distilled water .... f ^ij.
Place the sulphuret of iron and water in
a-two necked bottle, and, adding the oil of
vitriol by degrees through a safety funnel,
conduct by suitable tubes the sulphuretted
hydrogen which is disengaged, first through
the distilled water placed in a small inter-
mediate phial, and then to the bottom of a
bottle containing the ammonia, the neck of
the latter, through which the glass tube
conveying the gas passes, being loosely
plugged with tow. If, when the develop-
ment of gas has ceased, a drop of the am-
moniacal liquid, added to a saturated solu-
tion of sulphate of magnesia, gives no
precipitate, the preparation is completed;
but should a precipitate occur, the hydro-
sulphuret still contains free ammonia, and
must therefore be again subjected to the
action of a stream of sulphuretted hydro-
gen.
The liydro-sulphuret of ammonia must
be kept in a green-glass bottle, furnished
with an accurately-ground stoppei-.
The specific gi'avity of this solution is
•999,
Brande gives the following process for
a similar preparation : —
Boyle' s fuming liquor.
^ Slaked quick-lime, 4 parts ;
Hydrochlorate of ammonia, 2 parts ;
Sulphur, 1 part.
Introduce these into a tubulated earthen
retort, the neck of which is attached to a
quilled and tubulated receiver. The quill
of the receiver is inserted into an empty
bottle, and a bent tube from the tubulure
of the receiver is made to dip into a
bottle half filled with water. On applying
the heat of a sand-bath to the retort, and
keeping the receiver cool, a fuming liquor
will condense in the latter, and vapour
will pass over and be condensed in the
bottle containing wates. The whole dis-
tilled products are afterwards to be mixed
together.
Liquor ammonia.
of ammonia.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Hydrochlorate of ammonia . ^s.
Lime ^viij.
Water Oij.
Put the lime slacited with water into a
retort, then add the hydrochlorate of am-
monia broken into small pieces, and the
rest of the water. Let 15 fluidounces of
solution of ammonia distil.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Ammx>nice liquor. Solution of
ammonia.
Destitute of colour ; the specific gravity
is '960. Exposed to the air, it goes off into
very sharp fugacious alkaline vapours, as
shown by tunneric. It throws down
nothing on lime-water being added : hydro-
sulphuric acid being put in it is not
coloured ; neither when it has been first
saturated with nitric acid, does it throw
down anything on either sesquicarbonate
of ammonia or nitrate of silver, or chloride
of barium being added. Nearly 10 grains
ot ammonia are contained in 100 grains.
Ammonice liquor fortior.
Stronger solution of ammonia.
The specific gravity of this is '852. This
solution may be reduced to the form of
solution of ammonia, by adding 2 ounces
of distilled water to each fluid ounce.
Nearly 30 grains of ammonia are contained
in 100 grains.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Ammonice aqua et Ammonite
aqua fortior.
^ Muriate of ammonia . . . ^xjij.
Quick lime , ^xiij.
Water flvijss.
Distilled water .... f ^xij.
Slake the lime with the water, cover it
up till it cools, triturate it well and quickly
with the muriate of ammonia previously in
FORMULA, &c.
Solution
609
fine powder, and put the mixture into a
glass retort, to which is attached a receiver
with a safety-tube. Connect with the re-
ceiver a bottle also provided with a safety-
tube, and containing 4 ounces of the dis-
tilled water, but capable of holding twice
as much. Connect this bottle with another
loosely corked, and containing the re-
maining 8 ounces of distilled water. The
communicating tubes must descend to the
bottom of the bottles at the further end
from the retort, and the receiver and bot-
tles must be kept cool by snow, ice, or a
running stream of very cold water. Apply
to the retort a gradually-increasing heat
till gas ceases to be evolved ; remove the
retort, cork up the aperture in the re-
ceiver where it is connected with the re-
tort, and apply to the receiver a gentle
and gradually-increasing heat, to drive
over as much of the gas in the liquid con-
tained in it, but as little of the water as
possible. Should the liquid in the last
bottle not have the density of -960, reduce
it with some of the stronger aqua ammo-
nia in the first bottle, or raise it with dis-
tilled water, so as to form aqua ammonia}
of the prescribed density.
Note.— Aqua ammonim. Diluted
aqueous solution of ammonia. Density
'9G0; diluted nitric acid occasions no
effervescence ; when saturated with nitric
acid it is not precipitated by solution of
nitrate of silver.
Aqua ammonuB fortior. Concentrated
aqueous solution of ammonia. Strong
ammonia. Density -880 ; one fluidounce
with 2^ fluidounces of water makes aqua
ammonia, for which other characters are
given above.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Ammonice liquor. Ammonice
causticcB aqua.
9^ Sal ammoniac, in fine powder,
Fresh-burned lime, of each . ^viij.(D)
Water i\vT.
Distilled water .... f ^xvj. '
Pour on the lime the 4 ounces of water,
and, when the slaked lime has cooled, mix
it well with tlie sal ammoniac by tritura-
2 R
610
FORMULA, &c.
tion in a mortar. Introduce the mixture
into a matrass of glass, or, if such can be
had, an iron bottle, and, having closed this
by means of a cork perforated by a suitable
tube for conveying off the gas, apply, with
the intervention of sand, a gentle heat,
which must be gradually augmented, and
cause the ammonia, as it is evolved, to pass
first through a small Wolfe's bottle fur-
nished with a syphon safety-tube, contain-
ing mercury, and thence to the bottom of
a pint bottle containing the distilled water.
The temperature of the latter must be
prevented from rising as the absorption of
the gas proceeds, by surrounding the
bottle which contains it with cold water,
which should be frequently renewed.
The specific gravity of this solution is
•950,
Ammonice Liquor Fortior.
Apply heat to a mixture of sal ammo-
niac and slaked lime, using the proportions
given in the preceding fonnula, and cause
the gas, as it is disengaged, to pass to the
bottom of a bottle containing 8 ounces of
ammonite liquor ; the temperature of the
latter being prevented from rising by sur-
rounding it with cold water, which should
be frequently renewed.
Or,
Pass the ammoniacal gas disengaged
from 8 ounces of sal ammoniac into 5
ounces of distilled water, taking care to
keep the receiver cool.
The specific gravity of this solution is
•900.
Med. lines. — Stimulant, rubefacient, and
antacid; it may be exhibited in milk,
water, or any cold liquid not incompatible
w^ith it. Dose, TT\.x to TTtxxx of the weaker
solution. If swallowed by mistake, vinegar
or lemon-juice will form the best antidote.
Ammonia nitras. Nitrate of
ammonia. Nitrum semivolaHle.
Nitrum fiammans. NH% NO^
+H0.
This salt is obtained by saturating
dilute nitric acid with sesquicarbonate of
ammonia, and evaporating the solution to
crystallization. The salt is very soluble
in water; it fuses at230° Fahr. ; at about
460" Fahr. it is decomposed into nitrous
oxide gas and water. It is principally
employed as the source of nitrous oxide
gas.
AMMONiiE oxALAs, Oxalate of
ammonia. Nff, C*0'+2H0.
Formed by neutralizing solution of oxalic
acid with ammonia or sesquicarbonate of
ammonia, and cr3-stallizing. This is
chiefly used as a test for lime,
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Ammonice oxalas.
"^ Oxalic acid ^iv.
Carbonate of ammonia . . ^viij.
Distilled water . . , . Oiv,
Dissolve the carbonate in the water, add
gradually the acid, boil and concentrate
sufficiently for crystals to form on cooling.
Ammonia sesquicarbonas.
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia.
Carbonate of ammonia. Smelling
salts.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Ammonice sesquicarbonas.
Destitute of colour, translucent, it
smells and tastes shai-ply ; it changes the
colour of turmeric into brown ; it is dis-
sipated by heat. It is dissolved in water.
Nitric acid being added to saturation, no-
thing is thrown down either by chloride
of barium or nitrate of silver.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Ammonice
Carbonas.
^ Sal-ammoniac ffi i.
Chalk flb iss. '
Reduce them separately to fine powder,
mix them thoroughly, and subject the
mixture in a retort with a proper receiver
to a gradually-increasing heat so long as
any vapours sublime,
N'ote. — Heat sublimes it entirely, A
solution in water, when treated with nitric
acid In excess, does not precipitate ■with
FORMULA, &c.
611
solution of nitrate of baryta or nitrate of
silver.
Med, Uses. — Stimulant, antispasmodic,
diaphoretic, antacid, and in large doses
emetic. Should not be Icept in powdered
mixtures. Even the form of pill is by no
means an eligible form of administering
it. Dose, gr. v, to gr. xx.
Ammonite sulphas. Sulphate
of ammonia.
Formed by saturating dilute sulphuric
acid with sesquicarbonate of ammonia and
crystallizing. It is usually formed in an
impure state during the process for the
preparation of sal-ammoniac. It is also
obtained in large quantities by a process
adopted for purifying coal-gas.
^ Ammoniacum Carbonicum^
PYRO-OLEosuM. Sal volatile comu
cervi. Volatile salt of hartshorn.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Carbonate of ammonia powdered ^'iij.
Ethereal animal oil . . . jij.
Add the oil gradually, and mix them
together.
Note. — A yellowish powder ; to be kept
in a well-closed bottle.
Ammoniacum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
It is either in lumps, or has the appear-
nce of grains. That which is in lumps
requires purification.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Gummy-resinous exudation of Dorema
mmoniacum. Ammoniac.
Ammoniacum tr-eparatum.
Prepared ammoniacum,
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Ammoniacum in lumps . Rj.
Water, as much as may be
sufficient to cover the
ammoniacum.
Boil the ammoniacum with the water
intil they may be mixed. Strain the
mixture thi'ough a hair sieve, and evapo-
rate in a wator bath, constantly stirring, so
far tliat it may harden when it shall have
cooled.
Amyl, Hydratei) Oxide of.
Fusel Oil. Oil of Grain.
This oily liquid is obtained, in the recti-
fication of alcohol, among the last portions
of the distilled pi-oducts. It is purified
from spirit, water, and other substances
with which it is found mixed, by washing
it with water and decanting the super-
natant portion, then distilling it from
chloride of calcium, and fractionizing the
products of distillation, retaining that por-
tion which boils at about 268^ Fahr. It
is used for malting Valerianic acid, and
some of the so-called Fruit Essences.
Amylum. Starch.
A vegetable proximate principle, whicli
exists abundantly in the v^etable king-*
dom. It is principally procured from
wheat, from potatoes, and from rice.
A patent was taken out for its prepara-
tion from rice. Starch obtained from the
two last-named sources is usually distin-
guished as potato starch, and rice or pa-
tent starch. The different kinds of staixh
may be distinguished with the aid of a
microscope, from differences in the size and
shape of the grains.
Amylum Iodatum. Amyli
iodidum. Iodide of starch.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
]^ Iodine gr. xxiv.
Starch l^.
Rub the iodine to powder with a few
drops of spirit, then mix it with the starch,
Note. It has a light blue colour.
Dr. A. Buchanan of Glasgow has pro-
posed this compound as a means of ad-
ministering iodine in large doses without
causing irritation of the stomach. The
dose is a heaped teaspoonful, given in
water-gruel, three times a-day ; and it may
be increased to a tablespoonful or more.
Dr. Buchanan conceives that, by means of
2 R 2
612
FORMULA, &c.
tlie starch, the iodine is converted into
hydriodic acid, and in this state enters into
the circulation. He prefers it to any other
preparation of iodine for producing the
alterative, apart from the irritant effects
of that medicine.
Annotto. Arnotio. Orleana.
A red colouring matter obtained from
the seeds of Bixa orellana ; used in dye-
ing and for colouring cheese. Flag annotto
is in square cakes, weighing two or three
pounds each. Egg annotto is in cakes of
an egg shape, and Boll annotto in long
rolls. The colour of annotto is changed
to blue by strong sulphuric acid.
Anthhacokali, or Anthra-
kohali.
Dr. Poyla.
Fonn a caustic solution of potassa,
with ^vj carbonate of potash, ^^iijss lime,
and Oiv water ; evaporate this in an iron
vessel until it shall measure about f ^vj,
then stir in _^v of finely-powdered mineral
Coal ; withdraw the vessel from the fire,
and continue to stir the mixture until it
is reduced to the condition of a unifonn
black powder, which is to be immediately
put into drj-, well-stopped bottles.
Anthraco kali.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9' Hydrate of potash . . . 5vij.
Kennel coal in fine powder gv.
5Ielt the hydi-ate of potash and stir in
the powdered coal ; the mass taken from
the fire is to be rubbed to a fine powder
and put into small bottles.
Note. — A black powder, with a caustic
taste, and empyreumatic smell. Becomes
moist on exposure to the air. 10 gr. with
^' of water, after being filtered, forms a
clear, dark-brown solution, giving a preci-
pitate with acids, without effervescence.
To be sold with precaution.
A process the same as the above is given
in the Ph. Badensia 1841.
Med. Uses. — Administered in cases of
chronic rheumatism, scrofula, &c. Dose,
2 grains, two or three times a-day.
Anthracokali Sulphuretum.
Sulphuretted Anthracokali.
Prepared according to the above for-
mula of Dr. Poyla, but with the addition
of giv of sulphur.
Unguentum aisthracokali.
Anthracokali ointme?it.
^ Anthracokali , . . . 5J.
Lard Ij.
Mix.
Anti- ATTRITION. Grease for
lubricating machinery.
The following are some of the prepara-
tions used for this purpose : —
No. 1.
9) I-ard Bjx.
Camphor ..... ^iv.
Blacklead ..... B5ss.
Mix.
Used to diminish friction, and to pre-
vent iron from rusting. A patent, which
has expired, was taken out for a compound,
imder the name of Anti-attrition, which
consisted of 1 part of plumbago, and 4
parts of lard or other grease.
Cheaper pi-eparations than the above are
now used for railway and other machinery.
The following are some of these: —
No. 2.
9 Palm Oil,
Tallow . . . each 118115s.
Carbonate of soda . . 56It5s.
Water 30 gall.
Dissolve the carbonate of soda in the
water, and put the solution into a suitable
vessel, capable of holding about three times
the quantity. Melt the palm oil and tallow
together, and when they have cooled to
about 100° Fahr., pour the still fluid fats
through a sieve into the solution of soda,
and stir them together until a homogeneous
mass is obtained.
The proportions of the ingredients in-
dicated are suitable for use when the air is
at its mean temperature. In warm wea-
ther the quantity of tallow is increased,
and that of palm oil diminished : in cold
weather the palm oil is increased and the
tallow diminished.
FORMULA, &c.
613
'.}
No. 3.
9 Bean or other flour . . 1 cwt.
Boiling water . . . G
Milk of lime, about the
consistence of cream
Rosin oil 10 „
Make the flour into a paste with the
boiling water, then add the milk of lime,
and afterwards the rosin oil, and well mix
the whole together.
No. 4.
Liquid hydrocarbons, obtained by sub-
mitting some vai'ieties of coal, such as
Boghead or Cannel coal, to destructive
distillation at a low -red heal, are used,
under the name of Paraffine oils, for lubri-
cating machinery, for which purpose they
possess valuable properties.
Antimonium. Antimony. Re-
gulus of antimony. Symb. Sb.
eq. 129.
Specific gravity 6'7. It is usually ob-
tained from the native sulphuret.
Antimonium metallicum
ruRUM. Pure metallic antimony.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ Sulphuret of antimony 16 parts.
Cream of tartar . . 6 parts.
Mix, and put the powder in small quan-
tities into a vessel heated to redness ; when
the reaction is over, fuse the n)ass ; and
after a quarter of an hour pour it out, and
sep;irate the metal from the slag,
Antimonium calcinatum.
Calx antimonii. Diaphoretic
antimony.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
9 Tersulphuret of antimony . ^^viij.
Nitrate of potash . . . ^xxiv.
Mix, and deflagrate in a crucible heated
to redness. Calcine the residue for half
an hour, and, when cold, powder it, and
wash away whatever is soluble with re-
peated quantities of water. Collect and
dry the residue.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9' Metallic antimony . , 1 part.
Nitrate of potash, . . 2 parts.
Mix, and deflagrate in a crucible. Cal-
cine for half an hour ; wash away the
soluble salt, and dry at a temperature not
exceeding 104° Fahr.
Note. — A white powder, without smell
or taste, and free from nitrate and nitrite
of potash.
Synonymes.
Kali stibicum. Antimonium diaphore-
ticum ahlutum. Calx antimonii lota. Po'
tasscB Antimonias. Antimoniate ij' potash.
Antimonii cinis. Antimony
ash.
This is obtained by roasting the ter-
sulphuret of antimony, by which means
part of the sulphur is burned away, and a
mixture of teroxide and tersulphuret of
antimony remains, with probably a little
antimonious acid.
Antimonii crocus. Crocus
metallorum. Liver of antimony.
Saffron of antimony.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
^' Tersulphuret of antimony . Ibj.
Nitrate of potash . . . Itej.
Chloride of sodium . . . ^.
Mix, and deflagrate in a crucible heated
to redness; separate the scoria, and pre-
serve the fused mass.
It may also be made by fusing antimony
ash.
Antimonii crocus lotus.
Washed liver of antimony.
The Crocus antimonii of the Lond.
Ph. 178S, repeatedly washed with water.
Antimonii oxydum. Oxide of
antimony. Teroxide of antimony.
Sesquioxide of antimony.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Antimonii
oxidum.
^ Sulphuret of antimony in fine
powder ^iv.
Muriatic acid (commercial) Oj.
Water Ov.
Dissolve the sulphuret in the acid with
the aid of a gentle heat ; boil for half an
614
FORMULAE, &c.
hour ; filter ; pour the fluid into the water ;
collect the precipitate on a calico filter ;
wash it well with cold water, then with a
weak solution of carbonate of soda, and
again with cold water, till the water ceases
to affect reddened litmus paper. Dry the
powder over the vapour-bath.
Note. — Entirely soluble in muriatic
acid, and also in a boiling solution of
bitartrate of potash ; snow white ; fusible
at a full red heat.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Antimonii
Oxydum. Antimonii Oxydum
Nitro-muriaticum.
^ Solution of terchloride of anti-
mony f.^'f^j-
Water Cij.
Solution of caustic potash . Oj.
Distilled water, a sufficient
quantity.
. Pour the antimonial solution into the
water, and having stirred tlie mixture well,
set it by until the white precipitate which
forms has subsided. Draw off the super-
natant liquid by decantation, or the syphon,
and, having agitated the sediment with a
gallon of distilled water, allow the whole
to stand until the oxide has fallen to the
bottom. Decant again, and having placed
the sediment on a calico filter, wash it with
distilled water until the liquid which
trickles through reddens blue litmus paper
only in a very slight degree. The precipi-
tate is now to be shaken occasionally for
half an hour, with the solution of caustic
potash, and then washed on a filter with
boiling distilled water, until the washings
cease to give a precipitate on being dropped
into an acid solution of nitrate of silver.
Lastly, let the product be dried at a heat
not exceeding 120°.]
Remarks. — The precipitates formed in
the two foregoing processes constitute the
Pulvis alijarothi, or, Algaroth's powder,
sometimes called Mercurius vitie, or Mer-
cury of life. It consists of oxide of anti-
mony with a little chloride of antimony,
and is sometimes called the Oxychloride of
antimony. On washing the precipitate, as
directed in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia,
with solution of carbonate of soda, or as
directed in the Dublin Pharmacopoeia, with
caustic potasli, the whole of the chlorine is
removed, and teroside of antimony remains.
The same oxide may also be obtained by
adding solution of ammonia to a concen-
trated solution of emetic tartar, and heating
the mixture, when the oxide of antimony
is precipitated.
Antimonium oxydatumalbum.
White oxide of antimony.
Ph. Danica, 1840.
^ Powdered metallic antimony 1 part.
Nitrate of potash . » . 4 J parts.
Mix, and deflagrate in a suitable vessel,
then heat it to redness, and while still
hot pour it into twice its volume of dis-
tilled water; drop into the solution sul-
phuric acid until it is in excess ; the pre-
cipitate being well washed and dried, is
to be powdered.
Note. — This powder should be quite
white, without taste or smell, and insoluble
in diluted acetic acid. It will consist
principally of antimonic acid.
Antimonium oxydatum gri-
SEUM. Grey oxide of antimony.
Ph. Danica, 1840.
^ Powdered metallic antimony ^iv.
Nitric acid S^''J*
Distilled water .... ^xxxij.
Digest together at a temperature of
about 140° Fahr. until nitrous gas is no
longer disengaged. Wash the precipitate,
and boil it for half an hour with ^^ss of
pure carbonate of soda and a sufficient
quantity of distilled water ; finally wash
and dry it.
Note. — It should be a greyish-white
powder, easily reduced at the blowpipe
flame on charcoal, without any garlic
smell, and when heated alone will fuse
with a yellow colour. Soluble in muriatic
acid.
Antimonium oxydatum griseum.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
Crude sulphuret of antimony is to be
heated in an- iron or earthen vessel, and
FORMULA, &c.
615
kept constantly stirred, without being al-
lowed to fuse, until it ceases to develop
sulphurous acid. The grey powder is
then to be fused, or if it will not fuse,
add to it, in very fine powder, ^ or -j^
part of sulphuret of antimony ; then fuse
and pour it out.
POLVIS ANTIMONir COMPOSITUS.
Compound powder oj antimony.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Tersulphuret of antimony,
powdered B5j,
Horn shavings IBij.
Mix, and throw them into a crucible
heated to redness in the fire, and stir them
constantly until vapour no longer rises.
Rub the residue to powder, and put it
into a proper crucible. Heat it in the
fire, applying the heat gradually and
keeping it red hot for two hours. Keduce
what remains to a fine powder.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Pulvis anti-
monialis. Antimonial powder.
^ Sulphuret of antimony, in coai-se
powder.
Hartshorn shavings, equal weights.
Mix them, put them into a red-hot iron
got and stir constantly till they acquire
an ash-giey colour, and vapours no longer
arise. Pulverise the product, put it into
a crucible with a perforated cover, and
expose this to a gradually-inciefising heat
till a white heat be produced, which is to
be maintiiined for two hours. Keduce the
product when cold to fine powder.]
Note. — A mixture chiefly of antimo-
nious acid and phosphate of lime, with
some teroxide of antimony, and a little
aatimonite of lime.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Pulvis Anti-
monialis.
9* Tartarized antimony^
Phosphate of soda, of each ^iv. (^D)
Chloride of calcium . . ^ij. (D)
Solution of ammonia . . f^iv.
Distilled water, C iss, or a
sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the tartarized antimony in half
a gallon, and the phosphate of soda and
chloride of calcium, each in a quart of
water. Mix the solutions of the tartarized
antimony and phosphate of soda when cold,
and then pour in the solution of chloride of
calcium, having first added to the latter
the water of ammonia. Boil now for 20
minutes, and having collected the precipi-
tate, which will have then formed, on a
calico filter, wash it with hot distilled
water until the liquid which passes through
ceases to give a precipitate with a dilute
solution of nitrate of silver. Finally, dry
the product by a steam or water heat, and
reduce it to a fine powder.]
Note. — This preparation differs essen-
tially from those of the London and Edin-
burgh Pharmacopoeias, all the antimony
present in this being in the state of
teroxide.
Med. Use. — A mild diaphoretic and
laxative ; but in some cases, when prepared
according to the London or Edinburgh Phar-
macopoeia, it has been given in large quanti-
ties without producing any sensible effects,
while that prepared according to the Dublin
Pharmacopceia often produces nausea and
sickness. The dose is usually from 3 to 10
grains, or even more.
Memarks. — This powder is an imitation
of the celebrated I>r. James's fever pow-
der, which was brought into notice about
the middle of the last century. Dr James
patented the preparation of his powder,
but the process described in the specifi-
cation of his patent yields a product totally
different from that which he and his suc-
cessors have sold. James's powder was
subsequently analyzed by Dr. Pearson,
and on the result of that analysis the
formula adopted by the Lond. Collece
of Physicians was said to have been
founded. It appears, however, that the
formula had been published even before
its adoption by Dr. James, and that a
powder was prepared from it called Lisle' s
fever powder, a remedy originally intro-
duced from Italy. The formula, the same
as that given by Dr. Pearson and adopted
by the College of Physiciaus, is in Col-
borne's English Dispensatory of 1756, a
616
FORMULA, &c.
date long anterior to the publication of
the College formula, which first took
place iji 1788,
There is some slight difference between
the composition of the compound made
according to the Londoner Edinburgh Phar-
macopoeia and that now sold as Dr. James's
powder by the proprietors of that nostrum ;
but it is probable that this difference has
been purposely created by those interested
in the patented preparation, since the intro-
duction of the formula into the Pharma-
copoeias. The patented preparation is said
to be the more active.
Antimonii oxtsulphuretum.
Oxysulphuret of antimony.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Tei-sulphuret of antimony,
powdered ^vij.
Solution of soda .... Oiv.
Distilled water .... Cij.
Diluted sulphuric acid, as much as
may be sufficient.
Mix the tersulphuret and soda with
the water, and boil with a slow fire for 2
hours, frequently stirring, distilled water
being often added, so that it may fill nearly
the same measure. Strain the solution,
and gradually drop in as much of the acid as
may be sufficient to throw down the oxy-
sulphuret of antimony; then wash awav
the sulphate of soda with water, and dry
what remains with a gentle heat.
Golden red ; the whole is dissolved in hot
solution of potash, nearly the whole in
hot hydrochloric acid, hydrosulphuric acid
being evolved, and a little sulphur left.
These solutions are destitute of colour.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Antimonii sulphuretum aureum.
9 Sulphuret of antimony in fine
powder ?j.
Solution of potash . . . f 5xj.
Water Oij.
Mix the water and solution of potash
add the sulphuret, boil for an hour, filter
immediately, and precipitate the liquid,
while hot, with an excess of diluted sul-
phuric acid. Collect the precipitate on a
calico filter, wash it thoroughly with water,
and dry it with a gentle heat.
Note. — A mixture or compound of sesqui-
sulphuret of antimony, sesquioxide of anti-
mony, and sulphur.— G^oWen Sulphuret of
Antimony. Tasteless: twelve times its
weight of muriatic acid, aided by heat, will
dissolve most [of it, forming a colourless
solution, and leaving a little sulphur.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Antimonii sulphuretum prce-
cipitalum. Sulphur antimonia-
tum fuscum.
9 Prepared sulphuret of anti-
mony ?v'.
Carbonate of potash from
pearl ash, first dried by a
low red heat, and reduced
to powder ?iy_
Water q\
Pure sulphuric acid . . . f ?ij.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Mix the sulphuret of antimony and car-
bonate of potash in a mortar, and heat the
mixture in a Hessian crucible, first cau-
tiously until effervescence ceases, and then
to low redness, so as to produce liquefac-
tion. Pour out the melted mass on a clean
flag, and, when it has concreted and cooled,
rub it to a fine powder in a porcelain moi--
tar. Add this, in successive portions, to
the gallon of water while boiling in an iron
vessel, and, having maintained the ebulli-
tion for 20 minutes, transfer the whole to
a calico filter, and cause the solution
which passes through to drop into the
distilled water previously mixed with the-
sulphuric acid. Let the precipitate which
forms be collected on a calico filter, and
let warm distilled water be repeatedly
poured upon it, until the liquid which
passes through ceases to give a precipitate
when dropped into a solution of nitrate of
barytes. Finally, dry the product on
porous bricks placed in a warm atmo-
sphere.
Remarks. — The precipitates obtained by
the first two of the foregoing processes are
much darker coloured than that which is
FORMULA, &c.
617
met with in commerce under the name of
Golden Sulphuret of Antimony. One of
the following processes will yield a product
more nearly resembling the usual commer-
cial article: —
No. 1.
^ Tersulphuret of antimony, 4 parts.
Lime 8 parts. '
Water 80 parts.
Boil for half an hour and strain ; then
add hydrochloric acid in excess. Collect,
w^ash, and dry the precipitate.
The whole of the hydrochloric acid should
be added at once.
No. 2.
9" Tersulphuret of antimony, 2 parts.
Carbonate of potash . , 4 parts.
Sulphur 1 part.
Mix, and fuse the mixture in a crucible.
When cold, powder the fused mass, and
boil it with twenty times its weight of
water for half an hour ; strain the liquor,
and add a large excess of diluted sulphuric
acid. Collect, wash, and dry the precipi-
tate.
No. 3.
Ph. Ilanov. nova, 1831.
^ Black antimony, levigated.
Flowers of sulphur, aa p. ».
Solution of potash, q. s.
Mix, and boil in an iron vessel, renew-
ing the water from time to time, until
nearly dissolved. Mix the solution with
twice its volume of hot water, and filter it
after 24 hours. To the clear fluid add
three times its volume of water, and drop
in diluted sulphuric acid as long as a
precipitate is formed. Wash this with
warm water, dry it with a gentle beat, and
keep it in a dark place.
Antimonii potassio-tartras.
Pota^sio-tartrate of antimony .
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9* Tersulphuret of antimony,
rubbed into the finest pow-
der lt)j.
Sulphuric acid . . . . f ^xv.
Bitartrate of potash . . . ^x.
Distilled water .... Ov.
Mix the tersulphuret with the acid in an
iron vessel. To these apply a slow fire
under a hood, frequently stirring with an
iron spatula. Then increase the fire, until,
the flame of the burning sulphur being ex-
tinguished, nothing remains besides a
whitish pulverulent mass. Wash this
with water when it has cooled until no-
thing acid can be perceived, and dry. Ac-
curately mix 9 ounces of this salt with
the bitartrate, and boil in the water for
half an hour. Strain the solution as yet
hot and set aside that crystals may foim.
The solution being poured off, dry these,
and evaporate the solution again that it
may crystallize.
Destitute of colour, it is dissolved in
water. This solution is not changed by
ferrocyanide of potassium. Hydrosulphuric
acid being added, it throws down a sub-
stance of a reddish colour : either chloride
of barium or nitrate of silver being added
it throws down nothing, or that which
is dissolved again on water being added.
It throws down that by nitric acid which
an excess of the same acid again dissolves.
Hj-drosulphuric acidj throws down 49
grains of tersulphuret of antimony from
100 grains dissolved in water.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Antimonium tartarizatum,
9 Sulphuret of antimony in fiue
powder ^iv.
Muriatic acid (commercial) Oi.
Water Ov.
Dissolve the sulphuret in the acid with
the aid of a gentle heat, boil for half an
hour; filter; pour the liquid into the
water ; collect the precipitate on a calico
filter, wash it with cold water till the
vater ceases to redden litmus-paper; dry
tlie precipitate over the vapour-bath.
^: This precipitate . . . ^iij.
Bitartrate of potash. , ^iv. & 3ij.
Water f^xxvii.
Mix the powders, add the water, boil
for an hour, filter, and set the liquid aside
to crystallize. The mother liquor, when
concentrated,, yields more crystals, but
618
FORMULA, &c.
not so free of colour, and therefore re-
quiring a second crystallization.
Note. — Entirely soluble in twenty parts
of water; solution colourless, and not
affected by solution of ferro-cyanide of
potassium ; a solution in 40 parts of water
is not affected by its own volume of a solu-
tion of eight parts of acetate of lead in
thirty-two parts of water and fifteen parts
of acetic acid.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Antimonium tartarizatum. An-
timonii et potassce tartras, sive
tartarum emeticum.
^ Oxide of antimony . . , ^v.
White bitartrate of potash . ^vj.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Kub the bitartrate to a fine powder, and,
having carefully mixed with it the oxide of
antimony, add a little water, so as to con-
vert the mixture into a thick paste, which
should be set by for 24 houi'S. Pour on
this the remainder of the water previously
raised to the temperature of 212°, and,
having boiled for 15 minutes, with re-
peated stirring, in a glass or porcelain ves-
sel, filter through calico, returning the
slightly turbid liquid which first passes
through so as to obtain a clear solution.
After 12 hours let the solution be de-
canted from the crystals which will have
formed, and boiled down to one-third,
whefn, upon cooling, an additional product
will be obtained. The salt, after being
dried upon blotting paper without the
application of heat, should be preserved in
a bottle.
SYNONYMES.
Emetic Tartar.
Tartar Errwtic.
Antimonii Terchloridum.
Terchloride of antimony. But-
ter of antimony . SbCP.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
]^ Sulphuret of Antimony • . Ibj.
Corrosive sublimate . , . Ifiij.
Let them be reduced to a powder sepa-
rately, well mixed, and let them then be
distilled from a retort, the neck of which
must be large, hy a gentle sand heat ; let
that which ascends into the neck of the
retort be dissolved by exposure to the air.
What remains in the retort, after the
distillation is over, is the sulphuret of
mercury, called also the Cinnabar of anti-
THony ; the origin of this name is hence
sufficiently ohvious.
Lond. Ph. 1787.
]^ Crocus of antimony reduced
to powder.
Sulphuric acid of each . Ibj,
Dried chloride of sodium . ffiij.
Pour the sulphuric acid into the retort,
gradually adding the chloride of sodium
and crocus of antimony previously mixed ;
then distil by a sand bath. Let the matter
distilled be exposed to the air for several
days ; then let the liquid portion be poured
off from the dregs.
The dark brown liquid met with in com-
merce under the name of Muriate of anti-
mony, or Butter of antimony, is usually
made by decomposing tei-sulphuret of
antimony with hydrochloric acid, with the
aid of heat.
Antimonii Tersulphuretum.
Tersulphuret of antimony. (L.)
Antimonii sulphur etum. (E.)
Antimonii sulphuretum prcepara-
tum. (D.)
This is the hlack sulphuret of antimony,
and was anciently used by the Asiatic and
Greek ladies as a pigment for the eyebrows.
In the native state, it is technically termed
Antimony ore, and when first fused out of
its gangue, Crude antimony, or Sulphuret of
antimony. It is obtained by fusion from
its siliceous gangue. It forms the source
of the other preparations of antimony. The
Dublin College gives a formula for its pre-
paration.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
Note. — With heat, it is totally dissolved
by hydrochloric acid. From the acid in
which it is boiled, « white precipitate is
FORMULA, &c.
619
k
thrown down by distilled water ; from the
strained liquor, hydrosulphuric acid after-
wards throws down a reddish-coloured
substance.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Note. — Entirely soluble in muriatic acid
with tlie aid of heat. .
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Antimonii sulphuretum. Sul-
phuret of antimony. Antimonii
sulphuretum prceparatum.
Take of sulphuret of antimony of com-
merce, any convenient quantity; let this
be reduced to powder, and the finer par-
ticles having been separated from the
coarser, by the method explained in the
formula for creta praeparata, let them be
dried, and preserved for use.
Antimomum vitbificatum.
Vitri/ied antimony. Glass ofanti-
mojiy.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
^ Tersulphuret of antimony in powder,
any quantity.
Burn it in a broad earthen vessel, with
a fire gi-adually increased, stirring it con-
stantly with an iron rod, until it ceases to
give off sulphurous vapours. Put the
powder that remains into a crucible, of
which it shall fill two-thirds; lit on a
cover, and heat it in the fire, first mode-
rately, and afterwards with an intense heat,
so as to fuse the mass. When fused, poxir
it out on an iron slab.
Antimonii vitrum cekatum.
Ceratum antimonii vitrum. Ce-
rated glass of antimony.
^ Glass of antimony in powder Jj.
Yellow wax 3J.
Melt the wax in an iron vessel, and
throw into it the powdered glass of anti-
mony ; keep the mixture over a gentle fire
for half an hour, continually stining it;
then pour it o>it upon a paper, and when
cold reduce it to a powder.
The glass melts in the wax with the
aid of a gentle heat. After it has been
over the fire for about twenty minutes, it
begins to change colour ; and in ten minutes
more, it assumes nearly the colour of Scotch
snuff, which is an indication that the pro-
cess is completed. The above quantity
loses about one drachm in weight during
the process.
This preparation was first introduced
to notice in this country, in the Edin-
burgh Essays, in the beginning of the
I8th century. The formula was after-
wards introduced into the Edinburgh Phar-
macopoeia.
Dose. — From two to five grains, in
dysentery.
Panacea antimonii. Panacea
of antimony.
9 Black sulphuret of antimony ^vj,
Nitre ^x. .
Common salt «... ^iss. ,
Charcoal ..... ^'.
Mix together in powder, and project it
into a red-hot crucible : keep it in the fire
for a quarter of an hour, then allow the
crucible to cool, break it, separate and re-
ject the upper stratum or scoria, and pow-
der and wash the other part. When
washed, it should be of a fine golden
colour. It is said to be the basis of
Lochjer's Pills.
Calcaria Stibiato-sulphu-
KATA. Calcium antimoniaio-sul-
phuratum. Calx antimonii cum
sulphure Hoffmanni. Hepar anti-
monii calcareum.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
5> Crude sulphuret of antimony 3iij.
Sulphur ...... 5^.
Lime ^ij-
Powder and mix the ingredients, and
heat them in a covered and well-luted
crucible for an hour. On opening the
crucible, after it has cooled, the upper
paif of the powder is to be rejected, and
that which is underneath kept in well
Stopped bottles.
620
FORMULA, &c.
Note. — It is a yellowish, uncrystallizable
powder, having a disagreeable, sulphurous
smell. Not completely soluble in water,
and yielding from the solution an orange
yellow precipitate, with the addition of
hydrochloric acid.
Apatite.
A mineral consisting principally of phos-
phate of lime. It occurs in Cornwall,
Devonshire, and abundantly in some parts
of Spain. It has been imported from the
latter country for the manufacture of arti-
ficial guano, or manure.
Apozem.
(From avt, and ^lu, to boil.) A decoction.
Aqua. Water.
A compound of oxygen and hydrogen,
(HO). An important agent in nature, and
in many pharmaceutical operations. The
natural sources from which it is usually
derived, for , use in medicine, domestic
economy, and the arts, are, 1st, subterra-
neous wells ; 2ndly, rivers ; 3rdly, rain.
The water obtained from these different
sources is always contaminated with some
foreign matters ; distillation is the process
usually resorted to for the purpose of free-
ing it from such impurities.
Aqua acidi cakbonici. Car-
bonic acid toater.
The liquid sold as soda water is often
nothing more than water into which car-
bonic acid gas has been condensed by
means of a force-pump : sometimes, even
atmospheric air is substituted for carbonic
acid. The practice of introducing soda
into "soda water" has, however, been
more frequently adopted latterly by the
manufacturers.
Aqua alexeteria. Alexeterial
water.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
]^ Fresh spearmint leaves . . ibiss.
Fresh wormwood tops.
Fresh angelica leaves, each . ftj.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Distil 3 gallons.
Aqua alexeteria spirituosa.
Spirituous alexeterial water.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
^ Fresh spearmint leaves . . fljss.
Fresh angelica leaves,
Fresh sea wormwood tops, each ^iv.
Proof spirit .... cong. j.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Distil 1 gallon.
Aqua aluminosa Bateana.
Bate's alum water.
Ph. Bateana and Lond. Ph. 1746.
9" Alum,
White vitriol, each . . . ^ss.
Water Oij.
Boil the salts in the water till they are
dissolved, and filter the solution through
paper.
Aqua amygdala amar^. Bit-
ter almond water.
Obtained by distilling the cake, left
after the expression of the fixed oil from
bitter almonds, with water. Formula are
given in most of the foreign pharmacopoeias
for the preparation of this water, and in
many cases it is ordered to be kept of two
different degrees of concentration.
Aqua amygdalarum amara-
rum.
Ph. Borussica, 1847-
^ Bitter almonds .... Ifiij.
Bruise them, and separate the fixed oil
by pressure. Powder the pj-essed cake, and
mix it with
River or rain water . . Ibx,
Rectified spirit, sp. gr, '900 ^^iv.
Distil Ibij. by the heat of a steam-bath.
It should be carefully kept in small well-
stopped bottles.
Note. — Limpid, or sometimes slightly
turbid, ^ij. yield 6'66 to 7 grains of cya-
nide of silver, which is equivalent to § gr.
of , hydi'ocyanic acid in each ounce of the
water.
The process in the Ph. Castr, Ruthenay
1840, is the same as the foregoing.
Dose.— From 20 to 30 drops.
FORMULA, &c.
621
Aqua amygdalarum amararum.
Codex, Ph. Fran^. 1839.
]^ Fresh bitter almond cake . ftj.
Water q. s.
Mix them well, adding sufficient water
to make the mixture quite liquid; then
put it into a «till, and after arranging the
apparatus for distillation, let it stand for
24 hours. At the expiration of this time,
distil Ibij. of water, from which the excess
of oil is to be separated by filtration through
a wetted filter.
Remark. — In each of the three foregoing
cases, water of one strength only is
ordered.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
concetiirula.
Ph. Hannov. nova, 1831.
9( Bitter almonds .... Il5ij.
Water Ibx.
Rectified spirit .... ^ij.
Distil off Ibij.
^■. will contain gr. ss, of hydrocyanic
acid.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
diluta.
Ph. Hannov. nova, 1831.
. 9 Bitter almonds .... 5^".j.
Water Oslviij.
Distil off 32 pints.
^xvj. will contain J gr. of hydrocyanic
acid.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
coiicentrata.
Ph. Slesvico-Holsat. 1831.
1^ Bitter almonds .... Kiij.
Rectified spirit ^v
Water ftij.
Distil Ibiij.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
dilula.
Ph. Slesvico-Holsat. 1831.
9' Bitter almonds .... ftij.
Water q, s.
Distil Ibxx.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
concentratum .
Ph. Danica, 1840.
R Bitter almonds .... ftij.
Water . ftiv.
Rectified spirit 5iv.
The almonds are to be freed by pres-
sure from the fixed oil, powdered, then
mixed with the water and rectified spirit,
and allowed to stand for 12 hours ; finally
ftij. of water is distilled off.
It should be slightly milky, smelling
and tasting of bitter almonds, ^iv., after
being mixed with a sufficient quantity of
caustic potash, chloride of iron, and muria-
tic acid, should yield gr. v. of Prussian blae»
Dose. — 60 drops.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
diluta.
Ph. Danica, 1840.
1^' Bitter almonds .... ftij.
Water . q. s.
Distil ftxxiv.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
concentraia.
Codex Medic. Hamburg. 1845.
]^ Bitter almonds ftiij.
Rectified spirit . . . . ^^v.
Water ftxnj.
Powder and press the bitter almonds,
then rub the cake with the water, and let
them stand for 12 hours, frequently shak-
ing: then distil a quarter of it into a re-
ceiver containing the rectified spirit. The
receiver is then to be removed, and the dis-
tillation continued until ftiij. is recovered.
Note, — f^j. should yield from 3 to 4
grains of cyanide of silver equal to gr. ss.
of dry prussic acid.
Dose. — 60 drops.
Aqua amy gdcilarum amararum
diluta. . » -
Codex Medic. Hamburg, 1845.
^ Concentrated bitter alnwnd
"water • ,%)•
Distilied water .... ^"'j*
Mix.
622
FORMULA, &c.
Note. — ^xj will contain J grain of dry
prassic acid.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum .
Ph. Saxonica, 1837.
'^ Bitter almonds- .... ^xij.
Common salt .... ^ij.
Water ffiv.
Powder and press the bitter almonds,
then mix the cake with the salt and water ;
lastly, distil offlbj.
^iv. yield 4 or 5 grains of cyanide of
silver.
Dose. — 40 drops.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
dilutum.
Ph. Saxonica, 1837.
9 Bitter almond water . . 1 part.
Distilled water . . . . 24 „
Mix.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
concentrata.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
9 Bitter almonds, powdered . 1 part.
Eiver water 4 ,,
Macerate for 24 hours, then distil 1
part.
Note.—}^. is eijual to gr. j. of prussic
acid.
Aqua amygdalarum amararum
dilutum.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
9 Concentrated bitter almond
water ...... 1 part.
Distilled water . , . , 16 „
Mix.
Aqua Anethi. Dill Water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Dill, bruised .... BSjss.
Water Cij.
Let a gallon distil.
Or,
9 Oil of dill f^ij.
Silex, powdered , . , ^ij.
Distilled water . , . . Cj.
Carefully rub the oil, in the first place,
with the silex, afterwards with the water,
and strain the liquor.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9" Anethum seeds, bruised . . ^^xviij. '
Water ■...,. cong. ij.
Rectified spirit . , . f?jij.
Mix together, and distil off one gallon.
Aqua a nisi. Aniseed water.
May be made as the preceding, substi
tuting anise for dill.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Essence of anise . . . f^".
Distilled wat«r .... Css.
Mix with agitation, and filter through
paper.
Aqua anisi composita. Com-
pound aniseed water.
Lewis's Dispensatory.
9* Aniseeds,
Angelica seeds, each . . . Ibss,
Proof spirit .... cong. j.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Distil 1 gallon.
Aqua asafcetid^ composita.
Compound asafoetida water.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
"^ Asafcetida,
Angelica root,
Acorus calamas, aH jiij.
Rectified spirit sp. gr. '900, 3iij.
Water, q, s.
Distil 6 ounces.
To be kept in well-closed bottles. It
will be turbid.
Aqua Bryonia composita.
Compound bryony water. Hys-
teric water.
9^ Bryony root.
Wild valerian
Pennyroyal, '
Rue, each .
ibj.
Ibss.
FORMULA, &e.
623
Mugwort leaves.
Feverfew flowers,
Savin tops, each • . Jj.
Fresh orange-peel,
Lovage seed, each . . ^ij.
French brandy . .cong. ijss.
' Macerate for faur days, and distil two
gullous and a liaif. .
Aqua carui. Caraway water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as
directed concerning dill water.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Essence of caraway . . f ^'.
Distilled water. . « . Css.
Mix with agitation, and filter through
paper.
Aqua calcis composita. Com-
pound lime water.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
5< Gnaiacum raspings . . . ffiss.
Liquorice root, cut and bruised ^.
Sassafras bark, bruised . • ,^ss.
Coriander seeds • . . . 3iij.
Lime water , . . .96 ounces.
Macerate without heat for two days in
a closed vessel, occasionally shaking it, and
then strain.
Aqua cascarill^. Cascarilla
water.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
j^ Cascarilla bark, bruised , . Bj.
Water q. s.
Distil Ibx. It will be limpid.
Aqua cassia. Cassia water.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^ Cassia bark, bruised . . .^xviij.
Water cong. ij.
Rectified spirit . . . . f^iij.
Mix them together, and distil off 1
gallon.
Aqua Cheltenham ensis ar-
TiFiciALis. Artijicial Chelten-
ham water.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
1^ Sulphate of soda . . , 120 parts.
Sulphate of magnesia. . 24 „
Cai-bonate of soda, crj-s-
tallized .... 33 parts.
Common salt . . . . 156 ,,
Sulphate of iron . . . 12 „
Mix.
Dissolve 3ij jn Ibj. of warm water.
Aqua cerasorum amygda-
LATA.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Sour cheiTie^, bruised with
their stones.
Bitter almonds, bruised, aa. . Ibj.
Water q. s.
Distil Ibxxiv, It will be slightly turbid
at first, but afterwards limpid.
Aqua cinnamomi. Cinnamon
water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as
directed concerning dill water.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Cinnamon bark, bruised . .^xviij.
Water cong. ij.
Rectified spirit .... f Jiij.
Mix, and distil 1 gallon,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Essence of cinnamon . , . f Jj.
Distilled water .... Css.
Mix with agitation, and filter through
paper.
Aqua cinnamomi spirituosa.
Spirituous cinnamon water.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Cinnamon baik, bruised . . Bbj.
Rectified spirit, sp, gr. -900. ffiij.
Water q. s.
Distil Ibix. To be carefully kept. It
will be first turbid, afterwards limpid.
Aqua ccerulea. Blue water.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ Lime water i^^i-
Sal ammoniac .... ^ij.
Acetate of copper, crystallized, gr. iv.
Macerate for 24 hours, and filter throogh
paper.
624
FORMULA, &c.
AqUaCoLONIENSIS SriRITUOSA.
Eau de Cologne.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
9 Oil of neroli .... ;^ij.
Oil of orange-peel . . , ,^iss.
Oil of citron . . • • 3J.
Oil of bergamot . . . 3vj.
^ Oil of lavender,
Oil of rosemary, aa . . 3ss.
Oil of cinnamon . . . ^j-
Cardamoms, powdered,
Balsam of Peru, aa . . 3ij.
Rectified spirit .... Ifivij.
Macerate for 10 days, then distil Ibvj.
with a gentle heat.
Aqua destillata. Distilled
water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Either solution of lime, or chloride of
barium, or nitrate of silver, or oxalate of
ammonia, or hydrosulphuric acid being
added, it remains clear.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of spring
water ; distil it from a proper vessel, re-
jecting the first twentieth part, and pre-
serving the first half of the remainder.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Take of spring or river water, any con-
venient quantity. Having introduced it
into a copper still connected with a block-
tin woiTii, or a Liebig's condenser, draw
over about ^'fj by distillation ; this being
rejected, continue the process until only
about \ of the original volume of the
water remains in the still. Let the dis-
tilled water be preserved in well-stopped
bottles.
Aqua ferrosa factitia. Ar-
tijicial Chalybeate water.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ Sulphate of iron .... Jss.
• . . . . 3iss.
Sugar .**...
Mix,
R Bicarbonate of potash . .
Sugar. . . ....
Mix.
Divide each powder into 12 papers,
3ss.
5iss.
Aqua florum aurantii.
Orange flower water. Aqua
naphce. Eau de naphe.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
^ Orange flowers . . . . lb. x.
Proof spirit .... f.^vij.
Water ...... cong. ij.
Distil 1 gallon.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
It is not coloured by hydrosulphuric
acid.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Iv'ote. — Nearly colourless ; unaffected
by sulphuretted hydrogen.
Aqua naphcB has been said to signify
a water distilled from the orange leaf, but
it is used as synonymous with orange
flower water in the French and other
foreign Pharmacopoeias,
Aqua fceniculi. Fennel water.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Femiel seeds .... Ifeiss,
Proof spirit . . . . f^vij.
Water . . . . . cong. ij- .
Distil 1 gallon,
Edin, Ph. 1841.
9' Fennel seeds, , , . ^xviij.
Rectified spirit . . . ^^'U-
Water cong. ij.
Distil 1 gallon.
Dubl, Ph. 1850.
^ Essence of fennel . . f^j.
Distilled water . . , Oss,
Mix with agitation and filter through
paper.
Aqua hungarica Hungary
Water'
The following is the formula preserved
in the Imperial Library at Vienna, said
to be in the handwriting of Elizabeth,
Queen of Hungary (or Landgravine of
Thuringia), 1235 :—
" I Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary, be-
ing very infinn, and much troubled with
the gout in the seventy-second year
of my age, used for a year this receipt,
given to me- by an ancient hermit, whom
FORMULA, &c.
625
I never saw before nor since ; and was not
only cured, but recovered my strength, and
appeared to all so remarkably beautiful,
that the King of Poland asked me iu mar-
riage, he being a widower and I a widow.
I, however, refused him for the love of my
Lord Jesus Christ, from one of whose
angels I believe I received the remedy.
The recipe is as follows : —
" 9 Aqua vita four times distilled, three
parts; and of the tops and flowers of
rosemary, two parts.
" Put these together in a close vessel,
let them stand in a gentle heat fifty hours,
and then distil them. Take jj of this in
the morning once every week, and let your
face and diseased limb be washed with it
every morning."
Spirit of rosemary is often sold for Hun-
gary water; but if it be made, as is usual,
from the oil of rosemary of commerce,
which is seldom genuine, the product will
be very inferior to that made from the fresh
herb, as directed in the above recipe.
Aqua hyssopi. Hyssop water.
Distilled from the fresh leaves of hys-
sop. This was ordered in the Edin. Ph.
1722.
Aqua hydrabgtralis simplex.
Eau mercurielle simple. Simple
mercurial water.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
5 Mercury ...... 1
Water 2
Boil for two hours in a glass matrass ;
separate the water by decantation. It was
for a long time believed that the water
could take nothing from the mercury ; but
the experiments of Wiggers have proved
that a part of the raetiU is dissolved. To
establish its presence we must add to the
mercurial water a little nitric acid, and
concentrate. The mercury is changed into
nitrate, the presence of which is detected
by re-agents. I repeated this experiment,
and obtained the same result as Wiggers.
I rendered it more manifest by replacing
the nitric acid by chlorine, keeping them in
contact for 24 hours, adding a little sal
ammoniac, and evaporating. M. Paton
could not defect mercury by Wiggers' pro-
cess : this, however, arises from the quan-
tity of this metal being very small, and from
the sulphuret of mercury which forms in
the nitric liquor frequently not separating
till it is he.ited.
Use. — Vermifuge. Its effects would
probably be more certain if a bitter vege-
table infusion were employed to make the
decoction.
Aqua kreosoti. Kreosote
water.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Kreosote ..... 3iss,
Distilled water .... ^xxv.
Shake them together, and keep the so-
lution in a well-stopped bottle. It will be
slightly turbid.
Aqua lauro-cerasi. Cherry-
laurel water.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Fresh leaves of cherry-laurel H)j.
Water Oijss.
Compound spirit of lavender 5j,
Chop down the leaves, mix them with
the water, distil oif 1 pint, agitate the dis-
tilled liquid well, filter it if any milkiness
remain after a few seconds of rest, and then
add the lavender spirit.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Fresh leaves of the common
laurel ..... Ibj.
Water Oijss.
Upon the leaves, chopped, and crushed in
a mortar, macerate the water for 24 hours,
and then draw over a pint of liquid by dis-
tillation, using a Liebig's condenser, and
chloride of zinc bath. Filter the product
through paper, and preserve it in a well-
stopped bottle.
Ph. Castr.. Euthena, 1840.
^ Cherry-laurelleaves, fresh and
pounded K)ij.
Water Ibvj,
Rectified spirit .... ^"J
Macerate for a short time, then
distil Ibiij.
2 s
'626
FORMULA, &c.
To be kept in a cool and dark place.
Dose from 10 to 30 drops.
Aqua LAVANDUii^. Lavender
water.
The compound sold under this name
would be more correctly called spirit of
lavender.
No. 1.
^ Fresli picked lavender flowers ffivj.
Rectified spirit . • . . Ibxviij.
Macerate for two days, and then distil
with the heat of a water-bath.
It is generally and more advantageously
made by adding the essential oil to spirit.
No.' 2.'
■ ]^ English oil of lavender . . f ^.
Rectified spirit .... f |xv.
Mix.
Other essential oils or essences are often
added with the view of improving the
scent.
No. 3.
m-
and
fjss.
fSxv.
f^j.
and
9' English oil of lavender .
Essence of ambergris
musk ....
Rectified spirit .
Mix.
No. 4.
'■ 9' English oil of lavender .
Essence of ambergris
musk ....
Eau de Cologne . •
Rectified spirit ...
Mix. ■ • •
■ No. 5. ' '
]^ English oil of lavender
Essence of musk
Oil of bergaraot .
Oil of cloves
Otto of roses
Oil of origanum .
Oil of rosemary
Rectified spirit .
Water ....
Mix
It is necessary to have pure spirit, free
from smell, and the very best essential oils,
and essences, in order to make good lavender
water. . . . -
f.^ss.
f^iv.
m-
3xss.
3J-
5SS.
3SS.
Ox.
Oij.
• . .
ftij-
. . .
.=)Vi'J
. . .
S^i'j
. . .
Jiv.
. cong.
IJSS.
cong.
ly-
Aqua mellis. Honey water.
A sweet-scented spirit distilled from
some aromatic substances, together with
honey, has long been sold under this
name. The following is an old formula
for it : —
No. 1
9^ Coriander seeds
Fresh lemon- peel
Bruised nutmegs
Orris root, sliced
Rectified spirit .
Water .
Macerate for three days, and then distil
3 gallons with the heat of a water-bath.
To the distilled spirit add.
Oil of lavender .... ^ss.
Oil of rosemary ... ^.
Rose water . . . . . Oiij.
Orange-flower water . . Oij.
Honey ^.
Tincture of musk . . . ^.
Tincture of saffron, suflScient to give
it the proper colour.
The foregoing has been simplified and
greatly improved in the following, which
is a good formula : —
No. 2.
^' Rectified spirit . " . .
Rose water ....
Orange-flower water .
Oil of cloves . . ,
Oil of lavender . . .
Oil of bergamot .
Oil of yellow sandal-wood
Honey
Tincture of saffi-on . Jj. or q. s.
Musk . . , . . . gr, X.
Macerate for a week, and filter.
Aqua meliss^. Eau de me-
lisse des carm.es. Halm water.
Carmelite water.
This celebrated spirit was first made by
an order of nuns called Carmelites; but
although the process was kept as secret as
possible, several formulas have been pub-
lished for its preparation. The following
is a good one :— •
Oviij.
Oij.
Oij.
^ss.
^ss.
h-
3J.
, FORMULA, &c.
627
No. 1.
T^ Dried balm leaves . • . Jiv.
Dried lemon-peel . • • ^ij-
Nutmegs,
Coriander fruit, each • • ^.
Cloves,
Cinnamon,
Angelica root, each . . ,^ss.
Rectified spirit .... Ibij.
Brandy Ibij.
Macerate for three days ; distil by the
heat of a water-bath ; and afterwards keep
the distilled product for some time in a
cold cellar.
The following foimula has been published
as that employed at the Convent du Fau-
bourg-Saint-Germain : —
No. 2.
9 Fresh balm leaves . 3 handftils.
Fresh lemon-peel,
Nutmegs,
Coriander seeds.
Cloves,
Cinnamon, each . . ^.
Best white wine,
Rectified spirit, each . ffiij.
Macerate for twenty-four hours, and
then distil ibij. by the heat of a sand-bath.
Aqua meliss^ concentrata.
Concentrated melissa water.
Codex Medic. Hamburg, 1845.
9 Common balm i ^
(MeHssa officinalis) J
Rectified spirit . . . Rj.
Water ..... Iblxxr.
Distil the above ingredients in a steam
apparatus as long as the distilled liquor
has an agreeable odour. To the distilled
liquor add a fresh portion of the herb, and
again distil ; and repeat this until the dis-
tilled liquor is saturated with essential oil.
To be made in July.
Common melissa water is made by dilut-
ing the above with 10 parts of water.
Aqua menth^ piPERix^.
Peppermint icater.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Peppermint, dried . . . Ibij.
Water Cij.
Let a gallon distil. If the fresh herb be
employed, double the weight is to be
used.
This water can be prepared more readily
from the oil of peppermint, in the same
manner as water of dill.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
J^ Fresh peppermint . . . ftiv.
(Or of the dried . . . ftij.)
Water . ... . . cong.ij.
Rectified spirit .... f S"J*
Distil a gallon.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Essence of peppenniut . f ^j-
Distilled water .... Css.
Mix with agiUtion, and filter through
paper.
Aqua ■ pulegii. Pennyroyal
water.
Lond. Ph. 1851. -
Prepare this in the same manner as the
water of peppermint is directed to be pre-
pared.
Aqua menthj! puLEaii.
DubL Ph. 1850.
]^ Essence ot pennyroyal '. . f^'.
Distilled water . . . . Css.
Mix with agitation, and filter through
paper.
Aqua menth^ pulegii com-
posiTA. Aqua Pulegii Composita.
Pennyroyal and hysteric water.
This is a common remedy among the
lower classes in some localities.
^ Pennyroyal -water . . 2 parts.
Compound bryony or hys-
teric water ... 1 part.
Mix.
Aqua menth^viridis. Spear-
mint water. Mint water.
Lond. "Ph. 1851.
Prepared as peppermint water.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Prepared as peppermint water.
2 8 2
628
FORMULA, &c.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Essence of spearmint . . f^'.
Distilled water .... Css.
Mix with agitation, and filter through
paper.
Aqua opii. Opium water.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Opium, sliced and dried . ^'.
Water ... . . ^xij.
Distil ^vj from a glass retort.
To be kept in a well-closed bottle. It
will be limpid, colourless, and will have a
faint smell.
Aqua phaged^nica. Phage-
denic water.
Ph, Borussica, 1847.
9 Bichloride of mercury . gr. xxiv.
Lime water .... ^^xvj.
Mix. The precipitate is to be mixed
with the supernatant liquor when it is dis-
pensed.
Aqua picis liquids. Tar
water.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
9 Tar Oij.
Water cong. j.
Stir them together with a stick for a
quarter of an hour ; when the tar has sub-
sided, strain the liquor, and keep it in well-
stopped bottles.
Aqua piment^e. Pimenta
water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Pimenta, bruised , . . Ifij.
Water ...... Cij.
Lot a gallon distil.
This water can be prepared more readily
from the oil of pimenta in the same manner
as water of dill.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
IJ Pimenta, bruised . . . Ibj.
Water ...... cong. ij.
Eectified spirit .... f ^'U-
Mix them, and distil one gallon.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9' Essence of pimenta . . f^^'.
Distilled Water . . . Css.
Mix with- agitation, and filter through
paper.
SVNOXYME.
Aqua Piperis Jamaicensis. Lond. Ph.
174G.
Aqua kaphani composita.
Compound horseradish water.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
9 Fresh garden scurvygrass
leaves lbiv»
Fresh horseradish root, Fresh
orange-peel, each . . ffiij.
Nutmegs ..... ^^ix.
Proof spirit .... cong. ij^
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Distil 2 gallons.
Aqua RosiE. Rose water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ The hundred-leaved Rose . Ibx.
Water ...... Cij.
Let a gallon distil.
Edin. Ph. 184L
9 Petals of Rosa centifolia . fljx.
Water ...... cong. ij.
Rectified spirit .... f ^iij.
Mix them, and distil off one gallon. The
petals should be preferred when fresh; but
it also answers well to use those which have
been preserved by beating them with twice
their weight of muriate of soda.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Essential oil of Roses . ■. TlT,xx.
Distilled Water . . Css.
Mix with agitation, and filter through
paper.
Aqua sambuci. Elder water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Elder Ibx.
Water Cij.
Let a gallon distil..
FORMULA, &c.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Fresh elder flowers. . . Kx.
Water cong. ij.
Rectified spu-it .... f 5iij.
Mix them, and- distil off one gallon.
Aqua sambuci concentbata.
Concentrated Elder-Jlower water.
Distil the best picked elder flowei-s with
water as long ;is the distilled product smells
strongly of the flowers. Two or three
gallons may be thus drawn from ten pounds
of fresh flowers. To the distilled water add
three pints of best rectified spirit, and sub-
mit the mixture to distillation, collecting
sis pints of distilled product. One ounce
of this added to five ounces of water will
form good elder-flower water.
Aqua tili^ flobum. Lime-
flower water.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
^' Lime flowers ... 2 parts.
Wat«r . . . * . q. s.
Distil 20 parts.
' Aqua vulnebabia. Eau d'Ar-
quebusade. Arquehusade water.
This has been a celebrated application
for contusions, for resolving coagulated
blood or tumours, and for cleaning and
healing ulcers and wounds. It was ori-
ginally prepared from a great number of
ingredients. FormuljB for its preparation
are given in some of the old continental
pharmacopoeias. The following, although
not an authorized foimula, is more simple,
and answers better than those above al-
luded to : —
9 Dried mint.
Dried Angelica tops, each Ibj.
Dried wormwood . . Ibss.
Angelica seeds . . . ^v.
Oil of juniper ... gss.
Spirit of rosemary . . Oiijss.
Rectified spirit ... cong. v.
Water ....
Mix, and distil six gallons.
cong. IV.
Aqua zinci sulphatis cum
camfhoba. Aqua vitriolica cam-
phorata. Camphorated white
vitriol water.
Lond. Ph. 1646.
^ Sulphate of zinc . . . ^ss.
^Camphor .... 3ij.
Boiling water . . . Ibij.
Mix until the sulphate of zinc is dis-
solved ; then filter.
Aqu^ MiNEBAjiES. Mineral
waters.
This term is applied to spring waters
which contain such mineral constituents
in solution as are capable of rendering
them efficient medicinal agents. Formulae
have been published for the artificial pro-
duction of some of these waters, and these
are called Artificial mineral- waters. The
following foraiulae represent the compo-
sition of some of the natural and artificial
waters of this class.
AiX-LA-CHAPELIiE wateb.
Natural.
Contains,
Chloride of sodium .
Carbonate of soda, dry
Sulphate of soda, dry .
Carbonate of lime .
Carbonate of magnesia.
Silica .....
Nitrogen gas . . .
Carbonic acid gas . .
Sulphuretted hydrogen
46 grs.
8 grs.
H grs.
2 grs.
igr.
igr.
undetermined.
. 15 cub. in.
. 10 cub. in.
Water ...... 2 pints.
Artificial.
9- Pure water. .... 2 galls.
Carbonic acid .... 4 galls.
Sulphuretted hydrogen . J gall.
Chloride of sodium . . 423 grs.
Bicarbonate of soda . . 177 grs.
Sulphate of soda, cryst. . 90 grs.
Chloride of calcium . • 45 grs.
Chloride of magnesium . 12 grs.
Dissolve the sulphuretted hydrogen in
its own volume of the water. Dissolye
the salts in the remainder of the water
630
FORMULA, &c.
and then charge the solution with the
carbonic acid. Divide this latter solution
in sixteen bottles ; add an equal propor-
tion of the solution of sulphuretted hy-
drogen to each bottle, and cork it imme-
diately.
Balabuc waxer. Eau de ha-
laruc. (Used only for baths.)
Natural.
Contains,
Carbonic acid . • . . 7 cub. in.
: Chloride of sodium . . . 115 grs.
Chloride of magnesium . . 20 grs.
Chloride of calcium . . 15 grs.
Carbonate of lime ... 18 grs.
Carbonate of magnesia . . IJ gf.
[ Sulphate of lime . . . 10 grs.
Iron. ...... a trace.
L Water 2 pints.
Artificial.
Ibiv. ^iij.
H5iv. ^iv.
ibj. iw.
Ibj. ^Tiij.
gr. xxiij.
^ Chloride of sodium ,
Chloride of calcium ,
Chloride of magnesium
Sulphate of soda
Bicarbonate of soda .
Bromide of potassium
Water ...... 60 galls.
Dissolve the chlorides of calcium and
magnesium in part of the water, cold.
Dissolve the chloride of sodium and sul-
phate of soda in the remainder of the
water, with heat. Mix the two solutions,
and add the bicarbonate of soda and
bromide of potassium reduced to fine
powder, when thfe bath will be ready for
immediate use.
BoURBONJfE r-ES BAIKS.
only for baths.)
' Natural.
Contains,
Chloride of sodium
Chloride ofcalcium
Sulphate of lime .
Carbonate of lime
Bromide of potassium
Water ....
(Used
92 grs.
11 grs.
11 grs.
4 grs,
2pts.
Artificial.
9 Chloride of sodium. . . Ibiv. ^iij.
Chloride of calcium . . fbij. ^viij.
Sulphate of soda . . . Ibiv.
Bicarbonate of soda. . . ^ivss.
Bromide of potassium . . 230 grs.
Water 60 galls.
Dissolve the chloride of calcium and
bicarbonate of soda in one part of the
water, cold. Dissolve the other salts in
the remaining portion of the water, warm.
Mix the two together, and use the bath
immediately. (Guibourt.)
Bakege water. Eau de ha-
reges.
For drinking.
j^' Sulphuret of sodium ... 31 grs.
Carbonate of soda. . . .31 grs.
Chloride of sodium ... 31 gi-s.
Distilled water .... 2 galls.
To be put into IG bottles, the corks of
which must be fastened down. (Codex.)
. For baths,
^ Sulphuret- of sodium . . 986 grs.
Carbonate of soda ... 986 grs.
Chloride of sodium. • . 986 grs.
Distilled water. . . . Oij.
Dissolve.
This solution is to be mixed with 60
gallons of water to form a bath. (Codex.)
The above waters may be used for
those- of Cauterets, Bagneres de Luchorif
Bonne, and Saint Sauveur.
Carlsbad water. Eau de
Carlsbad.
Natural.
Contains,
Carbonate of soda . . . 7 "27 grs.
Carbonate of lithia . . . -IS gr.
Carbonate of strontia . . '005 gr.
Carbonate of magnesia . . 1'02 gr.
Cai1)onate of iron . . . "02 gr.
Carbonate of lime . . . 1*77 gr.
Carbonate of manganese . '004 gr.
Chloride of sodium . . 5"98 grs.
Silica , ' . . ' . . . "43 gr.
Subphosphate of lime . . "001 gr.
Subphosphate of alumina . "001 gr.
FORMULA, &c.
631)
669 grs.
862 grs.
104 grs,
103 grs.
164 grs.
2 galls
Sulphate of soda . • . 14*901 g}-s.
Fluoride of calcium . , *018 gr.
Water ...,., 1 pound.
Carbonic acid 58 grs, in 100 cubic in.
Temperature 145° Fahr, (Berzelius.)"
Artificial,
9 Sulphate of soda, cryst. .
Carbonate of soda, do
Chloride of sodium • .
Chloride of calcium, cryst,
Sulphate of magnesia.
Water. . . . . .
Dissolve the salts of soda, the chloride
of calcium, and the sulphate of magnesia,
separately, in as much water as is re-
quired; filter the solutions; mix them;
add the remainder of the water, and charge
the solution with fire volumes of carbonic
acid. (Guibouit.)
Carrara WATER. Carbonated
lime water.
A patent has been taken out for an
aerated water, which is made by condens-
ing carbonic acid gas into a solution of
lime in water ; the carbonate of lime first
formed is re-dissolved by the excess of
carbonic acid. This water is used in
calculous complaints.
Chalybeate water, aera-
ted.
9 Citrate of iron . . , « gr.xiij.
Syrup of lemon (or oiher syrup) f^ss.
Water f ^vss.
Mix, and cjiarge the solution with car-
bonic acid gas.
Cheltenham water
lybeate spring.)
Natural.
Contains,
Carbonate of soda
Sulphate of soda
Sulphate of magnesia
Sulphate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Oxide of iron .
Water . . ,
Carbonic acid .
{Cha.
"5 gr,
22-7 grs,
6* grs.
2' 5 grs.
41*3 grs.
•Sgr.
1 pint,
2^ c, in,
(Brande.)
Artificial. "
]^ Bicarbonate of soda . . 5 grs.
Sulphate of soda, cryst. -. ^0 grs.
Sulphate of magnesia, cryst, 13 grs.
Chloride of calcium . . 4 grs.
Chloride of sodium ... 42 grs.
Protosulphate of iron ^ . 2 grs.
Water 1 pint.
Carbonic acid . . . , 2i c. in.
Dissolve the salts in the water, and
charge with the 'carbonic acid.
Cheltenham water
saline spring.)
Natural.
Contains,.
Sulphate of soda .
Sulphate of magnesia
Sulphate of lime ,
Chloride of sodium ,
Water
{Pure
15 grs,
11 grs.
4*5 grs,
50 gi's,
1 pint,
(Brande.)
Artificial.
R Sulphate of soda, cryst. .
Sulphate of magnesia, cryst.
Chloride of sodium
Water
Dissolve.
The salts mentioned in the above for-'
mula are sometimes sold as " Cheltenham
salts."
34 grs.
23 grs.
50 grs.
1 pint.
Cheltenham water.
spring.)
Natural.
Contains,
Sulphate of soda .
Sulphate of magnesia ,
Sulphate of lime .
Chloride of sodium .
Oxide of iron . , ,
Water. , . . .
Carbonic acid ..."
Sulphuretted hydrogen
Artificial.
9 Bicarbonate of soda .
Sulphate of soda, cryst.
Sulphate of magnesia, cryst.
{Sulphur
23*5 grs.
5' grs,
1-2 gr.
35* grs.
•3gr.
1 pint,
1^ c. in.
2i c. in.
(Brande.)
. 20 grs,
. 30 grs.
10 grs.
632
Chloride of sodium
Sulphuret of sodium
Water ....
Dissolve.
FORMULA, &c.
45 grs.
CONTBEXEVILLE WATER. Eau
de Contrexeville.
Natural.
Coutains,
Chloride of sodium . , . 0-081 gm.
Sulphate of magnesia . . 0*027 gm.
Sulphate of lime. . . . 0-271 gm.
Carbonate of iron . . . 0-027 gm.
Carbonate of lime . . . 0-013 o-m.
Carbonic acid, a small quantity.
Water 1 litre.
Artificial.
^ Chloride of sodium
Protochloride of iion
Chloride of calciun?, cryst,
- Bicarbonate ef soda
Sulphate of magnesia
Sulphate of lime .
Water ....
Carbonic acid .
Dissolve the salts, in the water, and
charge the solution with the carbonic acid.
(Guibourt.)
6 grs.
4i grs.
9 grs.
4 grs.
40 grs.
2 galls.
4 galls.
Harbowgate
WATER.
Natural.
Contains,
Chloride of sodium .
Chloride of calcium
Chloride of magnesium
Sulphate of lime . .
Carbonate of lime .
Carbonate of magnesia .
Oxide of iron .
Silica
Water ....
CHALYBEATE
300-4 grs.
22- grs.
9-9 gi-s.
1-86 gr.
6-7 grs.
•8 gr.
2-4 grs.
0-4 gr.
1 gall.
(Scudamore.)
Artificial.
9 Chloride of sodium . . . 250 grs.
Chloride of calcium, cryst. . 46 o-rs.
Chloride of magnesium, cryst. 22 grs.
Sulphate of soda .... 2 grs
35 grs. Bicarbonate- of soda
1 0 grs. Protochloride of iron
Ipint. Water. ...;:; i"gtn.'
Dissolve the bicarbonate of soda in half
the water, and the other salts in the re-
mainder. and mix the two solutions.
Harbowgate sulphur water.
Natural.
Contains,
Chloride of sodium . . 735 gj.g.
Chloride of calcium . . 71-5 grg.
Chloride of magnesium . 43 grs.
Bicarbonate of soda . . 1475 g.-s.
Sulphuretted hydrogen . 6-4 c. in.
Carbonic acid . . . . 5-25 c' in.'
Nitrogen gas .... 6-5 c. in.
Carburetted hydrogen . 4-65 c. in.
Water .... 1 ,„; ' „'
1 wi. gall.
Artificial.
9 Chloride of sodium . . . 500 grs
Chloride of calcium, cryst. . 150 grs.
Chloride of mag., cryst. . . 90 gi-s.
Bicarbonate of soda ... 250 o-rs.'
Sulphuret of sodium . . . 120 ^rs"
W''^*"- 1 wine gall.'
Dissolve the sulphuret of sodium in
half the water, and the other salts in the
remainder, then mix the two solutions.
Leamington water. (Sul-
phur.)
Natural.
Contains,
Chloride of sodium .
Chloride of calcium
Chloride of magnesium
Sulphate of soda . ,
Oxide of iron .
Sulphuretted hydrogen, undetermined,
Water j ^-^^.^ '
(Scudamore.)
Artificial.
9" Chloride of sodium. .
Chloride of calcium, cryst.
Chloride of mag., CTyst. .
Sulphate of soda, cryst. .
Water . .....
Sulphuretted hydrog. water
1 5 grs.
7-96 grs.
3-30 grs.
11-60 grs.
a trace.
96 grs.
45 grs.
34 grs,
13 grs.
fjxxviij.
FORMULA, &c.
633
Dissolve the salts in the water, and
add the sulphuretted hydrogen water to
the solution.
Magnesia water. Solutio
MagnesicB- carbonatis.
No. 1.
9 Carbonate of magnesia
recently precipitated ^iij. 3ij. ^ij.
Water ..... 1 gallon.
Carbonic acid . . . 187 cub. in.
No. 2.
9 Carbonate of magnesia
recently precipitated . ^vj. ^v. ^j*
Water ..... 1 gallon.
Carbonic acid . . . 287 cub. in.
Diffuse the carbonate of magnesia, in
its moist and recently precipitated state,
through the water, and then charge it with
the carbonic acid.
MONT-DOBE WATER. EaU dc
Mont-dore.
Natural.
Contains,
Bicarbon, of soda . .
Chloride of sodium .
Sulphate of soda, cryst.
Carbonate of lime
Carbonate of magnesia
Silica .....
Peroxide of iron . .
Water ....
Carbonic acid.
. 7 gramm.
4 gramm.
1*5 gramm.
1'6 gramm.
0*6 gramm.
2 gramm.
0*1 gramm.
10 litre,
undetermined.
Artificial.
9 Sulphate of soda, cryst. '
Chloride of sodium . .
Chloride of magnesium .
Protosulphate of iron .
Bicarbonate of soda . .
Chloride of calcium . .
Water
Carbonic acid . . .
Dissolve the salts in the
17 grs.
20 grs.
18 grs.
5 grs.
169 grs.
54 grs.
2 galls,
10 galls,
water, and
charge the solution with the carbonic
acid.
Naples water.
.Artificial.
9^ Carbonate of soda, cryst. . 24 grs.
Carbonate of magnesia . 13 grs.
Water ...... f^xxviij.
Carbonic acid gas ... 5 vols.
Sulphuretted hydrogen water, f ^iv.
Add the carbonates of soda and mag-
nesia to the water, and charge with the
carbonic acid. Then add the sulphuretted
hydrogen water, in the bottle, and cork
immediately,
Passy water. Eau de Passy.
Natural.
Contains,
Sulphate of lime .
Protosulphate of iron
Sulphate of magnesia
Chloride of sodium
Alumina . . .
Carbonate of iron .
Carbonic acid
Bituminous matter
Water .
43-20 grs.
17-24 grs,
22-60 grs.
6-60 grs.
7-50 gi-s.
0-80 gr.
, Mn small quantity.
21bs.
Artificial.
9 Sulphate of lime .
Protosulphate of iron .
; Sulphate of magnesia
Chloride of sodium .
Alum
Water . « , • .
Dissolve.
85 gi-s.
17 grs.
18 grs.
5 grs.
6 grs,
2 pts.
Pbovins water. Ecf,u de Pro-
vins, ,
Natural.
Contains, >
Carbonate of lime . . 5*54 gramm.
Carbonate of iron . . 1-11 gramm.
Carbonate of magnesia . 0*83 gramm.
Carbonate of manganese 0-22 gramm.
Silica ... . . 0-25 gramm.
Chloride of sodinm . . 0-42 gramm.
Water 10 litre.
Carbonic acid ... 5 litre.
Artificial.
^ Chloride ^f calcium . . . 184 gi-s.
Sulphate. of magnesia . . 34 grs.
Dissolve in a -suflScient quantity of
water, and add ' solution of carbonate of
soda as long as any precipitate is formed.
634
FORMULA, &c.
Cqllect and wash the .precipitate, to which
add— , .
Bicarbonate of soda . . 30 grs.
; ■ Protochloride of iron . . 18 grs.
Protochloride of manganese 6 grs.
Water 2 galls.
Charge the solution with 5 volumes of
carbonic acid gas.
PuLLNA WATER. Eau de
Pullna.
Natural.
Contains,
Sulphate of magnesia
Sulphate of soda . .
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium
Sulphate of lime .
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime ,
Cabonate of ir«n •. ,
Organic matter . ,
Water ....
33-55
21-88
3
1-86
1-18
0-54
0-01
gramm.
gramm.
gramm.
gramm.
gramm.
gramm.
gramm.
O'OOl gramm.
0-40 gramu).
1 litre.
Artificial.
^ Sulphate of-soda, cryst. .3717 grs.
Sulphate of magnesia . 5168 grs.
Chloride of-magnesium , 723 grs.
Chloride of calcium .- ^ 231 grs.
Chloride of sodium . . 231 grs.
Bicarbonate of soda . . 150 grs.
Water 2 galls.
Carbonic acid . , , . 10 galls.
Dissolve the salts in the water, and
charge the solution with the carbonic acid.
(Guibourt.)
. PrRMONT WATER.
Pyrmont.
NaturaL
Contains,
Carbonate of Jimf , ,
Protocarbon. of manganese
Protocarbonate of iron .
Subphosphate af alumina
Sulphate of potassa . •
Sulphat-e of soda , .
Sulphate of lithia • . ,
Sulphate of lime • »
Eau de
, 4-77 grs
•03 gr
. -32 gr,
•01 gr
, "03 gr,
, 1-60 gr,
•006 gr,
5-02 grs,
Sulphate of strontia ,
Sulphate of magnesia ■
Chloride of magnesium.
Silica .... I
Water
Carbonic acid . . <
•01
2-36
•84
•37
1
gr-
grs.
gi"-
gr.
m.
H vol.
(Struve.)
12 grs.
31 grs.
14 grs.
20
2
2
4
grs.
grs.
grs.
grs.
Artificial.
^ Carbonate of lime . .
Carbonate of soda, cryst.
Sulphate of sodd, cryst. .
Sulphate of lime .
Sulphate of magnesia .
Sulphate of iron . .
Chloride of sodium ; .
Chloride of magnesium .
Chloride of manganese .
Water
Carbonic acid . . •
Dissolve the sulphate of iron in part of
the water. Dissolve the other soluble
salts in the remainder of the water. Add
the insoluble salts to the solution, and
charge it with the carbonic acid. Then
mix the two solutions in a bottle and cork
it immediately. (Soubeiran.)
Sea water.
2 pts.
5 vols.
9 Chloride
Chloride
Chloride
Sulphate
Water
Dissolve.
^ Bay salt
Sulphate
Chloride
Chloride
Water
Dissolve.
Artificial.
No. 1. ■
of sodivmi . .
of magnesium , dry
of calcium, dry
of soda, dry
409 grs.
79 grs
. 19 grs.
. 71 gi's.
. Kij. ^viij.
(Guibourt.)
No. 2.
of soda, cryst. . <
of calcium, cryst. .
of magnesium, cryst.
409 grs.
180 grs.
37 grs.
151 grs.
, . f^xxxv
(Soubeiran.)
Seidchttz water.
Natural.
Contains,
Grains
Carbonate of lime . . •
5-10
Cai-bonate of magnesia . .
•82
Protocarbopate of manganese .
•003
FORMULA, &c.
635
Protocarbqnate of iron
Subphosphate .of lime ,
Subphosphate of ajumina
Sulphate of potassa ,
Sulphate of soda .
Sulphate of lime . .
Sulphate of strontia .
Sulphate of magnesia.
Nitrate of magnesia .
Chloride of magnesium
Silica . . . •
Water ....
Carbonic acid gas
•009
•01
•008
3-67
17-62
1-12
•03
62-35
5-93
1-22
•09
1 pound.
1 -fifth volume
(Struve.)
Artificial.
9 Sulphate of magnesia . . 320 grs.
Chloride of calcium, cfyst. . 9 grs.
Sulphate of lime .... 14 grs.
Carbonate of lime . . . 21 grs.
Carbonate of magnesia . . 45 grs.
Water . . . . . • f^xxxv.
Carbonic acid .... 5 volumes.
Mix the salts with the water, and charge
it with the carbonic acid.
Seidlitz watek. Eau de
Seidlitz.
Natural.
Contains,
Sulphate of magnesia .
Chloride of magnesium
Carbonate of magnesia
Sulphate of soda . .
Sulphate of potash .
Sulphate of lime . .
Carbonate of linie .
Carbonate of strontia .
Carbonate of iron .
Carbonate of manganese
Alumina » . . ,
Silica ...,.-'
Carbonic acid.
Water 1 litre
Artificial.
Ko, 1.
l^r Sulphate of magnesia , 123 grs.
Water f^xxxv.
Carbonic acid .... 3 volumes.
Dissolve the salt in the water, and charge
the solution with the carbonic acid.
Grammes.
10-36
•13
•02
2-27
•57
•53
•70
•008
•007
No. 2,
9 Sulphate of magnesia • 246 grains.
Water ..... f^xxxv.
Carbonic acid ... 3 volumes.
Mix as above.
No. 3.
9 Sulphate of magnesia ?. 369 grains.
Water f^xxxv.
Carbonic acid . . . 3 volumes.'
Mix as above.
Seltzer watek. Mau de Seltz.
Natural.
Contains,
Carbonate of soda . . 4^61 grs.
Carbonate of baryta . ."OOl gr
Carbonate of strontia . . ^01 gr
Carbonate of lime . . 1-40 gr,
Carbonate' of magnesia . 1-50 gr
Subphosphate of lime . . -0007 gr,
Subphosphate of alumina . ^002 gr,
Sulphate of potassa . . ^29 gr.
Chloride of potassium . . ^26 gr,
Chloride of sodium . . 12-96 grs.
Fluoride of calcium . . -001
Silica *22
Water . . . ' . . .1 pound.
Carbonic acid . ' . . li volume,
(Struve.)
' Artificial.
' No, 1.
9 Chloride of calcium, cryst. 134 grs.
Chloride of magnesium, do. 216 grs.
Bicarbonate of soda . . 350 grs.
Chloride of sodium . . 190 grs.
Water 2 gallons.
Carbonic acid .... 5 volumes.
Dissolve the salts in the water, and
charge the solution with the carbonic acid.
(Guibourt.)
No. 2.
9 Chloride of calcium, cryst. 7 grs.
Chloride of magnesium, cr. 6^ grs.
Carbonate of soda, cryst. . 19 grs.
Chloride of sodium . . 24 grs.
Sulphate of iron ... i gr-
Sulphate of soda ... 1 gr.
Phosphate of soda. . . 16 grs.
Water , f^xxxv.
Carbonic, acid ... 5 volumes.
Mix as alcove;.
636
FORMULA, &c.
Soda water.
The aerated water sold under this name
is usually either a solution of bicarbonate
of soda, with excess of carbonic acid, or
merely water into which carbonic acid gas
has been condensed. The latter is some-
times distinguished as Siiigle soda water,
and the foi-mer as Double soda water.
Some of the cheap " Soda water" met with
in commerce has been found to contain
neither soda nor carbonic acid, being made
by condensing atmospheric air into common
water, by means of a forcing pump.
SrA WATER. {Pouhon.)
Natural.
Contains,
Carbonate of soda ...
Carbonate of lime .
Carbonate of magnesia .
Protocarbonate of manganese
Protocarbonate of iron . .
Subphosphate of lime . .
Subphosphate of alumina .
Sulphate of potassa
Sulphate of soda
Chloride of sodium
Silica ...
; Water . . .
Carbonic acid .
"55 gr.
•73 gr.
•84 gr.
•03 gr.
•28 gr.
•01 gr.
•006 gr.
•05 gr.
•02 gr.
.33 gr.
•37 gr.
1 pound.
\\ volume.
(Struve.)
Artificial.
No. 1.
^ Chloride of calcium, cryst. 26^ grs.
Sulphate of magnesia !. 14 grs.
Protoehloride of iron . 15^ grs.
Bicarbonate of soda . . 45 grs.
Water 2 gallons.
Carbonic acid ... 5 volumes.
Decompose the chloride of calcium and
sulphate of magnesia, separately, with car-
bonate of soda; collect and wash the preci-
pitates, which add to the bicarbonate of
soda and protoehloride of iron dissolved in
the water, and charge the solution with
the carbonic acid.
No, 2,
]^ Carbonate of soda, cryst. . 6 grs.
Carbonate of lime . . • i gr.
Cai'bonate of magnesia . . J gr.
Protoehloride of iron
Alum ....
Water ....
Carbonic acid .
k gr.
f^xxxv.
5 volumes.
Mix the salts with the water, and charge
with the carbonic acid. (Codex,)
Vichy watek, Eau de Vichy.
Nutural.
Contains,
Grammes.
Carbonate df soUa, dry
. 38-13
Sulphate of soda, do . .
. 2-79
Chloride of sodium, do .
. 5-58
Carbonate of lime
. 2^86
Carbonate of magnesia
•45
Peroxide of iron . .
•06
Silica
•45
Water
10 litre.
Carbonic acid . . . . 11 "49 litre.
Artificial.
9' Bicarbonate of soda. . •.
1018 grs.
Sulphate of soda, cryst.
70 grs.
Chloride of sodium .
35 grs.
Chloride of calcium .
95 grs.
Sulphate of magnesia .
15 grs.
Protosulphate of iron .
3 grs.
Water
2 gallons.
Carbonic acid ....
5 volumes.
Dissolve the salts in the water, and
charge the solution with the carbonic acid.
Wick chalybeate
WATER.
Brighton.
Natural.
Contains,
Sulphate of iron ....
1-66 grs.
Sulphate of lime . . . .
1-78 grs.
Muriate of lime ....
1.71 grs.
Muriate of magnesia .
•44 grs.
Muriate of soda . ' . . .
1^36 grs.
Carbonate of iron ...
•13 grs.
Carbonic acid ....
2 c. in.
Water i
1 pint.
Artificial.
]^ Sulphate of iron .
. gr. iss.
Chloride of calcium .
. gr. iij.
Sulphate of magnesia .
• g»-- J-
Bicarbonate of soda .
. gr. iij.
Water
. Oj.
Mix.
FORMULA, &c.
637
Archil. Orchil.
A coloured liquid obtained by macerat-
iig the Eocella tinctoria in an ammoniacal
iquor. Urine and lime were formerly
nsed, and probably are still, to a certain
extent, in making archil. There are two
kinds of archil sold, blue and red, the
difference in which depends upon slight
variations in the preparation. It is
principally used for dyeing and staining
wood.
Argentum. Silver.
This substance is found in the mineral
kingdom in various states ; sometimes
ixearly pure, or alloyetl with other metais.
The processes followed for the extraction
of silver vary in dilferent places, according
to the nature of the ore — they are princi-
pally amalgamation and cupellation.
Silver is totally dissolved by diluted
nitric acid. This solution, on the addi-
tion of chloride of sodium, throws down
a precipitate, which an excess of ammonia
dissolves, and it should be free from co-
lour. The chloride of silver being re-
moved, and hydrosulphuric acid being
added to the solution, it is not coloured
by it, and nothing is thrown down. The
specific gravity of silver is 10'4. — Lond.
Ph. 1836.
Soluble entirely in diluted nitric acid :
this solution, treated with an excess of
muriate of soda, gives a white precipitate
entirely soluble in aqua ammonise, and a
fluid which is not affected by sulphuretted
hydrogen. Edin. Ph. 1841.
Argenti culoridum. Chloride
of Silver. Ag CI.
This is obtained by precipitating a so-
lution of nitrate of silver by pure hydro-
chloric acid, and washing the precipitate.
Chloride of silver is perfectly insoluble in
water. Dr. Perri, an American physician,
has administered it in epilepsy in doses
of one grain, four or five times a day ; its
effects, he says, are similar to those of
the nitrate, but more marked. In chronic
dysentery also it has been found, in smaller
doses, to diminish the jfrequency of the
stools.
Argenti cyanidum. Cyanide
of silver. Ag Cy.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9' Nitrite of silver . . . 5ij. and 5ij.
Diluted hydrocyanic acid,
Distilled water, each Oj.
Dissolve the nitrate of silver in the
water, and add to them the diluted hydro-
cyanic acid, and mix. Wash what is pre-
cipitated with distilled water, and dry it.
Note. — By heat it yields cyanogen, and
is reduced to silver.
Use.— For preparing the dilute hydro-
cyanic acid.
SVNONYMES.
Hydrocyanate of silver. Cyanuret of
silver. Cyanodide of silver.
Argenti nitras. Nitrate of
silver. AgO, N0\
Lond. Ph. 1836.
^ Silver ^iss^
Nitric acid f?i
Distilled water fjij.
Mix the nitric acid with the water, and
dissolve the silver in them in a sand-bath.
Then gradually augment the heat, that the
nitrate of silver may be dried. Dissolve
this in a crucible over a slow fire, until,
the water having been driven off, the boil-
ing shall have ceased; then pour it imme-
diately into proper moulds.
Note.— At first it is white, but soon
becomes black on the admission of h>ht.
It is all soluble in water. If copper be
put into the solution, the silver is preci-
pitated; the other properties the same as
those given under the head, Silver.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
White, it is dissolved in water. This
solution throws down silver on copper
being inserted. If after 17 grains of
nitrate of silver have been added to 6
grains of chloride of sodium dissolved in
water, more of the nitrate should be
dropped in to the filtered liquor nothino-
more is thrown down. The access of light
to this substance must be prevented.
638
FORMULA, «&:c.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Pure silver ^iss.
Pure nitric acid f^j.
Distilled water f^ij.
Mix the acid and water, add the silver,
and dissolve it with the aid of a gentle
heat; increase the heat gradually till a
dry salt be obtained ; fuse the salt in an
earthenware or porcelain crucible, and pour
the fused matter into iron moulds pre-
viously heated and greased slightly with
tallow. Preserve the product in glass
vessels.
Note. — Soluble in distilled water, with
the exception of a very scanty black
powder : twenty-nine grains dissolved in
one fluid-ounce of distilled water, acidulated
with nitric acid, precipitated with a solu-
tion of nine grains of muriate of ammonia,
briskly agitated for a few seconds, and then
allowed to rest a little, will yield a clear,
supernatant liquid, which still precipitates
with more of the tests.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Argenti nitras fusum.
'^ Refined silver .... ^iij.
Pure nitric acid . . . f ^ij.
Distilled water .... ^v.
Place the silver in a flask, and, having
poured upon it the acid and water, apply a
gentle heat until the metal is dissolved.
Transfer the solution to a porcelain capsule,
decanting it off a heavy black powder which
appears at the bottom of the flask, and
having evaporated it to dryness, raise the
heat (in a dark room) until liquefaction is
produced. Pour the melted nitrate of silver
into a brass mould furnished with cylindrical
cavities of the size of a goose quill, and which
admits of being opened by a hinge, and when
the salt has concreted, remove it, and pre-
serve it in well-stopped bottles rendered
impervious to light.
SyNONYME. — Lapis infemalis.
Med. Use. — Internalhj, tonic and anti-
spasmodic in epilepsy. Dose Jth of a
grain, gradually increased to one grain.
When long taken, it is often deposited in
the rete mucosum; so as to give a per-
manent dark hue to the patient. Exter-
nally, it is a most powerful escharotic.
Akgenti muriatico-ammoni-
ATi LIQUOR. Hydrochlorate of
silver and of ammonia. (Nie-
mann.)
9" Fused nitrate of silver . . gr. x.
Distilled water ^ij.
Filter the solution, and pour gradually
into it a solution of chloride of sodium,
till no more precipitate is formed. Wash
this well, and dissolve it in —
Solution of ammonia. . . . ^ss.
Add,
Hydrochloric acid .... giij.
The quantity of solution should be made
up, by the addition of water, to ^ijss.
Use. — In epilepsy. Dose, 10 drops.
Argenti oxydum. Oxide of
silver. AgO.
This is generally obtained by adding Z/^'Mor
Potassce to solution of nitrate of silver, and
washing the precipitate. Its colour is a
greyish brown.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Nitrate of silver .... ^ss.
Lime water, Css, or a sufficient
quantity.
Distilled water . . . . Oss.
Dissolve the nitrate of silver in ^iv of the
distilled water, and, having poured the
solution into a bottle containing the lime-
water, shake the mixture well, and then set
it by until the sediment subsides. The
supernatant solution being drawn off, let
the sediment be placed upon a filter, and,
when washed with the remainder of the
distilled water, let it be dried at a heat not
exceeding 212°, and preserved in a bottle.]
It may also be obtained as follows : —
To a hot solution of nitrate of silver add
a hot solution of chloride of sodium as
long as any precipitate is thrown down.
Collect the precipitate and wash it with
hot water.
During the washing it should be broken
down with a spatula of platinum,, or a
FORMULA, &c.
639
glass rod. The chloride, still moist, is
covered to about half an inch with a so-
lution of caustic potash, sp. gr. 1'25 at
least, and then boiled in a clean iron, silver,
or platinum capsule. During the boiling
the chloride is to be well stirred, so as to
bruise all the lumpy particles. If a small
portion, taken out and washed, do not dis-
solve without residue in dilute nitric acid,
tlie potash is to be decanted off, and the
powder, still moist, is to be well rubbed
down in a mortar, then returned to the
capsule, and again boiled for five minutes
with the same or fresh potash. It will
now dissolve entirely in nitric acid ; if not,
a second grinding will complete the pro-
cess: it is now to be washed. The oxide
thus prepared is black.
Med. Use. — It has been given internally
in the dose of half a grain in epileptic and
gastralgic affections. Externally in the
form of ointment, consisting of ten grains
of oxide to a drachm of lard, it has been
applied to venereal sores, and to the urethral
membrane, by means of a bougie, in gonor-
rhcea.
Abgol. Crude tartar. Tar-
arus albus. Tartarus ruber.
White or red tartar.
Impure bitartrate of potash, which is
deposited on the sides of the casks during
the fermentation of wine. White argol
is obtained from white wines, and red argol
from red wines.
Arrack, (African.)
A spirituous liquor, made from the
berries of the Grewia flava.
Arrack, (China.)
A spirituous liquor, made from the
toddy of Borassus gomutus, rice and
millet.
Arrack, (Indian.)
Made from cocoa-uut toddy and rice.
The Batavian {Kneip) is esteemed the
best; then the Madras: the Goa and
Columbo are inferior.
Arrack, (Common Pariah.)
Made from any kind of toddy or jag-
gery, rendered more intoxicating by adding
hemp leaves, the juice of stramonium, and
poppy heads.
Arrack, (Mock.) Mock Ar-
rack. Vauxhall nectar.
Oij.
gr. XI.
^ Rum
Benzoic acid . , .
Mix.
Arsenicum purum.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.'
9' White oxide of arsenic of commerce, jij.
Place the oxide at the sealed end of a
hard German glass tube, of about half an
inch in diameter and 18 inches long, and
having covered it with about 8 inches of
dry and coarsely-pulverised charcoal, and
raised the portion of the tube containing
the charcoal to a red-heat, let a few ignited
coals be placed beneath the oxide, so as to
effect its slow sublimation. When this has
been accomplished, the metallic arsenic will
be found attached to the interior of the
tube at its distant or cool extremity.
In conducting this process, the furnace
used in the performance of an organic
analysis should be employed, and the fuel
should be ignited charcoal. It will be
proper also to connect the open extremity
of the tube with a flue, for the purpose of
preventing the possible escape into the
apartment of arsenical vapours; and, with
the view of keeping it from being plugged
by the metal, to introduce occasionally into
it, as the sublimation proceeds, an iron
wire through a cork fixed (but not air-
tight) in its open extremity.]
This is a grey brittle metal. Sp. gr.
5'884. It combines in two different pro-
portions with oxygen, forming arsenious
acid, employed in the preparation of the
liquor potassse arsenitis, and arsenic acid.
It is entirely sublimed by heat.
Arsenicum flavum. Yellow
arsenic. Yellow sulphuret of ar-
640
FORMULA, &c.
senic. Tersulphuret of arsenic.
King's yellow. Orpiment.
This is found native ; it may also be
prepared artificially. It consists of 76
parts arsenicum, and 48 parts sulphur. It
is used by pyrotechnists, and as a pigment.
Arsenicum kubrum. Red ar-
senic. Red sulphuret of arsenic.
Realgar. Bisulphuret of ar-
senic.
This substance occurs native ; yet the
commercial realgar is prepared artificially .
It is met with in the form of red vitreous
masses, or as a red powder. It consists
of 76 parts arsenicum and 32 parts sul-
phur. It is poisonous ; — used as a pig-
ment.
Arsenicum cum Antimonio.
Arsenic with antimony.
Med. Chir. Ph.
^ Sequisulphuret of antimony. . ^ij.
Arsenious acid ^.
To be fluxed together in a crucible, and
afterwards reduced to a fine powder.
Use. — This, called the arsenical caustic,
has been used in cases of open cancer. It
is found to destroy excrescences, and to
remove parts which obstruct the healing of
ill-conditioned ulcers. Opium may be added
to modify its severity.
Asbestos. Asbesius. Lapis
amianthus.
A mineral substance of a fibrous struc-
ture, consisting of silica, magnesia, and a
little lime and alumina. There are five
varieties : — 1. Amiantlms, which occurs in
very long, flexible fibres, of a white, greenish,
or reddish colour. 2, Common asbestos.
Scarcely flexible, and much denser than the
former. Found in the Isle of Anglesea,
and in Cornwall. 3. Mountain leather.
The fibres are interwoven so as to become
tough. Found in Lanarkshire. 4. Moun-
tain cork, or Mastic asbestos. It has a
similar structure to the preceding. 5.
Mountain wood, or Ligniform asbestos.
Massive, of a brown colour, and having the
aspect of wood.
AsPHALTUM. JBitumen judai-
cum. Jew'spitch.
A hard, brittle, black, or brown substance,
which melts easily with heat, and burns
sometimes without leaving any ashes. It
is found in a soft state on the surface of
the Dead Sea, and becomes hard from long
exposure to the air. It is found also in the
earth in different parts of the world, in
China, Trinidad, and in some parts of
Europe. It was formerly employed in
medicine, but is now chiefly used for making
varnishes and cement,
AssAFCETiDA, Teufelsdreck, or
Stercus diaboli. Devil's dung. Ci-
bus deorum. Food of the gods,
A gum-resin obtained from the roots of
Narthex assafoetida, and other species of this
genus. It has an acrid, bitter taste, and
a strong alliacious smell. Although these
properties render it exceedingly offensive
to many persons, yet among the Asiatics
it is fiequently used as a condiment for
flavouring their sauces and food, and is
even eaten alone. It is the produce prin-
cipally of Persia, and is brought to this
country by way of Bombay, Two kinds
of assafoetida are met with in commerce,
one in lumps, which is more or less mixed
with impurities, the other in tears. The
fresh-cut surface of assafoetida is at first
milk white, or nearly so, but it soon ac-
quires a peach-blossom colour from the
action of the air ; this colour, however,
changes, from further exposure, to a yel-
lowish brown. These changes of colour
are more marked in the lump assafoetida,
than in that which occurs in tears.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
AssAFCETiDA Pkjsparata. Pre-
pared Assafcetida.
Prepare this in the same way as Prepared
Ammaniacum.
Atropia. Atropine.
This is the active principle of the Atropa
belladonna, or Deadly, nightshade.
FORMULA, &c.
641
The following process for its preparation
has been described by Mr. W. T. Luxton : —
Boil a pound of dry belladonna leaves,
with as much distilled water as is sufficient
to cover them, for two hours, and then
strain off the liquor. Boil the leaves again
in the same way with a second portion of
water, and mix the strained liquors. Add
two draclmis of oil of vitriol to the decoction,
and when the albumen has separated filter
the liquor, which will be of a clear sherry
colour. The solution is to be rendered
alkaline by passing gaseous ammonia into
it, or a lump of sesquicarbonate of ammonia
is to be suspended in it, when it acquires a
dark colour, and crystals of atropine are
slowly deposited. These may be purified
by washing them with spirit of ammonia.
Mr. Luxton recommends the use of atro-
pine in combination with nitric acid as a
very efficacious application for Tic-doloreux.
The nitrate is prepared for use by adding
two grains of atropine to one minim of
strong nitric acid, and one drachm of dis-
tilled water. This solution is applied to
the affected spot with a camel's-hair brush.
Atropi^ sulphas. Sulphate
of Atropia.
Lond.Ph. 1851.
"^ Dilute sulphui-ic acid , . . f jij.
Atropia ^vijss, or as much as may
be sufficient.
Distilled water f ^ss.
Gradually add the atropia to the acid
mixed with the water, to saturation. Let
the solution be strained, and let it evaporate
by a gentle heat, that crystals may foiin.
We have intended this salt for external use
only.
AuRUM. Gold. Symh. Au.
Equiv. 197.
Is found only in the metallic state ;
commonly alloyed with other metals, as
with silver, copper, tellurium, and iron.
It occurs in veins in primitive rocks, and
is also found in alluvial deposits, in small
lumps or particles, called gold-dust.
AuRUM DivisuM. Divided gold.
Powdered gold.
Triturate gold leaf with ten or twelve
times its weight of sulphate of potash,
until no shining particles are any longer
perceptible ; pass the powder through a
fine sieve, and then treat it with boiling
water, so as to dissolve the sulphate of
potash, when the finely-divided gold will
remain.
Or it may be done as follows : —
Make an amalgam of 1 part of gold leaf,
and 6 parts of quicksilver, by rubbing these
together in a mortar; then dissolve out
the quicksilver with hot nitric acid, and
wash, dry, and pulverise the gold which
will remain.
AURUM STANNO PARATUM. Gold
prepared with tin. Purple of Cas^
sius.
Codex. Ph. Frang. 1839.
9 Perchloride of gold . ... 10'
Distilled water 2000'
Dissolve the chloride of gold in the'
water ; take, on the other hand,
Pure tin 10
Nitric acid IC^
Hydrochloric acid .... 20
Distilled water lOOO^
Dissolve the tin without heat in the
mixture of the two acids, and dilute the
solution with distilled water.
Then pour the solution of tin into that
of gold, in small portions, until a precipi-
tate no longer takes place : allow a deposit
to take place, and wash by decantation;
filter and dry the precipitate at a very
gentle temperature.
AuRUM lODiDUM. Iodide of Gold.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Chloride of gold . . . 100 parts.
Iodide of potassium . . q. s.
Dissolve the two salts in water separately ;
pour gradually the solution of iodide of
potassium into that of the chloride of gold,
until a precipitate is no longer formed.
Wash the precipitate with spirit, and dry
2 T
642
FORMULA, &c.
it; it should be of a greenish-yellow
colour.
Med. Use, — Internally, in venereal af-
fections ; dose, iijth to -^th of a grain.
Externally, in the form of ointment to
venereal nlcers.
AuRi MURiAS. Muriate of gold.
Acid chloride of gold. Yellow
chloride of gold.
This is a combination of percbloride of
gold with hydrochloric acid. The solution
assumes a deep yellow colour, from which
the acid chloride of gold crystallizes in
long yellow needles. The following for-
mula for the preparation of this salt is
taken from the Journal de Pharmacie,
July 1, 1844:—
Take aqua regia, formed of 3 parts of
hydrochloric acid, 1 part of nitric acid,
and 1 part of distilled water. Put 1 part
of pure gold into a porcelain capsule, and
pour over it aqua regia, prepared as
above ; the quantity of acid being double
that of the gold employed. Cover the
■capsule with a plate of glass, and place it
on a water-bath, made with a saturated
solution of salt ; continue the application
of heat, taking care to keep the capsule
always covered, until the evolution of
nitrous vapours has ceased. If the whole
•of the gold is not dissolved, add a little
more aqua regia, cover the capsule again
as before, and continue the application of
heat until the vapours no longer appear.
The plate of glass should now be raised, and
kept up by a piece of folded blotting paper,
and evaporation continued over the water-
bath, until on introducing a glass rod into
the capsule, and withdrawing it, the chloride
of gold, which adheres on cooling, becomes
solid. Remove now the capsule from the
water-bath, and the chloride will soon
crystallize in small prismatic needles, of a
fine yellow colour, approaching to orange.
The chloride thus obtained is entirely
soluble in water, and without reduction.
It is employed with much success in fixing
the daguerreotype images, and for many
other purposes.
Sel d'or. A salt of gold is used in photo-
graphy, under this name, which is prepared
by dissolving chloride of gold in solution
of hyposulphite of soda, and crystallizing
the product.
AUKI PJJRCHI-OEIDUM. Per-
chloride of gold, or Terchlo-
ride of gold. (Au CP.)
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Gold in laminae, 10 parts.
Nitric acid, 10 parts.
Hydrochloric acid, 20 parts.
Dissolve the gold in the mixture of the
two acids, conducting the process in a glass
or porcelain capsule; apply gentle heat
so as to favour the solution; evaporate
the liquor, until vapours of chlorine begin
to be evolved ; allow crystals to form, and
promptly enclose them in a well-stoppered
bottle.
Chloride of gold is in the form of small
crystalline needles of an orange-red colour,
inodorous, and having a strong styptic,
disagreeable taste. It is deliquescent;
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Med. Use. — It acts analogously to bi-
chloride of mercury ; has been used with
varying degrees of success in secondary
syphilis, scrofula, chronic skin diseases,
etc. Dose about ggth of a grain — it is a
powerful poison ; the antidote the same
as for bichloride of mercury.
AURI PERCYANIDUM. Pevcy-
anide of gold. Tercyanxde of
gold.
Codex, Ph. Frany. 1839.
9 Gold, 1 part.
Aqua regia, 6 parts.
Cyanuret of potassium, pure, and in
solution, 2 parts.
Distilled water, 24 parts, or q. s.
First dissolve the gold in the aqua regia
evaporate the solution to dryness ; take
up the residue with 8 parts of distilled
water ; filter ; heat the solution by a water-
bdth; and when it is reduced about a
fourth, add gradually one-fourth of the
solution of the cyanuret ; continue the
evaporation nearly to dryness; again add
FORMULA, &c.
643
distaied water 24 parts; let it rest for
some time, and separate the cyanuret of
gold produced by decanting oif the liquor.
The mother-liquor is again and again to
be treated in a similar manner, adding a
fresh portion of the cyanuret of potassium
each time, as long as any cyanide of gold
is deposited.
The percyanide of gold is a powder of a
canary-yellow colour ; without odour and
without taste, and not soluble in water.
By the action of heat it is changed into
cyanogen and pure gold.
Note. — It is of great importance to the
success of the operation that the cyanuret
of potassium should be pure.
Med. Use. — In venereal and scrofulous
affections, both externally and internally.
Dose. — From ^th to ^th of a grain,
made into a pill.
AuRi PEROXiDUM. Peroxide
of gold. Ter oxide of gold. Auric
acid. AuO^.
]^ Perchloride of gold, 10 parts.
Calcined magnesia, 40 parts.
Pure nitric acid, q. s.
Dissolve the perchloride of gold in
about 400 parts of water ; add magnesia,
and boil the mixture for some minutes ;
wash the product with distilled water
until the washings no longer throw down
a precipitate with nitrate of silver. Wash
it then with nitric acid diluted with about
20 parts of water, conducting the operation
cold ; then wash the residue, first with
distilled water acidified with nitric acid,
then with pure distilled water, until the
washings no longer throw down a preci-
pitate either by nitrate of silver or the
subphosphate of soda. The insoluble pro-
duct will be the hydrated peroxide of gold.
It must be collected on a filter, and dried
in the shade, in the open air.
Note. — It is indispensably necessary
to the success of this operation to employ
nitric acid perfectly free from hydrochloric
acid.
Dissolve one part of gold in aqua regia,
evaporate the solution nearly to dryness,
and add some distilled water; a little
metallic gold and subchloride will remain
undissolved ; add more aqua regia to
complete the solution, and evaporate and
treat with water as before ; to this solu-
tion add a solution of one part of chloride
of barium in distilled water ; afterwards
add to the mixed liquors a slight excess
of caustic potash, which will precipitate
nearly the whole of the gold in the state
of aurate of baryta, which falls as a heavy
powder, and is easily washed. This pow-
der, after being well edulcorated, is to be
treated with diluted nitric acid, which will
dissolve the baryta, and leave pure oxide
of gold.
The gold is said to be more completely
precipitated in this than in the preceding
process.
Med. Uses. — Internally, in venereal and
scrofulous diseases, in doses of from i^th of
a grain to a grain, made into pills with ex-
tract of mezereon.
AURI ET SODII CHLORIDUM.
Chloride of gold and sodium.
Codex, Ph. Frany. 1839.
91 Perchloride of gold, 85 parts.
Chloride of sodium, 16 parts.
Dissolve the two chlorides in a small
quantity of distilled water; concentrate
the solution at a gentle heat to a pellicle ;
by cooling, the chloride of gold and of
sodium will crystallize in prisms with four
planes of an orange-yellow colour.
Auro-natrium chloratum. Chlo-
ratum auri cum chloreto natrii.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
1^ Gold 3J-^
Hydrochloric acid . . . 3iij-
Nitric acid . . . . • 3J-
Chloride of sodium . . gr. 100.
Distilled water . . . • 3^*
Dissolve the gold in the mixed acids
with heat. Evaporate the solutioa to the
2 T 2
644
FORMULAE, &c.
consistence of syrup, and, when cold, add
one ounce of distilled water to dissolve the
crystalline mass ; filter the solution, and
add to it the chloride of sodium dissolved
in the remainder of the water. Evaporate
the liquor with a gentle heat until it has
become dry, then powder it, and keep it in
a well-stopped bottle.
I^ote. — It will be a yellow powder, de-
liquescent in the air, and perfectly soluble
in water.
Maximum dose. — For an adult, one
grain.
The chloride of gold and of sodium,
though less deliquescent than the perchlo-
ride of gold, must be kept in a well-stoppered
bottle.
A.URUM MusivuM. Mosaic gold.
Bisulphuret of tin. SnS*.
Loud. Ph. 1746.
9 Tin Ibj.
Flowers of sulphur • • . ^vij.
Sal ammoniac.
Purified quicksilver, aa • . Ibss.
To the tin when melted add the quick-
silver; when the mixture has cooled, let
it be reduced to powder, well mixed with
the sulphur and sal ammoniac, and let
sublimation be made in a matrass: mo-
saic gold will be found beneath the sub-
limed mass with some dross at the bottom.
This is a bisulphuret of tin. When
well made, it is in very soft golden flakes,
very friable, and adhering to the fingers.
It is insoluble in the acids, except in the
nitro-hydrochloric acid. It is much used
for ornamental work, under the name of
bronze powder, especially by the manu-
facturers of paper-hangings.
AxuNGiA OXYGENATA. Oxy-
genated axunge.
Ph. Bat. 1805.
]^ Depurated hog's lard, 16 parts.
Nitric acid, 1 part.
Let the acid be added to the axunge
melted over a slow fire, and after constant
stirring with a glass rod, let it be kept
liquid by means of a gentle heat for so
long a time that it no longer reddens blue
litmus paper.
It should be extremely white, having
been freed from all adhering acid ; it is to
be kept in a well-stopped vessel, and in a
dark place.
Bael, Bela, or Bel.
The dried unripe fruit of Mgle marmelos
(see page 230) has within these few years
been imported into England under the
name of Bael. It is recommended for the
treatment of chronic dysenteiyand diarrhoea,
in the form of decoction or extract.
Balneum AciDUM. Acid bath,
]^ Hydrochloric acid, of
commerce . . . ibij ^^iij.
Water 66 gallons.
This is the largest proportion of acid
used. One-half, one-third, or one-fourth,
the above quantity of acid is more fre-
quently prescribed.
Balneum acidi carbonici.
Carbonic acid bath.
Carbonic acid gas applied to the body or
any part of it, by a suitable apparatus.
Balneum acidi nitro-muri-
ATici. Nitro-muriatic acid bath,
Lendrick, of Dublin.
]^ Nitric acid, of commerce Ibj.
Hydrochloric acid, do. . Kiss.
Wai-m water .... 40 galls.
Mix for a bath, in which the patient is
to be immersed for 15 or 20 minutes.
Dr. Scott, of Bombay.
^ Nitro-muriatic acid f ^ivss. or f gvj.
Water .... 3 gallons.
Mix for a bath, in a wooden tub. The
feet of the patient are to be immersed in
this for 20 or 30 minutes ; it may also be
applied to other parts of the body with a
sponge. In cold weather the water should
be wai-m. It produces a tingling sensation
on the surface of the skin, and a peculiar
taste in the mouth. The application should
be continued daily for two or three weeks.
It has been strongly recommended for re-
lieving the pains on the passing of gall-
stones.
FORMULA, &c.
645
Balneum alkalinum.
line bath.
9 Carbonate of soda,
crystallized . .
Water ....
Mix for a bath.
Alka-
Tbss. or H5j,
66 gallons.
Balneum animale. Animal
bath.
Applied by wrapping any part of an
animal, just killed, round the body, or a
limb. Formerly much esteemed.
Balneum ANTiMONiAUE. Anti-
monial bath.
^ Potassio-tartrate of anti-
mony ^^ or ^ij.
Water 66 galls.
Mix for a bath. Applied in lumbago,
and some diseases of the skin.
Balneum antipsokicum. An-
iipsoric bath
Jadelot.
; ^ Sulphuret of potassium,
dry ...... ^ir.
Water 60 galls.
Mix for a bath. Applied in cases of
itch, and other cutaneous affections.
Balneum antisyphiliticum.
Antisyphililic bath. Mercurial
bath.
^ Bichloride of mercury . gu- ^^ SJ*
Water 60 galls.
Mix for a bath. Applied in syphilitic
cases, where mercury is rejected by the
stomach.
Balneum arenje. A sand bath.
Used as a means of applying heat
through the medium of sand, in chemical
operations.
Balneum aromaticum. Aro-
matic herb bath.
5* Dried tops of hyssop.
„ wormwood,
„ rosemary,
„ sage, aa Jivss.
Dried tops of Peppermint,
„ origanum,
, , thjTne,
,, lavender, aa ^ivss.
Water Oxij. Boil, strain, and add suffi-
cient water for a bath. Applied in cases
of diarrhoea, chronic rheumatism, &c.
Balneum astringens. Astrin-
gent bath. Alum bath.
Most.
9 Alum .... ^vjss.
Water . . . . 6 or 8 pailfuls.
Whey .... 1 pailful.
Mix for a bath.
Balneum calidum. The hot-
bath.
A bath of hot water, at a temperature
from 98^0 112° Fahr.
Balneum chlorinii. Chlorine
bath.
"Wallace.
Chlorine gas, applied to the body, or
any part of it, by a suitable apparatus. It
should be at a temperature from 104° to
150° Fah. The greatest possible care is
necessary in applying the bath, to prevent
any of the gas from being inhaled. It has
been recommended in chronic affections of
the liver.
Balneum conii. Hemloch bath.
9 Dried hemlock herb, 4 or 5 handfuls.
Water .... 1 gallon.
Infuse for eight hours and strain. The
part affected is to be immersed in this in-
fusion at a temperature between 90° and
95° Fah. It is recommended in some
diseases of the skin.
Balneum frigidum. The cold
bath. A bath of cold water.
Balneum ferri iodidi. Iodide
of iron bath.
Pierquin.
9 Iodide of iron ^ss, to ^ij.
Water . . . sufficient for a bath.
Applied in cases of amenorrhoea, &c.
646
FORMUL-S, &c.
Balneum furfuris. Bran
hath.
^ Bi-con Ibiv.
Water 2 gallons.
Boil, strain, and add sufficient water, at
90° Fah,, to form a bath.
Balneum gelatinosum. Ge-
latinous hath.
9 Gelatine Ibij.
Water 1 gallon.
Dissolve and add to a warm bath.
Balneum gelatino-sulphuho-
sum. Gelatino-sulphurous bath.
Dupuytren.
J^ Sulphuret of potassium . . . ^iv.
Gelatine, or Flanders glue . . Ibij.
Dissolve the salt and the glue separately,
in hot water, mix the solutions, and add a
sufficient quantity of warm water to form
a bath.
Balneum ioduretum. Iodine
bath.
Lugol. For Adults.
1. 2. 3.
1^ Iodide of potassium 231 308 370 grs.
Iodine .... 123 154 184 „
Water .... f^xx. f^xx. f^xx.
Dissolve, and add to a bath of 60 gal-
lons.
For Children.
1. 2. 3.
^ Iodide of potassium 77 92 107 grs.
Iodine . . . , 38 46 61 „
Water .... f^x. f^x. fjx.
Dissolve, and add to a bath of 60 gal-
lons.
Applied in scrofulous affections.
Balneum mari^. Balneum
maris, a loarm-water hath.
The tei-m warm-water bath, or water
bath, is used in pharmacy, to designate an
apparatus by which the heat of boiling
water is applied, in conducting chemical
q)erations. The term warm-water bath,
or warm bath, is used in medicine to de-
signate a bath of warm water, at a tempe-
rature from 92° to 98° Fah.
Balneum marine. A sea-
water bath.
A sea-water bath is a bath of sea-water,
for the artificial preparation of which
see page 634.
Balneum salino-gelatino-
SUM. JBain de plombieres. Saline
gelatinous bath.
]^> Bay salt ^^'
Warm water ..... ^Ixiv.
Dissolve.
]^ FJanders'glue .... ^xxxij.
Warm water .... Ov.
Dissolve.
Mix the two solutions, and add them to
60 gallons of water, for a bath.
Applied in scrofulous complaints.
Balneum saponis. Soap bath.
Of the hospitals of Paris.
1^ White soap. .... ^xxxij.
Water Ov.
Dissolve with the aid of heat, and add
60 gallons of water, to form a bath.
Balneum sulphuretum. Sul-
phuretted bath.
9' Sulphuret of potassium . . ^iv.
Water Oj.
Dissolve and filter. Add water suffi-
cient to make a bath of 60 gallons, f ^
of diluted sulphuric acid is sometimes
added to decompose the sulphuret of potas-
sium. This bath is applied in lepra, sca-
bies, and other forms of skin diseases.
For children half the above quantity of
sulphuret of potassium is used.
Balneum sulphurosum. Sul-
phurous acid bath.
Sulphurous acid gas, obtained by burn-
ing sulphur," and applied to the body, or
any part of it, by a suitable apparatus, care
being taken not to inhale any of the gas.
Balneum tepidum. T7ie tepid
hath.
A warm-water bath, at a temperature-
from 85° to 92" Fah.
FORMULA, &c.
647
Balneum vaporis, Tlie va-
pour bath.
The vapour of hot water applied to the
body, or any part of it, by a suitable appa-
ratus. The tepid vapour-hath has a tem-
perature from 96° to 106° Fah.; the warm
vapour-bath, from 106° to 120° ; the hot
mpour-hath, from 120° to 160°.
Balsamum aceticum campho-
RATUM.
Pelletier.
15, White curd soap,
Camphor, aa . . • 123 grains-
Acetic ether . . . ^ij-
Dissolve by the heat of a water-bath,
and add
Oil of thyme . . . gtt. xx.
Mis.
Applied as a liniment in rheumatism,
&c.
Balsamum acoustichm. Bal-
samum peruvianum cumfelle.
Dr. Hugh Smith.
9. Ox-gall ...... Si'J-
Balsam of Peru
Mix.
3J-
Balsamum arc^ei. Baume
d'Arcceus. Arcceus' balsam.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
]^ Mutton suet .... 4 parts.
Tin-pentine. .... 3 „
Elemi-resin .... 3 „
Axunge 2 „
Melt with a gentle heat, strain through
cloth, and stir together until cold.
Balsamum gileadense. Balm
of Gilead. Baume de Mecca. Opo-
balsamum. Balm of the Old Tes-
tament.
A fragrant oleo-resin, obtained from
the Balsamodendron Gileadense. It was
formerly held in high estimation as a
medicinal agent, being considered anti-
septic and vulnerary ; its fumes were also
said to be useful against barrenness. It
has been used as a cosmetic for stimulating
the skin and causing redness. It is rarely
met witli in this country. ,
Balsamum locatelli. Loca-
telli's Balsam.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
9 Olive oil f S^vj.
Strasburgh (or Venice) tur-
pentine.
Yellow wax, aa . . . . ffiss.
Ked Sanders . . . . • ^vj.
Melt the wax with part of the oil over
a gentle fire ; then add the rest of the oil
and the tui-pentine ; afterwards mix in
the red sanders (in powder), and stir the
whole together until the mixture grows
cold.
Ph. Saxonica, 1837.
9 Provence oil.
Red wine, aa ^iv.
Rose water,
Yellow wax, aa . . . . ^iss.
Red sanders wood . . . . SJ*
Boil together with a gentle heat until
the moisture is almost evaporated, then
add.
Common turpentine . . . 3iij.
Camphor ^ss.
Mix, and strain through linen.
SVNOXYMES.
Balsamum Italicum. Balsamum Geno-
fevcE.
This was considered pectoral, and is
still occasionally used by the lower orders
as a remedy for coughs, with an equal
quantity of conserve of roses.
Balsamum nervinum. Baum,e
nerval. Nervine ointment.
9 Expressed oil of mace . . . Jiv.
Beef marrow Jiv.-
Melt and add.
Oil of rosemary . • . . 3iv..
Oil of cloves 3J.
Camphor . • 3J.
Balsam of Tolu . 5ij.
Rectified spirit 3iv.
Mix.
Applied as a liniment in rhetunatism,.
&c.
!: JDi
Dissolved in
648
FORMULA, &c.
Balsamcm ndcistje. Balsam
of nutmeg.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Yellow wax . . • . . ^^ss.
Olive oil • ^•
Expressed oil of nutmeg )
(Expressed oil of mace) / * ^"■''
Liquefy and mix, pour the mixture into
paper moulds, and when cold divide it into
small pieces.
Note. — It ^vill be orange colour, with an
aromatic smell.
Balsamum peruvianum. Bal-
sam of Peru.
A black or reddish-brown liquid, about
the consistence of treacle, with a smell
somewhat resembling benzoin and petro-
leum. It is soluble in alcohol. Sp. gr.
!• 15 to 1*16. It is imported from Val-
paraiso, Lima, and other South American
ports.
Balsamum stomachicum. Sto-
machic Balsam.
Ph. Slesvico-Holsat. 1831.
5? Oil of cloves,
,, mace,
„ wormwood,
„ peppermint, aS , , , 353.
„ nutmeg ^.
Balsam of Peru . . . . jj.
Mix.
Balsamum suuphubis. Bal-
sam of Sulphur.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Boil flowers of sulphur with four times
their weight of olive oil, in a vessel lightly-
covered, until they assume the consistence
of a thick balsam.
Balsamum sulphuris anisa-
TUM.
Edin. Ph. 1722.
^ Flowers of sulphur • . * ^ij.
Oil of turpentine . • . . f^vj.
Oil of aniseed .... f^iv.
Digest in a sand heat till the oils be
saturated with the sulphur ; then separate
the balsam from the undissolved sulphur.
Balsamum sulphuris barba-
DENSE. Balsam of sulphur with
Barbadoes tar.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Boil flowers of sulphur with four times
their weight of Barbadoes tar, until they
assume the consistence of a thick balsam.
Balsamum sulphuris tere-
binthinatum. Balsam of sul-
phur with Oil of turpentine.
Edin. Ph. 1722.
9 Flowers of sulphur . . . ^ij.
Oil of turpentine . . . . f ^vj.
Digest them together, in a sand heat,
till the oil be saturated with the sulphur ;
then separate the balsam from the undis-
solved sulphur.
Balsamum tolutanum. Bal-
sam of Tolu.
A transparent, yellowish-brown sub-
stance, sometimes of the consistence of
common turpentine, but more frequently
much firmer, and even, occasionally, quite
hard and brittle.
Balsamum universale. Uni-
versal Balsam.
Ph. Slesvico-Holsat. 1831.
]^ Rape oil, recently pressed . Ibiss.
Yellow wax Ibss.
Acetate of lead .... ^iij.
Powdered camphor . , , ^ss.
Mix.
Balsamum viTiE Hoffmanni.
Hoffmanns Balsam of Life.
Ph. Danica, 1840.
9^ Oil of lavender,
cloves,
„ nutmegs,
„ cinnamon, aa
Purified oil of amber
Balsam of Peru . .
gtt. X.
5ss.
FORMULAE, &c.
649
Rectified spirit coloured with
alkanet root . . . • 5^'
Mix, and filter.
Bandoline. Fixature. Clys-
pliitique.
Used for stiffening ladies' hair, and keep-
ing it in form.
No, 1.
9 Gum Tragacanth .... 3iss.
Water S^ij-
Proof spirit S"J'
Otto of roses gtt. x.
Macerate for 24 hours, and strain.
No. 2.
Thick mucilage of quince-seeds, scented
with eau de Cologne, or any other spirit.
No. 3.
Thick mucilage of Carrageen moss,
scented with eau de Cologne, or any other
spirit. ■
No. 4.
T^ Castor oil . . .
^Spermaceti . .
Arnotto . . *
Oil of bergamot .
Otto of roses .
Mix, with heat, and strain.
3J-
3J.
gt. V.
No. 5.
9 Oil of almonds ^*.
White wax 3J.
Tincture of mastic . . . 3iij.
Oil of bergamot . . . . jj.
Melt the wax in the oil with heat, and
add the tincture of mastic and scent.
Bakyta. Barytes. Symh. BaO.
This earth was so called from its being
the heaviest of the earths, (fiapvs, heavy.)
Its sp. gr. is 4. It exists in several mine-
rals, as in sulphate and carbonate of baryta.
It can be obtained by calcining nitrate of
baryta in a crucible.
Baryta cahbonas. Carbonate
of baryta . Witherite.
Found native, and in that state is fre-
quently used for the preparation of the other
barvtic salts.
It is obtained in a state of purity by
adding a carbonated alkali to solution of
chloride of barium or nitrate of baryta, and
washing and drying the precipitate.
2fote. — One hundred grains dissolved
in an excess of nitric acid are not entirely
precipitated with 124 grains of sulphate
of magnesia. — Edin. Pharm.
Baryta nitbas. Nitrate of
baryta. BaO, NO*.
This may be obtained in the same man-
ner as the muriate of baryta of the Edin-
burgh Pharmacopoeia, only substituting
pure nitric acid for the muriatic acid. The
solution of this is employed as a test for
detecting sulphuric acid.
Baryta sulphas. Sulphate of
baryta. BaO, S0^
The density of the native sulphate
varies from 4 to 4*47. " White or flesh-
red; heavy; lamellar; brittle." — Edin. Ph.
SYNONYMES.
Terra ponderosa. Spathum pondero-
sum.
Barii chloridum. Chloride of
barium. BaCl -f 2H0.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
BarytcB murias. 'Muriate of
baryta.
9 Carbonate of baryta, in frag-
ments ^x.
Pure muriatic acid . . . Oss.
Distilled water . . . . Oij,
Mix the acid and water; add the car-
bonate by degrees; apply a gentle heat
towards the close of the effervescence;
and when the action is over, filter, con-
centrate, and set aside the solution to
crystallize.
Or,
9 Sulphate of baryta . . . Bij.
Charcoal, in fine powder . . ^ix.
Pure muriatic acid . . . q. s.
Heat the sulphate to redness; reduce
it to fine powder ; mix the charcoal with
it thoroughly ; heat the mixture in a
covered crucible for three hours at a low
650
FORMULyE, &c.
■white heat. Pulverize the pi'oduct ; put
it gradually into five pints of boiling
water ; boil for a few minutes ; let it rest
for a little over a vapour bath ; pour off
tlie clear liquor, and filter it if necessary,
keeping it hot. Pour three pints of
boiling water over the residuum and pro-
ceed as before. Unite the two liquids,
and, while they are still hot, or if cooled,
after heating them again, add pure mu-
riatic acid gradually, so long as effer-
vescence is occasioned. In this process
the solutions ought to be as little exposed
to the air as possible ; aud in the last step
the disengaged gas should be discharged
by a proper tube into a chimney or the
ash-pit of a furnace. Strain the liquor,
concentrate it, and set it aside to crys-
tallize.
Note. — One hundred grains in solution
are not entirely precipitated by 100 grains
of sulphate of magnesia.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
JBarii cliloridum. (^Baryta
murias.)
^ Carbonate of barytes, coarsely
powdered ^x.
Pure muriatic acid . . . f^viij.
Distilled water, as much as is
sufficient.
Dilute the acid with a pint and a half of
the water, add the carbonate of barytes,
and when effervescence has ceased, evaporate
to dryness. Transfer the residue to a
Hessian crucible, and, having exposed it to
a low red heat for 20 minutes, suffer it to
cool, then reduce it to a coarse powder,
and boil it for 10 minutes with a pint and
a half of water. Pour off the solution,
boil the undissolved residue with 10 addi-
tional ounces of water, and again decant.
Pass the decanted solutions through a paper
filter, and having evaporated the result-
ing liquid to the bulk of about 14 ounces,
suffer it to cool that crystals may be formed.
The mother-liquor, by further evaporation
and coolmg, will yield additional crystals.
Or,
9 Sulphate of barytes . . • Ibiss.
Lamp black . . , . . ^iv.
Pure muriatic acid . . . 5^iv.
Distilled water, a sufficient
quantity.
Heat the sulphate of barytes in a covered
crucible, and, while red hot, throw it into
distilled water. Let it now, after being
reduced to a very fine powder in the
manner directed in the formula for creta
preparata, be mixed intimately with the
lamp black, and exposed in a Hessian cru-
cible for 2 hours to a strong red heat.
The crucible being removed from the fire,
and permitted to cool, its contents are to
be reduced to a coarse powder, and boiled
for 15 minutes with 2 quarts of water,
after which the solution is to be poured off
on a paper filter. The undissolved residue
is to be again boiled with 1 quart of
water, and the resulting liquor decanted
on the same filter. To the filtered solu-
tions, placed in a large capsule beneath a
flue with a good draught, let the muriatic
acid be gradually added, as long as it pro-
duces effervescence, and then, by means of
a sand heat, evaporate to dryness. Boil
the residuum with 2 quarts of water,
pass the solution through a paper filter,
and, having evaporated it down to 1
quart, suffer it to cool, that crystals may
be foi-med. By further concentration the
mother-liquor will yield additional cry-
stals.
Synonyme. — Terra ponderosa salita.
Use. — Pwarely employed in medicine ;
chiefly as a re-agent for detecting sulphuric
acid or sulphates.
Barilla.
The impure soda imported from Spain
and the Levant; It is made by burning
sea plants, chiefly of the genus Salsola,
and collecting the ashes, which occur in
porous masses, of a brown colour. Kelp,
which is made in this country by burning
different species of Fucus, is sometimes
called British Jxirilla.
Bassora gum. Gomme Kuteray
of Th. Martius.
These names have been applied to a
FORMULA, &c.
651
species of Tragacanth met with amongst
the gum seuegaJ of commerce.
Bdellium.
A gum resin, some species of which
somewhat resembJe myrrh. African bdel-
lium, according to Pelletier, consists of
resin, 59-0; soluble gum, 9-2; bassorine,
30-6 ; volatile oil and loss, 1-2. Indian
bdellium is sometimes sold in France
under the name of Indian myrrh.
Bears' -GREASE.
The soft fat, obtained from the bear,
has been thought to be a good application
for preserving, and promoting the growth
of, the human hair. Bears are sometimes
fattened in this country and killed for the
sake of their fat. Bears'-grease is also
imported from Kussia; but when thus
obtained it is usually rancid. Most of
what is sold in this country for bears'-
grease is a mixture of lard and oil. The
soft fat of calves is said to make a better
imitation of bears'-grease than lard.
Bedegcar. Sweet briar sponge.
Gall of the eglantine.
This is a hairy globular excrescence,
found on the sweet briar or eglantine.
Being a species of gall, it is supposed to
contain tannic or gallic acid, but it has
not been analysed. It was formerly ad-
ministered medicinally, in doses of 10 to
40 grains, as a diuretic and lithontriptic ;
it has also been recommended as an an-
thelmintic.
Bebeerine. Biberine.
An alkaloid, obtained from the bark and
fruit of the beberu tree, in the same
■way that quinine is from the cinchona
bark. It has been recommended as a
substitute for quinine.
Sulphate of Bebeerine is prepared in the
same way as the corresponding salt of
quinine. A neutral sulphate, and a sub-
sulphate or disulphate, have been prepared,
but principally the latter, for use in medi-
cine. These salts are uncrystallizable, and
are usually sold in brownish-yellow scales.
Beer.
The fermented infusion of malted barley
flavoured with hops. The manufacture of
beer involves several distinct processes : —
1st, the malting, or conversion of the
gi-ain into malt ; 2ndly, the mashing, or
making the infusion of malt or sweet
wort ; Si-dly, the hopping, or boiling the
sweet wort with hops ; 4thly, the ferment-
ing, or converting a portion of the saccha-
rine matter into spirit; and 5thly, the
fining, ripening, and p-eservation of the
beer.
Malting is a process by which part of
the starch of grain is converted into dex-
trine and sugar. The grain is steeped in
water for two or three days, or until it has
swelled, become somewhat soft and tender,
and tinged the water of a reddish-brown
coloui'. The water is then drained away,
and the wet grain spread on a iJoor, in
heaps of about two feet deep, called the
couch, until it begins to sprout or germi-
nate. It is then spread out in thinner
heaps, and turned from day to day, to
equalize the effect throughout the heap.
When germination has extended far
enough, the vitality of the seed is de-
stroyed by the application of the heat of
a kiln. This heat is applied gradually
until the grain is rendered dry and crisp.
This is malt; and its qualities differ ac-
cording as the grain has been more or less
soaked, germinated, dried, and baked.
The colour of malt A^aries from veiy pale
to nearly black. It is crushed in a mill
before using it.
Mashing consists in extracting the
soluble matter of the malt by means of
hot water, and at the same time the re-
maming portion of the starch of the grain
is converted into dextrine and sugar.
The water used for this purpose should
be between 145° and 160° F,; the best
temperature is said to be 157° F. The
malt is generally treated with several sepa-
rate portions of water, and the product is
called the sweet wort.
Hopping is the boiling of the wort
■with hops. The effect of this part of the
652
FOEMUL^, &cJ
process is to impart the aromatic bitter
flavour of the hop, and at the same time
to remove 'some albuminous matter from
the infusion, which, if allowed to remain,
would cause the decomposition of the
beer. The boiling is usually continued
for an hour or two. No substitute for
hops has been found to answer the purpose
so well.
Fermenting consists in the conversion
of the dextrine and sugar into spirit. The
temperature best suited for conducting the
fermentation is from 55° to 60° F. In
winter, when the atmosphere is cold, the
fermentation should be commenced when
the liquor has been cooled to 64° or 60° ;
in summer it should be cooled to about
50°. It is important that the liquor should
be cooled to this temperature, after being
boiled, as speedily as possible, and therefore
shallow vessels, called coolers, are generally
used for this purpose. The fermentation
is induced by the addition of yeast to the
wort ; Ibis process is called setting.
Fining, ripening, and preservation of
beer, involve particular management,
which requires to be varied more or less
in every separate case.
Ale. Barley wine. Ala. Cere-
visia alba.
No. 1.
Pale malt, 14 quarters, mashed at three
times, with 28, 18, and 18 barrels of
water, boiled with 112 IBs of hops, set
with 36 lbs of yeast, cleansed with 4 lbs
of salt; — produces 34 barrels, or 9 pints
from each gallon of malt.
No. 2.
Devonshire white ale.
Pale ale wort, 25 gallons; hops, 2
handfuls ; yeast, 3 lbs ; grouts, 6 or 8 lbs.
"When the fermentation is at its height,
bottle in strong stone half-pint bottles,
well corked and wired. Effervesces when
opened, ,
No. 3.
Table ale.
Very pale malt, 12 quarters, mashed at
three times with 46, 32, and 32 barrels of
water, boiled with 62 lbs of hops, set
with 114 lbs of yeast, cleansed by beating
in the yeast head and taking it out again ;
— produces 100 barrels, or 4 gallons of
ale from each gallon of malt.
Porter. Draught porter.
No. 1.
Pale malt, 7 quarters; amber malt, 6
quai-ters ; brown malt, 3 quarters ; mashed
at twice with 56 and 48 barrels of water ;
boiled with 113 lbs of Kentish hops ; set
with 80 lbs of yeast, 4 lbs of salt, i lb.
flour ; — produces 56 barrels of porter, or
3J gallons fi-om each gallon of malt. A
third mashing of the same grains pro-
duces 20 barrels of table beer.
No. 2.
Bottling porter.
Pale malt, 4 quarters, amber malt, 3
quarters, brown malt, 3 quarters, mashed
at three times with 24, 13, and 12 barrels
of water; boiled with 100 lbs of hops;
set with 52 lbs of yeast, 2 ffis of salt;—
produces 34 barrels, or 1^ gallon from
each gallon of malt.
Table beer, Cerevisia.
Malt, 8 bushels ; treacle, 10 lbs ; mashed
with 10 barrels of water ; boiled with 8 lbs
hops ; add 8 lbs of burnt sugar and 8 oz.
of Spanish liquorice, and set with 6 lbs
of yeast.
Ginger beer.
No. 1,
]^ White sugar . . . . lb iij.
Bruised ginger, . . . ^ij.
Cream of tartar . . • ^'.
Lemons, sliced ... 4
Water, boiling ... 4 galls.
Yeast Jviij.
Pour the water on the four firet-named
ingredients, and infuse for two hours,
then strain ; add the yeast, and when fer-
mentation has continued for a few hours
put it into stone bottles and secure down
the corks.
FORMULA, &c.
653
No. 2.
^ White sugar
Bruised ginger.
Cream of tartar
Lemon juice .
Water, boiling .
Yeast . . .
Prepare as No. 1.
lb jss,
li gall.
Ginger beer is sometimes made by pre-
paring an infusion of ginger with lemon
and sugar, as in the preceding formula;,
and, instead of fermenting it with yeast,
charging it with 'carbonic acid gas by
means of a soda-water machine.
Imperial pop.
^ White sugar . .
. IB iij. (Avoir.)
Bruised ginger .
• ^ij.
Cream of tartar .
. ^j.
Lemon juice . ,
. ^ij.
Boiling water
. Cong. iij.
Macerate until cold, then strain, and fer-
ment the liquor with yeast like Ginger
beer. No. 1.
Spruce beer. Cerevisia abietis.
White.
9 Sugar B3 vj.
Essence of spruce . . . Jiv.
Water, boiling .... 10 galls.
Yeast ...... ^viij.
Add the water to the sugar and essence
of spruce, ferment with the yeast, and
bottle in the same way as ginger beer.
Brown*
Made in the same way as the white;
but treacle is substituted for sugar.
Treacle beer.
9 Treacle ..... Ibxiv.
Hops . . . . . . Ibjss.
Water 36 galls.
Yeast Ibj.
Boil the hops with the water, add the
treacle, and ferment as in making com-
nion beer.
Belemnites. Dactylus ideus.
Thunder-stone. Tlmnder-holt.
A stone about the length and thickness
of a man's finger, sometimes more, some-
times less; round, pointed, or in a pyra-
midal form like an arrow. They are of
different colours — white, grey, or brown
and are brought from Candia and from
Germany ; they are also found abundantly
about Paris, in the sandy grounds. There
are two [kinds; one, on being put into
the fire, yields a bituminous smell, the
other none at all. The first] is plainly
that which the ancients called Zyncuritis,
and falsely believed to be a kind of Suc-
cinum or Amber, formed by the coagula-
tion of the urine of the Lynx. — Pomet.
These were formerly used internally in
calculous disease, and externally to cleanse
and dry wounds.
Bezoar. (From Pa-zahar,
Persian, a destroyer of poison.)
Morbid concretions formed in the bo-
dies of different animals. Several of these
were formerly celebrated for their medi-
cinal virtues, and distinguished by the
names of the countries from whence they
came, or the animals in which they were
found. They were considered powerful
Alexipharmics ; so much so, indeed, that
other medicines supposed to possess
alexipharmic powers were called Bezoar-
dics. Bezoars were once valued at ten
times their weight in gold.
Bezoak bovinum.
Bezoar of the ox.
Bezoar germanicum.
From the Alpine goat.
Bezoar hystricus. Lapis Hys-
tricus. Lapis porcinus. Lapis
malacensis. Petro del porco.
From the Indian porcupine, said to be
found in the gall-bladder. From the pro-
vince of Malacca. It has an intensely
bitter taste, which it imparts to water.
Bezoar microcosmicum.
The calculus foimd in the human
bladder.
Bezoar occidentale. Occi-
dental bezoar. Western bezoar.
654
FORMULA, &c.
Said to be obtained from a species of
antelope. The surface is rough. Grey,
brittle, spongy. Sp, gr. 1-666. From
Peru, &c.
Bezoak orient axe. Oriental
bezoar.
Said to be obtained from the stomach
of a species of goat. It is of an oblong
figure, with a smooth and shining surface,
of an olive or dark-green colour. Sp. gr.
2-233. From Persia and the East.
Bezoar simi^. Monkey bezoar.
From the stomach of a species of
monkey, obtained by giving an emetic.
Bright green, with a fine lustre. Formerly
esteemed as a cordial.
Bird-lime.
A glutinous, very tenacious substance,
of a greenish colour, sour flavour, and of
the consistence of dough. The best bird-
lime is made from the middle bark of the
holly, which is boiled in water for seven
or eight hours, or until it is quite soft,
and then left to ferment for two or three
weeks in pits in the ground. It is after-
wards pounded in a mortar and washed
with water.
An inferior kind is obtained from the
misletoe, young shoots of the elder, and
other vegetables.
BisMUTHUM. Bismuth. Marca-
sita. Wismuth. Tectum argenti.
Symb. Bi. Equiv. 213.
Occurs only in the mineral kingdom ;
is found in Cornwall, Saxony, Bohemia,
&c. Is met with in the metallic state
nearly pure {Native Bismuth), and in
combination with sulphur and with oxy-
gen.
Note. — "The specific gravity is 9-8."
Loud. Ph. 1851.
" Its powder is entirely soluble in nitric
acid with the aid of heat ; and the solution
is colourless, or nearly so, and deposits
a white powder when much diluted with
cold water." — Edin. Ph. 1841.
BiSMUTHUM REPURGATUM. Pu-
rijied bismuth.
Codex, Ph. Fran^. 1839.
9' Bismuth of commerce . . , 200
Nitrate of potash .... 10
Reduce the bismuth and nitrate of pot-
ash to powder; mix well the two sub-
stances ; introduce the mixture into a cru-
cible ; heat to a red heat and let it cool.
The bismuth will occupy the lower part
of the crucible. Pulverize it again, and
treat it once more with the same propor-
tion of nitre.
N-B. — Thus obtained, the metal is not
yet chemically pure. It may, however,
be employed in this statfe for pharmaceuti-
cal operations.
BisMUTHi suBNiTRAs. Subni-
trate of bismuth.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Bismuthi nitras. {Bismuthi
trisnitras, Ph. 1836.)
9 Bismuth Ij,
Nitric acid f^'ss.
Distilled water .... Oiij.
Mix a fluid ounce of the water with the
acid, and the bismuth being added, apply
heat until it is dissolved. Pour the solu-
tion into the remaining water, and strain
the mixture through linen, so that the
powder may be separated. Wash this
with distilled water, and dry with a gentle
heat.
It is dissolved in nitric acid without
effervescence. Diluted sulphuric acid being
added, nothing is thrown down.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Bismuthum Album.
^ Bismuth, in fine powder . . ^*.
Nitric acid (D. 1-380) . . f jjss.
Water Oiij.
Add the metal gradually to the acid,
favouring the action with a gentle heat
and adding a very little distilled water so
soon as crystals, or white powder, may
begin to form. When the solution is com-
plete pour the liquid into the water. Col-
lect the precipitate immediately on a calico
filter, wash it quickly with cold water, and
dry it in a dark place.
Note.— It fonas a colourless solution
FORMULA, &c.
655
with nitric acid, and without effervescence :
not subject to adulteration.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Bismuthi subnitras.
j^ Bismuth, in small fragments . ^ij.
Pure nitric acid » , . . f ^iij.
Distilled water • . . . Cj.
Into the acid, first diluted with 3 ounces
of the water, introduce the bismuth in
successive portions, and having, when the
spontaneous action has ceased, applied for
10 minutes a heat approaching that of
ebullition, decant the solution from any
particles of metal which may remain un-
dissolved. Evaporate the solution at a
gentle heat until it is reduced to 2 fluid
ounces, and then pour it into half a gallon
of the water. When the precipitate which
forms has subsided, decant the supernatant
liquid, and agitate the sediment with the
remainder of the water. After 12 hours,
again decant, and, having placed the pre-
cipitate on a filter, dry it at a temperature
of 212°, and reduce it to powder,
JBismuthum hydrio-nitricum.
Magisterium bismuthi.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Metallic bismuth . , . ^xvj.
Carbonate of soda . . • Jij.
Sulphur jij.
Fuse them in a crucible for an hour ;
then, when the crucible is cold, carefully
separate the bismuth from the scoria.
9^ Bismuth purified as above, and
broken into fragments . , ^ij.
Nitric acid ^vj.
Treat the bismuth with the acid in a
suitable vessel, adding as much more acid
as may be necessary, with the aid of heat,
to effect the entire solution of the metal.
To the solution add half its volume of dis-
tilled water, filter it through powdered
glass, and evaporate it until crystals are
formed. Rub four ounces of these crys-
tals to powder, and mix them with sixteen
ounces of distilled water ; then pour this
mixture into a vessel containing seven
pounds of hot water, and weU stir them
together. Immediately collect the preci-
pitate by filtration, slightly wash it, and
dry it without heat.
Med. Use. — Sometimes recommended
in cases of dyspepsia characterized by
painful contractions of the stomach. Dose,
from gr. v. to gr. xv.
Bistre.
A brown colour which is used in water
colours. It is prepared from the soot of
beech wood. The soluble parts are washed
away with water, and tlie insoluble residue
mixed with gum-water, and formed into
cakes.
BiTTEKN.
The Mother-water, or uncrystallized.
residue left after the separation of the
chloride of sodium from sea-water by crys-
tallization. It contains sulphate and mu-
riate of magnesia, also a small quantity of
bromine and iodine, and has a bitter taste.
Bitumen.
Minei-al pitch or tar, supposed to be
formed in the earth from the decomposition
of vegetable substances. It exists in
several different conditions, either semi-
fluid or hard. The semifluid sorts are
distinguished as Naphtha, Rock-oil, Pe-
troleum, or Barbadoes tar. These are met
with in Persia, Rangoon, and other parts
of Asia, in Switzerland, parts of France,
the West Indies, North America, &c. The
solid bitumen is distinguished as Asphal-
tum, Jews' pitch, &c. These substances
are inflammable ; they melt on the appli-
cation of heat, and when mixed with dry
chalk, brick-dust, or some other powder
of this kind, form the dry Bituminous
mastic, or cement, used for lining water-
cisterns, covering roofs, terraces, foot-
pavements, &c.
Black japan, ybr leather.
No. 1.
9 Boiled linseed oil ... 1 gall.
Burnt umber . • . . ^viij,
Asphaltum ..... ^iij.
Boil together, and add sufficient oil of
turpentine to give it the proper consistence.
656
FORMULAE, &c.
No. 2.
^ Oil of turpentine . . . . ^ij
Shellac ,y.
Spirit of wine ,^iv.
Lamp-black ..... ^ss.
Mix.
Black lead. Plumbago. Gra-
phite. Carburet of iron.
A mineral of a lead or iron-grey colour,
and very soft to the touch. It consists
principally of carbon in a peculiar state of
aggregation, and generally contains about
8 per cent, of iron. The finer kind is used
for making pencils and crayons, and inferior
kinds for giving a metallic lustre to the
fronts of grates, &c.
Black reviver.
]^| Nut-galls ...... ^iij.
Logwood, Sumach, Sulphate of
iron, Iron-filings, aa . . ^.
Vinegar Oij.
Boil together for a quarter of an hour,
and strain.
Blacking for Boots, Shoes, &c.
No. 1.
^ Bone black in fine powder . _^xij.
Treacle ^vj.
Sperm oil ..... ^iss.
Oil of vitriol .... 5iij.
Strong vinegar .... Oiv.
Mis the bone-black and oil intimately
together; mix the treacle with part of the
rinegar, and add these to the preceding so
as to form a thin paste; then gradually
add the oil of vitriol, and when the
effervescence has subsided, add the remain-
der of the vinegar.
No. 2,
Ij, Bone-black . . • • . ^xij.
Treacle ...... ^iv.
Sperm oil. ..... ^.
Oil of vitriol ..... ^ij.
Vinegar Oij.
Mix as No. 1 .
No. 3.
German blacking.
j^ Bone-black ^xij.
Molasses ..•.*• ,^vj.
Olive oil ..... • ^iss.
Hydrochloric acid . . . ^iss.
Oil of vitriol ..... ^iij.
Water ...... q. s.
Mix the bone-black, molasses, and oil
together, with a little water ; then add the
acids, and sufficient water to form a paste.
No. 4.
^ Ivory black ^ij.
Brown sugar,
Gum arabic, aa . . , . ^.
Small beer Oj.
The white of an egg.
Mix. This does not require polishing
with a brush.
Slacking paste,
Is made in the same way as liquid
blacking (formula No. 1), excepting that
the last portion of vinegar is not added.
Blacking balls.
No. 1.
^ Lard,
Bees' wax, aa . . . . ^.
Ivory black,
Lamp black.
Brown sugar, aa. . . . ^viij.
Common size .... 5iv.
Mix, with heat to form a cake.
No. 2.
9 Mutton suet ^iv.
Bees' wax,
Sweet oil,
Gum arabic, aa . . . . ^j.
Lamp black . « . . . ^iv.
Oil of turpentine .... ^ss.
Melt the wax and suet with the oils,
and stir in the lamp-black and gum in fine
powder.
Blacking for harness.
5( Bees' wax S^'J.
Oil of turpentine . . . ^iss.
Prussian blue, ground in oil . ^^iss.
Ivory black ^iij.
Carriage varnish .... ^ss.
Melt the wax and tui-pentine together,
and mix in the other ingredients.
Blanquette.
A sort of barilla obtained from different
FORMULA, &c.
657
species of salicomia and salsola. Contains
from 3 to 8 per cent, of carbonate of soda.
Blende. Blackjack.
Native sulphiiret of zinc.
Bolus armeui^. Armenian hole.
Several argillaceous or calcareous mine-
rals were formerly used in medicine under
the name of Bolus or Bole, differing more
or less from each other in colour and com-
position. Red holes were formerly obtained
from Armenia, Lemnos, Strigonium, Por-
tugal, Tuscany, and Livonia ; Yellow holes
from Armenia, Tockay, Silesia, Bohemia,
&c. ; and White holes from Armenia, Lem-
nos, Lamos, &c. Several of these earths
were made into small cakes, and stamped
with certain impressions, and were then
called Terrce sagillatce, or sealed earths.
The only one of these now kept in the
shops is the Armenian bole, which is usually
made by mixing pipe-clay or common chalk
with oxide of iron, or red ochre.
Boot-top Liquid, for cleaning
boot-tops, &c.
No. 1.
For hleaching and removing stains.
1^ Oxalic acid ^j.
Water Oj.
Dissolve the acid in the water, and apply
the solution with a piece of rag.
For polishing and impcaiing col&ur.
^ Gum arabic ^ss.
Red sandal wood .... |ss.
Boiling water Oj.
Macerate for two hours and strain.
No. 2.
9 Sour milk. ..... Oiij.
Cream of Tartar .... ^ij.
Oxalic acid.
Alum, aa ..,,,. ?j.
Mix.
Borax. NaO, 2B0^ lOHO.
This is the biborate of soda. It occurs
native in the East Indies and in South
America, where it is called Tincal. It is
however, now generally made in this
country by saturating native boracic acid
with soda.
iVbi<?.— Totally soluble in water. Sul-
phuric acid throws down scaly crystals
from the solution. These dissolved in
alcohol burn with a green-coloured flame.
— Lond. Ph. 1836.
Mte — A hot concentrated solution, if
treated with sulphuric acid, deposits co-
pious scaly crystals on cooling. Not subject
to adulteration.— Edin. Ph. 1841.
Bougie.
A cylindrical instrument to be intro-
duced into the urethra, rectum, &c., for
the purpose of dilating them. Bougies
are usually made of slips of linen dipped
into melted wax or plaster, and rolled up
into compact cylinders on a heated tile.
They are sometimes made of a mixture of
glue and treacle, when they are very elas-
tic and soft. Caoutchouc is also some-
times used in the preparation of them.
Armed bougies are furnished with some
active medicinal agent, such as caustic
potash, nitrate of silver, or some prepara-
tion of mercury.
Beandy. Spiritus vini Gal-
lici.
A spirit distilled from wine, and possess-
ing a peculiar and agreeable flavour, due to
the presence of a small portion of volatile
oil.
British Brandy is made by flavouring
com spirit in imitation of the foreign
brandy, but is very inferior to it. It may
be made as follows : —
9 Proof spirit . . . 100 pounds.
Crude Argol ... 1 pound.
Acetic ether ... 4 ounces,
French wine vinegar . 16 ounces.
Cognac brandy flavour 16 ounces,
French plums, bruised 4 pounds.
Distil with a gentle fire.
Brandy colouring.
White sugar melted over a slow fire, and
2 u
658
FORMULA, &c.
heated until it has assumed a dark colour,
then dissolved in water.
Brandy bitters.
9 Gentian root, sliced .
. ffiiij.
Orange peel, dry . .
. ffiij.
Cardamon seeds .
. Ibj.
Cinnamon, bruised . .
• S^iij.
Cochineal ....
• m-
Brandy
. Ox.
Macerate for fourteen days and strain.
Brass.
An alloy of copper and zinc.
Bread {Fermented).
Dissolve 41bs. of common salt, and
half a gallon of yeast, in about SSlbs. of
warm water ; add sufficient flour to this
to form it into a thin paste or dough : this
mixture, which is called the sponge, is to
be covered over, and put in a warm place
to ferment ; the fermentation usually com-
mences in about an hour, the sponge swells
up from the evolution of carbonic acid gas,
and when no longer capable of confining
the pent-up gas, it bursts and subsides ; if
the fermentation be allowed to proceed, the
same effect will again and again take place ;
but after the first, or at the furthest, of the
second or third subsidence of the sponge,
the remainder of a sack (280lbs.) of flour,
mixed with about 144Ibs, of warm water, is
to be added to the sponge, and well incor-
porated with it by kneading, which must
be continued for some time ; it is now
allowed to ferment for a few hours, then
again kneaded for a shorter time than
before, and being made into loaves, is put
into the oven and baked. The London
bakers frequently substitute about half a
pound of alum for an equal weight of the
common salt, by which means the bread is
rendered whiter, and the loaves part more
easily.
Bread ( Unfermented).
9> Flour Ifcv.
Sesquicarbonate of soda . . ^ss.
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia jss.
Chloride of sodium . . . jiv.
Hydrochloric acid . . . 3V.
Water Oijss,
Mix intimately the salts with the flour,
and the acid with the water, then mix the
whole rapidly together with a wooden
spatula so as to form a soft dough ; put it
into moulds, and introduce it into a quick
oven immediately. It should be baked for
about an hour and a kilf.
Baking powder.
No. 1.
^ Tartaric acid, diy . . . .^viij.
Bicarbonate of soda, dry . ^ix.
Arrow root, or rice flour . ^x.
Mix.
No. 2.
Egg Powder, or Baking Powder.
^ Bicarbonate of soda, dry . 50D5,
Tartaric acid, dry . . • 3016.
Potato flour ' . ... Icwt.
Turmeric powder . . . Jib.
Mix.
Breeches BAiiLs, for cleaning
leather breeches, &c.
^ Powdered Bath brick . . . Ibj.
Pipeclay in powder ... ftij.
Pumice-stone in powder . . ^iv.
Ox-gall ^vj.
Soft soap ^iv.
Water sufficient to form a paste, to be
coloured with ochre, umber, or rose-pink.
Bromine, Symb. Br. Equiv,
78.
A metalloid, obtained from sea-water,
from several salt springs, and the ashes of
some sea weeds. It is a deep-red coloured
liquid, with a strong smell somewhat
resembling chlorine.
Bronze.
An alloy of copper and tin, to which
sometimes a little zinc and lead are added.
A good bronze for medals is formed of 90
parts of copper, 8 of tin, and 2 of zinc.
Bronze powder. Aurum so-
phisticum.
9 Verdigris S^iy-
Putty powder .... ^iv.
Borax,
Nitre, aa. ..... ^^ij
Corrosive sublimate . . . jij.
FORMULA, &c.
Make into a paste with oil, and melt
them together.
Used as a gold colour.
Broxzing is the art of giving to ob-
jects of wood, plaster, &c., the appear-
ance of their being made of bronze. The
term is sometimes used to signify the
production of a metallic appearance of
any kind upon such objects. The objects
are first covered with a coat of size or oil
varnish, and when nearly dry, bronze
powder, the powder of Dutch foil, gold
leaf, mosaic gold, or precipitated copper,
is applied with a dry brush, or dusting-
bag. A white metallic appearance is
given to plaster figures by rubbing them
over with an amalgam of equal parts of
mercury, tin, and bismuth, and then ap-
plying a coat of varnish. The iron-
coloured bronzing is effected by applying
finely-pulverized blacklead or plumbago.
A bronze appearance is given to iron
objects by plunging them into a solution
of sulphate of copper, and allowing them
to remain there until covered with a thin
coating of copper. Copper coins, medals,
&c., may be bronzed in the following
manner: — Dissolve two parts of verdigris
and one part of salammoniac in vinegar,
boil the solution, strain it, and dilute with
water until it has only a weak metallic
taste, and on further dilution it lets fall
no white precipitate. The solution is to
be boiled, and then poured upon the ob-
jects to be bronzed, previously well
cleaned and placed in a copper vessel ;
this vessel is to be put on the fire, and
the solution kept boiling until the objects
have acquired the proper colour. The
Chinese are said to bronze their copper
vessels by applying a mixture of two parts
of verdigris, two of cinnabar, five of salam-
moniac, and five of alum, made into a
paste with vinegar. This is repeatedly
applied with heat, until tlie wished-for
colour is produced.
Browning of gun-barrels, Sfc,
is effected by applying certain solutions
which produce a thin film of oxide over the
surface. This effect may be produced by
enclosing the barrels in a space filled with
the vapour of muriatic acid, or by moist-
ening their surface with diluted muriatic
or nitric acid. Chloride of antimony, or
butter of antimony, is frequently used,
and answers better than the foregoing ; it
is mixed with an equal quantity of olive-
oil, and rubbed over the iron previously
heated : it is then exposed to the air until
the desired browning is effected, when it
is carefully cleaned, and polished with
wax, or covered with a varnish of shellac.
The following solutions are used for the
same purpose : —
No. 1.
9 Nitric acid S^s.
Sweet spirit of nitre. . . ^ss.
Spirit of wine . . • • ^•
Sulphate of copper . • • 5y*
Tincture of chloride of iron ^.
Water l^^-
Mix.
No. 2.
^ Sulphate of copper
Water ....
Sulphuric ether .
Mix.
5J-
5u-
Browning, for colouring and
flavouring meat and made dishes.
Put ^iv, of powdered white sugai-, and
^, of fresh butter into a clean saucepan,
and heat them over the fire until they
begin to froth, and acquire a dark-brown
colour ; then gradually add Oj. of port
wine, f^s. each of Jamaica and black pep-
per, six cloves, six shalots peeled, three
blades of mace bruised, ^iss, each of wal-
nut and mushroom ketchup, some salt,
and a little lemon-peel. Boil the whole
gently for fifteen minutes, then strain and
bottle it for use.
If it be intended for colouring alone,
solution of caramel in water may be used,
Brucia.
An alkaloid, obtained from nux vomica
and other vegetable substances of that
class.
2 u 2
660
FORMULA, &c.
Med. C/se.— The same as strychnia.
Dose. — gr. ss,
Brunswick black, for varnish-
ing grates.
Melt 4113 of common asphaltum, and
add 2113 of linseed oil, and one gallon of
oil of turpentine.
Bug poison.
No. 1.
^ Spirit of wine . . ". . . Oj.
Camphor ...... ^^ij.
Oil of turpentine .... ^iv.
Corrosive sublimate . . . ^.
Mix.
No. 2.
9 Coal tar naphtha.
Oil of turpentine, aa . . ^viij.
Mix.
No. 3.
9' Olive oil ..... . ^viij.
Oil of turpentine,
Bees'-wax, aa .... ^ij.
Salammoniac,
Arsenic,
Corrosive sublimate, aa . . ^j.
Melt the wax and oils together, and
then stir in the other ingredients, in pow-
der, until the mixture is cold.
No. 4.
9 Sulphuret of potassium . . ^iv.
Soft soap Hiss.
Oil of turpentine . • . . ^iv.
Mix.
Cachou aromatise. Cachou
de Bologna. Aromatic pastilles
of catechu, of the Italians.
This preparation owes its origin to the
Italians. The following is said to be the
original formula :
No. 1.
9 Spanish liquorice . . « jiijss.
Water ...... 3iijss.
Dissolve by the heat of a water-bath,
and add,
Bengal catechu, in powder . 462 grs.
Gum arabic, in powder . . 231 grs.
Evaporate to the consistence of an ex-
tract, and then incorporate the following
substances in fine powder,
Mastic,
Cascarilla bark,
Charcoal,
Orris-root, aa . . . .30 grs.
Reduce the mass to a 'proper consist-
ence, remove it from the fire, and then
add.
Oil of peppermint . . gtt. xxx.
Tincture of ambergris,
Tincture of musk, aa . . gtt. x.
Mix.
Fonn the mass into pills of one grain
each, and cover them with gold or silver
leaf.
They are usually made in this country
from a more simple fonnula, such as the
following : —
No. 2.
Melt the best Spanish liquorice in
a water-bath with as much water as will
form a hard pill-mass when cold, and
flavour it with essential oils of pepper-
mint, cloves, cinnamon, and pimento.
Divide the mass into half-grain pills, flat-
tened, and cover them with gold or sil-
ver leaf.
Med. Use. — For scenting the breath,
and masking the nauseous odour occa-
sioned by taking medicine, smoking, &c.
CaIiAmina. Lapis calaminaris.
Calamine.
The term Calamine ' is applied by
mineralogists to two minerals, the Sili-
cate of zinc, and the Carbonate of zinc,
which very nearly resemble each other in
appearance. Both these minerals usually
contain iron, copper, and other impurities.
The latter of these, the Native impure
carbonate of zinc, is that alone which is
indicated by the term Calamine in the
pharmacopoeias. That which is met with
in commerce, and supplied for use in medi-
cine, usually consists of sulphate of baryta,
coloured with oxide of iron.
Calamina pr^parata. Pre-
pared calamine.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
FORMULAE, &c.
661
Native carbonate of zinc, burnt, rubbed
into a very fine powder, and elutriated.
Nearly the whole is dissolved in diluted
sulphuric acid, evolving none or very few
bubbles of carbonic acid. This solution
throws down, on the addition of ammonia
or potash, that which is dissolved again on
either being added in excess.
Edin- Ph. 1841. Calamina
prceparata.
" Levigated impure carbonate of zinc."
Med. Use. — It is only employed exter-
nally in the form of powder or ointment,
for slight excoriations, chapped nipples,
intertrigo, superficial ulcerations, and
ophthalmia tarsi.
Calx. Lime. Symh. CaO.
Equiv. 28.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
^ Chalk Ibj.
Break it into very small pieces, and
burn it in a very strong fire for an hour.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Lime recently prepared from chalk.
Water being added it falls slaked into
powder. It is dissolved in diluted hydro-
chloric acid without effervescence. This
solution throws down nothing on ammonia
being added in excess.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Heat white marble broken into small
fragments in a covered crucible at a full
red heat for three hours, or till the resi-
duum when slaked and suspended in
water no longer effervesces on the addi-
tion of muriatic acid.
Note. — It is slaked by water ; muriatic
acid then dissolves it entirely, without
any effervescence ; and the solution does
not precipitate with ammonia in excess.
Remarks. — In calcining marble or chalk,
to obtain lime, it is necessary, when a
crucible is used, that it should have holes
perforated in the bottom, so as to admit
a current of air through it.
Caicis hydras. Hydrate of
lime. Slaked lime. CaO, H O.
Prepared by throwing water on lime.
Part of the water combines with the lime,
and thereby causes a considerable evolu-
tion of heat, by which another portion of
the water is vaporized; the lime swells
up, cracks, and falls to powder, and in
this state it it called Calx extinctOj
Slaked lime, or Hydrate of lime.
Note, — Hydrate of lime is dissolved
in dilute hydrochloric acid without effer-
vescence. This solution throws down no
precipitate on the addition of ammonia.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
Calcii chloridum. Chloride
of calcium.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Chalk |v-.
Hydrochloric acid.
Distilled water, aa . . . Oss.
Mix the acid with the water, and to
these gradually add the chalk, to satura-
tion. Then, the effervescence being
finished, strain ; evaporate the liquor till
the salt is dried. Put this into a crucible,,
and pour it, when melted at the fire, on a
flat, clean stone. Lastly, when it has-
cooled, break it into small pieces, and
preserve it in a well-closed vessel.
Note. — Void of colour ; but little trans-
lucent; hard and friable; totally soluble
in water ; the solution gives no precipi-
tate on the addition of ammonia or chlo-
ride of barium, nor, when diluted with
much water, with ferro-cyanide of potas-
sium.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Calcis murias.
^ White marble, in fragments . |x.
Muriatic acid (commercial), and
Water, ail Oj.
Mix the acid and water ; add the marble
by degrees, and when the effervescence
is over, add a little marble in fine powder
till the liquid no longer reddens litmus ;
filter and concentrate to one-half; put the
remaining fluid in a cold place to crystal-
lize ; preserve the crystals in a well-closed
bottle. More crystals will be obtained by
concentrating the mother-liquor.
Note. — Extremely deliquescent : a so-
662
FORMULA, &c.
lution of 76 grains in one fluidounce of
distilled wnter, precipitated by 49 grains
of oxalate of ammonia, remains preci-
pitable by more of the test.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Chalk, in small fragments • Ibij.
Pure muriatic acid . . • Oijss.
Distilled water .... Ovj.
Slaked lime, as much as is sufficient.
Into the acid, first diluted with the
water, introduce the chalk in successive
portions, and when the effervescence has
ceased, boil for 10 minutes. Add now,
stirring well, a very slight excess of slaked
lime, and throw the whole upon a calico
filter. Acidulate the filtered solution
slightly by adding a few drops of muriatic
acid, then evaporate it to dryness, and
expose the residuum to a low red heat in a
Hessian crucible. Finally, reduce the pro-
duct rapidly to a coarse powder in warm
mortar, and enclose it in a well-stopped
bottle.
Med. Use. — It was at one time much
employed in the treatment of bronchocele
and in scrofulous diseases, being given
internally ; and at the same time used
externally, dissolved in water, in the form
of bath. It has now nearly fallen into
disuse,
Dose. — See Calcii chloridi liquor.
LiQuoK CAI.CII CHLORIDI. So-
lution of chloride of calcium.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
]^ Chloride of calcium . . . ^iv.
Distilled water .... f^xij.
Dissolve the chloride of calcium, and
strain,
Edin. Ph. 1841. Calcis muri-
atis solutio.
]^ Muriate of lime .... ^viij.
Water * f^xij.
Dissolve the salt in the water.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Calcii chloridi liquor. Cal-
cis muriatis aqua.
^ Chloride of calcium . . . ^iij.
Distilled water .... ^ij.
Dissolve, and filter through paper.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1225.
Uses. — Has been deemed useful in
bronchocele and scrofula.
Dose.— f ^■. to f ^ij.
Calcis carbonas. Carbonate
of lime.
This occurs in both kingdoms of na-
ture ; several forms of carbonate of lime
are employed in medicines : viz., marble,
chalk, precipitated carbonate of lime, and
carbonate of lime from animals. Most
of them require some preparation before
they are fit for use: — 1st Marmor, Mar-
ble Carbonas calcis durus. This is used
for the preparation of carbonic acid, as well
as for other purposes ; Carrara marble
should be preferred, in consequence of its
being free from iron. 2. Creta, Chalk —
see Creta. 3. Calcis carbonas prs-
CIPITATDM. Precipitated carbonate of
lime. It is thus prepared : —
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Calcis car-
bonas prcecipitatum.
9 Chloride of calcium . . . ^v.
Crystals of commercial car-
bonate of soda .... ^xiij.
Boiling water Oiv.
Dissolve each salt in a quart of the
water; mix the two solutions, and when
the precipitate has subsided, draw off the
supernatant liquor. Transfer the sediment
to a calico filter, and wash it with boiling
hot distilled water, until the washings
cease to give a precipitate with nitrate of
silver. Finally, dry the product at a tem-
perature not exceeding 212°.
4. Carbonate of lime from ani-
mals.— This is prepared from various
animal substances : as oyster- shells, crabs'
claws, crabs' stones, and red coral.
Med. Use. — Employed with much
benefit as an antacid, especially when
accompanied by diarrhcea ; for this pur-
pose it is advantageously combined with
aromatics, or with opium. It is also em-
ployed as an antidote in poisoning with
FORMULA, &c.
663
nitric, muriatic, or oxalic acids. It is
used extensively as an ingredient in tooth
powder.
Dose, — Gr. x to 3ij in powder or in
mixture.
Calcis chloridum. Chloride
of lime.
According to the views entertained of
its composition, this [preparation has re-
ceived diflerent denominations ; as, Oxy-
muriate of lime; Chloruret or Chloride
of lime; Chlorite of lime; Hypochlorite
of lime ; Calix chlorinata, or Chlorinated
lime; Bleaching powder.
Lond. Ph. 1836. Calx chlo-
BINATA. Chlorinated lime.
j^ Hjdrate of lime . . . . Ibj.
Chlorine, a sufficient quantity.
Pass chlorine to the lime spread in a
proper vessel, until it is saturated.
Chlorine is very readily obtained from
hydrochloric acid by adding to it binoxide
of manganese, with a gentle heat.
Note. — It is soluble in dilute hydro-
chloric acid, evolving chlorine.
The following are the characters of
good chloride of lime, as given in the
Edin. Ph. 1841 :— " Pale greyish white :
diy: 50 grains are nearly all soluble in
two fluidounces of water, forming a solu-
tion of .the density 1027, and of which
100 measures treated with an excess of
oxalic acid give off much chlorine, and if
then boiled and allowed to rest 24 hours,
yield a precipitate which occupies 19
measures of the liquid."
M. Labarraque, to whom the Academic
des Sciences awarded the Monthyon prize
of 3000 francs, in 1825, for the success
witli which he demonstrated the effica-
ciousness of the chlorurets of soda and
of lime, as disinfecting agents, proposes
the following formula for its prepara-
tion : —
Chloruret of lime. — Slake quick-lime
with a small quantity of water ; mix the
powder with a '20th of its weight of hydro-
chlorate of soda (common salt), and
place the whole in long earthenware
vessels, into which chlorine is passed.
The hydrated lime, being sufficiently
charged with chlorine, begins to get
moist, by which it may be known that
the operation is carried far enough. In
order to try its point of saturation, take
one part of the chlorui'et and dilute it
with 130 parts of water; this solution
should decolorize four and a half parts of
sulphate of indigo.
Uses. — As a disinfecting agent ; it is
also antiseptic. A solution of chloride of
lime has been used as a wash in some
skin diseases — also in certain species of
ophthalmia. Internally, it has been given
with advantage in bad cases of typhus
fever and in dysentery. Dose, from one
grain to five or six, dissolved in one or
two ounces of water, sweetened with
syrup. Disinfecting and decolorizing
tooth-powders, washes, and lozenges,
often owe their efficacy to chloride of
lime.
Liquor caixjis chloridi. So-
lution of chloride of lime.
This is usually made by adding one part
of chloride of lime in powder to 8 parts
of water, stiiTing them together, allow-
ing the mixture to stand for some hours,
and then straining. It is sometimes ob-
tained more highly charged with chlorine
by mixing ^iij. of chloride of lime, f ^vj.
of water, and f gss. of diluted sulphuric
acid ; stirring the ingredients together,
allowing them to stand for two hours,
and straining. These solutions are used
for disinfecting purposes, and as Bleaching
liquor.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
CAIiCIS CHIX)RINATE LIQUOR.
9^ Chlorinated lime .... IBss.
Water Oss.
Blend well the water and chlorinated lime
by trituration in a large mortar, and, having
transferred the mixture to a stoppered bottle,
let it be well shaken several times for the
space of 3 hours. Pour out now the con«
tents of the bottle on a calico filter, and let
664
FORMULiE, &c.
the solution which passes through be pre-
served in a well-stoppered bottle.
The specific gravity of this liquid is
1035.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
CaLCIS PHOSPHAS PKiECIPITA-
TUM. Precipitated phosphate of
lime.
9 Ox bones, burned to whiteness
in a clear fire ^iv.
Pure muriatic acid . . , f^bj.
Distilled water Oij,
Solution of ammonia . . , f^xi.
or as much as may be sufficient.
Reduce the calcined bones to a fine pow-
der, and digest upon this the acid, diluted
with a pint of the water, until it is dissolved.
To the solution, first cleared (if necessary)
by filtration, add the remainder of the
water, and then the solution of ammonia,
until the mixture acquires an alkaline re-
action ; and having collected the precipitate
upon a calico filter, let it be washed with
boiling distilled water, as long as the liquid
which passes through gives rise to a pre-
cipitate, when permitted to drop into a
solution of nitrate of silver acidulated with
nitric acid. The washed product should
now be dried by exposing it for some days
on porous bricks to a warm atmosphere.
Calcis biphosphas et sul-
phas. Calcis superphosphas.
JBiphosphate and sulphate of lime.
Superphosphate of lime.
R Burnt bones IBij.
Oil of vitriol Ibj.
Water Rjiij.
Macerate with a gentle heat for two or
three days.
Use. — This, mixed with water or with
earth, is used as a manure for land.
CAIiFINI.
This term is applied by brewers to a
solution of oil of birch-bark, which is em-
ployed to give a peculiar flavour to porter.
One ounce of birch-bark oil is put into
a bottle with 4 quarts of rectified spirit ;
the mixture allowed to stand for some
time in a slightly wann place, and then
filtered. The birch-bark oil used for this
and other purposes is imported from Russia.
— Ure.
Camphor, artificial.
Obtained by passing hydrochloric acid
gas through oil of turpentine. It is a
white crystalline solid, very like camphor :
hence its name. Its composition is
C20H17 CI.
Candle, mercurial.
Candles made of wax and vermilion,
have been recommended for effecting
mercurial fumigations.
Caoutchoucxne.
A very volatile liquid obtained by sub-
mitting caoutchouc to dry distillation, at
a temperature of about 600° Fahr., in an
iron still. Mixed with spirit, it forms a
good solvent for some of the most difficultly
soluble resins, and for caoutchouc.
Capers.
Employed as a sauce in cookery. They
consist of the flower-buds of the caper-tree,
Capari_ spinosa, preserved in vinegar. They
are distinguished as Nonpareille, Capucine,
Capota, seconds and thirds, according to
their sizes and qualities. The smallest are
considered the best.
Capsules. (From Capsula, a
small box, case, or bag.)
Small egg-shaped vessels, in which
nauseous medicines are administered.
They are made either of a mixture of
gelatine and sugar, or of animal mem-
brane.
Gelatine capsules.
A small polished iron or ivory bulb, of
the form and size of the capsule, attached
to a handle by a slender rod from one ex-
tremity, is first rubbed with an oiled cloth,
then dipped into a thick, hot solution of 6
parts of gelatine and one of sugar in water;
it is then removed from the solution, the
excess of which is allowed to run off, and
when it ceases to drip, the handle is fixed
in a board, with the coated bulb upwards.
FORMULiE, &c.
665
until the gelatinous coating has become cold
a:id firm. The capsule is now drawn off
the bulb by a dextrous application of the
fingei"s, and is dried on a tray by exposure
to the air. When perfectly dry, the cap-
sules are ranged on a board, each capsule
being placed in a small cell with its mouth
upwards, and the liquid they are intended
to contain is introduced by means of a
syringe having a very fine nozzle. The
mouths of the capsules are then stopped
with a drop of the solution of gelatine
applied with a camel's-hair pencil, and this
is afterwards covered with a thin coating
of the same solution, by dipping the mouth
of each capsule into some of the solution
diluted with a little water.
Membrane capsules, or Organic
capsules.
The manufacture of these is secured by
a patent. The capsule is made of gut-skin,
cleaned and purified, and while still moist,
stretched over a bulb somewhat similar
to that used in making the gelatine cap-
sules.
Cabamel. Essentia bina.
Put sugar into a dish or pan, melt it
over a gentle fire, and continue the heat
mitil the sugar has assumed a dark brown
colour. In this state it will be soluble in
water, fomiing a deep reddish-brown solu-
tion. It is used for colouring spirits, &c.
Carbo, Charcoal.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Charcoal prepared from wood by fire.
Carbo animalis. Animal
charcoal.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
A charcoal prepared from ox blood by
fire.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Carbo animalis. Animal charcoal, ivory
black.
Carbo animalis puripicatus.
Purified animal charcoal.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Ivory-black Hjj.
Muriatic acid, commercial,
Watei", aa f^^U-
Mix the acid and water ; addVradually
the ivory-black, stirring occasionally. Digest
with a gentle heat for two days, agitating
from time to time. Then boil ; dilute with
2 pints of water; collect the undissolved
charcoal on a filter of linen or calico, and
wash it with water till what passes through
scarcely precipitates with solution of car-
bonate of soda. Heat the charcoal, first
moderately, and then to redness, in a closely-
covered crucible.
Note. — When incinerated' with its own
volume of red oxide of mercury, it is dis-
sipated, leaving only a scanty ash.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^Ivory-black .... Rv.
Muriatic acid of commerce Oiij.
Water Ciij.&Oiij.
Distilled water, as much as is necessary :
to the acid, diluted with 3 pints of water,
gradually add the ivory black, and digest,
with repeated stirring, at a gentle heat for
24 hours. Pour on now a gallon of water,
and when, after the mixture has been well
agittited, the insoluble matters have sub-
sided, remove the clear solution by decanta-
tion, or the syphon. Let this be done a
second and a third time. Place now the black
sediment on a calico filter, and wash it
with distilled w^ater, until the washings
cease to give a precipitate with nitrate of
silver. Finally, let the product be dried iu
a stove or oven, a gentle heat being at first
applied, which must be finally raised to
between 300° and 400°.
Uses. — Employed as a decolorizing agent,
and for removing disagreeable smells from
water and other liquids, which it effects in
consequence of its power of absorbing sub-
stances, especially gases and colouring
matter.
Carbon, bisulphuret of.
a very transparent, mobile, colourless
liquid, having a peculiar offensive smell.
Sp. gr. 1-27, !t boils at 108°, is very
combustible, and readily dissolves phos-
666
FORMULiE, &c.
phorus, sulphur, camphor, resins, and vo-
latile oils. It is obtained by passing the
vapour of sulphur over red-hot charcoal,
or by distilling a mixture of eleven parts
of bisulphuret of iron and three parts of
charcoal. It has been used in medicine as
an external application.
Cassava. Cassava bread.
A farinaceous food made of the starch
and some of the ligneous fibre of the
Janiphamanihot, the tree yielding tapioca.
It is made in flat cakes, which ai"e baked
on iron plates.
Cataplasma aluminis. Cata-
plasm of alum.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
9 Whites of two eggs,
Alum, aa ^.
Shake them together, so as to form a
coagulum.
Med. Uses. — A very useful application
in ecchymosis of the eye, in ichorous
ophthalmia, ' also in chilblains not yet
bi-oken. It should be applied between
folds of linen.
Cataflasma carbonis. Ca-
taplasm of charcoal.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Boiling water f^x.
Bread ^ij.
Powdei-ed linseed . . . . ^x.
Charcoal ^iij.
Macerate the bread in the water, near the
fire, for a little while ; then mix, and
gradually add the linseed ; stirring, that a
soft cataplasm may be made. Mix in 2
drachms of the charcoal with this, and
sprinkle that which remains on the surface.
CATAPiiASMA coNii. Cata-
plasm of Hemlock.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Boiling water .... f^x.
Powdered linseed (or as much
as may be sufficient) . . ^ivss.
Extract of hemlock . . . |j.
Add the linseed gradually to the water,
constantly stirring that a cataplasm may
be made. Spread the extract, previously
softened with water, upon this.
Med. Use. — An anodyne application to
cancerous and scrofulous ulcers and other
malignant sores.
Cat A PLASMA FJECVl,M CEKE-
visiiE. Cataplasm of beer-grounds.
Cataplasma bynes.
^ Grounds of stale beer,
Oatmeal, of each as much as may be
required to make a poultice.
Med. Use, — It is applied cold twice or
thrice a day, in the same cases as the follow-
ing preparation, — which see.
Cataplasma fermeati. Ca-
taplasm of yeast.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Yeast of beer ;
Water, heated to the 100th°,
of each f^v.
Flour Ibj.
Mix the yeast with the water and add
the flour, stirring, that a cataplasm may
be made ; place this on the fire hearth until
it may swell up.
Use. — To con-ect the fetor of the dis-
charge of gangrenous or foul ulcers. '
Cataplasma lini. Cataplasm
of linseed.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Boiling water fj^*
Powdered linseed .... ^ivss.
or as much as may be sufficient.
Add the linseed gradually to the water,
constantly stirring, that a cataplasm may
be made.
Med. Use. — An excellent emollient ap-
plication; its salutary effects depend on
its keeping the part to which it is applied
moist and wami.
Cataplasma panis. Bread
cataplasm.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
Pour boiling water on crumb of bread,
and cover it until completely soaked : pour
off the water, press the bread gently, an
then beat it up with a spoon.
FORMULA, &c.
667
Cataplasma papaveris. Pop-
py cataplasm.
Codex, Ph. Fran^. 1839.
Thicken decoction of poppies with
crumb of bread.
Cataplasma eosje. Rose ca-
taplasm.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Powdered alum ,^ss.
Confection of roses .... ^ij.
Mix.
Cataplasma sinapis. Mus-
tard cataplasm.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Boiling water f5s.
Powdered linseed,
Mustard, of each .... ^iiss.
or as much as may be sufficient.
Add, the powders previously mixed
together, gradually to the water, stirring,
that a cataplasm may be made.
Med, Use. — Stimulant and rubefacient.
It is applied spread on cloth to the soles
of ^the feet, in the low stage of typhus, as
also in coma and apoplexy; to the chest,
in typhoid pneumonia.
Cataplasma soum chlori-
nate. Cataplasm of chlorinated
soda.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Boiling water f^^'j.
Powdered linseed .... l^Wss.
Solution of chlorinated soda . f^ij.
Add the linseed gradually to the water,
constantly stirring; then mix in the
chlorinated soda.
Cataplasma solani tuberosi.
Potato cataplasm.
Scrape the inner part of raw potatoes
into a fine pulp, and apply it cold as a
poultice.
Caudle.
A nourishiug, restorative gruel, given
to the sick, and to women during their
confinement.
Into a pint of ^fine gruel, not thick, put,
while it is boiling hot, the yolk of an egg,
beaten with sugar and mixed with a large
spoonful of cold water, a glass of wine and
nutmeg. Mix the whole well together.
Brandy is sometimes substituted for the
wine, and lemon peel or capillaire added.
It is also sometimes made of gruel and
beer, with sugar and nutmeg.
Causticum. Caustic.
An application for destroying the vi-
tality of any part of the body.
Dr. Canquoin's caustics for
cancers, lupus, Sfc.
No. 1.
9 Chloride of zinc . • . . • 3J.
Flour 3ij.
To be made into a stiff paste with
water.
No. 2.
9 Chloride of zinc 3J.
Flour 3iij.
To be made into a stiflf paste with
water.
No. 3.
9 Chloride of zinc 3J.
Flour 3iv.
To be mads into a stiff paste with
water.
No. 4.
9 Chloride of zinc 3J.
Flour 3ijss.
Chloride of antimony (butter
of antimony) 3ss.
To be made into a stiflf paste with
water.
Use. — A small piece, formed like a
wafer, to be applied to the part affected
for 24 hours.
Mr. Alex. Ure substitutes Piaster of
Paris for flour.
Plunket's caustic for cancers, Sfc.
9 Upright crow-foot.
Lesser spearwort, of each . . ^.
White arsenic 3J.
Sulphur ^T.
Beat into a uniform paste, and make
into kills, which are to be dried in the
son.
668
FOEMUL^, &c.
Recamier's caustic.
^ Chloride of gold .... grs. vj.
Aqua regia ?j.
Mix.
To be applied with a camel-hair brush.
Gondret's Ammoniacal caustic.
9 Mutton suet,
Olive oil, aa. ..... Ij.
Melt with a gentle heat, and then add,
Solution of ammonia . . . Ijj.
Mix, by agitating the whole together
until cold.
This is used for producing an imme-
diate revulsion, or for promptly raising
the epideiTnis.
Caviare. Caviar. Caviale.
The salted roe of certain species of fish,
especially the sturgeon.
Cawk.
A name adopted by miners for sulphate
of barytes.
Cement.
A substance capable of assuming a fluid
or semifluid form, ^and of being in that
state applied between the surfaces of bo-
dies, so as to unite them by solidifying.
Cements are made in a variety of ways, to
suit particular purposes.
Armenian cement. Chinese ce-
ment. Diamond cement.
Soak isinglass in water until it is soft,
then dissolve it in the smallest possible
quantity of proof spirit, with the aid of a
gentle heat. In 3ij. of this dissolve grs. x.
of ammoniacum, and, while still liquid, add
a solution of 3SS. of mastic in 3iij. of rec-
tified spirit ; stir them well together, and
■put the mixture into small bottles, which
are to be kept covered.
This cement, when used, is to be lique-
fied by putting the bottle into hot water.
The quality of the cement improves with
the application of heat, so that tlie last
portions of a bottle will often be found to
be better than the fii'st. This cement
resists the action of moisture. It is used
by the Annenian jewellers for fixing orna-
mental stones to jewellery, &c.
Botany Bay cement.
j^ Botany bay resin.
Brick dust, iia Hjj.
Mix together with heat.
Used to cement earthenware articles.
Cap cement.
This is one of the numerous cements
which contain wax and resin, and are
used for causing adhesion, or making
tight joints, at common temperatures.
9' Yellow resin . . . . . ?v.
Bees'-wax ij.
Red ochre ...... ^.
The [latter should be well dried on a
sand-bath, the wax and resin melted toge-
ther, the powder stirred in by degrees, and
the heat continued a little above 212° ;
and when the frothing has ceased, stirred
till so cold that there is no fear of the
earthy particles falling.
Chemical and electrical appa-
ratus ceme?it.
^ Resin fty,
Bees'-wax Jgj.
Red ochre ...... Ibj.
Plaster of Paris .... ?ij.
Mix together with the aid of heat.
Engineer's cement.
No. 1.
Mix ground white lead with as much
finely powdered red lead as will malie it
of the consistence of soft putty.
,No. 2.
Mix equal parts of white lead and red
lead, and add as much boiled linseed oil
as is required to give it the proper con-
sistence.
These cements are used for makino- me-
tallic joints sound.
French cement.
Gum- water thickened with powdered
starch. It |is used by the French natu-
ralists and artificial flower-makers. It
keeps for a long time. A little lemon-
juice is sometimes added.
Marine cement. Marine glue.
Digest from 2 to 4 parts of caoutchouc
FORMULJE, &c.
669
cut into small pieces, in 34 parts of coal-
tar naphtha, promoting solution by the
application of heat and hy agitation. To
the solution, when formed, and which will
have the consistence of thick cream, add
62 or 64 parts of powdered shellac, and
heat the mixture over the fire, constantly
stiiTing it, until complete fusion and com-
bination has been effected. Pour the
mixture while still hot on plates of metal,
so that it may cool in thin sheets, like
leather.
In using the cement, put some of it
into an iron vessel, and heat it to about
248° Fahr., and apply it with a brush to
the surfaces to be joined.
It is said to make a perfect union of
pieces of wood, and is recommended for
use in shipbuilding ; hence its name.
Metallic cement.
9 Oxide of zinc,
Sulphate of lead,
Black oxide of manganese.
Red oxide of iron, each . 100 parts.
Linseed oil ... . 30 parts.
Triturate the oxide of zinc and sulphate
of lead with the oil, then add the oxides of
manganese and iron previously mixed
together, and beat the whole in a mortar
until it has acquired a suitable consistence.
Parotic cement. Universal ce-
ment.
Curdle skimmed milk ; collect the curd ;
press out the whey; break the curd into
small pieces ; dry it by the heat of a water-
bath, and reduce it to a fine powder. To
^x. of this powder add ^. of finely-pow-
dered quick-lime, and ^ij. of camphor.
Mix them well together, and keep the
mixture in closely-stopped bottles. When
used, a portion of the powder is to be
mixed with a little water so as to form a
paste, which is to be applied quickly.
Seal-engravers^ cement. Plum-
bers' cement.
^ Common resin.
Brick-dust, aa .
Mix with the aid of heat.
ffij.
This is inferior to the Botany Bay
cement.
Tooth cements.
9' Sandarac jij.
Mastic 3j,
Amber gi'. x.
Ether. ...... 5J.
Put the ingredients into a stoppered
bottle, and dissolve with the aid of heat.
No. 2.
Put 3ij. mastic, and 3iij. of absolute
alcohol, into a bottle capable of holding
Ibij, Effect solution by the aid of heat;
and 3ix. of dried balsam of Tolu, and
again apply the heat of hot water, and
frequently shake the ingredients together ;
then allow the bottle to stand in the hot
water for some 'time, that any insoluble
matter may subside. This is to be intro-
duced into the tooth with a piece of cotton
wool.
No. 3.
Vienna Tooth cement,
Consists of a viscid solution of some
of the foregoing resins with powdered as-
bestos.
No. 4.
Vstermaier's Tooth cement.
The principle of this is the fonnation
of phosphate of lime in the cavity of the
hollow tooth.
For this purpose anhydrous phosphoric
acid must first be formed by burning
phosphorus under a bell-jar : 48 parts of
the anhydrous acid are to be mixed with
58 parts of pure unslaked lime in fine
powder, and the requisite quantity pressed
into the tooth after it has been xcell dried.
Transparent cement.
Dissolve 75 parts of caoutchouc in 60
parts of chloroform, and add 15 parts of
mastic,
Varioiis cements.
No. 1.
Shellac dissolved in rectified spirit,
forms a good cement in some cases. Or
the shellac may be melted in the flame of
670
FORMULAE, &c.
a candle and applied in this state. Shellac
dissolved in water, with one-third of its
weight of borax, is sometimes used.
No. 2.
White of egg, mixed with finely-pow-
dered quick-lime, forms a good cement
for joining spars and marble ornaments.
A similar composition is used by cop-
persmiths to secure the joints and rivets
of boilers, but they substitute bullock's
blood for white of egg.
No. 3.
^ Clean river sand .... BSxx.
Litharge ...... Ibij.
Quick-lime Jfej.
Linseed oil
q.s.
To form a thin past^e. This cement is
applied to mend broken pieces of stone,
as steps, &c., and after a time it acquires
a stony hardness.
A similar composition has been used
to coat brick walls, under the name of
mastic.
No. 4.
9 Iron-borings, SOBSs., pounded and
sifted, mixed with chloride of ammonium
or salammoniac, 1 K. When it is to be
used, it should be mixed with as much
water as will give it a pasty consistence.
This is an excellent cement for stop-
ing cracks in iron boilers, tanks, &c.
No. 5.
1^ Borings of iron .... Ibiv.
Potters' clay Ibij.
Powdered potsherds . . . Ibj.
Made into a paste with salt and water.
Becomes very hard on drying.
No. 6.
9 Chalk Ibj.
Glue Ibij.
Paper, boiled in water and
beaten to a pulp . . . Ibj.
Mix. Used for making architectural
ornaments in relief.
No. 7.
i ^ Wliiting, sifted and heated
to redness Ibxvj.
Black rosin ..... Ibxvj.
Bees' -wax ..... Ibj.
The last two are to be melted together.
and the whiting stirred in during the
cooling.
No, 8.
9 Boiled linseed oil and red lead
mixed, so as to form a thin paste, are used
by engineers.
Cement for mending steam-
boilers, ^c.
Mix 2 parts of finely-powdered litharge,
with 1 part of very fine sand, and 1 part
of quick-lime, which has been allowed to
slack spontaneously by exposure to the
air.
This mixture may be kept for any
length of time without injury. In using
it, a portion is mixed into a paste with
linseed oil, or, still better, boiled linseed
oil. In this state it must be quickly
applied, as it soon becomes hard.
Hamelin's Mastic cement.
Mix 50 parts of siliceous sand, 50 parts
of lime-marl or pulverized Portland or
Bath stone, and 8 parts of litharge. When
the cement is used, it is to be ground up
with linseed oil.
Keenes Marble cement.
Gypsum is .baked in the same way as
for making plaster of Paris; it is then
soaked in a saturated solution of alum,
again baked to the same degree as before,
and ground to a fine powder. It is now
in a fit state for use. On being worked
in the same way as plaster of Paris, it
sets into a very hard composition, which
is capable of taking a high polish. It
may be coloured by mixing the powder
with water containing any mineral colours,
instead of common water.
Roman cement. Hydraulic
mortar. Parker's cement.
This is a kind of cement or mortar
which sets or becomes hard when covered
with water. All good hydraulic mortars
contain alumina and silica, in addition to
lime. Some of the poorer sorts of lime-
stone, containing from 8 to 25 per cent,
of silica, alumina, magnesia, &c„ when
burnt, yield a lime which does not pre-
FORMULA, &c.
671
sent the usual phenomena of slaking, but
which, when made into a paste with
water, possesses the property of harden-
ing under water. Cements possessing
this property are also made by burning
puzzolana, septaria, and siliceous or argil-
laceous earths, with or without common
limestone, and then grinding them to
powder.
Ceratum. Cerate.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Wax 5"^-
Olive oil Oj.
Add the oil to the melted wax, and
mix.
Med. Use. — This is the common cerate
so much used in dressings.
Ceratum simplex. Simple
cerate.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Olive oil 6 parts.
White wax .... 3 parts.
Spermaceti .... 1 part.
Heat the oil gently, add the wax and
spermaceti, stir the whole gently when it
is fluid, and continue the agitation as it
cools.
Ceratum CALAMiNiE. Cerate
of calamine.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Prepared calamine,
■\Vax, of each . . ... J^iiss.
Olive oil Oj.
Mix the oil with the melted wax ; then
remove from the fire, and, when it first
thickens, add the calamine, and constantly
stu-, until they shall have cooled.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Calamine, prepared in the
same manner as pre-
pared chalk .... 1 part.
Simple cerate .... 5 parts.
Mix them well together.
Med. Use. — Very useful in cutaneous
ulcerations and excoriations. It is desic-
cative and epulotic.
Stnontmes.
Turner's cerate. Ceratum epuloticum.
Ceratum cantharidis. Cerate
of cantharides.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Cantharides, rubbed to fine
powder ^.'
Cerate of spermaceti . . . ^vj.
Add the cantharides to the cerate soft-
ened by head, and mix.
Med, Use. — This is irritant, and used
to keep up a discharge from a blistered
surface.
Ceratum cetacei. Sperma-
ceti cerate.
Lond. Ph, 1851.
9 Spermaceti ^ij.
White wax ^v"j»
Olive oil • Oj.
To the spermaceti and wax, melted to-
gether, add the oil, and stir them with a
spatula until they are cold.
Med, Use. — Emollient and cooling.
Ceratum ad fonticulos.
Issue plaster.
Ph. Austr. 1836.
^ Yellow wax ^vj.
Suet (mutton) .... ^ij.
Lard.
Turpentine, aa . . . . ^iss.
Red lead ^iv.
Melt the four first ingredients together,
and then add the red lead. Linen is to
be dipped into the melted mixture, then
passed between rollers, and when cold
polished with a glass spatula ; and, finally,
cut into squares.
Ceratum hydrargyri compo-
situm. Compound cerate of mer-
cury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Ointment of mercury,
Compound cerate of soap, of
each ^vj.
Camphor ^as.
Rub together.
Med. Use. — Alterative and discutient.
672
FOEMULiE, &c.
Jiss.
5ix.
edients in the
Ceratum labiate. Lip salve.
■ ^ Spermaceti .
White wax .
Oil of almonds
Alkanet root .
Otto of roses .
Digest the first four ingr^
heat of a water-bath for four hours, then
strain through fine flannel, and add the
otto of roses.
Ph. Hannov. nova, 1831.
]^ Oil of almonds .... _^iss.
White wax _^j.
Spermaceti ^.
Mix and colour with alkanet root ; add
a little powdered alum, and scent it with
oils of lemon and bergamot-
Ph. Austr. 1836.
^ Fresh butter . . . . . . Bij.
Yellow wax S^i'j-
Oil of orange-peel .... gss.
■ First melt the'butter, and apply a gentle
heat until all moisture has been dissipated,
then add the wax, and strain the mixture,
and when half cold add the oil of orange-
peel. When quite^cold make it into small
squares,
Ceratum neutbale. Kirk-
ktnd^s neutrale cerate.
9 Lead plaster ...... ^viij.
Olive oil f^i'*'-
Prepared chalk ^iv."
Distilled vinegar .... f^iv.
Goulard's extract of lead . . f^ss.
Melt together the plaster and oil, add
the chalk, and lastly the Goulard's extract,
mixed with the distilled vinegar.
Ceratum plumbi acetatis.
Cerate of acetate of lead.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Powdei-ed acetate of lead . . jv.
White wax ^v.
Olive oil Oj.
Dissolve the wax in 18 fluidounces of
the oil; then gradually add the acetate,
separately rubbed with the remaining oil,
to these, and stir with a spatula, until they
shall have united.
SvNONYilE.
Unguentum satuminum. Loud. Ph.
1746.
Unguentum ccrusscc acetatce. Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Med. Use. — Cooling and astringent, and
is used for inflamed sores, excoriations, and
burns.
Ceratum plumbi compositum.
Compound lead cerate.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Diacetate of lead .... f^xj.
Wax S^J'j-
Olive oil Oj.
Camphor ^j.
Mix the melted wax wich 16 fluidounces
of the oil ; then remove from the fire, and,
when they shall first thicken, gradually
add the solution of lead, and assiduously
stir with a spatula until they shall have
cooled ; lastly mix the camphor, dissolved
in the rest of the oil, with these.
Synonyme.
Ceratum lithargyri acetati. Lond. Ph.
1788.
Med. Use. — The same as ceratum
plumbi acetatis.
Ceratum resin^e. Resin ce-
rate. Yelloio basilicon.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Pesin,
Wax, of each ^xv.
Olive-oil Oj.
Melt the resin and the wax together with
a slow fire ; then add the oil, and press
out the cerate as yet hot, through linen.
3Ied. Use. — A useful application to foul
indolent ulcers, from its digestive and
cleansing properties,
Ceratum SABINE. Savine ce-
rate.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
^ Savine, bruised llij.
Wax loss.
Lard Ifiij.
Mix the savine with the lard and was
melted together, then strain through a linen
cloth.
FORMULAE, &c.
673
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Fresh savine 2 parts.
Bees' wax 1 part.
Axunge 4 parts.
Melt the wax and axunge together, add
the savine, and boil them together till the
leaves are friable, then strain.
Med. Use. — This is irritative, and used
to keep up a discharge from a blistered sur-
face ; it is preferable to the ceratum can-
tharidis, as it causes less pain.
Cekatum saponis composi-
TDM. Compound cerate of soap.
Ceratum Saponis, Ph. 1836.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Soap l^-
Wax ^xiiss.
Powdered oxide of lead . ^v.
Olive-oil Oj.
Vinegar Cj.
Boil the vinegar with the oxide with a
slow fire, constantly stirring, until they
may unite together; then add the soap>
and boil again in like manner, until all the
moistui-e has been consumed ; lastly mix
the wax, previously melted in the oil, with
these.
Med. Use. — It is desiccativs and re-
solvent, and is applied, spread on linen,
around fractured limbs, but not before all
indaramation has abated. As a covering
to strumous swellings it is considered
useful.
Ceratum pro tectu. Cerate
pour le toucher. Cerate for touch-
ing.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
9 Spermaceti 1 part.
Yellow wax 1 »
Olive oil 16 „
Caustic soda 1 j>
Dissolve the spermaceti and wax in the
oil with a gentle heat ; then add the caus-
tic soda, and stir the whole till it cools.
This cerate is 'sed in lying-in houses,
for practising the ouching.
Cerevisia antiscoebutica.
Antiscorbutic beer.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ Fresh scraped horseradish . Ibiv,
Acorus calamas root . • ffij.
Ginger ...... ^j.
Juniper berries. . . • Ifeiij.
Buds of Pinus abies . . Ibj.
Syrup of brown sugar . . Ibvj.
Beer Iftl20.
Macerate for four days, until it fer-
ments, then strain and add
Cream of tartar .... ffiss.
Tincture of mustard (mustard
^ ; spirit H)) . . . . BSv.
Mix.
Cerium. Syrab. Ce. equiv. 47.
Some of the salts of cerium have been
introduced as remedial agents by Dr.
Simpson of Edinburgh. The nitrate and
oxalate are the preparations which have
principally been used. In doses of one
grain, repeated two or three times a day,
these salts are recommended in cases in
which bismuth and the salts of silver are
used, as sedative tonics.
Cerium is obtained from some raie
minerals such as cerite, allanite. Sec, from
which the above preparations are made.
Charta ad fonticulos. Is-
sue plaster.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
9 Turpentine . . ... ^ijV
Mutton suet ^iv^
Yellow wax ftss..
Yellow resia ftj.
Crystallized verdigris. . . ^ss.
Melt the first four ingredients together
by the heat of a water-bath, and while still
hot, mix in the verdigris in fine powder.
To be spread on slips of paper.
Charta resinosa. Charta an-
tirheumatica, sen antarthritica.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Spread a thin layer of common pitch
over the surface of paper.
Synokymes. — Emplastrum pauperis.
Poor man's plaster.
2 X
674
FORMULA, &c.
Chinese galls.
The bodies thus called are imported from
China. They are generally of a tubercu-
lated, branched, but sometimes more or less
rounded, form ; varying from one to two
inches in length, of a yellowish grey colour
externally, hollow, and breaking with a
resinous appearance. They abound in
tannic acid, and are said to be free from
extractive.
Chlorine. Symb. CI. equiv.
35-5.
A heavy gas having a yellowish green
colour. Sp. gr. 2*5. It has a pungent,
suifocating smell, and if respired, unless
very much diluted, it causes instant death.
Chlorinii aqua. Chlorine
water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Liquor Chlorinii recens prs-
PARATUS. Solution of Chlorine
recently prepared.
9 Hydr-ochloric acid. , . . f^j.
Powdered binoxide of manganese ^'j.
Distilled water .... Oss.
Mix the acid and binoxide in the retort,
then pass over the chlorine into the water
until it shall have wholly ceased to be
produced,
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Muriate of soda . . jj.
Sulphuric acid (commer-
cial) f3ij.
Red oxide of lead . . 330 grs.
Water f^'^'iy-
Triturate the muriate of soda and oxide
together; put them into the water con-
tained in a bottle with a glass stopper;
add the acid ; agitate occasionally till the
red oxide becomes almost all white. Al-
low the insoluble matter to subside before
using the liquid.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Chlorinii Liquor. Aqua Chlo-
rinii.
^ Peroxide of manganese, in
fine powder .... ^ss.
Muriatic acid of commerce f^'ij.
Distilled water .... Jxxiv.
Introduce the peroxide of manganese into
a gas bottle, and, having poured upon it
the muriatic acid diluted with 2 ounces of
water, apply a gentle heat, and, by suitable
tubes, cause the gas, as it is developed, to
bubble through 2 additional ounces of the
water placed in an intermediate small phial,
and then to pass to the bottom of a Oiij
bottle, containing the remainder of the
water, and whose mouth is loosely plugged
with tow. When the air has been entirely
displaced by the chlorine, let the bottle be
disconnect^ from the apparatus in which
the gas is generated, corked loosely, and
shaken until the chlorine has been absorbed.
It should now be transferred to a pint
bottle with a well-ground glass stopper, and
preserved in a cool and dark place.
Med. Use. — Internally — it operates as
a stimulant, and is employed with benefit
in the advanced stages of typhoid fevers
and epidemic dysentery, in malignant sore
throat, and in chronic disease of the liver.
Externally — chlorine water has been
used largely diluted, as a wash to foul and
indolent ulcers and for chronic cutaneous
diseases, in the form of gargle in cjmanche
maligna, and as a local bath in hepatitis.
Dose. — f3ss to f3ij in as many ounces
of water sweetened with syrup. For ex-
ternal use f3J may be diluted with fjj of
water,
Chloroformyl. Chloroform'
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Chlorinated lime .... IBiv.
Rectified spirit .... Oss.
Water Ox.
Chloride of calcium, broken
into pieces 3J.
Put the lime, previously mixed with the
water, into the retort, and to these add the
spirit, so that the mixture may fill as much
as the third part of the retort. Then heat
in a sand bath, and when the ebullition first
commences, take away the fire as quickly as
possible, lest the retort be broken by the
FORMULAE, &c.
671
suddenly increased heat. Let the liquor
distil into a receiver, until nothing falls in
it, the fire being restored, if it shall be at
any time necessary. Add 4 times the
quantity of water to the distilled liquori
and shake all well together. Cautiously
separate the heavier part which shall have
subsided, and add the chloride to it, and
shake frequently for an hour. Lastly, let
the liquor distil again from a glass retort
into a glass receiver.
Destitute of colour, with a pleasant
odour, the specific gravity is not less than
1'48. It is scarcely entirely dissolved by
water. It does not affect the colour of
litmus with red. Rubbed on the skin it
quickly flies oflF, scarcely any odour being
left.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
C/i lor of or m um.
^ Chlorinated lime .... Ifex.
Fresh-burned lime ... flSv.
Water Civ.
Rectified spirit .... ^xxv.
Peroxide of manganese, in fine
powder jij.
Shake the lime with a quart of the water,
first raised to the boiling temperature, and
having placed the slaked lime and the
chlorinated lime in' a sheet iron or copper
still, pour on the residue of ihz water first
mixed with the spirit, and raised to the
temperature of 100°. Connect now the
still with a condenser, and apply heat,
which, however, must be withdrawn the
moment the distillation commences. The
distilled product, the bulk of which need
not exceed a quart, will occur in 2 distinct
strata, the lower of which is the crude
chloroform. Let this be agitated twice
in succession, with an equal volume of
distilled water, and then in a separate
bottle with half its volume of pure sulphuric
acid. Lastly, let it be shaken in a matrass
with the peroxide of manganese, and
rectified from off this at a very gentle
heat.
The specific gravity of chloroform is
1496.
The lighter liquid which distils over with
the chloroform, and the water used in
washing the latter, should be preserved
with the view of their being introduced,
with a new charge, into the still in a
subsequent process.
Chocolate.
A paste made of the roasted cacao-nut,
triturated with sugar and aromatics, such
as vanilla.
ClI>ER.
The fermented juice of the apple.
Cigarettes. Medicinal ci-
gars.
The administration of medicinal agents
in the form of cigars, is of recent introduc-
tion. Stramonium leaves made into small
rolls, Stramonium cigars, have been used
with advantage in cases of asthma, &c.
other plants and substances are adminis-
tered in a similar way abroad.
Cigarettes opiaces- Opium
cigars.
Belladonna leaves are moistened with
a solution of extract of opium and made
into small cigars.
Cigarettes aromatiques.
Aromatic cigars.
Aromatic spices and lavender flowers
made into small cigars.
Cigarettes de camphre de
Easpail. Cigarettes of Camphor.
Camphor cigars.
These are made by nearly filling the
tube of a quill with small pieces of cam-
phor ; piercing the closed end with a pin in
two or three places, and loosely stopping
the open end with a bit of rolled paper or
cotton wool. The eccentric Raspail has
recommended these cigarettes as a sort of
panacea, or at least as a means of prevent-
ing disease. The open end of the quill is
put into the mouth and the vapour of the
camphor inhaled, the vaporization being
sometimes promoted in cold weather by
holding the quill for a few minutes in the
warm hand.
2x2
676
FORMULiE, &c.
Clairet. Rosalis des six grains
9 The seeds of anise, fennel,
dill, coriander, caraway,
and' Baiicus creticus, aa . ^j.
Proof spirit ..... Oiv.
Sugar Ibj.
Macerate for a week, and strain.
Clothes ball, for cleaning
clothes.
9 Pipeclay Ibij.
Fuller's earth.
Prepared chalk,
Ox-gall, aa . . . . . ^iv.
Mix.
Coffee.
The roasted berry of the Coffcea Ara.
bica, extensively used in decoction or in-
fusion, as an article of diet. The follow-
ing have been used as substitutes for it : —
JRye coffee. Dillenius's coffee.
Hunt^s economical breakfast pow-
der.
Eye roasted with a little butter, and used
as coffee.
Succory coffee. German cof-
fee.
Succory root roasted with a little butter
or oil. It is extensively used for adul-
terating coffee.
Sylvester's coffee. Iris coffee.
The seeds of the yellow water-flag.
Gladiolus luteus, or Iris pseudacorus.
This is said to be the best of the European
substitutes.
Besides the above, foenugreek-seeds,
chick-peas, holly-berries, broom-seeds,
gooseberry-seeds, currant-seeds, rice, beet-
root, and horse-beans, have severally been
used for making a substitute for coffee.
Cold cream. Ceratum galeni.
Pommade en creme. Crcmor fri-
gida.
9 Sweet oil of almonds
White wax.
Spermaceti, aa •
Eose water .
Oil of bergamot ,
Oil of lavender .
Otto of roses.
3J-
^iss.
Melt the wax and spermaceti in the oil
of almonds by the heat of a water-bath,
then put these into a marble vwrtar pre-
viously heated to the temperature of
boiling water, and add the rose water gra-
dually, while the mixtui'e is constantly
stirred or whisked with an egg-whisk,
until the whole has become cold.
It is desirable to use a marble mortar,
as it retains the heat longer than a wedge-
wood mortar. A smaller proportion of
wax and spermaceti may be used in cold
weather.
CoLLODiuM. Collodion.
Ph. Norvegica, 1854.
9 Nitrate of potash, in powder 20 parts
Sulphuric acid, sp. gr, 1*84 32 „
Best carded cotton . . 1 part.
Mix the nitrate of potash and sulphuric
acid in a glass vessel, and when the salt has
dissolved add tlie cotton, stirring it with a
glass rod ; then cover the vessel, with a
plate of glass, and allow the mixture to
stand for 24 hours at a temperature of 86'-'
Fahr, Afterwards remove the cotton from
the ^mixture, well wash it in tepid water
until it is perfectly free from acid, and dry
it by a gentle heat,
^ The cotton thus prepared . 1 part.
Ether 16 parts.
Eectified spirit . . . 4 „
Mix in a stoppered bottle and shake
them together until the cotton is dissolved.
Mr. Hadovv's process.
Mr.'Hadow recommends the use of a
mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and
he has found that, to produce a cotton
soluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol,
the acids used for preparing the cotton
must not be in j the most' highly con-
centrated state, the presence of a little water
beyond that forming the monohydrates (the
lowest hydrates) of the acids, being neces-
sary. The mixture which he found most
suitable is represented by the formula
FORMULA, &c.
677
(NO', HO +2 (S03, HO) +3^ HO). This
mixture is obtained by mixing 89 parts by
weight of nitric acid of sp. gr. 1 -424, with
104 parts by weight of sulphuric acid of
sp. gr. 1'833. He uses the acid mixture
at a temperature of about 130° Fahr., and
immerses the cotton in it for about 10
minutes.
Mr. Hadow has also recommended the
following method of conducting the pro-
cess : —
Mix 5 parts, by measure, of strong oil of
vitriol, and 4 parts, by measure, of nitric
acid of not less speciKc gravity than 1'4.
Put this mixture into a porcelain or glass
vessel capable of bearing heat, and add to
the mixed acids small quantities at a time
of water (about half a drachm being added
each time, and two ounces of the mixture),
testing the mixture after such addition of
water by putting into it a small bit of
cotton, and when this is found to contract
and dissolve on being immersed, the further
addition of water is stopped, and half the
quantity of oil of vitriol originally used is
now added to the mixture. The acid thus
made is of the proper strength. If its
temperature be not above 1 30° nor below
100° Fahr., the cotton may be at once put
into it, using as much cotton as can be
completely and easily immersed. The
cotton is left in the acid for about 10
minutes ; it is then removed and well
washed with cold water until every trace
of acid has been removed. A little ammonia
may be added to the water used for wash-
ing the cotton, to ensure the perfect
absence of free acid.
The cotton thus prepared, after being
dried, is dissolved in a mixture of 5 parts
of ether, and 3 parts of rectified spirits.
Many operators recommend that, in
making the soluble cotton, not more than
40 grains of cotton should be operated upon
at once, as it is difficult to get larger
quantities completely and uniformly acted
opon by the acid.
COLLYRIUM.
Liquid applications for the eyes, or eye-
waters, are frequently designated by this
name.
COLOCYNTHIS PR^EPARATA.
Prepared colocynth. Trochisci
Alhandel.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9 Colocyntli, freed from seeds,
and cut ...... ^v.
Gum arable ^,'.
Water. ...... q. s.
Make it into a paste, dry, and powder
it and keep in bottles.
Note. — To be dispensed only by a phy-
sician's order.
Dose. — Two grains.
CoLOPHONiuM. Colophony.
Black rosin.
The residue left after the distillation of
oil of turpentine from common turpentine.
It differs from Yellow rosin in being an-
hydrous, while yellow rosin is a hydrate.
Colours and Pigments.
Black and Brown Colours.
Ivory Black. Cologne Black.
Cassel Black.
Made by calcining fragments or turn,
ings of ivory in a close crucible or retort
until the whole of the organic matter is
carbonized. Common bones are some-
times used, but they do not produce so
fine a black as ivory.
Lamp Black.
This is the carbonaceous matter depo-
sited from the imperfect combustion of
oils, resins, or other similar substances.
Umher. Tei-ra umhria. Creta
umbria.
A massive mineral, of a fine pale brown
colour, and compact texture; it is soft
and dry to the touch, and adheres strongly
to the tongue ; it assumes a deep brown
colour when exposed to heat. According
to Klaproth, it consists of 13 parts of
silica, 5 of alumina, 48 of oxide of iron.
678
FORMULAE, &c.
20 of manganese, and 14 of water, in 100
parts. It is pi-incipally brought from the
island of Cyprus, and from Turkey. Co-
logne earth is a kind of Umber, of a dark-
brown colour.
Burnt umber.
The mineral umber exposed to a dull
red heat for half an hour, by which the
colour is improved. This, as well as the
former, is used as a brown colour by
painters.
Sienna. Terra sienna.
An argillaceous mineral, of a fine tex-
ture, very light, smooth, and glossy, of a
yellowish -brown, or coffee colour: when
wetted and drawn over paper, it leaves
a dull orange trace. By calcination it
assumes a reddish-brown colour and is
then called Burnt sienna. The best sort
is brought from Italy, but it is found, of
inferior quality, in England, in the neigh-
bourhood of Wycomb.
Blue Colours.
Azure. Smalt.
A blue pigment used in painting and
in getting up fine linen. It is a glass,
coloured with cobalt and reduced to pow-
der. Several varieties of it are made, and
it is sometimes sold under the names of
Saxon blue, Fowder blue, King's blue,
Emperor blue.
No. 1.
Roast cobalt ore to drive off the arsenic ;
mix the residuary black oxide with as
much oil of vitriol as will make it into a
paste, and expose this, first to a moderate
heat, then to a red heat for an hour. Ee-
duce the resulting sulphate to powder,
and dissolve it in water. To the solution
add carbonate of potash, in small quan-
tities at a time, until the precipitate
formed no longer indicates the presence
of iron. The whole of the iron being
thus removed from the solution, the latter
is to be filtered, and precipitated by means
of a solution of silicate of potash, made as
follows: — Mix 10 parts of potash, 15
parts of finely-ground flints or sand, and
1 part of powdered charcoal ; put the
mixture into a crucible, and expose it to a
bright red heat for five or six hours ; the
melted mass, when cold, is to be powdered
and dissolved in five or six times its
weight of water. The silicate of cobalt
which is precipitated constitutes the blue
pigment.
No. 2.
Roast cobalt with three times its weight
of sand, and an equal weight of potash,
and reduce the fused mass, when cold, to
powder.
Egyptian azure.
Carbonate of soda ^xv, calcined flints
^xx, copper filings 5iij. Mix and fuse
them together in a crucible for two hours,
and when cold reduce to powder.
Cobalt blue. Chinese blue. Co-
baliic ultramarine. Thenard^s
bltie. Hopfner^s blue. Louisa
blue.
No. 1.
Pure moist hydrate of alumina, obtained
by precipitation from alum by means of
ammonia, is mixed with pure hydi-ated
oxide of cobalt, in the moist state, as ob-
tained by precipitation from nitrate of co-
balt; the mixed oxides are dried, and
subsequently calcined. The bright blue
product is sold in small fragments as
taken from the crucible, and also in fine
powder.
No. 2.
Wash ibj of zaffre to separate as much
of the sand as possible; add to it |viij of
nitric acid diluted with an equal quantity
of water ; digest for some hours, pour off
the solution, and add more acid as long
as anything is dissolved; evaporate the
solutions nearly to dryness, so as to drive
off the excess of acid; dissolve the salt in
water, and filter it, then add a solution of
phosphate of soda as long as any preci-
pitate is formed ; wash the violet-coloured
subphosphate of cobalt, and mix it while
still moist with eight times as much re-
cently precipitated and still moist alumina ;
dry the mixture, and heat it to redness in
a crucible.
FORMUL-^, &c.
679
No. 3.
Pi-ecipitate the nitrate of cobalt, fonned,
as directed in No. 2, with a solution of
arseniate of potash, and mix the arseniate
of cobalt with 16 times its weight of moist
alumina.
No. 4.
Add recently precipitated and moist
alumina to solution of nitrate of cobalt,
dry, and calcine the mixture.
No. 5.
Add solution of ammonia to solution of
alum and nitrate of cobalt, and treat the
precipitate as in No. 2.
Chemic blue. Sulphate of in-
digo.
Indigo dissolved in from four to eight
times its weight to the strongest oil of
vitriol, and then diluted with water and
neub-alized with chalk or potash.
Liquid blue.
To one ounce of powdered Prussian
blue, add an ounce or two of strong hydro-
chloric acid; allow the mixture to stand
for 24 hours, then add eight or nine
ounces of water,
Prussian blue. Berlin blue.
This pigment is made by calcining ani-
mal matter, such as dried blood, parings of
horns, &c., with about one-eighth its
weight of carbonate of potash in an iron
retort, exposed to a dull red heat for seven
or eight hours ; lixiviating the product of
this operation, and adding common green
vitriol, or sulphate of iron, to the lixi-
vium. The precipitate is sometimes
treated with nitric acid, which increases
the depth and brillL-mcy of the colour.
This, in its pure state, is said to consti-
tute Paris blue. Mixed with other sub-
stances, such as alumina, gypsum, sul-
phate of barytes, clay, or starch, it forms
the inferior kinds of Prussian and Berlin
blue; also Saxon blue, Erlangen blue.
Mineral blue, &c.
Saxon blue.
Dissolve 5j of sulphate of iron, and
^viij of alum, in one gallon of water.
then add simultaneously solutions of
prussiate of potash and of common pearl-
ash, as long as any precipitate is formed.
Collect and wash the precipitate.
Stone blue. Fig blue. Thumb
blue. Crown blue. Mecklenburgh
blue. Queen^s blue.
Mix finely-powdered indigo with starch
paste, and make it into cakes of the re-
quired size and form.
Mountain blue. Hambro' blue.
Copper blue.
This is a mixture of carbonate of cop-
per and chalk or lime, which is exposed
to the air until it assumes the required
colour.
Ultramarine. Cceruleum ultra'
montanum. Lapis-lazuli blue.
This beautiful and costly pigment is
obtained from the mineral Lapis lazuli,
which is broken into pieces about the size
of a pea, heated to redness, quenched in
water, and then ground to a fine powder.
To Ibj of this powder is added ^vj of yel-
low rosin, ^ij of common turpentine, ^ij
of bees'-wax, and ^ij of linseed oil, pre-
viously mixed together, and the whole is
made into a ma^. This is kneaded in
successive portions of luke-warm water,
which it colours blue, and from which the
ultramarine is subsequently deposited
after allowing it to stand for some time.
The first water is usually rendered dirty,
and is rejected; the second yields the
pigment of best quality. The process is
founded on the property which the colour-
ing matter of this mineral possesses, of
adhering less firmly to the resinous
cement used than the foreign matter with
which it is associated. The finest speci-
mens of Lapis lazuli are brought from
China, Persia, and Great Bucharia.
Ultramarine ashes. Sander^s
blu£.
The residue left after the extraction of
Ultramarine, according to the preceding
process ; the resinous cement being burned
away, and the ashes washed.
680
FORMULA, &c.
Artificial ultramarine. Azure
blue. Vienna or Meissner ultra-
marine.
Mix together 1 part of porcelain clay,
1^ part of sulphur, 1 part of anhydrous
carbonate of soda, and keep the mixture
at a dull red heat, in a covered crucible,
as long as vapours are given off. On
opening the crucible, it will be found to
contain a spongy mass, part of which will
be of a dark-blue colour, and this is to be
separated from the other part. The re-
sults of this process are not uniform, yet
this is considered the best process that
lias yet been published.
Slue verditer. Refiner's ver-
diter.
No, 1.
The solution of nitrate of copper, ob-
tained by the refiners in precipitating
silver from nitric acid by heating it with
copper, is poured while hot upon whiting
moistened with water, and the mixture
stirred until the whole of the copper is
precipitated, when more of the nitric solu-
tion is added until the desired colour is
produced.
No. 2.
The solution of nitrate of copper, as
above, is precipitated with lime, which is
added in the state of slaked lime. This
precipitate, when nearly dry, is triturated
with more lime, to develop the velvety
blue colour, characteristic of verditer of
the best quality. The process is fre-
quently unsuccessful in unskilful hands.
Green colours.
Copper green. Blue bice. Blue
carbonate of copper. Bicarbonate
of copper.
This is a mineral carbonate of copper,
found in mines, and prepared for paints
by grinding and washing.
Brunswick green. Mountain
green.
The pigments sold under these names
vary very much in colour and in composi-
tion. They consist of native carbonates
of copper mixed with calcareous or other
heavy powders ; or of artificial compounds,
containing arsenite or other salts of cop-
per. Gypsum, and sulphate of barytes,
are frequently used in these mixtures.
Some of the common green, sold under
the above and other names, are merely
mixtures of Prussian blue, or indigo and
chrome yellow, with chalk and sulphate
of barytes.
Vienna green. Sweinfurth
green.
Dissolve H)j of arsenious acid in water ;
mix Bbj of powdered verdigi-is with warm
water, and add the former solution to it ;
let the mixture stand until the reaction is
complete. Sometimes the ingredients are
boiled together, when the process is expe-
dited. The addition of more arsenic gives
the product a yellowish tint. It may also
be made by dissolving ll3j of arsenious acid
in water, and Ibj of verdigris in vinegar,
mixing the two solutions, and evaporating
the liquor until it crystallizes.
Green verditer.
Is prepared in much the same way as
Blue verditer, the difference in the colour
resulting from differences in the proportions
of the ingredients, or from slight and acci-
dental circumstances not always under the
control of the operator.
Scheele^s green. Mitis green.
Arsenite of copper.
Saturate a solution of carbonate of pot-
ash with 'arsenious acid, aided by the ap-
plication of heat; then add this solution to
a solution of sulphate of copper as long as
any precipitate is formed. It is of a tine
grass-green colour, and is used as a paint.
Sap green.
The juice of berries of buckthorn, of
black alder, or of ever-green privet, 12
pints ; lime water, 8 pints ; gum arable, 6
ounces. Evaporate until quite thick.
Iris green.
The juice of the petals of the iris added
to quicklime.
FORMULA, &c.
681
Red colours.
Carmine.
A pigment made from cochineal, as
follows: —
No. 1.
Boil Itj of cochineal, and ^^ of bitartrate
of potash in 4 gallons of pure distilled
water, for 15 minutes; strain the decoction
through flannel, add ^ of alum, and _^ss of
carbonate of potash, and again boil for five
minutes ; remove the liquid from the fire,
and let it stand in glass or earthen vessels
for two or three days, that the carmine
may subside.
No. 2.
Boil ftj ^iv of cochineal, and 115 grains
of carbonate of soda, in 4 gallons of soft
water for 20 minutes; then remove the
boiler from the fire, and add 5vj of alum,
and 3J of bitartrate ^ of potash; stir the
mixture for a few minutes, let it stand for
a quarter of an hour for the dregs to sub-
side, then carefully decant off the clear
liquor, strain it through a fine silk sieve,
and add the whites of two eggs well beaten
up. Sometimes the carmine will imme-
diately separate, but at other times it is
necessary to put the liquor again over the
fire and heat it, but not to the boiling
point.
No. 3.
Boil Ibj of cochineal, and 3iijss of car-
bonate of potash, in 5 pails of water, for a
quarter of an hour ; remove the decoction
from the fire, and stir in ^ of alum;
allow the solution to stand for a quarter
of an hour that the dregs may subside,
then decant the clear liquor, and put it
again over the fire, at the same time adding
Jiijss of isinglass dissolved in 1 gallon of
water, and strained. At the moment of
ebullition the carmine will rise to the sui'-
face ; the pan is now to be removed from
the fire and left at rest that the carmine
may subside.
It should.be dried in a stove, at a tem-
perature from 82" to 86° Fahr.
A wood or charcoal fire should be used
in the process, as the effluvia from coal
fires is said to be very injurious to the
product.
Bloom of roses.
Carmine dissolved in liquor ammonia;,
and diluted with rose-water and spirit of
wine.
Brazil wood lake.
Boil Ibj of Brazil wood in 4 gallons of
water for 20 minutes ; add Ibjss of alum,
dissolved in water, and Ibss of solution of
tin; then precipitate with a solution of
carbonate of potash or of soda, carefully
avoiding excess of the alkali.
Carmine lake.
No. 1.
To the coloured liquor remaining after
the preparation of carmine, some recently
precipitated and still moist alumina is
added, and the mixture sth-red and heated
a little, until the colouring matter is car-
ried down with the alumina.
No. 2.
Add a solution of alum to the coloured
liquor remaining after the preparation of
carmine, and then a solution of carbonate
of potash as long as any precipitate is
formed. Solution of tin is sometimes
added to brighten the colour.
Lac lake.
Boil fresh stick-lac in a solution of car-
bonate of soda, and then add a solution
of alum as long as any precipitate is
formed.
Madder lake.
Macerate 2 parts of best madder in 8
parts of cold water for a quarter of an
hour, then put the madder into a cloth
and press it strongly. Repeat this opera-
tion three times. The madder, after being
thus exhausted of some of its colouring
matter, is to be digested for three hours in
a solution of 1 part of alum and 12 parts
of water, with the heat of a water-bath ;
the liquor is then to be filtered, and a
solution of carbonate of soda added in small
quantities at a time to precipitate the
lake.
Orange lake.
Boil ^iv of arnotto, and ll5j of pearlash
682
FORMULiE, &c.
in 1 gallon of water, for half an hour, then
strain. Dissolve Ilsjss of alum in 1^ gal-
lon of water, add this to the former solu-
tion as long as any precipitate is formed.
Brown pink.
Boil Ibj of French berries, Ibss of fustic,
and ffij of pearlash, with 1^ gallon of
water, in a tinned or pewter boiler, for
half an hour, and then strain while hot.
Dissolve Ibjss of alum in 2^ gallons of
water, and add this solution to the former
as long as any precipitate is formed. Col-
lect, wash, and dry the precipitate.
Dutch pink.
Boil Ibj of French berries, Rss of tur-
meric, and Rj of alum, with 1^ gallon of
water, for half an hour, and strain ; then
evaporate the liquor to 2 quarts, and add
Ibiij of whiting. Collect, wash, and dry
the precipitate. It should be of a bright
golden yellow colour. Starch or white lead
is sometimes substituted for whiting.
English pink.
Prepai-ed as Dutch pink, but more
whiting is used.
Itose pink.
Whiting coloured with a decoction of
Brazil wood and pearlash. The colour is
very fugitive. Alum or solution of tin is
sometimes used to vary the colour.
Orange red. Sandix.
Made by calcining white lead ; it has a
brighter colour than red lead.
Red lead. Minium. Plumbi
oxidum rubrum.
Made by roasting litharge in a rever-
beratory furnace. It is used in paints.
Brown red. Indian red. Colco-
thar. Chalcitis.
Under these names are sold the per-
oxide of iron obtained by calcining the
salts of iron. The colour varies accord-
ing to the circumstances under which the
calcination is conducted. The true In-
dian red, Terra Persica, or Ochra pur-
purea Persica, is a mineral brought from
Ormuz. — See Ochre.
Huddle. Reddle. Red chalk.
Red lumber-stone.
These names are applied to clay-iron
ore— consisting of clay and oxide of iron
—a mineral of a deep-red colour, inter-
mediate between Bole and Red ochre,
containing more oxide of iron than the
former, and less than the latter. It is
used for marking on wood, paper, &c., and
is made into crayons. It is also some-
times used in paints.
Venetian red. Bolus veneta.
A kind of Red ochre, brought from
Venice. It becomes harder and darker
coloured by heating.
White colours.
Alum white. Baume's alum
white.
Mix IBss
calcine the
and heat it
powder the
fully white,
White lead, Basic carbonate of
lead.
Slade by exposing sheet lead to the va-
pour of acetic acid in close chambers.
Different varieties of this pigment have
been distinguished according to the pro-
cess by which they have been made.
Thus, common vinegar, alegar, molasses
vinegar, the refuse water of starch-makers,
&c., have been used in the process, and
the products distinguished as Flake white,
Nottingham white, Newcastle white,
Grace's white lead, ^-c.
Krems white.
Pure carbonate of lead.
Venice white.
Carbonate of lead ; sulphate of baryta,
p. ffl.
Hamburgh white.
Carbonate of lead, 1 part ; sulphate of
baryta, 2 parts.
of honey with Bj of alum;
mixture in a shallow vessel,
to whiteness ; wash, dry, and
residue, which will be beauti-
, and suitable for use with oil.
FORMULA, &c.
683
Holland white.
Carbonate of lead, 1 part; sulphate of
baryta, 3 parts.
Wilkinson's white.
Made by grinding litharge with sea-
water until the whiteness is no longer
improved.
Pearl white. Ford's Spanish
white.
Trisnitrate of bismvith.
Permanent white.
Artificial snlphate or carbonate of ba-
rytes, made by adding sulphate or car-
bonate of soda to solution of chloride of
barium. This pigment possesses the ad-
vantage of not being affected by sulphu-
retted hydrogen.
Tel,ix)w colours.
Chrome yellow. Chromate of
lead.
Obtained by precipitating nitrate of lead
with chromate of potash.
Indian yellow.
This pigment is brought from the East
Indies, and is said to be a concretion
formed in the intestines of the camel.
King's yellow.
Sublimed orpiment, or sulphuret of
arsenic.
Naples yellow.
No. 1.
Calcine together Ibjss of lead, IBj of
antimony, ^ of alum, and ^ of common
salt.
No. 2.
Mix ^xij of flake white, ^ij of diapho-
retic antimony, ^ss of calcined alum, and
^ of salammoniac, and calcine the mixture
in a covered crucible, with a moderate heat,
for three hours, so that at the end of that
time it may be barely red hot.
Patent yelloio. Chloride of
lead.
Grind together 1 part of common salt,
and -1 parts of litharge with water ; expose
the mixture for some time to a gentle
heat, adding more water from time to
time as evaporation takes place. Finally,
wash the white chloride of lead which is
formed, and heat it until it acquires a fine
yellow colour.
Queen^s yellow.
Turpith mineral, or sub-sulphate of
mercury.
Yellow lake.
Persian or French berries are boiled
with a solution of potash, and the colouring
matter precipitated by means of alum in
the same manner as Orange lake.
Ochre.
There are several native mixtures of
argillaceous and calcareous earth and
oxide of iron employed as paints and
colours, under the generic name of OchrCy
and which are distinguished from each
other by differences in their colour, or in
their places of origin. The difference of
colour depends partly on the state of ox-
idation of the iron, and pai-tly on the pro-
portion of oxide of iron present ; the colour
is sometimes modified by the application of
heat. Ochres are generally prepared for
use by the process of elutriation, in the
same way as chalk. The different varieties
are distinguished as Brown ochre. Red
ochre. Yellow ochre, French ochre, which
is yellow, Oxford ochre, and Roman ochre,
which are of a brownish-yellow colour.
Indian red and Spanish hrown may also be
classed among the Ochres.
Liquid colours. Laccafiuida.
Blue.
No. 1.
Make a strong tincture of litmus, with
a weak spirit.
No. 2.
To a strong tincture of litmus, made as
No. 1, add a few drops of dilute solution
of ammonia until the colour has become
more purely blue.
No. 3.
Dilute Saxon blue, or sulphate of indigo.
684
FORMULA, &c.
with water, and neutralize the excess of
acid with chalk.
Green.
No. 1,
Dissolve crystallized verdigris in water.
No. 2.
Dissolve sap-green in water, and add a
little alum.
No. 3.
Dissolve equal parts of crystallized ver-
digris and cream of tartar in water, and
add a little gum arable.
Purple.
No. 1.
Add solution of carmine in ammonia to
tincture of litmus.
No, 2.
Add a small quantity of alum to a de-
coction of logwood.
Red.
No, 1,
Boil Brazil wood in dilute acetic acid
for a few minutes ; strain, and add a little
alum and gum arable.
No, 2.
Add acetic acid to tincture of litmus
until it assumes the proper colour.
No. 3,
Dissolve carmine in solution of ammo-
nia, and add water and a little spirit.
Yellow.
No. 1.
^ Dissolve gamboge in water, and add a
little alum and gum arabic.
No. 2,
Dissolve gamboge in equal parts of
proof spirit and water.
No, 3.
Boil French berries in water, strain, and
add alum and gum arabic.
No. 4.
Make a strong tincture of turmeric.
No. 5.
Dissolve arnotto in a weak ley of potash
or soda.
Cake water colours.
These are made by rubbing any of the
dry colours with gum-water and a little
solution of isinglass, making them into a
thick paste, and drying them in a mould.
Cake oil colours.
The colours are first ground with a
weak solution of mastic in oil of turpentine ;
they are then dried, put on a stone heated
by a charcoal fire put under it, and ground
with a mixture of 3 parts of spermaceti and
1 part of poppy oil. The paste is after-
wards pressed into a mould and allowed to
harden.
Oil colours in bottles.
These are prepared in the same way as
the calte oil colours, excepting that the
spermaceti is omitted, or used in much
smaller proportion.
Show COLOURS, FOR druggists'
SHOP windows.
Blue.
No. 1.
Sulphate of copper ^j, sulphuric acid
.^ss, water ^x.
No. 2.
Ammonio-sulphate of copper, ammonio-
nitrate of nickel, (see No 5,) and water.
No. 3.
Prussian blue, gr. x, oxalic acid gr. xx,
water ^xvj.
No. 4,
Dissolve nickel in diluted sulphuric
acid, add ammonia in excess, and dilute
with water.
No. 5,
Dissolve nickel in diluted nitric acid,
add ammonia in excess, and dilute with
water.
No. 6.
Dissolve Prussian blue in diluted hydro-
chloric acid, and dilute with water.
Green.
No. 1.
Sulphate of copper ^ij, chloride of sodium
^iv, water _^xx.
FORMULA, &c.
685
No. 2.
Dissolve ^ of nickel in ^vj of nitric acid,
and add Ov of water.
Ko. 3.
Dissolve nickel in dilute sulphuric acid,
and dilute with water.
No. 4.
Dissolve sulphate of copper in water,
and add bichromate of potash until the re-
quired colour is produced.
No. 5.
Dissolve ammonio-sulphate of copper in
water, and add bichromate of potash until
tlie required colour is produced.
No. 6.
Dissolve sulphate of copper in water,
and add nitric acid until the required
colour is produced.
No. 7.
Dissolve distilled verdigris in acetic acid
and dilute it with water.
Lilac.
No. 1.
Dissolve zaSre (impure oxide of cobalt)
in hydrocliloric acid, filter, and add car-
bonate of ammonia in excess ; to this add
ammonio-sulphate of copper until the re-
quired colour is produced.
No. 2.
Dissolve zaffre in hydrochloric acid,
filter, and add carbonate of ammonia in ex-
cess ; to this add ammonio-nitrate of nickel
(see Blue, No. 5) until the required tint is
produced.
Orange.
No. 1.
Dissolve bicliromate of potash in water
until the required tint is produced.
No. 2.
The same as the last, but adding some
oil of vitriol or hydrochloric acid.
Pink.
No. 1.
Dissolve ^ij of zaflfre in Jvj of hydro-
chloric acid, filter, add solution of carbonate
of ammonia in excess, then add fjj of liquor
potitssse, and dilute with water, to produce
the required colour.
No. 2.
Nitrate of cobalt may be used, with car-
bonate of ammonia, in the same way as the
last.
Purple.
No. 1.
Sulphate of copper ^, carbonate of
ammonia ^jss, water Oijss.
No. 2.
The last colour, with a small quantity
of the Pink No. 1,
Red.
No. 1.
Macerate powdered cochineal in spirit of
hartshorn, and dilute it with water.
No. 2.
Dissolve carmine in solution of ammonia,,
and dilute it with water.
No. 3.
Wash the best madder two or three
times with cold water, then macerate it in
solution of carbonate of ammonia, filter the
solution, and dilute it with water.
No. 4.
Dissolve madder lake in solution of car-
bonate of ammonia.
Violet.
Ammonio-sulphate of copper, diluted
with water, and enough of the pink colour
No. 1 to produce the required tint.
Yellow.
Bichromate of potash gvj, carbonate of
potash jiv, water ^'^vj.
CoNDiTUM Adrantii. Candied
orange peel.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
Orange peel is immereed in boiling
water until it may be pierced with a straw.
The white inner surface is then removed,
and the pieces of peel are suspended on
strings, and strong syrup poured over
them. They are left in this fjr one or two
686
FORMULA, &c.
days, then put into another portion of
strong syrup, and fresh sugar added to that
which has heen used. This process is con-
tinued until the peels have become suffi-
ciently saturated with sugar,
CojVfectio amygdala. Con-
fection of Almond.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Almond S'^i'j-
Powdered acacia . . ^'.
Sugar ^iv.
Bruise the almond, previously macerated
in cold water, and deprived of its coat, and
rub through a fine metallic sieve ; then, the
other ingredients being added, beat all to-
gether until they are incorporated.
This confection will remain incorrupted
a longer time, if the almond, previously
made, baked and dried, and rubbed into a
very fine powder, be mixed with the acacia
and sugar separately rubbed together, and
the mixed powder be kept in a stoppered
vessel.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
The formula is the same as that of the
Lond. Ph.
Med. Use. — 3J triturated with ^j of
distilled water forms an excellent emulsion,
which is nutritive and emollient.
CoNFECTio ABOMATiCA. Aro-
matic confection.
Lond. Ph. 1850.
9 Cinnamon.
Nutmegs, of each. . . . ^ij.
Cloves l^.
Cardamoms ^ss.
Safiron ^ij.
Prepared chalk «... ^svj.
Sugar Ibij.
Distilled water, as much as may be
sufficient. Eub together the diy ingre-
dients into a very fine powder, and preserve
in a stoppered vessel. But, as often as the
confection is to be used, add f^ij of water
to each ounce of the powder, and mix
all, until incorporated.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Electiiarium
aromaticum.
9 Aromatic powder, 1 part.
Syrup of orange-peel, 2 parts.
Mix them and triturate them into a
uniform paste.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Aromatic powder . . . ^v.
Dried saffron in fine powder . ^ss.
Oil of cloves . . . . , fgss
Simple syrup .... f^v.
Clarified honey, by weight . ^ij.
Rub the aromatic powder with the
saffron, add the syrup and honey, and
heat them together until thoroughly
mixed ; lastly add the oil of cloves,
Med. Use. — Cordial and astringent.
Generally used as a' vehicle for more
active medicines. It should not be given
in combination with acids, acidulous salts,
or metallic solutions, in consequence of the
carbonate of lime which enters into its
composition.
Dose.—gv. V to 3J.
Semarks, — This is the modem repre-
sentative of the old Confectio Baleighana
and Confectio cardiaca.
Confectio aurantii. Confec-
tion of orange peel.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Orange peel, fresh, separated
by a rasp ..... Ibj.
Sugar ffi'ij.
Pound the peel in a stone mortar with
a wooden pestle, then, the sugar being
added, pound again until incorporated,
Conserva aurantii. Conserve
of orange peel.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Grate off the outer rind of bitter oranges
and beat it into a pulp, adding gradually
thrice its weight of white sugar.
Med. Use, — Only employed for its
agreeable flavour as a vehicle for nauseous
medicines.
FORMULA, &c.
687
CoNPECTio CASSIA. ConfecHon
of cassia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
i^ Cassia pulp ftss.
Manna ^ij.
Tamarind pulp . . . . ^j.
Syrup of roses .... f^viij.
Bruise the manna, then dissolve it in
the syrup ; afterwards mix in the cassia
and tamarind pulp, and evaporate the
moisture until a proper consistence is
attained.
Med. Use. — A gentle laxative, well
calculated for children.
■Oose.— 3j. to ^•.
SVIfONYME.
Diacasia cum manna. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
CoNFECTio JAPONICA. Confec-
tion of catechu.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
catechu.
Electuarium
9 Catechu, kino, aa . . . Jiv.
Cinnamon, nutmeg, aa . . ^i.
Opium, diffused in a little
sherry ^iss.
Syrup of red roses, reduced
to the consistence of honey Oiss.
Pulverize the solids, mix the opium and
syrup, then the powders, and beat them
thoroughly into a uniform mass.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Confectio catechu compositum.
{Electuarium catechu composi-
tum.)
9 Compound powder of catechu , ^v.
Simple syrup .... fjv.
Add the syrup gradually to the
powder, and mix them well together.
Med. Use. — Astringent. Employed in
chronic diarrhcEa, dysentery, and hsemor-
rh^es.
Dose. — 3j to 3ij. One ounce of this
electuary, prepared according to the Dubl.
Ph., contains two grains and a half of
opium.
JRemarks. — The above formulae may be
considered as the representatives, in our
modem Pharmacopoeias, of the once ce-
lebrated recipes for Confectio Damocratis
and Theriaca Andromachi.
Confectio damocratis. Mi-
thridatium. Mithridate, or Da-
mocr ales' s confection.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
9 Cinnamon B^iv.
MyiTh . 3xj.
Agaric, Spikenard (Nardus indica).
Ginger, Saffron, Seeds of treacle
mustard {Thlaspi ai-vense), or Mi-
thridate mustard {^Lepidium compes-
tre), Frankincense, Chio turpen-
tine, aa ..... . jx.
Camels' hay (Jiincus odoratus), Costus
(^Costus arabicus), or in its stead
Zedoary, Indian leaf (^Malahathrum
folium), or in its stead Mace, French
lavender, Long pepper. Seeds of
hartwort. Juice of the rape of cistus,
Sti'ained storax, Opoponax, Strained
galbanum, Balsam of Gilead, or in its
stead Expressed oil of nutmegs, Russia
castor, aa ^.
Foley -mountain, Water-germander,
Fruit of balsam tree, or in its stead
Cubebs, White pepper, Seeds of the
carrot of Crete (^Daucus creticns).
Strained bdellium, aa . . . 3vij.
Celtic nard. Gentian root. Leaves of
dittany of Crete (Amaracus dictam-
nus). Red roses, Seeds of Macedonian
parsley. Seeds of lesser Cardamoms,
Seeds of sweet fennel. Gum arable,
Strained opium, aa . . . 3V.
Root of sweet-flag, Root of wild va-
lerian, Aniseed, Strained sagapenum,
aa 3iij.
Spignel, St. John's wort, Juice of acacia,
or in its stead Catechu, the Bellies of
scinks, aa 3iiss.
Clarified honey, three times the weight
of all the rest.
Dissolve the opium first in a little wine,
and then mix it with the honey made hot ;
in the meantime melt together in another
688
FORMULA, &c.
vessel the galbanum, storax, turpentine,
and other ingredients of tliis kind, con-
tinually stirring them, that they may not
burn ; and when these are melted add the
honey by degrees ; last, when the mixture
is nearly cold, add the rest of the species
reduced to powder. (^See Confectio ja-
ponica.)
Med. Use, — This confection was formerly
reputed to contain the antidote for every
known poison.
Thekiaca andromachi. Ve-
nice treacle. London treacle.
Loud. Ph. 1746.
9 Troches of squills, (Baked squills, ^ij ;
Flour, ^ ; made into lozenges and
dried) ....... Ibss.
Long pepper, Strained opium. Dried
vipers, aa ^iij.
Cinnamon, Balsam of Gilead, or in its
stead Expressed oil of nutmeg, aa ^ij.
Agaric, Orris root. Water-germander,
Eed roses. Seeds of navew. Extract
of liquorice, aa . . . . ^jss.
Spikenard, Saffron, Greater carda-
moms, Myrrh, Costus, or in its stead
Zedoary, Camels' hay, aa . . ^.
Cinquefoil root. Rhubarb, Ginger, In-
dian leaf, or in its stead Mace, Dit-
tany of Crete leaves, Horehound,
Calamint, French lavender. Black
pepper. Parsley seeds, Olibanum,
Chio turpentine, Valerian root, aa 3vj.
Gentian root, Celtic nard, Spignel,
Poley-mountain, St. John's wort.
Ground pine, Creeping germander.
Fruit of Balsam tree, or in its stead
Cubebs, Aniseed, Fennel seed. Lesser
cardamoms, Bishop's weed. Hart-
worth, Treacle mustard,1Juice of rape
of cistus. Catechu, Gum arabic,
Storax, Sagapenum, Lemnian earth,
or in its stead Armenian bole, Cal-
cined green vitriol, aa . . ^ss.
Creeping birthwort or Long birthwort,
Lesser centaury, CaiTot of Crete
seeds, Opoponax, Strained Galba.
num, Russia castor, Jew's pitch, or
in its stead White amber, Sweet-flag
root, aa 7ij,
Clarified honey, three times the weight
of all the rest.*
The ingredients are to be mixed in the
same manner as in making the Mithridate.
Med. Use, — The same efficacy was as-
cribed to this compound as to the preceding.
Confectio opii. Confection of
opium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Hard opium, powdered ,
Long pepper, . . ,
Ginger
Caraways . . . .
Tragacanth powder ,
3U-
Syrup f5xvj.
Rub the dry ingredients together to a
very fine powder, and keep them in a co-
vered vessel ; and whenever the confec-
tion is to be used, add f^xvj of syrup
made hot, and mix.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Electuarium
opii.
1^ Aromatic powder .... ^vj.
[Senega, in fine powder . . _^iij.
Opium, diffused in a little
sherry ^ss.
Syrup of ginger .... Ibj.
Mix them together, and beat them into
an electuary,
Med. Use. — Aromatic and narcotic.
Employed in flatulent colic and diarrhoea ;
in the latter complaint, usually as an ad-
junct to the chalk mixture.
Dose, gr, x. to 3J. The London prepara-
tion contains gr. j of opium in gr. xxxvj of
confection. The Edinburgh preparation
contains gr. j of opium in gr. xliij of con-
fection.
Remarks. — The above formula; may bo
considered as the representatives, in our
modem Pharmacopoeias, of the once cele-
brated recipes for —
Philonidm londinense. Phi-
Ionium Romanum, London phi-
Ionium.
FORMULA, &c.
689
Lond. Ph. 1746.
^ White pepper, Ginger, Cara-
way seeds, aa . . . . ^ij.
Strained opium .... 3vj.
Diacodion (syrup of poppies), boiled
to the consistence of honey, three
times the weight of all the rest.
Mix carefully the opium, dissolved first
ia wine, with the syrup waraied, and then
add the other species, reduced to powder.
See Confectio (ypii,
CONFECTIO PIPERIS. Confcc-
tion of pepper.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Black pepper. Elecampane, aa Ibj.
Fennel seed Ibiij.
Honey,
Sugar, aa Ibij.
Rub the dry ingredients together, to a
very fine powder, and keep them in a
covered vessel; and whenever the con-
fection is to be used, the honey being
added, pound them until incorporated.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Electuarium
piperis.
^ Black pepper,
Liquorice root, in powder, aa Ibj.
Fennel seeds ftiij.
Honey,
White sugar, aa . . . . Ibij.
Triturate the solids together into a very
fine powder, add the honey, and beat the
whole into a uniform mass.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Confectio piperis nigri.
l^ Black pepper, in fine powder.
Liquorice root, in powder,aa ^ss.
Refined sugar .... ^j.
Oil of fennel f ^ss
Clarified honey, by weight , ^ij
Rub the dry substances together into a
very fine powder, then add the honey and
oil, and beat them into a uniform mass.
Med. Use. — Recommended for fistulse
and piles. It is calculated to do harm in
cases attended with inflammatory symp-
toms.
Dose.—-^ to 3iij two or three times
a day.
Bemarks. — The above confection has
long been sold as a nostrum, under the
name of Ward's Paste for the Files, and
has been esteemed an excellent remedy.
Ward was originally a footman, and while
travelling abroad with his master, is said
to have obtained this and other recipes
from the monks.
Confectio ros^ canine.
Confection of dog rose or hip.
Conserva cynoshali.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Conf. rosce
canince.
9^ Dog rose, stoned . . . .Ibj.
Powdered sugar .... ^xx.
Rub the rose with the sugar gradually
added, until incorporated.
Med. Use. — This is intended as a reci-
pient for more active substances.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Conserva
roscefructus.
Take any convenient quantity of hips,
carefully deprived of their carpels; beat
them to a fine pulp, adding gradually
thrice their weight of white sugar.
Confectio ros^. Confection
of rose.
Confectio Rosae Gallicae Ph. 1836.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 French rose, fresh . . , Ibj.
Sugar Ibiij.
Pound the rose in a stone mortar ; then,
the sugar being added, pound again until
incorporated.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Conserva
rosce.
Beat the petals of the rosa gallica to a
pulp, gradually adding twice their weight
of white sugar.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Dried petals of the gallic rose ^.
Rose water ^Su*
Refined sugar .... 3viij.
2 Y
690
FORMULA, &c.
Macerate the petals in the rose water for
two hours, add the sugar gnidually, and
beat them into a iiniform mass.
°^>
9* Fresh petals of the Gallic
rose ^iij.
Refined sugar .... S^iij.
Rub the petals in a mortar, then add the
sugar gradually, and beat them together
till they are intimately mixed.
Med. Use. — A vehicle for more active
substances.
CONFECTIO RUT.E.
of rue.
Confection
Lond. Ph. 1851.
ty Rue freshly powdered.
Bay berries, aa . . . ^iss
Prepared sagapenum . . ^ss.
Black pepper . . . • 3ij.
Honey , ^xvj.
Distilled water, as much as
may be sufficient.
Rub the dry ingredients together into a
very fine powder, then, the sagapenum and
honey being melted in the water over a
slow fire, gradually add the powder, and
mix all.
Med, Use. — Antispasmodic and carmi-
native. It is found beneficial in the con-
vulsive affections of infants, in the form of
enema.
Dose.— 5j to 3J.
CONFECTIO SCAMMONII. CoH-
fection of scamraony.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Scammony, powdered . . ^jss.
Cloves, bruised.
Ginger, powdered, aa . . jvj.
Oil of caraway .... fjss.
Syrup of rose . . . . q. s.
Rub the dry ingredients together to
very fine powder, and preserve them ; then,
when the confection is required for use,
the syrup being gradually poured in, rub
again ; lastly, the oil of caraway being
added, mix them all.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Scammony, in fine powder . ^iij.
Ginger, in fine powder . . ^iss.
Oil of caraway . . . . f3J.
„ cloves f3ss.
Simple syrup .... f^iij.
Clarified honey, by weight . ^iss.
Beat the powders with the synip and
honey into a uniform mass, then add the
oils, and mix all well together.
Med. Use. — A warm cathartic.
Dose. — jss to 5J, in a bolus.
Stnonyme.
Electuarium Caryocostinum, — Lond.
Ph. 1721.
CONPECTIO SEMINLS ClUfM.
Canfectio cince. Confection of
Worm seed.
Ph. Slesvico-Holsat. 1831.
Introduce ^ij of worm seed into a pan
heated over a gentle fire, add ^iv of white
sugar boiled to a tabular consistence,
constantly moving the pan, and stirring
the ingredients until they become dry.
Pick out those seeds that are covered with
sugar, and repeat the process to the others.
A process the same as the above is
given in the Ph. Suecica, 1845.
CONFECTIO SENIf^. Confcc-
tion of senna.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Senna S^"j-
Figs Bb>
Prepared tamarind,
„ cassia,
„ prime, aa . . Ibss.
Coriander ^iv.
Fresh liquorice, bruised . ^iij.
Sugar Rijss.
Distilled water .... Oiij.
Rub the senna with the coriander, and
separate 10 ounces of the mixed powder
with a sieve. Boil down the water, the
fig and liqxiorice being added, to a half;
then, press out and strain. Evaporate the
strained liquor in a water bath, until from
the whole 24 fluid ounces remain ; then,
the sugar being added, let a syi-up be made.
FORMULA, &c.
691
Mix in the cassia, tamarind, and prune to
this ; and, a little while before they shall
have cooled, the sifted powder being gradu-
ally added, constantly stir with a spatula,
until incorporated.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Electuariim
sennce.
^ Senna S^iij-
Coriander S'^-
Liquorice-root, bruised . . ^"J-
Figs B5j-
Pulp of prunes .... Ibj.
White sugar .... ffiijss.
Water Oiiji-
Powder the senna and coriander; sift
out ten ounces of the mixture ; boil the
residue, with the figs and liquorice, in the
water down to one-half; express and
strain the liquor, and evaporate it to 24
ounces; dissolve in this the sugar, and
add the liquid by degrees to the pulp of
prunes ; mix gradually the powder, and
triturate the whole carefully to a uniform
pulp.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
f3ss.
5".
9 Senna, in fine powder
Coriander, in fine powder
Oil of caraway .
Pulp of prunes
„ tamarinds
Brown sugar .
Water .
Dissolve the sugar in the water, and
beat the pulps with the syrup to a uniform
consistence ; having stirred in the powders
and oil of caraway, mix all well together,
and heat the mass thoroughly in a water-
bath for 10 minutes.
Med. Use. — An efficient but mild pur-
gative.
X>ose.— 3j. to 3ij.
SYNONYME.
Electuarium Lenitivum. — Lend. 1746.
Lenitive Electuary.
CONFECTIO SULPHURIS.
fection of sulpliur.
Con-
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Sublimed sulphur . . . ^ij.
Bitartrate of potash . . . Jj.
Clarified honey, by weight . ^j*
Syrup of ginger,
,, saffron, aa . . . f^s.
Triturate all the ingredients in a mortar,
until they are intimately mixed.
CONFECTTO TEREBINTHIN^.
Confection of turpentine.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Oil of turpentine . . . . f^j-
Liquorice root, in powder . l^.
Clarified honey, by weight . ^ij.
Rub the oil of turpentine with the
liquorice powder, then add the honey, and
beat them all together into a uniform con-
sistence.
CoNSEBVA cocHLiARi^. Con-
serve of scurvy grass.
Ph. Austr. 1836.
^t Fresh scurvy gi-ass . . . Ibj.
Powdered sugar .... Biij.
Pound the scurvy grass in a marble
mortar with a wooden pestle, and add the
sugar by degrees.
CONSERVA NASTURTII. CoUr
serve of Water-cresses.
Ph. Grseca, 1837.
9 Fresh water-cresses . • 1 part.
Sugar 3 „
Pound the water-cresses in a stone
mortar, until reduced to a pulpy consist-
ence, then add the sugar and mix them
together.
CoRNU. Horn of the Cervus
Elaphus.
Lond. «& Edin. Ph.
CoRNU USTUM. Burnt horn.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
Bum fragments of horns in an open
vessel, until they become entirely white;
then pulverise, and prepare them in the
same manner as was directed concerning
chalk.
2 Y 2
692
FORMULA, &c.
iVoic?.— When this has been well burnt,
it is almost entirely dissolved in nitric
acid ; then lime is separated by oxalate of
ammonia, whilst phosphoric acid is sepa-
rated by nitrate of lead,
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Phosphate of lime, prepared from horn
by file.
Crayons.
Soft, fine-grained charcoal, such as tliat
from the wood of the willow, is cut into
pieces of the required size ; these are put
into a pipkin with melted wax, and kept
over a slow fire for half an hour. They
are then taken out and drained on blot-
ting-paper in a warm place. Red, black,
or other coloured chalk, may be treated in
the same way.
Cbeasoton. Creosote. Kreosote
A colourless, transparent liquid, of high
refractive power. Sp. gr, 1-037 to 1-06.
Boiling point 39?° Fahr. It dissolves in
about 80 or 100 parts of water, and is
■very soluble in alcohol and in acetic acid.
It possesses powerful antiseptic properties.
It is obtained by distilling tar, when an
oil passes over containing a good deal of
creasote mixed with other substances;
from these it is separated by adding car-
bonate of potash to saturate any acid pre-
sent ; the oil is then distilled with water,
treated with dilute sulphuric acid to sepa-
rate ammonia, again distilled, the oily
product treated with caustic solution of
potash of sp. gr. 1'12, which dissolves
the creasote. This alkaline solution is
supersaturated with diluted sulphuric acid,
and the impure creasote which separates,
is purified by repeated distillation and
treatment with caustic potash and diluted
sulphuric acid.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
An" oxyhydrocarburet, prepared from
pyroxylic oil.
Destitute of colour, with a peculiar
odour, it is dissolved in acetic acid. The
specific gravity is 1*046. When dropped
upon bibulous paper, a boiling heat being
applied for a little while, it flies off, and
does not leave a perlucid stain.
Edin. Ph. 1841,
Note. — Colourless, and remains so
under sunshine: density 1066: entirely
and easily soluble in its own volume of
acetic acid: a drop on white filtering
paper heated for ten minutes about 212^^,
leaves no translucent stain,
Med. Use. — Principally used as a styp-
tic to arrest haemorrhage; as an applica-
tion to indolent ulcers, to chronic venereal
ulceration, to ulcerated chilblains, in
chronic skin diseases, and as an injection
in leucorrhcea.
Dose. — Tr\j to rn,ij gradually increased
to V(\v, dissolved in at least an ounce or an
ounce and a half of water. As an exter-
nal application, see Unguentum creasoti.
Cketa. Chalk.
Impure carbonate of lime.
Creta pk^pauata. Prepared
chalk.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
A friable carbonate of lime, rubbed into
a very fine powder and elutriated.
Nearly the whole is dissolved in diluted
hydrochloric acid, evolving bubbles of car-
bonic acid. This solution neither throws
down anything on hydrosulphuric acid
being added, nor, after it has been boiled,
on the addition of ammonia, or lime water
in excess.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of chalk;
triturate it well in a mortar with a little
water; then pour it into a large vessel
nearly full of water, and agitate briskly ;
allow it to rest for a short time, and pour
the milky water into another vessel, in
which the fine suspended chalk is to be left
slowly to subside ; repeat this process with
the coarsely powdered chalk which sub-
sided quickly in the first vessel ; collect the
fine powder in the second vessel on a filter
of linen or calico, and dry it.
FORMULA, &c.
693
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Chalk, Rjj
Water a sufficient quantity.
Reduce the chalk to a fine powder, and
having triturated this in a large mortar
with as much water as will give it the con-
sistence of cream, fill the mortar with
water, and stir well, giving the whole a
circular motion; allow the mixture to
stand for 15 seconds, and then decant the
milky liquid into a large vessel. Triturate
what remains in the mortar, addihg as
much water as was previously used, and
after allowing it to settle for 15 seconds,
again decant, and let this process be re-
peated several times ; let the fine sediment
which subsides from the decanted liquids,
be transferred to a calico filter, and dried at
a temperature not exceeding 212°.
Med. Use. — Antacid. Given as an
astringent in various forms of diarrhoea.
Employed extensively in tooth powders.
Ihse-'^j to 5ij.
Creta galuca. French chalk.
Steatite. Soap-stone.
A sofl magnesian mineral ; 4 species of
indurated talc, consisting of about 66
parts silica, 30 parts magnesia, and 4 parts
oxide of iron.
Cup, antimonial. Emetic cup.
A small cup made of metallic antimony
was formerly used for preparing emetic
wine, by leaving wine in it for 12 hours.
Cup, Chinese purging.
Made of red sulphuret of arsenic ; wine
left in it over night, was drank in the
morning as a purge.
Cuprum. Copper.
Symbol Ca. Equivalent 32.
This metal occurs abundantly in Corn-
wall, in combination with sulphur. Alloyed
with about 30 per cent, of zinc, it forms
Brass. Alloyed with different proportions
of tin, it forms Gun-metal, Bell-metal, and
Speculum-metal; and with zinc and tin, it
forms Bronze.
CUPRI AMMONIO-SULPHAS. Ani-
monio-sulphate of copper.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Sulphate of copper . . . . ^^
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia . ^ss.
Rub them together until carbonic acid
ceases to evolve ; then diy the ammonio-
sulphate of copper, wrapped in bibulous
paper, in the air.
Pulverulent, azure colour, by heat it is
changed into oxide of copper, sesquicarbonate
of ammonia being first evolved, afterwards
sulphate. It is dissolved in water. This
solution changes the colour of turmeric to
brown, and assumes a green colour on
arsenious acid being added.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Cuprum am-
moniatum.
9' Sulphate of copper . . . ^ij.
Carbonate of ammonia . . ^iij.
Triturate them thoroughly together, till
effervescence ceases, wrap the product in
blotting-paper, and dry it first by folds of
blotting-paper, afterwards by exposure to
the air for a little, and preserve it in closely-
stopped bottles.
Note. — This is sulphate of copper and
ammonia : ammoniacal sulphate of copper.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Cupri Ammonio-sulphas.
9 Sulphate of copper . . , ^ij
Commercial sesquicarbonate
of ammonia .... ^iij.
Rub them together in a porcelain mortar
until effervescence has ceased, then roll up
the residue in bibulous paper, and place it
upon a porous brick. When dry let it be
enclosed in a bottle furnished with a well-
fitted stopper.
Med. Use. — Chiefly employed in epi-
lepsy.
Dose. — Gr. i twice a day, gradually in-
creasing the dose.
Liquor cupri ammonio-sul-
ruATis, Lond. Ph. 1851. Cupri
ammofiiati solutio, Edin. Ph.
1841.
694
FOUMULtE, &c.
Lond. Ph. 1851, & Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Ammonio-sulphate of copper . jj*
Distilled water Oj.
Dissolve the ammonio-sulphate of cop-
per in the water, and strain.
CuPBi DiNiODii>UM. Diniodide
of copper. Symbol Cu* I.
Dissolve 1 part of sulphate of copper,
and 3 parts of sulphate of iron, in distilled
water, and add a solution of iodide of po-
tassium as long as a precipitate is formed.
Wash this precipitate, and dry it with
a gentle heat. It is of a dirty-white
colour.
Remarks. — If sulphate of copper alone
be used, only one-half of the iodine is pre-
cipitated, the other half being set free, as no
protoiodide of copper exists.
CuPRi SULPHAS. Sulphate of
copper. Roman vitriol. Blue
vitriol. Blue copperas. Blue
stone.
This, which is the most abundant of the
salts of copper, is obtained by the oxidation
of the native sulphuret of copper, or copper
pyrites. Sulphuret is roasted, and then
exposed to the joint action of moisture and
atmospheric air, under which circumstances
the copper is converted into oxide, and the
sulphur into sulphuric acid, which combine
to form the salt. This is separated from
impurities by lixiviation and crystalliza-
tion.
The sulphate of copper of commerce is
sometimes found to contain a large quan-
tity of sulphate of iron, which arises from
its having been made from pyrites contain-
ing iron and copper.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
CuPRi SULPHAS. Sulphate of
copper.
^ Commercial sulphate of copper Ibiv-
Boiling distilled water, , . Oiv.
Pour the water on the sulphate, and
apply heat, frequently shaking, until dis-
solved. Strain the solution whilst yet hot,
and set aside that crystals may form.
^viij.
^ss.
^ss.
3y-
Evaporate the liquor ponred off, that it
may go again into crystals. Dry all these.
It is dissolved in water. Whatever
ammonia throws down from this solution,
an excess of ammonia dissolves again.
Curry powder.
No. 1.— (Good.)
^ Turmeric powder ' .
Coriander-seed powder
Black pepper
Foenugreek .
Ginger . .
Cayenne pepper
Cummin-seed
Mis.
No. 2.
5? Turmeric powder
Coriander-seed powder
Black pepper .
Ginger . .
Cayenne pepper .
Scorched mustard
Mace
Mix.
No. 3.
]^ Turmeric powder
Coriander-seed powder
Black pepper .
Cayenne pepper .
Scorched mustard
Mace ....
Cinnamon . .
Cardamoms . .
Mix.
Damson cheese.
Boil damson fruit with a small quantity
of water, and afterwards rub the pulp
through a sieve. To each pound of this
pulp add a quarter of a pound of sugar,
and boil them together until the mixture,
on cooling, becomes firm.
Decoctum album. Emulsio
Cornu cervi.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
1^ Burnt hartshorn . . . . ^ss .
Gum arable _^ss.
Distilled water .... Ibj.
Syrup of almonds . . . iss.'
3J-
3J-
3y.
FORMULA, &c.
695
Boil the hartshorn and gum with the
water, slightly, and when cold add the
syrup.
Decoctum aloes compositum.
Compound decoction of aloes.
Load. Ph. 1851.
^ Extract of liquorice . . . 3vij.
Carbonate of potash , . . jj.
Aloes powdered,
Myrrh, powdered.
Saffron, aa 5iss.
Compound tincture of carda-
moms f^^'y-
Distilled water .... Ojss.
Boil down the liquorice, carbonate of
potash, aloes, myrrh, and saffron, with
the water, to a pint, and strain ; then add
the compound tincture of cardamoms.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Decoctum aloes.
j^ Socotrine or Hepatic aloes,
Powder of myrrh.
Saffron, aa . . . . . 5J.
Extract of liquorice . • . ^ss.
Carbonate of potash . . . ^ij.
Compound tincture of carda-
moms f^i^*
Water f^xvi.
Mix the aloes, myrrh, saffron, liquorice*
and carbonate of potash with the water ;
boil down to 12 ounces : filter, and add the
CMnpound tincture of cardamoms.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Decoctum aloes compositum.
"^ Hepatic aloes, in powder . . jiss.
Myrrh, in powder,
Saffron, chopped fine, aa . 3J.
Pure carbonate of potash . ^ij.
Extract of liquorice • . . ^ss.
Water S^iv.
Compound tincture of cardamoms, as
much as is sufficient.
Rub the aloes, myrrh, and carbonate of
jwtash together, then add the saffron and
extract of liquorice, and boil for 10
minutes, in a covered vessel ; cool, strain
through flannel, and add of compound
tincture of cardamoms as much as will
make f^'^^J*
Med, Use. — This is a warm yet gentle
cathartic, useful in habitual costiveness,
dyspepsia, jaundice, and chlorosis.
Dose. — From one to two ounces.
SYNONYME.
Baumc de vie.
Decoctum ALTHE.E. Decoction
of marshmallow.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
1^ Herb and root of marsh-
mallow, dried and bruised ^iv.
Baisins, stoned .... ,^ij.
Water. Ovij.
Boil down to 5 pints. Having strained
the liquor, set it aside until the fsces have
subsided, and decant.
Med. Use. — An agreeable diluent and
demulcent. Employed in visceral in-
flammations and irritation.
Dose. — From Oj to Oiij may be taken
in the course of the day.
Decoctum amyli. Decoction
of starch.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
5f starch, 3iv; Water, Oj. Rub the
starch with the water gradually poured in,
then boil a little while.
Med. Use. — Used for enemas, in diar-
rhcea and dysentery.
Decoctum arnicje. Decoction
of arnica.
Ph. Castr. Austr. 1841.
^ Arnica root 5ij.
Water |ix.
Boil them, until reduced to ^vi, and
then strain.
Decoctum aven^. GnieL
Mix ^ of oatmeal or groats with ^'y of
cold water, then add Oiij of boiling water.
Boil for an hour, and strain through a hair
sieve.
M^d.}, Use. — The same as Decoctum
amyli.
696
FORMULiE, &c.
DeCOCTUM CETRARIiE. DecOC-
iion of liverwort.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Liverwort 3 v.
Water . . . . . . Ojss.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Decoctum Lickenis Islandici.
9 Iceland moss . . . • . .y.
Water Oiss.
Wash the moss in cold water, to remove
impurities, then boil it for 10 minutes, in
a covered vessel, and strain while hot.
The product should measure about Oj.
Med, Use. — It_ is a mucilaginous or de-
mulcent tonic.
Dose. — f^ to f^iv every four hours.
Decoctum CHiMAPHiii^!. De-
coction of wintergreen or pyrola.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Wintergreen or pyrola • . ^.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Decoctum Pyrolce.
9 Leaves of winter green, dried J^s.
Water Oss.
Boil for 10 minutes in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8 ounces.
Med. Use. — Diuretic, tonic, and occa-
sionally laxative, and has been found very
useful in dropsy combined with great
debility.
Dose. — Two "or three ounces three or
four times a day.
Decoctum ciNCHONiE. Decoc-
tion of cinchona bark.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Yellow Cinchona, bruised , jx.
Distilled water . . . , Oj.
Boil for 10 minutes in a closed vessel,
and strain the liquor whilst yet hot.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Crown, gray, yellow, or red
cinchona, bruised . . i^.
Water f^xsiv.
Boil for 10 minutes, let the decoction
cool, then filter it, and evaporate to f^xvj.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Peruvian Bark (Crown or pale) in
coarse powder .... ^ss.
Water Oss.
Boil for 10 minutes, in a covered vessel,
and strain while hot. The product should
measure about eight ounces.
Decoctum cinchona pallida.
Decoction of pale cinchona bark.
Decoctum cinchona rubr>e.
Decoction of red cinchona bark.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare these in the same way as
Decoctum Cinchonse is directed to be
prepared.
Med. Use. — Tonic, anti-periodic; given
when the powder is rejected by the sto-
mach.
Dose.— }^ to ^iv three or four times a
day.
Decoctum corn us florid^.
Decoction of dogwood.
U. S. Ph. 1840.
9 Dogwood bark, bruised . . ^,
Water Oj.
Boil for ten minutes in a covered vessel^
and strain the liquor while hot.
Med. Use. — Given as a tonic ; and has-
been recommended as a substitute for
Peruvian bark.
Dose. — Two fluid ounces.
Decoctum cydoni^. Decoo-
tion of quince [seed.]
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Quince [seeds] .... gij.
Distilled water .... Oj.
Boil with a slow fire for ten minutes j
afterwards strain.
FORMULiE, &c.
607
Med. Use. — As an application to erysi-
pelatous surfaces; in aphthous affections
and excoriations of the mouth.
DeCOCTUM DULCAMARiE. Dc-
coctiofi oftooody nightshade.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Woody nightshade, sliced . . 3X.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Dulcamara, chopped down ^.
Water f^xxiv.
Mix them, boil, and concentrate by
evaporation to 16 fluidounces.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Twigs of woody nightshade, dried ^ss.
Water Oss.
Boil for 10 minutes, in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about ^viij.
Med. Use. — Diuretic and narcotic.
Dose. — From f3iv to ^, three times a
day.
Decoctum GALii^. Decoction
of galls.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Bruised gall-nut .... ^ijss.
Distilled water .... Oij,
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Decoctum gkanate. Decoc-
tion of pomegranate.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^' Pomegranate (rind) . . . 5ij.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Decoctum granate radicis.
Decoction of pomegranate root.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Pomegranate root, sliced, . ^ij.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Decoctum GEOFFROYiE iner-
MI8. Decoction of cabbage tree.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
9 Bark of the cabbage tree, bruised ^.
Water Oij.
Boil down to a pint, and to the strained
liquor add two ounces of syrup of orange
peel.
Med. Use. — Cathartic and sedative.
Chiefly used for the expulsion of lumbrici.
Dose. — From f^s to f^ij.
Decoctum guaiaci. Decoc-
tion of guaiac.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Guaiac turnings .... ^\].
Raisins 5ij.
Sassafras, rasped, and,
Liquorice root, bruised, aa . |j.
Water Oviij.
Boil the guaiac and raisins with the
water gently down to five pints, adding the
liquorice ' and sassafras towards the end.
Strain the decoction.
Med. Use. — In chronic rheumatism, and
certain skin diseases.
Dose. — From ^iv. to ^xvi. in the course
of the day.
Decoctum h^ematoxyli. De-
coction of logwood.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Logwood, sliced, .... 3x1.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Boil down to one pint, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Logwood, in chips . . , ^j.
Water Oj.
Cinnamon, in powder. . . 3J.
Boil the logwood in the water down to
10 fluidounces, adding the cinnamon to-
wards the end, and then strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Logwood, in small chips . . Jj.
Water Oss.
Boil for 10 minutes in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about eight ounces.
Med. Use. — Astringent. Useful in diar-
rhcea and dysentery.
Dose. — ^ to ,^iij.
698
FORMULA, &c.
Decoctum helicum pomatia-
RUM COMPOSITUM. Lac asininum
artificiale. Compound decoction
of snails. Artificial asses' milk.
Ph. Hannov. nova, 1831.
9^ Snails from a vineyard . . No. 6.
Hartshorn shavings . . 3iij.
Pearl hai-ley .... 3iij.
Distilled water .... Ibij.
Boil to make H5j of strained decoction,
and add, Syrup of maidenhair ^j.
Mix.
Decoctum hordei. Decoction
of barley.
Ix)nd. Ph. 1851.
9r Barley (pearl barley) . . ^ijss.
Water Oivss.
First wash away with water the foreign
matters adhering to the barley seeds ; after-
wards, half a pint of the water being poured
upon them, boil the seeds a little while.
This water being thrown away, pour on
[the seeds] that which is left, first made
hot; then boil down to two pints and
strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Pearl barley ..... ^iss.
Water. ...... Oiss.
Wash the barley in cold water, reject the
washings, and then boil for twenty minutes
in a covered vessel, and strain.
Med. Use. — As a diluent in fevers and
acute diseases.
Dose. — Ad libitum.
STNONYME.
Barley water.
DeCOCTUM hordei COM-
POSITUM. Compound decoction
of barley.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
^ Decoction of barley ' . . . Oij,
P'igs, sliced S'J^^*
Liquorice root, bruised « . 3v.
Kaisins (stoned) .... ^ijss.
Water Oj.
Boil down to two pints, and strain.
Med. Use, — A useful demulcent in fever,
phthisis, gonorrhoea, and strangury.
Dose. — Ad libitum.
DeCOCTUM ICHTHYOCOLLiE. Dc-
coctum lusitanicum. Decoction of
isinglass.
Codex Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
9 Sarsaparilla ^iij.
Sassafras bark |j.
Sassafras wood . . . . ^.
Boiling water Ibix.
Isinglass ^iij.
Macerate the four first ingredients for
12 hours, then boil them, and add the
isinglass dissolved in sufficient water to
make ffiviij of the strained liquor. Some-
times ^ij of sulphuret of antimony, tied in
a piece of linen, is suspended in the vessel
during the boiling.
DeCOCTUM riNI COMPOSITUM.
Compound decoction of linseed.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Linseed ^.
Liquorice root, bruised . . ^ss.
Water Oiss.
Boil for ten minutes, in a covered vessel,
and strain while hot.
DeCOCTUM MALViE COMPOSI-
TUM. Compound decoction of
mallow.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Mallow, dried ^.
Chamomile, dried .... ^ss.
Water Oj.
Boil for a quarter of an hour, and strain.
Med. Use. — Employed for fomentations
and enemata.
Decoctum mezerei. Decoc-
tion of mezereon.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Mezereon, in chips . . . jij.
Liquorice root, bruised . . ^ss.
Water Oij.
Mix them, and boil down with a gentle
heat to a pint and a half, and then strain.
FORMULAE, &c.
699
Med. Use. — As a sudorific in secondary-
syphilis and chronic rheumatism,
Dose. — From fjiv to f^vi.
Decoctum myrrhs. Decoc-
tion of myrrh.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9" Myn-h jij.
Water ^viiiss.
Triturate the myrrh with the water
gradually added, then boil for ten minutes
in a covered vessel, and strain. The pro-
duct should measure about eight ounces.
Decoctum papaveris. Decoc-
tion of poppy.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Poppy capsules, broken . . ^iv.
Water Oiv.
Boil for a quarter of an hour, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Poppy capsules, broken . . 3iv.
Water Oiij.
Boil for a quarter of an hour, and strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ White poppy capsules, sliced
or bruised ^iv.
Water Oiij.
Boil for ten minutes in a covered vessel,
and strain.
Med. Use. — As an anodyne fomenta-
tion.
Decoctum PAREiRiS. Decoc-
tion of pareira.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sliced pareira . . . . §x.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Boil down to one pint, and strain.
Decoctum quercus. Decoction
of oak bark.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Oak bark, bruised . . . 3X.
Water Oij.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Dobl. Ph. 1850.
^ Oak bark, bruised . . . 'i^iss.
Water Oiss.
Boil for 10 minutes, in a covered vessel,
and strain.
Med. Use. — Chiefly as a local astringent
in the forms of gargle, lotion, or injec-
tion; as a gargle in relaxation of the
uvula and in cynanche ; as an injection
in prolapse of the vagina, uterus, or rec-
tum; it has been found serviceable when
given internally in obstinate diarrhoeas,
and alvine haemorrhages.
Dose. — ^ to ^ij.
Decoctum sarz^. Decoction
ofsarza, L. E. Decoctum sarsa-
parillcB, D.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sarza, sliced ^r.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oiv.
Boil down to two pints, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Sarza, in chips .... ^r. '-
Boiling water .... Oiv.
Digest the root in the water for two
hours at a temperature somewhat below
ebullition; take out the root, bruise it,
replace it, boil down to two pints, and
then squeeze out the decoction, and strain
it.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Sarsaparilla root, sliced . . ^ij.
Boiling water .... Oiss.
Digest the sarsaparilla with the water
for one hour, then boil for 10 minutes, in a
covered vessel, cool and strain. The product
should measure a little more than Oj.
Med. Use. — Alterative and demulcent.
Dose. — From f^iv to f^viij three or
four times a-day.
Decoctum sarz^ compositum.
Compound decoction of sarza, L.
E. Decoctum sarsaparilUe comp.
D.
700
FORMULyE, &c.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Decoction of sai-za, boiling hot, Oiv.
Sassafras, sliced,
Guaiacum wood, rasped,
Liquorice [root] bruised, aa . 3X.
Mezereon [bark of the root] . jiij.
Boil for a quarter of an hour, and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
The same 'as the London, except that
half an ounce of mezereon is ordered.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Sarsaparilla root, sliced . . ^ij,
Sassafras root, in chips,
Guaiacum wood, turnings.
Liquorice root, bruised, of
each 3ij.
Mezereon root-bark . . . 3J,
Boihng water Oiss.
Digest all the ingredients with the water
in a covered vessel, for one hour, then boil
for 10 minutes, cool, and strain. The pro-
duct should measure a little more than
Oj.
Med. C/se.— Diaphoretic and alterative ;
used in the treatment of secondary syphilis,
chronic rheumatism, lepra, and other
cutaneous affections.
Dose. — f ^iv to f ^vj three times a day.
Decoctum scoparii. Decoc-
tion of broom.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9^ Broom tops, dried . . . ^ss.
Water Oss.
Boil for 10 minutes, in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about eight ounces.
Decoctum scoparii composi-
TUM. Compound decoction of
broom.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
'^. Broom [fresh tops].
Juniper fruit, bruised.
Dandelion [root] bruised, aa ^ss.
Distilled water . . . Oiss.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Broom tops, and
Juniper- tops, aa . . . 5ss.
Bitartrate of potash . . jijss,
Water Ojss.
Boil them together down to a pint, and
then strain.
Med. Use. — As a diuretic in dropsy.
Dose.— f^j to f ^iv three or four times
a day.
Decoctum seneg.e. Decoc-
tion of senega.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Senega 3s.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Med. Use. — A stimulating expectorant
in chronic bronchitis; it also acts as a
diuretic ; in large doses it is emetic and
cathartic.
Dose. — f ^j to f ^iij three or four times
a day.
Decoctum secalis cornuti,
Decoctum ergoti. Decoction of
ergot of rye.
5^ Ergot of rye 3J.
Water ^vj.
Boil for ten minutes in a lightly-covered
vessel, and strain.'
Dose. — One-third the above every half-
hour until the whole is taken. In partu-
rition. (Pereira.)
Decoctum taraxaci. Decoc-
tion of taraxacum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Dandelion, bruised . . . Jiv.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
■ Boil down to Oj, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Taraxacum, herb and root,
fresh ^vij.
Water Oij.
Boil together down to one pint, and
then strain.
FORMULAE, &c.
701
Med. Use. — Tonic, in chronic diseases
of the digestive apparatus ; it also acts as
a purgative.
Dose. — f Jj to f^iij.
DeCOCTUM TORMENTILLiE. De-
coction of tormentil.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Toi-mentil, bi-uised . . . ^ij.
Distilled water .... Ojss.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Med. Use. — An astringent and tonic in
chronic diarrhcea.
Dose. — S^ to f^iij, three or four times
a day.
Decoctum ulmi. Decoction of
elm (bark).
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^' Elm [bark], li-esh, bruised . .^ijss.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Boil down to a pint, and strain.
Med. Use. — Fonnerly employed in cer-
tain forms of skin disease, as in herpetic
eruptions.
Dose. — f^iv to f^vj, three times a day.
Decoctum uv^ ursi. Decoc-
tion of whortleberry.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^.' Whortleberry (leaves), bruised ^.
Distilled water .... Ojss,
Boil down to a pint^ and strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
I^ Uva ursi leaves, bruised . . ^ss.
Water ...... Oss.
Boil for 10 minutes, in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8oz,
Med. Use. — A tonic, much recommended
in affections of the urinary organs.
Dose. — f^ to ^iij, three times a day.
Decoctum veratki. Decoc-
tion of white hellebore.
Loud. Ph. 1836.
9 White hellebore [root],
bruised . . . . . . jx.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Kectified spirit j • , . f^iij.
Boil the hellebore in the water down to
a pint, and when it has cooled, add the
spirit, then press and strain.
Med. Use. — Used only externally as a
lotion in scabies, tinea capitis, and other
cutaneous diseases.
Decoctum Zittmanni fortius.
Zittnianrts decoction {strong).
Ph. Borussica, 1847, and Ph.
Austriaca, 1855.
^ Sarsaparilla, cut . . . ^xij.
Water ffilsxij.
White sugar,
Alum, in powder, aa . . 5vi. '
Calomel ^ss.
Cinnabar . . . . . 3J.
Bruised aniseed,
„ fennel seed, aa . ^ss.
Senna |iij.
Liquorice root, bruised . ^iss.
Digest the sarsaparilla in the water for
24 hours ; then suspend the sugar, alum,
calomel, and cinnabar, inclosed in a linen
bag, in the liquor, and boil it until reduced
to 24 pounds, adding the other ingredients
towards the end of the process. Finally
press, strain, and, after some time, decant
the liquor.
The Fh. Suecica, 1845, gives a formula
the same as the above, but directs the re-
sulting decoction to be put into bottles
containing Ibj each.
In the Codex Medicamentarius Ham-
hergensis, 1845, the formula differs, inas-
much as only 24 pounds of water are di-
rected to be used, and it is ordered to be
boiled until reduced to 16 pounds. The
resulting decoction is directed to be put
into eight bottles.
SYNONTME.
Decoctum Sarsaparillce Compositum
forte.
Decoctum Zittmanni mitius.
Zittmann's decoction, (weak.)
Ph. Borussica, 1847, and Ph.
Austriaca, 1855.
702
FORMULAE, &c.
^ The residue left from Ibxxiv. of the
strong decoction.
Sarsaparilla, cut . . , ^vj.
Water ...... ffikxij.
Lemon peel, bruised,
Cinnamon bark, bruised,
Cardamoms, bruised,
Liquorice root, bruised, aa 5iij.
Boil the residue of the strong decoc-
tion, with the water and the sarsaparilla,
until reduced to 24 pounds, adding the
other ingredients towards the end of the
process. Finally press, strain, and after
some time decant the liquor.
The Fh. Suecica, 1845, gives a formula
which differs only from the foregoing in
ordering 3viij. of lemon peel, and 3vj. of
liquorice root.
In the Codex Medicamentarius Ham-
hergensis, 1845, the formula differs only
from that of the Ph. Borussica in ordering
24 pounds, instead of 72 pounds of water,
and 3vj. instead of 3iij. of liquorice root,
and in directing it to be boiled nntil re-
duced to 16 pounds, and then put into
eight bottles.
SYNONYME.
Decoctum Sarsaparillae Compositum
tenure.
Med. Use. — A very small portion of
mercury was detected in this decoction by
Wiggers. It may be drank freely, and has
been given with advantage in similar cases
to those in which our decoction of sarsa-
parilla is administered.
Dentifrice. (From dens, a
tooth, aiadfrico, I rub.)
Tooth powders.
No. 1.
j^ Precipitated chalk . . . ^^j.
Powdered camphor . . jij.
Mix. This should be kept in a bottle.
No. 2.
j^f Powdered Castile soap,
„ orris-root, a,a . . ^j.
,, cuttle-fish bone.
Prepared chalk, aa . . . ^iij".
Oil of cloves.
Essence of lemons, aa . gtt. xx.
Mix.
No. 3.
9 Powdered cuttle-fish bone,
Prepared chalk, aa . . . Iftj.
Powdered orris-root . . . lb ss.
„ dragon's blood . ^^j.
Oil of cloves,
Essence of lemons, aa . . 3J.
Carmine or lake, q. s. to colour it.
Mix.
No. 4.
9 Cream of tartar . . . ^ij.
Alum 3J.
Powdered cochineal . . ^ij.
Essence of roses . . . 333.
Mix.
No. 5.
^ Powdered talc, or French
chalk ^ij.
Bicarbonate of soda . . . ^ss.
Essence of roses .... 335.
Mix.
No. 6.
J^ Cream of tartar .... ^ij.
Powdered orris-root . . • ^.
„ myrrh . . . ^ss.
Dragon's blood .... ^ss.
Mix.
No. 7.
ty Powdered bark . . . • ^.
„ myrrh,
., rhatany-root,
„ orris-root, aa . ^ss.
Mix.
No. 8.
9' Powdered charcoal . . . ^ij.
„ bark,
„ myrrh, aa . . ^ss.
Mix.
Tooth pastes.
No. 1.
9 Precipitated chalk . . • ^.
Powdered m}Trh,
„ rhatany-root, aa 3ij.
,, orris root . . 3J,
Honey of roses, q. s. to form a paste.
No. 2.
9' Cream of tartar . . • • ^j-
Powdered orris-root,
„ red roses, aa . • ^ss.
Oil of cloves .... gtt. X.
Honey of roses, q, s. to form a paste.
FORMULA, &c.
703
Depilatory. (From de, of,
anipilus, the hair.)
Any application for removing hair from
the skin. The use of most of the prepara-
tions sold for this purpose is attended with
some danger.
No. 1.
Colley's depilatory.
]/ Quick lime . . •
. 30 parts
Orpiment . . •
. 12 „
Sulphur ....
. 4 „
Nitre
. 4 „
Soap lees . . . «
. 125 „
4
60
Evaporate to the consistence of cream.
This requires to be used with the great-
est possible care. It is a powerful caustic,
and destroys the texture of the hair, but
acts with equal energy ou the skin.
No. 2.
Delcroix's depilatan/.
9 Quick lime .... 30 parts.
Orpiment ....
Powder gum . . .
Mix.
This should be kept in a closely-stopped
bottle; when used, it should be mixed
with water, so as to form a paste, which is
applied to the hair, and allowed to remain
there for five or ten minutes, when the
hair is removed with the back of a knife.
The proportion of orpiment is sometimes
increased.
No. 3.
. Pletick's depilatory.
9 Quick lime .... 16 parts.
Orpiment 1 >>
Starch ..... 10 „
Mix, and keep in a closely-stopped
bottle. This is used in the same way as
Delcroix's depilatory.
No. 4.
Turkish erusma
9 Quick lime .... 8 parts.
Orpiment ..... 1 „
Mix with white of egg and soap lees, so
as to form a paste, which is to be used in
the same way as No. 2 or No. 3.
No. 5.
The best and safest depilatory is a strong
solution of sulphuret of barium, made into
a paste with powdered starch, and used in
the same way as No. 2.
This should be used soon after mixing
it, as it loses its eflScacy if long kept.
Dextrine. Sritish gumi
A substance possessing the properties of
gum, for which it is, in some cases, sub-
stituted. It is a product resulting from
the action of heat, diastase, or dilute acids,
on starch. For use in the arts, it is
generally obtained by exposing dry potato-
starch to a temperature of about 400°
Fahr., until it has acquired a yellowish
tint, and has become soluble in cold water.
A small quantity of hydrochloric acid is
sometimes added to the starch before heat-
ing it. The name dextrine is taken from
its action on a ray of polarized light, the
plane of which it turns towards the right
hand,
DiACODiON. Diacodium. Sy-
rupus e Meconio. (From Sia, and
KuZia, a poppy-head.)
Old names for Sjrrap of poppies.
DiAGRYDiuM. Corrupted from
Diacrydium, or Scammony.
DiAFENTE. Pulvis dtapente.
(From dia, and 'irf.vrt,five.')
A tonic powder given to horses. Lite-
rally, a medicine composed of five ingre-
dients.
No. 1.
^ Gentian, Bay berries, Aristolochia
root. Myrrh, and Ivory dust, of
each equal parts. (Edin. Ph.
1744.)
No. 2.
9( Turmeric powder . . . tt>iv.
Gentian powder .... Ibij.
Bay berries ^ij-
Mustard ftuj.
Mix.
704
FORMULA, &c.
No. 3.
^ Gentian powder .... Riv.
Bay berries Kss.
Mix.
This last is the formula most frequently
adopted,
DiAscoBDiuM. (Frim 2ia, and
oKopdioy, the water germander.)
Electuarium e scordio.
This electuary, which was formerly in
high repute as an antipestilential, has been
replaced, in English pharmacy, by the
Electuarium catechu. See also Electuarium
scordii, Ph. Suecica.
Drages. Dragees. Sugar-
plums.
This, as ' a method of administering
medicines, is of comparatively recent in-
troduction. There are several different
kinds of Drages, or Sugar-plums.
1st. Drages, the cetitres or nuclei
of which are almonds, or some
seeds or fruit.
In making these, a copper pan, of a
hemispherical form is suspended from
the ceiling by a cord attached to the two
handles, over a furnace or charcoal fire.
The pan is first slightly wanned ; and the
almonds or seeds being put in, a portion
of syrup is added, and the whole rubbed
together with the hand of the operator,
imtil each seed is covered with a coating
of syrup ; powdered sugar, or starch, or a
mixture of the two, is then sprinkled over
them, and this is equally distributed over
the surface of each seed by giving a dex-
terous motion to the pan. The drages
are then put on to a sieve, and dried in a
stove. The process is repeated until the
coating of sugar or starch is sufficiently
thick. This method does not succeed
well unless several pounds of ingredients be
put into the pan at a time. Ten or twelve
pounds is a good quantity to operate
upon.
2nd. Drages, the centres or
nuclei of which are pills or
boluses.
These are made in the same way as
the preceding. Pills or boluses of copaiba
solidified with hydrate of lime or magnesia,
are sometimes coated in this way.
3rd. Drages, the centres or
nuclei of which consist of a
liquid.
The following is the ingenious method
by which these are made: — A tray is
filled with finely-powdered starch, the
surface of which is made smooth and even,
and impressions are made in the starch
by means of a mould, representing the
form of the intended drages; a syrup is
then prepared with the best white sugar,
which is concentrated by boiling to a
point midway between that required for
barley-sugar and ordinary syrup ; this is
removed from the fire while boiling, and
a small quantity of flavoured spirit, con-
taining no acid, is added without stirring
the syrup, the renewed ebullition which
this addition occasions causing sufficient
admixture of the ingredients; the syrup
thus prepared, as soon as the ebullition
has ceased, is poured into the cavities in
the starch, and some more powdered
starch being sprinkled over the surface,
the tray is put into a warm place, that
the syi-up may crystallize ; after an hour
or two thejcrystallized sugar will be found
to have formed a perfect shell to each of
the drages, while the uncrystallized sugar
and the spirit are enclosed in their centres.
4th. Drages, which have no
separate nucleus.
In making these, the suspended pan is
used, as in the 1st and 2nd, but powdered
sugar is substituted for the nuclei em-
ployed in those cases. Nonpareils and
Hom^jsopathio globules are made in this
way.
Dragees minerales. Drages
for extemporaneously preparing
artificial mineral waters.
Dry tartaric acid and sesquicarbonate of
soda, together with the other ingredients
required for the intended mineral water,
FORMULA, &c.
705
are mixed together in a mortar, and
these are quickly formed into a paste with
syrup or mucilage, divided into drages of a
proper size, and dried. When used, one of
the drages is dropped into a glass of water,
and allowed slowly to dissolve, the dis-
engaged carbonic acid being partly retained
by the water.
Dragon roots, for cleaning
the teeth.
Pieces of common cane, having one of
their ends formed into a kind of brush by
splitting and beating the fibres, are sold
under the above name for the purpose of
brushing, and, as some fancy, whitening
the teeth. They are sometimes dyed red
by dipping them into a decoction of dye-
wood.
The decorticated roots of the grape vine,
and marsh-mallow roots, are also pre-
pared and used for a similar purpose,
under the names of Prepared vine roots,
and Prepared marsh-mallow roots.
The practice of using certain .woods
and roots for cleaning and whitening
the teeth appears to prevail in some
foreign countries, such as South America,
where the Comus florida and other plants
are thus employed.
Dyes.
Nankeen dye.
This is made by boiling arnotto and
carbonate of potash in water, about one
ounce of each to a pint of water ; but the
proportions are varied according to the
shade of colour required. It is used for
restoring the colour of faded nankeen
clothing.
Pink dye.
]^ Washed safflower . . . 7ij.
Carbonate of potash . , gr. xviiij.
Spirit of wine . . . jvij.
Water ^ij.
Macerate for a day, then add enough
distilled vinegar or lemon-juice to produce
a fine rose colour, and strain.
Used to die silk stockings, and as a
cosmetic.
Hair dyes.
Several compositions are used for dye-
ing the human hair on the head; the
following are some of the best of them : —
No. 1.
Expose good quick-lime to the air until
it has slaked and fallen to a fine powder ;
it will now consist of Hydrate and Car-
bonate of lime, fit for use in the following
mixture : —
9 Lirae slaked in the air . . 2 parts.
White lead in powder . . 1 part.
Mix, and preserve it in a bottle.
This powder, when used, is mixed with
water or skimmed milk, so as to be of
the consistence of thick cream ; it is laid
on the hair with a brush, and a comb
passed through to insure its coming in
contact with every part; an oiled-silk
cap is then put over it, to prevent the
evaporation of the moisture. After allow-
ing it to remain in this state for four
or five hours, the cap is removed, and
the powder washed out of the hair. The
longer the dye is left on the hair, the
darker will be the colour produced by it.
Caustic slaked lime, diluted with one-
third its weight of starch, or calcined
oyster-shells, are sometimes substituted
for the lime slaked as above directed.
There is always an unnatural shade of
redness in the colour produced by this dye.
No. 2.
1^ Acetate of lead . • . . ^ij.
Prepared chalk .... ^iij.
Quick-lime, slaked . . . ^iv.
Water, sufficient to reduce it to the
consistence of thick cream. To be used
in the same way as No. 1.
No. 3,
^ Litharge ^ij.
Quick-lime, slaked . . , ^j.
Powdered starch . . . . ^'.
Solution of potash. . . . 3ij.
Water sufficient to reduce it to the con-
sistence of a thick cream. To be used in
the same way as No. 1.
Nos. 2 and 3 are subject to the same
object^n as No. 1, in regai-d to the
2 z
706
FORMULJE, &c.
colour produced. They answer better
for a jet black than for any shade of
brown.
No, 4.
■^ Nitrate of silyer ... . jj-
Distilled water . . . . ^.
Sap-green, sufficient to colour it.
This is applied to the hair by means
of a fine-toothed comb. It must not be
allowed to touch the skin, or it will stain
it as well as the hair.
No. 5.
j^ Hydrosulphuret of ammonia . ^.
Solution of potash. . . . 3iij,
Distilled water . . • • ^'•
Mix, and label " Solution No, 1,"
^ Nitrate of silver ... • 5J-
Distilled water .... ^ij.
Mix, and label " Solution No. 2,"
The " Solution No. 1" is first applied
to the hair with a tooth-brush, and the
application continued for fifteen or twenty
minutes. The " Solution No, 2" is then
brushed over, a comb being at the same
time used to separate the hairs, and allow
the liquid to come in contact with every
part. If the stain produced is not suffi-
ciently dark, the process must be repeated.
No, 6,
^ Liquor potassaj.
Distilled water, aa . . . Oj.
Mix, and pass sulphui'etted hydrogen
gas through the solution until it is satu-
rated ; then take
Of this solution . • . . ^xx.
Liquor potassas . . . « . ^iv.
Mix, and label, " Solution No. 1."
j^ Nitrate of silver . . . . 3J.
Distilled water .... Jij.
Mix, and label, " Solution No, 2."
Use these solutions in the same way as
is directed for No. 5.
All the shades of colour resulting from
the use of Nos. 5 and 6 are unexception-
able. These are, in fact, tlie best hair
dyes that have hitherto been used.
No. 7.
^ Nitrate of silver . . . . 3ij.
Cream of tartar .... 5ij.
Solution of ammonia . . . 3iv.
Lard ....... |ss.
Mix. This is to be applied with a
comb and hard tooth-brush, taking care
not to touch the skin.
iVoie. — It is necessary, before applying
any of these hair-dyes, that the hair
should be well cleaned and freed from
grease, by washing it in a weak solution of
carbonate of soda, or with soap and water.
Eau de Cologne
No. 1
^ Oil of bergamot
„ Lemons .
„ Lavender .
„ Neroli .
„ Origanum
„ Eosemary
Essence of vanilla
Musk . . ,
Rectified spirit .
Rose water .
Orange-flower water
Macerate for 14 days, and
No. 2.
^ Oil of bergamot
„ Lemons
,, Lavender
„ Neroli .
„ Origanum
Rectified spirit
Mix.
No. 3
^ Oil of bergamot,
„ Lemons, aa
,, Lavender,
„ Neroli aa .
Rectified spirit .
Mix.
No. 4
j^ Oil of bergamot,
,, Cedrat, aa
,, Lemons .
,, Neroli .
Honey water
Rectified spirit .
Mix.
No, 5,
^ Oil of bergamot,
,, Lemons
,, Citron,
„ Orange peel, aa,
3iijss.
3'>s-
3JJ-
3J-
3U-
gr. X.
Oxiij.
Oij.
Oj.
filter.
3"J-
3y-
gtt. XXV.
gtt. XV.
gtt, X,
Oij.
gtt. XXX.
Oj.
gtt. XX.
3J.
3SS.
Oj.
3y-
FORMULA, &c.
707
Oil of Cedrat,
„ Kosemary, aa. . . 3J.
„ Lavender,
,, ISTeroli, aa . , . 555.
„ Cinnamon . . . gtt. xr.
Rectified spirit .... Oiij.
Mis, and macerate for a week ; then
distil with the heat of a water-bath, and
add,
Honey water •••<,. Oss.
Mix.
Eau de ldce.
^ Oil of amber .... 3ij.
White soap gr. xv.
Balsam of Mecca . . . gr. xv.
Rectified spirit .... ^vj.
Macerate for eight days, and then filter.
Add f^j of this tincture to f^ij of solution
of ammonia, sp, gr. 920.
See also Tinet. ammonioB composita, —
Lond. Pharm.
£aU MEDICINAIiE d'hUSSON.
This is generally supposed to be a tinc-
ture of colchicum made with sherry wine,
as follows :
9 Colchicum cormi .... ^ij.
Sherry wine S^iij-
Macerate for a week, and strain.
Dose. — From ten to forty drops.
Eau de rabel. Alcohol sul-
furique. Acide sulfurique alco-
olise.
9 Alcohol (sp. gr, 850) . . 3 parts.
Sulphuric acid (sp. 1'845) 1 part,
by weight.
Add the acid to the alcohol, stirring
them together with a glass rod.
The mixture Avill consist of sulphovinic
acid, sulphuric acid, spirit, and water.
The Acid Elixir of Haller is made with
equal parts, by weight, of alcohol and sul-
phuric acid, mixed as above.
The Acid Elixir of Dippel is made with
5 parts of alcohol and 1 of sulphuric acid,
coloured with saftVon and animal kermes.
These preparations are employed as as-
tringents and antiseptics, in doses of a few
drops, in some aqueous menstruum.
Egg flip.
9 Good beer Oj.
Eggs No. 3.
Sugar ^ij.
Nutmeg and ginger. . . q. $,
Beat the eggs with half the beer and the
sugar, then beat them over the fire nearly
to the boiling point, and add the remainder
of the beer and the spice.
Eljeosacchaba. Elceosaccha-
rums.
Ph. Grseca, 1837.
Twenty parts of powdered sugar are to
be mixed with one part of any essential oil.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
One ounce of powdered sugar is to be
mixed with 24 drops of any essential oil.
El^osaccharum anisi.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
^ Oil of aniseed .... gtt.iij.
White sugar , . . . gj.
To be rubbed together in a mortar.
El^osacchabum aurantio-
BUM.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
A whole orange is to be rubbed with a
piece of sugar until the surface of the
sugar is impregnated with the volatile oil
of the peel ; this is then cut off, dried in the
air, and powdered in a mortar.
EllSOsaccharum vanillas:.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
^ Vanilla sliced .... 353.
White sugar . . . . ^i.
Rub in a mortar to a fine powder.
Elaterin.
The active principle of elaterium. It
may be obtained in several different ways.
(1.) Evaporate an alcoholic tinc-
ture of elaterium to a syrupy consist-
ence, and then pour it into boiling
distilled water, when the elaterin, not
quite pure, will separate in the form
2z2
708
FORMULA, &c.
of a white crystalline precipitate.
This may be further purified, by dis-
' solving it in spirit and again precipi-
tating in the same way.
(2.) Evaporate an alcoholic tinc-
ture of elaterium to the consistence
of hard extract, and treat this witli
pure ether, when the elaterin will re-
main undissolved. It may be dis-
solved in spirit, and crystallized.
(3.) Evaporate an alcoholic tincture
of elaterium to the consistence of a
thin syrup, and pour this into a mix-
ture of equal parts of liquor potassaj
and water, at a boiling temperature.
The elaterin will separate in small
silky crystals as the liquor cools.
Med. Use. — Employed in the same cases
as elaterium.
Dose. — One-sixteenth to one-twelfth of
a grain.
Elaterium.
Strictly according to the London Phar-
macopceia, the tei'm " Elaterium" signifies
the fruit of Echalium officinarum, or Mo-
mordica elaterium, in the fresh but not yet
ripe state. The term is, however, generally
understood to apply to the dried feculence
of the juice of the fruit, and this is the
meaning of the term as used in the Edin-
burgh and Dublin Pliarmacopoeias. In the
London Pharmacopoeia, this feculence is
called Extractum claterii, and this name, as
well as elaterium, is used in the Edinburgh
Pharmacopceia.
Electrofunctuka. Electro-
puncture. JElectropuncturation.
This consists in a union of acupuncture
and electricity. The operation of acupunc-
turation is performed in the usual way,
either with one or with several needles, and
an electrical current is then passed through
them.
AcupuNCTURA. Acupuncture.
Acupuncturation.
This operation consists in the introduc-
tion of needles into different parts of the
body, with the view of removing or miti-
gating disease. It is an ancient mode of
treatment, which has been revived in
modern times.
Needles are employed which are very
fine, well polished, and sharp pointed, and
usually from two to four inches long.
They are sometimes of gold, silver, or
platinum, but more frequently of steel.
When of the Isist-named metal they are
heated to redness, and allowed to cool
slowly, so as to destroy their brittleness.
The needle is introduced into the part
affected by a particular rotatory movement,
accompanied by slight pressure, and is
allowed to remain in for a length of time,
varying from a few minutes to an hour or
two.
Electuarium Scordii. Dia-
scordium.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
^ Opium ^iss.
Tormentil root,
Pichurine beans (sassafras
nuts).
Catechu aa ^ij.
Herb of water germander
(Teucrium scordium) . ^iij.
Honey ^xxviij.
First rub the opium with Malaga wine,
then add the honey, and the rest of the
ingredients in fine powder.
5j contains gr. j. of opium.
Elixir acidum Halleri.
Acid elixir of Haller.
Ph. Saxonica, 1837.
Drop purified sulphuric acid into a large
flask, containing an equal weight of recti-
fied spirit, so that the mixture becomes
hot. To be kept in a bottle, with a glass
stopper.
Ph. Norvegica, 1854.
]^ Rectified spirit ... 4 parts.
Sulphuric acid, concentrated 1 part.
Slowly drop the acid into the spirit, and
FORMULA, &c.
709
Elixir aurantiorum compo-
SITUM.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Orange peel, cut . . , ,^vj.
Cinnamon bark, bruised . ^ij.
Carbonate of potash . . ^j.
Madeira wine .... Ibiv.
Macerate for six days, then press, and add
Extract of gentian,
,, wormwood,
„ buckbean,
„ cascarilla, aa . . ^j.
Mix ; and after allowing the sediment
to subside, filter the liquor.
Note. — Limpid, having a brown colour,
and bitter aromatic taste.
Elixir gari. Elixir de garus.
Garus' elixir.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
Xo. 1.
9' Socotrine aloes . . . 490 grs.
Myrrh 245 „
Saffron 490 „
Canellaalba .... 245 „
Cloves 245 „
Nutmegs 245 ,,
Spirit (sp. gr. 923) . . 20 lb.
Orange-flower water . . ^xvj.
Macerate for two days, and distil
of alcoholic liquor , . 10 lb.
This is the " Alcoolat de Garus."
To form the "Elixir de Garus," add to
the above liquor.
Syrup of capillaire . . 12^ lb.
and colour it w^ith a sufficient quantity of
saffron macerated in ^viij of orange-flower
water,
No. 2,
Thierry's Formula.
9i Aloes, Myrrh, aa . . . 122 grs.
Saffron 122 „
* • Canella alba .... 488 „
Cloves 488 „
Nutmegs 244 „
Spirit (sp. gr. 864) . . 13 lb.
Distil off 12 lb of " alcoolat." To the
residue of the distillation, add
Rose water 10 lb.
Distil off 6 lb, and add as much of this
aromatic water to the Alcoolat as will
make the sp. gr. 890. Then take of
The above liquor . . . Ibxj.
Simple syrup .... Ibxv.
Tincture of vanilla.
Tincture of orange peel, aa f ^ijss.
Fresh milk .... Ibj.
Tincture of saffron, q. s.
Macerate for two days, and then filter it.
Elixir PRorRiEXAXis para-
CELSi. Elixir de propriete de Pa-
racelse. Paracelsus' elixir of pro-
priety.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Aloes, bruised.
Myrrh, bruised, aa . . . ^ij.
Saffron J^,
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. 900) Ibij.
Diluted sulphuric acid, i
(Sulph. acid 1 part, water V ^ij.
5 parts,"by weight) . . /
Macerate for four days, and filter.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
j^ Tincture of myrrh . . . ^iv.
Tincture of saffron . . . ^iij.
Tincture of aloes . . . ^iij.
Mix.
See also Tinctura aloes composita.
Elixir vitrioli mynsichti.
Tinctura aromatica acida.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
]^. Sweet flag root,
Galanga root, aa . . . ^.
Ginger, Cinnamon,
Cloves, Nutmegs, . . jiij.
Lemon peel 533.
White sugar .... ^iij.
Proof spirit Ibij.
Diluted sulphuric acid . . ^"j'
Macerate for six days, then press and.
filter, so as to make ^xxvij.
Embrocatio (from f/xySpcxw, I
moisten).
An external fluid application for anjt
part of the body.
710
FORMULA, &c.
Embkocatio aconitin^. Em-
brocation of aconitine.
Dr. Turnbull.
^ Aconitina
Rectified spirit .
Mix.
gr.viij.
Embkocatio ammonite. Dr .
Hawkinses embrocation. Ward's
essence for the headache.
]^ Camphor ^ij.
Rectified spirit .... ^xiv.
Solution of ammonia , . |ij.
Oil of lavender .... ^ss.
Mix.
Embrocatio delphini^. Em-
brocation of delphinia.
Dr. Turnbull.
5( Delphinia gj.
Rectified spirit . . . . f ^jj.
Mix.
Embrocatio VERATRiiE. Em-
brocation of veratria.
Dr. Turnbull.
9 Veratria ^j.
Rectified spirit . . . . f ^ij.
Mix.
A larger portion of veratria is some-
times used.
Emery. Lapis Smyris.
A massive variety of sapphire, consist-
ing principally of alumina. It is found
in Spain, the Greek Islands, &c. The
powder, obtained in different degrees of
fineness by elutriation, is used for clean-
ing and polishing hard surfaces.
Emetina.
The active principle of ipecacuanha.
The following process is given for its pre-
paration in the
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
Digest 1 part of powdered ipecacuanha
for 24 hours, in 6 parts of distilled water,
containing a little sulphuric acid. Strain
the liquor, and add 1 part of lime ; then
evaporate to dryness over the water-bath.
Exhaust the dry mass with boiling rec-
tified spirit, and distil the tincture to
dryness. Dissolve the dry residue in a
little water, acidulated with sulphuric
acid; decolorize it with purified animal
charcoal ; concentrate the filtered liquor,
and precipitate the emetine with solution
of ammonia. Wash, dry without heat, and
carefully preserve the precipitate.
Dose. — \ to J of a grain.
Emplastrum (from e/jnrXaacw,
to spread upon). A plaster.
A solid and tenacious compound, usually
adhesive at the ordinary heat of the human
body, and intended for external appli-
cation.
Emplastrum iERUGiNis. Ver-
digris plaster.
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
^ Yellow wax . . . . 125 parts.
Burgundy pitch , . 60 ,,
Common turpentine . 30 „
Powdered verdigi'is . . 30 ,,
Melt the first three ingredients, then
stir in the verdigris, and strain.
Emplastrum adhesivum.
P restates adhesive plaster.
]^ Lead plaster . . . 400 parts.
Resin ..... 50 ,,
Venice turpentine . , 38 „
Mastich 12 „
Gum ammoniacum . . 12 „
Melt the lead plaster, resin, and tur-
pentine together, then add the gums in
fine powder, and when thoroughly incor-
porated, spread the plaster on linen or
calico.
Emplastrum ammonia. Kirk-
lands volatile plaster.
^ White soap ^ij.
Lead plaster ^iv.
Sal ammoniac .... ^ss.
Melt the soap and plaster together, and
add the sal ammoniac in fine powder.
FORMULiE, «S:c.
711
EmPLASTUUM AMMONIAC!.
Plaster of ammoniacum.
LonclPh. 1851.
9 Prepared ammoniacum . . ^v.
Diluted acetic acid . . . f ^viij.
Dissolve the ammoniacum in the acid ;
then evaporate the solution by a slow fire,
constantly stirring, to a proper consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Ammoniac ^v.
Distilled vinegar .... f ^ix.
Dissolve the ammoniac in the vinegar,
and then evaporate to a proper consist-
ence over the vapour-bath, frequently
stirring the liquid.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Gum ammoniac in coarse powder ^iv.
Proof spirit ^^i'''
Dissolve the gum ammoniac in the
spirit, with the aid of heat, and strain ;
then evaporate the solution by means of
a steam or water bath, stirring constantly
until it acquires a proper consistence.
Use. — Stimulant and resolvent.
Emflastrum ammoniaci cum
HYDRARGYRO. Plaster of ammo-
niacum toith mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
9 Ammoniacum . . . . ffij.
Mercuiy ^iij.
Olive oil fjj.
Sulphur gr.viij.
To the heated oil add the sulphur
gradually, stirring constantly with a spa-
tula, until they incorporate ; then nib the
mercury with them, until globules are no
longer visible : lastly, add the ammonia-
cum gradually when melted, and mix them
all.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Ammoniac plaster . . . _^iv.
Mercurial plaster . . . 5^iij.
Melt them together by means of a steam
or water bath, aud stir constantly, until
tlie mixture stiffens on cooling.
Use. — This is a more active plaster than
the preceding; it is applied in syphilitic
pains in the joints and limbs, in nodes and
indurated glands.
Emflastrum antabthmieicum
helgolandi.
Codex Medic. Hamberg:. 1845.
^ Calcined sulphuret of anti-
mony
Yellow wax
Black pitch
Tar . .
31SS.
3iss.
3VSS.
Melt, and spread it thickly upon leather.
EmpLASTRUM AjVTIMONIALE.
Antimonial plaster.
Niemann.
^ Resin plaster . . . . ^.
Resin 3iv.
Venice turpentine , . . 3iij.
Melt together with a gentle heat, and
add, when nearly cold,
Tartarized antimony, in powder 3J.
This is applied to the nape of the neck,
in scarlatina, in children. It has also
been successfully employed, mixed with
opium, in rheumatic afiections of the
joints.
See Emplastrum stibiatum.
Emplastrum AROMATICUM.
Aromatic plaster.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
5 Frankincense .... ^iij.
Yellow wax ^ss.
Cinnnamon bark, powdered , 3VJ.
Essential oil of Jamaica pep-
per,
' Essential oil of lemons, aa . 3ij.
Melt the frankincense aud wax togethw
and strain ; when they are beginning to
thicken by cooling, mix in the powder of
cinnamon, rubbed up with the oils, tmd
make a plaster.
Use. — A stimulant application over the
rt^ion of the stomach, in case of great irri-
tability of that region; also in dyspepsia.
712
FORMULA, &c.
EMriiASTRUM ASSAFCETIDJE.
Assafcetida plaster.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Litharge plaster,
Assafcetida, aa » . . . ^ij,
Galbaniim,
Bees'-wax, aa . . . . ^■,
Liquefy the gum resins together and
strain them; then add the plaster and
wax also in the fluid state, and mix them
all thoroughly.
Med. Use. — It is applied, as an anti-
spasmodic, over the stomach or abdomen,
ia hysteria with flatulence; to the chest
or between the shoulders in hooping-
cough.
EmPLASTRUM BELLA BONN JE.
Belladonna plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Extract of belladonna,
Plaster of soap, of each . . ^iij.
Add the extract to the plaster, melted by
the heat of a water-bath, and mix, con-
stantly stining, that it may become of a
proper consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Plaster of resin .... ^iij.
Extract of belladonna , . |iss.
To the plaster, melted with the heat of
a water-bath, add the extract, and mix.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Extract of belladonna . . . _^j.
Resin plaster 5ij,
Melt the plaster by the heat of a steam
or water bath, then add the extract, and
mix them immediately.
Use. — Anodyne and antispasmodic.
Emplastrum CALEFACIENS.
Warming plaster.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Plaster of Spanish flies . . Kss.
Burgundy pitch .... ffivss.
Melt them together by means of a steam
or water bath, and withdrawing the heat,
stir constantly until the mixture stiffens.
Med. £/se.— Used in catarrh, local
pains, &c.
Emplastrum cantharidis.
Plaster of cantharides.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Cantharides rubbed into a
very fine powder . , . ]bj.
Wax,
Suet, of each .... 5viiss.
Resin Ivii?
Lard ^vj.
Add the resin, previously melted, to the
wax, suet, and lard melted together. There
remove all from the fire, and a little before
they thicken, sprinkle in the cantharides,.
and mix.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Cantharides, in vciy fine powder.
Resin,
Bees'-wax,
Suet, aa . » . . . . ?ij.
Liquefy the fats, remove them fron>
the heat, sprinkle in the cantharides, and
stir briskly, as the mixture concretes on
cooling.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Spanish flies, in very fine powder ^vj,.
Yellow wax.
Resin,
Prepared lard, of^^each . , ^^iv.
To the wax, resin, and lard, previous-ly
melted together by a steam or water heat,,
add the Spanish flies, and stir the mixture-
constantly until the plaster is cool.
Med. Use. — Employed in all cases where
a blister is required, except to children
after exanthematous ^diseases, especially
measles.
Emplastrum cantharidis-
COMPOSITUM. Compound Plaster
of cantharides.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Venice turpentine . . . ^ivss>
Burgundy pitch,
Cantharides, aa . . . . ^ijj,
Bees'-wax f^' '.
FORMULA, &c.
713
Verdigris ^ss.
White mustard seed, black
pepper, aa 3ij.
Liquefy the wax and Burgundy pitch,
add the turpentine, and while the mixture
is hot, sprinkle into it the remaining arti-
cles previously in fine powder, and mixed
together. Stir the whole briskly, as it
concretes on cooling.
Med. Use, — A most infallible blistering
plaster.
Emplastrum cEnjE. Plaster
of loax.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Wax,
Suet, aa ftiij.
Resin Jgj,
ilix them together, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Emplastrum
simplex.
9' Bees'-wax ?iij^
Suet,
Resin, aa ..... , ?j;
Melt them together with a moderate
heat, and stir the mixture briskly till it
concretes on coolincr.
Emplastrum cekati saponis.
Soap cerate plaster.
Put Ibiv of soap cerate into a water-
bath, and continue the application of the
heat until the moisture is entirely evapo-
rated, then add ^ of mastich and ^ gum
ammoniacum, in fine powder, and stir
them together until they are completely
incorporated. Afterwards spread the plas-
ter on linen or calico. The mastich and
ammoniacum may be omitted.
Emplastrum ceruss^.
plastrum album cocium.
Ph. Borussica, 1847
9 Litharge, finely powdered .
Ceruss (carbonate of lead)
Olive oil
Water
Mix the litharge and oil, with a* small
quantity of water, and heat them over the
Em-
ffivij.
Rivss.
Cumin
Siij.
f^iss.
fire, constantly stirring the mixture, add-
ing more wai-m water from time to time a.s
it evaporates, until the litharge has entirely
combined ; then put in the ceruss, and
continue the process as before, allowing
the temperature to rise to 257'^ Fahr.,
until it acquires the characters of a
plaster.
Emplastrum cumini.
plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Cummin,
Caraway,
Bay, of each
Prepared Burgundy pitch
Wax
Olive oil,
Water, of each . .
Add the dry ingredients rubbed into
powder, the oil, and the water, to the pitch
and wax melted together; then evaporate
to a proper consistence.
Med. Use. — Formerly employed as a
discutient and resolvent.
Emplastrum diapalmum.
Emplastre diapalme. Palm
plaster.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
9 Simple plaster 32
White wax a
Sulphate of zinc .... 1
Liquefy the plaster and the wax, and
add the sulphate of zinc, dissolved in a
small quantity of water. Reuss and
Plenck introduced oil of palm into the-
composition of the plaster.
Emplastrum diaphoreticum
mynsichti.
Ph. Slesvico-Holsat. 1831.
9 Yellow wax .
Colophonium .
Amber
Gum ammoniacum
Galbanum .
Turpentine .
Sandarach
Mastic
Olibanum
^■-
5ss.
Ibijss.
^ss.
3y.
714
FORMULA, &c.
Mix according to art, so as to form a
plaster.
Empjlastku.m: ferri. Plaster
of iron.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sesquioxide of iron . , . ^^j.
Plaster of lead .... ^viij.
Prepared frankincense . . ^ij.
Sprinkle the sesquioxide into the plaster
and frankincense, melted together by a slow
fire, and mix.
V'i-
fjiijss.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Litharge plaster .
Resin ....
Olive oil ...
Bees'-wax . . ,
Red oxide of iron ,
Triturate the oxide of iron with the oil,
and add the mixture to the other articles,
previously liquefied by a gentle heat. Mix
the whole thoroughly.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9; Peroxide of iron, in fine
powder ?j .
Burgundy pitch .... |ij.
Litharge plaster .... ^viij.
Add the peroxide of iron to the Bur-
gundy pitch and litharge plaster, pre-
viously melted together, and stir the
mixture constantly imtil it stiffens on
cooling.
Med. Use. — Employed spread on leather
to give mechanical support in muscular
relaxations and weakness of the joints;
by some it is believed to be tonic.
Emplastrum fuscdm. Em-
plastrum nigrum. Emplastrum
noricum. Emplastrum minii adtis-
tum.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Minium, in fine powder . . ^viij.
Olive oil ^^vj.
Yellow wax ^iv.
Camphor . ..... 3ij,
Mix the minium and oil, and heat them
in a suitable dish, constantly stirring the
mixture until it acquires a blackish-brown
colour, then add the wax melted and
mixed with the camphor previously dis-
solved in a little olive oil. Finally, pour
the melted plaster into paper moulds.
It will be of a brown colour, and should
smell of camphor.
ElVIPIiASTRUM GAXBANI. GaU
hanum plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Prepared galhanum . . . ^viij.
Plaster of lead .... Ifeiij.
Turpentine ..... ^.
Prepared frankincense . . ^iij.
Add first the frankincense, afterwards
the plaster melted by a slow fire, to the
galbanum and turpentine melted together,
and mix all.
Emplastrum gummosum. Gum
plaster.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9* Litharge plaster .... ^iv.
Ammoniac,
Galbanum,
Bees'-wax, aa . . , . . ^ss.
Melt the gum-resins together, and strain
them ; melt also together the plaster and
wax ; add the former to the latter mixture,
and mix the whole thoroughly.
Use. — Digestive and suppurative; ap-
plied to indolent tumours.
Emplastrum glutinans Santi
Andrew a cruce. Dela^roix^s
agglutinative plaster.
Codex Ph. Fran5. 1839.
^ Burgundy pitch . , . 250 parts.
Elemi resin . . . , 60 „
Common turpentine . . 30 „
Oil of bays .... 30 ,,
Melt together, and strain.
Emplastrum hydrargyri.
Plaster of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Mercury .^iij.
FORMULA, &c.
Tiy
Piaster of lead . . . . Ibj.
Olive oil .... . f3J.
Sulphur gr. viij.
To the heated oil add the sulphur gra-
dually, stirring constantly with a spatula
until they incorporate ; afterwards rub the
mercury with them, until globules are no
longer visible ; then gradually add the
plaster of lead, melted with a slow fire,
and mix them all.
Ediii. Pb. 1841.
9' Mercury ^iij,
Olive. oil ...... f3ix.
Kesin 5j.
Litharge plaster .... ^vj.
Liquefy together the oil and resin, let
them cool, add the mercury, and triturate
till its globules disappear ; then add to the
mixture the plaster previously liquefied,
and mix the whole thoroughly.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Pure mercury ^vj.
Resin ^ij.
Oil of turpentine . . . . f ^'.
Litharge plaster .... ^xij.
Dissolve the resin in the turpentine with
the aid of heat, add the mercury, and rub
them together until metallic globules cease
to be visible, and the mixture assumes a
dark-grey colour; then add the litharge
plaster previously melted, and stir the
mixture constantly until it stiffens on
cooling.
Use. — Discutient; alterative.
Emplastrum ichthyocoll^.
Isinglass plaster.
Court plaster.
No. 1.
^ Isinglass ...... ^.
Honey jss.
Water ....... ^xij.
Dissolve with heat, and strain. Spr£ad
one half of this solution while yet warm
over the surface of two square feet of
black silk, stretched on a frame, using a
camel's-hair brush for the purpose, and
allowing each layer to dry before applying
the next. Then add to the other half of
the solution,
Proof spirit ..... ^iv.
and apply this mixture over the other, in
the same way as before. Lastly, put a
coating of tincture of benzoin on the other
side of the silk.
No. 2.
^ Isinglass ^].
Water ^viij.
Dissolve with heat.
^ Benzoin resin ..... 3ij.
Rectified spirit . • . . ^ij.
Dissolve and strain. Mix the two so-
lutions together, and apply several coats
of this mixture, while kept fluid by a
gentle heat, with a brush, to black silk
stretched on a frame, each successive coat
being allowed to dry before applying the
next. Then put a layer of the following
solution on the other side of the silk : —
^ Ohio turpentine , . . . ^.
Tincture of benzoin. . . . ^'j'
Mix.
Flesh-coloured silk is sometimes used
instead of black silk.
Liston's isinglass plaster.
This is made by spreading several
coats of strong solution of isinglass in
weak spirit over the surface of oiled silk,
or, still better, over animal membrane,
previously prepared for the pui"pose from
the peritoneal membrane of the cascum of
the ox.
Emplastrum ladani. Lada-
mum plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
1^ Laudanum ^iij.
Frankincense ^.
Powdered cinnamon,
Expressed oil of mace, aa . . ^^ss.
Oil of mint Jss.
Melt the laudanum ' and frankincense
together, add the oil of mace, then put
them into a warm mortar, and mix in the
cinnamon and oil of mint.
716
FORMULA, &c.
Emplastrum e meliloto. Me-
lilot plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1744.
9 Melilot leaves .... Ibvj.
Beef suet Ibiij.
White resin Ibviij.
Yellow wax . . . ■. . Ibiv.
Heat the herb with the suet until it
becomes crisp, then strain and press, and
add the resin and wax.
»j.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
9 Yellow wax ....
Olive oil,
Resin,
Mutton suet, each . . . ^iij.
Ammoniacum zx.
Common turpentine . . . ^iij.
Melilot, in powder, . . . |viij.
Wormwood, in powder,
Camomile flowers, in powder,
Bay-berries, in powder, each . ^ss.
Melt the first four ingredients together
and strain, then add the ammoniacum dis-
solved in the turpentine, and lastly, mix in
the powders.
Emplastrum e minio. Min-
ium plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
9 Olive oil ftiv.
Powdered minium . , . Ibijss.
To be made in the same way as Em-
plastrum plumbi, excepting that more
water is to be used.
Emplastrum minii. Empldlre
de Nuremberg ou de minum. Med
lead plaster.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
50 parts.
24 „
8 „
12 „
1 part.
9 Simple plaster
Yellow wax .
Olive oil . .
Red lead . .
Camphor . .
Melt the plaster and wax ; rub the red
lead and the oil together on a porphyry
slab, and add these to the former, and
when nearly cold, stir in tlie camphor,
previously dissolved in a little spirit,
EmpiiAstrum minii adustum.
Emplastrum noricum. Emplas-
trum fuscum.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
^ Olive oil ibiss.
Minium, in fine powder . , Jix.
Yellow wax ^iss.
Camphor, in powder . . . 3vj.
Boil the minium and oil together until
they have acquired a bluish-brown colour,
then add the wax, and lastly, as the mix-
ture cools, stir in the camphor.
Emplastrum e mucilagini-
Bus. Mucilage plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1846.
]^ Yellow wax ^xl.
Oil of mucilages .... ^viij.
Ammoniacum, strained . . ^vj.
Common turpentine . . . ^ij.
Melt the ammoniacum and turpentine
together ; melt the wax and oil in a sepa"
rate vessel, and add these gradually to the
former.
Emplastrum opii. Plaster of
opium .
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Extract of opium , . . . ^.
Plaster of lead .... ^viij.
Prepared frankincense . . ^ij.
Boiling water .... f^'.
Add the plaster, melted by a slow fire,
and the extract, previously mixed with
the water, to the melted frankincense ; and
evaporate by a slow fire, constantly stir-
ring, that it may become a proper con-
sistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Powder of opium .... ^ss.
Burgundy pitch .... ^iij.
Litharge plaster .... ,^xij.
Liquefy the plaster and pitch, add the
opium by degrees, and mix them tho-
roughly.
FORMULAE, &c.
717
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Opium, in very fine powder . Jj.
Resin plaster ^ix.
Melt the plaster by means of a steam or
water bath, then add the opium by degrees,
and mix thoroughly.
Use. — As an anodyne application in
rheumatism and other local pains.
Emplastrum oxtcroceum.
Oxycroceum plaster.
Edin. Ph. 1744.
9 Yellow wax ]fej.
Black pitch ftss.
Galbanum ftss.
"Venice turpentine.
Myrrh,
Olibanum, aa . . . . ?;;;_
SafTron ?,-;
Melt, and mix together.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Yellow wax.
Colophony, aa . . . . Y5ss.
Strained ammoniacum,
„ galbanum, aa . . ^ij.
Common turpentine . , ftss^
Powdered saffron,
•> mastic,
„ myrrh,
>, Olibanum, aa . ^ij.
Melt the wax and colophony together,
and when partly cooled, add the ammo-
niacum and galbanum previously dissolved
in the tuj-pentine by the heat of a water-
bath, then mix in the other ingredients,
and form the whole into a plaster.
Emplastrum paracelsi. Pa-
racelsus' plaster. Emplastrum
stypticum.
9 Lead plaster .... ^x^^jij
Galbanum plaster . . . ?ij.
Powdered canella alba,
Frankincense, aa . . . ?jss.
Melt, and mix together.
Emplastrum picis.
plaster.
Pitch
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Prepared Burgundy pitch . fljij.
Prepared frankincense , . Jljj/
Resin,
Wax, of each .... ?iv.
Expressed oil of nutmeg . ^. '
Olive oil.
Water, of each ... . iJ\\
To the pitch, resin, and wax, melted
together, add the oils and the water. Then
evaporate all, constantly stirring, to a
proper consistence.
t Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Burgundy pitch . . . ftjss.
Resin,
Bees'-wax, aa . . , , ?;:
Oil of mace ?ss
Olive oil £Zj
■^ater f^'.
Liquefy the pitch, resin, and wax, with
a gentle heat; add the other articles ; mix
them well together, and boil till the mix-
ture acquires the proper consistence.
Use. — Stimulant, and occasionally rube-
facient.
Emplastrum plumbi. Lead
plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Oxide of lead, rubbed to
very fine powder . . Y&x\.
Olive oil cong.j.
Water Oij.
Boil them together with a slow fire,
constantly stirring, until the oil and oxide'
of lead unite into the consistence of a
plaster; but it will be proper to add a
little boiling water, if nearly the whole
of that which was used in the beginning
should be evaporated before the end of
the boiling.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Emplastrum
lithargyri.
9 Litharge, in fine powder . ?v,
Olive oil f^,ij_
Water. f^jjj^
Mix them ; boil and stir constantly till
the oil and litharge unite, replacing the
water, if it evaporate too far.
718
FORMULA, &c.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Emplastrum
lythargyri.
^ Litharge, reduced to a very
fine powder . . . Ibv.
Olive oil cong. j.
Boiling water .... Oij.
Boil all the ingredients together over a
gentle fire, stirring constantly, until the
oil and litharge acquire such consistence
that they will solidify on cooling. To-
wards the close of the process a little
boiling water should be added to supply
the place of that which has disappeared.
Use. — This forms the basis of several
other plasters ; also applied to excoria-
tions, for keeping together the edges of
recent cuts.
Emplastrum potassii iodidi.
Plaster of iodide of potassium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Iodide of potassium • • . ^■
Prepared frankincense . . ^vj.
"Wax ^vj.
Olive oil f ,^ij.
To the frankincense and wax, melted
together, add the iodide, previously rubbed
with the oil, and constantly stir until they
shall have cooled. This plaster is to be
spread on linen rather than on leather.
Emplastrum RESiNiE. Resin
plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Resin Ibss.
Plaster of lead .... Ibiij.
To the plaster of lead, melted with a
slow fire, add the resin, previously melted,
and mix.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
j^i Litharge plaster . . . . ^v.
Kesin ^■.
Melt them together, with a moderate
heat, and stir the mixture well till it con-
cretes on cooling,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Emplastrum resincB. & Emplas-
trum saponis compositum vel
adhcerens.
^ Resin, in powder .... ^iv.
Castile soap, in powder '.. , ^ij.
Litharge plaster . . . . Ibij.
To the litharge plaster, previously
melted over a gentle fire, add the resin and
soap, and mix them intimately.
Use. — For keeping on other dressing,
and retaining the edges of recent wounds
together.
Emplastrum saponis. Soap
plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Soap, sliced ffiss.
Lead plaster Bjiij-
Resin • • ^•
To the plaster melted by a gentle heat,
add the soap and resin previously melted;
then, all being well mixed, reduce the pro-
duct to a proper consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
j^ Litharge plaster . . . . ^iv.
Gum plaster ..... ^ij.
Castile soap in shavings . . ^.
Melt the plasters together with a mo-
derate heat ; add the soap, and boil for a
little.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
J^ Castile soap, in powder . . _^iv.
Litharge plaster .... Ihiiss.
To the plaster, previously melted over
a gentle fire, add the soap, and heat them
together until they are thoroughly incor-
porated.
Use. — Discutient.
Emplastrum thuris. Frank-
incense plaster.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
^ Litharge plaster .... Ibij.
Frankincense ffiss.
Red oxide of iron . . . . ^iij.
Having melted the plaster and frankin-
cense together, sprinkle in the oxide,
stirring them together to form a plaster.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
]^ Frankincense Ifess.
Lead plaster ffiij.
Dragon's blood, powdered . ^iij.
FORMULA, &c.
719
Melt the lead plaster, and add the frank-
incense and dragon's blood in powder.
Betnark, — A better-looking plaster is
produced by melting the frankincense and
dragon's blood together, and straining them
through a cloth, then mixing these with
the lead plaster previously melted.
Use. — In muscular relaxations and weak-
ness of the joints.
SYNONVMES.
Emplastrum Roborans. — Lond. Ph.
1746. Strengthening plaster.
EmPIiASTEUM zincico-plumbi-
CUM. Emplastrum diapomplwli-
gos.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
9 Olive oil ^vj.
Yellow wax ftj.
Olibanum ^ss.
Oxide of zinc ^iij.
White lead ^^iv.
Black lead (graphite) . . ^vj.
Mix.
Emplastrum diapompholygos.
Ph. Batava, 1805.
9 Yellow wax ..... ^xij.
Olive oil . . . . • . ^vij.
To these, melted by a gentle firq,
add,
Burnt lead (oxide of lead) . ^vj.
Carbonate of lead . . . |iv.
Impure oxide of zinc . . ^iij.
Olibanum Ajss-
Boil, with constant stirring, to the con-
sistence of a plaster.
Emulsio CAMPIIOR.E. Camphor
emulsion.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
1^ Camphor gss.
Milk ^ss.
Water ^vijss.
Rub the camphor with the milk, and
then add the water.
Ph. Norvegica, 1854.
9 Camphor, in powder .. 1 part.
Sugar 80 parts.
Almond emulsion .'* . 420 ,.
Mix the camphor and sugar in a Wedg-
wood mortal , and add the almond emulsion,
triturating them briskly together.
Emulsio phosphorata. Phos-
phorus emulsion.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
9 Phosphorus . . ,. .. gr. jss.
Olive oil ^'.
Mucilage of gum arabic . ^iij.
Aromatic water . . , Jiv.
Simple syrup . . . . |j.
Dissolve the phosphorus in the olive
oil, then add the other ingredients, and
make an emulsion.
Enamels,
Are varieties of glass, generally opaque
and coloured, which are applied by fusing
them at the flame of a blow-pipe, or by the
heat of a small furnace, over the surfaces
of metals, such as copper or gold.
The basis of all enamels is a fusible
glass called the flux, which is variously
coloured by the addition of metallic oxides.
Fluxes for enamels.
No. 1.
]^ Powdered flints . . . . ^iv.
Flint glass ..... ^xij.
Ked lead ^^vi.
Calcined borax .... ^^iij.
Melt in a Hessian crucible ; keep it
melted for several hours in a steady heat,
then pour it into water, and grind it in a
hard biscuit-ware mortar.
No. 2.
9 Flint glass JyS..
White arsenic.
Nitre, aa 5J.
Treat as No. 1.
No. 3.
9 Flint glass ^iij.
Ked lead ^.
Treat as No. 1.
No. 4,
9 Flint glass 5^TJ.
Red lead |xix.
720
FORMULiE, &c.
Borax not calcined
Treat as No. 1.
No. 5.
]^' Flint glass
Red lead . . .
Flux, No. 2. . .
Treat as No. 1.
Slack enamels.
No. 1.
^ Pure clay . .
Iron scales .
Mix, and fuse.
i^j.
No. 2.
]^ Iron scales . . .
Oxide of cobalt
Flux, No. 1. . . .
Mix.
No. 3.
^ Peroxide of manganese
Zaffre
Flux, No. 1. . . .
Mix.
Slue enamels.
No. 1.
Either of the fluxes mixed with oxide of
cobalt.
No, 2.
. . giv.
9 Sand,
Red lead
Nitre, aa .
Flint glass
Oxide of cobalt
Mix.
Brown enamels.
No. 1.
1^- Manganese . .
Red lead
Powdered flints .
Mix.
No. 2.
9 Red lead,
Iron scales, aa •
Antimony,
Litharge,
Sand, aa , . .
Flux, No. 1. . .
Mix.
^xxxij.
^j.
q. S
Green enamels.
No. 1.
^ Flux
Black oxide of copper
Peroxide of iron . .
Mix,
No. 2.
9 Flux
Black oxide of copper
Oxide of chromium .
Mix.
Olive enamel.
j^' Blue enamel •
Black enamel.
Yellow enamel, aa
Mix.
Orange enamel.
9 Red lead . • .
Red sulphate of iron
Oxide of antimony
Powdered flints .
Flux ....
Mix.
ftij
5SS.
Purple enamel.
Flux coloured with the purple of cassius,
or peroxide of manganese.
Red enamel, dark.
^ Sulphate of iron, calcined . ^vij.
Flux, No. 1 ... . ^xviij.
Colcothar ^'.
Mix.
Red enamel, light.
^ Red sulphate of iron . . . Jij.
Flux, No. 1 ^^vj.
White lead ^iij.
Mix.
White enamels.
No. 1.
9 Tin 2 parts.
Lead 1 part.
Calcine them together, sepai-ating the
oxide that collects on the surface.
Of this oxide 5J.
Fine ciystal _^ij.
MangaaflWS a very small quantity.
FORMULA, &c.
721
Mix and fuse these, and pour the fused
mass into water ; repeat the process three
or four times.
No. 2.
9 Washed diaphoretic antimony ^^j.
Glass, free from lead . . . _^iij.
5Iix, and treat as the last.
Yellow enamel.
^ Red lead ..... S^iij.
Oxide of antimony. . . 5J.
Oxide of tin . . . . ^.
Jlix and calcine together, then take of
the
Calcined powder . . . ^ij.
Flux, No. 4 . . . . ^iij.
Mix.
Encaustic.
Encaustic painting was practised by the
ancients ; it consists in using wax, to give
a gloss to the colours, and to preserve them
from injury. The art was restored in
1753, by Count Caylus. The wood or
cloth to be painted on, is first pi'epared by
rubbing it over with wax, and then holding
it over or before a fire, so that the wax
may melt, diffuse itself, penetrate the tex-
ture, and fill up all the interstices, so as
to form a perfectly smooth surface.
The following instructions were com-
municated to the Society of Arts, in 1787,
by Miss Greenland, who acquired the
knowledge in Florence : —
" Melt ^ of white wax in a glazed
earthen vessel, over a slow fire, add,
in small quantities at a time, ^ of
powdered mastick, stirring them con-
tinually, until the mastick is com-
pletely dissolved, and the whole in-
corporated. Then pour them into
cold water, and when hardened, re-
duce theui to powder in a Wedg-
wood's mortar, previously separating
any adhering water by means of blot-
ting-paper.
" In painting, this powder is to be
mixed with the colours with a strong
solution of gum-arabic. Light colours
require but a small quantity of the
powder, but more of ^|MKist be put
in proportion to the body and dark-
ness of 'the colours ; and to black
there should be almost as much of
the powder as of colour.
" Having mixed the colours, and
no more of them than can be used
before they get dry, proceed to paint
with plain water, in the same way as
in painting in water-colours. The
painting should be highly finished,
otherwise, when varnished, the tints
will not appear united.
" When the painting is quite dry,
it is to be brushed over with a hard
brush dipped in melted white wax,
and afterwards held to the fire, so that
the surface of the wax may be ren-
dered quite smooth."
The following varnish is sometimes used
for encaustic painting : —
9 White wax 1 part.
Oil of turpentine ... 2 parts.
Mix with heat.
Oil of wax is sometimes substituted for
oil of turpentine.
Enema ALOES. Enema of ahes.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Aloes . . . . . . ^y*
Carbonate of potash . . gr. xv.
Decoction of barley . . Oss.
Mix, and rub them together.
Use. — In cases of ascarides in the rec-
tum and in constipation.
Enema assafcetid^. Enema
of assafcBtida.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Prepared assafoetida . . . jj-
Decoction of barley . . . Oss.
Rub the assafcetida with the decoction
gradually added, until they may be well
mixed.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Enema fcetidum.
9 Tincture of assafoetida .
WaiTO water . . . .
Mix.
3 A
722
FORMULA, &c.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Enema fcetidum .
Add to the cathartic enema two drachms
of tincture of assafoetida.
Use. — Antispasmodic and carminative.
Enema catharticum. Cathar-
tic enema.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Olive oil . . .
Sulphate of magnesia
Sugar ....
Senna . . .
Boiling water . .
Infuse the senna for an hour in the
water ; then dissolve the salt and sugar ;
add the oil, and mix them by agitation.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^1 Sulphate of magnesia . . ^.
Olive oil f ^.
Mucilage of barley . . f 5^vj,
Dissolve the sulphate of magnesia in the
mucilage, add the oil, and mix.
Med. Use. — A useful cathartic enema
for general purposes.
Enema colocynthidis.
ma of colocynth.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Extract of colocynth .
Soft soap
"Water Oj.
Mix, and rub together.
Med. Use. — An efficient enema in ob-
stinate constipation and colic.
Enema opii. Enema of opium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
5^ Decoction of starch . . f^iv.
Tincture of opium . . Tr\^xsx.
Mix.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Starch .... 5ss.
Tincture of opium . f 3ss, to f3i.
Water . . . • f^'j.
Boil the starch in the water, and when
it is cool enough for use, add the tincture
of opium.
Ene-
3ss.
Use. — This enema is anodyne, and
used in irritable states of the bladder and
uterus ; also in dysentery.
Enema tabaci. Enema of
tobacco.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
J9 Tobacco ^j.
Boiling water. . ... . Oss.
I Macerate for an hour, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
R Tobacco , . . . 15 gr. to Jss.
Boiling water . . f.^viij.
Infuse for half an hour, and then strain.
Use. — Has been sometimes given in
cases of hernia. It is a dangerous applica-
tion.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Tobacco leaf .... ^j.
Boiling water .... ^viij.
Infuse for one hour in a covered vessel,
and strain.
Enema TEREBiNTHiNiE. Tur-
pentine enema.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Oil of turpentine . . . f 5J.
The yolk of one egg,
Decoction of barley . . f^xix.
Rub the oil with the yolk, and mix in
the decoction.
Edin. Ph. 1841.'
;^ Oil of turpentine . , . f^.
Yolk of egg . . . . q. s.
Water f_^xir.
Rub the oil and yolk carefully together,
and then add the water gradually.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Oil of turpentine . . . fl^].
Mucilage of barley . . f ^xvj.
Mix.
Use. — 'In cases of ascarides, in perito-
neal inflammation, and as an active as-
sistant to cathartics in general.
Ergotina. Ergotine.
This name is applied to two veiy dif-
ferent prepa||tions, the one being an
FORMULAE, &c.
723
ethereal and the other an aqueous extract
of ergot of rye.
The former consists principally of a thick
oil, of a reddish-brown colour, which is
soluble in alcohol and ether. This was
supposed by Dr. Wright to be the active
principle of the ergot. It is prepared by
exhausting powdered ergot of rye with
ether by displacement, and afterwards dis-
tillmg off the ether, when the oil, which is
not volatile, will be left. Good ergot
yields about 30 per cent, of this oily
product.
M. Bonjean, who has carefully studied
the properties of ergot of rye, is of opinion
that its poisonous properties are due to the
oil, while its haemostatic properties are
entirely due to extractive matter soluble in
water. He calls this " Aqueous extract
of ergot," " Heemostatic ' extract," or
*' Ergotine." He directs it to be made as
follows : —
Exhaust powdered ergot of rye with
cold water by displacement, and heat the
liquor in a water-bath ; if coagulation
takes place, separate the coagulum with a
filter ; then evaporate the clear liquor to
the consistence of syrup, and when cold,
add to it a large excess of rectified spirit,
so as to precipitate all gummy matter ;
sepanite the precipitate, and evaporate the
liquor to the consistence of an extract.
500 parts of ergot will yield 70 or 80
parts of this extract.
Essence of rennett.
^ A fresh rennett
Salt ^.
Tartaric acid ^j-
Water ^^^•
Infuse for 24 hours and strain. Then
again add to the rennett.
Water ^viij.
Salt . ^86.
Tartaric acid gr. x.
Infuse for 24 hours and strain. Mix
the solutions and add
^••andy ^ij.
Mix.
It is sometimes flavoured with a few
drops of essential oils of bitter almonds
nutmegs, and cloves.
Use. — It is employed for curdling milk,
a tablespoonful being added to a quart of
milk previously made lukewarm, and the
mixture allowed to stand for half an hour,
when it will become coagulated.
Essences for flavouring
SPIRITS, &c. Fruit essence.
There are several preparations sold
under the above names, for producing, bj
artificial means, the peculiar flavours which
are possessed by some fruits. These
essences consist of compound ethers dis-
solved in spirit. The following processes
are given for making some of them ; but
by varying the processes, or by mixing the
products, the flavours of other fruit may
be imitated.
Essence of Apple.
This is a solution of valerianate of oxide
of amyl.
One part, by weight, of pure fusel oil
(amylic alcohol) is carefully mixed with
an equal weight of oil of vitriol, and when
the mixture has cooled, one and a quarter
part of valerianic acid is added. The
mixture is warmed for some minutes (not
too long nor too much) by means of a
water-bath, and water is afterwards added,
which causes the valerianate of oxide of
amyl to separate. It is washed with so-
lution of carbonate of soda, to separate any
free acid from it, and then one part of
this ether is dissolved in six or eight parts
of rectified spirit to form the essence of
apple.
Essence of Jargonelle Pear.
This is a solution of acetate of oxide of
amyl.
Two parts of fusel oil (amylic alcohol)
are mixed with an equal weight of glacial
acetic acid, and one part of oil of vitriol.
The mixture is digested for some hours
at a temperature of 250° Fahr., and water
is then added to it, when the ether (acetate
3 A 2
724
FORMULA, &c.
of oxide of amyl) separates. This is dis-
tilled off, and purified by washing it with
solutioa of carbonate of soda. The ad-
dition of a little acetic ether (acetate of
oxide of ethyl) is said to improve the
flavour of the essence, which is made by
mixing 30 parts of acetate of oxide of amyl,
1 part of acetate of oxide of ethyl, and 200
parts of rectified spirit.
Essence of Pine-apple.
This is solution of butyric ether.
Three parts of butyric acid are mixed
with six parts of rectified spirit, and two
parts of oil of vitriol. The mixture is
digested for some hours at a gentle heat,
and the ether distilled off. One part of
this ether is dissolved in 6 or 8 parts of
rectified spirit.
Essence of Quince.
This is solution of pelargonate or oenan-
thate of oxide of ethyl.
Oil of rue is treated with twice its
weight of weak nitric acid, the
mixture being heated to near its boiling
point. After some time two layers are
observed in the liquid, the lower of which
consists of the products of the oxidation of
the oil of rue, together with the excess of
nitric acid. This lower layer is separated
from that which floats over it, and purified
from most of the nitric acid by evaporation
with a chloride of zinc bath. It is then
fiiltered, mixed with twice its weight of
rectified spirit, and half its weight of oil
of vitriol. The mixture is digested for
some hours at a gentle heat, and the ether
is then distilled off. The essence is made
by dissolving one part of the ether in six
parts of rectified spirits.
Essentia abietis. Essence of
spruce.
The young twigs of the Scotch, or
some other kind of fir, are boiled in water,
and the decoction evaporated to the con-
sistence of treacle. It is tonic and sti-
mulant. Used for making spruce beer.
Essentia ambr^egrise<e. Es-
sence of ambergris.
9 Ambergris jiiss.
Rectified spirit .... Oj.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
Essentia AMBRiEGBisE-^ et
MOSCHi. Essentia regia. Essence
royale. Essence of ambergris and
musk.
No. 1.
^ Ambergris 3iijss.
Musk gij.
Oil of cinnamon . . . TlXxlviij.
Oil of rhodium . . , TlXxxxij,
Essence of roses ... f^iv.
Rectified spirit . . . f^xxiv.
Orange-flower water . . f^iv.
Sand ^ij.
Rub the ambergris and musk with the
sand, then add the spirit and other ingi-e-
dients ; macerate for 14 days, and then
strain.
No. 2.
^ Ambergris .... jij.
Musk 3J.
Oil of cinnamon, . . gtt. xxxvj.
Oil of rhodium . . . gtt. xxiv.
Subcarbonate of potash . 3iij.
Essence of roses . . . f^ix.
Rectified spirit . . f^xviij.
Macerate for eight days and strain.
Essentia amygdalje amai^^.
Essence of bitter almonds.
9 Oil of bitter almonds . . . fjij.
Spirit of wine f^vj.
Mix.
Use. — For flavouring custards, pastry,
&c., but great caution should be observed
in using it for these or similar purposes.
Essentia anisi. Essence of
aniseed.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9' Oil of anise f^j.
Rectified spirit .... f^'-Jf*
Mix with agitation.
Note. — This essence is used for making
the aqua anisi of the Dublin Pharmaco-
poeia.
FORMULA, &c.
726
Essentia camphorje. Essence
of camphor. Concentrated cam-
phor julep.
9" Camphor 3J,
Rectified spirit .... ^ijss.
Water • . . ^ss.
Dissolve the camphor in the spirit and
add the water.
This is intended for the extemporaneous
preparation of camphor julep, by adding a
few drops of the essence to a glass of water,
and stirring them brislcly. A little tincture
of myrrh is sometimes added, in making
the essence, as this is found to promote
the solution of the camphor in the water.
Essentia capsici.
hcayenne pepper.
Essence of
i 9* Cayenne pepper ,
. iw.
Rectified spirit ....
. Oj.
! Digest with a gentle heat for
7 days,
when press and strain the essence.
It may
fce better made by displacement.
Essentia carui. Essence of
-caraway.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
§ Oil of caraway . ,
• f^-
Rectified spirit . . .
. f^ix.
Mis with agitation.
Note. — This essence is used for making
the aqua carui of the Dublin Pharmaco-
jKEia.
Essentia cinnamomi. Essence
of cinnamon.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Oil of cinnamon . . . . fjj.
Rectified spirit . * . • • f^ix.
Mix with agitation.
Note. — This essence is used for making
the aqua cinnamomi of the Dublin Phar-
macopoeia.
Essentia CLUPE^. Essence of
anchovies.
Pound Ibj of anchovies in a Wedg-
wood's mortar, put them into a pipkm
with ^iv of the best vinegar, and boil them
for a few minutes, then pulp them through
a hair-sieve. To the portion that passes
through the sieve, add ^ij of salt, the same
quantity of flour, and sufBcient water to
give it the proper consistence ; boil them
together for a few minutes, and colour the
mixture with arnotto. A little cayenne
pepper is sometimes added.
Essentia foeniculi. Essence
of fennel.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Oil of fennel f^j.
Alcohol f^ix.
Mix with agitation.
Note. — This essence is used for making
the aqua fceniculi of the Dublin Pharma-
copoeia.
Essentia Mentha pipeeit-«.
Essence of peppermint.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Oil of peppermint. . . • f^J-
Stronger spirit f^is.
Mix with agitation.
Note. — This essence is used for making
the aqua menthce piperita! of the Dublin
Pharmacopoeia. The essence popularly
used as essence of peppermint is made
stronger than the foregoing. The follow-
ing are the formulae usually adopted : —
No. 1.
9' Oil of peppermint . , . . ^.
Rectified spirit ..... ,^iij.
Mix.
No. 2.
9? Oil of peppermint . . . . Jj.
Rectified spirit ^v.
Mix.
This essence is sometimes coloured
green with the fresh leaves of spinach, or
of the pepperpoint plant.
Med. Use. — Stimulant and carminative.
Dose. — Gtt. XX. to gtt. xxx., on sugar.
Essentia menthje pulegii.
Essence of pennyroyal.
726
FORMULA., &c.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Oil of pennyroyal .... f^j.
Rectified spirit. .... f^ix.
Mix with agitation.
I^ote. — This essence is used for making
the aqica menthce pulegii of the Dublin
Pharmacopoeia, The essence popularly used
as essence of pennyroyal is usually'prepared
according to one of the following for-
mulae : —
No. 1.
5/ Oil of pennyroyal . . . . ^■,
Rectified spirit ^lij.
Mix.
No. 2.
9 Oil of pennyroyal . . . . ^.
Rectified spirit ..... ?v
Mix.
Sometimes coloured with the fresh
leaves of spinach or of the pennyroyal
plant.
Med. Use. — Stimulant and carminative.
Dose. — Gtt. XX. to gtt. xxx,, on sugar.
VIRIDIS.
MOS-
ESSENTIA MENTHA
Essence of mint.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Oil of spearmint .
Stronger spirit
Mix with agitation.
Note. — This essence is used for making
the aqua mentJiai viridis of the Dublin
Pharmacopoeia.
Essentia MYKisTiciE
CHAT^. Essence of nutmeg.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. j
9 Oil of nutmeg
Stronger spirit ....
Mix with agitation.
Essentia odontalgica.
sencefor tooth-ache.
No. 1.
T^ Pellitory of Spain root .
Extract of belladonna. . .
Rectified spirit ....
Macerate for 14 days and strain; then
add,
f^ix.
Es-
3U-
Hyponitrous ether . .
Oil of wine ....
Oil of cloves ....
Mix.
No. 2.
9 -Acetate of morphia .
Strongest acetic acid_ . ' .
Oil of cloves ....
Tincture of pellitory of
Spain ... ,
Mix.
Essentia odorata.
for the handkerchirf.
Jss.
3U-
gr. xxiv.
3^j-
oJ 3^j-
Essence
9 English oil of lavender
Oil of cloves
Oil of orange peel
Oil of bergamot.
Sweet spirit of nitre
Oil of yellow sandal wood,
Oil of neroli,
Otto of roses, aa .
Oil of cinnamon . .
Rectified spirit . .
Dissolve, and add.
Honey water
Essence of ambergris
and musk.
Mix.
gtt. xlviij.
gtt. xxxii.
gtt. xvj.
gtt. viij.
gtt. viij.
gtt.j.
^viij.
Essence
fjix
Essentia piment^e.
of pimenta.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Oil of pimenta . . .
Rectified spirit . . .
Mix with agitation.
Note. — This essence is used for makino-
the aqua pimentce of the Dublin Pharma-
copceia.
Essentia kos^e. Essence of
roses.
No. 1.
^ Otto of rose
Rectified spirit.
Mix.
No. 2.
^' Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Subcarbonate of potash . . ?iv.
3v.
Ov.
FORMULA, &c.
727
Shake them together in a bottle, and
allow them to stand for several days,
shaking the bottle from time to time, then
pour off the strong spirit, which will be
found floating over a dense solution of
carbonate of potash. To this spirit add.
Otto of rose ..... 5ij.
Oil of bergamot . . . . 5J.
Oil of neroli ..... gtt, x.
Mix.
Essence rosmarini. Essence
of rosemary.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Oil of rosemary .... f^.
Rectified spirit .... f^ix.
Mix with agitation.
Essentia saponis. Essence
de savon. Essence of soap.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
^ White soap . ... 24 parts.
Distilled water . . . 32 ,,
Alcohol sp. gr, 923 . . 64 „
Carbonate of potash . . 1 part.
Essence of lemons, or
any other . . . . q. s.
The soap is dissolved without the aid of
heat ; the alkaline carbonate and essence
are added, and the whole is filtered. This
essence is employed for the toilette.
Essentia sEMENiE ami. Es-
sence of celery seeds.
9 Celery seeds ^iv.
Proof spirit Oj.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
This is used for culinary purposes.
Several other essences are made in the
same way, or by dissolving volatile oils in
spirit.
Essentia volatiles. Volatile
essence for smelling bottles.
No. 1.
9 English oil of lavender,
Essence of musk, aa . . 3iv.
Oil of bergamot . . . jij.
Oil of cloves . » • . 3J.
Otto of roses .... gtt. x.
Oil of cinnamon . . . gtt. v.
Strongest liq. ammon. . Oj.
Mix.
No. 2.
]^ Essence of lemon.
Oil of bergamot, aa . . 3vj.
Oil of lavender . . . . 5J.
Oil of neroli.
Oil of cassia, aa . . . 5ss.
Otto of roses .... 5iss.
Oil of cloves,
Oil of orange peel, aa . gtt. xv.
Oil of sandal wood . . gtt. x.
Strongest liq. ammon . Oj.
Mix.
No. 3.
9 Oil of bergamot . . . pij.
Essence of lemons . . . ^ij.
Oil of lavender . . . 3vj.
Essence of jasmine . . 3iv.
Oil of neroli .... 3ij.
Otto of roses .... 3iss.
Oil of origanum . . . 3J.
Essence of ambergris . . 3J,
Oil of sassafras . . . 3iij.
Musk gr, XX.
Mix, and macerate for a week, then add
^iss of the clear oil to Oj of the strongest
solution of ammonia.
No. 4.
^ Oil of bergamot,
Essence of ambergris and
musk, aa . . . . 3ij.
Oil of lavender . . . gtt. xxxvj.
Oil of cinnamon . . . gtt. x.
Otto of roses . . . gtt, xxiv.
Essence of jasmine . . gtt. xx.
Essence of violets . . gtt. x.
Strongest liq. ammon. . Oj.
Mix.
Essentia zingiberis. Essence
of ginger.
No. 1,
^ Unbleached Jamaica ginger . ^iv.
Rectified spirit .... Oj.
Macerate for a fortnight, and strain.
No. 2.
9 Ginger in fine powder . . IBss.
Animal charcoal .... ^^iv.
Rectified spirit .... Ibj.
728
FORMULA, &c.
Mix the ginger and animal charcoal to-
gether, introduce them into a displacement
apparatus, and allow the spirit to percolate
through in the usual manner; displacing
the essence by as much more spirit as is
necessary.
No. 3.
9 Ginger, in fine powder . . Ibss.
Rectified spirit .... Ibj.
Operate as in the previous case.
No. 4.
l^' Jamaica ginger .... Ibj.
Rectified spirit .... Ibiij.
Macerate for 14 days, press, and strain
the tincture. Then introduce it into a
I'etort, and carefully distil off the spirit,
with the heat of a water-bath, until one
pint remains in the retort. The spirit
distilled off may be used in the next opera-
tion. The essence remaining in the retort
will be very strong, but will have lost
some of the fine flavour of the ginger.
ExTRACTUM ABSiNTHii. Ex-
tract of wormwood.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
1^ Tops of the herb of wormwood, Iftiv,
Cut them into small pieces, put them
into a suitable vessel, and pour over them
boiling water sufficient to form a pulp.
Macerate for 24 hours, occasionally
stirring, then press out the liquor. To
the residue add more boiling water, mace-
rate for 12 hours, and again press. Eva-
porate the strained liquors with a gentle
heat, avoiding ebullition, and constantly
stirring, until reduced to 12 pounds. Let
it now stand for some time, that the sedi-
ment may subside, then, having decanted
the clear liquor, evaporate it to the proper
consistence in a water-bath, the heat of
which shall not exceed 150° or 165° Fahr.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
]^ Herb of wormwood, dry and cut Ibij.
Rectified spirit Ibvj.
Water IBvj.
Macerate the herb with 4 pounds of the
spirit for 12 hours, then add 4 pounds of
water, and digest in a water-bath for 24
hours. Strain off the liquor, press the
herb strongly, and add to the pressed herb
2 pounds of spirit and 2 pounds of water.
Digest again for 24 hours, strain and press.
Distil off the spirit from the mixed liquor,
and evaporate what remains by the heat of
a water-bath to the consistence of an
extract.
Med. Use. — Stomachic and tonic.
Dose. — Grs. x. to ^j.
ExTKACTUM ACONiTT. Extract
of aconite.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 The French leaf of aconite . . ffij.
Bruise in a stone mortar; then press out
the juice, and evaporate it unstrained to a
proper consistence.
Ediii. Ph. 1841.
Take of leaves of monkshood, fresh, any
convenient quantity; beat them into a
pulp; express the juice; subject the resi-
duum to percolation with rectified spirit,
so long as the spirit passes materially
coloured ; unite the expressed juice and
the spirituous infusion ; filter ; distil off
the spirit ; and evaporate the residuum in
the vapour-bath, taking care to remove the
vessel from the heat as soon as the due
degree of consistence shall be attained.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Fresh herb of aconite . . . Ibx.
Cut, bruise, and press the herb ; add to
the residue a pound or a pound and a half
of water, and press again ; mix and strain
the liquors, and evaporate them in a water-
bath, at a temperature from 120° to 140°
Fahr., with constant agitation, until re-
duced to ibij. Mix this with
Rectified spirit, sp. gr. 900 . Ibij.
Let the mixture stand for 24 hours,
occasionally shaking it, then filter, press the
residue, and add to the mark
Rectified spirit, sp. gr. 900 . Ibss.
Again strain and press.
Evaporate the mixed and filtered liquors
in the water-bath, at a temperature from
FORMULA, »S:c.
729
120° to 140", until reduced to the con-
sistence of an extract.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
9' Fresh herb of aconite . . . ffiij.
Bruise in a stone mortar, then add
Eectified spirit .... Ibij.
Digest for 24 hours, and press. Filter
the liquor and distil off the spirit; then
evaporate what remains at a gentle heat,
by means of a water-bath, constantly stir-
ring it, until it becomes dry. Keep it in a
well-closed bottle.
Extractuvi aconili alcoholicum.
Dr. Fleming.
This is prepared by distilling oflf the
spirit from tincture of aconite, made from
the dried root, and evaporating to the con-
sistence of an extract,
Med. Use, — Narcotic, and in some cases
diuretic. Used in chronic rheumatism,
intermittent fever, glandular swellings, and
ceiiain convulsive affections.
Dose, — Half a grain at fii-st, which may,
in some cases, be increased to 3 or 4 grains.
The extracts made by the processes of
the Prussian and Austrian Pharmacopoeias
and by Dr. Fleming's process, are more
active than the others, and should be given
in smaller doses.
ExTRACTUM ALOES. Extract
of aloes.
(Extractum Aloes purificatum,
Ph. 1836.)
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Socotrine aloes .... ^xv.
Boiling distilled water , . Cj.
Macerate for 3 days with a gentle heat ;
then strain, and set aside that the dross
may subside. Pour off the clear liquor,
and evaporate to a proper consistence.
Dubl.Ph. 1850.
Extractum aloes aquosum.
^ Hepatic aloes, in coai-se powder ^iv.
Water Oij.
Boil the aloes until it is dissolved ; when
the solution is cold, and the dregs have
subsided, pour off the clear liquid, and
evaporate it to a proper consistence.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
5 Aloes, in powder .... fljss.
Distilled water .... ftij.
Macerate for 48 hours, frequently shak-
ing; then strain the clear liquor, and
evaporate it in a water-bath at a tempera-
ture not exceeding 150° or 165° Fahr.,
until reduced to a pilular consistence. Dry
this at a lower temperature, reduce it to
powder, and keep it in a well-closed
bottle.
Med, Use. — As a cathartic in doses from
gr. V. to gr, XV. in form of pill.
Extractum aloes Barba-
DENSis. Extract of Barbadoes
aloes.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as the
extract of aloes is directed to be pre-
pared.
Extractum anthemidis. Ex-
tract of chamomile.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Chamomile Ibj.
Boil it with a gallon of water down to
4 pints ; filter the liquor hot ; evaporate
in the vapour-bath to the due consistence.
Med. Use, — Stomachic and tonic.
Dose. — Grs. x. to ^j.
Extractum ARNiciE florum.
Extract of arnica flowers.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
Prepared from dried arnica flowers in
the same way as Extractum ahsinthii is
directed to be made by this Pharmacopoeia.
Ph. Graeca, 1837.
]^ Arnica flowers .... 1 part.
Rectified spirit .... 3 parts.
Water 5 „
Macerate for 2 days, then press, strain,
distil off the spirit, and evaporate to the
consistence of an extract.
730
FORMULA, &c.
Note. — Brown, leaving a yellow stain.
When mixed with water, a flocculent pre-
cipitate is deposited.
EXTBACTUM ARNICA RADICIS.
Extract of arnica root.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
Prepared from dried arnica root in the
same way as Extractum ahsinthii is
directed to be made by this Pharmacopoeia.
Ph. Grseca, 1837.
Made from arnica root, in the same way
as the Extractum amicce florum of this
Pharmacopoei a.
Note. — Brown, forming a troubled solu-
tion in water.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
1^ Arnica root ..... Ibij
Eectified spirit .... Ibiij.
Water Bbix.
In other respects the same as the Ph.
Graeca.
Extractum belladonna. Ex-
tract of belladontia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as is
directed concerning extract of aconite.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of belladonna, fresh, any conve-
nient quantity, bruise it in a marble mor-
tar into a uniform pulp ; express the juice ;
moisten the residuum with water, and
express again. Unite the expressed fluids,
filter them, and evaporate the filtered
liquid in the vapour-bath to the consist-
ence of firm 'extract, stirring constantly
towards the close.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Take of fresh belladonna leaves, col-
lected when the plant begins to flower, any
convenient quantity.
Crush them in a mortar, express the
juice, and allow it to stand for 24 hours.
Pour off the clear liquor, and set it aside
for subsequent use; and having placed
the sediment on a calico filter, wash it
with an equal bulk of distilled water, and
mix the washings with the decanted liquor.
When, by the application of a water-heat,
coagulation has occurred, skim off the
coagulated matter, filter the hot liquid
through flannel, mix in now the washed
sediment, and evaporate to the consistence
of a firm extract, by a steam or water
bath, constantly stirring, particularly to-
wards the close of the evaporation.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
Prepared from fresh leaves of belladonna
in the same way as Extractum aconiti is
directed to be made by this Pharmacopoeia.
Dose. — Quarter of a grain, gradually
increased to 4 or 5 grains.
Extractum cacuminum spab-
Tii scoPARii. Extract of broom
tops.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
To be made according to the instruc-
tions for Extractum aloes hepaticce, sub-
stituting broom-tops for aloes.
Med. Use. — Employed as a diiuretic in
dropsy.
Dose. — 3SS to 3J.
Extractum cantharidis. Ex-
trait de cantharides. Extract of
caniharides.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm, 1847.
5( Powder of canthai-ides . q, v.
Alcohol, sp, gr. 923 . . q, s.
Exhaust the cantharides by two or three
macerations in the alcohol: distil and
evaporate the liquors to the consistence
of an extract. The alcohol employed for
this preparation ought to be set aside in
order to be employed subsequently for the
same purpose.
Extractum cannabis indio^e.
Extract of Indian hemp.
FORMULA, &c.
731
Bengal Dispensatory.
Boil the dried tops of Indian hemp in
rectified spirit, distil off the spirit, and
evaporate the extract by a gentle heat.
EXTR ACTUM CANNABIS INDlCiE
PURiFicATUM. Purified extract of
Indian hemp.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Extract of Indian hemp, of
commerce . . . . ^j.
Rectified spirit .... f Jiv.
Dissolve the extract in the spirit, and
when the drugs have subsided, decant the
clear' liquid, and evaporate by means of a
water-bath, to the consistence of a soft
extract.
EXTRACTUM CIN^ ETHEREUM.
Ethereal extract of worm-seed.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9 Worm-seed ^iv.
Ether ^vj.
Macerate for three or four days, with
frequent shaking ; then press and filter, and
distil off the ether until \ remains : lastly,
evaporate the residue to the proper con-
sistence, and keep it in stoppered bottles.
Note. — Greenish-brown, having a strong
smell of worm-seed, ^iv may be obtained
from ffij of the seed.
ExTRACTUM CINCHONiE SIC-
CUM. Essential salt of bark.
Codex Ph. Frang. 1889.
Reduce pale cinchona bark to coarse
powder ; moisten it with half its weight
of cold water, and when it has stood for
twelve or fifteen hours, pack it closely in
a displacement apparatus, and allow cold
water to percolate through it, as long as
it passes much charged with extract. Eva-
porate the liquor over a water-bath to the
consistence of thick syrup, then spread it
on earthenware plates, and dry it in a
stove. Finally, chip it off the plates with
a knife, and preserve it in small stop-
pered bottles.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
^, Roughly-powdered pale
cinchona bark . . Ibiij.
Cold distilled water . . TBxxxvj.
Macerate for 48 hours, and press.
Macerate the residue again in Ibxvj. of
distilled water, and press. Filter the
mixed fluids, and evaporate them over the
water-bath to the consistence of treacle.
Dilute the syrupy fluid with distilled
water, and again evaporate to the con-
sistence of treacle ; and repeat this pro-
cess until, on the addition of the water,
it forms a clear solution ; it is then to be
finally evaporated to the consistence of an
extract.
Essential salt of hark, prepared as
above, has been occasionally used in this
country.
ExTRACTUM CINCHONiE. Ex-
tract of cinchona.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Yellow cinchona, coarsely pow-
dered Ibiij.
Distilled water . . . Ovj.
To the cinchona add Oiv of the water,
and assiduously stir with a spatula until
it is entirely moistened. Macerate for 24
hours and steam through linen. Macerate
that which remains in the remaining water
for 24 hours, and strain. Then, the
liquors being mixed together, evaporate to
a proper consistence,
EXTRACTDM CINCHONiB PAI--
LiDiE. Extract of pale cinchona.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
ExTRACTUM CINCHONiE RUBR^.
Extract of red cinchona.
Ikrnd. Ph. 1851.
Prepare these in the same manner as
the extract of cinchona is directed to be
prepared.
732
FORMULA, &c.
Extractum cinchonce,
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Any of the varieties of
cinchona, but espe-
cially tlie yellow or
red cinchona, in fine
powder .... ^iv.
Proof spirit .... f^xxiv.
Percolate the cinchona with the spirit,
distil off the greater part of the spirit,
and evaporate what remains in an open
vessel over the vapour-bath to a due con-
sistence.
Med. Use. — Tonic, stomachic, and
febrifuge.
Dose. — Grs. x to jss.
Extractum colchici. Extract
xyf colchicum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Fresh cormi of colchicum . Ibj.
Take off the coat, and finish in the same
manner as is directed concerning the extract
of aconite,
Extractum colchici aceti-
TUM. Acetic extract of colchicum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Coi-mi of colchicum, fresh . Ibj.
Acetic acid f 5'ij>
Bruise the coraii, gradually sprinkling
acetic acid, then express the juice, and
■evaporate it unstrained to a proper con-
sistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Bulb of colchicum . . . Ibj.
Pyroligneous acid . . . f ^iij.
Beat the colchicum to a pulp, gradually
adding the acid ; express the liquid, and
■evaporate it in a porcelain vessel, (not
glazed with lead,) over the vapour-bath,
to the due consistence.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Colchicum root? dried . . ^iv.
Dilute acetic acid . . , f ^viij.
Digest the root in the acid for 14 days,
then filter, and evaporate by means of a
water-bath, to the consistence of a soft
extract.
Med. Use, — In gout and rheumatism.
Dose. — Gr. j to gr. iv twice or thrice
a-day.
Extractum colocynthidis.
Extract of colocynth.
Lond, Ph. 1851.
^ Sliced colocynth, the seeds being
removed .... Ibiij.
Distilled water . . . Oss.
Macerate the colocynth for 36 houi-s,
frequently pressing out with the hand.
Strongly express the liquor and strain.
Lastly, evaporate to a proper consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Colocynth .... Bj.
Water ..... cong. ij
Boil gently for 6 hours, replacing the
evaporated water occasionally. Strain the
liquor while hot ; and evaporate it in the
vapour-bath to the due consistence.
Ph, Borussica, 1847.
j^ Colocynth, freed from the
seeds, and cut .... Ibj,
Rectified spirit, sp, gr. '900 . ftvj.
Digest, at a tepid heat, for some days,
occasionally shaking it, then press off the
tincture, and add to the residue,
Rectified spii'it, sp. gr. "900,
Water, aa Siiss.
Digest, and press as before. Strain the
mixed liquors, and evaporate them in a
water-bath at a heat not exceeding 165°,
to a pilular consistence; dry this at ^
lower heat, and reduce the product to
powder.
Extractum colocynthidis
compositum . Compound extract
of colocynth.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
^ Colocynth, cut in pieces . ,^vj.
Purified extract of aloes . ^xij.
Scammony, powdered . . ^iv.
Cardamoms [husked] pow-
dered ^.
Soap ^iij.
Proof spirit .... cong. j.
FORMULA, &c.
733
Macerate the colocynth in the spirit,
with a gentle heat, for 4 days; strain
the spirit, and add to it the aloes, scam-
mony, and soap ; afterwards evaporate to
a proper consistence, the cardamoms being
mixed towards the end,
Med. Use. — An effectual cathartic, in
the dose of from grs. x to 5 ss in the form
of pill. Although replaced, in the Lond.
Ph, of 1851, by Pilula colocynthidis com-
posita, it is still much used.
SYNONYMES.
Extractum catharticwn. — Lond. Ph.
1746. Cathartic extract.
Extractum colomb.e. Ex-
tract of Calumba.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Calumba root sliced . . . ffij.
Rectified spirit, sp. gr. • 900 . Ibij.
Digest in a warm place for some days,
frequently shaking; press out strongly,
and on the residue pour,
Rectified spirit.
Water, aa ..... • Ibj.
Digest again, until the next day, fre-
quently shaking the mixture, and press.
Evaporate the mixed and strained liquors
iu a vapour-bath, at a temperature not ex-
ceeding 167° Fahr., until about the con-
sistence of a pill mass, constantly stir-
ring ; then take it out, dry it with a gentle
heat, and carefully reduce it to fine pow-
der.
Note. — The powder should be of a
brownish-yellow colour, and form a turbid
solution with water.
Extractum conii. Extract
of hemlock.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as we
have directed the extract of aconite to be
prepared.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of conium any convenient quan-
tity; beat it into a uniform pulp in a
marble mortar, express the juice and filter
it. Let this juice be evaporated to the con-
sistence of a very firm extract, either in a
vacuum with the aid of heat, or spon-
taneously in shallow vessels exposed to a
strong current of air freed of dust by
gauze-screens.
This extract is of good quality only
when a very strong odour of conia is dis-
engaged by degrees on its being carefully
triturated with aqua potassse.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Fresh hemlock, leaves collected
when the plant begins to flower,
any convenient quantity.
The method of preparation is the same
as for Extractum belladonna;.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
Prepared from the fresh plant in the
same way as Extractum aconite is directed
to be made by this Pharmacopoeia.
Med. Use. — Sedative, alterative, and re-
solvent.
Dose, — From 1 grain to 15.
SYNOSYME.
Siwcics cicutiB spissatus. — Lond. Ph.
1788. Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Extractum conii alcoholi-
CUM. Alcoholic extract of hemlock.
U. S. Ph. 1840.
9 Hemlock, in coarse powder . ffij.
Diluted alcohol .... Oiv.
Moisten the hemlock with Oss of the
diluted alcohol, and having allowed it to
stand for 24 hours, transfer it to an
apparatus for displacement, and add
gradually the remainder of the diluted al-
cohol. When the last portions of this
shall have penetrated the hemlock, pour
in sufficient water from time to time to
keep the powder covered. Cease to filter
when ^the liquid which passes begins to
produce a precipitate in that which has
been already filtered. Distil off the alcohol
from the liquor, and evaporate the residue
to a proper consistence.
Extractum cubebarum. Ex-
tract of cubebs.
734
FORMULA, &c.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845
I^ Cubebs Voir.
Water BSxxxvj.
Rectified spirit . . . Ibxvj.
Distil the cubebs with the watei-, until
Ibxij have passed over ; separate the oil
from the distilled liquor, and return the
latter to the still ; again distil Ibxij, and
separate the oil as before. The residue
is now to be pressed, and macerated with
Ibviij of rectified spirit for 24 hours ; the
fluid being poured off, the residue is to
be again treated with the same quantity
of spirit for 24 hours ; the residue is now
to be pressed, and the fluids filtered, and
distilled until 6 parts remain ; mix this
with the extract formed by evaporating
the aqueous decoctions. The two are
now to be evaporated to the consistence
of a tliick syrup, and ^iv of the oil added,
and finally evaporated to the proper con-
sistence.
Note. — Darkish brown, having the
smell and taste of cubebs. Incompletely
soluble in water; ^vij may be obtained
from Ibj of cubebs.
EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS. JEx-
tract of foxglove.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
]^ Foxglove leaves, fresh . . . Ibj.
Bruise them, sprinkled with a little
water, in a stone mortar ; then press out
the juice, and evaporate it, unstrained, to
a proper consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
This extract is best prepared from the
fresh leaves of digitalis, by any of the
processes indicated for extract of conium.
Med. Use. — The exhibition of foxglove
in this form requires great caution, as the
extract is liable to vary from a variety of
causes.
ExTRACTUM ELATERii. Extract
of elaterium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Slice ripe wild cucumbers, and strain
the juice, very gently expressed, through
a very fine hair sieve ; then set it by for
some hours, until the thicker part has
subsided. The thinner, supernatant part
being rejected, dry the thicker part with
a gentle heat.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of the fruit of the momordica
elaterium, before it is quite ripe, any
convenient quantity ; cut the fruit, and
express the juice gently through a fine
sieve ; allow the liquid to rest till it be-
comes pretty clear ; pour off the super-
natant liquor, which may be thrown away,
and dry the feculence with a gentle heat.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Elaterium. ]
^ Fruit of momordica elaterium,
before it is quite ripe, any con-
venient quantity.
Cut the fruit, and express the juice
gently through a fine sieve ; allow the
liquid to rest until it becomes pretty clear ;
pour off the supernatant liquid, which may
be thrown away, and dry the feculence
with a gentle heat.
Med. Use,— A hydragogue cathartic.
Dose. — From fg to J of a gi'ain, wheu
good.
STKONYME.
Elaterium. Lond. Ph. 1721, 1746,
1788. Dubl. Ph. 1807.
ExTRACTUM FILICIS MARIS.
Extract of male fern.
Ph. Austr. ] 855.
1^ Male fern root, recently dried
and bruised ffij.
Ether fijiij.
Macerate in a glass vessel for several
days, then press. Distil the pressed and
filtered liquor until half a pound remains
in the retort, and evaporate this by the
heat of a water-bath until it acquires the
consistence of a soft extract.
EXTRACTDM GENTIANiE. Ex-
tract of gentian.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Sliced gentian Ibiij.
Distilled water .... Ovj.
FORMULiE, &c.
735
Macerate for 12 hours in Oiv of the
water ; pour off the liquor, and si:rain.
Add 2 pints of the water to the remainder,
macerate for 6 hours, press out the liquor
slightly, and strain. Lastly, evaporate the
liquors, mixed together, to a proper con-
sistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of gentian any convenient quan-
tity, bruise it to a moderately-fine powder ;
mix it thoroughly with half its weight of
distilled water; in twelve hours put it
into a proper percolator, and exhaust it
by percolation with temperate distilled
water; concentrate the liquid, filter before
it becomes too thick, and evaporate in the
vapour-bath to a due consistence.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Gentian root, in thin slices . Ibj.
Distilled water .... Oiij.
Macerate the gentian in Oiss of the
water for 6 hours, then strain and express.
Add to the residue the remaining Oiss of
water. Macerate again for 6 hours, strain
and express. Finely, mix the liquors, and
evaporate by a steam or water bath to a
proper consistence.
3fed, Use. — A stomachic bitter.
Dose. — Ten grains to half a drachm,
twice or thrice a day.
EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZiE.
Extract of liquorice.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Liquorice, sliced. . . Ibijss.
Distilled water, boiling . cong. ij.
Macerate for twenty-four hours, then
boil down to a gallon, and strain the liquor
whilst hot ; lastly, evaporate to a proper
consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Cut liquorice root into small chips ; dry
it thoroughly with "a gentle heat, reduce it
to a moderately-fine powder, and proceed
as for extract of gentian.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Liquorice root, in thin slices,
dried and reduced to a coarse
powder jy^
Distilled water .... Oiij.
The method of preparation is the same
as for Extractum gentiance.
Med. Use. — Emollient in cough, and in
bronchial affections.
Extractum graminis liqui-
DUM. Mellago graminis. Fluid
extract of couch grass.
Ph. Han no V. Nova, 1831.
9 Fresh root of couch grass. . Bbxij.
Water . .... ibvj.
Cut the root, and pound it in a mortar
with the water; press out the liquor;
strain, and evaporate jt to the consistence
of new honey.
Extractum h^matoxyli. Ex-
tract of logwood.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Sliced logwood .... Rjiiss.
Boiling distilled water . . Oij.
Prepare the extract in the same manner
as is directed concerning extract of
liquorice.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Logwood, in fine chips . . Ibj. '
Boiling water .... conj. j.
Macerate for 24 hours ; then boil
down to 4 pints, strain, and concentrate
in the vapour-bath to the due consist-
ence.
Med. Use. — An astringent in diarrhoea
and dysentery.
Dose. — From ten to thirty gi-ains.
SYNONYME.
Ext. Ligni Campechensis. Lond. Ph.
1746, 1788.
Extractum hyoscyami. Ex-
tract of henbane.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as we
have directed the Extract of aconite to be
prepared.
736
FORMULA, &c.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
This extract is to be prepared from the
fresh leaves of hyoscyamus, by any of the
processes directed for extract of conium.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Fresh hyoscyamus leaves, collected
when the plant begins to flower, any
convenient quantity.
The method of preparation is the same
as for Extractum helladomice. !
Med. Use. — Sedative and antispasmodic.
Dose, — Five grains to ten grains.
Extractum hellebori. Ex-
tract of black hellebore.
U. S. Ph. 1840.
9' Black hellebore, in coarse
powder Ibj.
Diluted alcohol .... Oiv.
Moisten the black hellebore with Oss
of the diluted alcohol, and having allowed
it to stand for 24 hours, transfer
it to an apparatus for displacement, and
add gradually the remainder of the diluted
alcohol. When the last portions shall
have penetrated the hellebore, pour in
sufficient water from time to time to keep
the powder covered. Cease to filter when
the liquid which passes begins to produce
a precipitate in that which has been
already filtered. Distil off the alcohol
from the liquor, and evaporate the residue
to a proper consistence.
Extractum inul^. Extract
of Elecampane.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
Elecampane root, roughly powdered, is
to be extracted 3 or 4 times with a mix-
ture of equal parts of water and proof
spirit ; the liquors are then to be strained,
the spirit distilled off, and the remainder
evaporated to the consistence of an ex-
tract.
Extractum Ipecacuanhje.
Extract of ipecacuanha.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Ipecacuanha root, in coarse
powder ffij.
Rectified spirit, sp. gr. • 900 . Ibiij.
Macerate in a close vessel for some
days, then press. To the residue add.
Rectified spirit, sp. gr, • 900 . Ibij.
Macerate as before, and press. Eva-
porate the mixed liquors by the heat of
a water-bath, not exceeding 165° Fahr.,
until reduced to the consistence of an ex-
tract. Dissolve this in four parts of water,
filter it, and evaporate as before to the con-
sistence of syrup, then dry it at a lower
temperature, and reduce it to powder.
Extractum JALAPyH. Extract
of jalap.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Jalap, powdered . . . Ibiiss.
Rectified spirit , . . conj. j.
Distilled water . , . conj. ij.
Macerate the jalap-root in the spirit for
4 days, and pour off the tincture. Boil
down the residue in the water to half a
gallon ; afterwards strain the tincture and
the decoction separately, and let the latter
be evaporated, and the former distilled,
until each thickens. Lastly, mix the
extract with the resin, and evaporate to a
proper consistence.
This extract should be kept soft, which
may be fit to form pills, and hard, which
may be rubbed to powder.
Extractum site resina jalapa.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of jalap,
in moderately fine powder; mix it
thoroughly with enough of rectified spirit-
to moisten it well ; put it in 12 hours
into a percolator, and exhaust the powder
with rectified spirit ; distil off the greater
part of the spirit, and concentrate the
residuum over the vapour-bath to a du
consistence,
Med. Use. A hydragogue.
Dose. — Grs. x to ^j.
FORMULA, &c.
737
' ExTRACTUM JUGLANDis. Ex-
tract of butter-nut.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 The inner bark of the root of the
Juglans cinerea in coarse powder, Ibj.;
water, a sufficient quantity. Mix the
bark with a pint of tiie water, and after
allowing the mixture to stand for 24
hours, introduce it into an apparatus
for displacement, and pour water upon
It gradually until the liquid passes, but
slightly impregnated with the properties
of the bark. Heat the filtered liquid to
the boiling point, strain and evaporate to
a proper consistence.
EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS FOLIO-
BUM. Extract of walnut leaves.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Walnut leaves, cut . . . Ibj.
Rectified spirit of wine, sp.
gr. -897 to -900 . . . Ibiij.
Digest in a warm place for some days,
frequently shaking, press out strongly,
and on the residue pour.
Rectified spirit of wine,
"Water, aa Jbiss.
Digest again until the next day, fre-
quently shaking it, and press. Evaporate
the mixed and strained liquors in a vapour-
bath at a temperature not exceeding 167^
Fahr., until the mass cannot be poured
out, but may be di^wn out in strings
with a spatula.
Note.— It should be of a dark-brown
colour, and form a turbid solution with
water,
ExTRACTUM KBAMERi^. Ex-
tract of krameria.
Edhi. Ph. 1841.
This extract is to be prepared from
krameria root in the same way with that
of liquorice root.
Med. Use. — Astringent.
Dose.— GxB. X. to ^j.
ExTRACTUM LACTis. Extract
of milk.
Plenck's Ph. 1804.
]^ Best cow's milk, any quantity.
Let it be evaporated to dryness over a
slow fire; constant stirring must be em-
ployed, lest towards the end it may be
burned.
ExTRACTUM LACTuciE. Ex-
tract of lettuce.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in tlie same manner as we
have directed the Extract of aconite to be
prepared.
Med. Use. — Considered by some to be a
valuable sedative.
Dose. — Grs. v. to grs. x.
ExTRACTUM LUPULi. Extract
of hops.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 IIoP ffiiiss.
Distilled water, boiling . . Cij.
Prepare the extract in the same manner
as we have directed the Extract of liquorice
to be prepared.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
This extract is prepared from hops in
the same way with the Extract of logwood.
Med. Use. — Sedative.
Dose. — Grs. v. to grs. xx.
SYNONYME.
Ext. Humuli.—LonA. Ph. 1809, 1824.
ExTRACTUM MALATIS FEBRI.
Extractum ferri pomati.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
9 Ripe sour apples, peeled and
bruised • . . , . ftvj.
Pure iron filings .... IBj.
Mix and digest in a warm place for
some weeks, frequently stirring it, and re-
placing the wafer that may evaporate,
until the mass blackens, then press out the
liquor, filter it, and evaporate by the lieat
of a water-bath to the consistence of an
extract.
3 B
738
FORMULA, &c.
EXTRACTUM MEZEREI ^TIIE-
REUM. Ethereal extract of me-
zereon.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
5^ Mezereon bark, cut small . Ibij.
Kectified spirit, sp. gr. -900. IBviij,
Digest for some days, occasionally shak-
ing it, and press strongly. To the residue
add,
Rectified spirit, sp. gr. '900 . ibvj.
and treat as before. Distil the mixed and
filtered liquors by the heat of a water-bath
to recover the spirit, and then evaporate to
the consistence of an extract. Put this
extract into a bottle, and add,
Ether Ibj.
Macerate for four days, frequently shak-
ing it, then decant the liquor, and again
add.
Ether Rss.
Repeat the maceration. Distil the ether
from the mixed and filtered liquors until
reduced to one-fourth, and then evaporate
to the consistence of an extract.
Ph. Austr. 1855.
Prepared from mezereon bark, in the
same way as Extract of male fern is directed
to be made by this Pharmacopoeia.
ExTRACTUM MEZEBEI SFIRIT-
uosuM. Spirituous extract of
mezereon.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
^ Mezereon bark . . . •Ibj.
Rectified spirit .... Ibiv.
Macerate for three days and press ; then
repeat the process. Mix the tinctures and
distil to \, and evaporate to the proper con-
sistence of an extract.
Note. — Greenish-brown colour ; inso-
luble in water. To be kept in stoppered
bottles, ^iss. obtained from IBj.
EXTR ACTUM MYRRHS. ExtVO^t
of myrrh.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
■■ 9 Myrrh, powdered. . . . Ifess.
Distilled water
Ibij.
Macerate for 48 hours, frequently-
shaking. Set by the liquor, that the
dregs may subside ; strain and evapo-
rate in a vapour-bath, at a temperature
not exceeding 149° to 167° Fahr., until
about the consistence of a pill mass, con-
stantly stirring. Then take it out, dry it
with a gentle heat, and keep it in fine
powder in a well-closed vessel.
Note. — It should be of a reddish-yellow
colour, and form a turbid solution with
water,
ExTRACTUM NICOTIANS. Ex-
tract of tobacco.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Tobacco leaves .... Ibj.
Rectified spirit, sp, gr. "900 . Ibij.
Digest in a warm place for some days,
frequently shaking; press out strongly,
and on the residue pour,
Rectified spirit.
Water, aa Ibj.
Digest again until the next day, fre-
quently shaking the mixture, and press.
Evaporate the mixed and strained liquors
in a vapour-bath, at a temperature net
exceeding 167° Fahr., with constant agita-
tion until the mass cannot be poured out,
but may be drawn out with a spatula in
strings.
Note. — It should be of a yellowish-
brown colour, and form a turbid solution
with water.
ExTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICA.
Extract ofnux vomica.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Nux vomica ^''''iU'
Rectified spirit .... Oiij.
Apply steam to the nux vomica so that
it may be softened. Afterwards bruise the
same, cut into thin slices, and dry, and
macerate for 7 days in Oij of the spirit.
Press out the tincture and strain. Macerate
that which remains, again, in Oj of the spirit
for 3 days : then express again, and strain.
The tinctures being mixed together, let the
FORMULiE, &c.
739
greater part of the spirit distil : let that
which remains be evaporated to a proper
consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of nux vomica any convenient
quantity ; expose it in a proper vessel to
steam till it is completely softened ; slice
it, dry it thoroughly, and immediately
grind it in a coffee-mill; exhaust the
powder, either by percolating it with recti-
fied spirit, or by boiling it with repeated
portions of rectified spirit, until the spirit
comes off free of bitterness. Distil off the
gi'eater part of the spirit; and evaporate
what remains in the vapour-bath to a
proper consistence.
Med. Use. — This extract has been found
useful in incontinence of urine.
Dose. — From half a grain to two grains.
ExTRACTUM opii. Extract of
opium,
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Powdered opium . . . Ibiss.
Distilled water .... Ov.
Gradually add Oiiss of the water to the
opium and macerate for 24 hours, frequently
stirring with a spatula ; then strain. Mace-
latc that which remains in the remaining
water for 24 hours, and strain. Lastly,
evaporate the strained liquors to a proper
consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Extractum
opii.
]^ Opium Ibj.
Water Ov.
Cut the opium into small fragments ;
macerate it for 24 hours in a pint of water,
break down the fragments with the hand,
express the liquid with a pretty strong pres-
sui'e ; break down the residuum again in
another pint of the water, let it macerate
for 24 hours, and express the liquid ; re-
peat the maceration or expression in the
same way till the water is all used. Filter
the successive infusions as they are made,
passing them through the same filter;
unite and evaporate them in the vapour-
bath to the due consktenoe.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Extractum
opii aquosum.
^ Opium Ibj.
Water c Ovj.
Cut the opium into thin slices, macerate
it for 24 hours in Oij of the water, and
decant ; macerate the residuum for 12 hours
with a second Oij of the water, decant, and
repeat this process with the rest of the
water, subjecting the insoluble residuum
to strong expression. Filter the successive
infusions and expressed liquor, and evapo-
rate them in a water-bath to a proper con-
sistence.
Med. Use. — Narcotic, sedative, and anti-
spasmodic.
Dose. — Half a grain to 2 grains.
SYNONYMES,
Opium colatum. Extractum Theiai-
cum. Lond. Ph. 1721, 1746.
Opium pur ificatum. Lond. Ph. 1788.
Extractum opii absque nar-
COTINA. Extract of opium de-
prived of narcotine.
Codex, Ph. rran9. 1839.
Mix extract of opium with cold water
to the consistence of a syrap ; put this
into a bottle, and add to it 8 times its
volume of ether; shake them together re-
peatedly during a day or two, then decant
off the ethereal solution, and repeat this
process with fresh ether as long as it dis-
solves anything. Finally, evaporate the
aqueous solution that shall remain to a
pilular consistence, and preserve this for
use.
Extractum papaveris. Ex-
tract of poppy.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Poppy [capsules], bruised,
the seeds being taken out ^xv.
Distilled wat«r, boiling . cong.j.
Macerate for 24 hours ; then boil down
to 4 pints, and strain the liquor while
hot ; lastly, evaporate to a proper consist-
ence,
8 B 2
740
FORMULA, &c.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
The same as the London formula, ex-
cept that the evaporation is directed to be
conducted over a vapour-bath.
Med. Use, — A mild narcotic in the dose
of from grs. ij. to ^j-j in piUs-
ExTRACTUM PAREiRiE. Ex-
tract ofpareira.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as we
have directed the Extract of logwood to be
prepared.
Edin. Ph. 1851.
This extract is to be prepared from
pareira root in the same way with the
extract of liquorice root.
Med. Use. — Diuretic,
Dose. — Gr. x. to jss.
ExTBACTUM FODOPHYLLi. Ex-
tract of May apple.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 The root of the podophyllum pelta-
tum in coarse powder lb j, alcohol 4 pints,
water a sufficient quantity. Macerate
the root with the alcohol for 4 days ; then
filter by means of an apparatus for dis-
placement, and when the liquid ceases to
pass, pour gradually upon the root suf-
ficient water to keep the surface covered.
When the filtered liquor measures 4 pints,
^et it aside, and proceed with the filtration
•until 6 pints of infusion are obtained.
Distil off the alcohol from the tincture,
and evaporate the infusion till the liquids
respectively are brought to the consistence
of thin honey ; then mix them and evapo-
rate so as to form an extract.
EiTRACTUM QUAssiiE. Ex-
tract of quassia.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
This extract is to be prepared from
quassia in the same way with the extract
of liquorice root.
. Med. Use. — Stomachic,
e. — Grs. V. to grs. xv.
ExTRACTUM KATANH^. Ex-
tract of rhatany.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9' Rhatany root, finely bruised, ftj.
Boiling water .... Ibvij.
Macerate for 24 hours in 4 pounds of
the water, press, and pour on tlie re-
sidue- the remainder of the water, and
digest, &c., as before.
Set by the liquors that the dregs may
subside ; decant, strain, and evaporate the
mixed liquor with a gentle heat, avoiding
ebullition, and constantly stirring, until 2
pounds remain. Then evaporate in a
porcelain vessel in a vapour-bath at a
temperature from 149° to 167° Fahr., con-
stantly stirring, until the mass cannot be
poured out, but may be drawn out in
strings with a spatula ; finally, dry it in a
warm place.
Note. — It should be a bright powder of
a dafk-red colour, forming a turbid, brown-
ish-red solution with water.
ExTRACTUM RHEI. Extvact of
rhubarb. "
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Rhubarb, powdered . . . Ixv.
Proof spirit Oj,
Distilled water .... Ovij,
Macerate for 4 days, afterwards strain,
and set by, that the dregs may subside.
Pour off the liquor, and evaporate it, un-
strained, to a proper consistence.
Edin. Ph, 1841,
^ Rhubarb flSj.
Water Ov,
Cut the rhubarb into small fragments,
macerate it for 24 hours in 3 pints of the
water, filter the liquor through a cloth,
and express it with the hands or otherwise
moderately; macerate the residuum with
the rest of the water for 12 hours at least,
filter the liquor with the same cloth as be.
fore, and express the residuum strongly.
The liquors, filtered again if necessary,
are then to be evaporated together to a
proper consistence in the vapour- bath.
FORMULA, &c.
741
The extract, however, is obtained of finer
quality by evaporation in a vacuum with
a gentle heat.
Dubl.Ph. 1850.
I 9 Rhubarb, in thin slices . . Hjj.
Water Ov.
Macerate the rhubarb for 24 hours in 3
pints of the water, filter the liquor through
a cloth, and express ; macerate the residu-
um with the rest of the water for 12 hours,
filter the liquor through the cloth pre-
viously used, and express the residuum
strongly. The liquors, filtered again if
necessary, are to be mixed, and evaporated
to a proper consistence in a water-bath.
Med. Use. — Purgative.
Dose. — Grs. x. to 3ss. in pills.
EXTR ACTUM SARZ^. Extiact
of sarsaparilla.
( Lond. Ph. 1836.
^ Sarsaparilla, sliced . . ffiiiss.
' Distilled water, boiling . cong. ij.
Macerate for 24 hours ; then boil down
to a gallon, and strain the liquor while
hot; lastly, evaporate to a proper con-
sistence.
Dose. — 3SS. to 3ij.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm.
1^ Sarsaparilla, divided . . q. p.
Alcohol, sp. gr. •923 . . q. s.
The root is moistened with half its
weight of alcohol ; it is then heaped up
in the apparatus for lixiviation, and washed
with three parts of alcohol ; this is dis-
placed in a great measure by water, and
the alcoholic liquors are distilled. The
residue of the distillation is evaporated to
the consistence of an extract.
ExTR ACTUM SARZ^ LIQUIDUM.
Fluid extract of sarsaparilla.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Sarsaparilla, .... Biiiiss.
Distilled water. . . . Cv.
Rectified spirit .... f ^ij.
Boil down the sarsaparilla in 3 gallons
of the water to 12 pints; pour off the
liquor, and strain whilst yet hot. Boil
down the sarsaparilla again in the remain-
ing water to a half, and strain. Evapo-
rate the liquors mixed together, to 18
fluidounces, and when the extract shall
have cooled, mix in the spirit.
Extractum sarzce fluidum.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Sarza, in chips . . , Ibj.
Boiling water .... Ovj.
Digest the root for 2 hours in 4 pints
of the w.iter; take it out, bruise it, re-
place it, and boil for 2 hours; filter and
squeeze out the liquid ; boil the residuum
in the remaining 2 pints of water, and
filter and squeeze out this liquor also ;
evaporate the united liquors to the con-
sistence of thin syrup; add, when the
product is cool, as much rectified spirit as.
will make in all 16 fluidounces. Filter.
This fluid extract may be aromatized
with volatile oils or warm aromatics.
Extractum sarsaparillce fluidum,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Sarsaparilla .... Ibj.
Boiling water .... Oviij.
Rectified spirit, as much as sufficient.
Digest the sarsaparilla in five pints of
the water for 2 hours, at a tempei-ature
near 212°, and then decant. Add the
rest of the water, digest again for 2 hours,
and decant. Evaporate the mixed liquors
by a steam or water heat to the consistence
of a thin syrup, and when the product has
cooled, add as much rectified spirit as
will make the entire 20 ounces.
Extractum sive resina scam-
MONii. Extract,ov resin of scam-
mony.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of siam-
mony in fine powder ; boil it in successive
portions of proof spirit till the spirit ceases
to dissolve anything ; filter ; distil the liquid
till little but water pass over. Then pour
away the watery solution from the resin at
the bottom ; agitate the resin with succes-
742
FORMULA, &c.
sive portions of boiling water till it is well
washed ; and lastly, dry it at a tempera-
ture not exceeding 240°.
Med. Use. — A drastic cathartic iu the
dose of from grs. viij. to grs. xii.
ExTRACTUM sciLLiE. Extract
of squill.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Squill root, well sliced . . ffiiv.
Boiling water, as much as may
be sufficient to form a paste.
Set aside for 24 hours, occasionally
shaking, and separate the liquor by means
of a press. On the residue pour a smaller
quantity of water than before, and after
12 hours, squeeze through a press. De-
cant and strain the liquors, and evaporate
them with a gentle heat, avoiding ebulli-
tion, until 12 pounds remain, constantly
stirring. Set aside for some time, decant
the liquor into a vapour-bath at a tempe-
rature of from 149° to 167° Fahr., and
evaporate until the mass cannot be poured
out, but may be drawn out in strings with
a spatula ; then dry it in a warm place,
and reduce it to powder.
Note. — It should be of a rather yellow-
ish colour, and form a slightly turbid
solution with water.
ExTKACTUM SENEGyE. Extract
of senega.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Senega root, sliced . . . Ibj.
Rectified spirit, sp. gr. -900 . Bbij.
Digest in a warm place for some days,
frequently shaking; press out strongly,
and on the residue pour.
Rectified spirit.
Water, aa . . , . . . ftj.
Digest again until the next day, fre-
quently shaking the mixture, and press.
Evaporate the mixed and strained liquors
in a vapour-bath at a temperature not ex-
ceeding 167° Fahr., with constant agita-
tion, until the mass cannot be poured out,
but may be drawn out with a spatula in
.strings. '
Note. — It should be of a yellowish-
brown colour, and form a turbid solution
with water.
ExTBACTUM SENN^. Extract
of senna.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
]^ Senna leaves .... Ibj.
Tepid water (104° Fahr.) Ibviiss.
Add Ibiv of the water so as to form a
pasty mass ; after 24 hours, squeeze
through a press, and repeat this operation
with the remainder of the water. Pour off
and strain the liquors, and evaporate them
in a vapour-bath (149° to 167° Fahr.)
with continual agitation, until about
the consistence of a thick extract. Dis-
solve the residue when cold in
Distilled water, 4 parts.
Filter the solution, and evaporate with
constant agitation until the mass cannot
be poured out, but may be drawn out in
strings with a spatula.
Note. — It should be of a brown colour,
forming a limpid solution with water.
ExTRACTUM STRAMONir. EX'
tract of thorn-apple.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Thorn-apple seeds . . . ^^xv.
Distilled water, boiling . cong, j.
Macerate for 4 hours, in a vessel lightly
covered, near the fire; afterwards tajce out
the seeds, and bruise them in a stone
mortar ; return them when bruised to the
liquor. Then boil down to 4 pints, and
strain the liquor while hot. Lastly, eva-
porate to a proper consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of seeds of stramonium any con-
venient quantity; grind them well in a
coffee-mill.
Rub the powder into a thick mass with
proof spirit ; put the pulp into a percola-
tor, and transmit proof spirit till it passes
colourless ; distil off the spirit, and 'eva-
porate what remains in the vapour-bath
to a proper consistence.
FORMULA, &c.
74a
Med. Use. — Narcotic and anodyne ;
iisefu] in maniacal paroxysms, sciatica,
and chronic rheumatism.
Dose. — From a fourth of a grain to one
grain.
ExTRACTUM STYKACis. Ex-
tract of storax.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of storax,
in fine powder; exhaust it by boiling it
in successive quantities of rectified spirit ;
filter the spirituous solutions; distil oflF
the greater part of the spirit; evaporate
the remainder over the vapour-bath to the
consistence of a thin extract.
ExTRACTUM TARAIACI. Ex-
tract of dandelion.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as we
have directed the Extract of liquorice to be
prepared.
Edin Ph. 1841.
9' Fresh root of taraxacum . Bj.
Boiling water .... cong. j .
Proceed as for the preparation of Extract
of poppy heads.
Med. Use. — Tonic, diuretic, and ape-
rient. It has been found a very valuable
medicine in various disorders and de-
rangements of the abdominal viscera;
more especially in chronic affections of
the stomach and liver.
Dose. — From gr. x. to 353.
ExTRACTUM TARAXACI LIQUI-
DUM. Mellago taraxaci. Fluid
extract of taraxacum.
Ph. Hannov. nova, 1831.
9 Fresh roots and younc
herbs of dandelion, col-
lected in the beginning
of the spring. . , . ftxij.
"Water ffivj.
Cut the herbs, and poimd them in a
mortar with the water; press out the
liquor; strain, and evaporate it to the
consistence of new honey.
ExTRACTUM UViE URSI. EX'
tract of beards whortle-berry.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as we
have directed the Extract of hop to be
prepared.
Med. Use. — In affections of the urinary
organs.
Dose. — Grs. vi. to 333.
ExTRACTUM VALEEIAN^. Ex~
tract of valerian.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
]^ Root of the lesser valerian,
sliced BSij.
Distilled water. . . . ffiix.
Macerate for 48 hours in 5 pounds
of the water, frequently shaking, and
squeeze strongly through a press. On
the residue, pour the remainder of the
distilled water. Let it stand 24 hours,
and then press out strongly. Strain
the liquors, and evaporate them, constantly
stirring, in a porcelain vessel in a vapour-
bath (with a temperature from 122° Fahr.
to 140° Fahr.), to one pound, then again
evaporate the cooled and filtered liquor to
the consistence of syrup. Keep it in a
well-closed vessel. It should be of a
brownish-black colour, and form a limpid
solution with water.
Note. — All extracts should be kept in a
dry place. They should have the odour
of the vegetables from which they are pre-
pared. In those extracts prepared with
spirit of wine, the spirit should not be
separated by distillation, but should be
expelled by evaporation, as ordered.
Farinaceous foods.
Several amylaceous substances or mix-
tures are sold, which come under the
above general denomination. Among these
are the following: —
BrigMs Custard Powder.
This is a preparation of potato starch.
JBrigMs nutritious farina.
Potato starch aromatized.
744
FORMULAE, &c.
DensTianis farinaceous food.
This is composed of three parts of
■wheaten flour, and one part of barley-
meal, slightly baked. The barley-meal
renders it a little laxative.
English arrow-root.
The substance sold under this name is
merely potato starch.
Ervalenta.
The meal of lentils (Ervum lens). It
is recommended to be used with treacle to
counteract habitual constipation.
Gardiner's alimentary prepara-
tion.
This is rice meal, very finely ground. It
purports to have been prepared after the
instructions of the celebrated Professor
Liebig.
Hard's farinaceous food.
Wheat flour slightly baked. This has
been in much repute for many years ; it
is very carefully prepared.
Fjel tauri inspissatum. In-
spissated ox-gall.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Heat, and then strain fresh ox-gall, and
evaporate it in the water-bath at a tem-
perature from 120" to 140'^ Fahr., until
reduced to the consistence of an extract.
Ferrum. Iron. Symb. Fe.
Eq. 28.
Metallic iron is sometimes met with in
nature ; in a state of combination, it is
very abundant. The principal ores of
iron are clay-ironstone, in which the iron
exists as a carbonate of the protoxide j
Red hematite, consisting of sesquioxide
of iron ; and hlack or magnetic oxide of
iron.
Ferrum redactum. Reduced
iron. Fer reduit. Quevenne's
iron. Iron reduced by hydrogen.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Ferri pulvis. Powdered iron .
9 Peroxide of iron.
Zinc, in small pieces.
Oil of vitriol,
Water, of each a sufficient quantity.
Introduce into a gun-barrel as much of
the peroxide of iron as will occupy the
length of about 10 inches, confining it to
the middle portion of the baiTel by plug*
of asbestos. Let the gun-barrel be now
placed in such a furnace as is used for or-
ganic analysis, one end of it being fitted
by means of a cork into a bent adapter,
whose further extremity dips in water,
while the other end (of barrel) is connected
with a_^bottle containing the zinc and water,
with the intervention, however, of a
desiccation tube, including fragments of
caustic potash, and a small bottle half
filled with oil of vitriol. Matters being
thus arranged, a little oil of vitriol is to
be 'poured into the bottle containing the
water and zinc, with the view of de-
veloping a sufficiency of hydrogen to expel
the air from the interior of the apparatus.
As soon as this object is considered to have
been accomplished, the part of the tube
containing the peroxide of iron must be
surrounded with ignited charcoal ; and,
when it is thus brought to a low, red heat,
the oil of vitriol is to be gradually added to
the zinc, so as to cause a steady current of
hydrogen to pass through the oil of vitriol
and desiccation tube into the gun-barrel.
As soon as the reduction of the oxide is
completed, which may be judged to have
taken place when the gas-bubbles escape at
apparently the same rate through the
water in which the adapter terminates, and
through the bottle containing the oil of
vitriol, the fire is to be removed (a slow
current of hydrogen being still continued),
and when the gun-barrel has assumed the
temperature of the air, its metallic contents
should be extracted, and preserved in an
accurately-stopped bottle.
Ferri Ammonio-chloridum.
Ammonio-chloride of iron.
FORMULAE, &c.
745
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sesquioxide of iron . . • ^"j.
Hydrochloric acid . . . Oss.
Hydrochlorate of ammonia. Ibiiss.
Distilled water . . » . Oiij.
Mix the sesquioxide with the acid, jmd
digest in a sand-bath, frequently stirring
until it be dissolved ; afterwards add the
hydrochlorate, previously dissolved in the
water ; strain, and evaporate the solution
until the salt may be dried. Rub this into
powder.
Note. — Pulverulent, with an orange co-
lour, it is dissolved in proof spirit and in
water. Either solution, potash being added,
evolves ammonia, and throws down about
7 grains of sesquioxide of iron from 100
grains of this salt.
Med. Use. — Tonic, emmenagogue, and
aperient.
Dose. — Gr, v. to gr. xx. • 1
SYNONYMES.
Ammoniacum hydrochloratum ferra-
t'.im.
Flores sails aminoniaci mai-tiales.
Lond. Ph. 1721.
Flores mnrtiales. Lond. Ph. 1746.
Ferrum ammoniacale. Lond. Ph. 1788.
Ferrum ammoniatum. Lond. Ph. 1809,
1824.
Feeri ammonio-citras. Am-
monio-citrate of iron. Citrate of
iron and ammonia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Sulphate of iron . . . |xij.
Carbonate of soda . . . ^^xiiss.
Citric acid ^vj.
Solution of ammonia . . f ^ix.
Boiling distilled water . . Oxij.
Dissolve the sulphate and carbonate se-
parately in 6 pints of the water. Mix the
solutions whilst yet hot, and set aside, that
that which is thrown down may subside.
The supernatant liquor being poui'ed off,
wash this frequently with water, and dis-
solve, with the acid added, by the assistance
of heat. Then, when it has cooled, the
ammonia being mixed in, evaporate the
solution to the thickness of a syrup. Dry
this, thinly spread upon smooth earthen
plates, with a gentle heat. It should be
kept in a well-closed vessel.
Note. — It is dissolved in water. The solu-
tion changes the colour of neither litmus nor
turmeric ; neither does it become blue on
ferrocyanide of potassium being added ; but
either potash or solution of lime being
added, it throws down sesquioxide of iron,
and evolves ammonia. About 34 grains of
sesquioxide of iron are thrown down from
100 grains dissolved in water, on potash
being added.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Citric acid ^iv.
Distilled water .... ^''^J'
Sulphate of iron ... ^v.
Solution of ammonia . . f ^iv.,
or as much as is sufficient.
Dissolve the citric acid in the water with
the aid of heat, and, having converted the
sulphate of iron into the hydrated pe-
roxide of iron, as directed in the formula for
ferri peroxydum hydratum, introduce the
product into the capsule containing the
solution of citric acid, and Iboil for 20
minutes. When the solution has cooled,
add, constantly stirring, the ammonia in
slight excess, and having transferred the
solution thus obtained to delf dinner-plates,
evaporate it to dryness by a steam or water
heat. Lastly, chip off the film of dry salt
which adheres to the plates, and preserve
it in well-stopped bottles.
It is sometimes prepared in the following
manner : —
9 Crystallized citric acid . . . ^iv.
Clean iron filings, or small
iron nails ^ij.
Distilled water q. s.
Solution of ammonia . . . q. s.
Dissolve the citric acid in twenty times
its weight of water in a Wedgwood's dish,
add the iron, and apply a gentle heat until
effervescence ceases, and no more iron is
dissolved, renewing the water from time
to time as it evaporates ; filter the solu-
tion and add solution of ammonia until
746
FORMULA, Sec.
it is slightly in excess ; evaporate by the
heat of a water-bath, until it acquires a
syrupy consistence, then spread it out in
thin layers on earthenware dishes, and
dry it with a gentle heat. When dry, it
will separate from the dishes in scales.
Note. — The second formula is the best.
Med. Use, — Tonic. A very agreeable
and fashionable chalybeate.
Dose. — Gr. v. to gr. viij.
Ferki ammonio-tartras. ^m-
monio-tartrate of iron.
Aikin.
Put three parts of clean iron filings into
a dish, and add one part of tartaric acid,
dissolved in as much boiling water as will
cover the iron. Keep the mixture in a warm
place for two or three days, frequently
stirring it, and adding more water, to
supply the place of that lost -by evapora-
tion. When chemical action has ceased,
■add solution of ammonia in slight excess,
triturate the ingredients together, add a
little more water, filter the solution, and
evaporate it to dryness. Redissolve the
dry mass in distilled water, add to it a
little more ammonia, filter it, and evapo-
rate the clear solution with the heat of a
water-bath to a syrupy consistence, then
spread it out on earthenware plates, and
dry it at a gentle heat in a stove. When
dry it ^will separate from the plates in
scales.
Med. Use. — The same as the preceding.
Dose. — Gr. v. to gr. viij.
Ferri arsenias. Arseniate of
iron.
I , Add a solution of arseniate of potash to a
solution of sulphate of iron as long as any
precipitate is formed. Collect, wash, and
dry the precipitate.
Use. — It has been strongly recom-
mended as a topical application, for de-
stroying the vitality of cancerous forma-
tions. Mr. Carmichael has employed with
success a mixture of 353 of arseniate of
iron and jij of phosphate of iron, mixed
with water and applied very thin, with a
camel's-hair pencil.
Ferri bromidum. Bromide of
iron.
Put one part of clean iron filings into a
stoppered bottle with three parts of water,
then add one part of bromine. Close the
bottle, and set it aside, shaking it occa-
sionally, for several days. When the
colour of the bromine has disappeared,
filter the solution, and evaporate it to
dryness.
Dose, — From one grain to three grains.
Ferri carbon as. Carbonate
of iron.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
5 Sulphate of iron .... ^viij.
Crystallized carbonate of soda
of commerce ^x.
Distilled water Cij.
Dissolve each salt in one half of the
water, and both solutions being raised to
the boiling temperature, mix them, and set
the whole to rest in a covered vessel for 6
hours. The supernatant solution having
been drawn off with a syphon, the precipi-
tate is to be drained on a calico filter, and
then subjected to strong expression. P'i-
nally, let it be dried at a temperature not
exceeding 212", pulverized, and preserved
in a well-stopped bottle.
Med, Use. — Tonic.
Dose. — From gr. ir. to gr. xxx. In
tic doloreux giv. have been given.
Ferri carbonas cum sac-
CHARO. Carbonate of iron with
sugar.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sulphate of iron .... ^iv.
Carbonate of soda . . . ^iv. ^ij.
Sugar ^ij.
Boiling distilled water . . Oiv.
Dissolve the sulphate and carbonate
separately in Oij of the water. Mix the
solutions whilst yet hot together, and set
aside that the carbonate may subside.
Afterwards, the supernatant liquor being
poured off, wash the precipitated carbonate
often with water. Add the sugar dis-
FORMULA, &c.
747
solval in 2 fluidounces of the water to
tliis, and evaporate the mixture in a water-
bath, until the powder be diied. Preserve
in a well-closed vessel.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Ferri carbonas saccharatum.
Saccharine carbonate of iron.
^ Sulphate of iron .... ^iv.
Carbonate of soda . , . I v.
Pure sugar ^ij.
Water Oir.
Dissolve the sulphate and carbonate
each in two pints of the water ; add the
solutions and mix them ; collect the pre-
cipitate on a cloth filter, and immediately
wash it with cold water; squeeze out as
much of the water as possible, and without
delay triturate the pulp which remains
with the sugar previously in fine powder.
Dry the mixture at a temperature not
much above 120°.
Xote. — Carbonate of the protoxide of
iron in an undetermined state of combi-
nation with sugar and sesquioxide of iron.
Colour, greyish green; easily soluble in
muriatic acid, with brisk effervescence.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Ferri carbonas saccharatum.
9 Sulphate of iron .... Jviij.
Crystallized carbonate of
soda ?x.
Distilled water .... Cij.
Refined sugar, in fine powder ^iv.
With the sulphate of iron, carbonate
of soda, and water, prepare as desired in
the preceding formula (carbonate of iron)
a carbonate of iron, and immediately after
it has been expressed, mix with it the re-
fined sugar. Dry the mixture at a tem-
perature not exceeding 212°, and, having
reduced it to a fine powder, preserve it in
a well-stopped bottle.
Med. f/se.— Given in all cases in which
chalybeates in general are considered to
be indicated; especially in cWorosis and
amenorrhoea.
Dose. — From five to ten grains twice
or thrice daily.
Ferri chloridum. Chloride
of iron. Protochloride of iron.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
9 Iron filings 100
Hydrochloric acid . . . . q. s.
Put the acid into a matrass; add the
filings in divided portions, until the acid
will dissolve no more; boil the solution
on an excess of the filings; allow a de-
position to take place for some moments ;
decant the clear portion, and evaporate it
rapidly to dryness.
Ferri perchloridum. Per-
chloride of iron.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
^ Red oxide of iron .... 100
Hydrochloric acid . . . . q. s.
Dissolve the oxide in the acid, evapo-
rate the solution to dryness on a sand-bath ;
enclose tlie residue in well-stopped bottles.
Ferri citras. Citrate of iron.
P Crystallized citric acid . . . |iv.
Moist hydrated peroxide of iron
recently precipitated, about ^viij.
Distilled water q, g.
Dissolve the citric acid in four times its
weight of water, heat the solution to the
boiling point, and add the oxide of iron
until it is slightly in excess, then add a
little more water to facilitate filtration, and
filter the solution. Evaporate it by the heat
of a water-bath, until reduced to a syrupy
consistence ; spread it out on earthenware
dishes, and dry it with a gentle heat until
it separates in scales.
Med. Use.— Tonic.
Dose. — gr. v. to gr. viij.
Ferbi et QuiN.a citras. Ci'
trate of iron and quinine.
9' Citrate of iron .... 3 parts.
Citrate of quinine ... 1 part.
Distilled water . . . .10 parts.
748
FORMULA, &c.
Dissolve the salts in the water by a
gentle heat, filter, if necessary, and evapo-
j-ate over a water-bath to a consistence
suitable for scaling on plates.
The citrate of quinine is prepared as
follows : —
Citrate of Quinine,
Dissolve 1 part of sulphate of quinine in
40 parts of boiling distilled water, and
pour into the solution, by degrees, while
at a boiling temperature, solution of citrate
of soda made sensibly acid, constantly
stirring the mixture. At first the solution
does not redden blue litmus paper, but
further additions of the citrate of soda are
made, until the litmus paper is slightly
changed to red. The solution is now
allowed to cool, and to remain at rest for
several hours, when part of the citrate of
quinine will be deposited in crystals. These
are to be collected on a filter, washed with
a small quantity of cold distilled water,
slightly pressed between folds of filtering
paper, and then dried in a warm closet.
The mother-liquor and washings of the
crystals may be concentrated by evapora-
tion, and a further crop of crystals obtained.
The citrate of quinine thus obtained will
be about equal in weight to the sulphate of
quinine used in the pi'ocess.
Med. Use. — Given in cases where a com-
bination of these tonics is indicated.
Dose. — Gr. iij. to gr. yj,
FeRRI ET QUINiE CYANIDUM.
Hydro-cyano-ferras quinicus. Cy-
anide of iron and quinine. Fer-
rocyanide of quinine.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
1^ Disulphate of quinine . 100 parts.
Ferrocyanide of potassium 31 „
Distilled water . . . 2500 „
Boil them together for several minutes,
the new salt which will be formed will
fioat on the surface of the liquid. When
the liquid has cooled, separate the salt and
Avash it with a little water. It may be
purified by dissolving it in boiling alcohol
and allowing it to crj-stallize on cooling
and spontaneous evapoi'ation.
Ferri iodidum. Iodide of iron.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
ty Any convenient quantity of iodine,
iron-wire, and distilled water in the pro-
portions for making solution of iodide of
iron. Proceed as directed for that process,
but before filtering the solution, concen-
trate it to one-sixth of its volume, without
removing the excess of iron-wire. Put
the filtered liquor quickly in an evapo-
rating basin, along with twelve times its
weight of quicklime around the basin, in
some convenient apparatus in which it may
be shut up accurately in a small space,
not communicating with the general at-
mosphere. Heat the whole apparatus in a
hot-air press, or otherwise, until the water
be entirely evaporated ; and preserve the
dry iodide in small well-closed bottles.
Note. — A protiodide of iron. Entirely
soluble in water, or nearly so, forming a
greenish solution.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Pure iodine ^j.
Filings, or thin turnings of
wrought iron, separated from
impurities by a magnet , . ^ss.
Distilled water ^y.
Introduce the iodine, iron, and 4 ounces
of the water, into a Florence flask, and,
having heated the mixture gently for 10
minutes, boil until the solution loses its
red colour. Pass the liquid now through
paper into a second flask, washing the filter
with the remaining ounce of water, and, by
means of a regulated heat, boil down the
liquor until a drop of it, taken out on the
end of an iron wire, solidifies on cooling.
When the flask has assumed the tempera-
ture of the ail-, let the iodide of iron be
extracted from it (by breaking the flask if
necessary), and, after it has been submitted
to powerful pressure, enveloped in blotting
paper, let it be enclosed in a well-stopped
bottle.
Med. Use. — Stimulant to the glandular
system, and also an excellent tonic in
scrofula, chlorosis, amenorrhcea, &c. ; in
FOKMULuE, &c.
749
secondary syphilis found useful when com-
binei with a slight mercurial alterative.
Dose. — One grain to two grains.
Ferrum iodatum sacchara-
TUM. Saccharifie iodide of iron.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
j^' Iron powdered 3J.
Distilled water Jv.
Iodine ^^ss.
Add the iodine gradually, and apply a
gentle heat, occasionally shaking the mix-
ture until the red colour is changed to
green. Filter it as j'quickly as possible,
wash the filter with a little distilled water,
and add to the liquor immediately
Sugar of milk, powdered . . ^iss.
Evaporate the solution in a vapour bath,
nt a temperature from 104° to 122° Fahr.,
imtil of a tenacious consistence, then add.
Sugar of milk . , . . ^.
and reduce the mixture to powder.
Note. — Keep it carefully in a well-
stopped vessel. It should be a yellowish-
white powder, soluble in seven jiarts of
water.
Six grains contain one grain of iodine.
Ferbi lactas. Lactate of iron.
Xo. 1.
Digest iron filings in a weak solution of
lactic acid, at a gentle heat, for 6 or 7
hours; filter the solution, and evaporate
it, imtil, on cooling, crystals are deposited.
These are to be collected, washed with
spirit, and dried.
No. 2.
Dissolve 100 parts of lactate of lime in
500 parts of boiling water, and filter the
solution. Then dissolve 68 parts of crystal-
lized protostilphate of iron in 500 parts of
water. Mis the two solutions; slightly
acidulate the mixture with lactic acid, and
heat it over a water-bath, with agitation,
until the decomposition is complete. Filter
the solution rapidly, to separate the sul-
phate of lime; add a small quantity of
iron filings to the solution, and evaporate
it to one-half; then filter it, and set it
by to crystallize. More crystals may be
obtained on further evaporation. The
crystals are to be washed with a little
spirit.
No. 3.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
]^ Sugar of milk . .... ^ij.
Iron filings ^j.
Sour cows' milk .... Ibij.
Put half the sugar of milk, together
with the iron filings and cows' milk, into
a bottle, to the mouth of which a cork is
fitted, with a glass tube terminating in
a capillary opening passing through it.
Keep it for several days at a temperature
between '80° and 100° Fahr., and when
the sugar of milk has disappeared, add the
remainder, and continue the process until
crystals of lactate of iron have separated.
It is now to be heated to the boiling point,
and filtered into a bottle, which is to be
immediately closed. When the crystals
have subsided, they are to be collected,
washed, and quickly dried.
Med. Use. — Administered in the same
cases as the other mild preparations of this
metal.
Dose. — Gr. vj. to gr. xij, in the twenty-
four hours, in the Ibrm of lozenge or syrup.
Ferri malas impurus. Im-
pure malate of iron.
Codex, Ph. Fran9, 1839.
9 Iron filings porphyrized. 100 parts.
Juice of sour apples . . 800 „
Digest during three days in an iron
vessel at a temperature of 77° Fahr.,
evaporate to one half, strain the liqtior
through a linen cloth, and continue the
evaporation on a sand-bath, until it is of
the consistence of an extract. Preserve
this medicine in a well-closed vessel.
Ferbi oxydum. Oxide of iron.
FeO.
This, the protoxide of iron, cannot be
kept in contact with the air, as it rapidly
passes to a higher state of oxidation.
750
FORMULiE, &c.
Ferri oxidum nigrum. Black
oxide of iron.
Edin. Ph. 1841. :
^^ Sulphate of iron . . 5^j.
Sulphuric acid (com-
mercial) . . . . fjij & f3ij.
Pure nitric acid . . f3ivss.
Stronger aqua ammoniae f^ivss.
Boiling water . . . Oiij.
Dissolve half the sulphate in half the
boiling water, and add the sulphuric acid ;
boil ; add the nitric acid by degrees, boil-
ing the liquid after each addition briskly
for a few minutes. Dissolve the rest of
the sulphate in the rest of the boiling
water ; mix thoroughly the two solutions ;
and immediately add the ammonia in a
full stream, stirring the mixture at the
same time briskly. Collect the black
powder on a calico filter; wash it with
water till the water is scarcely precipitated
by solution of nitrate of baryta ; and dry
it at a temperature not exceeding 180°.
Note. — Dark grayish-black; sti'ongly
attracted by the magnet ; heat expels water
from it ; muriatic acid dissolves it en-
tirely, and ammonia precipitates a black
powder from this solution.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Ferri oxydum
magneticum.
^ Sulphate of iron .... ^xij.
Solution of caustic potash . ^liv.
Distilled water, a sufficient quantity.
Convert, as is directed in the formula
for Ferri-Peroxydum Hydratum, 8 ounces
of the sulphate of iron into a persulphate.
To the solution thus obtained, add the 4
remaining ounces of the sulphate of iron,
first dissolved in half a pint of distilled
water. Mix well the resulting liquid with
the solution of caustic potash, and, having
boiled for 5 minutes in an iron vessel,
collect the precipitate on a calico filter,
and wash it with boiling distilled water
until the liquid which passes through
ceases to give a precipitate, when dropped
into a solution of chloride of barium.
Lastly, let the precipitate be dried by a
steam or water heat, and, having been first
reduced to a fine powder, let it be enclosed
in a well-stopped bottle.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
Let the scales of oxide of iron, which
are to be found at the smith's anvils, be
washed with water ; and when dried, let
them be detached from impurities by appli-
cation of a magnet. Then let them be
reduced to powder, of which let the most
subtle parts be detached, according to the
mode directed for the preparation of chalk.
Use. — The same as of the precipitated
carbonate of iron,
STNONYMES.
Magnetic Oxide of Iron. Martial
JEthiops. Oxydum ferroso-ferricum.
Ferri sesquioxydum. Sesqui-
oxide of iron.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sulphate of iron , . . Biv.
Carbonate of soda . . Bbiv & ^ij.
Boiling water , . . . Cvj.
Dissolve the sulphate and carbonate
separately in 3 gallons of the water. Mix
the solutions together whilst yet hot, and
set aside, that that which has been thrown
down may subside. The supernatant liquor
being poured off, wash this frequently with
water ; and dry.
Note. — It is dissolved in diluted hydro-
chloric acid, scarcely effervescing; and the
same is thrown down by potash. The
strained liquor is then destitute of colour,
and is not coloured by hydrosulphuric acid
or ferrocyanide of potassium being added.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Ferri oxidum
ruhrum.
9* Sulphate of iron .... 5iv.
Carbonate of soda .... ^v.
Boiling water Oss.
Cold water Oiijss.
Dissolve the sulphate in the boiling
water, add the cold water, and then the
carbonate of soda previously dissolved in
about thrice its weight of water. Collect
the precipitate on a calico filter ; wash it
FORMULAE, &c.
751
■with water til) the water is but little
aflfected with solution of baryta ; and dry
it in the hot-air press or over the vapour-
bath.
Note. — Entirely soluble in muriatic
acid, aided by gentle heat. ,
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Ferri per-
oxydum.
"fy Hydrated peroxide of iron any con-
venient quantity. Place it in an oven, on
a few folds of filtering paper, and when it
has become dry to the touch, transfer it to
a covered, crucible, and expose it for a few
minutes to an obscure red heat.
Rouge Powder. Jewellers' plate-
powder.
This is a finely-divided peroxide of iron,
one of the best processes for the preparation
of which is as follows : —
Into a solution of sulphate of iron,
made with boiling water, and filtered, a
concentrated solution of oxalic acid is
poured until the yellow precipitate of
oxalate of iron is no longer formed. When
the liquor has cooled, and all deposition
ceased, the precipitate is collected on a
cloth and washed with hot water imtil the
water ceases to afford an acid reaction.
The oxalate of iron, not yet perfectly
dry, is, in the next place, heated on a plate
of iron over a charcoal fire or a lamp. The
decomposition of the salt commences at
about 400° Fahr., and at a temperature a
little higher than this the red oxide of
iron is formed in a very finely-divided
state.
SYNONTMES.
Colcothar. Caput mortuum vitrioU.
Trip. Brown-red rouge. Crocus.
Ferrugo. Hydrated sesqui-
oxide of iron.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
T^ Sulphate of iron .... 3iv.
Sulphuric acid (commer-
cial) fSiijss.
Nitric acid (D. 1380) . . f^ix.
Stronger aqua ammonias . ijiijss.
Water Oij.
Dissolve the sulphate in the water, add
the sulphuric acid, and boil the solution ;
add then the nitric acid in small portions,
boiling the liquid for a minute or two
after each addition, until it acquires a
yellowish-brown colour, and yields a pre-
cipitate of the same colour with ammonia.
Filter ; allow the liquid to cool ; and add
in a full stream the aqua ammonia;, stir-
ring the mixture briskly. Collect the
precipitate on a calico filter ; wash it with
water till the washings cease to precipitate
with nitrate of baryta; squeeze out the
water as much as possible ; and dry the
precipitate at a temperature not exceeding
180°.
When this preparation is kept as an
antidote for poisoning with arsenic, it is
preferable to present it in the moist state,
after being simply squeezed.
Note. — Entirely and very easily soluble
in muriatic acid, without effervescence : if
previously dried at 180°, a stronger heat
drives off about 18 per cent, of water.
The magnet does not attract it.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Ferri per-
oxydum hydratum.
^ Sulphate of iron . . . ^^viij.
Pure sulphuric acid . . fjvj.
„ Nitric acid . . . f^ss. |
Solution of caustic potash . Oij.
Distilled water. . . . ^xij.
To 10 ounces of the water add the
sulphuric acid, and in the mixture, by the
aid of heat, dissolve the sulphate of iron;
mix the nitric acid with the remainder of
the water, and, having added the diluted
acid to the solution of sulphate of iron,
concentrate by boiling, until, upon the
sudden disengagement of much gas, the
liquid passes from a dark to a red colour.
Let this be now poured into the solution of
caustic potash, and, when the mixture has
been well stirred, place it on a calico filter,
and let the pi-ecipitate be washed with
distilled water until the liquid which
passes through ceases to give a precipitate
when dropped into a solution of chloride of
barium. Lastly, enclose the precipitate
752
FORMULA, &c.
while in the pasty state, in a porcelain pot,
whose lid is made air-tight by a luting of
lard, so as to prevent the loss of water by
evaporation.
RuBiGO FERRi. Rust of iron.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
9 Iron wire? any required quantity*
which, moistened with water, is to be ex-
posed to the air until it becomes corroded
into rust. Then let it be rubbed in an
iron mortar, and by the affusion of water,
let the most subtle powder be washed off
and dried.
SYNONYMES,
Crocus niartis astringens. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Chalyhis ruhigo prceparatus. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Ferri ruhigo, — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Med. Use. — All these peroxides of iron
are given as tonics in amenorrhcea, in
rickets, in cancer, and in traumatic
tetanus. The hydiated peroxide, prepared
according to the directions given in the
Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmacopoeias, is
used as an antidote for poisoning with
arsenic, given in as large doses as the
stomach will bear.
Dose. — Gr. j to gr. iv as a tonic ; in
traumatic tetanus, in the dose of from jij to
_^ss every two hours. As an antidote for
arsenic, a table-spoonful may be mixed
with water, and administered, and this
quantity repeated every five or ten minutes.
Ferri pernitras. Pernitrate
of iron.
Liquor ferri persesquini-
TRATis. Solution of persesqui-
nitrate of iron.
Kerr.
9* Iron filings, or wire . . ^iss.
Nitric acid fjiij.
Hydrochloric acid . . . jj.
Water ...... f^xvij.
Put the iron into a Wedgwood's dish,
•and pour over it the nitric acid diluted
with ^^xv of the water ; let them stand
imtil chemical action has ceased, then de-
cant the liquid from the remaining iron,
and add to it the hydrochloric acid, and as
much water as will make 30 oz. of the
solution.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Ferri per-
nitratis liquor.
5^ Fine iron wire, free from rust ^.
Pure nitric acid .... f^iij.
Distilled water, a sufficient quantity.
Into the acid, fiist diluted with 10
ounces of the water, introduce the iron
wire, and leave them in contact until gas
ceases to be disengaged. Filter the solution,
and to it add as much water as will make
its bulk one pint and a half.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1107.
Dose. — From ten to twenty droi)s in
gruel or some other menstruum.
Ferri et manganesii car-
bon as SACCHARATUM. Saccha-
rine carbonate of iron and Man-
ganese.
9 Sulphate of iron . . . _^iij jj.
Carbonate of soda . . . Jv.
Sulphate of manganese. . j^ gy.
White sugar .... ^ijss.
Dissolve the salts, separately, in the
smallest practicable quantity of water, and
mix the solutions. Collect the precipitate
on a cloth filter, and immediately wash it
with cold water ; squeeze out as much of
the water as possible, triturate the preci-
pitate with the sugar previously reduced to
a fine powder.
Dry at a temperature of about 120 Fahr.
Dose. — Five gi-ains, gradually increased
to a scruple, three times a day.
Ferri phosphas. Phosphate
of iron.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Sulphate of iron . . . _^v.
Phosphate of soda . . . _^v_j.
Water .... . . . cong. j.
FORMULA, &c.
753
Dissolve the sulphate of iron and phos-
phate of soda severally in 4 pints of
■water; then mix the solutions, and set
the mixture by that the powder may sub-
side. Lastly, having poured off the super-
natant liquor, wash the phosphate of iron
in hot water, and dry it with a gentle
heat.
Note. — A dirty-blue powder, insoluble
in water, soluble in diluted muriatic or
nitric acid.
Use. — Employed as a topical applica-
tion to cancerous ulcers ; also internally
in amenorrhoea, and some forms of dys-
pepsia.
Dose, — From 5 to 10 grains.
Ferri sesquiphosphas. Ses-
quiphosphate of iroji. Perphos-
pJiate of iron.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
Add a solution of phosphate of soda to
solution of perchloride of iron as long as
any precipitate is formed. Collect, wash,
and dry this precipitate.
Note.— A whitish powder, insoluble in
water, soluble in dilute nitric acid. Be-
comes brown when strongly heated, and
fuses into a greyish-black bead before the
blow-pipe flame.
Use. — It has been recommended by
Mr. Carmichael in doses of ^j* two or
three times a-day, in cancerous ulcerations
and scirrhous tumours.
Liquor ferri superphospha-
Tis. Solution of acid phosphate
of iron. Liquor Schobeltii.
This solution is formed by dissolving
perphosphate of iron in aqueous phosphoric
acid to saturation. It has been used by
Schobelt as an application to decayed
teeth. Lint, moistened with about 20
drops of the solution, is introduced into
the cavity of the tooth.
Ferri potassio-tartras. Po-
tassio-tartrate of iron.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Sulphate of iron ^iv.
Sulphuric acid f^ss.
Nitric acid f^.
Solution of ammonia . . . f^s.
Powdered bitartrate of potash ^ij.
Distilled water Civ.
Dissolve the sulphate witli the sulphuric
acid in Oj. of the water ; then, heat being
applied, add gradually the nitric acid.
Boil down the solution to the consistence
of a syrup, and mix with the remaining
water. Then add the ammonia to throw
down the sesquioxide of iron. Wash this,
and set aside for 24 hours. Then heat the
bitartrate mixed with balf-a-pint of the
distilled water, to the 140tli degree ; and
to it gradually add the moist sesquioxide,
the supernatant water having been poured
off. Separate that of this sesquioxide,
which may not be dissolved, by a cloth :
then evaporate the clear liquor until the
salt may be dried.
It is allowable, however, to dry the
potassio tartrate in the same manner as the
ammonio citrate.
Note. — It is dissolved in water. This
solution changes the colour neither of litmus
nor turmeric ; neither does it become blue
on ferrocyanide of potassium being added ;
nor does it throw down anything on any
alkali being added. But if it should have-
been heated with potash it throws down
about 34 grains of sesquioxide of iron, from.
100 grains.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Ferrum tar^
tarizatum.
9 Sulphate of iron . . . ^v.
Bitartrate of potash . . ^v. & jj.
Carbonate of ammonia in
fine powder, . . . q, s.
Prepare the rust of iron from the sul-
phate as directed under Ferrugo, and
without drying it, mix the pulpy mass
with 4 pints of water; add the bitartrate,
boil till the rust of iron is dissolved ;
let the solution cool; pour off the clear
liquid, and add to this the carbonate of
3c
754
FORMULA, &c.
ammonia so long as it occasions effer-
vescence. Concentrate the liquid over the
vapour-bath to the consistence of a thick
extract, or till the residuum becomes, on
cooling, a firm solid, which must be pre-
served in well-closed vessels.
Mte. — Tartrate of potash and sesqui-
oxide of iron. Tartrate of iron. Entirely
soluble in cold water; taste, feebly chaly-
beate. The solution is not altered by aqua
potassas, and not precipitated by solution of
ferrocyanide of potassium.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Ferrum tar-
tarizatum.
j^ Sulphate of iron .... Jviij.
White bitartrate of potash . ^v.
Distilled water Oiss.
From the sulphate of iron prepare hy-
-drated oxide of iron, by the process given
in page 751. And having, immediately
after it is washed, placed it with the bitar-
trate of potash and water in a porcelain
capsule, apply heat to the mixture (taking
care, however, that the temperature does
not rise beyond 150°) and stir it occasion-
ally for 6 hours. Let the solution, after it
has cooled down to the temperature of the
atmosphere, be decanted off any undissolved
oxide of iron; and, having transferred it in
small quantities to delf dinner-plates, let it
be evaporated to dryness at a heat not ex-
ceeding 150°. Lastly, chip off the film of
dry salt which adheres to the plates, and
preserve it in well-stopped bottles.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm.
Potassio-tartrate of iron.
j^ Cream of tartar ... 1 part.
Distilled water .... 6 parts.
Moist hydrated peroxide of
iron q. s.
Digest them together, in a Wedg-
wood's dish, at a temperature from 120°
to 140° Fahr., until no more oxide of iron
is dissolved. Then filter and evaporate to
dryness at a gentle heat ; or, still better,
evaporate to a syrupy consistence, spread
it oiit on earthenware plates, and dry it at
a gentle heat in a stove. When dry it will
separate in scales.
SYNONYMES.
Ferrum tartarizatum. — Lond. Ph. 1788,
1800, 1824,
Tartras Potassce et Ferri, — Edin. Ph.
1839.
Chalyheated Tartar.
Ferro-kalitaktaricum. Glo-
buli tartari ferruginosi, seu mar-
tiati pulverati. Potassio-tartrate
of iron.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Iron filings 1 part.
Crude tartar, powdered . 4 parts.
Mix, and moisten them with water in
an earthen vessel, to form a paste ; let
them digest, frequently stirring the mix-
ture, and occasionally adding more water
to supply the loss by evaporation, until a
black homogeneous mass is obtained, and
a little dissolved in water forms a dark
green solution. Set it aside in a warm
place, and reduce the dry mass to powder.
Keep it in a well-closed vessel.
Note. — The powder should be of a grey-
ish-green colour.
Ferri sesquiperrocyanidum.
Sesqui-ferrocyanide of iron. Prus-
sian, blue. Berlin blue.
No. 1.
Add solution of ferrocyanide of potas-
sium (prussiate of potash) to a solution of
a per-salt of iron, such as persulphate
or perchloride, as long as a precipitate is
formed, but carefully avoiding the addition
of an excess of the precipitant. Collect,
wash, and dry the precipitate.
No. 2.
^ Sulphate of iron (green
vitriol) 6 parts.
Ferrocyanide of potassium . 6 parts.
Oil of vitriol .... 1 part.
Strong hydrochloric acid . 24 parts.
Chloride of lime (bleach-
ing powder) .... 1 part.
Water 110 parts.
FORMULA, &c.
755
Dissolve the sulphate of iron and fer-
rocyanide of potassium, each separately,
in 15 parts of water; mix the solutions
and add the oil of vitriol and hydrochloric
acid, constantly stirring the mixture ; let
it stand for some hours, then add gradu-
ally a clear solution of the chloride of
lime in 80 pails of water, taking care to
stop the addition of this solution as soon as
effervescence occurs from the liberation of
chlorine. After some hours, collect, wash,
and dry the precipitate.
Instead of adding the chloride of lime,
the precipitate may be treated with dilute
nitric acid, until it assumes a deep blue
colour.
This is said to yield a very beautiful
product.
The Frussian blue of commerce generally
contains alumina and other foreign matters.
See page 679.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
Note. — Ferri percyanidum, Pcrcyanide
of iron. It is pure if, after being boiled
with dilute hydrochloric acid, ammonia
throws down nothing from the filtered
solution.
TurnbulVs blue.
Add a solution of ferridcyanide of potas-
sium (red prussiate of potash) to solution
of protosulphate of iron as long as a deep
blue precipitate is formed. Collect, wash,
and dry this precipitate.
This product is considered by Liebig to
have the same composition as ordinary
Prussian blue,
Ferri sesquiferroctanidum
CUM FERRI oxTDo. Bosic scsqui-
ferrocyanide of iron. Soluble
Prussian blue.
Add a solution of protosulphate of iron
to solution of ferrocyanide of potassium,
as long as a bluish-white precipitate is
thrown down. Collect this precipitate on
a filter; expose it to the air until it as-
sumes a deep blue colour ; carefully wash
it with distilled water, until the blue pre-
cipitate begins to dissolve in the water. It
will now be soluble in pure water, although
insoluble in saline solutions, and the solu-
tion will not be precipitated by the addition
of spirit.
Ferri sesquiperroctanidum
cum potassii ferrocyanido.
Ferrocyanide of iron and potas-
sium. Soluble Prussian blue.
No. 1.
Add a solution of persulphate of iron
to solution of ferrocyanide of potassium,
keeping the latter always in excess. Col-
lect the precipitate on a filter, and care-
fully wash it with distilled water, until the
blue precipitate begins to dissolve in the
water. It will now be soluble in pure
water, although insoluble in saline solu-
tions.
No. 2.
9" Sulphate of iron . . ^iv.
Sulphuric acid . . . fsiijss.
Nitric acid. . . , f^j or q. s.
Ferrocyanide of potassium ^vj.
Water ..... Oiij.
Dissolve the sulphate of iron in 1 pint
of water, add the sulphuric acid, and heat
the mixture to the boiling point; then
pour in the nitric acid in small quantities
at a time, continuing the heat, until red
fumes are no longer given off, and further
additions of nitric acid cease to produce a
dark colour in the solution. Allow the
liquor to cool, dissolve the ferrocyanide of
potassium in the remainder of the water,
and mix the two solutions, adding the
former to the latter. Collect the precipi-
tate on a filter, and carefully wash it with
distilled water, until the blue precipitate
begins to dissolve in the water. It will
now be soluble in pure water, although not
in saline solutions.
This product is distinguished from the
Basic sesquiferrocyanide of iron, by its
being precipitated from its solution in
water, on the addition of spirit. They may
both be evaporated to dryness, without un-
dergoing decomposition.
3 c 2
756
FORMULA, &c.
Ferri sulphas. Sulphate of
iron.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Commercial sulphate of iron Ibiv.
Sulphuric acid .... f^.
Iron drawn into wire . . ^.
Distilled water .... Oiv.
Mix the acid with the water, and to these
add the sulphate and iron ; then apply heat,
frequently stirring, until the sulphate may
be dissolved. Strain the solution as yet
hot, and set aside, that crystals may form.
Evaporate the solution poured off, that it
may crystallize again. Dry all these.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
If the sulphate of iron of commerce be
not in transparent green crystals, without
efflorescence, dissolve it in its own weight
of boiling water acidulated with a little
sulphuric acid ; filter ; and set the solution
aside to crystallize. Preserve the crystals
in well-closed bottles.
Note. — Pale bluish-green crystals, with
little or no efflorescence.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
JJ Iron wire, or turnings of
wrought iron. , . , ^iv.
Oil of vitriol of commerce . f^iv.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Pour the water on the iron placed in a
porcelain capsule, add the oil of vitriol,
and when the disengagement of gas has
nearly ceased, boil for 10 minutes. Filter
now through paper, and having separated
the crystals which, after the lapse of 24
hours, will have been deposited from the
solution, let them be dried upon blotting-
paper placed on a porous brick, and then
preserved in a well-stopped bottle.
Med. Use. — Tonic, in amenorrhoea —
anthelmintic.
Dose. — From ^ a grain to 4 grains.
Impure sulphate of iron, such as is met
with in commerce, under the names of
Copperas or Green vitriol, is obtained on
the large scale by the oxidation of native
sulphuret of iron or pyrites. The sul-
phux'et is roasted, and then exposed to the
joint action of moisture and atmospheric
air, under which circumstances the iron is
converted into protoxide, and the sulphur
into sulphuric acid, which combine to fonn
the salt.
SYNONYMES.
Sal sen vitriolum martis. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Sal martis. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Ferrum vitriolatum. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Green vitriol. Green Copperas. Salt
of steel. Chalcanthum. Shoemaker's
black.
Ferri sulphas granulatum.
Granulated sulphate of iron.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9- Iron wire, or turnings of
wrought iron .... ^iv.
Oil of vitiol of commerce . f^iv.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Rectified spirit .... f^x.
Pour the water on the iron placed in a
porcelain capsule, add the oil of vitriol,
and when the disengagement of gas has
nearly ceased, boil for 10 minutes. Filter
now through paper, into a vessel containing
8 ounces of the spirit, and stir the mixtui-e
as it cools, in order that the salt may be
obtained in minute granular crystals. Let
these, deprived by decantation and draining
of the adhering liquid, be washed on a fun-
nel or a small percolator, with the remain-
der of the spirit ; and when rendered quite
dry by repeated pressure between folds of
filtering-paper, and subsequent exposure for
24 hours beneath a glass bell over a com-
mon dinner-plate half-filled with oil of
vitriol, let them be preserved in a well-
stopped bottle.
Ferri sulphas exsiccatum.
Dried sulphate of iron.
Edin. Ph. 1841."
Expose any convenient quantity of sul-
phate of iron to a moderate heat in a por-
celain or earthenware vessel not glazed
with lead, till it is converted into a dry
I
FORMULA, &c.
757
grayish-white mass, which is to be reduced
to powder.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Ferri sulphas
siccaium.
^ Granulated sulphate of iron, any con-
venient quantity.
Expose the salt in a porcelain capsule to
an oven heat not exceeding 400°, until
iiqueous vapours cease to be given off; and,
having then reduced it to a fine powder,
preserve it in a well-stopped bottle.
Med. Use. — The same as the ciystallized
salt.
Dose. — Gr. ss. to gr. iij.
Fekbi persulphas. Persul-
phate of iron.
^ Crystallized sulphate of
iron ^vj.
Oil of vitriol . . . gr. 518.
Nitric acid .... fjj. or q. s.
Water Oj.
Dissolve the sulphate of iron in the water,
and carefully add the oil of vitriol to the
cold solution ; then heat the mixture to
the boiling point, and add the nitric acid in
small quantities at a time, until the mix-
ture ceases to be blackened by a further
addition of it. Evaporate the solution to
dryness,
Ferri et potass.e persul-
PHAS. Persulphate of iron and
potash. Iron alum. Iron alum
with potash. Fe*0', 3 SO" + KO,
S>0^ -t- 24 HO.
This salt has the same constitution as
common alum; but the alumina of the
latter is replaced by peroxide of iron. Salts
having this constitution, of which there are
several, are called alums.
]^ Crystallized sulphate of iron,
in powder ^x.
Nitrate of potash, in powder Jiv,
Oil of vitriol . . . . . ^v.
Mix the ingredients in a porcelain dish,
nnd apply heat until nitrous fumes cease to
be evolved, and the mass becomes dry
Dissolve the product in 3 pints of boilinc
water. Filter the solution, and set it aside
to crystallize.
It may also be made as follows : —
^ Persulphate of iron . . . Jvj. ':
Sulphate of potash . , . ^iiss.
Water Oj.
Dissolve the salts in the water with heat ;
filter the solution, and set it aside to ciys-
tallize.
Ferri et ammonia persul-
PHAS. Persulphate of iron and
ammonia. Iron alum \oith am-
monia. Fe*0«, 3 S0« -f NH*, 0,
SO^ -f 24 HO.
9 Persulphate of iron . . , ^i^vj.
Sulphate of ammonia . . ^iiss.
Water Oj,
Dissolve the salts in the water with heat ;
filter the solution, and set it aside to crys-
tallize.
Ferri sulphuretum. SuU
phuret of iron.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
The best sulphuret of iron is made by
heating an iron rod to a full white heat in
a forge, and rubbing it with a roll of sul-
phur over a deep vessel filled with water
to receive the fused globules of sulphuret
which form. An inferior sort, good
enough, however, for pharmaceutic pur-
poses, is obtained by heating one part of
sublimed sulphur and three of iron filings,
in a crucible in a common fire till the
mixture begins to glow, and then remov-
ing the crucible and covering it, until the
action, which at first inci'eases considerably,
shall come to an end.
Note. — A protosulphuret of iron. So-
luble in a great measure in diluted sulphuric
acid, with effervescence and disengagement
of sulphuretted hydrogen gas.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Ferri sul-
phuretum.
1^ Rods of iron, of the size employed in
758
FORMULA, &c.
the manufacture of nails, any convenient
number.
Having raised them to a strong red or
white heat, apply them in succession by
their heated extremities to sticks of sul-
phur, operating so that the melted sulphu-
ret, as it is formed, may drop into a stone
cistern filled with water, and be thus pro-
tected from oxidation. The water being
poured off, let the product be separated
from the sulphur with which it is mixed ;
and when dried let it be enclosed in a well-
stopped bottle.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
Roll sulphur is to be melted in a ves-
sel, and stirred with a red-hot rod of iron,
until it ceases to glow. Then another rod
is to be used, and repeated until all the
sulphur is consumed. When cold, the sul-
phuret is to be taken out, and kept in well-
closed bottles,
Febri pkotosulphuretum ht-
DRATDM. Hydrated protosulphu-
ret of iron.
Add hydrosulphuret of ammonia, or a
solution of sulphuret of potassium, to solu-
tion of protosulphate of iron as long as a
precipitate is formed. Collect the precipi-
tate on a cloth filter, wash it quickly with
hot water, squeeze out most of the water,
and keep the sulphuret excluded from the
air.
This has been recommended as an anti-
dote against poisoning with corrosive subli-
mate.
Ferki persulphuretum hy-
DRATUM. Hydrated persulphuret
of iron.
Add a solution of persulphate of iron,
gradually, to a solution of sulphuret of
potassium, as long as any precipitate is
formed. Collect, wash, and preserve the
precipitate,
Bouchardat recommends this in pre-
ference to the protosulphuret as an anti-
dote against poisoning with corrosive
sublimate, arsenic, or the salts of lead or
copper.
Ferri Valerianas. Valeria-
nate of iron.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Valerianate of soda . ^v. and 3iij.
Sulphate of iron . . ^iv.
Distilled water . . Oj.
Let the sulphate of iron be converted
into a persulphate, as directed in the for-
mula for Ferri peroxydum hydratum, and
by the addition of distilled water, let the
solution of the persulphate be augmented
to the bulk of 8 ounces. Dissolve the
valerianate of soda in 10 ounces of the
water, then mix the two solutions cold,
and, having placed the precipitate which
forms, upon a filter, and washed it with
the remainder of the water, let it be dried
by placing it for some days rolled up in
bibulous paper on a porous brick. This
preparation should be kept in a well-stopped
bottle.
Dose, — Half a grain to one grain, three
times arday,
FiiUX (from Jiuo, to flow).
In chemistry, this term is applied to>
substances employed to assist the fusion of
refractory bodies, especially minerals.
Bla^kflux.
The residue of the combustion of cream
of tartar, consisting of carbonate of potash
mixed with finely-divided charcoal.
Cornish reducing flux.
A mixture of ^x of cream of tartar,
^iijss of nitre, and ^iij of borax.
Crude flux.
A mixture of 1 part of nitre and 2 of
cream of tartar.
White flux.
Mix 1 part of cream of tartar with 2
parts of nitre, deflagrate the mixture, and
reduce the product to powder.
Fly poison.
^ Quassia chips
Water .
Treacle
3y-
Oj.
FORMULA, &c.
759
Boil the quassia with the water for 10
minutes ; then strain and add the treacle.
Flies will drink this with avidity, and
are soon destroyed by it.
Folia senn^ spiritu vini
EXTRACTA. JFoliu senncB sine
resina. Senna leaves exhatisted
with spirit of wine.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Macerate the senna leaves for 2 days
with 4 parts of rectified spirit of wine
(sp, gr. SSp), then press and dry thera.
FOMENTUM TEREBINTHINATUM
COMPOSITUM. Compound turpen-
tine fomentation.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
]^ Oil of turpentine . . , . ^.
Yolks of two eggs.
Decoction of chamomile . . Ibj.
Spirit of camphor. . . . |ij.
Mix.
French polish.
No. 1.
^ Shellac 5*^y.
Rectified spirit .... Oiy.
Dissolve with a gentle heat.
No. 2.
^ Shellac ^v.
Frankincense iss.
Rectified spirit, or naphtha . Oj.
Dissolve with a gentle heat.
FULIGOKALI.
Deschamps.
9 Caustic potash ... 20 parts.
Soot 100 „
Distilled water . . . 200 „
Boil for an hour ; dilute the decoction
with more water ; filter it, and evaporate
the liquor to dryness. Preserve the dry
powder in bottles.
Sulphuretted fuligokali.
R Fuligokali .... 60 parts.
Sulphur 4
Caustic potash . . . 14 ,.
Fuse the sulphur and caustic potash to-
gether, dissolve the fused mass in a little
water, then add the fuligokali, and evapo-
rate the solution to dryness.
Fuller's earth,
Is found in Bedfordshire, Berkshire,
Hampshire, Surrey, and other parts of
England. Its colour is greenish or yel-
lowish-gray; it readily falls to powder
when put into water ; when exposed to a
high heat it fuses into a brown slag. It
consists of silica 53; alumina 10; red
oxide of iron 9*75 ; magnesia 1-25 ; lime
0*5 ; water 24 ; and a trace of potash.
FuMiGATio (from fumigo), to
smoke, or to perfume. Fumigation,
The use of fumes, such as those of
chlorine, nitric acid, vinegai-, &c., for pu-
rifying apartments, clothing, furniture, &c.,
from miasmata or noxious effluvia.
FuMiGATio AROMATiCA. Aro-
matic fumigation.
9 Olibanum,
Amber,
Mastic, aa . . 4 . , . Jiij
Sty rax.
Benzoin, Sa ?j.
Powder and mix. Sprinkle some of the
powder over red-hot coals.
FuMiGATio BALsAMiCA. Bal-
samic fumigation.
Benzoin in . powder, either alone or
mixed with styrax ; used in the same way
as the last.
FuMiGATio CHLORiNii. Chlo-
rine fumigation. Guytons fumi-
gation.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
^ Chloride of sodium, in
powder .... 300 parts..
Binoxide of manganese . 100 ,,
Sulphuric acid (D. 1-847) 200 „
Common water . . . 200 „
reo
FORMULAE, &c.
Mix the chloride of sodium, oxide of
manganese, and water, in a glass or
earthenwai'e capsule, and then add the
sulphuric acid. Greenish-yellow vapours
will soon be disengaged, which will be-
come more copious if the mixture be
shaken ; for this purpose a glass tube or
a porcelain rod should be employed.
The room in which the fumigation is
made should be kept perfectly close, at
least during half-an-hour.
The greatest possible care must be
taken to avoid inhaling the vapours.
FUMIGATIO MEKCURIALIS, Mer-
curial fumigation.
Bouchardat.
^ Vei-milion IJ part.
Olibanum, in powder . . 1 „
Mix.
Sprinkle the powder over red-hot coals,
or a heated shovel.
FUMIGATIO ACIDI NITBICI.
Nitric acid fumigation. Fumiga-
tion de Smyth.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
]^ Sulphuric acid ... 64 parts.
Water 32 „
Purified nitre, ... 64 „
Mix the acid and water in a porcelain
capsule ; place this over heated cinders,
and throw into it, in small quantities at a
time, the powdered nitre.
Dr. Carmichael Smith received 5000?.
from the English government for the pub-
lication of the above formula.
FuMiGATio picis LIQUIDS. Tar
fumigation.
Put 1 part of tar and 4 or 5 parts of
water into a pipkin or any convenient
vessel, and boil it in the apartment of the
patient, allowing the vapour to escape into
the room.
Fusible metal.
No. 1.
]^ Bismuth 8 parts.
Lead ...... 5 „
Tin S „
Fuse together.
No. 2.
^ Lead 3 parts.
Tin 2 „
Bismuth i^> »
Fuse together.
No. 3.
^ Bismuth 2 parts.
Lead . . .... 5 „
Tin 3 „
Fuse together.
No. 4.
9 Bismuth 8 parts.
Lead ..... . 5 „
Tin 3 „
Mercury 1 .,
Fuse together.
Garancine.
The colouring matter of madder mixed,
with the carbonized residue resulting from
the action of oil of vitriol on the woody
fibre, &c., of the madder.
Macerate Ibij of good madder in 5 or 6
times its weight of cold water for ] 0 or
12 hours, then press out the water; re-
peat this process 2 or 3 times. Having
well pressed the madder from the last por-
tion of water, mix the marc, still moist,
with Ibj of oil of vitriol diluted with an
equal volume of water, and used still hot ;
heat the mixture to 212°, and keep it at
this temperature for an hour ; then dilute
it with water, throw it on to a linen
strainer, well wash the semi-carbonized
madder with cold water, and dry it.
Garancine is in the form of a brownish
or puce-coloured powder. It is used in
dyeing. It contains the colouring matter
of the madder, unimpaired, as this is not
destroyed by the action of the oil of
vitriol.
GarGARISMA. (Fromyapyapti^wj
to wash the throat.) A gargle.
Any preparation used for washing the
throat.
Gelatine.
The substances sold under this name
are prepared from the skins, bones, and
some of the tendons of animals, and pro-
FORMULA, &c.
(61
bably, sometimes, from inferior kinds of
isinglass. Sulphurous acid is sometimes
used for decolorizing it,
Gelatina coknu cervi. Harts-
horn jelly.
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
9 Hartshorn shavings . . . ^viij.
Water Oiij.
White sugar ..... ^iv.
The juice of 1 lempn.
Wash the hai-tshorn ; boil it in the
water till reduced to one half; strain and
press ; add the sugar and lemon juice ;
clarify with white of egg ; and reduce by
boiling, to a gelatinizing consistence.
Gelatina chondri. Irish moss
jelly.
9 Irish moss ^.
Water Oij.
Boil it so as to form a jelly. It may
be flavoured with lemon juice and spices,
and sweetened with sugar.
Gelatina fuci amylacei.
Ceylon moss jelly.
Made in the same way as the last.
Gelatina helminthocorti.
Corsican moss jelly.
9 Corsican moss. . . . . ^.
Water Oij.
Isinglass jij.
Boil to half a pint, then add,
White wine ..... ^.
Sugar 5ij.
Jlix, and strain.
Gelatina ichthyocollje. Isin-
glass jelly,
3( Isinglass . . , . ^■. or ^iss.
Water Oj.
Dissolve with heat, then add sugar to
sweeten, and wine, &c., to flavour it.
Gelatina hchenis. Iceland
moss jelly.
^ Iceland moss ^ij.
Isinglass Tj.
Sugar ^iv.
Water ....,, q. s.
Wash the Iceland moss two or three
times in cold water; then boil it for an
hour in enough water to yield Oss of
decoction; strain and clarify the decoc-
tion, and dissolve the sugar and isinglass
in it.
Gelatina lichen is sicca. Dry
lichen jelly.
Berzelius.
Deprive Iceland moss of its bitter prin-
ciple by macerating it in a weak solution
of potash ; wash it with cold water to re-
move the alkali ; then boil it in nine times
its weight of water, until reduced to one-
third ; strain and press it ; the liquor as
it cools will gelatinize ; lay this on a
folded cloth, which will absorb much of
the moisture, and the jelly will then easily
separate ; finally, dry it with a gentle heat.
It will become black and brittle,
Gelatina panis. Panada.
Bread jelly.
Cut a French roll into slices; toast
them slightly on each side ; boil them in a
quart of water, until on cooling it forms
a jelly ; then flavour it with wine and
cinnamon.
Gelatina marant^. Arrow-
root jelly.
Mix ^' of arrowroot with a little cold
water into a smooth cream, then add
about a pint of boiling water, boil it for a
minute or two, and flavour it with wine
and spice.
Gems, artificial.
The artificial imitation of many of the
precious stones has been carried to a high
degree of perfection. The basis of these
artificial gems is a fusible glass, called
paste or strass, which is coloured with
difierent metallic oxides or salts.
Paste or strass.
9 Rock crystal .
. .^vj.
Red lead . . ,
. .^'x- 3'J-
Pearlash . . .
. ^iij.gr. 180
Boracic acid .
. gr. 180
Arsenic . . .
. gr.r.
762
FORMULiE, &c.
Mix and fuse in a Hessian crucible ;
keep it fused for 24 hours, then let it gra-
dually cool.
Artificial amethyst.
No. 1.
9 Paste ^xvj.
Oxide of mangan. gr. xv. to gr. xxir.
Oxide of cobalt . . , . gr. j.
Fuse together.
No. 2.
9 Paste gr, 4608
Oxide of manganese . . gr. 36
Oxide of cobalt . . . gr. 24
Purple of cassius . . . gr. 1
Fuse together.
Artificial aventurine.
9 Paste 300 parts.
Protoxide of copper . . 40 „
Iron scales .... 80 „
Fuse the glass, and after the reduction
of the copper let the mixture cool very
slowly. The metallic copper will remain
diffused through the glass in a crystalline
form.
Artificial beryl.
gr, 3456
gr, 24
9 Paste. . . . ,
Glass of antimony
Oxide of cobalt . ,
Fuse together.
Artificial chrysolite.
9 Paste Ibv,
Calcined peroxide of iron . . jiij.
Fuse together.
Artificial cornelian.
Red,
9 Paste . ."^ Bbij.
Glass of antimony. . . . ffij.
Calcined peroxide of iron . . ^ij.
Oxide of manganese . . . 3J.
Fuse together.
White.
9 Paste ....... Kij.
Calcined bones . . , • ^•
Washed yellow ochre . . . 3ij.
Fuse together.
Artificial diarhond.
Peroxide of tin fused at a very high
heat.
Artificial emerald.
No, 1.
Acetate of copper
. gr. »aio
. gr. 72
Peroxide of iron . .
. gr- 1*
Fuse together.
No. 2.
9 Paste ....
. , ^v.
Oxide of copper. .
. . gr. m
Oxide of chrome .
. . gr. 2
Fuse together.
Artificial garnet.
No. 1.
9 Paste gr. 427
Glass of antimony . . . gr. 210
Oxide of antimony . . . gr. 2
Fuse together.
No. 2.
9 Paste ...... gr. 512
Glass of antimony . . . gr. 256
Purple of cassius . . . gr. 2
Oxide of manganese . . gr. 2
Fuse together.
Artificial opal.
No, 1,
9 Paste Ibx.
Calcined bones .... IBss.
Fuse together.
No. 2.
9 Paste ^.
Horn silver . . . . gr. jc.
Calcined bones . . . gr. rxvj.
Magnetic oxide of iron . gr, ij.
Fuse together.
Artificial ruby.
No. 1,
9 Paste ^v.
Oxide of manganese . • • 3J-
Fuse together.
FORMULAE, &c.
763
No. 2.
9 Paste Sxvj.
Purple of cassias,
Peroxide of iron,
Golden sulphuret of antimony,
Manganese calcined with
nitre, aa .... gr. 168'
Rock crystal . . • . Jij.
Fuse together.
Artificial sapphire.
No. 1,
9 Paste gr, 4608
Oxide of cobalt . . . gr. 68
Fuse together for 30 hours.
No. 2.
9 Paste Jviij.
Oxide of cobalt . . . . gr. 49
Oxide of manganese, a few grains.
Fuse together.
Artificial topaz.
No. 1.
9 Paste gr. 840
Glass of antimony . . . gr. 36
Purple of cassius ... gr. 1
Fuse together.
No. 2.
9 Paste gr. 3456
Peroxide of iron . . . gr. 36
Fuse together.
German paste.
9 Pea meal ...... Ibij.
Sweet almonds, blanched . . Ibj.
Fresh butter ^iij.
Beat all up together, add a little honey
and saifron, and pass it through a coarse
sieve to granulate it. The yolks of 2 eggs
are sometimes added; but with this ad-
dition it is considered too fattening for the
birds. It will keep good for 6 months.
Use. — For feeding nightingales, larks,
and other insectivorous birds.
Gingerbread.
No. 1.
9 Fine flour . . • . . Ibj.
Treacle ^'iy*
Carbonate of potash . . . Jss.
Butter ^.
9 Powdered ginger . . . 3iv.
„ cinnamon,
„ nutmeg,
„ allspice, aa . . 3J.
Warm water, sufficient to form a dough.
It will require to stand for several days,
sometimes a fortnight, before it is fit for
the oven, as the rising depends on the slow
action of the acid in the treacle on the
carbonate of potash.
No. 2.
9 Fine flour ftj.
Carbonate of magnesia , . 3ij.
Treacle ffiss-
Moist sugar ..... ^iij.
Tartaric acid 3J.
Butter Jij.
Ginger,
Cinnamon, aa . . . . jj.
Nutmeg ^'.
Mix into a paste with warm water ; let
it stand for half an hour, and then put it
into the oven. This should not be kept
longer than 2 or 3 hours, at farthest,
before putting it into the oven.
Glaze, for earthenware.
No. 1.
For common ware.
9 White lead .... 53 parts.
Cornish stone . . . 16 ,,
Ground flints ... 36 „
Flint glass .... 4 „
Powder, and mix into a thin paste with
water.
No. 2.
For metallic colours.
9 White felspar, 26 parts fritted with
Soda 6 parts.
Nitre 2 „
Borax ...... 1 part.
9 Of the above ... 20 parts.
Felspar 26 ,,
White lead .... 20 „
Ground flints ... 6 „
Chalk 4 „
Oxide of tin ... . 1 part.
Mix into a thin paste with water.
764
FORMULiE, «S:c.
No. 3.
B Flint glass ....
20 parts.
Flints
6 „
Nitre .....
2 „
Borax
1 part.
Frit these together, then
9 Of the above ....
12 parts.
White lead . . . .
40 .,
Felspar
36 „
Flints
8 ,,
Flint glass ....
6 „
Powder, and mix into a thin
water.
paste with
No. 4.
For stone ware.
B Frit of glaze, No. 2 . .
13 parts.
Red lead
50 „
White lead ....
40 „
Flints
12 „
Powder, and mix into a thin
paste with
water.
GLOBUIil CONTRAYERVJE. Lttpis
contrayervcB. Contrayerva balls.
9 Prepared crabs' daws . . Ibj.
Prepared red coral,
Prepared pearls, aa . . ^iij.
Powdered contrayerva root ^xv.
Mix, and form into balls with mucilage
of gum arable.
Globuli gascoignii. Pulvis
bezoardicus. Gascoigris balls. Be-
zoardic powder.
9 Prepared crabs' claws . . Ibj,
Prepared pearls.
Prepared red coral, aa . ^^iij.
Oriental bezoar . . . ^iss.
Mix, and foim into balls with mucilage
of gum arabic.
Gi-YCERiNA. Glycerine. {Q^W
A sweet syrupy substance, resulting from
the decomposition of olive oil, or other fixed
oils, in the process of saponification. It is
most easily obtained in small quantity by
evaporating the water used in making
lead plaster. It is, however, very largely
produced l)y soap-makers, and in the manu-
facture of the fatty acids used for making
candles. It is employed as a topical ap-
plication, for cutaneous diseases, for burns,
and in poultices to prevent their becoming
dry. It is also applicable for preventing
pill-masses from becoming hard, and for
other similar purposes.
Gunpowder,
An explosive composition, consisting of
nitrate of potash, charcoal and sulphur, in
the following proportions : —
9" Nitrate of potash . . 75 parts.
Charcoal 16 „
Sulphur 9 „
The nitrate of potash should be pure,
and the charcoal prepared from some light
wood, such as dogwood or alder. The
ingredients, previously reduced to fine
powder, are moistened with water, and
well mixed by grinding in a mill. The
mass is then pressed into a compact cake,
subsequently broken into pieces, and
rubbed through sieves, to granulate it as
required. When dried, and polished by
agitation, it is fit for use.
GUTTA PERCHA,
A variety of caoutchouc or India-rub-
ber, brought from Singapore. It is a
white or dirty-pinkish-coloured opaque
solid, having a specific gravity 0"979. It
has a silky fibrous texture, and feels
smooth or greasy between the fingers. It
is imported in the form of thin layers, re-
sembling clippings of white leather, and
solid masses, which appear to be formed
of many of the layers pressed and united
together. At temperatures below 50° it is
hard, very tough, and but slightly flexible.
At from 50° to 70° it becomes more
elastic. When forcibly extended it shows
very little power of contraction, and it
requires considerable force to extend it.
In this respect it diifei-s from common
caoutchouc. At a temperature between
140° and 160°, it becomes soft and very
plastic, and its tenacity is greatly dimi-
nished. In this state, pieces may be
I
FORMULA, &c.
765
joined together, or it may be moulded into
any form, like soft wax. When submitted
to destructive distillation it yields a vola-
tile oil similar to tliat afforded by caout-
chouc, with which it is identical in che-
mical composition.
Tlie tree yielding Gutta percha has
been recently described by Sir William
Hooker, and named by him Isonandra
gutta. It belongs to the nat. ord. Sapo-
tacecB.
Hematite. Hcematitis. Lapis
Hcematitis. Lapis sanguineus.
A native reddish-brown peroxide of iron.
It occurs abundantly in Cumberland.
Herb^ pro enemate. Herbs
for glyster.
9 Mallow leaves .... 2 parts,
p^ Chamomile flowers. . , 1 part.
Mix.
Herb^ pro fotu. Herbs for
fomentation.
^ Southernwood leaves,
Tops of sea- worm wood,
Chamomile flowers, aa . 2 parts.
Bay leaves 1 part.
Mix.
Hebb^ quinqde capillahes.
Five capillary herbs.
Hart's tongue.
Black maidenhair,
White maidenhair.
Golden maidenhair,
Spleen-wort.
Herb^ quinque emollientes.
Five emollient herbs.
Beet,
Mallow,
Marsh mallow,
French mercury,
Violet.
HiERA PICRA (From upog,
holy, and -riKpoQ, bitter.) Pulvis
aloes cum canella.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
9 Powdered socotrine aloes . Ifeiv.
Powdered canella alba . . Ibj.
Mix.
It was at one time kept in the form oi
an electuary, called Hiera logadii.
Hydrargyrum. Mercury.
Symb. Hg. eg. 200.
Metallic mercury is obtained from the
sulphuret which is the principal ore of it.
Specific gravity 13-56 at 60°. Boiling
point 662°.
Lond. Ph. 1851. "
Specific gravity 13-5. It escapes in
vapours on the application of heat. The
globules when gently propelled over a sheet
of paper, do not adhere in the slightest
degree to the paper.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Entirely sublimed by heat : a globule
moved ^along a sheet of paper leaves no
trail : pure sulphuric acid agitated with it
evaporates when heated without leaving
any residuum.
Hydrargyrum purum. Pure
mercury.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9' Quicksilver of commerce . . Ibiij.
Pure muriatic acid . . . flss.
Distilled water .... ^^ij.
Having introduced the silver into a small
glass retort, over the body of which a hood
of sheet-iron is supported, let the heat of a
gas lamp be applied, until two-thirds of the
metal has distilled over. Boil this for a
few minutes with the acid and water, and
having, by repeated affusion of distilled
water, and decantation, removed the entire
of the acid, let the metal be poured into
a capsule, and dried by the application of
heat.
Hydrargyrum cum
Mercury with chalk.
GRETA.
766
FORMULA, &c.
Lond. Ph. 1851, & Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^ Mercury ^iij.
Prepared chalk . . . . ^v.
Rub them together until globules are no
longer visible.
Note. — Part is evaporated by heat;
what remains, the tests being employed as
before, corresponds to prepared chalk.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Pure mercury .... - ^J-
Prepared chalk . . . • ^'j-
Rub the mercury and chalk in a porcelain
mortar, until the metallic globules cease] to
be visible, and the mixture acquires a
uniform gray colour.
SYNONYMES.
Grey powder. Alkalized mercury.
JEthiops absorbens.
Hydrargyrum cum magne-
sia. Mercury with magnesia.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
'^ Pure mercury ^.
Carbonat* of magnesia . . ^ij.
The method of preparation is the same
as for hydrargyrum cum creta.
Med. Use. — Given to children with
disordered bowels, as an alterative.
Dose. — Or. iij. to gr. iv.
Hydrargybi acetas. Acetate
of mercury .
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
^ Purified mercury,
Acetate of potash, aa . . 9 parts.
Diluted nitric acid . . 11 „
Boiling distilled water . 100 „
Distilled vinegar . . . q. s.
Let the nitric acid be added to the mer-
cury, and when the eifervescence has
ceased, let the mixture be digested, that
the metal may be dissolved; let the ace-
tate of potash be dissolved in water, and
let the distilled vinegar be added until the
acid shall predominate in the liquor : to
this, whilst boiling, let the solution of the
mercury in the nitric acid be added, and
let the mixture be filtered as quickly as
possible through a double linen cloth ;
let it cool, that crystals may form ; having
washed them with cold distilled water,
dry them on paper with a very gentle heat.
In every step of this process let glass vessels
be employed.
Use. — Employed as the active ingredient
of Keyser's pills.
Dose. — Gr. j. to gr. iij.
Hydrargyri chloridum. Chlo-
ride of mercury. Calomel.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
5( Mercury ffiiv.
Sulphuric acid .... f^xxiss.
Chloride of sodium . « . ISiss.
Boil 2 pounds of the mercury with the
acid, until the dry bipersulphate of mercury
remains ; rub this, when it has cooled,
with 2 pounds of the mercury in an earthen
mortar, so that they may be well mixed.
Then add the chloride, and rub together,
until globules can no longer be seen ; then
sublime. Rub the sublimate into a very
fine powder, and carefully wash with dis-
tilled water, and dry.
Note. — Pulverulent, whitish, it is vola-
tilized by heat. It grows black on potash
being added, then heat being applied it
vmites into globules of mei-cury. Either
nitrate of silver, or solution of lime, or
hydrosulphuric acid being added, nothing
is thrown down from the water in which it
may have been washed or boiled.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Calomelas.
]^ Mercury .... ^viij.
Sulphuric acid (com-
mercial) .... f^ij & f^iij.
Pure nitric acid. . . f^ss.
Muriate of soda . . ^iij.
Mix the acids, add 4 ounces of the
mercury, and dissolve it with the aid of
a moderate heat. Raise the heat so as
to obtain a dry salt. Triturate this with
the muriate of soda and the rest of the
mercury till the globules entirely disnp-
pear. Heat the mixture by means of a
FORMULAE, &c.
767
sand-bath in a proper subliming apparatus.
Reduce tlie sublimate to fine powder;
wash the powder witli boiling distilled
water until the water ceases to precipitate
with solution of iodide of potassium ; and
then dry it.
Note. — Heat sublimes it without any
residuum ; sulphuric ether agitated with
it, filtered, and then evaporated to dryness,
leaves no crystalline residuum, and what
residuum may be left is not turned yellow
by aqua potassa;.
Dublin Ph. 1850. Calomelas.
^ Sulphate of mercury . . . Ibx.
Mercurj- of commerce . . ffivij.
Dried chloride of sodium . Ibv.
Incorporate as completely as possible the
sulphate and the metallic mercury by pro-
longed trituration, and, having then added
• the chloride of sodium, previously reduced
to a fine powder, rub all well together until
a perfectly equable mixture is obtained.
Heat this, through the medium of sand, in
a shallow iron pot with a flat bottom,
lined with clay, and covered with a lid of
cast-iron, until the sublimate which attaches
itself to a circular plug in the centre of the
lid (which admits of being removed and
cleaned from time to time), neither exhibits
minute globules of mercury, nor is rendered
yellow by being touched with a solution of
caustic potash. The whole being now
permitted to cool down to the temperature
of the air, the contents of the pot are to be
transferred to a small hot hearth or oven,
whose door is made tight by a clay lute,
and a regulated heat is to be applied 6o as
to cause the vaporized calomel to pass
into an adjacent chamber of considerable
size, on the floor of which it will accumu-
late in the form of a fine white powder.
Med. Use. — Purgative.
Dose. — From gr. ij. to gr. x. Alterative
in doses of about gr. j. or gr, iss.
SYXONYMES.
Mercunus dulcis prcecipitatus. Mcr-
curius dulcis svilimatus. Calomelas. —
Lond. Ph. 1721.
Hydrargyria muriatus mitis. — Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Hydrargyri submurias. — Lond. Ph.
1809, 1824.
Drago mitigatus. Aquila alba. Manna
metallorum. Panchymagogum minerale.
Calomel.
Hydkaegybi bichloridum.
Bichloride of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
j^i Mercury Ibij.
Sulphuric acid . . . f ^xxiss.
Chloride of sodium . . ffiiss.
Boil down the mercury with the acid,
until the dry bipersulphate remains; rub
this, when it has cooled, with the chloride
in an earthen mortar ; then sublime with
a heat gradually increased.
Note. — Crystalline, it melts by heat,
presently it is sublimed. It is dissolved
in water, rectified spirit, and in ether.
That which is thrown down from the
water, on either potash or soda being
added, or solution of lime, is red; or if
added abundantly, it is yellow. Heat being
applied, the precipitate evolves oxygen and
unites into globules of mercury.
Edin. Ph. 1841. g Suhlimatus
corrosivus.
]^ Mercury . . .
|i^.
Sulphuric acid (com-
mercial) . .
f^ij. andf3iij.
Pure nitric acid. .
f^s.
Muriate of soda .
Siij.
Mix the acids, add the mercury, dissolve
it with the aid of a moderate heat, and
then raise the heat so as to obtain a dry
salt. Triturate this thoroughly with the
muriate of soda, and sublime in a proper
apparatus.
Note. — It sublimes entirely by heat ;
and its powder is entirely and easily solu-
ble in_^sulphuric ether,
Dublin Ph. 1850. Suhlimatum
corrosivum.
9r Sulphate of mercury .
Dried chloride of sodium
Ibx.
Ibv.
Beduce each salt to a fine powder, and,
r68
FORMULiE, &c.
liaving mixed them carefully by trituration
in a mortar, let the mixture be introduced
into an iron pot lined with clay, and by a
regulated heat, applied through the inter-
vention of sand, let the corrosive sublimate
be sublimed into an earthen head placed
over the pot, and connected to it by means
of lute. The product should be preserved
in an opaque bottle.
2Ied. Use. — In secondary syphilis, and
in some affections of the skin, as lepra.
Dose. — From one-eighth to one-fourth
of a grain.
SYNONYMES.
Mercurius suhlimatus corrosivus. —
Lond, Ph. 1721. Mercurius corrosivus
albus.— Load. Ph. 1746.
JTydrargyrus muriatus. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
Hydrargyri oxymurias. — Lond. Ph.
1809-1824:.
Murias Hydrargyri corrosivus. — Edin.
Ph. 1839.
Acidum chloro-hydrargyricum. Corro-
sive sublimate.
Liquor hydrargyri bichlo-
RiDi. Solution of bichloride of
mercury.
Lond. Ph. 185L
^ Bichloride of mercury,
Hydrochlorate of ammonia,
aa gr. x.
Distilled water. ... Oj.
Dissolve.
Use. — As an antisyphilitic, in the dose of
from f3ss to f3ij in f^ij of linseed infusion.
Sometimes used externally as a wash in
some cutaneous affections.
Hydrargyri ammonio-chlo-
RIDUM. Ammonio-chloride of
mercury, or White precipitated
mercury.
Lond. Ph. 185L Hydrargyri
ammonio-chloridum.
]^ Bichloride of mercury . . ^vj.
Distilled water .... Ovj.
Solution of ammonia . . f ^viij.
Dissolve the bichloride in the water, heat
being applied. To this, when it has cooled,
add the ammonia, frequently shaking.
Wash the powder thrown down until it
may be destitute of taste ; lastly, dry.
Note. — Pulverulent, white, it is sublimed
by heat. It is dissolved in hydrochloric
acid without effervescence. Heated with
potash it exhales ammonia, and assumes a
yellow colour.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Hydrargyri
precipitatum album.
9 Corrosive sublimate . . ,^vj.
Distilled water .... Ovj.
Aqua ammonia; . . . f ^viij.
Dissolve the corrosive sublimate with the
aid of heat in the distilled water; and
when the solution is cold, add the aqua
ammonias ; stir the whole well ; collect
the powder on a calico filter, and wash it
thoroughly with cold water.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Hydrargyri
ammonio-chloridum .
]^ Corrosive sublimate . , . _y.
Solution of ammonia . . f3ix.
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Dissolve the corrosive sublimate in the
water, with the aid of a gentle heat, pour
the ammonia into the solution, and, having
stirred the mixture well, collect the pre~
cipitate on a filter, and wash it with warm
distilled water, until the liquid which
passes through ceases to give a precipitate
when dropped into an acid solution of
nitrate of silver. Lastly, dry the product
at a temperature not exceeding 212°.
Use. — Used sometimes in combination
with lead, in the form of ointment, in the
treatment of some cutaneous affections.
SYNONYMES.
Mercurius prwcipitatus albus. — Lond.
Ph. 1746.
Calx hydrargyri alba. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Hydrargyrum pra;cipitatum album,, —
Lond. Ph. 1809, 1824.
White precipitate. Zemery's white pre-
cipitate. Cosmetic mercury. Ammoniated
submuriate of mercury. Ammoniacal oxy-
chloruret of mercury. Chloramide of
mercury.
I
FORMULA, &c.
769
Htdrargyri et ammonii
CHLORiDUM. Chloride of mer-
airy and ammonium. Sal alem-
broth.
9' Bichloride of mercury,
Hydrochlorate of ammonia, aa ?j.
Mix intimately together.
The object in adding the sal ammoniac
here, is to render the corrosive sublimate
more soluble in water. The action of the
latter is not otherwise altered.
Hydrargtri bicyanidum.
Sicyanide of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Percyanide of iron . . . ^viij.
Binoxide of mercury . . \%.
Distilled water .... Oiv.
Boil them together for half an hour and
strain; evaporate the liquor that crystals
may be formed ; wash what remains fre-
quently with boiling distilled water, and
again evaporate the mixed liquor that
crystals may be formed.
Bicyanide of mercury may be otherwise
prepared by adding as much binoxide of
mercury as will accurately saturate it, to
hydrocyanic acid distilled from ferrocya-
nide of potassium with diluted sulphuric
acid.
JVbf<?.— Transparent and totally soluble
in water. The solution, when hydro-
chloric acid is added, emits hydrocyanic
acid, which is known by its peculiar smell ;
and a glass moistened with the solution
of nitrate of silver and placed over it,
gives a deposit, which is dissolved by
boiling nitric acid. By heat it emits
cyanogen, and runs into globules of mer-
cury.
Dubl. Ph. 1826. Hydrargyri
cyanureium.
9 Cyannret of iron ... 6 parts.
Nitric oxide of mercury . 5 „
Distilled water . . . 40 „
Let the cyanuret of iron and oxide of
mercury be mixed, and then added to the
*ater previously warmed. Boil the mix-
ture with continual stirring during half an
hour, and filter through bibulous paper.
Let the residue be frequently washed with
warm distilled water. Lastly, let the fil-
tered liquor evaporate, and by its cooling
let crystals form.
Med. Use. — Employed in the same
cases, and dose as the bichloride of mer-
cury.
Hydrargyri iodidum. Iodide
of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Mercury ?;,
Iodine ..,.,,, 2y, '
Alcohol q. s.
Rub the mercury and iodine together,
adding the alcohol gradually, until globules
are no longer visible.. Dry the powder
immediately with a gentle heat, without
the access of light, and keep in a well-
stopped vessel.
Note. — When recently prepared, it is
yellowish, and when heat is cautiously ap-
plied it sublimes in red crystals, which
afterwards become yellow, and then by
access of light they blacken. It is not
soluble in chloride of sodium.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Hydrargyri
iodidum viride.
9 Pure mercury. . , . . ^.
Pure iodine -zy.
Rectified spirit, a sufficient quantity.
Rub the mercury and iodine in a porce-
lain mortar, occasionally adding a few drops
of the spirit, until metallic globules are no
longer visible, and the whole assumes a
yellowish-green colour. Dry the residue
at a temperature not exceeding 100°, in a
dark room, and preserve it in a bottle im-
pervious to light.
Med, Use. — Alterative in scrofula.
Dose. — Gr. one-eighth to gr. one-half, in
pills.
Hydrargyri biniodidum.
Biniodide of mercury.
3 D
770
FORMULA, &c.
Lond. Ph. 1386.
9 Mercury ,,.,.. ^i.
Iodine . 5s.
Alcohol q. s.
Rub the mercury and Iodine together,
adding the alcohol gradually, until globules
are no longer visible. Dry the powder
with a gentle heat, and keep it in a well-
stopped vessel.
Note. — By heat continually applied it
is sublimed in scales, which soon become
yellow, and afterwards, when they are
cold, red. It is partially soluble in boiling
rectified spirit, which affords crystals as it
cools. It is alternately dissolved and pre-
cipitated by iodide of potassium and bichlo-
ride of mercuiy. It is totally soluble in
chloride of sodium.
Edm..Ph. 1841.
5> Mercury |ij.
Iodine ...... ^iiss.
Concentrated solution of mu-
riate of soda . . . cong. j.
Triturate the mercury and iodine toge-
ther, adding occasionally a little rectified
spirit, till a uniform red powder be obtained.
Reduce the product to fine powder, and
dissolve it in the solution of muriate of
soda with the aid of brisk ebullition. Fil-
ter, if necessary, through calico, keeping
the funnel hot ; wash and dry the crystals
which fonn on cooling.
Note. — Entirely vaporizable ; soluble
entirely in forty parts of a concentrated
solution of muriate of soda at 212°, and
again deposited in fine red crystals on
cooling.
Dubl. Ph. 1850 Hydrargyri
iodidum ruhrum.
9 Corrosive sublimate . . • ^'•
Iodide of potassium . . . 3X,
Distilled water .... Oij,
Or as much as is sufficient.
Dissolve the corrosive sublimate with the
aid of heat, in 25 ounces, and the iodide of
potassium in 5 ounces of the water, and,
when both solutions are cold, mix them.
Decant the supernatant liquor when the
precipitate has subsided ; and, having col-
lected this latter upon a paper filter, wash
it with the remainder of the water. Fi-
nally, dry the product at a temperature
not exceeding 212°, and preserve it in a
close bottle.
Med. Use. — Alterative.
Dose. — Gr. one-twelfth, to gi\ one-
quarter, in pill with crumb of bread.
Hydrakgyri iodo-chloridum.
lodo-chloride of mercury. lodhy-
drar gyrate of chloride of mercury .
Boutigny.
Suspend crystals of calomel in a stop-
pered bottle, at the bottom of which is put
some iodine. After some time, the calomel
will assume a red colour without any altera-
tion taking place in its crystalline form.
The iodine vapour appears to combine
with the salt, but the precise nature of the
resulting compound has not been deter-
mined.
Hydrargyri iodo-bicklori-
DUM. lodo-bichloride of mercury,
lodliydrargyrate of perchloride of
mercury.
Caventou.
]^ Bichloride of mercury,
Biniodide of mercury, aa . p. as.
Dissolve the bichloride of mercury in
rectified spirit, then add the biniodide, and
having completed the solution, evaporate
it to dryness. The product is said not to
be a perfect double salt. It has been re-
commended by M. Recamier as more active
than either of its constituents, in removing
tumours, &c. It is used in the form of
ointment.
Hydrargyri et potassii 10-
DiDtM. Iodide of mercury and
potassium. lodo-hydrargyrate of
potassium. lodhydrargyrate of
iodide of potassium.
Boullay.
9 Biniodide of mercury,
Iodide of potassium, aa . • p. «♦
FORMULiE, &c.
771
Dissolve in water, and evaporate to
dryness ; the product is an uncrystallizable
salt.
Puche.
9 Biniodide of mercury.
Iodide of potassium, &a . • p. ^'
' Mix the salts together in a mortar.
Dr. Channing.
^ Iodide of potassium . . gr. iijss.
Biniodide of mercury . . gr, ivss.
Distilled water. . . • f ^'.
Dissolve, first the iodide of potassium,
and then the biniodide of mercury in the
water.
Dose. — From two to five drops of Dr.
Channing's solution three times a-day, in
chronic bronchitis, hooping-cough, tonsil-
litis, and some cutaneous diseases.
Hydrargyri et potassii io-
DOcyA^TIDUM. Hydrargyro-iodo-
cyanide of potassium.
Dr. Geogegan.
To a solution of iodide of potassium in
water, add a concentrated solution of bicy-
anide of mercury; the double salt in the
form of white pearly crystalline plates will
be immediately deposited.
Use. — This salt is used as a test of the
purity of hydrocyanic acid, which when
pure has no action upon it, but if there be
any mineral acid present, it will decompose
the salt, giving rise to the formation of red
biniodide of mercury, which is distinguished
by its colour.
Hydrargyri nItratis aci-
DUM. Acid nitrate of mercury.
Dr. H. Bennet.
9 Mercury 4 parts.
Nitric acid . . , , 8 „
Introduce the ingredients into a retort,
and when solution is effected, reduce the
quantity, by evaporation, to nine parts.
The preparation thus made is a dense so-
lution of pemitrate of mercury in excess of
nitric acid. It is used as a fluid caustic.
9? Chloride of mercury .
Lime water . • .
Hydrargyri oxydum. Oxide
of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
cong. j.
Mix and frequently shake them. Set
by, and when the oxide has subsided, pour
off the liquor. Lastly, wash it in distilled
water until nothing alkaline can be pei'-
ceived, and dry it, wrapped in bibulous
paper, in the air.
Note. — Digested for a short time with
diluted hydrochloric acid, and strained,
neither solution of potash nor oxalate of
ammonia throws down anything. It is
totally soluble in acetic acid. By heat it
is entirely dissipated.
Dubl. Ph. 1826. Hydrargyri
oxydum nigrum.
9 Sublimed calomel ... 1 part.
Water of caustic potash,
made warm .... 4 part.
Let them be triturated together until
an oxide of a black colour is obtained, and
let this be frequently washed with water.
Lastly, let the oxide be dried with a medium
heat on bibulous paper.
Med. Use. — Alterative.
Dose. — Gr. i. to gr. iij. in the form of
piU.
SYXONYMES.
Hydrargyri oxydum citiereum. — Lond.
Ph. 1809, 1824.
Hydrargyri binoxidum. JBin-
oxide of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
5 Bichloride of mercury . ,^iv.
Solution of potash . . fjxxviij.
Distilled water . . . Ovj.
Dissolve the bichloride of mercury in the
water ; strain and add the solution of potash.
The liquor being poured off, wash, in dis-
tilled water, the powder thrown down, until
nothing alkaline can be perceived, and dry it
with a gentle heat.
Note. — On the application of heat it
yields oxygen, and the mercury either runs
3 d2
772
FORMULA, &c.
into globules or is totally dissipated. It is
entirely soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Hydrargyri-
nitrico-oxydum.
^ Mercuiy ...... B3iij.
Nitric acid . . • . . f^^^'^J-
Distilled water. . . . Oij.
Mix, and apply a gentle heat, until the
mercury may be dissolved. Boil down the
solution, and rub that which remains into
powder. Place this into a very shallow
vessel, then apply a slow fire, and gradu-
ally increase it, until red vapour shall have
ceased to come off.
Note. — It consists of red shining crystal-
line scales. It is volatilized by a sharp
heat, it evolves no nitric vapours. It is
dissolved in hydrochloric and nitric acid.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Hydrargyri
oxydum rubrum.
^i Mercury ^viij.
Diluted nitric acid (D. 1280), f^v.
Dissolve half of the mercury in the
acid with the aid of a moderate heat ; and
continue the heat till a dry salt is formed.
Triturate the rest of the mercury with the
salt till a fine uniform powder be obtained ;
heat the powder in a porcelain vessel and
constantly stir it, till acid fumes cease to
be discharged.
Note. — This is a binoxide of mercury,
called also red precipitate. Entirely so-
luble in muriatic acid: heat decomposes
and sublimes it entirely in metallic glo-
bules, without any discharge of nitrous
fumes.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Pure mercury .... Iviij.
Pure nitric acid . . . f^iij.
Distilled water. . . . ^vj.
In the acid, diluted with the water,
digest the mercury, using at first a very
gentle heat, but, when the action has
ceased, finally boiling for a few minutes,
and, having decanted the solution, evapo-
rate to dryness. Let the residuum, first
reduced to powder, be transferred to a
shallow cast-iron pot with a flat bottom,
and loosely covered by a fire-tile lid ; and
in this let it be exposed to the heat of a
slow fire, until red vapours cease to be
given off. The heat must now be with-
drawn, and when the pot has cooled, its
contents should be transferred to bottles.
SYNONYMES.
Mercurius calcinatus. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Hydrargyrus calcinatus, — Lond. Ph.
1788.
Hydrargyrum calcinatum.
Mercurius prcecipitatus corrosivus. —
Lond. Ph. 1721.
Mercurius corrosivus ruber. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Hydrargyri nitratus ruber. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
Oxydum Hydrargyri rubri per acido
nitrico. — Edin. Ph. 1839.
Hed precipitate. Coagulated mercury.
Hydrargyrum oxydulatum
NIGRUM. Mercurius solubilis Hah-
nemanni. Hydrargyri prcecipi-
tatum nigrum. Hahnemann's
black oxide of mercury.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
IJ Solution of nitrate of
mercury, recently pre-
pared, (sp. gr. 1*1 00) ^ix. jij.
Distilled water . . . Ibij. ^^iv.
Caustic solution of am-
monia (sp. gr. 960) . 5SS.
Dilute the solution of nitrate of mercury
with Ibij of the water, and the solution of
ammonia with the remainder, and mix
the solutions. Place the precipitate im-
mediately on a filter, wash it with five
ounces of distilled water, and press it
between bibulous paper. Dry it in a dark
place, avoiding heat, and when powdered
preserve it carefully in a dark stoppered
bottle.
Note. — It should be a very black powder.
Hydrargyri oxydum sulphu-
RICUM. Stdphuric oxide of mer-
cury. Turpith mineral. Hydrar-
gyri subsulphas.
FORMULA, &c.
r73
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
91 Persulphate of mercury . 1 part.
Warm water . . . . 20 parts.
Triturate them together in an earthen-
ware mortar, and pour off the supernatant
liquor ; let the yellow powder be washed
with distilled water, so long as the decanted
fluid exhibits any deposit on the addition of
some drops of the water of caustic potash.
Lastly, let the sulphuric oxide of mercury
be dried.
Med. Use. — This preparation was for-
merly employed as an emetic, but is now
only used as an errhine, to produce a dis-
charge from the nostrils in chronic oph-
thalmia, incipient hydrocephalus, cephal-
algia, &c., 1 grain, mixed with 4 or 5 of
some bland powder, is snuffed up the nos-
trils at bedtime, or in the morning.
It is frequently administered to dogs as
an emetic, in doses of 3 to 5 grains.
Hydrargyri fhosphas. Hy-
drargyrum oxydulatum phospho-
ricum. Phosphate of mercury.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
To a solution of nitrate of mercury
slightly acidulated with nitric acid, add
solution of phosphate of soda as long as any
precipitate is formed. Collect, wash, and
dry the precipitate.
Note. — A white, heavy, and almost
tasteless powder, nearly insoluble in water.
It fuses at a high temperature. When
rubbed with caustic potash it becomes
black.
Hydrargyrum stibiato-sui.-
PHURETUM. Sulphuretum hy-
drargyri et Stihii. jEthiops an-
timonialis.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
^ Powdered sulphuret of anti-
mony ^iij.
Quicksilver ^.
Washed flowers of sulphur . ^j.
Kub them in a warm stone mortar, with
the addition of a little water or sulphuret
of ammonium, until globules of mercury
are no longer perceptible.
The same formula is given in the Ph.
Austr. 1836 ; Ph. Saxonica, 1837, and
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
Hydrargyri Sulphas. Sul-
phate of mercury.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
J^ Quicksilver of commerce. . ^x.
Oil of vitriol of commerce . f^vj.
Place the quicksilver and oil of vitriol in
a porcelain capsule, and apply heat until
effervescence ceases, and nothing remains
but a white and dry crystalline salt.
Use. — For making the bichloride of
mercury.
Hydrargyri sulphuretum
CUM suLPHURE. Sulphuret of
mercury with sulphur. Ethiop^s
mineral.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Mercury,
Sulphur, aa . . . • . Ibj.
Rub them together until globules are no
longer visible.
Note. — Totally evaporates by heat, no
charcoal or phosphate of lime being left.
Dubl. Ph. 1826. Hydrargyri
sulphuretum nigrum.
^ Purified mercury.
Sublimed sulphur, aa . .1 part.
Rub them together in a stone-ware
mortar, until the globules shall have dis-
appeared.
Med. Use. — Alterative.
Dose. — Gr. v. to gr. xxx.
SYNONYMES.
Hydrargyrus cum sulphure. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
Hydrargyri sulphuretum nigrum. —
Lond. Ph. 1824.
Hydrargyri bisulphuretum.
Bisulphuret of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Mercury Ifeij.
Sulphur ,^v.
774
FORMULAE, &c.
Mix the mercury with the sulphur
melted over the fire, and when the mass
first begins to swell up, remove the vessel
from the fire, and cover it strongly, lest
inflammation may ensue; afterwards, rub
into powder and sublime.
Note. — It is volatilized by heat; and
potash being added to it, it unites into
globules,
Edin. Ph. 1841. Cinnabaris.
9 Mercury ffiij.
Sulphur ^v.
Melt the sulphur, add the mercury, and
continue the heat till the mixture begins to
swell up; then remove the vessel, and
cover it closely to prevent the mixture
taking lire. When the material is cold,
reduce it to powder, and sublime it.
Note. — It is sublimed entirely by heat,
and without any metallic globules being
formed.
Use. — Alterative and deobsti-uent. Sel-
dom prescribed.
SYNONYMES.
Cinnabaris factitia. — Lend. Ph. 1746.
Hydrargyrus sulphuretus ruber, — Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum. —
Lond. Ph. 1809, 1824.
Vermilion.
Cinnabar of antimony.
Hydbabgyei tartras. Tar-
trate of mercury.
Dissolve protonitrate of mercury in water
slightly acidulated with nitric acid, and add
to it solution of tartrate of potash as long
as any precipitate is formed.
Indian yellow. Purree.
A yellow pigment brought from India,
used in oil and water-colour painting.
Differences of opinion exist as to its
origin. It has been said to be obtained
from camel's urine, from elephant's urine,
from the gall-bladder of a species of ox,
as well as from other sources, both animal
and vegetable. It has been examined
by Erdmana and by Stenhouse, who have
obtained from it an acid, called by the
former euxanthinic acid, by the latter
purreic acid.
Indigo. Pigmentum Indicum.
This valuable pigment is oblained from
several plants which grow in the East and
West Indies, in the middle regions of
America, in Africa, and in some parts of
Europe.
Two methods are adopted for obtaining
the indigo from the plants: — 1. By the
fermentation of the fresh leaves and
stems. 2. By the maceration of the dried
leaves.
No.l.
The fermentation of the fresh
leaves.
The cuttings of the plants are put into
large vats together with sufHcient water to
cover them. Fermentation soon com-
mences, which is allowed to continue from
12 to 24 hours, at a temperature about
85" Fahr. The liquor is then drawn off
into another vat, in which it is agitated
with flat sticks or paddle-wheels, until,
from exposure to the air, the indigo sepa-
rates from the liquor and assumes the
proper colour. It is then allowed to de-
posit, and the liquor decanted off.
No. 2.
Extraction of indigo from the
dried leaves.
The ripe plant being cut, is well dried
in the sunshine; it is then threshed to
separate the leaves from the stems. The
dry leaves are stored in magazines, where
they undergo an important change in about
4 weeks. When first dried they have a
fine green colour, but this changes to a
pale blue-gi-ay. Previously to this change
they yield very little indigo on macera-
tion, but after the change they yield a
great deal. The leaves are now macerated
in a vat with 5 or 6 times their bulk of
water for about two hours, being con-
stantly stiiTed during this time. The
liquor is then drawn off into another vat,
and the process continued as in the pre-
vious case.
FORMULiE, &c,
775
Infusum anthemidis. Infu-
sion of chamomile.
Lond. Ph. 1851, & Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Chamomile . . . • • 5V.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for 10 minutes, in a closed
vessel, and strain. — Lond.
Infuse for 20 minutes in a covered vessel,
and then strain. — Edin.
DubL Ph. 1850.
^ Chamomile flowers, dried . 5^.
Boiling water .... ^xij.
Infuse for 15 minutes in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8 ounces.
Med. Use, — Stomachic and tonic: the
infusion made with cold water is said to
be more grateful than that made with hot.
This infusion, when taken warm, is very
effectual in promoting the action of
emetics.
Dose.—lj to gij.
Infusum armoraci^ compo-
siTUM. Compound infusion of
horse-radish.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sliced horseradish,
Bruised mustard, of each . • ^.
Compound spirit of horseradish f ^,
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Macerate the horseradish and mustard
in the water for 2 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain ; then add the spirit.
Med. Use. — Stimulant, diuretic, and
given in paralysis and in dropsies after
intermittents.
Dose. — 1 or 2 ounces,
Infusum arnica. Infusion of
arnica.
Ph. Castr. Austr. 1841.
^ Arnica flowers 3J.
Boiling water q. s.
Macerate in a close vessel for 15 minutes,
and strain to make 5VJ.
Infusum arnica florum. Iji-
fusion of arnica flowers.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ Arnica flowers .... ^ss.
Boiling water Ibj.
Macerate in a close vessel for 1 hour,
and strain.
Infusum arnica radicis. In-
ftcsion of arnica root.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^1 Arnica root ..... ^fij.
Boiling water ffij.
Macerate in a close vessel for 1 hour,
and strain.
Infusum aurantii composi-
TUM. Compound infusion of
orange [peel]. Lond. & Dubl.
Infusum auruntii. Edin.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
1^ Orange-peel, dried .... Jss.
Lemon-peel, fresh. . . . 3ij.
Cloves, bruised . . . . jj. ;
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj,
Macerate for a quarter of an hour, in a
closed vessel, and strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Bitter orange-peel, dried . . 3iij.
Cloves, bi-uised .... jss.
Boiling water Oss.
Infuse for half an hour in a covered
vessel, and strain. The product should
measure about 8 ounces.
Med. Use. — Stomachic.
Dose. — f^ to fjij.
Infusum buchu. Infusion of
huchu. Infusum diosmas, Ph.
1836.
Lond. Ph. 1851,
91 Buchu Jj.
Boiling distilled water . Oj. j
Macerate for 4 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
776
FORMULA, &c.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Buchu Jj.
Boiling water Oj.
Infuse for 2 hours in a covered vessel,
and strain through linen or calico.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
5< Buchu leaves, bruised. • . ^ss.
Boiling water Oss.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8 ounces.
Infusum calumb.«. Infusion
of calumba.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
I 9 Calumba, sliced .... 3V.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9) Calumba, in coarse powder , ^ss.
Cold water, about a pint.
Triturate the calumba with a little of
the water, so as to moisten it thoroughly ;
put it into a percolator, and transmit cold
water, till 16 fluid ounces of infusion be
obtained.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Calumba root, in coarse powder giij.
Cold water ^ix.
Macerate for 2 hours, and strain. The
product should measure about 8 ounces.
Med. Use. — Stomachic and tonic.
Dose. — f^iss to f^ij.
Infusum cakyophilli. Infu-
sion of clove.
Lond, Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
9 Cloves, bruised .... 3iij.
Distilled water, boiling . , Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Dublin. Ph. 1850.
1^ Cloves, bruised .... 3ij.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8 ounces.
Med. Use. — A warm stomachic, and
useful in flatulent cholic, chronic gout,
and dyspepsia.
Dose — From ^' to ^ij.
Infusum cascarills:. Infu-
sion of cascarilla.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
R Cascarilla, bruised . . . ^iss.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Cascarilla bark, in coarse powder ^.
Boiling water Oss.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8 ounces.
Med. Use. — A light bitter tonic in cases
of dyspepsia.
Dose. — f^ to f|iij.
Infusum catechu composi-
TUM. Compound infusion of
catechu.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9" Catechu, powdered . . . 3VJ.
Cinnamon, bruised • • • 3J.
Distilled water, boiling . , Oj.
Macerate for 1 hour in a closed vessel,
and strain.
1841. Infusum
3J- !
Boiling water
5«-
Edin. Ph.
catechu.
9 Catechu, in powder
Cinnamon, in powder
Syrup ....
Boiling water .
Infuse the catechu and cinnamon with
the water for 2 hours, strain through linen
or calico, and add the syrup.
FORMULA, &c.
777
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Catechu, in coarse powder . 3iij.
Cinnamon bark, bruised . . 3ss.
Boiling water ^ix.
Infuse for half an hour in a covered
vessel, and strain. The product should
measure about 8 ounces.
Med. Use. — A powerful astringent.
Dose. — ^ or ^ij every thiid or fourth
hour.
Infusum CHiKETTiE. Infusioti
of chiretta.
Ediu. Ph. 1841.
9 Chiretta 3iv.
Boiling water Oj.
Infuse for 2 hours, and strain through
linen or calico.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
j^ Chiretta, bruised . . . 3ij.
Boiling water .... Jixss.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8 ounces.
Med. Use. — A bitter vehicle for alkalies
and the salts of iron in atonic dyspepsia.
Dose. — f ^ij 3 times a day.
Infusum cinchoNjE. Infusion
of cinchona.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
JJ Bruised yellow cinchona , ^ . ^.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Any species of cinchona, ac-
cording to prescription, in
powder ^.
Boiling water Oj.
Infuse for 4 hours in a covered vessel,
and then strain through linen or calico.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Peruvian bark (crown or pale),
in coarse powder . . • ^.
Boiling water Oss.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel,
and filter through paper. The produce
should measure about 8 ounces.
Med. Use, — Tonic.
Dose. — f ^ to f ^iij 2 or 3 times a day.
Infusum ciNCHONiE spissatum.
Concentrated infusion of cin-
chona.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Coarsely powdered yellow
cinchona Ibiij.
Distilled water .... Ovj.
Rectified spirit, ^as much as
may be sufficient.
Macerate the cinchona in the same man-
ner as is directed for preparing the extract
of cinchona, and strain. Evaporate the
infusions, mixed together, by a water-bath,
to a fourth part ; and set aside that the
dregs may subside. Pour off the clear
liquor, and strain that which remains.
Then mix, and evaporate again, that the
specific weight of the liquid may be 1 • 200,
Drop in the spirit, very carefully, to
this, when it shall have cooled, so that 3
fluid-drachms may be added to each fluid-
ounce of the liquor. Lastly, set aside the
liquor for 20 days, that it may be entirely
defecated.
Infusum cfnchon^ vaiaj\j>m.
Infusion of pale cinchona. {In-
fusum cinchona, Ph. 1836.)
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as we
have directed the infusion of cinchona to be
prepared.
Infusum cinchonje pallida
SPISSATUM. Concentrated infu-
sion of pale cinclwna.
Prepare this in the same manner as we
have directed the concentrated infusion of
cinchona to be prepared.
Infusum cinchona composi
TUM. Compound infusion of
Peruvian bark.
778
FORMULJE, &c.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Peruvian bark, in powder. . ^.
Aromatic sulphuric acid • . f 3J.
"Water Oj.
Macerate for 12 hours, occasionally
shaking, and strain.
Infusum cusPARiiE. Infusion
of cusparia.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph-
1841.
9* Cusparia, bruised .... 5V.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Med. Use. — Tonic and stimulant.
[ Dose. — f^iss to f^ij.
Infusum digitalis. Infusion
of foxglove.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Foxglove leaves, dried. . . jj.
Spirit of cinnamon . . . f^.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate the foxglove leaves in the water
for 4 hours in a closed vessel, and strain ;
then add the spirit.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]5< Digitalis, dried . . . . jij.
Spirit of cinnamon. . . fjij.
Boiling water . • . . fjxviij.
Infuse the digitalis in the water in a
covered vessel for 4 hours ; strain through
linen or calico ; and then add the spirit of
cinnamon.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Foxglove leaves, dried . • 3J.
Boiling water ..... ^ix.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
There is an important difference in the
strength of these infusions.
Dose. — ^ss to ^ of that made by the
Lond. Ph.
Infusum EEGOTiE. Infusion of
ergot.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Ergot of rye, in coarse powder jij.
Boiling water ..... ^ix.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
Infusum GENTiANiE composi-
TUM. Compound infusion of
gentian.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Gentian, sliced.
Orange-peel, dried, aa. • . 3ij.
Lemon-peel, fresh .... 3iv.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for an hour in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Infusum
gentiance.
1^ Gentian, sliced .... ^ss.
Bitter orange-peel, dried and
bruised .... • 5J«
Coriander, bruised . . . 3J.
Proof spirit ..... ^^y.
Cold water ^^i'
Pour the spirit upon the solids ; in 3
hours add the water, and in 12 hours more
strain through linen or calico.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Gentian root, bruised.
Orange-peel, dried, of each. . jij.
Boiling water . , . . Oss.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
Med. Use. — An elegant tonic.
Dose.— f^ to fjij.
SYNONYMES.
Infusum amarum simplex. Lond. Ph,
1721,1746.
Infusum eupatobii. Infusion
of thoroughwort.
FORMULA, &c.
779
U. S. Ph. 1850.
^ Thoroughwort, dried herb . . Jj.
Boiling water Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a covered vessel,
and strain,
Med. Use. — Tonic, in doses of f^ij, 2 or
3 times a day ; emetic and diaphoretic in
large tepid doses.
Infusum junipebi. Inftmon
of juniper.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Juniper berries, bruised . . ^.
Boiling water ..... Oss.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
Infusum kbamerijg. Infusion
of krameria or rhatany.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^i Khatany . ..... ^^
Boiling distilled water. . . Oj.
Macerate for 4 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Dubl. Ph, 1850.
]^ Rhatany root, bruised. . . ^ss.
Boiling water ^ix.
Digest for 1 hour in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8 ounces.
Med. Use. — Astringent ; useful in chro-
nic diarrha?a.
Dose. — f^ss to f|ij.
Infusum lini compositum.
Compound infusion of linseed.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Linseed ^x.
Fresh slic^ liquorice . . . jij.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Macerate for 4 hours in a closed vessel
near the fire, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Infusum lini.
, 9 Linseed ....,, 3VJ.
Liquorice root, bruised . . 3ij.
Boiling water . . . • . Oj.
Digest near the fire in a covered vessel,
for 4 hours, and then strain thi-ough linea
or calico.
Med. Use. — As a demulcent in catarrh,
gonorrhoea, &c.
Dose. — ^ij or ^iij* frequently repeated in
the course of the day.
Infusum lupuli. Infusion of
hop.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
J?-^Hops 3vj.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for 4 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Med. Use. — Tonic, stomachic, and
slightly narcotic.
Dose. — f^j to f^iss.
Infusum matico. Infusion of
matico.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Matico leaves, cut small . . ^ss.
Boiling water ..... Oss.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
Infusum menthjg vieidis. In-
fusion of spearmint.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Spearmint, dried and cut small 3iij.
Boiling water ..... Oss.
Infuse for 15 minutes in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8 ounces.
Med. Use. — A stomachic.
Infusum pruni viBomiAN-aE.
Infusion of wild cherry bark.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Wild cherry bark, bruised . ^ss.
Water (cold) Oj.
Macerate for 24 hours, and strain.
Med. Use Tonic and soothing, in doses
of f^ij, 3 or 4 times a day.
780
FORMULAE, &c.
Infdsum pareibjb. Infusion
of pareira.
Lond. Ph. 1836, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
]^ Pareira jvj.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a vessel lightly
covered, and strain,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
T^ Pareira root, bruised, and torn
into shreds ^ss.
Boiling water ^ix.
Digest for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces,
Med. Use.— In irritable states of the
bladder.
Dose.-f^ to f^ij.
Infusum POiiYGAL^. Infusion
of poly gala (Seneka). (Decoctum
SenegceoiVh. 1826.)
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Polygala (Seneka) root, bruised . ^ss.
Boiling water ^ix.
Digest for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
See Infusum Senegce.
Infusum quassia. Infusion
of quassia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Quassia, sliced ^ij.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Quassia, in chips • • • • jj.
Boiling water .... Oj.
Infuse for 2 hours in a covered vessel, and
then strain through linen or calico.
Dubl. Ph. 1850,
^ Quassia wood, rasped . . jj.
Boiling water .... ^viiiss.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
Med. Use. — Tonic.
Dose.—^ to f^ij.
Infusum bhei. Infusion of
rhubarb.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Rhubarb, sliced .... 3iij.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Rhubarb, bruised into coarse
powder ^.
Spirit of cinnamon . . . fjij.
Boiling water .... f^xviij.
Infuse the rhubarb for 12 hours in the
water in a covered vessel ; add the spirit,
and strain through linen or calico.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Rhubarb root, in thin slices . jij.
Boiling water ^ix.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
Med. Use. — As a mild purgative and
stomachic.
Dose. — f^ to f3iij.
Infusum ros^ compositum.
Compound infusion of rose.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
'^ Dried French rose .... jiij.
Diluted sulphuric acid . . fjiss.
Sugar 3vj.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Pour the water upon the rose, previously
pulled to pieces, then mix in the acid.
Macerate for 2 hours, and strain the liquor.
Lastly add the sugar.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Infusum rosee.
9' Rosa gallica, dried . . . 3iij.
Diluted sulphuric acid . . f3iss.
Pure sugar 3TJ.
Boiling water. .... Oj.
FORMULA, &c.
781
Infuse the rose petals in the water in a
covered vessel of glass or porcelain, not
glazed with lead, for 1 hour ; then add the
acid, strain through linen or calico, and
dissolve^the sugar in the liquor.
Infusum roscB acidum.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Petals of the Gallic rose . . 3ij.
Dilute sulphuric acid . . . f5J.
Boiling water Oss.
Infuse the petals for 1 hour in the water
in a covered vessel ; strain, and add the
acid. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
Med. Use. — Astringent and refrigerant.
It is also used as an elegant vehicle for
the exhibition of sulphate of magnesia.
Dose.— f^j to f5ij.
SYNONYMES.
Tinctura rosarum rubraimm. — Lond. Ph.
1721,
Tinctura rosarum. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Infusum sassafras MEDuiiL^.
Infusion of sassafras pith.
U. S.Ph. 1850.
]^ Sassafras pith 3J.
Water Oj.
Macerate for 3 hours, and strain.
Infusum scoparii. Infusion
of broom.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Broom ....... ^
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a vessel lightly
covered, and strain.
Med. Use. — Diuretic.
Dose. — fjj to fjij.
Infusum sarsaparill^ com-
posiTUM. Compotind infusion of
sarsaparilla.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
5-' Sarsaparilla root, previously
cleansed with water, and
sliced ^■.
Lime water S^^j-
Macerate for 12 hours in a closed vessel,
shaking occasionally, and strain.
Med. Use. — The same as of the decoc-
tion.
Dose. — From ^iv to Jvj, 2 or 3 times a
day.
Infusum seneg^e. Infusion of
senega.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Senega jx.
Boiling water Oj.
Infuse for 4 hours in a covered vessel,
and strain.
Med. Use. — Tonic in typhoid pneumonia
and bronchitis.
Dose. — f^' to f^iss.
Infusum sENNiE.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Senna ^iss.
Ginger, bruised .... "^xv.
Boiling water. . . . . Oj. _
Infuse for an hour in a covered vessel ;
and then strain through linen or calico.
Infusum senn^ compositum.
Compound infusion of senna.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
T^ Senna jxv.
Ginger, bruised .... ^iv.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for an hour in a closed vessel,
and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Senna j^j.
Tamarinds 'i^.
Coriander, bruised . . . jj.
Muscovado (sugar) . . . ^ss.
Boiling water .... f^viij.
Infuse for 4 hours, with occasional stir-
ring in a covered vessel, not glazed with
lead, and then strain through linen or
calico.
This infusion may be likewise made with
twice or thrice the prescribed quantity ot
senna.
782
FOEMUL^, &c;
Bubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Senna leaves ^ss.
Ginger root, sliced ... jss.
Boiling water Oss.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
Med. Use. — A useful purgative, either
alone or combined with neutral salts.
Dose. — f^ to f^ij.
SYNONYMES. ■. ■:
Infusum sennce. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
Infusum, sennce commune. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Infusum sennce simplex. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
Infusum serpentari^. Infu-
sion of serpentaria.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Edin. Ph.
1841.
9 Serpentaria ^ss.
Boihng water ..... Oj.
Macerate for 4 hours in a covered vessel,
and then strain.
Med. Use. — A stimulating tonic.
Dose. — f^ss to f^ij.
Infusum simarub^. Infusion
of simaruba.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^5 Simaruba, bruised .... 3iij.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a vessel lightly
covered, and strain. ,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Simaruba root bark, bruised . gij.
Boiling water |ix.
Infuse for 1 hour in a covered vessel, and
strain. The product should measure about
8 ounces.
Med. Use. — Astringent: has been used
in diarrhffia and dysentery,
Dose.—il] to f^ij.
Infusum spigeli^e. Inftision
of pink root.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Pink foot ?ss.
Boiling water ..... Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a covered vessel,
and strain.
Infusum tabaci. Infusion of
tobacco.
Dubl. Ph. 1826. .
]^ Tobacco leaves . . . • 3J.
Boiling water .... ^xvj.
Macerate for an hour in a lightly covered
vessel, and strain.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Tobacco 3j.
Boiling water Oj.
Macerate for an hour in a covered vessel,
and strain.
Med. Use. — Chiefly in the form of
enema, in ileus, incarcerated hernia, and
dysury.
Infusum ujlmi. Infusion of
slippery elm-bark.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
"^ Slippery elm bark, sliced and
bruised ^j.
Boiling water Oj.
Macerate for 2 hours in a covered vessel,
and strain.
Infusum VALERiANiE. Infu-
sion of valerian.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
!^ Valerian ^ss.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oj.
Macerate for half an hour in a closed
vessel, and strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Valerian root, bruised . . . jij.
Boiling water ^ix.
Digest for 1 hour in a covered vessel,
and strain. The product should measure
about 8 ouuces.
Med. Use. — ^As a nervine in hysteria.
Dose, — f ^ to f ,^ij.
FORMULAE, &c.
783
Ibxij.
ibv.
Ibiv,
cong. xij.
3y-
Injectio. (From injicio, to
throw in.) Injection.
Liquids intended to be thrown, by means
of a syringe, into some of the vessels or
cavities of the body.
Ink.
A composition or pigment for •writing or
printing on paper, parchment, linen, or
other material.
JBlack writing ink.
No, 1.
9 Braised nutgalls .
Common copperas ' .
Gum arabic . . <
Water ....
Creasote . . . ,
Boil the nutgalls in three-fourths of the
water for 1 hour, then strain. Dissolve
the gum in twice its weight of hot water,
and add it to the decoction. Dissolve the
copperas in the remainder of the water,
mix the liquors together, and make up
the quantity to 12 gallons. Finally, stir
in the creasote.
A few bruised clones may be substituted
for the creasote, which is added :for the
purpose of preventing the ink from becom-
ing mouldy.
No. 2.
]^ Bruised nutgalls . . 12 parts.
Copperas, slightly calcined 4 „
Gum arabic .... 4 „
Water 120 „
Mix together in a stone bottle, and let
them stand for 2 or 3 weeks, shaking the
bottle from time to time. Then pour off
the clear liquor, and add a little creasote to
prevent mouldiness.
Logwood and other astringent substances
are sometimes substituted, wholly or in
part, for nutgalls.
Dr. Lewises ink.
No, 3.
9 Powdered sulphate of iron
Powdered logwood ,
Powdered galls
Gum arabic • . , . .
Vinegar
Oij.
The ingredients are to be put into a
glass, or other convenient vessel, not
metallic, and the mixture frequently
shaken.
Rihaucourt^ s ink.
No. 4.
^ Aleppo galls, in coarse powder
Logwood, in thin chips
Sulphate of iron .
Gum arabic, in powder
Sulphate of copper .
Sugar-candy . . .
Boil the galls and logwood together in
12 pounds of water for 1 hour, or until
half the liquid has evaporated ; strain the
decoction through a hair sieve, or linen
cloth, and then add the other ingredients ;
stir the mixture until the whole is dis-
solved, after which, leave it to subside for
24 hours. Then decant the ink and pre-
serve it in glass or stone-ware bottles well
corked. The sulphate of copper must be
omitted when the ink is intended for steel
pens.
Munge^s chrome ink.
No. 5.
1^ Powdered commercial extract
of logwood J^.
Boiling water ftiv.
Yellow (neutral) chromate of
potash 3J.
Dissolve the extract in the water, then
add the chromate of potash.
Or,
1^ Logwood chips . . . Ifexxij.
exhaust with water, and boil the decoction
down to 14 gallons.
To every 1000 parts of such decoction
add 1 part of yellow (neutral) chromate of
potash.
According to Stein, this ink is improved
by the addition of a few drops of a solution
of corrosive sublimate.
Girond^s substitute for galls,
called Damajavag.
The extract denominated " Damajavag,"
is prepared by immersing 1 hundred weight
of the shells of chestnuts, broken into fr^-
784
FORMULA, &c.
ments, in about 180 or 200 quarts of
water, contained in a vessel of copper or
any material except iron, for about 12
hours. It is then boiled for 3 hours,
strained, and the liquor evaporated to the
consistence of paste. It may then be cut
into cakes of any convenient size, and dried
in an oven at a low temperature. The
quantity of damajavag obtained from the
above will be about 8 or 10 pounds.
This substance can be obtained in the
same manner from the wood, and also the
sap, of the chestnut tree.
When powdered it may be used in the
place of pulverized gall-nuts.
Dr. Normandy's purple ink,
called the ' King of Purples'
^ Campeachy wood . . Ibxij,
Boiling water . . . cong. xij.
Verdigris, or acetate of
copper Bbj.
Alum Ibxiv.
Digest the two first ingredients together,
and strain the liquor upon the finely pow-
dered salt of copper, then immediately add
the alum.
To 340 gallons of this liquid, add 80
pounds of gum arable, or gum Senegal,
Let these remain for 3 or 4 days, and a
beautiful purple will be produced.
Slue loriting ink.
^ Sulphate of iron . . . ^iv.
Sulphuric acid . . . f 3iijss.
Nitric acid .... fJj,orq.s.
Ferrocyanide of potas-
sium ^vj.
Water q. s.
Dissolve the sulphate of iron in 1 pint of
water, add the sulphuric acid, and heat the
solution to boiling ; then pour in the nitric
acid in small quantities at a time, con-
tinuing the boiling imtil the iron is perox-
idized. Dissolve the ferrocyanide of potas-
sium in 2 pints of water, and add the
former solution, when cold, to this. Collect
the precipitate that will be formed, on a
filter, and carefully wash it with distilled
water until the blue precipitate begins to
dissolve in the water. It will now be
found to be soluble in pure water, although
insoluble if any other salt be present.
Rub what remains, in a mortar, with
distilled water, until a clear solution is
obtained of the required intensity of colour.
A little oxalic acid is sometimes added,
but this is not necessary if the above in-
structions be carefully followed, as the
precipitate will be perfectly and perma-
nently soluble in pure water. See Soluble
Prussian blue, page 755.
Copying ink.
No. 1.
^ Gum arable .... 240 grs.
Spanish liquorice ... 20 „
Water 720 „
Dissolve, with the application of a little
heat. Then rub'3J of lamp-black with 3J
of sherry wine, and add to it the above
solution.
No. 2.
Add ^ of treacle to a pint of common
black ink.
Writing made with this ink may be
transferred by means of a copying machine.
Gold ink.
This is made by mixing finely divided
gold leaf, or Dutch metal, with thin gum-
water. The writing, when dry, may be
burnished.
Green ink. (Klaproth's.)
Boil together a mixture of 2 parts of
verdigris, 1 part of cream of tartar, and 8
parts of water, until reduced to one-half;
then strain through cloth, and bottle the
solution for use.
Horticultural ink. Ink for
writing on zinc labels for gardens.
9 Chloride of platinum . . grs. v.
Distilled water . . . • ^Jj-
Dissolve.
Writing made on zinc with this solution
almost immediately turns black, and cannot
be removed by washing.
FORMULAE, &c.
r85
Incorrodible ink. For labelling
bottles containing strong acids or
alkalis.
No. 1.
's §■ Powdered copal. ... 25 grs.
Oil of lavender . . . . 200 „
Dissolve with a gentle heat and colour
with lamp-black, indigo, or vermilion.
No. 2.
^Asphaltum 1 part.
Oil of turpentine ... 2 parts.
Dissolve with heat.
Indiayi ink.
This is generally considered to be fine
lamp-black mixed with a solution of gela-
tine and dried. It has been recommended
that the lamp-black should be previously-
purified by treating it with solution of
potash; and that the gelatinizing power
of the gelatine should be partly destroyed
by long-continued boiling. It is generally
scented with musk or ambergris and a little
camphor.
Marking ink. For marking
linen, &c., toith preparation.
( The ink.)
^ Nitrate of silver . , . jj. ^'j-
Gum arabic, powdered . . jij.
Sap green ,9j.
Distilled water . . . . ^j.
Dissolve.
(^ The preparation, or mordant.)
^ Caibonate of soda. ... _^ij.
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Dissolve.
Marking ink. For marking
linen, &c., without preparation.
No. I.
R Nitrate of silver • ♦ • ^'.
Carbonate of soda, crys-
tallized .... ^iss.
Tartaric acid . . . . jij. ^ij.
Strong liquor ammonice . f^ij or q.s.
Archil . . . , , f^ss.
White sugar «... ^vj.
Powdered gum arabic . jx.
Distilled water , , . q. s.
Dissolve the nitrate of silver and car-
bonate of soda separately in distilled water ;
mix the solutions; collect and wash the
precipitate on a filter; introduce the washed
precipitate, still moist, into a Wedgwood
mortar, and add to it the tartaric acid,
rubbing them together until effervescence
has ceased ; add liqiior ammonicE in suiB-
cient quantity to dissolve the tartrate ot
silver ; then mix in the archil, white sugar,
and powdered gum arabic, and add as
much distilled water, if required, as will
make f|vj of the mixture.
No. 2.
T^ Nitrate of silver,
Bitartrate of potash, aa '. • ^j-
Solution of ammonia . . . .^i^'.
Archil .^)SS.
White sugar 3^'J'
Powdered gum arabic . . . 3^*
Rub the nitrate of silver and bitartrate
of potash together, then add the ammonia,
the archil, and the other ingredients.
It may be furtlier thickened by the addi-
tion of more gum, when required to be used
with a stencil.
Linen, &c., marked with this ink will
require to have a hot iron passed over it^
or the part marked must be held to the fire
until the marks have assumed a jet black
colour.
Printing ink.
No. 1.
Put linseed oil into an iron pot capable
of holding two or three times the quantity
introduced; heat it over a fire until a
dense vapour arises from it ; then, having
removed the pot from the fire, apply a
light, attached to the end of a stick, to the
surface of the oil, when the vapour will
inflame ; allow it to bum until, on taking
out a small quantity of the oil, it is found
to be thick and tenacious ; the flame is
then to be extinguished by putting a cover
over the pot. To 6 quarts of oil thus
prepared, add gradually 6 pounds of black
rosin, and dissolve it by the aid of heat,
then add, in small quantities at a time, IJ
pound of dry yellow soap, cut into slices,
3 £
786
FORMULA., &c.
and effect the combination by stirring and
the application of heat. This is the var-
nish of which the ink is to be made, and
on the careful preparation of which the
quality of the ink much depends. This
is to be mixed with 2^ ounces of ground
indigo, the same quantity of ground Prus-
sian blue, 4 pounds of mineral lamp-black,
and 3^ pounds of the best vegetable lamp-
black, and the whole ground together into
a perfectly smooth and uniform paste.
No. 2.
The following formula has been recom-
mended for the extemporaneous preparation
of printing ink.
^ Balsam of copaiba . . • ^ix.
Lamp-black ^iij.
Indigo and Prussian blue, aa 3v.
Indian red ..... 3vj.
Dry yellow soap . . . ^iij.
To be ground together on a slab, with a
muUer, until perfectly smooth.
No. 3.
The following practical instructions,
founded on long experience, have been
furnished by Mr. Davison for preparing
printers' ink : — The quality of printing
ink depends greatly on the proper prepa-
ration of the varnish, which consists of
boiled linseed oil, black or amber rosin,
and spirit of turpentine. The best oil
should be used, and the pan employed for
boiling it should be so set, that the fire is
only applied to the bottom. Having put
the oil into the pan, which should not be
more than half full, apply a gentle heat at
first, so as to raise the temperature to
about 280° Fah. ; when the oil has attained
this temperature, commence adding the
■driers, which consist of the best litharge
and dried sulphate of zinc, in the propor-
tions of two pounds of the former and one
pound of the latter, to every twenty gallons
of oil. The driers must be added gradu-
ally, at the same time moderating the heat,
as the oil will froth up, and without care,
boil over. When the driers have been all
added, and the frothing has ceased, the
heat must be gradually raised to about
500"^ Fah., at which temperature it must
be kept until, on taking some of the oil
out and cooling it, it is found to have the
consistence of thin honey. Some judg-
ment is required in detennining when the
heat should be withdrawn, which can only
be acquired from experience. After with-
drawing the fire, the oil should be allowed
to stand for twenty-four hours, then add to
every ten pounds of the oil five pounds of
clear black rosin, and half a pound of spirit
of turpentine.
Mr. Davison's instructions for making
printing ink are, simply to mix the above
varnish with lamp-black. He says he has
never used any other ingredients in the
common ink, the whole art consisting in
the proper preparation of the varnish.
For the finer sorts of ink, however, Canada
balsam is sometimes added, in the propor-
tion of one pound to twelve pounds of the
varnish.
Printing inks of different colours are
made by mixing the varnish described in
formula No. 1 with various pigments, such
as vermilion, red lead, Indian red, chrome
yellow, chrome red, verdigris, Prussian
blue, &c.
Med ink.
No. 1.
]J Brazil wood ^iv.
Alum ^ij.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Boil for a quarter of an hour and strain,
then add
Gum arable ^.
Mix, and bottle it for use.
No. 2.
]^ Garancine ... • • ^''
Solution of ammonia . . . ^. •
Distilled water .... Oj.
Gum arable ^ss.
Rub the garancine with the ammonia and
water in a mortar, and filter it, and dissolve
the gum in the solution.
Carmine red ink.
9 Carmine. . . . . Gr. xij.
Weak solution of ammonia ^iij.
Powdered gum . . . Gr. sviij. '
FORMULAE, &c.
787
Dissolve the carmine in the solution of
ammonia with the aid of a gentle heat, and
then add the gum.
Reade's patented red ink.
Boil cochineal repeatedly with water;
until it ceases, or nearly so, to give out
more colouring matter. Then boil the
residue of the cochineal with a weak solu-
tion of ammonia, which will extract the
remainder of the coloui-ing matter. Mix
the liquors together, and precipitate the
colouring matter with ammonio-bichloride
of tin. The precipitate thus obtained is
dissolved in solution of ammonia, and pro-
toiodide of tin is added, until sufficient
brilliancy of colour is obtained. The solu-
tion is diluted with water to the required
extent.
Stephens' red ink.
Dissolve 2 ounces of carbonate of
potash in 8 ounces of water, then add
4 ounces of cream of tartar, and stir
them together until the effervescence has
ceased. Mix this solution with a solution
of oxalate or oxalo-phosphate of alumina
(made by dissolving moist precipitate of
alumina or phosphat* of alumina in solution
of oxalic acid ). To the liquor thus prepared
add as much powdered cochineal as will
give it a fine red colour. Let it stand for
48 hours, and then strain it off for use.
Silver ink.
Made by mixing silver powder with thin
gum water.
Sympathetic ink.
Under this name solutions are used for
writing on paper, which writing is not
legible until acted on by some chemical
agent. Solution of nitrate or chloride of
cobalt forms the best sympathetic ink ;
the writing is developed on holding the
paper to the fire. Solution of chloride of
copper acts in a similar manner. Writing
made with solution of sulphate of iron is
developed on washing it over with solution
of prussiate of potash or decoction of nut-
galls ; and many other solutions of a similar
description may be made.
Yellow ink.
9 French berries .... ^iv.
Alum |ij.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Boil for a quarter of an hour and strain,
then add.
Gum arabic . . • . . ^.
Mix, and bottle it for use.
Berzelius's indelible ink.
To a weak solution of vanadate of am-
monia, add an infusion of galls.
The quantity of salt necessary for the
production of a perfectly black ink is ex-
ceedingly small,
loDiNiuM. Jorfiwe. (From tw^i^e,
violet-coloured.) Symb. I. equiv.
126.
This substance is obtained from the
dark-coloured mother-liquors, which re-
main after separating the more readily
crystallizable salts from the lixivium of
kelp. These liquors are concentrated by
evaporation, and then sulphuric acid and
oxide of manganese being added, in a leaden
retort, and heat applied, the iodine distils
over and is condensed in glass or earthen
receivers.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — Black, with metallic lustre; it
resembles chlorine in odour. Heat being
applied, it in the first place melts, after-
wards is sublimed with a violet vapour.
It is dissolved in rectified spirit. The so-
lution affects starch with a blue colour.
Thirty-nine grains of iodine dissolved in
3 ounces of water with 9 grains of lime,
stain the solution with a yellow or brown-
ish colour.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Note. — Entirely vaporizable. Thirty-
nine grains, with 9 grains of quick-lime,
and 3 ounces of water, when heated
short of ebullition, slowly form a perfect
solution, which is yellowish or brownish,
if the iodine be pure, but colourless if
there be above two per cent, of water, or
other impurity.
3 £ 2
788
FORMULA, &c.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. lodinum pu-
rum.
^ Iodine t)f comtneixe, any convenient
quantity.
Introduce it into a deep porcelain capsule
of a circular shape, aud having covered this
as accurately as possible with a glass
matrass filled with cold water, apply to
the capsule a water-heat for the space of
20 minutes; and then withdrawing the
heat, permit the capsule to cool. Should
the sublimate attached to the bottom of
the matrass, include acicular crystals of a
white colour and pungent odour, let it be
scraped off with a glass rod and rejected.
The matrass being now returned to its
previous position, a gentle and steady heat
•(that of a gas-lamp answers well) is to be
applied, so as to sublime the entire of the
iodine. Upon now lifting oiF the matrass,
the purified product will be found attached
to its bottom. When separated it should
be immediately enclosed in a bottle fur-
nished with an accurately-ground stopper.
Arsenici lODiDUM. Iodide of
arsenic.
No. 1.
(Maegendi.)
^: Metallic arsenic ... 16 parts.
Iodine 100 „
Mix, and sublime in a glass alembic.
It will be in the form of orange-coloured
needles.
No. 2.
(Gopel.)
9 Metallic arsenic ... 5!.
Iodine 5ij.
Mix together, melt at as low a tempera-
ture as possible, and keep in a state of
fusion for some time. When cold, treat the
mass with _^iv of cold alcohol, filter the
solution from the residual arsenic ; then pass
arseniuretted hydrogen gas through the solu-
tion until it acquires a wine-yellow colour,
and finally evaporate at a temperature not
exceeding 122" Fah., until it crystallizes.
Liquor arsenici periodidi.
Solution ofperiodide of arsenic.
(Wackenroder.)
R' Metallic arsenic . , . gr, j.
Iodine gr, vj.
Distilled water. . . . jvj.
Digest at a gentle heat until dissolved ;
then filter the solution, and evaporate it to
dryness, by the heat of a water-bath.
Dissolve the salt in f^vj of distilled
water.
loDOFORMUM. Iodoform.
No. 1.
9 Distilled water .... ^xij.
Rectified spirit .... ^^ij.
Iodine ^'.
Bicarbonate of soda . . . ^.
Put the ingredients into a flask, and
apply the heat of a water-bath. The
liquor will at first assume a dark-brown
colour, the vapour of acetic ether, with a
little iodine and water, will be disengaged,
and, after continuing the heat for some
time, the colour will disappear, and the
iodoform, in bright yellow scales, will be
deposited. The flask is now to be removed
from the bath, and the iodoform collected
on a filter and washed with a small quan-
tity of cold water. More iodine may be
added to the remaining solution as long as
it becomes decolorized by a repetition of
the process.
No. 2.
1^ Iodine
Rectified spirit, each . . 1 part.
Crystallized carbonate of
soda. ..... 2 parts.
Water 10 „
Dissolve the soda in the water, add the
spirit, and heat the mixture to 140° or
170° Fah., then gradually add the iodine
and continue the heat until the iodine is
dissolved and the liquor has become colour-
less, when a portion of iodoform will sepa-
rate, and this should be collected on a filter.
The liquor is then to be heated again to
the same temperature, and as much spirit
and carbonate of soda as was originally
employed, is to be added, after which a
current of chlorine is to be rapidly passed
through the liquor, while the latter is kept
FORMULA, &c.
789
agitated. Iodoform will now be abundantly
formed, which may be separated as before.
By adding a fresh quantity of soda, spirit,
and chlorine, a further portion of iodoform
may be obtained.
Iridium. (From iris, the rain-
bow, in consequence of the dif-
ferent colours assumed by its com-
pounds.) Symh. Ir., equiv. 98.
One of the metals which accompanies
platinum. It is said to be the heaviest of
the metals, having a sp. gr. 23 to 26. It
is also the most infusible, and the hardest
metal, and is said not to be acted on by any
acid.
Issue peas. Piscb pro fon-
ticulis.
Small globular bodies used for keeping
open issues. Those most frequently used
are made from orange berries, the imma-
ture fruit of the orange tree, which are
turned in a lathe. They are sometimes
mode in a similar way from orris root.
The following compositions are also used
when more active applications are re-
quired.
No. 1.
9 Bees-wax Ibj.
Turmeric powder . . . ,^viij.
Orris root, powdered . . ^iv.
Venice turpentine . . . q, s.
Mix into a stiff mass with heat, and form
into peas.
No. 2.
9 Bees-wax ..... ^vj.
Verdigris,
Hellebore powder, aa . . ^'j-
Powdered orris root . . . ^iss.
Venice turpentine . . . q. s.
Mix into a stiff mass with heat, and form
into pills.
Issue plastee. Sparadrapum
pro fonticulis.
No. 1.
9 Lead plaster ..... Ifej.
Burgundy pitch ... . ^ij.
Powdered orris root • . • ^.
Mis with heat, spread it on linen or
paper, and cut it in small squares.
No. 2.
9 Lead plaster ..... &j.
Burgundy pitch,
Chio turpentine,
Bees-wax ..... ^ij.
Mix with heat, and spread on linen or
paper.
Jalapina. Jalapine.
This name is applied to decolorized
resin of jalap, which may be prepared as
follows : —
Boil powdered jalap in water as long as
anything is dissolved. Dry and pulverize
the insoluble residue, and treat this with
rectified spirit. Decolorize the spirituous
solution with animal charcoal, and mix it
with water to precipitate the resin.
JuLEPUS. Julep.
A term synonymous with mixture.
Mint julep.
a favourite beverage in some parts of
America.
Half fill a tumbler with pounded ice;
add a small wineglassful of brandy, a like
quantity of rum, and a few lumps of sugar ;
put in a sprig of fresh mint, and stir them
well together. The liquor, which is formed
as the ice melts, is to be drank by sucking
it through a straw.
Katchup. Ketchup. Catsup.
A kind of sauce.
Mushroom katchup.
No. 1.
Sprinkle full-grown mushrooms with
salt, stir them frequently for two days,
squeeze them with a spoon, and collect the
juice. To each pint of juice add ^s of
whole pepper ; put them into a stone jar,
and immerse the jar in boiling water for
two hours ; strain it, and add ^ss of brandy
to each pint.
Should any mouldiness appear, it should
be heated again in boiling water, with a
little more pepper.
790
FORMULA, &c.
No. 2.
R Mushroom juice ... rang. vii.
Pimento ..... ^viij.
Blacic pepper,
Cloves,
Ginger, aa .... ^iv.
Shallots ^xij.
Long pepper .... ^ij.
Salt ...... Ibiv.
Boil them together for an hour, then
strain, and put it into bottles.
Walnut katchup.
R Juice of young walnuts . conj. j.
Anchovies • . . . Il5ij.
Shallots • . . . . Kij.
Cloves, mace, black pep-
per, aa . . . . li.
Simmer together for 20 minutes, then
strain, and bottle.
Kelp.
The crude soda ash, obtained by burn-
ing various species of fucus.
KiRCHWASSER.
A spirituous liquor made in Germany
from bruised cherries.
Kaolin.
China clay ; a fine pure clay, prepared
by levigation from mouldering granite,
and employed in the manufacture of por-
celain.
Kermes mineral. Sub-hydro-
sulphate of antimony.
Codex, Ph. Fran5. 1839.
]^ Crystallized carbonate of
soda 128 parts.
"Water 1280 „
Sulphuret of antimony . 6 ,,
Dissolve the carbonate of soda in the
•water with the aid of heat in a clean cast-
iron pan ; add the sulphuret of antimony
reduced to a fine powder, and boil the
mixture for about an hour, constantly
stirring it ; filter the boiling solution into
a pan previously heated, and containing a
small quantity of very hot water.
Allow the solution to cool as slowly as
possible ; then collect the powder which
will have deposited, and wash it on a filter
with cold water ; subject the powder thus
washed to pressure, and dry it in a stove
moderately heated.
Kermes igne paratum.
Kermes mineral prepared with
fire.
Codex, Ph. Frany. 1839.
9 Sulphuret of antimony . 50 parts.
Carbonate of potash . . 1000 „
Sulphur sublimed and
washed ^ »
Mix these substances carefully, and
fuse the mixture in a Hessian crucible.
When the mass shall be fully fused, con-
vey it into an iron mortar ; allow it to cool,
and reduce it to a fine powder. Then boil
this powder in an iron vessel with
Water .... 1000 pai-ts.
Filter the boiling liquor, and allow it to
cool slowly; decant the solution ; put the
kermes on a filter, wash it carefully, and
dry it as already mentioned.
Lacca. Lac.
A resinous substance, deposited by an
insect on the branches of Ficus indica,
Croton lacciferum, and some other trees
(see page 172). It is met with in com-
merce in several forms : —
Stick-lac. Lacca in ramulis.
Consists of the twigs encrusted with the
lac as deposited by the insects.
Seed-lac. Lacca in granis.
Is the resinous concretion which has
been separated from the twigs, broken
down in a mortar, triturated with water,
by which much of the colouring matter is
extracted and then dried. It is in small
grains.
Shell-lac. Lacca in tahulis.
Is the seed-lac melted, strained, and
run into thin layers, or scales. It differs
in colour according to the quantity of
colouring matter which it retains; the
FORMULA, &c.
791
Kghtest coloured is called Orange-lac.
Darker varieties are distinguished as Liver-
coloured,Euby, Garnet, &c.
Licmp-lac. Lacca in massis.
Seed-lac melted and run into cakes.
While lac. Lacca alba.
Lac deprived of colour, by boiling it
in caustic solution of potash, then passing
chlorine gas through the solution, and
finally pulling and washing it in hot
water. It is generally made into twisted
sticks, and is used for making the delicate-
coloured sealing-wax and coloui-less var-
nish.
Lacca in globulis. Lake in
balls.
Ph. Graca, 1837.
Chalk or white earth is to be coloured
with a pigment obtained from a decoction
of Brazil-wood by alum and chloride of tin,
and formed into balls,
Lac dye.
Supposed to be the colouring matter of
the crude lac extracted by triturating the
stick-lac with water, and evaporating the
solution.
Lac lake.
This is said to be obtained by boiling
the seed-lac in a solution of carbonate of
soda, and precipitating the colouring mat-
ter with alum. It produces a colour si-
milar to that of cochineal.
Solution op lac, aqueous.
9 Shell-lac ^v.
Borax ...... ^.
Water Oj.
Boil them together.
This may be used as a varnish, or as a
Tehicle for colours. Mixed with lamp-
black, it has been used as an ink that will
resist acids.
Lac kos^. Milk of roses.
9 Blanched almonds . , ,^viij.
Rose water , . • . , Oiij.
White soft soap, or
Windsor soap,
White wax,
Oil of almonds, aa . . ^ss.
Rectified spirit . . , ^xij.
Oil of bergamot . . . ^ss,
„ lavender • • • 3j-
Otto of roses . « . . gss.
Beat the almonds with the rose water,
so as to form an emulsion. Mix the soap,
white wax, and oil together, with the aid
of a gentle heat, and then rub this mixture
in a mortar with the emulsion, and care-
fully strain it. Dissolve the essential oils
in the spirit, and mix this with the strained
emulsion.
Lapis jetites. Elites (from
aeriT7]g ab otroe, an eagle). Eagle
stone.
A round or oval stone, found in Ger-
many, Portugal, &c,, about the size of a
walnut, or less, but sometimes larger, of
a greyish or dark colour, frequently hol-
low in the centre, and containing a sort of
stony kernel, so that it rattles when shaken.
The inner stone or kernel was called
Callimus. These stones, of which four
or five kinds are described, consist essen-
tially of hydrated peroxide of iron. It
was believed that the eagles furnished
their nests with these stones to preserve
their young. Extraordinary virtues were
ascribed to them; they were considered
astringent, and beneficial for arresting
haemorrhages. They were also said to
promote childbirth if tied to the thigh of
a woman in labour, and to prevent mis-
carriage if tied to the arm.
Lapis Armenis. Chrysocolla.
Armenian stone. Malachite.
Mountain green. Green Bice.
Native carbonate of copper. Originally
brought from Armenia, and given in
doses of 20 to 60 grains in epilepsy, &c.
Lapis Bolonietvsis. Bolognian
stone. Chrysolapis.
A heavy grey stone about the size of a
walnut, or larger, found in several parts
r92
FORMULA, &c.
of Italy, but chiefly at the bottom of
Mount Pateme, near the city of Bologna.
It consists essentially of sulphate of ba-
rytes. These stones were formerly calcined
to form what was called Kercher's phos-
phorus. The calcined powder was also
used as a depilatory, being mixed into a
paste with water, and applied to the super-
fluous hairs.
Lafis bufonites. Bufonites.
Batrachites. Chelonites. Toad-
stone.
Two kinds of Toad-stones are de-
scribed : — One, round in its circumference,
hollow on one side, and convex on the
other, in form like a little cap or bonnet,
about half an inch in diameter at the base,
very smooth, and of various colours; the
other, an inch or more in length, and
four or five lines thick, hollowed like a
trough on one side, and convex on the
other. They were said to have been
formed in the head of a toad, and voided
by the mouth. They are now considered
to bo petrifactions, and have been repre-
sented as the fossil teeth of Anarrhicas
lupus (Linn.), but this is denied by Cuvier.
Many virtues were formerly ascribed to
them when administered in powder.
Lapis divinus. Pierre divine.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Sulphate of copper,
Niti-ate of potash,
Alum, aa ^iij
Camphor . « . , . Tj.
Mix the three salts in powder, and heat
them in a crucible until they undergo
aqueous fusion ; then add the camphor iu
fine powder, and pour the mixture on to an
oiled slab. When cold, break it into pieces
and keep it in a stoppered bottle.
Med. Use. — One part dissolved, in 259
parts of water, and the solution filtered, is
used as a collyrium.
SYNOXYMES.
Cuprum aluminatum.
Lapis ophthalmicus.
Lapis Hibermcus. Hardesia-
Ardesia Hibernicce. Tegula Hi-
bernica. Irish slate.
An argillaceous slate, said to contain
iron and sulphur. It is found in different
parts of Ireland, in masses of a bluish-
black colour, which stain the hands. When
powdered, it has a light-bluish tint, which
becomes darker with keeping. When ex-
posed to the fire, it acquires a pale-red
colour, and emits a sulphurous smell.
The powdered slate is sometimes admi-
nistered by the poor as a remedy fur in-
ternal bruises.
Lapis judaicus. Lapis syri-
acus. Phcenicites. Tecolithus.
Jews^ -stone.
Small fossil stones, usually about the
size and form of an olive, found in Pa-
lestine. They are sometimes streaked
with lines running from one end to the
other. Two sorts are described — one, of
the form of an olive, as above ; the other,
cylindrical, and rather larger. The latter
has been distinguished as the male, and
the former as the female. They are easily
reduced to powder, and were formerly ad-
ministered for fluxes and urinary com-
plaints.
Lapis lyncis. Lynx-stone.
This name was formerly applied io
Amber, on the supposition that this sub-
stance was the fossilized urine of the
lynx. The same name has been also
sometimes applied to the Belemnites, or
Thunder-stones. (See page 653.)
Lapis pumicis. Pumex. Pu-
mice-stone.
A white or greyish, light or lightish
porous stone, found in the vicinity of
active or extinct volcanoes, and believed
to have been thrown up during their
eruptions. It is used by painters for
FORMULA, &c.
793
smoothing the surface of wood, walls,
&c., previously to painting them; also,
when reduced to powder, by other arti-
ficers, for polishing glass, metals, &c. It
is sometimes used as a constituent of
tooth-powder.
Lapis medicamentosus. Me-
dicinal stone.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
5^ Alum,
Litharge,
Armenian bole, iisi . . . Ibss.
Colcothar of green vitriol . ^iij.
Vinegar fliv.
Mix and dry them until they become
hard.
Med. Use. — This was formerly much
used externally, as an astringent for
fastening loose teeth, preserving the gums,
healing and diying up ulcers and wounds,
&c. It has also been used in injections for
gonorrhoea.
BYNONYME.
Lapis mirabilis,
LiMoNADUM. Lemonade. Le-
mon sherbet. King's cup.
No. 1.
Infuse two lemons, sliced, in a pint of
boiling water, for an hour, then strain
and sweeten it with sugar.
3y.
Oij.
q.s.
No. 2.
9* Tartaric acid .
Water . . . ,
Sugar . . . ,
Essence of lemon
Mix.
LiMONADUM AERATUM. Aera-
ted lemonade.
About i^j of syrup of lemons added to
a bottle of aerated water.
LiMONADUM MAGNESIiE CITRA-
TI8. Citrate of magnesia lemon-
ade.
5- Citric acid .... ^liij. 3ij.
Carbonate of magnesia . ^vj. jv.
White sugar . . . ?xx.
Tincture of orange or lemon
peel jiss.
Spring water . . . Ibiir.
Dissolve the citric acid in the water,
without heat, and add the magnesia, agi-
tating the mixture from time to time
until combination has been effected, for
which five or six hours will be required.
Then add the sugar and the tincture, and
filter the solution, avoiding the applicatioa
of heat throughout the process.
This solution is to be put into 8-ounce
bottles, and into each bottle, before cork-
ing it, are to be introduced 40 grains of
bicarbonate of soda.
Each bottle will contain about 6
drachms of citrate of magnesia, the pur-
gative properties of which are about
equal to those of the same weight of
Glauber's salt, while it is free from the
bitter taste of the latter.
LiNCTUS. (From lingo, to lick.)
Lohoch. Illinctus.
Terms used to designate medicines of
the consistence of soft honey, which are
licked off a spoon.
LiNCTUS PECTOBALIS. Cough
linctus.
(Dr. Latham.)
5i Confection of dog-rose.
Simple oxymel, aa • • • ^•
Compound tragacanth powder gij.
Compound ipecacuanha pow-
der jss.
Syrup of tolu ^ij.
Mix.
A teaspoonful to be taken three or four
times a-day.
Med. Use, — This linctus has been ex-
tensively used, as a remedy for coughs,
in the west end of London, having been
found to be a safe and generally efficacious
remedy.
LiNIMENTUM ^BUGIMS. Lim-
ment of verdigris.
794
FORMULAE, &c.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Verdigris, powdered
b.
Vinegar f|vij.
Honey, S'''^'
Dissolve the verdigris in the vinegar,
and strain through a linen cloth ; after-
wards, the honey being poured in, boil
down to a proper consistence.
Med. Use, — Detergent and escharotic.
SYNONYMES.
Unguentum ^gyptiacum. — Lond. Ph.
1721,
Mel ^gyptiacus, — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Oxymel yEruginis. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Duhl. Ph. 1807.
LiNiMENTUM AMMONIA. Lini-
ment of ammonia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
j^i Solution of ammonia . . fj^j.
OHve oil f^ij.
Shake them together till they are mixed.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Olive oil fjij.
Aqua ammoniae (D. 960) . f^.
Mix, and agitate them well together.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Solution of ammonia . . f^'.
Olive oil .... , f^iij.
Mix them with agitation.
Med. Use. — Rubefacient, and usefully
applied around the throat in cynanche
tonsillaris, spread on a piece of flannel.
SYNONYMES.
Linimentum ammonia fortius. — Lond.
Ph. 1788. 1809. 1824.
Oleum ammoniatum. — Edin. Ph. 1839.
Volatile liniment. Oil and hartshorn.
Linimentum ammonia ses-
QtTiCABBONATis. Liniment of
sesquicarbonate of ammonia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Solution of sesquicarbonate
of ammonia .... f^j.
Olive oil f^iij.
Shake them together till they are mixed.
Med. Use. — The same as liniment of
ammonia.
SYNONYMES.
Linimentum volatile. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Linimentum ainmonice. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
Linimentum ammonia; carhonatis. —
Lond. Ph. 1809.
Linimentum ammonia suhcarhonatis. —
Lond. Ph. 1824.
Linimentum AMMONiiE com-
rosiTUM. Compound liniment of
ammonia.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Stronger aqua ammoniae (D.
880): f^v.
Tincture of camphor . . . f^ij.
Spirit of rosemary . . * f^.
Mix them well together. This liniment
may be also made weaker for some pur-
poses with three fluidounces of tincture
of camphor and two of spirit of rosemary.
Dr. Granville's ammoniated
counter-irritants .
Contain the same ingredients as the pre-
ceding liniment. They are as follow :—
Milder ammoniated liniment.
(Dr. Granville.)
9 Solution of ammonia (sp. gr.
872) 3iv.
Spirit of rosemary . . . jiij.
Spirit of camphor (^ to Oj
spirit) 3J.
Mix.
Stronger ammoniated liniment.
(Dr. Granville.)
^ Solution of ammonia (sp. gr.
872) 3v.
Spirit of rosemaiy . . . 3ij.
Spirit of camphor (as before) , 3J.
Mix.
FORMULA, &c.
795
LiNiMENTUM CALCis. Liniment
of lime.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Solution of lime,
Olive oil, of each . . . f^x.
Shake together, until they may be mixed.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Linseed oil, and
Lime water, of each equal measures. •
Mix, and agitate them well together.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Lime water
Olive oil, of each, . . . fjij.
Mix, and agitate them well together.
3fed. Use. — A valuable application to
scalds and burns.
SYNONYMES.
Oleum lint cum cake. — Edin. Ph. 1839.
Carron oil.
LiNTMENTUM CAMPHORS. Li-
niment of camphor.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Camphor ^.
Olive oil f§iv.
Dissolve the camphor in the oil.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Olive oil . . . . ' . . f^iv.
Camphor ^.
Rub them together in a mortar till the
camphor is dissolved.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Linimentum
camphorce. ( Oleum camphora-
ium.)
9 Camphor, in thin slices . . ,\i.
Olive oil f^iv.
Dissolve the camphor in the oil with a
gentle heat.
Med. Use. — As an embrocation to sprains
and bruises, and in rheumatism also.
SYNONYMES.
Oleum camphoratum, — Edin. Ph, 1839.
Camphorated oil. Camphorated lini-
ment.
Linimentum camphors com-
PosiTUM. Compound camphor
liniment.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Camphor ^iiss.
Oil of lavender .... f3i.
Rectified spirit .... f^xvij.
Stronger solution of ammonia f^iij.
Dissolve the camphor and oil in the
spirit ; then add the ammonia, and shake
together, until they may be mixed.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Camphor Jv.
Oil of lavender • . . f3ij.
Rectified spirit .... Oiss.
Stronger solution of ammonia Oss.
Dissolve the camphor and oil of lavender
in the spirit, then add the solution of
ammonia, and mix with agitation.
Med. Use. — Used for the same purposes
as the simple liniment; but it is much
stronger.
SYNONYMES.
Linimentum camphora. — Lond. Ph,
1788.
Linimentum cantharidis.
lAniment of cantharides.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Spanish flies, in fine powder ^iij,
Olive oil f^xij.
Digest the flies in the oil for 3 hours,
in a steam or water bath, and strain
through flannel ; express the residuum and
strain the oil thus obtained; finally, mix
both products.
U. S. Ph. 1851.
^ Cantharides, in powder . Ji.
Oil of turpentine . . . Oss.
Digest for 3 hours in the heat of a water-
bath, and strain.
Linimentum crotonis. Croton
oil liniment.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Croton oil fjj. '
Oil of turpentine . . . fJ^'J*
Mix them with agitation.
7^
FORMULA, &c.
LlNIMENTUM HYDRARGYRI.
Liniment of mercury. {Lini-
tnentum hydrargyri compositum.
Ph. 1836.)
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^> Ointment of mercury,
Lard, of each . . . . ^iv.
Camphor ^'.
Rectified spirit .... f3J.
Solution of ammonia . , f^iv.
Rub the camphor first with the spirit,
afterwards with the lard and ointment ;
lastly, the ammonia being gradually drop-
ped in ; mix all.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Linimentum
hydrargyri compositum.
Ointment of mercury . . . Jj.
Camphor liniment ;
Solution of ammonia, of each . f^.
Melt the ointment in the liniment, with
a gentle heat, then add the ammonia, and
mix them with agitation.
Med. Use. — Stimulant and discutient.
One drachm, containing nearly 10 grains
of mercury, may be rubbed into the
affected part night and morning.
Linimentum ioduretum ge-
1.ATINOSUM. GeUe pour le goitre.
(Beesley.)
^ White soap . . . 3VJ. or gvij.
Proof spirit . . . f^ij.
Dissolve with a gentle heat, and add
while still warm.
Iodide of potassium, jiv. dissolved in
Proof spirit . . f^ij.
Mix, and keep in wide-mouth stoppered
bottles.
Linimentum opii. Liniment of
opium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Liniment of soap .... fjvj.
Tincture of opium . . . fjij.
Mix.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^' Castile soap
Opium .
Camphor
Oil of rosemary
Rectified spirit
^iss.
Oij.
Macerate the soap and opium in the
spirit for three days; filter; add the oil
and camphor, and agitate briskly.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Linimentum
opii.. (^Linimentum anodynum.)
9 Tincture of opium.
Soap liniment, of each . . f^.
Mix them, with agitation.
Med. Use. — A useful sedative liniment.
Linimentum satonis. Lini-
ment of soap.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Soap ^iiss.
Camphor , . . . . 5X.
Spirit of rosemaiy . , , f^xviij.
Distilled water .... f^ij.
Mix the water with the spirit; then add
the soap and the camphor, and macerate,
frequently shaking, until they may be dis-
solved.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Castile soap .... ,^v.
Camphor . . . . • ^liss.
Volatile oil of rosemary . f3vj.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Digest the soap in the spirit for 3
days ; add the camphor and oil, and agitate
briskly.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Castile soap, reduced to pow-
der ^ij.
Camphor ..... ,^'.
Proof spirit .... f^xvj.
Dissolve the soap in the spirit with a
gentle heat, then add the camphor, and
when it is dissolved, filter through paper ;
or, allow it to stand for some time, and
decant the clear liniment.
FORMULAE, &c.
797
Med. Use. — Stimulant and anodyne, and
may be advantageously applied against
local pains, and in bruises, rubbed upon the
parts.
SYNONYMES.
Linimentmn saponaceum. — Lend. Ph.
] 74G.
Opodeldoc. — Soap Liniment.
LlNIMENTUM SAPONATO AM-
MOMACATUM. Linimentum sa-
ponata-ammoniatum, Ammoni-
ated soap liniment.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9" Common soap, sliced . . ^iss.
Water Ibiiiss.
Rectified spirit (sp, gr. 0-897
to 0-900) .... Biss.
Dissolve and mis 3 parts of the solution
with
Solution of caustic ammonia
(sp. gr. -960) ... 1 part.
Keep in a well-closed vessel.
Linimentum saponato-cam-
PHORATUM. Balsamum opodeldoc.
Camphorated soap liniment.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Medicated soap .... ?iss.
Camphor ?ss.
Rectified spirit of wine (sp.
gr. -835) Jjx.
Put them in a retort, heated by a water-
bath, and when dissolved, filter whilst
warm. Then add —
Oil of thyme jss.
Oil of rosemary . . , , 7j.
Solution of caustic ammonia
(sp.gr. -960) . . . . ^•.
The solution, being again warmed in a
well-closed vessel, should be immediately
poured into a bottle, cooled as quickly as
possible in cold water, and well stoppered.
Note.—\t should be of a yellowish white
colour, semi-transparent, and opalescent;
not too hard, but easily liquefying with the
hea t of the hand.
Linimentum saponis kubefa-
CIENS.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
9 Spanish soap .... Ibiij.
Russian tallow soap . . Ibij.
Oil of turpentine . . . Ibv.
Camphor Ibj
Cantharides, powdered . . _^ss.
Rectified spirit .... ibxxx-.
Macerate with gentle heat for 3 days, or
until the whole is dissolved, then add —
Liquor ammoniaj . . . Kiss,
and filter through paper.
LiNiMENTUxAi SIMPLEX. Simple
liniment.
Edm. Ph. 1841.
9 Olive oil 4 parts.
White wax i part.
Dissolve the wax in the oil with a gentle
heat, and agitate well as the fused mass
cools and concretes.
Linimentum sinapis. Lini-
ment of mustard.
9 Bruised mustard seed . , Ifess.
Oil of turpentine , . . Jbj.
Digest, with a gentle heat, for a week,
then strain.
This is intended as an imitation of White-
head's essence of mustard.
Linimentum terebinthinje.
Liniment of turpentine.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Soft soap Vv\.
Camphor ?j.
Oil of turpentine . . , f^xvj.
Shake them together till they are mixed.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Oil of turpentine . . . f ^v.
Ointment of resin . . , ^viij.
Melt the ointment, then add the oil of
turpentine gradually, and stir the mixture
until a uniform liniment is obtained.
798
FORMULA, &c.
Edin, Ph. 1841. Linimentum
terebinthinatum.
^ Resinous ointment . . . Jiv.
Oil of turpentine . . . f'^v.
Camphor ^ss.
Melt the ointment, and gradually mix
with it the camphor and oil, till a uniform
liniment be obtained.
Med. Use. — A valuable application to
recent buras. It may also be advan-
tageously rubbed on parts affected with
rheumatism.
Linimentum tebebinthin^
ACIDUM.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ Oil of turpentine . . . ^ij.
Olive oil ^v.
Dil. sulphuric acid . . . 3iss.
Mix the turpentine and olive oil to-
gether, then add by drops the diluted sul-
phuric acid.
LiNTEUM. Lint.
A soft woolly substance, made by scrap-
ing old linen cloth. It is employed in
dressing wounds and ulcers.
Liquor aluminis compositus.
Compound solution of alum.
Load. Ph. 1851.
1^ Alum
Sulphate of zinc, of each . ^.
Distilled water .... Oiij.
Eub the alum and sulphate together, and
dissolve in the water ; then strain.
Med. Use. — A powerful astringent,
applied to old ulcers, and used as a col-
lyrium and an injection.
SYNONYMES.
Aqua aluminosa Bateana. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Aqua aluminis composita. — Lond, Ph.
1788.
Liquor ammoniaci anisatus.
Spiritus salis ammoniaci anisatus,
Anisated solution of ammonia.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Rectified spirit (sp, gr. -835) ^xij.
Oil of aniseed xiij.
Caustic solution of ammonia
(sp.gr. -960) .... ^iij.
Dissolve the oil in the spirit, and add the
solution of ammonia.
Note. — Keep it in well-stoppered glass
vessels. It should be clear, and of a light
yellow colour.
Ph. Grseca, 1837.
9 Oil of aniseed , . » 1 part.
Alcohol . , . . , 24 parts.
Mix, and add — •
Caustic solution of am-
monia . » , . . 6 parts.
Mix and filter.
Note. — Clean, yellowish, and completely
volatile. Sp. gr. -890.
Liquor ammonii .sthereus.
Ph. Saxonica, 1837.
1^ Oil of orange peel,
Oil of lemon, aa . . . gtt. iij.
Oil of nutmeg .... gtt. iv.
Oil of cardamom.
Oil of cubebs, aa . • . gtt. ij.
Oil of cinnamon . . , gtt. j.
Oil of cloves .... gtt. Tij.
Solution of ammonia . . ^ij.
Rectified spirit .... ^xiss.
Mix.
Liquor ammoniaci carbonici
PYBO-OLEOSi. Spiritus cornu
cervi rectificatus. Empyreumatic
solution of carbonate of ammonia'
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Empyreumatic carbonate of
ammonia ..... ^■.
Distilled water .... ^v.
Set aside for some days, filter, and keep
in well-stopped glass vessels.
Note. — It should be clear, of a light-
brown colour, perfectly volatile, and of
sp. gr. 1-065 to 1-070.
FORMULA, &c.
799
Liquor ammonia citratis.
Solution of citrate of ammonia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Citric acid 5"J-
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia . ^iiss.
Or as much as may be sufficient.
Dissolve the acid in the water, and add
the sesquicarbonate to saturation.
Liquor ammonia sesquicar-
BONATis. Solution of sesquicar-
bonate of ammonia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
.... Oj.
Dissolve and strain.
9 Sesquicarbonate of ammonia
Distilled water
EJin. Ph. 1841. Aqua ammo-
nicB carbonatis.
^ Caibonate of ammonia^JT , . ^iv.
Distilled water .... Oj.
Dissolve the salt in the water.
Med. Use. — It is stimulant, anti-spas-
modic, and diaphoretic ; and in laro-e
doses, emetic.
Dose. — 3ss, to 3ij.
SYNONYMES.
Spiritus salis ammoniaci. — Lond. Ph.
1721, 1746.
Aqua ammoniae. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Liquor ammonice carbonatis. — Lond.
Ph. 1809.
Liqmr ammonia subcarhonatis. — Lond.
Ph. 1824.
Liquor ammonia arseniatis.
Solution of arseniate of ammonia.
(Biett.)
No. 1.
Dissolve arsenic acid in water, and
neutialize it with solution of ammonia ;
then evaporate the solution, and allow
the salt to crystallize. Dissolve 1 grain
of the salt in f ^ of distilled water.
No. 2.
Dissolve powdered arsenious acid in
hot hydrochloric acid, then add nitric
acid, in small quantities at a time, as long
as red vapours are given oflF, and eva-
porate the solution to dryness ; the resi-
due will consist of arsenic acid, with
which proceed according to the previous
formula.
Dose. — From 20 to 25 drops to be
given daily, increasing the dose until it
reaches a drachm or more.
Liquor argenti nitratis
(recens prceparatus). Solution of
nitrate of silver. Recently pre-
pared.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Crystals of nitrate of silver 3J.
Distilled water .... f ^.
Dissolve and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Solutio ar-
genti nitratis.
9 Nitrate of silver . . 40 grs.
Distilled water . . 1600 grs.
Dissolve the salt in the water, and
keep the solution in well-closed vessels.
Antimonii tartarizate
LIQUOR. Solution of tartarited
antimony. {^Liquor tartari eme-
tici.)
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Tartarized antimony « . jj.
Distilled water .... Oj.
Rectified spirit .... f Jvij.
Having dissolved the tartarized antimony
in the water, and cleared the solution by
passing it through a paper filter, add the
spirit, and preserve the product in a well-
stopped bottle.
Antimonii terchloridi
liiQUOR. Solution of terchlcride
of antimony.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Prepared sulphuret of antimony ftj.
Muaiatic acid of commerce. • Oir.
800
FORMULiE, &c.
Upon the sulphuret, placed in a porce-
lain capsule, pour the acid, and constantly
stirring, apply to the mixture, beneath a
flue with a good draught, a gentle heat,
which must be gradually augmented as the
development of the gas begins to slacken,
and finally carried to ebullition, and main-
tained at this temperature for 15 minutes.
The vessel being now removed from the
fire, let its liquid contents be separated by
filtration through calico, returning what
passes through first, in order that a per-
fectly clear solution may be obtained.
Transfer the liquid to another capsule, and,
having boiled it down,'to the bulk of 1 quart,
allow it to cool, and preserve it in a bottle
furnished with a well-ground glass stopper.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1470.
Liquor ausenici chloridi.
Solution of chloride of arsenic.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^' Arsenious acid, broken into
fragments 5ss.
Hydrochloric acid. ... fjiss.
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Boil the arsenious acid with the acid
mixed with an ounce of the water, until it
may be dissolved ; then add as much as
may be sufficient of the water, that it may
accurately fill the measure of a pint.
Arsenici et hydbargyri hy-
DRiODATis LIQUOR. Solution of
hydriodate of arsenic and mer-
cury.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
'^ Pure arsenic, in fine powder gr. vj.
Pure mercury . . . . gr. xvj,
Pure iodine gr. Lss,
Alcohol. ..... f3ss.
Distilled water .... ^ix.
Or a sufficient quantity.
IJub together the arsenic, mercury,
iodine, and spirit, until a dry mass is
obtained, and having triturated 8 ounces of
the water with this in successive portions,
let the whole be transferred to a flask, and
heated until it begins to boil. When
cooled and filtered, let as much distilled
water be added to it as will make the bulk
of the solution exactly 8 fluidounces and (J
drachms.
Liquor barii chloridi. So-
lution of chloride of barium.
Lond. Solutio harytcB miiriatis.
Edin.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
]^ Chloride of barium
Distilled water
3J-
Dissolve the chloride of barium, and
strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Barii chloridi
liquor {JBarytce muriatis aqua).
IJ Chloride of barium . . . ^^
Distilled water .... ^viij.
Dissolve and filter through paper.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1088.
Med. Uses. — The intenial administra-
tion of this solution has been recom-
mended in scrofula ,as an external and
gently escharotic application ; it has been
used as a stimulating and gently-escha-
rotic application in cutaneous diseases.
Dose. — Four or five drops well diluted
with water, of the London Pharmacopoeia
preparations.
Liquor calcis. Solution of
lime. Lime water.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Lime Ibss.
Distilled water . . . Oxij.
On the lime, previously slaked with a
little of the water, pour the remaining
water, and shake together ; then cover the
vessel immediately, and set aside for 3
hours; then preserve the solution with the
remaining lime in closed glass vessels, and,
when it is to be used, take from the clear
liquor.
FORMULA, &c.
801
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Calcis liquor
(calcis aqua).
j 9 Fresh burned lime . . . ^ij.
Distilled water .... Css.
Having slaked the lime with an ounce
and a half of the water, introduce it into a
well-stopped bottle containing the remain-
der of the water, and shake well for the
space of 5 minutes. After 12 hours the
excess of lime will have subsided, and the
clear liquor may be drawn olT with a
syphon as it may be required. When the
entire of the solution has been withdrawn,
it may be renewed by shaking the sediment
at the bottom of the bottle with another
Css. of water; and if the lime be pure,
and the bottle be accurately stopped, this
process may be successfully repeated 3 or
4 times.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Aqua calcis.
9 Any convenient quantity of water;
pour a httle of it over about j'^th of its
weight of lime ; when the lime is slaked,
add to it the rest of the water in a bottle,
agitate well ; allow the undissolved mat-
ter to subside, pour off the clear liquor
when it is wanted, replacing it with more
water, and agitating briskly as before.
Med. Use. — Given internally as an ant-
acid. It is sometimes used to restrain
mucous discharges, as diarrhoea and leu-
corrhoea ; externally as a lotion in tinea
capitis.
Dose. — From 3ij. to ^. with milk.
Liquor CALUMBiE. Concen-
trated infusion of Calumha.
Treat ^^v of powdered calumba root, in
a displacement apparatus, with cold dis-
tilled water, until entirely exhausted. Heat
the liquor to the boiling point, and then
filter it. Bring the filtered liquor to
f 5^viij, either by evaporation over a water
bath, or by dilution with more water, and
add f^ij of rectified spirit.
f 3J of this mixed with f 3vij of water
forms a liquor somewhat similar to the
infusum calumha, for which it is some-
times substituted.
Liquor aurantii compositus.
Concentrated compound infusion
of orange peel, and
Liquor gentians compositus.
Concentrated compound infusion
of gentian.
These may be made by a process simi-
lar to that for the liquor calumba, using
tlie ingredients ordered for infusum au-
rantii compositum, and infusum gent lance
compositum, and making the liquors eight
times the strength of the infusions, ^
Liquor cinchona.
Battley.
Macerate coarsely-powdered yellow bark
with twice its weight of cold distilled
water, for four or six hours, and press.
Repeat this two or three times ; mix the
liquors together ; filter them ; evaporate
the clear liquor until the sp, gr. of it shall
be 1*2 ; then let it stand for some hours ;
decant off the clear part, and add sufficient
proof spirit to reduce thesp. gr. to 1*1.
Liquor ferri acetici. So-
lution of acetate of iron.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Solution of sesquichloride of iron,
(sp. gr. 1-540) . . . ^vj.
Distilled water . . . B5vj.
Caustic solution of ammonia
(sp, gr. 960) ^x, or an ex-
cess.
Strong acetic acid (sp. gr.
1-040) ^vij.
Mix the solution of sesquichloride of
iron and water together, and add the
solution of ammonia. Collect the preci-
pitate on a cloth, well wash and press it,
then wrap the cloth in bibulous paper,
and repeat the pressing until the preci-
pitate is completely drained. Put four or
four and a half ounces of the mass into
a bottle, and add to it the acetic acid, con-
stantly shaking until the oxide of iron is
dissolved, then strain the solution and
keep it in a closed vessel.
3 r
802
FORMULA, &c.
Note, — It should be of a reddish-brown
colour. Sp. gr. 1'140 to 1-145. 100 parts
contain 8 of iron or 11*43 of oxide of iron.
Liquor ferbi alkalini. Al-
kaline solution of iron.
Lond. Ph. 1824.
9 Iron ^iiss.
Nitric acid f ^ij.
Distilled water .... ^ S^j.
Solution of subcarbonate of
potash ^S^j-
Pour the acid and water, previously
mixed, upon the iron ; then, when bubbles
have ceased to escape, pour off the acid
liquor ; add this gradually and at intervals
to the solution of subcarbonate of potash,
occasionally stirring, until, it having as-
sumed a brown-red colour, effervescence
is no longer excited. Lastly, set it aside
for six hours, and pour off the solution.
This was intended as an imitation of
Stahl's tinctwra martis alkalina. It is
a bad preparation, subject to decomposi-
tion.
LiQUOB FERRI lODIDI. SoltUion
of iodide of iron.
U. S. Ph. 185L
9 Iodine ^ij.
Iron filings ..... ^J •
Sugar, in powder .... ^xij.
"'- Distilled water a sufficient
quantity.
Mix the iodine with five fluidounces of
the distilled water, in a porcelain or glass
vessel, and gradually add the iron filings,
stirring constantly. Heat the mixtui-e
gently until all the iodine is dissolved, or
until the liquor acquires a light-greenish
colour. Then filter the solution into a
glass bottle, containing the sugar, and after
it has passed, pour distilled water gra-
dually upon the filter, until the filtered
liquor, including the sugar, measures
twenty fluidounces. Lastly, shake the
bottle until the sugar is dissolved, and keep
it closely stopped.
Liquor gutt^ alkalinus.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
9* Gamboge jij.
Sol. carb. potash .... ^ij.
Mix.
Liquor hydrargybi nitrici.
Mercurius nitrosus. Solution of
nitrate of mercury.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^' Purified mercury . , ^iv.
Nitric acid .... |iv 3iss.
Distilled water . . . ^^iij.
Pour four ounces of the nitric acid on
the mercury, placed in a porcelain dish,
and set it in a, ''cool place until the next
day. Separate the crystals with a small
quantity of water, to which a twentieth
part of nitric acid is added ; wash and dry
them between bibulous paper, avoiding
heat. Then dissolve one ounce of these
crystals in the distilled water, to which the
remainder (3ss) of the nitric acid has
been added ; filter, and, if necessary, add
more distilled water, that the sp. gr. may
be I'lOO. Keep the solution carefully in
a close vessel.
Note. — It should be clear and free from
nitric-oxide of mercury.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Hydrargyri
pernitratis liquor.
^ Pure mercury ^ij.
Pure nitric acid .... f^iss.
Distilled water .... f^iss.
In the acid, first diluted with the water,
dissolve the mercury, with the application
of heat, and evaporate the solution to the
bulk of 2 ounces and a half.
Liquor morphia citratis.
Solution of citrate of morphia.
Dr. Porter.
1^ Crude opium ^iv.
Citric acid ^ij.
Beat together in a mortar, tlien
add boiling distilled water . Oj.
Triturate well together, let them stand
for twenty-four hours, and then filter the
solution.
FORMULA, &c.
803
Magendie.
^ Pure morphia . . . . gr. xvj.
Citric acid gr. viij.
Distilled water. . . • ^SJ-
Rub them together until dissolved.
j9ose.— From 6 to 24 drops in the 24
hours.
Liquor morphia acetatis.
Solution of acetate of morphia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Acetate of morphia. . . 3iv.
Acetic acid TT^xv.
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Proof spirit. .... Oss.
Mix and dissolve.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Morphia;
acetatis liquor.
]^' Acetate of morphia . . gr. Ixxxij.
Rectified spirit , . . f ^v.
Distilled water . . . f ^xv.
Having added the spirit to the water,
dissolve the acetate of morphia in the
mixture, and, if the solution is ngt quite
clear, pass it through a paper filter.
Liquor morphia hydrochlo-
HATis. Solution of hydrochlorate
of morphia.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
9 Hydrochlorate of morphia . 3iv.
Distilled water .... Oj.
Proof spirit. .... Oss.
Mix and dissolve.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. MorphicE mu-
riatis liquor.
8 Muriate of morphia . . gr. xc.
Rectified spirit . . . f ,^v.
Distilled water ... ^xv.
Mix the spirit and water, dissolve the
muriate of morphia in the mixture, and,
unless the solution be quite clear, pass it
through a paper filter,
Edin. Ph. 1841. Morphia mu-
riatis solutio.
9 Muriate of morphia . . 3iss
Rectified spirit .... f^v.
Distilled water . • . • f |xv.
Mix the spirit and water, and dissolve
the muriate of morphia in the mixture
with the aid of a gentle heat.
Liquor myrrhje. Solution of
myrrh.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Extract of myrrh . . • • .^•
Distilled water . . . . Jv.
Mix. Pour off the solution, and strain.
j^fote. — It should be of a brownish-
yellow colour and turbid.
Liquor potass^. Solution of
potash.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Carbonate of potash , . ,^xv.
Lime S^iij-
Distilled water, boiling . cong. j.
Dissolve the carbonate of potash in half
a gallon of the wat«r. Sprinkle a little of
the water upon the lime in an earthen
vessel, and the lime being slaked, add the
rest of the water. The liquors being im-
mediately mixed together in a close vessel,
shake them frequently until they are cold.
Then set by [the mixture] that the carbo-
nate of lime may subside. Lastly, keep
the supernatant liquor, whea poured off,
in a well-stopped green-glass bottle.
Note. — The specific weight is 1"063. 6*7
grains of potash are contained in 100 grains.
Nothing or almost nothing is thrown
down from this solution on solution of
lime being added, or, if it has been pre-
viously saturated with nitric acid, on eitlier
carbonate of soda, or chloride of barium,
or nitrate of silver, being added. What is
thrown down by bichloride of platinum is
yellowish.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Potassce aqua.
^ Carbonate of potash (dry) . ^iv.
Lime, recently slaked . . ^ij.
Water f^^^lv.
Let the lime be slaked, and converted
into milk of lime with seven fluidounces
of the water. Dissolve the carbonate in
the remaining thirty-eight fluidounces of
water ; boil the solution, and add to it the
milk of lime in successive portions, about
3 F 2
804
FORMUL-a:, &c.
aa eighth at a time, — boiling briskly for a
few minutes after each addition. Pour the
whole into a deep narrow glass vessel for
twenty-four hours ; and then withdraw
with a syphon the clear liquid, which
should amount to at least thirty-five fluid-
ounces, and ought to have a density of
1-072.
Note. — Diluted aqueous solution of pot-
ash.— Colourless ; sulphuric acid does not
occasion effervescence.
Dublin Ph. 1850. Potass(B
CausticcB liquor.
1^ Pure carbonate of potash. • ffij.
Fresh burned lime . . • lOoz.
Distilled water . . Cj, and ^vij.
Slake the lime with 7 ounces of the
water. Dissolve the carbonate of potash
in the remainder of the water, and having
raised the solution to the boiling point in a
clean iron vessel, gradually mix with it the
slaked lime, and continue the ebullition for
10 minutes with constant stirring. Re-
move the vessel now from the fire, and
when, by the subsidence of the insoluble
matters, the supernatant liquor has become
perfectly clear, transfer it by means of a
syphon to a green glass bottle furnished
with an air-tight stopper. The specific
gravity of this solution is 1-068.
Use. — Antacid, diuretic, and lithon-
triptic.
Dose. — T(\x to f3ss.
SYNONYMKS.
Lixivium saponarium. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Aqua kali puri. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Kali causticiim.' — Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Liquor potass^ brandishii.
Brandish's solution of potash.
^ American pearl ashes . . Ibvj.
Wood ashes (from ash wood) Ibij.
Quicklime ..... Ibij,
Boiling water .... cong. vj.
Add first the lime, then the pearl ashes,
and afterwards the wood ashes to the boil-
ing water ; mix together ; let it stand for
24 hours, and then decant the clear liquor.
LiQUOa POTASS^ ABSENITIS.
Solution of arsenite of potash.
(Lond.) Liquor arsenicalis.
(Edin. and Dubl.)
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
]^' Arsenious acid.
Carbonate of potash, aa . . 3^^-
Compound tincture of lavender f^v.
Distilled water .... Oj.
Boil the arsenious acid and carbonate
of potash with half a pint of the water in
a glass vessel until they are dissolved.
Add the compound tincture of lavender to
the cooled liquor. Lastly, add, besides, of
distilled water as much as may be suffi-
cient, that it may accurately fill a pint
measure.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Pure arsenious acid.
Pure carbonate of potash,
of each .... gr. Ixxxij.
Compound tincture of
lavender .... fjss.
Distilled water, as much
as is sufficient.
Introduce the arsenious acid and carbon-
ate of potash into a flask containing half a
pint of water, and boil until a perfect solu-
tion is obtained. When this has cooled,
add to it the compound tincture of lavender,
and as much water as will make the bulk
of the entire one pint.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1-013.
Med. Use, — It has succeeded in the
cure of intermittents, when bark has
failed ; in chorea also it has been attended
with success occasionally.
Dose. — From min. iv. to min. xx. twice
a day. Its use should not be continued
for too long a time, as it is apt to accu-
mulate in the system.
SYNONYMES.
Fowler's solution. Mineral solution.
Liquor potass^ carbonatis.
Solution of carbonate of potash.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
B Carbonate of potash
Distilled water .
5XX.
bj.
FORMULA, &c.
805
Dissolve the carbonate of potash in the
water, and strain.
Note. — Specific gravity 1*473.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Potassce
carhonatis liquor.
]^ Pure carbonate of potash . . ^x.
Distilled water .... Oj.
Dissolve and filter.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1-310.
SYNONYMES,
Liquamen tartari sen oleum tartariper
deliquium. Lond. Ph. 1721.
Lixivium tartari. Lond. Ph. 1746.
Aqm kali. Lond. Ph. 1788.
Aqica kali prceparati. Lond. Ph. 1788.
edit. alt.
Liquor potassce subcarhonatis. Lond.
Ph. 1809, 1824.
Aqua subcarboTiafis kali. Dubl. Ph.
1807.
Liquor potass^ chloridis.
Liquor potassce chlorinatce. Eau
de Javelle. Solution of chloride
of potash.
IJ" Dry chloride of lime (chlori-
nated lime) .... ^ij.
Carbonate of potash (salt of
tartar) ^v.
Water Oij.
Mix the chloride of lime with Oiss of
the water ; dissolve the carbonate of pot-
ash in the remainder of the water; mix
the two liquors and filter the mixture.
Liquor POTAsSiE citkatis. So-
lution of citrate of potash.
U. S. Ph. 185L
9' Fresh lemon juice ... Oss.
Bicarbonate of potash . . q. s.
Add the bicarbonate gradually to the
lemon juice till it is perfectly saturated,
then filter.
Or,
]^ Citric acid ^ss.
Oil of lemons .... TlT,ij.
Water Oss.
. Bicarbonate of potassa . . q. s.
Rub the citric acid with the oil of
lemons, and afterwards with the water,
till it is dissolved ; then add the bicarbonate
of potassa gradually till the acid is per-
fectly saturated ; lastly, filter.
Liquor potassce epferves-
CENS. Effervescing solution of
potash.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
^ Bicarbonate of potash . . 3J.
Distilled water ... • Oj.
Dissolve the bicarbonate of potash in
the water; and pass into it, of carbonic
acid compressed by force, more than suf-
ficient for saturation. Keep the solution
in a well-stopped vessel.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Potassa aqua
effervescens.
The same as the London formula.
Note. — A solution of bicarbonate of
potash, surcharged with carbonic acid.
Kali water.
Use. — Antacid, diuretic, and lithon-
triptic.
SYNONYME.
Aqua supercarbonatis potassce. Edin.
Ph. 1839.
Liquor potassii iodidi com-
posiTus. Compound solution of
iodide of potassium.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Dubl. Ph.
1850.
9 Iodide of potassium. . . gr. x.
Iodine . . . . . • gr. v.
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Mix, that they may be dissolved,
Edin. Ph. 1841. Liquor io-
dinei compositus.
^ Iodine 5ij,
Iodide of potassium . . ^.
Distilled water .... f^xvj.
Dissolve the iodide and iodine in the
water with gentle heat and agitation.
Liquor potass^ silicatis.
Solution of silicate of potash.
Mix together 1 part of powdei-ed quai'tz
806
FORMULA, &c.
or fine white sand, and 2 parts of dry car-
bonate of potash, put the mixture into a
hessian crucible, and expose it to a white
heat until the ingredients are fused ; put
the fused mass into a shallow vessel, and
expose it in a damp place until it has be-
come liquid.
Liquor probatorius chlo-
rometricus.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
^ Vitrified arsenious acid . gr. Ixviij.
Muriatic acid concentrated ^'.
Distilled water, sufficient to
make S-'^^ij.
Dissolve the arsenious acid in the mu-
riatic acid and add the water. With this
solution fill a graduated tube of 1000 gr.
measure ; pour it into a glass, and add a
few drops of solution of indigo; then fill
the tube with the fluid containing chlorine
to be tested, and add the latter to the
former, until the blue colour has disap-
peared. The number of parts of chlorine
fluid used, indicates the per centage of the
chlorine contained in it.
Liquor pyrotartaricus. Py-
rotartaric liquor.
Ph. Slesvico-Holsat. 183L
Half fill an iron or earthen retort with
cream of tartar, and submit to distillation
at an augmenting temperature, attaching
a large receiver and safety tube. The dis-
tilled liquor is separated from the empy-
reumatic oil by filtration, and kept for use.
The residue in the retort is made into
carbonate of potash.
Note. — Clear, reddish-brown, having a
sourish and empyreumatic taste and
smell ; scarcely heavier than water ; when
evaporated, it yields ciystals, which are
easily sublimed.
Liquor rhei. Concentrated
infusion of rhubarb.
This may be made in the same way as
the liquor calumba2, substituting rhubarb
for calumba, in the proportion indicated by
the formula for Infusum rhei.
Liquor saponis stibiatje.
Tinctura Antimonii saponata.
Ph. Grffica, 1837.
^ Golden sulphuret of antimony 1 part.
Boiling caustic potash . . 3 parts.
Spanish soap, scraped . . 3 „
Rectified spirit .... 6 „
Distilled water .... 6 „
Macerate at a gentle heat, and filter.
Note. — Clear, yellowish-brown. Sp.
gr. 1-100 to 1-110.
Liquor senn^. Essence of
senna. Fluid extract of senna.
Concentrated infusion of senna.
Macerate Ibij of small or broken senna
leaves, and ^ij 3155 of bruised ginger, with
Ibiv of tepid water, temperature 120°, for
24 hours, frequently stirring it up forcibly
with a wooden mash-stick ; then press out
the jliquor with a powerful press. Add
Ibiv more of tepid water to the pressed
marc, and repeat the maceration and
pressing. Mix the liquors ; let them stand
for some hours that the dregs may sub-
side, then decant the clear portion, and
evaporate it until it shall measure f^xxviij.
Add to this f^iv of rectified spirit.
This will be eight times the strength of
compound infusion of senna. f5J, mixed
with f3vij of water, is sometimes substi-
tuted for Infusum senna compositum.
Liquor sod^. Solution of
soda.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^1 Carbonate of soda . . . ,^xxxj.
Lime ^ix.
Boiling distilled water . . Cj.
Prepare the solution in the same manner
as is directed concerning solution of potash.
The specific gravity is 1-061. 4 grains
of soda are contained in 100 grains.
This solution corresponds to solution of
potash as regards the other tests noted
above, the last being excepted.
FORMULA, &c.
807
Dubl. Ph. 1851. SodcB cans-
ticcB liquor.
^ Crystallized carbonate of
soda of commerce . Iftij.
Fresh burned lime . . ^x.
Distilled water . . . Cj and ^vij.
Slake the lime with 7 ounces of the
water. Dissolve the carbonate of soda in
the remainder of the water, and having
raised the solution to the boiling point in a
clean iron vessel, gradually mix with it the
slaked lime, and continue the ebullition for
10 minutes with constant stirring. Remove
the vessel now from the fire, and when, by
the subsidence of the insoluble matters, the
supernatant liquor has become perfectly
clear, transfer it by means of a syphon to
a green glass bottle, furnished with an air-
tight stopper.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1-056.
SOD^ CAKBONATIS LIQUOR.
Solution of carbonate of soda.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Crystallized carbonate of soda
of commerce .... Jiss.
Distilled water . , . . Oj.
Dissolve and filter.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1-026.
Liquor sod^ chlorinat.e.
Liquor sodcs chloridis. Solution
of chlorinated soda. Solution of
chloride of soda. Labarraque's
disinfecting solution.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
9' Carbonate of soda .
. Ibj.
Distilled water .
. f^lviij.
Chloride of sodium .
. 5iv.
Binoxide of manganese .
• .^iij-
Sulphuric acid . . ,
. ^iiss.
to them the sulphuric acid, previously
mixed with 3 fluidounces of the water
and cooled. . Heat (the mixture) and
pass the chlorine first through 5 fluid-
ounces of the water, and afterwards into
the solution of carbonate of soda above
directed.
Note. — At first the colour of turmeric
is altered to brown in this solution, after-
wards it is destroyed. When dilute hy-
drochloric acid is added, carbonic acid and
chlorine are evolved together; solution of
sulphate of indigo is decolorized by the
latter: lime is precipitated from lime-
water by the former.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
rinatcB liquor.
SodcB chlO'
Dissolve the carbonate of soda in 2
pfaits of the water ; then put the chloride
of sodium and binoxide of manganese,
rubbed to powder, into a retort, and add
9' Chlorinated lime .... ffiss.
Water Css.
Crystallized carbonate of soda
of commerce .... ^vij.
Blend well by trituration in a mortar the
chlorinated lime with three pints of the
water, and, having transferred the mixture
to a stopped bottle, let this be well
shaken several times for the space of 3
hours. Pour out the contents of the bottle
on a calico cloth, and to the filtered solution
add the carbonate of soda dissolved in the
remaining pint of water. Having stirred
the mixture well for 10 minutes, separate
the liquid by a second filtration, and pre-
serve it in a well-stopped bottle. The
specific gravity of this liquid is 1-034.
It may be also made as follows': —
9' Chloride of lime (chlorinated
lime) .^»j.
Carbonate of soda . . . ^iv.
Water Oij.
Mix the chloride of lime with Oiss of
the water; dissolve the carbonate of soda
in Oss of water; mix the liquoi-s and filter
the mixture.
Med. Use. — A disinfecting liquid. Used
as a lotion for cancerous ulceration of the
breast, corrosive tetter, and gangi-enous
ulcer.
j)ose. — Twenty-five or thirty drops in a
pint of barley-water ; as an external ap-
808
FOEMULiE, &c.
plication, one pint to ten or fifteen pints
of water.
SYNONYMES.
Chloruret of the oxide of sodium.
Oxymuriate of soda.
Liquor sod^ effervescens.
Effervescing solution of soda.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Sesquicarbonate of soda , , jj.
Distilled water . , . . Oj,
Dissolve the carbonate of soda in the
water, and pass into it, compressed by-
force, more carbonic acid than is suffi-
cient for saturation. Keep the solution in
a well-stopped vessel.
Note. — The blue colour of litmus at
first reddens in this solution: it returns
when heated, after the effervescence has
ceased.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Aqua sodcB
effervescens.
9' Bicarbonate of soda . . . jj.
Water Oj.
Dissolve the bicarbonate in the water,
and saturate it with carbonic acid under
strong pressm-e. Preserve the liquid in
well-closed vessels.
Note. — This is a solution of bicarbonate
of soda, surcharged with carbonic acid.
Soda water.
Use. — The purposes for which soda
water is ordinarily taken are well known.
SYNONTME.
Aqua supercarbonatis sodce. Edin.
Ph. 1839.
Liquor stypticus. Styptic
liquor.
Ph. Slesvico-Holsat. 1831.
J^ Sulphate of copper.
Alum, aa _^iss.
Sulphuric acid . . . . ,^".
Water ffij.
Mix and filter.
Liquor taraxaci. Extract
um
taraxaci fluidum. Fluid extract
of dandelion.
Macerate Ibiv of dandelion roots, pre-
viously cleaned, sliced, and dried, in
enough cold water to cover them, for 24
hours: then press out the liquor, heat it
to the boiling point, filter it while hot,
evaporate the clear liquor by the heat of
a water-bath, by spontaneous evaporation,
or in vacuo, until reduced to f^xxxvj.
Add to this f^xij of rectified spirit.
Liquor voiiATiLis cornu cer-
VI. Spiritus volatilis cornu cervi.
Spirit of hartshorn.
This name was originally applied to the
watery liquor obtained when harts' horns
were submitted to destructive distillation.
It consisted of a solution of carbonate of
ammonia, contaminated with empyreu-
matic oil. A similar liquor is now ob-
tained in the distillation of bones, in
making animal charcoal, and this liquor
is used as one of the sources of the am-
monia of commerce. The liquid now
sold as spirit of hartshorn is either a weak
solution of ammonia, or a solution of car-
bonate of ammonia, or a mixture of tlie
two.
ZiNCi CHLORiDi LIQUOR. So-
lution of chloride of zinc.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9' Sheet zinc Wy
Muriatic acid of commerce.
Water, of each Oiiss, |or as
much as may be sufficient.
Solution of chlorinated lime . f^.
Prepared chalk . . . , ?j.
To the zinc, introduced into a porcelain
capsule, gradually add the muriatic acid,
applying heat, imtil the metal is dissolved.
Filter the liquid through calico, and, having
added to it the solution of chlorinated lime,
concentrate at a boiling temperature, until
it occupies the bulk of 1 pint. Pei-mit the
solution now to cool down to the tempera-
ture of the air, place it in a bottle with the
chalk, and, having first added distilled
FORMULAE, &c.
809
■water, so that the bulk of the whole may
be a quart, shake the mixture occasionally
for 24: hours. Finally, filter, and perserve
the production in a well-stopped bottle.
The specific gravity of this liquor is
1-593.
Litmus. Lacmus. Turnsole.
A blue pigment supposed to be obtained
from Rooella tinctoria, or Lecanora tar-
tarea. The process by which it is made
is not known, but it is thought to be
similar to that for making orchil, except
that carbonate of lime is used to form a
paste which is subsequently dried.
LixrviuM. (From lix, formerly
signifying water or liquor in gene-
ral.)
A liquor obtained from ashes, or from
saline matter, the whole of which is not
soluble.
Loadstone. Lapis heraclius.
Lapis sideritis. Lapis nauticus.
Magnes.
An ore of iron which possesses the pe-
culiar properties of attracting iron, and of
turning one of its poles towards the north,
when freely suspended.
Look axbum. Looch blanc
White emulsion.
Codex. Ph. Fran9. 1839.
^ Sweet almonds, deprived
of their external coat . J'j 5ij.
Bitter almonds, ditto ditto 3ij.
White sugar ...» ^ij.
Oil of almonds . . . ^ij.
Gum tragacanth, powdered, ^ij gr.xiv.
Orange-flower water , . ^ij.
Water . . . . Hjj ^iij 5 V.
Make an emulsion with the almonds,
the water, and almost the whole of the
sugar. Mix the tragacanth with the re-
mainder of the sugar, and add it gradually
to a part of the emulsion, so as to form a
rather clear mucilage. Then add the oil
of almonds by degrees, aiid beat them
together briskly for some time; finally,
dilute it with the remainder of the emul-
sion and the orange-flower water.
Look oleosum. Looch huileux.
Oily emulsion.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9? Oil of almonds .... ^ss.
Gum arable, powdered . . ^ss.
Syrup of marsh-mallow . ^'.
Orange-flower water . . ^ss.
Water ,. ^iij.
Make a mucilage with the gum and part
of the water ; add the oil gradually, and
diflfuse it equally by prolonged trituration,
and then dilute the emulsion with the rest
of the liquids,
LOTIO.
A lotion' or wash ; a liquid remedy, in-
tended for external application. This
generic terra comprehends embrocations,
fomentations, liniments, coUyria, &c.
LupuiiiNA. Lupuline. Lupu-
linic grains.
These are obtained by rubbing the stro-
biles of the Hamulus lupulus over a sieve,
when the lupulinic grains pass through.
They may be further purified by win-
nowing.
The term Lupuline ^ is sometimes ap-
plied to the bitter principle obtained by
treating an aqueous extract of the Lupu-
linic grains united with a little lime, with
alcohol, evaporating the alcoholic tinc-
ture to dryness, and washing it with ether.
The residue is Lupuline, or Lupulite.
Macaroni.
A dried paste or dough, made of wheat
flour from which some of the starch has
been separated. It is either in pipes,
about the size of a goose-quill, or in flat
strips, or riband-shaped pieces. It is a
favourite article of diet among the Italians,
Magisteby.
A term formerly applied to white pre-
810
FORMULA, &c.
cipitates, apparently spontaneously formed,
as in the dilution of metallic solutions
with water,
MAGiSESiA.'Si/mb. MgO. eq. 20.
This, which is one of the alkaline
earths, is the oxide of a metal, magnesium.
It is used in medicine under the popular
name of Calcined magnesia. The Colleges
direct it to be prepared as follows : —
Magnesia. Calcined magnesia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
B* Carbonate of magnesia . . Jbj.
Bum with a sharp fire for 2 hours.
Moistened with water it slightly changes
the colour of turmeric into red : it is dis-
solved in hydrochloric acid without efier-
vescence. Nothing is thrown down from
this solution on either bicarbonate of potash,
or chloride of barium being added.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of car-
bonate of magnesia, expose it in a cru-
cible to a full red heat for two hours, or
till the powder, when suspended in water,
presents no effervescence on the addition
of muriatic acid. Preserve the product in
well-closed bottles.
Note. — Fifty grains are entirely soluble,
without eifervescence, in a fluidounce of
muriatic acid ; an excess of ammonia oc-
casions in the solution only a scanty pre-
cipitate of alumina : the filtered fluid is
not precipitated by solution of oxalate of
ammonia.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^> Carbonate of magnesia, any convenient
quantity.
Introduce it into a clay crucible closed
loosely by a lid, and let this be exposed
to a low red heat as long as a little of the
magnesia, taken from the central part of
the crucible, when cooled, and dropped
into dilute sulphuric acid, continues to give
rise to effervescence. Let the product be
preserved in well-closed bottles.
SYKONYMES.
Magnesia usia. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Magnesia calcinata ponde-
BOSA. Heavy calcined magnesia,
Phillips.
Dissolve 123 parts of crystallized sul-
phate of magnesia in boiling water. Dis-
solve 144 parts of crystallized carbonate of
soda in boiling water. Mix the two solu-
tions, and evaporate the mixture to dryness.
Calcine the dry residue in a crucible for
two hours, or until the whole of the car-
bonic acid is expelled ; then treat the
powder which remains with water until
the whole of the soluble salt is removed,
and dry the residue.
The magnesia thus obtained will be
much more dense than that prepared by
the preceding processes.
Magnesia carbon as. Car-
bonate of magnesia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Sulphate of magnesia . Ibiv.
Carbonate of soda . Ibiv. and ^ix.
Boiling distilled water . Civ.
Dissolve the carbonate and sulphate
separately in two gallons of the water, and
strain ; then mix the solutions, and boil,
constantly stirring with a spatula, for 2
hours, distilled water being frequently
added that it may fill nearly the same
measure. Lastly, the solution being poured
off, wash the precipitated powder with hot
distilled water, and dry.
Note. — It is dissolved in diluted sul-
phuric acid ; nothing is thrown down from
this solution, when the effervescence has
ceased, by bicarbonate of potash. Water
in which it has been boiled does not change
the colour of turmeric into brown, nor does
it throw down anything, either chloride of
barium or nitrate of silver being added.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Sulphate of magnesia . Ibiv.
Carbonate of soda . Ibiv. and ^viij.
Water ..... Civ.
Dissolve the salts separately, each in 2
gallons of the water; mix the solutions,
boil the mixture, and stir briskly for 15 or
20 minutes. Collect the precipitate on a
FORMULiE, &c.
811
filter of calico or linen, wash it thoroughly
with boiling water, and then dry it.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
i^ Sulphate of magnesia of com-
merce ...... ^x.
Crystallized carbonate of soda
of commerce .... ^xij.
Distilled water, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve each salt in 2 quarts of water,
mix the two solutions cold, and boil the mix-
ture for 10 minutes. Transfer the preci-
pitate to a calico filter, and pour upon it,
repeatedly, boiling water, until the wash-
ings cease to give a precipitate with a
solution of nitrate of barytes. Lastly, dry
by a heat not exceeding 212°.
SYNONYMES.
Magnesia alba. — Lond. Ph. 1788,
Magnesia subcarbonas. — Lond, Ph. 1824.
Magnesia.— DaU. Ph. 1807.
Comitissce palmce pulvis.
Magnesia carbonas ponde-
ROSUM. Heavy carbonate of mag-
nesia.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Sulphate of magnesia of com-
merce ..... ^x.
Crystallized carbonate of
soda of commerce . . ^xij.
Boiliug distilled water, a sufficient
quantity.
Dissolve the sulphate of magnesia in half
a pint, and the carbonate of soda in a pint
of the water, mix the two solutions, and
evaporate the whole to dryness by means of
a sand heat. Digest the residue for half an
hour with one quart of boiling distilled
water, and having collected the insoluble
matter on a calico filter, treat it repeatedly
with warm distilled water, until the wash-
ings cease to give a precipitate when
suffered to di-ip into a solution of nitrate of
barytes. Finally, dry the product at a
heat not exceeding 212°.
Phillips.
Dissolve 123 parts of crystallized sul-
phate of magnesia in boiling water. Dis-
solve 144 parts of crystallized carbonate
of soda in boiling water. Mix the two
solutions and evaporate the mixture to
dryness ; then treat the residue with water
until the whole of the soluble salt is re-
moved, and dry the powder which remains.
This powder will be much more dense
than that prepared according to the pro-
cesses of the Pharmacopffiias.
Med. Use. — Acts as an antacid, and
should it meet an acid in the alimentary
canal, it purges.
Dose. — Gr. x. to 3'j-
Magnesia citras. Citrate oj
magnesia.
Made by saturating solution of citric
acid with carbonate of magnesia. It is
soluble in water when a slight excess of
citric acid is present. It is said to be
free from the bitter taste common to most
of the other salts of magnesia.
Magnesia citras efferves-
CENS. Effervescing citrate of
magnesia.
9( Citric acid, dry and pow-
dered ..... 14 parts.
Carbonate of magnesia,
pure and dry . . . 10 parts.
Mix, and preserve in bottles.
SOLUTIO MAGNESIiE CITRATIS.
Solution of citrate of magnesia.
Seidlitz water free from bitterness.
Delabarre.
^ Citric acid .... 463 grains.
Calcined magnesia . . 93 „
Water ^iv.
Syrup of orange . • ^v
Add the magnesia to the citric acid dis-
solved in the water, and when combina-
tion is effected, filter the solution and add
the syrup. Put this into a bottle holding
Oiss, and fill it up with a solution made as
follows: —
Precipitate 185 grains of sulphate of
magnesia with a sufficient quantity of
carbonate of soda; collect the precipitate
812
FORMULA, «&;c.
on a filter, wash it, mix it with ^xv of water
in a suitable vessel, and pass carbonic acid
gas through it^ until the magnesia is dis-
solved.
Med. Use. — This has been recommended
as a very agreeable and efficacious saline
purgative.
Magnesia hydkochloras.
Hydrochlorate of magnesia.
Codex Ph. Fran?. 1839.
Add hydrochloric acid to carbonate of
magnesia diffused through water, until a
neutral solution is obtained, having a
slight excess of magnesia. Filter the solu-
tion, and evaporate it until crystals shall
form on cooling. It is a deliquescent salt.
Magnesia muriatica. Mu-
riate of magnesia.
Ph. Cast. Ruthena, 1840.
9 Sulphate of magnesia . . 2 parts.
Common salt .... 1 part.
Dissolve in 4J parts of boiling water;
evaporate it to 4 parts and let it cool. Then
remove the crystallized sulphate of soda,
and evaporate the fluid to dryness.
Magnesije sulphas. Sulphate
of magnesia. Epsom salt.
No. 1.
Magnesian limestone, or Dolomite, is
heated with dilute sulphuric acid, until the
carbonates are converted into sulphates
of lime and magnesia. The latter of
these is then separated by solution and
ciystallization.
No. 2.
Bittern, the residual liquor of sea-water,
from which the common salt has been
separated, is considerably concentrated,
the chloride of sodium which is deposited
during the concentration being removed,
the liquor is then allowed to crystallize.
The rough crystals thus obtained are called
Single Epsom salts. When recrystallized,
they are called Dovble Epsom salts.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
: Note. — Very readily dissolved by water.
Sulphuric acid dropped into the solution
does not expel any hydrochloric acid. One
Imndred grains dissolved in water, and
mixed with a boiling solution of carbonate
of soda, yield 34 grains of carbonate of
magnesia when dried.
SYNONVMES.
Bitter purging salt. Sal Anglicum.
Sal seidlitzense. Sal catharticum. Vi-
triolated magnesia.
Manganesium. Blanganese.
Symh. Mn. eq. 27 • 6.
A hard, brittle, greyish-white metal.
Sp. gr. about 8. It is obtained from the
oxide, by exposing it to an intense heat,
mixed with charcoal.
Manganesii peroxidum. Per-
oxide of manganese. Black oxide
of manganese. Magnesia nigra.
Black magnesia.
This is an abundant mineral product.
It is found in large quantities in the
West of England. The blackest samples
are esteemed the best. It is used as a
source of oxygen gas, and for producing
chlorine from hydrochloi'ic acid. It is
also used in small quantities for rendering
glass colourless ; in larger quantities it
gives it a purple colour.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
Note. — Soluble in hydrochloric acid,
evolving chlorine. What is thrown down
from the solution by potash is at first
white, and soon becomes brown ; it i-aiely
also happens that ferrocyanide of potas-
sium does not render it green. When
first dried, and afterwards heated to white-
ness, 100 paits lose 12.
Manganesii sulphas. Sul-
phate of manganese.
This salt is prepared on the large scale
in the following manner: — Peroxide of
manganese is mixed with coals, and the
mixture heated to redness in a close
vessel. The impure protoxide thus ob-
tained is dissolved in sulphuric acid, and
FORMULAE, &c.
a little hydrochloric acid added towards
the end of the process. The solution is
evaporated to dryness, and the residue
heated to redness to decompose the salts
of iron that may be present. It is now
treated with boiling water, which dissolves
the sulphate of manganese, and on cool-
ing or by spontaneous evaporation, this
salt will crystallize out in large rose-
coloured crystals.
Med. Use.— It is given in doses of a
drachm or two drachms, dissolved in half
a pint of water, as a cathartic, and for
promoting bilious evacuations. It has
been recommended by Mr. Alexander Ure
as a remedy for gout.
Mannita. Manniie. Manna
.. svgar. Mushroom sugar. C'H'^0'.
ilelt six pounds of common manna
(sorts) over the fire with about half its
V^eight of rain-water, in which the white
of an egg has been previously beaten ;
boil them together for a f(^.w minutes, and
then strain the mixture through a linen
cloth. The strained liquid will solidify
on cooling. It will present the following
characters; it will be a pale-brown mass,
which, on triturating it, will become pulpy,
and somewhat similar to common honey.'
Submit this mass to strong pressure in 'a
cloth; mix the pressed cake with its own
weight of cold water, and again press it.
The pressed cake is now to be dissolved
in boiling water, some animal charcoal
added, and the mixture filtered into a
porcelain dish placed over the fire, and
the clear solution evaporated to a pellicle,
and then put to crystallize.
It will form quadrangular prisms, per-
fectly white and transparent, and larger
than when ciystallized from spirit. It is
incapable of undergoing fermentation.
Mahasquina.
A liqueur made with Morello cherries
813
a variety of fruits, especially oranges,
which are out into thin slia^s, and pre-
served in a strong syrup.
Marmor. Marble.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
i^oie.— White, dissolves in hydrochloric
acid with effervescence. Ammonia throws
down nothing from this solution, nor is
it decomposed by the addition of a solu-
tion of sulphate of lime in water.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Note.—k neutral solution in diluted
nitric acid, precipitated by an excess of
oxalate of ammonia, and filtered, yields
no white precipitate with phosphate of
ammonia.
Massicot.
The oxide which forms on melted lead
exposed to a current of air, and calcined
until it acquires a yellow colour.
3'J-
o'J-
3SS.
3J-
Marmalade. (From Marmello,
Portuguese, a quince.)
Properiy a conserve of qiunces. The
tenn, however, is applied to conserves of
Masticatoria. Masticatories.
PilcB masticator icB.
Medicines taken by chewing; used
chiefly as stimulants.
No. 1.
Quincy.
R Mastic , , ,
Pellitory of Spain root
Stavcsacre seeds
Angelica root
Cubebs, Nutmegs, aa . . .
White wax, q. s. to form into balls.
No. 2.
Augustin.
9 Mastic, White wax,
Pellitory of Spain root, aa . 2ss,
Mix ; form into a paste with heat, and
divide into three balls.
In India, a mixture of betel leaf, areca
nut, and lime, is used as a masticatory.
The principal masticatory at present used
in this country is pigtail or shag tobacco.
Matches, for obtaining instan-
taneous light by chemical action
814
FORMULA, &c.
Chlorate matches.
No. 1.
^ Chlorate of potash . 3ij.
White sugar . . . gr, xij.
Sulphur .... gr. viij.
Powdered tragacanth . gr. iv.
Vermilion gr. vj.
Eeduce the ingredients separately to
powder, mix them together, form them
into a paste with water, dip the ends of
the matches into the paste, and dry them.
No. 2.
^ Chlorate of potash . . . 3J.
Sulphur gr. vj.
White sugar . . . . gr. vj.
Powdered gum arabic . . gr. v.
Golden sulphuret of anti-
mony gr. T.
Mix into a paste with water, and apply
as No. 1.
These matches ignite on being dipped
into a bottle containing asbestos wetted
with strong oil of vitriol.
Congreve or lucifer matches.
No. 1.
]^ Gum arabic . * . .16 parts.
Phosphorus, powdered . 9 ,,
Nitrate of potash . . . 14 ,,
Black oxide of manganese 18 ,,
Made into a paste with water, and the
matches dipped into it.
No. 2.
R Phosphorus .... 4 parts.
Nitrate of potash . . . 10 „
Glue • 6 ,,
Red lead ^ >>
Smalt ...... 2 ,,
The glue is first soaked in cold water,
then put into a heated mortar, so as to
liquefy it, the phosphorus is then added,
then the nitre, red lead, and smalt, and the
whole mixed into a homogeneous mass,
the temperature being never allowed to
exceed 167° Fah. The matches are dipped
into this paste, and then dried.
These matches ignite on being rubbed
over a rough surface.
The phosphorus may be reduced to a
state of minute division, suitable for use
in these preparations, by putting it into a
flask or bottle with some spirit, immersing
the bottle in hot water, until the phospho-
rus is melted, then briskly agitating it
until cold.
Maydew. Ros majalis.
The dew collected oflf the grass with
sponges ; used as a cosmetic.
Mead.
An old English liquor made from
honeycombs after the honey has been
drained out, by boiling them in water, and
then fermentincj.
Medicamenta arcana. Patent or proprietary medicines.
Alexander's remedy for gout.
IJ' Hermodactyls, Cummin seed
Ginger Aniseed,
Pepper Scammony
(Paris.)
AndersorCs pills.
'^ Barbadoes aloes, jalap, and oil of
aniseed. (Paris.)
Asthmatic elixir.
T^ Opium ^.
Camphor . . . . ' . Jy.
Oil of anise ^.
Proof spirit • « . . cong. j.
Bacher's tonic pills.
^i Extract of hellebore . . . ^ss.
Myrrh ....... _^ss.
Powdered carduus benedictus . jiij.
Made into pills, gr. j. each. (Paris.)
Barclay's antibilious pills.
]^ Extract of colocynth .
5'J-
Resin of jalap . .
ai-
Soap
3iss.
Guaiacum . . . .
3"j-
Potassio-tart. of antimony
grs. viij
Essential oil of juniper.
Caraway, rosemary, aa .
gtt. iv.
Syrup of buckthorn .
q. s.
To be divided into 64 pills.
(Paris.)
FORMULA, &c.
815
Sates^ anodyne balsam.
Bal
samum anodynum.
No. 1.
^ White soap . . . . .
.^iv.
Opium
Ai.
Camphor . . » . .
. .^ij.
Oil of rosemary . . . ,
,^ss.
Spirit of wine ...
ibjj.
No. 2.
^ Castile soap,
Camphor, aa ....
.^>i-
Opium
^iv.
SafiVoa
,^i.
Spirit of wine ....
^sviij
Batemans pectoral drops.
B' Tincture of castor, camphor, and
opium flavoured with aniseed, and co-
loui-ed by cochineal. (Paris.)
Battley's sedative solution of
opium. Liquor opii sedatives.
This nostrum has been extensively used
for many years. It is considered by many
medical men to be less stimulating and
more purely narcotic than laudanum. Its
composition and mode of preparation have
not been made public, but it is believed to
be made by evaporating a cold aqueous
solution of opium at a low temperature,
redissolving the residue in distilled water,
and again evaporating ; then diluting the
extract thus formed with water, and add-
ing as much spirit as will prevent decom-
position. The strength of the liquor is
made about equal to tliat of laudanum,
and it is given in nearly the same doses.
The object of the process is to get rid
of the resin, and some other constituents
of the opium, which are rendered inso-
luble during the evaporation.
Black drop.
Dr. Armstrong.
^ Opium Ibss.
Nutmegs _^iss.
Saffron ^ss.
Verjuice Oiij.
Boil to a proper consistence, then add
^ij. of yeast, set it in a warm place foi-
six or eight weeks, then in the open air
until it acquires the consistence of a
syrup, when it is to be decanted, filtered,
and bottled up with a little sugar added to
each bottle. One drop is equal in strength
to three drops of laudanum.
Blaine's powder for the distem-
per in dogs.
The basisofthis preparation is the aurum
musivum, or sulphuret of tin. (Paris.)
Chelsea pensioner.
3J.
No.
»j.
J^ Guaiacum
Rhubarb . .
Bitartrate of potash
Sulphur . .
Nutmeg .
Honey . . .
or q. s. to form an electuary.
Ching^s worm lozenges.
(^Yellow lozenges.)
Boil ^ss of saffron in Oj. of water, and
strain ; then add Sj. of calomel, and
Ibsxviij. of white sugar, mix them well
together, and add mucilage of tragacanth
enough to form a lozenge paste, to be di-
vided into lozenges containing gr. j. of
calomel each.
(Brovon Lozenges.)
^ Calomel S'^iij-
Resin of jalap .... Ibiijss.
White sugar .... Ibix.
Mucilage of tragacanth . q. s.
Mix. and make into lozenges, each con-
taining gr. ss. of calomel. (Paris.)
JDr. Chittick^s remedy for stone.
This consisted of a fixed alkali admi-
nistered in veal broth. (Paris.)
Daffy* s elixir.
^ Senna ...... Ibss.
Jalap, sliced.
Aniseed,
Caraway seed, aa • • .Ij- 3'j'
Juniper berries ... ^iiss.
Proof spirit . . . . Ovj
816
FORMULA, &c.
Macerate for 14 days, then add.
Treacle ^xss.
Water ffij. ^v.
Mix and strain.
Dalby''s carminative.
^ -Carbonate of magnesia . ^ij.
Oil of peppermint ... TY\j.
Oil of nutmegs .... TT\.ij.
Oil of aniseed .... Tn,"j«
Tincture of castor . . . Tir\,xxx.
Tincture of assafoetida . . TI^xt.
Tincture of opium . . T(\y.
Spirit of pennyroyal . . Tlf|,xv,
Compound tincture of car-
damoms . . . . « TlT,xxx.
Peppermint water . . . f^ij.
Mix.
DavidsorCs remedy for cancer.
Arsenious acid and powdered hemlock.
(Paris.)
Dinner pills. Lady Webster''s
pills. Lady Crespigny' s pills.
Lady Hesketh's pills.
^ Aloes jvj.
Mastich and red rose leaves,
aa Jij.
Syrup of wormwood • . . q. s.
Divide into pills grs. iij each. (Paris.)
Dixon's antibilious pills.
]^ Aloes, scammony, rhubarb, and po-
tassio-tartrate of antimony. (Paris.)
DupuytrerHs pommade for the
hair.
^ Beef marrow . . . . Jxvij.
Nervine balsam .... 3xvij.
Bose oil ..... . 5ij.
Alcoholic extract of cantlia-
rides g^- ^j-
Dissolve the extract of cantharides in a
little spirit, and mix it with the fatty mat-
ter previously melted. (Soubeiran.)
Dutch drops, or Haerlem drops.
The basis of this nostrum consists of
the residue left in the still after the re-dis-
tillation of oil of turpentine ; this is a
thick, red, resinous matter, to which the
name balsam of turpentine has been given.
A preparation, however, is frequently
vended as " Dutcli drops," which is a mix-
ture of oil of turpentine, tincture of guaia-
cum, spirit of nitric ether, with small por-
tions of the oils of amber and cloves.
(Paris.)
Dutch remedy for ague.
B- Peruvian bark, powdered,
Cream of tartar, aa . • . ^. '
Cloves, powdered .... 36S.
Mix, and give 3iss every three houra.
(Paris.)
Eaton's styptic
Consists chiefly of an alcoholic solu-
tion of sulphate of iron, with some unim-
portant additions. Helvetius's stypic
was for a long time employed under this
title. (Paris.)
Essence of coltsfoot.
Equal parts of balsam of tolu and com-
pound tincture of benzoin, to which is
added double the quantity of rectified
spirits. (Paris.)
The everlasting pill.
A pill consisting of metallic antimony
was formerly administered under this
name, and was said to have the property of
purging as often as swallowed.
Faynard's powder for haemor-
rhage.
Charcoal of beechwood finely powdered.
(Paris.)
Ford's balsam of horehound.
K Horehound herb,
Liquorice root, aa . . . Hjiijss.
Water Oviij.
Infuse for twelve hours, then strain off
Ovj, to which add,
Camphor ^. 3'j-
Opium,
Benzoin, aa . . • . ^.
Dried squills ^^ij.
Oil of aniseed . . . . Jj
Proof spirit of brandy . . Oxij.
FORMULA, &c.
817
Macerate for a week, then add
Honey Ibiijss.
Mix and strain.
FothergilVs pills.
9 Aloes,
Scammony,
Colocynth.
Oxide of antimony.
(Paris.)
Freeman! s bathing spirits.
No. 1.
9 Soft soap Rvj.
Camphor .... S^iij.
Spirit of wine,
Water, aa .... cong. iij.
M.S.A.
No. 2.
^ Soft soap ^xij.
Camphor . . . . • . ^ij.
Carbonate of pot-asli . . jss.
Proof spirit .... Oxir,
Daffy's elixir .... ^iv.
Mix.
Godfrey s cordial.
^ Treacle Ibvij.
Water ...♦.! Oviij.
Tincture of opium . . . ^iv.
Rectified spirit .... 5vj.
Oil of sassafras .... 3ss,
Mix.
Goioland's lotion.
]^ Bichloride of mercury . . gr. iss
Emulsion of bitter almonds |j.
(Pai-is.)
GreenhougKs tincture for the
teeth.
"^t Bitter almonds .... ^ij.
Brazil wood,
Florentine orris root, aa . 5ij.
Cochineal,
Salt of sorrel.
Alum, aa ..... 2j.
Spirit of wine .... Oij.
Spirit of scurvy grass . . jiv.
Mix.
Guy's powder of Ethiopia.
? Pure rasped tin,
Jlercury,
Sublimed sulphur.
Triturated together, and used as an an-
thelmintic. (Paris.)
Hatfield! s tincture.
i^ Guaiacum and soap (equal
parts). gij.
Rectified spirit .... Oiss.
(Paris.)
Helvetitis* s powder. Pulvis
Helvetii.
^ Alum,
Dragon's blood.
(Paris.)
Helvetius^s styptic.
Iron filings and cream of tartar, mixed
to a proper consistence with French brandy,
(Paris.)
Herrenschwandt s specific.
R Gamboge ..... grs. x.
Carbonate of potash . ,
(Paris.)
Hill's balsam of honey.
No. 1.
R Balsam of Tolu. . . .
Honey ....,,
Rectified spirit . . . ,
grs. XX.
Rij.
cong. j.
No. 2.
B Balsam of Tolu . . . . ^ij.
Styrax 3ij.
Opium ^ss.
Honey S^'''j-
Rectified spirit ..... Oij.
Pectoral, — used in coughs and colds.
HiWs essence of bardona.
^ Guaiacum .
Spirit . .
(Paris.)
3 o
818
FORMULA, &c.
Hooper's pills.
^ Pil. aloes cum myrrha.
Sulphate of iron,
Canella,
Ivory black. (Paris,)
Jackson s bathing spirits.
j^ Soft soap Ibij.
Camphor . . . , « ^xij.
Oil of rosemary,
Oil of thyme, aa . . • ^iss.
Spirits of wine » < • • cong. ij.
Jameses analeptic pills.
^1 James's powder,
Gum ammoniacum,
Pil. aloes cum myrrha, equal parts.
Tincture of castor . . q. s.
(Paris.)
Jesuits drops. Balsamum poly-
chrestum. Elixir antivenereum.
^ Guaiacum ...,., ^vij.
Peruvian balsam .... 3iv.
Sarsaparilla ..... ^^v.
Spirit of wine Oiij.
Macerate and strain.
Kirkland's neutral cerate.
^ Lead plaster ^ . . . , ^viij.
Olive oil ^iv.
Melt, and, while fluid, add
Prepared chalk , . , . ^^iv.
■ Stir until sufficiently cooled, then add,
Acetic acid f oiv.
Acetate of lead .... jiij,
Mix. (Paris.)
Kirkland's lotion of myrrh.
^ Tincture of myrrh,
Lime water, aa . . . . p. se.
Madame Nouffleur's remedy for
tapeworm.
^1 Three drachms of the root of the
male fern, reduced to fine powder,
and mixed Avith water; this con-
stitutes one dose. Two hours
afler taking the powder, a bolus
of calomel, scammony, and gam-
boge, is to be administered.
(Paris.)
Marriotts dry vomit.
Equal parts of emetic tartar and sulphate
of copper. (Paris.)
Marshall's cerate.
9 Palm oil ^v.
Calomel ^.
Acetate of lead ^ss.
Nitrate of mercury . , . ^ij.
(Paris.)
Mathieu's vermifuge.
(^For destroying the worms.')
9 Tin filings 5j,
Male fern root Jvj.
Santonica seeds . . . • ^ss.
Extract of jalap .... 3J.
Sulphate of potash • • • 3J-
Honey, q. s. to form an electuary.
A teaspoonful to be taken for a dose.
{For expelling the worms.)
9 Powdered jalap.
Sulphate of potash, aa . . ^U*
Scammony . . . . - ^j-
Gamboge gi'. x.
Honey q. s,
Matthew' spills. Starkey's pills.
9 Black hellebore root.
Liquorice,
Turmeric,
Opium,
Castile soap.
Syrup of saffron,
Equal parts, made into pills with oil of
turpentine. (Paris.)
Morrison's pills.
The principal ingi-edients are aloes, gam.
boge, and cream of Tartar.
Moxon's effervescent magnesia.
]^ Carbonate of magnesia . . ^.
Sulphate of magnesia . . . ^ij.
Bicarbonate of soda . . . ^ij.
Tartrate of potash and soda . ^ij.
Tartaric acid ^ij.
To be perfectly freed from water of
crystallization, and mixed and kept in a
well-corked bottle.
FORMULAE, &c.
819
Norris's drops.
Solution of potassio-tartrate of antimony
in spirit, disguised by the addition of
colouring matter. (Paris.)
Norton's drops.
Ward's white drops,
Marsden's drops.
Greens drops.
Solomon's nnti-impetigenes.
These are all disguised solutions of
bichloride of mercury.
Pate arsenicale.
9 Cinnabar . . . . . gr. 70
Dragon's blood • . . • gr. 22
Arsenious acid . . • . j., gr. 8
Made into a paste with saliva at the
time of applying. A favourite remedy of
the French surgeons. (Paris.)
Peter's pills.
9 Aloes, Jalap, "1 --
Scamniony, Gamboge, /
3>J-
Calomel 3J.
(Paris.)
£>uke of Portland's powder for
the gout.
^ Gentian root,
Bii-thwort root, (aristolochia ro-
tunda,)
Tops and leaves of germander, (cha-
mcedn/s,)
Tops and leaves of ground pine, (^cha-
mapitys,')
Tops and leaves of lesser centaury,
(chirouca centaurium).
Each, in powder, equal parts. (Paris.)
Pringle's remedy for typhus
fever.
j^f Lance-leaved cinchona, bruised ^ss.
Virginian snake root, ditto . 3ij.
Spirit of cinnamon . . . f^'.
Diluted sulphuric acid • . f^ij.
Distilled water .... fjxij.
Boil the bark in the water for ten
minutes, adding the snake root towards the
end ; macerate for an hour in a vessel
lightly covered, and to the strained liquid
add the spirit of cinnamon and the acid.
Dose. — Two tablespoonfuls eveiy six
hours. (Paris.)
Radcliffe's elixir.
^ Aloes 3vj.
Cinnamon,
Zedoary, aa 3^'
Rhubarb 3J.
Cochineal ...... 3ss.
Syrup of buckthorn • . • fjij.
Proof spirit Oj.
Water ^v.
(Paris.)
Rochets embrocation for the
hooping-cough.
9^ Olive oil Jij.
Oil of cloves . . . . • oJ» ",
Oil of amber . , . > • Jj>
Mix. (Paris.)
Ruspini's styptic.
This is .said to be a solution of Gallic
acid in spirit, scented with rose.
Scot's drops. Tincturafuliginis.
9 Wood soot ^ij.
Assafoetida hi-
proof spirit ..... Ibij.
Dose. — ^ss to ^iss in hysteria.
Singleton's golden ointment.
Sulphuret of 'arsenic (realgar) and lard,
or spermaceti ointment.
The nitric oxide of mercury ointment of
the Pharmacopoeia is sold under this name.
(Paris.)
Smcllom's ointment for the eyes,
IJ Verdigris 3ss.
Finely powdered and rubbed with oil.
Yellow basilicon . . • . ^«
(Paris.)
Solomon's balm of Gilead.
An aromatic tincture, of which carda.
moms form a leading ingredient, made
3g2
820
FORMULA, &c.
f^viij.
3iijss.
3SS.
3^j-
with brandy. Some practitioners have
asserted that cantharides enter into its com-
position, (Paris.)
Speedtman's pills.
^ Aloes,
Myrrh,
Rhubarb,
Extract of chamomile,
Essential oil of chamomile.
(Paris.)
Steer's opodeldoc.
9' Castile soap .
IJectified spirit.
Camphor . .
Oil of rosemary-
Oil of thyme .
Solution of ammonia
(Paris.)
Mrs. Stephens's remedy for the
stone.
9 Lime, obtained by the calcination of
the shells of eggs and of snails, any
quantity. Make it into pills with
soap.
9' Chamomile flowers,'
Parsley,
Burdock,
Make into a decoction with water, and
add a small quantity of
Alicant soap. (Paris.)
The sum of 5000^. was paid by the
English Government to Mrs. Joanna Ste-
phens for the above prescription.
Story's worm cakes.
Calomel and jalap coloured with cinna-
bar, and made into small cakes. (Paris.)
[, Poioder of succession.
Supposed to consist principally of dia-
mond dust. Used as an escharotic.
(Paris.)
Slruve's lotion for hooping-
cough.
^ Potassio-tartrate of antimony jj.
Water • _^ij.
Tincture of cantharides . . ^.
(Paris.)
Tasteless worm medicine.
'^ Santonine jj.
Sugar ^v.
Gum tragacanth .... jss.
Make into 144 lozenges ; of these a child
may take 5 to 10 daily.
Taylor's remedy for deafness.
9 Garlic,
Oil of almonds.
Infuse, and colour with alkanet. (Paris.)
Toothache tincture.
9 Tannin ^j.
Mastich. . . . . . gr. v.
Ether jij.
Mix. To he applied to the tooth, pre-
viously dried, on cotton wool.
Velno's vegetable syrup,
9 Fresh burdock root, sliced . ^^ij.
Dandelion root • • • • Aj«
Spearmint i\.
Senna,
Coriander,
Liquorice root, aa . . . 3iss.
Water Oiss.
Boil gently to Oj, and strain ; when cold,
add
Sugar Ibj.
Boil to a syrup, and add a small quan-
tity of a solution of bichloride of mercury.
(Paris.)
Walker and Wessel's Jesuit
drops.
This is nothing more than the Elixir
anti-venereum of Quincy, consisting of
guaiacuin, balsam of copaiba, and oil of
sassafras, made into a tincture with spirit.
(Paris.)
Whitehead's essence of mustard.
This consists of oil of turpentine, cam-
phor, and a portion of spirit of rosemary,
to which is added a small quantity of flour
of mustard. (Paris.)
Whitehead's essence of mustard
pills.
Balsam of Tolu, with resin. (Paris.)
FORMULiE, &c.
821
Medicamenta veterinaria. Veterinary medicines.
For internal application.
No. 6.
9 Sulphur,
Nitrate of potash,
ALTERATIVES.
Alteratives (from altera, I change) are
medicines intended to re-establish the
healthy functions of the animal economy,
without producing any very sensible eva-
cuation. Antimony frequently enters into
the composition of the veterinary medicines
of this description.
Alterative balls.
No. 1.
^ Spiked aloes. • . « . ^^iv.
Soft soap . • . . • ^iv.
Linseed meal.
Treacle, aa ftj.
Mix into a mass, to be divided into balls
■weighing ^ each. (Morton.)
No. 2.
9 Spiked aloes ..... Jviij.
Soft soap 5^''j*
Linseed meal.
Treacle, aa ^^''j-
Mix into a mass, to be divided into balls
weighing ^ each. (Morton.)
No. 3.
^ Barbadoes aloes .... jjss,
Potassio-tartrate of antimony ^.
Soap 3ij.
Linseed meal and treacle, each sufS-
cient to form a ball.
No. 4.
9 Sulphur ftj.
Nitrate of potash,
Sesquisulphuret of antimony,
Fcenugreek seeds, powd,, aa . ftss.
Venice turpentine ... ^ij.
Treacle sufficient to form a mass.
To be divided into balls of ^ss each.
No. 5.
9 Sesquisulphuret of antimony,
Nitrate of potash.
Sulphur,
Ethiop's mineral, aa . . ^iij.
Soap • 5'*
Oil of juniper .... 3iij.
Mix, to form 12 balls. (J. Bell and
0.)
Sesquisulph. of antimony, aa ftj.
Resin. ...... ftss.
Treacle and linseed meal, sufficient to
form a mass.
To be divided into balls of ^ss each.
Alterative powders.
No. 1.
9 Sulphur' 2 parts.
Sesquisulphuret of antimony.
Nitrate of potash, aa . . 1 part.
Mix into a powder, of which ^ss or ^ is
to be given for a dose. (Morton.)
No. 2.
9 Sesquisulphuret of antimony,
Bitartrate of potash,
Nitrate of potash, aa . . 3ij.
Mix into a powder. (Blaine.)
No. 3.
9 Sulphur ^ss.
Bitirtrate of potash.
Nitrate of potash, aa • . 3ij.
Mix into a powder. (Blaine.)
No. 4.
9 Sesquisulphuret of antimony Jiv.
Sulphur. ..... ^ij.
Bean flour, or barley meal • ftss.
Mix into a powder. A tablespoonful for
a dose. (Bracy Clark.)
ANTHELMINTICS,
Anthelmintics (from atrl, against, and
'iXfinf, a Korrn) are medicines for destroy-
ing and causing the evacuation of woitos
from the stomach and intestines.
Worm halls.
No. 1.
9 Barbadoes aloes .... 3i7.
Calomel ...... 3J.
Ginger,
Soap, aa ..... . 3'J-
Oil of cloves. . . • 10 drops.
Treacle, sufficient to. form a ball.
822
FORMULA, &c.
Veterinary medicines.
No. 2,
^ Barbadoes aloes . . , . 3iv.
Powdered tin .... jiij.
Ginger jj.
Soap 3ij.
Treacle, sufficient to form a ball.
3v to ^•.
3y
3>J.
gtt. XX.
gtt. XX.
No. 3.
9 Barbadoes aloes .
Powdered tin
Ethiop's mineral.
Powdered ginger
Oil of aniseed
Oil of savine . .
Treacle sufficient to form a ball
(J. Bell and Co.)
Worm drench.
No. 1.
]^ Common salt. .... ^iv.
Powdered aloes .... 3ij.
■ Water ...... Oij.
\ Mix.
No. 2.
]^ Oil of turpentine . . . f^iv.
Oatmeal gruel . . . , Oj.
Mix.
No. 3.
9 Oil of turpentine , . . f^ir.
Castor oil, or linseed oil , f^viij.
Oatmeal gruel . . . , S^'U-
Mix.
ANTISPASMODICS, NARCOTICS,
AND SEDATIVES.
Antispasmodics Cfi-om avTi, against,
and irvafff/,o;, a spasni) are medicines
which possess the power of allaying or
removing inordinate or painful motions in
the system, especially those involuntary
contractions which take place in muscles
naturally subject to the command of the
will. Narcotics (vccfKcu, to stupefy') — me-
dicines which have the power of procuring
sleep ; and sedatives (from sedo, to ease
or assuage) — medicines which have the
power of diminishing the animal energy,
•without destroying life, are used to allay
or diminish spasmodic action in the body.
Antispasmodic draughts.
No. 1.
^ Tincture of opium
Spirit of nitric ether
Aloes ....
Proof spirit .
Water. ...
Mix for a draught. (Morton.)
No. 2.
^ Opium, camphor, aa . .
Spirit of hartshorn .
Oil of turpentine . . .
Strong ale. . . .
Mix for a draught. (Blaine.)
No. 3.
9 Pepper .....
Oil of turpentine. ,
Tincture of opium .
Strong ale ... .
Mix for a draught. (Blaine.)
No, 4.
^ Tincture of opium .
Ether
Oil of peppermint
Strong ale.
Gin, aa • . . . .
Mix for a draught. (Blaine.)
No. 5.
9' Oil of turpentine . .
Oil of peppermint . .
Castor oil
Tincture of aloes .
Mix for a draught. (Blaine.)
No, 6.
B- Pepper
Gin ......
Strong ale ... .
Juice of two or three large
Mix for a draught. (Blaine.)
No. 7.
B Assafoetida .
Squills .
Soap . . . '
Oil of turpentine
Balsam of Peru
Water
Mix for a draught. (White.)
^ij.
^ss.
^ij.
Oj.
^s.
5ij.
3J-
3J-
onions.
3j.
3y
3y-
3ss.
!iv.
I<
FORMULA, &c.
823
No. 8.
]^ Digitalis .
Extract of hemlock
Water . . .
Mix for a draught. (White.)
Atitispastnodic clyster.
9 Decoction of poppies . . cong. j.
Camphor (dissolved in spirit) Jj.
Mis. (Blaine.)
CATHARTICS.
Cathartics (from xtttcufu, to purge)
are medicines which, taken internally, in-
crease the number of alvine evacuations.
Aloes are generally considered the best
cathartic medicine for horses, and form
the basis of most medicines of this kind.
Cathartic or physic balls.
No. 1,
9 Aloes Ibviij.
Olive oil Ibj.
Treacle • ffiiij.
Melt over a water-bath.
Dose. — From 3vj to 3xij. (Mwton.)
No. 2.
^ Cape aloes ..... 5^J'
Croton oil gtt. v.
Mix for a ball. (Morton.)
No. 3.
^ Barbadoes aloes. . . • 3 v.
Oil of caraway . • • . gtt. x.
,Palm oil ..... 5iij.
Ginger ...... 3ss.
Mix for a ball. (Blaine.) ,
No. 4.
^ Barbadoes aloes .... ^^iij.
Ginger fj.
Soap .^.
Treacle ...... q. s.
Melt at a moderate heat to form a mass.
Dose. — From 3v to 3X. (J. Bell and Co.)
No. 5.
Melt the best Barbadoes aloes with
one-fifth of its weight of treacle in a
water-bath, and mix them well together.
From 3viij to 31 for a dose. (Bracy
Clark.)
Veterinary medicines.
CORDIALS, STIMULANTS, AND
3SS. EXPECTORANTS.
3ij. Cordials and stimulants are medicine
Oss, which possess warm and stimulating pro-
perties, which are capable of exciting the
animal energy, and which are generally
given to raise the spirits.
Expectorants (from expectoro, to dis-
charge from the breast) are medicines
which increase the discharge of mucus
from the lungs, and thereby remove or
alleviate coughs and difficulty of breathing.
Cordial balls.
No. 1.
9* Ginger, in powder ... Bsj.
Gentian, in powder . . . Ibj.
Honey or palm oil sufficient
to fonn a mass.
Dose. — From ^ to ^iss, (Morton.)
No. 2.
^ Coriander seed, in powder . ^viij.
Gentian, in powder . . . ^viij.
Ginger in powder .... ^iv.
Caraway seed, in powder. . ^viij.
Oil of aniseed ^ss.
Honey or palm oil sufficient
to form a mass.
Dose. — Jiss. (Blaine.)
No. 3.
9 The mass No. 2 . . . . ^ss..
Powdered myrrh . . . . 3J.
Balsam of Tola .... 3J..
Mix to form a ball. (Blaine.)
No. 4.
9 The mass No. 2 . . . ^J-
Opium • gr. XX.
Camphor ..... 3j.
Mix to form a ball. (Blaine.)
No. 5.
9' Pimento, in powder . . . BSj,
Barley meal ..... Ibij.
Treacle or honey sufficient to
form a mass.
Dose, — ^iss. (Bracy Clark.)
No. 6.
The mass No. 5, with the addition of a
little ginger, cinnamon, or white or cayenne
pepper. (Bracy Clark.)
824
FORMULA, &c.
No. 7.
9 Aniseed, in powder . . , Ibj.
Gentian, in powder . . . Ibj.
Cascarilla, in powder . . .Ibj.
Honey sufficient to form a mass.
Dose.— liss. (Blaine.)
Cordial drinks.
No. 1.
9" Decoction of chamomile . . Oiij.
Decoction of aloes . • . . ^iv.
Ginger, in powder . . . _^ss.
Sulphate of iron .... ^iss.
Mix, and divide into four doses.
(Blaine.)
No. 2.
9 Gripe tincture* .... f^iv.
Water f^viij.
Mix for a dose. (Bracy Clark.)
No. 3.
]J' Ginger in powder . . jij. to 5iv.
Strong ale (warm) . . Oj.
Mix for a dose. (Morton.)
No. 4.
^i Caraway seeds, in powder ^ss. to ^j.
Strong ale (warm) . . Oj.
Mix for a dose. (Morton.)
No. 5,
9 Caraway seeds, in powder . ^ss.
Ginger, in powder . . . jss.
Carbonate of soda . . , ^j.
Brandy ^.
Water ^viij.
Mix for a dose. (Gray.)
No. 6,
9' Aromatic spirit of ammonia . 3ij.
Common salt ij.
Water. Oss.
Mix for a dose. (Gray.)
No. 7.
^' Barbadoes aloes . . , jiij.
Cascarilla, in powder , , jij.
Oil of peppermint . . , gtt. xx.
Tincture of cardamoms . ^j.
Water (waim) . . . . Oj.
Mix for a dose. (Gray.)
* Gripe TiiKture. — 9 Pimento, in
powder, Ibj. — Rectified spirit and water, of
each Oiij. Macerate for seven days, and
strain.
Veterinary medicines.
Cough balls.
3ss.
Jiss,
No. 1.
9 Ammoniacum ^^s.
Powdered squill . . . . jj.
Soap ' 3ij.
Honey enough to form a ball
for one dose. (White.)
No. 2.
]^' Assafoetida
Galbanum. .....
Carbonate of ammonia . .
Ginger
Honey sufficient to form a ball
for one dose. (White.)
No. 3.
9 Camphor jiss.
Powdered squills • . . . jj.
Balsam of Tolu . . . . gj. j
Ginger, in powder . . . jij.
Honey sufficient to form a hall
for one dose. (White.)
No. 4.
J? Aloes Jij.
Digitalis, in powder • . . ^.
Liquorice, In powder ... .^xiij.
Honey or Barbadoes tar suffi-
cient to form a mass.
Dose. — ^ twice a day. (Morton.)
No. 5.
J^ Ipecacuanha 5j.
Camphor 3ij.
Liquorice powder .... ^ss.
Honey sufficient to fonn a ball.
To be given every morning. (Blaine.)
No. 6.
j^ Liquorice powder .... _^ss.
Linseed or barley meal . . ^.
Tar 3SS.
Honey sufficient to form a ball
(Bracy Clark.)
No. 7.
9 Emetic tartar . gi-. x. to gr. xv.
Digitalis . . , 3SS. to 3J.
Honey sufficient to form a ball.
This may be given to cattle or sheep, in
the above dose. (Morton.)
FORMULAS, &c.
825
Veterinary
No. 8.
9' Digitalis. , . . gr. j.togr. ij.
Liquorice powder . 3ij.
Honey sufficient to form a ball.
(Morton.)
Cough drink.
9 Cold-drawn linseed oil . . ^^ij.
Liquor potassae . . . . 5J.
Treacle }^.
Water ^x.
Mix for a dose. (Bracy Clark.)
DEMULCENTS & RESTORATIVES.
Demnlcents (from danulceo, to soften)
are softening and diluting medicines, in-
tended to sheath the paits with which
they come in contact, and protect them
from irritating secretions or substances.
The substances administered as demul-
cents frequently act at the same time as
restoratives, such as gruel and bran
mashes.
Demulcent drenches.
No. 1.
9 Linseed bruised .... ^iv.
Boiling water Oiij.
Honey ^iv.
Let it stand till cold. To be given in
two doses.
No. 2.
9 Marshmallow root . . . ^iv.
Water Oij.
Boil for a few minutes, aod strain, then
add.
Honey. ...... ,^iv.
Linseed oil ^ij.
Gum arable ..... ^ij.
Mix. For two doses.
Bran mash.
Put half a peck of bran into a pjiil, and
jwur enough boiling water over it to
thoroughly wet it ; stir it well with a stick,
cover it over, and let it stand until, of the
temperature of new milk. Oats, malt,
treacle, or honey, may be added to it, to
render it more nutritious. (Bracy Clark.)
Malt mash.
To be made with malt in the same way
as the bran mash.
medicines.
Slanch water.
Pour boiling water over three or four
handfuls of bran ; stir it well up with a
stick ; cover it over, and let it stand for a
few minutes ; then add as much water as
may be desired.
It is useful in cases of inflamed lungs or
bowels, and after purging physic, being in
these cases preferable to mere water.
(Bracy Clark.)
Oatmeal gruel.
Put half a pint of good fresh oatmeal
into a bowl, add about half a pint of cold
water to it, and with a wooden spoon beat
it well up for some time ; then boil it with
more water to form a gallon of gruel.
Gruel for horses ought not to be thick.
(Bracy Clark.)
DIURETICS AND DIAPHORETICS.
Diuretics (from intipniis, a discharge
of urine) are medicines which, when
taken internally, augment the flow of urine
from the kidneys. Diaphoretics (from
S/«:p«{j«, to carry through) are medicines
which, when taken intenially, increase the
discharge by the skin.
Diuretic balls.
No. 1.
B Castile soap,
Resin, aa 3iij.
Nitre 3'''-
Oil of juniper 3J.
Honey q. s. to make into a ball.
(White.)
No. 2.
3J-
9' Camphor
Nitre 5^.
Castile soap j 3iij.
Oil of juniper . . • • • 3J-
Mix, to make a ball. (White.)
No. 3.
9 Nitre ftj.
Castile soap Ibss.
Common turpentine . . Ibj.
Barley meal .... BSiiss.
Or sufficient to form a mass.
(Brary Clark.)
826
FORMULiE, &c.
Veterinary medicines.
No. 4.
9" Common tui-pentine,
Soap,
Nitre, aa Ibss.
Barley, or liiiseed-meal, q. s. to form
a mass.
Diuretic powders.
No. I.
9 Yellow resin Ibj.
Nitre Ifcij.
Cream of tartar .... B5j.
Mix. 3vj, gx, or gxii, in a mash.
(Blaine.)
No. 2.
^•' Nitre ....,,. jvj.
Camphor jiss.
Mix, for a dose.'^ (White.)
Diuretic drinks.
No.l.
9* Glauber's salts .... lij.
Nitre ^vj.
Warm water . . , . , Oj.
Sweet spirit of nitre . . • 3J.
Mix, and give it with the horn.
(Bracy Clark.)
No. 2.
9 Glauber's salts .... ^^iv.
Nitre ....... ^ss.
Sweet spirits of nitre . . . jij.
Oil of juniper jj.
Thin gruel Oj.
Mix, and give it with the horn.
Stimulating diaphoretic balls.
No. 1.
'^ Emetic tartar .... jiss.
Camphor jss.
Ginger jij.
Opium 9j.
Oil of caraways . . . gtt. xv.
Honey, q. s. to form a ball.
(White.)
3y-
3vj-
3J-
gtt. XX.
(White.)
No. 2,
1^ Antimonial powder
Caraway powder .
Ginger . . . .
Oil of aniseed .
Honey, q. s. to fonn a ball.
Diaphoretic, or fever balls.
No. 1 .
J^i Camphor jjss.
Nitre ^iv.
Calomel,
Opium, aa . . . . gr. xx.
Honey and linseed-meal, q. s. to form
a ball. (White.)
No. 2.
^ Emetic tartar . . . t . giss.
Tragacanth powder . . . jij.
Syrup, q. s. to form a ball.
(White.)
No. 3.
9 Camphor ...... 3ij,
Nitre • Jj-
Honey, q. s. to form a ball.
(White.)
TONICS AND ASTRINGENTS.
Tonics are medicines which restore the
tension and vigour of the muscular fibre,
when it has been weakened and relaxed.
Astringents contract the animal fibre, and
thus suppress excessive evacuations.
Tonic balls.
No. 1.
J^ Peruvian bai-k . . . • 3ij.
Ginger Jss.
Conserve of roses, q. s. to fonn a ball.
No. 2.
9! Sulphate of iron .... 3iij.
Salt of tartar . . . . . 3ij.
Treacle and linseed-meal, q. s. to form
a ball.
No. 3.
^ White arsenic .
Ginger ....
Powdered aniseed . .
Tragacanth powder .
Syrup, q. s. to form a bal
gr.x.
3J-
• 3U-
(^Vhite.)
Tonic drinks.
No. 1.
j^ Sulphate of zinc .... 3SS.
Ginger or pimento, powdered, 3J.
Treacle ^'.
Water ^xij.
Mix. To be given with the horn.
(Bracy Clark.)
FORMULA, &c.
827
No. 2.
^ iEgyptiacum ..... ^s
Pimento or ginger • . . 3ss.
Water ^xij.
Or enough to form a drink. (Bracy
Clark.)
No. 3.
9 Quassia chips Jj.
Water Oiij.
Boil till reduced to Oij.
To be given in three drinks. (Bracy
Clark.)
Astringent balls.
No. 1.
^ Opium ...... 3j.
Ginger gjss.
Chalk jiss.
Honey, q. s. to form a ball.
For diarrhoea. (White.)
Veterinary medicines.
No. 4.
^ Oak bark ^s.
3J-
No. 2.
9 Catechu ....,, 7i.
Cinnamon ...... ^i
Linseed-meal and palm oil, sufficient
to form a ball.
For diarrhosa, &c. (Morton.)
No. 3.
B'Kino
Cassia,
Ginger, aa jj
Treacle, q. s. to form a ball.
For diarrhffia, &c.
3>J-
Gincjer
Opium gss.
Treacle, q. s. to form a ball.
For diabetes. (White.)
Astringent powder for nasal
gleet.
9* Powdered cantharides . . ^^ss.
Sulphate of zinc .... 3ij. j
Pimento powder . . , . ^.
Barley or oatmeal . . . . ^iv.
Mix well together. A table-spoonful
eyery morning. (Bracy Clark.)
Astringent drinks.
No. 1.
9 Glauber's salts .... _^vj.
Epsom salts . • « . . ^ij.
Common salt . . • . . ^s.
Sulphate of iron .... gr. v.
Dissolve in a quart of warm water, and
divide into three drinks. For diarrhoea.
(Bracy Clark.)
No. 2.
^/ Powdered gum arable . . ^.
Prepared chalk . . . • ,^.
Laudanum ..... ^ss.
Mint water ..... ^xij.
Mix.
No. 3.
9 Opium jss.
Ginger siij.l
Oak bark ....
Decoction of chamomile
Mix.
For external application.
oj.
ASTRINGENTS AND ANTISEPTICS.
Astringents are used externally for
diminishing discharges from wounds, &c.
Antiseptics (from avri against, and ffnTu,
to putrefy) are medicines for preventing
putrefaction.
Astringent poioders.
No.l.
9 Powdered alum .... Tiv.
Armenian bole . . . . 5j.
^•x. (White.)
No. 2.
]^ Sulphate of zinc, powdered
Oxide of zinc ..... ^
Mix.
l^^y
Astringent solutions.
No. 1.
1^ Sulphate of zinc .... ^iv.
Water Oj.
Dissolve.
For promoting the adhesion of living
surfaces, in wounds, &c. (Bracy Clark.)
828
FORMULA, &c.
Veterinary medicines.
No. 2.
^: Alnm ....... _^iv.
Boiling water ..... Oj.
Dissolve.
For cracks in the skin, and grease chaps.
(Bracy Clark.)
No. 3.
T^> Sugar of lead }^iv.
Water Oj.
Dissolve.
No. 4.
9 Tincture of muriate of iron . "^Z
Water ^v.
Mix.
Astringent liniment.
^gyptiacum, or Linimentum seruginis,
is one of the most common and useful
applications of this kind.
Astringent oifitments.
No. 1.
^ Venice turpentine .... ^^iv.
Lard _^vj.
Melt, and stir in sugar of lead . ^ij.
Make into an ointment. (White.)
No. 2.
9 Resin ■ Ibss.
Wax ...*... ^\v.
Lard Mj.
Verdigris ^vj.
Melt the resin, wax, and lard, and stir
in the verdigris until cold.
Hoof ointment.
^1 Tallow flbiv.
Bees-wax ..... _^iv.
Tar Ibss.
Melt slowly over a fire, and stir them
till cold. (Bracy Clark.)
Antiseptic fomentation.
]^ Decoction of marsh mallow . Oviij.
Sal ammoniac .... Jiv.
Camphorated spirit ... ^vj.
Mix.
Antiseptic poultices.
No. 1.
9 Oatmeal ffiss.
Linseed-meal . . . • • Ibss.
Charcoal ...... ^iv.
Yeast q. s.
(Blaine.)
No. 2.
Carrots or turnips boiled and mashed
into a poultice, to which charcoal may be
added. (Slaine.)
No. 3.
Linseed made into a poultice with boil-
ing water, and ^ or ^ij of oil of turpen-
tine added to about Ibij of the poultice.
CAUSTICS AND DETERGENTS.
Caustics (from xccia, Kaurai, to bum)
are substances which destroy the parts
to which they are applied by chemically
decomposing them. Detergents (from
detergo, to wipe away) are substances
which cleanse wounds, ulcers, &c., and
excite healthy action in them.
Solid caustics.
The following are those most frequently
used : — The hot iron (^actual cautery).
Lunar caustic, Fused potash, Sulphate of
copper, Nitrate of copper, Corrosive sub-
limate, Quicklime, and Red precipitate.
Liquid caustics.
No. 1.
Butter of antimony (chloride of anti-
mony).
No. 2.
]^' Quicksilver ..... ^ss.
Nitric acid ^.
Dissolve with heat. (White.)
No. 3.
^' Corrosive sublimate . • . ^.
Water, sufficient to dissolve it.
(Blaine.)
No. 4.
9' Chloride of zinc . . . . ^'.
Water '. ^iv.
Mix.
No. 5.
9 Verdigris ^.
Acetic acid . . • . • . ^ij.
Mix.
No. 6.
^ Sulphate of copper ... • Jj-
Water ^vj.
Dissolve. (Morton.)
FORMULA, &c.
829
Detergent ointments.
No. 1.
9 Red precipitate . .
Lard
Common turpentine .
Mis.
No, 2.
^ Vei-digris ....
Common turpentine .
Lard .....
Mix.
" Detergent liniment.
9' ^gyptiacura . . .
Tincture of myrrh .
Mix.
Detergent lotion.
IJ' Sulphate of zinc .
Water
Mis.
(White.)
. ^iv.
Veterinary medicines.
Discutient liniment.
R' Mercurial ointment .
Camphor ....
Oil of turpentine,
Oil of origanum, aa •
Mix.
Discutient ointment.
^' Iodide of potassium . .
Spirit of wine . , . ,
Rub together, and add,
Lard ......
Mercurial ointment .
Camphor .....
Mix.
EMOLLIENTS.
Emollients (from emollio, to soften)
are substances employed for softening and
relaxing the living tissues.
Simple poultices are frequently used
foi- this purpose ; or mai-shmallow and
elder ointments.
(White.)
DIGESTIVES AND DISCUTIENTS.
Digestives (from digero, to dissolve)
are substances Avhich, when applied to
ulcers or wounds, induce or promote sup-
puration. Discutients (from discutio, to
shake in pieces) are substances which
possess the power of repelling or resolving
tumours.
Digestive ointments.
No. 1.
9* Resin Bjj.
Linseed oil ^xij.
Melt them over a fire, and stir till
cold. (Bracy Clark.)
No. 2.
9 Common turpentine . . . S^iij.
Bees-wax ...... ^^ij.
Lard ^iv.
Melt them over a fire, and stir till
cold. (White.)
No. 3.
9 Tar fcij.
Resin Ibj.
Lard Ibj.
Melt them over the fire, and stir till
cold.
_^ss.
f^ss.
3J-
3'J-
POISONS FOR VERMIN.
No. 1.
^1 Tobacco _^iv.
Water Oij.
Boil for a quarter of an hour, and then
strain. To be used as a wash.
No. 2.
9 Corrosive sublimate . • . jij.
Spirits of wine .... _^ij.
Water ...,..., Oij.
Mix, for a wash.
REFRIGERANTS.
Refrigerants (from refrigero, to cool)
are applications for reducing the nioibid
heat of any part of the body.
No. 1.
9' Acetate of lead . • • . jij.
Vinegar ^^ij.
Spirits of wine .... _^ij.
Water Oij.
Mix, for a lotion.
No. 2.
1^ Salammoniac ..... ,^.
Vinegar ...... _^iv.
Spirits of wine .... _^ij.
Water ...... Oiss.
Mix, for a lotion.
830
FORMULA &c.
Veterinary medicines.
No. 3.
^ Goulard's extract .
Spirits of wine .
Distilled water .
Mix, for a lotion.
3y-
^ss.
Oij.
Tinc-
Horse
Oiij.
TRAUMATICS.
Traumatics (from rfxvfJM, a wound)
are applications employed for promoting
the healing of wounds.
Compound tincture of myrrh is the
most common application for this purpose.
It is made as follows : —
Tinctura myrrhcB composita.
Tinctura myrrlice et aloes. Com-
pound tincture of myrrh,
ture of myrrh and aloes,
tincture of myrrh.
9 Myrrh
Barbadoes aloes, aa . .
Eectified spirit .
Water Oj.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
Traumatic solutions.
No. 1.
^ Sulphate of zinc .... ^j.
Water. . . . . . ■ o^j-
Mix.
No. 2.
^' Sulphate of copper . . . ^■.
Water ^vj.
Mix.
No. 3.
Oil of tar has been recommended as a
traumatic.
VESICANTS AND RUBEFACIENTS.
Vesicants (from vesica, a bladder) are
applications for blistering the skin, and
causing a discharge of serous fluid.
Buhefacients (from ruhefacio, to make
red) are substances which, applied to the
skin, produce redness without blistering.
Blistering ointments.
No. 1.
9 Powdered cantharides . . ^iv.
Lard Kij.
Oil of origanum .... 3ij.
Mix. (Bracy Clark.)
No. 2.
^1 Powdered cantharides. . . J'^*
Spirit of turpentine . . . ^iij.
Powdered euphorbium . . jij.
Lard Kij.
Oil of origanum .... 3ij.
Mix. (Bracy Clark.)
No. 3.
^ Powdered cantharides . . ^ij.
Common turpentine . . . ^ij.
Lard ^. . , . . . . ^viij.
Mix. (Morton.)
No. 4.
^! Common resin .... Jvj.
Linseed oil ...... 95ss.
Dissolve and add.
Powdered cantharides . . 3vj.
Lard . S-^y'-
Oil of origanum .... 3ij.
Mix. (Bracy Clark.)
No. 5.
B' Powdered cantharides . > ^i.
,, euphorbium . . ^iss.
Corrosive sublimate ... 3J.
Oil of origanum .... 3ij.
Lard ....... ^viij.
Mix.
Blistering liniments, or liquid
blisters.
No. 1.
j^- Powdered cantharides. . . B5ss.
Oil of turpentine .... Oiv.
Olive oil Oij.
Macerate the cantharides in the oil of
turpentine for a week ; then strain it, and
add the olive oil to the strained liquor.
No. 2.
B' Powdered cantharides . . ^ij.
Flour of mustard .... ^ij.
Oil of turpentine,
Olive oil, aa • . . . . ,^viij.
Mis together.
Rubefacient liniments.
No. 1.
^ Olive oil ^iij.
Camphor ...... 3iij.
Oil of turpentine .... ^ss.
Solution of ammonia . . . 3iij.
Mix.
No. 2.
9 Oil of bays . . .
Soft soap ....
Solution of ammonia .
Spirits of camphor
Oil of origanum . .
Mix.
No. 3.
]^ Soft soap ....
Camphor ....
Oil of turpentine .
Oil of origanum . •
Mix.
FORMULA, &c.
Veterinary medicines.
831
^iss.
3'j.
Si-
3U.
Embrocation for sprains. Egg
oils.
9 Common vinegar .... Oiss.
Oil of turpentine .... giss.
Spirits of wine .... liss.
Goulard's extract .... iss.
The white and yolk of two eggs.
Mix the oil of turpentine and Goulard's
extract with the eggs, then add the
vinegar gradually, and lastly the spirit of
Meerschaum (German for sea-
froth).
A white or greyish-green mineral, soft
and dry to the touch, and adhering to the
tongue. It consists, according to Klaproth,
of Silica 41-5; Magnesia 18-25; Water
and carbonic acid 39. It is found in Greece,
Turkey, and other parts. When dug up,
it is soft, greasy, and lathers like soap,
and is therefore used by the Tartars in
washing linen. The principal consump-
tion of it, however, is in the manufacture
of tobacco pipes.
Mel. Honey.
A saccharine substance elaborated by
bees from the sweet juices of the nectaries
of flowers, and deposited by them in
waxen cells, called tlie honeycomb. It
consists of crystallizable and uncrystalliz-
able grape sugar, with some aromatic
substance which gives it a peculiar flavour.
This flavour difiers according to the
sources from whence the honey has been
obtained by the bees ; thus Narhonne
honey derives its flavour from the rose-
mary and other labiate flowers on which
the bees producing it feed.
Mfiii DEPURATUM (Mel despu-
matuni). Despumated honey.
Clarified honey.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Fine honey, any quantity.
Melt it in a water-bath, and strain it
while hot through flannel.
IBviij.
ftxvj.
5ij.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
jl^ Honey . , . . .
Water *
Vegetable charcoal, coarsely
powdered ....
Mix the honey and the water, and heat
them in a tinned vessel to about 212^
Fahr. for an hour, avoiding ebullition J
put them in an earthen vessel, and set
by in a cold place for one night. Then
add the vegetable charcoal, filter through
a bag, and evaporate in a vapour-bath at
167° or lSb°^¥zhT., to the consistence of
syrup, and strain.
Note. — Keep it in a cold place. It
should be clear, and when mixed with
water, remain limpid, of a yellowish'bro\vn
colour, and void of an acid taste or
flavour.
Mel pbepaeatum. Prepared
honey.
U. S. Ph. 1840.
B Clarified honey .... Oss.
Diluted alcohol .... Oj.
Prepared chalk .... ^ss.
Having mixed the honey and diluted
alcohol, add the prepared chalk, and allow
the mixture to stand, occasionally stirring
it. Then heat it to ebullition, filter and
by means of a water-bath evaporate the
clear liquor, so that when cold it may
have the sp. gr. of 1*32.
832
FORMULA, &c.
Mel boracis. Honey of borax.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Edin. Ph. 1841,
and Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Borax, powdered . . . 3J.
Honey, despumated . . . ^.
Mix.
Med Use. — Detergent in aphthous af-
fections of the tongue and fauces.
SYNONYME.
Mellxte of Borax.
Mel ros^. Honey of rose.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Dried French rose . . . ^iv.
Boiling distilled water , . 5xxiv.
Honey Kv. j
Macerate the rose, previously pulled to
pieces, in 16 fluidounces of the water, for
2 hours ; then express slightly !with tlie
hand, and strain. Macerate that which
remains again, in the remaining water for a
little while, and pour off tlie liquor. Add
the half part of the former infusion to this ;
set aside a half. Afterwards, add the
mixed liquors to the honej', and evaporate
in a water-bath, that the liquor set aside
being mixed in, it may become of a proper
consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Dried petals of rosa gallica . _^iv.
Boiling water .... Oiiss.
Honey Ibv.
Infuse the petals in the water for six
hours ; strain and squeeze ; let the im-
purities subside ; pour off the clear liquor ;
mix the honey with it, and evaporate the
whole in the vapour-bath to the consist-
ence of syrup, removing the scum which
forms.
Med. Use. — As an adjunct to detergent
gargles.
SYNONYMES.
Mcl rosatum. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
Mel rosaceum. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Mellago.
Any medicine having the consistence and
sweetness of honey.
Mellago taraxaci.
This term has been applied to fluid
extract of dandelion.
Metheglin.
A wine made from honey in the follow-
ing manner : — Put one hundred-weight of
honey into a thirty-two gallon cask, and
fill it up with boiling water; stir them
well together for a day or two, then add
j'east, and ferment it. The honey is some-
times boiled with the water for an hour or
two, and about an ounce of hops added,
previous to the fermentation.
MicRocosMic SALT. (From
fjitKpoQ, little, and KOfffxoc, order.)
A double salt, obtained by mixing equal
parts of phosphate of soda and phosphate
of ammonia, in solution, and evaporating
it to crystallization. It is much used as
a flax in experiments with the blow-pipe.
MiSTURA ACACIA. Mixture of
acacia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Acacia, powdered . , - ^x.
Water, boiling . . . . Oj.
Rub the acacia with the water gradually
poured in, and dissolve it.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Mucilage.
^ Gum arable ^ix.
Water, cold Oj.
Mix tliem, allow the gum to dissolve
without applying heat, but with occasional
stirring ; then strain through linen or ca-
lico.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Mucilago
acacice. {^Mucilago gummi ara^
bid.)
^, Gum arable .... ^^iv.
Water ^vj.
Dissolve the gum in the water with
occasional stirring, then sti-ain through
flannel.
Med. Use. — Demulcent. A useful ad-
junct to cough mixtures; also useful in
irritation of the urinary organs.
Dose. — fjss to f^.
FORMULA, &c
833
SYNONYMES.
MucUago arahici gummi. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
MucUago acacia. — Lond. Ph. 1809 —
1824.
Emulsio acacia arabica. — Edin. Ph.
1839.
MiSTURA ALTH^iE. MixtUTB
of marshmallow.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Althaea root, dried . . . ^iv.
Raisins, freed of the seeds . ^ij.
Boiling water Ov.
Boil down to three pints ; strain through
iinen or calico, and when the sediment
has subsided, pour off the clear liquor for
use.
Med. Use. — Emollient. Used in the
various species of mucous inflammation.
Dose. — From one to three pints may be
taken during the day.
SYNONYME.
Decoctum althaa. — Edin. Ph. 1839.
MisTURA AMMONiACi. Mixture
of ammoniacum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Ammoniacum ..... jv.
Water Oj.
Rub the ammoniacum with the water,
gradually poured in, until they are per-
fectly mixed.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Gum ammoniac
3y-
Water ^viij.
Triturate the gum with the water gi-a-
dually added, until the mixture assumes
the appearance of milk ; then strain through
muslin.
Med. f/se.— Said to be useful in at-
tenuating cough phlegm, and promoting
expectoration In humoral asthmas, coughs,
&c.
Dose. — Two table-spoonsful twice or
thrice a-day.
SYNONYME.
Lac ammoniaci. Lond. Ph. 1746, 1788.
Dubl. Ph. 1807.
MiSTURA AMYGDALA. MixtUTC
of almond.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Confection of almond . , ^iiss.
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Add the water to the confection of al-
monds, gradually, while rubbing them,
until they are mixed; afterwards strain
through linen.
Edin, Ph. 1841. Mistura amyg-
dalarum.
^ Conserve o^ almonds . . . ^ij.
Water ....... Oij. '
Add the water gi-adually to the confec-
tion, triturating constantly, and then strain
through linen or calico.
Or,
j^ Sweet almonds • • • ^- SU*
Pure sugar «... jv.
Mucilage ..... f^ss.
Water Oij.
Steep the almonds in hot water and peel
them ; and proceed as for the mistura
acaciae.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Mistura
amygdalas.
^ Sweet almonds .... 3V,
Refined sugar , . . . jij.
Gum arable, in powder , . jj.
Distilled water . , , . ^viij.
Steep the almonds in hot water for 5
minutes, and, having removed their external
coat, beat them with the sugar and gum,
in a mortar, into a coarse powder; add the
water gradually, and triturate so as to form
an uniform mixture. Finally strain through
muslin.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Mistura aca-
ci(E.
^ Mucilage ^iij.
Sweet almonds .... jx.
Pure sugar yr.
Water . . ■ . . . . Oij.
Steep the almonds in hot water, and
peel them : beat them to a smooth pulp
in an earthenware or marble mortar, first
3 u
834
FOEMUL^, &c.
with the sugar and then with the muci-
lage ; add the water gradually, stirring
constantly; strain through linen or ca-
lico,
Med. Use. — These preparations are de-
mulcent, and useful in inflammatory fevers,
and affections of the urinary organs.
Dose. — From f ^iij to f ^vj, or even more.
SYNONYMES.
Emulsio communis. Lond. Ph. 1746.
Lac amygdalce. Lond. Ph. 1788.
Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Mistura amygdalarum, Lond. Ph. 1809,
1824.
Emulsio amygdali communis. Edin.
Ph. 1839.
Mistura aperiens
ABERNE-
THEi. Ahernethy's
aperient
mixture.
9 Sulphate of magnesia
. . 3iv.
Manna ....
• 3y-
Infusion of senna . .
. f3^J-
Tincture of senna
• fpj.
Mint water , . ,
• f^i-
Distilled water . .
. f.^ij-
Mix.
Mistura assafoetidjb. Mix-
ture of assafoetida.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
^ Assafoetida gv.
"Water Oj.
Eub the assafoetida with the water,
gradually poured in, until they are per-
fectly mixed.
Med. Use. — Chiefly as an enema in
hysteric paroxysms, also in the convul-
sions of children.
SYNONYMES.
Lac asscEfoetida. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Lac asscefostidce. — Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Mistura camphors. Cam-
phor mixture,
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Camphor ..... gss.
Rectified spirit .... TT^x.
"Water 1 pint.
First rub the camphor with the spirit,
then with the water, gradually poured in,
and strain through linen.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Camphor ...... 3J*
Sweet almonds,
Pure sugar, aa . . . . ^ss.
"Water Oj.
Steep the almonds in hot water and
peel them ; rub the camphor and sugar
well together in a mortar; add the al-
monds ; beat the whole into a smooth
pulp ; add the water gradually, with con-
stant stirring, and then strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9* Tincture of camphor . . f Jj.
"Water Oiij.
Shake the tincture and water together
in a bottle, and, after the mixture has
stood for 24 hours, filter through paper.
Med. Use. — Employed as a vehicle for
more active medicines in low states of the
system, and for antispasmodics in nervous
and hysteric affections.
Dose. — From f ^ss to f ^ij.
SYNONYMES.
Julepum e camphord — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Mistura campfiorata. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Emulsio camphorce. — Edin. Ph. 1839.
Camphor jxilep.
Mistura CAMPHORiE CUM mag-
nesia. Camphor mixture with
magnesia.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Camphor gr. x.
Carbonate of magnesia . gr. xxv.
"Water f^vi.
Triturate the camphor and carbonate of
magnesia together, adding the water gra-
dually.
Med. Use. — The same as of Mistura
camphorae. Besides this, however, this
preparation has been found beneficial in
cases of uric acid diathesis.
Dose.—i ^s to f ^.
FORMULA, &c.
835
I
MiSTURA CATHARTICA. Mis-
tura semicB composita. Cathartic
mixture. Black draught.
^ Sulphate of magnesia • . 5vj.
Spirit of sal volatile . . 5vj.
Tincture of senna ... ^iij.
Infusion of senna . . . ^'^viij.
Extract of liquorice . . gvj.
Oil of cloves .... gtt. vj.
Dissolve the sulphate of magnesia and
extract of liquorice with heat, in the infu-
sion of senna, and then add the other in-
gredients.
Dose. — From f 5iss to f ^ij for adults.
MisTURA CREASOTi. Mixture
of creosote.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Creasote,
Acetic acid, aa . . . . TT|_xvj.
Compound spirit of juniper.
Syrup, aa f |j.
Water f |xiv.
Mix the creasote with the acid, then
gradually the water, and lastly the syrup
and spirit.
Med. Use. — In those cases where crea-
sote is indicated this has been found a
convenient foimula.
Dose. — f ,^iss.
MisTURA CRET^. Chalk mix-
ture.
Lond. Ph. 1851
^ Prepared chalk .
Sugar . .
Mixture of acacia
Cinnamon water
Mis.
3''J-
f^iss.
f|xviij.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Prepared chalk
Pure sugar .
Mucilage . . .
Spirit of cinnamon
Water . . .
Triturate the chalk, sugar, and mucilage
together, and then add gradually the water
and spirit of cinnamon.
Oij.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Prepared chalk .... 3ij.
Simple syrup,
Mucilage of gum arabic, of
each fj^'
Cinnamon water . . . . f ^^vij.
Rub the chalk with the cinnamon water,
then add the syrup and mucilage, and
mix.
Med. Use. — Antacid ; in diarrhoea com-
bined with acidity.
Dose. — f ^ to f ^ij.
STIIOKTMES.
Julepum e cretd. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Mistura cretacea. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Potio carbonatis calcis. — Edin. Ph.
1839.
Mistura ferri aromatica.
Aromatic mixture of iron.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Peruvian bark, (brown or
pale,) in powder . . • 5J-
Calumba root, in coarse pow-
der 3iij.
Cloves, bruised- .... 3ij.
Filings of iron, separated by a
magnet S^s.
Digest for 3 days, with occasional agi-
tation, in a covered vessel, with as much
peppermint-water as will give 12 ounces
of a filtered product, and then add of,
Compound tincture of carda-
moms f ^i'j«
Tincture of orange peel . f giij.
This mixture should be kept in a well-
stoppered bottle.
Med Use. — Tonic, and valuable in
various states of debility. This prepara-
tion was formerly known by the name of
Heherden's Ink, from its black colour.
Dose.—{^&s. to f ^ij.
Mistura ferri composita.
Compound mixture of iron.
'3h2
836
FORMULA, &c.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
9 Mynh, powdered . . . jij.
Carbonate of potash . . jj.
Kose-water .... f^xviij.
Sulphate of iron, powdered 9ijss.
Spirit of nutnaeg . . . f ^.
Sugar 3ij.
Rub together the m3'rrh with the spirit
of nutmeg and the carbonate of potash,
and to these, while rubbing, add first the
rose-water with the sugar, then the sul-
phate of iron. Put the mixture immedi-
ately into a proper glass vessel, and stop it.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
J^ Myrrh, in powder . . . 3J.
Pure carbonate of potash . 3ss.
Essence of nutmeg . . . fjj.
Rose-water .... f^viij.
Refined sugar . . • • ^.
Sulphate of iron . . , jss.
Triturate the myrrh and carbonate of
potash with the sugai", spirit of nutmeg,
and 7 ounces of the rose-water, the latter
being gradually added, until a uniform
mixture is obtained ; to this add the
sulphate of iron, previously dissolved in the
remaining ounce of rose-water, and enclose
the mixture at once in a bottle, which
should be tightly corked.
Med. Use. — In cases of hysteria and
chlorosis, a most valuable tonic.
Dose. — f ^. to f ^ij.
SYNONYME.
Griffiths green mixture.
MiSTUKA GENTIAN.^: COMI'O-
siTA. Compound mixture of gen-
tian.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9> Compound infusion of gentian f^xij.
Compound infusion of senna f ^vi.
Compound tincture of carda-
mom f Jij
Mix.
Med. Use. — Tonic and purgative.
Zlosc— f^. to f|ij.
3»j-
ls&.
o'J-
Oj.
MisTuiiA GUAiAci. Mixture
of guaiacum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Powdered guaicum .
Sugar
Powdered acacia .
Water of cinnamon .
Rub the sugar with the guaicum and
acacia, and gradually add the water of
cinnamon to these, rubbing between.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
The same as the London, except that
in the Edinburgh formula 19^ fluidounces
of cinnamon water are ordered.
Med. Use. — A stimulating diaphoretic.
Dose. — f ^ss. to f ^ij. two or three times
a-day.
SYNONYME.
Lac guaiaci. — Lond Ph. 1788.
MiSTURA HORDE!. Mixture of
barley.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Pearl barley,
Figs, sliced,
Raisins, freed of the seeds, aa ^iiss.
Liquorice root, sliced and
bruised 3V.
Water Ovss.
Clean the barley, if necessary, by wash-
ing it with cold water ; boil it with 4 J
pints of the water down to two pints; add
the figs, raisins, and liquorice root, with
the remaining pint of water; and again
boil down to two pints ; then strain.
Med Use. — An agreeable drink in fe-
brile affections.
SYNONYMES.
Decoctum ftordei compositvm. Edin.
Ph. 1830.
Pectoral decoction.
MiSTURA MOSCHi. Mixture of
musk.
Lond.
Ph.
1851.
^ Musk,
Acacia, powdered,
Sugar, aa .
. .
. .
• 3"J'
Rose-water
. .
. .
. Oj.
FORMULA, &c.
837
Rub the musk with the sugar, then with
the acacia, the rose-water being gradually
poured in.
Med. Use. — Powerful antispasnaodic.
Dose.—^. to ^ij.
SYNONYMES.
Julepum e moscha, Lond. Ph. 1746.
Mistura moschata. Lond. Ph. 1788.
MiSTURA OLEOSO-BALSAMICA.
Oleo-balsamic mixture.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
B Oil of lavender,
„ marjoram,
„ cloves,
„ mace,
„ cinnamon,
„ cedrat, aa . , . ^j-
„ rue gtt, X.
Balsam of Peru . . . jss.
Rectified spirit ... . ^x.
Macerate in a cold place, and filter.
Mistura salina. Saline mix-
ture.
No. 1.
9 Fresh lemon-juice . . . f^ij.
Carbonate of potash . . gr. Ixxvj.
or. q. s.
Distilled water . . . f Jij.
Neutralize the lemon-juice with the car-
bonate of potash, and add the distilled
water.
No, 2.
9 Citric acid] . . . . jj.
Carbonate of potash . . gr. Ixxvj.
Distilled water . . . ^y.
Mix.
Med Use. — Antispasmodic.
Dose.—i}^. to f^ij.
Mistura scammonii. Mixture
of scammony.
Edin.Ph. 1841.
9f Resin of scammony . . gr. vij.
Unskimmed milk . . . f ^'ij.
Triturate the resin with a little of the
milk, and gradually with the rest of it, till
a unifoi-m emulsion is formed.
Med. Use. — It is one of the most
agi-eeable purgative diaughts that can
be taken.
Mistura spiritus vini gal-
Lici. Mixture of spirit of French
wine. Brandy mixture.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Spirit of French wine,
(brandy,)
Cinnamon water, 55 . f ,^iv.
The yolks of two eggs,
Purified sugar . . . ^s.
Oil of cinnamon . . , Tir\_ij.
Mix.
Med. Use. — Stimulant, and restorative.
Given in the sinking state of low fever.
Dose. — f^ss. to f ^ij.
MoiREE METALLIQUE,
Commonly called crystallized tin-plate,
is produced by applying nitro-muriatic
acid for a few seconds to the surface of
tin-j)late, previously heated, then washing
off the acid with water, drying the plate
and coating it with lacquer.
Molasses,
Is the brown, viscid, uncrystallizable
liquor which drains from the sugar in the
colonies. In this country treacle is gene-
rally sold for it.
Monesia.
A brown astringent extract, said to be
made from the bark of the Chrijsophillum
Buranheim, a native of the Brazils, where
the monesia is made. It is much esteemed
by the Brazilians as an astringent.
Morphia.
The narcotic principle of opium.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Turkey opium, cut into thin
slices Ibj.
Distilletl water .... Ovj.
Chloride of calcium . . . gvj.
Prepared animal charcoal, as
much as is sufficient.
Macerate the opium for 24 hours with a
quart of the water, and decant. Macerate
the residue for 12 hours with a second
quart of the water ; decant and repeat this
838
FORMULA, &c.
process with the rest of the water, subject-
ing the insoluble residuum to strong ex-
pression. Let the decanted solutions and
expressed liquor be evaporated by a steam
or water heat to the bulk of 1 pint, and
then passed through a calico filter. Pour
in now the chloride of calcium, first dis-
solved in 4 ounces of distilled water,] and
then proceed with the evaporation until
the solution is so far concentrated, that
upon cooling nearly the whole of it becomes
solid. Let this solid matter be enveloped
in a couple of folds of strong calico, and
subjected to powerful pressure, the dark
liquid which exudes being reserved for
subsequent use. The squeezed cake is now
to be acted upon with about half a pint of
boiling water, and the whole being thrown
upon a paper filter, the precipitate must be
well washed. The filtered solution having
been evaporated as before, cooled and
solidified, the residue is to be again sub-
jected to expression. If the product be
not quite white, this process should be
repeated a third time, the liquid foi'ced out
during expression being always presei-ved.
Let the squeezed cake be dissolved in 6
ounces of boiling water, and, if necessary,
cleared by filtration through prepared
animal charcoal, the portion of it soaked
by the filter being carefully washed out of
it ; and to the solution thus obtained let
water of ammonia be added, in slight
excess, and let the 'crystalline precipitate
which forms when the liquor has cooled be
collected on a paper filter, and washed
with cold distilled water until the wash-
ings cease to give a precipitate upon being
dropped into an acid solution of nitra^te of
silver. Lastly, let the filter be transferred
to a porous brick, in order that the
morphia it contains may become dry.
The liquids separated by expression from
the muriate of morphia, in the preceding
process, having been diluted with water so
as to occupy the bulk of 4 ounces, and then
supersaturated slightly with ammonia, let
the precipitate which forms be collected
after the lapse of 6 hours on a filter, and
washed with a little cold water. This, if
redissolved in dilute muriatic acid, boiled
with a little animal charcoal, and filtered,
will, upon cooling, afford a crystalline de-
posit, from which, when pressed, dissolved
in water, and supersaturated with ammonia,
an additional quantity of morphia will be
procured.
MoHPHi^ ACETAS. Acetate of
morphia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is dissolved in water and in
rectified spirit. Then, when the spirit has
been distilled, it goes into crystals which
perish in the fire. Nitric acid being added, it
first reddens and afterwards becomes yellow.
Tincture of sesquichloride of iron affects it
with a blue colour. Recently prepared
chlorine being first added, and afterwards
ammonia, a brown colour arises, which,
when more of the chlorine shall have been
added, flies off. Morphia is thrown down
by the solution of potash which, being
added in an excess, it is dissolved again.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take of muriate of morphia any con-
venient quantity. Dissolve it in fourteen
times its weight of warm water, and, when
the solution is cool, add aqua ammonias
gradually, and with constant agitation,
until there is a permanent but faint odour
of ammonia in the fluid. Collect the preci-
pitate on a calico filter, wash it moderately
with cold water, and dissolve it by means
of a slight excess of pyroligneous acid in
twelve parts of warm water for eveiy part
of muriate of moi"phia that was used. Con-
centrate the solution over the vapour-bath,
and set it aside to crystallize. Drain and
squeeze the ciystals, and diy them with a
gentle heat. More acetate of morphia may
be obtained on concentrating the mother-
liquor.
Note. — One hundred measures of a so-
lution of ten grains in half a fluidounce
of water and five minims of acetic acid,
heated near to 212° and decomposed by a
faint excess of ammonia, yield by agita-
tion a precipitate which, in twenty-four
hours, occupies 15'5 measures of the
liquid.
FORMULA, &c.
839
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Morphia, iu fine powder ^.
Rectified spirit. . . f ^^viij.
Acetic acid of commerce (sp. gr. 1044)
f 3ivss, or as much as is suflicient.
Pour the spirit on the morphia, and,
applying heat, gradually add the acetic
acid, until a neutral or slightly-acid solu-
tion is obtained. Let this be evaporated to
the consistence of a syrup, by a steam or
water heat, and then set by for a few days,
imtii it solidifies. In operations on the
great scale it will be worth while to remove
the spirit by distillation.
Med. Uses. — Dose, from one-eighth gr.
to one-fourth gr. The advantage of this
preparation over opium is that it occasions
neither headache nor sickness.
Morphia hydrochlokas. Ift/-
drochlorate of morphia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note.— lt is dissolved in rectified spirit
and in water. That which is thrown down
from this water by nitrate of silver is
neither all dissolved by ammonia, unless
added in excess, nor by hydrochloric nor
nitric acid being added. It corresponds to
the acetate of morphia as regards the rest
above noted.
Edin
murias.
9 Opium ^jj.
Water Oviij.
Muriate of lime. . , . Jj., or
a slight excess.
Macerate the opium in fragments for
twenty-four hours in two pints of water •
and separate the infusion, squeezing well
the residue. Repeat the maceration suc-
cessively with two pints more of the
water, till the whole is made use of.
Concentrate the whole infusions over a
vapour-bath, to one pint, and add the
muriate of lime dissolved in four fluid-
ounces of water. Set the whole aside to
settle; pour off the liquid; wash the
sediment with a little water, adding the
'trashings to the liquid. E%'aporate the
liquid sufficiently in the vapour-bath for
Ph. 1841. M(yrji}d(B
It to solidify on cooling. Subject the
cooled mass to very strong pressure in a
cloth ; i-e-dissolve the cake in a suffi-
ciency of warm distilled water; add a
little fine powder of white marble, and
filter ; acidulate the filtered fluid with a
very little muriatic acid ; and concentrate
a second time in the vapour-bath for crys-
tallization. Subject the crystals again
to very strong pressure in a cloth. Repeat
the process of solution, clarification by
marble and muriatic acid, concentration,
and crystallization, until a snow-white mass
be obtained.
On the small scale, trouble and loss
are saved by decolorizing the solution
of muriate of morphia by means of a
little purified animal charcoal after two
crystallizations. But on the large scale
it is better to purify the salt by repeated
crystallizations alone, and to treat all the
expressed fluids, except the first, in the
same way with the original solution of
impure muriate of morphia. An additional
quantity of salt may often be got from the
first dark and resinous fluid obtained by
expression, on merely allowing it to remain
at rest for a few months, when a little
muriate of morphia may be deposited in an
impure condition.
The opium, which yields the largest
quantity of precipitate by carbonate of soda,
yields muriate of morphia not only in
greatest proportion, but likewise with the
fewest crystallizations.
Note. — Snow-white; entirely soluble;
solution colourless ; loss of weight at 212°
not above 13 per cent. ; 100 measures of a
solution of ten grains in half a fluidounce
of water, heated near to 212°, and decom-
posed with agitation by a faint excess of
ammonia, yield a precipitate which in
twenty-four hours occupies 12-5 measures
of the liquid.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Morphias mu-
rias.
9* Morphia, in fine powder . 1^.
Pure muriatic acid . . . f 3iv8s,
or a sufficient quantity.
Distilled water . . . , ^iiss.
840
FORMULA, &c.
Mix the acid with the water, heat to
about 200°, and add the morphia, con-
stantly stiiTing, so that a solution may be
foi-med, having a slightly acid reaction.
Set this to cool for 12 hours, and let the
crystals which separate be drained cf the
liquor which surrounds them, and dried on
blotting-paper. The decanted liquor will,
by further concentration and cooling, give
additional crystals.
Med. Use — In all cases where opium is
advisable.
Dose. — ^ to ^ a grain.
MoRPHiiE lODiDUM. Iodide of
morphia.
9' Dry acetate of morphia 120 parts.
Cold distilled water. . 960 „
Iodide of potassium . . 60 „
Dissolve the acetate of morphia in the
water, aiding the solution by adding a few
drops of acetic acid. Then filter the solu-
tion and add the iodide of potassium, pre-
viously dissolved in a small quantity of
water. After s, short time the iodide of
morphia will crystallize out. Larger crys-
tals may be obtained by warming the
solution over a water-bath, and allowing it
to cool slowly.
Morphine sulphas. Sulphate
of morphia.
U. S. Ph. 1840.
B' Morphia, in powder • • • ^".
Distilled water .... Oss.
Diluted sulphuric acid, a sufficient
quantity.
Mix thfe morphia with the water, then
carefully drop in the acid, constantly stir-
ring till the morphia is saturated and dis-
solved. Evaporate the solution by means
of e water-bath, so that it may crystallize
on cooling. Dry the crystals on bibulous
paper.
MORSUH ANTIMONIALIS.
Ph. Saxonica, 1837.
?■ Sugar ^vj.
Water ^iv.
Prepared sulphuret of anti-
mony ...... ^.
Cinnamon powder ... ^iv.
Boil the sugar in the water to a tabular
consistence, jthen mix in the other ingi-e-
dients, put the mass into wooden forms,
and cut while warm into longish tables of
equal size.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
T^' Cinnamon 5ij.
Prepared sulphuret of anti-
mony ^ss.
Sweet almonds, cut and
peeled ..... ,^.
Sugar ,^vij.
Boil with water to the proper consistence,
and make into 16 morsules.
MORSULI AROMATICI.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
9* Sugar Ibj-
Ginger 5j.
Cinnamon . . . . • ^^ss.
Sweet almonds, peeled and
cut ...*.. .^.
Preserved orange-peel • • ^•
Water q. s.
Boil the sugar in the water to a tabular
consistence, then incorporate the other
ingredients and proceed as directed for
Morsuli antimonialis.
MORSULI CITRICI.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
9* Powdered sugar .... ,^iv.
Lemon juice ....
Mix, and make into lozenges.
I-
MORSUi.1 CONTRA STKUMAM.
iPh. Badens. 1841.
B Burnt sponge . . .
• m-
Bicarbonate of soda . .
. ^ss.
Ginger, pow^dered
. 3y-
Cinnamon, powdered
• 3U-
White sugar . , • .
. .^xxx.
Mix, and make into lozenges.
Morsuli contra
VERMES.
'^orm lozenges.
FORMULA, &c.
841
Ph. Danica, 1840.
1^' Worm-seed ^.
Jalap,
Ethiops mineral. . . aa 3iij.
Cinnamon jij.
Sugar • ^vij.
Melt the sugar in rose-water, and then
mix with it the other ingredients, and form
it into morsuli.
MoscHus ARTiFiciAus. Oleum
succini oxidatum. Artificial
musk. Oxidized oil of amber.
Resin of amber.
Add gradually f3iij of nitric acid to
f^j of oil of amber ; let them stand for 24
hours, and wash the resinous substance
which will be formed with water.
MOXA.
A small combustible body, employed
for producing actual cautery. Moxas
have been applied as counter-irritants in
cases of gout, rheumatism, &c. They are
usually made in the form of small cones
or short cylinders, which are placed on the
skin, ignited, and allowed to burn to the
base.
Chinese moxas.
Prepared from the downy portion of the
leaves of Artemisia sinensis.
European moxas.
Usually made of carded cotton soaked in
solution of nitrate or chlorate of potash.
The pith of the elder-tree or sun-flower is
sometimes used.
MuciiiAGo AMYH. MucHage
of starch.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^' Starch ...... ^s.
Water Oj.
Triturate the starch with a little of the
wat«r ; add the rest of the water gradually ;
then boil for a few minutes.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Starch ^ss.
Water Oss.
Triturate the starch with the water,
gradually added, then boil for a few
minutes.
Med. Use. — As a vehicle for more active
medicines in the form of enema.
MUCILAGO CYDONI^. Muci-
lage of quince.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Quince seeds, not bruised . l^.
Rose-water ^v"j'
Pour the rose-water on the seeds, let
them stand for some hours, occasionally
shaking, and strain.
MuciiiAGO HORDEi. MucHage
of barley.
^ Ground pearl barley . . . ^ss.
Water l*vj.
Triturate the barley with the water
gradually added, then boil for a few
minutes.
MuciLAGO SALEP. MucHagc
of salep.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Salep root, very finely pow-
dered 3J.
Cold water ^^ij.
Warm water ^x.
Pour the cold water on the salep root ;
put in a bottle, and when properly mixed,
add the warm water, and shake the vessel
until cold.
MUOILAGO TRAGACANTH.K.
Mucilage of tragacanth.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
R Tragacanth jij.
Boiling water . . , . f ^x.
Macerate for 24 hours, then triturate to
dissolve the gum, and express through linen
or calico.
Med. Use. — The same as that of the
mixture of acacia.
MUNDICK.
Arsenical iron pyrites are called by this
name among the Cornish miners.
842
FORMULA, &c.
Mustard. Flour of mustard.
The powdered seeds of the white and
black mustard, from which the husks are
separated by sifting. The flour of mustard
of commerce contains wheat flour, and is
coloured with turmeric.
Mustard, ready made, for the
table.
No. 1.
9' Common salt. . . . Ibiss.
Scraped horseradish . . ffij.
Garlic 2 cloves.
Boiling vinegar . . . cong. ij.
Macerate for 24 hours, then strain, and
add,
Flour of mustard q. s. to make it of
the proper consistence.
No. 2.
9 Floui" <>f rai^tard . . . Ibij.
Common salt . . . , Kj.
Vinegar, suflicient to make it of the
proper consistence.
No. 3.
9 Flour of mustard . . . Ibij.
[Common salt .... Ibj.
Tarragon vinegar. . . Oss.
Best vinegar, sufficient to make it of
the proper consistence.
Naphtha.
This term was originally applied to a
species of hydrocarbon, which exudes from
the ground in certain localities in Persia,
Italy, &c. Barbadoes tar is a variety of
this kind of naphtha, to which the term
petroleum is frequently applied. The term
naphtha, however, is now commonly applied
to pyroxylic spirit. The last-named sub-
stance has been prescribed under the name
of naphtha, in cases of incipient phthisis, by
Dr. Hastings. It is used as a substitute
for spirit-of-wine for dissolving resins, and,
mixed with 9 times its volume of rectified
spirit, it forms methylated spirit.
Naphthaline.
A white crystalline volatile substance
obtained in the distillation of coal-tar.
Nakcotine.
One of the proximate constituents of
opium.
Necklaces. Anodyne neck-
laces.
Are formed of the roots of the henbane,
of Job's («ars, of allspice steeped iu
brandy, of jumble-beads, or of elks' hoofs,
cut and strung to suit the fancy of the
quacks who sell, or of the credulous or
superstitious persons who use them. They
were supposed to procure easy dentition
in children, and sleep to persons affected
with fever, but they are now gone almost
out of use.
Nests. Edible birds'-nests.
The nests of a species of swallow
inhabiting the Indian Archipelago; these
nests are formed of a mucous slime se-
creted in the stomachs of these birds,
and thrown up for assisting in building
their nests. They are white or yellow-
ish, diy and hard, of an insipid taste,
something like that of vermicelli.' They
are added to soups to render them thick,
the feathei-s being separated by straining ;
and many virtues have been assigned to
soup thus prepared, especially by the
Chinese, who have been the principal con-
sumers of these nests.
Nickel, Symb. Ni. eq. 28.
A hard, malleable, greyish-white metal.
It occurs chiefly in combination with
arsenic, and associated with iron and
cobalt. It is not used iu medicine ; its
chief consumption is in the manufacture
of German, or Nickel silver, which is an
alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel.
Nicotine. Symb. C^o jjs n.
An alkaloid, liquid and highly poison-
ous, which is obtained by distilling to-
bacco with caustic potash.
Novaegent.
Preparations are sold under this name
for re-silvering plated articles from which
the silver has been worn off, and for
FORMULA, &c.
843
coating copper and other metals with
silver. They consist of solution of oxide
of silver in solution of hyposulphite of
soda, or cyanide of potassium. Sometimes
the solutions thus formed are mixed with
prepared chalk and sold in the form of
powder. The solution is rubbed over the
metal to be coated with a little chalk ; the
powder is moistened with water or spirit,
and then used in like manner.
NOYAUX.
A liqueur made with bitter almonds,
from which it acquires its peculiar flavour.
No. 1.
9' Bitter almonds, blanched ^^iv.
Proof spirit, or gin . . Oij.
White sugar .... ^xij.
Macerate for a fortnight, and strain.
No. 2.
9 Peach or apricot kernels
with the shells, bruised No. 120.
Proof spirit .... Oij.
White sugar .... ^xij.
Macerate for a fortnight, and strain.
No. 3.
^ Bitter almonds . . . ^iv.
Coriander seeds ... 3ij.
Cinnamon,
Mace . .... aa 5J.
Proof spirit, or gin . . Oiv.
White sugar .... |xxiv.
Macerate for a fortnight, and strain.
OliEUM ABSINTHII. OH of
wormwood.
Obtained by distillation from Artemisia
absinthium. Stomachic. Sp. gi-. 0'972.
(Pereira.) lOOlb. fresh herb yield 2
ounces of the oil. (Raybaud.) lOOlb.
dry herb, recent, yield 16 ounces. (Mar-
tins.) lOOlbs. dry herb, one year old,
yield 8"75 ounces. (Bley.)
Oleum acori. Oleum calami
aromatici. Oil of sweet Jiag.
Obtained by distillation from the rhi-
zome of Acoi-us calamus. Sweet scented.
lOOffi. of the fresh rhizome yielded 16
ounces. (Mailius.)
Oleum ^thereum. Ethereal
oil.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Rectified spirit. . . . Oij.
Sulphuric acid. . . . f^xxxvj.
Solution of potash,
Distilled water, of each, . f^,
or as much as may be
sufficient.
Cautiously mix in the acid to the spirit.
Let the liquor distil until a black froth may
arise ; then immediately remove the retort
from the fire. Separate the lighter super-
natant liquor and expose it to the air for
a day. Add the solution of potash previ-
ously mixed with the water to this, and
shake all together. Lastly separate the
well -washed ethereal oil which shall have
subsided.
Note. — The specific weight of this is
1"05. Dropped into water it immediately
falls, the form of a globule being presei-ved.
It is dissolved in ether ; it does not change
the colour of litmus into red.
Med Use. — For the preparation of spts.
aether, sulph. co.
SyNONYME.
Oleum vini. Oil of wine. Lond Ph.
1788.
Oleum aloeticum. Oil of
aloes. (Van Mons.)
^.' Socotrine aloes, any quantity.
Distil it till only a cai'bonaceous mass
remains in the retort, and collect the oil
which passes over into the receiver.
Under the name of Batavian aloetic
oil, Cadet de Gassicourt prescribes this
formula : —
^ Oil of olives Ibj.
Hepatic aloes, in powder,
Myrrh aa ^ij. ,
Olibanum ^ss.
Distil from a sand-bath, in a stone re-
tort.
The product of this operation always
contains a greater or less quantity of em-
pyre umatic oil.
The oil of aloes has been praised as a
vermifuge for children ; it is rubbed twice
or thrice a day upon the umbilical region.
844
FORMULAE, &c.
Olkum amygdala. Oil of al-
monds. Oil of sweet almonds.
Obtained by expression from bitter or
sweet almonds, usually the former. Its
specific gravity appears to vary ; Brandes
found it to be 0-911; Brisson, 0-917;
Saussure, 0-920 at 50° Fahr. The ave-
rage produce is from 48 to 521bs. from
1 cwt of almonds. (Pereira.)
O1.EUM amygdala: amar^.
Oil of bitter almonds. Essential
oil of almonds.
Obtained by submitting bitter almond
cake (left after the expression of the fixed
oil from bitter almonds) to distillation
•with water, either alone or more usually
•with salt, previously leaving the cake to
soak in tlie water for a day or more.
251Bs. of cake yield 2 oz. of oil. It is
used to communicate flavour to confec-
tionery, &c., but should be cautiously em-
ployed, as it is highly poisonous, owing
to the presence of hydrocyanic acid. The
specific gravity of a sample which had
been prepared eight months was 1-0836.
(Pereira.)
Oleum ANETHi. Oil of dill.
Obtained by submitting the bruised
fruit of dill (^Anethum graveolens) with
•water to distillation. Tw^o cwts. of the
fruit yield Bibs. 5 oz. of oil. It is of a
pale-yellow colour. Its specific gravity is
0-881. Its odour is peculiar and pene-
trating, analogous to that of the fruit. Its
taste is hot but sweetish. According to
Sietzmann, 1440 parts of water dissolve
one part of this oil.
Oleum animale empyreuma-
TICUM, Oleum cormt cervi. Ani-
mal oil. Dippel's oil. Rectified
oil of hartshorn.
From oil of hartshorn by a slow distil-
lation, in a small retort, saving only the
first portion that comes over. It is at first
limpid and colourless, but unless secluded
from light it soon becomes discoloured,
and should therefore be kept in opaque
vessels. It is antispasmodic, anodyne, and
diaphoretic in small doses, from 10 to 30
drops in water. In large doses, it acts
as an energetic poison ; externally, it is
irritant.
Oleum animale ..ethekeum.
Loco olei animalis dippelii. Ethe-
real animal oil.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Distil foetid animal oil in a retort placed
in a sand-bath, with a gentle heat, as long
as a thin oil comes over, which is to be
mixed with four parts of water and again
distilled, until colourless or only slightly
yellow. Separate it from the water, and
keep it in small bottles quite full and well
stoppered. It should be clear, free from
colour or only a little yellowish, and of
a grateful odour.
Oleum animale fcetidum.
Oleum cornu cervi. Foetid animal
oil.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
An empyreumatic oil, rather thick, of a
brownish-black colour, opaque, and a foetid
odour.
It is obtained in the distillation of bones,
horn, &c.
Oleum anisi. Oil of aniseed.
Obtained by submitting the fruit of
Pimpinella anisuin, with water, to distil-
lation. Mr. Brande says, that from 1
cwt. of fruit about [2 pounds of oil are
obtained. The greater part of the oil
used in this country is imported from
Germany and the East Indies. When
carefully prepared, it is transparent and
nearly colourless, having a slightly yel-
low tinge. Its specific gravity increases
with its age. According to Martius, when
freshly distilled, its specific gravity was
0*979, but after keeping it for a year and
a half, it had increased to 0*9853. It con-
geals at 50° Fah., and does not liquefy
again under 62°. Spermaceti, which is
said to be sometimes added to oil of anise
to promote its solidification, may be de-
FORMULA, &c.
845
tected hy its insolubility in cold alcohol,
the oil being soluble in all proportions,
SYNONYMES.
Oleum ex seminibus anisi. Lond. Ph,
1721, 1746.
Oleum essentiale anisi. Lond. Ph.
1788.
Oleum anisi stellati. Oleum
badiani. Oil of star -anise. (Illi-
cium anisatum.')
Has the odour and taste of the oil of
aniseeds, but it preserves its fluidity at
35°"6 F. It is said to be sometimes sub-
stituted for the oleum anisi.
Oleum anthemidis. Oleum
chamcemeli. Oil of chamomile.
Obtained by distillation from the flow-
ers and herb of Anthemis nobilis. When
first drawn it is usually of a green colour,
but on exposure to the light and air be-
comes yellowish brown. There is, how-
ever, a variety of chamomile which yields
a bright blue oil, and which is not so
liable to cliange colour as the other, 100
lbs, of the flowers, when recently dried,
yield 5*83 ounces, but when kept twelve
months, only 3 ounces of oil.
SYNONYMES.
Oleum florum chamcemeli. Lond. Ph.
1721.
Oleum essentiale ex florVms chamcemeli.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Oleum anamirt^ cocculi.
Oil of cocculus indicus.
Obtained by digesting the seeds in rec-
tified spirit and evaporating the tincture,
when the oil collects on the surface ; it
has a bright green colour, and contains
picrotoxin, the active principle of the
Oleum akmoraci^. Oil of
horseradish.
Obtained by distillation with water from
the fresh root of Cochlearia armoracia. It
is pale yellow ; heavier than water, and
Tery volatile. Its odour is exceedingly
powerful, and like that of horseradish,
one drop is suflicient to infect a whole
room. Its taste is at first sweetish, then
burning and acrid. It causes inflamma-
tion and vesication when applied to the
skin. It is slightly soluble in water,
easily so in alcohol. 100 lbs. of the fresh
root yield 6*9 oz. of oil. (Kay baud.)
Oleum ARNicaa badicum. Oil
of arnica root.
Codex, Medic. Haniberg. 1845.
Obtained by distillation.
Note. — Yellowish brown, sp. gr. -94,
Ibxvj. yield ,\j. of oil.
Oleum asari. Liquid volatile
oil of asarahacca.
Obtained by submitting the root of
Asarum europa:um to distillation with
water, when three volatile oily matters
are obtained, two of which are solid.
The liquid oil is yellow, glutinous, lighter
than water, and has an acrid, burning
taste, and a penetrating odour like that
of valerian. It is slightly soluble in water,
more so in alcohol, ether, and the oils
(volatile and fixed). Its constituents are
C H« O. (Pereira.)
Oleum asphalti. Oil of as-
phaltum.
Plenck's Pharm.
No. 1.
^ Asphaltum, any quantity.
Let the oil be elicited by dry distilla-
tion, and let this be purified by repeated
distillation.
Pharm. Wirtem.
No. 2.
^ Asphaltum, in powder . . ^^vj.
Decrepitated muriate of soda,
Washed sand . . . . aa ^ix.
Distil ; collect and rectify the oil which
passes over.
846
FOEMUL^, &c.
Oleum aurantii. Oil of
orange flower. Oil of neroli.
Procured from the flowers of both the
bitter and sweet orange (citrus vulgaris
and citrus aurantium), but that from the
former is prefeired. It is obtained by
submitting the flowers, with water, to dis-
tillation, and is found floating on the
water in the receiver. It has an aromatic
and fi-agrant odour somew^hat differing
from that of the flower.
Edin.Ph.l841.
Note. — Aurantii oleum. Volatile oil
of the flowers of citrus vulgaris {Risso,
annates du Museum, xx. D. C.) ; and
sometimes of citrus aurantium. — (Ibid).
Neroli oil.
Oleum aurantii folii. Oil
of orange leaf.
Obtained from the leaves of both the
bitter and sweet orange. This, as well as
the oil obtained from the orange-berries, is
sometimes sold under the name of essence
de petit grain.
Oleum aurantii corticis.
Oil of orange-peel.
Obtained from the rind of the bitter
and the sweet orange. It is used in per-
fumery.
Oleum balatinum. Oil of ben.
(Brugnatelli.)
9 Ben nuts, blanched, any quantity.
Bruise them in a marble mortar with
a wooden pestle; enclose the paste in a
■woollen bag; express without heat, and
strain the oil.
Oleum barosm^ seu diosm^,
Volatile oil of buchu.
Yellowish brown, lighter than water;
odour, that of the leaves.
Oleum belladonn.e. Oil of
deadly nightshade.
In Suabia and Wurtemburgh this oil is
obtained by expression from the berries
of the Atropa belladonm. It is limpid
of a yellow colour, insipid, and without
smell. Its specific gravity is 0-9250 at
62° F. It freezes at 34° F. In its pre-
paration, it is necessary to guard against
the emanations of the oil, which cause
headache. The marc retains much of
the narcotic principle of the fruit, and
would therefore be unfit for giving to
cattle. In Wurtemburgh the oil is used
in lamps. In medicine it is apphed to
bruises. (Dumas.)
Oleum benzoini. Oil of Ben'
jamin.
Obtained by distilling by a strong fire
the residuum left after the sublimation of
benzoic acid. It is used in making an
imitation of Russia leather.
Oleum bergamii. Oleum ber-
gamoti. Essence of bergamot..
Volatile oil of bergamot.
It may be obtained either by expression
or by distillation from the rind of the
citrus hergamia. It is of a pale greenish-
yellow, very fragrant, and has a specific
gravity of 0-885. Its composition is
identical with that of oil of lemons, being
C" H*. It is imported from the south of
Europe.
Oleum BETULiE. Birch oil.
Obtained by placing the inner bark of
the birch in an earthen pot, the mouth of
which is inverted over, and luted to, an-
other pot sunk in the ground ; then kind-
ling a fire round the upper pot. The pro-
ducts of the distillation, which consist of
volatile and resinous mattere, are con-
densed and collected in the lower pot,
which serves as a receiver. It is used in
the manufacturing of Russia leather, and
gives to it its peculiar smell.
Oleum bezoardicum. Wedels
oil.
9' Camphor jij.
Oil of almonds .... ^ij.
Oil of bergamot .... jss.
Alkanet root sufficient to colour it.
FORMULiE, &c.
847
Oletim Buxi. Oil of box.
By distillation, from box wood (Buxus
sempervirem) without any addition ; it is
resolvent.
Oleum cacao. Cocoa oil.
Gutter of cacao.
Ph. Batava.
Boast the seeds of Theobroma cacao, or
chocolate nuis, over a gentle fiie, so that
they may be more readily divested of the
skin. Then let them be bruised into
powder, and being enclosed in a linen
bag, let them be exposed to the vapour
of boiling water, and after the vapour has
thus intimately penetrated the whole mass,
let the bag be consigned to a press mode-
rately heated. The butyraceous oil ex-
pressed by these means is to be melted
by a gentle fire, strained through a linen
cloth, and then digested in warm water
for some hours, to purify it from foreign
matter.
Oleum cadinum. Huile de-
cade.
Obtained from Jimiperus oxycedrus,
used as tar.
Oleum cajuputi. Oleum me-
laleiica. Cajuput, or Kyapootie
oil.
It is prepared in the East Indies by dis-
tilling the dry leaves of Melaleuca minor
with water. It is said to be chiefly pre-
pared at Banda. Its colour is green. It
boils at 343.1°. Its composition is C'o
H' O. It is a powerful antispasmodic,
diffusible stimulant, and sudorific, and in
India is much used as a medicine, both
externally and internally.
OiiEUM cantharidis. Oleum
cum cantharidibus. Oil of can-
tharides.
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
^ Cantharides in coarse pow-
'^er S'J-
Olire oil .... . ^vj.
Digest for six hours, with the heat of a
water-bath, then press and filter.
An oil may be obtained from cantharides
by treating the flies with ether, and eva-
porating the solution until the ether has
been di-iven off. This oil contains the
Cantharidine, or active principle of the
fly, and is a powerful vesicatory.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
Oleum canikaridum infusum.
9' Cantharides, powdered . . ^ij,
Olive oil |yiij^
Macerate in the water-bath for 24 hours ;
then strain through linen, press, and filter
through paper.
Oleum camphors. See Lini-
mentum camphorce.
Oleum camphors. Oleum
camphorce nitricatum. Nitric oil
of camphor.
Obtained by dissolving large quantities
of camphor in nitric acid. The solution
separates into two portions ; that which
contains the camphor, and most of the
acid, floats upon the top of the other, in
the form of a very pale yellow-coloured
oily fluid, to which the above name has
been applied. It is soluble in alcohol.
Oleum camphors. Camphor
oil. Liquid camphor.
Obtained by making deep incisions into
the trunk of Dryobalanops aromatica,
with an axe. The oil gushes out, and is
received into bamboes and other proper
vessels. It is sometimes perfectly limpid,
transparent, and colourless ; but it is gene-
rally more or less yellowish or brownish.
Its odour is somewhat analogous to that
of oil of cajuputi, combined with the odour
of camphor and cardamoms. According
to Pelouze, it is composed of C*<*H". By
exposure to air it rapidly oxidizes. It has
been employed in the manufacture of
scented soap.
848
FORMULA, &c.
Oleum cannabis. Oil of
Jiempseed.
This oil is obtained by expression from
the seeds of Cannabis sativa. When fresh
drawn it is greenish-yellow, but becomes
yellow by keeping. Its smell is disagree-
able, but it has little taste. It dissolves
in all proportions in boiling alcohol ; but
cold alcohol dissolves only the 30th of its
weight. At 3° Fahr. it becomes thick, and
at— 17° it freezes like oil of walnuts. It
is used for lamps in Russia and other
countries. It is also used in the manu-
facture of soap, and in varnishes.
Oleum cardamomi. Oil of
<;ardamom seeds.
Obtained by distilling cardamoms with
water.
Oleum cabling. Oleum radi-
■cis carlincB.
Obtained from the root of the carline
thistle ; fragrant : sinks in water.
Oleum carui. Oil of cara-
way.
Obtained by submitting the bruised
fruit of Carum carui to distillation with
water. The quantity obtained from a
given weight of fruit is variable ; accord-
ing to Recluz, about 4*7 per cent., but 5'43
per cent, has been obtained. When fresh
prepared, it is colourless ; but it becomes
yellow and subsequently brown by keep-
ing. It is limpid, and has the aromatic
odour of the fruit and an acrid taste ; its
^specific gravity is 0*9oO. It is aromatic,
stimulant, and carminative.
SYNONYMES.
Oleum e seminibus carui. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Oleum essentiale ex seminibus carui. —
Lond. Ph. 1746. '
Oleum essentiale carui. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
Oleum cariophyllorum. Oil
of cloves.
Obtained by submitting cloves (Jthe un-
€xpanded flowers of Caryophyllus aro-
maticus) to repeated distillation with
water. It is one of the least volatile, and
most difficult to distil of all the volatile
oils. It has the well-known smell of
cloves, and a hot disagreeable taste. It
is colourless or light yellow when fresh,
but the colour deepens by keeping, and at
length becomes a dark brown. Its specific
gravity varies from 1-055 to 1-061. It is
soluble in alcohol, ether, and concentrated
acetic acid. On an average cloves yield
(when subjected to repeated cohobations)
from 17 to 22 per cent, of volatile oil.
It is sometimes used to relieve toothache,
but its more frequent use is as an addition
to purgatives.
Oleum cAssiiE. Oil of cassia.
Oil of Chinese cinnamon.
Obtained from cassia-lignea by distilla-
tion with water. Its properties and com-
position, together with its effects and
uses, are similar to those of oil of cinna-
mon, to which, however, it is inferior in
odour and flavour. It is usually of a pale
yellow colour. About 12 oz. of oil are
obtained from 100 lbs. of bark.
Oleum cebadill^. Oil of
cebadilla.
Is a green fatty matter procured from
the Asagraia officinalis ; it is lighter than
water, and has a faint, somewhat rancid
taste.
Oleum cedri. Oleum citri.
Oil of cedrat. Essence of cedrat.
(1.) The oil first obtained by distilla-
tion from the yellow part of citron-peel
(^Citrus medico); it is colourless, very
thin and fragrant.
(2.) The second oil obtained by the dis-
tillation of the yellow part of citron-peel ;
greenish; 100 citrons yield 1 oz. of the
white oil, and ^ oz. of the greenish. It
may also be obtained by expression.
Oleum cer^e. Oil of wax.
When bees'-wax is distilled a concrete
substance conies over (butter of wax),
which by re-distillation yields a liquid oil
FORMULA, &c.
849^
(oil of wax). The wax is sometimes mixed
with an equal weight of lime to facilitate
the distillation.
Oleum cetacei. Spermaceti
oil. Sperm oil.
Found ia a large cavity of the upper
jaw of the whale, {Physeter inaerocepha-
lus,) mixed with spermaceti, from which
it is separated by filtration. It is a clear
and remarkably thin oil, and is peculiarly
adapted for heavy machinery, where there
is very rapid motion, as it does not be-
come thick and viscid, like some other
oils. It is also much used for burning,
as it gives a good light, and produces veiy
little smell. A gallon of the oil weighs
about 8J lbs.
Oledm chartje. Oil of paper.
Hag oil.
Bate directs this oil to be made by
burning paper on a tin plate, and collect-
ing the oil which is condensed on the
cold metal. A better arrangement than
this might be contrived for collecting the
oil. It was formerly much esteemed as
a remedy for alopecia, or the falling off
of the hair; also for toothache, earache,
&c.
Oleum cbleeophtlli. Oil of
chervil.
(Pharm. Wirtera.)
9 Fresh herb of chervil . 25 parts.
Water 75 „
Muriate of soda ... 3 „
Macerate for 3 days, then distil, and
separate the oil from the water.
Oleum chenopodii. (U. S.)
Oil of wormseed.
This oil is distilled from the Chenopo-
dium anthelminticum, and is peculiar
to the United States. When recently
distilled, it is of a light yellow colour, but
becomes deeper, and even brownish, by
age. It possesses in an eminent degree
the peculiar flavour of the plant. Its
specific gravity is 0-908. It is used as an-
anthelmintic, in doses of from 4 to 8 drops
for a child, morning and evening, for 3 or
4 days, followed by a brisk cathartic.
Oleum cinnamomi. Oleum
cinnamomi veri. Oil of ci?ina-
mon.
Obtained in Ceylon by macerating the
inferior pieces of the bark of Cinnamo-
mum zeylanicum reduced to a coarse
powder, in sea-water for a few days, when
it is submitted to distillation. As im-
ported, the colour of the oil varies from
yellow to cherry-red. The paler varieties
are most esteemed ; hence London drug-
gists frequently submit the red variety to
distillation, when 2 pale yellow oils are
obtained ; 1 lighter, (amounting to about
J of the whole,) the other heavier than
water. The loss by this process is about
10 per cent. The quantity of oil obtained'
from 1 1 lbs. of bark is 1 oz.
Oleum citriflorum. Oil of
citron flowers.
Obtained by distillation from the flowers
of the Citrus medica. It is amber coloured'
and slightly fragrant. 60lbs. of the
flowers yield 1 oz. of oil.
Oleum cocois nucifbr^. Oil
of cocoa-nut. Butter of cocoa-
nut.
This oil is obtained by expression from,
the kernel of the cocoa-nut, the fruit of
the Cocos mtcifera. It is white, and of a
pretty hard consistence. Of late years it
has been employed, in considerable quan-
tity, in this country, in the manufacture of
soap, as a substitute for tallow. It con-
tains elain and stearin, the latter of which
is used as a substitute for wa.^c in making
candles ; for which, on account of the high
temperature requisite to fuse it, it answers
very well.
Oleum de colza. Oil of colza.
This is a superior kind of rape-seed oil,
extracted from the seeds of a variety of.
the £ra$sica campestris. It is used in*
3 I
850
FORMULiE, &c.
lamps, and has a specific gravity of 0'9136
at 59°. The seeds yield 39 per cent, of
their weight of oil.
Oleum conii. Oil of hemlock.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Fresh leaves of hemlock . . Ibj.
Olive oil Ibij.
Bruise the leaves, and heat them with
the oil over a slow fire, till the moisture of
the herb is driven off, then digest them for
two hours, and strain, press, and filter.
Oleum contra t^niam cha-
BERTi. ChauberCs oil for tape-
worm.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Oil of turpentine .... ,^xij.
Foetid animal oil ... . jiv.
Put them in a glass retort, and distil 12
ounces with a gentle heat, and pour it
immediately into small well-stopped bot-
tles.
Note. — It should be of a slightly yellow
colour.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
1^ Oil of turpentine .... ffij.
Oil of hartshorn . . . • ^iv-
Distil together with a moderate heat,
until ^xij have passed over.
Note. — Yellowish, afterwards of a
brownish colour, having a highly disagree-
able, turpentine odour.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
Oleum chaberti,
^ Crude oil of hartshorn . . ^.
Turpentine ..... ^iij.
Mix and distil ^iij ,
To be kept in stoppered bottles, in the
dark.
Oleum copaib-e. Essential oil
of copaiba.
Obtained by distilling balsam of copaiba
with water. When most of the water has
passed over, heat it, return it to the still,
and resume the distillation; repeat this
process so long as a sensible quantity of ov"
passes over with the water. From 249lBs.
of balsam, 1281bs. of volatile oil, and 120lbs.
of resin were obtained. When rectified
and freed from water by means of chloride
of calcium, it has a specific gravity of
0*878. It is colourless, but possesses
an acrid taste, and an aromatic peculiar
odour.
Oil of copaiba is isomeric with oil of
turpentine, being composed of C'll^.
This oil is preferred by some practitioners
to any other preparation of the balsam, in
doses of from 10 to 20 drops, which may
be gradually increased. It may be taken
on a lump of sugar.
Oleum coeiandri. Volatile
oil of coriander.
Obtained by distillation from the fruit of
Coriandrum sativum. It is yellowish,
and possesses the medicinal qualities,
taste, and agreeable odour of the cori-
ander.
Oleum coryli. Hazel-nut oil.
Nut oil.
Is obtained from the hazel-nut, the
fruit of Corylus avellana. It is a very fine
oil, sometimes substituted for oil of ben ; it
is used by painters as a vehicle for their
colours.
Oleum oroci. Volatile oil of
saffron.
Obtained by distilling saffron with
water. It is yellow, heavier than water,
has a burning acrid taste, and is somewhat
soluble in water. By keeping, it becomes
white, solid, and lighter than water. It is
probable that upon it depend the medicinal
properties of the saflfron.
Oleum crotonis. Oleum Hglii.
Croton oil.
This oil is obtained by expression from
the seeds of Croton tiglium. It is partly
imported from the East Indies, partly ex-
pressed in London. The seeds yield about
30 per cent, of oil, though double this
quantity may be obtained by exhausting
; FORMULA, &e.
861
them with alcohol or ether. As met with
in commerce, it varies from a pale straw-
colour to a dark brown. The specific
grayity of diiferent specimens varies from
0-947 to 0-953 at 60°.
When genuine, this oil is perfectly solu-
ble in an equal bulk of alcohol, specific
gravity '796, at ordinary temperatures.
It is one of the most active drastic purga-
tives. Its virtue has been stated to be due
to a peculiar volatile acid (crotonic acid)
which exists in a free, and also in a com-
bined, state in the oil. I have, however,
found this acid to possess none of the acrid
properties of the oil.
Oleum cumini. Oleum cymini.
Oil of cummin.
Obtained by submitting the fruit of
Cuminum cyminum to distillation with
water. 16 cwts. of fruit yield about
1441bs. of oil. As usually met with, it is
pale yellow and limpid. Its smell is dis-
agreeable; its taste very acrid. It con-
sists of 2 oils, 1 a carbo-hydrogen, called
cumen or cymen, C'*H*^; the other, an
oxygenated oil, called hydruret of cumyl,
C«'H'»0»+H. It is in the volatile oil that
the peculiar properties of cumin reside.
Oleum cuBEBiE. Volatile oil
of cubehs. Oil of cubebs.
Prepared by grinding the fruit of Piper
cubeba, and distilling it with water. Cu-
bebs yield about 10"5 per cent, of a trans-
pai-ent, slightly coloured (when pure,
colourless) volatile oil, having a specific
gravity 0"929. It has the odour of cu-
bebs, ;md a hot, aromatic, bitter taste. It
is composed of carbon and hydrogen in the
same proportions as in oil of turpentine, but
its foi-mula is C'H'"'', being half as much
again as oil of turpentine. Oil of cubebs
is an excellent and most convenient substi-
tute for the powder, in doses of from 10 to
12 drops, gradually increased.
Oleum digitalis. Oil of fox-
glove.
Codex, Ph. FranQ. 1839.
Made from foxglove by a similar process
to that for oleum conii.
Oleum ergots. Oil of ergot.
Obtained by submitting the ethereal
tincture of ergot, {Secale comutum,) pro-
cured by percolation, to evaporation at a
gentle heat. Its colour is reddish-brown.
Its taste is slightly acrid. It is lighter
than water, and insoluble in alcohol.
Oleum exestrense. Exeter
oil.
Lond. Ph. 1677.
^ Green oil of elder . . . Ibxvj.
Euphorbium, Mustard,
Castor, Pyrethrium . . aa ^.
The original formula had 31 ingre-
dients, which were to be infused in wine
and oil, but it is now seldom made. The
green oil of elder is usually substituted for
it.
Oleum fagi. Beech-nut, or
beech-mast oil.
Obtained by expression from the frait of
Fagus sylvatica. This is a very clear oil,
and keeps well. Its specific gravity is
0-9225. When fresh, it is a little acrid,
which property it however loses by age or
boiling water. It is used in France in
cooking, and also for burning. It is some-
times eaten with salads.
Oleum fceniculi. Oleum fce-
niculi dulcis. Oil of sweet fennel.
Obtained by submitting the bruised fruit
of Foeniculum duke to distillation with
water. 19 cwt. of the fruit (shorts) yield
73fbs. of oil. (Pereira.) This oil is more
agreeable, both in taste and smell, than
that obtained from wild fennel. .It is sti-
mulant and carminative, but is seldom
used. The dose is from 2 to 20 drops.
Oleum fgeniculi vulgaris.
Oil of common, wild, or bitter
fennel.
This is a pale yellow, limpid oil; spe-
cific gravity 0-997; and having the pe-
3 I 2
852
FORMULiE, &c.
culiar odour of the fruit. When cooled
below 50° it crystallizes. 2 kinds of
crystals are formed, the 1 in large plates,
heavier than water, and much less volatile
than the second, which is lighter than
water, and passes over first when both
are distilled together ; the first is isomeric
with oil of anise or C^"!!^©, the second with
oil of turpentine COH^.
Oleum rcENUGRiEci. Oil of
fcenugreek seeds.
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
Made from foenugreek seeds by a similar
process to that for Oleum cum canthari-
dibus.
Oleum filicis maris. Oleum
Jilicis. Extractuvi Jilicis cethe-
reum, seu halsamum Jilicis. Oil
of male fern.
Obtained by evaporating an ethereal
tincture. A pound of the rhizome yielded
Soubeiran an ounce and a half of thick
black oil, having the aromatic odour of
fern. It may also be prepared from the
buds. By substituting alcohol for ether,
12 or 13 drachms of oil can be obtained
from 2§lbs. of the rhizome.
Oleum formicarum. Oil of
ants.
(Niemann.)
9 Ants ^iv.
Olive oil 'i^,
Digest in a moderate heat for 20 days,
smd strain.
Oleum fuliginis. Oil of wood
soot.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Obtained by distillation from wood soot.
It is foetid, formerly used in epilepsy.
Oleum galbani. Oil of gal-
hanum.
Ph. Borussica, 1847
9 Galbanum, cut in pieces . Ibij.
Water ...... Ibxvj.
Distil, in a retort, as long as the oil
comes over free from empyreuma, then
separate it.
Note. — It should be of a light yellow
colour.
Oleum gaultheri^. (U. S.)
Oil of partridge berry.
This oil is used in the United States,
and is prepared chiefly in New Jersey. It
is directed by the Pharmacopoeia to be pre-
pared by distillation from the leaves of the
Gaultheria procumbens ; but the whole
plant is usually employed. When fresh
it is nearly colourless, but as found in the
shops it is of a brownish-yellow or reddish
colour. It has a sweetish, slightly pungent,
peculiar taste, and a very agreeable charac-
teristic odour, by which it may be readily
distinguished from all other officinal oils.
It is the heaviest of the known essential
oils, having a specific gravity of 1'173. Its
boiling point is 412°. It is used chiefly on
account of its pleasant flavour to cover the
taste of other medicines.
It is said to have the composition
(C* H3 0 + C* H* 05 (which is that of
salicylate of oxide of inethyle.
Oleum guaiaci. Oil ofgua-
iacum.
Fill a capacious retort with guaiacum
raspings, lute a receiver to it, and gra-
dually apply the heat of a sand-bath until
a thick empyreumatic oil shall have come
over.
Oleum hedeom^. (U. S.)
Oil of pennyroyal.
This, although analogous in properties
to the European pennyroyal, {Mentha
pulegium,) is derived from a distinct
plant, {Hedeoma pulegiodes,) peculiar to
North America. It has a light yellow
colour, with the odour and taste of the
herb. Its specific gravity is 0'948. It
may be used as a remedy for flatulent
cholic, to correct the operation of giiping
medicines, and to impart flavour to
mixtures. The dose is from two to ten
drops.
FORMULAE, &c.
853
Oleum helianthi. Oil of
sunfloioer.
This is extracted from the seeds of
Helianthus annuus. It is limpid, of a
yellow colour, an agreeable odour, and
slight taste. It freezes at 60° Fahr. Its
specific gravity is 0*9262 at 59°. It is
used as food, and for burning.
Oleum hyoscyami. Oil of
henbane.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
Made from henbane by a similar process
to that for Oleum conii.
Oleum hyperici. Balsamum
hyperici simplex. Oil of St.
JohrCs wort.
9 Flowers of St. John's wort, ^iv.
Olive oil IBij.
Infuse till the oil is well coloured, then
strain.
Oleum HYssopi. Oil of hyssop.
Obtained by distillation from Hyssopus
officinalis. Two cwt. yielded six ounces
of oil. It is aromatic, stimulant, and
carminative.
Oleum ioduretum. loduretted
ml.
No. 1.
^ Iodine gr. Ixxv.
Oil of almonds . . , ^xxij.
Mix the iodine with the oil and heat the
mixture over a water-bath, in an open
vessel, until the iodine has dissolved and
its colour disappeared.
No. 2.
9 Iodine 5 parts.
Oil of almonds . . 1000 „
Dissolve the iodine in the oil and pass a
jet of steam through it, until the uiixtui-e
is deprived of colour. Five parts more of
iodine may now be added, and the mixture
again decolorized as before. The oil is
now to be washed with a weak alkaline
solution to remove any acid, and finally
filtered.
This oil was proposed as a substitute for
cod-liver oil, on the assumption that the
efficacy of the latter depended on the
presence of iodine. Its use has not justified
the expectations that were formed of it.
Oleum jasmini. Oil of jas-
mine. Essence of jasmine.
Obtained by distillation from the flowers
of Jasminum grandiflorum, not picked
from their cups ; yielded in very small
quantity; highly fragrant; brought from
the East Indies. Oil of jasmine is also
made by putting jasmine flowers between
layers of wool saturated with olive oil, in a
covered vessel, exposed to the sun, and
afterwards pressing out the oil when it has
absorbed the volatile oil of the flowers.
The Essence is also said to be made by
mixing the oil last described with spirit,
allowing them to stand together for some
time, frequently shaking them, and then
separating the spirit from the oil. This
method is said to afford an essence more
highly charged with the aroma of the
flowers than that obtained by distillation.
Oleum jatroph^ curcadis.
Oleum infernale. Oil ofjatropha
curcas.
Prepared by expression from the seeds
of Jatropha curcas. It is a drastic pur-
gative resembling in its properties croton
oil, and in large doses is an energetic
poison. In India it is used for lamps.
Oleum jecoris aselli. Oleum
morrhucB. Cod liver oil.
This oil is obtained from the livers of
the common cod, (^Gadus morrhua,) by
exposing them to the sun, when, as the
livers corrupt, the oil runs from them,
and is collected in a vessel set to receive
it ; after which it is filtered and exported.
As thus prepared it is of a dark-brown
colour, owing to the presence of some of
the solid matters of the fish in a state of
decomposition. But it may be prepared
nearly colourless, by exposing the fresh
livers of the fish to tlie heat of a stove
not exceeding 200* Fahr., in an eaiihea
854
FORMULJE, &c.
pan, or other vessel, when the oil runs
out, and may be collected and filtered to
separate any solid particles. Cod liver
oil aontains a trace of iodine and bro-
mine, which, however, is too small to be
of any activity as a medicine. It is em-
ployed internally as a remedial agent in
rheumatism and scrofula, and especially in
phthisis, for which it is probably the most
valuable remedial agent ever known.
Oleum morrhucB cum quina.
Cod-liver oil with quinine.
Mr. Bastick has suggested a solution of
quinine in cod-liver oil, which is sometimes
used by medical men. It is prepared as
follows ; — Pure quinine (obtained by pre-
cipitating a solution of sulphate of quinine
with ammonia, collecting the precipitate,
washing and finally drying it) is added, in
'fine powder, to cod-liver oil, in the pro-
portion of about 2 grains to the ounce, and
exposing the mixture to the heat of a water-
bath, stirring it constantly until the quinine
is dissolved.
Some of the quinine is precipitated from
this solution after it has been kept for some
time,
OiiEUM juGLANDis. Oleum nu-
■ cum juglandis. Oil of walnuts.
Obtained by expression from walnuts,
the fruit of Jttglans regia. It makes
good plaisters, but will not keep ; used
by painters, it is very drying; 90 lbs.
avoir, of kernel yield 20 to 24 quart bot-
tles of oil. When cold-drawn it is eaten
with salads.
OiiEUM juNiPERi. Oil of ju-
niper.
This oil is obtained by submitting the
fruit, tops, or wood of Juniperus covi-
mmm to distillation with water. The
full-grown green fruit yields more than
the ripe fnait, for in the act of ripening a
portion of the oil becomes converted into
resin. It is limpid and colourless, or has
a slight shade of yellow. Its specific
gravity is 0*911. It has the well-known
smell and taste of juniper berries. Spirit
impregnated with it constitutes the well-
known Geneva of the Dutch. It is said
to be sometimes adulterated with oil of
turpentine. This fraud may be detected
by taking the specific gravity of the oil,
which would be lighter than that above
given, if mixed with oil of turpentine.
According to Blanchet, it consists of two
isomeric oils; one colourless and more
volatile, sp. gr. 0'8392 ; the other coloured
and less volatile, sp. gr. 0-8784. The
composition of oil of juniper is analogous
to that of oil of turpentine, being C" H^.
The physiological efiects of oil of juniper
are similar to those of the terebinthinate
substances.
SYNONYMES.
Oleum e baccis juniperi. Lond. Ph.
1721.
Oleum cssentiale e baccis juniperi. Lond.
Ph. 1746.
Oleum xapidum prunarum.
Oil of plum-stones.
This is extracted by expression from the
kernels of the common plum {Prvmis
domestica). It is limpid, of a yellowish-
brown colour, inodorous, and possesses a
taste analogous to that of oil of almonds.
At 60° its specific gravity is 0-9127 ; it
freezes at 16°. It easily goes rancid. It
is one of the best oils for burning.
Oleum lateritium. Oil of
bricks.
Heat bricks to redness, and quench
them in olive oil ; when they have im-
bibed the oil as much as they will, break
them into small pieces, put them into a
retort, and distil with the heat of a sand-
bath. The oil which passes over is to be
separated and preserved.
Oleum lathyris. Oil of gar-
den spurge.
From Euphorbia lathyris. Cathartic,
dose from gutt. iv. to viii. ; 14 oz. of seeds
yield 6 oz. of oil, by pressure.
FORMULA, «S;c.
8o5
Oleum lauri. Oleum lauri-
num. Oil of bay.
Obtained from either tlie fresh or dried
berries of Laurus nobilis • from the former
by bruising and boiling, then pressing
through a sack ; the oil floats on the sur-
face, and when cold is of a butyraceous
consistence. It is obtained from the dried
berries, by exposing them to the vapour
of water until thoroughly soaked, and then
rapidly pressing them between heated
metfillic plates. By the latter method they
3rield one-fifth of their weight of oil. It
is imported in barrels from Trieste. It
has a greenish colour and the odour of the
berries. It is occasionally employed in
sprains and bruises, but its principal use is
in veterinary medicine.
Oleum lauri volatile. Vola-
tile oil of laurel berries. Oil of
sweet bay.
Is obtained by distilling the berries
with water. The crude oil is pale yellow,
transparent, readily soluble in alcohol and
ether. By redistillation it yields two iso-
meric oils, (C** H'*0,) one having a spe-
cific gravity of 0-857, the other 0-885,
while a brown balsamic matter remains in
the retort.
Oleum lauho-cerasi. Volatile
oil of the cherry laurel.
By distillation with water, cherry laurel
leaves yield a volatile oil and a distilled
water {aqua lauro-cerasi) . Cherry-laurel
oil is pide yellow, heavier than water, and
like the volatile oil of bitter almonds con-
tains hydrocyanic acid and hydruret of
"benzoyls. When exposed to air it attracts
oxygen and deposits benzoic acid; oil of
vitriol colours it red. It appears to be a
weaker poison than the oil of bitter
almonds, with which, according to Robi-
quet, it agrees in all its chemical proper-
ties.
Oleum LAVANDULiK. Oleum
lavandulce verce. English oil of
lavender.
Prepaied by distilling lavender flowers
with water. It has a pale yellow colour,
a hot taste, and very fragrant odour. Its
specific gravity varies from 0-877 to 0-9 05.
The lightest is the best. Its formula is
C's H»* 0*. One pound of oil is obtained
from 50lbs, to 701bs. of the flowers.
When the stalks and leaves are distilled
with the flowers, the odour of the oil is
considerably deteriorated. Its chief use
is as a perfume, though medicinally it is
stimulant and stomachic, in doses of from
gtt. ij to gtt. V.
BYNONYMES.
Oleum flwum lavandulce. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Oleum essentiale ex floribus lavendulce.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Oleum essentiale lavendulce. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
Oleum limonum. Essential
oil of lemon-peel. Essence of
lemons.
This oil is usually procured by expres-
sion from the rind of the lemon, the fruit
of the Citrus limonum, and is then some-
what turbid and liable to undergo change
by keeping, owing to the mucilaginous
matter which it contains in solution. It
may also be obtained by distillation, when
it is pure and not so liable to change from
keeping, but its flavour is less pleasant and
sweet. It is imported chiefly from Portu-
gal and Italy, though some is procured in
France. When quite pure it is colourless,
fragrant, and limpid, and has a specific
gravity of 0-847 at 70° F. It is soluble
in all proportions in absolute alcohol, but
spirit of wine, of the specific gravity of
0-847, dissolves only 14 per cent, of it at
60". Oil of lemons is isomeric with oil
of turpentine, being composed of C"* H*.
Oleum liliarum. (P. L.
1679.) Oil of white lilies.
Obtained by infusing the flowers of
Lilium candidum in olive oil, exposbg it
to the sun for a week, and then straining.
Oleum uni. Linseed oil.
Obtained by expression from the ripe
-856
FORMULA, &c.
seeds of the Linum usitatissinum or com-
mon flax, which furnish about 22 per
cent, of their weight of it. It is usually
amber-coloured, but may be rendered quite
■colourless. It becomes solid at 3°, pro-
vided that temperature be continued for
several days. It dissolves in 5 times
its weight of boiling alcohol, in 40 of cold
alcohol, and in 1'6 times its weight of
ether. It is principally employed by
painters for the mixing of colours, as,
when exposed to air, it has the property
of drying into a hard transparent varnish,
which change is greatly facilitated by boil-
ing the oil either with or without litharge,
-sugar of lead, or white vitriol. Medici-
nally, linseed oil is rarely employed in-
•ternally. Its most ordinary use is for the
preparation of liniriientum calcis.
Oleum lumbricorum. Oil of
earth-worms.
Edin. Ph. 1744.
9' Earth-worms, washed . . . Ibss.
Olive oil Oiss.
White wine Oss.
Boil them together gently, until the
wine is evaporated, then strain the oil.
This oil was originally made by sub-
mitting earth-worms to distillation in a
retort.
Oleum lupuli. Oil of hops.
A greenish-yellow oil, having the smell
and taste of hops. It may be obtained by
■distilling hops with water, or by treating
■them with ether. It has a sp. gr. '9 10.
By keeping it becomes converted into a
kind of resin.
Oleum macidis. Oleum tnacis
•essentiale. Essential oil of mace.
Procured by submitting mace (the
arillics of Myristica officinalis) with water
to distillation. It is colourless, or pale
yellow, lighter than water, and has the
favour and odour of mace. Its compo-
sition, effects, and uses, are similar to
ihose of oil of nutmegs.
Oleum madi. Oil of madia
saliva.
Obtained by expression from the seeds
of Madia sativa. It is of a more agreeable
flavour than the oils obtained from some
other oleiferous plants. The seeds yield
about 20 per cent, of oil.
Oleum marjoran^. Oil of
sweet marjoram.
Obtained by submitting the herb {Mar-
jorana hortensis) to distillation with water.
It is pale yellow, or brownish. It pos-
sesses the strong odour and taste of the
marjoraA. It is tonic aud stimulant;
851bs. of fresh herbs yield 3 oz. 6 dr.
Oleum meliss^e. Oil of balm.
Obtained from Melissa officinalis by
distillation with water. It is of a pale
yellow colour, and has the peculiar odour
of balm. Its specific gravity is 0"975,
Oil of lemon is said to be frequently-
substituted for it. It is tonic and stimu-
lant.
Oleum mentile riPEKiTiE.
Oil of peppermint.
Is obtained by distilling the fresh herb
{^Mentha piperita') with water. It is co-
lourless, or nearly so, sometimes having a
pale yellow or greenish tint, but becoming
reddish by age. It has the penetrating
odour of the plant, and a burning aromatic
taste, followed by a sensation of cold. Its
specific gravity is 0-902. It boils at 365°
Fahr., and consists, according to Kane, of
Q2i JJ20 Q2^ In a -warm, dry, and favourable
season, the produce of oil, from a given
quantity of fresh herb, is twice as great as
it is in a wet and cold season. The largest
produce is 3J drachms of oil from 2 pounds
of fresh peppermint, and the smallest about
1^ drachm from the same quantity. English
oil of peppermint is superior to the foreign.
It is carminative, stimulant, and antispas-
modic.
SYNONYMES.
Oleum essentiale c foliis menthcE pipe-
ritidis.—Loni. Ph. 1746.
Oleum essentiale menthce piperitidis. —
Lond. Ph. 1788.
FORMULA, &c.
857
Oleum menth^ pu-LEGii. Oil
of pennyroyal.
Is obtained from Mentha pulegmm. It
has a pale colour, a warm taste, and the
peculiar odour of the herb. It boils at
395° Fahr. Its specific gravity is 0-925.
It is composed, according to Kane, of
C" H» 0. The fresh herb yields from
l-120th to 1-lOOth of its weight of oil.
It is stimulant; carminative, and anti-
spasmodic, and is used as an emmena-
gogue.
SYNONYMKS.
Oleum herhcE pulegii. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
Oleum essentiale ex foliis pulegii. —
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Oleum essentiale pulegii. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
OUEUM MENTHiE VIEIDIS. OH
of spearmint.
Procured in the same manner as the oil
of peppermint from Mentha viridis. It
is of a pale yellow colour, but becomes
reddish by age. It has the odour and
taste of the plant, and is lighter than
water. Its specific gravity is 0*914. It
boils at 320° Fahr., and is composed, ac-
cording to Kane, of C^ H** 0. The
average produce of the essential oil is not
more than the l-500th pai-t of the fresh
herb. It is carminative and stimulant.
SYNONYME8.
oleum herbcE menthte. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Oleum essentiale ex foliis menthce vul-
garis.—Load. Ph. 1746.
Oleum essentiale menthce sativce. — Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Oledm millefolii. Oil of
milfoil flowers.
Obtained by distillation from the flowers
of Achillea millefolium. 14H3s. of the dry
flowers yield 5iij.
Oleum monard^. (U. S.)
Oil of horsemint.
Prepared by distillation from the fresh
herb of the Monarda punctata. It has a
reddish amber colour, a fragrant odour
and a warm, very pungent taste. Exter-
nally it is a powerful rubefacient, even pro-
ducing vesication. Internally it is stimu-
lant and carminative.
Oleum e mucilaginibus.
of mucilages.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Oil
Ibss.
^ Fresh marsh-mallow root ,
Linseed,
Foenugreek seed, aa . . . . ^iij.
Water Ibij.
Olive oil ffiiv.
Boil the bruised seeds and root with
the water for half an hour over a slow fire ;
then add the oil, and boil again until the
water is entirely evaporated, then carefully
decant the oil.
Oleum myristic^ expressum.
Adeps myristicce. Oleum mos-
chatcB. Expressed oil of nutmegs.
Expressed oil of mace.
Prepared by beating the nutmegs to a
paste, which is to be enclosed in a bag,
and then exposed to the vapour of water,
and afterwards . expressing the oil with
heated plates. It is of an orange colour,
firm consistence, and fragrant odour, like
that of the seeds from which it is ob-
tained. It is soluble in 4 parts of boiling
alcohol. It is occasionally employed ex-
ternally in chronic rheumatism and palsy,
(See 01. nucista.)
Oleum myristic^. Oleum
nucis moschatce. Essential oil of
nutmeg.
\ Obtained by distilling together nutmegs
and water. It is usually imported. It is
colourless or pale yellow ; h;is the odour
and taste of nutmegs, and a viscid con-
sistence. By agitation with water it sepa-
rates into two oils, one lighter than the
water, the other heavier. It is seldom
employed medicinally.
858
FORMULiE, &c.
Oleum mtrti essentiale.
Essential oil of myrtle. Essence
of myrtle.
This is a fragrant volatile oil, obtained
by distillation from the flowers and leaves
oi Myrtus communis. lOOlbs. of the fresh
leaves yielded from 2J oz. to 4J oz.
Oleum narcissi. Essence of
jonquil.
Used in perfumery.
Oleum nervinum. Oleum hu-
hulum. Neais-foot oil. Trotter
oil. Nerve oil.
Obtained by boiling neat's feet in water.
Used to soften leather and to oil ma-
chinery. It also forms a very good
hair oil.
Oleum nucis pini. Oil of
stone-pine kernels.
Obtained by expression from the seeds
of the Finns pinea. It grows rank very
soon. 16lbs. of kernels yield 5lbs. of oil.
Oleum nucist^. Oil of nut-
meg.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
A fat oil mixed with a volatile oil, of
the consistence of suet, of a yellow and
white colour, lighter than water, fragrant,
and soluble in hot ether, forming a clear
solution. It is prepared by expression
from the kernels of the Myristica mos-
chata, in the East Indies, whence it is
brought to this country. (See 01. myris-
ttocE expressum.')
Oleum olivjE. Oil of olives.
Salad oil. Sweet oil.
There are four different kinds of olive
oil known in the districts where it is pre-
pared— namely,
No.l.
Virgin oil.
This term is applied, in the district of
Montpelier, to that which spontaneously
separates from the paste of crushed olives.
This oil is not met with in commerce,
being all used by the inhabitants of the
district.
In the district of Aix, the name is
applied to that which is first obtained
from the olives, ground to a paste in a
mill, and submitted to a slight pressm-e
two or three days after collecting the fruit.
A good deal of this oil is found in com-
merce.
No. 2.
Ordinary oil.
In the district of Montpelier, this oil is
prepared by pressing the olives, previously
crushed and mixed with boiling water.
At Aix, the oil is prepared by pressing
the olives which have been used for ob-
taining the virgin oil, to which it is infe-
rior.
No. 3.
Oil of the infernal regions.
(^Oleum omphacinum.)
The water which has been used in the
preceding operations is in some districts
conducted into large reservoirs, where it is
left for many days, during which time any
oil which may have remained in the water
is separated, but it is only fit for burning.
No. 4.
Fermented oil.
Is obtained by leaving the fresh olives
in heaps for some time, and pouring boil-
ing water on them before pressing. This
oil, which is much injured by the process,
is rarely met with in commerce.
Provence oil (Oleum pi-oviiiciale), the
produce of Aix, is most esteemed . Florence
oil is a very fine kind, imported from
Leghorn. Lucca oil is imported in jars
holding 19 gallons each. Genoa oil is
another fine kind. Gallipoli oil is imported
in casks. Sicily and Spanish are inferior
kinds.
As met with in commerce, it is an unc-
tuous fluid of a pale yellow or greenish
hue. When good it has scarcely any
smell. Its taste is bland and mild. Its
FORMUL-a:, &c.
859
specific gmvity at 77^ Pahr. is 0-9109,
according to Saussure. It is soluble in
1^ times its weight of ether, but very
sparingly so in alcohol.
Edin. Pk 1841.
Note. — Oliwm oleum. Expressed oil of
the pericarp of Olea Europea {L. W. Spr.) ;
olive oil.
When carefully mixed with a twelfth of
its volume of solution of nitrate of mer-
cury, prepared as for the Unguentum
citrinum, it becomos in three or four
hours like a firm fixt, without any separa-
tion of liquid oil.
STNONYME.
Olea Euroj^CE oleum fixum. Edin.
Ph. 1839.
Oleum ol,ivakum oxygen-
ATUM. Oxygenated olive oil.
Ph. Batava.
9 Olive oil ^xvi.
Put it into a capacious receiver placed
in cold water, or in snow if convenient,
and pass chlorine gas through it slowly
for several days, or until it has become
thick and viscid. It is then to be washed
witli water, to free it from muriatic acid.
OliEUM ORIGANI. Oil of COTH-
mon marjoram. Oil of thyme.
Obtained by submitting the herb ( Ori-
ganum vulgare) to distillation with water.
As imported it has a red colour, of which
it may be deprived by redistillation. Its
taste is acrid ; its odour like that of the
plant. It boils at 354° Fahr., and is com-
posed, according to Kane, of C*" H^" 0,
Its specific gravity is 0'867. 2 cwts. of
the herb yield on an average lib. of oil ;
but it varies exceedingly with the season
and culture of the plant. It is powerfully
acrid and stimulant, and is frequently
mixed with liniments, for sprains, bruises,
rheimiatism, &c.
SYNONYMES,
Oleum herbae origani. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
Oleum essentiale ex foUis origani. —
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Oleum essetttiale origani. — Lond Ph.
1788.
Oleum PAXMiE. Oleum cocois
butyracece. Palm oil.
It is imported from the western coast of
Africa, principally from Guinea, where it
is procured by expression from the fruit of
Elais guineensis. It is solid, of a rich
golden yellow colour, a sweetish taste
and agreeable odour, somewhat resembling
that of the rhizome of the Ilorentine iris.
By exposure to light it is bleached. The
Africans use it instead of butter. It is
emollient, and is occasionally applied to
bruises, sprains, &c. Its chief consumption
is in the manufacture of soap.
Oleum papaveris. Poppy oil-
Obtained by expression from the seeds
of Papaver somniferum. It is of a yellow
colour, without smell, taste not unpleasant.
Its specific gravity is 0-9249 at 60^. It
freezes at 0°. It is somethnes ased as a
substitute for olive oil at table ; it is also
used by painters, its drying properties
being increased by the addition of litharge.
It has no narcotic properties.
Oleum petbolei volatile.
Essential oil ofpetrolium.
(Swediaur.)
R Petrolium Ibij.
Water Tbiv.
Distil over a slow fire till limpid oil
ceases to pass over.
Stimulant and resolvent. Chiefly used
externally in arthrodynia and paralysis.
Oleum phosphokatum. Phos-
phorated oil.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Phosphorus, dry, and cut
into small pieces . . . gr. vj.
Almond oil ^.
Melt the phosphorus in the oil by the
aid of warm water ; then agitate until it
appears to be dissolved, and when cold
decant the clear oil from the residue of the
phosphorus.
Dose. — From 5 to 10 drops, maximum
dose, 30 drops, in some mucilaginous
liquid.
860
FORMULA., &c.
Note. — It should be clear, and free from
superfluous phosphorus.
OxEUM picis UQuiD^. Oleum
pint ruhrum . Oil of tar.
Obtained by distillation from tar. It is
a reddish limpid fluid having the odour
of tar. By redistillation it may be ren-
dered colourless, and then resembles oil
of turpentine. It is occasionally applied
to ringworm and scalled head.
Oi-EUM PiCHURiuM. Oleumfa-
harum pichurium. Oil of sassa-
fras Huts,or pichurim beans.
Obtained by expression from the seeds
■of Nectandra puchury and Aydendron
cujumary. It is white, butyraceous,
smelling like sassafras : becomes yellowish
and tallowy by age. 1 lb. of the seeds
yield about IJ oz. of oil.
Oleum pimento. Oil of pi-
mento. Oil of allspice.
Obtained by submitting the fruit of
Etigenia pimenta to distillation with
•water. Mr. Whipple obtained, from
8 cwts. of pimento, 41 Ife. 6 oz. of oil, or
about 6 per cent. The oil of pimento of
commerce is a mixture of two oils, one
heavy, the other light, of which the lighter
distils over first, thus differing from oil of
cloves.
Oleum pimpenell^e.
Obtained by distillation from the roots
• of Pimpernel or Common hurnet (Sangui-
sorba officinalis.) It is of a blue colour,
and possesses cordial properties.
Oleum pipeeis. Volatile oil of
' pepper.
Obtained by distillation from common
pepper (the fruit or berry of Fiper ni-
grum). When pure it is colourless, pos-
sessing the odour and taste of pepper, but
by keeping it becomes gradually yellow.
It is lighter than water, and is composed,
according to Dumas, of C" H^, so that
it is isomeric with oil of turpentine.
Oleum eap^. Brown rape oil.
Procured by expression from the seeds
of«the Brassica campestris oleifera. It is
of a yellowish colour. Its specific gravity
is 0- 914 ; it freezes at 28° Fahr. It dries
slowly, makes a softish soap, and smokes
much when burned.
Oleum RAPiE repinum. Re-
fined rape oil. Pale rape oil.
From brown rape oil, by mixing 2 lbs,
of oil of vitriol and 41bs. of water, with
each cwt. of the oil, beating the whole
well together, allowing it to stand for
eight or ten days in a warm place, pouring
off the oil and filtering through flannel or
felt. Used for burning, and sometimes
for machinery, &c.
Oleum raphani. Oil of wild
mustard.
Is obtained by expression from the seeds
of Ehaphanus rhaphanistrum.
Oleum ravensar^. Oil of
raventsara.
Obtained from the leaves of llavensara
aromatica, by distillation with water. It
is said to be sometimes sold for oil of
cloves.
Oleum rhodii. Oil of rho-
dium.
Obtained by distillation from Levant
lignum rhodium, the root of Canary rose-
wood {Genista canariensis), 80 fts. yielded
jix ; 80 Sbs. of a very resinous old wood
yielded 2 oz. It is light yellowish, but
by keeping grows red. It is imported
from the Levant.
Oleum RHODioLiE. Oil of rose-
wort.
Obtained by distillation from the root
of Ehodiola rosea. It is of a yellowish
colour: 1 lb. yields jj; said to be sold
for oil of rhodium, and the water for rose
water.
FORMULA, &c.
Oleum ricini. Oleum de
kerva. Oleum kervinum. Castor
oil. Palma christi oil.
Obtained by expression from the shelled
fruit of Riciniis communis. The oil thus
obtained is heated with water until the
water boils, by which the mucilage and
albumen are separated. It is then strained
through flannel, and put into canisters.
When expressed from the seeds cold, it is
quite transparent, and has only a slight
tinge of yellow, but when it is obtained
by boiling, it has most commonly a deeper
shade of yellow. It is viscid ; its specific
gravity at 77° is 0-9575, according to
Saussurc^ts taste and smell are very
slight. It may be mi.xed in all propor-
tions with alcohol and ether, thus pre-
senting a remarkable difference from other
fixed oils. East Indian castor oil is the
principal kind used in this country. It
is imported from Bombay and Calcutta,
and is of excellent quality. A very fine
variety is imported from New York.
Oleum ros^. Attar or otto of
roses.
Obtained in the East by distilling roses
with water. The attar concretes and
floats on the distilled water when cold.
Several varieties of the rose are used, as
Bosa danuuena in Northern India, Hosa
moschata? in Persia, Bosa centifoUa in
England. Poller says, that in a very fa-
vourable season lOOfts. of rose leaves
will yield about three drachms of attar, if
the operation is carefully conducted. It
fuses between 84° F. and 86° F. Its
sp. gr. at 90° F. is 0-832. At 57° F.
1000 parts of alcohol (sp. gr. 0-806) dis-
solve 7 parts, and at 72° F. 33 parts of
attar. It is usually almost colourless,
but Poller says, colour is no criterion of
its quality.
Oleum rosaceum. Oleum rosce.
Oil of roses by infusion. '
Kose petals, not fully blown, picked,
heeled, and beat to a pulp, 4 oz., olive oil
861
1 pint; expose to the sun for a week
press out the oil : reneaf th^ ^ . ,'
f , , ' ^^P«at the process with
fresh roses, then strain the oil for use.
Oi-eum rosmarini. Oleum
anthos. Oil of rosemary.
Is prepared by submitting the tops of
^osem^ry ^Ros,ruirinm officinalis) to distil-
lation with water. It is transparent and
colourless, with the odour of rosemary,
and a hot aromatic taste. Its specific
gravity is 0-897 ; it boils at 365° F It
^^composed, according to Kane, of C«
H^ 0«. One pound of the fresh herb
yields about 1 drachm of the oil It is
seldom taken internally, [though not un-
frequently used externally in conjunctioa
with other substances as a stimulatins
Imiment.
SYNONYMES.
Oleum herhcE rorismarini.^Lond Ph
1721. • *
Oleum essentiale ex foliis rorismarini
— Lond. Ph. 1746.
Oleum essentiale rorismarini —Lond
Ph. 1788.
Oleum rut.e. Oil of rue.
Obtained by submitting the herb {Ruta
graveolens) to distillation with water.
From 121bs. of the leaves gathered before
the plant had flowered, Lewis obtained
only about 3iij. of oil ; but the same quan-
tity of herb with the seeds almost ripe
yielded above Jj. It is a pale yellow, has a
bitterish acrid taste and powerful odour,
and a specific gravity of 0-911. It is
somewhat more soluble in water than
the other volatile oils, and is stimulant,,
antispasmodic, and emmenagogue.
Oleum sarins. Oil of savin.
Is obtained by submitting the fresh
tops of Junipents sabina to distillation
with water. It is a limpid almost colour-
less liquid, having the unpleasant odour
of the plant and a bitter acrid taste. Its-
specific gravity is 0-915. It is isomeric
with oil of turpentine, being composed of
C " H^. It has emmenagogue proper ties»
862
FORMULiE, &c.
Oleum salvia:. Oil of sage.
Prepared by distillation with water from
sage. {Salvia officinalis.')
Oleum sambuci. Oleum sam-
buci viride. Oleum viride. Oil
of elder. Green elder oil.
Elder leaves fresh IBj., olive oil 2 pints,
boil till the leaves are crisp ; press out the
oil, and let it settle. It is emollient,
SYNONYME.
Oil of swallow.
OiiEUM SANTAiii. Oleum santcdi
alhi. Oil of sandal wood.
Prepared by distillation with water from
sandal wood (Sirium myrtifoUum), Jib
yields 2 drachms. Said to be sometimes
sold for oil of rhodium and oil of roses.
Oleum "sassafras. Oleum
lauri sassafras. Volatile oil of
sassafras. Oil of sassafras.
Obtained by submitting the wood to
distillation with water. It is colourless,
but when kept becomes yellow or red.
Its smell is that of sassafras, its taste hot.
It has a specific gravity of 1"094-. Water
separates it into two oils, one lighter, the
other heavier than water. It is stimu-
lant and diaphoretic. Nitric acid renders
it orange red.
Oleum scorpionum. Oil of
scorpions.
Foi-merly procured by digesting scor-
pions in oil, and exposing them to the
sun. Said to be diaphoretic and exter-
nally emollient.
Oleum serpylli. Huile de
tain. Oil of lemon thyme.
Obtained by distilling Thymus serpyl-
lum with water. lOOlbs. of the fresh herb
yield about 2^07, Used to scent soaps.
Oleum sesami. Gingelli oil.
Benne oil.
Obtained by 'expression from the seeds
of Sesamum orientale. It is inodorous, of
a bland sweetish taste, and will keep very
long without becoming rancid. It bears
some resemblance to olive oil in its pro-
perties, and may be used for similar
purposes. It was known to the ancient
Persians and Egyptians, and is highly
esteemed by the modern Arabs and other
people of the East, both as food, and as
an application to promote softness of the
skin. It has been sometimes substituted
in England for oil of almonds.
Oleum sinapis. Oil nf mus-
tard.
This oil is expressed from the seeds of
the Sinapis alba and 7iigra. Those of the
white mustard give about 36 per cent.,
and those of the black about 18 per cent,
of their weight of oil. It has an amber
colour, is destitute of smell, and is thicker
than olive oil. The specific gravity of
the oil from the black mustard is 0*9170,
and that from white mustard 0-9142 at
59°. It dissolves in 4 times its weight
of ether, and in 1000 times its weight of
alcohol of 0'833. It makes an excellent
soap.
Oleum sinapis volatile.
Volatile oil of mustard.
May be obtained by submitting to dis-
tillation the crushed seeds of Sinapis alba
or nigra with water. It does not exist
ready formed in the seeds, bnt is produced
by the action of the water, in the same
manner as the volatile oil of almonds. It
is pale yellow or colourless ; it has a most
penetrating odour, and a most acrid burn-
ing taste. Its specific gravity at 68° F.
is 1-015. It boils at 290° F. It is slightly
soluble in water, but readily so in alcohol
or ether. It consists of G^^ H^" N* 0* S^.
It is powerfully acrid, rubefacient, and
vesicant ; and has been proposed as a
rubefacient in paralysis, and as a vesi-
cant.
FORMULA, &c.
863
Oleubc spic^. Oleum spicce
verum. Oleum stechadis. Oil of
spike. True oil of spike. Foreign
oil of lavender.
Obtained by distillation with water from
Lavandula spica. This oil is distin-
guished from the genuine oil of Lavan-
dula vera by its darker-green colour, and
its less grateful odour. It is used by
painters on porcelain, and by artists, in
the preparation of varnishes.
Oil of turpentine coloured with alkanet
root is frequently sold under this name.
Oleum sriUMm ULMARiiE. Oil
of meadow-sweet.
This is a sweet-smelling oil, obtained
by distillation from the fresh flowers of
common meadow-sweet, Spircca ulmaria.
It is remarkable as being identical with
the hydruret of salicyle or hydrosalicylic
acid, which may be ai-tificially made in
the following way: — Dissolve 1 part of
salicine, and 1 part of bichromate of pot-
ash, in 10 parts of water ; introduce the
mixture into a retort, and add 2^ parts of
oil of vitriol diluted with 10 parts of
water ; apply a gentle heat until the effer-
vescence has subsided, [then distil with a
stronger heat, until a heavy oil, mixed
with water, has passed over. It is soluble
to a slight extent in water, imparting to it
its peculiar smell; soluble in all propor-
tions in spirit and in ether. Sp. gr.
1-173. Boiling point 380°. It pos-
sesses the characteristic property of strik-
ing a deep violet colour with a salt of
peroxide of iron. Its composition is
C'*H*0*-f-H.
Oleum succini. Oleum suc-
cini rectijicatum. Oil of amber.
For the preparation of this oil, the Lon-
don College directs amber to be put into
an alembic, so that an acid liquor, an oil,
and a salt, contaminated with the oil, may
distil in a sand-bath, with a heat gradu-
ally raised. Afterwards let the oil distil
again, and a third time. Volatile oil of
amber, when fresh drawn, has a pale yel-
lowish colour,'"which deepens by age, and
a strong and remarkable odour. Scrapings
of copal and the resin dammar are fi-e-
quently substituted for genuine amber in
the distillation, and the oil thus obtained
is scarcely distinguishable from the genu-
ine. Oil of amber is a powerful local
irritant, and is sometimes employed in
liniments, in rheumatism, and paralysis.
Mixed with olive oil it is applied to the
chest in hooping-cough.
Oleum sulphueatum. Sal-
samxim sidphuris. Sulphurated
oil. Balsam of sulphur.
Is prepared by heating one part of sub-
limed sulphur in eight parts of olive oil.
It is a dark reddish-brown viscid sub-
stance, having an extremely unpleasant
odour. It is acrid and stimulant, and has
been supposed to possess expectorant and
diaphoretic properties.
Oleum tabac^ volatile.
Nicotianin. Concrete volatile oil
of tobacco. Tobacco camphor.
Obtained by submitting the leaves of
Nicotiana tabacum with water to distilla-
tion. Six pounds of the leaves yielded
eleven grains of the oil, which floated on
the surface of the liquor. It is solid, has
the odour of tobacco, and a bitter taste.
It is insoluble in water, but soluble in
ether. According to Landerer, it does not
exist in fresh tobacco leaves, it would
therefoie appear to be formed by the ac-
tion of air and water during drying. It
excites in the tongue and throat a sensa-
tion similar to that caused by the smoke,
and if swallowed causes giddiness, nausea,
and sickness ; applied to the nose it causes
sneezing. This must not be confoimded
with nicotine or nicotina, the volatile al-
kaloid, which is obtained by distilling
tobacco with caustic potash.
Oleum tanaceti. Volatile oil
of tansy.
Is obtained by distillation from the
leaves of Tanacetum vulgare. It is yel-
low, or sometimes green. It has the pe-
864
FORMULA, &c.
culiar odour of the plant, and a warm,
bitter taste. Its specific gravity is 0'952.
OuEUM TEMPI.INUM. Krumliolz
oil.
Prepared by distillation from Hunga-
rian balsam.
Oleum terebinthin^. Spi-
ritus terebinthinee. Oil of turpen-
tine. Spirits of turpentine.
Is 'obtained by submitting to distilla-
tion a mixture of American turpentine
(which has been melted and strained)
and water in due proportions. The dis-
tilled product is found to consist of oil of
turpentine swimming on water. If no
water be employed, a much higher tem-
perature is required to effect the distilla-
tion. American turpentine yields about
from 14 to 16 per cent., the residue being
resin. Pure oil of turpentine is colour-
less, limpid, and very inflammable, and is
neutral to test paper; its specific gravity
is 0-86 at 70° F. It boils at 314°, the
density of its vapour is 4'76 (Dumas).
It is composed of C" H^,
SYNONYMES.
Oleum terehinthina athereum. Lond.
Ph. 1746.
Oleum terebinthincB rectificatum. Lond.
Ph. 1788, 1809, 1824.
Oleum the^. Oil of tea.
This oil is much used in China, for
burning in lamps, and as an article of
food. It is expressed from the seeds of
Camellia Sesanqtm, and oleifera, and pro-
bably from other species, but there is no
evidence of its being ever obtained from
the seeds of T/iea.
Oleum touloucoun-e. Tou-
loucouna oil.
A thick butyraceous oil obtained from
the fruit of the Carapa toulaucouna, an
inhabitant of Senegal. The oil has a
rancid smell, and a bitter, hot, and very
disagreeable taste. It excites vomiting^
and is used by the natives for anointing
the skin, and applying to children's heads
to destroy vermin.
Oleum de tribus. Oil of three
ingredients.
(Van Mons.)
9 Spirit of turpentine,
Oil of lavender,
Oil of brick . , aa equal parts.
Mix.
Oleum tritici. Oil of wheat.
Obtained by pressing bruised wheat
between hot iron plates. The Colnc
wheat yields it most abundantly. It has
been recommended as an application in
tinea capitis.
Oleum e vitellis ovarum.
Oil of yolk of eggs.
Obtained by boiling eggs hard, heating
the yolks, first broken in two or three
pieces each, in a frying pan, over the
fire, till the oil begins to exude from
them, and then pressing them with great
force ; 50 eggs yield about 5 oz. of oil.
Old eggs yield the greatest quantity. It
may also be obtained by treating the
boiled yolks with ether, and evaporating
the ethereal solution.
Oleum e vitis vinifer^ la-
PIDIBUS. Oil of raisin-stones.
This oil is extracted from the stones of
raisins (the fruit of Vitis vinifera). It
is of a yellow colour, but darkens by age.
It is insipid, and has no smell. It freezes
at 2° F. Its specific gravity is 0-9202, at
60°. It is of little use for lighting, but
in some localities is used with provisions.
Oleum valerians. Oil of
valerian root.
Obtained by distilling valerian root with
water.
Olea volatilia. Volatile oils.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
The soluble or essential oils may be
obtained by the following general process.
FORMULA, &c.
865
The substance from which the oil is to
be extracted is macerated for 24 hours,
with 5 times its weight of water, in a sheet-
tin or copper still, and, a condenser being
then attached, half the water is drawn over
by distillation, on the surface of which
the oil will be found to float, unless
(which is rarely the case) it should be
heavier than water, when it will be found
at the bottom of the receiver. The oil
having been separated, 'the aqueous pro-
duct, which is a saturated solution of the
oil in water, is to be returned to the still,
and the distillation resumed, and continued
imtil the resulting liquid has the same
volume as before. The oil is again se-
parated, the watery product returned to the
still, and the distillation resumed ; and
this process, is to be repeated until it
ceases to afford any additional oily pro-
duct. The oil thus obtained is to be
separated as completely as possible from
water, and preserved in a well-stopped
bottle.
In this way the volatile oils may be
obtained from the entire herb of
Mentha piperita,
Mentha pulegium,
Mentha viridis.
From the seeds or fruit of
Carum carui,
Cubeba officinalis,
Eugenia pimenta,
Foeniculum officinale,
Juniperus communis.
Myristica moschata,
Pimpinella anlsum.
From the flowers of
Anthemis nobilis,
Lavandula vera.
From the undeveloped dried flowers of
Caryophyllus aromaticus.
From the tops of
Juniperus sabina,
Rosmarinus officinalis.
From the bark of
Cinnamomum zeylanicum.
The water distilled over in the prepara-
tion of the several oils should be preserved
for medical use.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Volatile oils are obtained chiefly from
the flowers, leaves, fruits, barks, and
roots of plants by distilling them with
water, in which they have been allowed to
macerate for some time. In order to
obtain these oils profitably and of good
quality, a great variety of conditions must
be attended to, differing in regard to each,
and such as it would be out of place to
enumerate here in detail. Certain general
principles, however, maybe mentioned.
Flowers, leaves, and fruits, generally
yield the finest oils, and in greatest quantity,
when they are used fresh. Many, how-
ever, answer equally well, if they have
been preserved by beating them into a
pulp with about twice their weight of
muriate of soda, and keeping the mixture
in well-closed vessels.
Substances yielding volatile oils must be
distilled with water, the proper proportion
for which varies for each article, and for
the several qualities of each. In all in-
stances the quantity must be such as to
prevent any of the material from being em-
pyreumatized before the whole oil is carried
over. In operations where the material is
of a pulpy consistence, other contrivances
must be resorted to for the same purpose.
These chiefly consist of particular modes
of applying heat so as to maintain a regu-
lated temperature not much above 212°.
On the small scale heat may be thus con-
veniently applied by means of a bath of a
strong solution of muriate of lime, or by
means of an oil-bath, kept at a stationary
temperature with the aid of a thermometer.
On the large scale heat is often applied by
means of steam under regulated pressure.
In other operations it is found sufficient
to hang the material within the still in a
cage or bag of fine net- work ; and some-
times the material is not mingled with the
water at all, but is subjected to a current
of steam passing through it.
The best mode of collecting the oil is by
means of the refrigeratory, described in the
3 K
866
FORMULA, &c.
Preface ; from which the water and oil
drop together into a tall, narrow vessel,
provided with a lateral tube or lip near
the top, and another tube arising from the
bottom to about a quarter of an inch below
the level of the former. It is evident that
with a receiver of this construction the
water will escape by the lower tubes ; while
the volatile oil, as it accumulates, will be
discharged by the upper one, except in the
veiy few instances where the oil is heavier
than water.
By attending to the general principles
now explained, volatile oils may be readily
obtained of excellent quality from the
flowers of
Anthemis nobilis,
Lavandula vera, and Ruta graveolens.
From the fruit of
Anetheum graveolens, bruised,
Carum carui, bruised,
Eugenia pimento, bruised,
Foeniculum officinale, bruised,
Juniperus communis, bruised.
Piper cubebse, ground,
Pimpinella anisum, ground.
From the undeveloped dried flowers of
Caryophyllus aromaticus.
From the tops of
Juniperus sabina, and Rosmarinus offi-
cinalis.
From the entire herb of
Mentha piperita,
Mentha pulegium,
Mentha viridis, and Origanum marjo-
ram.
And also from the bruised root of Sassa-
fras officinale.
O1.EO-8ACCHAKUM;, (See Elceo
saccharum.)
Opium.
The concrete milky juice of the unripe
capsules of the poppy {Papaver somnife-
rura). The principal active constituent
of opium is Morphia, which is in combi-
nation with meconic acid, and it is said,
sometimes with sulphuric acid.
There are several varieties of opium, of
which the following are the principal : —
European opium.
Opium has been made in England,
France, and Germany, but these varieties
are only occasionally met with in com-
merce. Some samples of Enjlish opium
have been found to be fully equal to any
that is made.
Egyptian opium.
In roundish flattened cakes, about three
inches in diameter, covered with frag-
ments of leaves. In its fracture it has
a reddish colour, and it does not blacken
with keeping. It differs much in quality,
and is considered inferior to the Turkey
varieties.
Indian opium.
There are three kinds of Indian opium,
distinguished as Benares opium, Malwa
opium, and Patna opium. Benares opium
is in balls weighing about 3 or 4
pounds each, thickly coated on the out-
side with poppy petals agglutinated toge-
ther. Malwa opium is in round or flat-
tened cakes weighing about 10 ounces.
Its colour is dark brown. Patna opium
is either in round or in square cakes. The
former are similar to those of Benares
opium ; the latter is called Garden Pat-
na opium ; the cakes are about 3 inches
square.
Indian opium is inferior to Turkey
opium. It is, however, the kind princi-
pally used in China.
Persian opium. Trebizond
opium.
This variety is not generally met with
in commerce. It is in the form of cylin-
drical sticks, about six inches long, and
half an inch in diameter, covered with
paper. Its colour and appearance are
similar to those of hepatic aloes.
Turkey opium.
There are two varieties of opium brought
from Turkey — Constantinople opium, and
Smyrna or Levant opium. Constantinople
opium is considered inferior to the Smyrna
{
FORMULA, &c.
867
variety. It is generally in small, flattened,
regular cakes, from 2 to 2J inches in dia-
meter, and covered with a poppy leaf. It
is more mucilaginous than Smyrna opium,
and may be distinguished fiom that by
the absence of the nimex capsules, with
which Smyrna opium is generally covered.
Smyrna opium is esteemed the best va-
riety. It is in irregular, rounded, or flat-
tened pieces, varying in weight from 2
pounds downwards. The masses are al-
most always covered with the reddish
capsules of a species of rumes. When
first imported tlie pieces are sort, and,
when cut, of a reddish-brown colour ; but
by keeping, they become hard and nearly
black.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Note. — Opium, concrete juice from the
unripe capsules of Papaver somnifernm
(X. W. D. C. Spr.) A solution from 100
grains of fine opium macerated 24 hours
in 2 fluidounces of water, filtered, and
strongly squeezed in a cloth, if treated
with a cold solution of half an ounce of
carbonate of soda in 2 waters, yields a
precipitate, which weighs when dry, at
least 10 grains, and dissolves entirely in
solution of oxalic acid.
Orangeade.
A sweet acidulous drink, prepared with
oranges, in a similar way to that for mak-
ing lemonade.
OsTEocoLLA. Ostiocolla. Os-
teites. Stelechites. Moroclitus.
Holosteus. Osteolithus. Lapis sa-
bulosus. Lapis ossifragus. Ben-
biru. Bone-binder. Bone-bind-
ing stone.
ITiese names have been applied to
stalactites of carbonate of lime, found in
several parts of Gennany, and which were
supposed to possess the power of setting
broken bones when taken internally, and
applied to the part.
OxvMEL. Oxymel.
Lond. Pb. 1851.
Yit Acetic acid f^vij.
Distilled water .... f^viij.
Honey ftv-.
Mix the acid, added to the water, with
the honey made hot.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9^ Clarified honey, hy weight . ftj.
Acetic acid of commerce
(sp. gr. 1044) . . . ^iij.
Mix the acid with the honey previously
heated.
Ph. Borussica, 1847. Oxymel
simplex. Oxymel.
9' Crude acetic acid (about the
strength of distilled vine-
gar) Ibj,
Purified honey .... lt»ij.
Mix, and evaporate in a vapour-bath
at 167° to 185= Fah., to the consistence
of syrup, and strain. Keep it in a cool
place.
Note. — It should be clear, of a yellowish-
brown colour,
Med. Use. — As the basis of detergent
gai-gles, and of expectorant remedies.
8YN0NVMES,
Oxymel simplex. — Lond, Ph. 1824.
Mel acetatum. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Oxymel colchici. Oxymel of
meadow saffron.
Dubl. Ph. 1826,
9 Fresh bulb of meadow saffron,
cut into thill slices . . "i^.
Distilled vinegar .... Oj.
Clarified honey, hy weight . Itj.
Macerate the meadow saffron with the
vinegar in a glass vessel for 2 days ; to the
liquor, strongly expressed from the root
and filtered, add the honey, and then boil
down the mixture to the consistence of a
syrup, frequently stirring it with a wooden
rod.
Med. Use. — ^Expectorant and diuretic,
and used in gout, dropsy, and asthma,
Dose.—'^ to 5ij,
3 k2
868
FORMULA, &c.
OxYMEi, sciLL^. Oxymel of
squill.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
R Vinegar of squill . . . Oiiss.
Honey IBv.
Evaporate the vinegar by a slow fire
*" f.^'^'jj and mix with the honey made
hot.
Pb, Borussica, 1847. Oxymel
scilliticum. Oxymel of squill.
9 Vinegar of squill. . , . Ibj.
(,^ij squill to ^xx vinegar)
Purified honey .... ftij.
Mix, and evaporate in a vapour-bath
at 167° to 185° Fah., to the consistence
of syrup, and strain. Keep it in a cool
place.
Note. — It should be clear, of a yellow-
ish brown colour, and a bitter and acid
taste.
Med. Use.—TUs has been found a use-
ful aperient, detergent, and expectorant, in
chronic catarrhs ; in large doses it proves
emetic.
Dose. — 3j to 3iij, in combination with
some aromatic water.
SYNONYME.
Oxymel scilliticum. — Lond. Ph. 1721
1746. '
OXYSACCHARUM DIGITALIS.
Oxysaccharum of digitalis.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
9 ^ly digitalis .... 1 part.
Distilled vinegar ... 8 parts.
Digest by a gentle heat,
strain with expression ;
add
Sugar 10 „
Dissolve the sugar, and filter.
This preparation has been extolled by
Martius in the treatment of pulmonary
phthisis.
Palladium. Symb. Pd. Equiv.
o3-3
A metal, in many of its characters re-
sembling platinum, with which it is found
associated. It is not used in medicine.
Its principal consumption is by the dentists,
who use it in fixing artificial teeth, as a
substitute for gold.
Pasta alth^e^. Pasta gum-
mi. Pate de guimauve. Pate de
gomme. Marshmallow paste. Gum
arabic paste.
No. 1.
9 Decorticated marshmallow
root ^\y.
Water Oiv.
Best gum arabic . . , itiiss.
White sugar .... ftiiss.
Orange-flower water . . ^iv.
Whites of 12 eggs.
Macerate the root in the water for
12 hours ; strain, and add to the clear
liquor the gum and sugar, and evaporate
to the consistence of honey, then add
the albumen beaten up with the orange-
flower water; evaporate until it forms a
firm paste on being poured on to a marble
slab.
No. 2.
9* Gum arabic.
White sugar . . . aa Ibij.
Water .^^iij.
Orange-floxver water . . Jij.
Whites of 6 eggs.
Dissolve the gum and sugar in the water,
by the heat of a water-bath. Beat up the
albumen with the orange-flower water, add
it to the solution, and evaporate the mix-
ture to the proper consistence.
Pasta amygdalakum. Al-
mond paste.
As a sweetmeat.
9 Sweet almonds, blanched.
White sugar.
Gum arabic . . . . aa ftj.
Water Ibiij.
Cherry-laurel water . . . ^.
Whites of 6 eggs.
Beat the almonds into a fine paste with
the sugar and some of the water, then
add the remainder of the water so as
to form an emulsion : add the gum to
FORMULA, &c.
869
. ftiss.
aa ^iv.
3J-
3"J-
3SS.
q. s.
the emulsion and dissolve it with heat ;
evaporate the mixture to the consistence of
honey ; add the white of egg beaten up
with the cherry-laurel water ; concentrate
it to the proper consistence, then pour
it on to a marble slab, and cut it into
squares.
As a cosmetic for the hands, Sfc.
No. 1.
9 Sweet almonds, blanched
Rice povvd(a-,
Orris-root powder .
Spermaceti .
Oil of almonds .
Windsor soap .
Oil of bitter almonds
Oil of bergamot . .
Otto of roses . .
Eose-water . . .
Beat the almonds into a paste with the
rice powder, orris powder, and a sufficient
quantity of rose-water. Melt the sperma-
ceti, oil of almonds, and soap together,
and beat up with the other ingredients so
as to form a paste.
No. 2.
9' Sweet almonds, blanched . ftss.
Bitter almonds, ditto . ^.
Best honey ..... ^ij.
Orris-root powder . . • ^.
Eice powder _^ij.
Eau de Cologne, q. s. to form
a paste.
Pasta DACTYLiFERiE. Pate de
dattes. Dale paste.
^ Dale fruit, freed from the
stones ...... ^iij.
Gum arabic _^ij.
White sugar _^x.
Orange-flower water. . . ^.
Boil the dates in ^ij of water ; strain
and press ; add the sugar to the liquor,
and the white of an egg beaten up ; heat
it until coagulation takes place, then care-
fully strain it. Dissolve the gum in a
sufficient quantity of water, strain it, mix
the 2 solutions together, and evaporate the
mixture to the proper consistence.
Pasta glycyrrhiz^. Pdte de
reglisse. Liquorice paste.
Slack liquorice paste.
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
9 Extract of liquorice, or Italian
juice Ibj.
Gum arabic ..... K»ij.
White sugar ..... K»j.
Water. ...... Ibiv.
Dissolve the liquorice in the water,
strain the solution, add the gum and
sugar, and evaporate to the proper con-
sistence. It may be flavoured by adding
24 drops of oil of aniseed and 5J of orris
powder.
Srown liquorice paste.
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
B Extract of liquorice, or
Italian juice . . . ^iij.
Gum arabic .... ^xlviij.
White sugar .... ^xxxij.
Extract of opium . . . gr. xv.
Water Oiv.
Dissolve the liquorice in the water,
strain the solution, add the other ingre-
dients, aud^evaporate to the proper consists
ence.
White liquorice paste,
Is made as above, substituting decorticated
liquorice root for the extract.
Pasta jujube. Pdte de ju
jubes. Jujube paste.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9? Jujube fruit Ibj.
Gum arabic ..... Ifcvj.
White sugar Ifcv.
Orange-flower water. . . ^vj.
Water q. s.
Boil the jujubes for half an hour in
Ifciv. of water, strain, press, and afterwards
decant the clear liquor, and clarify it
with the whites of 3 or 4 eggs. Dis-
solve the gum in fbviij. of water, and
strain the solution. Mix the two liquors,
add the sugar, evaporate tlie mixture to a
870
FORMULA, &c.
thick consistence, then add the orange-
flower water, and complete the evapora-
tion hy the heat of a water-bath, and
finally in a stove at 104'^ Fahr.
Pasta uchenis. Pdte de
lichen. Lichen paste.
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
T^ Iceland moss .... ftj.
Gum arabic .... ibv.
White sugar .... Ifciv.
Heat the moss with a sufficient quan-
tity of water nearly to the boiling point,
strain, and reject the liquor ; then boil
the moss in a fresh portion of water for
an hour ; strain and press ; add the sugar
and gum to the decoction, and evaporate
it by a gentle heat until reduced to the
proper consistence.
Pasta pectoralis. Pdte pec-
tor ale de Baudry. Pectoral paste
of Baudry.
]^ Gum arabic . . ,
. Ifcix.
White sugar .
. Ibviss.
Extract of lettuce
• 3'J-
Extract of liquorice .
. 3x. gr. XX
Balsam of Tolu .
5x. gr. XX,
Orange-flower water .
_^ivss.
Essence of citron
gtt. iv.
Whites of 4 eggs.
Water ....
. q. s.
Misce secundum artem.
Pasta pectoralis balsamica.
Pdte pectorale balsamique de
Megnault. liegnault's pectoral
paste.
j^ Flowers of mallow {Malva
sykestris or glabra),
Flowers of cudweed {Gna-
phalium luteo album or
sylvaticum),
Flowers of coltsfoot (Tusst-
lago farfara).
Flowers of red poppy (^Pa-
paver rhceas). , , . aa ^.
Boil in a quart of water and strain, then
add.
Gum arabic ..... _^xxx.
White sugar ^xx.
Tincture of Tolu . . . jij.
Dissolve, strain, and evaporate to the
proper consistence.
Pasta tormentili.^. Paste of
tormentilla.
^ Powdered tonnentilla root q. p.
White of egg, q. s. to form a
paste.
Applied on linen, for whitloe.
Pastilla fumantes. Fumi-
gating pastilles. Aromatic pas-
tilles.
No. 1.
(Wirtemb. Ph.")
1^ Benzoin,
Dry balsam of Peru . aa 16 parts.
Yellow sandal wood . . 4 „
Labdanum 1 part.
Charcoal from lime-tree
wood 96 parts.
Nitrate of potash ... 2 „
Mucilage of tragacanth . q. s.
Mix, and form into ccnical pastilles.
No. 2.
^ Charcoal, coarsely powdered
Cascarilla bark, powdered
Benzoin, ditto
Yellow sandal wood
Myrrh . .
Musk. . . .
Oil of cloves .
Nitrate of potash
Mucilage of tragacanth
Mix, and form into pasti
ftj.
^ss.
gr.i.
lies.
No. 3.
9' Charcoal, in coarse powder
Cascaiilla bai-k . .
Benzoin,
Myrrh,
Camphor,
Nitrate of potash
Mucilage of tragacanth .
Mix, and form into pastilles.
3j.
q. s.
ftj.
aa ^.
. q. s.
FORMULA, &c.
871
No. 4.
^ Charcoal, in coarse powder . Ibj.
Cascarilla bark .... ^ij.
Yellow sandal wood . . « ^ss.
Mastic,
Olibanum,
Opoponax,
Storax ^^ .^•
Benzoin ^ij.
Mucilage of tragacanth . . q. s,
Mix and form into pastilles.
PAKAGUAY KODX.
1^ Leaves and flowers of Inula
fiifrons ' 5J*
Flowers of Spilanthes ole-
racea ^^iv.
Eoot of pellitory of Spain . ^j.
Rectified spirit .... ^viij.
Macerate for 14 days, then strain, press,
and filter.
Patchouli. Patchoulie. Pu-
clid pat.
The dried foliaceous tops of an odori-
ferous plant, imported from India, and
used by the perfumers, principally for
making sachets. The plant is supposed
to belong to the family Labiatse.
Paulunia. Guarana.
A powder prepared Irom the seeds of
PauUinia sorbilis, a native of South
America. Guarana is used in France as
a tonic and astringent. It has been found
to contain a crystalline substance, re-
sembling, if not identical with caffein.
A description and analysis of this sub-
stance is given in the Journal de Pharmacie
for 1840, vol. xxvi.
Pemmican,
The round or buttock of beef, of the best
quality, from which the fat and membranous
parts have been removed, is cut into slices
and dried on a malt kiln, heated by a fire
of oak wood, until the meat becomes
friable. It is then ground in a malt mill,
and the powder is mixed with an equal
weight of molted beef-suet or lard. It
may be rendered more agreeable to the
palate by adding some sugar or cuiTants.
Having well mixed the ingredients, the
mixture is put into tin canisters capable of
holding about 85 ll5s., and, after being well
rammed down, it is allowed to contract on
cooling, and the canisters are subsequently
filled up with melted lard.
Pepper, soluble cayenne.
No. 1 .
Digest Ibj of the best Cayenne pepper
with Oj of rectified spirit, at a gentle heat,
for 2 days ; then put it into a percolat-
ing apparatus and displace the tincture.
Add the tincture to Ibj of common salt,
rub them together in a mortar, add suffi-
cient arnotto to give the mixture the proper
colour when dry, and finally dry it in a
stove at a temperature about 120^. When
dried it should be rubbed through a coarse
sieve.
No. 2.
Treat Ibj of Cayenne pepper with spirit,
as described above. Mix the alcoholic
tincture with an equal volume of a satu-
rated aqueous solution of common salt, in
an oil separater, and separate the oil
which floats on the surface. Boil the
marc, left from the alcoholic tinctui-e, with
Oij of water, strain the decoction, and
evaporate it to the consistence of syrup ;
mix this syrupy extract with Ibij of com-
mon salt, dry the mixture over a water-
bath, colour it with arnotto, rub it through
a coarse sieve to separate the grains, and
then intimately mix it with the oil sepa-
rated from the alcoholic tincture.
The spirit may be recovered, by distilla-
tion, from its admixture with the solution
of salt.
Pewter.
An alloy of tin and lead ; or of tin, with
antimony, bismuth, copper, &c.
No. 1.
]^ Tin 82 parts.
Lead 18 „
If a larger proportion of lead than this
is present, the pewter will te acted on by
even weak acetic acid.
872
FOEMULiE, &c.
No. 2.
Trifle.
9 Tin .... ^ , 83 parts.
Antimony • ... 17
No. 3.
Plate pewter,
9 Tin 100 parts.
Antimony .... 8
Bismuth .... 2 ,,
Copper 2 „
No. 4.
Britannia metal. No. 1.
9? Tin,
Brass,
Antimony, ^
Bismuth aa p. £e.
No. 5.
Britannia metal, No. 2.
9' Tin 82 parts.
Lead 18
Antimony .... 5
Brass . t . . . 5
This forms an excellent alloy for tea-
pots, &c.
Phloridzine.
A crystalline body obtained from the
bark of the roots of apple, pear, or plum
trees.
Boil the bark of the roots of the apple,
pear, or plum tree, in distilled water, de-
colourize the decoction with oxide of lead,
remove any lead that may remain in solu-
tion by sulphuric acid and sulphuret of
barium, evaporate the clear liquor to a
syrupy consistence, and let it stand that
crystals may be formed. These crystals
are impure phloridzine, which may be
purified by solution, treatment with animal
charcoal, and recrystallization.
It has been administered as a febrifuge.
Phosphorus. Si/mb. P. equiv.
16 or 31-44.
This is one of the constituents of bones
and from this source it is generally ob-
tained.
Add Ibviij of oil of vitriol, diluted with
twice its volume of water, to Ibxij of
calcined bones; let the mixture stand
for 2 or 3 days, frequently stirring it.
Add water to the mixture, and separate
the solution from the insoluble sulphate
of lime. Evaporate the solution to a
syrupy consistence, mix it with Ifej of
powdered charcoal, and dry the mixture
in an iron vessel over the naked fire. The
dry powder is to be put into a stone-ware
retort furnished with a wide tube dipping
into cold water, and the strong heat of a
furnace applied. The phosphorus will
distil over, and drop into the water.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
Note. — Phospho)'us. Nearly free from
colour, translucent like wax, emits light
in the dark. Pliosphorus should be kept
in water and excluded from light.
Amorphous phosphorus.
When phosphorus, confined in an atmo-
sphere incapable of acting chemically upon
it, is exposed for 48 hours or more
to a temperature of about 450'' Fahr., it
becomes red and opaque. It is now called
red phosphorus, or amorphous phosphorus.
In this altered state it is insoluble in bi-
sulphuret of carbon, and it is much less
inflammable than common phosphorus.
Phosphorus paste, for de-
stroying rats, mice, &c.
No. 1.
9 Phosphorus ... 8 parts.
Water lukewarm . . 180 ,,
Rye meal,
Butter or lard . . aa 180 „
Sugar 125 „
Liquefy the phosphorus in the luke-
warm water, and mix it in a mortar with
the rye meal ; when cold, add the butter
and the sugar, and mix them all thoroughly
together. The mixture may be more com-
pletely insured if the phosphorus be first
reduced to a state of minute division, by
liquefying it in warm spirit in a bottle,
and shaking the bottle until it has become
cold, and then mixing the finely-divided
phosphorus with the other ingredients.
FORMULJE, &c.
873
No. 2.
9" Starch ^xij.
Cold water . . , . ^viij.
Boiling water .... Oij.
Phosphorus .... ^iss.
Mix the starch with the cold water, then
add the boiling water, and stir them to-
gether until a jelly is formed, into which,
while still warm, the phosphorus is to be
put and left, covered, for a few minutes.
The ingredients are then to be well mixed
together with a bone spatula, and a little
powdered valerian root or anise-seed added.
It is said that rats and mice will eat
with avidity this composition, which should
be laid for them in small balls.
Cantons rnosPHOKUs.
Mix 3 parts of calcined oyster-shells,
and 1 part of sulphur; put the mixture
into a covered crucible, and heat it strongly
for about an hour. This substance be-
comes phosphorescent in the dark, after
being exposed for some time to the sun-
shine.
Pickle. (Pikel, Dutch.)
A liquor in which animal or vegetable
substances are preserved. The term is
most frequently applied to the fruit or
other parts of vegetables preserved in vine-
gar, or vinegar and salt.
The process of pickling usually consists
in depriving the substances to be pickled
of their watery juices, where these exist
to any extent ; in coagulating the albumen,
if present; and then covering the sub-
stances with some liquid capable of pre-
se*Ting their flavour, and preventing de-
composition. The following solutions are
used in the process : —
Brine.
9' Common salt
Water , .
Dissolve,
9 Common salt
Water , .
Dissolve.
No. 1.
No. 2,
Oij.
Oij.
Pickle.
No. 1.
B' Strong distilled vinegar
Common salt ...
Black pepper .
Ginger, whole . . .
Mace
Oij.
^•ss.
^iss.
3i.
Boil for a few minutes and strain.
No. 2.
B' Strong distilled vinegar .
Common salt.
Dissolve.
Oij.
a-
Pickled barberries.
Put the ripe fruit of the barberry into
stone jars, or wide-mouthed green glass
bottles, and cover them ^with Brine No.
1, or with Pickle No. 2, without applying
heat.
Pickled caulijlower or broccoli.
Put the cauliflower or broccoli into a
sufficient quantity of Brine No, 1, and
gradually heat it over the fire until it
boils, then pour off the liquor, drain, and
dry the vegetables | before the fire, put
them into a jar, and cover them -with
Pickle No, 1, boiling hot.
Pickled cherries.
Put the cherries, not quite ripe, into
stone jars or bottles, and cover them with
very strong distilled vinegar, cold.
Pickled eschalots.
Boil a suflScient quantity of Pickle No.
1 ; while boiling, put in the eschalots, and
simmer them for 2 minutes; then pour
them into a stone jar, and when cold, cover
them over.
Pickled gherkins.
Put the gherkins into a jar and pour
over them enough of Brine No. 1, boiling
hot, to cover them ; let them stand for a
day, then pour off" the brine and wipe the
gherkins separately; put them again into
874
FORMULA, &c.
the jars, and cover them with Pickle No.
1, boiling hot ; cover the jar with a plate,
and let it stand for 2 days, then heat
the liquor again to the boiling point, and
pour it over the fruit as before. Let it
stand until cold, then cover the jar over.
Sliced cucumbers, French beans, and
capsicums, may be pickled in the same
way as gherkins.
Pickled limes or lemons.
Take fine sound fruit, and slit them half
down in 4 quarters, but not through to
the core ; put as much salt as they will
hold into the incisions, and expose them
on a dish, in the sun, for 8 or 10
days, frequently turning them, and basting
them with the liquor that runs out. Rub
some powdered turmeric on the surface
of each ; put them, together with the juice
that has exuded, and some whole capsi-
cums, into a stone jar, and cover them
with Pickle No, 1, boiling hot. Let them
stand till cold, and then cover them over.
Pickled mushrooms.
Put small button mushrooms, recently
gathered, into a jar, and pour over them
Pickle No, 1, in a sufficient quantity to
cover them. Let them stand for a day,
then reboil the liquor, and again pour it
over them.
Pickled nasturtitmis.
Put the fruit of the nasturtium, unripe,
into jars or bottles, and cover them with :
Pickle No. 2, cold.
Pickled onions.
Select the smallest onions, peel them,
and then proceed as directed for escha-
lots.
Pickled peaches.
Put the peaches, not quite ripe, into
Brine No. 2 ; let them remain there for
3 days, then take them out and drain
them ; put them into a jar, and pour
Pickle No. 1, boiling hot, over them.
After 2 months, they will be fit for use.
Pickled walnuts.
Prick the fruit with a pin or sharp-
pointed instrument in several places ; put
them on a dish, and sprinkle salt over
them, expose them to the sun for a week
or 10 days, turning them every day, and
basting them with the liquor that runs
out. Then put them into a jar, together
with the liquor, and cover them with
Pickle No, 1, boiling hot.
Piccalili. Indian pickle.
Take a hard white cabbage, sliced, two
cauliflowers pulled to pieces, a stick of
horseradish cut in slices, two dozen small
onions ; cover them with Brine No. 1
boiling hot; let them stand for 24 hours,
then pour off the liquor, and add an equal
quantity of Pickle No. 1, boiling hot, to-
gether with ^ of turmeric, and 3J of
mustard in powder; let them stand for
2 days, then mix them with a quantity
of pickled cucumbers, gherkins, French
beans, and capsicums, and enough Pickle
No, 1 to cover them.
PlCKliE FOR MEAT.
No,l.
B" Bay salt . . .
Saltpetre ....
Brown sugar. . ,
Blaclt pepper
Water • . , ,
Boil for 20 minutes.
Ibiij,
Ibij,
cong. ij.
No, 2.
5 Common salt . , . Ibvj.
Bay salt ftij.
Saltpetre ?ij.
Coarse sugar . . . ftij.
Water ..... cong. iij.
Dissolve with heat.
Th^se pickles are well adapted for pre-
serving tongues, beef, hams, &c., the fla-
vour of which they improve.
PiCROTOXINE.
The active principle contained in the
fruit of Cocculus Indicus.
{
FORMULA, &c.
«73
PlLULiE ALOES. Pills of uloCS.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Socotrine aloes,
Castile soap . . aa equal parts.
Conserve of red roses . q. s.
Beat them into a proper pill -mass. This
pill may be also correctly made with the
finer qualities of East Indian aloes, as
the socotrine variety is very scarce ; and
many, not without reason, prefer the
stronger Barbadoes aloes,
PiLULA ALOES COMPOSITA.
Compound pill of aloes.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
ifi Socotrine aloes, powdered . ^.
Extract of gentian .... _^s.
Oil of caraway .... Tr\_xl.
Treacle, as much as may be
suificient.
Beat together, that they may be inti-
mately mixed into a proper mass for mak-
ing pills.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Pilulce aloes
compositce.
R Hepatic aloes, in powder . . ^ij.
Extract of gentian . . . . ^.
Oil of caraway f^j.
Treacle, by weight . . . • ^.
Beat them together until they are
thoroughly incorporated.
Med. Use. — These pills are lajsative,
and well suited to obviate costiveness.
Dose. — Grs. x. to grs. xv.
SYNONYME.
Filulee ex aloe. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Pilule aloes et assafcetid^.
Pills of aloes and assafcetida.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Aloes (Socotrine or East Indian),
Assafcetida,
Castile soap . . aa equal parts.
Beat them with conserve of red roses
into a proper pill-mass.
Med. Use. — Pui'gative and antispas-
modic.
Dose. — Gr. x.
Pilule aloes et febbi. Pills
of aloes and iron.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Sulphate of iron ... 3 Paiis,
Barbadoes aloes . . . 2 „
Aromatic powder . . . 6 „
Conserve of roses . . . 8 „
Pulverise the aloes and sulphate of iron
separately, mix the whole ingredients ; and
beat them into a proper mass ; which is to
be divided into 5-grain pills.
PiLULA ALOES CUm" MYRRHA.
Pill of aloes with myrrh.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Powdered socotrine or hepatic
aloes ••«... ^ss.
Saffron,
Powdered myrrh.
Soft soap, of each . . • . jij.
Treacle, as much as may be
sufficient.
Beat together that a mass may be made.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
cum, myrrha.
Pilules aloes
"^ Hepatic aloes, in powder . . ^ij.
MyjTh, in powder , , . ^.
Dried saffron, in powder . . ^ss.
Treacle, by weight . . . ^iiss.
Triturate the aloes, myrrh, and saffron
together, and saft them ; then add the
treacle, and beat all the ingredients into a
uniform mass.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Pilulae aloes
et myrrh(E.
^ Aloes (Socotrine or East
Indian) .... 4 parts.
Myrrh 2 „
Saffron _ 1 part.
876
FORMULA, &c.
Beat them into a proper mass, with a
sufficient quantity of conseiTe of roses.
Med. Use. — Purgative and emmena-
gogue.
Dose. — Gr. x, to gr. xx.
SYNONTME.
Pilula Bufi. Sufus' pill.
PiLULiE ALOES DILUTE. Di-
luted aloes pills.
(Dr. Marshall Hall.)
^' Barbadoes aloes,
Castile soap,
Extract of liquorice,
Treacle aa p. se.
Dissolve them in water, strain, and
evaporate to a proper pilular consist-
ence.
ViixHjM aloes cum mastiche.
Aloes and mastic pills. Lady
Hesketh's dinner pills. Lady
Crespigny's pills. Lady Web-
ster's pills. Dinner pills.
No. 1.
^' Aloes ...... jvj.
Mastic powdered.
Eed roses, powdered, . . aa jij.
Syrup of wormwood . . q. s.
Make a pill-mass and divide it into pills
of 3 grains each.
Note. — The above is the original recipe ;
the following will be found a more con-
venient form : —
No. 2.
J9' Aloes ^vj.
Mastic |ij.
Soap ^ss.
Water f^ss.
Mix together in a heated iron mortar
until incorporated, then divide into pills
of 3 grains each.
The following substitute for the fore-
going is given under the title of,
Pilulce dictcB antecibum. Din-
ner pills.
Codex, Ph. Fran^. 1
9' Aloes ..... i
Extract of bark .
Powdered cinnamon
Syrup of wormwood .
Mix, to form a pill-mass, to
into 4-grain pills.
839.
■ 3"j-
• 3J-
. q. s.
be divided
gr, viij.
3ss.
Dr. ClarKs dinner pills.
]^ Socotrine aloes
Extract of chamomile
Powdered myrrh,
Powdered rhubarb, . aa 3j.
Oil of chamomile . . gtt. viij.
Mucilage q. s. to form into 20 pills.
One or two to be taken daily before
dinner.
Note. — These pills, which were ori-
ginally prescribed by Sir Charles Clarke,
are much used in London.
Pilula aloes cum sapone.
Pill of aloes with soap.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
^ Powdered extract of Barbadoes
Soft soap,
Extract of licjuorice, equal parts.
Treacle, as much as may be
sufficient.
Beat the extract of aloes with the soap ;
then, the rest having been added, beat
all together, that a mass may be made.
Pilule aperientes Stahlii.
StahVs aperient pills.
Ph. Hannov, Nova, 1831.
]^ Powdered aloes • • • • Aj-
Compound extract of co-
locynth ..... ^ss.
Iron filings ..... jij
Mucilage of gum arable . , q. s.
Mix, to form pill-mass.
PiLULiE ARSENICI. Pilul<B
AsiaticcE. Pills of arsenic. Tan-
jore pills.
FORMULA, &c.
877
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Arsenious acid . . . gr. j.
Black pepper powdered . gr. xij.
Gum arable powdered . gr. ij.
Water ..... q. s.
Rub the arsenious acid and the pepper
together, in an iron mortar, for some
time, until they are thoroughly mixed,
then add the gum and water, and make a
mass, to be divided into twelve pills.
Note. — It is important to continue the
trituration of the pepper with the arse-
nious acid for a long time, so that the
latter may be uniformly distributed
through the mass. If the quantity em-
ployed be rather large, some hours should
at least be occupied in this operation.
PlLULiE ASSAF(ETID;E. Assa-
fcktida pills.
U. S. Ph. 1851.
^' Assafoetida .... ^iss.
Soap ^ss.
Beat them with water so as to form a
mass, to be divided into 240 pills.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^.' Assafoetida, ■'■
Galbanum,
Myrrh .... aa 3 parts.
Conserve of roses . . . 4 ,,
or q. s.
Mix them, and beat them into a proper
pill- mass.
PiLUL/E ASSAFCETID^ COMPO-
siTiE. Compou7id pills of assa-
foetida.
Dubl. Ph. 1851.
9 Assafoetida .... Jij.
Galbanum,
Myrrh,
Treacle, by weight, of each ^'.
Heat all the ingredients in a capsule,
by means of a steam or water bath, and
stir the mass until it assumes a uniform
consistence.
Med. Use. — A good pill in hysterical
affections.
Dose.—^irs. x., twice or thrice a-day.
SYNONYME.
Pilula asseefodidcE Co.— Edin, Ph. 1839."
PlLDIi^ CALOMELANOS ET OPII.
Pills of calomel and opium.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
B Calomel 3 parts.
Opium 1 part.
Conserve of red roses, a
sufficiency,
Beat them into a proper mass, which is
to be divided into pills, 'each containing
2 grains of calomel.
Med. Use. — An antiphlogistic.
Dose. — 1 to 2 pills.
PlLULA GAMBOGI.E COMPOSITA.
Compound pill of gam boge.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
B' Powdered gamboge . , jij.
Powdered socotrine or he-
patic aloes . , . . jiij.
Powdered ginger . , . jj.
Soft soap ..... ^ss.
Mix the powders together; then, the
soap having been added, beat all together,
that a mass may be made.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Pilults gam-
bogice. Gamboge pills.
9" Gamboge,
East Indian or Barbadoes
aloes.
Aromatic powder . . aa 1 part.
Castile soap .... 2 parts.
Pulverize the gamboge and aloes sepa-
rately, mix all the powders, add the soap,
and then a sufficiency of syrup ; beat the
whole into a proper pill-mass.
Med. Use. — These pills purge briskly.
Dose, — Ten grains.
Pilule cocci^. (From kokkm,
pills.) Pill cochia.
In the earliest Phamiacopoeias of the
London College there were two formulas
for Pill cochia, one for Pilulce coccice
majores, and the other for Pilula cocchice
878
FOEMUL-S, &c.
minores. The former of these is said to
have originated with Bazi, while the
latter has been ascribed to Galen. Fre-
quent allusion is made to these pills by
early medical writers. They are men-
tioned by Paulus JEgineta and Alexander
Trallianus. Formulae were given for
them by Mesue and by Nicolaus, in their
works, entitled Antidotariwm, and these
were the formulas first inserted in the
London Pharmacopoeia. In the year 1773,
however, the committee appointed to re-
vise the Pharmacopoeia, recommended the
rejection of those formulae, the entire
omission of the Pilulce coccice majores,
and the adoption of a more simple for-
mula than that which had previously been
inserted, for PHuIcb coccim minores. The
name of the latter was changed to Pilulce
ex colocynthide cum aloe, and the com-
mittee stated that the new foiinula by
which these pills were directed to be made,
was that published by Galen, This for-
mula was inserted in the Pharmacopoeia
of 1746, as follows : —
No. 1.
Pilulce ex colocynthide cum aloe.
Pilules coccice. Pill cochia.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
^ Socotrine aloes,
Scammony .... aa ^ij.
Pulp of colocynth . . . ^.
Oil of cloves .... 3ij.
Syrup of buckthorn . . q. s.
Mix, to form a pill-mass.
This formula has since received a
variety of modifications at the hands of
different pharmaceutists, among which are
the following : —
No. 2.
^ Cape aloes Ibij.
Pulp of colocynth,
Powdered jalap,
Soap aa !bj.
Oil of cloves . . • • ^•
Syrup q, s.
Mix, to form a pill-mass.
No, 3.
The same as the above, but substituting
socotrine for Cape aloes.
Med. Use,' — This is a cheap and favourite
purgative pill, much used among the poor.
Dose. — From gr. x. to 3ss.
Pilule ex colocynthide
siMPiiiciORES. Simple colocynth
pills.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
]^ Colocynth pulp,
Scammony . . . . aa ^ij.
Oil of cloves .... jij.
Syrup of buckthorn . . q. s.
Mix the colocynth and scammony, pre-
viously powdered, with the oil of cloves,
and form them into a pill-mass, with the
syrup.
STNONTME,
Pilulce e duohus.
Edin. Ph. 1841. PiLULiE
coLOCYNTHiDis. Colocynth pills.
^1 Socotrine, or East Indian
aloes,
Scammony , . . aa 8 parts.
Colocynth .... 4 „
Sulphate of potash,
Oil of cloves . . . aa 1 part.
Rectified spirits . . . q. s.
Pulverize the aloes, scammony, and
sulphate of potash together; mix them
with the colocynth, previously reduced to
fine powder ; add the oil of cloves ; and
with the aid of a small quantity of rec-
tified spirit, beat the whole into a proper
pill-mass ; which is to be divided into
5-grain pills.
PiLULA COLOCYNTHIDIS COM-
FOSiTA. Compound colocynth
pill. (^Extractum colocynthidis
compositum. Ph. 1836.)
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9^ Extract of colocynth . , gj.
Powdered extract of aloe? . jvj.
Powdered scammony . . gij.
Powdered cardamom . . Jss.
Soft soap ..... 5iss. ■
Mix the powders together ; then, the rest
having been added, beat all together, that a
mass may be made.
FORMULAE, &c.
879
Dubl. Ph. 1850. PilulcB colo-
cynthidis compositce.
^ Pulp of colocynth, in fine pow-
•iei- S.
Hepatic aloes, in fine powder ^ij.
Scammony, in fine powder,
Castile soap, of each . , ^.
Oil of cloves , . . , fjj.
Treacle, by weight . . • 3x.
Reduce the soap to a fine powder, and
mix it with the colocynth, aloes, and scam-
mony ; then rub all together with the oil
of cloves and treacle, and beat them into a
mass of a imifonn consistence.
PiLULiE COLOCYNTHIDIS ET
HYOscYAMi. Pills of colocynth
and henbane.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
l^r Colocynth-pill mass . > 2 parts.
Extract of hyoscyamus . 1 part.
Beat them well together, adding a few
drops of rectified spirit, if necessaiy ; and
divide the mass into 5-grain pills.
Med. Use. — A useful pill in case of irri-
table bowels.
PiLULA CONir COMPOSITA.
Compound pill of hemlock.
Lond.Ph. 1851.
9' Extract of hemlock . . . jv.
Powdered ipecacuanha . . 3J.
Treacle, as much as may be
sufficient.
Beat together, that a mass may be made.
Med. Use. — Antispasmodic — useful in
hooping-cough.
Dose. — Grs. v.
Pilule copaiba. Pills of co-
paiba.
U.S. Ph. 1851.
9' Copaiba ^ij.
Magnesia, recently prepared 3j.
Mix them and set the mixture aside till
it concretes into a pilular mass, which is
to be divided into 200 pills.
Note. — Calcined magnesia or lime, when
added in the proportions specified in the
foregoing formula to balsam of copaiba,
will fi-equently form a stiff pilular mass.
This effect, however, is not produced with
all specimens of copaiba, those answering
best which are old and contain most resin.
Lime produces the effect more completely
and uniformly than magnesia, but which-
ever of these be used, it should be recently
calcined, and used while yet wai-m, and
the effect may be still further promoted by
exposing the mixture to the heat of a
water-bath.
PiLDLJB CUPRI AMMONIA TI.
Pills of ammoniated copper.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Ammoniated copper, in fine
powder .... 1 part.
Bread-crumb ... 6 parts.
Solution of carbonate of
ammonia • . . . q. s.
Beat them into a proper mass ; and
divide it into pills, containing each half a
grain of ammoniated copper.
Med. Use. — Given in epilepsy and spas-
modic disease.
Dose. — 1 pill night and morning, to be
increased gradually to 4 or 5.
SYNONYME.
PiluldB cupri ammoniareti. Edin. Ph.
1839.
< Pilule digitalis et scill^e.
Pills of foxglove and squill.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Digitalis,
Squill . , . . aa 1 part.
Aromatic electuary . . 2 parts.
Beat them into a proper mass with con-
serve of red roses, and divide the mass into
4-grain pills.
Med. C/se.— Diuretic.
Dose. — From 1 to 2 pills.
PiLUL/E FERttI CARBONATIS.
Pills of carbonate of iron.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Saccharine carbonate of
iron 4 parts.
Conserve of red roses . 1 part.
Beat tliem into a proper mass, to be
divided into 5-gi'ain pills.
880
FORMULA, &c.
PiLULA FERRI COMPOSITA.
Compound pill of iron.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Powdered myrrh .... jij.
Carbonate of soda,
Sulphate of iron,
Treacle, of each . . . . 3J.
Rub the myrrh with the carbonate in a
vessel previously warmed; then, the sul-
phate having been added, rub again; then
beat all together, that a mass may be
made.
Med, Use. — Tonic and emmenagogue.
Dose.— Yrom 10 to 20 gi-ains.
PlLUIi^ FERRI SUIiPHATIS.
JPills oj' sulphate of iron.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Dried sulphate of iron . 2 parts.
Extract of taraxacum . 5 „
Conserve of red roses . 2 ,,
Liquorice-root powder . 3 „
Beat them together into a proper mass,
which is to be divided into 5-grain pills.
Med. Use. — Tonic.
Dose. — 1 to 2.
PlliULA GALBANI COMPOSITA.
Compound galhanum pill.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Prepared galbanum . . , jij.
Myrrh,
Prepared sagapenum, of each . jiij.
Prepared assafoetida . . . 3J.
Treacle, as much af may be
sufficient.
Beat together that a mass may be made.
Med. Use. — Antispasmodic and emme-
nagogue.
Dose. — Grs. s. to grs. xx.
SYNONYMES.
Pilulce gummosa. — Lond. Ph. 1721,
1746.
PiluIeB e gummi. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Pilulce myrrhcB compositcB. — Dubl. Ph.
1807.
PiLULA HYDRARGYRI. Pill of
mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Mercury ^gs.
Confection of French rose . zvj.
Powdered liquorice . . . 3ij.
Rub the mercury with the confection,
until globules are not able to be seen any
longer; afterwards, the liquorice having
been added, beat all together, that a mass
may be made.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Mercury 2 parts.
Liquorice root, in powder 1 part.
Conserve of red roses . 3 parts.
Beat the mercury and conserve into a
uniform mass till globules of mercury can
no longer be detected, then add the liquo-
rice-root, and beat the whole again into a
proper mass, which is to be divided into 5-
grain pills.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Pilul(e hy-
drargyri.
^ Pure mercury .... iij.
Confection of roses . . . liij.
Liquorice root, in fine powder \^.
Rub the mercury with the confection,
until the metallic globules are no longer
visible ; then add the liquorice powder, and
mix the whole well together.
Med. Use. — Alterative and purgative.
As an alterative, it is given in dos:s of from
4 to 6 grains ; as a purgative from 10 to
20 grains.
SYNONYMES.
Pilulce mercuriales. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Pilulce ex hydrargyro. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Blue pill.
PiLULA HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDI
COMPOSITA. Compound pill of
chloride of mercury. Plummer's
pill.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Chloride of mercury,
Oxysulphuret of antimony, of
each 3ij.
Powdered guaiacum,
Treacle, of each .... ^ss.
FORMULiE, &c.
881
Rub the chloride with the oxysulphuret,
then with the guaiacum and treacle, that a
mass may be made.
Edin. Ph. 1841. PUuIcb calo-
melanos compositcE.
9 Calomel,
Golden sulphuret of anti-
mony . . . . aa 1 part.
Guaiac, in fine powder,
Treacle . . . . aS 2 parts.
Mis the solids in fine powder, then the
treacle, and beat the whole into a proper
pill-mass ; to be divided into 6-grain pills.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Pilulce calo-
melanos composites.
9 Calomel,
Precipitated sulphuret of anti-
mony, of each . . . • SJ-
Guaiacum resin, in powder . 3ij.
Castor oil 5J.
Triturate the calomel with the antimony,
then add the resin and oil, and beat the
whole into a uniform mass.
Med. Use. — Diaphoretic and alterative
in syphilitic affections of the skin.
Dose. — From 5 gi-ains to 10 grains.
SYXOXYMES.
Pilula hydrargyri submuriatis. — Lond.
Ph. 1809.
PilulcE hydrargyri stibmuriatis compositcB.
—Lond. Ph. 1824. Edin. Ph. 1839.
Pilule hydrargyri iodidi.
Pills of iodide of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
]^ Iodide of merc'iry . . . jj.
Confection of dog-rose . • Jiij.
Ginger, powdered . . . jj.
Beat them together until incorporated.
Med. Use. — These pills have been given
in scrofulous affections in the dose of from
gr. j. to grs. iij.
Omitted in Lond, Ph. 1851.
Pilule hydragog^ Bontii.
Pilules de Bontius. Bonlius' pills.
Codex, Ph. rran9. 1839.
^ Socotrine aloes . . . . 3J.
Gamboge .•.*.. 3J.
Gum ammoniacum . . . 3J.
Vinegar from white wine . 3VJ.
Dissolve the gum resins and the aloes
with heat in half the vinegar ; press out
the liquor, and to the residue add the re-
mainder of the vinegar, and proceed as
before. Then mix the liquors, and eva-
porate them with the heat of a water-bath
until a proper consistence is acquired for
making pills, and divide the mass into
4-gi-ain pills.
PiLULA IPECACUANHJE CUM
SCI1.LA. Pill of ipecacuanha
with squill. {Pilules ipeca-
cuanha compositce. Ph. 1836.)
Lond. Ph. 1851.
B* Compound powder of ipeca-
cuanha 3"J'
Recently-powdered squill.
Powdered ammoniacum, of each 3J.
Treacle, as much as may be
sufficient.
Beat together, that a mass may be made.
Med. Use. — Diaphoretic and expectorant.
Dose. — Grs, v. thrice a day.
PiLULiE IPECACUANILE ET OPII.
Pills of ipecacuanha and opium.
Edin. Ph, 1841.
"^ Powder of ipecacuan and
opium 3 parts.
Conserve of red roses . 1 part.
Beat them into a proper mass, which is
to be divided into 4-gi-ain pills.
Med. Use. — Diaphoretic.
Dose. — From 10 to 15 grains.
PlLUI^ MAJORES HOFFMANNI.
Hoffman s pills.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
1^ Corrosive sublimate . . gr. xv.
Distilled water .... 5ss.
Crumb of bread . . . q. s.
Form into a pill-mass, and divide into
120 pills.
3 L
882
FORMULAE, &c.
Pilule odontalgicje. Pills
for the toothache.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Extract of belladonna,
Extract of henbane,
Opium powdered . afi gr. x.
Oil of cloves .... gtt. XX.
Pellitory of Spain powdered jss.
Or q. s. to make a mass, to be divided
into 1-grain pills, and covered with pow-
dered cloves. Keep them in a close
vessel.
PlLUL/E OPII SIVE THEBAIC^.
Pills of opium.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
IJ Opium 1 part.
Sulphate of potass . . 3 parts.
Conserve of red roses . 1 part.
Beat them into a proper mass, which is
be divided into 5-grain pills.
It is to be observed that this pill con-
tains twice as much opium as the opiate
pill of the last Latin edition of this Phar-
macopoeia.
Pilule pectorales. Cough
pills.
(Dr. Latham.)
9 Compound powder of ipeca-
cuanha 2j.
Fresh squill,
Ammoniacum, gum resin aa ^j.
Calomel grs. iv.
Mix and form into 20 pills. One 3
times a-day,
PiLULiE PLUMBi OPIATE. Opi-
ated lead pills.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Acetate of lead ... 6 parts.
Opium 1 part.
Conserveof red roses, about 1 „
Beat them into a proper mass, which is
to be divided into 4-grain pills. This pill
may be made also with twice tlie quantity
of opium.
Med. Use. — Sedative. 8 grains of this
mass contain 1 grain of opium and 6 of
acetate of lead.
PiLUL.?; QUIN^ SULPHATIS.
Pills of sulphate of quinine.
U. S. Ph. 1851.
R Sulphate of quinine . . ^■.
Gum arable, in powder . jij.
Honey q. g.
Mix together the sulphate of quinine and
the gum ; then beat them with the honey
so as to form a mass, to be divided into
480 pills.
PiLULiE RHEi. Rhubarb pills,
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Rhubarb, in fine powder . 9 parts.
Acetate of potash ... 1 part.
Conserve of red roses . . 5 parts.
Beat them into a proper mass, and
divide it into 5-grain pills.
"'Med. Use. — Aperient, and useful in
dyspepsia.
Dose. — One or two pills, or even more.
PiLULA bhei composita. Com-
pound rhubarb pill.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
R Powdered rhubarb . . . . giv.
Powdered socotrine aloes. . jiij.
Powdered myrrh .... jij.
Soft soap jss.
Oil of caraway ..... TlXxv.
Treacle, as much as may be
sufficient.
Mix the powders together, then, the
rest having been added, beat all together,
that a mass may be made.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Pilulce rhei
compositce.
^ Rhubarb in powder . . 12 parts.
Aloes, in fine powder . • 9 „
Myirh,
Castile' soap aa 6 ,,
Oil of peppennint ... 1 part.
Conserve of red roses . . 5 parts.
Mix them, and beat them into a proper
mass, and divide it into 5-grain pills.
This pill may be also made without oil of
peppermint, when so preferred.
FORMULA, &c.
883
Dubl. Ph. 1850. PilulcB rhei
compositcE.
'^1 Rhubarb, in fine powder . , ^iss.
Hepatic aloes, in fine powder . 3ix.
Myn'h, in fine powder,
Castile soap, of each. , . . jvj.
Oil of peppermint . , . . f 3J.
Treacle, by weight .... ^ij.
Reduce the soap to a fine powder, and
triturate it witli the rhubarb, aloes, and
myrrh ; then add the treacle and oil of
peppermint, and beat the whole into a
uniform mass.
Med Use. — A gentle aperient, in the
dose of from ] 0 to 20 grains.
VxiSUL.m RHEI ET CARUI. Dr.
Kitchener's peristaltic persuaders.
9 Powdered rhubarb .... jij.
Simple syrup 2j,
Oil of caraway TT\_x.
Mix to form a mass, and divide it into
40 pills.
Med. Use. — These pills were much re-
commended by the late Dr. Kitchener as a
sort of dinner-pill, one or two being taken
before the meal.
Pilule bhei et fekri. Pills
of rhubarb and iron.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Dried sulphate of iron . . 4 parts.
Extract of rhubarb . . . 10 ,
Conserve of red roses . . 5 „
Beat them into a proper pill-mass, and
divide it into 5-grain pills.
Med. Use.— Tonic and laxative, useful
in chlorosis.
Dose. — Grs. x. to xv.
PiLULiE BHEI ET ZINGIBERIS.
Rhubarb and ginger pills.
No. 1.
9 Powdered rhubarb .... jj.
Powdered ginger ^j.
Simple syrup q. s.
Mix to form a mass, and divide it into
20 pills.
No. 2.
9 Powdered rhubarb .... 3iss.
Castile soap ftj.
Essence of ginger jj.
Mix the soap and essence of ginger to-
gethei-, then add the rhubarb, and when
the mixture has acquired a proper pilular
consistence from spontaneous evaporation
of the spirit, divide into 24 pills.
PiLULA SAGAPENI COMPOSIT.E.
Compound pills of sagapenum.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Sagapenum ^.
Aloes gss.
Syrup of ginger q. s.
Beat them together until incorporated.
Med. Use. — Antibilious and laxative.
Dose. — Grs. v. to grs. x.
Omitted in Lond, Ph. 1851.
Pilule safonis composita.
Compound pill of soap.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
R Powdered opium,
Powdered liquorice, of each. . jij.
Soft soap jvj.
Beat together, that a mass may be
made.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Piluloe sa-
ponis compositcB. (Pilules saponin
cum opio.)
9 Opium, in fine powder . . . ^ss.
Castile soap Jij.
Distilled water, f3ss., or as
much as is sufficient.
Reduce the soap to a fine powder, add
the opium and water, and beat the mixture
into a mass of a uniform consistence.
Med. Use. — Narcotic: 5-grains contain
1 grain of opium.
6YN0NYMES.
PilulcB saponacea. — Lond, Ph. 1746.
Pilulce ex opio. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Pilulce opn.— Lond. Ph. 1788, edit. alt.
Piluloe saponis cum opio. — Lond. Ph.
1809, 1824.
31.2
884
FORMULA, &c.
PlJLUXA SCILL^ COMPOSITiE.
Compound pills of squill.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Freshly powdered squill • . . 3J.
Powdered ginger,
Powdered ammoniacum, of each 3ij.
Soft soap jiij.
Treacle ........ 2,j.
Mix the powders together, then, the rest
having heen added, beat all together, that
a mass may be made.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. PilulcB scill(B
compositce.
9 Squill, in fine powder . , . giiss.
Ginger, in fine powder,
Ammoniac, in fine powder,
Castile soap, of each. . . . jij.
Treacle, by weight] .... iss.
Reduce the soap to powder, and tritu-
rate it with the squill, ginger, and am-
moniac; then add the treacle, and beat
them all into a mass of a uniform con-
•sistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Pilulce scHIcb.
Pills of squills.
_ 9 Squill, in fine powder . . 5 parts.
Ammoniac,
"tiinger, in fine powder,
Spanish soap .... aa 4 „
"Conserve of red roses . . 2
Mix the powders, add the other articles,
beat them into a uniform mass, and
divide them into 5-grain pills.
Med. JTst?.— Expectorant. Diuretic.
Dose. — Grs. v. to grs. xx.
PlI.ULA STYBACIS COMPOSITA.
Compound pill of storax.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
3^3-
R Prepared storax ...
Powdered opium,
Saffron, of each jij.
Beat together that a mass may be made
Edin. Ph. 1841. Pilulce stij-
racis. Pills of storax.
^ Opium,
S^ron aa 1 part.
Extract of storax ... 2 parts.
Beat them into a uniform mass, which
is to be divided into 4-grain pills.
Med. JTse.— Sedative.
Dose. — From grs. iv. or grs. v. to
grs. viij.
PlPEBINE.
A crystallizable body obtained from
black or long pepper, by treating them
with alcohol. It is a feeble base, but
does form some salts.
It has been used on the Continent as a
remedy in intermittents.
Symb. PI. Equiv.
PliATINUM.
98-7.
A very dense, White metal, malleable
and ductile. It cannot be fused by the
heat of a furnace, and is not acted on by
any acid but aqua regia. It is oxidized
and corroded, however, when heated with
caustic alkalies, and readily forms alloys
with other metals, which indicates the
precautions to be adopted in the use of
platinum crucibles. Platinum is always
found in the metallic state, but alloyed
with other metals.
PiiATiNi BiCHLORiDUM. Bi-
chloride of platinum.
This is best formed by dissolving spongv
platinum in aqua regia, and gently evapo-
rating the solution to dryness. It is
soluble in water and in s[)irit.
Bose. — From gr. ss. to gr. ij.
Pjlatini et sodii chloridum.
Chloride of platinum and sodium.
Platino chloride of sodium.
B' Bichloride of platinum. . 17 parts.
Chloride of sodium . . 6 „
Dissolve the two salts in water, mix the
solutions, and evaporate that crystals may
form.
Dose. — From gr, ss, to gr, ij.
FORMULAE, &c.
885
Plumbum. Lead. Symb. Pb.
Equiv. 104, or 103-7.
A soft, bluish-grey metil. Sp. gr. 11'38.
Melts at 612° Fahr. It is principally
obtained from the native sulphuret, or
Galena.
Plumbi acetas. Acetate of
lead.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9' Oxide of lead, rubbed
to powder .... Ibiv. & ^ij.
Acetic acid,
Distilled water . , aa Oiv.
Mix ,the acid with the water, and add
the oxide of lead to them, and a gentle
heat being applied, dissolve it ; then strain.
Lastly, evaporate the liquor that crystals
may be formed.
Note. — Dissolved by distilled water.
By carbonate of soda a white precipitate
is thrown down from the solution, and
by iodide of potassium a yellow one;
by hydrosulphuric acid it is blackened.
Sulphuric acid evolves acetic vapours.
By heat it first fuses, and is afterwards
reduced to metallic lead.
There is no formula for its preparation
in the Lond. Ph. 1851.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Pyroligneous acid (D. 1034) . Oij.
Distilled water Oj.
Litharge ...,.,. ^xiv.
Mix the acid and water, add the litharge,
dissolve it with the aid of a gentle heat,
filter, concentrate the solution sufficiently
for crystallization oa cooling.
Note. — Entirely soluble in distilled
water acidulated with acetic acid : 48
gi'ains thus dissolved are not entirely pre-
cipitated by a solution of 30 grains of
phosphate of soda.
Use, — As an astringent both externally
and internally in solution in water, as a
collyrium in ophthalmia, an astringent
in gonorrhoea. Internally, combined with
opium, in pulmonary and intestinal
haemorrhage, in the dose of from gr. ss. to
SYNONTMES.
Saccharum satumi. — Lond. Ph. 1721,
1746.
Cerxtssa acetata, — Lond, Ph. 1788.
Plumbi superacetas. — Lond. Ph. 1809.
Sugar of lead. Goulard powder.
Liquor plumbi diacetatis.
Solution of diacetate of lead.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Acetate of lead. . . . Ibij. & ^iij.
Oxide of lead, rubbed
into powder . . . Ibj. & ^iv
Distilled water . . . Ovj.
Boil for half an hour, frequently stirring,
and, when the solution shall have cooled,
add as much as may be sufficient of water
that it may fill 6 pints ; lastly strain. It
should be kept in well-closed vessels.
Note. — Limpid, the specific gravity is
1*260. It corresponds to acetate of lead
as regards the other tests above noted, the
last being excepted.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Plumbi dia-
cetatis solutio.
9 Acetate of lead. . . . ^vj. & jvj.
Litharge in fine powder . ^iv.
Water Oiss.
Boil the salt and litharge with the water
for half an hour, stirring occasionally.
When the solution is cold, add water, if
necessary, to make a pint and a half; and
then filter. Preserve the solution in well-
closed bottles.
Note. — This is Goulard's extract. A
copious precipitate is gradually formed
when the breath is propelled through it by
means of a tube.
Dubl. Pb. 1850. Plumbi sub-
acetatis liquor.
^ Acetate of lead ^vj.
Litharge, in fine powder . . ^iv.
Distilled water Oij.
Dissolve the acetate of lead in the water,
and when the solution is raised to its
boiling temperature, add the litharge in
successive portions, and boil gently for
886
FORMULiE, &c.
half an hour. Add now as much distilled
water as will supply what has been lost by
evaporation, and filter through paper into
a bottle, which should be furnished with
an air-tight stopper.
The specific gravity of this solution is
1066.
Use. — Externally used in superficial in-
flammation of the skin. It also enters
into several of the preparations of the
Pharmacopoeia.
SYNONYMES.
Liquor subaceiatis lithargyri. — Dubl.
Ph. 1807.
Aqua lithargyri acetati. — Lond. Ph.
1788.
Liquor plumbi acetatis. — Lond. Ph.
1809.
Liquor plumhi subaceiatis. — Lond. Ph.
1824-.
Goulard's extract of lead.
Liquor plumbi diacetatis
DiLUTUS. Diluted solution of
diacetaie of lead.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
R Solution of diacetate of lead . £3188.
Distilled water Oj.
Proof spirit ...'... fSij.
Mix.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Plumbi sub-
aceiatis liquor compositus.
^ Solution of subacetate of lead,
Proof spirit, of each .... f^ij.
Distilled water Css.
Mix,' filter, and preserve in a well-stopped
liottle.
Used in superficial infiammation.
SYNONYMES.
Aqua lithargyri acetati composita. —
Lond. Ph. 1788.
Liquor plumbi acetatis dilutus. — Lond.
Ph. 1809, 1824.
Liquor subacetatis lithargyri compo-
situs.—Duhl Ph. 1807.
Liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus. —
Lond. Ph, 1824.
Aqua vegeto-mineralis Goulardi. Gou-
lard water. Water of Saturn.
Plumbi carbonas. Cerussa.
Ceruss. Carbonate of lead. White
lead.
This may be made by precipitation, or
by direct combination of carbonic acid and
oxygen with metallic lead. The precipi-
tated carbonate is formed by adding an
alkaline carbonate to solution of acetate
or nitrate of lead, or by passing carbonic
acid gas through solution of subacetate or
subnitrate of lead. The compounds ob-
tained by these processes, however, are
considered inferior, for the purpose of
painting, to that formed by exposing sheets
of metallic lead in the vapours of acetic
acid and carbonic acid. This is the old,
and, for practical purposes, still ihe best
process.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Note. — It does not lose weight at a
tempei-ature of 212°. 68 grains are
entirely dissolved in 150 minims of
acetic acid, diluted with a fluidounce of
distilled water; and the solution is not
entirely precipitated by a solution of 60
grains of phosphate of soda.
Plumbi chloridum. Chloride
of lead.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
15.' Acetate of lead ^ix.
Distilled water, boiling . . Oiij.
Chloride of sodium. . . . .^vj.
Dissolve the acetate of lead and chlo-
ride of sodium separately, the foi-mer in
3 pints of distilled water, and the latter
in 1 pint of distilled water. Then the
liquors being mixed together, wash what
is precipitated with distilled water, when it
is cold, and dry it.
lifote, — Totally dissolved by boiling
water, the chloride concreting almost en-
tirely into crystals as it cools. On the
addition of hydrosulphuric acid it becomes
black, and by heat yellow.
Omitted in the Lond. Ph. 1851.
Plumbi chromas. Chromate
of lead. Chrome yellow.
This compound, which is extensively
FORMULA, &c.
88T
used as a pigment, is made of several
different shades of colour, vaiying from
canary yellow to deep orange. The
lightest coloured is made by adding solu-
tion of chromate of potash, with which a
little alum or sulphuric acid has pre-
viously been mixed, to solution of acetate
or of nitrate of lead. The deepest co-
loured is obtained from chromate of potash
and diacetate of lead; and the interme-
diate colours by adding the neutral chro-
mate of potash to acetate of lead, or to a
mixture of acetate and diacetate. It has
also been observed that the precipitates
foi-med from the same solutions, when
mixed at different temperatures, differ in
•colour.
Plumbi dichromas. Dichro-
mate of lead. Chrome red.
This very beautiful pigment, which,
when well made, nearly equals vermilion
in colour, is prepared in the following
manner: —
Put saltpetre into a hessian crucible,
and fuse it, in a clear fire, at a bright red
heat ; then, throw chromate of lead into
the fused salt in small quantities at a
time, stirring the mixture with a glass-
rod, as long as a violent action continues
to take place on each addition. At the
end of the process, the dichromate will
occupy the bottom of the crucible in the
form of a black-looking deposit. The
chromate of potash, which will form a
stratum over the surface of the dichro-
mate, must be immediately poured off: the
crucible allowed to cool, and then the di-
chromate washed with water, and dried.
Much nicety is required in properly re-
gulating the temperature, upon which the
result much depends, and this can only be
acquired from practice.
PiiUMBi lODiDUM. Iodide of
lead.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
R Acetate of lead . . . .^viij.
Iodide of potassium . . ,^vij.
Distilled water , . . Cj.
Dissolve the acetate in 6 pints of the
water, and strain ; and add the iodide,
previously dissolved in 2 pints of the water,
to these. Wash that which is thrown
down with cold distilled water, and dry.
It should be kept excluded from the access
of light.
Note. — Pulverulent, yellow, it is dis-
solved in boiling water, and falls down from
it, when it has cooled in shining yellow
scales. It melts by heat, and is dissipated
for the most part, first into yellow, and
afterwards into violet vapours. If sulphate
of soda be added to 100 grains dissolved in
nitric acid diluted with twice its quantity
of water by a boiling heat, after the iodine
has been expelled, 66 grains of sulphate of
lead are thrown down. The access of light
to this should be prevented.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^i Iodide of potassium,
Nitrate of lead . . • aa ^".
Water Oiss.
Dissolve the salts separately, each in
one-half of the water ; add the solutions ;
collect the precipitate on a filter of linen
or calico, and wash it with water. Boil
the powder in 3 gallons of water aci-
dulated with 3 fluidounces of pyro-
ligneous acid. Let any undissolved mat-
ter subside, maintaining the temperature
neai' the boiling point ; and pour off the
clear liquor, from which the iodide of lead
will crystallize on cooling.
Note. — Bright yellow ; 5 grains are
entirely soluble, with the aid of ebulli-
tion, in 1 fluid-drachm of pyroligneous
acid, diluted with a fluidounce and a half
of distilled water ; and golden crystals are
abundantly deposited on cooling.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
R Nitrate of lead.
Iodide of potassium, of each . ^.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Dissolve, with the aid of heat, the nitrate
of lead in a pint, and the iodide of potassium
jn half a pint of the water, and mix the two
solutions when cold. Decant the clear so-
888
FORMULiE, &c.
lution when the precipitate has subsided,
and having transferred the latter to a filter,
wash it with the remainder of the water.
Finally, dry the product at a temperature
not exceeding 212°, and preserve it in a
close bottle.
Use. — For the discussion of glandular
obstructions.
Dose. — For internal use, gr. ss. to gr. iv.
Pl-UMBI NITRAS.
lead.
Nitrate of-
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Lithaj-ge ^ivss.
Diluted nitric acid . . Oj.
Dissolve the litharge to saturation, with
the aid of a gentle heat. Filter, and set
the liquid aside to crystallize. Concen-
trate the residual liquid to obtain more
crystals.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Litharge, in fine powder . ^v.
Pure nitric acid .... f^ij.
Distilled water, .... Oiij.
Dilute nitric acid, a sufficient
quantity.
To the litharge, placed in a porcelain
dish, add the acid with a pint and a half of
the water, and, applying a sand heat, and
occasionally stirring the mixture, evaporate
the whole to dryness. Upon the residue
boil the remainder of the water, clear the
solution by filtration, and, having acidu-
lated it by the addition of a few drops of
the dilute nitric acid, evaporate until a
pellicle begins to form on its surface. The
heat being now withdrawn, crystals will
form, on the cooling of the solution, which
should be dried on blotting paper in a warm
atmosphere, and preserved in a close bottle,
Use. — Used to form the iodide of lead.
LedoyerHs disinfecting Jluid.
This is a solution of one part of nitrate
of lead in 8 parts of water.
It has been used to sprinkle in the
rooms of the sick, to apply to putrifying
sores, and to any decomposing animal or
vegetable matter, to prevent the disengage-
ment of noxious gases, by decomposing
the sulphuretted hydrogen as it is generated.
PlUMBI NITRO - SACCHARAS,
Nitro-saccJiarate of lead.
1 (Dr. S. E. Hoskins.)
9" Sugar ..... 1 part.
Nitric acid .... 2 parts.
Water 10 „
Heat them together in a porcelain dish
as long as chemical action continues \.
then dilute the liquor with water, neu-
tralize it with chalk, and to the filtered
solution add acetate of lead as long as a
precipitate is formed. Collect, wash, and
dry this precipitate, which is saccharate
of lead. Dissolve the saccharate of lead in
dilute nitric acid (1 part acid to 19 water),
filter the solution, and evaporate it until
crystals are formed. They are described
as being transparent, of an amber colour,
and in the form of regular hexagonal
plates or prisms.
Med. Use. — As a chemical solvent of
phosphatic calculi.
Pjlumbi oxydum hydratum.
Hydrated oxide of lead.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
j^ Solution of diacetate
of lead .... Ovj.
Distilled water . . conj. iij.
Solution of potash . . Ovj., or as
much as may suffice to precipitate
the oxide.
Mix. Wash with water what is pre-
cipitated until nothing alkaline remains.
Omitted in Lond. Ph. 1851.
Plumb I oxydum semivitreum.
Semivitrejied oxide of lead. Li-
tharge. Gold litharge.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Note. — Protoxide of lead, partially
fused ; litharge.
Fifty grains dissolve entirely, without
effervescence, in a fluidouace and a half
FORMULA, &c.
889
of pyroligneous acid ; and the solution pre-
cipitated by 53 grains of phosphate
of soda, remains precipitable by more of
the test.
Made by exposing melted lead in a re-
verberating furnace to a current of air until
fully oxidized.
PlumbioxydumrubruxM. Med
lead.
Made by exposing litharge, heated to
between 600 =" and 700°, to the further
oxidizing agency of the air.
SYNONYME,
Minium.
Plumbi tannas. Tannate of
lead.
Impure tannate of lead has been re-
commended by Dr. Tott as an applica-
tion to sloughing sores produced by lying
in bed. The following is his formula : —
IJ' Oak bark, in coarse powder ^'.
Water ...... ^viij.
Boil till reduced to ^iv, then strain, and
add solution of acetate of lead as long as
any precipitate is formed ; collect the pre-
cipitate on a filter, wash it and dry it to
the consistence of an ointment.
Codex Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
Plumbum Tannicum. Plum-
bum scytodepsicum. Unguentum
plumbi scytodepsici. Tannate of
lead.
^ Oak bark « . • . • ^ij.
Water ...... ^xvj.
Acetate of lead . . , . q. s.
Boil the bark with the water down to
one half, then strain and filter, and add
acetate of lead, dissolved in a little water,
as long as a liver-coloured precipitate is
produced. This precipitate is to be sepa-
rated, washed with water, and put while
still moist into a bottle containing jij
of rectified spirit ; and in this state it is to
be dispensed.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Cataplasma ad Decubitum.
Plumbum Tannicum.
1^ Oak bark, bruised . ^ij.
Water . . . . q. s. to form
8 ounces of decoction after
boiling. To the strained decoction
add—
Diacetate of lead . . . . ^ij.
Mix them together, and separate the
precipitate by filtration. Add
Rectified spirit .... 3ij.
To be used in the moist state.
Pomatum. (From pomum, an
apple.)
A fragrant ointment, originally made
with apples.
Pomatum pour rafraicher le
teint, et oter les rougeurs du vis-
age.
9' Suet,
Lard , . • . . aa ^iv.
Wax ^.
Rennet apples, cut in pieces No. 2,
Oil of almonds .... ^.
Essence of lemons . . . 3ij.
Otto of roses .... 3ss.
Keep melted by the heat of boiling
water for 2 hours, then strain, and pour
it into cold water.
Common pomatum.
19' Lard »...,, ftxij.
Suet Ibiv.
Essence of lemon . . . ^viij.
Melt and mix.
Hard pomatum,
9^ Lard,
Suet aa Ibj.
Wax ...... ^^v.
Essence of lemon • • oj'
Melt and mix.
Poll pomatum.
9 Suet ftv.
Wax ...... 5viij.
Spermaceti .... ^ij.
Oil of lavender . . . .^j.
Oil of bergamot ♦ • ♦ Ak
Melt and mix.
890
FORMULA, &c.
East Indian pomatum.
9 Suet Six.
Lard tbviij.
Wax ftj.
Benzoin ^x.
Essence of lemon . . . ^^vj.
Musk • i)j-
Put the ingredients into a jar, and keep
it immersed in boiling water for 2 hours,
frequently stin-ing it ; then strain through
flannel.
POMMADE DIVINE.
No. 1.
9' Washed and purified beef mar-
row ...... K)ij.
Storax,
Cypress wood,
OiTis root, in powder . . aa ^ij.
Cinnamon, in powder . . ^.
Cloves,
Nutmegs, in powder . . aa ^ss.
Keep them melted by the heat of boiling
water, for 6 hours, then strain through
flannel.
No. 2.
9 Washed and purified beef
marrow Ifcij,
Cinnamon,
Storax,
Benzoin,
Orris root,
Cypress wood « . . aa ^iss.
Cloves,
Nutmegs . . , , aa ^ss.
Keep them melted by the heat of boil-
ing water for 6 hours, then strain through
flannel.
Posset.
Milk curdled with wine or an acid, and
sometimes sweetened with treacle. The
terra is said to have been derived from
the Latin word posca, applied by Roman
writers to a mixture oi vinegar, water, and
eggs.
Teeacle posset.
]^Milk Oss.
White wine ^ss.
Treacle ^j.
Mix, and heat them in a saucepan until
the milk has coagulated.
PoTASSA. Potash. Hydrate of
potash.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of aqua
potassae, evaporate it in a clean and
covered iron vessel, increasing gradually
the heat, till an oily-looking fluid remains,
a drop of which, when removed on a rod,
becomes hard on cooling : then pour out
the liquid upon a bright iron plate, and as
soon as it solidifies break it quickly, and
put it into glass bottles secured with glass
stoppers.
Note. — POTASSA. Protoxide of potas-
sium : potash. Boiling water commonly
leaves oxide of iron undissolved, which
should not exceed 1*25 percent. : the solu-
tion supersaturated with nitric acid gives
a faint precipitate with solution of nitrate
of baryta, and more with solution of
nitrate of silver, — owing to the presence of
impurities.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
PotasscB hydras.
^' Solution of potash . . cong. j.
Evaporate the water in a clean iron
vessel over tlie fire until the ebullition
having ceased, the hydrate of potassa melts:
pour this into proper moulds.
Note. — In an open vessel it speedily
liquefies. It is totally soluble in alcohol.
For its other properties, see Potassae
liquor,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Potassa caustica. Caustic pot-
ash.
Take of solution of caustic potash, any
convenient quantity.
Boil it in a silver or bright iron vessel,
until its water has been evaporated away,
and then raise the temperature until ebulli-
tion ceases, and a liquid is obtained which
flows like oil. Pour this out upon a silver
or iron dish, and, the moment it has set,
break it into fragments, and enclose these
in a green glass bottle furnished with an air-
tight stopper,
Med. Use. — Merely as a caustic.
FORMULA, «&c.
891
SVNONTMES.
Lapis infemalis alhalimis. Lapis in-
femalis sive septicus. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
Kali purum. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Potassa fiisa.—'E.dim. Ph. 1809-1824.
Kali camticmn. — Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Cauierxum potentiale.
PoTASSvE ACETAS. Acetate of
potash.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Acetic acid .... f^xxvj.
Carbonate of potash . . Itj. or
as much as may be sufBcient.
Distilled water .... f^xij-
Add the carbonate gradually to the acid
mixed with the water, to saturation ; then
strain. Evaporate the liquor in a sand bath,
the heat being cautiously applied, until the
salt may be dried.
Note. — It is dissolved in rectified spirit
and in water. This water tinges neither
litmus nor turmeric. Nothing is thrown
down from it on either chloride of barium
or nitrate of silver being added. But if
anything should be thrown down by nitrate
of silver from the stronger solution, the
same is again dissolved, either dilute nitric
acid or water being added. Sulphuric acid
added, evolves acetic vapours. 88-8 grains
of sulphate of potash remain from 100
grains of this, digested in sulphuric acid,
when the solution has been evaporated and
the salt dried by a sharp fire.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Pyroligneous acid . Oiss.
Carbonate o( potash
(dry) . . . Jvij. or q. s.
Add the carbonate gradually to the acid
till complete neutralization is accomplished.
Evaporate the solution over the vapour-
bath till it is so concentrated as to form a
concrete mass when cold. Allow it to cool
and crj'stallize in a solid cake, which must
be broken up and immediately put into
well-closed bottles.
Notc.—^oi subject to adulteration.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Pure carbonate of potash . Ibj.
Acetic acid of commerce
(sp. gr. 1044) . . . Oij.
To the acid, placed in a porcelain capsule,
gradually add the carbonate of potash, and,
when effervescence has ceased, boil for a
couple of minutes. Add now, if necessary,
a few drops of the same acetic acid, so that
the solution may have a slightly acid reac-
tion, and having evaporated to dryness,
melt the residue, by the cautious application
of heat, in a clean pot of cast iron^ The
liquefied salt is now to be removed from
the fire, and when, upon cooling, it has
solidified, it should be quickly broken into
fragments of a suitable size, and enclosed
in a bottle furnished with an air-tight
stopper.
Med. Use. — In small doses diuretic,
and in larger cathartic. As a diuretic,
from 5j to 3J.; as a cathartic, from gij.
to 3iij.
SYNONYMES.
Sal diureticus. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Kali acetatum. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Acetas kali. — Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Terra foliata tartari.
Potass.^ absenias. Arse-
niate of potash. Sinarseniate of
potash, Macquer's arsenical salt.
9 Arsenious acid.
Nitrate of potash . . aa p. £e.
Mix them together, and put them into
a clean Florence flask ; heat the flask over
a clear fire until the mixture fuses, and
continue the heat as long as red vapours
are disengaged. When the flask has
cooled, break it, dissolve the salt in boil-
ing distilled water, and put it to crystal-
lize.
Potass^ bicarbonas. Bicar-
bonate of potash.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
9 Carbonate of potash . , ftvj.
Distilled water . . . cong. j.
Dissolve the carbonate of potash in the
water. Afterwards pass carbonic acid
892
FORMULiE, &c.
through the solution to saturation. Ap-
ply a gentle heat, so that whatever crys-
tals have been formed may be dissolved.
Then set aside [the solution] that crystals
may be again produced ; the liquor being
poured off, dry them.
Carbonic acid is very easily obtained
from chalk rubbed to powder and mixed
with water to the consistence of a syrup,
upon which sulphuric acid is then poured
diluted with an equal weight of water.
Note. — Totally dissolved by water, and
the solution slightly changes the colour
of turmeric. Sulphate of magnesia throws
down nothing from this solution unless
it be heated. From 100 parts 3'07 are
expelled by a red heat. After the addition
of excess of nitric acid, chloride of barium
throws down nothing, and nitrate of silver
very little, if anything.
No formula for this in Lond. Ph. 1851.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Carbonate of potash . . ^^vj.
Carbonate of ammonia . ^iijss.
Triturate the carbonate of ammonia to
a very fine powder; mix with it the
carbonate of potash ; tritiu-ate them
thoroughly together, adding by degrees
a very little water, till a smooth and
uniform pulp be formed. Dry this at a
temperature not exceeding 140°, triturat-
ing occasionally towards the close; and
continue the desiccation till a fine powder
be obtained, entirely free of ammoniacal
odour.
Note. — A solution in 40 parts of water
does not give a brick-red precipitate with
solution of corrosive sublimate ; and when
supersaturated with nitric acid, is not
affected by solution of nitrate of baryta or
nitrate of silver.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Carbonate of potash, from
pearlash ..... fljj.
Distilled water . . . . Oij.
Muriatic acid of commerce . Oiss.
Water ...... Oiij.
•^^ Chalk in small fragments, . Ibj.
or a sufficient quantity.
Dilute the muriatic acid with the water,
and having dissolved the carbonate of potash
in the distilled water, filter the solution
into a three-pint bottle, capable of being
tightly closed by a cork traversed by a
glass tube, sufficiently long to pass to the
bottom of the solution. A second bottle,
in the bottom of which a few holes are
drilled, and the mouth of which admits of
being closed with a cork, also traversed by
a glass tube, having been filled with the
chalk, and placed in a glass or porcelain
jar of the same height with itself, but of
somewhat larger diameter, the exterior ends
of the two tubes are to be connected air-
tight by a tube of vulcanized Indian-rubber.
The cork of the bottle containing the
carbonate of potash being placed loosely,
and that of the other bottle tightly in its
place, and the muriatic acid having been
poured into the jar in which is lodged the
perforated bottle containing the chalk, the
liberation of carbonic acid commences, and
as soon as it is judged that a sufficient
amount of it has been developed to expel
completely the air from the apparatus, the-
cork of the carbonate of potash bottle is to
be forced into it quite tight, and the process
is to be abandoned to itself for a week. At
the end of this time numerous crystals of
the bicarbonate of potash will have formed,
which are to be removed, shaken in a
capsule with twice their bulk of cold water,
which is to be rapidly decanted, next
drained, and finally dried on bibulous paper
by mere exposure to the atmosphere. The
mother-liquor, if filtered, and concentrated
to one-half, at a temperature not exceeding
110° will yield additional crystals.
The tube immersed in the solution of
carbonate of potash will have to be oc-
casionally cleared of the crystals with
which it is liable to become plugged, else
the process will be suspended.
Use. — When alkali is indicated, this
will be found an agreeable and efficient
remedy.
Dose. — Gr. x. to. gr. xxx.
SYNONYMES.
PotasscE carbonas. — Lond. Ph. 1809,
1824. Edin. Ph. 1839.
FORMUL-<E, &c.
893
Potass^ bisulphas. Bisul-
phate of potash.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Of the residuum in the pre-
paration of pure nitric
acid. ..... Ibij.
Sulphuric acid (commer-
cial) .... f^vij and fy.
Boiling water .... Ovj.
Dissolve the salt in the water, add the
acid, concentrate the solution, and set it
aside to cool and form crystals.
Note.—^K solution in 8 waters eflfervesces
briskly with alkaline carbonates.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Sulphate of potash, in powder ^iij.
Pure sulphuric acid . , • fjj-
Place the acid and salt in a small porce-
lain capsule, and to this apply a heat
capable of liquefying its contents, and which
should be continued until acid vapours
cease to be given otf. The bisulphate which
concretes as it cools, should be reduced to
a fine powder, and preserved in a well-
stopped bottle.
Med. Use. — Purgative, when combined
with other purgatives.
Dose. — From gr. x. to 3j.
SYNONYMES.
Potassce supersuiphas. — Lond, Ph. 1809,
1824.
Sal enixum.
Acid vitriolated tartar.
Sal auri philosophicum.
The name Sal enixum is commonly
applied to the crude salt resulting from
the manufacture of nitric acid.
Potass^ bitartras. Bitar-
trate of potash. Cream of tartar.
This salt is obtained by purifying the
Crude tartar, or Argol, (see page 639,) by
solution and crystallization. It is a very
sparingly soluble salt, requiring nearly
100 parts of cold water, and about
15 parts of boiling water for its
solution.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is sparingly dissolved by
water. It renders the colour of litmus
red. At a red heat it is converted into car-
bonate of potash.
Edin Ph. 1841.
Note. — Entirely soluble in forty parts
of boiling water. 40 grains in solution
are neutralized by 30 grains of crystal-
lized carbonate of soda; and when then
precipitated by 70 grains of nitrate of
lead, the liquid remains precipitable by
more of the test.
POTASSJE BORO TARTRAS. BorO-
tartrate of potash. Soluble cream
of tartar.
French Codex.
9 Bitartrate of potash . . 40 parts.
Boracic acid, crystallized 10 ,,
Water 240 „
Dissolve the salt and acid in the water
with heat, evaporate the solution either
to dryness, or to a syrupy consistence,
and spread it on plates to diy in scales.
PoTASSii BROMiDUM. Bromide
of potassium,
Lond. Ph. 1836.
]^ Bromine ^ij.
Carbonate of potash . . _^ij & 3J.
Iron filings . . . » ^j.
Distilled water . . , Oiij.
First add the iron, and afterwards the
bromine, to a pint and half of the dis-
tilled water. Set them by for half an
hour, frequently stirring them with a
spatula. Apply a gentle heat, and when
a greenish colour occurs, pour in the car-
bonate of potash, dissolved in the re-
mainder of the water. Strain, and wash
what remains in 2 pints of boiling dis-
tilled water, and again strain. Let the
mixed liquors be evaporated, so that cr)-s-
tals may be formed.
J^ote. — Totally dissolved by water. It
does not alter the colour of litmus or
turmeric. Chloride of barium throws
894
FORMULA, &c.
down nothing from the solution, Sul
phuric acid and starch, added together, ^
render it yellow. Subjected to heat it
loses no weight. Ten grains of this salt
are capable of acting upon 14'28 grains of
nitrate of silver, and precipitating a yel-
lowish bromide of silver, which is dis-
solved by ammonia, and but very little by
nitric acidt
3fed. Use. — In cases of enlarged spleen.
Dose. — Gr. iij. to gr. x., two or three
times a day.
Omitted in Lond. Ph. 1851.
SYNONYME,
Hydrdbromate of potash.
POTASSA CUM CALCE. Potosh
with lime,
Lond. Ph. 1851.
;^ Hydrate of potash,
Lime, of each . . . • ^J*
Eub together, and keep in a well-closed
vessel.
Note. — Slaked on water being poured on ;
any acid being added^ it evolves no bubbles
of carbonic acid.
Edin. P. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of aqua
potassse ; evaporate it in a clean, covered,
iron vessel to one-third of its volume ; add
slaked lime till the fluid has the consist-
ence of firm pulp: preserve the product
in carefully-covered vessels.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Potassa Caus-
tica cum calce.
^ Caustic potash
Fresh burned lime, of each . ^.
Rub them both rapidly to powder in a
■warm mortar, and introduce the mixture
with a.s little delay as possible into a bottle,
furnished with an air-tight stopper.
Med. Use. — Merely as a caustic.
SYNONYMES.
Causticum commune fortius. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Calx cum kalipuro. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Kali cavsticum cum calce. — Dubl. Ph.
1807.
Potass^ cakbonas. Carbo-
nate of potash. Salt of tartar.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
j^ Impure carbonate of potash, Ibij.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Dissolve the impure carbonate of pot-
ash in the water, and strain ; then pour
it into a proper vessel, and evaporate the
water, that the liquor may thicken ; after-
wards stir it constantly with a spatula,
until the salt thickens.
Carbonate of potash may be prepared
more pure from the crystals of bicarbonate
of potash heated to redness.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It deliquesces ; nearly all is dis-
solved in water. This solution changes
the colour of turmeric into brown. When
it has been supersaturated with nitric
acid, either carbonate of soda, or chloride
of barium, or nitrate of silver, throws
down nothing, unless very sparingly. 100
grains of it lose 16 of water by a sharp
fire. The same quantity added to diluted
sulphuric acid, evolves 26"3 grains of car-
bonic acid. It should be kept in a well-
closed vessel.
No formula in Lond. Ph. 1851.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Note. — Carbonate of potash not quite
pure, obtained by lixiviating, evaporating,
and granulating by fusion and refrigeration
the potashes of commerce.
One hundred grains lose not more than
20 on exposure to a red heat ; and
when dissolved and supersaturated by
pure diluted nitric acid, the solution gives
a faint haze only with solution of nitrate
of baryta, and is entirely precipitiited
by 100 minims of solution of nitrate of
silver.
SYNONYMES.
Sal ahsinthii. Sal tartari. — ^Lond. Ph.
1746.
Kali prceparatum. — Lond. Ph. 1788,
Potassa subcarhonas. — Lond. Ph. 1809,
1824. Edin. Ph. 1839. Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Mild vegetable alkali. Fixed nitre.
FORMULA, &c.
895
PoTASSiE CARBON AS PURUM.
Pure carbonate of potash.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Pure carbonate of potash may be most
readily obtained by heating crystallized
bicarbonate of potash to redness in a
crucible, but more cheaply by dissolving
bitartrate of potash in 30 parts of boil-
ing water, separating and washing the
crystals which form on cooling, heating
these in a loosely-covered crucible to red-
ness, so long as fumes are discharged,
breaking, down the mass, and roasting it
in an open crucible for 2 hours, with
occasional stirring, lixiviating the product
with distilled water, filtering the solution
thus obtained, evaporating the solution to
dryness, granulating the salt towards the
close by brisk agitation, and heating the
granular salt to redness. The product of
either process must be kept in well-closed
vessels.
Note. — It does not lose weight at a low
red heat; and a solution supersaturated
with pure nitric acid is precipitated either
faintly, or not at all, by solution of nitrate
of baryta or nitrate of silver.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. PotasscB car-
honaspurum. {Potassce carbonas
e Tartari crystallis.)
9 White bitiirtrate of potash . Ifeij.
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia . ^.
Distilled water . . • , Oiij.
Place the bitartrate of potash in an
iron pot or crucible, and constantly stirring
it with an iron rod, expose it to a red heat
until vapours cease to be evolved. Reduce
the residuum to a coarse powder, and,
having boiled it for 20 minutes with
1 quart of the water, filter through
paper, washing the filter and its contents
with the residual pint of water, in which
the sesquicarbonate of ammonia has been
first dissolved. The filtered solution is
now to be evaporated to dryness, and a
low red heat being finally applied, the
product is to be rapidly reduced to powder
in a warm mortar, and enclosed in well-
stopped bottles.
POTASSiE CARBONAS E LIXIVIO
ciNERE. Carbonate of potash from
pearl ashes.
Dubl. Ph. 1851.
9 Pearlash . • . . . Ibx.
Distilled water . • . . Oj.
Pour the water on the pearlash, and
macerate for a week, occasionally stirring
the mixture. Filter through calico, and
having evaporated the solution nearly to
dryness, reduce the heat, and stir con-
stantly with an iron rod, until granular
crystals are obtained. Let these be im-
mediately enclosed in well-stopped bottles.
Potass^ chloras. Chlorate
of potash.
Mix carbonate of potass with an equi-
valent quantity of dry hydrate of lime,
and expose the mixture to chlorine gas.
This mixture, though quite dry, absorbs
the gas with great energy, the temperature
rises much above 212°, and water is freely
evolved. When saturated, it may be
moderately heated, which destroys a mere
trace of hypochlorite it contains. The
whole lime is found to be in the state of
carbonate, and the potash as chlorate and
chloride of potassium. The solution of
these two latter salts is neutral, and free
from any bleaching property. The chlorate
is then crystallized out in the usual way,
(Graham.)
Lond. Ph. 1851.
It is dissolved in water. This solution
throws down nothing on nitrate of silver
being added. It melts by heat, and evolves
nearly 39 grains of oxygen at a red heat,
from 100 grains. A few minims of sul-
phuric acid being dropped upon the crys-
tals, the salt first grows yellow, afterwards
it reddens, and exhales yellow vapours of
peroxide of chlorine. Rubbed with sul-
phur it detonates.
STKOKYMES.
Oxymuriate of potash. Eyperoxymu-
riate of potash.
896
FORMULA, &c.
POTASSII CYANIDUM. PotaSsU
cyanuretum. Cyanuret of potas-
sium. Cyanide of potassium.
No. 1.
Donovan's process.
Reduce ferrocyanide of potassium to
coarse powder, and introduce it into a
forged iron quicksilver bottle, so that the
latter shall be about half full. One end of
an iron tube, bent twice at right angles, is
to be fitted to the plug-hole of the bottle,
and the other end of the tube plunged to
the depth of about half an inch beneath the
surface of some water contained in a cup,
so as to prevent the free access of atmo-
spheric air, while the bottle itself is fixed in
a furnace and heated gradually up to a
bright red heat. The salt is decomposed
under the influence of the heat, and gases are
given off, which escape through the water
into which the end of the tube is plunged.
This escape of gas affords an indication of the
progress of the decomposition : it should be
Icept up moderately and imiformly, until, by
increasing the heat, no more gas is expelled.
The end of the tube is then to be removed
from the water and stopped up with a
<;ork or piece of clay, and the bottle al-
lowed slowly to cool. When cold, the
iron bottle is to be cut in two with a
chisel and heavy hammer. The contents
of the bottle will be found to consist of an
upper stratum of a white salt, which is the
pure cyanide of potassium, and a lower
stratum of a black impure cyanide, which
is to be rejected. The white salt is to be
cut out, and put at once into stoppered
Tjottles.
Note. — This product is pure cyanide of
potassium.
No. 2.
Wigger's process.
Introduce into a tubulated receiver a
solution of 1 part of pure hydrate of
potassa in 3 or 4 parts of highly-rectified
spirit. Adapt the beak of a retort to the
receiver, so that any gas passing over shall
pass through the solution, and fix a safety-
tube in the tubulure. Then introduce into
the retort 2 parts of ferrocyanide of potas-
sium, in powder, and add to it 1^ part of
oil of vitriol, previously diluted with IJ
part of water, and allowed to cool. The
receiver must be kept constantly cooled as
the gas passes over and is condensed in
the solution, and a gentle heat only should
be applied to the retort. The solution in
the receiver will be transformed into a
thick mixture of precipitated cyanide of
potassium and the alcoholic solution of
the undecomposed potash. The precipi-
tate is to be collected on a filter, freed
from the mother-liquor, and washed with
alcohol, then pressed and dried on the same
filter.
Note. — The product vill be pure cyanide
of potassium.
No. 3.
Liebig's process.
3 Ferrocyanide of potassium . 8 parts.
Dried carbonate of potash . 3 „
Dry the ferrocyanide by heating it on
an iron plate ; mix it with the carbonate
of potash, fuse the mixture in an earthen
crucible, stirring it occasionally, until gas
ceases to be evolved ; let it stand for a few
minutes that the fused salt may become
clear, and then pour this on to a marble
slab. When cold, put it into stoppered
bottles.
Note. — The salt made by this process
will contain a portion of cyanate of potash.
It cannot, therefore, be used in medicine as
cyanide of potassium.
POTASSII FERROCYANIDUM.
Ferrocyanide of potassium, Prus-
siate of potash. Ferro-prussiate
of potash.
This salt, which is of great importance
in the arts, is prepai-ed in the following
manner : —
A mixture of 2 parts of pearlashes, and
4 or 5 parts of animal matter, such as
hoofs, horns, &c., cut into small pieces, is
projected into an iron pot, previously
heated to redness. The mixture is stirred
together for some time, and the resulting
FORMULA, &c.
897
mass subsequently removed and allowed
to cool. It is then treated with water,
which dissolves out the saline matter,
from which the feiTocyanide of potassium
is deposited on cooling. It is purified by
recrystallization.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
IX'ote. — Yellow, it is dissolved in water.
This solution is not changed on either any
alkali or tincture of galls being added.
What is thrown down from it by sulphate
of iron, is in the first place white, after-
wards it becomes blue. What is thrown
down by sulphate of copper is brown, that
by sulphate of zinc is white. It loses
colour by a gentle heat, and 12' 6 grains of
water from 100 grains. It is changed by
a red fire. That which remains is dis-
solved in hydrochloric acid, and thrown
down again on ammonia being added. 18-7
grains of sesquioxide of iron are procured
from 100 grains. Lastly, if the salt be
boiled with diluted sulphuric acid, it ex-
hales the odour of hydrocyanic acid.
PoTASsii lODiDUM. Iodide of
potassium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is dissolved in 6 or 8 parts of
rectified spirit; more copiously in water.
This water changes the colour of turmeric
into brown, either not at all or in a very
slight manner only : it does not change the
colour of litmus. Nitric acid and starch
being added together, it becomes blue;
tartaric acid and starch being added, it is
not coloured. What is thrown down from
the same by acetate of lead, is yellow, and
is dissolved in hot water ; but nothing
falls down, on either solution of lime or
chloride'of barium being added. Moreover,
if that which is thrown down by nitrate of
silver be digested in stronger solution of
ammonia, and nitric acid be then added
to the strained liquor, nothing is thrown
down from thence : 141 grains of iodide
of silver are thrown down from 100 grains
dissolved in water, on nitrate of silver
beinsr added.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Iodine (dry) .... _^v.
Fine iron wire . . . _^iij.
Water Oiv.
Carbonate of potash (dry) ^ij & jvj.
With the water, iodine, and iron wire
prepare the solution of iodide of iron as
directed (under the head of Ferri iodi-
duvi). Add immediately, while it is hot,
the carbonate of potash previously dis-
solved in a few ounces of water, stir care-
fully, filter the product, and wash the
powder on the filter with a little water.
Concentrate the liquor at a temperature
short of ebullition, till a dry salt be ob-
tained, which is to be purified from a little
red oxide of iron and other impurities, by
dissolving it in less than its own weight
of boiling water, or, still better, by boiling
it in twice its weight of rectified spirit,,
filtering the solution, and setting it siside
to crystallize. More crystals will be ob-
tained by concentrating and cooling tha
residual liquor.
Note. — Its solution is not affected, or
is merely rendered hazy, by solution of
nitrate of baryta: a solution of 5 grains^
in a fluidounce of distilled water, precipi-
tated by an excess of solution of nitrate of
silver, and then agitated in a bottle, with a,
little aqua ammoniae, yields quickly by sub-
sidence a clear supernatant liquid, which is
not altered by an excess of nitric acid, or is
rendered merely hazy.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Pure iodine, reduced to
powder ^^ivss.
Filings, or thin turnings of
wrought iron, separated
from impurities by a
magnet ^ij.
Pure carbonate of potash . _^iiss.
or a sufficient quantity.
Distilled water . . . Oiiiss.
Heat gently 5 ounces of the water with
the iron, and 3 ounces of the iodine, for 20
minutes, and then boil until the solution
loses its red coloui-. Filter this thronsrh
paper, washing the filter with 5 ounces of
3 M
398
FORMULA, &c.
water at a boiling temperature, and, in the
solution thus obtained, dissolve by digestion
and shaking the remainder of the iodine.
To the carbonate of potash, dissolved in a
quart of the water, and heated to 212° in
a large porcelain capsule, add the solution
of iron and iodine, and boil until efferves-
cence ceases, adding, if necessary, a little
more carbonate of potash, so that the liquor
may be very slightly alkaline. Filter now,
washing the precipitate with the remaining
pint of water boiling hot, and having eva-
porated the liquid till a pellicle begins to
appear on its surface, let it be set by that
crystals may form. These, when dried on
blotting-paper, should be preserved in a
bottle, furnished with a perfectly-tight stop-
per. The liquor from which the crystals
have separated will, by further evaporation
and cooling, afford an additional quantity
of the salt.
Potassii iodidum. Kaltum ioda-
tum. Iodide of potassium.
Ph, Borussica, 1847.
^ Iodine. , . . . . ^vj.
Iron filings .... ^ij.
Distilled water . . . ^^xxvj.
Heat them in a porcelain dish to 104°
or 122^ Fah,, and keep them at the same
temperature, frequently shaking, until the
solution, brown at first, shall have become
colourless. Then filter, well wash the iron
undissolved, and return the filtered liquor
to the same dish, dissolving in it
Iodine ^ij.
Warm the solution, and add gradually,
Pure carbonate of potash dis-
solved in distilled water . ^v.
or so much that the oxide of iron may be
completely precipitated. Set aside the
mixture for an hour, at a temperature of
212° Fah,, place it on a filter, well wash
it, and to the filtered liquor add hydriodic
acid, until it is perfectly neutral. Lastly,
crystallize, and preserve it carefully.
The crystals should be cubes and white,
neither contaminated with acid nor alkali,
and soluble in three-fourths their weight
of water, and 6 parts of highly-rectified
spirit of wine. The hydriodic acid to be
used above may be thus prepared : —
Dissolve J an ounce each of iodide of
potassium find iodine, in 15 ounces of dis-
tilled water, with trituration. Pass sul-
phuretted hydrogen gas through the solu-
tion, until it becomes colourless, frequently
shaking; then expose it to a gentle heat,
that the gas may be expelled. When cold,
filter.
Med. Use. — Antisyphilitic.
Dose. — From gr, v. to gr, x. or more, 2
or 3 times a-day, in the secondary form of
syphilis.
SYNONYME.
loduret of potassium.
Potass^ nitras. Nitrate of
potash. Saltpetre. Nitre.
This salt is imported principally from
the East Indies, where it foims a natural
production. It is purified by crystalliza-
tion,
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is dissolved in water. No-
thing is thrown down from this solution
either by chloride of barium or nitrate of
silver. It melts by heat, but loses nothing
of weight : it gives out oxygen by a sharp
fire. Sulphuric acid evolves nitrous va-
pours from the remaining salt rubbed into
powder. Placed on glowing charcoal, it
deflagrates, carbonate of potash being left.
86 grains of sulphate of potash, dried by
a red heat, are procured from 100 grains
digested in sulphuric acid,
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Note. — Entirely soluble : its solution is
not affected by solution of nitrate of baryta,
and faintly, or not at all, by solution of
nitrate of silver.
Potass^ nitras fusa. Fused
nitrate of potash. Sal prunella.
Nitrate of potash fused and cast into
moulds.
SYNONYME.
Nitrum tahulatum.
FORMULA, &c.
Potass^ nitras depuratum.
Purified nitrate of potash.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
Dissolve crude nitre in twice its weight
of water, and add solution of carbonate of
potash as long as a precipitate is foi-med.
Filter the liquor, and evaporate it until
crystals are formed.
PoTASSiE NITRAS PURUM. Puve
nitrate of potash.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Commercial nitre . . . Ibiv.
Distilled water .... Ov,
or a sufficient quantity.
Having dissolved the nitre in 2 pints of
the water, at a boiling temperature, let the
heat be withdrawn, and the solution be
stirred constantly as it cools, in order that
the salt may be obtained in very minute
crystals. These, deprived as much as pos-
sible of the uncrystallized solution by de-
cantation and draining, are to be washed
in a glass or earthenware percolator, with
the remainder of the water, or until the
liquid, which trickles through, ceases to
give a precipitate when dropped into a so-
lution of nitrate of silver. The contents of
the percolator should now be extracted,
and dried in an oven.
PoTASSiE QUADROXALAS, Qua-
droxalate of potash. Salt of sor-
rel.
Neutralize a given quantity of carbonate
of potash with oxalic acid, observing the
quantity of acid us«d, then add 3 times the
quantity of acid more. Evaporate the solu-
tion so that crystals may be formed.
PoTASSiE SULPHAS. Sulphate
of potash.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is dissolved slightly in water.
What is thrown down from this solution
by bichloride of platinum is yellowish, and
that by chloride of barium is white, and is
not dissolved in nitric acid. It crepitates
by heat, it melts by a red fire, but loses
nothing of weight: 132 grains of sulphate
of baryta, dried by a red heat, are procured
from 100 grains dissolved in distilled water,
chloride of barium and hydrochloric acid
being added,
Edin Ph. 1841,
^ The residuum of the pre-
paration of pure nitric
acid It>ij.
Boiling water . . . cong, ij.
White marble, in powder q. s.
Dissolve the salt in the water; add the
marble gradually till effervescence ceases,
and the solution is completely neutralized ;
filter the liquid, and evaporate it till a
pellicle forms on its surface ; then set it
aside to cool and form crystals.
Note. — Not subject to adulteration.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
ipj The residuum of the process
for acidum,
Nitricum purum ... Jbj.
Fresh-burned lime . . . ^vj.
Water Oiv.
Carbonate of potash, from
pearlash ..... 5)-
Diluted sulphuric acid . . f3vj.
or as much as is sufficient.
Slake the lime in 4 ounces of the water,
and having dissolved the residuum of the
nitric acid process in the remainder of the
water, and raised the solution to the tem-
perature of ebullition, gradually add to it
the slaked lime, until reddened litmus
paper immersed in it is restored to a blue
colour. Filter the solution through calico,
and to it, raised to the boiling point, add
the carbonate of potash, as long as there is
any precipitate. Filter again, add the
dilute sulphuric acid, so as to produce a
neutral or very slightly acid solution, and,
having evaporated this until a film foi-ms
on the surface, set it by for 24 hours. The
crystals which will then have formed should
be dried on blotting-paper, and preserved
for use.
Use. — Aperient and deobstnient.
Dose, — ^Gr. x. to 3ss.
3 M 2
900
FORMULA, &c.
SYNONYMES.
Tartarum vitriolatum. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
Nitrum vitriolatum. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Kali vitriolatum. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Specificum purgans paracelsi. Arca-
num duplicatum. Sal polychrest. Sal de
duobus.
POTASSiE SULPHAS CUM SUL-
PHURE. Sulphate of potash with
sulphur.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
J^' Nitrate of potash and
sulphur .... equal parts.
Mix them thoroughly ; throw the mix-
ture in small successive portions into a
red-hot crucible ; and when the deflagration
is over, and the salt has cooled, reduce it
to powder, and preserve it in well-closed
bottles.
j\'ote. — The nature of this preparation is
undetermined,
SYNONYME.
Sal polychrestum glaseri. (See p. 921 .)
POTASSII SULPHURETUM. Sul-
phuret of potassium.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
l].' Sulphur ^■.
Carbonate of potash . . . ^iv.
Rub them together, and place them
upon the fire in a covered crucible, until
' they have united.
Note. — Fresh broken, it exhibits a
brownish-yellow colour. Dissolved in
water, or in almost any acid, it exhales a
smell of hydrosulphuric acid. The aqueous
solution is of a yellow colour. What is
thrown down by acetate of lead is first
red, and it afterwards blackens.
There is no formula for this in Lond.
Ph. 1851.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
B Sulphur ^.
Carbonate of potash . . . ^iv.
Triturate them well together, and heat
them in a covered crucible till they form
a uniform fused mass ; which, when cold.
is to be broken into fragments, and kept
in well-closed vessels.
Note. — A mixtm-e of sulphate of potash
with persulphuret of potassium.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Hepar sul-
phuris. (^fotasscB sulphuretum.)
^ Sublimed sulphur . . . ^iv.
Carbonate of potash from
pearl-ash, first dried, and
then reduced to powder . ^vij.
Mix these ingredients in a warm mortar,
and having introduced them into a Hessian
crucible, let this be heated, first gradually,
until effervescence has ceased, and finally
to low redness, so as to produce perfect
fusion, and let its liquid contents be
then poured into an iron cup, over
which a second vessel should be immedi-
ately inverted, so as to exclude the air
as completely as possible, while solidifica-
tion is taking place. The solid product
thus obtained should, when cold, be broken
into fragments, and immediately enclosed
in a green-glass bottle, furnished with an
air-tight stopper.
Med. Use. — It is chiefly used exter-
nally as a lotion, as in treating scabies in
infants, and as a local bath in skin dis-
eases.
SYXONYMES.
• Hepar sulphuris. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
JTali sulphuratum. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Potassm sulphuratum. — Lond. Ph. 1809,
1824.
Liver of sulphur.
PoTASSiE TARTRAS. Tartrate
of potash. Soluble tartar.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is dissolved in water. This
solution changes the colour of neither
litmus, nor tunneric; almost any acid
being added, it throws down crystals of
bitartrate of potash, which adhere, for
the most part, to the vessel. That which
is thrown down from the same solution,
either by chloride of barium or acetate of
lead, is dissolved in diluted nitric acid.
FORMULA, &c.
901
Edin. Ph. 1841.
IJ' Bitartrate of potash . ftiij.
Carbonate of potash . Jxvj, or q. s.
Boiling water . . Ovj.
Dissolve the carbonate in the water,
add the bitartrate till the liquor is neu-
tralized, boil, and filter. Concentrate the
liquor till a pellicle forms ou its surface,
and then set it aside to cool and crystallize.
The residual liquor will yield more crystals
by further concentration and cooling.
Note. — Entirely and easily soluble in
4 parts of boiling water: solution neu-
tral, and yielding a crystalline precipitate
with muriatic acid ; 44 grains are not en-
tirely precipitated by 55 of nitrate of lead.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Take of carbonate of potash,
from pearlash . . • 5^"J*
White bitartrate of potash,
in fine powder . . • Idj.
or a sufficient quantity.
Distilled water . . • Css.
Dissolve the carbonate of potash in the
•water, and to the solution, while boiling-
hot, gradually add the bitartrate, until
the liquid, after the ebullition has been
continued for a couple of minutes, ceases to
change the colour of blue or reddened litmus.
Filter through calico, and having evapo-
rated the clear liquor until a pellicle forms
on its surface, set it by to crystallize.
After 12 hours, pour off the liquid, and,
having dried the crystals on bibulous
paper, preserve them in a well-stopped
bottle.
Med. Use.—k mild purgative; it is
chiefly used for correcting the griping
properties of resinous purgatives.
Dose.— 3j to y.
SYNOSYMES.
Tartarum solubiU. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Kali tartarisatum. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Tartarised tartar. Vegetable salt.
Pot pourri.
A mixture of odorous flowers, roots,
gums, &c,, either mixed together dry, or
preserved with salt. The usual way of
making it is to collect roses, lavender,
and other sweet-scented flowers, as they
blow ; to put them into a large jar mixed
with salt, until a sufficient quantity has
been collected ; then to add to these such
other odorous substances as may be re-
quired to fonn an agreeable perfume.
Among the substances thus added are,
Acorus calamus root. Calamine storax.
Benzoin, Yellow sandal-wood, Cinnamon,
Cloves, Cassia buds. Orange flowers.
Orris-root, Musk, and if requisite, some
essential oils.
Instead of the fresh flowers, dried roses
are sometimes used, and with the addition
of some essential oils, these answer quite
as well.
PoTUs iMPEBiAiiis. Imperial
drink.
9 Cream of tartar . . . Jss.
A lemon cut in slices,
White sugar .... ftss.
Spring water .... Oiij.
Mix together, and let them stand for
half an hour.
Pounce.
Powdered sandarach resin, which is
used for putting over fresh writing to give
it a glistening appearance.
Prepared cochineal.
^ Cochineal,
Salt of tai-tar,
Cream of tartar,
Alum a&.^j-
Distilled water . . . ^viij.
Boil the cochineal and salt of tartar in
the water, then add the cream of tai-tar
and alum, and strain.
Ammoniacum pr^paratum.
Prepared ammoniacum,'
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^> Clotted ammoniacum . Ihj.
Water, as much as may be
sufficient to cover the
ammoniacum.
902
FORMULA, &c.
Boil the ammoniacum with the water
until they may be mixed. Strain the
mixture through a hair-sieve, and eva-
poi'ate in a water-bath, so far that it may
harden when it shall have cooled.
AssAFCETiDA PR^FARATA. Pre-
pared assafcetida.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as is
directed concerning prepared ammoniacum.
Cassia pr^parata. Prepared
cassia.
Loud. Ph. 1851.
R' Cassia, broken lengthwise Ibj.
Distilled water, as much as
may be sufficient to cover
the cassia.
Macerate for 6 hours, frequently stirring ;
strain the pulp washed out through a
hair-sieve, and evaporate in a water-bath
to the consistence of a confection.
Galbandm PRiEPARATUM. Pre-
pared galbanum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as is
directed concerning prepared ammoniacurn.
PiX BURGUNDICA PK^PARATA.
Prepared Burgundy pitch.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as is
directed concerning prepared ammoniacum.
Prunum PRiEPARATUM. Pre-
pared pi-une.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
9' Prune,
Water, as much as may be
sufficient to cover the
prune.
Boil gently for 4 hours. Press out the
softened pulp first through a sieve con-
structed of cane, afterwards through a
fine hair-sieve. Lastly, evaporate, in a
water-bath, to the consistence of a con-
fection.
Sagapenum pr«:paratum.
Prepared sagapenum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepare this in the same manner as is
directed concerning prepared ammoniacum.
Styrax PRiEPARATA. Pre-
pared styrax.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
IJ' Styrax ftj.
Rectified spirit . . . Oiv.
Boil, and strain through a cloth ; then
let the greater part of the spirit distil
at a gentle heat. Evaporate that which
is left, in a water-bath, to a proper con-
sistence.
TaMARINDUS PRiEPARATUS.
Prepared tamarinds.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Tamarind ftj.
Water, as much as may be
sufficient to cover the
tamarind.
Macerate for 4 hours with a gentle
heat, and finish in the same manner as is-
directed concerning prepared prune.
Thus pr^paratum. Prepared
frankincense.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Frankincense .... ftj. ;
Water, as much as may be
sufficient to cover the
frankincense.
Boil the frankincense in the water
until it may melt, and strain through a
hair-sieve ; then, when it shall have cooled,
the water having been poured off, keep
the frankincense for use.
Proteine.
Dissolve coagulated albumen (white
of egg) in moderately-strong solution
of caustic alkali, digest the mixture for
several days in an open vessel, at a tem-
perature about 140°, filter the solution,
and add acetic acid in slight excess. The
FORMULA, &c.
903
flocculent 'precipitate which will be formed
is to be collected on a filter, washed and
dried.
PuLVTs AGARicns. MusJiroom
powder.
The mushrooms are gradually dried
until reduced to a fit state for powdering,
and a little white pepper, cloves, and mace,
are mixed with the powder.
PoLvis ALBUMiNis. Poudre
clarijiante. Powder for clarifying
wines.
Beat together the whites and yolks of
eggs, dry them with a gentle heat, and
then reduce the dry mass to powder.
This powder is said to be exported from
France to the French Sugar Islands for
clarifying the cane juice.
The serum of blood is also dried, and
sold in powder or transparent scales under
the name of " dried albumen.''
PULVIS ALUMINIS COMPOSITUS.
Compound powder of alum.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Alum ...... ^iv.
Kino j^.
Mil them, and reduce them to fine pow-
der.
Med. Use. — Astringent.
Dose. — Gr. x. to gi-. xv.
PULVIS ALOES COMPOSITDS.
Compound powder of aloes.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^' Socotrine, or hepatic aloes . ^iss.
Guaicum . . . . . Jj.
Compound powder of cin-
namon ...... ^s.
Rub the aloes and guaiacum separately
into powder ; then mix with the compound
powder of cinnamon.
Med Use. — Cathartic and sudorific.
Dose. — From gr.x. to gr. xx
8YN0NYMES.
Pulvis aloeticus cum guaiaco. — Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Pulvis aloes cum gxutiaco. — Lond. Ph.
1788, ed. alt. Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Pulvis aluminis cum capsico.
Alum and capsicum powder.
(Dr. Turnbull.)
J^^-Alum 3 parts.
Concentrated tincture of
capsicums 1 part.
Mix, and dry the powder.
Pulvis antilyssus.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
R- Ash-coloured ground liverwort
{Feltidea canind) .... ^ij.
Black pepper ' ^.
Reduce them to powder and mix them.
Med. Use. — This was formerly em-
ployed as a remedy for hydrophobia, as its
name indicates, being derived from lyssa,
{xirffa, canine madness.) See Peltidea
canina.
Pulvis pro argento. Plate
powder.
Prepared chalk, polisher's putty, pow-
der, or a mixture of these, forms the best
plate powder. The compositions, fre-
quently sold, which contain mercury, are-
very injurious to the plate.
Plate boiling powder.
9' Cream of tartar.
Common salt.
Alum . , aa p. £e.
A small quantity of this powder added
to the water in which the plate is boiled
gives it a silvery whiteness.
Silvering powder.
^' Silver, powdered . . . . gr. xx.
Alum gr. XXX.
Cream of tartar.
Common salt . . . . aa 3ij,
Mix. This powder formed into a paste
with water, and rubbed over the surface
of clean copper, gives it a coating of
silver.
Pulvis ABOMATicus. Aromatic
powder.
904
FORMULA, &c.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Cinnamon,
Cardamom seeds and ginger, of
each equal parts.
Mix them, and reduce to a very fine
powder, which is to be kept in well-closed
glass vessels.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Cinnamon,
Ginger, of each ^ij.
Cardamom seeds, freed from
their capsules,
Nutmeg, of each ^.
Rub each separately to powder, and'
having mixed them by trituration, pass
through a fine sieve. When prepared, the
powder should be kept in well-stopped
bottles.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
]^ Cassia, powdered ^ij.
Lesser cardamoms, powdered . ?j.
Ginger, powdered ^ss.
Mix, and keep in a well-stopped vessel.
PULVIS ASARABACC.E COMPOSI-
Tus. Compound poivder of asara-
bacca. Cephalic snuff.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
J^ Leaves of asarabacca, dried . . ^.
Lavender flowers, dried . . . 3J.
Reduce them together'to powder.
Med. Use. — Errhine.
Five to six grains snuflfed up the nos-
trils.
Omitted in Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Pdlvis basilicus. Basilic
poioder.
The powder bearing this name appears
to have been in use from an early date.
The term hasilicus is derived from the
Greek "BairiXiKoi , royal ; the name, there-
fore, signifies royal powder, which was
applied by the ancients to several com-
pounds, from their supposed pre-emi-
nence.
The formula generally adopted in this
country is that given in the Pharmacopoeia
Bateana, and also in Quincy's Dispensa-
tory, which is as follows : —
Pulvis basilicus.
B* Scammony,
Calomel,
Washed calx of antimony
(Diaphoretic antimony)
Cream of tartar . . . . aa p. ae.
Mix.
This form appears to have originated
with a medical writer of the name of Cor-
nacchini ; and we find the same powder,
somewhat modified in composition, or-
dered in some of the Continental Phar-
macopoeias under Comacchini's name.
Thus we have,
Pulvis Cornacchini reformatus.
Ph. Lusitanica, 1822.
]^' Scammony,
Cream of tartar . . , . aa ^'j.
Mix, to form a powder.
Pulvis Cornacchini. Polvos
Cornaquinos.
Farmacopea en Castellano, 1823.
]^ Scammony,
Diaphoretic antimony,
Cream of tartar . . . . aa p. aj.
Mix.
A formula was given lor it in the Lon-
don Pharmacopoeia of 1721, under the
title of
Pulvis comitis Warwicensis.
JEarl of Warwick^ s powder.
Lond. Ph. 1721.
^ Scammony, prepared with the
fumes of sulphur . . . . ^ij.
Diaphoretic antimony . . . ^.
Cream of tartar ^ss.
Mix.
In the Pharmacopoeia of 1746 this was
changed to
FORMULA, «&:c.
905
Pulvis e scammonio compositus.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
^ Scammony ,^iv.
Burnt hartshorn 5"J'
Mir.
Med. Use. — A favourite remedy, as an
alterative and aperient, for children ;
given in doses of from 3 to 6 grains.
Pulvis catechu compositus.
Compound powder of catechu.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Catechu,
Kino, of each ^ij.
Cinnamon,
Nutmeg, of each ^ss.
Reduce each to powder, mix, and pass
through a fine sieve. When prepared,
the powder should be kept in well-stopped
bottles.
Pulvis e cerussa compositus.
Compound powder of ceruss.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
9 Ceruss powder . . . • . ^v.
Sarcocolla powder .... _^iss.
Tragacanth powder .... ^ss.
Reduce them to powder, and mix them.
Pulvis cinnamomi composi-
tus. Compound powder of cin-
namon.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Cinnamon ^ij.
Cardamom ^iss.
<5inger ^•.
Long pepper ^ss.
Rub them together, so that a very fine
powder may be made.
See Pulvis aromaticus.
Med. Use. — Carminative; a useful ad-
junct to other preparations.
Dose, — Gr. v. to gr. xx.
SYNONYMES. *
Species" diambrce sine odoratis. — Lond.
Ph. 1721.
Species aromatica. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Puivia aromaticus. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Pulvis clupe^. Anchovy pow-
der.
The fish, previously separated from the
bones, is pounded, rubbed through a sieve,
mixed with flour, gradually dried in a stove,
or before the fire, and then powdered.
Pulvis contrayekv^ com-
positus. Compoujid powder of
contrayerva.
Lond. Ph. 1824.
^> Contrayerva root, powdered . ^v.
Prepared oyster shells . . . IBiss.
Mix.
Pulvis cornu cervini usti.
Powder of burnt hartshorn.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
Let pieces of hartshorn be burnt, until
they become white ; then reduce them to
a very fine powder.
Med. Use. — In rachitis.
Dose. — Gr. x. to gr. xxx.
Omitted in Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Pulvis cornu usti cum opio.
Powder of calcined hartshorn with
opium.
Lond. Ph. 1824.
9' Hard opium, in powder . . • 3J.
Prepared calcined hartshorn . . ^.
Cochineal, in powder • . . . 3J.
Mix,
Note. — Ten grains contain one grain of
powdered opium.
Pulvis cosmeticus. Cosmetic
powder.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
IJ' Sweet almonds, blanched,
Powdered beans. . . . aa ^xviij.
Orris powder .^^"j'
Spermaceti ....... ^iss.
Dried carbonate of soda . . ^j.
Spanish soap ^vj.
Oil of lavender.
Oil of bergamot.
Oil of lemon , . . . aa 3vj.
Mix.
906
FORMULA, &c.
PULVIS CRETiE COMPOSITUS.
Compound powder of chalk.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
55 Prepared chalk .... Ibss.
Cinnamon ..... _^iv.
Tormentil,
Acacia < . • . . aa ^iij.
Long pepper ^s.
■Rub them separately to very fine pow-
der ; then mix them.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Prepared chalk .... ^iv.
Cinnamon, in fine powder. . jiss.
Nutmeg, in fine powder . . jj.
Triturate them well together.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^^ Prepared chalk .... ^v.
Cinnamon. ..... ^iiss.
Gum arable ..... ^ij.
Nutmeg ^ss.
Rub the ingredients separately to powder,
then mix, and pass through a fine sieve.
Med. Use. — Antacid and astringent.
Dose. — From gr. t. to gr. xix.
SYNONYMES.
Puhis e bolo composUus sini opio.
Species e scordio sini opio. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Puhis carbonatis calcis compositus. —
Edin. Ph. 1839.
PUI-VIS CRET^ COMPOSITUS CUM
OPIO. Compoundpowder of chalk
with opium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
!1^ Compound powder of chalk . ^viss.
Hard opium, powdered . . ^iv.
Mix them.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Pulvis cretce
opiatus.
R Compound chalk powder, . ^^vj.
Powder of opium . . . . ^iv.
Triturate them together thoroughly.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Pulvis cretce
opiatus. {Pulvis cret(B compositus
cum opio.)
B' Compound powder of
chalk .... ^iv. &3vij.
Opium, in fine powder . 3J.
Mix them intimately, and pass through
a fine sieve.
Med. Use. — Antacid and sedative.
Dose. — From gr. xx. to gr. xl.
STNONTMES.
Pulvis e bolo compositus cum opio.
Species e scordio cum opio.
1746.
Pulvis opiatus. — Edin, Ph. 1839.
-Lond. Ph.
Pulvis PRO CRiNE. Hair pow-
der. Nursery powder.
Plain hair powder is merely starch,
powdered and sifted through a fine sieve.
Violet hair powder generally contains a
little orris powder, and it may also be
scented with essence of violets. Essen-
tial oils, musk, &c., are occasionally added
to vary the character of the powder, accord-
ing to fancy,
PULVERES EFFERVESCEJJTES. '
Effervescing powders. Sodaie
powders.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
B Tartaric acid , . • S-
Bicarbonate of soda . ^j. & 54 grs. ;
Or
Bicarbonate of potash ^. & 160 grs.
Reduce the acid and either bicarbonate
separately to fine powder, and divide each
into 16 powders ; preserve the acid
and alkaline powders in separate papers
of different colours.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Pulveres
effervescentes tartarizati.
R Crystals of tartai-ic acid . . jx.
Bicarbonate of soda . . . 3xi. j
Or,
Bicarbonate of potash . . 3xiij,
FORMULA, &c.
Reduce the acid and alkaline bicarbonates,
separately, to a fine powder, and divide
each into 18 parts. The acid and alkaline
powders should be kept in papers of dif-
ferent colours.
PULVERES EFFERVESCENTES
APERiENTEs. Seidlitz powders.
(^Blue paper.')
9' Potassio-tartrate of soda . . jij.
Bicarbonate of soda . . . ^ij
Mix.
(^White paper.)
§? Tartaric acid * . . , ' . jss.
PULVERES EFFERVESCENTES
CUM ABiETE. Spruce beer pow-
ders.
(Blue paper.)
9 White'sngar .... •zHi
Bicarbonate of soda . . grs. xxTJ.
Essence of spruce . . . gtt. v.
Mix.
(WTiite paper.)
9 Tai-taric acid ..... ^ss.
PULVERES EFFERVESCENTES
ciTRATi. Citrated effervescing
powders.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9' Crystals of citric acid. .
Bicarbonate of soda . .
Or,
Bicarbonate of potash. . . jxiij.
Reduce the acid and alkaline bicarbonates
separately, to a fine powder, and divide
each into 18 parts. The acid and alkaline
powders should be kept in papers of dif.
ferent colours.
3ix.
PULVERES EFFERVESCENTES
CUM ziNGiBERE. Ginger beer
powders.
{Blue paper.)
9 White sugar .... ■7\\
Bicarbonate of soda . . grs. xxvj.
Powdered ginger. . . grs. x.
Essence of lemon. . . gtt. j.
Mix.
( White paper.)
9 Tai-taric acid , , .
907
3ss.
Puivis FUMALis. Fumigating
powder.
Ph. Bat. 1805.
9 Benzoin,
Amber,
Mastic,
Olibanum aa 3VJ.
Cascarilla jgg^
Reduce them separately to coarse pow-
der, and mix them.
Russ. Ph.
E Mastic,
Olibanum,
Amber . . , , . aa 3 ,
Storax 2
Benzoin,
Labdanum . . . . aa 1 part.
Mix in coarse powder.
PULVIS GLYCYRRHIZ^ COMPO-
SiTus. Pulvis pectoralis kurella.
Compound liquorice powder.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Senna leaves, powdered.
Liquorice root, powdered aa ^^vj. '
Fennel seeds, powdered.
Pure sulphur ... 85 giij.
Refined sugar, powdered . fxviij.
Mix.
Pulvis gummosus. Gum pow-
der.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Gum arable, powdered . . . ^iij.
Liquorice root, powdered . . ^.
Refined sugar, powdeied . . Jij.
Mix.
Pulvis ipecacuanha compo*
SITUS. Compound powder of ipe^
cacuanha.
908
FORMULA, &c.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Ipecacuanha, powdered,
Opium, powdered . . . aa 3J.
Sulphate of potash, powdered. ^.
Mix them.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Ipecacuanha, in powder,
Powder of opium . . . aa ^.
Sulphate of potass, . . . ^viij.
Triturate them together thoroughly.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Ipecacuan, in fine powder.
Opium, in fine powder, of each jj.
Sulphate of potash . . . . ^■
Mix them thoroughly by trituration, and
pass the powder through a fine sieve.
Med, Use. — Sudorific. 10 grains contain
1 grain of opium.
Dose. — Grs. v. to ^j.
SYNONYME.
Dover's powder.
PULVIS JALAPiE COMPOSITUS.
Compound powder of jalap.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
J^ Jalap ^iij-
Bitarti-ate of potash . . ^vj.
Ginger 3ij.
Rub them separately to powder ; then
mix them.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
R Jalap, in powder , . . ^.
Bitartrate of potash . . ^ij.
Triturate them to a very fine powder.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9' Jalap, in fine powder . . ^ij.
Bitartrate of potash . . ^iiiss.
Ginger, in fine powder . . ^ss.
Mix thoroughly by trituration, and pass
the powder through a fine sieve.
Med. Use. — A hydi-agogue purgative,
useful in costiveness, worms, and in several
forms of dropsy.
\ Dose. — Grs. xv. to grs, xl.
PuLVis KINO COMPOSITOS. Com-
pound powder of kino.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9* Kino ...... 3XV.
Cinnamon ..... ^ss.
Dried opium . . . . jj.
Eub the powders separately into a very
fine powder ; then mix.
Med. Use. — Astringent and anodyne.
Dose. — Grs. v. to grs. sx.
PuLvis PRO LiMONADo. Lemon-
ade poioder.
9 White sugar . ,
,
. ffiiv
Tartaric acid . ,
,
• W-
Cream of tartar
,
. 3iv.
Essence of lemon .
• 3'J-
Mix, and preserve the powder in bottles.
PULVIS MAGNESIA CUM RHEO.
Pulvis pro infantihus. Powder of
magnesia with rhubarb.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
j^ Carbonate of magnesia . . ^.
Elaeosaccharum of fennel . ^ss.
Rhubarb, powdered . . jij.
Orris root 3iss.
Mix, and keep in a well-stopped vessel.
Pulvis quekcus marin^e. Pow-
der of the quercus marina.
Dubl. Ph. 1807.
9 Fucus vesiculosus, in flower, any
quantity.
Dry and cleanse it; then expose it to
heat in an ii"on vessel or a crucible, to
which a perforated cover is adapted, till
vapours cease to ascend, and the fucus has
become of an obscure red heat. Then
reduce to powder the carbonaceous matter
which remains.
Pulvis e myrrha comfositus.
Compound powder of myrrh.
Lond. Ph. 1788. •
9 Myrrh.
Dried savine,
Dried rue,
Russian castor . . . aa ^.
FORMULA, &c.
909
Reduce them to powder, and mix
them.
PuLviSRHEi coMPosiTus. Com-
pound powder of rhubarb.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Magnesia Il3j.
Ginger in fine powder . . ^ij.
Rhubarb, in fine powder . 5is'.
Mix them thoroughly, and preserve the
powder in well-closed bottles.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9' Rhubarb, m fihe powder . ^^ij.
Magnesia ^vj.
Ginger, in fine powder . . ^j.
Mix thoroughly by trituration, pass the
powder through a fine sieve, and keep it in
Tirell-closed bottles.
Med. Use. — A mild aperient in gout, &c.
Dose. — 3j* t° 3^8.
SYNONYMES.
Gregory's Mixture. Gregory's Powder,
PULVIS SALINUS COMPOSITUS.
Compound saline powder.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Pure muriate of soda,
Sulphate of magnesia . aa ^iv.
Sulphate of potash . . . ^iij.
Dry the salts separately with a gentle
heat, and pulverize each ; then triturate
them well together, and preserve the mix-
ture in well-closed vessels.
Med. Use. — An excellent purgative.
Dose. — From 2 to 6 drachms in half a
pint of water before breakfast.
PdLVIS SCAMMONII COMPOSITUS.
Compound powder of scammony.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
R* Scammony,
Hard extract of jalap > aa ^ij.
Ginger 5ss.
Rub them separately to very fine powder :
them mix them.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
R' Scammony,
Bitartrate of potash, aa equal parts.
Triturate them together to a very fine
powder.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
R' Scammony, in fine powder ^j-
Compound powder of jalap ^iij.
Mix thoroughly by trituration, and pass
the powder through a fine sieve.
Med. Use. — Cathartic.
Dose, — Grs. v. to grs. xx.
PULVIS E SCAMMONIO CUM CA-
LOMELANE. Powder of scammony
with calomel.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
9' Scammony ^s.
Calomel,
White sugar . . . aa 3ij.
Rub them separately to powder, and mix
them.
Dose. — For children, from gr. iij to gr.
viij.
PuLVIS E SENNA COMPOSITUS.
Compound powder of senna.
Dubl. Ph. 1788.
^ Senna,
Cream of tartar . . aa ^^ij.
Scammony ^ss.
Ginger 3ij.
Powder the scammony separately, and
the other ingredients together, and mix
them.
PuLVIS SPONGI^ UST^. PoW-
der of burnt sponge.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
Having cut the sponge into pieces, beat it
to free it from little stones; burn it in a
closed iron vessel until it becomes black and
friable, and reduce it to powder.
Med. Use. — Deobstruent.
Dose. — 5J to 3iij.
Omitted in Ph. D. 1850.
910
FORMULAE, &c.
PULVIS STERNUTATORIUS. Snuff.
Cephalic snuff.
Ph. Bat. 1805.
^ Tobacco leaves.
Marjoram leaves,
Lavender leaves . . aa p. se.
Let them be well dried, and reduced to
powder.
C(mmon snuff is powdered tobacco,
sometimes mixed with other substances
to increase its irritating efifect on the
membrane of the nose, and scented in
different ways to suit the fancy of the con-
sumer. See Snuff.
PULVIS TRAGACANTHiE COMPO-
siTUS. Compound powder oftra-
gacanth.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
ij/ Tragacanth, powdered,
Acacia, powdered,
Starch aa ^iss.
Sugar 5iy-
Eub the starch and sugar together to
powder; then, the tragacanth and acacia
being added, mix them all.
Med. Use. — Demulcent.
Dose. — Gr. x. to gr. jj.
SYNONYME.
Species D'iatragacanthce frigidoe. — Lond,
Ph. 1721.
Punch.
An agreeable, intoxicating, acid drink.
Cold punch.
]^ Arrack,
Port wine.
Water aa Oij.
White sugar Ibj,
Juice of 8 lemons.
Mix.
Gin punch.
9 Gin . .
Water
Sherry .
Sugar.
Oiss.
IBss.
Iced punch.
^ Champagne or Rhenish wine . Oij.
Arrack .....*. Oj.
White sugar ..... Ibj.
Juice and outside peel of 6 lemons.
Mix, and put it into a freezing mixture.
Milk punch.
^ Outside peel of 24 lemons, steeped
for 2 days in Oiv of rum or
brandy, then add,
Oij.
Ovj.
Oij.
Ibiv.
Oiv.
Oij.
Oj.
Juice and outside peel of 1 lemon.
Mix.
Spirit . .
Hot water .
Lemon juice
Sugar .
Boiling milk
2 nutmegs, grated.
Mix.
Tea punch.
9 Hot tea
Arrack
White sugar . . .
Juice of 8 lemons.
Outside peel of 4 lemons.
Mix.
Wine punch.
^ Arrack. . . « .
Port wine . • . .
Hot tea . . . . <
Sugar ......
Juice of 12 lemons.
Mix.
Purl.
A mixture of beer with spirit or bitters.
Putty, glazier's.
Whiting made into a paste with boiled
linseed oil.
Putty, polisher's.
Peroxide of tin, obtained by exposing
melted tin in a reverberatory furnace, and
calcining the dross which is raked from
the surface of the melted metal.
Pyrophorus. (From Trvp, fire,
and ^£pw, I bear.)
A substance which ignites spontanea
ously when exposed to the air.
^iv.
Oij.
Oij.
Ovj.
njj.
FORMULA, &c.
911
Ho. 1.
(Homberg's.)
^ Alum,
Brown sugar , . . . aa p. se.
Mix, and expose the powder over ^the
fire until dry ; then put it into a Florence
flask or glass tube, and keep it at a red
heat until it ceases to emit flame; care-
fully close the mouth of the flask, and let
it cool.
No. 2.
1^ Alma 3 parts.
Flour ...... 1 part.
Proceed as with No 1.
No. 3.
^ Lamp-black * . • . 3 parts.
Burnt alum .' « . . 4 „
Carbonate of potash . , 8 „
Proceed as with No 1.
No. 4.
^ Sulphate of potash ... 9 parts.
Lamp-black . . . . 6 „
Proceed as with No. 1.
No. 5.
Enclose tartrate of lead in a glass tube
and keep it at a red heat until flame or
vapour is no longer emitted ; then seal the
open end of the tube at the blow-pipe
flame.
PyaoTECHNr. (From wp, fire,
and Tt^vri, art.)
The art of making fireworks.
Coloured fires : —
Slue fire.
1^ Nitre 5 parts.
Sulphur . . . , , 2 „
Metallic antimony . . . 1 „
Mix.
Crimson fire.
^ Chlorate of potash . . 4J parts.
Nitrate of strontia . . 67^ „
Charcoal 5J „
Sulphur 22^ „
Mix.
Greenfire.
^ Nitrate of baryta
. 62^ parts.
Sulphur ....
. lOJ „
Chlorate of potash .
• 23i „
Charcoal,
Sulphuret of arsenic,.
.aalj „
Mix.
Lilac fire.
^ Chlorate of potash .
. 49 parts.
Sulphur ....
. 25 „
Dry chalk .
. 20 „
Black oxide of copper
. 6 „
Mix.
Purple fire.
^ Chlorate of potash .
• 42 parts.
Nitre,
Sulphur ....
aa22| „
Black oxide of copper
. 10 „
Sulphuret of mercury
. 2i „
Mix.
Redfire.
^ Dried nitrate of strontia . 72 parts
Sulphur . ...
. 20 „
Gunpowder .
. 6 „
Coal dust. • . .
. 2 „
Mix.
White fire.
^f Nitre 46j parts.
Sulphur 23 „
Gunpowder . . . . 12 J „
Zinc powder .... 18 „ :
Mix.
Yellow fire.
^1 Dried nitrate of soda . 74J parts.
Sulphur 19J „
Charcoal 6 „
Mix.
Note. — Some of these compositions are
liable to undergo spontaneous combustion,
when kept for some time, even when en-
closed in bottles. Serious accidents have
arisen from this cause.
QuiNA. Quinine. C*'H'*NO.
A bitter alkaloid procured from cin-
chona bark. It does not crystallize with
912
FORMULA, &c.
the same facility as some of the other al-
kaloids, but may be obtained in small
white needles. When required in its pure
state, it is obtained by precipitating one of
the salts of quina, such as the sulphate,
with ammonia.
Quinine, amorphous.
Professor Liebig has applied this name
to the part of quinpidine which is soluble
in ether.
A patent was taken out, by Mr. Bullock,
for the preparation of Amorphous quinine
in this country ; the process consists in
treating quinoidine with ether, and evapo-
rating the ethereal solution to dryness.
QUINIDINE.
A bitter alkaloid, found in some varieties
of cinchona bark, associated with quinine
which it resembles in many of its properties.
It is less soluble than quinine in ether, and
its salts are more soluble in water. It is
said to have the same composition as
quinine.
Quinoidine. Chinoidine.
A dark-brown or black substance,
usually in masses, having somewhat the
appearance of aloes, which is obtained by
precipitation, on adding an alkali to the
dark-coloured mother-liquor remaining
after the crystallization of sulphate of
quinine. It usually contains, besides amor-
phous quinine, a good deal of cinchonine,
some crystallizable quinine, and the products
of the decomposition of these and probably
other bodies by the action of heat and
other agencies.
QuiNiE ACETAS. Acetate of
quinine.
Dissolve quina in diluted acetic acid to
neutralization, with the aid of heat, and
gently evaporate the solution until crystals
are formed. It crystallizes in white,
shining, satiny, acicular crystals, which
are difficultly soluble in cold, but readily
soluble in hot water.
QuiN^ ciTRAS. Citrate of
quinine.
For the mode of preparing this salt see
page 748.
QuiN^ FEKROCYANAS.
Ferri et quince cyanidum.
See
QuiN^ liACTAS. Lactate of
quinine.
Dissolve quina in diluted lactic acid to
neutralization, with the aid of heat, and
leave the solution to evaporate sponta-
neously in a shallow vessel, exposed in a
warm room, until crystals are formed.
QuiN^ DisuLPHAS. Disulphate
of quina. Sulphate of quinine.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is dissolved in water, especi-
ally if mixed with *an acid. Ammonia
being added to this, quina is thrown down ;
the solution being then evaporated ; that
which remains ought not to taste of sugar.
Disulphate of quinine gives out 8 or 10 of
water from 100 grains. It perishes in the
fire. Recently-prepared chlorine being
first added, and afterwards ammonia, it
becomes green. 26-6 grains of sulphate
of baryta, dried by a red fire, are procured
from 100 gi'ains dissolved in water, mixed
with hydrochloric acid, on chloride of
barium being added.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Quince sulphas.
IJ' Yellow bark, in coarse powder Ibj.
Cai'bonate of soda .... ,^viij.
Sulphuric acid .... f^ss.
Purified animal charcoal . . 3ij.
Boil the bark for an hour in 4 pints
of water, in which half the carbonate of
soda has been dissolved ; strain and ex-
press strongly through linen or calico;
moisten the residuum with water and
express again, and repeat this twice.
Boil the residuum for half an hour, with
4 pints of water, and half the sul-
phuric acid. Strain, express strongly,
moisten with water, and express again.
Boil the residuum with 3 pints of
water, and a fourth part of the acid;
strain and squeeze as before. Boil again
the residuum with the same quantity of
FORMULA, &c.
913
water and acid, strain and squeeze as for-
merly. Concentrate the whole acid liquids
to about a pint ; let the product cool ;
filter it ; and dissolve in it the remainder
of the carbonate of soda. Collect the
impure quina on a cloth, wash it slightly,
and squeeze out the liquor with the hand.
Break down the moist precipitate in a pint
of distilled water, add one fluid scruple of
sulphuric acid, heat it to 212°, and stir
occasionally. Should any precipitate re-
tain its grey colour, and the liquid be
neutral, add sulphuric acid drop by drop,
stirring constantly, till the grey colour
disappears. Should the liquid redden
litmus, neutralize it with a little carbo-
nate of soda. Should crystals form on
the surface, add boiling distilled water to
dissolve them. Filter through paper,
preserving the funnel hot ; set the liquid
aside to crystallize ; collect and squeeze
the crystals ; dissolve them in a pint of
distilled water, heated to 212°; digest
the solution for 15 minutes with the
animal charcoal ; filter and crystallize as
before. Dry the crystals with a heat not
exceeding 140°. The mother-liquors of
each crystallization will yield a little more
salt by concentration and cooling.
Note, — A solution of 10 grains in a
fiuidounce of distilled water, and 2 or
3 drops of sulphuric acid, if decom-
posed by a solution of half an ounce of
carbonate of soda in 2 waters, and
heated with the precipitate, shrinks and
fuses, yields on cooling a solid mass,
which when dry weighs 7*4 grains, and
in powder dissolves entirely in solution of
oxalic acid.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. QuincB Sul-
phas.
^ Yellow bark in powder . Ibj.
Water cong, iss.
Oil of vitriol of commerce f^s.
Rectified spirit . . , Oiij.
Slacked lime . . . . ^.
Animal charcoal . . . ^ss.
Dilute sulphuric acid .
Or a sufficient quantity.
f^ss.
Macerate the bark for 24 hours with
half a gallon of the water, acidulated with
two drachms of the oil of vitriol ; then boil
for half an hour, and decant. Boil the
residue with a second half gallon of the
water, acidulated with 1 drachm of the
oil of vitriol, and again decant, and let this
process be a third time perfoiTned with the
rest of the water, and the residual drachm
of oil of vitriol. Let the decanted liquors
be evaporated to the bulk of 1 quart, and
filtered through calico when cold, and to
the solution thus obtained add the lime,
until the mixture becomes decidedly alka-
line. The precipitate, collected on a calico
filter, is to be washed with about a pint
of cold water, and, when partially dried on
porous bricks, to be enveloped in blot-
ting paper and subjected to powerful pres-
sure. The pressed mass must now be
introduced into a flask containing a pint of
the spirit, which is to be raised to and
maintained at the temperature of ebullition
for 20 minutes, and then, after the subsi-
dence of the insoluble matter, decanted.
The process having been repeated succes-
sively, with the second and third pints of
spirit, and the undissolved residuum having
been subjected to expression, let the de-
canted and expressed liquors be cleared by
passing them through a paper filter, and
then subjected to distillation, so as to
recover the entire of the spirit. The
brown viscid mass which remains is now
to be mixed with 16 ounces of water, and
this being raised to the boiling point, the
dilute sulphuric acid must be added, so as
to produce a neutral or very slightly acid
solution. Add now the animal charcoal,
boil for 5 minutes, filter, and set to cool,
in order that crystals may be formed,
which are to be dried on blotting paper by
mere exposure to the atmosphere. The
liquor decanted from the crystals will, by
further concentration and cooling, yield au
additional product.
Med, Use, — One of the most valuable
tonics in use, as it possesses most of the
virtues of the cinchona, freed from the
inert woody fibre.
Dose. — Gr. ss. to gr. v.
u a
914
FORMULA, &c.
QuiN^ HYDROCHLORAS. Hydro-
cJilorate of quina. Muriate of
quitiine.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^f Sulphate of quina . . ^j.
Chloride of barium . \ 123 grains.
Distilled water . . . ^xxxij.
Dissolve the chloride of barium in 2
ounces of the water, and the sulphate of
quinine in the remainder, raised to the
temperature of ebullition. Mix the 2
solutions, evaporate to one half, filter, and
continue the evaporation by means of a
steam or water heat, until crystalline
spiculae begin to appear. The solution is
now to be. permitted to cool, and the
crystals which separate to be dried on
blotting paper. The liquor decanted off
the crystals will, by further concentration
and cooling, yield an additional product.
QuiNiE AND HYDRARGYRI CIILO-
RiDUM. Chloride of mercury and
quinine.
(Dermott.)
^ Bichloride of mercury . . 1 part.
Hydrochlorate of quiniue . 3 parts.
Dissolve the 2 salts separately in the
smallest possible quantity of water, and
mix the solutions. The double salt will
separate in acicular crystals.
QuiN^ NiTRAS. Nitrate of
quinine.
This salt may be obtained either by
neutralizing dilute nitric acid with quina,
or by the decomposition of nitrate of
baryta and sulphate of quinine. It is at
first a fluid oil-like mass, which gradually
becomes solid. In union with water it
forms crystals. It dissolves with diffi-
culty in water, but readily in alcohol.
QuiN^ PHOSPHAS. Phosphate of
quinine.
This salt may be formed in the same
way as the acetate, only substituting phos-
phoric for acetic acid. It resembles the
hydrochlorate in appearance.
QuiNiE SULPHAS NEUTRALIS.
Neutral or soluble sulphate of
quinine.
^ Disulphate of quina . . . ^,
Diluted sulphuric acid . , fgr.
Water ^x.
Mix the disulphate of quinine with the
water in a Wedgwood dish, add the acid,
and apply heat until it is dissolved ; then
evaporate that crystals may be formed. It
is soluble in 10 parts of water at 60°.
QuiN^ VALERIANAS.
rianate of quinine.
DubL Ph. 1850.
Vale-
B Muriate of quina .
Valerianate of soda
Distilled water .
• 3^J-
. 124 gre.
Dissolve the valerianate of soda in 2
ounces, and the muriate of quina in the
remainder of the water, and, the tempera-
ture of each solution being raised to 120°,
but not higher, let them be mixed, and let
the mixture be set by for 24 hours, when
the valerianate of quina will have become
a mass of silky acicular crj'stals. Let
these be pressed between folds of blotting
paper, and dried without the application of
artificial heat.
Instead of weighing out 7 drachms of
muriate of quina, and dissolving it in
water, as is above prescribed, we may
employ the solution of the muriate pre-
pared from an ounce of the sulphate, as
directed in the formula for Quina murias,
such solution having been first evaporated
to 14 ounces. It may be observed here,
that should it become necessary to evapo-
rate a liquid containing valerianate of
quina, care must be taken that its tempe-
rature does not rise higher than 120°.
Ratafia.
A French term, indicating a sweet aro-
matic spirituous liquor. Eatafias are made
by maceration, by distillation, or with the
juice of fruits.
FORMULA, &c.
915
Ratafia d'angelique. '
9 Angelica seeds jj-
Stalks of angelica,
Bitter almonds, blanched . aa ^iv.
Brandy, or proof spirit . . Oxij.
Sugar Ibij.
Macerate for 4 days, strain, and filter.
Ratafia (Tanis.
No. 1.
9 Aniseed ...*.. ^ij.
Brandy, or proof spirit . . OW.
Sugar . ^x.
Macerate for 4 days, strain, and filter.
Huile (Tanis.
No. 2.
9 Aniseed _^ij.
Rectified spirit .... Oiv.
Macerate for 4 days, and strain, then
add.
Simple syrup Tbir.
Tincture of vanilla q. s. to flavour it.
Ratafia de cafe.
^ Itoasted cotFee, ground . . HSj.
Brandy, or proof spirit . . cong. j.
Sugar ^xx.
Macerate for 4 days, strain, and filter.
Ratafia de cassis.
]J Black currants .... Ibvj.
Cloves jss.
Cinnamon ..... ^j.
Proof spirit Oxviij.
Sugar Ibiiiss.
Macerate for a week, and strain.
Ratafia de cerises.
^ Morello cherries, with their
kernels bruised . . . Ibviij.
Proof spirit Oviij.
Sugar Hjiss.
Macerate for a week, and strain.
Ratafia de chocolat.
^ Chocolate or cacao seeds,
roasted ftj.^viij.
Proof spirit .... cong. j.
Macerate for a week, and strain, then
add,
Sugar Ifej-^viij.
Tincture of vanilla q, t. to flavour it.
Ratafia de coings.
J^ Juice of quinces .
. Ovj.
Cinnamon .
> 3iy-
Coriander seed .
3U-
Cloves ....
gr. XV.
Mace ....
. 3S8.
Bitter almonds . .
3^j-
Rectified spirit .
Oiij.
Sugar
• ft'j ^viij
Macerate for a fortnight, and strain.
Ratafia deframhoises.
^ Raspberries Ibviij.
Proof spirit ..... Oiv.
Sugar ^xij.
Macerate for 4 days, and strain.
Ratafia de genievre.
9 Juniper berries .... ^ij.
Proof spirit Oiv.
Sugar 1%,
Macerate for a week, and strain.
Ratafia de brou de noix.
H' Young walnuts, unripe . No. 60.
Brandy. ..... Oiv.
Sugar ^xij.
Mace, cinnamon, cloves aa gr. xv.
Macerate for a month, press out the
liquor, and strain it. It should be kept
for 2 or 3 years.
Ratafia de noyau.
T^ Peach or apricot kernels,
bruised No. 120.
Proof spirit .... Oiv.
Sugar ^x.
Macerate for a week, and strain.
Ratafia d^oeillets.
^ Clove pink petals . . . Ibiv.
Cinnamon,
Cloves aa gr. XV.
Proof spirit cong.j.
Sugar Ibj.
Macerate for a week, and strain.
3n2
916
FORMULA, &c.
Ratafia d'ecorge d! orange.
i^ Fresh peel of Seville
oranges 5'^'
Proof spirit . . . • cong.j.
Sugar Ibj.
Macerate for 4 days, and strain.
Ratafia defieurs d^oranges.
^ Fresh orange flowers . . ll)ij.
Proof spirit . . • . cong. j.
Sugar ftj-S^iij.
Macerate for 4 days, and strain.
Ratafia de Tolu.
9 Balsam of Tola' . . . ^ij.
Rectified spirit ... Oj.
Boiling water . • . . Oiij.
Sugar tt>j-.^viij-
Dissolve the balsam in the spirit, and
the sugar in the water, and mix the 2
solutions.
Ratafia a la violette.
^> Orris root .... 3ij.
Proof spirit .... Oiv.
Sugar fbj-^viij.
Macerate for 4 days, and strain. It
"may be coloured with cochineal.
Regulus, (from rex, regis, a
king.)
A name originally given by the alche-
mists to metallic bodies when separated
from other substances by fusion, from
their expectation of finding gold, the king
of metals, at the bottom of the crucible ;
hence the name Regulus of Antimony, of
Cobalt, &c.
Rennet.
A pickle consisting of the stomachs of
calves, preserved in brine or dry salt.
ReSINA cannabis INDICiE.
Cannabine. Resin of Indian hemp.
Messrs. T. and H. Smith.
Digest K>ij. of bruised Indian hemp or
gunjah in several repeated quantities of
warm water, pressing the plant after each
operation. Then digest the plant in a
solution of ftj. of carbonate of soda in
water ; pour off the liquor, and wash the
plant with water until it passes colourless.
Dry the plant, and macerate it in rectified
spirit, or treat it with the spirit by perco-
lation. To the spirituous solution add
^ij of quick-lime slaked and mixed with
as much water as will give it the con-
sistence of cream. Filter the mixture,
and add to it f^ij of oil of vitriol diluted
with a little water ; again filter. Recover
the greater part of the spirit by distillation,
and to fthat which remains add 3 or 4
times its volume of water to precipitate
the resin, which is to be washed with
water until it comes away tasteless. The
resin is now to be carefully dried.
Resina JAiiAPJi'. Resin of
jalap.
Several methods have been proposed
for obtaining this resin. The best ap-
pears to be that which consists in treating
jalap with rectified spirit and then distil-
ling off" the spirit. The tincture, before
evaporation, is sometimes decolorized by
animal charcoal; and instead of evapo-
rating the solution to dryness, it is some-
times evaporated until the greater part of
the spirit is recovered, and then water
added to precipitate the resin.
Resina mezerei. Resin of
7nezerian.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
^ Mezerian bark, cut . • . Jfeiij.
Rectified spirit .... ftxvj.
Ether q. s.
Moisten the mezerian bark with a little
spirit, and pound it in an iron mortar,
then macerate it for 8 hours in a water-
bath, with Ibvij. of the rectified spirit;
press, and treat it again with Ibv. of spirit,
and finally with Itiv. of spirit. Mix the
tinctures, and distil to one-fourth, then
filter to separate the green resin. Evapo-
rate the liquor, and a brown resin will be
obtained, which together with the green
resin is to be treated with ether as long as
the latter becomes green. Distil the ether
FORMULA, &c.
917
off, and treat the residue with spirit of
20° B., which will leave the green resin
undissolved.
Note. — Green, of the consistence of
butter. Soluble in ether, absolute alcohol,
fixed and essential oils, and does not be-
come rancid.
Resina pini Burgundica.
Burgundy pine resin. Resin of
Abies excelsa. Burgundy pitch.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
A resin, either tough, yellowish, opaque,
and softened by the heat of the hand, or
friable, of a reddish-yellow colour, slightly'
transparent, with a shining fracture, and
terebinthine odour. It is prepared from
the resin that exudes spontaneously from
the trees, by boiling in water and melting .
Rhectm ustum. Burnt rhu-
barb. Toasted rhubarb.
Heat powdered rhubarb in an iron or
earthen vessel, constantly stirring it until
it assumes a dark-brown colour, then
cover the vessel closely until it is cold.
RooB. (Arabic, for dense.)
A term formerly applied to inspissated
juices.
RoOB DTACAKYON. Rob of
walnuts.
9 Juice of green walnut husks . Ifeiv.
Honey ftij.
Boil until reduced to the consistence of
clarified honey.
RooB DiAMORUM. Rob of mul-
berries.
9 Juice of mulberries , . . Ibiv.
Honey ftij.
Boil until reduced to the consistence of
clarified honey.
RooB JUNiPERT. Succus juni-
peri inspissatus. Inspissated juice
of juniper. Rob of juniper.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
IJ- Juniper berries, fresh
bruised ..... 1 part.
Warm water .... 4 parts.
Pour the water on the berries, and
when cold, press them gently. Set by
the liquor that the dregs may subside,
and evaporate it, when strained, first with
a gentle heat, and then in a vapour-bath,
at a temperature of 149° to 167° Fahr.,
to the consistence of a thick syrup, and
keep it in a cold dry place in well-stopped
vessels.
Note. — It should be brown, and soluble
in water, forming a turbid solution.
RooB SAMBUci. Rob of elder-
berries. Succus sambuci inspis-
satus. Elder rob.
9 Juice of elder-berries . . . itiiv.
Sugar Ibj.
Boil until reduced to the consistence of
clarified honey.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Elder-berries, fresh and ripe.
White sugar, powdered.
Put the berries in a tinned vessel, ex-
posed to the heat of a vapour-bath, and
continue the heat until they burst, fre-
quently shaking them ; then press out the
juice, set it by that the dregs may subside,
and when strained, evaporate it in a va-
pour-bath, at a temperature of 149° to
167° Fahr., to the consistence of a thick
exti-act; and whilst warm, add to every
pound of the product 1 ounce of white
sugar, and keep in a dry and cold place.
Note. — It should be of a violet-brown
colour, and slightly acid taste, producing
a slightly turbid solution with water.
Rotten-stone. Terra cariosa.
This mineral is obtained principally
from Derbyshire. It is used for polishing
metals, &c. It occurs in light, dull, friable
masses, of a brown colour, and soft to the
touch.
918
FORMULiE, &c.
RUSMA.
A black or dark-coloured mineral found
in Galatia, and much used by the Turks ;
mixed with half its weight of quick-lime,
as a depilatory. It is said to contain
arsenic.
Sacchaeum. Sugar.
A sweet substance existing in animal
and vegetable secretions, and also obtained
by the action of chemical agents on starch,
gum, and other organic bodies.
There are two principal kinds of sugar,
which differ from each other in compo-
sition and in some of their properties.
These are distinguished as Cane-sugar,
and Grape-sugar ; the sugar obtained
from the sicgar-cane, Saccharum officina-
rum, being taken as the type of the former,
and that obtained from the grape, Vitis
vinifera, as the type of the lattei".
Each of these kinds of sugar is capable
of existing in two different conditions, as
crystaUizahle and as uncrystallizahle sugar.
Cane-sugar,
Is procured in greatest abundance from
Ihe sugar-cane. Nearly all the sugar con-
sumed in this country is derived from this
source. The juice of the canes is usually
-extracted by submitting them to pressure
between horizontal-grooved rollers ; it is
then clarified by heat, and free acid neu-
Ixalized with lime. The clarified juice is
immediately concentrated by evaporation,
«nd run into wooden vessels to crystallize.
The crystallized sugar, thus obtained, is
called Muscovado, or Raw-sugar ; the un-
crystallizahle portion is called molasses.
The concentration of the cane-juice is
effected in some of the colonies by evapora-
tion in vacuo, when a larger proportion
of crystallizable sugar, and of a better
quality is obtained, than is the case when
the evaporation is conducted in an open
pan. This process being hitherto princi-
pally confined to the island of Demerara,
the sugar so obtained is called Demerara
crystallized sugar.
Sugar is chiefly imported into this
country in the stat« of Raw sugar and
Molasses. From the molasses a con-
siderable quantity of crystallized sugar is
obtained in this country, and the uncrys-
tallizahle portion then remaining consti-
tutes what is called Treacle.
Raw sugar is purified by the process
called sugar refining. This process con-
sists in dissolving the sugar; neutralizing
the acid with lime ; boiling it with Bul-
lock's blood, or a substance called Finings,
consisting of Hydrate of alumina and
Sulphate of lime; passing the syrup
through a stratum of Animal charcoal,
to remove the colouring matter ; concen-
trating the decolorized syrup in a va-
cuum pan ; putting it to crystallize in
conical moulds; and removing the last
portions of colouring matter by allowing
a solution of pure sugar to percolate
through the conical masses, or loaves.
Cane-sugar is extensively made in
France from the Beet-root, the juice of
which is submitted to a process similar to
that above described.
In the United States of America, and
in Canada, sugar is obtained from the
juice of the maple-tree {Acer sacchari-
num, Linn.). The juice is procured by
boring holes about three-fourths of an
inch in diameter, to the depth of half an
inch or an inch into the alburnum of the
trunk of the tree, 18 or 20 inches above
the ground. From these holes the juice
flows into vessels placed for the purpose
of collecting it. The sugar is extracted
from the juice in a similar manner to that
adopted with the cane-juice. This sugar
also comes under the denomination of
Cane-sugar.
In the East Indies sugar is obtained
from the kitul tree {Caryota vrens);
from the cocoa-nut tree (Cocus nuci-
fera) ; and fi-om the palmyra tree {Boras-
sus flabelliformis). The impure sugars
obtained from these sources are called
jaggeries.
In China, sugar is obtained from the
Saccharum sinense, which is said to yield
a richer juice than the cane used in our
plantations.
FORMULA, &c.
9W
A large grass, IIolcus cafer, brought
from the South of Africa, has been culti-
vated in some parts of Italy, Bavaria, and
Hungary, as a source of sugar, which it is
said to yield in great abundance.
The fruit of the strawberry-tree {Ar-
bubAs unedo) has been found to yield one-
fifth of its weight of sugar.
Sugar-candy, Saccharum crys-
tallinum,
Is cane-sugar slowly crj'stallized from
a solution. There are three kinds of this
commonly made, the hrown, the white, and
the red. Brown sugar-candy is obtained
from a saturated solution of unrefined
sugar, by leaving it in a warm place, at a
temperature from 90° to 100° Fahr., with
pieces of stick or string left in the solu-
tion to promote crystallization. White
sugar-candy is obtained in like manner
from a solution of refined sugar. Red
sugar-candy is crystallized from a solu-
tion of refined sugar that has been co-
loured with cochineal.
Sugar-candy being longer in dissolving
than common sugar, is on this account
preferred, in cases of cough, to keep the
throat moist.
Grape-sugar. Glucose.
Sugar obtained from grapes differs, as
already stated, from that procured from
the other sources above alluded to. The
juice of ripe grapes is called must. Must,
boiled to two-thirds, is called carenum.
When boiled to one-half, it is called sapa.
On further concentration it will yield a
granular sugar, which is less soluble in
water, and has less power of sweetening,
than cane-sugar.
Grape-sugar may be obtained from
many other sources besides the grape.
It constitutes the sweetening principle in
many of the fruits and other parts of vege-
tables grown in our climate. Thus apples,
pears, gooseberries, currants, &c., abound
in this kind of sugar. It constitutes also
the sugar of Diabetes,
The most economical method of obtain-
ing grape-sugar is by acting on starch or
lignin with sulphuric acid. Large quan-
tities of sugar have been thus made in this
country. Linen rags have been used for
making sugar by this process.
Grape-sugar cannot be obtained in a
regular crystalline form like cane-sugar.
When crystallized, it assumes the cauli-
flower form, consisting of small tufts of
crystals.
Cane-sugar is capable of being con-
verted into grape-sugar by the action
of chemical agents. Thus, on boiling
cane-sugar with diluted acids, it is con-
verted into grape-sugar. Boiling alone,
when long continued, will effect this
change.
Both cane and grape sugar exist in the
uncrystallizable as well as the crystallizable
condition; and the crystallizing power of
sugar may be destroyed by the action of
heat and of chemical agents.
Barley-sugar ,
Is a species of uncrystallizable sugar.
It is made by boiling a strong syrup until
the crystallizing power of the sugar is de-
stroyed ; or by promoting this object by
the addition of a little cream of tai-tar, or
tartaric acid. Infusion of malted barley
was formerly used instead of an acid, and
hence the name barley-sugar.
Mushroom-sugar.
A particular kind of sugar is " obtained
from some species of mushrooms, which
is distinguished by the above name.
Sacchakum l,actis. Sugar
of milk.
Clarify common whey with white of
egg, then evaporate it with the heat of a
water-bath until it crystallizes on cooling,
and put it in a cold place that crystals may
form. The crystallization is sometimes
promoted by putting pieces of stick or
string into the solution, round which the
crystals are deposited.
Sugar of milk is imported into this
country from Switzerland, where it is
made on the lai"ge scale.
920
FORMULA, &c.
Saccharum fenidium. Lond.
Ph. 1677. Saccharum Hordeatum.
Lond. Ph. 1721. Penidium. Bar-
ley-sugar.
Lond. Ph. 1721.
Dissolve sugar in a decoction of barley,
briskly beat it up with wliite of egg, and
boil it over a slow fire, frequently skim-
ming it; then strain it through flannel,
and again set it over the fire to boil slowly
until large bubbles are formed during the
ebullition, and, on taking some of it out
of the pan, it is found not to stick to the
teeth. Remove it from the fire, and when
the bubbles have subsided, pour it on to a
marble slab, previously rubbed over with
oil of almonds, and as it tends to spread
out, turn the extremities back towards the
centre, until it acquires the consistence of
thick turpentine. It is now to be sus-
pended by a hook attached to some con-
Tenient place, and with hands covered
with starch, it is to be dexterously pulled
out into thin, thick, short, or long pieces,
at pleasure, and laid on a plate to harden.
Saccharolatum lichen is is-
LANDici. Pulvis Pectoralis Tros-
sii.
Codex Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
9 Iceland moss, cut. . . Ibj.
Water Ibxxxij.
Rectified spirit . . . Ibiv.
Sugar ^vlij.
Boil the Iceland moss with Ibxvj of
water down to one-half, then strain and
press the residue, and treat it again in the
same way with the rest of the water.
Afterwards, boil the united decoctions
down to Ibv., and when half cold, add the
rectified spirit ; separate the precipitate by
filtration, and, while moist, add the sugar,
and dry it in the vapour-bath, continually
stirring, and lastly powder it.
Note.— It is a pale-yellowish-grey pow-
der, without odour, having a sweet slimy
taste. It forms a jelly with three parts of
boiling water.
Sacculus. (Diminutive of «ac-
cus, a bag.) A sachet.
A small bag for containing substances
which are used on account of their
effluvia.
Sachets are principally employed for
communicating agreeable perfumes from
dry vegetable substances to wearing ap-
parel or furniture. The substances ' put
into them are similar to those used in
making pot powrie, only that they are in
powder. The following may be taken as
a specimen : —
Sachet powder.
^ Powdered cloves.
Powdered cassia . . aa 5J.
Powdered orris root . . ^^iss.
Powdered yellow sandal-
wood 3J.
Otto of roses .... gtt. xxiv.
Oil of lavender.
Oil of bergamot . . aa 3J.
Musk gr. vj.
Mix.
Sagie mottie. Sagi mati.
A very coarse kind of barilla, prepared
in India. It has an earthy appearance,
and a yellowish-grey colour.
Sal gemm/e. Rock salt. Fas-'
sil salt.
Native crystallized chloride of sodium.
The name sal gemmm has been applied
to this kind of salt from, its transparence,
and resemblance in this respect to a pre-
cious stone {gemma). In this countiy it
is found in gfeat abundance in Cheshire,
Staffordshire, &c., and on the Continent in
the salt mines of Poland, &c. It is some-
times colourless, sometimes more or less
coloured reddish, or of a slate colour.
Sal limonum. Salt of lemons.
^ Salt of sorrel or quadrox-
alate of potash ... 2 parts.
Cream of tartar ... 1 pai-t.
Mix.
FORMULA, &c.
921
Sal folychrestus glaseri.
Glasers polychrest salt.
Prepare Potasses sulphas cum sulphure
according to the process described at page
900, and as soon as the deflagration is
over, raise the heat, keep the mass in fu-
sion for some time, pour it out, dissolve it
in water; filter, and evaporate the solu-
tion, that crystals may form as it cools.
Note. — The potasses sulphas cum sul-
phwe, without farther preparation, is some-
times sold under this name,
iSALr PRUNELLA. Sore-throat
salt.
Fused nitrate of potash cast in moulds,
so as to form either balls or flat cakes,
Salicina. Salicine.
Codex, Ph, Fran9. 1839.
No, 1.
; Make a strong decoction of willow bark ;
strain ; add to it a milk of lime, to throw
down the colouring matter ; filter the li-
quor, evaporate it to the consistence of a
syrup, then add a sufficient quantity of
alcohol, at sp, gr. 847, to throw down the
gummy matter ; filter again ; separate the
alcohol by distillation. The residue of
this distillation, sufficiently evaporated and
put into a cool place, will deposit the
salicine, which will crystallize in flattened
needles.
To purify it, it will be necessary to dis-
solve it in boiling water, to add to it a
little animal charcoal, to filter and make it
crystallize on cooling.
No, 2.
Make a strong decoction of willow
bark; concentrate this to a small bulk;
decolorize the liquor by digesting pow-
dered oxide of lead in it ; decant the clear
liquor, and lemove the lead from the so-
lution by means of sulphuric acid and sul-
phuretted hydrogen; finally, concentrate
the liquor that crystals may form. Purify
it by recrystallization, using a little animal
charcoal.
iVofe.— Pure salicine presents itself in
fine flattened needles, somewhat pearly ;
its taste is bitter, and resembles that of
willow; it is neither acid nor alkaline;
burnt on a platinum plate, it leaves no
residuum.
Sandiver. Glass gall.
A saline scum that rises to the surface
of the melted glass in the melting-pot. It
consists of sulphate of soda, sulphate of
lime, &c,
Santoninum. Santonine.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
^ Wormseed, powdered . . 4 parts.
Hydrate of lime . . .1^ part.
Mix and repeatedly treat them with,
spirit, sp, gr, 0'93°, Distil three-fourths
of the spirit off, and evaporate the re-
mainder to one-half, which at a boiling
temperature is to be mixed with ex-
cess of acetic acid; water is then to be
added, and the mixture left standing that
the impure santonine may subside ; which,
is to be washed with a small quantity of
spirit, then dissolved in 10 parts of
boiling spirit, decolorized with animal
charcoal, strained, and allowed to crystal-
lize. When dry, to be kept in opaque
bottles. Colourless, in prismatic or tabu-
lar crystals, without smell, having rather
a bitter taste. Soluble in from 4000 to
5000 parts of cold, and 250 parts of hot
water ; and in 45 parts cold, and 2 parts
of hot spirit; and in 75 parts cold, and
42 parts of hot ether,
Sapo. Soap.
A combination of a fatty acid or resin
with an alkali, used for the purposes of
washing, &c. The acids which usually
enter into the composition of soaps are
the stearic, margaric, and oleic acids, and
those existing in common resin and in
palm oil. Potash and soda are the alka-
lies used.
Soaps may be divided into two kinds,
hard soaps and soft soaps, the former
being made with soda, the latter with
922
FORMULA, &c.
potash. In the London Pharanacopceia,
1836, the term Sapo is applied to indicate
<'soap made of olive oil and soda;" and
Sapo mollis, " Soap made of olive oil and
potash."
Hard soaps.
Castile soap. Sapo Castiliensis.
Sapo Hispanicus.
The soap sold under tliis name is partly
imported and partly made in this country.
It is, or ought to be, made from olive oil
and soda. It is met with in two states,
white and mottled. Of these the white
is the most pure ; the other has the mot-
tled character given to it, by adding a so-
lution of sulphate of iron to the soap
while still tluid, and after being poured
into the moulds.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Sapo.
Soap made from olive oil and soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Sapo durus.
Spanish or Castile soap, made with olive
oil and soda.
Note. — White : it does not stain paper,
is free of odour, and dissolves entirely in
rectified spirit.
Curd soap.
The best of the white soaps used for
domestic purposes. It is made from tal-
low and soda.
Common white soap.
This is made from tallow, bleached
palm oil, and other kinds of fat, with
soda. It differs from the preceding kind
principally in the quality of the fat used.
Mottled soap.
This is one of the two last-named
soaps, mottled in the same way as Castile
soap. The mottling is said to be the best
security against the adulteration of the
soap after it leaves the manufactory.
Yellow soap.
la the manufacture of this soap, resin
and sometimes palm oil is mixed with the
tallow, which are saponified with soda.
Toilet soaps.
These are made by mixing essential
oils, colouring matters, and sometimes
other ingredients, with the best curd
soap.
The superiority of a toilet soap de-
pends principally on the quality of the
rough soap used in making it. These
soaps are generally named according to
the predominant scents imparted to them.
Transparent soap.
Mix equal parts of the best curd soap
in thin shavings, and rectified spirit of
wine ; apply the heat of a water-b^th until
the soap is perfectly dissolved, then scent
it according to fancj', and colour it with
burnt sugar or tincture of turmeric. Pour
it into moulds, and leave it exposed to the
air for several weeks to harden.
Windsor soap, white.
This is merely the best curd soap
scented with oils of caraways, lavender,
and origanum, and tincture of musk.
Windsor soap, brown.
This differs from the preceding in being
coloured with burnt sugar.
Wash balls.
These differ only from other kinds of
toilet soap, in being usually mottled or
streaked with different colours, in a par-
ticular manner. This is done by mixing
portions of the soap, previously scented,
with powdered blue, powdered bole, or
other colouring matters of this kind, and
then, the soap being slightly softened by
heat, mixing the different coloured masses
together.
Soft soaps.
Sapo mollis. Soft soap.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
Soap made from olive oil and potash.
Common soft soap made from fish oil,
suet, and potash, is, by no means, to be
used for this.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Soft soap, made with olive oil and
potash.
1
FORMULA, &c.
923
Almond soap. Sapo amygda-
linus.
Made by saponifying oil of almonds
with solution of potash.
Black soap.
A very inferior soft soap, made with
fish oils and refuse grease, saponified with
potash, and sometimes coloured with lamp-
black.
Common soft soap.
Made with fish oils, tallow, &c,, saponi-
fied with potash.
Naples soap.
This soap is imported from Naples. It
is supposed to be made from olive oil and
potash.
Medicated soaps,
Sapo Antimonialis. Anti-
monial soap.
Codex. Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9 Golden sulphuret of anti-
mony 3'J'
Solution of caustic potash . 5vj.
Medicated soap .... ^iss.
Dissolve the golden sulphuret of anti-
mony in the caustic potash, then rub it
with the medicated soap until it assumes
a pilular consistence, adding more solu-
tion of potash if necessary. Then dry it
by a gentle heat, and keep it in small
bottles.
To be sold with precautions.
Note. — Of a greyish-white colour, so-
luble in water ; becoming intensely orange-
yellow, on the addition of muriatic acid,
and disengaging sulphuretted hydrogen gas.
Ph. Danica, 1840.
^ Golden sulphuret of anti-
mony . Jj.
Solution of potash . . . q. s.
Castile soap (powdered) . Jvj.
Dissolve the golden sulphuret of anti-
mony in the solution of potash diluted
with twice its volume of water, then filter
and add the Castile soap, and evaporate it
to a pilular consistence. If it be still red,
add more caustic potash, until it becomes
greyish-white.
Note. — It should be soluble in water,
and become of an orange colour on the
addition of an acid evohing sulphuretted
hydrogen.
Sapo crotonis. Croton oil
soap.
No, 1.
9 Croton oil , . . . 2 parts.
Solution of potash ... 1 part.
Rub them together until they combine,
without the application of heat.
No. 2.
Croton oil saponified with potash, or with
soda, in the usual way, with heat.
Sapo guai acinus. Guaiacum
soap.
Ph. Danica, 1840.
Take any quantity of caustic potash and
heat it with twice its volume of distilled
water ; add powdered guaiacum until some
remains undissolved. Strain and evaporate
it to a pilular consistence.
Note. — It should be of a greenish-brown
colour, smelling and tasting of guaiacum,
and not too alkaline ; dissolved in water, it
should form a clear solution.
Ph. Borussica, 1847. '
^ Liquor potassae . . . . ^".
Distilled water .... ^ij.
Mix and heat the mixture in a porcelain
vessel ; then add gradually
Resin of guaiacum, in powder, Jvj.,
or as much as will dissolve. Filter the
solution, and evaporate it to a pilular con-
sistence.
Sapo jalapinus. Jalap soap.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Resin of jalap,
Castile soap . . . , aa ^ij.
Rectified spirit of wine . . ^iv.,
or sufficient to soften the ingredients by
digestion with a gentle heat. Subsequently
evaporate by the heat of a water-bath,
constantly stirring the mixture, until it is
reduced to ,^ivss, and has acquired the con-
sistence of a pill-mass.
924
FORMULA, &c.
Codex. Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
9 Resin of jalap.
Soap, aa p. a:.
Dissolve them in rectified spirit, and
evaporate in a water-bath to a pilular con-
sistence.
To be sold with precaution.
Note. — It is of a greyish-brown colour,
soluble in rectified spirit.
Sapo piceus.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
]^ Solution of potash.
Common tar, aa p. ae.
Boil in an iron vessel to the consistence
of soap, constantly stirring it.
Soft and black.
Sapo TEREBiNTHiNiE. Soap
of essential oil of turpentine.
Starkey's soap.
Ratier and Henry's Ph.
^ Subcarbonate of potash,
perfectly dry,
Essential oil of turpen-
tine,
Venice turpentine, aa equal parts.
Triturate the carbonate of potash in a
mortar first with the essential oil, then the
turpentine. When these substances have
attained the proper consistence, porphyrize
them, and preserve the soap in an earthen-
ware vessel.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
Sapo terehinthinatus. Balsa-
mum vitcB externum,. Turpentine
soap. Liniment of turpentine.
9 Alicant soap jijj.
Oil of turpentine . . . 3iij.
Carbonate of potash. . . 5ss.
Mix.
Saponine. Ganteine. Paste
for cleaning gloves.
1^ Powdered soap . . . 250 parts.
Solution of chloride of
potash .... 165 „
Solution of ammonia . 10 „
Water 155 ,,
Dissolve the soap in the water with heat,
and as the mixture cools, add the other in-
gredients. A small quantity of this is to
be rubbed over the glove with a piece of
flannel, until the dirt is removed.
Sauces.
Condiments used for flavouring or sea-
soning food.
Chetney sauce.
^ Stoned raisins .
Sour apples, or crabs
Brown sugar . .
Powdered ginger.
Common salt,
Cayenne pepper . .
Garlic ^.
Vinegar •••»•. q. s.
Pound the solid ingredients together
in a mortar, adding a little vinegar from
time to time, until the whole is reduced to
a pulpy mass ; then add enough vinegar to
reduce it to the consistence of cream, and
bottle it for use.
Coratch.
^ Mushroom catsup .
Walnut catsup .
Indian soy,
Chillie vinegar . .
Essence of anchovies
Mix.
aa ^ij.
ttivi.
ftj.
Fish sauce.
^ Port wine ....
Mountain wine .
Walnut catsup
Anchovies, with the liquor
Lemons ....
Shallots ....
Cayenne pepper .
Scraped horseradish .
Mace . . . . <
Flour of mustard . .
Boil gently, strain, and bottle
Kitchiner's relish.
9 Black pepper.
Salt
Powdered allspice.
Scraped horseradish .
cong. J.
Oij.
Oiv.
tt»ij-
No. 8.
No. 32.
Sij.
ftij.
^■
^viij.
aa^".
aa ^s.
FORMULAE, &c.
925
Shallots, cat small . « • ^ss.
Walnut pickle, or mushroom
catsup . • . ... Oj.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
JSatice piquante.
9 Soy a.
Port wine,
Cayenne pepper . . . aa _^ij.
Best vinegar Oj.
Macerate for a week, and strain.
Quirt's sauce,
9 Walnut pickle,
Poi't wine . . . . aa Oj.
Mushroom catsup . . . Oij.
Anchovies,
Shallots aa No. 24.
Soy Oss.
Cayenne pepper. . . . 3ij.
Boil for 10 minutes, strain, and bottle.
Soy.
Boil Ibiv of the seeds of DoUchos soja
with water until they become soft; then
add Ibiv of bruised wheat. Keep the
mixture in a warm place for 24 hours,
then add Ibiv of common salt, and Ibviij of
water ; put the mixture into a stone jar,
and cork it up for 2 or 3 months, then
press out the liquor.
The best soy is imported from China.
Tomato sauce.
ty Bruised tomatoes • . . cong. j.
Salt gviij.
Mix, and after 3 days squeeze out the
juice. To each half gallon of the juice
add,
Shallots ^iv.
Black pepper 3ij.
Boil for half an hour, strain, and add,
Mace,
Allspice,
Ginger,
Nutmegs . • . . , aa ^.
Coriander seed,
Cochineal aa 5ij.
Simmer gently for half an hour, strain,
and when cold, bottle it.
Scouring drops, for removing
grease spots from silks, S^c.
No. 1.
9 Distilled essence of lemon . ^ij.
Camphor J^,
Kectified spirit . . , , ^vj.
Mix.
No. 2.
Benzine or benzole, one of the light
hydro-carbons obtained by distillation from
coal-tar naphtha, answers well for removing
grease sppts from silks, &c.
Seahng-wax.
The basis of the best sealing-wax is
shellac and dammar, or anime resins, but
inferior sorts are made with common resin.
The light-coloured resins, which will burn
well, and flow in a semi-fluid state, are
selected for receiving the light and delicate
colours which are imparted by the admix-
ture of certain pigments.
JRed sealing-wax.
No. 1.
^> Shellac
ftij.
Venice turpentine .
ftj.
Vermilion, or best dicliro-
mate of lead ....
ibiss.
Melt the shellac and turpentine together
with heat, and add the pigment as
the mix-
ture cools.
No. 2.
^Shellac
Ibij.
Dammar, or anime resin
Ibiv.
Venice turpentine . . .
Ibj.
Vermilion, or best dichro-
mate of lead ....
ffiij.
Mix as No. 1.
No. 3.
9 Shellac
Ibij.
Common yellow resin . ,
Ibiv.
Venice turpentine . . .
Ibiss.
Dichromate of lead . . .
ftij.
Mix.
Black sealing-wax,
Is made in the same way as the red, only
substituting the best lamp-black for vermi-
lion or dichromate of lead.
926
FORMULA, &c.
In like manner, other colours are im-
parted by varying the pigment, and using
chromate of lead, verdigris, green verditer,
&c.
Gold sealing-wax,
Is made by using gold-coloured tale, or
bisulphuret of tin.
Marbled sealing-wax.
Melt in separate vessels a portion of wax
of each colour intended to be mixed, and
when they are partly cooled, mix them
together, slightly stirring the mixture with
a rod.
Soft sealing-wax.
]^ Bees'-wax Ihiv.
Venice turpentine . . . fbj.
Levigated bole, sufficient to give the
required colour.
Bottle-wax.
]^ Black resin ftvj.
Bees'-wax Ibss.
Ivory, or lamp-black . . Ibiss.
Mix, with heat.
Venetian red, red lead, or bole, may be
substituted for lamp-black.
Semoule. Semotdina.
The name given in France, and used in
this country, to denote the large hard
grains of wheat flour retained in the bolt-
ing machine, after the fine flour has been
passed through its meshes. The best
semoule is obtained from the wheat of the
southern parts of Europe. The fine white
Parisian bread, called gruau. is said to be
made from semoule — Ure.
Serum lactis. Whey of milk.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Milk • ftiij.
Tartaric acid, powdered. . ^j.
Add the acid to the milk just as it com-
mences to boil, and when the coagulation
is complete, strain the cooled liquor.
2}'ote. — It should be turbid, and of a
yellowish-white colour, and should not
taste acid.
Serum lactis acidum. Acid
whey.
Plenck's Ph.
R Cow's milk, deprived of the
cream ..... Ibij.
Cream of tartar. . . . jj.
After one boil, let it be strained through
bibulous paper. Coagulation may also be
effected with 2 spoonfuls of vinegar or
lemon-juice.
Serum lactis aluminatum.
Whey of milk toith alum. Alumi-
nous whey.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
]^Milk ...... ftiij.
Alum, powdered . . . jj.
Add the alum to the milk just as it com-
mences to boil, and when the coagulation is
complete, strain.
Note. — It should be rather opalescent,
and of a styptic taste.
Plenck's Ph.
^ Cow's milk, boiling] . . . R»j.
Crude alum 3J.
When the milk has coagulated, let the
whole be strained.
Serum lactis aurantiatum.
O ranged whey.
Plenck's Ph.
5 Cow's milk, boiling . . . Ibj.
Let the juice of half or of an entire
orange be digested in it, with a portion of
the peel. When coagulation has taken
place, let it be strained.
Serum lactis cerevisiatum.
Whey with beer.
^ Cow's milk, boiling . . » itij.
Good beer ^iij.
Boil together until copulation has
taken place : then strain.
Serum lactis dulce.
whey.
Sweet
FOKMUL^, &c.
927
Plenck's Ph.
R Cow's milk, deprived of its
cream Ibiv.
A piece of prepared calf's rennet.
Let them be put in a warm place, until
the caseiue has coagulated ; then separate
the serum.
Serum lactis tamarindina-
TUM. Whey with tamarinds.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
; 9 Milk lt)iij.
Tamarind pulp . . . . ^^.
Add the pulp to the milk just as it com-
mences to boil, and when the coagulation is
complete, strain.
Note. — It should be clear, of a reddish-
yellow colour, and acid taste.
Plenck's Ph.
^ Cow's milk, boiling . . . Ibj.
Tamarinds ^ij.
Boil them together until coagulation
has taken place.
Serum lactis vinosum. Wine
whey.
Plenck's Ph.
9 Cow's milk, boiling . . . Ibj.
Rhenish wine .... ^ij.
The milk having coagulated, let the
whey be strained.
Sherry-cobler.
A favourite beverage with the Ameri-
cans.
Half fill a tumbler-glass with clean
pounded ice; add a table-spoonful of pow-
dered white sugar, a few thin slices of
lemon with the j)eel, or some strawberries
or other similar fruit, bruised, and a wine-
glassful or more of sherry wine ; mix them
together, and, as the ice melts, suck the
liquor through a straw.
Other wine may be substituted for
sherry.
Sherbet. (Arabic.)
A cooling drink, used in the East, made
of the acidulous juices of fruits, sweetened
and flavoured to suit the palate.
Sillabub.
An agreeable beverage made with milk
or cream and wine.
9 Wine ^xij.
Cream ^ . . . . |iv
I . . . . 51V.
j . . . . ^xij.
New milk
The juice of half a lemon, and some of
the peel rubbed with sugar sufficient to
sweeten it. A httle nutmeg is sometimes
added.
Other spirituous liquors besides wine
are sometimes used.
Whipt sillabub.
The above " whipt " into a froth.
Snuff.
A powder used for stimulating the ol-
factory nerves. It usually consists of
tobacco, prepared in different ways, and
sometimes mixed with other substances,
which are added, either to alter its flavour,
or to increase its stimulating properties^
The tobacco, previous to its being ground
into snuff, is submitted to a kind of fer-
mentation, by leaving it in heaps, wetted
with water, or with solution of salt,
called the sauce, which is added from
time to time during a period of from
one to three months. The flavour and
character of the snufF depend in a great
measure on the way in which the process
of fermentation is conducted, and espe-
cially the length of time during which it
is continued.
Snuffs are of two kinds, which are dis-
tinguished as moist snuffs and dry smtffs.
In grinding the moist snuffs, the to-
bacco is moistened several times during
the process, it is said, with some perfumed
water, such as rose or orange-flower water ;
it is also sifted very frequently, to prevent
its being reduced to too fine a powder.
Solution of sugar, and of carbonate of
potash, are sometimes added, to prevent
the snuff from becoming dry.
In grinding the dry snuffs, no moisture
is used, but other ingredients are fre-
quently added, such as lime, sal ammoniac,
powdered glass, &c.
928
FORMULiE, &c.
Mills are generally employed in powder-
ing snuffs, which are commonly called
snuff-mills.
Moist snuffs include Black and Brown
rappee, Citba, Garotte, Prince's mixture,
Princeza, &c.
Dry snuffs include Scotch, Irish, Welsh,
and Spanish snuffs, Lundyfoot, &c.
The Tonca bean, either whole or in
the form of an essence, musk, ambergis,
and many of the volatile oils, are used for
scenting snuffs.
Soda puka, Piire soda. Hy-
drate of soda.
This is prepared in the same way as
hydrate of potash, only substituting car-
bonate of soda for carbonate of potash.
SoD^ ACETAs. Acetate of soda.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Crystallized carbonate of soda
of commerce . . . . fljj.
or a sufficient quantity.
Acetic acid of commerce (sp.
gr. 1044) Oj.
To the acid, placed in a porcelain cap-
sule, add by degrees the carbonate of soda,
and, taking care that there shall be a slight
excess of acid, evaporate the resulting solu-
tion till a pellicle begins to form on its
surface, and set it by to crystallize. The
■crystals, when drained of the mother-liquor,
and dried by a short exposure to the air on
a porous brick, should be enclosed in a well-
stopped bottle.
SYNONYMES.
Terra Foliata Tartari Grystallisata,
Terra Foliata mineralis.
SoDiE AKSENiAS. Arseniatc of
soda.
Codex, Ph. Frau5. 1839.
]^ Nitrate of soda ... 100 parts.
Arsenious acid . . . 116 parts.
Thoroughly mix the ingredients to-
gether ; heat them to redness in a Hessian
crucible; treat the residue with water;
add to it a solution of carbonate of soda
until the mixture is alkaline ; then evapo-
rate it until crystals shall form on cool-
ing.
SoD.E Carbonas. Carbonate
of soda.
This carbonated alkali was fonnerly
derived principally from kelp and barilla,
but it is now made on a very large scale
from common salt. The salt is first de-
composed with oil of vitriol, sulphate of
soda being thus formed, and hydrochloric
acid 'disengaged from the mixture. The
sulphate of soda is then mixed with small
coal (which is used for the sake of its
carbon) and carbonate of lime, and 'the
mixture is heated in a furnace. The
carbon of the coal deprives the sulphate of
soda of its oxygen, reducing it to the state
of sulphuret of sodium, which heated in
contact with carbonate of lime, yields car-
bonate of soda and oxysulphuret of calcium
(sulphuret of calcium and lime). This
last product is insoluble in cold or luke-
warm water, and the carbonate of soda is
therefore separated from it by treating the
fusfd mixture with warm water. The
carbonate of soda is purified by repeated
crystallization.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — Destitute of colour, transparent ;
exposed to the air, it soon falls into pow-
der. It is dissolved in water. This solu-
tion changes the colour of turmeric into
brown. When it has been supersaturated
with hydrochloric acid, chloride of barium
throws down nothing from thence. 100
grains of carbonate of soda lose 62'5 grains
of water, by a sharp fire ; just so much,
added to diluted sulphuric acid, evolves
15*28 grains of carbonic acid.
Edin. Ph.
Note, — A solution of 21 grains in a
fluidounce of distilled water, precipitated
by 19 grains of nitrate of baiyta, remains
precipitable by more of the test ; and the
precipitate is entirely soluble in nitric acid.
Little subject to adulteration.
Use. — Antacid.
FORMULA, &c.
929
Dose. — Grs. x to 355. twice or three
times a-day.
SYN0NYME3.
Natron praparatiim. Lond. Ph. 1788.
SodcB subcarbonas. Lond. Ph. 1809,
1824; Edin. Ph. 1839.
Mild mineral alkali. Fossil alkali.
Aerated mineral alkali. Natroti carbon-
icum.
SODJE CARBONAS EXSICCATA.
Dried carbonate of soda.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Carbonate of soda .... Rj.
Apply heat to the carbonate until the
crystals fall to pieces, and afterwards
heat it to redness. Lastly, rub it into
powder.
Note. — It is dissolved in water. 100
grains of this added to diluted sulphuric
acid, evolve 40 • 7 grains of carbonic acid.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Heat any convenient quantity of car-
bonate of soda in a shallow vessel until it
is dry, then urge it with a red heat in a
crucible, and reduce it to powder when cold.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Sod(e Car-
donas Siccatum.
5 Crystallized carbonate of soda
of commerce, any convenient
quantity.
Expose it in a porcelain capsule to a
pi-etty strong sand heat, until the liquid
which first forms is converted into a dry
cake, and having rubbed this to powder
enclose it in a bottle.
Med. Use. — Antacid.
Dose. — From 4 to 20 grains.
SYNONYME.
Sod(B subcarbonas exsiccata. — Lond. Ph.
1809, 1824.
SoD^ BiCARBONAs. Bicarbo-
nate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Fill with fragments of marble a glass
jar, open at the bottom and tubulated at
the top ; close the bottom in such a way
as to keep in the marble without prevent-
ing the free passage of a fluid; connect
the tubulature closely, by a bent tube and
corks, with an empty bottle, and this in
like manner with another bottle filled with
one part of carbonate of soda, and two
parts of dried carbonate of soda well tritu-
rated together, and let the tube be long
enough to reach the bottom of the bottle.
Before closing the last cork closely, im-
merse the jar to the top in diluted muriatic
acid contained in any convenient vessel ;
when the whole apparatus is thus filled
with carbonic acid gas, secure the last
cork tightly, and let the action go on till
next morning, or till gas is no longer
absorbed by the salt. Remove the damp
salt which formed, and dry it, either in the
air without heat, or at a temperature not
above 120^.
Note. — A solution in forty parts of water
does not give an orange precipitate witli
solution of corrosive sublimate.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Crystallized carbonate of soda
of commerce .... Ibij'..
Distilled water .... Oij.
Muriatic acid of commerce . Oiss-
Water Oiij.
Chalk in fragments . . . Ibj.
or a sufficient quantity.
Having diluted the muriatic acid with
the water, and dissolved the carbonate of
soda in the distilled water, manipulate with
these solutions and with the chalk, as
directed in the formula for Potasses
Bicarbonas, employing also the arrange-
ment of apparatus there described. With
the view, however, of obtaining from the
mother-liquor an additional quantity of
bicarbonate, it is not necessary that the-
evaporation shall be preceded by a filtra-
tion.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is dissolved in water ; it slightly
changes the colour of turmeric to brown ;
neither bichloride of platinum, nor sulphate
of magnesia, unless on heat being applied,
throw down anything from this solution ;
that which chloride of barium throws down
i£ dissolved in hydrochloric acid. 100 grain*
3 o
930
FORMULA, &c.
of this, added to diluted sulphuric acid,
evolve 51 • 7 of carbonic acid.
Use. — Similar to that of the carbonate.
Dose, — Gr. x. to gr. xxx.
SYNONYME.
SodCE Carhonas. — Lond. Ph. 1824, and
Edin. Ph. 1839.
SoD^ CHOLEAS. Choleatc of
soda.
This is one of the principal ingredients
in ox -gall, or bile, which consists essentially
of Choleate of soda, and cholesterine.
Inspissated ox-gall, or bile. Pel
tauri inspissatum.
Evaporate fresh ox-gall by the heat of
a water-bath until it assumes a pilular
consistence. Thus prepared, it will con-
tain a portion of mucus, in addition to the
essential constituents of the bile.
Med. Use. — It has been used as a
tonic, and more recently, on the recom-
mendation of Dr. Allnutt, as a remedy for
constipation, administered as a clyster,
(5ij. dissolved in Oj. of hot water,) or
in pills, five or ten grains, two or three
times a day.
Purified ox-gall, or bile. Pel
tauri purificatum.
Treat the inspissated ox-gall with rec-
tified spirit, which dissolves all but the
mucus. The colouring matter may be
removed by digesting the solution with a
little animal charcoal, or by cautiously
adding baryta water, which throws down
the colouring matter. The colourless so-
lution may now be evaporated to dryness.
It will consist of Choleate of soda and
Cholesterine.
Choleate of soda may be separated from
the cholesterine by mixing a concentrated
alcoholic solution of purified and deco-
lorized ox-gall with twice its volume of
■ether, when the choleate of soda separates
in a thick syrupy form, and after being
washed with ether may be dried, forming
a pulverulent mass like gum-arabic.
SovjE HYPOSULPHI8. Hyposul-
phite of soda.
Codex, Ph. rran9. 1839.
1^ Carbonate of soda, crys-
tallized .... 320 parts.
Distilled water . . . 640 parts.
Sublimed sulphur . . 40 parts.
Dissolve the carbonate of soda in the
water, and mix the sulphur with the solu-
tion ; pass through it a stream of sul-
phurous acid gas. When the gas shall
be in excess in the liquor, the latter will
contain hyposulphite of soda in solution.
It is now to be boiled for some minutes,
then filtered, gently evaporated to one-
third of its volume, and put in a cold
place that crystals may form.
Hyposulphite of soda crystallizes in
four-sided prisms. Treated with sulphuric
acid, it disengages sulphurous acid, and
sulphur is precipitated.
SoDiE PHOSPHAS. Phosphate
of soda. 2N,0,HO,PO»,24HO.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Bones burnt to dryness fl5x.
Sulphuric acid . . . Oij. & f^iv.
Carbonate of soda . . q. s.
Pulverize the bones and mix them with
the acid ; add gradually six pints of water ;
digest for thiee days, replacing the water
which evaporates ; add six pints of boil-
ing water, and strain through strong linen :
pass more boiling water through the mass
on the filter till it comes away nearly
tasteless. Let the impurities subside in
the united liquors, pour off the clear
liquid, and concentrate to six pints. Let
the impurities again settle, and to the
clear liquor, which is to be poured off and
heated to ebullition, add carbonate of
soda, previously dissolved in boiling
water, until the acid is completely neu-
tralized. Set the solution aside to cool
and crystaUize. More crystals will be
obtained by successively evaporating, add-
ing a little carbonate of soda till the
liquid exerts a feeble alkaline reaction on
litmus-paper, and then allowing it to
FORMULA, &c.
931
cool. Preserve the crystals in well-dosed
vessels.
Note. — An efflorescent salt ; 45 grains
dissolved in 2 fiuidounces of boiling
distilled water, and precipitated by a solu-
tion of 50 grains of carbonate of lead in
a fluidounce of pyroligneous acid, will re-
main precipj table by solution of acetate of
lead.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^: Ox-bones, burned to white-
ness in a clear fire . . Ibx,
Oil of vitriol of commerce. f^I^vj,
Distilled water . . . Civss,
or a sufficient quantity.
Crystallized carbonate of
soda of commerce . . Ibxij,
or a sufficient quantity.
On tlie bone earth, reduced to a fine
powder, and placed in a large dish of
earthenware, or lead, pour the oil of vitriol,
and mix well with a glass or porcelain rod,
so that every particle of the powder may
be moistened by the acid. After the lapse
of 24 hours, add gradually, and with con-
stant stirring, one gallon of distilled water,
and digest for 48 hours, pouring on occa-
sionally a little water, so as to restore
what has been lost by evaporation. Add
now a second gallon of the water, and,
having well agitated the mixture, and con-
tinued the digestion for anothei- hour, let
the whole be thrown upon a calico filter ;
and, when the liquid has ceased to trickle
through, let the precipitate be repeatedly
washed with boiling distilled water, until
the washings, allowed to drop on blue
litmus paper, redden it only in a very slight
degree. Concentrate the filtered solution
and washings to the bulk of 1 gallon, and,
having set it by for 24 hours, pass it
through a filter. To the filtered solution,
raised to the temperature of 212° degrees,
gradually add the carbonate of soda, pre-
viously dissolved in 2 gallons of boiling
water, until the mixture acquires a slight
alkaline reaction, and then place the whole
upon a calico filter. The clear solution
which passes through, when concentrated
until a film begins to form on its surface.
will, upon cooling, afford crystals of phos-
phate of soda ; and from the mother-liquor
an additional product may be obtained
by further concentration. The salt, when
dried on blotting-paper, should be pre-
served in a well-stopped bottle.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — Exposed to the air it effloresces a
little. It is dissolved in water. This so-
lution slightly changes the colour of tur-
meric into brown ; what is thrown down
from it by chloride of barium is white, and
is dissolved without effervescence in nitric
acid ; and that by nitrate of silver is yellow,
and is dissolved in the same acid. It loses
62*3 of water from 100 grains by a red fire.
What is thrown down by nitrate of silver
from the remaining salt dissolved in water
is white.
Med. Use. — A mild saline cathartic, par-
ticularly adapted for individuals affected
with deposits of uric acid in the urine, as
it possesses a remarkably solvent action on
that acid.
Dose. — 3iv. to 3xij.
SYNONVMES.
Sal mirahile perlatum. Tasteless salt.
Rhombic phosphate of soda.
SODiE POTASSIO-TARTRAS. Po-
tassio-tartrate of soda.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is dissolved in water. This
solution changes the colour of neither
litmus nor turmeric. Sulphuric acid being
added, bitartrate of potash is thrown down ;
either nitrate of silver or chloride of barium
being added, nothing is thrown down, or
what is dissolved again on the water being
added.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Sodoi et potassce
tartras.
]^ Bitartrate of potash . t ^xvj.
Carbonate of soda. . . ^^xij.
Boiling water .... Oiv.
Proceed with this preparation exactly as
for the tartrate of potash.
Note. — Entirely and easily soluble in
five parts of boiling water ; muriatic acid
3 o 2
932
FORMULAE, &c.
occasions a crystalline precipitate in a
strong solution ; 37 grains in solution are
not entirely precipitated by 43 grains of
nitrate of lead.
Dubl. Ph. 1 850. Sod(B et potasscB
tartras.
'^.' Crystallized carbonate of
soda of commerce . . ^ix.
White bitartrate of potash,
in fine powder . . . ^xij,
or a sufficient quantity.
Distilled water . . . Css.
Dissolve the carbonate of soda in the
water, and to the solution, while boiling
hot, gradually add the bitartrate, until a
neutral solution is obtained. Let this be
filtered, evaporated till a pellicle forms on
its surface, and then set to crystallize.
After 12 hours the solution should be
decanted off the crystals, and these, when
dried on blotting-paper, should be pre-
served in a bottle. By further concen-
trating the decanted solution, and cooling
it, an additional crop of crystals may be
obtained.
^ Carbonate of soda . . 5 parts.
Bitartrate of potash, re-
duced to the finest
powder .... 7 parts.
Hot water .... 50 parts.
To the carbonate of soda dissolved in
■water, gradually add the bitartrate of pot-
ash ; let the liquor, filtered through paper,
evaporate, and set it aside that, by slow
cooling, crystals may form.
Use. — Purgative.
Dose.—lV]. to ^.
SYNONTMES,
Natron tartarizatum. Lond. Ph. 1788.
Soda taHarizata. Lond. Ph. 1809, 1824.
Tartaras sodce et kali. Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Set de seignette.
Eochelle salt. Sal rupellensis.
Sal polychrestum seignette.
SoD^ SULPHAS. Sulphate of
soda.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Exposed to the air it falls into powder.
It is dissolved in water. This solution
changes the colour of neither litmus nor
turmeric ; nitrate of silver throws down
scarcely anything from the diluted solution.
It loses 55*5 of water from 100 grains by
a sharp fire. Moreover, 71 grains of sul-
phate of baryta, dried by a sharp fire, are
procured from 100 grains dissolved in dis-
tilled water, chloride of barium and hydro-
chloric acid having been added.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^- Salt which remains after
preparing pure muriatic
acid Ibij.
Boiling water .... Oiij.
White marble, in powder . q. s.
Dissolve the salt in the water, add the
marble so long as effervescence takes place,
boil the liquid, and, when neutral, filter it ;
wash the insoluble matter with boiling
water, adding the water to the original
liquid; concentrate till a pellicle begins to
form, and then let the liquid cool and
crystallize.
Note. — Not subject to adulteration,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
SoD^ SULPHAS. Sulphate of
soda. Glauber salts.
Use. — Purgative.
Dose. — _^ss. to ^iss.
SYNONYMES.
Sal catharticus Glauberi. Lond. Ph.
1747.
Natron vitriolatum. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Sal mirabili Glauberi. Glauber's salt.
Soda taktarizata effer-
VESCENS. Acidulated kali. Le-
monated kali.
R Powdered white sugar . Ibiv.
„ Bicarbonate of
soda,
„ Tartaric acid, aa, ffiij.
„ Bitartrate of
potash . . 5'J'
Essence of lemon . . . 3ij.
Dry the powders separately ; mix them
FORMULA, &c.
933
together, then add the essence of lemon,
and keep the mixture in bottles,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Soi>.»E VALERiANAs. Valeria-
nate of soda.
9 Bichromate of potash, re-
duced to powder . . J^ix,
Fusel oil f^iv.
Oil of vitriol of commerce f ^viss.
Water Css,
Solution of caustic soda . Oj.
or as much as is sufficient.
Dilute the oil of vitriol with 10 ounces,
and dissolve with the aid of heat the
bichromate of potash in the remainder of
the water. When both solutions have
cooled down to nearly the temperature of
the atmosphere, place them in a matrass,
and, having added the fusel oil, mix well
by repeated shaking until the temperature
of the mixture, which first rises to about
150°, has fallen to 80° or 90°. The
matrass having been now connected with
a condenser, heat is to be applied so as to
distil over about half-a-gallon of liquid.
Let this, when exactly saturated with the
solution of caustic soda, be separated from
a little oil that floats on its surface, and
evaporated down until, the escape of
aqueous vapour having entirely ceased, the
residual salt is partially liquefied. The
heat should now be withdrawn, and when
the valerianate of soda has concreted, it is,
while still warm, to be divided into frag-
ments and preserved in a well-stopped bottle.
SoDii CHLORiDUM. Sodce mu-
rias. Chloride of sodium. Culi-
nary salt. Common salt. NaCl.
Salt is obtained from sea-water, from
salt or brine-springs, and in the solid state
from the earth.
Sea-water is evaporated in some parts of
France and on the shores of the Mediterra-
nean by the heat of the sun, and the salt
obtained in this way is called Bay salt.
In this country, most of the salt is pro-
cured from hrine springs in Cheshire, Staf-
fordshire, and other parts. The water of
these springs is evaporated in large pans,
and the salt is deposited during the process.
Salt is also, to a small extent, obtained from
sea-water in this country.
In the neighbourhood of the brine springs,
salt also occurs in the solid state in the
earth, and this is called rock salt, or fossil
salt. (See Sal gemma.')
SodcB murias purum. Pure
muriate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of muriate
of soda, dissolve it in boiling water, filter
the solution, and boil it down over the fire
skimming off the crystals which foi-m ;
wash the crystals quickly with cold water,
and dry them.
Note. — A solution is not precipitated by
solution of carbonate of ammonia followed
by solution of phosphate of soda ; a solu-
tion of 9 grains in distilled water is not
entirely precipitated by a solution of 26
grains of nitrate of silver.
SODII SULPHO-ANTIMONIATUM.
Schlippe's antimonial salt.
Strasb. Ph.
^ Carbonate of soda, crys-
tallized 9 parts.
Water 40 „
Sesquisulphuret of anti-
mony 4 ^^
Salphur ij ^^
Milk of lime (2^ parts of
lime to 7 water) . . 10 „
Dissolve the soda in water; add the
other ingredients, boil for two and a half
hours, and crystallize.
SoiiDER.
A metallic alloy, used for uniting the
surfaces of metals. Solders differ in com-
position according to the kind of metals
intended to be united by them.
Solder for tin plate.
^Tm 2 parts.
Lead 1 part.
Mix.
334
[FORMULA, &c.
Solder for pewter.
9f Tin . 10 parts.
Lead 5 „
Bismuth ..... 1 part.
Mix.
Solder for iron, copper, and
brass. Spelter.
^ Copper,
Zinc • aa p. 83.
Mix.
Solder for zinc and lead.
9' Lead 2 pai'ts.
Tin . 1 part.
Mix.
Solder for silver.
9 Silver 5 parts.
Brass 6 „
Zinc ..... . 2 „
Mix.
■ Solder for gold.
]^ Silver and gold,
or
Copper and gold.
SOLUTIO ARGENTI AMMONIATI.
Ammoniated solution of silver.
Edin, Ph. 1841.
9 Nitrate of silver ... 44 gr.
Distilled water . . . . f ^.
Aqua ammoniae, a sufficiency.
Dissolve the salt in the water, and add
the aqua ammonias gradually, and towards
the end cautiously, till the precipitate at
first thrown down is very neai'ly but not
entirely, redissolved.
Use. — A delicate test for arsenious
acid,
SYNONYNE.
Hume's test for arsenious acid.
SoLUTIO BABYTJE NITRATIS.
Solution of nitrate of baryta.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Nitrate of baryta .
Distilled water . .
. 40 gr.
. 800 „
Dissolve tlie salt in the water; and
keep the solution in well-closed bottles.
This is intended as a test.
SoLUTIO COPAIBA ALKALINI.
Alkaline solution of copaiba.
1^ Copaiba ^ij.
Solution of potash . . . ^iij.
Water ^vij.
Boil for a quarter of an hour, put the
liquor into an oil separator, let it stand
for an hour or two, or until the volatile
oil has separated from the aqueous solu-
tion ; then draw off the latter and pre-
serve it for use.
This solution consists of the resin of
copaiba combined with the potash as a
soluble soap, which retains a small por-
tion of volatile oil.
SOLUTIO MORPHIA BIMBCO-
NATis. Solution of bimeconate of
morphia.
A preparation is sold under this name
which contains the morphia in the state
of combination in which it exists in
opium. It is not perfectly pure, as it
retains to a certain extent the taste and
smell of the opium, and is not free from
colour. It is made of the same strength
as laudanum, and is given in similar
doses.
No process has been published for its
preparation.
SoLUTIO MORPHIA MURIAS.
Solution of muriate of morphia.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Muriate of morphia . . . jiss.
Rectified spirit .... f^v.
Distilled water .... f^xv.
Mix the spirit and water, and dissolve
the muriate of morphia in the mixture
with the aid of a gentle heat.
Dose. — From T1T,x. to TY\,xx. About 106
minims contain onq grain of muriate of
morphia.
SoLUTIO SOD^ PHOSPHATIS. SO'
lution of phosphate of soda.
FOKMUL^, &c.
935
fEdin. Ph. 1841.":
]^ Phosphate of soda . . . 175 gr.
Distilled water .... f ^viij.
Dissolve the salt in the water, and keep
the solution in well-closed bottles.
This is intended as a test.
SoLUTio PRO ARGENTO. Solu-
tion for whitening silver.
1^ Bitartrate of potash,
Chloride of sodium,
J^lum . . . . . . aa ,^.
Water . Oiij.
Dissolve.
Plate boiled in this solution acquires a
brilliant whiteness.
SoLUTIO MINERAXIS. De Val-
lenger^s solution of arsenic.
^ Arsenious acid .... gr. iss.
Hydrochloric acid , . . f jss.
Water f5J.
Dissolve.
This is essentially the same as the liquor
arsenici chloridi of the Lond. Ph. 1851.
Species aromatic^. Loco
specierum pro cucupha. Aromatic
powder.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Balm leaves,
Leaves of curled leaved
mint (Mentha crispa) aa ^iv.
Lavender flowers . . ^ij.
Cloves ..... ^.
Well cut and bruise them, reduce them
to a fine powder, and mix.
Note. — Keep it in a close vessel.
Species ad decoctum ligno-
rum. Ingredients for decoction
of woods.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Guaiacum wood rasped . . Ibij.
Great burdock root (Lappa
major) sliced.
Root of " Ononis spinosa "
sliced aa Ibj.
Liquorice root sliced,
Sassafras wood . . . aa Ibss.
Mix.
Species ad infusum pecto-
RALE. Ingredients for pectoral
infusion.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Mallow root ..... ^^iv.
Liquorice root .... ^^iss.
Orris root ,^ss.
Coltsfoot leaves .... ^ij.
Red poppy flowers,
Great mullein flowers,
Anise seeds . . . . aa ^.
Slice and bruise them, and mix them
well together.
Species laxantes St. Ger
MAix. Species prothea St. Ger-
main. St. Germain laxative
powder.
Ph. Borussica, 1S47.
^ Senna leaves exhausted
with spirit ^iv.
Elder flowers ^iiss.
Fennel seeds.
Anise seeds, , . . . iia 3^'
Well cut and bruise them and mix to-
gether, and when dispensing, add
Purified cream of tartar powdered, . 3vj.
Spices.
Warm aromatic substances used for
seasoning.
Ragout spice.
R Salt . . . .
Flour of mustard.
Black pepper,
Grated lemon peel
Allspice, ginger.
Nutmeg . .
Cayenne pepper .
Mix.
. Ibj.
. a^ Ibss.
aa 31J.
Sausage spice.
^ Black pepper .... Ibv.
Cloves, nutmegs . . aa ffiiss..
Ginger Iftiiss.
Aniseed, Coriander seed, aa ^^iij.
936
irORMULyE, &c.
Savoury spice.
Kidder's.
!,. 9 Cloves,
Mace,
Nutmegs,
Pepper,
Salt
Mix.
Sweet spice.
Kidder's.
9 Cloves,
Mace,
Nutmegs,
Cinnamon . . . .
Mix.
Spiritus acetico-^thereus.
Liquor anodynus vegetahilis. Spi-
rit of acetic ether.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
9 Acetic ether . ,
. 1 part.
Rectified spirit .
3 parts
Mix.
SpIRITTJS ^THERIS AROMA-
Ticus. Aromatic spirit of ether.
Lond. Ph. 1824.
^r Cinnamon ....
Cardamom seeds .
Long pepper,
Ginger
Spirit of sulphuric ether
Macerate for 14 days in a stoppered
bottle, and strain.
• 3"J-
. 3iss.
aa 3j.
Spiritus ^theris chloeati.
Spiritus salis dulcis.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
]^ Chloride of sodium, dried ^xvj.
Binoxide of manganese,
powdered .... ^vj.
Crude sulphuric acid (sp.
gr. 1-845) . . . ,^xij.
Eectified spirit (sp. gr.
•813) .... Itiiv.
Calcined magnesia . . 5iij. vcl. q. s.
Mix the acid and spirit carefully toge-
ther, and add them to the chloride of so-
dium and binoxide of manganese put in a
retort. Distil 42 ounces, and add to it the
magnesia until the solution is neutral, then
pour off the liquor, and repeat the distilla-
tion, and keep the product in well-stopped
vessels.
Note. — It should be clear, colourless,
not acid, and have a sp. gr, -815 to •820.
Ph. Cast. Ruthena, 1840.
Spiritus muriatico ethereus.
Spirit of muriatic ether.
^ Common salt . . .16 parts.
Manganese .... 6 ,,
Sulphuric acid . , . 12 ,,
Rectified spirit , . .48 ,,
Distilled water ... 32 „
First put into the retort the common
salt and manganese, then add the other
ingredients, being previously mixed, and
distil into a well-cooled receiver. Rectify
the distilled product from calcined mag-
nesia.
Note. — Colourless, of an agreeable aro-
matic odour, and somewhat bitter taste;
quite neutral, sp. gr. -84.
Spiritus jetheris sulphurici.
Spirit of sulphuric ether.
Lond. Ph. 1824.
]^ Sulphuric ether
Eectified spirit .
Mix.
f^viij.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Sulphuric ether . . . Oj.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Mix them. The density of this prepa-
ration ought to be •809.
SYNONYMES.
JEther sulphuricus cum alcohol. — Edin.
Ph. 1839.
Spiritus JETHERIS compositus.
Compound .spirit of sulphuric
ether. Hoffmanns anodyne liquor.
^ Ether
Rectified spirit
Ethereal oil
Mix.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
FORMULAE, &c.
937
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Spiritus
cEthereiis oleosus. {Liquor athe-
reus oleosus.)
^ Rectified spirit • . . . Oiss.
Oil of vitriol of commerce . Oiss.
Sulphuric ether . . . f ^v.
Mix the oil of vitriol with 1 pint of the
rectified spirit, in a matrass of glass, and,
connecting this with a Liebig's condenser,
apply heat, and distil, till a black froth
begins to rise. Separate the uppermost or
lighter stratum of the distilled liquid, and,
Laving exposed it in a capsule for 24 hours
to the atmosphere, let the residual oil be
transferred to a moist paper filter, and
washed with a little cold water, so as to
remove any adhering acid. Let it now be
introduced into a bottle containing the
remainder of the spirit mixed with the
ether, and dissolved.
Use and Dose. — The same as sulphuric
ether.
SYNONYMES.
Spiritus atheris vitriolici compositus. —
Lond. Ph. 1788.
Spiritus atheris compositus — Lond. Ph.
1809.
Spiritus sulphurica-^the-
REUS MARTiATUS, Liquor uno-
dynus martiatus. Tinctura ner-
vina Bestusckeffii.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
]^ Sulphuric ether .... ^^ij.
Perchloride of iron . . • ^s.
Rectified spirit .... ^^iv.
Shake the ether and perchloride of iron
together in a bottle ; separate the solution,
mix it with the spirit, and expose the mix-
ture, in tall well-stoppered bottles, to the
rays of the sun until it has become colour-
less.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Spiritus ferri chlorati cBthereus.
Liquor anodynus martiatus. Ethe-
real spirit of chloride of iron.
9' Solution of sesquichloride of
iron (sp. gr. 1*540) , . ^ij.
Spirit of ether .... ^iv.
Expose the mixed solutions, in well-
stopped cylindrical glass vessels, to the
rays of the sun, until they are perfectly
colourless. Then set them aside in a
shady place until a slightly-yellow solu-
tion is obtained, occasionally opening the
vessel. Keep the solution in well-stopped
glass bottles.
Note. — It should be clear, of a slight
yellowish colour, and have a sp. gr. '835 to
•840. 100 parts contain one of iron.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
Spiritus muriatico-cEtherius
martiatus. Liqueur de lamotte.
^ Rectified spirit .... ftj.
Solution of muriate of iron . jiij.
Mix, and put in the sun, in long, lightly-
covered glasses, until it has lost its colour ;
then put it into a dark place, until it has
become a palish-gold colour.
Spiritus ammoni/e. Spirit of
ammonia.
Not ordered in the Lond. Ph. 1851, and
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
^ Hydrochlorate of ammonia ^z.
Carbonate of potash . . ^^xvj.
Rectified spirit.
Water aa Oiij.
Mix them, and let 3 pints distil.
Edin.Ph. 1841.
9 Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Fresh-burnt lime . . . ^xij.
Muriate of ammonia, in
very fine powder . . ^viij.
Water f^viss.
Let the lime be slacked with the water
in an iron or eai'thenware vessel, and cover
the vessel till the powder be cold ; mix the
938
FORMULA, &c.
lime and muriate of ammonia quickly and
thoroughly in a mortar, and transfer the
mixture at once into a glass retort ; adapt
to the retort a tube which passes nearly to
the bottom of a bottle containing the
rectified spirit ; heat the retort in a sand-
bath gradually, so long as anything passes
over, preserving the bottle cool. The
bottle should be large enough to contain
one-half more than the spirit used.
Note. — It has a density about "845, and
a strong ammoniacal odour ; it does not
effervesce with diluted muriatic acid.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
Oiij.
^ Rectified spirit . . .
Carbonate of ammonia,
coarsely powdered . . ^iiiss.
Mix them, and dissolve the salt with a
medium heat; then filter the liquor.
Spibitus ammoniaci caustici
DzoNDii. Liquor ammonii caus-
tici Dzondii. Dzond's caustic
spirit of ammonia.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
"^ Lime recently prepared, pow-
dered ...... Ibv.
Hydrochlorate of ammonia,
dry and powdered . . . Ibij.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. -SSS) ^iv.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. •828) ftir.
Mix the lime and hydrochlorate of am-
monia as quickly as possible, and put them
in a glass retort of such a size that it may
be two-thirds full. Place the retort in a
sand-bath, and fasten to its mouth, by
means of a caoutchouc joint, a curved
glass tube, which should extend to the
bottom of an intermediate bottle, furnished
with 3 apertures, and capable of holding
20 ounces of water. This bottle should be
furnished with a straight tube, uearly
reaching the bottom, and open at each end,
and should be connected by means of a
second tube with another bottle, capable of
holding 8 pounds of water, so that tlie tube
may touch the bottom of the bottle. In
the first bottle put the spirit (sp. gr. -SSS),
and in the other the spirit (sp. gr. '828).
Make the joints perfectly tight, and with a
heat gradually raised collect the gas, the
last bottle being well refrigerated, and keep
the product in glass bottles well-stopped.
Note, — It should be clear, colourless,
of a very powerful odour, and have a sp.
gr. -808 to 810. 100 parts contain 10 of
anhydrous ammonia.
The preparations according to the
Edinburgh and Pnissian Pharmacopoeias
differ from the other two, in being solutions
of caustic ammonia.
Use and Dose. — The same as aromatic
spirit of ammonia.
SYNONYMES.
Spiritus salts ammoniaci dulcis. — Lond.
Ph. 1746.
Alcohol ammoniatum. — Edin. Ph. 1839.
Spiritus ammonite aromati-
cus. Aromatic spirit of ammonia.
Spirit of sal volatile.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Hydrochlorate of ammonia . ^vj.
Carbonate of potash . . _^x.
Bruised cinnamon.
Bruised clove, of each . , 3iiss.
The peel of lemon . . • ^v.
Rectified spirit,
Water, of each .... Oiv.
Mix, and let 6 pints distil.
The specific gravity of this is "9 18.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
J^ Spirit of ammonia . . , f ^viij.
Volatile oil of lemon-peel . fjj.
Volatile oil of rosemary . f jiss.
Dissolve the oils in the spirit by agita-
tion.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Rectified spirit .... Oiij.
Stronger solution of ammonia f^vj.
Oil of lemon .... f ^s.
Oil of nutmeg .... £31}.
Oil of cinnamon . . . fjss.
Dissolve the oils in the spirit, and add
the solution of ammonia ; mix with agita.
tion and filter.
FORMULA, &c.
939
The specific gravity of this solution is
•852.
Remarks. — When made according to the
formula of the London College, it becomes
brown when kept for some time, and the
flavour is not approved by some connois-
seurs in this popular stimulant. The fol-
lowing formula yields a preparation which
has been found to give more general satis-
faction : —
Spirit of sal volatile.
9 Sesquicarbonate of ammonia tbj
Oviss.
^ss.
Oxiij.
Eectified spirit
Oil of lemon .
Oil of nutmeg .
Oil of cinnamon
Water i . .
Mix in a glass retort, and distil Ox. Add
to the distilled spirit ^iss. liquor ammonia;.
Med. Use. — An agreeable diffusible
stimulant and restorative; frequently re-
sorted to for lowness of spirits, and in cases
of fainting.
Dose. — From 10 drops to a drachm taken
in a glass of water.
SYNOITYMES.
Spiritus salts volatilis oleosus. — Lond.
Ph. 1721.
Spiritus volatilis aromaticus.— Load. Ph.
1746.
Spiritfia ammotiice compositus. — Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Spiritus ammonia foetidus.
Foetid spirit of ammonia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Hydrochlorate of ammonia. ^.
Carbonate of potash . , |xvj.
Rectified spirit,
Water ga Oiij.
Assafoetida ..... Ir.
Mix them ; then with a slow fire let 3
pints distil.
The specific gravity of this is -861.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Spirit of ammonia . .
Assafcetida
f^ss.
^ss.
Break the assafoetida into small frag-
ments, digest it in the spirit for 12 hours,
and distil over 10 fluidounces and a half
by means of a vapour-bath heat.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Assafoetida ^iss.
Rectified spirit .... Oiss.
Stronger solution of ammonia f ^iij.
Break the assafoetida into small pieces,
and macerate it in the spirit for 24 hours ;
then distil off the entire of the spirit, and
mix the product with the solution of
ammonia.
The specific gravity of this preparation
is -849.
Med. Use. — Stimulant and antispas-
modic.
Dose. — Half a drachm to a drachm.
SYNONYMES.
Spiritus volatilis fcetidus. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Tinctura assafcetidicE ammoniata. —
Edin. Ph. 1839.
Spiritus angelica composi-
tus. Zioco Spiritus theriacalis.
Compound spirit of angelica.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9' Angelica root ftj.
Lesser valerian root,
Juniper berries . . . aa ,^iij.
Camphor .,»... ^iss.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. 'SO?
to -900) ftvi.
Water q, g.
Put the angelica, valerian, and juniper,
previously sliced and bruised, into a still,
and add the water and spirit. Macerate
until the next day, and distil six pounds,
in which dissolve the camphor, and strain.
Note. — It should be clear and colourless.
Spiritus anisi. Spirit of
anise,
Lond, Ph. 1851.
9' Oil of anise . . . » . f5iij.
Proof spirit ..... Cj.
Dissolve.
940
FORMULAE, &c.
Spiuitus anisi compositus.
Compound spirit of aniseed.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
9 Aniseeds, bruised,
Angelica seeds, bruised, afi tl3ss.
Proof spirit cong. j.
Water, enough to prevent empy-
reuma.
Macerate for twenty-four hours, and dis-
til a gallon.
Med, Use. — Stomachic and carmina-
tive.
Dose. — ;^ss. to jiv.
SrNONYJIE.
Creme d' Anise.
Spiritus abmokaci^ composi-
tus. Compound spirit of horse-
radish.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
9 Horseradish, sliced.
Orange-peel dried .
aa ,^xx.
Nutmegs, bruised .
• • 5^-
Proof spirit .
. . cong. j.
Water ....
. . Oij.
Mix them ; then, with a
slow fire, let a
gallon distil.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
9 Fresh horseradish root.
Dried orange-peel * . aa ffij.
Nutmegs, bruised . . . ^ss.
Proof spirit .... cong. j.
Water, sufficient to prevent empy-
reuma.
Macerate for twenty-four hours, and dis-
til a gallon.
Omitted in Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Med. Use. — Stimulant.
Dose. — 3j. to 3iv.
SVNONYMES.
Aqua raphani composita. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Spiritus raphani compositus. — Lond,
Ph. 1788, Dub. Ph. 1807.
Spiuitus camphors. Spirit
of camphor. Tinctura campliorse,
Ph. 1836.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Camphor ...... .^v.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Dissolve.
Spiritus carui. Spirit of
caraway.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Oil of caraway . . . f 3ij.
Proof spirit .... cong. j.
Dissolve.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Caraway, bruised. . . . Hiss.
Proof spirit Ovij.
Macerate for two days in a covered
vessel ; add a pint and half of water, and
distil off seven pints.
Med. Use, — Carminative.
Dose. — 2J. to 3iv.
Spiritus cassi^e. Spirit of
cassia.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^' Cassia, in coarse powder . . Ibj.
Proceed as for the spirit of caraway.
Med. Use. — Cordial in langour and de-
bility.
Dose. — f3J. to fjiv., in any proper
vehicle.
Spiritus cinnamomi.
of cinnamon.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Oil of cinnamon .
Proof spirit . . .
Dissolve.
Spirit
cong.j.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^ Cinnamon, in coarse powder . R)j.
Proceed as for the spirit of caraway.
Med. Use. — Stomachic.
Dose. — f3J. to f 3iv.
FORMULA, &c.
941
SrNONYMES.
Aqua cinnamomi fortis, — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Aqua cinnamomi spirituosa. — Loud. Ph.
1746.
Spiritus cochleari^. Spirit
of scurvy-grass.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Scurvy-grass, fresh, in flower Ibxij.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. '897
to -900) ftvj.
Water q. s.
Pour the water and spirit on the horse-
radish, previousl}' sliced, and distil sis
pounds.
Note. — It should be clear and colourless.
Spiritus formicarum. Spirit
of ants.
PIi. Borussica, 1847.
9 Ants, recently collected and
clean ftij.
Rectified sphit (sp. gr. -897 to
•900)
Water ...... q. s.
Distil with a slow fire, four pounds.
Note, — It should be clear and colour-
less.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9 Ants, collected in July . . fbij.
Rectified spirit,
Water aa lt»iv.
Distil until four pounds have passed
over.
Note, — A clear sourish, colourless
liquid, having a spiiituous, and rather
ethereal smell. Sp. gr. '90.
Spiritus juniperi compositus.
Compound spirit of juniper.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Oil of juniper .... f5Jss.
Oil of caraway,
Oil of fennel, of each. . • mxij.
Proof spirit . . • . . Oj.
Dissolve.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Juniper berries, bruised . . Ibj.
Fennel, bruised.
Caraway, bruised . . aa ^^ss.
Proof spirit Ovij.
Water Oij.
Macerate the fruits in the spirit for two
days, add the water, and distil off seven
pints.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Juniper berries .... ^viij.
Caraway seed, bruised.
Fennel seed, bruised, of each, ^^j.
Proof spirit Css.
Water Oj.
Macerate the berries and the seed in the
spirit, for twenty-four hours ; then add the
water, and with a slow fire distil off half a
gallon.
Med. Use. — A stimulating diuretic ; a
useful adjunct to other diuretics.
Dose. — 5j. to 3iv.
SYNONYME.
Aqiia junipera composita. — Lond. Pli,
1746.
Spiritus liAVANDUL^E. Spirit
of lavender.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Lavender, fresh .... Ibiiss.
Rectified spirit, ... cong. j.
Mix them, and with the heat of a vapour-
bath distil over seven pints.
Spiritus Lavandulae compo-
situs. Compound spirit of la-
vender.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Spirit of lavender .... Oij.
Spirit of rosemary . . . f .^xij.
Cinnamon in coarse powder . l^.
Cloves, bruised .... jij.
Nutmeg, bruised .... ^ss.
Red sandal-wood, in shavings 3iij.
Let the whole macerate for seven days,
and then strain the liquor through calico.
Ordered in the London and Dublin
942
FORMULiE, &c.
Pharmacopoeias under the name of Tinctura
lavanddiB composita.
Med. C/se.— Stimulant' and stomachic in
languor and flatulency.
Dose. — 3SS. to 3J.
SYNONTMES.
Lavender drops. Red lavender drops.
SpIRITUS MENTHA PIPERITA.
Spirit of peppermint.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
B Oil of peppermint . . . fS'U-
Proof spirit cong. j.
Dissolve.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Peppermint, fresh , . . Ibiss.
Proceed as for the spirit of caraway.
Med, Use. — Stimulant and carminative.
Dose. — 3J. to gij.
SYNONYME.
Aqua mentfuB piperitidis sptritvosa. —
Lond. Ph. 1746.
SpIKITUS MENTHjE vibidis.
Spirit of spearmint.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Oil of spearmint . . . fsiij.
Proof spirit .... cong. j.
Dissolve.
Med. Use. — The same as the preceding.
SYNONYMES.
AqiM menthce vulgaris spiritwosa. — Lond.
Ph. 1746.
Spiritus menthce sativce. — Lond. Ph.
1788,
Spiritus myristic^. Spirit of
nutmeg.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Nutmegs, bruised . . . ^iiss.
Proof spirit. .... cong. j.
Water Oj.
Mix them ; then with a slow fire let a
gallon distil.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
The same as the London.
Med. Use. — Cordial and carminative.
Dose. — f3J. to l^iv.
SYNONYME.
Aqua nucis moschata. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Spiritus nucis moschatce. — Lond. Ph.
1788,
Spiritus pimento. Spirit of
pimento.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^' Oil of pimento
Proof spirit .
Dissolve.
cong. j.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Pimento, bruised * . . • ft>ss.
Proceed as for the spirit of caraway.
Med. Use. — The same as the pepper-
mint.
SYNONYME.
Spirit of allspice.
Spiritus pulegii. Spirit of
pennyroyal.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Oil of pennyroyal . . . f5iij.
Proof spirit ..... cong. j.
Dissolve.
Med. Uses and Dose. — The same as the
spirit of peppermint,
SYNONYME.
Aqua pulegii spirituosa, Lond. Ph. 174G.
Spiritus rectificatus. Mecti-
Jied spirit.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
The specific gravity of this is •838.
Destitute of colour ; it is not made muddy
on water being added; sulphuric acid being
added, it is not tinged with a red colour.
This spirit is able to be reduced to the fomi
of weaker spirit, by adding three pints of
distilled water to every five pints, at a heat
of 62°.
FORMULA, &c.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Density -838 (56 over proof): fjiv.
treated with 25 minims of solution of
nitrate of silver, exposed to bright light
for 24 hours, and then passed through a
filter purified by weak nitric acid, so as to
separate the black powder which forms,
undergo no further change when again
exposed to light with more of the test.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Spiritus rec-
tificatus. Rectified spirit. Sp.gr.
840.
Spiritus foktior. Stronger
spirit.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
J^ Eectified spirit . . . Cong.ss.
Carbonate of potash, from
pearl-ash ^v'ij-
Having dried the carbonate of potash at
a low red heat, and rapidly reduced it to
powder in a warm mortar, let it be shaken
occasionally for four hours in a bottle with
the spirit, maintaining the temperature of
the mixture at or about 100°. After a sub-
sidence of twenty minutes' duration, the
liquid will form two distinct strata, the
uppermost of which (measuring about
74 oimces) should be separated by
decantation, or a syphon, and then distilled
with the aid of a Liebig's condenser, and
a chloride of zinc bath, until the product
amounts to 72 ounces.
The specific gravity of this spirit is "818.
Spiritus rosmarini. Spirit
of rosemary.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Oil of rosemary. . . , fjij.
Rectified spirit , , . , tong. j.
Dissolve.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Rosemary ftiiss.
Proceed as for the spirit of lavender.
Med. fTse.— Employed as an adjunct to
lotions and liniments.
943
Spiritus tenuior. Proof spirit.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Distilled water .... Oj,
Mix them. The density of the product
should be -912.
Note — Density -912 (7 over proof):
tests, otherwise, as for rectified spirit.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
The specific gravity of this is '920.
BubL Ph. 1850.
9* Rectified spirit . , , Ovij.
Distilled water . . . Oiv.
Mix.
The specific gravity of proof spirit is
•920.
SYNONYME.
Alcohol dilutius.—Mm. Ph. 1839.
SpoDroM(from (T7ro2oc,acinder).
The white ash resulting from calcina-
tion.
Spodium pr^paratum. Spo-
diuni album.
Ivory burnt until reduced to a white
ash.
Sfongia cerata. Cerated
sponge. Waxed sponge.
Sponge, prepared by washing and drying,
is dipped into melted wax, and then pressed
between metallic plates slightly heated. It
is used for tents.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Marine sponge,
Yellow wax.
Select fine sponge, free from foreign
matter, and dry, and immerse it completely
in the wax previously melted ; then press
it strongly by means of a press made hot,
and, when cold, remove from it the super-
fluous wax.
Spongia COMPRESSA. CoM'
pressed sponge.
944
FORMULA, &c.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Select fine marine sponge, free from
foreign matter, and cut it into oblong
pieces. Moisten them with warm water,
and tie them closely and tightly together
with cords, so that each piece may form a
cylinder about the length of the finger, and
keep them so tied,
Spongia usta. Burnt sponge.
Cut sponge, which has not been pre-
Tiously washed, into small pieces, beat
them, to separate the sand, dust, and im-
purities, then put them into an iron vessel
similar to a coffee-roaster, with only a
small aperture for the escape of gases, and
heat it over a gentle fire until the sponge is
reduced to a brown friable mass. Reduce
this to powder.
Med. Use. — It has been employed as a
resolvent in bronchocele, scrofulous enlarge-
ment of the lymphatic glands, &c.
i)ose.— 3J. to 5iij.
Stones, five precious.
Garnet, hyacinth, sapphire, cornelian,
emerald.
These were formerly accounted cordial !
Stannum. Tin. Symb. Sn.
Equiv. 58.
A white, malleable, and slightly ductile
metal.
Sp. gr. 7-3. It melts at 442° Fahr.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
When finely granulated, 100 grains are
entirely converted into a white powder by
f^iij. of nitric add (D. 1-380) ; and dis-
tilled water, boiled with this powder and
filtered, is colourless, and precipitates but
faintlv, or not at all, with solution of sul-
phate of magnesia.
Stanni CHLORiDUM. Chloride
of tin. Protochloride of tin.
Add hydrochloric acid to powdered tin
and boil the mixture, keeping excess of tin
always present ; afterwards dilute it with
water, and keep it in a bottle with some
powdered tin at the bottom.
Stanni bichloridum. Bichlo-
ride of tin.
No. 1.
Lihaviui s fuming liquor.
N Powdered tin ... 1 part.
Corrosive sublimate . . 3 parts.
Mix, and heat the mixture in a glass
retort, until a fuming, colourless liquid
passes into the receiver.
No. 2.
Dyers^ spirit.
This is made by dissolving powdered
tin in hydrochloric acid, with the addition
of a portion of nitric acid. Several kinds
of dyers' spirit are made, which differ ac-
cording to the proportion of nitric acid and
the degree of heat employed.
Stanki pulvis. Powder of
tin.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Melt tin in an iron vessel ; pour it into
an earthenware mortar heated a little above
the melting point of the metal ; triturate
briskly as the metal cools, ceasing as soon
as a considerable proportion is pulverized ;
sift the product, and repeat the process
with what remains in the sieve.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Take of grain tin a, convenient quantity;
melt the tin in a black-lead crucible, and,
while it is cooling, stir it with a rod of
iron until it is reduced to powder. Let the
finer particles be separated by means of a
sieve, and when, after having been several
times in succession shaken with distilled
water, the decanted liquor appears quite
clear, let the product be dried and pre-
served for use.
SYNONYME.
Granulated tin.
FORMULAE, &c.
945
Stanni oxiDUM. Oxide of tin.
Soubeiran's Trait. Pharm. 1847.
The tin is put into an iron ladle, or, in
case of acting on large masses, into a cast-
metal pot ; it is fused and left on the fire ;
it soon absorbs the oxygen of the air, and
becomes covered with a grey scoria, which
is protoxide. As the oxide is fomied, it
is drawn aside by means of an iron spatula,
and the process is continued until all the
tin becomes converted into oxide ; this is
left on the fire for some time longer, to
complete the oxidation of those portions
of the metal which may have remained
mixed up with it.
Stibium sulphuratum auran-
TiAcuM. Antimonii sulphur aura-
tum. Golden sulphuret of anti-
mony.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
R Crude carbonate of soda . Ibiij.
Lime, recently prepared . Ibj.
Black sulphuret of anti-
mony, levigated. , . Ibij.
Sublimed sulphur , . . ^iv.
Crude sulphuric acid (sp.
gr. 1*845) .... ^ivss.
Water ...... q. s.
Dissolve the carbonate of soda in 15
pounds of the water in an iron vessel, and
mix in, with constant agitation, the lime,
previously moistened with 3 pounds of
water, the antimony, and the sulphur.
Boil for an hour and a-half, or until the
grey colour has entirely disappeared, sup-
plying water occasionally to prevent loss
by evaporation, and strain. Again boil
the residue with about 6 pounds of water,
filter, and well wash it with warm water.
Crystallize the mixed solutions, and wash
the crystals with distilled water to which
about a twentieth part of solution of caustic
soda has been added. Dry the crystals in
the air, dissolve I pound of them in 5
pounds of water, filter, and dilute the so-
lution with 25 pounds of water, and add
gradually, with agitation, the sulphuric
acid, previously diluted with 8 pounds
of water cooled and filtered. Collect the
precipitate on a filter, and wash it per-
fectly, first with common and lastly with
distilled water. Then press it between
bibulous paper, dry it in a warm (77°
Fahr.) dark place, and when powdered
keep it in well-stopped bottles from the
access of light.
Note. — It should be a very fine powder,
of an orange colour, and inodorous.
Strychnia. Strychnia.
Lond.Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is dissolved in hot rectified
spirit. It melts by fire, and if the heat be
increased, it is consumed. It tastes very
bitter. This being endowed with violent
properties is to be employed very cau-
tiously.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Nux vomica .... fcj.^
Quicklime . • . . . 3'^^*
Rectified spirit . . . q. s.
Subject the nux vomica for 2 hours
to the vapour of steam, chop or slice it,
dry it thoroughly in the vapour-bath, or
hot-air press, and immediately grind it in
a coffee-mill. Macerate it for 12 hours
in 2 pints of water, and boil it; strain
through linen or calico, and squeeze the
residuum ; repeat the maceration and de-
coction twice with a pint and a-half of
water. Concentrate the decoctions to the
consistence of thin syrup ; add the lime
in the form of milk of lime ; dry the pre-
cipitate in the vapour-bath ; pulverize it,
and boil it with successive portions of
rectified spirit till the spirit ceases to ac-
quire a bitter taste. Distil off the spirit
till the residuum be sufficiently concen-
trated to crystallize on cooling. Purify
the crystals by repeated crystallizations.
Note. — Intensely bitter; nitric acid
strongly reddens it ; a solution of 10 grains
in 4 fluidounces of water by means of a
fluiddrachm of pyroligneous acid, when de-
Qomposed by 1 fluidounco of concentrated
solution of carbonate of soda yields on
brisk agitation a coherent mass weighing
3 p
946
FORMULA, &c.
when dry 10 grains, and entirely soluble in
solution of oxalic acid.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Nux vomica, in powder . tt>j.
Water Cong.iss.
" Oil of vitnol of commerce . f^ss.
Slacked lime . . » » ^^
Kectified spirit . • • Oij.
Dilute sulphuric acid,
Solution of ammonia,
Of each a sufficient quantity.
Prepared animal charcoal . ^ss.
Macerate the nux vomica for 24 hours
with half-a-gallon of the water, acidulated
with 2 drachms of the acid, and, having
boiled for half-an-hour, decant. Boil the
residuum with a second half-gallon of the
water, acidulated with 1 drachm of the
acid ; decant, and repeat this process with
the remaining water and acid, the undis-
solved matter being finally submitted to
strong expression. The decanted and ex-
pressed liquors having been passed through
a filter, and then evaporated to the con-
sistence of a syrup, let this be boiled with
the rectified spirit for 20 minutes, the lime
being added in successive portions during
the ebullition, until the solution becomes
decidedly alkaline. Filter through paper,
and having drawn off by distillation the
whole of the spirit, let the residuum be
dissolved in the dilute sulphuric acid, and
to the resulting liquid, after having been
cleared by filtration, add the solution of
ammonia in slight excess, and let the pre-
cipitate that forms be collected on a paper
filter, dried, and then dissolved in a mini-
mum of boiling rectified spirit. Into this
solution introduce the animal charcoal,
digest for 30 minutes, then filter, and allow
the residual liquor to cool, when the
strychnia will separate in crystals.
Med. Use. — It is a virulent poison ; has
been given in paralysis of the lowei" extre-
mities.
ZJose.— One-twelfth to one-eighth of a
grain. ,
SYNONYME.
VauqtieUna. Tetanine.
Strychnine murias. Muriate
of strychnia.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Strychnia ^'•
Dilute muriatic acid . . f^.
Or a sufficient quantity.
Distilled water . . . ^"ss.
Pom- the acid upon the strychnia, and,
adding the water, apply heat until a perfect
solution is obtained. Let this cool, and let
the crystals which form be dried on bibu-
lous paper. By evaporating the residual
liquid to one-third of its bulk, and then
allowing it to cool, an additional quantity
of the salt will be obtained.
Storm giass.
This name is applied to a glass tube
about 12 inches long and three-fourths
of an inch in diameter, nearly filled with
one of the following solutions : —
No. 1.
9 Camphor SU-
Nitrate of potash . . . 5iss.
Salammoniac .... ^ij-
Proof spirit .... ^ij.
Mix.
No. 2.
9 Camphor . . . 3iiss.
Nitrate of potash . gr. xxxviij.
Salammoniac . . gr. xxxviij.
Kectified spirit. . 3xj.
Water .... Jxj-
Mix.
The following indications are said to be
afforded by the storm glass :—
1. If the solution be very clear, with
only a small quantity of crystalline matter
at the bottom of the glass, fine dry weather
may be expected.
2. The formation of fresh crystals, ex-
tending upwards through the glass while
the liquid still continues clear, indicates
a change of weather with rain.
3. The formation of plumose crystals,
some of which float in the upper part of
the liquid, while the liquid itself assumes
a turbid appearance, indicates the approach
of a storm with high wind.
rORMULJE, &c.
947
SucciNUM. Amber. Carabe
or Karabe. Electrum.
A resinous-looking substance, supposed
to be of vegetable origin, which is princi-
pally found on the shores of the Baltic
and some of its tributary rivers. It has a
yellowish colour, and is generally more or
less transparent. It is made into neck-
laces and other ornaments, and the inferior
kinds distilled for an oil (oleum succini),
and an acid (acidum succinicum) which
it yields.
Succi EXPRESS!. Expressed
juices. Preserved juices.
Under this name a class of preparations
have been introduced into this country by
Mr. Squire. They are made by expressing
the juices from plants, at the period of their
growth when they possess the greatest
amount of medicinal activity, mixing these
juices with half their volume of rectified
spirit, allowing the mixture to stand for a
short time, and then filtering. In this
manner the following are made : —
Succus absinthii. Preserved
juice of wormwood.
From the fresh herb during the period
of inflorescence.
Succus aco7iiti. Preserved juice
of aconite.
From the leaves of the fresh herb during
the period of inflorescence.
Succus conii. Preserved juice
of hemlock.
From the leaves of the fresh herb during
the period of inflorescence.
Succus digitalis. Preserved
juice of foxglove.
From the leaves of the fresh herb during
the period of inflorescence.
Succus hyoscyami. Preserved
juice of henbane.
From the leaves of the fresh herb during
the period of inflorescence.
Succus lactuccB. Preserved
juice of lettuce.
From the leaves of thcficsh herb during
the period of inflorescence.
Succus taraxaci. Preserved
juice of dandelion.
From the roots dug up in the months of
September, October, or November.
Other Preserved juices may be made in
a similar manner.
Succus GLYCYRRHIZvE. Liquo-
rice. Spanish liquorice. Spanish
juice. Italian juice.
The impure inspissated juice of the
liquorice root {Glycyrrhiza echinata, and
probably some other species) is sold under
the above names. It is principally manu-
factured in Spai.i and Italy, from whence
it is brought to this country in small rolls
or cylinders, with the name of the maker
stamped at one end. That having the
name of " Solazzi " stamped on it is con-
sidered the best. It is but partially soluble
in water.
Succus DAUCI INSPISSATUS
Inspissated juice of carrot.
Ph. Boruss. 1813.
Boil in a tin vessel, till they begin to
soften, the fresh roots of the caiTot (Dau-
cus sativus), after being well cleansed and
sliced, having first covered them about
one-half with water. Express the juice,
which is to be cleared by giving it one
boil, and evaporate it by a gentle heat to
the consistence of honey.
Sulphur. Brimstone. Symb.
S. equiv. 16.
Sulphur is met with in an uncombined
3 p2
948
FORMULA, &c.
state in the earth, in great abundance in
some districts, as in Sicily, from whence
most of that used in this country is
brought. It also occurs, more generally
distributed in combination with other
elements.
Native sulphur is deprived of some
of its impurities, either by melting and
straining it, or by subliming it in small
pots. The product is called Crude sul-
phur.
Sublimed sulphur, or Flowers of sul-
phur, is the product of the sublimation of
crude sulphur, on the large scale, the
vapour being conducted into a capacious
chamber, in which it condenses in small
crystalline particles.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
limatum.
Sulphur suh-
Sublime sulphur in a proper vessel ;
wash the powder thus obtained with boil-
ing water in successive portions till the
water ceases to have an acid taste; then
dry the sulphur with a gentle heat.
Note. — It is entirely sublimed by heat ;
and distilled water agitated witli it does
not affect litmus-paper. When nitric acid
is heated witli it, the solution, diluted
with water, neutralized with carbonate of
soda, and acidulated with muriatic acid,
does not give a yellow preeipitate with,
sulphuretted hydrogen.
Lond. Ph. 1851. Sulphur.
With a citron colour, it is sublimed by a
heat of 600°. It is dissolved by the aid
of fire in oil of turpentine.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Sulphur suhlimatum. Sublimed
sulphur.
Dubl. Ph. 1826. Sulphur lo-
tum.
Pour liot water on to sublimed sulphur,
and repeat the washing as long as effused
water appears contaminated with acid.
This is discovered by means of litmus.
Dry the sulphur on bibulous paper.
Roll sulphur. Stick sulphur.
Sulphur rotundum.
Sulphur purified by distillation, and
cast in moulds while in the fluid state.
Sulphur vivum. Sulphur ni-
grum. Black sulphur.
Impure native sulphur was formerly
brought from Sicily under these names.
It is a grey or mouse-coloured powder.
The residue left in the subliming pot
after purifying sulphur by sublimation is
said to be now substituted for it. It fre-
quently contains arsenic,
SYNONYMKS.
Horse brimstone. Sulphur cahallinum.
Sulphur griseum.
Sulphur pracipitatum. Preci-
pitated sulphur.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Sulphur precipitated from sulphuret of
calcium by hydrochloric acid.
Pale yellow. Water in which it is
boiled does not change the colour of litmus
into red. It corresponds to sulphur as
regards the other tests above noted.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
^ Sulphur (sublimed) . Ibj.
Lime . . • . . Ibiss.
Water 2 gallons.
Muriatic acid, a sufficient quantity.
Slake the lime with a small quantity of
the water, and having mixed it with the
sulphur, add the remainder of the water;
boil for two or three hours, occasionally
adding water, so as to preserve the mea-
sure, and filter. Dilute the filtered liquor
with an equal bulk of water; then drop
into it sufficient muriatic acid to preci-
pitate the sulphur. Lastly, wash the pre-
cipitate repeatedly with water till the
washings are tasteless, and dry it.
FORMULAE, &c.
949
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Sulphur prcEcipitatum. Lac
sulphuris. Precipitated sulphur.
^ Lime recently prepared . Ibj.
Sublimed sulphur . . ItSij.
Hydrochloric acid (sp.
gr. 1-120). . . . ffiiij. 5'v.
Water q. s.
Mix the lime with 6 pounds of water
in an iron vessel, and add to it the sul-
phur with 24 pounds of water. Boil
them for an hour with continual agita-
tion, supplying the water lost by evapo-
ration, and strain through a linen bag.
Boil the residue again for half an hour
with 15 pounds of water, filter, and
wash what remains with warm water.
Set aside the mixed liquors for some days
in well-stopped vessels, then filter, and
dilute the solution with water that it may
weigh 40 pounds; put this in a proper
vessel, and add gradually, with agitation,
o pounds of the hydrochloric acid diluted
with 6 pounds of water, or as much of
this mixture as may be required, so that,
when added to a small quantity of the
filtered solution, it may cause only a slight
turbidity. Put the precipitate thus ob-
tained in a bag, well wash it with water,
and then take it out, and put it in a mix-
ture of the remaining acid (^iv.) with
4 pounds of water. Let it stand for some
hours, with frequent agitation, then return
it to the bag, and wash it first with
common, and then with distilled water;
dry it in a wai-m place, (77° to 65° Fahr..)
reduce it to powder, and keep it in well-
stopped vessels.
Note. — It should be a very fine, pale-
yellow powder, inodorous, and should per-
fectly volatilize in the fire.
SYXOSYJIE.
Milk of Sulphur.
Sulphuris hypochloridum.
Sulphuris hypochloritis. Sulphu-
ris chloridum. Chloride, Hypo-
chloride, or Hypochlorite of sul-
phur.
Under these names a compound is used
in medicine, which is prepared by placing
sublimed sulphur on a shallow dish, in a
suitable apparatus, and passing chlorine
gas slowly over it, until the gas ceases to
be absorbed. The product is probably
Chloride of sulphur (which is an orange-
yellow liquid) mixed with sulphur.
Med. Use.— Internally, in gouty afiec-
tions and nervous fever. Externally, in
psoriasis inveterata.
Sulphuris. iodidum. Iodide
of sulphur.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sulphur 5J-
Iodine y^-
Put the sulphur into a glass vessel, and
place the iodine upon it. Hold the vessel
immersed in boiling water, until they
shall have united. Then, when the iodide
has cooled, break it into pieces; the vessel
being broken, and preser^-e in another well-
closed vessel.
About 20 gi-ains of sulphur remain from
100 grains of this carefully boiled in
water.
Dubl. Ph. 1850. Sulphur ioda-
tum.
^ Pure iodine, in powder . . ^.
Sublimed sulphur .... 3ij.
Mix the iodine and sulphur by tritura-
tion in a mortar, and, having transferred
the "powder to a Florence flask, heat it
gently till fusion is effected. When the
flask has cooled, let it be broken, in order
to the withdrawal of the product, which
should be immediately enclosed, and pre-
served in a well-stopped bottle.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Iodine S'''*
Sulphur .^■.
Rub the iodine and sulphur together in a
950
FORMULA, &c.
glass, porcelain, or marble mortar, until
they are thoroughly mixed. Put the mix-
ture into a matrass, close the orifice
loosely, and apply a gentle heat so as to
darken the mass without melting it. When
the colour has become uniformly dark
throughout, increase the heat so as to melt
the iodide ; then incline the matrass in
different directions in order to return into
the mass any portions of iodine which
may have been condensed on the inner
surface of the vessel ; lastly, allow the
mati-ass to cool, break it and put the
iodide into bottles, which are to be well-
stopped.
SuMBUL BOOT. Sumbul, Sum-
bul, Musk root, Racine de Sam-
hula ou Sumhula, (Guibourt.)
Moschus wurzel. (The Germans.)
Central Asia, probably.
The origin of this plant is at present
unknown : its habitat is also involved
in obscurity. It is supposed to be an vim-
belliferous plant, from its resemblance to
angelica. It was first introduced from
Kussia into Germany ; a second variety has
been imported into England from Bombay.
Dr. Pereira thus describes the root of
the two varieties.
Russian, {Radix Sumbul Muscoviti,)
occurs in nearly circular pieces, formed by
the transverse section of a large root : these
pieces which have a dirty, somewhat worn
appearance, are from about 2 J- to 5 inches
in diameter and from J to 1^ inches in
thickness at the edge, whic owing to
unequal contraction in drying, is thicker
than the central portion. On the outer
edge they are covered with a dusky
brown, rough bark, frequently beset with
slioi-t bristly fibres ; the interior consists
of a spongy, coarsely-fibrous, dry, yellow-
ish-white mass, of a somewhat farinaceous
appearance. Some pieces, constituting the
crown portion of the root, are covered with
a papery bark. The root has a pure
musky odour. Its taste is rather bitter,
and very slightly acrid.
Indian, {Chinese Sumbul root 1) ,Eadix
Sumbul Indici, is of closer texture, firmer,
denser, and of a more reddish tint, bearing
some slight resemblance to inferior rhu-
barb.
Sumbul root is an antispasmodic, and is
administered in the form of powder, alco-
holic and ethereal tinctures.
SUPPOSITOKIUM.
A iioedicine to be administered by the
rectum, usually of the consistence of a
pill-mass or ointment, and made into a
conical or cylindrical form.
SupposiTOKiA. Suppositories.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9' Aloes 3vj.
Common salt .... ^iss.
Soap, Spanish .... ^iss.
Starch S^'U-
Mix, and make into a mass with honey,
and then form it into little cones of the
required size.
Syrupus. Syrup.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Sugar Ibiij.
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Dissolve with a gentle heat,
Edin. Ph. 1841. Syrupus sim-
plex.
9 Sugar fox.
Water ...... Oiij.
Dissolve the sugar in the water with a
gentle heat.
Dubl. Ph, 1850. Syrupus sim-
plex.
^ Refined sugar, in powder . . Ibv.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Dissolve the sugar in the water, with the
aid of a steam or water heat.
The specific gravity of this syrup is
1330.
FORMULA, &c.
951
Syrupus absinthii. Sirop
(V absinthe. Syrup of wormwood.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Tops of wormwood,
dried . . . . ,^viij.
Boiling water . . ffiv. ^ijss.
White sugar . . q . s. (ffix. ^v.)
Cut thft woi-mwood, and pour on it the
boiling water; infuse for 12 hours, press
out and strain the liquor, add to it twice
its weight of sugar, and make the syrup
in a close vessel with the heat of a water-
bath.
Syrupus ac£Ti. Syrup of
vinegar.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Vinegar, French in prefer-
. . ^xiv.
ence
Pure sugar ....
Boil them together.
Use. — This is good for sweetening
barley-water or gruels, in inflammatory
diseases.
-^se.— 5ij. to 5J.
Syrupus acidi citrici. Syrup
of citric acid.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Citric acid, in powder.
Distilled water, of each . ^iiss.
Tincture of lemon peel . , f jv.
Simple syrup .... Oiij.
Dissolve the acid in the water with the
aid of heat ; then add the solution and
tincture of lemon peel to the syrup, and
mix with agitation.
Syrupus acidi hydbocyanici.
Sirop d'acide hydrocyanique.
Syrup of hydrocyanic acid.
Codex, Ph. Franf. 1839.
9 Syrup ^_ ^j^
Diluted hydrocyanic acid,
(containing 10*5 per cent,
by weight of real acid.) gr. iv.
Mix them very carefully, and keep the
syrup in well-stopped bottles.
Syrupus acidi tartaric!.
Sirop d'acide tartarique. Syrup
of tartaric acid.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
i^ Tartaric acid . . . . 3J.
Distilled water . . . jij.
Syrup S^j. 3y-
Dissolve the acid in the water, and add
the solution to the boiling syrup.
Syrupus adianthi. Syrup of
maiden-hair. Capillaire.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
^ Canadian maiden-hair
(Adianthum pedatum) 1 92 parts.
Boiling water . . . 1500 „
White sugar . . . 2000 „
Infuse two-thirds of the maiden-hair in
the water, strain, dissolve the sugar in
the infusion, clarify it with white of egg,
pour it over the remainder of the maiden-
hair placed in a water-bath, digest them
for 2 hours, and then strain the syrup.
Ph. Badensia. 1841.
Syrupus capillorum veneris,
^ Maiden-hair, cut .... _^iij.
Boiling water .... Ibiij.
Sugar ftv.
Whites of 2 eggs,
Orange- flower water . . . 5j.
Infuse the maiden-hair in the water,
then dissolve the sugar in Ibiij. of the in-
fusion, and clarify with the whites of eggs,
Lastly, add the orange-flower water.
Note, — Clarified syrup flavoured with
orange-flower water is frequently sold for
capillaire.
Syrupus ^etheris sulphurici.
Syrup d' ether. Syrup of ether.
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
^ Syrup ^. 3j.
Sulphuric ether , . . gr. xxxij.
952
FORMULAE, &c.
Put the syrup in a stoppered bottle,
having a glass tap at the bottom ; add the
ether, and agitate the mixture frequently
for 5 or 6 days, then set it by in a cool
place ; separate the clear syrup by means
of the tap, and preserve it in small well-
stoppered bottles.
Syrupus allii. Syrup of
garlic.
9 Fresh garlic, sliced ... ^vj.
Distilled vinegar .... Oj.
Sugar (refined) .... Ifei j.
Macerate the garlic in the vinegar in a
glass ^vessel for 4 days, then express the
liquor, and set it aside that the dregs may
subside: lastly, add the sugar, and strain
the syrup while hot.
Med Use. — An excellent remedy in
ascarides.
Dose.—l\i. to 3vj. .
Sybupus ALTILE.K. Syrup of
marshmallow.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
!^ Sliced marshmallow • . ^iss.
Sugar Ibiij.
or as much as may be sufficient.
Distilled water . . . . Oj.
Kectified spirit .... f _|iiss.
or as much as may be sufficient.
Macerate the marshmallow in the water
for 12 hours. Press out the liquor, and
strain through linen. Then add a weight
of the strained liquor, to more than double
its weight of sugar, and dissolve with a
gentle heat. Lastly, when the syrup shall
have cooled, add half a fluiddrachm of the
spirit to each fluidounce.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Althasa root, fresh and sliced ^viij.
Boiling water .... Oiv.
Pure sugar Ibiiss.
Boil the althaea root with the water
down to two pints ; strain, and express
strongly through calico; let the impuri-
ties subside ; and diasolve the sugar in
the clear liquor with the aid of heat.
Med, Use. — Demulcent:
Dose. — 3J. to 3iv.
Sybupus de ammoniaco.
Syrup of ammoniacum.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
9 Powdered gum ammoniacum ^ij.
White French wine . . . Ix.
Dissolve ; then add,
Sugar, boiled to a tabular
consistence ..... ?xvj.
Mix, to form a syrup.
Sybupus amygdala. Sirop
d' orgeat. Orgeat. Syrup of al-
monds.
Codex., Ph. Frang. 1839.
]^ Sweet almonds . . . 500 parts.
Bitter almonds ... 160 „
White sugar . . . 3000 „
Water 1625 „
Orange-flower water . 250 „
Blanch the almonds, beat them into a
paste with some of the water and sugar,
mix this paste with the rest of the water,
strain and press ; dissolve the remainder of
the sugar in the emulsion with the heat of
a water-bath ; then add the orange-flower
water, and strain the syrup.
Pli. Badensia, 1841.
9 Sweet almonds .... ^viij.
Bitter almonds .... ^ij.
Distilled water . . . ^'^viij.
Orange-flower water . . Jij.
White sugar .... Ibiij.
The almonds are to be well washed,
and pounded in a stone mortar with a
wooden pestle, and the distilled water
added by degrees; then pressed, strained
through flannel, and the sugar dissolved
in ^xviij. of the strained liquor at a tem-
perature but little above 60". Lastly, add
the orange-flower water.
Whitish.
Sybupus cum succo aspaba-
FORMULA, &c.
953
GORDM. Syrop depointes d'asper-
ges. Syrup of asparagus.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Purified juice of the tops of
asparagus ftj.
White sugar Ibij.
Dissolve the sugar in the] juice with the
heat of a water-bath, and strain.
Syrupus aurantii. Syrup of
orange peel.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Peel of orange, dried . • ^iiss.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Sugar Ibiij.,
or as much as may be sufficient.
Eectified spirit .... f ^iiss.,
or as much as may be sufficient.
Macerate the peel in the water for 12
hours, in a closed vessel. Press out the
liquor, and boil for the sixth part of an
hour. Then strain, and finish in the same
manner as is directed concerning the syrup
of marshniallow.
Edin.Ph. 1841.
9' Fresh bitter orange peel . .^i's^s.
Boiling water .... Oj.
Pure sugar Ibiij.
Infuse the peel in the water for 12 hours
in a covered vessel, pour off the liquor,
and filter it, if necessary ; add the sugar to
the liquor, and dissolve it with the aid of
heat.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Bitter orange peel, dried • ,^iiss.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Refined sugar, in powder, as much as
may be sufficient.
Infuse the orange peel in the water, in
a covered vessel, for 12 hours, and strain
without expression ; then add to the liquor
twice its weight of sugar, and dissolve
with the aid of a steam or water heat.
Med. Use. — As an adjunct to stomachic
mixtures.
Dost?.— 5j to 3iij.
SYNONYME.
Syrupus e corticibus aurantiorum. —
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Syrupus florum aurantii.
Syrupus jiorum naphce. Syrup of
orange-Jiower.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9* Orange-flower water . . ,^x.
Refined sugar' .... Ibiss.
Dissolve the sugar in the water, and
with one ebullition make a colourless
syrnp.
Syrupus aurantiorum. Sirop
d^ oranges. Syrup of oranges.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
^ Purified juice of oranges ^^xv. jv.
White sugar . . . Ibij. _^v. jiij.
Dissolve the sugar in the juice with a
gentle heat, in a glass or silver vessel, and
strain.
Note. — It is usual to flavour this syrup
with the tincture of the fresh rinds of the
oranges.
Syrupus balsami peruviani.
Syrupus halsamicus. Syrup of
balsam of Peru.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Balsam of Peru . . . ^'. .,
Warm water .... Ibj. °
Refined sugar .... Ibiss.
Digest the balsam in the water in a
close vessel for some hours, and when
cold dissolve the sugar in ten ounces of
the filtered liquor, and make a syrup with
one ebullition.
Note. — It should be of a slightly-yellow
colour.
Syrupus caryophylli rubri.
Syrup of red clove pink.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
^ Petals of the real clove
pink (Dianthus caryo-
phyllus) .... Ibij.
Boiling distilled water . Oiv. f ^xvj.
954
F0RMULJ5, &c.
Macerate for 12 hours in a glass vessel ;
strain, and in the strained liquor dissolve
enough purified sugar to form a syrup.
Syrupus ceeasorum. Syrup
of cherries.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^i Unripe cherries
fresh . . • quantum placet.
Refined sugar . . „ »»
Bruise the cherries with the kernels, and
let them stand 3 days, then press out the
juice, and set it hy until it appears clear,
and fermentation has ceased. Dissolve in
20 ounces of this strained juice 3 pounds
of refined sugar, and make a sp-up at one
ebullition.
jVbie. — It should be of a black-purple
colour.
Codex, Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
Pound ripe sour cherries together with
the stones, in a mortar, let them stand for
3 days, then press, and slightly boil the
juice, and, when cold, filter.
^ Of the above juice . . ^xx.
Sugar ffiiij.
Make it into a syrup by boiling, strain it
through flannel, and keep it in a cool place
in small bottles,
Sykupus chamomill^. Syrup
of chamomiles.
Ph. Hannov. Nova. 1831.
^ Chamomile flowers . . ^viij.
Hot distilled water . . ffiiij.
Sugar B5iv.
Infuse the chamomiles in the water, then
strain, and dissolve the sugar in ^xxviij of
the liquor.
Syrupus cinchona
de quinquina
barh.
Sirop
Syrup of cinchona
Codex. Ph. Fran?. 1839.
B' Crown or Loxa bark (Cin-
chona condaminea) . Ibj.
Water lt)x, ,^v.
White sugar .... Kiv. ^iiss.
Boil the bark in the water for half-an-
hour in a covered vessel, and strain. Eva-
porate the still turbid solution until/educed
one-half, add the sugar; evaporate to the
consistence of syrup, and, when cold, filter
through paper.
Syrupus cinchona vino pa-
RATUS. Sirop ^e quinquina au
vin. Syrup of cinchona hark,
prepared with wine.
Codex, Ph. Fran^. 1839.
^i Soft extract of cinchona
bark (Cinchona conda-
minea) ^xiss.
French white wine (vin
de Lunel) .... Ifcv. ^iiss.
White sugar. . . ftvij. ^ix. 3vj.
Dissolve the extract in the wine, filter
the solution, add to it the sugar, and dis-
solve it in a close vessel.
Note. — One ounce of this syrup contains
about 10 grains of the extract.
Syrupus cinnamomi. Syrup
of cin?iamon.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
IJ' Cinnamon, coarsely powdered, ^ij.
Spirituous cinnamon water . Ibj.
Rose water ..... ,^ij.
Refined sugar K)iss.
Digest the cassia with the cinnamon and
rose waters for 2 days in a close vessel,
filter, and dissolve the sugar, with a gentle
heat, in 11 ounces of the strained liquor,
and with one ebullition make a syrup of a
reddLsh-browa colour.
Syrupus cinnamomi acuti. Sy-
rup of cinnamon.
FORMULA, &c.
955
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
9 Powdered cinnamon . . ^ij.
Spirituous cinnamon water
(Aqua cinnamomi vino-
sa*) 5x17.
Sugar IBiss.
Macerate the two iiist ingredients in a
close vessel for 3 days, press and strain the
liquor, and in ^ix of this dissolve the
sugar,
Syrupus coccr. Syrup of
cochineal.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Bruised cochineal . . • .^iv.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Sugar ftiij-f
or as much as may be sufficient,
Rectified spirit .... f ^iiss.,
or as much as may be sufficient.
Boil the cochineal in the water for the
fourth part of an hour in a closed vessel,
frequently stirring ; then strain, and finish
as it is directed concerning the syrup of
marshmallow.
Syrupus croci. Syrup of
saffron.
Lond. Ph, 1851.
9 Saffron 3v.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Sugar ffiiij-f
or as much as may be sufficient,
Rectified spirit .... f ^iiss,,
or as much as may be sufficient.
Macerate the saffron in the water for 12
hours in a closed vessel ; then strain the
liquor, and finish as it is directed concern-
ing the syrup of marshmallow.
* Aqua cinnamomi vinosa. Spirituous
cinnamon water.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
5' Cinnamon bark. . . . Ibj.
Rectified spirit . . . . ftij.
Water q. s.
Distil Tbix.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Saffron 31.
Water, boiling .... Oj.
Sugar Ibiij.
Macerate the »«.ffron in the water for 12
hours in a vessel lightly covered, then
strain the liquor, and add the sugar to it.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Saffron, chopped fine . . ,^ss.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Refined sugar, in powder,
as much as may be sufficient.
Infuse the saffron in the water in a co-
vered vessel, for 12 hours; then boil for 5
minutes, and strain through calico with
expression ; let the decoction stand until
the sediment subsides, and having then de-
canted the clear liquor, add to it twice its
weight of sugar, and dissolve with the aid
of a steam or water heat.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
If; Saffron ^.
French white wine . . . Iftj.
Refined sugar .... Ibiss.
Macerate the saflion in the wine until
the nest day, and then dissolve the sugar
in 11 ounces of the pressed and strained
liquor, and with one ebullition make a
syrup of a brownish-yellow colour.
Syrupus croci vino paratus.
Sirop de safran. Syrup of
saffron.
Codex, Ph. Franq. 1839.
9 Saffron ^iv.
^Malaga wine . . . Ibv. ^ij-Si^-
White sugar . . Ifevij. _^ix. 3VJ.
Cut the saffron, and macerate it in the
wine for 2 days, press out and strain the
liquor, add the sugar to it, and dissolve the
latter by the heat of a water-bath.
Med. Use. — Employed principally for its
colour.
Syrupus digitalis. Sirop de
digitale. Syrup of foxglove.
956
FORMULJE, &c.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
^' Foxglove leaves . . • 3xj.
Boiling water . . . ftv. ^iiss,
"White sugar . . . q. s. (Ibx. ^v.)
Infuse the foxglove in the water for 6
hours, and strain; add to the solution
double its weight of sugar, and dissolve by
moans of a gentle heat.
]!fote. — One ounce of this syrup contains
the soluble matter of about 3^ grains of
foxglove leaves.
Syrupus extbacti opii. Sirop
d'extrait d'opium. Syrup of ex-
tract of opium.
Codex. Ph. Fran?. 1839.
]^ Extract of opium . . gr. ix.
Water 3ij. ^ij.
Syrup. . . . 5x. 3iij. gr. xx.
Dissolve the extract of opium in the
water, filter the solution, and add it to the
boiling syrup ; continue the ebullition for
a short time, and strain.
Note, — An ounce of this syrup con-
tains nearly 1 gi-ain of the extract of
opium.
Syrupus ferri citratis. Sy-
rup of citrate of iron,
Beral.
9" Citrate of peroxide of iron . ^.
Syrup ^xv.
Spirit of lemon .... 3ij.
Mix.
Syrupus ferri iodidi. Syrup
of iodide of iron.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
T^ Iodine ^■.
Iron wire ..... 3iij.
Distilled water .... f .^xij.,
or as much as may be sufficient.
Sugar ^x.
Mix the iodine and iron with 8 fluid-
ounces of the water, and heat until the so-
lution assumes a greenish colour; then
sti'ain. Evaporate the solution to about 4
fluidounces, and add the sugar.; Lastly,
when the syrup has cooled, add as much as
may be sufficient of water, so that it may
fill the measure of 15 ounces; and preserve
in a well-closed black glass vessel.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
5, Iodine (diy) .... 200 grs.
Fine iron wire, recently
cleaned 100 grs.
White sugar, in powder . ^^ivss.
Distilled water . . . f,^vj.
Boil the iodine, iron, and water together
in a glass matrass ; at first gently, to avoid
the expulsion of iodine vapours, afterwards
briskly, until about 2 fluidounces of liquid
remain. Filter this quickly, while hot,
into a matrass containing the sugar ; dis-
solve the sugar with a gentle heat ; and add
distilled water, if necessary, to make up 6
fluidounces. 12 minims contain 1 grain
of iodide of iron.
Note. — A solution of iodide of iron in
syrup. Colourless, or pale green ; trans-
parent ; without sediment, even when ex-
posed to air.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Pure iodine 3V.
Iron turnings, separated ,by a
magnet . . « . . 3''J*
Distilled water .... ^ij.
Simple syrup .... ^^vj.
Introduce the iodine, iron, and water into
a glass flask, and apply a moderate heat
until the solution loses its red colour.
Filter the solution, while hot, into a bottle
containing the syrup, mix with agitation,
and add distilled water to make up 8 fluid-
ounces. One fluiddrachm contains about
5 gi'ains of iodide of iron.
Use. — A very elegant and effectual tonic
in the dose of about 10 to 30 minims.
Syrupus cum fuco helmin-
THO-CORTHO. Sirop de mousse de
corse. Syrup of Corsican moss.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
]^ Corsican moss . . . . ftj.
Syrup IBvj.
FORMULA, &c.
957
Separate carefully from the raoss the
sand and shells adhering to it, and mace-
rate it in 2 pounds of lukewarm water for
24 hours, press out strongly, and strain the
liquor, and observe its weight. On the re-
sidue pour 2 pounds of lukewarm water,
and proceed as before. Mis the latter in-
fusion with the syrup, and evaporate it to
the consistence of a thick syrup, which
should be of the same weight as the syrup
used, less the weight of the first infusion of
the moss. Add the latter quickly to the
syrup, and strain.
SyRXJPUS GLYCYBRHIZiE. Sy-
rupus liquiritice. Syrup of li-
quorice.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Liquorice root, fresh sliced . ^^iij.
Refined sugar,
Purified honey, . . aa Itij-
Water Itiij.
Macerate the liquorice root in the water
for one night. Boil the pressed and
strained liquor once, and evaporate it with
a gentle heat, so that when cold and fil-
tered, there shall remain 14 ounces, in
which dissolve the sugar and honey, and
with one ebullition make a syrup of a yel-
lowish-brown colour.
Sykupus gummi acacia. Strop
de gomme. Syrup of gum arahic.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1S39.
9 Gum-arabic, picked. . . ^'.
Water ^.
Sf"P ^viij.
Wash the gum once or twice with cold
water, and add to it the prescribed quantity
of water, agitating the mixture frequently
to facilitate its solution ; strain it through
flannel ; mix it with the syrup, and con-
tinue to boil it until it indicates 29° by
Baume's hydrometer.
Syrupus hemidesmi. Syinip
of Hemidesmus Indicus.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Indian sarsaparilia, bruised . ^iv.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Refined sugar, in powder,
as much as is sufficient.
Infuse the sarsaparilia in the water for 4
hours in a covered vessel, and strain ; set
it by until the sediment subsides ; then de-
cant the cleai- liquor, and having added to
it twice its weight of sugar, dissolve with
the aid of a steam or water heat.
Mr. Bell.
^ Root of Hemidesmus
Indicus .... Ibj. avoird.
Refined sugar ... Ibj. „
Distilled water . . Oiij.
Bruise the root, separate the bark by
sifting, and reject the wood. Add to the
bark an equal bulk of sand, moisten them
with water, and pack them in a displacement
apparatus. Macerate for 4 hours, then
displace the liquor with the requisite
quantity of water, keeping the first 6 ounces
by itself and using as much more water as
shall exhaust the bark. Evaporate the
latter portions of the liquor, so that with
the first 6 ounces it shall fonn 9 fluid-
ounces, in which dissolve the sugar with a
gentle heat.
Syrupus iPECACuANHiE. Sy-
rup of ipecacuanha.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Ipecacuan, in coarse powder ^iv.
Rectified spirit «... Oj.
Proof spirit,
Water • . . . • aa f^xiv.
Syrup Ovij.
Digest the ipecacuan in 15 fluidounces
of the rectified spirit, at a gentle heat, for
24 hours; strain, squeeze the residuum,
and filter. Repeat this process with the
residuum and proof spirit, and again with
the water. Unite the fluids, and distil off
the spii'it, until the residuum amount to 12
ounces ; add to the residuum 5 fluidounces
of the rectified spirit, and then the
syrup.
958
FORMULAE, &c.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
^ Alcoholic extract of ipe-
cacuanha .... gv. XXX ij.
Water ^ss. gr. x.
Syrup ^is. Siij.
Dissolve the extract in the water, and
filter the solution, and add it to the boiling
syrup. Continue the ebullition until the
syrup has acquired its original consistence,
and strain.
Note.— l ounce of this syi-up contains
about [3 grains of extract, or the active
matter of 12 grains of the root.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Ipecacuanha root, bruised . 3iij.
Rectified spirit (sp, gr.
•835) 3^-
Refined sugar .... Ihiss.
Water .^xss.
Digest the ipecacuanha in the water and
spirit for 24 hours, and filter. Dissolve
the sugar in 11 ounces of the strained
liquor, and with one ebullition make a
syrup of a yellowish colour.
Med. Use. — As an adjunct to cough mix-
tures— may be given to infants and young
children.
Dose. — 5SS. to 3J.
Sykupus ipecacuanha compo-
siTUS. Sirop d' ipecacuanha com-
pose. Sirop de desessart. Com-
pound syrup of ipecacuanha.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
]^ Ipecacuanha . . ^iv.
Senna .... Ibj.
Tops of wild thyme,
dried. . . . ^\r.
Red poppy petals,
dried. . . . Ibj. ^iij. 3v.
Sulphate of magnesia, Ibj.
White wine . . fbvij, ^^ix. 3vj.
Orange-flower water, Ibvij. ^ix. 3vj.
White sugar . . q. s.
Macerate the ipecacuanha and the senna
in the wine for 12 hours, press out, and
strain the liquor. Put the residue in a
water-bath, with the poppy petals, the
thyme, and the sulphate of magnesia ; pour
on them 31 pounds and 1 ounce of boiling
water, infuse and press as before. Mix the
product with the vinous solution and
orange-flower water, add to the mixtm-e
double its weight of sugar, and make the
syrup with the heat of a water-bath.
Syrupus lactuca. Sirop de
thridace. Syrup of lettuce.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
^ Extract of lettuce . gr. xxvlij.
Water .... ^ss. gr. xvj.
Syrup .... liv. jj. 9J.
Dissolve the extract in the water, and
filter the solution, and add it to the boil-
ing syrup. Continue the ebullition until
the syrup has acquired its original consist-
ence, and strain,
Note. — One ounce of this syrup contains
nearly six grains of extract.
Syrupus lichenis islandici.
Syrup of Iceland moss.
Ph, Hannov. Nova, 1831.
9 Iceland moss .... ^vj.
Water ftvj.
Sugar Bbv,
Boil the Iceland moss with the water,
until reduced to Ibiv. , then strain, and form
the liquor into » syrup with the sugar.
Syrupus limonum. Syrup of
lembns.
Lond.Ph. 1851.
]^ Strained juice of lemons . . Oj.
Sugar Ibiiss.
Rectified spirit .... f 3iiss.
Boil the juice for the sixth part of an
hour, and strain. Add the sugar to this,
and dissolve. Lastly, when the syrup
shall have cooled, mix in the spirit,
Edin. Ph, 1841.
• ^' Lemon-juice freed of im-
purities by subsidence and
filtration Oj,
Sugar ...... Ibiiss.
FORMULA, &c.
959
Dissolve the sugar in the lemon-juice,
with the aid of a gentle heat, and after
twenty-four hours' rest remove the scum,
and pour the clear liquor from the dregs.
Med. Use. — An agreeable adjunct to
diluent drinks, as barley water, in febrile
and inflammatory complaints, and to
Dose. — f 5j. to f 3iv.
SYNONYMES.
Syrupus e succo citriorum, — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Syrupus e succo limonum. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Syrupus citri mediccE. — Edin. Ph. 1839.
Sykdpus xiquiriti^. Syrup
of liquorice.
Ph. Hannov. Novaj 1831.
9* Liquorice-root .... ^viij.
Hot water Ife'ij-
Sugar Ibij.
Purified honey .... lt)ij.
Boil the liquorice with the water for a
quarter of an hour ; evaporate the strained
liquor to ,|xiv., and make it into a syrup
with the sugar and honey.
Syrupus MANNiE. Syrup of
manna.
Codex Med.
Haraberg, 1845.
9' Senna *,
Fennel-seed .
^ss.
Sugar . .
Honey . .
Manna . .
. 5XX.
Itiss.
Boiling water
ftij.
Macerate the senna and fennel seed in
the water for two hours, then strain ^xviij.,
in which dissolve the other ingredients,
and make a synip,
Syrupus mori. Syrup of mul-
berry.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Strained juice of mulberry . Oj.
Sugar Ibiiss.
Rectified spirit .... ^iiss.
Dissolve the sugar in the juice, with a
gentle heat, and set aside for 24 hours,
then remove the scum, and pour off the
pure liquor from the dregs, if those there
may be. Lastly, mis in the spirit.
Med. Use. — Used as a colouring and
flavouring substance.
Syrupus morphine acetatis.
Syrup of acetate of morphia.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Solution of acetate of morphia f _^".
Simple syrup f^S'^^'
Mix with agitation.
Syrupus morphi^s: muriatis.
Syrup of muriate of morphia.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Solution of muriate of morphia f ^.
Simple syrup .... f ^xvij.
Mix with agitation.
Syrupus morphia sulphatis.
Syrupus cum sulfate morphico.
Syrop de sulfate de morphine.
Syrup of sulphate of morphia.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Sulphate of morphia, gr. 3"60.
Syrup .... ^vj. gr. xxxvij.
Dissolve the sulphate of morphia in a
little water, and mix it with the cold
syrup.
Note. — An ounce contains about one-
fourth of a grain of sulphate of morphia,
Syrupus papaveris. Syrup
of poppy.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Bruised poppy, the seeds
having been removed . Ibiij.
Sugar Ibv.
Boiling distilled water. . Cong. v.
Rectified spirit .... f ^v.
Boil down the water with the poppy, to
2 gallons, and express strongly. Boil down
the strained liquor again to 4 pints, and
960
FORMULiE, &c.
strain whilst yet hot. Set aside for 12
hours, that the dregs may suhside; then
boil down the strained liquor to 2 pints,
and dissolve the sugar in this. Lastly, mix
in the spirit.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
j^ Poppy-heads, without the
seeds ftiss.
Boiling water .... Oxv.
Pure sugar ..... ISiij.
Slice the poppy-heads, infuse them in the
water for 12 hours, boil down to 5 pints,
strain, and express strongly through calico ;
boil again down to 2 pints and a-half ; then
add the sugar, and dissolve it with the aid
of heat.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
]^ Alcoholic extract of white
poppy gr. xvj.
Water 3ij. gr. v.
Syrup I'ij-3J-
Dissolve the extract in the water, iilter
the solution, and add it to the boiling syrup,
and evaporate it to the consistence of a
syrup.
Note. — One ounce of this syrup contains
about five grains of extract.
Med, Use, — Narcotic, sedative, and
anodyne.
Dose. — From 5ss. to 5ij., according to
the age of the patient.
SYNONYMES.
Syrupus de meconio sive diacodhim. —
lond. Ph. 1721.
Sijrvpus papavens albi. — Lond. Ph.
1788. Dubl. Ph. 1807.
SyRUPUS QUIN.'E sujlphatis.
JSirop de sulfate de quinine. Sy-
rup of sulphate of quinine.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
3 Sulphate of quinine. . grs. ix.
Syi-up }i^- 3J- 3'J-
Distilled water . . . 3'j«
Alcoholized sulphuric
iicid (1 part acid, 3
■parts alcohol) . . gr. iss.
Dissolve the quinine in the water, to
which the alcoholized sulpliuric acid has
been added, and mix the solution with the
cold syrup.
Sfrupus katanhi^. Sirop de
ratanhia. Syrup of rhatany.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
^. Extract of rhatany . . gr. xvj.
Water jij. gr. v.
Syrup ^. 3j.
Dissolve the extract in the water, and
filter the solution. Boil the syrup until
it has lost one-fourth in weight, then
add to it the solution of the extiact, and
strain.
Note, — One ounce of this syrup con-
tains about twelve grains of extract of
rhatany.
Syrupus rhceados. Syrup of
red poppy.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^.' Red poppy R)j.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Sugar tt>iij-j
or as much as may be sufficient.
Rectified spirit .... f _^iiss.,
or as much as may be sufficient.
Gradually add the red poppy to the
water heated in a water-bath, frequently
stirring ; then, the vessel being set aside,
macerate for 1 2 hours ; then press out the
liquor with the hand, and strain, and finish
in the same manner as it is directed con-
cerning the syrup of marsh-mallow.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Corn-poppy petals . . . Itij.
Boiling water .... Oj.
Pure sugar fbiiss.
Heat the water over a vapour-«bath, add
the petals by degrees, stirring occasionally ;
remove the vessel from the bath, infuse
for 12 hours ; strain, and express the liquor ;
add to it the sugar, and dissolve this with
the aid of heat.
Used for its fine red colour.
FORMULiE, &c.
961
SYNONYME.
Syrupus papaveris erratici. — Lond. Ph.
1788. Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Syrupus rhamni. Syrup of
htickthorn.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
U Juice of buckthorn . . Oiv.
Sliced ginger
Powdered pimenta, of each . 3vj.
Sugar IBvj.
Rectified spirit .... f ^vj.
Set aside the juice for 3 days, that the
dregs may subside, and strain. Add the
ginger and pimenta to a pint of the strained
juice ; then macerate with a gentle heat for
4 hours, and strain. Boil down that which
is left to the measure of a pint and a-half.
Mix the liquors, and dissolve the sugaa- in
these. Lastly, mix in the spirit.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
The same as the London, except that
the Edin. Ph. directs the sugar to be dis-
solved "with the aid of heat."
SyNONYME.
Syrupus de spina cervina. — Lond. Ph.
1780.
Med. Use. — A di-astic cathartic ; is but
seldom used, excepting in veterinary me-
dicine.
Dose. — 3J. to 3iv.
Syrupus rhei. Syrup of rhu-
barb.
U. S. Ph. 1840. Syrupus rliei.
^ Rhubarb, sliced . . . ^^ij.
Boiling water .... f^vj.
Sugar Ibij.
Macerate the rhubarb in the water for
24 hours, then strain, and add the sugar.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Syrupus rhei. Syrup of rhu'
barb.
J^ Rhubarb root, sliced . . . ,^iij.
Cinnamon, braised . . . 3VJ.
Pure carbonate of potash . . 3ij.
Refined sugar ftij.
Water ...,,,. Ibij.
Mix together the rhubarb, cinnamon,
carbonate of potash, and water, and ma-
cerate one night. In twenty ounces of the
strained liquor, dissolve the sugar, and
with one ebullition make a syrup of a
brownish-red colour.
Syrupus rhei aromaticus.
Aromatic syrup of rhubarb.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
j^ Rhubarb, bruised . . . _^iiss.
Cloves, bruised.
Cinnamon, bruised . . ail ^ss.
Nutmegs, bruised ... 3ij.
Diluted alcohol .... Oij.
Syrup Ovj.
Macerate the rhubarb and aromatics in
the diluted alcohol for 14 days, and
stiain ; then by means of a water-bath
evaporate the liquor to a pint, and while
it is yet hot mix it with the syrup pre-
viously heated.
Aromatic syrup of rhubarb may also be
prepared by putting the i-hubarb and
aromatics, previously reduced to coarse
powder and moistened with diluted alcohol,
into a percolator ; pouring upon them
gradually diluted alcohol, until 2 pints
of filtered liquor are obtained ; then evapo-
rating to a pint, and completing the process
as above directed.
Med. Use. — A mild aperient.
Dose. — f 3J. for an infant.
Syrupus rhei et senn^.
Edin. Ph. 1744.
5 Rhubaib |i.
Senna ^ij.
Fennel-seeds .... 3ij.
Cinnamon 3ij.
Boiling water .... Oiiss.
Sugar Ibiij.
Macerate all except the sugar for 12
hours then strain, add the sugar, and boil*
3 Q
962
FORMULAE, «&c.
Sybupus bos^. Syrup of rose.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Hundred-leaved rose . . ^vij.
Sugar Iftvj.
Boiling distilled water . . Oiij.
Rectified spirit .... "f^vss.
Macerate the rose in the water for 12
hours, and strain. Evaporate the strained
liquor in a water-bath to 2 pints, and
dissolve the sugar in this. Lastly, mix in
the spirit.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Syrupus rosce
centifolice.
9 Fresh damask rose petals . Ibj.
Boiling water .... Oiij.
Pure sugar Ibiij.
Infuse the petals in the water for 12
hours, strain the liquor, and dissolve the
sugar in it with the aid of heat.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Syrupus rosce gallicce.
9 Petals of the Gallic rose,
dried ^ij.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Refined sugar, in powder,
as much as may be sufficient.
Boil the petals in the water in a glass or
porcelain vessel, until their colour is com-
pletely extracted ; strain .with expression,
and let the decoction stand until the sedi-
ment subsides ; then, having decanted the
supernatant liquor, add to it twice its
weight of sugar, and dissolve with the aid
of a steam or water heat.
Med. Use. — Laxative ; may be given to
infants.
Dose, — gij to 3iv.
SYNONYMES.
Syrupus e rosis siccis. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Syrupus rosarum solutivus, — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Syrupus rosce
gallicce.
Y^ Dried red rose petals . . _^ij,'
Boiling water . . . . Oj.
Pure water ^^xx.
Proceed as for the syrup of damask
rose.
Med. Use. — Astringent ; is sometimes
added to astringent gargles.
Syrupus rubi id^i. Syrup of
raspberry.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Raspberries, fresh, bruised.
Refined sugar, aa, quantum placet.
Bruise the raspberries, and let them
stand 3 days, then press out the juice
and set it by until it appears clear, and
fermentation has ceased. Dissolve in
20 ounces of the juice strained, 3 pounds
of refined sugar, and make a syrup at 1
ebullition, of a red colour.
Sybupus rut^. Syrup of rue.
^ Fresh rue ^ij.
Boiling water .... Oj.
Sugar q. s.
Macerate the rue in the water for 2
hours and strain, then add enough sugar
to form a saturated syrup.
Med. Use. — Antispasmodic and carmi-
native ; given to children.
Dose. — A teaspoonful.
Sybupus SABZiE. Syrup of sar-
saparilla.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Sarsaparilla .
Distilled water
Sugar
Rectified sugar
ffiiiiss.
Cong. iij.
^xviij.
Boil down the sarsaparilla in 2 gallons
of the water to a gallon; pour oflf the
liquor, and strain whilst yet hot. Boil
down the sarsaparilla again, in the remain-
ing water, to a half, and strain. Evapo-
rate the liquors, mixed together, to 2 pints,
and dissolve the sugar in these. Lastly,
when they shall have cooled, mix in the
spirit.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Sarsaparilla, sliced . .
Water, boiling . . .
Sugar .....
conj. J.
Sxv.
FORMULA, &c.
963
Macerate the sarsaparilla in the water
for 24 hours ; then boil down to 4 pints,
and strain the liquor while hot ; after-
wards add the sugar, and evaporate to a
proper consistence.
Med. Use. — The same as the root
itself.
Dose. — 3j to 3iv.
Syrupus cum extracto sarsa-
PARiLLiE. Sirop de salsepareille.
Syrup of sarsaparilla.
Codex, Ph. Fran(;. 1839.
9 Alcoholic extract of
sarsaparilla . . 3iij. gr. xij.
Water .... ^iv. 3J. ^j.
White sugar . . ^viij. 3ij. ^ij.
Dissolve the extract in the water by the
heat of a water-bath ; filter the solution,
add the sugar to it, and dissolve.
This syrup, which has been adopted by
the Codex, was originally proposed by
M. Beral to replace that made with .water,
which is less constant in its composition.
The syrup contains 15^ grains of extract
in each ounce.
Syrupus scill^e. Syrup of
squill.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^ Vinegar of squill . • , Oiij.
Pure sugar, in powder . . Ibvij.
Dissolve the sugar in the vinegar of
squills with the aid of a gentle heat and
agitation.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Vinegar of squill . . . f 5viij.
Refined sugar, in powder . Ibj.
Dissolve the sugar in the vinegar of
squill with the aid of a steam or water heat.
Med. Use. — An expectorant in chronic
catarrhs and asthma.
Dose.— 3j to 3ij.
Syrupus senega. Syrup of
senega.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
i^ Senega root, sliced . . , ^.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. 'SSS) 3xj.
Refined sugar .... ftiss.
Water ^xj.
Macei'ate the root in the water and
spirit for 2 days, then press strongly and
filter. Dissolve the sugar in 11 ounces of
the strained liquor, and at 1 ebullition
make a yellowish-coloured syrup.
Codex Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
^ Senega root ^.
Sugar Ibiss.
Water Ifeiss.
Boil the senega root in the water down
to 5f» then strain: add the sugar, and
make a syrup.
Syrupus senn^e. Syrup of
senna.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Senna ^iiiss.
Bruised fennel .... 3X.
Manna 5''j-
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Treacle ffiiij.
Macerate the senna and fennel in the
water with a gentle heat for 6 hours ;
press out the liquor strongly through
linen, and strain and mix in the manna to
it. Evaporate the treacle in a water-bath,
until any part removed from the bath may
nearly concrete, and add the liquor to the
same whilst yet hot, constantly stirring
until they may be mixed.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9^ Senna .... ^ir.
Boiling water . . Oj. and f ^iv.
Treacle .... ^xlviij.
Infuse the senna in the water for 12
hours ; strain and express strongly through
calico, so as to obtain a pint and 2 fluid-
ounces at least of liquid. Concentrate
the treacle in the vapour-bath as far as
possible, or till a little taken out upon a
rod becomes nearly concrete on cooling ;
anil while the treacle is still hot, add the
3 Q 2
964
FORMUL-S:, &c.
infusion, stirring carefully, and removing
the vessel from the vapour-bath as soon as
the mixture is complete.
If Alexandrian senna be used for this
preparation, it must be carefully freed of
cynanchum leaves by picking it.
Med. Use. — As a purgative for chil-
dren.
Dose. — 5ij to ^^iss.
Syrupds senn.e cum manna.
Syrupus mannce. Syrup of senna
with manna.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Senna leaves, cut . . . ^iv.
Fennel seeds, bruised . . .^ss.
Manna Ibss.
Refined sugar .... fcij.
Warm water . . • . Ibij.
Pour the water on the senna and fennel,
and let them stand some hours in a close
vessel ; press and strain the liquor, and
dissolve the sugar and manna in 18 ounces
of it, and with 1 ebullition make a brown-
coloured syrup.
Syrupus tolutanus. Syrup of
Tolu.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
;^ Balsam of Tolu. . . . 3X.
Water, boiling .... Oj.
Sugar ftiiss.
Boil the balsam in the water for half-
an-hour in a vessel lightly covered, fre-
quently stirring, and strain the cooled
liquor; then add the sugar, and dissolve
it.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9f Simple syrup .... Ibij.
Tincture of Tolu . . . .^.
When the syrap has been recently pre-
pared, and has not altogether cooled, add
the tincture of Tolu by degrees, agitating
briskly.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^R Balsam of Tolu. . . . .^j.
Distilled water . . . Oj.
Eefined sugar, in powder,
as much as may be sufficient.
Boil the balsam in the water for half-
an-hour in a lightly-covered vessel, occa>-
sionally stirring, and strain the liquor
when cold ; then, having added to it twice
its weight of sugar, dissolve with the aid
of a steam or water heat.
Used to impart an agreeable flavour to
cough mixtures, draughts, &c.
Dose. — f 3j to f3iv.
SYNONYMES.
Syrupus halsamicus. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Syrupus tolmferi halsami. — Edin> Ph.
1839.
Syrupus vegetabilis. Vege^
table syrup.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ss.
Ibiii.
ftj.
I^ Bardana root, fresh cut
Dandelion root .
Liquorice root .
Peppermint.
Senna ...
Water . . .
Sugar . . .
Boil all the ingredients but the sugar in
the water, then strain, add the sugar, and
make a syrup.
Syrupus viol^. Syrup of
violet.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^i Violet 5ix.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Sugar ...... ftiij,,
or as much as may be sufficient.
Rectified spirit . . . f jiiss.,
or as much as may be sufficient.
Macerate the violet in the water for 12
hours, then press out and strain. Set aside
that the dregs may subside, and finish as
it is directed concerning the syrup of
marshmallow.
FORMULA, &c.
965
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^ Fresh violets. . . . lt)j.
Boiling water . . . Oiiss.
Pure sugar .... ftviiss.
Infuse the flowers for 24 hours in the
water, in a covered glass or earthenware
vessel ; strain without squeezing, and dis-
solve the sugar in the filtered liquor.
Use. — Gently laxative to children.
i>ose,— 5j to 3ij.
Syrupus zingibebis. Syrup
of ginger.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sliced ginger .... ^iiss.
Boiling distilled water . . Oj.
Sugar Ibiiss.,
or as much as may be sufficient.
Rectified spirit, as much as
may be sufficient.
Macerate tlie ginger in the water for 4
hours ; press out the liquor and strain, and
finish as it is directed concerning the syrup
of marshmallow.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
The same as the London, except that the
Ed. Ph. orders the sugar to be dissolved
" with the aid of heat."
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
• 9 Tinctui-e of ginger . . . f.^j.
Simple syrup .... f ^vij.
Mix with agitation.
Med. Use. — Stomachic and carmina-
tive.
Dose. — f 5J to f5iv.
Talc. Foliated talc. Ubruc.
A transparent crystalline mineral, con-
sisting of easily-separated folia, of a white,
or greenisli, or yellowish-white colour. It
consists essentially of silica and magnesia.
Taraxacum coffee. Dande-
lion coffee.
A powder is sold, under this name, which
consists of taraxacum roots well cleaned,
dried, and powdered, and mixed with
coffee.
Tartarus ammoniatus. Am-
moniated tartar. Tartarus solu-
hilis.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
^ Cream of tartar.
Caustic ammonia, . . aa q. s.
Dissolve the cream of tartar in the
caustic ammonia with a gentle heat in a
closed vessel, taking care to have ammo-
nia in excess ; then strain and let it stand,
that crystals may be formed, and evaporate
the mother-liquor, that more crystals may
be obtained.
Note. — Transparent prismatic crystals,
which slightly eflloresce in the air. So-
luble in 2 parts of cold, and 1 part of
boiling water.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
5^ Cream of tartar ... 1 part.
Water 2 parts.
Carbonate of ammonia . . q. s.
Dissolve, by aid of heat, the cream of
tartar in the water, then add carbonate of
ammonia in small quantities, until effer-
vescence ceases, and the fluid smells of
ammonia ; strain, while hot, through linen,
and let crystallize. The crystals are to be
quickly dried with blotting-paper, and kept
in a cold place.
Ph. Saxonica, 1837.
Dissolve cream of tartar in a tin vessel
in hot distilled water, and add to the so-
lution sufficient solution of carbonate of
ammonia to render it slightly alkaline.
Allow the fluid to stand for some time,
then filter, and evaporate with a gentle
heat, and let crystallize.
Note. — The crystals have a sharp, salt-
ish, and cooling taste. Soluble in 2 parts
of water.
Dose. — 3iv.
966
FOEMUL^, &c.
Taktarus boraxatus. Cremor
tartari soluhilis. Boro-tartrate
of potash.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Borax ffiss.
Purified cream of tartar,
free from tartrate of lime Ifciss.
Boiling distilled water . . fbv.
Dissolve the borax in the water in a
porcelain vessel, and add the cream of tar-
tar ; filter the solution, and evaporate it in
a vapour-bath with a gentle heat, until a
tenacious mass is obtained, small portions
of which, when cold, are friable. Then
remove it from the vessel whilst warm, lay
it on strips of paper, and dry it with a
gentle heat ; and when powdered, put it
into a warm glass vessel, in which let it be
kept quite close.
Note. — It should be a white powder,
very deliquescent, of an ' acid taste, and
very soluble in an equal weight of water.
Similar formulas are given in the Ph.
Hannov. Nov. 1831 ; and the Ph. Castr.
Euthena, 1840. See also page 893,
Tartarus depuratus pulve-
BATUS. Cremor tartari. Puri-
fied cream of tartar.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
1^ Cream of tartar, powdered . lt»x.
Hydrochloric acid (sp. gr.
1-190) ibj.
Distilled water .... Ibx.
Mix the acid and water, and pour them
on the cream of tartar ; digest them in a
vapour-bath, with frequent agitation, for
some hours, and set by until the next day.
Place it in a linen bag, and wash it well,
first with common, and then with distilled
water, until the liquid that passes through
is as free as possible from hydrochloric acid,
and dry the residue with a gentle heat.
Tela vesicatoria. Taffetas
vesicatorium. Blistering tissue.
No. 1.
]^ White wax . . 240 parts.
Spermaceti . . 30 „
Olive oil . . . 120 „
Common turpentine 30 „
Cantharides . . 30 or 60 parts.
Water. . . . 300 parts.
Digest in a water-bath for 2 hours, then
strain and separate the plaster from the
water. A thin coating of this plaster is ta
be spread, while fluid, over oiled silk or
waxed paper.
No. 2.
^ White wax .... 8 parts.
Ethereal extract of cantha-
rides 4: „
Mix the extract with the wax, melted,
and spread the mixture over oiled silk or
waxed paper, as No. 1, and subsequently
brush it over with solution of benzoin and
Canada balsam in spirit.
No. 3.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
^ Mezerion . , . gvj.
Cantharides. . . gvj.
Acetic ether . . ^iv.
Gum sandarach. . ^ij. ^ij. ^ij.
Gum mastic , . jj.
Turpentine . . • ^ij.
Oil of lavender . . gtt. xx.
Macerate, separately, the mezerion bark,
and the cantharides in ^ij. of acetic ether
for 8 days, then press, strain, and mix
the tinctures, and dissolve in them the
other ingredients.
Spread this mixture with a camel-hair
brush on wax taffetas (oil-skin), 30 inches
long and 20 wide ; then cut it into strips,
5 inches long and 4 wide.
No. 4.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
Tela sericea epispastica.
'^ Euphorbium Jj,
Cantharides, powdered . . ^x.
Rectified spirit .... Ibiij.
Isinglass 3'^'j-
Water q. s.
Macerate the euphorbium and cantba-
FORMULA, &c.
967
rides in the rectified spirit; strain, and
distil off Ibiiss. of alcohol. Macerate and
evaporate with the isinglass, which is pre-
viously to be made into a jelly with suffi-
cient quantity of water, so that only ^xi}.
remain. This, while warm, is to be spread
with a brush or strained silk. The other
side of the silk may be covered with a tinc-
ture of balsam of Peru and benzoin.
The spirit recovered in this process must
not be used for medical or pharmaceutical
purposes.
Note. — Croton oil, or extract of meze-
rion, is sometimes substituted for extract
of cantharides.
Terra amfelites. Ampelitis.
Pharmacitis. Kennel coal. Can-
nel coal. Parrot coal.
This variety of coal, formerly obtained
principally from Alen9on, in France, yields
a large quantity of gas when heated, and
has been used as a substitute for candles.
It was once used in medicine, and hence its
name, Pharmacitis. It was used to kill
worms, and as an antidote to all vermin.
Terra lemnia. Terra sigil-
lata. Lemnian earth. Sealed
earth.
Lemnian earth is a kind of bole, origi-
nally brought from the island of Lemnos,
and said to have been obtained from a hill
where no plant grew. There are two kinds,
one whitish, or grey, the other of a reddish
colour. The Turks, who were formerly the
principal dealers in this earth, made it into
little flat, circular cakes, which were
stamped with the impression of a seal and
the name Terra sigilla, Sealed earth, is
applied to it in this state.
Many virtues, purely imaginary, were
ascribed to it. It has long since been re-
placed by chalk and Armenian bole.
Test^ peefabat^. Prepared
shells.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
Wash the shells, iirst freed from impu-
rities, with boiling water ; then prepare
them in the same manner as directed for
chalk.
Omitted in the Lond, Ph. 1851.
SYNONYMES.
Testce ostreorum prceparatcB. — Lond.
Ph. 1746 and 1788.
TiNCTURA ABSINTHII. Tinc-
ture of wormwood.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
J^ Wormwood .... ^vj.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. -897
to -900) feiij.
Pour the spirit on the wormwood, cut
very small, macerate for 8 days in a
close vessel, with frequent agitation, then
press it out and strain.
Note. — It should be of a greenish-brown
colour.
TiNCTURA ACONiTi. Tincturc
of aconite.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Coarsely-powdered root of
Aconite Jxv.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 11 days; then press out,
and strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Tinctura radicis aconiti.
^ Aconite root, dried, and cut
small ^x.
Rectified spirit .... Oj,
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express,
and filter.
Dose. — 8 to 10 minims 3 times a day.
Dr. Fleming.
The following has been frequently pre-
scribed as Dr. Fleming's. Tincture of
aconite : —
^ Aconite root, dried and
powdered Jxvj.
Rectified spirit .... fjxvj.
968
FORMULA, &c.
Macerate for 4 days, then pack in a
percolator, and add rectified spirit, until
f^xxiv. of tincture has percolated through.
Dose. — 5 minims 3 times a day.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
If Aconite, cut very small . . ^.
Kectified spirit (sp. gr. "897
to -900) Ibj.
Pour the spirit on the aconite, macerate
for 8 days in a close vessel, with frequent
agitation ; then press it out and strain, and
preserve it carefully.
Note. — It should be of a green colour.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
Tinctura aconiti. Essentia
aconiti. Essence of aconite,
R Aconite herb, dried
and powdered . ^viij.
Rectified spirit . - o'^^J- °^' I* *•
Macerate for 4 days, in a closed vessel,
at a temperature of 20°, (68^ Fahr.,)then
press and strain the tincture into a weighed
bottle. The marc is to be again macerated
in spirit as before, pressed and strained
through the same filter, until the weight
of the tincture amounts to double that of
the herb employed.
Note.—T>Axk brownish green ; becomes
greenish yellow and opaque when mixed
with water. Sp. gr. -864 at ] 7°.
Tinctura aconiti ex herba
RECENTE. Tincture of fresh aco-
nite herb.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9 F)-esh aconite, crushed . . Ibj.
Rectified spirit .... ^viij.
Macerate for 8 days, then press, strain,
and filter, so as to make ftj.
Note. — jj. is equal to 480 grains fresh,
or 90 grains of the dry herb. To be pre-
pared iu June, and kept with precaution.
TlNCTUEA ACONITI ^THEREA.
Ethereal tincture of aconite.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
^ Aconite herb, cut . . . .^.
Spirit of sulphuric ether . . ^viij.
Macerate for 8 days, then strain ^vj.
Note. — ^. is equal to 8 grains of dry
herb. To be kept with precaution.
Tinctura aconiti salina.
Saline tincture of aconite.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9 Aconite herb, roughly pow-
dered ^.
Solution of acetate of am-
monia ^vj.
Rub the aconite herb with ^ij. of the
solution of acetate of ammonia for half an
hour then add the remainder of the solu-
tion, and macerate for 8 days ; after which
press and filter, so as to make ^v.
Note. — ^'. is equal to 9G grains of the
dry herb. It is of a dark-brown colour.
Tinctura ^therea cum can-
THARiDiBUS. Tcinturc etheree de
cantharides. Ethereal tincture of
cantharides.
Codex, Ph. Fran9., 1839.
]^ Cantharides, powdered 5ij. gr.v.
Acetic ether . . . ^ij. ^'j
Macerate in a stoppered glass vessel for
8 days, then press out and iilter the tinc-
ture.
Tinctura aloes. Tincture of
aloes.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Coarsely-powdered socotrine,
or hepatic aloes . . . Jj.
Extract of iquorice . . . 5iij.
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Rectified spirit .... Oss.
Macerate the aloes in the spirit, mixed
with the water, for 7 days ; then add the
extract that it may be dissolved, and
strain.
FORMULA, &c.
969
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Aloes (Socotrine or
Indian), in coarse
powder. . . • SJ'
Extract of liquorice . ,^iij.
Rectified spirit . . fjxij.
Water .... Ojandf^viij.
Mix them, and digest for 7 days, with
occasional agitation ; filter the clear liquor,
separated from the sediment. This tinc-
ture cannot without difficulty and delay be
prepared by percolation.
Med. Use, — Similar to that of aloes.
Dose. — 3iij. to 3iv.
TiNCTURA ALOES COMPOSITA.
Compound tincture of aloes.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Coarsely-powdered socotrine,
or hepatic aloes . , . ^iv.
Tincture of myrrh . . . Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Tinctura aloes et myrrhce.
^ Aloes, powdered .... ^iv.
Saffi-on • S'j-
Tincture of myrrh . . , Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
(Lond.) Digest for 7 days, and filter the
clear superincumbent liquor. (Edin.)
Med. Use. — Cathartic and emmena-
gogue ; serviceable in cold, languid habits,
and chlorosis,
i)ose.— 3J. to 3ij.
SYNONYMES.
Elixir proprietatis. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
Elixir aloes. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Tinctura aloetica. Aloetic
tincture.
Codex Medic. Hambero:. 1845.
9 Tincture of aloes .
Tincture of myrrh
Tincture of saffron
Mix.
5y.
Tinctura aloetica acida.
Acid aloetic tincture.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
j^ Aloetic tincture . . . . ^.
Diluted sulphuric acid . . 3J.
Mix.
Tinctura amara. Bitter tinc-
ture.
Ph. Borussica, 1847,
^ Lesser centaury.
Unripe oranges.
Gentian root .... aa ,^ij.
Zedoary root ^'.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. "897
to -900) Ibiij.
On the other ingredients, sliced and
bruised, pour the rectified spirit ; mace-
rate for 8 days in a close vessel, with fre-
quent agitation, then press it out and
strain.
Note. — It should be of a greenish-brown
colour.
The same formula is given in the Codex
Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
Tinctura ammonia compo-
siTA. Compound tincture of am-
monia.
Lond, Ph. 1851.
]^ Mastich . . . * • BU-
Rectified spirit. . . . l'3ix.
Oil of lavender . . . TTl,xiy.
Stronger solution of am-
monia Oj.
Macerate the mastich in the spirit, that
it may be dissolved, and pour off the clear
tincture ; then the rest being added, shake
all together,
Med. Use. — Stimulant.
Dose. — TT\,x, to 3ss.
SYNONYMES,
Spiritus ammoniae succinatus. — Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Eau de Lxice. (See also page 707.)
970
FORMULAE, &c.
TiNCTURA ARNICA. Tiucture
of arnica.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Arnica flowers, cut . . . ^iss.
Kectified spirit (sp. gr. -897
to -900) Ibj.
Pour the spirit on the arnica flowers,
macerate for 8 days in a close vessel, with
frequent agitation, then press it out and
strain.
Note. — It should be of a brownish-yellow
colour.
The same formula is given in the Codex
Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
Tinctura arnicce jiorum. Es-
sentia fiorum arniccB. Essence of
arnica.
^ Arnica flower, dried
and powdered, . ,^viij.
Rectified* spirit . . jxvj. or q. s.
Macerate for 4 days in a closed vessel, at
a temperature of 20°, (68° Fahr.,) then
press and filter the tincture into a weighed
bottle. The marc is to be again macerated
in spirit as before, pressed, and passed
through the same filter, until the weight
of the tincture amounts to double that of
the herb employed.
Note. — Brownish-yellow, with the smell
of arnica. It becomes yellowish-white
and opaque when mixed with water. Sp.
gr. -800.
Tinctura aromatica. Aro-
matic tincture.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Cinnamon ^ij.
Lesser cardamoms.
Cloves,
Galangal root.
Ginger aa ^ss.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. '897
to -900) IBij.
Pour the spirit on the other ingredients,
reduced to a coarse powder ; macerate for
8 days in a close vessel, with frequent
agitation, then press it out and strain.
Note. — It should be of a brownish-red
colour.
Tinctura aromatica acida,
loco Elixir vitrioli mynsichti.
Acid aromatic tincture.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
}p Cinnamon . . . ... ^ij.
Lesser cardamoms,
Cloves,
Galangal root,
Ginger aa ^ss.
Sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1*845) ^.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. '897
to -900) Bbij.
Mix the acid and spirit, and pour them
on the other ingredients, reduced to a
coarse powder; macerate for 8 days in a
close vessel, with frequent agitation, then
press it out and strain.
Note. — It should be of a brownish-red
colour.
Tinctura assafcetid^. Tinc-
ture of assafcetida.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Assafoetida, broken into frag-
ments ^v.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ AssafcEtida . . • . . ^v.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Digest for 7 days, and filter the clear
liquor.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Assafoetida, in small fragments ^v.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express, and
filter.
Med. Use. — The same as that of assa-
foetida itself.
Bose. — TT\.x. to 3J.
FORMULA, &c.
971
STNONYMES.
Tinctura fcetida.—Lond. Ph. 1746.
Tinctura asce fcetidce. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Tinctura aubantii. Tincture
of orange peel.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Dried peel of orange . . ^iiiss.
Proof sph-it Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express, and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Orange-peel, dried . . . ^jiiss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Digest for 7 days, strain, and express
strongly, and filter the liquor.
This tincture may be prepared by per-
colation, by cutting the peel into small
fragments, macerating it in a little of the
spirit for 12 hours, and beating the mass
into a coarse pulp before putting it into the
percolator.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Bitter orange-peel, dried . . ?iv.
Proof spiiit (y{\
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express,
and filter.
Tinctura balsamum peruvi-
ANi. Tincture of balsam of Peru.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
9 Balsam of Peru .... liv.
Rectified spirit .... f ?xv]'.
Macerate until solution is effected, and
strain.
Tinctura belladonna. Tinc-
ture of belladonna.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Dried belladonna .... ?iv.
Proof spirit q\\
Macerate for 7 days ; then express, and
strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Tinctura foliorum belladonna.
9' Belladonna leaves, dried, and
in coarse powder . . . ly.
Proof spirit Oil.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express, and
filter.
Tinctura benzoini composita.
Compound tincture of benzoin.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Coarsely-powdered benzoin
Prepared storax .
Tolu balsam ....
Coarsely-powdered socotrine
or hepatic aloes
Rectified spirit . . .
Macerate for 7 days, and strain
Edin. Ph. 1842
^iiiss.
^iss.
3x.
Oij.
9 Benzoin, in coarse powder . ^iv.
Peru balsam 5iiss.
East Indian aloes .... ?ss.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Digest for 7 days, pour off the clear
liquor, and filter it.
Med. Use. — Stimulant and antispas-
modic ; and has been considered useful
in chronic catarrh and old asthmatic cases.
Also used externally in the treatment of
wounds and languid ulcers, which it gently
stimulates, and protects also from the air.
Dose. — 3ss. to 5J.
SVNONYMES.
Balsamum traumaticum. Lond. Ph.
1746.
Wound balsam. Balsam for cuts.
Jesuit's drops. Friar's balsam. Torring-
ton's drops. Compound tincture of Benja-
min. Traumatic balsam. Commander's
balsam.
Tinctura bucku. (E.) Tinc-
tura buchu. (D.) Tincture of
buchu.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Bucku
Proof spirit . , . ,
5v.
Oij.
972
FORMULA, &c.
Digest for 7 days, pour off the clear
liquor, and filter it. This tincture may be
conveniently and quickly made also by the
process of percolation.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Bucku leaves, bruised . . . ,^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express, and
filter.
Med. Use. — A stimulating diuretic.
Dose.—'^j. to 3ij.
TiNCTUBA CALAMI, Tincture
of calamus.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
!^ Sweet flag root, sliced . . ^vj.
Eectified spirit (sp. gr. '897
to -930) Ibiij.
Pour the spirit on the sweet flag, ma-
cerate for 8 days in a close vessel, with
frequent agitation, then press it out, and
strain.
Note. — It should be of a brownish-
yellow colour.
TiNCTUKA CALAMI COMPOSITA.
Compound tincture of calamus.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
R Acorus calamus .... ^iij.
Zedoary,
Ginger aa l^.
Immature orange-berries . . ^ij
Rectified spirit .... Ibiij.
Macerate, press, and filter.
TiNCTURA CALUMB^. Tiucture
of calumha.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Thinly-sliced calumba. . . ^iij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express, and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
'^ Calumba, in small fragments
(if by percolation, in mo-
derately fine powder) . . ^iij.
Proof spirit ..... Oij.
Digest for 7 days, pour off the clear
liquor, express the residuum strongly, and
filter the liquor. This tincture is much
more conveniently prepared by the process
of percolation, allowing the powder to be
soaked with a little of the spirit for 6 hours
before putting it into the percolator.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Calumba root, in coarse pow-
der _^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express and
filter.
Med. Use. — The same as the root itself.
Dose. — jss. to 3ij.
TiNCTURA CAMPHORS. Tinc-
ture of camphor.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Camphor ^iiss.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Dissolve the camphor in the spirit.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Tinctura camphorce. (Spiritus
camphoratus.)
5 Camphor, in small fragments Jj.
Rectified spirit .... f ^viij.
Dissolve the camphor in the spirit.
Med Use. — A stimulant application in
rheumatic pains; for discussing tumours,
in the treatment of chilblains, &c.
SYNONYMES.
Spiritus vini camphoratus. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Spiritus camphoratus. — Lond. Ph.
1788. Dubl. Ph, 1807.
Spirit of camphor.
TiNCTURA CAMPHORS COMPO-
SITA. Compound tincture of cam-
phor.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Camphor .... '^nss.
Hard opium, powdered . gr. Ixxij.
Benzoic acid .... gr. Ixxij.
Oil of anise .... f 3J.
Proof spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
FORMULA, &c.
973
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Camphor 3"ss.
Hard opium, powdered . . '^iy.
Benzoic, acid .... 3'^'
Oil of anise . . • • ^ SJ-
Proof spirit. .... Oij,
Digest for 7 days, and then filter.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
R Opium, in coaree powder,
Benzoic acid, of each ... 3iss.
Camphor ...... 5i.
Oil of anise £3!.
Proof spirit ..... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days and strain, ex-
press, and filter.
Med. Use. — A sedative in catarrh to
allay the tickling cough, after all inflam-
matory symptoms have disappeared, in
chronic asthma and hooping-cough.
Dose. — 5SS. to 3J.
SYNONYMES.
Elixir paregoricum. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Tinchira opii camphorata. — Lond. Ph.
1788. Paregoric elixir.
TiNCTURA CANNABIS INDICiK.
Tincture of Indian hemp.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Purified extract of Indian
hemp ..... ^^s.
Rectified spirit .... Oss.
Dissolve tlie extract in the spirit,
TiNCTDRA CANTHARIDIS. Tinc-
ture of caniharides.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Cantharides, bruised . • . 3! v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macei'ate for 7 days ; then express, and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Cantharides, bruised . . . • 3iy.
Proof spirit Oij.
Digest for 7 days, strain, and press; or
make it by percolation.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Spanish flies, in coarse powder _^ss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — This possesses a diuretic
effect, and is sometimes given in gleet ; it
is, however, use<l more as an external ap-
plication, combined with camphor lini-
ment, for the relief of rheumatic pains.
Dose. — Min, x, to 3J.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura Irjttae. — Lond. Ph. 1809.
TiNCTURA CANTHARADIS ^ETHE-
REA. Ethereal ii?icture of can-
tharides.
Soubeiran's Trait. Ph. 1847.
9* Powdered cantharides , . 1 part.
Acetic ether .... 8 parts.
Macerate during 8 days, in a well-stopped
bottle ; strain with expression, filter.
This tincture is an active rubefacient and
vesicant.
Tinctura capsici. Tincture
of capsicum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Capsicum, bruised . . , 5X.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Capsicum, bruised . . . ^x.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, strain, and press j
or by percolation.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Cayenne pods, bruised . . _^iss.
Proof spirit Oj.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — A useful stimulant where
typhoid symptoms prevail, — in cynanche
maligna.
?. — V(\%. to 3j. or more.
974
FORMULA, &c.
TiNCTURA CAPSICI CONCEN-
TRATA.
Dr. TurnbuU.
9* Capsicums ^iv.
Rectified spirit ^xij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
TiNCTURA CAPSICI CONCEN-
TRATA CUM VERATRIA.
Dr. Turnbull.
^ Veratria grs. iv.
Concentrated tincture of cap-
sicum ^.
Mix.
TiNCTURA CARDAMOMi. Tinc-
ture of cardamom.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Seeds of cardamoms, bruised ^ivss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Digest for 7 days, strain, squeeze the
residuum, and filter the liquors. This
tincture may be better prepared by the
process of percolation, in the same way
as the tincture of capsicum, the seeds being
first ground in a coffee-mill.
Med. Use. — As an adjunct to other pre-
parations, for its carminative and stimu-
lant properties.
Dose. — 3J. or more.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura amomi repentis. — Edin, Ph.
1839.
TiNCTURA CARDAMOMI COMPO-
siTA. Compound tincture of car-
damoms.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Bruised cardamom,
Bruised caraway.
Bruised cochineal, of each , 3iiss.
Bruised cinnamon, . . . 3 v.
Stoned raisin ^v.
Proof spirit . . . • . Oij.
' Macerate for 7 days ; then express, and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Cardamoms,
Caraway, aa, bruised . . . 3"^^*
Cochineal, powdered • • • 3J*
Cinnamon, bruised ... 3^'
Raisins [stoned] .... ^v.
Proof spirit ..... Oij.
Digest for 7 days, strain, express strongly
the residuum, and filter the liquors.
This tincture may be also prepared by
the method of percolation, if the solid
materials be first beat together, moistened
with a little spirit, and left thus for 12
hours before being put into the percolator.
Med. Use, — Serviceable to correct the
griping effects of bitter effusions.
Dose. — 3J. or more.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Cardamom seeds, bruised,
Caraway seeds, bruised, of each Jss.
Cinnamon, bruised • • « ^•
Cochineal, iu powder . . . 3ij.
Proof spirit ..... Oiij.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express,
and filter.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura stomachica. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
TiNCTURA CASCARiiiii^. Tinc-
ture of cascarilla.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Cascarilla, bruised • . . ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days; then express, and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Cascarilla, in moderately fine
powder ...... ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Proceed by percolation or digestion, as
afterwards directed for tincture of cin-
chona.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^ Cascarilla bark, in coarse powder f,v.
Proof spirit . • • • . Oij.
FORMULA, &c.
975
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — Same as of the bark.
-Dose,— 3J. to 3ij.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura crotonis eleutherice. — Edin.
Ph. 1839.
Tinctura cassim. Tincture
of cassia.
Ediii. Ph. 1841.
9' Cassia, in moderat«ly fine
powder ^iiiss.
Proof spirit . • . . Oij.
Digest for 7 days, strain, express the
residuum strongly, and filter. The tinc-
ture is more conveniently made by the
process of percolation, the cassia being
allowed to macerate in a little of the spirit
for 12 hours before being put into the per-
colator,
Dose.— 3J. to 3ij.
TiNCTUBA CASTOKEI. Tincturc
of castor.
Lond. Ph. 1836, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
9 Castor, powdered . . . J"®^'
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express and
strain. (Lond.)
This tincture may be prepared either by
digestion or percolation, like the tincture
of cassia. (Edin.)
Med. Use. — A ntispasmodic.
Dose. — f 3ss to 3J.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura castorei rossici. — Dubl. Ph.
1826.
Tinctura castorei .stherea.
Ethereal tincture of castor.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Castor, dried, and reduced
to a coarse powder . . ^.
Spirit of ether . . • • ^v^.
Macerate for 8 days in a well-stopped
glass vessel, with occasional agitation, then
press it out and strain.
Note. — It should be of a brownish
colour.
Tinctura castorei ammo-
NiATA. Ammoniated tincture of
castor.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^' Castor, bruised ... ^iiss.
Assafcetida, in small frag-
ments ..... 5x.
Spirit of ammonia . . . Oij.
Digest for 7 days in a ■well-closed
vessel, strain and express strongly the re-
siduum ; and filter the liquor. This tinc-
ture cannot be so conveniently prepared by
the method of percolation.
Med. Use. — Antispasmodic.
Dose. — f 3SS to 3J.
Tinctura catechij. Tincture
of catechu.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Catechu, in moderately-fine
powder ^^iiiss.
Cinnamon, in fine powder . ^iiss.
Proof spirit. • . . . Oij.
Digest for 7 days ; strain and express
strongly the residuum; filter the liquors.
This tincture may be also prepared by the
process of percolation, the mixed powders
being put into the percolator without being
previously moistened with the spirit.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Catechu, in coarse powder . ^iv.
Cinnamon, bruised • . • ^ij.
Proof spirit . . . > Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express,
and fil^r.
Med. Use. — As an astringent in di-
arrhoea.
Dose. — 3J or more.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura Japonica.— Lond. Ph. 1746.
976
FORMULA, &c.
TiNCTURA CATECHU COMPOSITA.
Compound tincture of catechu.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Powdered catechu . . . ,^iiiss.
Bruised cinnamon . . . ^iiss.
Proof spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express, and
strain.
TiNCTUHA CHIN^ COMPOSITA.
Elixir roborans RohertiWhyttii.
Compound tincture of crown or
loxa bark.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Crown or loxa bark, coarsely
powdered .^iij.
Gentian root, sliced,
Orange-peel, freed from the
white internal paren-
chyma, sliced . . aa ^'.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. -SSS.) ^xvj.
Cinnamon water . . . ^viij.
Mix the spirit and water, and pour them
on the other ingredients ; macerate for 8
days in a close vessel, with frequent agi-
tation, then press it out and strain.
Note. — It should be of a reddish-browu
colour,
TiNCTDRA CHiRETT^. Tincture
of chirayta.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Chiretta, bruised . . . Jv.
Proof spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
X>ose.— 3j to 3ij.
TiNCTURA CINCHONA. Tinc-
ture of cinchona.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Yellow cinchona, bruised . ^viij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express, and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Yellow bark, in fine powder
(or of any otlier spe-
cies of cinchona, ac-
cording to prescription) ,^viij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Percolate the bark with the spirit, the
bark being previously moistened with a
very little spirit, left thus for 10 or 12
hours, and then firmly packed in the
cylinder. This tincture may also be pre-
pared, though much less expeditiously, and
with much greater loss, by the usual pro-
cess of digestion, the bark being in that
case reduced to coarse powder only.
Dubl. Ph. 1850,
'^ Peruvian bark (crowa or
pale), in coarse powder . ^iv.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — Similar to that of the
bark.
Dose. — From j^j to 3ij.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura corticis Peruviani simplex. —
Lond. Ph. 1746.
Tinctura cinchon^e palud^j:
Tincture of pale cinchotia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Prepai'e this in the" same manner as it is
directed concerning the tincture of cin-
chona.
Tinctura cinchona ammo-
NiATA. Ammoniated tincture of
cinchona.
Lond. Ph. 1824,
^1 Lance-leaved cinchona bark,
in powder .... ^ir.
Aromatic spirit of ammonia .^xxxij.
Macerate for 10 days and filter,
Tinctura cinchona compo-
siTA. Compound tincture of cin-
chona.
FORMULA, &c.
977
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
^ Lance-leaved ciuchona,
bruised ....
• l^y-
Orange-peel, dried . .
. ^iij.
Serpentary, bruised . .
• 3vj.
Saffron
• 3U-
Cochineal, powdered .
. 3J.
Proof spirit. . . .
. Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then
express and
strain. (Lond.)
Digest for 7 diiys, strain, and press ; or
it may be made by percolation.
(Edin.)
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Peruvian bark (crowTi or
pale), in coarse powder . ^iv.
Bitter orange-peel, dried . ^ij.
Virginia snake-root, bruised 3vj.
Saffron, chopped fine . . jij.
Cochineal, in powder . . 3J.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express,
and filter.
Use, Dose, (Jc. — The same as of the pre-
ceding.
SYNOSYMES.
I^ncttira corticis Pentviani composita.
—Lond. Ph. 1788.
Huxham's tincture of hark.
TiNCTURA CINXAMOMI. TitlC-
ture of cinnamon.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
9 Cinnamon bark, bruised . Jiiiss.
Proof spirit. .... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express, and
strain. (Lond. and Dubl.)
Proceed by percolation, or digestion, as
directed for tincture of cassia. (Edin.)
Med. Use. — Stomachic, and frequently
combined with chalk mixture or bitter
tonic infusions, in diarrhoea, and other
diseases of debility.
Dose, — 3J to 5iij.
TiNCTURA CINNAMOMI COM-
POSITA. Compound tincture of
cinnamon.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Cinnamon, bruised . . . ,^".
Cardamoms, bruised . . ^ss.
Long pepper, powdered.
Ginger, sliced . . . afi jiiss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express, and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Cinnamon, in coarse powder
(fine, if percolation be
followed),
Cardamom seeds, bruised aa ^j.
Long pepper, ground finely. 3iij.
Proof spirit Oij.
The tincture is best prepared by the
method of percolation as directed for the
compound tincture of cardamom. But it
may also be made in the ordinary way by
digestion for 7 days, straining and expres.s-
iiig the liquor, and then filtering it.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Cinnamon, bruised . . . ^ij.
Cardamom seeds, bruised . _^ij.
Ginger, bruised. . . . }^s.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
Use and Dose. — The same as of the
preceding.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura aromatica. — Lond, Ph. 1746.
TiNCTURA COCCI CACTI. Tinc-
ture of cochineal.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Y^ Cochineal, in fine powder . ,^ij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express,
and filter.
3 B
978
FORMULA, &c.
TiNCTUBA coLCHici. Tincture
of colchicum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Bruised seed of colchicum . ,^v.
Proof spirit. .... Oij,
Macerate for 7 days, then express and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
'^ Colchicum seeds, ground
finely in a coflFee-mill . ^r.
Proof spirit Oij.
This tincture is to be prepared like the
tincture of cinchona; and percolation is
much more convenient and speedy than
digestion,
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Tinctura seminum colchici.
JJ' Colchicum seeds, hruised . ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Tinctura seminis colchici.
5^ Meadow saffron seeds,
coarsely powdered . . ^t.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. '897
to -900) Ibij.
Pour the spirit on the seeds ; macerate
for 8 days in a close vessel, with frequent
agitation ; then press it out, and strain.
Note. — It should be of a brownish
colour.
Med, Use. —The same as that of the
cormus.
Dose. — Min. x. to f 3ss.
Tinctura colchici compo-
siTA. Compound tincture of col-
chicum,
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^> Bruised seed of colchicum . ^v.
Aromatic spirit of ammonia Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express, and
strain.
Use and Dose, — The same as of the pre-
ceding.
SYNONYME.
Spiritus colchici ammoniatm. — Lond.
Ph. 1824.
Tinctura colocynthijdis.
Tincture of colocynth.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^. Colocynth freed from the
seeds, sliced . . . . ^".
Aniseed, bruised . . • 3J'
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. •835) Ibj.
Pour the spirit on the other ingredients ;
macerate for 8 days in a close vessel, with
frequent agitation ; then press it out, and
strain, and preserve it carefully.
Note. — It should be of a brownish-
yellow colour.
Tinctura conii. Tincture of
hemlock.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Hemlock leaves, dried . . ^^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Fresh leaves of conium . ^j.
Tincture of cardamom . . Oss.
Rectified spirit .... Oiss.
Bruise the hemlock leaves ; express the
juice strongly ; bruise the residuum ; pack
it firmly in a percolator ; transmit first the
tincture of cardamom and then the rectified
spirit, allowing the spirituous liquors to
mix with the expressed juice as they pass
through. Add gently water enough to the
percolator for pushing through the spirit
remaining in the residuum. Filter the
liquor after agitation.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Hemlock, fresh .... Ibj.
Rectified spirit (sp gr.'835) ftj.
Bruise the hemlock in a stone mortar.
FORMULA &c.
979
and add the spirit; macerate for 4 days in
a close vessel, with frequent agitation, then
press it out and strain, and preserve it
carefully.
Note. — It should be of a brownish-green
colour.
Med. Use. — The same as the herb itself.
Dose. — That prepared according to the
Lond. Ph. and the Dnbl. Ph. may be given
in doses of 553 to 3j, until some effect is
produced. The Ediu. Ph. preparation
must be employed more cautiously, as the
fresh herb is used. Drying generally dete-
riorates the activity of the herb.
TiNCTDBA CEOTONI8.
of croton oil.
Soubeiran.
^ Croton oil ... .
Rectified spirit .
Mix.
Tincture
gtt. viij.
f3iv.
TiNCTURA CBOCi. Tincturc of
saffron.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Saffron, chopped fine . . Jij.
Proof spirit Oij.
This tincture is to be prepared like
tincture of cinchona, either by percolation
or by digestion, the former method being
the more convenient and expeditious.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Saffron, chopped fine . . ^ij.
Proof spirit Oj.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — Generally employed as a
colouring liquid, but sometimes as a sti-
mulant and emmenagogue.
Dose.—i^ to 3ij.
TiNCTURA CUBEB^. Tincture
of cubeb.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^' Powdered cubeb . . , ffij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express and
strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Cubebs, bruised . . . ?v.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — Given in gonorrhoea.
Dose. — 2J to 3ij three times a-day.
TiNCTURA cusPARi^. Ttncfure
of cusparia.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Cusparia, in moderately-fine
powder ..... Jivss.
Proof spirit Oij.
This tincture is to be made like the
tincture of cinchona, and most expeditiously
by the percolation.
TiNCTURA DIGITALIS. Tinc-
ture of foxglove.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Foxglove leaves, dried . . ^iv.
Proof spirit ..... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Digitalis, in moderately-fine pow-
der ...... . ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
This tincture is best prepared by the
process of percolation, as directed for the
tincture of capsicum. If 40 fluidounces
of spirit be passed through, the density is
944, and the solid contents of a fluidounce
amount to 24 grains. It may also be made
by digestion.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Foxglove leaves, dried, and in
coarse powder .... Ir.
Proof spirit ..... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express,
and filter.
3 B 2
980
FORMULA, &c.
Dose. — Min. x. cautiously increased to
min. x\.
TiNCTURA DIGITALIS iETHEREA.
Ethereal tincture of digitalis.
Soubeiran's Trait. Ph. 1847.
^' Leaves of digitalis purpurea 1 part.
Sulphui'ic ether ... 4 parts.
Proceed by percolation in a closed
funnel.
This tincture, which is generally con-
sidered as very eiTectual, is, on the con-
trary, regarded by sonie practitioners as
possessing merely the properties peculiar to
ether.
TiNCTURA ERGOTiE. Tincture
of ergot of rye.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
5 Lrgot of rye in coarse powder ^viij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express,
and filter.
TiNCTURA ERGOTS ^THEREA.
Ethereal tincture of ergot of rye.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Ergot, bruised .... ^xv.
Ether Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express and
strain,
TiNCTURA EUPHORBi.i:. Tinc-
ture of euphorbium.
Codex, Ph. Franc., 1839.
9 Euphorbium .... 1 part.
Rectified spirit .... 4 parts.
Macerate for 15 days, and strain.
TiNCTURA FERRI ACETATIS.
Tincture of acetate of iron.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Sulphate of iron . . . Jviij.
Distilled water . , . Oss.
Pure sulphuric acid . . f Jvj.
Pure nitric acid . . . f ^ss.
Acetate of potash . . . ,^viij.
Rectified spirit .... Cong. ss.
To 9 ounces of the water add the sul-
phuric acid, and in the mixture, with the
aid of heat, dissolve the sulphate of iron.
Add next the nitric acid, first diluted with
the remaining ounce of water, and evapo-
rate the resulting solution to the consis-
tence of a thick syrup. Dissolve this in
1 quart, and the acetate of potash in the
remainder of the spirit, and, having mixed
the solutions, and shaken the mixture
repeatedly in a large bottle, let the whole
be thrown upon a calico filter. When any
further liquid ceases to trickle through,
subject the filter, with its contents, to
expression, and, having cleared the turbid
tincture thus procured by filtration through
paper, let it be added to that already ob-
tained.
The specific gi'avity of this tincture is
891.
Med, Use. — This same as the ferru-
ginous compounds generally.
Dose. — Tr\, v. to ^X[_ x, in some aromatic
water.
TiNCTURA FERRI ACETIC!
^THEREA. Ethereal tincture of
acetate of iron.
resolution of acetate of iron . ^^ix.
Rectified spirit (sp, gr. "SSS) . _^ij.
Acetic ether (sp. gr. '890.) . ^'.
Mix.
Note. — It should be clear, of a brown
colour, sp. gr. 1-065 to 1-070.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ Moist and recently-preci-
pitated hydrated oxide of
iron 1 part.
Acetic acid 3 parts.
Dissolve, and add to 9 parts of this,
Acetic ether .... 1 part.
Rectified spirit .... 2 parts.
Mix.
TiNCTURA FERRI AMMONIO
CHLORiDi. Tincture of ammonia
chloride of iron.
FORMULAE, &c.
981
Lond. Ph. 1851.
R Ammonio chloride of iron . ^iv.
Proof spirit,
Distilled water, of each . • Oj.
Dissolve and strain.
A fluidounce of this, potash being added,
throws down 5"8 grains of sesquioxide of
TiNCTURA FERRI SESQUICHLO-
RiDi. Tincture of sesquichloride
of iron.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Sesquioxide of iron • . . ^vj.
Hydrochloric acid , . . . Oj.
Rectified spirit .... Oiij.
Mix the sesquioxide with the acid, and
digest in a sand-bath, frequently shaking,
until it may be dissolved. Afterward add
the spirit to the cooled liquor, and strain.
The specific weight of this is '992. A
liuidounce of the same throws down
nearly 30 grains of sesquioxide of iron, on
potash being added.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Mttriatis ferri liquor.
9 Red oxide of iron .... ^vj.
Muriatic acid (commercial) . Oj.
Rectified spirit .... Oiij.
Add the oxide to the acid in a glass
vessel; digest with a gentle heat, and
occasional agitation, for a day, or till most
of the oxide be dissolved; then add the
spirit, and filter.
Note. — Solution of sesquichloride of iron
in rectified spirit. Tincture of iron.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Tinctura ferri sesquichloridi.
IJ' Iron wire .
Pure muriatic acid
Pure nitric acid
Distilled water .
Rectified spirit .
Oij.
f^xviij,
OJ.
Oiss,
and, having poured the mixture on the
iron, apply a gentle heat until the metal is
dissolved. Next add the nitric acid in
successive portions, and then evaporate at
a gentle heat until the solution is reduced
to 1 pint. Finally, mis this in a bottle
with the spirit, and after the mixture has
stood for 12 hours, draw off the clear
tincture.
The specific gravity of this tincture is
1237.
Med. Use. — Tonic.
Dose. — T(i X. to VCi XXX, twice a-day.
SYNONYMES.
Tinctura maris cum spiritu soiis. —
Lond. Ph. 1721.
Steel drops.
Tinctura ferri muriatica
^THEREA. Ethereal tincture of
muriate of iron.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ Solution of muriate of iron 1 part.
Rectified spirit .... 2 pai-ts.
Sulphuric ether ... 2 parts.
Macerate the solution of muriate of iron
and rectified spirit together for 2 days, then
add the sulphuric ether.
Tinctura fuliginis.
Tine-
ture of soot.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
^ Soot from wood
Assafoetida
Proof spirit . . . .
Macerate and strain.
f^xxxij
Dilute the muriatic acid with the water.
Tinctura gall^. Tincture
of galls.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
R Galls, bruised ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express and
strain. (Lond.)
This tincture may be prepared either
by digestion or percolation, as directed for
tincture of capsicum. (Edin.)
982
FORMULA, &c.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9" Galls, in fine powder . . . ^v.
Proof spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express, and
filter.
Med. Use, — A powerful astringent.
Dose. — fjss. to f3ij.
TiNCTUBA GALBANi. Tincture
of galbani.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
9^ Galbanum, cut very small . ^ij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Digest for 7 days, and filter.
Med. Use, — Stimulant and antispas-
modic.
Dose.—T^i. to 3ij.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^.> Galbanum, bruised . . . ^ij.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. 'SSS) . Ibj.
Macerate in a close vessel for 4 days,
frequently shaking, and strain.
Note. — li should be of a brownish
colour.
TiNCTUBA GENTIANS COMPO-
siTA. Compound tincture of gen-
tian.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Gentian, sliced .... ^iiss.
Orange-peel, dried. . . , 3X.
Cardamoms, bruised . . . gv.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days; then express and
strain.
Ediu. Ph. 1841.
^f Gentian, sliced and bruised ^iiss.
Dried bitter orange-peel,
bruised . ... gx.
Canella, in moderately fine
powder jvj.
Cochineal, bruised . . , ^ss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Digest for 7 days ; strain and express
strongly ; and then filter the liquor.
This tincture may be more conveniently
prepared by percolation, as directed for the
compound tincture of cardamom.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9* Gentian root, bruised . . . ^^iij.
Bitter orange-peel, dried . . 5'*^*
Cardamom seeds, bruised . . ,^ss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express, and
filter.
Med. Use. — An elegant form of bitter.
Dose. — f 3J. to 3iij.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura amara. — Lond. Ph. 1749.
TiNCTUBA GUAiACi. Tincture
of guaiacum.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Guaiacum resin, bruised . . ^vij.
Rectified spii-it .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain,
(Lond.)
Digest for 7 days, and strain. (Edin.)
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^r Guaiac resin, in fine powder . ^viij.
Rectified spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express, and
filter.
Med. Use. — This is a powerful sudo-
rific in rheumatic and arthritic cases.
Dose. — f3J. to fsiij. in mucilage or
milk.
TiNCTUBA GUAIACI COMPO-
siTA. Compound tincture of guai-
acum.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Guaiacum resin, bruised . . ^vij.
Aromatic spirit of ammonia . Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Tinctura
guaiaci ammoniata.
1^ Guaiac, in coarse powder . . ^vij.
Spirit of ammonia. . . . Oij.
FORMULA, &c.
983
Digest for 7 days, in a well-closed
vessel, and then filter the liquor.
Med. Use. — A powerfully stimulating
sudorific and emmenagogue.
Dose. — 3SS. to 3ij. may be taken as the
preceding.
SYNONYMES.
Tinctura guaiacini volatilis. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Tinctura guaiaci. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
Tinctura hellebori. Tinc-
ture of hellebore.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Hellebore, bruised . . . 5^.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain.
Med. Use. — In uterine obstructions.
Where chalybeates are contraindicated, it
is said to possess great powers in exciting
the menstrual evacuations.
Dose. — f 5ss. to f3J. twice a-day in any
convenient vehicle.
SYNONYMES.
Tinctura melampodii, — Lond. Ph. 1746.
Tinctura hellebori nigri. — Lond Ph.
1788.
Tinctura hibisci abelmoschi.
Tincture of musk seeds.
Dr. Reece.
^ Seeds of Hibiscus abelmoschus ^ij.
Proof spirit ^S^vj*
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
Tinctura hyoscyami. Tinc-
ture of henbane.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Henbane leaves, dried . . . ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Henbane leaves, dried, and in
coarse powder .... ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express,
and filter.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Hyoscyamus, dried, and in
moderately-fine powder . Jv.
Proof spirit . . . . .Oij.
This tincture is best prepared by the
process of percolation, as directed for
tincture of capsicum ; but it may also be
obtained, though with greater loss, by the
process of digestion.
Med. Use. — An anodyne.
Dose. — 3ss. to 3J.
Tinctura inui,^. Tincture of
elecampane.
Codex, Ph. Fran9., 1839.
^ Powdered elecampane ... ^iv.
Proof spirit Oj.
Digest for 15 days, and strain.
Tinctura xpECACUANHiE.
Tincture of ipecacuanha.
Ph. Borussica, 1847. ;
^ Ipecacuanha root, coarsely pow-
dered 5j.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. '897
to -900) ^viij.
Pour the spirit on the root ; macerate
for 8 days in a close vessel, with frequent
agitation, then press it out and strain.
Note. — It should be of a yellowish-brown
colour.
Tinctura iodinii. Tincture
of iodine.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Iodine 5iiss.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Dissolve the iodine in the spirit with
the aid of a gentle heat and agitation ;
keep the tincture in well-closed bottles. _^
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Tinctura iodi.
R' Iodine gr. xlviij.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr.
•835) li.
984
FORMULA, &c.
Dissolve the iodine, pour off the tinc-
ture, and keep it carefully in a well-
stopped glass vessel.
Note. — It should be of a reddish-brown
colour.
TiNCTURA lODINII COMPOSITA.
Compound tincture of iodine.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Iodine ?i\
Iodide of potassium . . . lij.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate till they are dissolved, and
strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9r Pure iodine ^ss.
Iodide of potassium . . . |j.
Rectified spirit .... Oj.
Dissolve the iodine and iodide of po-
tassium in the spirit.
Dose. — Min, x, to xx.
TiNCTURA iRiDis. Tincture of
iris. Eau de violettes.
Soubeiran's Trait. Ph. 1847.
9 Florentine iris, powdered 1 part.
Alcohol, at -842 sp. gr. . 8 parts.
Macerate for 15 days, and strain.
TiNCTURA JALAPS. Tincture
of jalap.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Coarse powdered jalap . . ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Jalap, in moderately fine powder ^vij .
Proof spirit q\{
This tincture may be prepared either
by digestion or percolation, as directed
for tincture of cinchona.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Jalap root, in coarse powder . ^v.
Proof spirit . . . . . Oiss.
Macerate for 14 days, strain, express, and
filter.
Med. Use. — The same as jalap itself.
Z>ose.— f 3j. to f 3iv.
TiNCTURA KINO. Tincture of
kino.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
9 Kino, bruised ^iiiss.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain. (Lond.)
Digest for 7 days, and then filter. This
tincture cannot be conveniently prepared
by the process of percolation. (Edin.)
Med. Use. — An astringent tincture, and
useful in diarrhoea.
Dose.— 7^. to 5ij.
TiNCTURA KRAMERi^. Tinc-
ture ofrhatany.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9? Rhatany root, in coarse powder ^viij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate lor 14 days, strain, express, and
filter.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Rhatany, in powder . . . ^vj.
Diluted alcohol .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, express, and
filter through paper.
This tincture may also be prepared by
moistening the rhatany thoroughly with
diluted alcohol, allowing it to stand for
48 hours ; then transferring it to a perco-
lator, and gradually pouring upon it
diluted alcohol until 2 pints of filtered
liquor are obtained.
TiNCTURA LACC^.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9' Shell lac Jj.
Alum giss.
Rose water ij.
Sage water. ..... |j.
Spirit of scurvy grass . . . ^ss.
Water Ivif
FORMULA, &c.
985
Boil the shell-lac and alum in the
water down to ^iij., then strain the liquor,
and add the other ingredients.
TiNCTDRA LACTUCARH. Tinc-
ture of lactucarium.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
J^' Lactucarium, in fine powder . ^iv.
Proof spirit Oij.
This tiucture is best prepared by per-
colation, as directed for tincture of myn-h ;
but may also be prepared by digestion
with coarse powder of lactucarium.
Dose. — From min. xx, to f3J.
TiNCTURA LAVANDULiE COM-
POSiTA. Compound tincture of
lavender.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Oil of lavender .... f3iss.
Oil of rosemary .... TT^x.
Bruised cinnamon,
Bruised nutmeg, of each . jiiss.
Sliced logwood . . • . 3v.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate tlie cinnamon, nutmeg, and
logwood, in the spirit, for 7 days ; then
express and strain, and dissolve the oils in
the strained tincture.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Oil of lavender .... f3iij.
Oil of rosemary .... foj.
Cinnamon, bruised . . . ^.
Nutmeg, bruised .... ^ss.
Cloves, bruised
Cochineal, in powder, of each jij.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — Used as a cordial and
stomachic to relieve nausea, flatulence,
lowness of spirits, &c.
Dose. — Min, xxx. to f3ij. in water, or
di'opped on sugar.
SYNONYMES.
Spiritis lavendulcB compositus matthice.
—Lond. Ph. 1721.
Tinctura lavendulm compositus. — Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Lavender drops. Bed lavender drops.
Tinctura ligni guaiaci.
Tincture of guaiacum wood.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Guaiacum, rasped .
. Siij
Sassafras ....
. • ^ij.
Rhodium wood .
• • Sss
Red sandal wood .
. . ^^
Yellow sandal wood .
. a-
Rectified spirit
. Rij
Macerate for 8 days, and strain
Tinctura limonum. Tincture
of lemons.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Fresh peel of lemons . . . ^iiiss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days; then express and
strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Tinctura limonis.
R Fresh lemon peel, cut thin . ^^v.
Proof spirit Oj.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express
and filter.
Tinctura LOBELiiB. Tincture
of lobelia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Powdered lobelia .... ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^ Lobelia, dried, and in mode-
rately-fine powder . . . ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
This tincture is best prepared by the
process of percolation, as directed for
tincture of capsicum ; but it may also be
made in the usual way, by digestion.
986
FORMULA, &c.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Lobelia, dried, and in coarse
powder ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
U. S.Ph. 1850.
9 Lobelia, the herb .... ^iv.
Diluted alcohol .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; express, and filter
through paper.
This tincture may also be prepared by
thoroughly moistening the lobelia in
powder, with diluted alcohol, allowing it
to stand for 24 hours, then transferring
it to a percolator, and gradually pouring
upon it diluted alcohol until 2 pints of
filtered liquor are obtained.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Indian tobacco, cut small . . ^.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. '897 to
•900) ^vj.
Pour the spirit on the tobacco ; mace-
rate for 8 days in a close vessel, with
frequent agitation, then press it out and
strain.
Note. — It should be of a greenish-brown
colour.
Dose. — As an emetic and antispasmo-
dic, from fjj. to f3ij. repeated every 2
or 3 hours, until vomiting occur; as
an expectorant, TTXx. to f3J. of the weakest
of the above preparations.
TiNCTURA. LOBELL-E .ETHERKA.
Ethereal tincture of lobelia.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Powdered lobelia . . . ?v.
Ether ^xiv.
Rectified spirit .... f?xxvj.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Dry lobelia, in moderately-fine
powder ....
Spirit of sulphuric aether
Oij.
This tincture is best prepared by per-
colation, as directed for tincture of capsi-
cum ; but it may be also obtained by
digestion in a well-closed vessel for 7
Whitlaw.
^1 Lobelia inflata .... DJj.
Rectified spirit .... Oiv.
Spirit of nitrous ether . . Oiv.
Ether ^iy.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
Med. Use. — These may be used in
nearly the same doses as the alcoholic
tincture, but not exceeding f^.
TiNCTURA LUPDLi. Tincturc
of hops.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
?'Hops ^vj.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express
and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^' Any convenient quantity of hops
recently dried; separate by friction and
sifting the yellowish-brown powder at-
tached to their scales.
j^ Of this powder .... _^v.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Prepare the tincture by percolation or
digestion, as directed for the tincture of
capsicum.
Med. Use. — Tonic and sedative in gout
and rheumatism.
Dose. — f3ss. to 3ij.
TiNCTURA ruPUiiiNA. Tinc-
ture of lupuline.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
B' Lupuline • J'^-
Rectified spirit ..... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
TiNCTURA MACIDIS.
of mace.
Tincture
FORMULA, &c.
987
Ph. Hannov. Nova. 1831.
^ Mace .....
Rectified spirit
Macerate, press, and filter.
ISij.
TiNCTURA MATico. Tincture
of matico.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Matico leaves, in coarse powder ^viij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
TiNCTDRA MELAMPODU. Tinc-
ture of black hellebore.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
J^ Black hellebore root . . ^iv.
Cochineal ^ij.
Proof spirit .... fjxxxij.
Macerate and strain.
TiNCTURA MOSCHI. TinctuTc
of musk.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
^ Musk, in powder .... 5ij.
Rectified spirit .... Oj.
Digest for 7 days, and filter.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^' Musk 3J.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. *897
to -900)
Distilled water . . . . aa ^iij.
Macerate for 8 days in a close vessel,
with frequent agitation and filter.
Note. — It should be of a dark reddish-
brown colour.
Med. Use. — A stimulating antispas-
modic.
Dose.—i-^iy or f3iij., or more. It is
principally used as a perfume.
TiNCTURA MYRRH2E. Tincture
of myrrh.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Myrrh, bruised .... ^"j-
Rectified spirit ..... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^ Myrrh, in moderately-fine
powder ...... ^iiiss.
Rectified spirit .... Oij
Pack the myrrh very gently without
any spirit in a percolator; then pour
on the spirit ; and when 33 fluid-
ounces have passed through, agitate well,
to dissolve the oleo-resinous matter which
first passes, and which lies at the bottom.
This tincture is much less conveniently
obtained by the process of digestion for
7 days.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Myrrh, in coarse powder . . ^iv
Rectified spirit ..... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express
and filter.
Med. Use. — Generally employed, diluted
with water, as a lotion in sponginess or
ulceration of the gums.
TiNCTURA NICOTIANS. Tinc-
ture of tobacco.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Tobacco leaves, fresh . . . fljj.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. '835) . Ibj.
Bruise the tobacco in a stone mortar,
and add the spirit ; macerate for 4 days
in a close vessel, with fi-equent agitation,
then press it out and strain, and preserve
it carefully.
Note. — It should be of a greenish-
brown colour.
TiNCTURA NUCIS VOMICiE.
Tincture of nux vomica.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
^ Seeds of the Strychnos nux
vomica, scraped . . . ^'j*
Rectified spirit .... ^''^iij*
988
FORMULA, &c.
Macerate for 7 days, and filter.
Dose. — Min. x, to min. xxs.
TiNCTURA OPir. Tincture of
opium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
B' Powdered opium .... ^iij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, then express and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Opium, sliced . . . ^iij.
Rectified spirit . . . Oj, & i^vij.
Water ..... f^xiiiss.
Digest the opium in the water at a
temperature near 212° for 2 hours ;
break down the opium with the hand;
strain, and express the infusion; mace-
rate the residuum in the rectified spirit
for about 20 hours, and then strain and
express very strongly. Mix the watery
and spirituous infusions, and filter.
This tincture is not easily obtained by
the process of percolation ; but when the
opium is of fine quality, it may be pre-
pared thus : slice the opium finely ; mix
the spirit and water ; let the opium mace-
rate in 14 fluidounces of the mixture
for 12 hours, and then break it down
thoroughly with the hand; pour the
whole pulpy mass and fluid into a perco-
lator, and let the fluid part pass through,
add the rest of the spirit without packing
the opium in the cylinder, and continue
the process of percolation till 2 pints
are obtained.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Opium, in coarse powder . . ^iij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Tinctura opii simplex. Tinc-
tura meconii. Tincture of opium.
'^ Opium, powdered . . . _^iv.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. '897 to
•900)
Distilled water . . . aa ^xix.
Macerate for 8 days in a close
vessel, with frequent agitation, then press
it out and strain, and presen-e it carefully.
Note. — It should be of a dark reddish-
brown colour, sp. gr. '977 to '980. One
drachm contains the soluble matter of six
grains of opium.
Dose. — Min. x. to f3ss.
SYNONYME.
Laudanum.
Tinctura opii acetata. Ace-
tated tincture of opium.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Opium ^'j.
Vinegar ^^'j-
Alcohol Oss.
Rub the opium with the vinegar ; then
add the alcohol, and having macerated for
14 days, express and filter through paper.
Dose, — Min. viij. to min. xxv.
Tinctura opii ammoniata.
Ammoniated tincture of opium.
Edm. Ph. 1841.
^ Benzoic acid,
Saffron, chopped . . , . aa 3vj.
Opium, sliced .... ^ss.
Oil of anise ..... gj.
Spirit of ammonia . . . Oij.
Digest for 7 days, and then filter.
Med. Use, — Anodyne and antispasmodic.
Dose, — V(\x. to 3j.
SYNONYME.
Scotch paregoric.
Tinctura opii crocata. Lau-
danum liquidum Sydenhami.
Tincture of opium with saffron.
FORMULA, &c.
989
I
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Opium, powdered . . . ^iv.
SaflVon ^iss.
Cloves, coarsely powdered.
Cinnamon „ ,, aa 3ij.
Madeira wine .... ^^xxxviij.
Pour the wine on the other ingredients ;
macerate for 8 days in a close vessel,
with frequent agitation, then press it out,
strain, and preserve it carefully.
Note. — It should be of a dark-brown
saffron colour, sp. gr. 1*017 to 1*020. One
drachm contains the soluble matter of 6
grains of opium.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
^ Opium ^ij.
Saffron ....••. 3vj.
Cloves 3j.
Cassia ^j.
Spanish wine ftj.
First exhaust the saffron with the wine,
then add the other ingredients, and let
them macerate for 6 days, after which
strain ^xij.
Note. — Sp. gi*. 1'03. . jj. is equal to
gr. X. of opium.
Dose. — Gtt. X.
TiNCTCUA OPII NIGRA. Black
drop.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9 Opium 5ij.
Nutmegs 3iij.
Saffron 5J.
Distilled vinegar .... ftj.
Boil them together for a quarter of an
hour, then add 5J. of sugai*, and ^ss. of
yeast; put this mixture to ferment, and
after 6 weeks, strain and evaporate to ^iv.
Note. — Sp. gr. 1*2. ^. is equal to ^ss.
of opium.
Dose.— Gtt. j.
TiNCTUKA PIMPINELL^.
tare of saxifrage.
Tinc-
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Pimpinella root, sliced,
(common Burnet saxi-
frage) 1-7.
Rectified spirit (sp. gi*.
•897 to -900) .... Ibij.
Macerate for 8 days in a close
vessel, with frequent agitation ; then press
it out and strain.
Note. — It should be of a brownish-
yellow colour.
TiNCTURA PINI COMPOSITE.
Substituted for Tinctura ligno-
rum.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
It* Buds of abies excelsa .
. .^iij.
Rasped guaiacum . .
• .^ij.
„ sassafras wood .
. .^i.
Juniper berries . . .
. i).
Rectified spirit . .
. Ibiij.
Macerate, press, and strain.
Tinctura piperis angusti-
FOLi^. Tincture ofmatico.
Dr. H. Lane.
^ Matico leaves ..... .^iiss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
Tinctura picidijb erythri-
N^. Tincture of Jamaica dog-
wood.
Hamilton.
5< Bark of Jamaica dogwood . ^,
Rectified spirit .... ^xij.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
Tinctura pyrethri. Tinc-
ture of pellitory of Spain.
9 Pellitory of Spain root . . |iv.
Rectified spirit . . . . Oj.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
Tinctura quassi^e.
of quassia.
Tincture
990
FORMUL-S:, &c
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Quassia, in chips . . . 5X.
Proof spirit Oij.
Digest for 7 days, and then filter.
Med. Use. — This tincture possesses all
the bitterness of the wood.
Dose. — f 3ss to 3j.
TiNCTORA QUASSia: COMPOSITA.
Compound tincture of quassia,
Edin. Ph. 1841.
T^ Cardamom seeds, bruised,
Cochineal, bruised . . aa ^s.
Cinnamon, in moderately-
fine powder,
Quassia, in chips . . aa 3VJ.
Raisins . . . . , . . Jvij,
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, strain the liquor,
express strongly the residuum, and filter.
This tincture may also be obtained by per-
colation as directed for compound tincture
of cardamom, provided the quassia be
rasped or in powder.
Med. Use. — An aromatic tonic.
Dose. — f 3J to fsij.
TiNCTURA QuiN^. Tincture of
quinine.
Dr. Copland.
^ Disulphate of quina . . gr. xItj.
Compound tincture of
orange-peel . . . f^vss.
Dilute sulphuric acid . f jij.
Mix, and filter.
TiNCTURA QUIN^ COMPOSITA.
Compound tincture of quinine.
Lend. Ph. 1851.
^ Disulphate of quina . gv. and ^j.
Tincture of orange . Oij.
Digest for 7 days, or until it may be
dissolved, and strain.
TiNCTURA RUEi. Tinctuve of
rhubarb.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
T^ Rhubarb, in moderately-
fine powder .... ^iiiss.
Cardamom seeds, bruised . ^ss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Mix the rhubarb and cardamom seeds,
and proceed by the process of percolation,
as directed for tincture of cinchona.
This tincture may also be prepared by di-
gestion.
Lend. Ph. 1824.
9 Rhubarb root, sliced . . ^ij.
Cardamom seeds, bruised . ^ss.
Saffron jy.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, and filter.
Note. — This formula has been omitted
from the London Pharmacopoeia, but the
preparation is still kept by many pharma-
ceutists.
Med. Use. — Cordial, stomachic, and
mildly purgative.
Dose. — As a stomachic, jj to 3iij; as a
purgative ^s to ^'.
TiNCTURA RHEI AQU08A.
Aqueous tincture of rhubarb.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Rhubarb, cut in small
pieces ^iss.
Pure carbonate of potash . 3iij.
Spirituous cinnamon water, ^ij.
Distilled water .... ^xij.
Mix the cinnamon water with the dis-
tilled water, and pour it on the rhubarb
and carbonate of potash, macerate until
the next day, then press it out, set it aside
for some time, and filter, and Ijeep it in
well-stopped bottles in a cold place.
Note. — It should be of a dark reddish-
brown colour.
TiNCTURA RHEI COMPOSITA.
Compound tincture of rhubarb.
FORMULA, &c.
991
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Rhubarb, sliced .... Jijss.
Liquorice, bruised . . . 3V3.
Ginger, sliced,
Saffron aa ^iij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express, and
strain.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Rhubarb root, bruised . . ,^iij.
Cardamom seeds, bruised . ^.
Liquorice root, bruised . . ^ss.
Saft'ron, chopped fine . . jij.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — Cordial, stomachic, and ca-
thartic.
Dose. — As a stomachic, f 3j to f 3iij ; as
a purgative, f ^ss to f Jj.
TiNCTURA RHEI ET ALOES.
Tincture 0/ rhubarb and aloes.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
j^i" Rhubarb, in moderately-fine
powder ^ss.
Socotrine, or East Indian
aloes, in moderately-fine
powder ..... 3vj.
Cardamom seeds, bruised . 5V.
Proof spirit Oij.
Mix the powders, and proceed as directed
for tincture of cinchona.
Med. Use. — A cordial and stoma<^ic
purgative, in doses of from f ^ to ^.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura rhaharhari composita. — Lond.
Ph. 1788.
Tinctura rhei et gentians.
Tincture of rhubarb and gentian.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Rhubarb, in moderately fine
powder ^j.
Gentian, finely cut, or in
coarse powder . , . ^.
Proof spirit. .... Oij.
Mix the powders, and proceed as dii-ected
for tincture of cinchona.
Med. Use. — Stomachic, tonic, and feebly
purgative.
Dose. — As a tonic, f 3J. to 3iij. ; as a very
mild purgative, f ^ss. to f^^j.
Tinctura rhei vinosa da-
RELii. Tinctura rhei dalcis.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
^ Rhubarb j-oot .
. . ^ij.
Small raisins
. . ii-
Lemon-peel .
. . Sss.
Liquorice root .
. . ^.
Cardamoms.
• • 3'j.
Malaga wine .
. Ibij.
Macerate, press lightly,
strain, and add
Extract of elecampane (ex-
tractum helenii*)
. . S^.
Sugar .
.• • ^»J.
Mix.
m-
3U.
ftij.
Tinctura rhei vinosa. Loco
tinctura rhei darelii. Vinous tinc-
ture of rhubarb.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Rhubarb, cut small
Orange peel, sliced and
freed from the white in-
ternal parenchyma .
Lesser cardamoms, coarsely
powdered
White sugar, powdered
Madeira wine ....
Add the wine to the rhubarb, orange-
peel, and cardamoms ; macerate for 8
days in a close vessel, with frequent agi-
tation, press it out, and add the sugar ; and
* EXTBACTUM HELENII. Extract of
elecampane.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
9 Elecampane root . . . ftij.
Rectified spirit . • . . B5x.
Water ftx.
Macerate for 48 hours, press, recover
the spirit by distillation, and inspissate the
residue to the consistence of an extract.
992
FORMULAE, &c.
when the dregs have subsided, decant the
clear liquor.
Note. — It should be a yellowish-brown
colour,
TiNCTUKA ROS^. Tincture of
rose.
Mr. Squire.
9 Rose petals, bruised . . ^v.
Proof spirit, made with
rose-water .... Oj.
Digest for 3 days, frequently shaking,
and press off. Digest tlie mass with Oss,
of proof spirit for 3 days ; press off, and
mix the 2 liquids to form the tincture for
use.
TiNCTUKA ROSABUM ACIDULA,
Codex Medic, Hamberg. 1845.
'^ Rose-leaves ^ss.
Diluted sulphuric acid . . gj-
Boiling water .... ^iv.
Macerate for a night, and filter.
TiNCTURA SABINE COMPOSITA,
Compound tincture ofsavine.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
9 Extract of sabine . . . ^■.
Tincture of castor . . . f^'fvj,
„ myrrh . . . f ^xvj.
Macerate until the extract is exhausted,
then strain.
SYNOSYMES.
Elixir myrrha: compositum. — Lond. Ph,
1746.
Compound elixir of myrrh.
TiNCTURA SARZ^ ALCOHOLICA.
Alcoholic tincture of sarsaparilla.
Soubeiran's Trait. Ph. 1847.
9' Sarsaparilla, divided . . 1 part.
Alcohol, sp. gi-,. -923 . . 4 parts.
Macerate for 15 days; strain with strong
expression; filter.
TiNCTURA SATURNINA. StttlCr-
nine tinclicre.
Lond, Ph. 1746,
IJ' Acetate of lead.
Sulphate of iron . . aa ^ij.
Rectified spirit. . . . f^xxxij.
Powder the salts separately ; macerate
them in tlie spirit, and strain the liquor
through paper.
TiNCTURA sciLLiE. Tincturc
of squill.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
9 Squill, fresh dried . . . i,v.
Proof spirit Oij,
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain, (Lond.)
Prepare this tincture by percolation, as
directed for tincture of cinchona, but with-
out packing the pulp firmly in the perco-
lator. It may likewise be obtained by di-
gestion, from the sliced bulb. (Edin,)
Dubl. Ph. 1850,
9 Squills, dried, and in coarse
powder ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter,
Med. Use. — Expectorant and diuretic.
Used in chronic bronchial affections.
Dose. — Min, x. to 5ss.
TiNCTURA SCILLiE KALINA,
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
I}' Squills, dried .... ^^ij.
Caustic potash . . . . gij.
Rectified spirit .... Ibj.
Macerate for 3 days, then strain ^x.
TiNCTURA SENNiE COMPOSITA.
Compound tincture of senna.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Senna ^iiiss.
Caraway, bruised . . . ^iiiss.
Cardamoms, bruised . . ^j.
Raisins, stoned . . . , ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
FORMULA, &c.
993
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain,
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Sugar ^iiss.
Coriander, bruised . . . ?j.
Jalap, in moderately-fine
powder ^vj.
Senna liv.
Caraway, bruised,
Cardamom seeds, bruised, aa 3v.
Raisins, bruised , . . 5iv.
Proof spirit Oij.
Digest for 7 days ; strain the liquor, ex-
press strongly the residuum, and filter the
liquids. This tincture may be more conve-
niently and expeditiously prepared by per-
colation, as directed for the compound
tincture of cardamom.
If Alexandrian senna be used for this
preparation, it must be freed of cynanchum
leaves by picking.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Senna ^iv.
Caraway seeds, bruised,
Cardamom seeds, bruised aa 5ss.
Proof spirit. .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — Carminative, cordial, sto-
machic, and purgative.
Dose. — f ^ss to ^.
SYNONYMES.
Elixir salutis. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
Tinctura sena. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
TiNCTDRA SERPENTARi^. Tinc-
ture of serpentary, or snake-root.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
5 Serpentary, bruised. . . ^iiiss.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
I> Sei-pentaria, in moderately-
fine powder .... ^iiiss.
Cochineal, bruised . . . jj.
Proof spirit Oij.
Proceed by percolation or digestion, as
for the tincture of cinchona.
Med. Use. — Used as an adjunct to tonic
infusions.
Dose— i 7^1 to f 3ij.
SrNONYME.
Tinctura serpentarice virginiana. —
Lond. Ph. 1721.
Tinctura stomachica Len-
TiNi. Lentin's stomachic tincture-
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
9 Calumba,
Galauga,
Gentian,
Zedoary. ,
Rhubarb
Cochineal .
Cardamoms.
Orange peel .
Herb of carduus benedictus
Rectified spirit . . . .
Macerate, press, and filter.
aa Jiss.
. 3vj.
• 3y-
• 3"J-
^•
^iss.
Ibv.
Tinc-
TlNCTURA STRAMONII.
ture of stramonium.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Stramonium seeds, braised , ^^v.
Proof spirit. .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express,
and filter.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
^ Stramonium seeds, bruised. |iv.
Diluted alcohol .... Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; express and filter
through paper.
This tincture may also be prepared by
thoroughly moistening the stramonium
seed, in powder, with diluted alcohol, al-
lowing it to stand for 48 hours, then trans-
ferring it to a percolator, and gradually
pouring upon it diluted alcohol, until 2
pints of filtered liquor are obtained.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Stramonium seeds, coareely
powdered . , . . ^v.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. '897
to -900) ftij.
3 s
994
FOEMUL^, &c.
Pour the spirit on the seeds ; macerate
for 8 days in a close vessel, with frequent
agitation, then press it out, strain, and
preserve it carefully.
Note. — It should be of a brownish-yellow
colour.
TiNCTURA STYPTiCA. Styptic
tincture.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
"^ Calcined sulphate of iron . jj.
Brandy, which has been kept
in a cask ^xxxij.
Macerate until it becomes dark coloured,
then strain.
TiNCTURA CUM 8UCCIN0. Tcin-
iure de succin. Tincture of amber.
Codex, Ph. Frang. 1839.
R Amber, in fine powder. . ^.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. •843) ^vj.
Digest them in a close vessel for 6 days,
and strain.
TiNCTURA suMBULi. Tincture
of sumhul.
J^ Sumbul root .... _5'j-
Proof spirit. .... ^xvj.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
filter.
Dose. — 20 to 30 minims.
TiNCTURA TOLUTANA. Tinc-
ture of tolu.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
5( Tolu balsam .... Jj.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate until the balsam may be dis-
solved, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Tolu balsam, in coarse
powder ^iiiss.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Digest the balsam in the spirit with
gentle heat until it is dissolved.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Balsam of Tolu. . . . ^ij.
Rectified spirit .... Oj.
Dissolve the balsam in the spirit with
the aid of a gentle heat ; let it stand until
the sediment subsides, then decant the clear
tincture.
Med. Use. — A stimulating expectorant.
Dose. — gss to 3J.
TiNCTURA VALERIANA. TinC^
ture of valerian.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
9 Valerian, bruised . . . ^v.
Proof spirit. . . . • . Oij.
Macerate for 7 days ; then express and
strain. (Lond.)
Proceed by percolation and digestion, as
for tincture of cinchona. (Edin.)
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9' Valerian root, bruised . . ^v.
Proof spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — Stimulant and antispas-
modic.
Dose.— 3j. to jij.
TiNCTURA VALERIANiE COMPO-
siTA. Compound tincture of va-
lerian.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Valerian, bruised .... ^v.
Aromatic spirit of ammonia . Oij.
Macerate for 7 dajs ; then express and
strain.
TiNCTURA VALERIANA AMMO-
NiATA. Ammoniated tincture of
valerian.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
]^ Valerian, bruised .... ^v.
Spirit of ammonia. . . . Oij,
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
FORMULA, &c.
995
Med. Cse.— Stimulant and antispas-
modic.
Dose. — f 3J. to 3ij.
8YN0NYMES.
Tinctura valeriancd volatilis. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Tinctura Valeriana ammoniata. — 'Lend.
Ph. 1788.
Tinctura valerians .ethe-
REA. Ethereal tincture of vale-
rian.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
R Lesser valerian root, coarsely
powdered . . . . • .^•
Spirit of ether .... ^viij.
Macerate for 8 days in a close vessel,
with occasional agitation, then press it out
and strain
Note. — It should be of a yellowish-brown
colour.
Tinctura vanilla. Tincture
of vanilla.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Vanilla, sliced . , « • ^.
Rectified spirit (sp. gr. "SO? to
•900) .^vj.
Macerate for 8 days in a close vessel,
with fiequent agitation, then press it out
and strain.
Note. — It should be of a yellowish-
brown colour.
Tinctura zingiberis. Tinc-
ture of ginger.
Lond. Ph. 1851, and Edin. Ph.
1841.
i^ Ginger, sliced .... ^iiss.
Rectified spirit .... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days; then express and
strain. (Lond.)
Proceed by percolation or digestion, as
directed for tincture of cinchona. (Edin.)
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Ginger root, in coarse powder ^^iij.
Rectified spirit Oij.
Macerate for 14 days ; strain, express,
and filter.
Med. Use. — A valuable carminative.
Dose. — f 3J. to f 3ij.
Toffy. Everton toffy.
Put half a pound of fresh butter into a
saucepan or skillet, melt it over a gentle
fire, and then add 1 pound of coai-se
brown sugar ; stir them well together and
keep them over the fire for 15 or 18
minutes, or until some of the mixfure,
dropped into cold water, forms a mass that
breaks between the teeth. When it has
acquired this state, pour it out into a tin
mould previously rubbed with butter.
Tracing paper.
Paper brushed over with a thin varnish
made of colourless Damara resin, the var-
nish being allowed to soak through the
paper without any apparent coating of it
remaining on the surface.
Tripoli. Alana.
The septariae, ludi Helmonti, or waxen
veins, found on the east coast of England,
calcined ; also, the climch, or curl stone, of
the Staffordshire mines, calcined. Venice
tripoli is said to come from the island of
Corfu ; this variety is whitish-yellow, or
pale straw-coloiu:ed, which becomes pale
rose-coloured when calcined. Tripoli is said
to contain 80 per cent, of silica, derived,
as Ehrenberg has shown, from the ca^ts
of animalcules. It is used for cleaning and
polishing metals, &c.
Trochisci ACA.C1M. Acacia
lozenges.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Gum-arabic _^iv.
Starch • ^•
Pure sugar Ibj.
Mix and pulverize them, and make them
into a proper mass with rose-water for
forming lozenges.
Med. Use. — An agreeable pectoral.
3 s 2
996
FORMULA, &c.
Employed to allay the tickling in the
throat, which provokes coughing.
SVNONYME.
Trochisci gummosi. — Edin. Ph. 1839.
Trochisci acidi tabtakici.
Tartaric acid lozenges.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Tartaric acid jij.
Pure sugar ..... ^viij.
Volatile oil of lemons . , TT\x.
Pulverize the sugar and acid, add the
oil, mix them thoroughly, and with mu-
cilage beat them into a proper mass for
making lozenges.
Med. Use. — Employed for coughs and
sore throats.
SVNONYME.
Acidulated lemon lozenges.
Trochisci acidi citrici. Cit-
ric acid lozenges.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
9 Citric acid 3iij.
Sugar ^xvj.
Essence of lemon . . . gtt, sij.
Mucilage of tragacanth. . q. s.
Mix according to art, and divide into
lozenges of 12 grains each.
Med. Use. — Employed for coughs and
sore-throats.
Trochisci anthelmintici.
Worm lozenges.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
^ Ethereal extract of wormseed jj.
Jalap powder jij.
Sugar ^ij.
Starch jij.
Mucilage of tragacanth . . q. s.
Make into 60 lozenges.
The same formula is given in the Ph.
Austr. 1836.
Trochisci Bechici albi.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
9 Orris root ^jss.
Starch ^^jiss.
White sugar ^xx.
Mucilage of tragacanth, made with
rose-water, q. s. to form into
lozenges.
Trochisci Bechici nigri.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
9 Powdered ori-is root,
„ Liquorice-root,
„ Aniseed,
„ Fennel-seed . . aa Jj.
Liquorice juice (Italian) . ^iv.
dissolved in hyssop water.
White sugar .... ^xx.
Mucilage of tragacanth, made
with rose-water q. s. to
form into lozenges.
Trochisci camphors. Cam-
phor lozenges.
^ Camphor (dissolved in spirit) . 3ij.
Sugar ^viij.
Mix, and add mucilage of tragacanth
sufficient to form into a paste, to be divided
into lozenges of 10 grains each.
Trochisci cret^. Chalk lo-
zenges.
Edin. Ph. 1841, and U. S. Ph.
1850.
9 Prepared chalk .... ,^iv.
Gum-arabic 5^,
Nutmeg ...... 3J,
Pure sugar ^^vj.
Reduce them to powder, and beat them
with a little water into a proper mass for
making lozenges.
Med. Use. — Antacid and aromatic, used
in acidity of the stomach.
SYNONYME.
Trochisci carbonatis calcis. — Edin. Ph.
1839,
FORMULA, &c.
997
Trochisci cubebini. Lozen-
ges of cubehs.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
R Balsam of copaiba . . . ^vj.
Extract of cubebs .... ^^vj.
Yolk of 3 eggs.
Powdered marshmallow root . ^vj.
Make into long pieces of 12 grains each,
and cover them with sugar.
Trochisci GLYCYBKHiziE.
quorice lozenges.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Li-
^ Extract of liquorice,
Gum-arabic . . . . fia ^^vj.
Pure sugar Ibj.
Dissolve them in a sufficiency of boiling
water, and then concentrate the solution
over the vapour-bath to a proper consis-
tence for making lozenges.
Med. Use. — For allaying tickling cough
caused by irritation of the fauces.
Trochisci glycyrrhiz^ et
OPii. Liquorice and opium lo-
zenges.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
^ Opium, in powder , . . ^s.
Liquorice, in powder.
Sugar, in powder,
Gum-arabic, in powder . aa ^x.
Oil of anise . . . . • f 3ij.
Mix the powders intimately ; then add
the oil of anise, and with water form them
into a mass, to be divided into troches,
each weighing 6 grs.
Trochisci ipecacuanha. Ipe-
cacuanha lozenges.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
^ Ipecacuanha, in powder . . _^.
Sugar, in powder .... Jxiv.
Arrowroot, in powder . . ^iv.
Mucilage of tragacanth . . q. s.
Mix the powders intimately, and with
the mucilage form them into a mass, to
be divided into troches, each weighing 10
grains.
Each lozenge made as above contains
about a quarter of a grain of ipecacuanha.
They are frequently made 4 times this
strength.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Ipecacuanha root, coarsely
powdered. . , . . jij.
Tragacanth, powdered . . jij.
White sugar, powdered . . ^vj.
Warm water 3x.
Pour the water on the ipecacuanha,
and macerate for some hours in a warm
place ; then add to the pressed and sti'ained
liquor the tragacanth, and with the sugar
make a mass, to be divided into lozenges
weighing 4 grains each.
Codex Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
]^ Sugar ^^iiiss.
Sugar of milk .... ^^iiiss.
Gum arable ,^ss.
Ipecacuanha .... J^s.
Mucilage of tragacanth . . q. s.
Make into 960 lozenges.
Note. — Each lozenge is equal to J grain
of ipecacuanha.
Med. Use. — A very useful remedy for
coughs, and for promoting expectoration,
Trochisci liACTUCARii. Lac-
tucarium lozenges.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
To be prepared with lactucarium, in the
same proportion and in the same manner
as the opium lozenge.
Useful in tickling coughs.
I
Trochisci Lavandulae. La-
vender lozenges.
1^ Pure sugar ftiij
English oil of lavender . . 3J.
Liquid lake, q. s. to colour.
Mucilage of tragacanth, q. s. to form
a mass, to be divided into lozenges
(Bartlett.)
998
FORMULA, &c.
Trochisci limonum. Lemon
lozenges.
5 Pure sugar ..... Ibiv.
Citric acid 3iij.
Essence of lemons. . . . '^^^.
Infusion of saffron, q. s. to colour.
Mucilage of tragacanth, q. s. to form
a mass, to be divided into lozenges.
(Bartlett.)
Trochisci magnesia- Mag-
nesia lozenges.
Ediii. Ph. 1841.
T^ Carbonate of magnesia . . ^vj.
Pure sugar ^iij.
Nutmeg 3j'
Pulverize them, and with mucilage of
tragacanth beat them into a proper mass
for making lozenges,
TJ. S. Ph. 1850. Trochisci
magnesice.
IJ Magnesia ^iv.
Sugar Ibj.
Nutmeg 2j.
Mucilage of tragacanth . . q, s.
Rub the magnesia, sugar, and nutmeg
together until they are tlioroughly mixed,
then with the mucilage form them into a
mass, to be divided into troches, each
weighing 10 grains.
Med. Use. — In acidity of the stomach,
ad libitum.
Trochisci menth^ piPERiXiE.
Peppermint lozenges.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Oil of peppermint . . . fjj.
Sugar, in powder .... Ibj.
ifucilage of tragacanth . . q. s.
Rub the oil of peppermint with the
sugar until they are thoroughly mixed ;
then with the mucilage form them into a
mass, to be divided into troches each
weighing 10 grains.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
JSotulcB mentJue piperita.
^ Sugar lozenges . . . ^w.
Oil of peppermint . . gtt. xij.
Acetic ether .... gtt. xxx.
Put the lozenges in a bottle containing
the oil previously dissolved in the ether,
constantly shaking until the lozenges are
perfectly moistened. Keep them in a well-
stopped vessel.
Ph. Austr. 1836.
Rotulce menthce piperita. Pep-
permint drops.
Warm ^. of powdered sugar, and add
gtt. xxiv. of oil of peppermint, and as much
peppermint-water as will melt the sugar,
then pour it out in small drops.
Trochisci morphia. Morphia
lozenges.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^1 Muriate of morphia . . . ^j.
Tincture of tolu .... ^^s.
Pure sugar ^^^v-
Dissolve the muriate of morphia in a
little hot water ; mix it and the tincture
of tolu with the sugar ; and, with a suffi-
ciency of mucilage, form a proper mass
for making lozenges, each of which should
weigh about 15 grains.
Med. Use. — Principally used to allay
tickling cough in chi'onic pectoral affec-
tions.
Dose. — No. X. to xij. daily. Each
lozenge contains a little more than a for-
tieth of a grain of muriate of morphia.
Trochisci MORPHiiE et ipeca-
cuANHiE. Lozenges of morphia
and ipecacuanha.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Muriate of morphia . . , ^j.
Ipecacuanha, in fine powder . 3j.
Tincture of tolu .... f ^ss-
Pure sugar S^^v.
Dissolve the muriate in a little hot
water; mix it with the tincture and the
ipecacuanha and sugar, and, with a suffi-
FORMULA, &c.
999
ciency of mucilage, beat the whole into a
proper mass, which is to be divided into
15-grain lozenges.
Dose and fZse. — The same as the pre-
ceding.
Tkochisci nitui. Nitre lo-
zenges.
5< Pure sugar I^iij.
Pure nitre Ibj.
Mucilage of tragacanth q. s. to form
a mass, to be divided into lozenges.
(Bartlett.)
Tbochisci (ipii. Opium lo-
zenges.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
?■ Opium 3ij.
Tincture of tolu . . . ^^ss.
Pure sugar, in fine powder, ^vj.
Powder of gum arabic,
Extract of liquorice . aa ^v.
Reduce the opium to a fluid extract ;
mix it intimatel)' with the liquorice, pre-
viously reduced to the consistence of
treacle ; add the tincture ; sprinkle the
gum and sugar into the mixture, and beat
it into a projier mass, which is to be di-
vided into lozenges of 10 grains.
Med. Use. — Principally employed to
allay troublesome cough. 7 lozenges con-
tain about 1 grain of opium.
SYNOXYME.
TrochisM GlycyrrJdza cum opio. — Edin.
Ph. 1839.
Tkochisci paregorici. Pare-
goric lozenges.
^ Pure sugar ..... ftviij.
Paregoric ..... ^.
Tartaric acid .... ^s.
Liquid lake, q. s. to colour.
Mucilage of tragacanth, q. s. to make
a mass to be divided into lozenges.
(Bartlett.)
Tbochisci rhei. Tabellce de
rheo. Rhubarb lozenges. Rhu-
barb tablets.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1818.
^ Powdered rhubarb . . . ^^ss.
Powdered sugar. . . . ^v.
Mucilage of tragacanth,
made with cinnamon water q. s.
Make it into a paste, and divide into
tablets, each weighing 12 grains.
Tkochisci bhei aromatici.
Aromatic rhubarb lozenges. Live
long.
No. 1.
9 Powdered rhubarb.
Powdered ginger . . aa _^.
Sugar . . ... tbiss.
Oil of caraways. . . . gtt. xx-
Water q. s.
Dissolve the sugar in a small quantity of
water over a gentle fire, then add the pow-
ders, mixed, and, after removing them from
the fire, mis in the oil, pour the mixture
on an oiled slab, and spread it out with a
hot iron.
No. 2.
9 Powdered rhubarb.
Powdered ginger.
Powdered cardamoms
Sugar ....
Water ....
Mix as No. 1.
aa ^.
. Ibiss.
. q. s.
Tkochisci rosje acid^. Acid
rose lozenges.
9' Pure sugar ftviij.
Tartaric acid .... ^iss.
Otto of roses .... gtt. xij.
Mucilage of tragacanth, q. s. to form
a mass, to be divided into lozenges.
(Bartlett.)
Trochisci rosje rubri. Red
rose lozenges.
B Pure sugar. .... BSviij.
Tartaric acid .... Jvj.
Otto of roses .... gtt. T.
Liquid lake, q. s. to colour.
1000
FORMULA, &c.
Mucilage of tragacanth, q, s. to form
a mass, to be divided into lozenges.
(Bartlett.)
Trochisci sod^ bicarbonatis.
Lozenges of bicarbonate of soda.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Bicarbonate of soda . . . ^.
Pure sugar ^iij.
Gum-arabic ^ss.
Pulverize them, and with mucilage beat
them into a proper mass for making lo-
zenges.
Use. — In acidity of the stomach, ad
libitum.
Trochisci spongi^ ust^.
Burnt-sponge lozenges.
"^ Pure sugar Ibj.
Burnt sponge, powdered . jiv.
Mucilage of tragacanth . . q. s.
Mix and make into lozenges. (Bartlett.)
Trochisci zingiberis. Gin-
ger lozenges.
]^ Pure sugar fbvij.
Powdered ginger . . . ^^xij.
Powdered gum arabic . . ^vij.
Infusion of saffron, q. s. to colour.
Water, sufficient to make a mass, to be
divided into lozenges. (Bartlett.)
TuTiA. Tutty. Impure oxide
of zinc.
This is found deposited in the chimneys
of the furnaces in which lead ores con-
taining zinc, or ores mixed with lapis ca-
laminaris, are smelted. It forms incrust-
ations on the flues, but when prepared for
use in medicine, is in the form of a brown
powder, sometimes having a shade of
blue.
Unguentum acidi nitrici.
Nitric acid ointment,
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
9 Olive oil ftj.
Prepared lard . . . . ^v.
Nitric acid . . . • • f 3vss.
Melt the lard with the oil in a glass
vessel, and when they begin to concrete
add the acid, then stir them constantly
with a glass rod until they become firm.
Med. Use, — Employed as a local stimu-
lant in chronic cutaneous diseases.
SYNONYMES.
Unguentum acidi nitrosi.—J)xM. Ph.
1807.
Oxygenized fat. Pommade d'Alyon.
Unguentum acidi sulphurici.
Sulphuric acid ointment.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
^ Sulphuric acid . . . . jj.
Prepared hog's lard . , ^.
Mix.
Med. Use. — Said to be useful in scabies.
Unguentum ^ruginis. Oint-
ment of verdigris.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9^ Resinous ointment . . . 1x7,
Vei-digris, in fine powder . ^.
Melt the ointment, sprinkle into it the
powder of verdigris, and stir the mixture
briskly as it cools and concretes.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Unguentum cupri Subacetatis.
R Prepared subacetate of cop-
per jss.
Ointment of white wax . . ^viiss.
Triturate the subacetate of copper with
the ointment, until they are intimately
mixed.
Med. Use. — A mild caustic, applied to
venereal ulcers of the mouth and tonsils,
and to the ulcerated sore throat of scarla-
tina.
Unguentum album campho-
RATUM. Camphorated white oint-
ment.
Lend. Ph. 1746.
9 Olive oil ^xvj.
White wax ^iv.
Spermaceti ^ij.
Camphor ..... 3iss.
FORMULA, &c.
1001
Melt the wax and spermaceti with the
oil, and when they have cooled, rub the
ointment with the camphor, dissolved in a
little oil.
Edin. Ph. 1740.
1^ Spermaceti ointment . . ^x.
Cerusse (white lead) . . ^'j*
Camphor (rubbed with a
little oil) 5iss.
Mix.
Lond. Ph. 1721.
9 Oil of roses. «... 5ix.
White wax ^ij.
Cerusse (white lead) . . ^iij.
Camphor, in powder . . 3ij.
Mix.
Note. — Lard is frequently substituted
for tlie oil of roses and wax.
SYNONYITE.
Unguentum, sometimes pronounced An-
guentum. The London formula of 1721 is
that generally used.
Unguentum aloes cum pe-
TROLEO. Ointment of aloes with
petroleum.
Ph. Batava, 1805.
B' Cape aloes, powdered . . ^ij.
Inspissated ox-gall.
Petroleum . . . . aa ^^iij.
Hog's lard, purified . . IBij.
With this axunge, melted by a gentle
heat, mix the powder and the gall, con-
stantly stirring ; and then to the mass, re-
moved from the fire and wellnigh cold,
add the petroleum.
Unguentum alth^^. Marsh-
mallow ointment.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
^ Oil of mucilages . , . ffiij.
Bees' -wax ftss.
Kesin ?iij.
Venice turpentine . . . y&.
Mix with heat.
Note. — Olive oil is frequently substi-
tuted for oil of mucilages in making this
ointment.
Unguentum antimonii potas-
sio - tartratis. Ointment of
potassio-tartrate of antimony.
(Lond.) Unguentum antimoniale.
(Edin.)
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Potassio-tartrate of anti-
mony, rubbed into the
finest powder . . . ^'.
Lard ^iv.
Rub together.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9' Potassio-tartrate of antimony }^.
Lard ^iv.
Mix.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Unguentum antimonii tartari-
zati.
^ Tartar emetic, in very fine
powder 3J.
Ointment of white wax . 3vij.
Triturate the powder with the ointment
in a moi-tar, until they are intimately
mixed.
Med. Use. — Used as a rubefacient, and
as a counter-irritant in cases of deep-seated
inflammation.
Unguentum antipsoricum.
Itch ointment.
^ Sulphur S^i'j.
Carbonate of potash
Hellebore root, powdered
Vermilion ....
Lard
Oil of lemons .
Mix.
^ss.
Ibij.
Unguentum aqu^ rosa.
Ointment of rose-water.
U. St. Ph. 1850.
B Rose-water,
Oil of almonds . . . aa f^ij.
Spermaceti .... ^ss.
White wax 3J.
1002
FORMULA;, &c.
Melt together, by means of a water-bath,
the oil, spermaceti, and wax ; then add the
rose-water, and stir the mixture constantly
until it is cold.
Unguentum akomaticum.
Balsamum stomachale Wackeri.
Aromatic ointment.
Codex Medic. Haniberg
. 1845.
91 Lard ' "
¥i-
Olive oil . .
3^j-
Yellow wax .
ITi-
Muscat balsam ,
3y-
Oil of wormwood
3iJ-
Oil of rosemary.
3y-
Oil of curled mint
3J-
Oil of cloves
3J-
Bole. . . .
3iJ-
Oleo-balsamic mixture ,
3U-
Mix.
Ph. Austr. 1836.
j^ Simple ointment . . . Ibiiss.
Yellow wax ^iij.
Oil of laurel .... ^iij.
Melt, and when cold, add
Oil of juniper,
Oil of mint.
Oil of rosemary,
Oil of lavender . . . aa 3ij.
Mix.
In the Ph. Castrensis, instead of the last
4 oils, there is ^ss. of oil of juniper or-
dered.
Unguentum aksenici albi.
Ointment of white arsenic.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840,
9 White arsenic . . . , jj.
'^^''^ 3^U-
Mix.
Unguentum basilicum. Ba-
silicon ointment.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Olive oil ..... Ibiij.
Yellow wax.
Colophony,
Saet aa !bj.
Common turpentine . . Ibss.
Melt the ingredients with a gentle heat,
and strain.
Note. — It should be of a yellowish-
brown colour.
Unguentum basimcum fij^.-
vum. Yellow basilicon.
Lnnd. Ph. 1746.
^ Olive oil ^y^i-
Yellow wax,
Yellow resin.
Burgundy pitch . . aa ffij.
Common turpentine . . ,^iij.
Melt the wax, resin, and pitch, in the oil
with a gentle heat, then remove them from
the fire, add the turpentine, and strain the
mixture while still hot.
Note. — For the modern representative of
the above, see Ceratum resince, page 672,
Unguentum basilicum ni-
GKUM, Black basilicon. Tetra-
pharmacum.
Lond, Ph, 1746.
9 Olive oil f 5"3'
Yellow wax,
Yellow resin.
Black pitch . . . . aa ^ix.
Melt them together, and strain while
hot.
Note. — For the modern representative
of the above, see Unguentum picis nigra.
Unguentum basilicum viride.
Green basilicon ointment.
Lond. Ph, 1746.
]^ Yellow basilicon , . , ^viij.
Olive oil f o'y-
Prepared verdigris. • • ^•
Mix, and make them into an ointment.
Unguentum belladonnje.
Ointment of belladonna.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Extract of belladonna .
Lard
Rub together.
FORMULA &c.
1003
Unguentum cantharidis.
Ointment of cantharides.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
J^ Cantharis, rubbed into the
finest powder. . . . ^iij.
Distilled water .... f .^xij.
Cerate of resin .... ftj.
Boil down the water with the cantharis
to a half, and strain. Mix in the cerate to
the strained liquor, then let it evaporate to
a proper consistence.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Resinous ointment . . . ^vij.
Cantharides, in very fine
powder |j.
Melt the ointment ; sprinkle into it the
cantharides powder; and stir the mixture
briefly, as it concretes on cooling.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Liniment of Spanish flies . f ^viij.
White wax ^iij.
Spermaceti ^.
Melt the wax and spermaceti in the oil,
with a gentle heat, and stir the mixture
constantly until it concretes.
Use, — As a stimulant and epispastic to
keep up a discharge from a blistered sur-
&ce.
SYNONYME.
Unguentum lyttce. — Lond Ph. 1809.
Unguentum infusi cantha-
BiDis. Ointmetit of infusion of
cantharides.
Edm. Ph. 1841.
^ Cantharides, in moderately-
fine powder,
Resin,
Bees'-wax ^ ^■
Venice tui"pentine,
■A'unge aa^ij.
Boiling water .... f _^v.
Infuse the cantharides in the water for
one night, squeeze strongly, and filter the
expressed liquid. Add the axunge, and
boil till the water is dispersed, Then add
the wax and resin ; and when these have
become liquid, remove the vessel from the
fire, add the turpentine, and mix the whole
thoroughly.
Use. — Employed for the same purposes
as the cerate.
Unguentum CERiB AiiBiE. Oint-
ment of wax.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 White wax flSj.
Prepared lard Ibiv.
Melt them together with a gentle heat,
and stir constantly until the mixture con-
cretes.
Use. — Used as a mild and cooling
dressing.
Unguentum ceruss^. Un-
guentum album simplex. Oint-
ment of white lead.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Lard Ibij. ;
White lead, in fine powder . Ibj.
Mix them thoroughly.
Note. — It should be very white.
Unguentum cetacei. Oint-
ment of spermaceti.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^ Spermaceti ^v.
White wax S^fiv.
Olive oil Oj.
Or as much as may be sufficient.
Constantly stir together the ingredients,
melted with a slow fire, until they shall
have cooled.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Spermaceti Ifij,
White wax ftss.
Pi'epared lard .... Ibiij.
Melt them together with a gentle heat,
and stir constantly until cold.
Use, — This is the common dressing for
blisters.
1004
FORMULiE, &c.
Unguentum cocculi. Oint-
ment of cocculus.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Take any convenient quantity of coccu-
lus indicus, separate and preserve tlie
kernels, beat them well in a mortar, first
alone, and then in a little axunge, and then
add axunge till it amounts altogether to
five times the weight of the kernels.
Unguentum conii. Ointment
of hemlock.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
]^ Fresh hemlock,
Lf-rd aa ftj.
Boil the hemlock with the lard, until it
may become brittle ; then express through
linen.
Med. Use, — For neuralgic and rheu-
matic pains ; in cancer of the stomach,
liver, or the uterus over the site of these
organs ; and in glandular enlargements
of the abdomen. It is also used as a
sedative and anodyne application to foul,
cancerous, and irritable sores.
Unguentum creasoti. Oint-
ment of creasote.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9* Creasote fjss.
Lard ^^
Rub and mix them.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Axunge ^iij.
Creasote jj.
Melt the axunge, add the creasote, stir
them briskly, and continue lo do so as the
mixture concretes on cooling.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Creasote f^'.
Ointment of white wax . . 3vij.
To the ointment, liquified by a mode-
rate heat, add the creasote, and stir
constantly until the mixture concretes.
Med. Use. — This has been applied in
the treatment of ulcers and burns ; and
chiefiy as a dressing after the employment
of the more concentrated forms of this
remedy.
Unguentum diapompholygos.
Ointment of pompholyx.
Lond. Ph.
9 Olive oil ^xx.
Juice of the berrries of the
deadly nightshade . . . ^viij.
Boil them over a gentle fire iintil the
moisture is evaporated, adding towards
the conclusion of the boiling.
White wax ^T.
Then take the mixture from the fire, and
add to it while still hot the following in-
gredients in fine powder —
Ceruss ...... ^v.
Burnt lead (litharge),
Pompholyx (oxide of zinc) aa. ^^ij.
Frankincense . . . . ^.
Mix, to form an ointment.
Unguentum digitalis. Oint-
ment of foxglove.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
^ Tincture of foxglove (pre-
pared as tincture of aconite) _^vj.
Lard ftj.
Macerate in a water-bath until all the
spirit is evaporated.
Unguentum elemt. Ointment
of elemi.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Elemi ^iij.
Turpentine 5"^^'
Suet ^v .
Oil of olive f^ss.
Melt together the elemi with the suet ;
then remove from the fire, and immedi-
ately mix the turpentine and oil with
these ; afterwards express thi'ough linen.
FORMULA, &c.
1005
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Resin of elemi .... ^iv.
Ointment of white wax . . Ibj.
Melt them together, strain through
flannel, and stir the mixture constantly
until it concretes.
Meil. Use. — Employed as a stimulating
dressing to old and indolent ulcers.
SYNONYMES.
Unguentum c gummi elemi, sive Lini-
rnentum arcai. — Lond. Ph. 1721.
Ungiientum e gummi elemi. — Lond. Ph.
1746.
Unguentum elemi compositum. — Lond.
Ph. 1824.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Unguentum elemi. JBalsamum
arccei.
^ Elemi,
Venice turpentine,
Suet,
Lard aa ^iv.
Melt them in a vapour-bath, and strain.
Note. — It should be of a yellowish
colour.
Unguentum gall^ composi-
tum. Compound ointment of gall-
nut.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Gall-nut, rubbed into the finest
powder 3vj,
Lard ^vj.
Powdered opium . . . 3iss.
Rub together.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Unguentum gallce.
1^' Galls, in veiy fine powder jj.
Ointment of white wax . jvij.
Rub the powdered galls with the
ointment, until a uniform mixture is
obtained.
Use. — An astringent application in
haemorrhoids.
Unguentum gall^ et opii.
Ointment of gall and opium.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9^ Galls, in fine powder . . . ^ij.
Opium, in powder . . . Jj.
Axunge jj.
Triturate them together into a uniform
mass.
Unguentum hydbargyri.
Ointment of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Mercury ...... Ibj.
Lai'd ^xiss.
Suet ^ss
First rub the mercury with the suet and
a little of the lard until globules can no
longer be seen ; then add that which is
left of the lard, and mix.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^ Mercury ftij.
Axunge ^xxiij.
Suet Jj.
Triturate the mercury with the suet and
a little of the axunge till globules are no
longer visible; then add the rest of the
axunge, and mix the whole thoroughly.
This ointment is not well prepared so
long as metallic globules may be seen in
it with a magnifier of four powers. The
mercurial ointment with the proportions
here directed may be diluted at pleasure
with twice or thrice its weight of axunge.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Pure mercury
Prepared lard . . . . aa lt>j.
Rub them together, until metallic
globules cease to be visible to the naked
eye.
SYNONYMES.
Unguentum cceruleum. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Unguentum cceruleum fortius. — Lond.
Ph. 1746.
Neapolitan ointment. Blue ointment.
1006
FORMULiE, &c.
Unguentum htduakgyri mi-
TIU8. Milder mercurial ointment.
Loud. Ph. 1836.
^ Stronger ointment of mercury Ibj.
Lard ftij.
SYNONYMES,
Zfngnentum ccenileum mitius. — Lond.
Ph. 1746.
Trooper's ointment. Unction.
Omitted from the Lond. Ph. 1851.
Unguentum hydrargyri am-
MONio-CHLORiDi. Ointment of
ammonio-chloride of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Ammonio-chloride of mercury jij.
Lard ^iij.
Add the ammonio-chloride of mercury
to the lard, and rub them together.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Unguentum precipitati alhi.
^ White precipitate . . . 5ij.
AxTonge ...... ^ij.
Melt the axunge, add the white preci-
pitate, and stir the mixture briskly while it
concretes on cooling.
Use. — For the treatment of scrofulous
and cancerous tumours.
SYNONYME.
White precipitate ointment.
Unguentum hydrargyri io-
SIDI. Ointment of iodide of mer-
cury.
Edin. Ph. 1851.
^ Iodide of mercury , . . ^j.
White wax ^ij.
Lard |vj.
Add the iodide to the lard and Avax,
melted together, and rub together.
Use. — The same as the preceding.
Unguentum hydrargyri bin-
lODiDi. Ointment of biniodide of
mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
]^ Biniodide of mercury . . ^.
White wax Jij.
Lard ^vj.
Add the biniodide of mercury to the wax
and lard, melted together, and mix.
Use. — The same as the preceding.
Omitted from the Lond. Ph. 1851.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Unguentum hydrargyri iodidi
rubri.
IJ Red iodide of mercury . , jj.
Ointment of white wax . . 3vij.
Incorporate the iodide of mercury and
ointment by careful trituration in a
mortar.
Unguentum hydrargyri ni-
TRATis. Ointment of nitrate of
mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Mercury ,^j.
Nitric acid ^iv.
Lard Ibj,
Oil of olive «... f^viij.
First dissolve the mei-cury in the acid;
then mix the solution whilst yet hot, with
the lard and oil melted together.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Unguentum hydrargyri nitra-
tis ; vel,
Unguentum citrinum.
]^ Pure mercury , , . . ^.
Pure nitric acid . . . f^.
Distilled water .... ^ss.
Prepared lard .... _^iv.
Olive oil ^S^'ij-
Mix the acid with the water, and dis-
solve the mercury in the mixture, with the
aid of a gentle heat. Melt the lard with
the oil, and, while the mixture is hot, add
to it the solution of mercury, also hot ?
let the temperature of the mixture next be
raised so as to cause efFervescence, and then
withdrawincr the heat, stir the mixture
FORMULA, &c.
1007
with a jjorcelain spoon, until it concretes
on cooling.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Unguentum
citrinum. Citrine ointment.
9 Pure nitric acid . f^viij. and f3vj.
Mercury . , _^iv.
Axunge . . . ^^xv,
Olive oil . . fjxxxij.
Dissolve the mercury in the acid with
the aid of a gentle heat. Melt the axunge
In the oil, with the aid of a moderate heat,
in a vessel capable of holding six times
the quantity; and while the mixture is
hot, add the solution of mercury, also hot,
and mix them thoroughly. If the mixture
do not froth up, increase the heat a little,
till this take place. Keep this ointment
in earthenware vessels, or in glass vessels
secluded from the light.
Use. — A stimulant, and used in various
cutaneous affections, as porrigo larvalis,
herpes, &c.
Unguejttum hydrargyri ni-
TKATis MiTius. Milder ointment
of nitrate of mercury.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Ointment of nitrate of mer-
cu»7 ^•
lard ^vij.
Rub together.
This ointment is to be used freshly pre-
pared.
Unguentum hxdrargyri ni-
TRico-oxYDi. Ointment of nitric-
oxide of mercury.
Lond Ph. 1851.
9 Nitric-oxide of mercury . ^.
White wax ^ij.
I-ard ^vj.
Add the nitric-oxide, rubbed into a very
fine powder, to the wax and lard melted
together, and rub them together.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Unguentum hydrargyri oxydi
ruhri.
]^ Red oxide of mercury • . 3J.
Ointment of white wax . jvij.
Keduce the oxide to a very fine powder,
and mix it intimately with the ointment
by trituration.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Unguentum
oxydi hydrargyri.
^ Red oxide of mercury . ^.
Axunge ^viij.
Triturate them into a uniform mass.
Use. — This is stimulant and escharotic,
and is applied to hidolent ulcers ; applied,
also, when diluted, to the edges of the
eyelids, in psorophthalmia.
SYNONYMES.
Unguentum subnitratis hydrargyri,-—
Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Red precipitate ointment.
Unguentum inul^. Ointment
of elecampane.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
^ Elecampane root. . . . ffiss.
Boiling water ftj.
I-ard ftiss.
Boil the elecampane root in the water
to a thick consistence, then add the lard,
and again boil, until all moisture is re-
moved.
Unguentum iodinii composi-
TUM. Compound ointment of
iodine.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Iodine jss.
Iodide of potassium . . . 3J.
Rectified spirit . . . • f 3J.
Lard 5>J-
Add the iodide rubbed into as fine a
powder as possible, and the iodine dissolved
in the spirit, to the lard, and rub together.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Unguentum iodinii. Ointment
of iodine.
^ Iodine 7^,
Iodide of potassium . . . 5ij.
Axunge ^iv.
Triturate the iodine and iodide together.
1008
FORMULJi:, &c.
and then add gradually the axunge, con-
tinuing the trituration till a uniform oint-
ment be obtained.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
]^' Pure iodine 3ss.
Iodide of potassium . . . 3J.
Ointment of white wax . . Jxivss,
Kub the iodine and iodide of potassium
well together, in a glass or porcelain
mortar; add the ointment gradually, and
continue the trituration until a uniform
ointment is obtained.
Use. — A useful application in goitre, or
enlarged scrofulous glands. To be rubbed,
night and morning, over the affected
part, in the quantity of a drachm each
time.
UnGUENTUM liAURINUM. Lau-
rine ointment.
Pharm. Bat. 1805.
9 Mutton suet, purified. . . ^viij.
Laurel oil ^.
Oil of turpentine . . . . ^.
Oil of amber, purified . . ^ss.
With the suet melted by a gentle heat,
mix the laurel oil ; then add the rest, and
stir the mass, until it has cooled.
Unguentum linaki^. Oint-
ment of toad-jiax.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
9 Fresh herb of yellow toad-
flax (Linaria vulgaris) . Ktj.
Lard Ibij.
Boil them together, at a gentle heat,
until no more moisture remains, then press
and strain.
Unguentum mezekei.
ment of mezereon.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
Oint-
]^ Mezereon, sliced trans-
versely ^iv.
Lard 3xix.
White wax ^ij.
Moisten the mezereon with a little
spirit, and beat it in an iron mortar until
reduced to a fibrous mass; then digest it
with the lard, in a salt-water bath, lor 12
hours, strain with strong expression, and
allow the strained liquor to cool slowly,
so that any undissolved matters may
subside. Fi-om these separate the medi-
cated lard, and melt it with the wax at a
moderate heat, and stir them constantly
till they are cold.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
B' Ethereal extract of meze-
"01 3.i-
Ointment of wax • • • Aj-
Mix.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
^ Spirituous extract of me-
zerion jij.
Lard ^^viij.
White wax ^,
Dissolve the extract of mezerion in a
little spirit of wine, then add the lard and
white wax, and melt together.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
guentum mezerei cyprinurn.
Un-
3U-
^1 Mezerion bark . . ,
Cantharides . .
Olive oil ....
Yellow wax. .
Turpentine ....
Powdered verdigris. . . jij.
Macerate the mezerion bark and can-
tharides in the olive oil lor 24 hours, then
strain, and melt with them the other in-
gredients.
Unguentum opii. Ointment
of opium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Powdered opium .... gj.
Lard ^•.
Rub together.
Unguentum picis. Ointment
of pitch.
FORMULA, &c.
1009
Lond. rh. 1851.
^ Pitch,
Wax,
Uesin, of each .... Jxj,
Oil of olive . . . . Oj.
Melt together, and express through
linen.
UnGUENTUM PICIS riQUIDiE.
Tar ointment.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Liquid pitch (tar),
Suet aa Ibj.
Melt them together, and press through
a linen cloth.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^Tar Oss.
Yellow wax ..... ^iv.
Melt the wax with a gentle heat, then
add the tar, and stir the mixture con-
stantly until it concretes.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Tar 'v.
Bees'- w;ix ^ij.
Melt the wax with a gentle heat, add
the tar, and stir the mixture briskly while
it concretes on cooling.
Use. — Stimulant and detergent, in tinea
capitis and other foul eruptions.
UnGUENTUM PIPEUIS NIGRI.
Ointment of black pepper.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
T^ Prepared hog's-lard . . Ibj.
Black pepper, reduced to
powder ^iv.
Make an ointment.
Unguentum plumbi acetatis.
Ointment of acetate of lead.
Edin. Ph. 1836.
9 Simple ointment .... ^xx.
Acetate of lead, in fine powder ^.
Mix them thoroughly.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
5 Acetate of lead, in very fine
powder ^.
Ointment of white wax . ffij.
Melt the ointment with a gentle heat,
then add the acetate of lead gradually, and
stir the ^'mixture constantly until it con-
cretes.
Use. — A soothing and astringent appli-
cation to irritable ulcers, or excoriated
parts.
SYNONYME.
Unguentum saturninum.
Unguentum plumbi carbon-
ATis. Ointment of carbonate of
lead.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^ Simple ointment .... ^v.
Carbonate of lead . . • • |j.
Mix them thoroughly.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Carbonate of lead, in very fine
powder ^iij.
Ointment of white wax . . ftj.
Melt the ointment with a gentle heat,
then add the carbonate of lead gradually,
and stir the mixture constantly until it
concretes.
Use. — Employed to promote tlie cica-
trization of excoriated parts and slight
ulcerations.
SYNONYME.
Unguentum cerussce. — Dubl. Ph. 1807.
Unguentum plumbi composi-
TUM. Compoujid ointment of lead.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Plaster of lead .... Ibiij.
Oil of olive f^xviij.
Prepared chalk .... ^vj.
Diluted acetic acid . . . f ^vj.
Dissolve the plaster in the oil with a
slow fire. Then add, in the first place, the
chalk, and aflei-wards the acid, constantly
stirring, until they shall have cooled.
Use. — This has been applied with success
in obstinate ulcers.
SYNONYME.
Kirkland's neutral cerate.
3 T
1010
FORMULA, &c.
UnGUENTUM PLUMB! lODIDI.
Ointment of iodide of lead.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
5* Iodide of lead
Lard . .
Rub together.
Sviij.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Iodide of lead, in fine powder 3J,
Ointment of white wax . . 3vij.
Mix the iodide of lead intimately with
the ointment by trituration.
Use. — An application for enlarged joints.
UnGUENTUM POTASSir lODlDI.
Ointment of iodide of potassium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Iodide of potassium . . jij.
Boiling distilled water . . f 3ij.
Lard ^ij.
Dissolve the iodide in the water ; then
mix these with the lard.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Iodide of potassium . . . 3J.
Distilled water .... 3ss.
Ointment of white wax . . 3vij.
Triturate the iodide of potassium with
the water, then add the ointment, and rub
them well together.
Use. — The same as the other ointments
■of iodine.
UnGUENTUM populeum. Oint-
ment of poplar.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9 Poplar buds, fresh (buds
of Populus nigra) • . Ibj.
Lard Ibij.
Henbane, dry .... 3J.
Rectified spirit . . . . ^.
Macerate the poplar buds in the lard
for 3 days, with a gentle heat ; then add
the other ingredients, and leave them
standing for a night : then boil them until
all moisture is removed, and finally strain
and press, and keep constantly stirring
until cold.
Deschamps.
]^ Buds of the black poplar, 2 parts.
Water 1 part.
Lard 12 parts.
Boil together until the moisture is
evaporated, then strain.
Note. — The resin of the poplar buds is
said to preserve the lard from becoming
rancid.
UnGUENTUM POPULEUM COM-
POSiTUM. Compound ointment of
poplar.
Codex, Ph. Fran9., 1839.
ty Buds of the black poplar . 3 parts.
Fresh leaves of white poppy,
,, belladonna,
„ henbane,
„ solanum ni-
grum . aa 2 „
Lard 16 „
Bruise the leaves in a marble mortar,
put them into a pan with the lard, and
heat them over a gentle fire until the
moisture is all evaporated; then add the
poplar buds, bruised, and digest for 24
hours ; strain, press, and after the dregs
have subsided, pour ofi" the clear ointment.
UnGUENTUM RESINS. Oint-
ment of resin.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Unguentum
resinosum.
^ Resin ^v.
Axunge S^iy-
Bees'-wax _^ij.
Melt them together with a gentle heat,
and then stir the mixture briskly while it
cools and concretes.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Resin, in coarse powder . . Ibss.
Yellow wax ^iv.
Prepared lard Rj.
Melt them together with a gentle heat^
strain the mixture, while hot, through
flannel, and stir constantly until it
concretes.
Use. — A stimulating application to foul
and indolent ulcers.
FORMULA, &c.
1011
Unguentum rosmarini com-
POSiTUM. Unguentum nervinum.
Compound ointment of rosemary.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9 Lard Ibiv.
Suet Ibij.
Yellow wax,
Oil of bay aa Ibss.
Oil of rosemary,
Oil of juniper . . . . aa ^iij.
Add the oil of rosemaiy and oil of
juniper to the other ingredients, melted
by the heat of a vapour-bath and half
oooled.
Note. — It should be of a greenish
colour.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
9 Rosemary ^iv.
Maijoram _^iss.
Rue ^iss.
Pellitory of Spain . . , . ^iij.
Rectified spirit .... ^viij.
Lard Ibiv.
Suet . Ibij.
Oil of laurel ^ss.
Oil of juniper ..... _^iij.
Oil of rosemary .... ^iij.
Yellow wax Rss.
Pound the herbs well together with the
rectified spirit, then add the lard and suet ;
melt, and macerate them for a night over
the water-bath, so that all moisture may
be removed ; and, lastly, press, strain, and
add the yellow wax and essential oils.
Ph. Hannov. Nova, 1831.
^ Fresh herb of rosemaiy . . Ibj.
„ maijoram,
„ rue . . t aa Ibss.
Bay berries ^iv.
Lard ftiv.
Suet Jbij.
Yellow wax . . . . . Ibss.
Oil of rosemary,
„ juniper . . . . aa ^iij.
Boil the fresh herbs and bay berries
with the lard and suet until moisture is
removed, then press and strain, and add
the wax and essential oils.
Unguentxtm rosatum. Rose
ointment.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
9' Lard Jviij.
White wax ^ij.
Rose-water . . . , . ^ij.
Add the rose-water gradually to the
lard and wax, melted by the heat of a
vapour-bath, and half cooled.
Note. — When well stirred it is a very
white ointment.
Ph. Danica, 1840.
9 Lard, washed with rose-
water ..... ^viij.
Yellow wax . . . . ^ij.
Rose-water ^ij.
Otto of roses .... gtt. xx.
Melt the lard and wax together, then
gradually add the rose-water, keeping the
mixture constantly stirred, and lastly add
the otto of roses.
Unguentum sabin^. Savins
ointment.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
J^' Fresh savine, bruised . . Ibss.
White wax .... ^iij.
Lard Ibj.
Add the savine to the lard and wax,
melted together ; then strain through
linen.
Dubl. Ph. 1850,
1^ Savine tops, dried and in
fine powder . . . . jj.
Ointment of white wax . 3vij.
Mix the powder intimately with the
ointment, by trituration.
Use. — Employed for keeping up the
discharge from a blistered surface.
Unguentum sambuci. Elder
ointment.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Elder (flowers),
Lard aa Ibj.
Boil the elder flowers in the lard until
they become crisp ; then press through a
linen cloth.
3 T 2
1012
FORMULA, &c.
Unguentum sambuci. Elder
ointment. Green elder ointment.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
I^ Fresh leaves of elder . . Ibiij.
Prepared hog's lard . . fljiv.
Prepared mutton suet . . Ibij.
Make an ointment in the same manner
as the savine ointment.
Use. — An emollient cooling ointment.
Unguentum saponata cam-
phor atum. Ointment of soap
camphorated.
Codex Medic. Hamberg. 1845.
^> Windsor soap, powdered . .^xyj.
Water ...... ^viij.
Olive oil ^vj.
Camphor ^.
Boil the soap and water together, con-
tinually stirring until it becomes of a
thick consistence, then add ^v. of the
olive oil, and when partly cooled, the
camphor, previously dissolved in Jj. of the
olive oil.
Unguentum simplex. Simple
ointment.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
J^ Olive oil f^vss.
White wax ^ij.
Melt the wax in the oil, and stir the
mixture briskly while it concretes on
cooling.
Use. — A mild dressing.
Unguentum scROPHULARiiE.
Ointment of scrophularia.
Dubl. Ph. 1826.
B' Fresh leaves of the knotty-
rooted figwort,
Prepared hog's lard . aa fbij.
Prepared mutton suet . Ibj.
Boil the leaves in the fat until they
become crisp, then strain by expression.
Use. — This ointment has been found to
act almost as a specific in a malignant
disease to which children are liable, called
" burnt holes." It has also been found
useful in tinea capitis, impetigo, and other
Skin diseases.
Unguentum stramonii. Oint-
ment of stramonium.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
IJ Extract of stramonium
leaves jj.
I^ard ^•.
Rub the extract with a little water,
until uniformly soft, and then with the
lard.
Unguentum sulphuris. Sul-
phur ointment.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Sulphur ftss.
Lard Bj.
Rub together.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
B Axunge ^iv.
Sublimed sulphur . . . ^.
Mix them thoroughly together.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
B' Sublimed sulphur . . . Ibj.
Prepared lard .... Riv.
Mix them well by trituration.
SYNONYME.
Unguentum e sulphure. — Lond, Ph.
1746.
Unguentum sulphuris com-
POSITUM. Compound sulphur
ointment.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
IJ' Sulphur 3ir.
While hellebore powdered . Jx.
Nitrate of potash, powdered ^ij.
Soft soap ^iv.
Lard ftj.
Mix together.
Use. — These ointments are used in the
cure of scabies.
Unguentum sulphuris iodidi.
Ointment of iodide of sulphur.
FORMULA, &c.
1013
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Iodide of sulphur, powdered 5ss.
Lard J^.
Rub together.
Unguentum tabaci. Oint-
ment of tobacco.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
9 Fresh tobacco, cut in pieces ^■.
Lard Ifej.
Boil the tobacco in the lard over a gentle
fire till it becomes friable, then strain
through linen.
Unguentum tkipharmacum.
Ointment of three things.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
9 Lead plaster .... liv.
Olive oil i^ij.
Vinegar f^-.
Boil them over a gentle fire, continually
stirring them, until they have acquired the
consistence of a hard ointment.
Unguentum tuti^. Ointment
of tutty.
Lond. Ph. 1788.
^ Prepared tutty,
Spermaceti ointment.
Of each a suitable quantity to form a
soft ointment.
Unguentum zinci. Ointment
of zinc.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
1^1 Oxide of zinc
Lard . . . . ,
Mix.
Edin. Pb. 1841.
^ Simple liniment . . . ?vj,
Oxide of zinc . . . . ?j.
Mix them thoroughly together.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Unguentum zinci oxydi.
^ Oxide of zinc . . , . ?ij.
Ointment of white wax . . ^xij.
Melt the ointment with a gentle heat,
and having added the oxide of zinc, mix
them intimately, and stir constantly until
the mixture concretes.
Ph, Borussica, 1847.
Unguentum zinci. Unguentum
de nihilo. Ointment of zinc.
9 Oxide of zinc . . . . g^j.
Rose ointment .... jix.
Mix perfectly.
Note. — It should be a very white oint-
ment.
Med. Use. — Astringent and stimulant,
in ophthalmia, and excoriated nipples.
Usquebagh, sive Aqua vitce.
Hibernis popularis.
Lond. Ph. 1677.
IJ' Good brandy .... Ibxxiv.
Liquorice root .... ftj.
Raisins, stoned .... Ibss.
Cloves ...... ^.
Mace,
Ginger aa 3ij.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
Varnish.
A solution of resins in spirits or oils ;
used for covering the surfaces of wood or
metals, painted or otherwise, from the in-
fluence of the air, &c. There are two
kinds of varnishes, distinguished as Spirit
Varnishes and Fat Varnishes.
Spirit varnishes.
These ai-e solutions of resins in rectified
spirit of wine, or spirit of turpentine.
Heat is generally applied to facilitate the
solution; and as some resins, especially
copal, are, even with heat, difficult of so-
lution in spirit of wine, camphor, or some
volatile oils, are sometimes added to in-
crease the solvent power of the spirit.
Amber varnish.
No. 1.
9 Amber, in powder,
Sandarach, in powder,
Mastic, in powder . aa 12 parts.
Rectified spirit . . . 100 ,,
Digest with the heat of a sand-bath
until the resins are dissolved, then strain.
1014
FORMULA, &c.
No. 2.
(JPor metals.)
9 Amber,
Copal aa 60 parts-
Black rosin .... 30 ,,
Melt, and add sufficient spirit of tur-
pentine to make it of the proper consist-
ence.
No. 3.
{^For gilded woods, Sfc.)
9' Amber 60 parts.
Black rosin . . . . 15 ,,
Melt with a little oil of turpentine, then
add,
Elemi 30 parts.
Spirit of turpentine . . 375 „
Mix, and sti-ain.
No. 4.
{For water colours.)
9* Amber 30 parts.
Camphor . . . . O'l part.
Rectified spirit . . . 150 parts.
Digest until dissolved, then strain.
Black varnish.
No. 1.
{For papier mache objects.")
9* Amber,
Black rosin,
Sandarach . . . aa 30 parts.
Spirit of turpentine . . 375 „
Dissolve with heat, and add of the best
lamp-black sufficient to colour it.
No. 2.
{For iron plate.)
9 Amber 90 parts.
Black resin .... 60 ,,
Melt and add.
Spirit of tui-pentine . . 45 „
Painters* varnish . . 45 ,,
Mix.
Chinese varnish.
^ Mastic,
Sandarach . . . aa 6 parts.
Rectified spirit . . , 50 ,,
Digest until dissolved, then strain.
Copal varnish.
No. 1.
R Copal, in coarse powder . 10 parts.
Clean sand . . . . 10 ,,
Camphor 1 part.
Rectified 100 parts.
Mix the copal and sand, and enclose
them in a linen bag. Dissolve the cam-
phor in the spirit, and put them into a
cohobation apparatus, suspending the bag
of resin near the top of the liquid. Boil
the spirit until the resin is dissolved.
No. 2.
9. Copal 90 parts,
Sandarach .... 180 „
Mastic 90 „
Venice turpentine . . 75 ,,
Clean sand .... 100 „
Rectified spirit . . . 1000 „
Dissolve as No. 1.
Note. — Anime is generally substituted
for copal in making these varnishes.
Lac varnish.
1^ Shellac 90 parts.
Venice turpentine . . ■^ jj
Rectified spirit . . .500 „
Digest until dissolved, then strain.
Lacquer.
No. 1.
I^ Shellac 120 parts.
Sandarach .... 45 „
Mastic 30 „
Amber 30 „
Black rosin .... 90 „
Dragon's blood ... 30 ,,
Turmeiic,
Gamboge . . . aa 24 „
Rectified spirit . . . 1000 „
Digest until dissolved, then strain.
No. 2,
9 Seed lac 120 parts
Sandarach , . . , 120 „
Dragon's blood ... 16 ,,
Gamboge .... 2 „
Tunneric .... 2 ,,
Venice turpentine . . 50 „
Clean sand . . . . 1 50 „
Rectified spirit . . . 1000 „
Digest in a sand-bath and strain.
FORMULA, &c.
1015
No. 3.
9 Seed lac,
Gamboge,
Dragon's blood . aa 120 parts.
Saffron 39 „
Rectified spirit . . . 1000 „
Digest with heat, and strain.
No; 4.
^ Seed lac,
Sandarach . . . aa 120 parts.
Dragon's blood ... 15 „
Turmeric .... 2 „
Gamboge .... 2 ,.
Venice turpentine . . 60 ,,
Spirit of turpentine . . 1000 „
Digest with heat, and strain.
Note. — Aloes is sometimes added to
these, to give a darker colour.
Picture vabmsh.
No. 1.
Mastic varnish.
^ Mastic 360 parts.
Venice turpentine . . 45 „
Camphor .... 15 „
Spirit of turpentine . . 1000 „
Dissolve with heat
No. 2.
^ Copal, or anime ... 60 parts.
Camphor ^ «
Oil of spike lavender . .180 ,,
Dissolve with heat ; then add.
Spirit of turpentine, sufBcient to give it
the proper consistence.
Fat varnishes.
These are solutions of resins in fatty
oils, generally linseed oil, to which, how-
ever, a little spirit of turpentine is added.
The following instructions for manufac-
turing these varnishes have been furnished
by Mr. Davison, who was for many years
extensively engaged in the manufacture of
them.
Pure linseed oil, not less than a year
old, should be used. In making body
and carriage varnish, the oil must be pre-
viously submitted to a process called cla-
rifying. This consists of heating it in a
clean copper boiler to a temperature of
about 280° Fah., adding 2^ pounds of
calcined white vitriol to every 50 gallons
of oil, keeping it at the above temperature
for about an hour; then removing the
fire, letting the oil stand for 24 hours,
and decanting off the clear portion. After
this operation the oil should stand for a
few weeks, to deposit any sediment, before
being made into varnish.
In making fat varnishes, a vessel called
a running-pot is used. It consists of a
copper vessel 30 inches deep, 1 2 inches in
diameter at the top, and 9 inches at the
bottom. A flange is riveted to the out-
side, about 6 inches from the bottom, so
that when placed over a ring furnace, the
bottom only of the vessel is exposed to the
heat. The resins are melted in this pot,
with as little heat as possible, so as to
avoid discolouring them ; if the resins
employed should be difficult to melt, a
little oil may be put into the pot with
them. When the resin has been thus
melted, the oil, previously heated nearly to
its boiling-point, is poured in and mixed
with the melted resin ; the turpentine and
dryers are then added, and the varnish is
subsequently strained. It should be kept
for 6 months before being used.
Body varnish.
Mr. Davison.
^ Anime (pale) . , . Ibvij.
Clarified linseed oil . . Bxx.
Spirit of turpentine. . cong. iiiss.
Sugar of lead . . . Ibss.
Mix according to the above instruc-
tions.
Carriage varnish.
Mr. Davison.
^ Anime ftvij.
Clarified linseed oil . . ffixxiv.
Spirit of turpentine . . cong. v.
Sugar of lead.
White vitriol . . . aa ^iy.
Mix according to the foregoing instruc-
tions.
1016
FORMULA, &c.
Dutch varnish, for paper, parch-
ment, Sfc.
I^ Sandarach,
Mastic,
Venice turpentine . aa 120 parts.
Amber 30 „
Linseed oil,
Oil of turpentine . . aa 250 „
Mix with heat
Painters' varnish.
R Sandaracli .... 120 parts-
Mastic 30 „
Venice turpentine . . . 6 „
Boiled linseed oil . . 750 „
Essence of turpentine . 90 „
Dissolve the resins by the aid of heat,
then strain, and expose the varnish to the
sun for 2 days.
Engravers' varnish.
For winter.
No. 1.
]^ Yellow wax . . . , 46 parts.
Mastic 30 „
Asphaltum . . . . 15 „
Melt them together, and pour into
water.
For summer.
No. 2.
9' Yellow wax . , . ,120 parts.
Asphaituni . . . , 60 ,,
Mastic,
Amber aa 30 ,,
Melt them together, and pour into
water.
For engraving on glass.
No. 1.
9 Wax 30 parts.
Mastic
Asphaltum
Common turpentine
Mix.
No. 2.
^ Mastic . . .
Common turpentine
Oil of spike lavender
Mix.
15
7
15 parts.
7 „
4 „
Soft wax for engravers.
No. 1.
IJ( Suet 1 part.
Wax 2 parts.
Mix.
No. 2.
^ Wax 5 parts.
Olive oil 1 part.
Mix.
No. 3.
^ Wax 4 parts.
Common turpentine . . 1 part.
Mix.
VeNTRICULUS VITULINUS PR^-
PARATUS. Calfs stomach pre-
pared.
Plenck's Ph. 1804.
Let the calf's stomach, after being well
washed with water, be macerated for 2
hours in vinegar, then, when well dried,
let it be preserved.
Veratria. Veratria.
Lond. Ph. 1836.
R Cevadilla, bruised . . ifeij.
Rectified spirit . • . cong. ij
Diluted sulphuric acid.
Solution of ammonia.
Purified animal charcoal.
Magnesia . . . aa q. s.
Boil the cevadilla with a gallon of the
spirit for an hour in a retort to which a
receiver has been fitted. Pour off the
liquor, and what remains again boil with
another gallon of the spirit and the spirit
recently distilled, and pour off the liquor.
And let that be done a third time. Press
the cevadilla, and let the spirit distil from
the mixed and strained liquors. What
remains evaporate to the proper con-
sistence of an extract. Boil this thrice,
or oftener, in water, to which a little di-
luted sulphuric acid has been added, and
evaporate the strained liquors to the con-
sistence of a syrup by a gentle heat.
Mix the magnesia with this, when it
shall have cooled, occasionally shaking
FORMULA, &c.
1017
them ; then press, and wash. Let the
same thing be done twice or thrice ; then
dry what remains, and digest in spirit
with a gentle heat, twice or thrice, and
strain as often. Lastly, let the spirit
distil. Boil the remainder for a quarter
of an hour in water, to which a little
sulphuric acid, and also animal charcoal,
have been added, and strain. Lastly, all
the charcoal being washed away, evapo-
rate the liquors cautiously, until they
acquire the consistence of a syrup, and
into them drop as much ammonia as may
be sufficient to tlirow down the veratria.
Separate this, and dry it.
Note. — Very slightly soluble in water,
m6re in alcoiiol, but most of all in sul-
phuric ether. It has no smell, but has a
bitter taste. It is to be used with much
caution.
Edin. Ph. 1841. Veratria.
Take any convenient quantity of ceva-
dilla; pour boiling water over it in a
covered vessel, and let it macerate for
24 hours; remove the cevadilla, squeeze
it, and dry it thoi-oughly with a gentle
lieat. Beat it now in a mortar, and sepa-
rate the seeds from the capsules by brisk
agitation in a deep narrow vessel. Grind
the seeds in a coflee-mill, and form them
into a thick paste, with rectified spirit.
Pack this firmly in a percolator, and pass
rectified spirit through it till the spirit
ceases to be coloured. Concentrate the
spirituous solutions by distillation, so long
as no deposit forms; and pour the
residuum while hot into twelve times its
volume of cold water. Filter through
calico, and wash the residuum on the filter
so long iis the washings precipitate with
ammonia. Unite the filtered liquor with
the washings, and add an excess of am-
monia. Collect the precipitate on a filter,
wash it slightly with cold water, and dry
it first by imbibition with filtering-paper,
and then in the vapour-bath. A small
additional quantity may be got by concen-
trating the filtered ammonlacal fluid, and
allowing it to cool.
Veratria thus obtained is not pure, but
sufficiently so for medical use. Fi'om this
coloured substance it may be obtained
white, though at considerable loss, by
solution in very weak muriatic acid, deco-
lorization with animal charcoal, and re-pre-
cipitation with ammonia.
Use. — It is employed in neuralgic
diseases.
Dose. — One-twelfth of a grain.
SYNONYME,
Sabadillin.
Verjuice. Omphacium.
Agresta.
A kind of rough vinegar, made of the
expressed juice of the wild apple or crab.
The French apply these names to the sour
liquor obtained by the expression of unripe
grapes.
Verjuice was formerly much esteemed
as a cooling astringent medicine ; it is still
occasionally used, principally as an ex-
ternal application, and in making some
sauces.
Vermicelli.
A pi-eparation of wheaten flour, those
kinds of flour being selected which are
richest in gluten. When common flour is
used an additional quantity of gluten from
which the starch has been separated is
obliged to be added. This is made into
a paste, which is subsequently forced
through small circular holes, giving it the
form of wires.
It is principally used for thickening
soups.
Vinegar (see page 579).
Is employed as the menstruum for extract-
ing the active constituents of certain spices
and condiments used in cooking, and other
branches of domestic economy.
Camp vinegar.
^ Garlic, sliced .... |viij.
Cayenne pepper.
Soy,
Walnut catsup . . . aa ^iv.
Chopped anchovies ... No. 36.
Vinegar ...... cong. j.
Cochineal ... • • ^''
Macerate for a month, and strain.
1018
FORMULA, &c.
Currie vinegar.
'^ Currie powder. .... Ibss,
Vinegar Oiv.
Macerate for 14 days, and strain.
Maspberry vinegar. Vinaigre
framboise.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
^ Fresh raspberries, picked from
their calices ..... Ibiij.
Good vinegar Ibij.
Macerate in a glass vessel for a fortnight,
then filter without pressing.
Other similar fruit may be used in the
same way.
Mose vinegar. Vinaigre rosat.
Codex, Ph. Fran9. 1839.
^ Dried red-rose petals • • • ^'.
Good vinegar ^xij.
Macerate for 8 days, shaking them
from time to time ; then press and filter,
ViNUM ABSiNTHii. Wine of
wormwood.
Codex. Pli. Fran9. 1839-
^1 Dry leaves of wormwood . 32 parts.
Good white wine . . 1000 „
Spirit of wine (sp. gr. -862) 32 „
Cut the wormwood, moisten it with the
spirit; let them macerate for 24- hours,
then add the wine, and macerate for 2 days ;
finally, strain, press, and filter.
ViNDM ALOES. Wine of aloes.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Socotrine, or liepatic aloes, in
powder ^ij.
Powdered canella .... giv.
Sherry wine Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
9 Socotrine, or East Indian aloes ^rss.
Cardamom seeds, ground,
Ginger, in coarse powder aa jiss.
SheiTy ....... Oij.
Digest for 7 days, and strain through
linen or calico.
Med. Use. — Purgative and stomachic
Dose. — f^. to Jij. as a purge ; gj. to
3ij. as a stomachic.
SYNONYMES.
Tinctura hieros. — Ph. Lond. 1721.
Tinctura sacra. — Ph. Lond. 1746.
ViNUM ALOES ALKAHNUM. Al-
kaline wine of aloes.
Ph. Castr. Ruthena, 1840.
9 Myrrh 3VJ.
Carbonate of soda . . . Jiij.
Carbonate of ammonia . . 3ivss.
Extract of aloes .... 3VJ.
Spanish wine .... Ibij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
ViNUM ANTIMONII POTASSIO-
TARTRATis. Wine of potassio-
tar Irate of antimony.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Crystals of potassio-tartrate
of antimony .... ^ij.
Sherry wine . . . . Oj.
Rub tlie crystals to powder, and dissolve
them.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
Vinum antimoniale.
^ Tartar-emetic .... _^ij.
Sherry Oj.
Dissolve the salt and the wine.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
Antimonii tartarizate liquor
(see page 799).
Med. Use. — Emetic and diaphoretic,
according to the dose employed.
Dose. — From fjij. to f'^j. in teaspoonfuls
every 5 minutes, to produce vomiting in
children: to adults f3ij. diluted with
water, and given at intervals of 8 or 10
minutes. As a diaphoretic from 3J. to
3'J-
Codex, Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
Vinum antimonii. Wine of
antimony.
^ Emetic tartar . . , • gr. xxiv.
Spanish wine .... Ibj.
Mix.
FORMULA, &c.
1019
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
]^ Potassio-tartrate of anti-
mony gr. xxiv.
Madeira wine .... ^ij.
Dissolve the antimony in the wine, filter,
and keep it in well-stopped vessels.
Note. — It should be clear and of a
brownish-yellow colour.
ViNUM BENEDICTUM,
Lond. Ph. 1721.
9 Crocus metallorum . . . ^iss.
Sherry wine .... Ibiss,
Macerate and strain.
YiNUM CAMPHORATDM. Cam-
phorated wine.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
^ Camphor, powdered,
Gum-arabic .... aa 3ij.
French white wine . . . flbj
Add the wine gradually to the camphor
and gum-arabic thoroughly mixed.
Note. — It should be a turbid solution of
a whitish colour.
ViNUM CINCHONA. Vin de
quinquina. Cinchona wine.
Codex, Ph. Fran?. 1839.
9 Cinchona bark (pale) . . 64 parts.
Proof spirit . . . . 125 „
Good red wine (French) 1000 „
Bruise the bark ; add to it the spirit,
and let them macerate for 24 hours ; then
add the wine ; macerate for 8 days, shak-
ing it from time to time, and strain, press,
and filter.
ViNUM coLCHici. Wine qf
meadow saffron.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Meadow saffron cormus, dried . ^viij.
Sherry wine Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
Ediu. Ph. 1841.
9* Colchicum-bulb, dried, and
sliced .«,... ^viij»
Sherry Oij.
Digest for 7 days, strain, express strongly
the residuum, and filter the liquors.
Med. Use. — Diuretic and sedative ; some-
times purgative — in gout, rheumatism, and
all inflammatoiy affections.
Dose. — f^ss. to fjj. in any suitable
vehicle.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Vinum radicis colchici. Wine
of the cormus of meadow saffron.
B Meadow saffron cormus fresh,
sliced ,^ij.
Madeira wine ^iv.
Macerate for 8 days; then press and
strain.
Note. — It should be of a yellowish-
brown colour.
ViNCM COLCHICI SEMINIS.
Wine of colchicum seeds.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
^ Colchicum seeds, bruised . . ^v.
White wine Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, with occasional
agitation ; then express and filter through
paper.
Ph. Borussica, 1847.
Vinum seminis colchici. Wine
of the seeds of meadow saffron.
^ Meadow saffron seeds, coarsely
powdered ^v.
Madeira wine Ibij.
Macerate for 8 days ; then press it and
strain.
Note. — It should be of a yellowish-
brown colour.
Vinum cydoniorum. Quince
wine.
Ph. Austriac. 1774.
9 Juice of quince, clarified . . H5j.
White sugar ^ij.
Put them into a bottle, the mouth of
1020
FORMULiE, &c.
which is slightly stopped with paper, and
let them stand for a few days to ferment ;
tlien keep the fermented liquor in a bottle,
with a little oil floating on the surface
of it.
ViNUM ERGOTS. Wine of er-
got of rye.
U. S. Ph. 1850.
^ Ergot, bruised ^ij.
White wine Oj.
Macerate for 14 days, with occasional
agitation ; then express, and filter through
paper.
ViNUM FERRi. Wine of iron.
Steel wine.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
B Iron wire ^j.
Sherry wine Oij.
Digest for 30 days, and strain.
This preparation, the pi-ocess for which
imderwent several changes in previous
pharmacopseias, was omitted from that of
1836, but has been restored in 1851, The
present process is similar to that of 1809,
a much better process than that given in
1824.
Lond. Ph. 1809.
9 Iron filings ^ij.
Sherry wine (old measure) . Oij.
Macerate for a month, occasionally
shaking it, then filter.
Note. — This, which is a good formula,
was first introduced in 1788.
Load. Ph. 1824.
9' Iron filings ?j.
Cream of tartar .... 3vj.
Water f^-.
Mix, and expose them to the air, kept
moist, and daily stirred for 6 weeks ;
then dry, and powder the residue, and
dissolve it in
Distilled water .... Oiss.
Proof spirit ..... Oj.
Note. — This is a bad formula. The
solution undergoes decomposition soon.
Lond. Ph. 1746.
^i Iron filings ^iv.
Cinnamon,
Mace ...... aa ^ss.
Rhenish wine, Oiv. (old measure.)
Macerate without heat, for a month, fre-
quently shaking it, then filter.
Codex Medic. Hamberg, 1845.
j^' Iron filings _^ij.
Cinnamon ...... ^.
Hock wine Ibij.
Macerate for 6 days, and strain.
Ph. Grseca, 1837.
^i Iron filings .... 2 parts.
Cinnamon .... 1 part.
White wine .... 24 parts.
Macerate for some days, and filter.
ViNUM FERRI CITRATIS. Wine
of citrate of iron.
Beral.
9 Citrate of iron .
. .^ss.
Chablis wine ....
. Ixxx.
Mix.
ViNUM GENTIANS.
Wine of
gentian.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Gentian, in coarse powder . ^ss.
Yellow bark, in coarse
powder ^.
Bitter orange-peel, dried
and sliced .... 3ij.
Canella, in coarse powder . jj.
Proof spirit f^ivss.
Sherry Oj. &V^xvj.
Digest the root and barks for 24 hours
in the spirit ; add the wine, and digest for
7 days more ; strain, and express the
i-esiduum strongly, and filter the liquors.
Med. Use. — An aromatic tonic, useful in
dyspepsia and anorexia.
Dose. — 3ij. to ^ss.
Codex, Ph. Fran9., 1839.
R" Gentian root .... 32 parts.
Proof spirit (sp. gr. -924) 64 „
Red wine (French) . 1000 „
FORMULA, &c.
1021
Macerate the gentian root with the
spirit for 24 hours ; then add the wine,
macerate for 8 days, in a close vessel,
and strain.
ViNUM GRANATORUM. Pome-
granate wine.
Ph. Austriac, 1776.
^ Juice of pomegranate fruit,
clarified Ibj.
White sugar ^ij.
Put them into a bottle, partly close the
mouth of the bottle with a piece of paper,
and let them stand for a few days to fer-
ment ; then keep the fermented liquor in
a bottle, with a little oil floating on the
surface of it.
ViNUM iPECACUANHiE. Wine
of ipecacuanha.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
5' Ipecacuanha, bruised . . . _^iiss.
Shen-y wine Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
5 Ipecacuan, in moderately-
fine powder .... ^iiss.
Sherry Oij.
Digest for 7 days, and then filter.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
IJ' Ipecacuan, in coarse powder . ^iiss.
Sherry wine Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, with occasional
agitation ; then strain with expression, and
filter,
Med. Use. — A good emetic for infants,
and preferable to antimonials ; as a dia-
phoretic, in diarrhoea and dysentery.
Dose. — For the former purpose, f5iv. to
f^x. in divided doses; for the latter, from
tT\,x. to TT\xxx. in some suitable vehicle.
ViNUM opiATUM, commonly
called Rousseatis laudanum.
liatier and Henry's Ph. Fran.
^ White honey, 5670 Tr,
grains, or , . . 375 parts.
Hot watei-, 17011-5 Tr.
gr. or .... 1500 „
Pour the mixture, when melted, into a
matrass, a.id put it in a warm place. As
soon as it begins to ferment, add
Pure opium, 1890 Tr.
gr, or .... 128 parts.
Previously dissolved in
5670 Tr. gr. of wa-
ter, or .... 384 „
Let the whole ferment for a month \n
a place, the temperature of which should
be 86° F.
Then strain and filter the
liquor, and evaporate
until only 4725 Tr.
gr. remains, or . . 320 parts.
Next strain, and add of
Alcohol (D. 923 to 867)
2126-25 Tr, gr. or . 144 „
Preserve in a well-stopped vessel.
ViNUM opii. Wine of opium.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 Extract of opium .... ^iiss.
Cinnamon, bruised.
Cloves, bruised . . . aa 3iiss,
Shei-ry wine Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
i^ Opium |iij.
Cinnamon, in moderately-
fine powder,
Cloves, bruised , . . . aa 3iiss.
Sherry Oij.
Digest for 7 days, and then filter.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Opium, in coarse powder . . ^iij,
Sheny wine Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, with occasional
agitation ; then strain with expression, and
filter,
Med. Use. — Its effects are similar to
those of the tincture of opium.
Dose. — Gtt. X, to f3J.
SYNONYMES,
Laudanum liquidum Sydenhami. —
Lond. Ph. 1721.
Tinctura thebatca. — Lond. Ph. 1746.
SydeiJiom's laudarmm.
1022 FORMULiE, &c.
ViNUM QuiN^. Quinine wine.
Dr. Collier.
^ Disulphate of quina .
Citric acid . . .
Genuine orange wine
Dissolve,
Dose. — A dram-glassful or more.
gr. XXIV.
gr, xviij,
f^xxiv.
ViNUM RHEi. Rhubarb wine.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
1^'Rhubarb, in coaise
powder .... ^v,
Canella, in coarse pow-
der 3ij.
Proof spirit . . . • f^v.
Sherry Oj. Sif^xv,
Digest for 7 days ; strain, express
strongly the residuum, and filter the
liquors.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
R Rhubarb, in coarse powder . |iij.
Canella, in coarse powder , 3ij.
Sherry wine Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, with occasional
■agitation ; then strain with expression, and
filter.
Med. Use. — Stomachic and purgative.
Dose,— 3ij, to ^■,
Ph. Belgica, 1823.
Vinum rhei. Wine of rhubarb.
9 Rhubarb root, bruised .
Cardamom seeds ...
Rectified spirit ....
Sherry
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
ViNUM BHEI AMARUM.
Ph. Suecica, 1845
R Canella bark
Gentian .
Rhubarb
Malaga wine
French brandy .
Macerate for 4 days, and strain
5y.
3J-
Vinum khei aromaticum.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
9 Cardamoms ^.
Rhubarb ^iss.
Raisins, stoned .... ^iij,
Malaga wine , . . . . ^v,
French brandy .... ^iij.
Macerate for 4 days, then strain and add
Mace 3ss.
Bicarbonate of potash . . 3J.
Extract of elecampane . . 3SS.
Sugar |i
Mix.
Wine of
ftj.
Ibviij.
ViNCM SCILLITICUM,
squills.
Lond. Ph. 1721.
^> Squills, dried ....
French white wine . . •
Macerate for 14 days, and filter.
Codex, Ph. rran9., 1839.
^ Squills, dried ..... ^■.
Malaga wine ^^^j-
Macerate for 12 days, and strain.
ViNUM SCIJLLITICUM AMABUM.
Bitter wine of squills.
Codex, Ph. Fran?,, 1839.
^ Pale cinchona bark
Winter's bark . .
Lemon peel . •
Root of German contra-
yerva .
„ Angelica .
Squills ....
Leaves of wormwood .
„ balm .
Juniper berries .
Mace . . * . .
White wine ...
Macerate for 4 days, press, and strain.
ViNUM SENN^ COMPOSITUM.
Compound wine of sennce.
Ph. Suecica, 1845.
1^ Coriander seeds . . • . 3ij.
Fennel seeds .... 3ij,
Senna ...... ^iv.
^1 wine » . . . Itiiss.
64
parts
64
64
16
16
16
32
32
16
16
FORMULA, &c.
1023
Macerate for 3 days, then add
Raisins, stoned .... f,uj.
Macerate for 1 day, and strain.
ViNUM STRAMONII. Wi7ie of
stramonium.
Codex Medic. Haraberg., 1845.
^ Stramoniuna ^ij.
Spanish wine • , • . ^viij.
Rectified spirit . . . • ^'
Macerate for 3 days, and strain ^viij.
ViNUM TABACi. Wine of to-
bacco.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Tobacco ^iiss.
Sherry wine ..... Oij.
Digest for 7 days, strain, express strongly
the residuum, and filter the liquors.
Med. Use. — Sedative and diuretic ; but
rarely used.
Dose. — Min. x. to min. xl.
ViNUM VERATBi. Wine of whitc
hellebore.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9 White hellebore, sliced . • ^viij.
Sherry wine ..... Oij.
Macerate for 7 days, and strain.
Med. Use. — Given in gout, combined
■with opium.
Dose. — Min. t. to min. x.
SYNONYME.
Tinctura veratri albi.
Wafers. Flour wafers, for
sealing letters, Sfc.
Mix fine flour into a smooth pulp with
water, add red lead, dichromate of lead, or
other colouring matter, to give the re-
quired colour ; pass the mixture through a
sieve, pour some of it into the wafer-irons,
previously warmed and greased, then
having closed the irons, expose them to
the gentle heat of a charcoal fire until the
wafer is dried. The small wafers are
subsequently cut out of this large sheet
with a steel punch.
Gelatine wafers.
^ Best glue or gelatine • . . ftj.
White sugar ^j.
Water q. s.
Dissolve with heat ; colour it with pre-
pared cochineal, French berries, saffron,
turmeric, indigo, or other colouring matter ;
run it out in a thin layer over a glass or
metallic slab, slightly oiled, and when
cold, cut it with a punch, or stamp it with
an impression.
Wafer-paper.
This is an article of confectionary, which
has been recently applied to pharmaceutical
use.
Mix very fine wheat flour into a thin
batter with milk, or a mixture of ci'eam
and water; add a little white wine and
sugar, so as to make the mixture about
the consistence of syrup ; put some of the
mixture into the wafer-irons, previously
wanned and oiled, and expose them to the
gentle heat of a charcoal fii'e for a few
minutes, or until the wafer is diy.
The wafer-irons consist of two plates
of iron, united like a pincers or pair of
tongs, and, when brought together, having
a space between their opposed surfaces
suitable for the thickness of the wafers.
Med. Use. — These wafers are used for
administering nauseous medicines, such
as powders or electuaries ; the wafer being
moistened with water and the medicine
enveloped in it.
Wines, British.
The following is the process adopted
in making wine from the fruits of this
country.
The fruit should be gathered when
ripe, and, if possible, in dry weather;
it should be picked over, to remove stalks
&c., and to reject any that is unsound.
It is then well bruised in a tub or other
suitable vessel, put into a vat with the
specified quantity of water, and allowed to
macerate for about 24 hours, being stirred
up from time to time. At the expiration
of this time, the liquid is drawn off, and
1024
FORMULA, &c.
the fruit pressed in hair bags. The must
is now to be boiled for a few minutes, and
skimmed ; the sugar is then to be added,
and cream of tartar, if ordered, and when
the liquor has cooled to about 75° Fahr., it
is to be put into the cask, together with the
yeast, and left in a moderately warm, quiet
place to ferment. When the fermentation
has commenced, any ingredients used merely
for flavouring it should be added. The pro-
cess of fermentation usually occupies
from 14 to 20 days, at the expiration of
which time the spirit is to be added, and
the wine bunged up and left for about 3
months, when it may be bottled for use ; —
or it may be bottled when the spirit is
added, and kept for 3 months before being
used.
The foregoing process is to be adopted
with the following wines, excepting where
otherwise directed : —
Currant wine.
No. 1.
^ Red currants ... 70 fljs.
Brown sugar ... 10 lbs.
Water, sufficient to make 15 gallons.
Brandy .... 2 bottles.
Made according to directions above.
No. 2.
IFl' White currants.
Red currants, . . aa 40 lbs.
Water, q. s. for. . . 15 gallons.
Brown sugar . , .10 lbs.
Brandy 2 bottles.
Made according to directions above.
No. 3.
IJ Black currants . . 70 l&s.
Brown sugar . . . 10 lbs.
Water, q. s. for . . 15 gallons.
Brandy .... 2 bottles.
Made according to directions above.
Cherry wine.
T^ Cherries . . . . 70 lbs.
Brown sugar ... 10 lbs.
Water, q. s. for . . 15 gallons.
Brandy .... 2 bottles.
Made according to directions above.
Champagne, British.
5' Brown sugar . . .10 lbs.
White sugar ... 12 lbs.
Water 9 gallons.
Tartaric acid . . . 3vj.
Dissolve ; heat the liquor to 75° ; add
yeast, and when the fermentation has com-
menced.
Perry ..... 1 gallon.
Brandy Oiij.
Bottle it before the fermentation has
ceased.
Cider.
The juice of apples obtained by pres-
sure, fermented at a temperature of about
60° Fah. The quality of the cider de-
pends on the kind of apples used, and the
manner in which the fermentation is con-
ducted.
Cowslip wine.
9^ White sugar . . . 21 lbs
Water 7 gallons.
Dissolve it, set it to fennent, then add,
Cowslip flowers, picked 7 gallons.
Seville oranges, sliced No. 12,
Brandy 1 bottle.
Proceed according to directions at p.
1023.
Elder wine.
Yl Elder berries
Boiling water
Sugar .
Clove . .
Ginger .
Brandy
12 gallons.
40 lbs.
.^xij.
2 bottles.
Made according to directions at p. 1023.
Ginger wine.
9 Sugar 12 lbs.
Water 3^ gallons.
Ginger ^iv.
Boil them together for half an hourj
when cooled to 75°, add the rinds of 6
lemons, and some good yeast ; let it fer-
ment for 10 or 14 days, then add a pint of
brandy, and bottle it for use.
FORMULAE, &c.
1025
Gooseberry wine.
^ Gooseberries ... 70 Its.
Brown sugar . . .10 lbs.
Water, q. s. for . . 15 gallons.
Brandy 2 bottles.
Made according to directions at p. 1023.
Grape wine.
5 Grapes 70 lbs.
Sugar 10 Its.
Water, q. s. for . . 15 gallons.
Brandy .... 2 bottles.
Made according to directions at p. 1023.
Lemon wine.
^ Raisins .... 2 lbs.
Brown sugar ... 2 lbs.
Water 2 gallons.
Lemons, sliced . . . No. 4.
Made according to directions at p. 1023.
Change wine.
Y^ Juice of 100 Seville oranges,
Outside rind of 52 Seville oranges.
White sugar ... 23 lbs.
Water 10 gallons.
Brandy .... 2 bottles.
Made according to directions at p. 1023.
Poppy wine. Post.
This is made by fermenting poppy
capsules with sugar, in the same way as
the other wines above described. It is
said to be used in India, and to be highly
intoxicating and narcotic.
Perry.
The juice of pears, obtained by pres-
sure, fennented at a temperature of about
G0° Fahr,, the same process being adopted
as that for making cider.
Raisin wine.
]^ Malaga raisins ... 8 lbs.
Water 1 gallon.
Boil together, and proceed according to
the directions at p. 1023.
Wolfram.
An ore of tungsten.
Xyloipine.
A highly-combustible body obtained by
dissolving starch in strong nitric acid,
sp. gr. 1*5, w^ith the aid of a gentle_ heat,
and then adding water, which precipitates
the xyloidine in the form of a white
powder. A substance possessing similar
properties is obtained on immersing white
paper in nitric acid of the above density,
for 5 or 10 minutes, and then washing
it with water and drying it. These sub-
stances bum rapidly with a yellowish-
white flame, but are not explosive.
Gun-cotton was at first supposed to
be identical in composition with xyloidine.
It is obtained by a similar process, cotton
being substituted for paper or starch. If
clean carded cotton be immersed for 2
or 3 minutes in a large quantity of
the strongest nitric acid, sp. gr, r52, then
well washed in water, and dried by the
heat of a water-bath, it will be converted
into gun-cotton. The following, however,
is the best process for making it : —
Mix 2 parts of nitric acid, sp. gr. l"5,
and 1 part of oil of vitriol, sp, gr. 1*845 ;
immerse clean and dry carded cotton in
the mixture for 2 minutes, then take it
out, press it (to remove adhering acid),
wash it in a cun-ent of water until all fret-
acid is removed, and dry it by the heat of
a water-bath.
Gun-cotton thus prepared is highly ex-
plosive, igniting at a temperature a little
above 212" Fahr.
Yeast. Ferment. Barm.
An azotised substance formed during
the process of fermentation, and capable
of inducing fermentation in saccharine
solutions.
Artificial yeast.
No. 1,
Fownes.
Mix wheat flour into a thick paste with
water ; keep it slightly covered in a mo-^
3 U
1026
FORMULA, &c.
derately warm place ; in about 3 days
it begins to emit a little gas, and to exhale
a disagreeable, sour odour ; after 2 or
3 days more the smell changes, and
is accompanied by a distinct vinous odour ;
it is now in a state fit for exciting vinous
fermentation.
No. 2.
^ Honey ^v.
Cream of tartar ... • ,^.
MaJt .^xvj.
Water, at 122° Fahr, , , "oiij.
Stir well together, and allow the whole
to rest for 2 or 3 hours, or until
the temperature sinks to 65° Fahr., at
which it must be kept covered over, until
fermentation takes place and yeast is
formed.
No. 3.
Boil 4 ounces of bean flour in 6 quarts
of water for half an hour ; mix the decoc-
tion with 3^ pounds of wheat flour ; when
the temperature is at 55° Falir. add 2
quarts of beer yeast ; mix them well to-
gether, and keep the mixture at the above
temperature until it ferments. When fer-
mentation has continued for 24 hours, add
7 pounds of b.arley or bean flour, make it
into a uniform dough by kneading it, roll
it out as thin as a dollar, and cut it with
the top of a wine-glass into small cakes,
which are to be placed on a sieve and dried
in the sun. These may be kept in a dry
place, and used when required.
For Use. — Mix 1 of the cakes with
warm water, and set it in a warm place
for 12 hours, when it may be used as
yeast.
Zafpre.
Cobalt ore, deprived of sulphur and
part of the arsenic by roasting, then
ground to fine powder, and mixed with
siliceous or quartzose sand. It is chiefly
imported from Saxony. It is largely used
in Staffordshire and elsewhere for making
the blue colour employed for painting on
porcelain, and in enamels.
ZiNCUM. Zinc. Symh. Zn.
Equiv. 32-6.
A white or bluish-white metal, occur-
ring in nature in the state of oxide, car-
bonate, and Sulphuret. It is obtained
from one or other of these compounds.
Its sp. gr. is 6-8 to 7*2 It melts at 773° ;
at a temperature of 600° ; it is so brittle
as to admit of being easily powdered.
Powdered or granulated zinc is obtained
by rubbing it in a mortar when at the
last-named temperature.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Its specific gravity is 6'86. It is soluble
in nitric acid. What is thrown down by
ammonia is again dissolved when the same
is added in excess.
Spelter.
SYNONYMES.
Indian tin. Golden marcasite.
ZiNCi ACETAS. Acetate of zinc.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Acetate of lead .... ftj.
Sheet zinc ^iv.
Distilled water .... Oiiss.
Solution of chlorinated lime,
a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the acetate of lead in the water,
and, having placed the solution in a cylin-
drical jar, immerse in it the zinc rolled into
a coil. After the lapse of 24 hours decant
the liquid, and, having reduced it by
evaporation to 15 ounces, drop into it,
while boiling hot, the solution of chlori-
nated lime, until a reddish precipitate
ceases to form. It is now acidulated by
the addition of a few drops of acetic acid,
and evaporated down to 10 fluidounces,
when, upon cooling, crystals will form.
These, and any additional crystals obtained
by the concentration of the mother-liquor,
should be dried on blotting-paper placed on
a porous brick, and then preserved in a well-
stopped bottle.
FORMULA, &c.
1027
Med. Use. — Used as a topical astringent
in ophthalmia; and may be used in the
same cases as the sulphate.
Dose. — Gr. j. to gr. iij.
ZiNCi CARBONAS. CarboJiote of
zinc.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Solution of chloride of zinc . Oj.
Crystallized carbonate of soda
of commerce .... Ibij.
Boiling distilled water . , Ovj.
To the carbonate of soda dissolved in the
water, add the solution of chloride of zinc,
in successive portions, and boil until gas
ceases to be evolved. Collect the precipi-
tate on a calico filter, and, having poured
on distilled water until the washings cease
to cause turbidity when dropped into a
solution of nitrate of silver containing free
nitric acid, dry the product, first on blot-
ting-paper placed on a porous brick, and
finally by a steam or water heat.
Med. Use. — In the form of ointment;
desiccative and healing.
ZiNci CHLORiDUM. Chloride of
zinc.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
^ Hydrochloric acid . . . Oj.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Zinc broken in small pieces . ^vij.
Mix the acid with the water, and to
these add the zinc ; and, effervescence being
nearly finished, apply heat until bubbles
cease to be evolved. Pour off the liquor,
strain, and evaporate until the salt be
dried. Having melted this in a lightly-
covered crucible by a red heat, pour it out
on a flat and smooth stone. Lastly, when
it has cooled, break it into small pieces,
and keep it in a well-stoppered vessel.
Free from colour, it deliquesces if exposed
to the air ; is soluble in water and in rectified
spirit From the watery solution, hydro-
sulphuric acid or ferrocyanide of potassium
being dropped in, a precipitate is thrown
down. What is thrown down by ammonia
or potash from the same solution is white,
and this is again dissolved by the addition
of either precipitant in excess ; moreover,
what is precipitated by the addition of the
carbonate of either ammonia or potash is
white, but is not again dissolved when these
are added in excess.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
9 Solution of chloride of zinc (see next
formula), any convenient quantity.
Evaporate it down in a porcelain cap-
sule, so far that, upon suffering the residual
liquor to cool, it solidifies. Subdivide the
product rapidly into fragments, and enclose
them in a well-stopped bottle,
Medt Use. — A powerful caustic.
SYNONYME.
Butter of zinc.
ZiNCI CHLORIDI LIQUOR. SolU'
tion of chloride of zinc.
1^ Sheet zinc Ibj.
Muriatic acid of commeroe.
Water, of each .... Oiiss.
Or as much as may be sufficient.
Solution of chlorinated lime . f}^.
Prepared chalk . • • • Jj.
To the zinc, introduced into a porcelain
capsule, gradually add the muriatic acid,
applying heat, until the metal is dissolved.
Filter the liquid through calico, and, having
added to it the solution of chlorinated lime,
concentrate at a boiling temperature, until
it occupies the bulk of one pint. Permit
the solution now to cool down fo the tem-
perature of the air, place it in a bottle with
the chalk, and, having first added distilled
water, so that the bulk of the whole may
be a quart, shake the mixture occasionally
for 24 hours. Finally, filter, and preserve
the product in a well-stopped bottle.
The specific gravity of this liquor is
1593.
ZiNCi CYANiDUM. Zincum hy-
drocyanicum. Cyanide of zinc.
Codex, Ph. Fran9., 1839.
Dissolve sulphate of zinc in water, and
add to it a solution of cyanide of potasj.
3 u 2
1028
FORMULA, &c.
sium as long as a precipitate is formed,
stirring the mixture constantly with a rod.
Collect, wash, and carefully dry the preci-
pitate.
Ph. Badensia, 1841.
Dissolve carbonated oxide of zinc in con-
centrated acetic acid diluted with an equal
quantity of water, then add prussic acid as
long as a precipitate is formed, which is to
be washed, and dried at a common temper-
ature.
Note. — A white, tasteless powder, free
from smell. Insoluble in water and spirit.
Soluble in somewhat diluted sulphuric or
muriatic acid, developing prussic acid.
Dose. — Quarter of a grain,
ZiNCI FERROCTANIDUM. Zm-
cum ferroso-hydrocyanicum. Fer-
rocyanide of zinc.
Add a solution of ferrocyanide of iron to
solution of sulphate of zinc, and collect,
wash, and dry the precipitate.
Dose, — Half a grain to 1 grain.
Codex Medic. Hamburg., 1845.
Zincum ferroso-hydrocyanicum.
^i Pmssiate of potash • • • ^'.
Distilled water .... Itjj.
Dissolve.
]^ Sulphate of zinc . . . Jiss.
Distilled water .... ^vj.
Dissolve.
Mix the solutions, wash, and dry the
precipitate.
Note. — White, tasteless, and insoluble in
water.
Dose. — Gr. ij.
Zmcr lODiDUM. Iodide of zinc.
Made in the same way as iodide of iron,
substitutmg zinc for iron.
Ztnci lactas. Lactate of zinc.
Made in the same way as lactate of iron,
substituting zinc for iron.
ZiNCi OXYDUM. Oxide of zinc.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
9' Sulphate of zinc . . . . Ibj.
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia ^viss.
Distilled water .... Cong. iij.
Dissolve the sulphate of zinc and sesqui-
carbonate of ammonia, separately, in 12
pints of distilled water, and strain; then
mix. Wash what is precipitated frequently
with water ; and lastly, burn it for 2 hours
in a strong fire.
Pulverulent, yellowish-white ; is soluble,
in ammonia, potash, and hydrochloric
acid.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
^ Sulphate of zinc . . . ^xij.
Carbonate of ammonia . . ^^vj.
Dissolve each in 2 pints of water ; mix
the solutions ; collect the precipitate on a
filter of linen or calico ; wash it thoroughly ;
squeeze and dry it, and expose it for 2
hours to a red heat.
Note. — White, tasteless, entirely soluble
in diluted nitric acid without effervescence ;
this solution is not affected by nitrate of
baryta, but gives with ammonia a white
precipitate entirely soluble in an excess of
the test.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
3,' Carbonate of zinc, any convenient
quantity.
Place it in a clay crucible furnished with
a cover, and expose it to a very low red heat
until a portion of the contents of the
crucible, taken from the centre, ceases to
effervesce on being dropped into dilute sul-
phuric acid.
Use. — Externally, in preparing the oxide
of zinc ointment. Internally, as a tonic in
epilepsy, chorea, and hooping-cough.
SYNONYMES.
Oxide of zinc, prepared by combustion,
was foiinerly known by the names Pom-
pholix, Nil, Nihil, Nihili album, Lana
philosopliici. Philosopher's tcool. Flowers of
zinc, Zincum calcinatum.
FORMULiE, &c.
1029
ZiNci SULPHAS. Sulphate of
zi?ic.
Lond. Ph. 1851.
Note. — It is soluble in water. The pre-
cipitate with ammonia is white, but is re-
dissolved if the test be added in excess.
What is thrown down by either chloride of
barium or acetate of lead is not dissolved
by dilute nitric acid. What is precipitated
from 100 grains dissolved in water by
sesquicarbonate of ammonia, is reduced, at
a high temperature, to 27*9 grains of oxide
of zinc.
Edin. Ph. 1841.
This salt may be prepared either by
dissolving fragments of zinc in diluted
sulphuric acid until a neutral liquid be
obtained, filtering the solution, and con-
centrating sufficiently for it to ciystallize
on cooling, — or by repeatedly dissolving
and crystallizing the impure sulphate of
zinc of commerce, until the product, when
dissolved in water, does not yield a black
precipitate with tinctm-e of galls, and cor-
responds with the characters laid down
for sulphate of zinc in the List of the
Materia Medica; and exhibited in the note
immediately following.
Note. — When a solution in 6 waters
is boiled with a little nitric acid, and
solution of ammonia is then added till
the oxide of zinc first thrown down is all
redissolved, no yellow precipitate re-
mains, or a trace only, and the solution is
colourless.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
1^ Zinc, laminated, or in small
fragments . . . . ^iv.
Oil of vitriol of commerce . f.^iij.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Nitric acid of commerce.
Dilute sulphuric acid, of each f 3j.
Prepared chalk .... jiij.
Place the zinc, oil of vitriol, and a pint
of the water in a porcelain capsule, and,
when gas ceases to be developed, boil for
10 minutes. Pnss then the solution through
a calico filter, and, having added to it the
nitric acid, evaporate to dryness. Let the
dry salt be dissolved in the remainder of the
water, and let the solution when cold be
shaken several times for 6 hours in a
bottle with the chalk, and then cleared by
passing it through a filter. It is now, after
having been acidulated with the dilute sul-
phuric acid, to be evaporated till a pellicle
begins to form on its surface, and then set
to crystallize. The crystals thus obtained
should be dried on blotting-paper without
heat, and then preserved in a bottle. By
further concentrating the solution from
which the crystals have separated, an addi-
tional product will be obtained.
Uses. — Internally, tonic and astringent.
Dose, — Gr. j. to gr. ij., which may be
gradually raised to gr. v. ; as an emetic in
the dose of from gr. x. to gr. xxx. Ex-
ternally, as an astringent in the propor-
tion of gr. X. to 8 fluidounces of water.
Remarks. — An impure sulphate of zinc,
known in commerce by the names of White
vitriol, or White copperas, is obtained by
the oxidation of native sulphuret of zinc
or blende. The sulphuret is roasted, and
then exposed to the joint action of mois-
ture and atmospheric air, under which
circumstances the zinc is converted into
oxide, and the sulphur into sulphuric acid,
which combine to form the salt. This is
separated from impurities by lixiviation
and crystallization.
SYNONYMKS.
Vitriohim album depuratum. — Lond. Ph.
1721.
Sal vrtrioU.— Lond. Ph. 1746.
Zincum vitriolatum. — Lond. Ph. 1788.
GUla theophrasia. White vitriol.
ZiNCi VALEKIANAS. Valerianate
of zinc.
Dubl. Ph. 1850.
^ Valerianate of soda . . . ^iiss.
Sulphate of zinc . . . ^ij. 3vij.
Distilled water .... Oij.
Dissolve the valerianate of soda in one-
half, and the sulphate of zinc in the remain-
1030
FORMULAE, &c.
ing half of the water, and, having raised
both solutions to 200°, mix them, and
skim off the crystals which are produced.
Let the solution be now evaporated at a
temperature not exceeding 200°, until it is
reduced to the bulk of 4 ounces, removing,
as before, the crystals from the surface, in
proportion as they form, and placing them
with those already obtained. The salt
thus procured is to be steeped for an hour
in as much cold distilled water as is just
sufficient to cover it, and then transferred
to a paper filter, on which it is to be first
drained, and then dried at a heat not ex-
ceeding 100°.
Med, Use. — 'Tonic, antispasmodic, and
is adapted for the treatment of neuralgic
affections. It has been found especially
useful in facial neuralgia, hysterical neur-
algia, and vertigo.
Dose. — Three-fourths of a grain to 1
grain two or three times a day.
[. 1031 ]
INDEX.
A.
Abatia parviflora, 225
rugosa, 225
Abele, 495
Abelmoschus esculentus, 222
Abernethy's aperient mix-
ture, 834
Abietinse, 502—504
Abies balsamea, 502
Canadensis, 502
excelsa, 502
larix, 504
nigra, 502
pectinata, 503
picea, 503
taxifolia, 503
Abramis, 146
Abranchiata, 160
Abricot sauvage, 234
Abrotanum f%mina, 371
mas, 355
Abrus precatorius, 263
Absinthim, 355
Absinthium, 355
maritimum, 356
moxa, 356
Romanum, 356
rupestre, 356
vulgare, 355
Abuta amara, 198
candicans, 198
rufescens, 198
Abyssinian bryony, 305
Acacia alba, 264
amara, 263
Arabica, 264
Catechu, 264
decurrens, 264
Ehrenbei"gii, 264
Farnesiana, 264
ferruginea, 264
giraff", 264
gnmmifera, 264
horrida, 264
Italian, 265
JeucojAlea, 264
Lozenges, 995
melanoxylon, 264-
mollissima, 264
]Silotica, 264
Acacia orfota, 264
scandens, 264
Senegal, 264
Seyal, 264
tortilis, 264
trefoil, 265
triple-thomed, 273
vera, 264
Acalepha, 176—178
Acalypha hispida, 473
Indica, 472
Acanthopterygii, 145
Acanthias, 152
Acanthium, 369
Acanthaceae, 440
Acanthus, 440
mollis, 440
spinosus, 440
sylvestris, 440
Acarna, 360
Acarnus, 369
Acaroides resinifera, 531
Acarus scabiei, 163
itch, 163
Accipitres, 131
Acephala, 157
Acerineaj, 236
Acer campestre, 236
majus, 236
minus, 236
platanoides, 236
pseudo-platanus, 236
rubrum, 236
saccharinura, 236
Acetas kali, 891
Acetate of ammonia, 606
copper, 600
lead, 884
mercury, 766
morphia, 838
potash, 891
quinine, 912
soda, 928
zinc, 1026
Acetated tincture of opium,
988
Acetic acid, 577—583
specific gravity of, at differ-
ent strengths, 54
ether, 601
extract of cokhicum, 732
Acetosa, 457
Romana, 458
Acetosffi folia, 457
Acetosella, 245, 457
Acetum, 579
aromaticum, 580, 582
Britannicum, 579
cantharidis, 580
cerevisise, 605
coichici, 581
digitalis, 581
distillatum, 581
Gallicum, 579, 580
glaciale, 583
opii, 581
prophylacticum, 582
quatuor furum, 582
rubi idffii, 582
scillffi, 582
Acharitherium arvense, 364
Achiras, 517
Achillea Ageratum, 353
millefolium, 353
nobilis, 353
ptarmica, 370
Achras caimito, 384
lucuma, 384
mammosa, 384
sapota, 384
Achyrauthe? aspera, 448
lanata, 312
repens, 448
Achyrophorus maculatug, 353
radicatus, 366
Acid, acetic, 583, 584
acetic, glacial, 583
acetic, table of specific
gravities of, 54
ai-senic, 584
arsenious, 584
auiic, 643
aloetic tincture, 969
aromatic tincture, 970
bath, 644
benzoic, 585
boracic, 585
chloride of gold, 642
citric, 686
citric, saturating power of
586
elixir of Dippel, 707
1032
INDEX.
Acid elixir of Haller,707, 708
elixir of vitriol, 597
euxanthinic, 774
formic, 174, 587
gallic, 587
hydriodic, 588
hydriodic, solution of, 588
hydrochloric, 588
hydrochloric, diluted, 589
hydrocyanic, 589, 590
hydrocyanic, diluted, 590
iodic, 591
lactic, 591
maderic, 350
muriatic, 589
nitrate of mercury, 771
nitric, 592
nitric, diluted, 593
nitro-muriatic, 593
nitrous, 592
oxalic, 593
phosphoric, 594
phosphoric, diluted, 594
phosphoric, glacial, 594
phosphoric, hydrated, 594
prussic, 589
prussic, Scheele's, 590
purreic, 774
pyroligneous, 595
rose lozenges, 999
rubiacic, 350
smilasperic, 397
succinic, 595, 947
of sugar, 593
sulphuric, 595
sulphuric, aromatic, 597
sulphuric, diluted, 596
sulphuric, pure, 59Q
sulphurous, 597
tannic, 597
tartaric, 598
valerianic, 598
vitriolated tartar, 893
vitriolic, 595
whey, 926
Acide sulphuriqiw alcoholi-
see, 707
Acids and bases, solubility of,
95
Acidometer, Baume's, 40
Acidulated kali, 932
lemon lozenges, 996
Aciduna aceticum, 583, 584
aceticum aromaticum, 580,
582
aceticum camphoratum,
580
aceticum glaciale, 583
aceticum forte, 584
aceticum dilutum, 584
aceticum e ligno venate, 584
Acidura arsenicum, 584
arseniosum, 584
benzoicum, 585
boracicum, 585
borussicum, 590
chloro-hydrargyricum, 768
citricum, 586
e galla preparatum, 598
e sulphure prej)aratuni, 55'^
formicum, 587
gallicum, 587
hydriodicum, 588
hydrochloricum, 5S,^
hydrochloricum dilutum,
589
hydrocyanicum, 589, 590
hydrocyaajcum dilutum,
590
iodicum, 591
lacticum, 591
muriaticum, 589
muriaticum dilutum, 589
muriaticum purum, 589
nitricum, 592
nitricum dilutum, 593
nitricum purum, 592
nitro-muriaticum, 593
nitrosum, 592, 593
of sugar, 593
oxalicum, 593
phosphoricum, 594
phosphoricum dilutum, 594
phosphoricum hydratum,
594
potassffi bitartrate prepa-
ratum, 598
Prussicum, 589
pyrogallicum, 594
pyroligneum, 595
Scytodephicum, 597
succinicum, 595, 947
sulphuricum, 595, 596
sulphuricum aromaticum,
597
sulphuricum dilutum, 596
sulphuricum puruan, 596
sulphuricum venale, 595
sulphurosum, 597
tannicum, 597, 598
tartaricum, 598
valerianicum, 598
vitriolicum dilutum, 597
Acipenser, 150
brevirostris, 151
guldenstadtii, 151
helops, 151
huso, 150
■ maculosus, 152
oxyrhyncus, 151
pygmaeus, 151
rubicundus, 151
Acipenser ruthenus, 151
stellatus, 151
slurio, 151
Ackawai, 460
Aconitina, 599
Aconitine, 599
Acouitum Authorn, 138
bacciferum, 189
cammarum, 189
ferox, 188
heterophyllum, 188
lycoctonum, 188
napellus, 189
neomontanum, 189
paniculatum, 189
Acorns, 497
Acorus adulteriuus, 520
calamus, 539
Acotyledons, or Acrogens, 554
Acouchi, balsam of, 259
Acrid lobelia, 376
Acrita, 176
Acrodiclidium camara, 460
Acrostichum Huacsaro, 556
Aetata ciraicifuga, 189
racemosa, 189
spicata, 189
Acupuncturation, 708
Acupuncture, 708
Acynos vulgsvris, 431
Acyntha Guineeiisis, 530
Adam's needle, 531
Adamarum, 296
Adansonia digitata, 223
Adarms, 17
Adder's tongue, common, 558
Adenarum peploides, 218
Adenanthera Pavonina, 264
Adenorhossium multifidum,
482
Adenostyles glabra, 354
Adeps, .599
myristicee, 857
suillus, 599
Adhatoda Vasica, 441
Adiantum ^Ethiopicum, 556
album, 557
capillus Veneris, 556
melano caulon, 557
nigrum, 557, 560
pedatum, 557
verum, 556
vulgare, 556
Adjowan, 329
Adonis Apennina, 189
autumnalis, 189
vernalis, 189
Ador far, 551
Adrue, 543
Aerated lemonade, 793
mineral alkali, 929
INDEX.
1033
Mgh marmelos, 230
^gonychon arvense, 410
^Egopodium Podagraria, 317
iEnopilia volubilis, 253
iEuothera biennis, 298
^rugo, 599
crystallizata, 600
Ms ustum, 600
iEschinomene grandiflora, 265
jEschynomene sesban, 283
iEsculos hipporastanum, 236
pavia, 237
JEther, 600
aceticus, 601
chloricus, 601
hydrochloricus, 601
muriaticus, 601
nitrosus, 602
phosphoratus, 603
sulphuricus, 600, 601
terebinthinatus, 603
iEthiops absorbens, 766
antimonialis, 604, 773
martialis, 604
mineral, 604
mineralis, 604
per se, 604
piummeri, 604
vegetabilis, 604
vegetable, 604
^thusa Cynapium, 317
meum, 326
mutellina, 327
iEtites, 791
African bdellium, 259, 360,
651
elephant, 119
hemp, 530
olibanum, 257
scorpion, 164
Agallochum, 480
Agar agar cai'ange, 572
Agaric, bearded pepper, 562
bulbous, 561
deadly milky, 561
foetid simple gilled, 561
fly, 561
ivory, 561
large shaggy, 562
male, 562
of the larch, 562
orange milked, 561
subacid rufous, 562
violet, 562
yellow milked, 562
Agarice pratelli, 561
Agaricus, 561
annulfttus, 562
bulbosus, 561
campestris, 561
cantharelles, 563
Agaricus cimicarius, 562
colubrinus, 562
deliciosus, 561
ebumeus, 561
edulis, 561
ficoides, 562
foetens, 561
fulvosus, 562
fulvus, 562
lactifluus, 562
miniatus, 562
muscarius, 561
necator, 561
pepper, 561
piperatus, 561, 562
pratensis, 562
procerus, 562
subdulcis, 562
theiogalus, 561, 562
torminosus, 562
tortilis, 562
translucens, 562
violaceus, 562
Agasillus, 320, 324
Agasillis galbanum, 320
Agathis loranthifolia, 503
Agathodes chirayta, 399
Agathophyllum, 247
aromaticum, 247, 460
Agathotes, 399
Agati grandiflora, 265
gum, 265
Agave Americana, 531
vivipara, 531
Agresta, 1017
Ageratum, 353
febrifugum, 370
Aghilcuttay, 264
Agnus castus, 440
Agrimonia, 285
eupatoriii, 285
Agrimony, 285
hemp, 363
water hemp, 358
Agropyrum repens, 552
Agrostemma coeli rosa, 219
coronaria, 219
flos Jovis, 219
githago, 219
Aix la Chapelle water, 629
Agrotis, 565
Aizoon Canariense, 313
Ajuga Chama?pitys, 427
fruticosa, 427
pyramidalis, 427
reptans, 427
Akeratophora, 122
Akum, 395
Ala, 652
Alana, 995
Alangi, 301
Alangiese, 301
Alangium decapetalum, 301
hexapetalum, 301
Alauda arvensis, 132
cristata, 132
Alca impennis, 136
torda et pica, 136
Alcanna vera, 409
Alcea, 222
rosea, 222
Alcedo ispida, 132
Alchemilla Alpina, 285
arvensis, 285
vulgaris, 285
Alchomea latifolia, 472
Alcohol, 604
ammoniatum, 938
diluted, 605
dilutius, 943
dilutum, 605
fortius, 943
sulphurique, 707
Alcoholic extract of hemlock,
733
Alcoolat de Garus, 709
Alcohometre,Gay Lussac's,42
Alcornoco bark, 236, 267,
472, 497
cabarro, 472
Aldecay, 296
Alder, 493
black, 253
tree, black, 254
tree, beny-bearing, 254
Ale, 652
Ale and beer measure, 29
Devonshire white, 652
table, 652
Alegar, 605
Aleppo scammony, 405
scammony plant, 405
Aleppo senna, 269
Alesiterial water, 620
Aletris farinosa, 525
Guineensis, 530
hyacinthoides, 530
Aleurites laccifera, 472
triloba, 472
Alexander's remedy for gout,
814
Alexandrian bay, 529
laurel, 233
senna, 268
Alga, 508
Alga, 571
Algaroba, 281, 282
beans, 270
Chili, 282
Algaroth's powder, 614
Algarovilla, 276, 282
Alhagi Maurorum, 265
1034
INDEX.
Alicant glasswort, 451
soda of, 451
Alimentary preparation, Gar-
diner's, 744
Alisma plantago, 507
Alismaceae, 507
Alizarin, 350
Alkaline solution of iron, 802
bath, 645
wine of aloes, 1018
Alkalized mercury, 766
Alkanet, 408
common, 408
true, 409
bastard, 410
small yellow, 411
Alkekengi, 417
AUamanda cathartica, 389
grandiflora, 389
Linnaei, 389
Alleluja, 245
All-good, 450
All-heal, narrow leaf, 428
AUiaria officinalis, 205
Alligator apple, 196
pear, 465
Allium ampeloprasum, 525
arenarium, 525
ascalonicum, 525
Cepa, 525
contortum, 525
fistulosum, 525
hirsutum, 525
magicum, 525
nigrum, 525
oleraceum, 525
porrum, 526
sativum, 526
schasnoprasum, 526
ursinum, 526
vineale, 526
Allowat, or allieh, 265
All-seed, 448
four-leaved, 311
Allspice, Carolina, 295
Allspice, or pimento, 303
tree, 303
Almond cake, 286
dwarf, 276
Indian, 296
leaved willow, 497
paste, 868
soap, 923
tree, 286
Almonds, blanched, 286
burnt, 286
bitter, 286
confection of, 686
conserve of, 686
Guiana, 237
Java, 258
Almonds, sweet, 286
Alnus, 493
glutinosa, 493
nigra, 254
Aloetic tincture, 969
Aloexylon Agallochum, 265
Aloe arborescens, 526
Barbadensis, 527
Commelyni, 526
Guineensis, 530
Indica, 526
mitriformis, 526
palustris, 507
perfoliata, 526
purpurascens, 526
Socotrina, 526
spicata, 526
vera, 526
vulgaris, 527
wood, 265, 480
Aloes, Barbadoes, 527
Aloes and mastic pills, 876
Cape, 526
hepatic, 527
horse, 526
lign, 265, 480
Mocha, 526
Socotrine, 526
wood, 265, 480
Alonsoa caulialata, 422
Alouchi, 233
Alpine barren wort, 200
coltsfoot, 360
crowfoot, 194
gentian, spring, 402
groundsel, 372
ladies' mantle, 285
strawberry, 288
trefoil, 284
wormwood, 356
Alpinia cardamomum, 516
esaltata, 513
Galanga, 512, 516
repens, 516
sessilis, 516
tubulata, 513
Alsine aquatica major, 218
hirsuta altera viscosa, 219
hirsuta myosotis, 219
media, 220
Alstonia theseformis, 230, 386
scholaris, 389
Alstrcemeria edulis, 520
Ligtu, 520
Pekgrina, 520
revoluta, 520
Salsilla, 520
Alterative balls, 821
powder, Pluramer's, 604
powders, 821
Alteratives, 821
Alternate centipede, 1 67
Altha;a hirsuta, 221
officinalis, 221
rosea, 222
Altingea excelsa, 244, 494
Alum, 605
and capsicum powder, 903
Bath, 645
Baume's, 682
burnt, 605
compound solution of, 798
dried, 606
iron, 606
plumose, 640
roche, 605
rock, 605
Koman, 605
root, 316
white, 682
Alumen, 605
exsiccatum, 605
Romanum, 605
rubrum, 605
rupeum, 605
siccatum, 606
ustum, 605
Alumina and potash, sulphate
of, 605
Aluminous whey, 926
Alysson, 205
Alyssum campestre, 205
Galeni, 430
Alyxia aromatica, 389
stellata, 389
Amada, 575
Amadou, 606
hard, 565
real, 565
Amalgam, 606
Amaracus, 427, 434
Amaracus Dictamnus, 427
Amaranthacese, 447
Amaranth, wild, 448
Amaranthus Blitum, 448
caudatus, 448
melancholicus, 448
obtusifolius, 448
oleraceus, 448
viridis, 448
Amarelle, 287
Amaryllidea, 520, 531
Amaryllis diS'ticha, 520
Amber, 947
oil of, 595, 863
oxidized oil of, 841
resin of, 841
varnish, 1013
Ambergris, 130, 606
Ambergrisea, 606
Ambrosia, 354, 450
maritima, 354-
INDEX.
1035
Amentaceae, 492
American angelica, 318
arbor vitas, 506
black bear, 111
blackberry, 294
calumba, 400
centaury, 401
china root, 524
cranberry, 378
crane's bill, 243
dewbeixy, 294
dog wood, 334
dog's bane, 389
elder, 336
gamboge, 233
golden rod, 373
hellebore, 535
hiccory, 492
ipecacuanha, 289
long pepper, small, 501
myrobalans, 459
nutmegs, 197, 460
olibanum, 504
pennyroyal, 428
poke weed, 452
rattle snake, 142
rosebay, 382
sanicle, 316
scorpion, 164
senna, 269
spikenard, 333
turpentine, 505
violet, 214
winter green, 382
Amethyst, artificial, 762
Amianthus, 640
Ammannia, blistering, 298
vesicatoria, 298
Ammi copticum, 330
majus, 317
visnaga, 317
vulgare, 317
Ammonia, 606
acetate of, 606
anisated solution of, 798
benzoate of, 607
Berthol let's neutral car-
bonate of, 607
bicarbonate of, 607
boiling point of solutions
of different strengths, 55
■cai'bonat« of, 610
■carbonate of, empyreumatic
solution, 798
■hepatized, 608
hydriodate of, 607
hydrochlorate of, 608
hydrosulphate of, 608
hydrosulphuret of, 608
muriate of, 608
titrate of, 610
Ammonia, oxalate of, 610
sesquicai'bonate of, 610
solution of, 55
solution of acetate of, 606,
607
solution of arseniate of, 799
solution of sesquicarbonate
of, 799
strength of solution of
different specific gra-
vities, 55
stronger solution of, 609
sulphate of, 611
water of acetate of, 606,
607
water of caustic, 609
Ammoniacal oxychloruret of
mercury, 768
Ammoniacum, 323, 611
carbonicum pyro-oleosum,
611
hydrochloratum ferratum,
745
preparatum, 611, 901
Ammoniated submtiriate of
mercury, 768
Ammoniated soap liniment,
797
tartar, 965
tincture of castor, 975
tincture of cinchona, 976
tincture of opium, 988
tincture of valerian, 994
Ammoniffi acetas, 606
acetatis aqua, 606, 607
acatatis liquor, 607
aqua, 609
aqua fortior, 609
benzoas, 607
bicarbonas, 607
carbonas, 610
causticae aqua, 609
hydriodas, 607
hydrochloi-as, 608
hydrosulphas, 608
hydrosulphuretura, 608
liquor fortior, 609, 610
nitras, 610
oxalas, 610
sesquicarbonas, 610
sulphas, 611
Ammonii iodidum, 607
Ammonio-chloride of iron, 744
-chloride ©f mercury, 768
-citrate of iron, 745
-tartrate of iron, 746
-sulphate of copper, 693
Ammonium, chloride of, 608
Amomum angustifolium, 513
aromaticum, 513
cardamomum, 513
Amomum, common, 331
clusii, 513
citratum, 513
galanga, 512
globosum, 513
gi-ana Paradisi, 514
grandiflorum, 514
great^winged, 514
korarima, 514
large-seeded, Guinea, 514
macrospermum, 514
maximum, 514
melegueta, 514
Plinii, 419
repens, 516
verum, 513
villosum, 514
vulgare, 331
zedoaria, 515
zerumbet, 515
zingiber, 517
Amorphous quinine, 912
phosphorus, 872
Ampelideae, 241
Ampelitis, 967
Amphibious, 110
cress, 209
persicaria, 453
Amphisbaena alba, 140
Amygdalae amarae, 286
dulces, 286
placenta, 286
Amygdalin, 286
Amygdaloides angustifolius,
486
Amygdalus communis, 286
Persica, 286, 289, 290
pumila, 286
Amyl, 611
Amylaceous ipecacuanha, 349
Amyli iodidum, 611
Amylum, 611
iodatum, 611
Amyris ambrosiaca, 259
balsamifera, 256
commiphora, 258
elemifera, 255
Gileadensis, 256
heterophilla, 259
hexandra, 255
kafal, 256
kataf, 256
opobalsamum, 256
Plumieri, 255
protium, 261
toxifera, 256
zeylanica, 258
Anacardium latifolium, 262
Occidentale, 256
officinarum, 262
Orientale, 262
1036
INDEX.
Anacamptis pyramidalis, 511
Anacyclus pyrethrum, 354
radiatus, 354
Anagyris foetida, 265
Anagallis aquatica, 425
arvensis, 442
coerulea, 442
fcemina, 442
terrestris mas, 442
Analeptic pills, James', 818
Anamirta cocculus, 199
Ananas, 532
Ananhicas lupus, 792
Anas cyanoides, 136
olor, 137
Anchor-fish, 154
Anchovy, 146
Anchovy powder, 905
Anchusa arvensis, 400
Italica, 408
officinalis, 408
tinctoria, 08
Virginica, 409
Anda-acu, 472
Braziliensis, 472
Anda gomesii, 472
Andaman red wood, 282
Anderson's pills, 814
Andira iuennis, 265
retusa, 266
Andrachne, 379
Theophrasti, 379
Andromeda, marsh, 379
Mariana, 381
polifolia, 379
rosemary leaved, 379
Andrographis paniculata, 441
Androcase maxima, 442
Andropogon, 550
• calamus aromaticus, 544
citratum, 545
ivrandcusa, 544, 545
iwarancusa, 545
muricatus, 545
nardus, 545
Schoenanthus, 545
Androssemum officinale, 232
Anemone cernua, 189
hepatica, 192
nemorosa, 189
pratensis, 189
Pulsatilla, 190
sylvestris, 189
vernalis, 190
white wood, 189
wood, 189
yellow, 190
Anethum, 317
foeniculum, 325
graveolens, 317
minus, 317
Anemone panmori, 324
segetum, 317
Sowa, 318
Angelica, American, 318
archangelica, 319
atropurpurea, 318
candied, 319
carvif'olia, 330
garden, 319
nemorosa, 318
ofiicinalis, 326, 392
sylvestris, 318
tree, 333
wild, 318
Angola pea, 271
Angolum, 301
Angostura bark, 248
false, 257
Angrsecum fragrans, 510
Anguis fragilis, 140
meleagris, 140
scytale, 140
ventralis, 140
Animal bath, 645
charcoal, 665
musk-bearing, 125
oil, 844
substances, preservation of,
181
vegetable and mineral
products, 579
Animalia articulata, 107
mollusca, 107, 163
radiata, 107, 175
vertebrata, 106
Animals, classification of, 106
marsupial, 116
soft, 153
Anime, gum, 227, 274
resin, 274
Anisated solution of ammonia,
798
Anise, 329
star, 195
Aniseed water, 622
Anisum officinale, 329
stellatum, 195
Anisomeles Malabarica, 427
Aukoy tea, 229
Annelida, 160
Anneslia spinosa, 201
Annotto, 612
egg, 612
flag, 612
plant, 212
roll, 612
Annual knawel, 311
mercury, 483
navelwort, 442
white house-leek, 312
sheep's scabious, 377
Annulosa, 160
Anodyne balsam, Bate's, 815
Anodvne liquor, Hoffman's
936
necklaces, 842
Anonacea;, 196
Anona dodecapetala, 196
muricata, 196
myristica,197
palustris, 196
reticulata, 196
squamosa, 196
Anonis, 279
Anotto or arnotto plant,
212
Anser anser, 137
Ant, 174
Ant eater, 119
Anthelminthia quadrifolia,
398
Anthelmintics, 821
Anthemis arvensis, 354
aurea, 354
cotula, 368
foetida, 358
nobilis, 354
odorata, 354
pyrethrum, 354
tinctoria, 355
valentina, 354
Anthericum bicolor, 527
Liliastrum, 527
subtrigynum, 533
Anthora, 188
vulgaris, 188
Anthos rorismarini cacumina,
435
Anthoxanthum muricatus,
545
odoratum, 545
Anthracokali, 612
ointment, 612
sulphuretted, 612
sulphuretum, 612
Anthraco kali, 612
Anthriscus Cerefolium, 318
Cicutaria, 318
sylvestris, 318
vulgaris, 318
Anthyllis, 277
Hermannia2, 265
vulneraria, 265
Antiaris toxicaria, 485
saccidora, 486
Anti-attrition, 612
Antibilious pills, Barclay's,
814
Dixon's, 816
Antidesnia alexiteria, 247
laurel leaved, 24 7
Antidotarum, 2
INDEX.
1037
Antidote, calabash cacoon,
307
cocoon, 307
Antimonial cup, 693
bath, 645
ethiops, 604
plaster, 711
powder, 615
soap, 923
wine, 1018
Antimoniate of potash, 613
Antimonii cinis, 613
crocus, 613
crocus lotus, 613
et potassa; tartras, 618
oxydum, 613, 614
J oxydum nitromuriaticum,
614
oxysulphuretum, 616
potassio- tartras, 617
terchloriduTn, 618
tcrchloridi liquor, 799
tersulphuretum, 618
sulphur auratum, 945
sulphuretum, 618, 619
sulphuretum aureum, 616
sulphuretum precipitatum,
616
sulphuretum prseparatum,
618, 619
tartarizati liquor, 799,
1018
vitrum ceratum, 619
Antimouium, 613
calcinatnm, 613
diaphoreticum ablutum,
613
metallicum purum, 613
oxydatum album, 614
griseum, 614
tartarizatum, 617, 618
vitrificatum, 619
Antimony, 613
ash, 613
butter of, 618
cerated glass of, 619
cinnabar of, 618, 774
compound powder of, 615
crude, 618
diaphoretic, 613
glass of, 619
golden sulphuret of, 616,
945
liver of, 613
muriate of, 618
ore, 618
oxide of, 613
oxide of, white, 614
oxide of, grey, 614
oxychloride of, 614
oxy sulphuret of, 616
Antimony, panacea of, 619
potassio-tartrate of, 617
protoxide of, 613
pure metallic, 613
regulus of, 613
saffron of, 613
terchloride of, 618
teroxide of, 613
tersulphuret of, 618
sub-hydrosulphate of, 790
sulphuret of, 619
vitrified, 619
washed liver of, 613
Antioquie bark, 344
Antipathis spiralis, 179
Antipsoric bath, 645
Antirrhineae, 420
Antirhinum cymbalaria, 422
elatine, 422
linaria, 423
majus, 420
minor, 423
orontium, 420
Antinhasa borbonica, 337
verticillata, 337
Antiscorbutic beer, 673
Antiseptic fomentation, 828
poultices, 828
Antiseptics, 827
Antisyphilitic bath, 645
Antispasmodic clyster, 823
draughts, 822
Antispasmodics, 822
Antilhora, 188
Antophylli, 302
Apalachian tea, 253
Aparine, 346
cruciata, 346
grass, 346
hispida, 346
latifolia, 346
Apatite, 620
Aphanes arvensis, 285
Apios, 476
tuberosa, 266
Apis Indicia, 173
ligustica, 173
mellifica, 173
unicolor, 173
Apium graveolens, 318
petroselinum, 328
Apocynacea;, 389
Apocynum androsaEmifolium,
389
cannabinum, 389
foetidum, 348
frutescens, 390
Indicum, 389
Sibiricum, 390
Syriacum, 395, 396
tilije folium, 397
Apocynum Vcnetum, 390
Apothecaries' measure, 31, 32
weight, 17, 21
Apple, alligator, 196
balsam, 307
bitter, 306
capittha, elephant, or wood,
232
love, 418
may, 200
nettle custard, 196
Otaheite, 262
pine, 532
rennet, 292
star, 384
thorn, 415 ,
tree, 292
water, 196
Apples, mad, 418
oak, 497
rose, 303
Aponogeton monostachyon,
499
Apozem, 620
Apricock, 286
Apricots, 286
Bran9on, 286
Apricot tree, 286
Aqua, 620
acidi carbonici, 620
alexeteria, 620
alexeteria spirituosa, 620
aluminis composita, 798
aluminosa Bateana, 620,
798
ammonise, 799
ammonias carbonatis, 799
amvgdalarum amararum,
620, 621, 622
amygdalarum amararum
concentrata, 621, 622
amygdalarum amararum
diluta, 621, 622
amygdalae amarae, 620
anethi, 317, 622
anisi, 622
anisi composita, 622
asafoetidae composita, 622
bryoniae composita, 622
calcis, 801
calcis composita, 623
cascarillae, 623
carni, 623
cassiffi, 623
cerasorum amygdalata,
623
Cheltenhamensis artifi-
cialis, 623
chlorinii, 674
cinnamomi, 623
cinnamomi fortis, 941
1038
INDEX.
Aqua cinnamomi spirituosa,
623, 941
cinnamomi vinosa, 953
ccerulea, 623
coloniensis spirituosa, 624
destillata, 624
feiTosa factitia, 624
florum aurantii, 624
fceniculi, 624
fortis, 593
fortis, double, 592
fortis, duplex, 592, 593
fortis, simplex, 592, 593
fortis, single, 593
Hungarica, 624
hydrfrgjralis simplex,
625
hyssopi, 625
juniperi composita, 941
kali, 805
kali prseparati, 805
kali puri, 804
kreosoti, 625
lauro-cerasi, 625
lavandulse, 626
lithargyri acetati, 886
lithargyri acetati composita,
886
melissse, 626
melissa; concentrata, 627
mellis, 626
menthae piperitse, 627
menthae piperitidis spiri-
tuosa, 942
menthse vulgaris spiri-
tuosa, 942
menthae pulegii, 627
menthae pulegii composita,
627
menthae viridis, 627
naphthse, 624
nucis moschatae 942
opii, 628
phagedaenica, 628
picis liquidae, 628
pimentae, 628
piperis Jamaicensis, 628
potass* causticae, 804
pulegii spirituosa, 942
pulegii, 627
pulegii composita, 627
raphani composita, 628
regia, 593
rosae. 628
sambuci, 628
sambuci concentrata, 629
seminum carui, 940
sodse carbcnatis, 928
sodae effervescens, 808
tilia florum, 629
subcarbonatis kali, 805
Aqua subcarbonatis potassa;,
805
supercarbonatis potassae,
805
supercarbonatis sodae, 808
vegeto-mineralis Goulardi,
886
vitae, 1013
vitriolica camphorata, 629
vulneraria, 629
zinci sulphatis cum cam-
phora, 629
Aquae minerales, 629
Aqueous extract of ergot of
rye, 723
tincture of rhubarb, 990
Aquila, 131
alba, 767
Aquilaria ovata, 265
agallocham, 480
Aquilegia sylvestris, 190
vulgaris, 190
Arabian manna, 300
senna, 269
Arabis hirsuta, 205
turrita, 205
Arachis hypogaea, 266
Arachnida, 163
Aracium Alpinum, 369
Aralia hispida, 333
nudicaulis, 333
racemosa, 333
spinosa, 333
umbellifera, 333
Araliaceae, 332
Aranea domestica, 164
tarentula, 164
Arar tree, 503
arayana, 402
Arbor excaecans, 480
siliquosa ex qua gummi
Anime elicitur, 274
vitfe, American, 506
vita;, Chinese, 506
Arbutus Alpina, 379
Andrachne, 379
buxifolia, 379
common, 379
filiformis, 378
integrifolia, 379
macronata, 381
Unedo, 379
Uva ursi, 379
Arcaeus balsam, 647
Arcanum duplicatum, 900
Arcell, 569
corker, 569
Arcet's injection, 185
Archangel purple, 429
red, 429
spotted, 429
Archangel, white 429
yellow, 429
Archangelica officinalis, 319
Archel, Auvergne, 568
ground, 568
Archil, 637
Archill, 568, 570
canary, 568, 570
Arctium lappa, 367
Arctopus, 319
echinatus, 319
Arctostaphylos Alpina, 379
uva ursi, 379
Ardea ciconia, 135
cinerea, 135
Ardesia Hibernicae, 792
Areca, 535
catechu, 535
faufel, 535
globulifera, 535
oleracea, 500, 535
Areka nut, 500
Arenaria, 218
marina, 218
media, 218
peploides, 218
Arenga saccharifera, 536
Areometers, 39
Argemone capitulo longiori,
202
Mexicana, 202
Argentina, 290
Argenti chloridura, 637
cyanidum, 637
muriatico-ammoniati li-
quor, 638
nitras, 637
nitras fusum, 638
oxidum, 638
Argentum, 637
Argol, 639
Argyreia bracteata, 404
Arigo bark, 343
Arisarum, 539
amboinum, 542
Arisaema atrorubens, 539
ringens, 539
triphilum, 539
Aristolochiae, 469
Aristolochia anguicida, 469
boetica, 470
bracteata, 469
clematitis, 469
cymbifera, 470
fragrantissima, 470
grandiflora, 470
Indica, 470
longa, 470
macroura, 470
odorata, 471
pallida, 470
INDEX.
1039
Aristolochia pistolochia, 471
ringens, 470
rotunda, 470
sempervirens, 470
serpentaria, 448, 471
trifida, 471
trilobata, 471
Aristotelia glandulosa, 255
niaqui, 255
Armadillo, common, 164
vulgaris, 164
Armadillos, 119
Armeniaca Brigantiaca, 286
mala, 286
vulgaris, 286
Armenian bole, 657
cement, 668
stone, 791
Armeria maritima, 444
statice, 444
vulgaris, 444
Armoracia, 207
radix, 207
rivini, 207
Arnica montana, 355
scorpioides, 355
Arnotto, 612
plant, 212
Aroideffi, 539, 553
Aromatic confection, 686
cigars, 675
fumigation, 759
herb bath, 645
ointment, 1002
pastilles, 660, 870
pastilles of catechu, 660
plaster, 711
pill, 883
powder, 903
rhubarb lozenges, 999
sulphuric acid, 597
syrup of rhubarb, 961
tincture, 970
tincture of iron, 835
vinegar, 580
Arou aou, 259
Aronicum scorpioides, 355
Arquebusade water, 629
Arrack, 537, 538
mock, 578, 639
Anow head, 508
Arrow root, 515, 517, 540,
554
root, East Indian, 515
root, English, 744
root, Indian, 517
root, jelly, 761
root, of commerce, 517
root, Tahiti, 522
Arroba, 33
Arseniate of potash, 891
Arseniate of soda, 928
Arsenic, 639
acid, 584
and mercury, hydriodate of,
solution of, 800
iodide of, 788
protosulphuret of, 639
red, 640
red sulphuret of, 640
sesquioxide of, 584
solution of periodide of, 788
sublimed white oxide of,
584
tersulphuret of, 640
white, 584
with antimony, 640
yellow, 639
yellow sulphuret of, 639
Arsenical caustic, 640
salt, Macquers', 891
Arsenici iodidum, 788
oxydum album sublima-
tum, 584
Arsenicum, 639
album, 584
cum antimonio, 640
flavum, 639
rubrum, 640
Arsenious acid, 584
Arsenite of copper, 680
of iron, 746
Arse smart, 453
smart, dead, 454
Artanita, 442
Artanitine, 443
Artanthe elongata, 500
Artedia sqnamata, 319
Artemisia Abrotanum, 355
absinthium, 355
arborescens, 357
balsamita, 356
campestris, 356
Chinensis, 356
contra, 356
Dracunculus, 356
glacial is, 357
gloraerata, 356
grandiflora, 356
Indica, 356
Judiaca, 356
maderaspatana, 356, 365
maritima, 356
moxa, 356
Pontica, 356
procera, 357
rupestris, 356
santonica, 356
Siebieri, 356
Sinensis, 356
spicata, 357
Vallesiaca, 357
Artemisia vulgaris, 357
Arthanitine, 443
Artichoke, 362
Jerusalem, 365
Articulated animals, 160
Artificial asses' milk, 698
camphor, 664
gems, 761
lemon-juice, 587
mineral waters, 629
musk, 841
ultramarine, 680
yeast, 1025
Artocarpea;, 385, 485, 486
Artocarpus Bengalhensis, 486
incisa, 486
integrifolia, 486
jaca, 201, 486
Arum, 539
atrorubens, 539
Colocacia, 539
cordifolium, 539
divarlcatum, 539
Dracunculus, 539
esculentum, 540
Indicum, 539
macrorhizon, 539
maculatum, 540
mucronatum, 539
orixense, 542
peltatum, 540
pentaphyllum, 539
peregrinum, 539
regnium, 541
riugens, 539
sagittaefolium, 540
seguinum, 541
teuuifolium, 539
trilobatum, 542
tryphyllum, 539
violaceum, 540
Virginicum, 540
Arundo bambos, 546
calamagrostis, 547
Donax, 545
phragmitis, 550
saccharum, 550
tabaxifera, 546
vallatoria, 550
Asa dukes, 324, 331
Asagraea officinalis, 532
spike flowered, 532
Asapeixe, 486
Asarabacca, 471
Asari folia, 471
Asarum Canadense, 471
Europseum, 471
Virginicum, 471
vulgare, 471
Asberg, 484
Asbestos, 640
1040
INDEX.
Asbestos, common, 640
elastic, 640
ligniform, 640
Asbestus, 640
Ascaricida Indica, 375
Ascaris lumbricoides, 176,
572
vermicularis, 177
Asclepiadese, 395
Asclepias amsena, 395
aphylla, 397
asthmatica, 397
Cornuti, 395
curassavica, 395
cynanchoides, 397
decumbens, 395
flesh-coloured, 395
gigantea, 395
incarnata, 395
lactifera, 396
procera, 396
pseudosarsa, 396
rosea, 397
stepitacea, 397
Syriaca, 395
tuberosa, 395
vincetoxicum, 396
volubilis, 397
Ascyron, 232
Ash, 387
Ash bark, dark, 341, 34 2, 344
Ash cinchona, 473
coloured cantharis, 168
coloured ground liver
wort, 569
common, 387
flowering, 387
mountain, 291
poison, 262
prickly, 249, 333
weed, 317
Asimina triloba, 197
Aspalathus, 265
Asparageaj 527, 529, 534
Asparagus, 527
cutifolia, 527
; draco, 528
officinalis, 527
of the Cossacks, 542
petraea, 527
Aspen, 496
Asperifoliae, 408
Asperugo procumbens, 409
Asperula arvensis, 337
ciliata, 337
ccerulea, 337
cynanchica, 337
dubia, 337
odorata, 337
tinctoria, 337
Asphaltum, 640, 655
Asphodel, white, 527
Asphodelus luteus, 527
ramosus, 527
verus albus, 527
verus luteus, 527
Aspldium filix mas, 558
Atharmanticum, 557
Aspleniura Adiantum ni-
grum, 557
ceterach, 558
hemionitis, 558
murale, 559
ruta muraria, 557
scolopendrium, 558, 559
trichomanes, 557
Ass, 121
assarius, 16
assarvah, 385
Assafoetida, 640
disgunensis, 323
narthex, 323
pills, 817
praeparata, 640, 902
water, 623
plaster, 712
Asses' milk, artificial, 698
Astacus fluviatilus, 162
marinus, 162
Aster Amellus, 357
Atticus, 370
dysentericns, 370
helenium, 366
officinalis, 366
tripolium, 374
undulus, 370
Asterocephalus Succisa,
353
Asthmatic elixir, 814
Astragalus Creticus, 166
gummifer, 266
glycyphyllos, 266
yyriacus, 266
verus, 266
Astrantia, 319, 826
dispensia, 330
major, 319
minor, 319
Astringent balls, 827
bath, 645
drinks, 827
liniment, 828
ointments, 828
powder for nasal gleets,
827
powders, 827
solutions, 827
Astringents, 827
Astrolobium scorpioides, 266
Atees, 188
Athamanta Cretensis, 319
flesussa, 329
Athamanta leucospermum,
330
libanotes, 326
Matthioli, 320
meum, 326
Oreoselinum, 326
pisana, 329
Athamantha flexuosa, 329
pisana, 329
Athanasia maritima, 362
Atractylis, 357, 361
gummif'era, 358
humilis, 357
Atragene Alpina, 190
Atriplex angustifolia, 448
Halimus, 449
hortensis, 449
littoralis, 449
olida, 450
patula, 448
portualacoides, 449
sylvestris, 451
Atropa, 413
belladonna, 413
mandragora, 416
physalodes, 416
Atropia, 640
Atropine, 640
Atropiae sulphas, 641
Attalea funifera, 537
Attar, or otto of roses, 861
Atum condinadum, 555
Aurantia curassoventia, 232
malus, 232
Aurantiaceae, 230
Aurantii cortex, 232
Aurantiaj baccffi, 232
flores, 230
Aurantium amarum, 231
Auricula, 563
garden, 443
Judae, 563
leporis, 320
muris, 365
ursi, 443
Auricularia, 428
Auri et sodii chloridum, 643
iodidum, 641
murias, 641
terchloridum, 642
tercyanidum, 642
teroxidum, 643
Auric acid, 643
Auro-natrium chloratum, 643
Aurum, 641
divisum, 641
musivum, 644
sophisticum, 658
stanno paratum, 641
Autumnal gentian, 400
hawkbit, 370
INDEX,
1041
Auvergne archel, 568
Ava, 501
dammar, 503
Avellana, 494
purgatrix, 482
Avellano, 467
Avena nuda, 546
sativa, 545
sativa alba, 546
sativa nigra, 546
strigosa, 546
Avena semina, 546
Avens, 289
water, 289
Aventurine, artificial, 672
Averrhoa acida, 473
Bilimbi, 245
Carambola, 245
Aves, 130
Avicennia resinifera, 439
nitida, 438
tomentosa, 439
Avocado pear, 465
Avoirdupois weight, 20
Axunge, oxygenated, 644
Axungia, 599
oxygenata, 644
Ayapana, 363
Ayasana, 572
Aydendron cujumary, 460
laurel, 460, 464
Aytsania, 572
Azalea arborea, 379
Azalia Pontica, 379, 382
procumbens, 381
procumbent, 381
Azarole, 288
Azedarach, 240
Azedarachta, 240
Azier h, I'asthme, 347
Azure, 678
blue, 680
Egyptian, 678
B.
Babouny, 366, 371
Babul, 264
BacciE auraiitise, 232
Baccharis, 357
concava, 357
dependens, 357
emarginata, 357
genistelloides, 357
oblongifolia, 357
prostrata, 357
resinosa, 357
tridentata, 357
venosa, 357
Baccharoides anthelmintica,
375
Bachelor's buttons, 193, 220
Bacher's tonic pills, 814
Bactrian camel, 123
Bactris minor, 536
rotunda, 536
Bactyritobium fistula, 269
Badger, 112
Bael, 640
Bagassa, 486
Bahama, or West India
sponges, 180
Bain de Plombi^res, 646
Baisonge, 435
Bajorah, 549
Baking powder, 658
Balamites ^gyptiaca, 246
BalanophorejE, 553
Balanus myrepsica, 278
Balaruc water, 630
Balaustia;, 295
Baldmoney, 326
Baleini franche, 128
ordinaire, 128
Balenidffi, 128
Ballota nigra, 427, 430, 434
suaveolens, 428
Balls, alterative, 821
astringent, 827
blacking, 656
breeches, 658
cathartic or physic, 823
contrayerva, 764
cordial, 823
cough, 8-24
deer, 563
diaphoretic, or fever, 826
diuretic, 825
Gascoigne's, 764
puff, 562
stimulating diaphoretic,
826
tan, 497
tonic, 826
wash, 922
worm, 821
Balm, bastard, 431
common, 431
horse, 428
ofGilead, 256, 647
of Gilead, Solomon's, 819
of Gilead, fir, 502
of Gilead, tree, 256
of the Old Testament, 647
tea, 431
water, 626
Balaenas, 128
Bala;na mystfcetusj 128
Balneum acidi earbonici,
644
acidi nitro-muriatici/ 644
acidum, 644
Balneum alkalinum, 645
animale, 645
antimoniale, 645
antipsoricum, 645
antisyphiliticum, 645
arenas, 645
aromaticum, 645
astringens, 645
calidum, 645
chlorinii, 645
conii, 645
ferri iodidi, 645
frigidum, 645
furfuris, 646
gelatinosum, 646
gelatino-sulphurosum, 646
ioduretum 646
maria;, 646
marine, 646
maris, 646
salino-gelatinosum, 64.
saponis, 646
sulphuretum, 646
sulphurosum, 646
tepidum, 646
vaporis, 647
Balsam, 441
of acouchi, 259
Arcaeus, 647, 1005
apple, 307
bay, tree, 257
Bate's anodyne, 815
black, 278
Calabar, 282
Canada, 502
Carpathian, 505
Commander's, 971
of copaiva, 271
Copalm, 245
for cuts, 971
Friar's, 971
gurjun, 227
of honey. Hill's, 817
of horehound. Ford's, 816
houmiri, 240
Hungarian, 505
of life, Hoffman's, 648
Locatelli's, 647
of Mecca, 256
mercurial, 1007
of nutmeg, 648
of Peru, 278, 648
of Rakasira, 25&
Riga, 505
stomachic, 648
of sulphur, 648i 865
of sulphur, with Barba-
does tar, 648
of sulphur, with oil o'
turpentine, 648
tree, 257
3 X
1042
INDEX.
BalsamofTolu, 279, 648
traumatic, 971
of umiri, 240
universal, 648
wound, 971
white, 278
yellow, 244
Balsamineae, 244
Balsamic fumigations, 759
Balsamifluffi, 494
Balsamita major, 371
mas, 371
suaveolens, 371
vulgaris, 371
Balsamito, 278, 279
Balsamodendron Africanum,
259
Gileadense, 256
kafal, 256
kataf, 256
" myrrha, 256
nukal, 257
pubescens, 257
Koxburghii, 258
Zeylanicum, 255
Balsamum aceticum cam-
phoratum, 647
acousticum, 647
anodynum, 815
Arc£ei, 647, 1005
Carpaticum, 505
filicis, 852
Genofevse, 647
Gileadense, 647
hyperici simplex, 853
Italicum, 647
libani, 505
Locatelli, 647
nervinum, 647
nucistse, 648
opodeldoc, 797
Peruvianum, 648
Peruvianum cum felle,
64?
polychrestum, 818
stomachale Wackeri, 1002
stomachicum, 648
sulphuris, 648, 863
sulphuris anisatum, 648
sulphuris Barbadense, 648
sulphuris terebinthinatum,
648
tolutanum, 648
traumaticum, 971
universale, 648
vitse externum, 924
vit«e Hoffmani, 648
Bamboo cane, 546
Bambusa arundinacea, 546
baccifera, 546
Bamia moschata, 222
Banana, 518
Bancudus latifolius, 347
Banded mylabris, 170
Bandoline, 649
Bane berries, 189
Banga, or Bang, 487
Bangwellzetta, 199
Banilloes, 512
Banyan tree, 489
Baobab, 223
Baphia nitida, 266
Baptisia tinctoria, 266
Barba Aaronis, 540
Barbadoes aloes, 527
cedar, 239
cherry, 236
flower fence, 281
millet, 550
nut-tree, 482
pride, 281
tar, 655
Barbarea praecox, 205
vulgaris, 205
Barbary gum, 264
mastich, 260
scorpion, 164
Barbaty, 272
Barberries, 200
Barberry, common, 200
Barbotine, 356
Barbura, 264
Barclay's antibilious pills,
814
Bardana, Hill's essence of,
817
major, 367
minor, 375
Barfege water, 630
Barii chloridum, 649, 650
Barile, 33
Barilla, 451, 650
British, 650
Barium, chloride of, 650
chloride of, solution of,
800
Bark, alcornoco, 236, 267,
472, 497
angostura, 248
Calisaya, 340
canella, 233
Caribbee, 345
carony, 248
cascarilla, 474
cassia, 461
clove, 462, 464
conessi, 390, 394
crown, 340, 341
culilawan, 462
dark ash, 341, 342, 344
eleuteria, 474
extract of mimosa, 264
Bark, false Calisaya, 344
grey, 344
Guaiana, 343
hard Carthagena, 341,
344
Havannah, 341
huamalies, 344
Huanuco, 341, 344
Jamaica, 343
Jesuit's, 339
lace, 459
Lima, 343
loxa, 342
malambo, 248
massoy, 462, 463
mulberry leaf, 342
new Carthagena, 343
pale, 343
pale crown, 340
pale red, 340
Peruvian, 278, 342
red, 343
St. Lucie, 345
tanners', 497
Tellicherry, 390
tree, iron, 302
tree meal, 554
tree, original Jesuit's, 278
willow, 498
winter's, 195
yellow, 343
Barleria longifolia, 441
Barley, battledore, 548
black, 547
Brent, 551
common, 547
French, 548
full, 547
Greek, 547
Indian caustic, 534
naked, 547
pearl, 548
round, 547
Scotch pearl, 548
six-sided, 547
sprat, 548
spring, 547
square, 547
sugar, 550, 919
Turkey, 547
water, 698
wheat, 547
wine, 652
winter, 547
Barm, 564
Bamaby's thistle, St., 360
Barometer, 36
Barosma crenata, 247
Barrel, 29
Barren brome grass, 547
strawberry, 290
INDEX.
1043
Barrenwort, Alpine, 200
Baningtonia racemosa, 302
Baryosma tonga, 272
Bai7ta, 649
carbonate of, 649
muriate of, 649
nitrate of, 649
sulphate of, 649
Barytiie carbonas, 649
murias, 649, 650
muriatis aqua, 800
nitras, 649
sulphas, 649
Barytes, 649
Barzud, 325
Base horehound, 437
Basella cordifolia, 449
rubra, 449
Bases and acids, solubility of,
95
Basic carbonate of lead, 683
sesquiferrocyanide of iron,
755
Basil, cow, 220
sweet, 433
thyme, 431
Valentine, 2
wild, 431
Basilic powder, 904
Basilicon, black, 1002
green, 1002
ointment, 1002
yellow, 672, 1002, 1010
Basilicum, 433
Basourinha, 423
Bassia butyracea, 383
latifolia, 383
longifolia, 383
Parkii, 383
Bassora gum, 650
Bassorine, 511
Bast, 226
Bastard alkanet, 410
balm, 431
brazil, 241, 258
cedar, 224
china, 524
cress, 208
dittang, 247
dittany, 430
French physic nut, 482
gentian, 400
hellebore, 510
hemp, 428
horehound, 430
ipecacuanha, 395, 524
manchineel tree, 390
marjoram, 434
mustard, 211
nicaragua wood, 268
parsley, fine-leaved, 320
Bastard pellitory, 370
saffron, 359, 519
sarsaparilla, 543
sensitive plant, 265
spignel 330
St. John's wort, 232
stone parsley, 331
toad flax, 468
tower mustard, 205
vetch, 279
Bat, 110
Batatas, 404, 419
jalapa, 406
paniculata, 404
tuberosa, 407
Batavian aloetic oil, 843
Bateman's pectoral drops,
815
Bate's alum water, 620
anodyne balsam, 815
Bath, acid, 644
alkaline 645
alum, 645
animal, 645
antimonial, 645
antipsoric, 645
antisyphilitic, 645
aromatic herb, 645
astringent, 645
bran, 646
carbonate acid, 644
chlorine, 645
cold, 645
gelatino-sulphurous, 646
gelatinous, 646
hemlock, 645
hot, 645
iodide of iron, 645
iodine, 646
mercurial, 645
nitro-muriatic acid, 644
saline, gelatinous, 646
sand, 645
sea water, 646
soap, 646
sulphuretted, 646
sulphurous acid, 646
tepid, 646
vapour, 647
warm water, 646
Batliing spirits, Freeman's,
817
spirits, Jackson's, 818
Batrachia, 142
Batrachites, 792
Battledore barley, 540
Battley's sedative solution of
opium, 815
Baudruches, 126
Bauhinia tomentosa, 267
Baume d'Area-us, 647
Baume de Mecca, 647
nerval, 647
de vie, 695
Baume's acidometer, 39
alum white, 682
hydrometer, 39
hydrometer, in relation to
specific gravities, 50
Bavaiian PharmacopesEa, 8
Bay, Alexandrian, 529
plum. 304
rose, 391
strawberry, 378
sweet, 464
tree, 464
wild, 336
willow, 498
Bayberry, 494
Bazaar maund, 27
Bdellium, 257, 537, 651
African, 259, 360
Indian, 258
siculum, 322
Beads, jumble, 263
specific gravity, 39
Beaked parsley, common,
318
Beam tree, white, 291
Bean, black Egyptian,
276
bog, 401
Brazilian, 465
caper, 247
cow, 321
dufiin, 280
Egyptian, 201
French, 280
fringed bog, 402
garden, 273
horse, 273
kidney, 280
Malacca, 262
scarlet, 280
speckled, 280
St. Ignatius', 392
Tongn, 272
underground kidney, 2G6
Vellore, 280
zebra-striped, 280
Beans, Algaroba, 270
pichurim, 460
puchury, 460
Bear, American black. 111
brown. 111
common glutton, or Wol-
verene, 111
Bearded darnel, 548
wheat, 551
pepper agaric, 562
Bear's breech, 440
ear sanicle, 442
3x2
1044
INDEX.
Bear's-ear, yellow, 443
grease, 651
Bearsfoot, 192, 285
great bastard, 191
Beaver, 117
Bebeeru tree, 465
Bebereene, 651
Beberine, 465, 651
Beccabunga, 425
Beclie de mer, 154
Bed bug, 171
Bedeguar, 292, 651
Bedford willow, 498
Bedstraw, cheese renning,
346
crossed leaved, 346
great hedge, 346
rough marsh, 346
yellow, 346
Bee, hive, 173
honey, 173
Indian, 173
Queen, 173
Beeberine, 199
Beech, 494
mast, 494
mast oil, 851
nut oil, 851
sea side, 345
Beer, 651, 652
and ale measure, 29
antiscorbutic, 673
ginger, 652, 653
Iceland, 218
spruce, 653
table, 652
treacle, 653
Beet, common, 449
red, 449
root, 449
white, 449
Beetle, blistering, 169
oil, 170
Beguin's sulphuretted spirits,
608
Behen album, 220, 359
red, 445
rubrum, 445
white, 220
Bel, 644
Bela, 644
Belemnites, 653, 792
Beleric myrobalans, 296
Bell-metal, 693
flowers, field, 377
flowers, nettle-leaved, 377
flowers, rampion, 377
flowers, spreading, 377
flowers, Syrian, 377
Belladonna, 413
plaster, 712
Belladonnse folia, 413
Bellis major, 368
minor, 357
perennis, 357
Bells, Canterbury, 377
Coventry, 377
Beluga, 127
Belvidere raisins, 242
Ben album, 359
nuts, 278
oil of, 278
white, 359
Benbiru, 867
Bengal catechu, 264
elemi, 258
ipecacuanha, white, 398
kino, 267
madder, 350
Benne oil, 862
Benzoic acid, 585
Benzoate of ammonia, 607
Benzoin laurel, 386
odoriferum, 461
Beorhemia volubilis 253
Berberidea;, 199
Berberis aristata, 200
dumetorum, 200
kunawurensis, 200
lycium, 199
oxycantha, 200
vulgaris, 200
Bere, 547
Bergamot, lemon tree, 231
mint, 432
Bergera Konigii, 230
Berlin blue, 679, 754
Berries, bane, 189
French, 254
garnet, 315
globe, 506
India, 414
juniper, 503
pigeon, 452
quinsey, 315
sumach, 261
Turkey, 254
Berry-bearing alder tree,
254
bearing cedar, 504
black bear, 379
black whortle, 378
box, 386
bush, cashio, 336
chequer, 380
dye, 378
one, 534
partridge, 380
red whortle, 378
red bear, 379
spice, 461
BerthoUetia excelsa, 302
Berthollet's neutral carbonate
of ammonia, 607
Berula angustifolia, 331
Beryl, artificial, 762
Besleria violacea, 426
Berzelius' indelible ink, 787
Beta hybrida, 449
vulgaris, 449
vulgaris alba, 449
vulgaris rubra, 449
Betel, 500
nut, 535
nut tree, 535
Betle pepper, 500
Betonica aquatica, 424
officinalis, 437
Pauli, 425
sylvestris, 437
vulgaris, 437
Betony water, 424
wood, 437
Betula alba, 493
alnus, 493
Betulacese, 493
Betulalenta, 493
Bevilacqua, 325
Bezoar, 653
bovinum, 653
Germanicum, 653
hystricus, 653
microcosmicum, 653
monkey, 654
Occidental, 653
Oceidentale, 653
Oriental, 654
Orientale, 654
siraiae, 654
western, 653
Bezoardic powder, 764
Bezoardics, 653
Bhoota mukha, 552
Biberine, 651
Bibiru, 465
Bicarbonate of ammonia, 607
Bice, blue, 680
green, 791
Bidens chiysanthemoides,
358
fervida, 373
tripartita, 358
Bigg, 547
Bignonia antisyphilitica, 402
Braziliensis, 403
catalpa, 402
chica, 402
echinata, 402
leucoxylon, 402
radicans, 402
triphylla, 402
Bignoniaceae, 402
Bilberries, 378
INDEX.
1045
Bilberry, common, 378
great, 378
Billardiera scandens, 218
Bilva, or Mahura, 230
Bimana, 109
Bina, 548
Bindweed, 404
lavender, 405
rough, 523
sea side, 404
small, 404
Biphosphate of lime, 664
Birch, 493
Birch oil, 846
Birch-tree, Jamaica, 258
Bird-cherry, 287
lime, 485, 654
pepper, 414
Birds, 130
eye, 189
of prey, 131
webfooted, 136
Bird's-foot trefoil, common,
277
small, 279
Birds' nests, edible, 843
Birthwort, 469
long-rooted, 470
round, 470
upright, 469
Biruja, 325
Bishop's weed, common, 317
Bislingiaa, 529
Bisloombha, 306
Bismalva, 221
Bismuth, 654
native, 6,'»4
purified, 654
trisnitrate of, 654
Bismuthi subnitras, 654, 655
trisnitras, 654
Bismuthum, 654
album, 654
hydrionitricum, 655
repurgatum, 654
Bistort, 453
Bistorta, 453
Bistorts radix, 453
Bistre, 655
Bisulphuret of arsenic, 640
of carbon, 665
of tin, 644
Biting persicaria, 453
centipede, 167
Bitter almonds, 286
almond water, 620
apple, 306
blain, 424
candytuft, 208
cassava, 481
pareira, 198
Bitter polygala, 217
purging salt, 812
purple willow, 498
quinoa, 451
sweet, 418
tincture, 969
•vetch, 272, 280
vetch, black, 279
vetch, wood, 279
winter cress, 205
wine of squills, 1022
wood, 197, 250
zoned variolaria, 571
Bittern, 655
Bitumen, 655
Judaicum, 640
Bituminous cement, 655
mastic, 655
Bixa Orellana, 212
Bixineae, 212
Bhoot, 270
Bhoota mukha, 552
Black alder, 253
alder tree, 254
barley, 547
balsam, 278, .279
basilicon, 1002
bear berry, 379
benied bryony, 305
berry, 293
beriy, American, 294
birch, 493
bird, 132
bird weed, 453
bitter vetch, 279
borehound, 427
boy resin, 531
and brown colours, 677
Brunswick, 660
bryony, 522
cacao, 540
cantharis, 168
Cassal, 677
champignon, 562
cherries, 287
cinchona, 340
clawed crab, 162
Cologne, 677
coral, 179
currants, 315
cypress wood, 506
dogwood, 254
draught, 835
diink, 252
drop, 581, 815, 989
eagle cherry, 287
ebony tree, 537
Egyptian bean, 276
enamels, 720
flux, 758
gentian, 326
Black ginger, 517
heart cherries, 287
hellebore, 192
horehound, 427
huanuco, 341
ipecacuanha, 349
ivory, 677
jack, 657
japan, 655
lamp, 677
lead, 656
liquorice paste, 869
magnesia, 812
master wort, 319
medick, or nonsuch, 277
mulberry, 490
mullein, 424
myrobalans, 296
night shade, 419
oak, 497
oats, 546
oxide of iron, 750
oxide of manganese, 812
pepper, 501
pepper, confection of, 689
pepper vine, 501
poplar, 495
pudding, 120.
ram thorn, 254
reviver, 656
rosin, 677
sealing wax, 925
seeded sorgho, 551
shoemaker's, 756
Smyrna raisins, 242
snakeroot, 189
snakeweed, 471
soap, 923
spruce fir, 502
stalked spleenwort, 557
sulphur, 948
tamarinds, 284
tea, 229
thorn, 291
truffle, with white flesh, 566
turnip, 200
varnish, 1014
whortle berries, 378
writing ink, 783
Blacking, 656
balls, 656
Blackish bark, 341
Bladder fern, brittle, 557
fern, toothed, 557
nut tree, 253
podded lobelia, 376
senna, 270
wrack, 572
Bladdered fucus, 572
Blaine's powder for the dis-
temper in dogs, 815
1046
INDEX.
Blanch water, 823
Blanched almonds, 286
Blanquette, 451, 656
Blattaria, 424
Blaw, 530
Blazing star, 525
Bleaching liquor, 663
powder, 663
Bleak, or bley, 146
Blechnum boreale, 557
lignifolium, 559
squamosum, 553
Bled blanc, 551
rouge, 551
Blende, 657
Bletia verecunda, 510 .
Blewitts, 562
Bley, or bleak, 146
Blind worm, 140
Blistered umbilicaria, 570
Blistering ammania, 298
beetle, 169
liniments, 830
ointments, 830
tissue, 967
Blisters, liquid, 830
Blite, great white, 448
red, 448
upright, 448
Blitum album, 448
capitatum, 449
minus, 448
rubrum, 448
Blood root, 203, 289
Bloodwort, 458
Bloody crane's-bill, 243
dock, 458
Bloom of roses, 681
raisins, 242
tea, 229
Blubber, 116
Blue, azure, 680
bell, 528
Berlin, 679, 754
bice, 680
bottle, corn, 359
bottle, great, 359
carbonate of copper, 680
cardinal flower, 376
chemic, 679
Chinese, 678
cobalt, 678
colours, 678
copper, 679
copperas, 694
crown, 679
dove's-foot, 243
Emperor, 678
enamels, 720
Erlangen, 679
fig, 679
Blue fire, 911
flag, 520
fleabane, 363
flowered pimpernel, 442
gentian, 400
gum succory, 359
Hambro', 679
Hopfner's, 678
King's, 678
lapis lazuli, 679
liquid, 679
Louisa, 678
Mechlenburgh, 679
melilot, 277
mineral, 679
mountain, 679
ointment, 1005
Paris, 679
passion flower,common, 309
powder, 678
Prussian, 679, 755
Prussian soluble, 755
Queen's, 679
Sander's, 679
Saxon, 678, 679
skate, 145
stone, 679, 694
Thenard's, 678
thumb, 679
Turnbull's, 754
verditer, 680
vitriol, 694
water, 623
wolfsbane, early, 189
writing ink, 784
Blunt-leaved, dock, 457
shield fern, 558
Boa canina, 141
cenchria, 141
centhris, 141
constrictor, 141
empereur, 141
murina, 141
scytale, 141
Bocconia frutescens, 202
Body varnish, 1015
Boerhavia decumbens, 447
diandra, 447
laxa, 447
tuberosa, 447
Bog bean, 401
bean, fringed, 402_
moss, 560
Bogota bark, 340
Bohea tea, 229
Bohmeria caudata, 486
nivea, 487
Puya, 487
Boiling points, 76
points of saturated solu-
tions, 76
Bois d'Angleterre, 491
de canelle, 465
de cham, 284
de chandelle noir, 255
de colophane, 258
d'lnde, 268
jaune, 490
de Losteau, 337
de rose, 463
Bole, Armenian, 657
red, 657
white, 657
yellow, 657
Boletus, 562
aurantiacus, 563
aureus, 562
chrysenteron, 563
edulis, 562
esculent, 562
fomentarius, 565
hepaticus, 564
igniarius, 565
laricis, 562
purgans, 562
scaber, 563
scurfy, 563
suaveolens, 563
subtomentose, 563
subtomentosus, 563
sulphureus, 565
ungulatus, 565
Bolognian stone, 791
Bolus Armenise, 657
Veneta, 682
Bombaceje, 223
Bombax, 222, 223
ceiba, 223
heptaphyllum, 223
Malabaricum, 223
pentandrum, 224
Bombyx mori, 175
silk worm, 175
Bonduc tree, smooth, 278
Bone binder, 867
binding stone, 867
Boneset, 364
Bonplandia tri/oliata, 248
Bontius' pills, 861
Boomee koomura, 308
Bool>top liquid, 657
Boracic acid, 585
Borage, common, 409
small wild, 409
Boragineae, 408
Borago officinalis, 409
Zeylanica, 411
Borassus flabelliformis, 536
gomutus, 536
sechellensis, 538
Borax, 657
honey of, 832
INDEX.
1047
Borax, mellite of, 832
Bordeaux turpentine, 505
Borneo camphor, 227
Borrera, branny, 567
brass wire, 567
flavicans, 567
furfuracea, 567
Borreria ferruginea, 337
poaya, 337
Bos bubalus, 122
taurus, 122
Boswellia glabra, 257
floribunda, 257
serrata, 257
thurifera, 257
Botany Bay cement, 668
gum, 531
kino, 302
Botrychium lunaria, 557
Botrys, 450
Bottle gourd, 307
wax, 926
white, 220
Bottling porter, 652
Bougie, 657
Bourbonne les bains, 630
Bovista nigrescens, 563
Bowdichia virgilioides, 267
Box berry, 380
tree, common, 472
Boyle's fuming liquor, 608
Brachyptera, 136
Brady pus, 118
Brake, common, 559
Bramble, 293
small, 293
stone, 293
Bran, 552
bath, 646
mash, 825
Branca ursina, 440
Brance, 551
Branched burr reed, 542
Branchette, 566
Branchiae, free, 150
fixed, 152
Branchiopoda, 159
Brandon apricots, 286
Brandewyn bosh, 226
Brandish's solution of pot-
ash, 804
Brandy, 657
bittere, 658
British, 657
cherries, 287
colouring, 657
mixture, 837
Brank ursine, wild, 440
Branny borrera, 567
Brasiletto, 267
Brass, 658
Brassica acidulata, 206
asparagoides, 206
acephala, 206
botrytis, 206
bullata, 206
campestris, 205
campestris oleifera, 205
capitata, 206
cauliflora, 206
caulorapa, 206
eruca, 208
esculenta, 205
marina, 404
marina Anglica, 207
napobrassica, 205
napus, 205
napus oleifera, 205
oleracea, 205
oleracea rubra, 206
pabularia, 205
rapa, 206
rapa oleifera, 206
sylvestris, 205
Brass-wire borrera, 567
Brayera Anthelmintica, 286
Brazil, bastard, 241, 258
nuts, 237
wood, 267, 268, 302
wood lake, 681
Brazilian bean, 426
cassia, 269
clove bark, 464
elemi, 255
nutmegs, 463
Pareira, 198
quinquina, 338
sarsaparilla, 524
Brazilletto, 260, 267
St. Domingo, 259
Bread, cassava, 481, 666
cataplasma, 666
fermented, 658
fruit, 486
fruit tree, 486
Indian, 531
jelly, 761
nut, 508
plant, Indian, 531
St, John's, 270
tree, 240
unfermented 658
way, 446
Break your spectacles, 360
Bream, 146
cud, 147
Bredes, 419
Breeches balls, 658
Brent barley, 551
Bresille rood, 282
Breweria scoparia, 404
Brewers' yeast, 564
Brianqon manna, 504
turpentine, 504
Briar, sweet, 292
wild, 292
Briedelia spinosa, 472
Bright's custard powder, 743
nutritious farina, 743
Brignoliensa, 291
Brill, 148
Brimstone, 947
horse, 947
Brindao, 234
Brine, 873
Brionia nigra, 522
Brisellet des Indes, 268
Britawiia metal, 872
British barilla, 650
champagne, 1023
gum, 703
Indian weights, 27
oak, 497
vinegar, 579
wines, 1023
Brittle bladder fern, 557
cup fern, 557
Briza zea, 551
Broad green laver, 574
leaf, 499
leaved burdock, 375
leaved chervil, 321
leaved dock, 457
leaved ginger, 515
leaved hedge mustard, 210
leaved hellebore, 510
leaved hemlock, great,
327
leaved mouse-ear chick
weed, 219
leaved pepperwort, 208
leaved pond weed, 508
leaved ragwort, 372
leaved water parsnip, 331
leaved warted spurge, 479
leaved zamia, 554
smooth-leaved willow herb,
298
tape worm, 178
Broccoli, 206
Brocimum alicastrum, 508
Brome grass, soft, 547
grass, barren, 547
Bromelia Ananas, 532
Bromeliacea;, 532
Bromine, 658
Bromus, 546
catharticus, 546
mollis, 547
purgans, 547
sterilis, 547
Bronze, 658, 693
powder, 644, 658
1048
INDEX.
Bronzing, 659
Brook lime, 425
weed, 443
Broom, butcher's, 529
common, 271
dyer's, 273
rape, 426
Spanish, 283
Brosimum, 385, 487
Brouquichons, 564
Broussonetia papyrifera, 490
tinctoria, 490
Brown annulated ipecacu-
anha, 338
bear. 111
enamels, 720
gum, 302
gum tree, 302
ipecacuanha, 338, 349
liquorice paste, 869
madder, 350
ochre, 683
ochre, Spanish, 683
Pareira brava, 198
pink, 682
radiant knapweed, 360
red, 682
red rouge, 751
Browning, 659
Brucea, 257, 392
antidysenterica, 257
ferruginea, 257
sumatrana, 257
Brucia, 659
Bruguiera gymnorhiza, 297
Brunsvigia toxicaria, 520
Brunswick black, 660
green, 680
Bruscus, 529
Bryonia Abyssinica, 305
alba, 305
callosa, 305
dioica, 305
epigaja, 305
nigra, 305
rostrata, 305
Bryonine, 305
Bryony, Abyssinian, 305
black, 305
black berried, 305
red berried, 305
water, 622
white, 305
Bryozoa, 176
Bubon Copticum, 329
galbanum, 320
Bubroma guazuma, 224
Buchanina, 307
Buchinha, 307
Buck-bean, common, 401
Buck-eyes, 237
Buck-thorn, 254
Buck-thorn, sea, 469
Buck-wheat, 453
Buck-wheat, climbing, 453
Buck-yam, 522
Buck's-horn plantain, 446
Bucku, 247
Buds, cassia, 461
Bueckia, 543
Buena hexandra, 337
obtusifolia, 338
Buffalo, 122
Bufonites, 792
Bug, bed, 171
poison, 660
Bugle, common, 427
mountain, 427
pyramidal, 427
weed, 430
yellow, 427
Bugloss, 408, 410
creeping, 410
garden, 408
small wild, 410
stone, 409
viper's 409
Buglossum hortense, 408
Bugula, 427
Bukkum wood, 268
Bulbine planifolia, 527
Bulbous agaric, 561
crowfoot, 193
rooted crane's bill, 243
rooted fumitory, 204
Bulbus vomitorius, 529
Bullfists, 563
Bullrush, 544
Bull's hoof, 310
liver, 564
tongue, 564
Bulung, 572
Bumelia dulcifica, 385
Bungaserson, 210
Bunghee pant, 225
Bunias cakile, 206
erucago, 206
Bunium Bulbocastanum, 320
Copticum, 330
minus, 320
Buphane toxicaria, 520
Buphthalmum, 354
spinosum, 370
Bupleurum fruticosum, 320
perfoliatum, 320
rotundifolium, 320
Bur parsley, small, 320
Burabara, 420
Burabee, 467
Burdock, 367, 375
broad-leaved, 375
great, 367
Burdock, small, 375
Burgundy pitch, 502, 917
Burnet salad, 290
saxifrage, common, 329
small, 290
Burnt almonds, 286
alum, 605
horn, 691
rhubarb, 917
sienna, 678
sponge, 1000
umber, 678
Burr reed, branched, 54'i
Bursa pastoris minor, 211
Bursera acuminata, 258
balsamifera, 258
gummifera, 258
paniculata, 258
Burtonia, 267
Bushy red mint, 432
Butcher's broom, 529
Butea frondosa, 172, 267
superba, 172, 267
Butter bur, 370
nut, 492
nut tree, 383
of antimony, 618
of cacao, 847
of cocoa nut, 849
of zinc, 1027
tree, or Shea, 383
Buttercups, 193
Butterfly orchis, 510
root, 395
satyrion, 510
weed, 395
Butterwort, common, 442
Button snake weed, 323
Buttons, bachelor's, 193, 220
Buxus, 472
sempervirens, 472
Buzzard, 131
Byrsonima crassifolia, 235
coccolob^fifolia, 236
laurifolia, 236
Byttneracea;, 224
Byttneria eordata, 224
C.
Caapeba, 499
Caapia, 488
Cabacinha, 307
Caballine, 526
Cabaret, 471
Cabatha, 198
Cabbage, 206
fruit, 537
palm, 535
pickled red, 206
INDEX.
1049
Cabbage, red, 206
rose, 292
Savoy, 206
sea, 207
i skank, 541
tree, 265
turnip-stemmed, 206
wild, 206
Cabob pepper, 500
Cabotz, 286
Cacalia alliariafolia, 354
Alpina, 354, 372
glabra, 354
kleinia, 358
Saracenica, 372
sonehifolia, 363
Cacao, 225
antillanum, 225
black, 540
butter of, 847
Caraccense, 225
Caraque, 225
des Antilles, 225
des isles, 225
island, 225
minus, 225
Thoobroma, 225
wild, 224
Cseciiia annulata, 140
Cachalot, 130
Cachibou, 258
Cachou aromatise', 660
de Bologna, 660
en masse, 267
lucide, 267
Cachrys libanotis, 320
odontalgica, 320
Caclanthe punctata, 401
purpurea, 401
Cactes, 314
Cactus coccinillifera, 314
fieus Indica, 314
opuntia, 314
Caculia anti - euphorbinm,
367
Cada pilava, 347
Cadet de Gassicourt, 604
Cajliatour bout, 292
Caesalpina bijuga, 268
Bahamensis, 267
Braziliensis, 267, 268
coriaria, 267
crista, 267
echinata, 267
nuga, 268
pulcherrima, 281
Sappan, 268, 515
vesicaria, 268
Cahinca, 338
Caiaca, 478
Call cedra, 241
Cainca, 338
Cajuput oil, 304, 847
Caju-Nassi, 392
"Ular, 392
Cake, almond, 286
linseed, 221
saffron, 519
tragacanth, 266
oil colours, 687
water colours, 684
Cakes, Story's worm, 820
Cakile maritima, 206
Calaba balsam, 233
Calabash tree, 415
Calabash cocoon antidote,
307
gourd, 307
Caladium esculentum, 540
sagittsefolium, 540
Caladium seguinum, 541
violaceum, 540
Calaguala, 558
Indiana, 556
Calamagrostis lanceolata,
547
Calamary, 154
Calambac, 265
Calamina, 660
praeparata, 660, 661
Calamine, 660
cerate of, 671
Calamint, common, 431
lesser, 431
mountain, 431
water, 432
Calamintha aquatica, 432
grandiflora, 431
magniflora, 431
montaua, 431
nepeta, 431
odore pulegii, 431
vulgaris, 431
Calamus aromaticus, 544
Calamus draco, 536
Calandrinia umbellata, 310
Calanthe Pannonica, 401
Calathian violet, 401
Calavanches, 270
Calbigia, 551
Calcaria chlorata, 663
hypochlorosa, 663
stibiato-sulphurata, 619
Calcas, 539
Calceolaria pinnata, 420
trifida, 420
Calcii chloridi liquor, 662
chloridum, 661, 663
Calcined magnesia, 810
Calcis aqua, 801
Calcis biphosphas et sulphas,
664
Calcis carbonas, 662
carbonas pr£ecipitatum,
662
chlorinate liquor, 663
extincta, 661
hydras, 661
liquor, 801
murias, 661
muriatis aqua, 662
muriatis solutio, 662
phosphas et sulphas,
664
phosphas prsecipitatum,
664
superphosphas, 664
Calcitrapa, 359
lanuginosa, 361
siciila, 360
solstitialis, 360
stellata, 359
Calcium autimoniato-sulphu-
ratum, 619
chloride of, 661
solution of, 662
Calea Jamaicensis, 358
Calendar, pharmaceutical,
101
Calendula arvensis, 358
caltha, 358
officinalis, 358
Calezza de negro, 509
Calf, sea, 116
Calfini, 664
Calfs stomach, prepared,
1016
Calibash, sweet, 309
Calico bush, 380
California wood, 268
Calisaya bark, 340
morada, 340
Calla aromatica, 541
palustris, 540
Callahuala, 558
Callicarpa lanata, 439
Callicocca ipecacuanha, 338
Callimus, 791
Callitris quadrivalvis, 503
Callooce, 491
hemp, 491
Calomel, 766, 767
Calomelas, 766, 767
prsecipitatum, 767
sublimatum, 767
Calophyllum Calaba, 232
Inophyllum, 233
tacamahaca, 233
Calotropis gigantea, 395
heterophylla, 396
procera, 396
Caltha amplexifolia, 358
arrensis, 358
1050
INDEX.
Caltha officinalis, 85i.
palustris, 190
vulgaris, 358
Caltrops, 246
water, 298
Calumba, American, 400
concentrated infiision of,
801
Calumbae radix, 198
Calumbo, American, 400
root, 198
root, false, 199
wood, 199
Calves' snout, 420
Calx, 661
antimonii, 613
antimonii cum sulphure
Hoffmanni, 619
antimonii lota, 613
chlorinata, 663
cum kali puro, 894
■ extincta, 661
hydrargyri alba, 768
Calycanthse, 294
Calycanthus floridus, 295
Calyciflorffl, 251
Calyplectus acuminatus, 299
Calyptranthus aromatica,
302
Calysaccion longifolium, 233
Calystegia sepium, 404
soldanella, 404
Camacou, 460
Camara-tree, 460
Cambaiba, 194
Cambaibinha, 195
Cambogia gutta, 234
Camboge-tree, 234
Camel, Bactrian, 123
Camelee, 258
Camelina, 206, 208
sativa, 206
Camellia, common, 228
drupifera, 228
Japanese, 228
Japonica, 228
Sesanqua, 228
Camellise, 228
Camel's hair, 545
hay, 545
thorn, 265
Camelus Bactrianus, 123
dromedarius, 123
Cameraria latifolia, 390
Cammock, 279
Campanula bellidifolia, 377
decurrens, 377
laciniata, 377
medium, 377
patula, 377
plicatula, 377
Campanula rapunculus, 377
trachelium, 377
urticifolia, 377
CampanulaceaB, 376
Camphor, 461
artificial, 664
Borneo, 227
Chinese, 461
cigars, 675
emulsion, 719
julep, 834
julep, concentrated, 725
lozenges, 996
mixture, 834
oil, 227, 847
tobacco, 863
tree, 461
Camphora officinarum, 461
Camphorata, 449
Camphorated liniment, 795
oil, 795
soap liniment, 797
white vitriol water, 629
wine, 1019
Camphorosma Monspiliacum,
449
Campion, white, 220
Campoi tea, 229
Camptocarpus Mauritianus,
396
Camp vinegar, 1018
Cam wood, 266, 284
Canabinese, 489
Canada balsam, 502
golden rod, 373
maiden hair, 557
pitch, 502
rice, 552
snake root, 471
yellow root, 192
Canadian flea-bane, 363
snake root, 428
Cananga virgata, 197
Canarium balsamiferum, 255,
258
commune, 258
mehenbethene, 258
vulgare, 258
Canary archill, 568, 570
bird, 123
grass, 549
rosewood, 273
seed, 549
Cancer astacus, 162
gammarus, 162
pagurus, 162
powder, Mai-tin's, 426
weed, 435
Candied angelica, 319
citron peel, 231
eryngo, 323
Candied lemon peel, 231
orange flowers, 230
orange peel, 232, 685
Candle, mercurial, 664
Candleberry myrtle, 494
Candle tree, 403
Candollis bai-k, 343
Candy, sugar, 550
Candy-tuft, bitter, 208
Cane, bamboo, 546
Chinese sugar, 550
dumb, 541
Indian, 517
storax-tree, 386
sugar, 918
Canella alba, 195, 233
bark, 233
de cheiro, 465
do-mato, 463
Canellae cortex, 233
Canepiece sensitive plant,
269
Canine peltidea, 569
Canis familiaris, 112
lupus, 112
marinus, 152
vulpes, 113
Canna coccinea, 517
edulis, 517
Indica, 517
Cannabine, 916
Cannabinefe 487, 489
Cannabis Indica, 487
sativa, 487
Cannaceae, 517
Cannel coal, 967
Cannes de Tobago, 536
Canquoin's caustic, 667
Cantabrica, 405
Canterbury bells, 377
Cantharellus cibarius, 563
Cantharis albidus, 168
ash-coloured, 168
atomaria, 168
atrata, 168
black, 168
cinerea, 168
gigas, 168
marginata, 168
marginated, 168
natallii, 169
ruficeps, 169
striped or potato-fly, 169
Syriaca, 169
vesicatoria, 169
violacea, 169
vittata, 169
Canthium coronatum, 349
parviflorum, 338
Canton's phosphorus, 873
Caoutchouc, 480, 489 _
INDEX.
1051
Caoutchouc, Java, 489
Caoutclioucine, 6G4
Cap cement, 6(58
Capari spinosa, 6G4
Cape aloes, 526
Cape badger, 120
gum, 264
Cap of Good Hope maiden
hair, 556
Pintado snake, 140
tulip, 519
Caper bean, 247
spurge, 478
tea, 229
tree, 211
Capers, 664
Capili-pod, 484
Capillaire, 357, 951
Capillus Veneris, 556
Veneris Canadensis, 557
CapittLa, elephant, or wood
apple, 232
Capota, 664
CapparidesB, 211
Capparis carandas, 390
cynophallophora, 211
pulcherrima, 211
spinosa, 211
Capra, 123
Capraria bifolia, 230, 420
Caprifoliacete, 335
Caprifolium, 335
hortense, 335
Italicum, 335
rotundifolium, 335
Capsella Bursa pastoris, 206
Capsici baccse, 413
Capsicum, 413
annuum, 413
baccatum, 414
fastigiatum, 413
frutescens, 414
grossum, 414
Capsula, 664
Capsules, 664
gelatine, 664
membrane, 665
organic, 665
Capucine, 664
Caput mortuum vitrioli,
751
Caqueta bark, 340
Carabe, 947
Carabava bark, 340, 342,
344
Caracca, 225
Carachicu, 419
Caragana arborescens, 268
Caramel, 665
Caranda jelly, 390
Caranna, 259
Carapa guineensis, 239
Indica, 239
Moluccensis, 239
obovata, 239, 240
oil of, 239
Touloucouna, 239
Caraway, 320
seeds, 320
water, 623
Carbo animalis, 665
animalis purificatus, 665
ligni, 665
Carbon, bisulphuret of, 665
terchloride of, 601
Carbonas ferri precipitatus,
750
Carbonate of ammonia, 610
Carbonate of barytes, 649
Carbonate of iron, 746
Carbonate of iron with sugar,
746
Carbonate of lime, 662
of zinc, 660
Carbonic acid bath, 644
Carbonic acid water, 620
Carborescens, 211
Carburet of iron, 656
Carcapuli acoste, 234
Card rouge, 359
Cai-damine pratensis, 206
Cardamines flores, 206
Cardamom, Madagascar, 513
Clusius' 513
true, 516
great winged, 514
Guinea, 514
hairy China, 514
Java, 514
Kovarima, 514
lesser, 516
Malabar, 516
round China, 513, 514
wild, or Ceylon, 516
Cardamomi semina, 516
Cardamomum majus, 513
minus, 516
Bandaense, 514
Cardiaca, 430
Cai'dinal flower, blue, 376
flower, common, 376
Cardiospermum Halicacabum,
238
Cai-dium edule, 157
Cardoons, Spanish, 371
Carduus benedictus, 361
casabona, 360
eriocephalus, 361
eriophorus, 361
flillonum, 352
marianus, 372
marioe, 372
Carduus monspessulanus, 361
polyacanthus, 300
stellatus, 359
Syriacus, 369
Carenum, 919
Caret, 138
Carex arenaria, 543
disticha, 543
hirta, 543
intermedia, 543
patula, 543
sylvatica, 543
villosa, 543
Caribbee bark, 345
Carica, 309, 488
Papaya, 309
Caricae fructus, 488
Carissa Carandas, 390
Carlina acanthifolia, 358
acaulis, 358
chameleon, 358
chardousse, 358
gummifera, 358
subacaulis, 358
utzka, 358
vulgaris, 359
Carline, or caraline, 193
thistle, 358, 359
thistle, prickly, 358
Carlsbad water, 630
Carludovica palmata, 508
Carmelite water, 626
Carmine, 681
lake, 681
red inks, 786
Camaria, 109
Carnassiers, 109
Carnation, 219
Carnations, Spanish, 281
Camauba palm, 537
wax, 538
Carnivora, 110
Caroapuli Acoste, 234
Carob tree, 270
Caroba ceratia, 270
Carolina allspice, 295
cedar, 504
pigeon, 134
pink root, 399
poplar, 495
shrub trefoil, 248
Carolinea princeps, 224
Carony bark, 248
Carp, common, 147
Carpapiga, 500
Cai-pathian balsam, 505
Carpenter, 163
Carpobalsamum, 256
Carqueja amarga, 357
dolce, 357
Carrageen, 571
1052
INDEX.
Carrara water, 631
Carriage varnish, 1015
Carron oil, 795
Carrot, common, 322
wild, 317
Carthagena bark, hard, 341,
344
new, 343
Carthamus, 359
maculatus, 372
tinctorius, 359
Cartier's hydrometer, 39
Carui semina, 320
Carum bulbocastanum, 320
carui, 320
nigrum, 320
Carvi carum, 320
Caryocar butyrosum, 237
tomentosum, 237
Caryodaphne densifiora, 461
Caryophyllata urbana, 289
Caryophylleae, 218
Caryophylii, 302
Caryophyllus aromaticus,
302
arvensis, 219
pratensis, 219
ruber, 219
Caryota urens, 536
Casarup, 482
Casca pretiosa, 454
Cascarilla, 339, 473, 474
acutifolia, 342
ahorquillado, 342
I amarilio, 343
bark, 474
bora, 342
Carabaya, 342
de hoja aguda, 342
de la Cordillera, 339
delgadilla, 341
delgada, 341
del Pajonal, 340
i de Peray, 339
de Santa Ana, 342
de Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
339
echenique, 339
hoja de olivia, 341
Ichu, 340
macrocarpa, 343
magnifolia, 342, 343
negrilla, 341
ovata erythroderma, 342
pata de Gallareta, 342
peluda,
provinciana, 341
quepo, 339
Riveroana, 343
roja de Pitaya, 340
sebiferum, 485
tinctorium, 475
Cascarilla verde, 341
verde morada, 340
water, 623
Cascarillae cortex, 474
Cascarillo ahorquillado, 342
amarilio, 343
bobo colorada,
bobo de hoga morada,
con corteza de color de
Pata de Gallareta, 342
de flor de Azahar, 343
glanduloso,
hoja de Lucumo,
hoja de Olivia, 341
lampino,
officinal,
pal lido,
pardo,
Cascola Bianca, 551
Cashew, 281
gum, 256
nut tree, 256
Cashio berry bush, 336
Cassada, wild, 482
Cassamunar root, 516
Cassava, 531, 666
bitter, 481
bread, 481, 666
meal, 482
starch, 482
Casse lunette, 360
Cassel, black, 677
Cassia Absus, 268
acutifolia, 268
alata, 269
bark, 461
Braziliana, 269
buds, 461, 462
Chamaicrista, 269
elongata, 269
emarginata, 269
fistula, 269
flowers of, 462
herpetica, 269
horse, 269
Javanica, 269
lanceolata, 269
lignea, 461, 463
Marylandica, 269
medica, 268, 269
mollis, 269
obovata, 269
obtusifolia, 270
Occidentalis, 269
ffithiopica, 268
Orientalis, 268, 269
ovata, 268
praeparata, 902
putchella, 269
senna, 268, 269, 270
Cassia senna Italica, 269
stick tree, 269
tora, 270
veterum spuria, 468
water, 623
Zeylanica, 463
Cassine Gongonha, 253
peragua, 230, 252, 336
Cassireepe, 482
Cassiri, 482
Cassuvium occidentala, 256
Castanea pumila, 493
vulgaris, 493
Castile soap, 922
Castor fiber, 117
oil, 484, 861
seeds, 484
Castoreum, 117
Cat, 113
mint, 433
thyme, 437
Catalpa syringifolia, 402
Catananche cafrulia, 359
Catapha benzoin, 296
Cataplasm of alum, 666
beer grounds, 666
bread, 666
carrot, 666
charcoal, 666
chlorinated soda, 667
hemlock, 666
linseed, 666
mustard, 667
poppy, 667
potato, 667
rose, 667
simple, 666
yeast, 666
Cataplasma aluminis, 666
bynes, 666
carbonis ligni, 666
conii, 666
dauci, 666
ad decubitum, 889
foeculse cerevisas, 666
fermenti, 666
lini, 666
panis, 666
papaveris, 667
rosae, 667
simplex, 666
sinapis, 667
sodae chlorinate, 667
solani tuberosi, 667
Catapuntia minor, 478
Catch-fly, lobel's, 220
red, 220
red German, 220
Catechu, 535
Bengal, 264
Ceylon, or Colombo, 535
INDEX.
1053
Catechu, pastilles of, 660
Catgut, 126
Catha, 251
edulis, 251
spinosa, 251
Catharanthus pusillus, 394
Cathartic, or physic balls, 823
enema, 722
extract, 733
mixture, 835
Cathartics, 823
Cathartocarpus fistula, 269
Catnep, 433
Cat's-claw, 276
ear, long rooted, 363
ear, spotted, 353
tail, 542
Catsup, 789
Caturus spiciflorus, 473
Caucalis anthriscus, 332
aspera, 332
daucoides, 320
humulis, 321
leptophylla, 320, 321
minor, 332
parviflora, 321
Sanicula, 330
Cauda equina minor, 555
Caudle, 667
Caules angelica conditi, 319
Cauliflower, 206
Caustic, 667
ammonia, water of, 609
arsenical, 640
barley, Indian, 534
Gondret's ammoniaoal,
668
Plunket's, 667
potash, 890
Recamier's, 668
Caustics, 828
Canquoin's, Dr., for can-
cers, 667
liquid, 828
solid, 828
Cauterium potentiale, 891
Causticum, 667
commune fortius, 894
Cavalam, 225
Cavallium urens, 225
Cavia lupensis, 120
Caviale, 668
Caviare, 151, 668
Cavitary entozoa, 176
Cawk, 668
Cayenne pepper, 414
soluble, 871
Ceanothos Americanus, 230,
253
Cebadilla, 532, 534
Cedar, Barbadoes, 239
Cedar, bastard, 224
berry-bearing, 504
Carolina, 504
Jamaica, 503
of Lebanon, 504
red, 504
C^dre blanc, 506
Cedrela febrifuga, 239
odorata, 239
rosmarinus, 239
Toona, 239
Cedrus Mahogoni, 240
Celandine, common, 202
great, 202
lesser, 191
Celastrinese, 251
Celastrus macrocarpus, 251
maytenus, 252
nutans, 252
paniculatus, 252
Celery, 318
leaved crowfoot, 193
Cellulares, or flowerless
plants, 554
Celtic nard, 351
Celtidese, 493
Celtis Australis, 493
Cembra nuts, 504
Cement, 668
Armenian, 668
Botany Bay, 668
cap, 668
chemical and electrical, 668
Chinese, 668
diamond, 668
engineer's, 668
French, 668
Hamelin's mastic, 670
hydraulic, 670
Keene's marble, 670
marine, 668
metallic tooth, 669
Ostermaier's, 668
Parker's, 670
parolic, 669
plumber's, 669
Roman, 670
seal engraver's, 669
transparent, 669
universal, 669
Vienna tooth, 668
Cements, tooth, 668
various, 669
Cenellae, 288
Cenomyce rangiferina, 567
vermicularis, 568
Centaurea Behen, 359
benedictus, 361
calcitrapa, 359
centaurium, 359
cyanus, 359
Centaurea Jacea, 360
montana, 360
sicula, 360
solstitialis, 360
Staebe, 360
Centaurii cacumina, 400
Centaurium majus, 359
minus, 400
Centaury, American, 401
great, 359
lesser, 400
yellow, 399
Centenarius, 15
Centinodia, 453
Centipede, alternate, 167
venomous, or biting, 167
Centranthus latifolius, 351
maritimus, 351
ruber, 351
Cepa, 525
Cepatelli, 562
Cephaelis emetica, 349
ipecacuanha, 338
muscosa, 338
punicea, 338
reniformis, 347
Cephalic powder, 904
Cephalic snuff, 910
Cephalophora glauca, 360
Cephalopoda, 154
Cephaelis sessiliflora, 348
Ceradia furcata, 360
resin of, 360
Cerasa nigra, 287
Ceraso macho, 241
Cerasse, 307
Cerastium aquaticum, 218
arvense, 219
viscosum, 219
vulgatum, 219
Cerasus aspera, 287
avium, 287
Capollin, 287
capricida, 288
Caproniana, 287
Duracina, 287
hyemalis, 287
Jamaicensis, 236
Juliana, 287
laurocerasus, 287
Mahaler, 287
padus, 287
serotina, 288
undulata, 288
Virginiana, 288
Cerat pour le toucher, 673
Cerate, 671
compound lead, 672
for touching, 673
Kirkland's neutral, 672,
818
1054
INDEX.
Cerate, Marshall's, 818
of acetate of lead, 672
calamine, 671
cantharides, 671
mercury, compound, 671
resin, 672
savine, 672
simple, 671
Boap, 673
spermaceti, 671
Turner's, 671
Cerated sponge, 943
Cerated glass of antimony, 6 19
Ceratonia siliqua, 270
Ceratum, 671
antimonii vitrum, 619
calaminffi, 671
cantharidis, 671
cetacei, 671
■ epuloticum, 671
ad fonticulos, 671
Galeni, 676
hydrargvri compositum,
671
labiatffi, 672
lithargyri acetati, 672
neutrale, 672
plumbi acetatis, 672
plumbi compositum, 672
pro tectu, 673
resinae, 672
sabinse, 672
saponis, 673
simplex, 671
Cerbera ahouai, 394
Manghas, 390
Peruviana, 394
tanghin, 393
thevetia, 394
veninifera, 393
Cercis, 270, 284
Siliquastrum, 270
Cerearia, 180
Cerevisia, 652
abietis, 653
alba, 652
antiscorbutica, 673
Ceriscus Malabarieus, 349
Cerium, 673
Cerite, 673
Cervidac, 123
Ceroxylon andicola, 536
Ceruss, 886
Cerussa, 886
acetata, 885
Cervus aloes, 123
dama, 124
elaphas, 124
tarandus, 124
Cestrum auriculatum, 414
Hediuads, 414
Cestrum laurifolium, 414
macrophyllum, 414
nocturnum, 414
venenatum, 414
Cetacea, 126
Cetaceans, Herbivorous, 126
ordinary, 126
Cateceum, 130
Ceterach, 558
officinalis, 558
Cetraria Islandica, 567, 570
nivalis, 567
snow, 567
Cevadilla, 532, 534
Ceylon cinnamon, 463
cardamoms, 516
or Colombo catechu, 535
elettaria, 516
ipecacuanha, 398
lac, 474
moss, 572
moss jelly, 761
white yam, 522
or wild cardamoms, 516
Ceylonian plant, 428
Chaerophyllum aromaticum,
321
cicutaria, 318
sativum, 318
sylvestre, 318
Chaffinch, 132
Chalcanthum, 756
Chalcitis, 682
Chalk, 662, 692
French, 693
lozenges, 996
mixture, 835
prepared, 692
red, 682
Chalybeate water, 631
Chalybeated tartar, 754
Chalybis rubigo prseparatus,
752
Chamfficissus, 433
Chamaecyparissus, 371
Chamsedrys, 437
sylvestris, 425
Chamaelsea, 458
Chamaeleon albus, 358
Chamaemelum, 354
arvense, 354
fcetida, 368
nobili, 354
speciosa flore radice fer-
vente, 354
tinctorium, 355
vulgare, 369
Chamsenerion montannm, 298
Chamsepeuce Casabonse, 360
Chamsepitys, 427
Chamffiriphes, 536
Chamserops humilis, 536
Chamajrubus, 294
Chama;syce, 476
Chamomile, common, 354,
369
corn, 354
German, 369
heads, 354
ox-eye, 355
stinking, 36S
wild, 354
Champac, 196
Champagne, British, 1024
Champignon, 562
black, 562
Chanterelle, 563
Chapara mantica, 235
Chappungham wood, 268
Char, potted, 147
Charcoal, animal, 665
purified animal, 665
wood, 665
Chardoon, 362
Charlock, jointed, 209
yellow, 210
Charmed Daphne, 458
Charta antirrheumatica, 673
antarthritica, 673
ad fonticulos, 673
resinosa, 673
Chaubert's oil for tape worm,
850
Chaulmoogra, 212
odorata, 212
Chavica betle, 500
Roxburghii, 501
Liriba, 502
Chay root, 348
Chebulic myrobalans, 296
Cheese renning bedstraw, 346
damson, 694
Chegoe, 168
Cheiranthus cheri, 207
incanus, 209
Cheiri, 207
Cheiroptera, 110
Chelidonium glaucum, 202
majus, 202
minus, 191
Chelonia, 138
Chelonites, 792
Chelsea pensioner, 814
Cheltenham water, 631
Chemic blue, 679
Chemical elements, table of,
with their equivalents
and symbols, 78
Chenna, 549
Chenopodea?, 448, 452
Chenopodium ambrosioides,
230, 450
INDEX.
1055
Chenopodium "^ anthelminti-
cum, 450
barysosmon, 450
Bonus Hemicus, 450
Botrys, 450
leiospermum, 451
murale, 450
olidum, 450
Quinoa, 450
viride, 451
Tulvaria, 450
Chequer-berry, 380
flower, 533
Cheramella, 473
Cheroots, 417
Cherries, black, 287
black heart, 287
brandy, 287
red heart, 287
white heart, 287
Cherry, Barbadoes, 236
birch, 493
bird, 287
black eagle, 287
cornelian, 334
Gean and Guiguiers, 287
Hertfordshire black, 287
Jamaica winter, 417
laurel, 287
laurel water, 625
morello, 287
sour, 287
wild, 287
wine, 1024
winter, 417,419
tree, perfumed, 287
tree, wild, 288
Chervil, broad-leaved, 321
garden, 318
hemlock, 321
musk, 321
rough, 318
Chesnut, horse, 236
scarlet-flowered horse, 236
Spanish, 493
Chetney sauce, 924
Chevferette, 564
Chica, 281, 402
crajura, orcarajura, 402
Chick-pea, 270, 276
Chickrassia tubularis, 240
Chickweed, 220
broad-leaved mouse ear,
219
field, 219
great marsh, 218
narrow-leaved mouse ear,
219
sea, 311
speedwell, 425
umbelliferous jagged, 219
Chicorium verrucariuro, 375
Chicory, 361
Chiende mer, 152
Children 's mercury, 483
Chili algaroba, 282
Chilly, 413
Chimsera monotrosa, 150
Chimaphila corymbosa, 382
umbellata, 382
China, 523
bastard, 524
grass, 487
orange, 230
Peruviana, 524
regia, 340
root, American, 524
roots, 523
rhubarb, 454
Chinese arbor vitaj, 506
blue, 678, 679
Bohmer nettle, 487
camphor, 461
cement, 668
cinnamon, 461
galls, 674
grass plant, 487
moxas, 356, 841
mustard, 210
purging cup, 693
rhubarb, 454
sugar, 550
sugai--cane, 550
varnish, 1014
white wax insect, 172
Ching's worm lozenges, 815
Chinney weed, 570
Chinoidine, 912
Chinolia, 151
Chinquassin, 493
Chiococca anguifuga, 338
brachiata, 338
densifolia, 338
racemosa, 338
Chirayit, 399
Chiretta, 399
Chironia, 400
angularis, 401
campanulata, 402
centaurium, 400
gracilis, 402
Chittick's, Dr. remedy for
stone, 815
Chive, 526
Chlamyphorus, 119
Chlora perfoliata, 399
Chloramide of mercury,
768
Chlorate matches, 814
Chlorate of potash, 895
Chloretum auri cum chloreto
natrii, 643
Chloric ether, 601
Chloride of ammonium, 608
baiium, 649
calcium, 651
gold and sodium, 643
iron, 747
lead, 683, 886
mercury, 766
mercury and ammonium,
769
mercury and quinine, 914
platinum and sodium, 884
silver, -637
sulphur, 949
zinc, 1027
Chlorine, 674
bath, 645
fun:%ation, 759
water, 674
Chlorinated lime, 663
Chlorinii aqua, 674
Chlorite of lime, 663
Chloroform, 674, 675
Chloroformyl, 674
Chloroxylon Swietenia, 239
Chlorum calcaria, 663
Chloruret of lime, 663
of oxide of sodium, 808
Chocolate, 675
nut, 225
root, 289
Choerophyllum cicutaria, 18
sativum, 318
sylvestre, 318
Cholesterine, 930
ChondKHla juncea, 360
prima, 367
Chondropterygii, 144, 150
Chondrus crispus, 571
inftmillosus, 571
membranifolius, 571
polymorhus, 571
Chonemorpha antidyseu-
terica, 390
Chota chia, 231
Christa Gaili, 423
Christmas rose, 192
Christophoriana, 189
Chromate of lead, 683, 886
Chrome red, 887
yellow, 683, 886
Cluysanthemum, com,
361
coronarium, 361
Dioscocridis, 361
garden, 361
leucanthemum, 368
segetum, 361
Chrysobalanus Icaco, 288
oblongifolius, 288
Chrysocolla, 791
1056
INDEX.
Chrysocoma linosyris, 368
Chrysocome, 366
Chiysogonum, 200
Chiysolapis, 791
Chrysolite, artificial, 762
Chrysophris, 146
Chrysophyllum baranheim,
383
Cainito, 384
ferrugineum, 384
Jamaicense, 384
macoucou, 384
luicrocarpum, 384
oliveforme, 384
Chrysosplenium alternifo-
lium, 316
oppositifolium, 316
Church louse, or carpenter,
163
Churrus, 487
Chynlen root, 191
Cibusdeorum, 640
Cicada orni, 170
limbata, 170
Cicca disticha, 473
racemosa, 473
Cicendia hyssopifolia, 399
Cicer, 270
arietinum, 270
Cicerbita Alpina, 369
Cichorium agreste, 361
Endivia, 361
Intybus, 361
Cicily, sweet, 327
wild, 318
Cicuta, 321
ammomum, 331
cynapium, 317
maculata, 321
major, 321
virosa, 321
Cicutaria aquatica, 321
fatua, 317
vulgaris, 318
Cicuta folia, 321
Cider, 675, 1024
Cigarettes, 675
aromatiques, 675
of camphor, 675
de camphre, 675
opiacfes, 675
de Raspaii, 675
Cigars, aromatic, 675
camphor, 675
medicinal, 675
opium, 675
Cimex lectularius, 171
Cimifuga foetida, 189
racemosa, 189
serpen taria, 189
Ciminalis PneumoHanthe,-401
Cinara, 362
Cinchona acutifolia, 342
amygdalifolia, 339, 344
angustifolia, 340
ash, 473
asperifolia, 339
Australis, 339
Boliviana, 340, 344
brachycarpa, 345
caduciflora, 342
caducifolia, 343
Calisaya, 340, 344
Calisaya Terephina, 340
Calisaya vera, 324, 344
Carabayensis, 340
Cariboea, 345
Caroliniana, 349
Chomeliana, 340
Condaminea, 340, 343,
344
cordata, 341
cordifolia, 341, 344
coriacea, 345
dichotoma, 342
discolor, 341
excelsa, 347
ferruginea, 349
flava, 340, 344
floribunda, 345
fusca,
glabra,
glandulifera, 341, 344
grandiflora, 338
grandifolia^ 343
grey, 344
hexandra, 337
hirsuta, 341
Humboldtiana, 341
Jamaicensis, 345
lanceolata, 340
lancifolia, 340
lucumajfolia, 340
Luziana, 345
macrocalyx, 340
macrocaipa, 343
magnifolia, 343
micrantha, 341, 342, 344
mlcrophylla, 341
Montana, 345
Mutisii, 341
nitida, 341, 344
oblongifolia, 343, 345
officinalis, 339, 340
ovalifolia, 343
ovata, 340, 341, 342,
344
pelalba, 342
Peruviana, 345
pubescens, 341, 342, 344
purpurascens, 342
purpurea, 342
Cinchona quercifolia, 341
rosea, 343
rotundifolia, 341
rubra, 343
sanctae Luziae, 345
scrobiculata, 342, 344
silver, 344
triflora, 343
Vellozi, 344 i
villosa, 341
vulgaris, 340
wine, 1019
yellow, 344
Cinchonae cordifolise cortex,.
344
lancifoliae cortex, 340
oblongifolia; cortex, 343
officinalis, 343
officinalis cortex flavus,
343
Cineraria corymbosa, 373
heterophylla, 372
Cinereous helvella, 564
Cinabar of antimony, 774
Cinnabaris, 774
factitia, 774
Cinnamomum aromaticum,
461, 462, 463
Burmanni, 462
camphora, 461
cassia, 461
culilawan, 461
eucalyptaloides, 462
Javanicum, 462
Kiamis, 462
Loureirii, 462
nitidum, 462
rubrum, 462
Sintoc, 462, 463
sylvestre Americanum,
464
Tamala, 463
xanthoneuron, 462, 46^
Zeylanicum, 463
Cinnamon, 461
Ceylon, 462, 463
Chinese, 461
water, 623
wood, 466
Cinquefoil, creeping, 299
hoary, 290
purple marsh, 290
Cipo de caboclo, 195
di carijo, 195
Circsea Lutetiana, 297
ovalifolia, 297
pubescens, 297
vulgaris, 297
Cirrhopoda, 159
Cirsellium, humili, 357
Cirsium eriophorum, 361
INDEX.
1057
Cirsium lanatum, 361
laniflorum, 361
maculatum, 372
Monspessulanum, 361
trispinosum, 360
Cissampelos, 198
Caapeba, 198
couvolvulacejE, 199
glaberrima, 198
ovalifolia, 198
Pareira, 198
Cissus, 241
acida, 241
arborea, 445
salutaris, 242
setosa, 241
Cistine», 213
Cistopteris dentata, 557
angustata, 557
fragilis, 557
Cistus, 213
Creticus, 213
dwarf, 213
fccmina, 213
fumana, 213
guttatus, 213
helianthemum, 213
incanus, 213
ladaniferus, 213
laurifolius, 213
Ledon, 213
mas, 213
palustris, 215
salvifolius, 213
tauiicus, 213
villosus, 213
Citrated effervescing powders,
907
Citrate of iron, 747
iron and ammonia, 745
iron and quinine, 747
of magnesia, 811
of magnesia lemonade, 793
quinine, 748, 912
Citri cortex, 231
Citria malus, 231
Citric acid, 586
saturating power of, 586
lozenges, 996
Citrine myrobalans, 296
ointment, 1007
Citron, 231
peel, candied, 231
Citronelle oil, 545
Citrus, 230
acida, 231
aurantium, 230, 231
bergamia, 231
bigaradia, 231
decumana, 231
limetta, 231
Citrus limetta bergamium,
231
limonum, 231, 586
medica, 231
medica acida, 231
medica bergamotta, 231
Sinensis, 230
vulgaris, 231
Civet, 1 14
Cladonia coccifera, 570
Islandica, 567
pyxidata, 570
rangiferina, 567
sanguinea, 568
vermicularis, 568
Clairet, 676
Clarified honey, 831
Clark's, Dr., dinner pills, 876
Clary, 436
purple-topped, 435
wild, 436
Classification of animals, 106
classification of plants, 186
Clavaria cinerea, 563
coral, 563
coralloides, 563
Clavi siliginis, 266
Clay iron stOne, 744
Claytonia, 310
cubensis, 310
perfoliata, 310
Clearing nut, 392
Cleavers, 346
Clematis, 190
dioica, 190
erecta, 190
Flammula, 190
Mauritiana, 190
Sinensis, 190
Vitalba, 190
Viticella, 190
Cleome dodecandra, 211
icosandra, 211
viscosa, 211
Cleompanos major, 225
minor, 225
Clerodendrum inerme, 439
Climbers, 133
Climbing buckwheat, 453
Clingstone peach, 289
Ciinopodium vulgarey431
Clitoria, 270
spectabilis, 270
ternatea, 270
Cloporte armadillo, 163
ordinaire, 163
Close-styled dogrose, 293
Cloth-tree, 490
Clothes ball, 676
Cloudberry, 293
Clous-a-porte, 163
Clove bark, 462, 464
cassia bark, 464
gilliflower, 219
nutmeg, 248, 460
omnge, East Indian small,
231
pepper, 303
pink, 219
tree, 302
wild, 304
Clover, 284
Cloves, 302
mother, 302
oil of, 302
preserved mother, 302 ^
Clown's all-heal, 437
Club nioss, common,. 55S
fir, 556
Clupea catulus, 146
encrasicholus, 146-
harengus, 146
pilchardus, 146
sprattus, 146
Clupes, 14&
Clusia, 233
alba, 233
rosea, 233
Clusius' cardamoms, 513
Cluster pine, 505
Cluytia collina, 473
spinosa, 472
Clymenum Italorum, 232
Clysphitique, 649
Clyster, antispasmodic, 823
Cneorum, 258
album, 405
niger, 458
tricoccon, 258
Cnicus, 361
benedictus, 357, 361
casabona, 360
eriophorus, 361
lanatus, 361
lanifiorus, 361
tinctorius, 359
Coagulated mercury,. 772
Coal, cannel, 967
kennel, 967
parrot, 967
Coarse catgut, 125
grey bark, 344
Cobalt blue, 678
Cobaltic ultramarine, 678
Coca, or Ypada, 235
Cocca, 472
Coccinella bipunctata, 171"
septem punctata, 171
Coccoloba uvifera, 452
Coccoon, 264
Cocculus, 198
acuminatus, 198
3 Y
1058
INDEX.
Cocculus bakis, 198
Burmanni, 198
Cebatha, 198
cordifolius, 198
crispus, 198
Epibateiium, 198
fibraurea, 198
Indicus, 199
palmatus, 198
peltatus, 199
platyphyllus, 199
suberosus, 199
Coccus cacti, 171
ficus, 172
ilicis, 171
lacca, 172
polonicus, 172, 311
Sinensis, 172
Cochineal, 171
of Poland, 172
prepared, 901
Cochlearia, 207
Anglica, 207 ,
armoracia, 207
Batava, 207
Britannica marina, 207
coronopus, 207
hortensis, 207
officinalis, 207
Cock, domestic, 134
Cockatoo, 133
Cockle, 157
corn, 219
Cock's comb, 423
Cockspur, 566
rye, 566
Cocoa nuts, 537
nut-tree, Maldavian, 538
nut-tree, sea, 538
oil, 847
plum, 288
root, 540
tree, 537
Cocoon antidote, 306
antidote, calabash, 307
Cocos aculeatus, 537
butyracea, 537
fusiformis, 537
guinensis, 536
lapidea, 537
nucifera, 537
nut, 537
Cocum, 452
oil, 234
jalap, 452
Cod, 148
family, 148
Codaga pala, 390
Codagen, 325
Coddam pulli, 234
Codded wild cumin, 202
Codex Francais, 6
medicamentarius, 6
medicamentorum Tolos, 6
Hambergensis, 7
Parisian, 6
Codica Pharmaceutica, Italy,
11
Cod-liver oil, 149, 853
■with quinine, 854
Coelanthe punctata, 401
purpurea, 401
Coelelmintha, 176
Coeruleum ultramontanum,
679
Coffea, 345
Arabica, 345
Coffee, 345, 676
dandelion, 965
Dillenius, 676
German, 676
iris, 676
rat, 115
rye, 676
shrub, 345
succory, 676
Sylvester's, 676
taraxacum, 965
Coffi, 345
Coffree tschillie, 414
Cognee, 549
Cohosh, 189
Coir rope, 537
Coissi quassia, 250
Coix lachryma, 547
ovata, 547
Colchicacea;, 532
Colchici cormus, 532
semina, 532
Colchicina, 532
Colchicum, 534
autumnale, 532
bulbocodiodes, 533
montanum 533
mountain, 533
variegatum, 533
Colcothar, 682, 751
Cold cream, 676
bath, 645
punch, 910
Cole, 205
Coleoptera, 168
Colevs'ort, sea, 207, 404
Collados Pharmacorum om-
nium enumeratio, 3
Collection and preservation
of plants, 575
CoUey's depilatory, 703
Collier's, Dr., translation of
London Pharmacopoeia,
14
Collinsonia Canadensis, 428
CoUinsonia prjEcox, 428, 471
Collocane, 572
Collodion, 676
Collodium,' 676
Collyrium, 677
Colocasia, 539
esculenta, 540
Colocynth, hill, 306
peeled, 306
pills, 878
prepared, 677
shell, 306
Colocynthidis prseparata,
677
pulpa, 306
Colocynthin, 306
Colocynthis, 306 '
Cologne black, 677
earth, 678
Colombia bark, 340, 344
Colombo, 198
catechu, 535
Colophonia Mauritiana, 258
Colophonium, 677
Colophony, 677
Coloquintida, 306
Coloured fires, 911
Colours, 677
black and brown, 677
blue, 678
green, 680
liquid, 683
oil, in bottles, 684
oil cake, 684
red, 681
show, for shop windows,
684
white, 682
yellow, 683
water, cake, 684
Colour shells, 158
Colsa d'hiver, 205
de printems, 205
Coltsfoot, 374
Alpine, 366
essence of, 816
Coluber jEsculapii, 142
berus, 142
horridus, 142
Javanicus, 140
Columba migratoria, 134
palumbus, 134
Columbine, 190
Columbo, American, 400
Colutea, 270
arborescens, 270
cruenta, 270
hirsute, 270
Orientalis, 270
Comarum palustre, 290
Comb, Venus', 330
INDEX.
1059
Combretaceae, 295
Comfrey, 411
spotted, 411
Comitissae palmae pulvis, 811
Commander's balsam, 971
Commercial cinchona bark,
343
Commia Cochinchinensis, 473
Commiphora, 258
Madagascarensis, 258
Common adder's tongue, 558
alkanet, 408
amomum, 331
arbutus, 379
ash, 387
balm, 431
barberry, 200
barley, 547
beaked parsley, 318
beet, 449
bilberry, 378
bird's-foot trefoil, 277
bishop's weed, 317
blue passion flower, 309
bockbean, 401
box-tree, 472
brake, 559
broom, 271
bugle 427
burnt saxifrage, 329
butterwort, 442
calami nt, 431
cardinal flower, 376
chamomile, 309
club-moss, 555
elm-leaved sumach, 261
enchanter's nightshade,
297
evening primrose, 298
fennel, 325
fever-few, 371
flax, 221
fir, 503
flea, 168
fleabane, 371
gentian, 400
great houseleek, 312
groundsel, 372
gourd, 306
guelder-rose, 336
hare's ear, 320
hemlock, 321
hemp-nettle, 428
henbane, 415
holly, 252
, honeysuckle, 335
hop, 489
hound's-tongue, 409
ivy, 333
knotgrass, 453
laburnum, 271
Common ladies'-mouth, 285
lady-bird, 171
laurel, 287
lilac, 388
lungwort, 411
maiden hair, 557
mallow, 222
maple, 236
marygold, 358
meadow-rue, 194
morel, 564
mouse-ear, 365
hawk-weed, 365
mushroom, 561
mussel, 158
mustard, 210
myrtle, 304
nightshade, 419
nipplewort, 368
orange, 230
oyster, 158
peach, 289
Pennsylvanian sumach,
261
polypody, 559
pomatum, 889
primrose, 443
privet, 387
quail, 135
radish, 209
reed, 550
red poppy, 203
resin, 505
Roman wormwood, 356
sage, 435
scull-cap, 436
scurvy-grass, 207
soft soap, 923
sorrel, 457
sow-thistle, 373
speedwell, 425
sunflower, 365
thrift, 444
turpentine, 505
vervain, 439
vetch, 285
wall-flower, 207
wall-spleenwort, 557
walnut, 492
water-drop wort, 327
wheat, 551
white soap, 922
whiting, 148
wood-sorrel, 245
wormwood, 355
yam, 522
yellow cow-wheat, 423
rattle, 423
Comocladia, 258
angulosa, 259
dentata, 258
Comocladia illicifolia, 259
tricuspidata, 259
Comparison of Troy and
Avoirdupois weights, 22
Compositae, 353
Compound aniseed water, 622
assafcBtida, 622
bryony, 622
cerate of lead, 672
cerate of mercuiy, 671
horseradish, 628
lime, 623
decoction of aloes, 695
barley, 698
broom, 700
linseed, 698
mallow, 698
sarza, 698
snails, 698
elixir of myrrh, 992
extract of colocynth, 732
infusion of catechu, 776
gentian, 778
horseradish, 775
linseed, 779
orange peel, 775
Peruvian bark, 777
roses, 780
sarsaparilla, 781
senna, 781
liniment of ammonia, 794
camphor, 795
mixture of gentian, 836
iron, 835
ointment of gall, 1005
iodine, 1007
" lead, 1009
poplar, 1011
rosemary, 1011
sulphur, 1012
pill of aloes, !^75
assafcetida, 877
chloride of mercury, 88 1
colocynth, 879
gamboge, 877
hemlock, 879
galbanum, 881
iron, 880
rhubarb, 882
sagapenum, 883
soap, 883
squill, 884
storax, 884
plaster of cantharides, 7 1 2
powder of aloes, 903
alum, 903
antimony, 615
asarabacca, 904
catechu, 905
ceruss, 905
chalk, 906
3 T 2
1060
INDEX.
Compound powder of chalk
with opium, 906
ciimamon, 905
contrajerva, 905
ipecacuana, 907
jalap, 908
kino, 908
liquorice, 907
myrrh, 908
rhubarb, 909
scammony, 909
senna, 909
tragacanth, 910
saline powder, 909
solution of alum, 798
iodide of potassium, 805
syrup of ipecacuana, 958
tincture of aloes, 969
ammonia, 969
benjamin, 971
benzoin, 971
calamus, 972
camphor, 972
cardamoms, 974
catechu, 976
cinchona, 976
cinnamon, 977
colchicum, 978
crown bark, 976
gentian, 982
guaiacum, 982
iodine, 984
lavender, 985
Loxa bark, 976
myrrh, 830
quassia, 990
quinine, 990
rhubarb, 990
savine, 992
senna, 992
valerian«;994
turpentine fumigation,
759
wine of senna, 1022
Compressed sponge, 943
Comptonia asplenifolia, 494
Concentrated camplior julep,
725
elder flower water, 629
melissa water, 627
compound infusion of gen-
tian, 801
compound infusion of
orange-peel, 801
infusion of calumba, 801
infusion of cinchona, 777
infusion of rhubarb, 806
infusion of senna, 806
Concrete oil of Mangosteen,
234
volatile oil of tobacco, 863 |
Condaminea, 345
corymbosa, 345
vera, 344
Conditum aurantii, 685
Condoms, 126
Cone wheat, 551
Conessi bark, 390, 304
Coney, 120
Confectio amygdalae, 686
amygdalarum, 686
aromatica, 686
aurantii, 686
cardiaca, 686
cassise, 687
catechu compositum, 687
cinac, 690
Damocratis, 687
Japonica, 687, 688
opii, 688
piperis, 689
piperis nigri, 689
Raleighana, 686
rosae, 689
rosae caninae, 689
rosae Gallicac, 689
rutse, 690
scammonii, 690
seminis cinae, 690
senna, 690
sulphuris, 691
terebinthinffi, 691
Confection, aromatic, 686
Damocrate's, 687
of almonds, 686
black pepper, 689
cassia, 687
catechu, 687
dog-rose, 689
hip, 689
opium, 688
orange-peel, 686
pepper, 689
red rose, 689
rose, 689
rue, 690
scammony, 690
senna, 690
sulphur, 691
turpentine, 691
of worm-seed, 690
Confectionarii, 2
Conferva, river, 571
rivularis, 571
Congea villosa, 439
Conger eel, 149
Congou tea, 229
Congreve, or lucifer matches,
814
Coniferse, 502
Conii folia, 321
Conium, 321
Conium maculatum, 321
Royeni, 320
Conirostres, 132
Connarus Guianensis, 260
Conserva amygdalarum, 686'
aurantii, 686
cochleariae, 691
cynosbati, 689
nasturtii, 691
rosse, 689
rosae fructds, 689
rutae, 689
Conserve of almonds, 686
of orange-peel, 686
of rue, 689
of scurvy grass, 691
of water-cresses, 691
Consolida major, 41 1
minima, 357
regalis, 191
Saracenica, 372
Consoude, great, 411
Continental medicinal
weights, 24
Contrayerva, 282, 488
balls, 764
blanca, 568
drakena, 488
German, 396
Jamaica, 471
Lisbon, 488
radix, 488
Spanish, 282
Contrexeville water, 632
Convallaria bifolia, 527
majalis, 527
Polygonatum, 528 '
Convallium majalis, 527
Convolvolus althajoides, 404
arvensis, 404
Batatas, 405
Braziliensis, 406
cantabrioa, 405
cneorum, 405
edulis, 405
farinosus, 405
flexuosus, 404
florid us, 405
foetidus, 348
hederaceus, 408
jalapa, 406
macrocarpus, 405
Nil, 408
paniculatus, 407
papirin, 405
prostratus, 404
sagittsefblius, 404, 405
scammonia, 405
terminalis, 405
terrestris, 405
tuberosus, 407
INDEX.
1061
Convolvolus turpethum, 407
Convolvulacese, 403
Convolvuloides triloba, 408
Convolvulus, 404
frutescens, 406
macrocarpns, 406
minimus, 405
operculatus, 406
panduratus, 407
paniculatus, 404
scoparius, 404
sepium, 404
soldanella, 404
tuguriorum, 404
Conyza, 366, 371
anthelmintica, 375
genistelloides, 357
major, 366
media, 371
minor vera, 366
squarrosa, 366
Coolthi, 272
Coot, 135
Copaifera, 270
coriacea, 270
Jacquini, 271
Langsdorfii, 270
multijuga, 271
officinalis, 271
Copaiva, balsam of, 270,
271
Copal, 228, 275
varnish, 1014
West Indian, 261
Copalchi, 474
Copalm balsam, 245, 494
Copernicia cerifera, 537
Copper, 693
acetate of, 599
ammcnio-sulphate of, 693
arsenite of, 680
blue, 679
blue carbonate of, 680
dicarbonate of, 680
diniodide of, 694
green, 680
red oxide of, 599
saffron of, 599
suboxide of, 599
sulphate of 694
Copperas, 756
blue, 694
green, 756
Coptis, 190
teeta, 190
trifolia, 191
Copying ink, 784
Coquetta, 340
Coquilla nut, 537
Coral, black, 179
clavaria, 563
Coral, hydnum, 564
plant, 360
red, 179
white, 179
Coraline, or sea-moss, 179
Coralium rubrum, 179
Corallina officinalis, 179
Coratch, 924
Corchorus, 225
capsularis, 225
olitorius, 225
Cordao de fiade, 430
Cordia angustifolia, 412
Gerascanthus, 412
latifolia, 412
Myxa, 412
sebestena, 412
Cordiaceae, 411
Cordial balls, 823
drinks, 824
Godfrey's, 817
Cordials, 823
Cordoncillo, 556
Coreopsis bidens, 358
Coriaceae, 251
Coriander, 322
Coriandrum, 322
cicuta, 321, 322
cynapium, 317
maculatum, 321
sativum, 322
Coiiaria, 251
myitifolia, 251
Corinthiaca?, 242
Cons, 232
Cork, -^97
kenkerig, 569
mountain, 640
tree, 497
Cormorant, 137
Cormus colchici, 532
Corn blue-bottle, 359
chamomile, 354
chrysanthemum, 361
cockle, 219
crowfoot, 193
flag, 519
gromwell, 410
Guinea, 550
hone wort, 328
horse tail, 555
Indian, 552
measure, 29
mint, 432
mouse ear, 219
negro Guinea, 551
pan'ots, 359
parsley, 328
rose, 203
salad, 352
sow thistle, 373
Com, spurrey, 220
St. Peter's, 551
Turkey, 552
wound wort, 437
Cornea;, 334
Cornel, 334
dwarf, 334
male, 334 ;
wild, 334
Cornelian, 762
artificial, 762
cherry, 334
Cornish lovage, 329
reducing flux, 758
Cornu, 691
cervinum, 446
ustum, 691
Cornus, 334
circinata, 334
coerulea, 334
Florida, 334
foemina, 334
herbacea, 334
lanuginosa, 334
mas, 334
mascula, 334
rugosa, 334
sanguinea, 334
sericea, 334
Suecica, 334
tomentosula, 334
Corocoa de Jesu, 369
Coronopus, 207
ruelli. 207
Corrolliflora;, 383
Coromandel ipecacuanha,
398
senna, 270
Coronilla, 271
emerus, 271
grandiflora, 265
juncea, 271
securidaca, 271
varia, 271
Corowatti, 513
Corrigiola, 311
littoralis, 311
Con'osive sublimate, 768
Corruda, 527
Corsican moss, 572
jelly, 761
worm moss, 572
Cortex aurantiarum condita,
232
caryophylloides, 462
citri condita, 231
flavus, 344
limonum condita, 231
onintis, 462
ruber, 344
thuris, 47^
1062
INDEX.
Cortex Winteramis, 195
Cortusa Mattioli, 442
Corunga, 484
Corvisartia Helenium, 3G6
Corvus cornix, 132
Corydalis, 204
bulbosa, 204
capnoides, 204
fabacea, 204
solid rooted, 204
tuberosa, 204
yellow, 204
Cory] lis Avellana, 494
Corypha cerifera, 537
Coscinium fenestratum, 199
Cosmetic mercury, 768
powder, 905
Cosmibuena hexandra, 337
obtusifolia, 338
Cost mary, 371
Costus, 513
arabicus, 514
sweet, 514
Cotonea, 288
Cotoneaster, 288
vulgaris, 288
Cotton, 222
lavender, 371
thistle, common, 369
tree, 224
tree gum, 224
gun, 1025
weed, 362
Cottus scorpius, 145
Cotula, 368
alba, 363
maderaspatana, 365
Cotyledon orbiculata, 313
umbilicus, 313
Couch grass, 552
Cough balk, 824
drink, 825
linctus, 793
pills, 882
Coumarine, 272, 277
Coumarouma odorata, 272
Coumia, 259
Counter-irritants, Dr. Gran-
ville's, 794
Countess' powder, 339
Country orange, East Indian,
231
senna, 270
' walnut, 472
Courbaril bifolia, 274
lotus, 274
Courida bark, 438
Courou moelli, 212
Court plaster, 715
Coury, 535
Couscous, 549
Coursus de Gangland, an
apothecary, 2
Coutarea, 345
speciosa, 345
Coutoubea, 399
alba, 399
ramosa, 399
spicata, 399
Coventry bells, 377
Cow basil, 220
bean, 321
berry, 378
parsley, 325
parsnip, 325
sea, 126
tree, 384, 487
tree milk, 385
weed, 318
wheat, common yellow,
423
wheat, purple, 423
wheat, wild, 423
Cowdie pine resin, 503
Cowhage, 278
Cowitch, 278
Cow's lungwort, 425
Cowslip, common, 443
great, 443
hyson, 229
wine, 1024
Cowslips of Jerusalem, 411
Coxe's, Dr., American Dis-
pensatory, 13
Crab, common, or black-
clawed, 162
louse, 167
Crab's eyes, or Crab stones,
162
Crack willow, 497
Cramp-fish, 152
Crambe, 207
maritlma, 207
Cranberry, 378
American, 378
white, 378
Crane, 135
Crane's-bill, American, 243
bloody, 243
bulbous- rooted, 243
long-stalked, 243
round-leaved, 243
woody, 243
Ci-apula, 312
Crapulacea, 312
Crassocephalum sonchifolium,
363
Crassula, 312
CrassulaceiB, 312
Crataeva, 211
gynandra, 211
wannelos, 230
Crataeva Tapia, 211
Cratsegonum, 423
Crataegus aria, 291
Azarolus, 288
oxycantha, 288
Pyracautha, 288
torminalis, 291
Crawfish, 162
river, 162
Crayfish, 162
Crayons, 692
Cream, cold, 676
of tartar, 893
of tartar, purified, 966
of tartar, soluble, 966
Creasote, 692
Creasoton, 692
Creata, 399, 441
Creeping buglos, 410
cinque foil, 290
crowfoot, 193
germander, 437
hairy spurge, 478
leopard's bane, 355
water parsnip, 325
wheat grass, 552
Creme d'anise, 940
Cremor frigida, 676
tartari, 966
tartari solubilis, 966
Crepitus lupi, 563
Crescentia, 415
Cujete, 415
Crespigny's, Lady, pills, 816,
876
Cress, amphibious, 209
bastard, 208
bitter winter, 205
early winter, 205
garden, 209
Indian, 244
penny, 211
sciatica, 208
swine's, 207
tower-wall, 205
wart, 207
Cresses, water, 209
Creta, 662, 692
Gallica, 693
pra?parata, 692
umbi-ia, 677
Cretan poly mountain, 437
Crimson fire, 911
Crinitaria linosyris, 368
Crinum Asiaticum, 521
toxioarium, 521
Crithmum, 322
maritimum, 322
Croci stigmata, 519
Crocodilion, 362
Crocus, 519, 751
INDEX.
1063
Crocus in foeno, 519
in placenta, 519
martis astriiigens, 752
metallorum, 613
odorus, 518
saffron, 519
sativus, 519
Crosswort, 346, 364
Cross-leaved bed-straw, 346
Crotali, 142
Crotalus horridus, 142
Crotalaria, 271
juncea, 271
Croton aromaticum, 473,
474
balsamiferum, 473
benzoe, 296
campestris, 473
cascarilla, 473, 474
draco, 474, 475
eleuteria, 474
hibiscifoliiis, 474
humile, 474
jalmagota, 475
lacciferum, 172, 474
lineare, 473, 474
lobatum, 482
Moluccanura, 474
oil, 475, 850
oil soap, 923
oil liniment, 795
pavana, 474, 475
perdicipes, 474
polyandrum, 474
pseudo-china, 474
sanguifluus, 475
suberosum, 475
tinctorium, 475
tiglium, 475
Crottles hazel, 570
stone, 569
Crow, 132
garlic, 526
silk, 571
Crowfoot, Alpine, 194
bulbous, 193
celery-leaved, 193
corn, 193
creeping, 193
globe, 194
marsh, 193
round root, 193
upright meadow, 193
wattir, 193
white flowered, 193
wood, 189, 193
Crown bark, 340, 342, 343
blue, 679
lychnis, 219
Crozophora tinctoria, 475
Cruciata galium, 346
CrucUerse, 204
Crude flux, 758
tartar, 6o9
Crustacea, 162
Cryptocarya moschata, 463
pretiosa, 463
Cryptococcus fermentum,
564
Crj^ptogamic plants, 186
Cryptoneura, 176
Crystallized verdigris, 600
Cuapeba, 499
Cubeba, 500
Cubebs, 500
Guinea, 499
Cucabalus behen, 220
Cucatin, 249
Cucifera Thebaica, 538
Cuckoo, 133
flower, 207, 220
pint, 540
Cuculus canoms, 133
Cucumber, 306
Indian, 533
spirting, 308
wild, 308
Cucumbers, salted, 306
Cucumis, 306
agrestis, 308
Anguria, 306
asininus, 308
Chate, 306
Citrullus, 306
colocynthis, 306
Hardwickii, 306
hortensis, 306
Melo, 306
pseudo-colocynthis, 306
sativus, 306
utilissimus, 306
Ciicurbita, 306
lagenaria, 307
Melopepo, 306
ovifera, 306
Pepo, 306
Cucurbitacea?, 305
Cudbear, 568
Cud bream, 147
Cudweed, 364
golden, 374
Highland, 365
Jersey, 364
least, 364
Cuichun chulli, 555
Cuichunculli, 214
Cul de Negresse, 538
Culat batu, 565
Culilawan, 462
bark, 462
Culinary salt, 933
Cultivated oat, 545
Culver's physic, 425
Culpeper, 12
Cumbi gum, 346
Cumin, 322
codded wild, 202
homed wild, 202
opium, 202
seed, 483
plaster, 713
wild, 326
Cuminum, 322
Cyminum, 322
soliquosum, 202
sylvestre, 326
Cunila, 428
Mariana, 428
pulegioides, 428
Cunninghamia verticillata,
337
Cup, antimonial, 693
Chinese purging, 693
emetic, 693
fern, brittle, 557
lichen, 570
lichen, scarlet, 570
moss, 570
Cupameni, 472
Cupressinese, 503
Cupressus disticha, 506
fastigiata, 503
sempervirens, 503
Cupri acetas, 600
ammoniati aqua, 693
ammoniati solutio, 693
ammonio-sulphas, 693
diniodidum, 694
subacetas prasparatum,
.600
sulphas, 694
Cuprum, 693
aluminatum, 792
ammoniatum, 693
Cups, 497
Cupulifera?, 493, 496
Cupulas, 497
Curasso oranges, 232
Curatella, 194
Cambaiba, 194
Curatoe, 531
Curcas multifidus, 482
purgans, 482
Curcuma, 515
Amada, 515
angustifolia, 515
leucorhiza, 515
longa, 515
rubescens, 515
Zedoaria, 515
Zerumbet, 515, 516
Curd soap, 922
Curl-leaved mallow, 222
1064
INDEX.
Curled dock, 457
kale, 206
leaved mint, 432
Currant, tasteless mountain,
315
wine, 1024
Currants, 242
black, 315
white and red, 315
Currie vinegar, 1018
Currus triumphalis anti-
monii, 3
Cusco bark, 342, 344
Curry powder, 694
Cuscus, 545
Cuscuta epithymum, 406
Europasa, 406
Cusparia febrifuga, 248
Cuspariae cortex, 248
Custard powder, Bright's,
743
Cutch, 535
Cuttle-fish, 154
poor, 154
Cyanide of iron and quinine,
748
potassium, 996
silver, 637
zinc, 1027
Cyanodide of silver, 637
Cyanus arvensis, 359
major, 360
segetum, 359
vulgaris, 359
Cyanuret of potassium, 896
silver, 637
Cyatrea fragilis, 557
CycadacesB, 553
Cycas caffi'ffia, 554
circinalis, 554
revoluta, 554
Cyclamen, 442
Europseum, 442
hederaefolium, 442, 444
Cyclobranchiata, 154
Cyclogangliata, 153
Cyclopteris fragilis, 557
rhastica, 557
Cydonia, 288
Europaea, 288
vulgaris, 288
Cydonise semina, 283
Cymbalaria, 422
Cyminum cumin, 322
Cynanchum acutum, 396
argel, 398
ipecacuanha, 398
Iffivigatum, 398
Mauritianus, 396
raonspeliacum, 396
ovalifolium, 396
Cynanchum riudera, 398
tomentosum, 398
vincetoxicum, 396
vomitorium, 398
Cynara, 362
cardunculus, 362
scolymus, 362
Cynips, 173
a la galle d teinture,' 173
Brandtii, 173
du bedeguar, 174
gallse tinctoriae, 173
quercus infectorii, 173
rosse, 174
Cynocrambe, perennial, 483
Cynoglossiim, 409
officinale, 409
Cynomorium, 553
coccineum, 553
Cynorrhodon, 292
Cynosbatos, 292
Cynosoi'chis, 511
Cyperaceae, 542
Cyperus articulatus, 543
esculentus, 543
hexastichos, 543
long-rooted, 543
longus, 543, 544
odoratus, 543
Papyrus, 543
perennis, 544
rotundus, 543, 544
round-rooted, 544
sweet, 543
Cypress, 503
spurge, 477
Virginia, 506
wood, black, 506
wood, white, 506
Cyprinoides, 146
Cyprinus alburnus, 146
brama, 146
cai-pis, 147
gobeo, 147
lenciscus, 147
i-utihis, 147
tinea, 147
Cyprus powder, 568
turpentine, 260
Cytini, 295
Cytinus hypocistus, 213
Cytisus, 271
Alpinus, 271
cajan, 271
Gr£Ecus, 265
hirsutus, 271
laburnum^ 271
scoparius, 271
D.
Daberlochs, 571
Dace, 147
Dacha, 488
Dactylus, 538
ideus, 653
Daedalea suaveolens, 563
sweet-scented, 563
Daffodil, 521
Daffy's elixir, 815
Dahn, 548
Daisy, 357
great, 368
ox-eye, 368
Dakha, 488
Dalby's carminatives, 816
Dalea, 272
enneaphylla, 272
Dali, 467
Damajavag, 783
Damascena, 291
Damascenus, Johannes, 2
Damask rose, 293
Dame's violet, 208
Dammar pine, 503
Dammara, 503
Australis, 503
Dammar, 227
Damocrate's confection, 687
Damson, 291
cheese, 694
mountain, 250
Dandelion, 374
coffee, 965
fluid extract of, 808
Dane wort, 336
Danish pharmacopeia, 8
mark, 17
Dantzic wheat, 551
Daphne cannabina, 458
charmed, 458
Cneorum, 458
Gnidium, 458, 459
lagetto, 459
laureola, 458, 459
mezereum, 458
tarton rairi, 459
Daphnoides affinia, 459
Dark mullein, 424
Darnel, 548
bearded, 548
meal, 548
Dasystephana punctata, 401
Date paste, 869
tree, 538
tree, wild, 538
Dates, 538
wild, 537
Datura, 415
metel, 412, 415
INDEX.
1065
Datura stramonium, 415
tatula, 415
Dauci radix, 322
Daucus, 322
carota, 322
Copticus, 329, 330
Creticus, 319
gingidium, 322
gummifer, 322
leptophyllus, 320
nostras, 322
sylvestris, 317
Yisnaga, 317
vulgaris, 322
Daud maree, 298
Davidson's remedy for can-
cer, 816
Davilla, 195
Brasiliana, 195
elliptica, 195
rugosa, 195
Day's eye, 357
Dead arse smart, 454
nettle, common, 429
red, 429
stinking, 437
Deadly milky agaric, 561
nightshade, 413
Deal, red, 505
Decimal measures, 34
weights, 25
Decoction of aloes, 695
compound, 695
of arnica, 695
of barley, 698
compound, 638
of broom, 700
compound, 700
of cabbage tree, 697
of cinchona bark, 696
of dogwood, 696
of elm bark, 701
of ergot of rye, 700
of galls, 697
of guaiac, 697
of isinglass, 698
of liverwort, 696
of logwood, 667
of mallow, compound, 698
of marshmallow, 695
of mezereon, 698
of myrrh, 699
of oak bark, 699
of pale cinchona, 696
of pareira, 699
of pomegranate, 697
root, 697
of poppy, 699
of pyrola, 696
of quince seeds, 696
of red cinchona, 696
Decoction of sarsaparilla,
699
compound, 699
strong, 701
weaker, 702
of sarza, 699
of sarza, compound, 699
of senega, 700, 780
of snails, compound, 698
of starch, 695
of taraxacum, 700
of tormentil, 701
of white hellebore, 701
of whortleberry, 701
of winter "green, or py-
rola, 696
of woods, ingredients for,
701
of woody nightshade, 697
Zitmann's, 701
Decoctum album, 694
aloes, 695
aloes compositum, 695
althwK, 695, 833
amyli, 095
arnicas, 695
avenffi, 695
cetrariae, 696
chimaphila;, 696
cinchonse, 696
pallidae, 696
rubise, 696
cornus floridse, 696
cydoniae, 696
dulcamarae, 697
ergoti, 700
gallse, 697
geoffroysB inermis, 697
granati, 697
radicis, 697
guaiaci, 697
haematoxyli, 697
helicum pomatarium com-
positum, 698
hordei, 698
compositum, 698, 836
ichthyocolla, 698
lichenis Islandici, 696
lini compositum, 699
Lusitanicum, 698
malvse compositum, 698
mezerei, 698
myrrha;, 699
papaveris, 699
pareira;, 699
pyrolai, 695
quercil«, 699
sarsaparillae, 699
compositum, 699
fort., 701
tenuior, 702
Decoctum sarza, 699
compositum, 669
scoparii, 700
compositum, 700
secalis cornuti, 700
senegae, 700, 780
taraxaci, 700
tormentillaa, 701
ulmi, 701
uvae ursi, 701
veratri, 701
Zittmanni fortius, 701
mitius, 701
Decunx, 16
Deer, 124
balls, 563
moose, 124
musk, 125
rein, 124
De Furnis Novis Philoso-
phicis, 12
Delacroix' agglutinative
plaster, 714
Delcroix' depilatory, 703
Delphinapterus albicans, 127
leucas, 127
Delphinidas, 127
Delphinium, 191
Ajacis, 191
consolida, 191
elatum, 191
staphisagria, 191
Delphinus albicans, 127
phocaena, 127
Dematium giganteum, 563
Demulcent drenches, 825
Demulcents, 825
De naturd salium, 12
Denia raisins, 242
Dens caninus, 528
Dens leonis, 374
Densham's farinaceous food,
744
Dentalium, 160
Dentaria, 208, 444
diphylla, 208
heptaphylla, 208
Dentifrice, 702
Dentillaria, 444
Dentillaire, 445
Dentirostres, 132
Depilatory, 703
CoUey's, 703
Delcroix,' 703
Plenck's, 703
Deptford pink, 219
Dergrause, 478
Denis, 272
pinnata, 272
Des, 16
Despumated honey, 831
1066
INDEX.
Dessyakhroot, 472
Detergent liniment, 829
lotion, 829
ointments, 826
Detergents, 828
Deunx, 16
De Vallenger's solution of
arsenic, 935
Devil in a bush, 192
Devil's bit, 353, 533
dung, 646
Devin, 141
Devonshire white ale, 652
Dewberry, American, 294
bush, 293
Dextans, 16
Dextrine, 703
Dhans, 27
Diacasia cum mannd, 687
Diacrydium, 703
Diacodion, 703
Diacodium, 703
Diagrydium, 703
Diamond, artificial, 7o2
cement, 668
Dianthus, 219
arenarius, 219
Armaria, 219
barbatus, 219
Carthusianorum, 219
caryophyllus, 219
superbus, 219
Diapente, 703
Diaphoretic antimony, 613
balls, 826
Diaphoretics, 825
Diascordium, 704, 708
Dicarbonate of copper, 680
Dicas' hydrometer, 39
Dicera, 226
serrata, 226
Diceros Cochinchinensis, 421
Dichromate of lead, 887
Dictamnus, 247
albus, 247
Creticus, 427
fraxinella, 247
Dictionnaire des drogues sim-
ples, 12
Dicypellium caryophillatum,
463
DiefFenbachia Seguina, 541
Diluted solution of diacetate
of lead 885
aloes pills, 876
Dimedovia tetragonoides, 314
Digestive ointments, 829
Digestives, 829
Digitalis, 421
folia, 421
lutea, 421
Digitalis micrantha, 421
parviflora, 421
purpurea, 421
semina, 421
Digitigrade, 110
Dik-millei, 346
Dikki-malei, 346
Dill, 317
water, 622
Dillenia, 195
elliptica, 195
speciosa, 195
Dilleniacse, 194
Dillenius' coffee, 676
Dills, 574
Diluted alcohol, 605
acetic acid, 584
hydrochloric acid, 589
hydrocyanic acid, 590
nitric acid, 593
phosphoric acid, 594
sulphuric acid, 596
Dimocarpus Lychi, 238
Diniodide of copper, 694
Dinner pills, 816, 876
Diodon atinga, 149
Dioscorea alata, 522
bulbifera, 522
purpurea, 522
sativa, 522
triphylla, 522
Dioscorea;, 522
Diosma, 247
crenata, 247
crenulata, 247
odorata, 247
serratifolia, 247
Diosperos, 385
Chinensis, 385
chlorosylon, 385
concolor, 386
embryopteris, 385
kaki, 385
melanoxylon, 385
Sapota, 385
nigra, 385
Schi-Tse Bung, 383
Virginiana, 386
Diotis, 362
caudidissima, 362
maritima, 362
Diplolepis bediguaris, 174
gallsB tinctoriae, 173
Diploneura, 160
Diplopappus dubius, 373
Dippel's acid elixir, 707
oil, 844
Dipsaceaj, 352
Dipsacus, 352
fuUonum, 352
sativus, 352
Dipsacus sylvestris, 352
vulgaris, 352
Diptera, 166
Dipteracea?, 226
Dipterix, 272
odorata, 272
Dipterocarpus, 227
larvis, 227
trinervis, 227
turbinatus, 227
Dirca palustris, 459
Discutient liniment, 829
ointment, 829
Discutients, 829
•Disinfecting fluid, Ledo-
yen's, 888
Dispensatories and Phar-
macopoeias, 1
Dispensatorium Brandenburg-
ium, 7
Pharmacorum omnium, 3
medicum of Renou, 12
Dispensatory, Dr. Christi-
son's, 14
first authorized, 3
of Valerius Cordus, 3
Distaff thistle, 361
Distilled verdigris, 600
vinegar, 581
water, 624
Disulphate of quina, 912
Dittander, 208
Dittany, bastard, 247, 430
of Crete, 427
Diuretic balls, 825
drinks, 826
powders, 826
Diuretics, 825
Diuma, 220
Divided gold, 641
Dividivi, 267
Dixon's antibilious pills, 816
Djoiiz elkai, 241
Dock, bloody, 458
blunt-leaved, 457
broad -leaved, 457
curled, 457
great water, 457
garden patience, 458
sharp, 457
sharp-pointed, 457
veined, 458
water, 457
Dodder, greater, 406
lesser, 406
of thyme, 406
Dog, domestic, 112
fish, spotted, 152
like tooth shell, 160
rose bush, 292
bush, close styled, 293
INDEX.
1067
Dog bush, trailing, 292
sea, IIG, 152
stones, 511
violet, 214
Dodrans, 16
Dog's bane, American, 389
bane, Venetian, 390
mercury, 483
tooth violet, 528
Dogwood, 280, 334
American, 334
black, 254
round-leaved, 334
swamp, 334
Dog rose, 292
Dolichi pubes, 278
Dolichos, 272
Bablab, 276
biflorus, 272
bulbosus, 272
Catiang, 272
cylindricus, 272
dissectus, 280
pruriens, 278
Sinensis, 272
soja, 283
trilobus, 280
tuberosus, 272
Dolphin, 127
Domestic cook, 113
dog, 112
Dongi dongi, 572
Doom bark, 272
Doom boom, 264
Dorema, 323
ammoniacum, 323
Doria's wound wort, 372
Doris, 154
Doronicnm, 362
cordatum, 362
grandiflorum, 355
Helvcticum, 372
minus, 362
montanum, 355
Pardalianches, 362
plantagineum, 362
procurrens, 362
radice dulci, 355
Romanum, 362
Dorstenia Braziliensis, 488
conti'ayerva, 488
cordifolia, 488
Drakena, 488
Houston!, 488
opifera, 488
tubicina, 488
Doryanthes, 521
excelsa, 521
Dorycnium, 272, 405
hirsutum, 272
suffruticosum, 272
Double aqua fortis, 593
Doum palm, 538
Douma Thebaica, 538
Douradinha da Campo, 348
Dove, ring, 134
Dover's powder, 908
Dove's-foot, 243
foot, blue, 243
Draba, 208
muralis, 208
verna, 208
Draco, 139
Dracocephalum Moldavica,
428
Dracoena Draco, 528
ferrea, 528
terminalis, 528
Dracontium, 539, 541
foetidum, 541
pertusum, 541
polyphylium, 541
Dracunculus hortensis, 356
Dragees, 704
minerales, 704
Drages, 704
for extemporaneously pre-
paring artificial mineral
waters, 704
Drago mitigatus, 769
Dragon, 139
root, 539
roots, 705
Dragon's, 282, 539
blood, 282, 474, 528, 536
blood in drops, 536
wat«r, 540
Drank, 547
Draught, black, 835
porter, 652
Draughts, antispasmodic,
822
Drench, worm, 822
Drenches, demulcent, 825
Dried alum, 605
grapes, 242
sulphate of iron, 756
yeast, 564
Drimys, 195
granatensis, 195
magnoliaifolia, 195
Winter!, 195
Drink, cough, 825
imperial, 901
Drinks, astringent, 827
cordial, 824
diuretic, 826
tonic, 826
Drogue am^re, 441
Droits, 17
Dromedary, 123
Drop, black, 989
Drop, hemlock water, 327
wort, common water, 327
wort, 294
wort, fine-leaved water,
327
wort, hemlock, 327
wort, parsley water, 327
wort, water, 327
Drops, Dutch, or Haerlem,
816
Jesuits,' 818, 971
lavender, 941, 985
lavender, red, 941, 985
pectoral, Bateman's, 815
peppermint, 998
Torrington's, 971
Drosera, 215
rotundifolia, 215
Droseracese, 215
Druggist's General Receipt-
Book, 14
Dry botanical specimen, 577
Dry lichen jelly, 761
sulphuric acid, 595
Dry vomit, Marriott's, 818
Dryobalanops, 227
aromatica, 227
camphora, 227
Dryopteris, 559
Dublin Pharmacopoeia, 5
weight, 21
Ducha, 487
Duck, 136
bill wheat, 551
weed, greater, 553
weed, lesser, 553
Duck's meat, 553
Duella, 16
Duffin bean, 280
Dugong, 126
Duke of Portland's powder
for the gout, 816
Dulcamara, 418
caules, 418
Dulesh, 574
Dulse, 574
pepper, 573
red, 573
Dumb cane, 541
Dupuytren's pommade for the
hair, 816
Durra, 551
Dutch drops, 816
medlar, 289
myrtle, 495
pink, 682
remedy for ague, 816
rushes, 555
varnish, 1016
Dutchman's laudanum, 310
Dwale, 413
1068
INDEX.
Dwarf almond, 286
cistus, 213
cornel, 334
elder, 333, 336
gentian, 400
mallow, 222
rosebay, 382
water lily, 402
wild flax, 221
D'yambah, 488
Dye, berry, 378
kermes, 496
lac, 791
nankeen, 705
pink, 705
Dyer's broom, 273
gi-eenweed, 273
rocella, 570
saffron, 359
spirit, 944
weed, 215
woad, 208
Dyes, 705
hair, 705
Dysophylla auricularia, 428
Dzondi's caustic spirit of
ammonia, 938
E.
Eagle, 131
stone, 791
wood, 265
Earl of Warwick's powder,
904
Early blue wolfsbane, 189
purple orchis, 511
winter cress, 205
Earth gall, 348
Lemnian, 967
nut, 320
peas, 266
sealed, 967
worm 160
Eai'thenware, glaze for, 763
Earwort, 428
East Indian anow root, 515
Indian black hellebore,
192
Indian clove orange, 231
Indian small clove orange,
231
Indian country horse-
radish, 278
Indian country orange, 231
Indian elemi, 258
Indian pomatum, 8 90
Indian raisins, 242
Indian sarsaparilla, 397
East Indian squills, 528
Indian tamarinds, 284
Easter giant, 453
Easterlings, 17
Eaton's styptic, 816
Eau d'ange, 304
d'Aix-la-Chapelle, 629
d'Arquebusade, 629
de Bagnferes de Luchon,
630
de Balaruc, 630
de Bareges, 630
de Bonne, 630
de Bourbonne les Bains,
630
de Carlsbad, 630
de Carrara, 631
de Cauterets, 630
de Cologne, 430, 624, 706,
707
de Contrexeville, 632
de Javelle, 805
de Luce, 707, 969
de Mantes, 473
medicinale, 422
medicinale d'Husson, 707
de melisse des Carmes, 626
mercurielle simple, 625
de Mont Dore', 633
de naphe, 624
de Passy, 633
de Provins, 633
de PuUna, 634
de Pyi-mont, 634
de Rabel, 707
de la reine d'Hongrie, 435
de Saint Sauveur, 630
de Sedletz, 635
de Seltz, 635
de Vichy, 636
de violettes, 984
Ebenacese, 385
Ebenus ^Ethiopica, 537
Ebony tree, 385
tree, black, 537
Ebulus, 336
Ecbalium ofBcinarum, 308,
708
Echidna, 119
Echinococcus hominis, 177
Echinodermata, 176
Echinops, 362
maximus, 362
muitiflorus, 362
pauciflorus, 362
Ritro, 362
sphairocephalus, 362
strigosus, 363
Echioides palustris, 410
Echites antidysenterica, 390,
394
Echites frutescens, 390
salicifolia, 389
spinosa, 390
syphilitica, 390
Echium, 409
Creticum, 409
Italicum, 409
Rossicum, 409
rubrum, 409
vulgare, 409
Eclipha, 363
adpressa, 363
erecta, 363
Edible moss, 573
Edentata, 118
Edinburgh pharmacopoeias, 5
new Dispensatory, 13
Eddoes, 540
Edible birds' -nests, 843
Eel, 149
Conger, 149
electric, 149
Eels, sea, 149
Effects of temperature, 74
Effervescing citrate of mag-
nesia, 811
solution of potash, 805
solution of soda, 808
powders, 906
Egg flip, 707
plant, 418
plant, oval, 419
powder, 658
oils, 831
Egyptian azure, 678
bean, 201
bean, black, 276
myrobalans, 246
opium, 866
wheat, 551
Elseagneffi, 468
Elseagnus angustifolia, 469
Elaeococca montana, 476
illaiodendron, 252
argan, 254
Roxburghii, 252
Elseosacchara, 707
Elaeosaccharum, 707, 866
anisi, 707
aurantiorum, 707
vanillse, 707
Elaeometer, 40
Elais butyracea, 537
guineensis, 53S
Elaphomyces granulatus, 563
Elaphrium, 247
tomentosum, 247
Elastic asbestos, 640
gum, 480
gum tree, 480
Elate sylvestris, 538
INDEX.
1069
Elaterii poma, 308
Elaterin, 707
Elaterium, 308, 708, 734
Elatine, 422
Elder, 336
American, 336
common, 336
dwarf, 333, 336
flour water, concentrated,
629
mountain, 336
ointment, 1010, 1012
pepper, 500
water, 628
rob, 917
white-berried, 336
wild, 333
wine, 1024
Elecampane, 366
Electric eel, 149
Electropuncturation, 708
Electropuncture, 708
Ele<;trum, 947
Electuarium aromaticum,686
Caryocostinum, 691
cassia;, 687
catechu, 687
catechu compositum, 687
e scordio, 704
lenitivum, 691
opii, 688
piperis, 689
scammonii, 690
scordii, 704, 708
sennje, 691
Electuary of cassia, 687
lenitive, 691
Elementary bodies, 78
Elements of Materia Medica,
Dr. Pereira, 14
their symbols, 78
Elemi, 259
Bengal, 258
Brazilian, 255
East Indian, 258
gum, 255
in the lump, 255
Eleocarpea;, 226
Eleocai-pus, 226
copalliferus, 227
hinan, 226
integrifolius, 226
oblongus, 226
serratus, 226
Eleoselinum, 318
Elephant, 119
African, 119
apple, 232
Indian or Asiatic, 119
pepper, 197, 501
sea, 116
Elephant wood, 196
Elephantopus, 363
scaber, 363
Elephas, 119
Africanus, 119
Indicus, 119
Elettaria, 516
cardamomum, 513, 516
major, 516
Eleuteria bark, 474 ',
Eleutherobranchii, 150
Elixir acide de Dippel, 707
acide de Haller, 707
acidum Halleri, 708
aloes, 969
anti venereum, 818
asthmatic, 814
aurantiorum compositum,
709
Daffy's, 815
de Garus, 709
de propriety de Paracelse,
709
Gari, 709
Garus', 709
myrrha; compositum, 992
of myrrh, compound, 992
of vitriol, 597
of vitriol, acid, 597
paregoric, 973
paregoricum, 973
proprietatis, 969
proprietatis Paracelsi, 709
Kadcliffe's, 819
roborans Koberti Whvttii,
976
salutis, 993
• vitrioli acidum, 597
vitrioliMynsichti,709,970
Elk, 123
Elleborus albus, 534
niger, 191
Elm, common small leaved,
498
leaved sumach, common,
261
slippery, 498
Eloeocarpus copalliferus, 227
Eloeodendron argan, 254
Eloeoptine, 461
Eloeosacchara, 707
Eloeosaccharum anisi, 707
aurantiorum, 707
vanilla;, 707
EloEosaccharums, 707
Elops, 151
Embden groats, 546
Embdlia, 516
supersonata, 516
Emblic myrobalans, 476
uiblica officinalis, 476
Embrocatio, 709
aconitinae, 710
ammoniae, 710
delphiniae, 710
veratrise, 710
Embrocation, Dr. Hawkins',
710
for sprains, 831
for the hooping cough,
Roche's, 819
of aconitine, 710
of ammonia, 710
of delphinia, 710
of stavesacre, 710
of veratria, 710
of white hellebore, 710
Embryopteris glutinifera,
385
peregrina, 385
Emerald, artificial, 762
Emery, 710
Emetic cup, 693
tartar, 618
Emetina, 710
Emilia, 363
purpurea, 363
sonchifolia, 363
Emmet, 174
Emperor blue, 678
Emplastre diapalme, 713
de Nuremberg, 716
Emplastrum, 710
adherens, 718
adhesivum, 710
aeruginis, 710
album coctum, 713
antarthriticum Helgoland!,
711
ammonia;, 710
ammoniaci, 711
ammoniac! cum hydrar-
gyro, 711
antimoniale, 711
aromaticum, 711
assafoetidae, 712
belladonnae, 712
calefaciens, 712
cantharidis, 712
cantharidis compositum,
712
cerse, 713
cerati saponis, 713
cerussa;, 713
cumini, 713
diabotonon, 5
diapalmum, 713
diaphoreticum, 713
diapompholygos, 719
ferri, 714
fuscum, 714, 716
galbani, 714
1070
INDEX.
Emplastrum glutinans Santi
Andrea; a Cruce, 7 1 4
gummosum, 714
hydrargyri, 714
ichthocoll», 715
ladani, 715
lythargyri, 717, 718
e meliloto, 716
e minio, 716
minii, 716
minii adustum, 714, 716
e mucilaginibus, 716
nigrum, 714
noricum, 714, 716
opii, 716
oxycroceum^ 716
Paracelsi, 717
pauperis, 673
picis, 717
plumbi, 717
potassii iodidi, 718
resinae, 718
roborans, 718
saponis, 718
saponis compositum, 718
simplex, 713
stibiatum, 711
stypticum, 717
thuris, 718
zineico-plumbicum, 719
Emollients, 829
Empldtre de Nuremberg ou
de minium, 716
diapalme, 713
Empyreumatic solution of
carbonate of ammonia,
798
Emulsin, 286
Emulsio acaciffi arabicae, 833
amygdali communis, 834
arabicffi, 833
camphors, 719, 834
communis, 834
cornu cervi, 694
phosphorata, 719
Emulsion, camphor, 719,
834
oily, 809
phosphorous, 719
white, 809
Enamel, olive, 720
orange, 720
purple, 720
red, dark, 720
red, light, 720
yellow, 721
Enamels, 719
black, 720
blue, 720
brown, 720
fluxes for, 719
Enamels, gi-een, 720
white, 720
Encaustic, 721
Enchanter's nightshade, com-
mon, 297
Endive, garden, 361
Endogense, 507
Enema aloes, 721
assafoetidse, 721
catharticum, 722
colocynthidis, 722
foetidum, 721, 722
opii, 722
tabaci, 722
terebinthinse, 722
Enema of aloes, 721
of assafoetida, 721
of colocynth, 722
of opium, 722
of tobacco, 722
of turpentine, 722
Engineer's cement, 668
English arrow-root, 744
galingale, 543
leech, 161
measures, 28
mercury, 450
oil of lavender, 855
pepper, 208
pink, 682
rhubarb, 194, 456
scurvygrass, 207
tobacco, 416
weights, 15, 25
Engraver's varnish, 1016
on glass, 1016
Entozoa, 176
Enula campana, 306
Ephedra, 503
distachya, 503
Epidendron vanilla, 512
claviculatnm, 512
Epidendrum bifidum, 510
Epilobium, 298
angustifolium, 298
montanum, 298
tetragonum, 298
Epimediiim, 200
Alpinum, 200
Epipactis latifolia, 510
ovata, 510
Epiphegus Virginiana, 426
Epispactic, 580
Epispacticum, 580
Epithymum, 406
Epizoa, 176
Epsom salt, 812
salt, double, 812
salt, single, 812
Equisetaceas, 554
Equisetum arvense, 555
Equiselum cauda equina,
555
fluviatile, 555
hyemale, 555
majus, 555
minor, 555
palustre, 555
Equivalents, 78
hydrometr'cal, 45
in troy and avoirdupois
weight, 22
thermometrical, 58
Equus, 120
asinus, 121
caballus, 121
Ergot, 550,561,566
of rye, 566
of rye, aqueous extract
of, 723
Ei-gotatia abortifaciens, 566
Ergotina, 722
Ergotine, 722
Erica, 380, 395
Ericaceae, 378
Ericola flava, 400
Ericu, 395
Erigeron, 363, 372
acre, 363
amplexicaule, 363
annuum, 373
Canadense, 363
graveolens, 366
paniculatum, 363
Philadelphicum, 363
viscosum, 366
vulgare, 363
ErJnaceus Europjeus, 110
Eriodendron, 224
anfractuosum 224
Eriolepis lanigera, 361
Erlangen blue, 679
Eroa da cobra, 369
Erodiura, 242
cicutarium, 242
moschatum, 242
Erophila, 208
vulgaris, 208
Eruca, 208
arvensis vulgaris, 210
Rapi folio, 210
sativa, 208
Erva do andourinha, 478
mora, 419
pombinha, 483
Ervado rate,- 348
Ervalenta, 744
Ervilia sativa, 272
Ervum, 272
Ervilia, 272
Lens, 272
Eryngium, 323
INDEX.
1071
Erynginm aquaticum, 323
campestre, 323
fojtidum, 323
maritimum, 323
tricuspidatum, 323
Eryngo, 323
candied, 323
sea, 323
three-leaved, 323
Erysimum, 208
alliaria, 205
barbarea, 205
cheiranthoides, 208
latifolium, 210
officinale, 210
praecox, 205
Erythrseea, 400
centaurium, 400
Erythrina monosperma, 267
piscipula, 280
Erythronium Ameiicanum,
528
dens caninus, 528
Indicum, 528
lanceolatum, 528
Erythrophyllum, 272
Erythroxylea, 235
Erythroxylum, 235
coca, 235
Escargot, 155
Escourgeon, 547
Esculent boletus, 562
Escnbeckia febrifuga, 346
Esenbeckine, 346
Esoces, 146
Esox Lucius, 147
Essence de cedrat, 848
de savon, 727
for the handkerchief, 726
for headache. Ward's, 710
for toothache, 726
of aconite, 968
of allspice, 726
of ambergris, 724
of ambergris and musk,
724
of anchovies, 725
of aniseed, 724
of apple, 723
of arnica, 970
ofbardana, Hill's, 817
of bergamot, 846
of bitter almonds, 724
of camphor, 725
of carraway, 725
of cayenne pepper, 725
of cedrat, 231, 848
of celery seeds, 727
of cinnamon, 725
of coltsfoot, 816
of fennel, 725
Essence of ginger, 727
of Jargonelle pear, 723
of jasmine, 853
of jonquil, 858
of lemons, 855
of mustard. Whitehead's,
820
of mustard pills. White-
head's, 820
of myrtle, 858
of nutmeg, 726
of pimento, 726
of pennyroyal, 725
of peppei-mint, 725
of pine-apple, 724
of quince, 724
of rennet, 723
of rosemaiy, 727
of roses, 726
of senna, 806
of soap, 727
of spear-mint, 726
of spruce, 502, 724
royale, 724
volatile, for smelling-
bottles, 727
Essences for flavouring spirit,
723
Essentia abietis, 724
ambraegriseae, 724
ambraegriseas et moschi,
724
amygdalae amara;, 724
aconiti, 968
anisi, 724
bina, 665
camphorae, 725
capsici, 725
cai-ui, 725
cinnamomi, 725
clupese, 725
foniculi, 725
florum arnicae, 970
menthae piperitae, 725
menthae pulegii, 725
mentha viridis, 726
myristicse moschata;, 726
odontalgica, 726
odorata, 726
pimentae, 726
regia, 724
rosae, 726
rorismarini, 727
saponis, 727
semena; apii, 727
volatilis, 727
zingiberis, 727
Essential oil of lemon-peel,
855
of copaiba, 850
of almonds, 844
Essential oil of mace, 856,
857
of myrtle, 858
of nutmeg, 857
of petroleum, 859
salt of bark, 731
Esula major, 479
minor, 479
Eternal flower, 366
Ether, 600
acetic, 601
chloric, 601
hydrochloric, 601
hyjKinitrous, 602
muriatic, 601
nitrous, 602
phosphorated, 603
spirit of nitric, 602
sulphuric, 600, 601
terebinthinated, 603
Ethereal oil, 843
animal oil, 844
tincture of acetate of
iron, 980
of aconite, 968
of cantharides, 968, 973
of castor, 975
of digitalis, 980
of ergot of rye, 980
of muriate of iron, 981
of lobelia, 986
of valerian, 995
Ethiopian pepper, 197
sage, 435
Ethiops, antimonial, 604
martial, 604
mineral, 604, 773
vegetable, 604
Eucalyptus, 302
mannifera, 302
piperita, 302
resinifera, 302
robusta, 303
Eugenia, 303
acris, 304
caryophyllata, 302
jamboo, 303
jambos, 303
pimenta, 303
racemosa, 302
Eulophia, 510
Euonymus, 252
Europaeus, 252
tingens, 252
Eupatorium Aviccnnae, 363
Ayapana, 363
canabinum, 363
canabinum foeminum, 358
conatum, 364
glutinosum, 364
Graecorum, 285
1072
INDEX.
Eupatorium mesues, 353
perfoliatum, 364
purpureum, 364
teucrifolium, 364
triplinerve, 363
Euphorbia acuminata, 'fll
amygdaloides, 476
antiquonim, 476, 478
Apios, 476
arvensis, 477
cajogala, 477
canariensis, 476, 478
canescens, 476
chamsesyce, 476
characias, 476
corollata, 477
Cyparissias, 477
dendroides, 477
edulis, 477
Esula, 477
falcata, 477, 479
Gerardiana, 477
glaucescens, 477
Helioscopia, 477
heptagona, 477
hirta, 478
ipecacuanha, 478
lathy lis, 478
ligularia, 478
linariaefolia, 477
linearis, 478
mucropata, 477
myi-sinitis, 478
myrtifolia, 483
nereifolia, 478
officinarum, 476, 478
, ophthalmica, 479
palustris, 479
Paralias, 479
Peplis, 479
Peplus, 479
pilulifera, 479
piscatoria, 479
Pithyusa, 479
platyphylla, 479
segetalis, 480
thymifolia, 480
Tirucalli, 480
tithymaloides, 483
tribuloides, 480
verrucosa, 480
Euphorbiacea, 47 1
Euphorbium, 476
gum, 476, 478
Mogadore, 478
Euphoria, 238
litchi, 238
punica, 238
Euphrasia, 421
officinalis, 421
Euriale, 201
Euriale ferox, 201
Euribali, 241
European moxas, 811
opium, 866
scammony, 396
scorpion, 164
tortoise, 138
Eurythalia amarella, 400
campestris, 400
pratensis, 400
Evening primrose, common,
298
Evergreen lesser house-leek,
312
oak, 496
privet, 253
rose, 293
spurge laurel, 458
thom, 288
wood spurge, 476
Everlasting pill, 816
Evernia prunastri, 568
ragged hoary, 568
Everton toffy, 995
Evodia, 247, 460
aromatica, 247
febrifuga, 248
ravensara, 247
Exacapcaria Agallocha, 480
Exacum hyssopifolia, 399
ramosum, 399
Exeter oil, 851
Exidia Auriculae Judse, 563
Exogenae, 188
Esostemma, 345
brachycarpum, 345
Caribceum, 345
coriaceum, 345
floribundum, 345
Peruvianum, 345
souzanum, 346
triflora, 343
Expectorants, 823
Explanation of terms used in
prescriptions, 95
Expressed juices, 947
oil of nutmeg, 857
Extract, cathartic, 733
Goulard's, 885, 886
haemostatic, 722
of aconite, 728
of aconite, alcoholic, 729
of aloes, 729
of Barbados aloes, 729
watery, of aloes, 729
of aloes, purified, 729
of arnica flowers, 729
of arnica root, 730
of bear's whortleberry,
743
of belladonna,730
Extract of black hellebore,
736
of broom-tops, 730
of butter-nut, 737
of calumba, 733
of cantharides, 730
of chamomile, 729
of cinchona, 731
of colchicum, 732
of acetate of colchicum, 732
of colchicum connus, 732
of colocynth, 732
of colocynth, compound,
732
of colomba, 733
of cubebs, 733
of couch grass, fluid, 735
of dandelion, 743
of dandelion, fluid, 743,
808
of elatei-ium, 708, 734
of elecampane, 736, 991
of ergot of rye, aqueous,
723
of foxglove, 734
of gentian, 734
of hemlock, 733
of hemlock, alcoholic, 733
of henbane, 735
of hops, 737
of Indian hemp, 730
of Indian hemp, purified,
731
of ipecacuanha, 736
of jalap, 736
of krameria, 737
of lead, Goulard's, 885,;
886
of lettuce, 737
of liquorice, 735
of logwood, 735 "
of male fern, 734
of male fern, ethereal, 852
of May-apple, 740
of mezereon, ethereal, 738
of mezereon, spirituous,
738
of milk, 737
of mimosa bark, 264
of myrrh, 738
of nux vomica, 738
of opium, purified, 739
of opium, deprived of har-
cotine, 739
of opium, wateryj 739
of pale bark, 73 1
of pareira, 740
of poppy, 739
of quassia, 740
of red bark, 731
or resin of scammony, 741
INDEX.
1073
Extract of rhatany, 740
of rhubarb, 740
of sarsaparilla, 741
of sarsapar ilia, fluid, 741
of scammony, 741
of senega, 742
of senna, 742
of senna, fluid, 806
of squill, 742
of storax, 743
of taraxacum, fluid, 808
of thorn apple, 742
of tobacco, 738
of walnut leaves, 737
of worm seed, ethereal, 731
of wormwood, 728
Extraction of indigo from
dried leaves, 774
Extractum absinthii, 728
aconiti, 728
aconiti alcoholicum, 729
aloes, 729
aloes aquosum, 729
aloes Barbadensis, 729
aloes purificatum, 729
anthemidis, 729
arnica: florum, 729
arnicae radicis, 730
belladonna?, 730
cacuminum spartii sco-
parii, 730
cinae ethereum, 731
cannabis Indica;, 730
cannabis purificatum, 731
cantharidis, 730
catharticum, 733
cinchona;, 731, 732
cinchonae pallida;, 731
cinchonae rubra;, 731
cinchonas siccura, 731
colchici, 732
colchici aceticum, 732
colchici cormi, 732
colocynthidis, 732
colocynthidis compositum,
732, 878
colcynthidis simplex, 732
colombas, 733
conii, 733
conii alcoholicum, 733
cubebarum, 733
digitalis, 734
elaterii, 708, 734
filicis a-thereum, 852
filicis maris, 734
gentiauae, 734
glycyrrhizae, 735
graminis liquidum, 735
hicmatoxyli, 735
helenii, 736, 991
hellebori, 736
Extractum humuli, 737
hyoscyami, 735
inulae, 736
ipecacuanhae, 736
jalapae, 736
jalapse sive resini, 736
juglandis, 737
juglandis foliorum, 737
krameriae, 737
lactis, 737
lactucae, 737
ligni Campechensis, 735
lupuli, 737
malatis ferri, 737
mezerei aethereum, 738
mezerei spirituosum, 738
myrrhae, 738
nicotianae, 738
nucis vomicae, 738
opii, 739
opii, absque narcotinft, 739
opii aquosum, 739
opii purificatum, 739
papaveris, 739
pareirae, 740
podophylli, 740
pomati ferri, 737
quassiae, 740
ratanhae, 740
rhei, 740
sarsaparillae liquidum, 741
sarzae, 741
sarzae fluidum, 741
scammonii, 741
scillae, 742
senegae, 742
sennae, 742
sennae fluidum, 806
stramonii, 742
styracis, 743
taraxaci, 743
taraxaci fluidum, 808
taraxaci liquidum, 743
Thebaicum, 739
uvae ursi, 743
Valerianae, 743
Extrait de cantharides, 730
de salsepareille, 741
Eye bright, 421
Eyes, buck, 237
F.
Faba ^gyptiaca, 201
equina, 273
major, 273
minor, 273
pichurim, 465
Sancti Ignatii, 392
vulgaris, 273
Fabaria telephium, 312
Fagai-a Avicennae, 249
Guianensis, 249
octandra, 247
Fagopyrum, 453
Fagus, 494
beech, 494
castanea, 493
sylvatica, 494
Faham, 510
Fahon, 510
Fahrenheit's hydrometer, 39
Fahum, 510
Falco buteo, 131
fulvus, Aquila, 131
milvus, 131
False angustura, 257, 392
calisaya barks, 339, 344
sarsaparilla, 333
Farfara, 374
Farina, Bright's nutritious,
743
Farinaceous food, Densham's,
744
food, Hard's, 744
foods, 743
Faro de orzo, 548
Farro, 551
Farthing penny of gold, 17
of silver, 17
Fasciola humana, 177
Fashook, 324
Faufel, 535
Fat, macaw, 537
varnishes, 1015
Father Lasher, 145
Fathom, 39
Faux turbith, 326
Faynard's powder for hae-
morrhage, 816
Febra fuge, 269
Fedia olitoria, 352
Fel tauri inspissatum, 744,
930
tauri purificatum, 930
Felis catus, 113
leo, 113
lynx, 118
pardus, 114
tigris, 114
Fell wort, 400
Female fern, 559
holly rose, 213
speedwell, 422
Fennel, 317, 324
common, 325
flower, 192
giant, 324
hog's, 328
sweet, 317,324
water, 624
3 Z
1074
INDEX.
Fenugreek, 284
Fer r6duit, 744
Ferment, 1025
Fermenting, 652
Fermentum cerevisisc, 564
Fermentetion of indigo leaves,
774
Fermented oil, 858
Fern, blunt shield, 558
brittle bladder, 557
brittle cup, 557
female, 559
flowering, 558
male, 558
mule's, 558
northern hard, 557
oak, 557
oil of, 558
small oak, 559
toothed bladder, 557
white oak, 557
Fernel, 3
Feronia, 232
elephantum, 232
Ferret, 114
Ferri ammonio-chloridum,
744
ammonio-citras, 745
ammonio-tartras, 746
arsenias, 746
bromidum, 746
carbonas, 746
carbonas cum saccharo,
746
carbonas saccharatum, 747
chloridum, 747
citras, 747
et quina; citras, 747
et quinse cyauidum, 747,
912
iodidura, 748
lactas, 749
malas impurus, 749
et magnesias carbonas sac-
charatum, 752
oxidum, 749
oxidum magneticum, 750
oxidum nigrum, 750
oxidum rubrum, 750
perchloridum, 747
percyanidum, 755
pernitras, 752
pernitratis liquor, 752
peroxydum, 751
hydratum, 751
persulphas 757
persulphuretum hydratum,
758
phosphas, 752
et ammoniae persulphas, 757
et potasssE persulph.is, 757
Ferri potassio-tartras, 753
protosulphuretum hydra-
tum, 758
pulvis, 744
rubigo, 752
sesquiferrocyanidum, 754
sesquifeirocyanidum cum
ferri oxydo, 755
sesquiferrocyanidum cum
potassii ferrocyanido, 755
sesquioxydum, 750
sesquiphosphas, 753
sulphas, 756
sulphas granulatum, 756
sulphas exsiccatum, 756
sulphas siccatum, 757
sulphuretum, 757
valerianas, 758
Ferro-cyanide of zinc, 1028
potassium, 896
quinine, 747, 912
Ferrugo, 751
Ferrum, 744
ammoniocale, 745
ammoniatum, 745
equinum comosum, 274
iodatum saccharatum, 749
kali-tartaricum, 754
prussiate of potash, 896
redactum, 744
tartarizatum, 753, 754
vitriolatum, 756
Ferula, 323, 324
ammonifera, 324
asafoetida, 323
communis, 324
femina, 324
ferulago, 324
galhanifera, 324
hooshee, 324
nodifera, 324
nodiflora, 324
opopanax, 328
Orientals, 324
Persica, 323
sagapenum, 324
tingitana, 324
Festuca fluitans, 547
quadridentata, 547
Feuillea, 306
cordifolia, 306
hederacea, 306
scandens, 307
trilobata, 807
Feve de Rome, 280
Fever few, 371
balls, 826
powder. Dr. James', 615
powder, Lisle's, 615
root, 336
wood, 461
Fibrous Carth^ena bark, 340
Ficaria, 191
ranunculoides, 191
verna, 191
Ficarium Cochinchinense,
480
Ficoidea?, 313
Ficus Benghalensis, 488
Carica, 488
Daemona, 489
elastica, 489
Indica, 172, 489
racemosa, 489
religiosa, 172, 489
septica, 489
sycamorus, 489
toxicaria, 489
vulgaris, 488
Field bell flower, 377
chickweed, 219
garlic, streaked, 525
gentian, 400
madder, little, 350
marygold, 358
pink, 219
scabiosa, 353
scabious, 353
scorpion grass, 400
southernwood, 356
trefoil, 284
woodrofF, 327
Fig, blue, 679
Indian, 172, 314, 489
tree, 488
tree, Indian, 489
tree, Jamaica, 488
tree, sycamore, 489
Figo del inferno, 202
Figwort, knotted, 424
water, 424
Filago, 364
arvensis, 364
cespitosa, 364
Germanica, 364
leontopodium, 368
maritima, 362
minima, 364
montana, 364
paniculata, 364
rotundata, 364
vulgaris, 364
Filaria Medinensis, 177
Filfil burree, 440
Filices, 556
Filicoideas, 554
Filipendula, 294
ulmaria, 294
vulgaris, 294
Filix, 558
florida, 558
foemina, 559
INDEX.
1075
Filix mas, 558
Fine grey bark, 344
Fine leaved bastard parsley,
320
leaved mug-wort, 356
leaved water drop-wort,
327
Fining, 653
Fir, balm of Gilead, 502
bla^k spruce, 502
club moss, 556
common, 503
hemlock spruce, 502
moss, upright, 556
Norway sprace, 502
resin, 503
Scotch, 505
spruce, 502
tree, silver, 503
Fire, blue, 911
crimson, 911
green, 911
lilac, 911
purple, 911
red, 911
white, 911
yellow, 911
weed, 367
Fires, coloured, 911
Fish, anchor, 154
cramp, 152
cuttle, 154
sauce, 924
skin, 152
spotted dog, 152
thistle, 360
Fishes, 144
Fissirostres, 132
FLstulina hepatica, 564
Fiturasulioon, 329
Five capillary herbs, 765
emollient herbs, 765
leaved grass, 290
precious stones, 944
Fixature, 649
Filed nitre, 894
Flacourtia, 212
cataphracta, 212
sepiaria, 212
Flaconrtianeae, 212
Flag, blue, 520
com, 519
sweet, 539
Flake white, 682
Flammula, 190
Flat fish, 148
Flat-seeded sorgho, white, 551
Flax, 221
bastard toad, 468
common, 221
dwarf wild, 221
Flax, ivy-leaved toad, 422
lesser toad, 423
purging, 221
small toad, 423
spurge, 458
toad, 422, 423
yellow toad, 423
Flea, common, 168
Fleabane, 363, 371
blue, 363
Canadian, 363
common, 371
great, 366
middle size, 371
Philadelphia, 363
small, 366, 371
Flea-wort, 446
Fleecy gyrophora, 568
Flesh-coloured asclepias, 395
Fleur-de-luce, 520
Flimsey calisaya bark, 340
Flixweed, 210
Florentine orris, 519
Flores aurantium conditi, 230
benzoes, 585
benzoini, 585
martiales, 745
rosarum, 292
rosarum albarum, 292
rosarum Damasccnarum,
293
rosarum rubrarum, 293
rosa3 rubrae, 293
sails ammoniac! martiales,
745
Flos amoris, 448
cuculi, 207
Trinitatis, 214
Flote grass, 547
Flounder, 148
Flour of mustard, 842
wafers, 1023
Flower, blue cardinal, 376
campion cuckoo, 220
chequer, 533
common blue passion, 309
common cardinal, 376
common wall, 207
cuckoo, 207, 220
eternal, 366
fennel, 192
field bell, 377
gentle, 448
mountain globe, 194
muse grape, 529
nettle-leaved bell, 377
pasque, 190
rampion bell, 377
led passion, 309
satin, 209
spreading bell, 377
Flower, Syrian bell, 377
wild passion, 309
yellow helmet, 188
Flowering ash, 387
fern, 558
plants, 188
Flowerless plants, 554
Flowers, candied orange, 230
of cassia, 462
of zinc, 1028
preservation of, 576
FlueUin 422, 425
sharp pointed, 422
smallest, 425
Fluid extract of couch grass,
735
extract of dandelion, 808
extract of saraaparilla, 741
extract of senna, 806
extract of taraxacum, 743
Ledoyen's disinfecting, 888
Fluke, liver, 177
Flux 758
black, 758
Cornish reducing, 758
crude, 758
white, 758
Fluxes for enamels, 719
Fly, agaric, 561
poison, 758
potato, 169
Spanish, 169
Foe's pharmacopcEia, 3
Foenlculum, 324
dulce, 317, 324
maritimum, 322
Panmorium, 324
vulgare, 325
Foenum graecum, 284
Foetid, simple gilled agaric,
561
animal oil, 844
Foil weights, 15, 18
Folia Malabathri, 462, 463
sennae sine resind, 759
senna spiritu vini cx-
tracta, 759
Foliated talc, 965
Folium Indicum, 464
Fomentation, antiseptic, 828
compound turpentine, 759
herbs for, 765
Fomentum terebinthinatum
compositum, 759
Fontinalis antipyretica, 571
Food, farinaceous, 743
farinaceous, Densham's,
744
farinaceous. Hard's, 744
of the gods, 640
Fool's parsley, 317
3 Z 2
1076
INDEX.
Fool's stones, 511
stones, male, 511
Ford's balsam of horehound,
816
Spanish white, 683
Foreign measures, 33
Forget me not, 410
Foreign oil of lavender, 863
Formentone, 552
Formic acid, 174, 587
Formica rufa, 174
FoiTnula;, 579
for frigorific mixtures, 72
Formulaire de Magendie, 13
Formulario farmaceutico,
(Italy), 11
Forsk, 148
Forty days' wheat, 551
Fossil alkali, 929
salt, 920
Fothergill's pills, 817
Four-leaved allseed, 311
thieves' vinegar, 582
Fox, 113
Fox-glove, 421
glove, yellow, 421
Fowler's solution, 804
Fragaria, 288
ansorina, 290
pentaphyllum, 290
sterilis, 290
vesca, 288
Frankincense, 502
pine, 505
plaster, 718
Frasera, 400
Carolinensis, 400
Walter!, 400
Fraxinella, 247
Fraxinus, 387
apetala, 387
excelsior, 387
halepensis 387
lentiscifolia, 387
ornus, 387
parviflora, 387
rotundifolia, 387
sylvestris, 291
tamariscifolia, 387
Frazera Carolinensis, 400
Walteri, 400
Freeman's bathing spirits,
817
Freestone peach, 289
Freezing mixtures, 72
Frelwa, or Phuhvara, 383
French barley, 548
bean, 280 '
berries, 254
cement, 668
chalk, 693
French hart wort, 330
lavender, 429
leech, 161
leech, green, 161
letters, 126
marygold, 374
measures, 33
measures of capacity, 33
measures of length, 34
measures, old, of capacity,
34
and weights, expressed by
English, 35
mercury, 483
ochre, 683
pharmacopoeias, 6
physic nut, 482
plums, 291
polish, 759
rhubarb, 456
rose, 293
salep, 419
satyrion, 511
scammony, 396
scent bags, 568
sorrel, 458
tamarisk, 300
turnip, 205
tui-pentine, 505
vinegar, 579, 580
weights, 24
weights, old, 24
weld, 215
willow, aes
Fresh-water European tor-
toise, 138
water soldier, 507
Friar's balsam, 971
cowl, 539
crown, 361
Frigat, 137
Frigorific mixtures, combina-
tion of, 74
Fringed bog-bean, 402
gyrophora, 568
pink, 219
Fringilla domestica, 132
Frog bit, 507
gibbous, 143
green, 143
paradoxical, 143
stained tree, 143
tree, 142
Froment de Mars, 551
Fructus cajeputi, 514
Fruit, bread, 486
essences, 723
meat, 486
tree, bread, 486
Fmits, 577
Frumentum barbatum, 551
Fruta de burro, 211
Frutex terribilis, 444
Frutta d'Arara, 472
Fuch's Pharmacorum om-
nium, 3
Fucus, 570
amylaceus, 572
bacciferus, 574
bladdered, 572
crispus, 571
digitatus, 573
edulis, 573
esculentus, 571
fimbriatus, 571
Helminthochorton, 572
knotted, 572
lichenoides, 573
natans, 574
nodosus, 572
palmatus, 574
pinnatifida, 573
saccharinus, 573
serrated, 572
serratus, 572
sweet, 573
tenax, 573
teres, 571
vesiculosus, 572
Fulica chloropus, 135
Fuligokdli, 759
sulphuretted, 759
Full barley, 547
Fuller, Dr., Pharmacopoeia ex-
temporanea, 13
Fuller's earth, 759
teasel, 352
thistle, 352
Fumaria, 204
bulbosa, 204
cava, 204
fabacea, 204
lutea, 204
officinalis, 204
Furaariacea;, 203
Fumigating pastilles, 870
powder, 907
Fumigatio, 759
acidi nitrici, 760
aromatica, 759
balsamica, 759
chlorinii, 759
mercurialis, 760
picis liquids, 760
Fumigation, 759
aromatic, 759
balsamic, 759
chlorine, 759
de Smyth, 760
Guyton's, 759
mercurial, 760
nitric acid, 760
INDEX.
1077
Fumigation tar, 760
Fumitory, 204
bulbous rooted, 204
common, 204
yellow, 204
Fundi, 549
Fundungi, 549
Fungi, 560
Fungoideae, 560
Fungus sambuci, 563
Melitensis, 553
phalloides, 565
Funis felleus, 198
Furbiuue, 478
Fuifur, 552
furlong, 29
Furnis Novls Philosophicis,
De, 12
Furze, 285
Fusel-oil, 611
Fusian prick-wood, 252
Fusible metal, 760
Fusses, 302
Fustic, 490
old, 490
young, 261
Fuzed nitrate of potash,
898
G.
Gadus brosme, 148
merlangus, 148
molua, 148
morrhua, 148
ceglefinus, 148
Galam butter, 383
Galanga major, 512, 513,
516
minor, 513
root, 516
Galangale, great, 512, 513
small, 513
Galbanum, 325, 328
officinale, 325
plaster, 714
preparatum, 902
Gale frutex, 495
sweet, 495
Galedupa arborea, 281
Galega apollinea, 284
officinalis, 273
purpurea, 284
toxicaria, 284
Galenical medicines, 3
Galen's madwort, 430
Galeobdolon luteum, 429
Galeopsis galeobdolon, 429
ladanum, 428
ochroleuca, 428
Galeopsis Tetrahit, 428
Galingale, 543
English, 543
Galinsoga, 364
parviflora, 364
quinque radiata, 364
Galipea, 248
cusparia, 248
officinalis, 248
Galium, 346
aparine, 346
cruciata, 346
cruciatum, 346
luteum, 346
mollugo, 346
sylvaticum, 346
tinctorium, 337
uliginosum, 346
vaillantia, 346
valantia, 346
verum, 346
Gall, earth, 348
glass, 921
inspissated ox, 744, 930
oak, 496
of the eglantine, 651
purified ox, 930
Galla?, 496
Gallic acid, 587
Gallinacea?, 134
Gallina;, 134
Gallon, 29, 31
Galls, 435, 496
Chinese, 674
nut, 496
oak, 496
Gallus, 134
Galuchat, 152
Galvania vellozii, 348
Gambler, 350
Gamboge, 233, 234
pills, 877
Ganiti-um, 226
oblongum, 226
Gannal's preserving solution,
183
Ganteine, 924
Garancine, 760
Garcinia, 234
cambogia, 234
morella, 234
pictoria, 234
purpurea, 234
Garden angelica, 319
auricula, 443
bean, 273
bugloss, 408
chervil, 318
chrysanthemum, 361
cress, 209
endive, 361
Garden lettuce, 367
nasturtium, 244
orache, 449
patience, 458
pea, 281
rocket, 208
sage, great, 435
sage, small, 435
snail, 155
spurge, 478
thyme, 438
Gardenia, 346
campanulata, 346
dumetorium, 347
Genipa, 347
gumraifera, 346
longiflora, 349
lucida, 346
resinifera, 346
spinosa, 349
Gardiner's alimentaiy pre-
paration, 744
Gargarisma, 760
Garget, 452
Gargle, 760
Garlick, 525, 526
crow, 526
great round-headed, 525
pear, 211
sand, 525
streaked field, 525
viper's, 525
wild, 525
Garnet, artificial, 762
berries, 315
lac, 791
Garou, 459
Garus' elixir, 709
Gascoigne's balls, 764
Gasteropoda, 154
Gasterosteus aculeatus, 145
Gaub, 385
Gaultheria, 380
procumbens, 380
serpyllifolia, 378
Gay Lussac's Alcohometre,42
hydrometer, 39
Gean's cherry, 287
Geelbrick, 148
Gelatina chondri, 761
cornu cervi, 761
fuci amylacei, 761
helmiuthocorti, 761
ichthyocollae, 761
lichenis, 761
lichenis sicca, 761
marantaj, 761
panis, 761
Gelatine, 760
ca|)sules, 664
wafers, 1023
1078
INDEX.
Gelatino-sulphurousbath, 646
Gelatinous bath, 646
Gele'e pour le goitre, 796
Gems, artificial, 761
Gendarussa vulgaris, 441
General dispensatory, Dr.
Brookes', 13
Genet, 115
Geneva, 854
Geniosporum prostratum,
428
Geniostoma febrifugum, 393
Genip-tree, 238
Genipa, 347
Americana, 347
Genista Canariensis, 273
inemiis, 273
juncen, 283
ovata, 273
purgans, 273
scoparia, 271
spinosa, 285
tinctoria, 273
Gentian, autumnal, 400
bastard, 400
black, 326
blue, 400
common, 400
concentrated compound in-
fusion of, 801
dwarf, 400
field, 400
great yellow, 400
marsh, 401
spring Alpine, 401
Gentiana acaulis, 400
Amarella, 400
campanulata, 401
campestris, 400
Catosbffii, 400
centaurium, 400
chirayta, 399
grandiflora, 400
hyssopifolia, 399
Kurroo, 400
linearifolia, 401
lutea, 400
nigra, 326
Pannonica, 401
perfoliate, 399
pneumonanthe, 401
pratensis, 400
punctata, 401
purpurea, 401
verna, 401
Gentianese, 399
Gentianel, 401
Gentianella auturanalis, 400
verna, 401
Geoffroea inermis, 177, 265
Geophila, 347
Geophila macropoda, 347
reniformis, 347
Geraniacea;, 242
Geranium, 243
batrachyoides, 243
columbinum, 243
maculatum, 243
Kobertianum, 243
rotundifolium, 243
sanguineum, 243
sylvaticum, 243
tuberosum, 243
German chamomile, 369
blacking, 656
coffee, 676
contrayerva, 396
golden locks, 365, 368
goose, 346
great goose, 409
great water scorpion, 410
Hungarian viper's, 372
Iceland sea, 574
ironwort, 436
knot, 311
knot grass, 311
leaved sea orache, 449
leech, 161
lemon, 545
leopard's bane, 355
madwort, 409
manna, 547
of Parnassus, 215
oil, 544, 545
oil of lemon, 545
oil of Namur, 544
paste, 763
reed, 547
rice, 548
rock sparrow, 527
rue-leaved whitlow, 316
sarsapai'illa, 543
Scotch scurvy, 404
soft brome, 547
spring, 545
star, 525
sweet-scented vernal, 545
symbols used in Pharmacy,
101
tamarisk, 300
tinder, 565, 606
tree, 531 ,
viper's, 372
wall whitlow, 208
whitlow, 208
whorled knot, 311
wild oat, 547
worm, 399
wrack, 508
yeast, 564
Gennander, creeping, 437
jagged, 437
Germander Scordium, 438
speedwell, 425
tree, 437
wall, 437
water, 438
wild, 425, 438
Gesneracea;,'426
Geum, 289
Aleppicum, 289
Canadense, 289
montanum, 289
nutans, 289
rivale, 289
strictum, 289
urbanum, 289
Ghee, 225
Gibbous frog, 143
Gifola vulgaris, 364
Gigantic scolopendra, 167
Gigai'tina helminthochorton,
572
lichenoides, 572
Gilbricker, 148
Gilead fir, balm of, 502
Giila theophrasta, 1029
Gillenia, 289
stipulacea, 289
trifoliata, 289
Gilliflower, clove, 219
stock, 209
Gingelli-oil, 862
Gingelly, 403
Ginger, 517
beer, 652, 653
beer powdt'rs, 907
black, 517
bread, 763
broad-leaved, 515
lozenges, 1000
mango, 515
root, white, 517
wild, 471
wine, 1024
Gingerbread tree, 538
Gingidium, 319
Gingko, 506
biloba, 506
Ginoria, 299
Americana, 299
Ginseng, 333
Gin punch, 910
Gipseywort, 430
Girkins, 306
Girofle Anglais, 302
de Cayenne, 302
griffes de, 302
Girond's substitute for galls,
783
Gith, 192
Glabrous hone wort, 332
rupture wort, 311
INDEX.
1079
Glacial acetic acid, 583
phosphoric acid, 594
Gladiolus communis, 519
lutens, 520, 676
Gladwine, 519
Gladwyn, stinking, 519
Glandcs quei-cinse, 497
Glans unguentaria, 278
Glaser's polychrest salt, 921
Glass gall, 921
of antimony, 619
serpent, 140
wort, 451
wort, Alicant, 451
wort, jointed, 451
Glastum, 208
Glauber's salt, 932
works, 12
Glaucium, 202
flavum, 202
Glaze for earthenware, 763
for common ware, 763
for metallic colours, 763
for stone ware, 764
Glazier's putty, 910
Glechoma hederacea, 433
Gleditschia Triacanthos, 273
Glob berries, 506
Globe crowfoot, 194
flower mountain, 194
thistle, 362
thistle, little, 362
Globularia Alypum, 444
nudicaulis, 444
vulgaris, 444
Globularieae, 444
Globuli contrayervae, 764
Gascoignii, 764
tai-tari ferruginosi seu
martiati pulverati, 754
Gloriosa superba, 529
Glossocardia, 364
Boswallea, 364
linearifolia, 364
Glucose, 919
Glue, marine, 668
GlumaceiE, 544
Glutton, common, 111
Glyceria fluitans, 547
Glycerina, 764
Glycerine, 764
Glycine abrus, 263
apios, 266
Glyciphylla hispidula, 378
Glycyrrhiza echinata, 273
glabra, 273
lajvis, 273
Glycyrrhizae radix, 274
Gmelina parviflora, 439
Gnaphalium, 364
arenarium, 365
Gnaphalium, arvense, 364
conglobatiim, 364
Gallicum, 364
Germanicum, 364
legitimum, 362
leontopodium, 368
lut«o-album, 364
minimum, 364
montanum, 364
Orientale, 369
stoechus, 366
sylvaticum, 365
tomentosum, 365
Gnetacese, 503
Goadby's preserving solu-
tions, 182
Goat, 123
stones, 511
stones, large militajy, 511
Goats' beard, 374
grey, 563
mushroom, 563 '
beard, purple, 374
beard, yellow, 374
rue, 273
Goatweed, 420
shrubby, 420
Gobius vulgaris, 147
Godfrey's cordial, 817
GoeofTraa inermis, 177, 265
Gokatu, 234
Gold, 641
acid chloride of, 642
and sodium, chloride of,
643
divided, 641
ink, 784
iodide of, 641
litharge, 888
mosaic, 644
muriate of, 642
of pleasure, wild, 206
perchloi-ide of, 642
percyanide of, 642
peroxide of, 643
powdered, 641
prepared with tin, 641
sealing wax, 926
terchloride of, 642
tercyanide of, 642
teroxide of, 643
yellow chloride of, 642
Goldbeaters' skin, 122
Golden cud weed, 374
locks, 368, 560
locks, German, 365, 368
locks. Oriental, 366
lung wort, 365
marcasite, 1026
ointment. Singleton's, 819
rod, 373
Golden rod, American, 373
rod, Canada, 373
saxifrage, 316
saxifrage, common, 316
sulphuret of antimonv,
612, 616, 945
thistle, 371 '"■
thread root of Assam, 190 j
Goldfinch, 132
Goldthread, 191
Gom, 551
Goma Mesquitina, 281
Gommart, resine, 258
Gomme Kutera, 650
Gomphia, 250
angustifolia, 250
Gompholobium, 274
Gomphrena officinalis, 448 !
polygonoides, 448
Gondret's ammoniacal caustic,
668
Gonus amarissimus, 257
Googul-tree, 257
Goose, 137
grass, 346, 409
grass, great, 409
grease, 137
Gooseberry, 315
wine, 1025
Goosefoot, 450
nettle-leaved, 450
smooth-seeded, 451
stinking, 450
worm, 450
Gorse, 285
Gossypium, 222
Barbadense, 222
herbaceum, 222
Go-to-bed at noon, 374
Goulard powder, 885
water, 886
Goulard's extract, 885, 886
Gourd, 306
bottle, 307
calabash, 307
or pumpkin, common, 306
Gout wort, 317
Gowland's lotion, 817
Grace's white lead, 682
Gracillaria compressa, 573
lichenoides, 572, 573
tenax, 573
Grain, horse, 270
Grains, 548
d'ambrette, 222
de zelim, 197
Guinea, 514
Kermes, 171
Macanet, 287
Molucca, 475
of Paradise, 513, 514
1080
INDEX.
Gralla;, 135
Gramen mannse, 547
officinarum, 552
Parnassi, 215
Gramiiieje, 544
Graramarthron scorpioides,
355
Gramme, 25
Grammitis Ceteracli, 558
scaly, 558
Gran farro, 551
Grana actes, 336
avenionensia, 254
dilla, 4T:>
gnidia, 458
Paradisi, 514
tiglii, 475
Granadilla, 310
Granata, 295
GranateiE, 295
Granati cortex, 295
Grangea, 365
Aciansonii, 365
Maderaspatama, 365
Granulated elaphomyces,
563
sulphate of iron, 755
Granville's ammom'ated
counter irritants, 794
Grape flower muse, 529
sea side, 452
sugar, 919
vine, 242
wine, 1025
Grapes, 242
dried, 242
Graphite, 656
Grappe, 350
Grass, barren brome, 547
canary, 549
common knot, 453
common scurvy, 207
creeping wheat, 552
couch, 552
English scurvy, 207
field scorpion, 410
five-leaved, 290
flote, 54V
Gratia Dei, 243, 422
Gratiola, 422
amara, 422
monniera, 422
officinalis, 422
Peruviana, 422
Gravel root, 364
Gravity, specific, 37
Grawatha, 532
Gray pollard, 551
wheat, square, 551
Gray's supplement, 13
Grease, bears', 651
Grease, goose, 137
for lubricating machinery,
612
Great bastard bearsfoot, 191
bilberry, 378
blue bottle, 360
broad-leaved hemlock, 327
brown-winged orchis,
511
burdock, 367
celandine, 202
centaury, 359
consoude, 411
cowslip, 443
daisy, 368
iieabane, 366
galangale, 512
garden sage, 436
goose gi'ass, 409
hawkweed, 373
hedge bedstraw, 346
house-leek, common, 312
jujubes, 254
leopard's bane, 362
loosestrife, 443
macaw-tree, 537
marsh chickweed, 218
mullein, 425
mysticete, 128
penguin, 136
reed, 545
great round-headed garlick,
525
round-leaved sallow, 497
saxifrage, 220
snap dragon, 420
spear wort, 193
spurge, 479
throat wort, 377
valerian, 352
water dock, 457
water horse-tail, 555
water parsnep, 331
water plantain, 507
water scorpion grass, 410
white blite, 448
white henbane, 415
white ox-eye, 368
winged amomum, 514
yellow gentian, 400
yellow wolfsbane, 188
Greater aimulated ipecacu-
anha, 338
dodder, 406
duckweed, 553
maple, 236
meadow rue, 194
periwinkle, 394
plantain, 446
stickwort, 220
Greece, its Pharmacopseia, 1 0
Greek barley, 547
valerian, 403
Green, 684
American winter, 382
basilicon ointment, 1002
bice, 791
Brunswick, 680
colours, 680
copper, 680
copperas, 756
drops, 819
elder-oil, 862
elder-oiutment, 1012
enamels, 720
fire, 911
frog, 143
gage, 291
ink, 784
iris, 680
laver, broad, 574
laver, lettuce, 574
mitis, 680
mixture, Griflith's, 835
mountain, 680, 791
oyster, 574
round-leaved winter, 382
sap, 680
sauce, 245
Scheele's, 680
serrated winter, 383
small winter, 383
Sweinfurth, 680
tea, 228
tortoise, 138
turtle, 138
verditer, 680
Vienna, 680
vitriol, 756
winged meadow orchis, 511
winter, 382
Greenheart-tree, 465
Greenhough's tincture for the
teeth, 817
Greenland whale, 128
Greenland's walfisk, 128
Green's drops, 819
Greenweed, dyer's, 273
Greenwithe, 512
Gregory's mixture, or Gre-
gory's powder, 909
Grewia, 226
flava, 226
microcos, 226
Orientalis, 226
sal vi folia, 301
Grey bark, 344
barks, 341
cinchona, 344
goats' beard, 563
ipecacuanha, 338
millet, 410
INDEX,
1081
Grey nickar-tree, 274
oxide of antimony, 614
powder, 766
skate, 152
stouc parmelia, 569
Giiiles de girofle, 302 ,
Griffith's green mixture, 836
Gripe tincture, 824
Grits, 546
Groats, Embden, 546
Groeulandicum, 381
Gromwell, 410
corn, 410
Grossularieas, 314
Ground archel, 568
ivy, 433
nuts, 266
pine, 427
rice, 548
vine, stinking, 449
Groundsel, 372
Alpine, 372
common, 372
Gruau d'avoiuc, 546 ^
Grudum, 547
Gruel, 695
oatmeal, 825
Grumen arundinaceum, 547
Grus cinerea, 135
Grutellum, 546
Guaco, 369
Guaiaci lignum, 246
Guaiacum, 246, 503
afrum, 283
in lachrymis, 246
in tears, 246
officinale, 246
resin, 246
sanctum, 246
soap, 923
Guaiana bark, 343
Gualthcria procumbens, 230
Guano, 137
Guarana, 238, 871
Guarea, 239
Aubletii 240
trichiloides, 240
Guatteria, 197
virgata, 197
Guava tree, 304
Guayava pyriformia, 304
Guazuma, 224
tomentosa, 224
ulmifolia, 224
Gudgeon, 147
Guelder rose, 336
rose, mealy, 336
Guernsey eye-stone, 157
Guettarda coccinea, 347
Guevinia avellana, 467
Guggar-tree, 257
Guggul, or Bengal elemi,
258
Gugul, 257
Guiana almonds, 237
Guiggiolana, 403
Guiguier's cherry, 287
Guilandina, 274
Bonduc, 274
bonduccella, 274
echinata, 267
moringa, 278
nuga, 268
sappan, 268
Guilno, 546
Guinea, amomum, large
seeded, 514
corn, 550
corn, negro, 551
cubebs, 499
grains, 514
palm, 538
pepper, 413
pods, 414
sorrel, 222
worm, 177
Guitzotia, 365
oleifera, 365
Gujpippul, 541
Gulf weed, 574
Gum agati, 265
anime, 274
animi, 227, 274
Arabic, 264
Arabic, yellow, 264
Arabic paste, 868
Barbary, 264
Botany Bay, 302, 531
British, 703
brown, 302
Cape, 264
cashew, 256
cotton-tree, 224
cumbi, 346
elastic, 480
elemi, 255
euphorbium, 476, 478
guaiaci, 246
hemlock, 502
hog, 261
kino, 282
lac, 489
larch, 504
New Holland, 531
parsnep, 328
plaster, 714
powder, 907
sandarach, 503
sassa, 264
succory, 367
succory, blue, 359
succory, rushy, 360
G um sweet, 245
tragacanth, 266
tree, brown, 302
tree, elastic, 480
Gummi Orenburgense, 504
rubrum astiina;ens, 267
Gun cotton, 1025
Gunga, 487
Gun metal, 693
Gunpowder, 764
tea, 229
Garagie spice, 514
Gurgun, 227
Gurjun balsam, 227
Gustavia, 303
speciosa, 303
Gutta Gambir, 350
percha, 384, 764
percha tree, 384
Gutter-tree, 334
Guttifera, 233
Guy's powder of Ethiopia,
817
Guy ton de Morveau's hy-
drometer, 39
Guyton's fumigation, 759
Gymnena lactiferum, 396
sylvestre, 396
Gymnodentes, 149
Gymnotus electricus, 149
Gynopogon stellata, 389
Gypsophila, 219
muralis, 219
saxifraga, 219
Struthium, 219
Gyromia Virginica, 533
Gyropliora, 568
cylindrica, 568
fleecy, 568
fringed, 568
pellita, 568
proboscidea, 568
pustulata, 570
H.
Habenaria bifolia, 510
Haberdepois, 15
Habzelia jEthiopica, 197
aromatica, 197
Hadow's collodium, 676
Haddock, 148
Haematoxylon, 274
Campeachianum, 274
Hajmanthus toxicaiius, 520
Haematitis, 765
Hsematoxyli lignum, 274
Hsemodoracea;, 525
Hasmopis sanguisorba, 160
Hsemostatic extract, 723
1082
INDEX.
Haerlem drops, 816
Hahnemann's black oxide
of meicuiy, 772
soluble mercury, 772
Haimarada, 424
Hair dyes, 705
powder, 904
Hairy China cardamom,
514
melastoma, 300
mint, 432
river weed, 571
sedge, 543
sheep's scabious, 377
shrub trefoil, 271
tree moss, 570
Hak too woo, 189
Halbeit weed, 358
Halibut, 148
Halicacabum, 417
Halicore, 126
Halidrys nodosa, 572
Haliotis, 155
tuberculata, 155
Haller's acid elixir, 707,
708
Halli moog, 280
Hambro' blue, 679
Hamburgh and French green
leech, 161
grey, or Russian leech,
161
white, 682
Hamelin's mastic cement,
670
Hanchinol, 299
Hanover Pharmacopaia, 7
Hard amadou, 565
Carthagena bark, 341
hack, 294
pomatum, 889
soaps, 922
Hardesia, 792
Hard's farinaceous food,
744
Hare, 118
bell, 528
Hare's ear, common, 320
foot, 284
lettuce, 373
Haricot, 280
Hannel wild rue, 248
Harrogate chalybeate water
632
sulphur water, 632
Hart's pennyroyal, 432
tongue, 559
jelly, 761
Hartshorn, volatile salt of,
611
Haitwort, 326
Hartwort, French, 330
shrubby, 320
small, 332
Hashish, 487
Hasseltia, 390
arborea, 390
Hasta regia, 527
Hatfield's tincture, 817
Haugh-nut, 320
Havannah, 417
tobacco, 417
Hawkbit, autumnal, 370
Hawkins', Dr., embroca-
tion, 710
Hawkweed, 370
common mouse ear, 365
great, 373
Hungarian, 353
long-rooted, 366
small, 370
wall, 365
Haws, 288
Hawthorn, 288
Hay, camel's, 545
saffron, 519
Hazel, 594
crottles, 570
nut-tree, 594
nut-oil, 856
Hea Tsaou Taon Chung,
565
Heal-all, 428
narrow-leafed, 428
Heart-cherries, 287
Heart' s-ease, 214
Heath pea, 280
spurge, 459
Heavy calcined magnesia,
810
carbonate of magnesia,
811
Hebradendron cambogioides,
234
pictorium, 234
Hedeoma pulegioides, 428
Hedera, 333
helix, 333
terrestris, 433
umbellifera, 333
Hedge bedstraw, great, 346
hyssop, 422
mustard, 210
mustard, broad-leaved, 210
parsley, 332
wound wort, 437
Hedgehog, 110
hydnum, 564
mushroom, 564
Hedwigia balsamifera, 258
Hedycrea incana, 289
Hedypnois taraxacum, 374
Hedysarum alhagi, 265
onobrychis, 279
tuberosa, 283
Heimia, 299
salicifolia, 299
Helenium, 366
Helianthemum, 213
Anglicum luteum, 213
fumana, 2 1 3
guttatum, 213
vulgare, 213
Helianthus, 365
annuus, 365
platycephalus, 365
tuberosus, 365
Helichrysum, 365
arenarium, 365
Orientale, 366
sand, 366
Sta;chas, 366
Heliconia, 518
psittacoruni, 518
Helicteres, 224
sacarolha, 224
Heliochiysum, 374
Heliophytum fcetidum, 410
Heliotropium, 410, 475
Europifium, 410
Indicum, 410
Jamaicense, 410
minus, 410
supinum, 410
Helix pomatia, 155
Hell weed, 406
Helleboraster maximum,
191
Hellebore, American, 535
bastard, 510
black, 192
East Indian black, 192
white, 534
wild black, 192
Helleborine, 510
broad-leaved, 510
Helleborus fretidus, 191
hyemalis, 192
niger, 191
niger tenuifolius, 189
Orientalis, 192
trifolius, 191
viridis, 192
Helmet flower, yellow, 188
Helonias, 533
dioica, 533
eiythrosperma, 533
frigida, 533
lata, 533
lutea, 533
officinalis, 532, 534
pumila, 533
Helonis viridis, 535
INDEX.
1083
Helosciadiuin, 325
nodifloruin, 325
Helsine, 490
Helvella, cinereous, 564
esculenta, 564
lacunosa, 564
mitra, 564
Helvetius' powder, 817
styptic, 817
Hematite, 765
red, 744
Hemerocallis, 529
Hemidesmus Indicus, 396,
523
Hemimeris caulialata, 422
Heniionitis, 558
Hemiptera, 170
Hemlock, 321
bath, 645
chervil, 318
common, 321
drop wort, 327
great broad-leaved, 327
gum, 502
lesser, 317
pitch, 502
spruce fir, 502
stork's-bill, 242
water, 321
water drop, 327
Hemp, 487
agrimony, 3G3
agrimony, water, 358
bastard, 428
Indian, 389
nettle, common, 428
nettle, red, 428
nettle, trailing, 428
Hen, moor, 135
Henbane, common, 415
great white, 415
Henna, 299
Hen's foot, 332
Hepar antimonii calcareum,
619
sulphuris, 900
Hepatic aloes, 526, 527
Hepatica, 192
alba, 215
fontana, 560
nobilis, 192
polymorpha, 560
stellata, 560
triloba, 192
vulgaiis, 560
Hepaticae, 560
Hepiitized ammonia, 608
Hepialus yirescens, 175
Heptaphyllum, 290
Heracleum, 325
gummifenim, 325
Heracleum lanatum, 325
Panaces, 325
sphondylium, 325
Herb bennet, 289
broad smooth-leaved willow,
298
Christopher, 189
gerande, 317
hooded willow, 436
impious, 364
mastick, 438
masti(4f, Syrian, 437
paris, 534
purple spiked willow, 299
Robert, 243
rosebay willow, 298
sherard, 350
square-stalked willow, 298
twopence, 443
willow, 443
Herba costa, 353
doria, 372
oreoselini officin, 329
paris, 534
pui^tiva, 447
sancti Petri, 322
Herbae pro enemate, 765
pro fotu, 765
quinque capillares, 765
quinque emoUientes, 765
Herbarchel, 570
Herbe au charpentiers, 452
au diable, 445
du siege, 424
Herbivorous Cetaceans, 126
Herbs, five capillary, 765
five emollient, 765
for glyster, 765
for fomentation, 765
preservation of, 576
Herefordshire black cherry,
287
Hermodactyls, 520, 533
Hernandia ovigera, 459
sonora, 460
Hernandiacese, 459
Herniaria, 311
alpestris, 311
fruticosa, 311
glabra, 311
Heron, 135
Herpes tes amara, 422
Monniera, 422
Herreria salsaphaiilha, 528
Hening, 146
Herrenschwand's specific,
817
Hesketh's, Ladv, pills, 816,
876
Hesperis, 208
matronalis, 208
Hessian Pharmacopoeia, 7
He tchune, 228
Heterogangliata, 153
Heteropoda, 154
Heuchera, 316
Americana, 316
cortusa, 316
viscida, 316
Heudelotia, 259
Africana, 259
Hevea guianensis, 480
Hia Tsao Tom Tchom, 565
Hiastaotomtchom, 565
Hia Tsao Tong Tchong, 565
Hibiscus, 222
abelmoschus, 222
cannabinus, 222
esculeutus, 222, 466
moscliatus, 222
rosa Sinensis, 222
Sabdariifa, 222
Suratensis, 222
Hiccory, American, 492
Hiera logadii, 765
picra, 765
Hieracium, 365
coeruleum, 369
Gronovii, 365
majus, 373
minus, 370
mnroinim, 365
officinale, 366
pilosella, 365
spinulosum, 373
High taper, 425
Highland cudweed, 365
Hill colocynth, 306
Hill's balsam of honey, 817
essence of bardana, 817
Hinau, 226
Hindbeiry, 293
Hingisch, 323
Hippion auriculatum, 400
Hippobroma longifolia, 375
HippocastanesD, 236
Hippocratea, 235
comosa, 235
multiflora, 235
Hippocrateaceae, 235
Hippocrepis, 274
comosa, 274
Hippoglossum, 529
Hippolithus, 121
Hippomane *biglandulosa,
480, 485
Mancinella, 480
Hippophae rhamnoides, 469
Hippopotamus, 119
amphibius, 119
Hipposelinum, 331
Hips, 292
1084
INDEX.
Hirudo medicinalis, 161
officinalis, 161
provincialis, 161
sanguisuga, 160
Hirundinavia, 396
Hirundo apus, 133
ripaiia, 133
rustica, 133
urbica, 133
Histoire des drogues par
Pomet, 12
Hive bee, 173
Hoary cinque foil, 290
plantain, 446
shrubby stock, 209
Hoelen, 565
Hoffman's anodyne liquor,
936
balsam of life, 648
pills, 881 •
water of magnanimity,
174
Hog, 120
gum, 261
gum-tree, 261
hedge, 599
Hograeat, 447
Hogplum, 263
Hog's fennel, 328
lard, 599
Hogshead, 29
Holarrhena, 390
antidysenterica, 390
pubescens, 390
Holcus bicolor, 550
drachna, 551
rubens, 551
saccharatus, 551
sorghum, 551
spicatus, 549
Holigarna, 259
longifolia, 259
Holland, white, 683
and Belgium,
Pharmacopceias of, 6
Holly, common, 252
knee, 529
rose, female, 213
rose, male, 213
sea, 323
Hollyhock, 222
Holm oak, 496
Holoschsenus, 544
Holosteum, 21*, 446
umbellatum, 219
Holosteus, 867
Holyhock, 222
Homalineas, 255
Homalomena aromatica, 541
Homberg's sedative salt, 585
Homoeopathic globules, 704
Honduras sarsaparilla, 524
Homeria, 519
colluna, 519
Homo, 109
Homogangliata, 160
Homogyne, 366
Alpina, 364
Hone wort, 331, 332
wort, corn, 328
wort, glabrous, 332
Honesty, 209
Honey, 831 •
balsam of, Hill's, 817
bee, 173
clarified, 831
despumated, 831
of borax, 832
of rose, 832
Narbonne, 831
prepared, 831
water, 626
Honeysuckle, common, 335
pale perfoliate, 335
Honglane, 191
Hooded willow herb, 435
Hoof ointment, 828
Hooper's pills, 818
Hopea tinctoria, 386
Hopfner's blue, 678
Hopping, 651
Hops, 489
common, 489
Hordei semina, 548
Hordeum, 547
caeleste, 547
distichon, 548
distichon nudum, 547
distichum, 548
hexastichon, 547
hexastichon hybemum, 547
mundatum, 548
perlatum, 548
polystichum vernum, 547
tetrastichum, 547
tetrastichum nudum, 547
vulgare, 547
vulgare ca;leste, 547
zeocriton, 548
Hore sti-ange, 328
Horehound, 364, 430
base, 437
bastard, 430
black, 427
P'ord's balsam of, 816
water, 430
white, 430
Hormium, 435
sylvestre, 435
Horn, burnt, 691
of the cervus elaphus, 691
Homed rampions, 377
Honied wild cumin, 202
Hornet, 174
Horse, 121
aloes, 526, 527
balm, 428
bean, 273
brimstone, 948
cassia, 269
chestnut, 236
chestnut, scarlet-flowered,
237
grain, 270
leech, 160
mint, 432, 433
mint, round-leaved, 432
radish, 207
radish-water, 628
radish. East India countrv,
278
river, 119
sea, 116
shoe vetch, tufted, 274
tail, 555
tail, corn, 555
tail, great water, 555
tail, marsh, 555
tail, rough, 555
tail, shrubby, 503
tincture of myrrh, 830
tongue, 529
weed, 428
Horticultural ink, 784
Hot bath, 645
Houmiri, or Touri, 240
balsam, 240
Hound's tongue, common,
404
House-leek, annual white,
312
leek, common great, 312
leek, evergreen lesser, 312
leek, lesser, 312
House sparrow, 132
spider, common, 164
Hovenia, 253
dulcis, 253
Hoya viridiflora, 397
Huaco, 369
Huacsaro, 556
Huamalies bark, 344
Huanuco bark, 341, 344
Huile d'anis, 915
de cade, 504, 847
de marmote, 286
de tain, 862
Human-body louse, 167
head louse, 167
Hume's test for ai'senious
acid, 934
Humiria, 240
balsamifera, 240
i
INDEX.
108!
Humiria floribundum, 240
Hiimuli strobili, 489
Hamulus lupulus, 489
Hundred-leaved rose, 292
Hungarian balsam, 505
hawkweed, 353
viper's grass, 372
Hungary water, 624
Hunt's economical breakfast
powder, 676
Hura crepitans, 481
Hurr nut, 296
Hursinghar flowers, 388
Huxhara's tincture of bark,
977
Hyacinth, wild, 528
Hyacinthus muscari, 529
non scriptus, 528
Hydena poison, 481
Hyananche globosa, 481
Hyawa, 259
Hybernum, Triticum, 551
Hydatid, 177
Hydnocarpus, 212
inebrians, 212
venenata, 212
Hydnum auriscalpium, 564
coral, 564
coralloides, 564
erinaceus, 564
hedgehog, 564
repandum, 564
Hydrargyri acetas, 766
etammonii chloridum, 769
ammonio-chloridum, 768
bichloridum, 767
bicyanidum, 769
biuiodidum, 769
binoxidum, 771
bisulphuretum, 773
calx alba, 768
chloridum, 766
cyanuretum, 769
et potassii iodidum, 770
et pobissii iodo-cyanidum,
771
et stibii sulphuretum, 773
iodidum, 769
iodidum rubrum, 770
iodidum viride, 769
iodo-bichloridum, 770
iodo-chloridum, 770
murias corrosivus, 768
nitratis acidum, 771
nitratus ruber, 772
nitrico-oxydum, 772
oxydum, 771
oxydum cinereum, 771
oxydnm nigrum, 771
oxydum rubrum, 772
oxydum sulphuricum, 772
Hydrargyri oxymurias, 768
pernitratis liquor, 802
phosphas, 773
precipitatum album, 768
praecipitatum nigrum, 772
rubri per acido nitrico
oxydum, 772
submurias, 767.
subsulphas, 772
sulphas, 773
sulphuretum cum sul-
phure, 773
sulphuretum nigrum, 773
sulphuretum rubrum, 774
tartras, 774
Hydrargyro iodo-cyanide of
potassium, 771
Hydrargyrum, 765
calcinatum, 772
cum creta, 765
cum magnesid, 766
oxydulatum nigrum, 773
oxydulatum phosphoricum,
773
praecipitatum album, 768
purificatum, 765
stibiato-sulphuretum, 773
Hydrargyrus calcinatus, 772
cum sulphure, 773
muriatus, 768
muriatus mitis, 767
sulphiaretus ruber, 774
Hydrastis, 192
Canadensis, 192
Hydrate of lime, 661
of potash, 890
of soda, 928
Hydrated oxide of lead, 888
phosphoric acid, 594
oxide of amyl, 611
sesquioxide of iron, 751
persulphuret of iron, 758
proto-sulphuret of iron,
758
Hydraulic mortar, 670
Hydriodate of ammonia, 607
Hydriodic acid, 588
Hydi'obromate of potash,
894
Hydrocarpus, 212
Hydrocharideac, 507
Hydrocharis morsus ranae,
507
Hydrochlorate of quina, 914
of ammonia, 608
of silver and ammonia, 638
of magnesia, 812
of morphia, 839
Hydrochloric acid, 588
acid, table for determining
the strength of, 54
Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous,
in hydrochloric acids of
different specific gravi-
ties, 54
ether, 601
Hydrocotyle vulgaris, 326
Asiatica, 325
Hydrocyanate of silver, 637
Hydrocyanic acid, 589, 590
Hydro-cyano-ferras quinicus,
748
Hydrogeton fenestralis, 508
Hydrolapathum, 457
Hydrometer, Baume's, 39, 40
Baume''s in relation to
specific gravities, 50
spirit, Baume's, 41
Cartier's, 39, 40
Dicas', 39, 40, 43
Fahrenheit's, 39, 40
Gay Lussac's, 39, 40
Guyton de Morveau's, 39,
40
Nicholson's, 39, 40
Sikes', 39, 40, 42
Twaddle's, 39, 41
Zanetti's 39, 40, 41
Hydrometers, 39
Hydrometrical equivalents,
45
Hydrophilax, 347
maritima, 347
Hydrosulphate of ammonia,
608
Hydrosulphuret of ammonia,
608
Hydruret of salicyle, 294
Hyla tinctoria, 143
Hymenaea, 274
Courbaril, 261, 274
veiTucosa, 228, 261, 275
Hymenodictyon, 347
excelsum, 347
Hymenoptera, 173
Hyoscyami folia, 416
semina, 416
Hyoscyamus, 415
albus, 415
niger, 415
Hypecoon, 202
Hypecoum, 202
pendulum, 202
procumbens, 202
Hyperanthera moringa, 278
Hypericineae, 232
Hypericum, 232
androsaemum, 232
Ascyron, 232 ;
Coris, 232
guianense, 233
perforatum, 232
1086
INDEX.
Hyperoxymuriate of potash,
895
Hyphsene thebaica, 538
Hypnum sericeum, 559
silky, 559
Hypochaeris, 366
maculata, 353
radicata, 366
Hypocistus, 213
Hypochloride of sulphur, 949
Hypochlorite of lime, 663
of sulphur, 949
Hypodrys hepaticus, 564
Hyponitrous ether, 602
Hypopha;stum, 359
Hyvacium, 120
Hyrax Capensis, 120
Hyson, cowslip, or chelian,
228
skin, or bloom tea, 229
tea, 229
Hyssop, 429
hedge, 422
mountain, 438
-water, 625
Hyssopus aiigustifoliiis, 429
officinalis, 429
Orientalis, 429
Hysteric water, 622
Hystrix christata, 117
I.
Iberis, 208
amara, 208
nudicaulis, 211
Ibiscus, 221
Ice plant, 313
Iced punch, 910
Iceland beer, 218
moss, 567
moss jelly, 761
sea grass, 574
Ichnocarpus frutescens, 390
Ichu Cascarilla, 340
Idea, 259
Aracouchini, 259
carana, 259
heterophylla, 259
heptaphylla, 259
icicariba, 255, 259
Tacamahaca, 259
IcicsQ resina, 259
Icicariba, 259
Ictodes foetidus, 541
Ignatia amaia, 392
Ignatiana Philippinica, 392
Ignatius' bean, St., 392
Iguana delicatissima, 140
nudicoUis, 140
Ilex, 252
aquifolium, 252
Dodona'a, 259
ligustrina, 252
Paraguariensis, 253
vomitoria, 252
Illecebra, 312
Illecebrum lanatum, 311
verticillatum, 311
Illicium, 195
anisatum, 195
Floridanum, 195
Illinctus, 793
Illipe-tree, 383
lllupie-tree, 383
Impatiens, 244
noli tangere, 244
Imperatoria, 326
major, 326
ostruthium, 326 •
Imperial drink, 901
measure, 30, 31, 32
plums, 291
pop, 653
tea, 229
weight, standard troy
pound, 19
Impia Germanica, 364
Impure malate of iron, 749
oxide of zinc, 1000
Incense, 257
Incorrodible ink, 785
Indaya(;u, 472
Indi, 463
India berries, 414
upper, Pharmacopoeia of, 5
Indian almond, 296
arrowroot, 517
arrowroot. East, 515
bee, 173
bdellium, 257, 258, 651
bread, 531
bread-plant, 531
cane, 517
caustic barley, 534
corn, 552
cress, 244
cucumber, 533
elephant, 119
fig. 314
fig-tree, 489
hemp, 271, 389
incense, 257
ink, 785
kale, 540
maddei, 348
mallow, 223
millet, 551
millet, yell&w-seeded, 551
myrobalans, 296
nard, 545
Indian olibanum, 257
opium, 896
physic, 289
pickle, 874
red, 682, 683
rice, 548
rubber, 489
sarsaparilla, 523
scorpion, 164
shot, 517
spikenard, 545
tin, 1026
tobacco, 376
turnip, 539
turnsol, 410
yellow, 683, 774
Indigo, 266, 275, 774
plant, 275
sulphate of, 679
Indigofera, 275
Anil, 275
argentea, 275
articulata, 275
ca;rulea, 275
enneaphyllaj 275
glauca, 275
tinctoria, 275
Indrayun, 306
Inferior grey bark, 344
Infeiobranchiata, 154
Infusion, acid, of roses,
781
arnica, 775
arnica flowers, 775
arnica root, 775
broom, 781
buchu, 775
calumba, 776
calumba, concentrated, 801
cascarilla, 776
catechu, compound, 776
chamomile, 775
chiretta, 777
cinchona, 777
pale, 777
compound, 777
clove, 776
cusparia, 778
ergot of rye, 778
foxglove, 778
gentian, 778
gentian, compound, 778
gentian, concentrated com-
pound, 801
hop, 779
horse-radish, compound,
775
juniper, 779
linseed, 779
linseed, compound, 779
matico, 779
INDEX.
1087
Infusion of orange (peel)
compound 775
orange, concentrated com-
pound, 801
paveira, 780
pectoral, ingredients for,
935
Peruvian baric, compound,
777
pink root, 782
polygala, 780
quassia, 780
rhatanv, 779
rhubarb, 780
rhubarb, concentrated, 806
of roses, 780
rose, compound, 780
sassafras pith, 781
senega, 780, 781
senna, 781
senna, common, 781
senna, compound, 781
senna, concentrated, 806
senna, simple, 782
senna, with tamarinds, 781
serpen taria, 782
simaruba, 782
slippery elm bark, 782
spearmint, 779
thoroughwort, 778
tobacco, 782
valerian, 782
wild cherry bark, 779
Infusoria, 180
Infusum amarum simples,778
anthemidis, 775
armoracias compositum,775
arnicas, 775
amice florum, 775
arnicje radicis, 775
aurantii, 775
aurantii compositum, 775
buchu, 775
calumbae, 776
caryophylli, 776
cascarillsE, 776
catechu, 776
catechu compositum, 776
chama?meli, 775
chirettae, 777
cinchonsE, 777
cinchonse compositum, 777
cinchonas spissatum, 777
cinchona: pallida, 777
cinchonae pallidas spis-
satum, 777
cusparise, 778
digitalis, 778
diosma;_, 775
ergotae, 778
eupatorii, 77
Infusum gentiana;, 778
gentiana; compositum, 778
juniperi, 779
krameria;, 779
lini, 779
lini compositum, 779
lupuli, 779
matici, 779
mentha; viridis, 779
pareira;, 780
polygala;, 780
pruni Virginianas, 779
quassias, 780
rhei, 780
rosae, 780
rosae acidum, 781
rosae compositum, 780
sarsaparilla; compositum,
781
sassafi-as medullae, 781
scoparii, 781
senegae, 780, 781
sennae, 781
sennae commune, 782
sennae compositum, 781
sennae'cum tamarindis,781
sennae simplex, 782
serpentariae, 782
simarubas, 782
spigeliae, 782
tabaci, 782
ulmi, 782
Valerianae, 782
Inga, 276
Burgoni, 276
fagifolia, 276
Martha;, 276
saponaria, 276
sassa, 276
unguis cati, 276
Ingredients for decoction of
woods, 935
pectoral infusion, 935
Inguinalis, 370
Inhapecanga, 523
Injectio, 783
Injection, 783
Injections for the preservation
of animal substances, 185
Ink, 783
Berzelius' indelible,
787
black writing, 783
blue writing, 784
carmine, red, 786
copying, 784
for writing on zinc labels
for gardens, 784
gold, 784
green, (Klaproth's,) 784'
horticultural, 784
Ink, incorrodible, 785
Indian, 785
Klaproth's, 784
Dr. Lewis', 783
marking, 785
Dr. Normandy's, 784
nut, 296
printing, 785
Read's patented red, 787
red, 786
Ribaucourt's, 783
Runge's chrome, 783
Stephens' red, 787
silver, 787
sympathetic, 787
yellow, 787
Insect lac, 172
white wax of China, 172
Insecta, 165
Insectivora, 110
Insects, 165
Insipid zoned variolaria, 570
Inspissated juice of carrot,
947
juice of juniper, 917
ox gall, or bile, 744, 930
Integer of assjiyers, 18
Interrupted Gibraltar green
leech, 161
Intestinal worms, 175
Intestinalia, 176
Inula, 366
bifrons, 366
Conyza, 366
conyzjBa, 370
dysenterica, 371
graveolens, 366 ^
helenium, 366
Italian, 366
odora, 371
pulicaria, 371
viscosa, 366
Inuline, 366
Iodic acid, 591
lodhydrargyrate of chloride
of mercury, 770
of iodide of potassium, 770
of perchloride of mercury,
770
of potassium, 770
Iodide of ammonium, 607
of arsenic, 788
of gold, 641
of iron, 748
of lead, 887
of mercury, 769
of mercury and potassium,
770
of morphia, 840
of potassium, 897, 898
of starch, 611
1088
IIsDEX.
Iodide of sulphur, 949
of sulphur, ointment of,
949
of zinc, 1028
Iodine, 787
bath, 646
lodinium, 787
purum, 788
lodo-bichloride of mercury,
770
lodo-chloride of mercury, 770
Iodoform, 788
lodoformum, 788
loduret of potassium, 898
loduretted oil, 853
lonidium, 214
brevicaule, 214
certici-florum, 214
ipecacuanha, 214
maytensillo, 214
microphyllum, 214
parviflorum, 214
poyaya, 214
sufTruticosum, 214
urtici florum, 214
Ipecacuanha, 452, 477, 483
American, 289
annulated, 338
bastard, 395, 524
black, 349
Brazilian, 338
brown, 338, 349
brown annulated, 338
CalHcocca, 338
Cephaelis, 338
Ceylon, 398
Coromandel, 398
Cynancham, 398
gi'eater annulated, 338
grey annulated, 338
Isle of France, 396
Lisbon, 338
lozenges, 997
Malabar, 349
Mauritius, 294
noir, 349
non annele, 349
Peruvian, 349
red annulated, 338
red-grey, 338
spurge, 478
striated, 349
white, 214, 349
white Bengal, 398
white grey, 338
white, undulated, or amy-
laceous, 349
wild, 336, 395
Ipecaquanha, 447
Ipo toxicaria, 485
Jpomea Braziliensis, 406
Idomea cathartica, 40G
cierulea, 408
jalapa, 407
macrorhiza, 406
mechoacanna, 406
nil, 408
operculata, 406
Orizabensis, 407
pandurata, 407
paniculata, 404
purga, 407
Quamoclit, 407
tuberosa, 407
Turpethum, 407
Iriarteae, 536
Iridese, 518
edulis, 573
Iridium, 789
Ireland, phaiinacopceias of, 5
Irion, 210
Iris coffee, 676
foetidissima, 519
Florentina, 519
Germanica, 520
green, 680
pseudacorus, 519, 520,
676
tuberosa, 520
versicoloi', 520
vulgaris, 520
Irish moss, 571
moss jelly, 761
slate, 792
Iron, 744
acetate of, solution of,
801
alkaline, solution of, 802
alum, 606, 757
alum, with potash, 757
alum, with ammonia, 757
ammonio-chloride of, 744
ammonio-citrate of, 745
ammonio-tartrate of, 746
and ammonia, citrate of,
745
persulphate of, 757
and potash, sulphate of,
606, 757
persulphate of, 757
and potassium, ferro-
cyanide of, 755
and quinine, citrate of, 747
and quinine, cyanide of,
748
arseniate, 746
bark-tree, 302
basic sesquiferrocyanide,
755
black oxide of, 750
bromide of, 746
carbonate of, 746
Ii'on, carbonate of, with
sugar, 746
carburet of, 656
chloride of, 747
chloride ofj ethereal spirit,
937
citrate of, 747
dried sulphate of, 756
granulated sulphate of,
756
hydrated persulphuret of,
758
hydrated protosulphuret of,
758
hydrated sesquioside of,
751
impure malate of, 749
iodide of, 748
iodide of, bath, 645
iodide of, solution of, 802
iodide of, syrup of, 956
lactate of, 749
magnetic oxide of, 750
and manganese, saccharine
carbonate of^ 752
oxide of, 749, 750
perchlorlde of, 747
percyanide of, 755
pernitrate of, 752
peroxide of, 751
perphosphate of, 753
persulphate of, 757
phosphate of, 752
potassio-tartrate of, 753,
754
powdered, 744
protochloride of, 747
red oxide of, 750
reduced, 744
reduced by hydrogen, 744
rust of, 752
saccharine carbonate of,
747
saccharine iodide of, 749
sesquichloride of, tincture,
of, 981
sesquiferrocyanide of, 754
sesquioside of, 750
sesquiphosphate of, 753
solution of acetate, 801
solution of acid phosphate
of, 753
solution of pereesquinitrate
of, 752
stone, clay, 757
sulphate of, 756
sulphuret of, 757
tincture of acetate of,
980
ethereal tincture of the
acetate of, 980
INDEX.
1089
Iron, ethereal tincture of the
muriate of, 981
tincture of ammonio-chlo-
ride of, 980
A'alerianate of, 758
wood, 350
Ironwort, 436, 437
German, 436
mountain, 436
smooth-leaved, 437
Isagogica introductio, 2
Isatis, 208
Lusitanica, 208
. tinctoria, 208
isertia, 347
coccinea, 347
Isinslass, 151
jelly, 761
plaster, 715
Isis nobilis, 179
Island cacao, 225
Isle of France cinnamon, 465
of France ipecacuanha,
396
Jsonandra, 384
gutta, 384
Isotoma longiflora, 375
Issue peas, 231, 789
plaster, 671, 673, 789
Italian acacia, 265
inula, 366
juice, 947
lettuce, 367
melilot, 277
poplar, 495
senna, 269, 270
Italy, its pharmacopoeias, 11
Itch acarus, 163
ointment, 1000
Iva arthritica, 427
Ivory agaric, 561
black, 677
vesetable, 509
Ivy, 333, 380
common, 333
•ground, 433
leaved sow bread, 442
leaved toad flax, 422
poison, 261
J.
Jaborand, 501
Jaboranda, 501
Jacaranda, 403
Brasiliana, 403
Jacea, 214
nigra, 360
segetum, 359
Jack by the hedge, 205
Jack in a box, 460
in a tree, 486
Jackamar, 133
Jackson's bathing spirits,
818
Jacobaea, 372
Jacob's ladder, 403
Jacquini Copaifera, 271
Jaeu, 342
bark, 341, 342, 344
Jaffna moss, 572
Jagged germander, 437
Jaggery, 535, 536, 537
Jaggeries, 918
Jalap, 407
cocum, 452
male, 407
soap, 993
Jalapa, 407
macho, 407
officinarum, 447
Jalapina, 789
Jalapine, 789 .
Jalapium, 407
Jalapa; radix, 407
Jamaica baric, 343
birch tree, 258
cedar, 503
contrayerva, 471
fig-tree, 488
kino, 452
pepper, 303
piss-a-bed, 269
purslane, 310
rosewood, 256, 412
sarsaparilla, 524
spikenard, 428
turnsol, 410
vervain, 439
water-lily, 201
wild liquorice, 263
winter cherry, 417
wood sorrel, 246
j'ellow thistle, 202
Jambosa, 303
vulgaris, 303
James' analeptic pills, 818
fever powder, 615
James' Pharmacopoeia uni-
versalis, 13
Janapam hemp, 271
Jangomas, 212
Janipha manihot, 481
January and February, plants
and roots in perfection
in, 101
Japan black, 655
pepper, 249
Japanese camellia, 228
varnish, 262
Japicinga, 523
I Jarboa, 439
Jarrinha, 470
Jasione montana, 377
undulata, 377
Jasmine, white, 388
Jasmineae, 388 '
Jasminum, 388
fragrans, 388
grandiflorum, 383
officinale, 388
Sambac, 388
viminale, 388
vulgavius, 388
Jataba, 274
Jatahy 275
Jatchy, 275
Jateorrhiza palmata, 198
Jatoba, 275
Jatropha Curcas, 482
elastica, 480
glandulifera, 482
glauca, 482
globosa, 481
gossipifolia, 482
Manihot, 481
montana, 474
multifida, 482
Java almonds, 258
caoutchouc, 489
cardamoms, 514
potatoes, 434
Javelin snake, 140
Jed war, or Zadwar, 515
Jeffersonia, 200
diphylla, 200
Jelly, arrow root, 761
bread, 761
Ceylon moss, 761
Corsican moss, 761
dry lichen, 761
hartshorn, 761
Iceland moss, 761
Irish moss, 761
isinglass, 761
Jersey cudweed, 364
tea, new, 253
Jerusalem artichoke, 365
oak, 450
Jessamine, 388
Jesuit's bark, 339
bark tree, original, 278
drops, 818, 971
Jetaiba, 274
Jew bush, 483
Jews' ears, 563
mallow, 225
pitch, 640, 655
stone, 792
Jewellers' carat, 18
grain, 18
plate powder, 751
4 A
1090
INDEX.
Job's tears, 547
Johannisblub, 172
Jointed charlock, 209
glasswort, 451
Jooar, 551
Jourdan's Pliarmacopee Uni-
verselle, 14
Joursa, 265
Jow, 547
Jucato calleloe, 452
Judas tree, 270
Jugeollne, 403
Juglandeje, 492
Juglans alba, 492
cathartica, 492
cinerea, 492 ,
regia, 492
Juice, Italian, 947
of aconite, preserved, 947
of carrot, inspissated, 947
of dandelion, preserved,
947
of elderberries, inspissated,
917
of foxglove, preserved, 947
of hemlock, preserved, 947
of henbane, preserved, 947
of juniper, inspissated, 917
of lettuce, preserved, 947
of wormwood, preserved,
947
Spanish, 947
Juices, expressed, 947
preserved, 947
Jujuba Ziziphus, 254
Jujube-tree, 254
Jujuba;, 254
Jujubes, 254
great, 254
pate de, 254, 869
Julep, 789
camphor, 834
concentrated camphor, 725
mint, 789
Julephum e camphor^,, 834
e creta, 835
e moscho, 837
Julepus, 789
July, plants which are in
season in, 103
Jumble beads, 263
Juncus odoratus, 545
June, plants which are in
season in, 102
Juniper, 503
ben-ies, 503
Juniperi baccje, 503
cacumina, 503
Juniperus, 503
Bermudiana, 503
communis, 503
JunipeiTis Phoenicia, 504 '
sabina, 504
Virginiana, 504
Juribali, or Eurabali, 241
Juripeba, 419
Jussiaia, 298
Peruviana, 298
Justicia adhatoda, 441
biflora, 441
Ecbolium, 441
gendarussa, 441
nasuta, 441
paniculata, 441
pectoralis, 441
scandens. 441
Kacheo, 539
Kahi, 385
Kala, 408
dana, 408 '
Kale, curled, 206 ';
Indian, 540
sea, 207
Kali, 451
acetatum, 891
acidulated, 932
causticum, 804, 891
causticum cum calce, 894]
Hispanicum, 451
lemonated, 932
praeparatum, 894
purum, 891
stibicum, 613
sulphuratum, 900
tartarisatum, 901
vitriolatum, 900
water, 805
Kalium iodatum, 898
Kalmia, 380
latifolia, 380
Kalmoi, 491
Kalumba, 198
Kamarunga, 245
Kana goraka, 234
Kanagn nune, 281
Kane's (Dr.) Elements of
Practical Pharmacy, 14
Kankura, 491
Kanna, 33
Kanne, 33
Kaolin, 790
Karabe, or Carabe, 947
Karil root, 225
Ka-ri-shuter, 265
Kasheia, 549
Kassu, 535
Mt, 251
Katchup, 789
mushroom, 789
Katcliup, walnut, 790
Katsjula kalenga, 516
Kawrie tree, 503
Keene's marble cement, 670
Keesari, 276
Kelp, 572, 650, 790
Kennel coal, 967
Keora, 509
Keratophora, 122
Kermes dye, 496
grains, 171
ilicis, 171
insect, 171
mineral, 790 ' «
mineral, prepared by fire,
790
minerale,igneparatum, 790
oak, 496
Kerseboom, 241
Ketchup, 789
Khat, 251
Khaya Senegalensis, 241
Ki, 385
Kidney-bean, 266, 280
bean, under ground, 266
shaped saxifrage, 316
wort, 313
Killo, 28
Kina kina, 278
kina cinericea, 324
Kingfisher, 132
King of purples, 784
King's blue, 678
cup, 793
spear, 527
yellow, 640, 683
Kinnab, 487
Kinneh, 325
Kino, Bengal, 267
Botany Bay, 302
gum, 282
Jamaica, 452
Kio kui, 462
Kipper-nut, 320
Kirch wasser', 790
Kirkland's lotion of myrrh,
818
neutral cerate, 672, 818,
1009
volatile plaster, 710
Kishmish, 242
Kitchener's peristaltic per-
suaders, 883
relish, 924
Kite, 131
Kiteja, 461
Kitedja, 461
Klaproth's green ink, 784 ,
Kleinia, 367
anti-euphorbium, 367
neriifolia, 358^
INDEX.
1091
Knapweed, 360
brown radiant, 360
mountain, 360
Knautia, 353
arvensis, 353
Knavel annuum, 311
Knawel, annual, 311
perennial, 311
Knee holly, 529
Kneip, 639
Knobbed-rooted spurge, 476
Knotberry, 293
bush, 293
Knot-grass, common, 453
German, 311
whorled, 311
Knot-root, 428
Knotted figwort, 424
fucus, 572
Knowltonia, 192
vesicaria, 192
Knox's injection, 185
Koempferia Galanga, 516
rotunda, 515, 516
Kokum, 234
butter, 234
Kola, 225
Kola-nuts, 225
Koonder-gum, 257
Koondricum, 257
Korarima cardomom, 514
Kosso., 286
Kostera, 151
Koula, 231
Krameria, 216
ixina, 216
triandra, 216
Kramerise radix, 216
Krems white, 682
Kreosote, 692
water, 625
Krishna moog, 280
Krumholz oil, 864
Kundah oil, 239
Kura angolum, 301
Kurrunj oil, 281
Kutera gomme, 650
Kutrelloo, 365
Kutsyelloo, 365
Kyaputie oil, 304, 847
Kya-putty tree, 304
Kydia, 224
calycina, 224
L.
Labarraque's disinfecting so-
lution, 807
Labiatae, 427
Lablab vulgaris, 276
Labrador tea, 381
Labrum Veneris, 352
Laburaum, connnon, 271
Lac, 790
ammoniaci, 833
amygdala, 834
asininum artificiale, 698
asinum, 698
asa; foetids, 834
assfefcetida;, 834
Cevlon, 474
dye, 172, 791
guaiaci, 836
gum, 489
insect, 172
lake, 681, 791
lump, 791
rosas, 791
seed, 172, 790
shell, 790
solution of, aqueous, 791
stick, 172, 790
sulphuris, 949
varnish, 1014
white, 791
Lacca, 790
alba, 791
fluida, 683
in globulis, 791
in granis, 790
in massis, 791
in ramulis, 790
in tabulis, 790
Lace bark, 459
Lacerta agilis, 139
apoda, 140
ocelata, 139
salamandra, 144
scincus, 139
viridis, 139
Lachiyma Jobi, 547
scammony, 406
Laciniated purple laver, 573
Lacmus, 809
Lacquer, 1014
Lactate of iron, 749
of quinine, 912
of zinc, 1028
Lactic acid, 591
Lactuca, 367
elongata, 367
perennis, 367
sativa, 367
scariola, 367
sylvestris major odore opii,
367
virosa, 367
Lactucarium, 367
lozenges, 997
Ladanum, 213
Creticum, 213
plaster, 715
Ladenbergia dichotoma, 342
Ladies' mantle, Alpine, 285
mantle, common, 285
smock, 207
traces, common, 511
traces, triple, 511
Lady-bird, 171
Lady Crespigny's pills, 816,
876
Hesketh's dinner pills, 816
876
Webster's pills, 816,
876
Lafoensia, 299
amminata, 299
Lagenaria, 307
vulgaris, 307
Lagetta lintearia, 459
Lagoecia, 326
cuminoides, 326
Lagoons, 586
Lagopus, 284
Lake in balls, 791
Brazil wood, 681
carmine, 681
lac, 681, 791
madder, 681
orange, 681, 791
yellow, 683
Laman, 419
Lambkill, 380
Lamb's lettuce, 352, 446
Lamellerostres, 136
Laminaria digitata, 573
saccharina, 573
sugarj', 573
Lamium album, 429, 431
galeobdolon, 429
luteum, 429
maculatum, 429
Orvala, 429
purpureum, 429
vulgatum, 429
Lamp black, 505, 677
oil seeds, 484
Lampern, 152
Lamprey, great or sea, 152
river, 152
Lampreys, potted, 152
Lampsana, 368
communis, 368
Lamyra triacantha, 360
Lana philosophica, 1028
Land tortoise, 138
Lanius, 132
Lapathum acutum, 457
crispum, 457
sanguineum, 458
sativum, 457, 458
Lapide aurifico, De, 2
Lapilli cancrorum, 162
4 A 2
1092
INDEX.
Lapillus, 15G
Lapis jEtites, 791
amianthus, 640
Annenis, 791
Boloniensis, 791
bufonites, 792
calaminaris, 0(50
contrayerva;, 764
divinus, 792
Heraclius, 809
Hibernicus, 792
hematitis, 765
hystericus, 653
infernalis, 638
infernalis alkalinus, 891
infernalis sive septicus,
891
Judaicus, 792
lazuli, blue, 679
iyncis, 792
Malacensis, 653
medicamentosus, 793
mirabilis, 793
nauticus, 809
ophthalmicus, 792
ossifragus, 807
porcinus, 653
pumicis, 792
sabulosus, 867
sanguineus, 765 i
sideritis, 809
Smyris, 710
Syriacus, 792
Lappa 367
glabra, 367
major, 367
minor, 367
Lapsana communis, 368
zaeintha, 375
Larch, 504
agaric of the, 562
gum, 504
turpentine, 504
Lard, 599
hogs', 599
Lardizabala, 199
bitei-natn, 199
Large flowered spurge, 477
military goatstones, 511
seeded Guinea Amomum,
514
shaggy agaric, 562
strongyle, 177
sturgeon, 150
Larix, 504
cedrus, 504
communis, 504
Europsea, 504
Lark, 132
Larkspur, 191
Siberian bee, J 91
Larkspur, upright, 191
Laser Cyreniacum, 324, 331
Laserpitium, 326
glabrum, 326
latifolium, 326
selinoides, 330
Siler, 326
Lasionema rosea, 343
Last, 29
Lathraia squamaria, 426
Lathyris, 478
Lathyrus, 276
Aphaca, 276
Cicera, 276
sativus, 276
spectabilis, 270
tuberosus, 276
Laudanum, 988
Dutchman's, 310
liquidum Sydenham!, 988,
1021
Rousseau's, 1021
Sydenham's, 988, 1021
Laureaster Amboinensis, 465
Laurel, 380
Alexandrian, 529
benzoin, 385
cherry, 287
common, 287
evergreen sptn-ge, 458
mountain, 380
Laurel-leaved antidesma, 247
Laurencia pinnatifida, 573
Laureola, 458
famina, 458
Laurestinus, 336
Lauri bacc£E, 464
folia, 464
Laurinea;, 460
Laurine ointment. 1008
Laurus, 464
Alexandrina, 529
Bay-tree, 404
benzoin, 461
camphora, 461
caryophyllus, 462
cassia, 461, 463, 464
caustics, 464
cinnamomoides, 464
cinnamomum, 461, 462,
463
culilawan, 461
cupularis, 465
foetens, 464
globosa, 464
Japonica, 464
malabathrica, 402
malabrathum, 462
myrrha, 464
nobilis, 464
parthenoxylon, 466
Laurus parviflora, 464
Persea, 465
piperita, 464
porrecta, 466
pseudo-benzoin, 461
pseudo-sassafras, 466
Quixos, 464
sassafras, 466
Lavandula angustifolia, 439
latifolia, 429
officinalis, 429
spica, 429
stadias, 429
vera, 429
Lavandula; flores, 429
Lavatera, 222
arborea, 222
Thuriugiaca, 222
triloba, 222
Lavender bindwped. 405
common, 429
cotton, 371
drops, 941, 985
drops, red, 941, 985
French, 429
leaf poly, 437
lozenges, 997
oil of, 430
sea, 445
spike, 429
spirit of, 430
water, 626
Laver, 573, 574
broad green, 574
laciniated purple, 573
lettuce green, 574
shield, 573
Lawsonia, 299
alba, 299
inennis, 299
Laxative powder, St. Ger-
main's, 935
Lead, 885
acetate of, 885
basic carbonate of, 682
black, 656
carbonate of, 886
chloride of, 683, 886
chromate of, 683, 886
dichromate of, 887
extract, Goulard's, 886
Grace's white, 682
hydrated oxide of, 888
iodide of, 887
nitrate of, 888
nitro-saocharate of, 888
plaster, 717
red, 682, 889
semivitrefied oxide of, 888
solution of diacetate of,
885
INDEX.
1093
Lead, solution of diacetate of,
diluted, 886
sugar of, 885
superacetiite of, 885
tiinnate of, 889
white, 682, 886
Leaf, broad, 499
Santa Maria, 499
Leafy-branched spurge, 477
Leamington water, 632
I^ast cudweed, 364
willow, 497
Leather, mountain, 640
oak, 563
Leatherwood, 459
Leaves, park, 232
preservation of, 576
Lecanora parella, 568
Tartarea, 568
Leccino, 563
Lecidea pustulata, 570
Lecvthis ollaria, 303
Zabucajo, 303
Ledebouria hyacinthoides,
528
Ledoyen's disinfecting fluid,
888
Ledum, 381
Graulandicum, 381
latifolium, 230, 381
palustre, 381
palustre latifolium, 381
Leech, Hamburgh and
French green, 161
grey or Russian, 161
horse, 160
interrupted Gibraltar
green, 161
Morocco, 161
old English, or speckled,
161
Leek, 526
vine, 525
wild, 525
LeguminosjE, 263
Lemery, Nicholas, 12
Lemery's white precipitate,
768
Lemna major, 553
minor,. 553
polyrrhiza, 553
Lemnacese, 553
Lemnian earth, 967
Lemon grass, 545
grass, oil of, 545
juice, 687
juice, artificial, 587
lozenges, 998
peel, candied, 231
sherbet, 793
; thyme, 438
Lemon tree, 231
tree, bergamot, 231
water, 309
wine, 1025
Lemonade, 793
aerated, 793
powder, 908
Lemonated kali, 932
Lenitive electuary, 691
Lens, 16
Lens esculenta, 272
palustris, 553
vulgaris, 272
Lentibulariffl, 441
Lenticula marina, 574
Lentil, 272
Lentils, sea, 574
Lentin's stomachic tincture,
993
Leonotis nepetifolia, 430
Leontapetalon, 200
Leontice, 200
Chrysogonnm, 200
leontopetalum, 200
Leontis nepetifolia, 430
Leontodon autumnale, 370
taraxacum, 374
vulgare, 374
Leontopodiura, 368
Alpinum, 368
Leonm-us Cardiaca, 430
marrubiastrum, 430
Leopard, 114
Leopard's bane, 362
bane, creeping, 335
bane, German, 355
bane, great, 362
bane, plantain leaved,
362
bane, small, 362
Lepas, 155
Lepicanne spinulosa, 373
Lepidium, 208
campestre, 208
Iberis, 208
latifolium, 208
sativum, 209
Lepidoptera, 175
Leptiindra Virginica, 425
Leptospermum, 3o3
scoparium, 230. 303
Lepm-andra saccidora, 486
Lepus, 118
cuniculus, 118
timidus, 118
Leskia sericea, 559
Lesser calamint, 431
cardamoms, 516
celandine, 191
centaury, 400
dodder. 406
Lesser dnckweed, 553
hemlock, 317
houseleek, 312
houseleek, evergreen 312
meadow rue, 194
periwinkle, 394
shepherd's purse, 211
snap dragon, 420
spear wort, 193
spurge, 479
toad flax, 423
Lettuce, 367
garden, 367
green laver, 574
hare's, 373
Italian, 367
lamb's 352, 446 •
opium, 367
prickly wild, 367
strong-scented wild, 367
wild, 367
Leucanthemum, 368
vulgare, 368
Leucojum album, 209
lutea, 207
Leucothoe, 381
Mariana, 381
Levisticum, 326
officinale, 326
Lewis' (Dr.) Kew Dispensa-
tory, 13
Lewis' ink, 783
Lexia raisins, 242
Ley, weak and strong, 1 84
Liane amfere, 198
& blessure, 512
i glacer I'eau, 198
a persil, 239
Liatris, 368
odoratissima, 368
scariosa, 368
squarrosa, 368
Libanotis, 326
vulgaris, 326
Libanus thurifera, 257
Libavius' fuming liquor, 944
Liber Servatoris, 2
Libidibi, 267
Licania, 289
incana, 289
Licaria guianensis, 463
Lichen, 567, 569
arboreus puUus, 569
apthosus, 569
aquilus, 569
arborum, 570
calcareus, 571
caninus, 569
caperatus, 569
cinereus terrestris, 56&
cocciferus, 570
1094
INDEX.
Lichen coccineus, 570
cornucopioides, 570
cup, 570
discoideus, 570
; fagineus, 571
farinaceiis, 569
flavicans, 567
furfuraceus, 567
Islandicus, 567
marinus, 574
nivalis, 567
olivaceus, 569
omphalodes, 569
paste, 870
parelius, 568
parietinus, 569
plicatus, 570
proboscideus, 508
prunastri, 568
pullus, 569
pulmonarius, 570
pustiilatus, 570
pyxidatus, 570
rangif'erinus, 567
rocella, 570
saxatilis, 569
scarlet cup, 570
tartareus, 568
terrestris, 569
velleus, 568
' vermicularis, 568
Tulpinus, 567
Lichenes, 567
Licopeidon tubei-, 5GG
Light Calisaya bark, O-tO
Lign aloes, 265
Ligniform asbestos, 640
Lignum aloes, 265
aspalathe, 265
Brasiliense, 267
Campeachense, 274
colubrinum, 391, 392
nephriticum, 278
pavanse, 475
rhodium, 256, 273, 404
rhodium officinale, 404
sanctum, 246
vitse tree, 246
Ligusticum adjovvan, 329
cornubiense, 329
levisticum, 326
Peloponesiacum, 327
podagraria, 317
Ligustrum, 387
vulgare, 387
Lilac, common, 388
fire, 911
vulgaris, 388
Liliacese, 524
Lilium album, 529
bulbiferum, 529
Lilium candidum, 529
convalium, 527
Martagon, 529
Lily, dwarf water, 402
Jamaica water, 201
of the valley, 527
orange, 529
red, 529
Turk's cap, 529
white, 529
white water, 201
yellow water, 201
Lima sarsaparilla, 524
Limax, 155
rufus, 155
Lime, 231, 661
biphosphate and sulphate
of, 664
carbonate of, 662
carbonate of, from animals,
662
chloride of, 663
chlorinated, 663
chlorite of, 663
chloruret of, 663
flower water, 629
hydrate of, 661
hypochlorite of, 663
muriate of, 661
oxymuriate of, 663
precipitated carbonate of,
662
precipitated phosphate of,
664
slaked, 661
solution of chloride of,
663
solution of muriate of,
662
superphosphate of, 664
tree, 226
water, 800
Limetta, 231
Limodorum altum, 510
Limon bergamotta, 231
Limonadum, 793
aeratum, 793
magnesias citratum, 793
Limonia malus, 231
Limonium maritimum, 445
Limonum cortex, 231 _
Linaria, 422 '
Cymbalaria, 422
Elatine, 422
minor, 423
ramosissima, 422
vulgaris, 423
Linctus, 793
cough, 793
pectoralis, 793
Linden, 226
Linsea, 335
borealis, 335
Linese, 220
Ling, 148
Lingua cervina, 559
Linharea aromatica, 463
Lini farina, 221
oleum, 221
placenta, 221
semina, 221
usitatissimi semina, 221
Liniment, ammoniated,
milder, 794
ammoniated, strong-er, 794
anodyne, 796
astringent, 828
camphorated, 795
compound camphor, 795
croton oil, 795
detergent, 829
discutient, 829
of ammonia, 794
of ammonia, compound, 794
of camphor, 795
of cantharides, 795
of Ume, 795
of ci'oton oil, 795
of mercury, 796
of mercury, compound,
796
of mustard, 797
of opium, 796
of sesquicarbouate of am-
monia, 794
of soap, 796
of soap, ammoniated, 797
of soap, camphorated,
797
of turpentine, 797, 924
of verdigris, 793
simple, 797
volatile, 794
Liniments, blistering, 830
rubefacient, 830
Linimentum asruginis, 793
ammoniae, 794
ammonias carbonatis, 794
ammonite composltum,
794
ammoniffi fortius, 794
ammonia; sesquicarbonatis,
794
ammonias subcarbonatis,
794
anodynum, 796
Arcffii, 1005
calcis, 795
camphorie, 795
camphorje compositum,
' 795
cantharidis, 795
INDEX.
1095
Linimentum crotonis, 795
hydrargyri, 796
hydrargyri compositum,
796
ioduretum ^ gelatinosum,
796
olei crotonis, 795
opii, 796
saponaceum, 797
saponato-ammoniacatum,
797
saponato-ammoniatum, 797
saponato-camphoratum,
797
saponis, 796
saponis rubefaciens, 797
simplex, 797
sinapis, 797
terebinthinae, 797
terebinthinae acidum, 798
terebinthinatum, 798
volatile, 794
Linkia loevis, 467
Liniiffia borealis, 335
two flowered, 335
Linnet, 132
Linosyris, 368
vulgaris, 368
Linseed, 221
cake, 221
oil, 221, 885
Lint, 798
Linteum, 798
Linum, 221
arvense, 221
catharticum, 221
selaginoides, 221
usitixtissimum, 221
Lion, 113
sea, 116
Lip-salve, 672
Liqiiamen tartaii, 805
Liqueur de la Motte, 937
Liquid blistei"s, 830
blue, 679
boot top, 657
caustics, 828
colours, 683
oil of asarabacca, volatile,
845
oil of camphor, 847
storax, 244
Liquidambar, 244, 245, 494
Altingia, 244, 494
asplenifolium, 494
imberbe, 245, 494
Orientale, 244, 245, 494
styraciflua, 245, 494
Liquiritia officinalis, 273
Liquor atliereus oleosus,
937
Liquor aluminis compositus,
798
ammoniaci anisatus, 798
ammoniaci carbonici pyro-
oleosi, 798
ammoniae, 609
ammoniae acetatis, 606
ammonia; arseniatis, 799
ammonia; cai'bonatis, 799
ammonia; citratis, 607,
799
ammonite subcarbonatis,
799
ammonise sesquicarbonatis,
799
ammonii a;thereus, 798
ammonii caustici Dzondii,
938
anodynus martialis, 937
anodynus martiatus, 937
anodynus vegetabilis, 936
argenti nitratis, 799
arsenicalis, 804
arsenici chloridi, 800
arsenici periodidi, 788
aurantii compositus, 801
bai-ii chloridi, 800
bleaching, 663
Boyle's fuming, 608
calcii chloridi, 662
calcis, 800
calcis chloridi, 663
calumbse, 801
chlorini recens preparatus,
674
cinchona;, 801
cupri ammonio-sulphatis,
693
ferri acetici, 801
ferri alkalini, 802
ferri iodidi, 802
ferri persesquinitratis, 752
ferri superphosphatis, 753
gentiana; compositus, 801
guttae alkalinus, 802
Hoffman's anodyne, 936
hydrargyri bichloridi, 768
hydrargyri nitrici, 802
iodinii compositus, 805
Libavius' fuming, 944
morphias acetatis, 803
morphias citratis, 802
morphia; hydrochloratis,
803
myrrhae, 803
oily ethereal, 937
opii sedativus, 815
pi umbi acetatis, 886
plumbi acetatis dilutus,
886
plumbi diacetatis, 885
Liquor plumbi diacetatis
dilutus, 886
plumbi subacetatis, 885,
886
plumbi subacetatis com-
positus, 886
plumbi subacetatis dilutus,
886
potassae, 803
potassae arsenitis, 804
potassae Brandishii, 804
potassa; carbonatis, 804
potassae chloridi, 805
potassa; chlorinatae, 805
potassae citratis, 805
potassa; efFei'vescens, 805
potassa; silicatis, 805
potassae subcarbonatis, 805
potassii iodidi compositus,
805
probatorius chlorometricus,
806
pyrotartaric, 806
pyrotartaricus, 806
rhei, 806
saponis stibiatas, 806
sennae, 806
Shobeltii, 753
sodae, 806
sodas chloridi, 807
sodae chlorinatae, 807
sodae effei-vescens, 808
stypticus, 808
styptic, 808
subacetatis lithargyri, 886
subacetatis lithargyii com-
positus, 886
taraxaci, 808
tai-tari emetici, 799
volatilis comu cervi, 808
Liquorice, 273, 947
Jamaica, wild, 263
lozenges, 997
and opium lozenges, 997
mountain, 284
paste, 869
prickly, 273
stick, 274
vetch, 266
wild, 266
Liquoritia, 274
officinalis, 273
Liriodendron, 196
tulipifera, 196
Lisbon or Brazilian sarsa-
parilla, 524
contrayerva, 488
Lisianthus pendulus, 401
Lisle's fever powder, 615
Listera ovata, 510
Liston's isinglass plaster, 715
1096
INDEX.
Lit-chi Chinensis, 238
Lit-schi, 238
Litharge, 888
gold, 888
Lithocarpus cocciformis, 537
liithospermum, 410
arvense, 410
heliotropoides, 410
officinale, 410
Litmus, 568, 570, 809
Litra, 18
Litre, 25, 34
Litron, 33
Litsea sebifera, 46(>
Litsasa cubeba, 464
Little field madder, 350
globe thistle, 362
sunflower, 213
yellow trefoil, 277
Liuta, 520
Livelong, 999
orpine, 312
irer Fluke, 177
of antimony, 613
of sulphur, 900
wort, 192, 56a
wort, ash-coloured ground,
569
wort, star, 560
wort, true, 56&
Liver-coloured lac, 791
Lixivium, 809
saponarium, 804
tartari, 805
Lizard, 139
green, 139i
orchis, 511
Lizari, 350
Load, 29
Loadstone, 809 ■i
Loaf sugar, 550'
Lobelia, 376
acrid, 376
bladder podded, 376
cardinalis, 376
cirsiifolia, 376
inflata, 376
longifiora, 375
syphilitica, 376
tupa, 376
urens, 376
Lobeliaoea?, 375
Lobel's catch fly, 220
Loblolly, 505
Lobster, 162
Locatelli balsam, 647
Locker gowans, 194
Loco olei animalis Dippelii,
844
Locust tree, 274
Lodoicea Maldivica, 538
Lodoicea sechellarum, 538
Logfia brevifolia, 364
lanceolata, 364
Logwood, 274
Lohoch, 793
Loiseleuria, 381
procumbens, 381
Lolium temulentum, 548
Lombardy poplar, 495, 496
LoDchitis, 557
London philonium, 688
Pharmacopoeia, 5
New Dispensatoiy, Dr.
A. T. Thomson's, 13
rocket, 210
treacle, 688
Long-headed bastard poppy,
202
leaved water parsnip, 321
leaved zamia, 554
measure, 29
pepper, 501
pepper, mountain, 502
pepper, small American,
501
peppervine, 501
prickly-headed poppy, 202
rooted birth-wort, 470
rooted cat's ear, 366
rooted cyperus, 543
rooted hawkweed, 366
round worm, 176
stalked crane's bill, 243
seeded amomum, 513
thread worm, 178
tubed marvel of Peru,
447
Longipennes, 136
Lonicera, 335
caprifolium, 335
Marilandica, 399
periclymenum, 335
Lontarus domestica, 536
Looch blanc, 809
huileux, 809
Look album, 809
oleosum, 809
Loosestrife, great, 443
spiked purple, 299
yellow, 443
Lophobranchii, 149
Loridilla, 558
Loranthacea;, 334
Loranthus Europaus, 335
Loth, 28
Lotio, 809
Lotion, detergent, 829
for hooping cough, Struv^'s,
820
Gowland's, 817
of myrrh, Kirkland's, 818
Lottu lottu, 672'
Lotus, 255, 277
corniculatus, 279'
courbaril, 274
dorycnium, 272
herba sylvestris, 28-1-
hirsutus, 272
pile, 272
urbana, 284
white, 272
yellow, 277
Louisa blue, 678
Louse, 163
church, 163
crab, 167
human body, 167
human head, 167
pig's, 163
sow, 163
wood, 163
wort, 423
wort, marsh, 423
Lovage, 326
Cornish, 329
Love apple, 418
lies bleeding, 448
Loxa bark, 340, 343
tree, 340
white bark, 342
Lozenges, acacia, 995
acid rose, 999
acidulated lemon, 996
bicarbonate of soda, lOOO
burnt sponge, 1000
camphor, 996
chalk, 996
Ching's worm, 815
citric acid, 996
cubebs, 997
ginger, 1000
ipecacuanha, 997
lactucarium, 997
lavender, 997
lemon, 998
liquorice, 997
liquorice and opium
997
magnesia, 998
morphia, 998
morphia and ipecacuanha
998
nitre, 999
opium, 999
paregoric, 999
peppermint, 998
red rose, 999
rhubarb, 999
rhubarb, aromatic, 999-
tartaric acid, 996
worm, 840, 996
Lubrum Veneris, 352
INDEX.
109^
Lucerne, 277
Lucifer matches, 814
Lucuma, 38"i
Caimito, 384
tnammosa, 384
Lucumafolia, 343
Luffa, 307
amara, 307
iEgvptiaca, 307
_ Bindaal, 307
"' purgans, 307
Lugo's powder, 339
Lujula, 245
Lully, Raymond, 2
Lumber stone, red, 682
Lumbricns terrestris, 160
Lump lac, 791
Lunaria, 209, 557
rediviva, 209
Lungwort, 570
common, 411
cows, 425
golden, 365
sticta, 570
tree, 570
Lunulated gilt head, 146
Lupin, white, 277
wild, 277
Lupinus, 277
albus, 277 •^•
sativus, 277
sylvestris, 277
Tarius, 277
Lupulina, 809
Lupuline, 490, 809
Lupulinic grains, 809
Lupulinum, 490
Lupulite, 809
Lnpulus, 489
Lus-a chrasis, 334'
Lutra communis, 114
Lux Mercuriorum, 2
Lychnis, 219
coeli rosa, 219
coronaria, 219
crown, 219
dioica, 220
flos cuculi, 220
flos Jovis, 219
githago, 219
saponaria, 220
viscaria, 220
Lycoperdon bovista, 563
cervinum, 563
Lycopodiaceae, 555
Lycopodium, 542, 555
clavatum, 555
rubrum, 555
selago, 556
Lycopsis, 410
arreosis, 410
Lycopsis vesicularia, 410
Lycopus Europasus, 430
Virginicus, 430
Lycosa tarentula, 164
Lyncurius, 653
Lynx, 113
stone, 792
Lysimachia Nummularia,
443
purpurea spicata, 299
vulgaris, 443
Lysimachria'galericulata, 435
Lythrariea;, 298
Lythrum, 299
salicaria, 299
Lytta albida, 168
atrata, 168
cinerea, 168
ccerulea, 168
gigas mas, 169
marginata, 168
Nutallii, 169,
segetum, 169
vesicatoria, 169
vittata, 169
M.
Mabooboo, 514
Macanet grains, 287
Macaroni, 809
Macaw fat, 537
tree, great, 537
Mace, 466
reed, 542
Macis, 466
Mackerel, 145
Madura tinctoria,'490
Macquer's arsenical salt, 891
Macrocnemumj corymbosum,
345
Macrotys racemosa, 189
Mad apples, 418
Madagascar cardamom, 513
nutmeg, 248
Madar, 395
Madder, 350
Bengal, 350
brown, 350
Indian, 348
lake, 681
little field, 350
orange, 350
purple, 350
red, 350
wild, 346
yellow, 350
Maderic acid, 350
Madhuca, or Mahwah, 383
Madia, 368
Madia mellosa, 368
sativa, 368
viscosa, 368
Mador, 395
Madrepora, 179
Madrepore, 179
Madva, or Madhuca tree,
383
Maerra, 18
Madwort, 430
Galen's, 430
German, 409
mountain, 425
Magendie's Formulaire, 13
Magisterium bismuthi, 655
Magistery, 809
Magnesia, 810
alba, 811
black, 812
calcinata, 810
calcinata ponderosa, 810
calcined, 810
carbonate, 810
citrate, 811
citrate of, solution of, 811
effervescing citrate of, 811
heavy calcined, 810
heavy carbonate, 811
hydrochlorate, 812
lozenges, 998
Moxon's eS'ervescent, 818
muriatica, 812
nigia, 812
sulphate, 812
usta, 810
water, 633
Magnesiae carbonas, 810
cai'bonas ponderosa, 811
citras, 811
citras effervescens, 811
hydrochloras, 812
subcarbonas, 811
sulphas, 812
Magnetic oxide of iron, 750
Magnifera, 259
amba, 259
domestica, 259
Indica, 259
Magnolia, 196
acuminata, 196
auriculata, 196
glauca, 196
grandiflora, 196
plumieri, 196
precia, 196
tripetala, 196
yulan, 196
Magnoliacea;, 195
Magnum bonum, or Mo^uJ
plum, 291
Magonia, 238
1098
INDEX.
Magonia pubescens, 238
Mahmira, 191
Mahogany, 493
Mahogany tree, 240
wood, 241
Mahura, or Bilva, 230
Mahva, 383
Mahwah, 383
Maiden hair, 556
hair, Canada, 557
hair, Cape of Good Hope,
556
hair, common, 557
hair, peacock's tail, 557
pink, 219
Mais peladero, 566
Maize, 552
Majorana, 434
oleracea, 434
Mala insana, 418
punica, 295
Malabar cardamoms, 516
ipecacuanha, 349
nut tree, 441
rhubarb, 457
Malacca bean, 262
Malach, 487
Malachite, 791
Malacopterygii abdominales,
146
apodes, 149
sub-brachii, 148
Malacorium, 295
Malaga raisins, 242
Malaguetta pepper, 514
Malambo bark, 248
Malanea verticillata, 337
Malate of iron, impure, 749
Maldivian cocoa nut-tree,
538
Male agaric, 562
cornel, 334
fern, 558
fools' stones, 511
holly rose, 213
incense, 257
jalap, 407
nutmeg tree, 467
satyrion, 511
Mallow, common, 222
curl-leaved, 222
dwarf, 222
Indian, 223
Jew's, 225
marsh, 221
musk, 222 .
tree, 222
vervain, 222
Malpighia, 236
crassifolia, 235
glabra, 236
Malpighia moureila, 235
Malpighiacea-, 235
Malt, 548, 579
mash, 825
or British vinegar, 579
Malta orange, 231
Malting, 651
Maltum, 558
Malus, 292
punica, 295
sylvestris, 292
Malva, 222
alcea, 222
arborea, 222
bismalva officinalis, 221
communis, 222
crispa, 222
moschata, 222
rotundifolia, 222
sylvestris, 222
Malvaceae, 221
Mammalia, 108
Mammea, 234
Americana, 234
Man, 177
Manatee, 126
Manatus, 126
Manchineel, 480
tree, bastard, 390
Mancus, 18
Mandel amara, 286
Mandragora, 416
officinalis, 416
Mandrake, 200, 416
in North America, 200
Mandram, 414
Manettia, 347
cordifolia, 347
glabra, 34^
Manganese, 812
black oxide, 812
peroxide, 812
sulphate, 812
Manganesii peroxidum, 812
sulphas, 812
Manganesium, 812
Mangel wurtzel, 449
Mangifera amba, 259
domestica, 259
Indica, 259
Mango ginger, 515
Mangoe, 259
Mangoes, pickled, 259
preserved, 259
Mangostana cambogia, 234
Mangosteen, oil of, 234
Mangrove, 297
Mangusta, 191
Manihot, 481
Aipi, 482
Janipha, 481
Manihot, Jatropha, 481
utilissima, 481, 483
Manis, 119
Manna, Arabian, 300
croup, 547
foliata, 171
de fronde, 171
grass, 547
Hebraica, 265
metallorum, 767
of Briaufon, 504
Persian, 265
producing cicade, 170
seeds, 547
sugar, 813
Mannita, 813
Mannite, 813
Manual of Phai-macy,
Brande's, 14
Manuele Phai-maceuticum,
10
Many-eared wheat, 551
Maple, 236
common, 236 ,
greater, 236 „j
Norway, 236
sugar, 236
Virginia, 236
Maranta, 515
arundinacea, 517
galanga, 512
Indica, 515, 517
Marantacese, 517
Marasquina, 813
Marble, 662, 813
cement, Keene's, 670
Marbled sealing-wax, 926
Marcasite, golden, 1026
March plants fit for collect-
ing, 101
marygold, 190
Marchantia conica, 560
polymorpha, 560
Marginated cantharis, 168
Marine cement, 668
glue, 668
Marjoram, 434
bastard, 434
pot, 434
sweet, 434
winter, 434
Marjorana oleracea, 434
Mark, Danish, 17
Markasita, 654
Marking ink, 785 /
nut, 262
Marlow, 428
Marmalade, 813
Marmor, 662, 813
Marool, 530
Marriott's dry vomit, 818
INDEX.
1099
Marrow, vegetable, 306
Marrubium, 430
album, 430
Alyssum, 430
aquaticum, 430
nigrum, 427
pseudo-Dictamnus, 430
vulgare, 430
Marsden's drops, 819
Marseilles vinegar, 582
Marsh andromeda, 379
bedstraw, rough, 346
chick weed, great, 218
cistus, 381
crowfoot, 193
gentian, 401
horse-tiil, 555
louse-wort, 423
mallow, 221
mallow ointment, 1001
mallow paste, 868
marygold, 190
orchis, royal, 511
penny-wort, 326
rosemary, 445
samphire, 451
sedge, soft brown, 543
trefoil, 401
valerian, small, 351
Tiolet, 214
•wort, procumbent, 325
wound wort, 437
Marshall's cerate, 818
Marsupial animals, 116
Marsupialia, 116
Maiiagon, 529
Martial ethiops, 604, 750
Martin's cancer powder, 426
Marum, 438
Syriacum, 437
Maruta, 368
cotula, 368
foetida, 368
Marvel of Peru, 447
Peru, long-tubed, 447
Marygold, 190
common, 358, 374
field, 358
French, 374
marsh, 190
trifid burr, 358
. -wild, 358
Mas tcha, 229
Maselli's Pharmacopoeia Ber-
gamcnsis, 3
Mash, bran, 825
cally, 280
malt, 825
Mashas, 27
Mashinj, 651
Mass, 33
Massicot, 813
Massoor, 272
Massoy bark, 462, 463
Mastic varnish, 1015
Masticatoria, 813
Masticatories, 813
Mastich, 260
Barbary, 260
cement, Hamelin's, 670
herb, 438
Peruvian, 262
Sp'ian herb, 437
tree, 260
Mastor wort, 326
black, 319
Matches, 813
chlorate, 814
Congreve or lucifer, 814
Mate, 253
Materia Medica, Dr. Pereira's
Elements of, 14
Dr. Royle's, 14
and Therapeutics, Dr. Bal-
lard's, 14
Matfellon, 360
Mathew's pills, 818
Mathieu's vermifuge, 818
Mathiola, 209
incana, 209
Mathuskea, 499
Matico, 364, 434, 500
Matricaria, 369
chamomilla, 369
parthemum, 371
Matrisylva, 335
Mattia laevigata, 398
Maudlin, sweet, 353
Maun kachoo, 539
Maund, 27
Mauritius ipecacuanha, 294
tacamahaca, 233
Maw seed, 203
worm, 177
May, 288
apple, 200
duke, 287
plants which are in season
in, 102
weed, 368
Mayanthemum bifoliiun, 529
Maydew, 814
Maytee, 284
Maytenus, 252
Chilensis, 252
May worm, true, 170
Mead, 814
Meadow crowfoot, upright,
193
orchis, 511
pepper saxifrage, 330
pink, 220
Meadow rue, common, 194
rue, greater, 194
rue, lesser, 194
rue, Spanish, 194
saffron, 532
sweet, 294
Meal bark tree, 554
darnel, 548
Mealy guelder rose, 336
starwort, 525
tree, pliant, 336
Measly, 177
Measure, ale and beer, 29,
31
apothecaries, 31, 32
corn, 29
imperial, 30, 31
long, 29
old French, 32
wine, 29, 32
Measures and weights, 15
English, 28
French, of capacity, 33
French, of extension, 34
new French, 34
old French, of capacity,
33
Meat fruit, 486
Mecaxochitle, 501
Mecca, balsam of, 256
senna, 269
Mechoacan, 406
alba, 406
root, 406
Mechoacanna nigra, 407
alba, 406
Meckleuburgh blue, 679
Meconopsis, 202
aculeata, 202
Medeola Virginiana, 533
Medicago, 277
circinata, 277
lupulina, 277
sativa, 277
Medical weights, 26
cigars, 675
Medicamenta arcana, 814
veterinaria, 821
Medicated soaps, 923
Medicinal stone, 793
weights, continental, 26,
27
Medicine, tasteless worm,
820
Medicines, patent or pro-
prietaiy, 814
their uses and administra-
tion, 14
veterinary, 821
Medick or Nonsuch, black,
277
1100
INDEX.
Medium, 377
Medlar, Dutch, 289
Meekrappe, 350
Meerschaum, 831
Meerschwain, 127
Meissner ultramarine, 690
Mel, 831
acetatum, 867
jEgyptiacum, 794
l)oracis, 832
depuratum, 831
despumatum, 831
preparatum, 831
rosaceum, 832
rosatum, 832
rosas, 832
Melaleuca cajuputi, 304
leucadendron, 304
minor, 304
scoparia, 303
Melampodium, 192
Melampyrum arvense, 423
pratense, 423
Melaucholy thistle, 361
Melandre, 152
Melanorrhea, 2&0
usitatissimum, 260
Melaathacete, 528, 532
Melanthium densum, 633
dioicum, 533
latum, 533
muscaitoxicum, 533
phalangioides, 533
sylvestre, 192
Melastoma, 300
alata, 300
hairy, 300
hirta, 300
succosa, 300
Melastomacese, 300
Meleaudre, 152
Melia, 240
Azedarach, 240
guarea, 240
Meliaceffi, 239
Melicocca, 238
bijuga, 238
trijuga, 238
Meliconi, 552
Melilot, blue, 277
Italian, 277
plaster, 716
trefoil, 277
yellow, 277
Melilotus, 277
cserulea, 277
Italica, 277
officinalis, 277
vera, 277
Melissa, 431
acinos, 431
Melissa calamintha, 431
clinopodium, 431
fuchsii, 431
grandiflora, 431
Nepeta, 431
officinalis, 431
pulegioides, 428
water, 627
Melittis Melissophyllum,
431
Mellaghoo, 501
Mellago, 832
graminis, 735
taraxaci, 743, 832
Melligetta, or Malaguetta
pepper, 514
Mellite of borax, 832
Melo, 306
Meloe cichorii, 170
majalis, 170
proscarabajus, 170
variegatus, 170
vesicatorius, 169
Melon, 306
water, 306
Melongena, 418
Melothria, 307
pendula, 307
Membrane capsules, 666
Menispermacea?, It*?
Menispermum, 199
abuta, 198
accuminatum, 193
cocculus, 199
edule, 198
fenestratum, 199
lacunosum, 199
palmatum, 198
Mentha aquatica, 432
arvensis, 432
cataria, 433
cervina, 432
citrata, 432
crispa, 432
gentilis, 432
glabra, 432
hirsuta, 432
piperissapore, 432
piperita, 432
pulegium, 432
rotundifolia, 432
sylvestris, 432
villosa, 428
viridis, 432
Menthastrum, 432
Menyanthes nymphasoides,
402
trifoliata, 401
Meon athamanticon, 327
Mercurial balsam, 1007
bath, 645
Mercurial candles, 664
fumigation, 760
Mercurialis, 450 . ]
annua, 483
foemina, 483
mas, 483
perennis, 483
tomentosa, 483
Mercurius calcinatus, 772
corrosivus aibus, 768
corrosivus ruber, 772
dulcis prsecipitatus, 767
dulcis sublimatus, 767
nitrosus, 802
prsecipitatus albus, 768
precipitatus corrosivus^
772
solubilis Hahnemanni,
772
sublimatus corrosivus, 768
vitae, 614
Mercury, 765
acetate, 766
acid nitrate, 771
alkalized, 765
ammoniacal OAy(\hloruret,
768
ammoniated submuriatc,
769
ammouio-chloride, 769
and ammonium, chloride,
768
and potassium, iodide,
770
and quinine, chloride, 914
annual, 483
bichloride, 767
bicyanide, 769
biniodide, 769
binoxide, 771
bisulphuret, 773
children's, 483
chloramide, 768
chloride, 766 '■
coagulated, 772
cosmetic, 768
dog's, 483
English, 450
French, 483
Hahnemann's black oxide,
772
Hahnemann's soluble, 772
iodhydrargyrate of chloride,
770
iodhydrargyrate of per-
chloride, 770
iodide, 769
iodo-bichloride, 770
iodo-chloride, 770
nitrate of, solution of, 802
of life, 614
INDEX.
1101
Mercury, oxide, 771
perennial, or dog's, 483
phosphate, 773
purified, 765
solution of bichloride,
7(38
sulphuric oxide, 772
sulphuret of, with sulphur,
773
tartrate, 774
white precipitated, 768
with chalk, 765
with magnesia, 766
Meriandra Benghalensis, 431
M^rise, 287
Merries, 287
Merulius cantharellus, 563
Mesembryanthemum, 313
Copticum, 313
crystallinum, 313
edule, 313
nodiflorum, 313
Mespilodaphne pretiosa, 464
Mespilus, 289
cotoneaster, 288
Germanica, 289
oxycantha, 288
pyracantha, 288
Mesquitina, 281
Mesue', 2
antidotarium of, 3
Metal, bell, 693
Britannia, 872
fusible, 760
gun, 693
speculum, 693
Metallic cement, 669
tooth cement, 669
Metel, 415
Metheglin, 832
Metre, 34
Metrosideros gummifera, 302
Macassariensis, 384
Metrosiderus robusta, 17
Mettronica superba, 529
Meu, 320
Meum, 326
athamanticuni, 326
foeniculum, 325
mutellina, 327
Mexican gamboge, 233
tea, 450
Mexico seeds, 484
Mezereon, 458
Mezereum, 458
Micadonia, 383
Michelia, 196
Champaca, 196
suaveolens, 196
Micrelium asteroides, 363
Microcus paniculata, 226
Microcosmic salt, 832
Middle size fleabane, 371
Miglio panico, 549
Mikania, 369
Guaco, 369
officinalis, 369
opifera, 369
Mild mineral alkali, 929
vegetable alkali, 894
Milder mercurial ointment,
1005
ointment of nitrate of mer-
cury, 1007
ammoniated liniment, 794
Milfoil, 353
showy, 353
Military orchis, 511
Milium, 549
esculentum, 549
Indicum, 551
mundatum, 549
saba!um, 550
solis, 410
Milk, artificial asses-, 698
punch, 910
of roses, 791
of sulphur, 949
thistle, 372
vetch, 266, 271
wort, common, 216
Milky parsley, 329
Mill mountain, 221
Millefolium, 353
Millepedes, 163
Millet, 549
Barbadoes, 550
grey, 410
Indian, 551
Turkey, 551
yellow-seeded Indian, 551
Milt waste, 558
Milzadella, 429
Mimosa, 277, 299
Arabica, 264
bark, extract of, 264
' catechu, 264
fagifolia, 276
Farnesiana, 264
ferox, 277
ferrnginea, 264
Juliflora, 281
leucophlea, 264
natans, 277
Nilotica, 264
orfota, 264
piliflora, 281
scandens, 264
unguis cati, 276
Mlmusops, 384 i ',
Elengi, 384
manilkara, 384
Mina, 16
Mindererus on Military medi-
cine, 12
Mindererus' spirit, 607
Mine, 33
Mineral alkali, aerated, 929
alkali, mild, 929
blue, 678
Ethiops, 604, 773
kermes, 790
products, 579
solution, 804
turpith, 772
waters, 629
waters, artificial, 629
Minium, 682, 889
plaster, 716
Minot, 33
Mint, bergamot, 432
bushy red, 432
cat, 433
com, 432
curled-leaved, 432
hairy, 432
horse, 432
julep, 789
Moldavian, 428
pepper, 432
round-leaved horse, 432
spear, 432
water, 432, 627
Mioschilos obloncra, 468
Mirabelle plum^ 291
Mirabilis dichotoma, 447
jalapa, 447
longiflora, 447
Miraculous berry of Western
Africa, 385
Mishmee bitter, 190
teeta, 190
Missebrod, 540
Misseltoe, 335
of the oak, 335
Mistura acaciae, 832, 8j3
althea;, 832
amygdalae, 833
amygdalarum, 833, 834
ammoniac!, 833
aperiens Abernethei, 834
assafoetidse, 834
camphors, 834
camphorae cum magncsi
834
camphorata, 834
cathartica, 835
creasoti, 835
cretacea, 835
cretiE, 835
ferri aromatica, 835
fern composita, 835
gentianae composita, 836
1102
INDEX.
Mistura guaiaci, 836
hordei, 836
moschata, 837
moschi, 836
oleoso-balsamica, 837
salina, 837
scammonii, 837
sennse composita, 835
spiritlis vini Gallici, 837
Mithridate, 5
mustard, 208, 211
or Damocrates' confection,
687
pepperwort, 208
treacle, 545
Mithridatium, 687
Mites, 17
Mitis green, 680
Mitre, 25
Mixture, Abernethy's ape-
rient, 834
acacia, 832
almonds, 833, 834
ammoniacum, 833
assafoetida, 834
barley, 836
brandy, 837
camphor, 834
camphor, with magnesia,
834
cathartic, 835
chalk, 835
creasote, 835
gentian, compound, 836
Gregory's, 909
Griffith's green, 835
guaiacum, 836
iron, aromatic, 835
iron, compound, 835
marshmallow, 833
musk, 836
oleo-balsamic, 837
saline, 837
scammony, 837
senna, compound, 835
spirit of French wine,
837
Mixtures, freezing, 72
frigoi-ific, 73
frigorific, combination of, 74
Mocha aloes, 526
Mocho senna, 269
Mock arrack, 639
orange, 301
privet, 388
Modira caniram, 391
Mogadore euphorbium, 478
Mogorium Sambac, 388
Mogul plum, 291
Mohr and Redwood's Practi-
( cal Pharmacy, 14
Moiree metallique, 837
Molasses, 837,918
Moldavian mint, 428
Mole, 110
water, 119
Molina concava, 357
dependens, 357
emarginata, 357
oblongifolia, 357
prostrata, 357
reticulata, 357
MoUinedia, 197
ovata, 197
repanda, 197
MollipufFs, 563
Mollugo montana, 346
tetraphylla, 311
Mollusca, 153
Molluscous animals, 107
Molopospermum, 327
cicutarium, 327
Molucca grains, 475
Moly of Dioscorides, 525
of Homer, 525
Mombin, 263
Momordica balsamina, 307
Charantia, 308
elaterium, 308
luffa, 307
oncha, 307
Monarda, 433
fistulosa, 433
kalmiana, 230, 433
punctata, 433
Monesia, 383, 837
bark, 383
Moneywort, 443
Monkey, 109
bezoar, 654
pepper, 197
Monkey's faced tree, 484
Monk's rhubarb, 457
Monniera Brownii, 422
Monnina, 216
polystachya, 216
salcifolia, 216
Monochlamydese, 447
Monocotyledones, 507
Monodon monoceros, 127
Monodora, 197
myristica, 197
Monophyllon, 529
Monotremes, 119
Mont Dore water, 633
Montpelier scammony, 396
turbith, 444
Moocherus, 223
Moog halli, 280
kristma, 280
Moon root, 557
wort, 204, 557
Moor-hen, 135
Moorva, 530
Moose, 123
Moot, 280
Mora, 490
Morchella esculenta, 564
Morell, common, 564
Morello cherry, 289
Morese, 488
Moi-fil cyflfredin, 128
Mori, 490
baccse, 490
Morinda, 347
citrifolia, 347
muscosa, 338
umbellata, 347
Moiinga, 278
aptera, 278
oleifera, 278
pterygosperma, 278
Zeylanica, 278
Morocco leech, 161
red, 189
Morphia, 837
acetate, 838
acetate, solution, 803
bimeconate, solution of,
934
citrate, solution, 802
hydrochlorate, 839, 914
hydrochlorate, solution of,
803
iodide of, 840
lozenges, 998
muriate, 839, 914
sulphate, 840
Morphia acetas, 838
acetatis liquor, 803
hydrochloras, 839, 914
hydrochloratis liquor, 803
iodidum, 840
murias, 839, 914
muriatis liquor, 803
muriatis solutio, 803
sulphas, 840
Morochtus, 867
Morrison's pills, 818
Morse teeth, 120
Morsuli antimonialis, 840
aromatici, 840
citrici, 840
contra strumam, 840
contra vermes, 840
Morsus diaboli, 353
ranse, 507
Moras alba, 490
nigra, 490
rubra, 490
papyrifera, 490
tinctoria, 490
Xanthoxylum, 490
INDEX.
1103
Morveau's hydrometer, 39
Mosaic gold, 644
Moschat resin, 227
Moschidae, 125
Moschus artificialis, 841
moschiferus, 125
wurzel, 950
Moss, bog, 568
common club, 555
Corsican, 572
Corsican worm, 572
rap, 570
fir club, 556
hairy tree, 570
Iceland, 567
Irish, 571
of a dead man's skull, 560
rein deer, 567
rock, 570
sea, 179
upright fir, 556
Motacilla, 132
luscinia, 132
rubecula, 132
rubicola, 132
Moth mullein, yellow, 424
Motha-ghas, 544
Mother cloves, 302
of thyme, 438
wort, 430
Motor pea, 281 j
Motosolo, 341
Mottled soap, 922
Mountain ash, 291
blue, 679
bugle, 427
calamint, 431
colchicum, 533
cork, 640
Cretan poly, 437
currant, tasteless, 315
damson, 250
elder, 336
globe flower, 194
green, 680, 791
hyssop, 438
ironwort, 436
knapweed, 360
laurel, 380
leather, 640
liquorice, 284
long pepper, 502
madwort, 425
mahogany, 493
parsley, 329
pine, 505
poly, 437
speedwell, 425
tea, 380
tobacco, 355
valerian, 351
Mountain white poly, 438
wood, 640
yellow poly, 438
Mouringhy root, 278
Mouringon, 278
Mouse, 118
ear, 410
ear, common, 365
ear corn, 219
ear hawkweed, common,
365
tail, 192
Moussache, 481
Mousse de Coi-se, 572
Mousseron de Dieppe, 562
Mottled soap, 922
Moxa, 356, 841
weed, 356
Moxas, Chinese, 841
European, 841
Mox'on's effervescent mag-
nesia, 818
Muchucunda, 224
Mucilage of barley, 841
plaster,' 716
of quince, 841
of salep, 841
starch, 841
tragacanth, 841
Mucilago, 832
acacisB, 832
amyli, 841
arabici gummi, 833
cydoniaj, 841
gummi arabici, 832
hordei, 841
salep, 841
tragacantha3, 841
Mucuna pruriens, 278
prurita, 278
Mudar, 395
Mudarine, 396
Muddi awl, 347, 348
Mueda lukree, 466
Mughopine, 505
Mugnaio, 561
Mugwort, 357
fine leaved, 356
Muid, 33
Muktaree Kdt, 251
Mukul, 257
Mulbeny, black, 490
leaf booby bark, 342
paper, 490
red, 490
white, 490
Mule's fern, 558
Mulgedium, 369
Plumieri, 369
Mullein, 424 ^
black, 424J
Mullein, dark, 424
great, 425 ^
sage leaf, 434
white, 424
white flowered, 424
yellow moth, 424"
Mullet, 145
MuUus barbatas, 145
Mum, 27
Mundick, 841
Munduli, 266
Mungeet, 350
Munji maram, 484
Murcena anguilla, 149
conger, 149
Muretta columbo, 400
Murex, 155
brandaris, 156
Murias hydrargyri corrosivus,
767
Muriate of ammonia, 608
baryta, 649
gold, 642
magnesia, 812
morphia, 914
strychnia, 946
Muriatic acid, 588
ether, 601
Muriatis ferri liquor, 986
Muricia, 308
Cochinchinensis, 308
Murucuja, 310
ocellata, 310
Mus musculus, 118
Musa, 518
paradisaica, 518
sapientum, 518
Musacese, 518
Muscari ambrosiacum, 529
Muscatel raisins, 242
Muscava^o sugar, 550
Musci, 559
Muscoideaj, 559
Muscus arboreus, 568, 570
caninus, 569
catharticus, 567
clayatus, 555
cumutalis, 569
erectus, 556
pulmonarius, 567, 570
pyxidatus, 570
Muse grape flower, 529
Mushroom, common, 561
goat's beard, 563
hedgehog, 564
ketchup, 789
powder, 903
scarlet, 553
sugar, 813, 919
Mushrooms, 561
Musk, 125
1104
INDEX.
Musk, artificial, 841
bearing animal, 125
chervil, 321
deer, 125
mallow, 222
ochra, 222
root, 950
scented trufBe, 566
seeds, 222
Musky stork's-bill, 242
Mussel, common, 158
pearl, 157, 158
Must, 919
Mustard, 842
bastard, 211
bastard tower, 205
broad-leaved hedge, 210
cataplasm, 667
Chinese, 210
common, 210
essence of, Whitehead's, 820
flour of, 842
for table use, 842
hedge, 210
Mithridate, 208, 211
pills, Whitehead's essence
of, 820
tower, 205
treacle, 208, 211
white, 209
wild, 209
Mustek furo, 114
lutra, 114
•Mya margaritifera, 157
pictorum, 158
Myagrum sativum, 206
Mycoderma cervisise, 564
Myelencephala, 108
Myginda, 252
Gongonha, 253
Uragoga, 252
Mylabris, banded, 170
ciehorii, 170
Mylinum carvifolia, 330
Myosotis, 410
arvensis, 410
palustris, 410
perennis, 410
scorpioides, 410
Myosurus, 192
minimus, 192
Myrcia acris, 304
Myriapoda, 167
Myrica, 304
acris, 304
Carolinensis, 494
cerifera, 494
Gale, 495
Pennsylvanica, 495
Myricaceae, 494
Myricaria, 300
Myricaria Germanics, 300
Myristica aromatica, 466
moschata, 466
officinalis, 466
sebifera, 467
tomentosa, 467
Myristicffi moschatae fruc-
t<is nucleus, 466
nuclei, 466
Myristicese, 466
Myi-mecophaga, 119
Myrobalana chebula, 296
Myrobalani belerici, 296
chebuli, 296
Myrobalans, American, 459
Berelie, 296
black, 296
chebulic, 296
citrine, 296
Egyptian, 246
emblic, 476
Indian, 296
pickled, 296
yellow, 296
Myrobalanus belerica, 296
chebula, 296
citrina, 296
emblica, 476
Myrodendron amplexicaule,
240
Myrospermum pedicellatum,
278
Peruiferum, 278
of Sonsonate, 279
toluiferum, 279
Myroxylon pedicellatum, 278
Peruiferum, 278
toluifei-a, 279
Myrrh, 545
and aloes, tincture,
830
compound tincture, 830
horse tincture, 830
lotion of, Kirkland'p, 818
solution of, 803
Myrrhis, 327
odorata, 327
Myrtacese, 301
Myrteum, 304
Myrtidanum, 304
Myrtillus, 378
Myi-tle, candlebeny, 494
common, 304
Dutch, 495
leaved sumach, 251
spurge, 478
Myrtus, 304
caryophyllus, 302
cheken, 304
communis, 304
Jambos, 303
Myrtus luma, 304
pime'nta, 303
ugni, 230, 304
Myscolu microcephalus, 371
Mysticete, 128
Mytilus edulis, 158
hirundo, 158
margaritiferus, 158
Nabalus, 369
serpentarius, 369
Naful, 325
Nag-Kassar, 233
Nagur mootha, 544
Najadae, 508, 553
Naked barley, 547
oats, 546
stalked teesdalia, 211
serpents, 140
Naltha paut, 225
Namedoce, 301
Nankeen dye, 705
NaphiB, 230
Naphtha, 655, 842
aceti, 601
vitrioli, 600
Naphthaline, 842
Naples yellow, 683
soap, 923
water, 633
Napus dulcis, 205
sylvestris, 205
Narbonne soda, 451
Narcaphte, 474
Narcissus, 521
odonis, 521
poeticus, 521
pseudo-narcissus, 521
Tagetta, 521
Narcotics, 822
Narcotine, 842
Nard, Celtic, 351
Indian, 351, 545
Nardostachys, 351
jatamansi, 351
Nardus Celtica, 351
Indica, 351, 545
Nan'ow-leaf all heal, 428
Narrow-leaved mouse-ear
chick weed, 219
leaved orache, 448
leaved orache, spreading,
448
leaved pepper, 500
leaved rue, 248
leaved saxifrage, 316
leaved water parsnep, 331
leaved wild olive, 469
INDEX.
1105
Narrow-leaved wood spurge,
480
leaved zamia, 554
mealy ramalina, 569
Isarthex assafcetida, 323
Xarval, 127
Naseberry, 384
Nasturtium, 209
amjihibium, 209
aquaticum, 209
garden, 209
hortense, 209
magniflore, 207
officinale, 209
pretense, 206
smallei-, 244
Native caibonate of zinc,
600
Natre, 418
Natron prseparatum, 929
tartarizatum, 932
vitriolatum, 932
Natrum carbonicum, 929
Natura Salium, 12
Nauclea gambir, 350
Navel wort, 313
wort, annual, 442
Navette de dauphine, 206
de printemps, 205
d'hiver, 205
Navew, 205
wild, 205
Neapolitan ointment, 1005
Neat's-foot oil, 858
Neb-neb, 264
Necklaces, 842
anodyne, 842
Nectandra cinnamomoides,
464
cymbarum, 464
Puchury, 460
Puchury major, 464
Puchury minor, 465
Rodiai, 465
Nectar, Vauxhall, 639
Nectarine, 290
Neerija dichotoma, 232
Neeseben-y, 384
Negro Guinea com, 551
yam, 522
Neligan's Medicines, uses,
and administration, 14
Nelumbium, 201
speciosum, 201, 486
Nematoneura, 176
Nenupliar lutea, 201
Neottia ovata, 510
spiralis, 511
Nepal Bohmer nettle, 487
Nepaul paper, 458
Nepeta Cataria, 433
Nepeta Glechoma, 433
Malabarica, 427
Nephelium, 238
Nephrodium crenatum, 558
filix mas, 558
Nereumanti dysentericum,394
Nerium, 390
grandiflorura, 390
lauriforme, 391
odoratum, 390
odorum, 390
oleander, 390, 391
tinctoria, 391
Neroli, oil of, 231
Nerve oil, 858
Nervine ointment,' 647
Nesaa salicifolia, 299
Nests, 842
edible birds', 842
Nettle, common, 491
dead, 429
hemp, 428
hemp, common, 428
custard apple, 196
leaved bell flower, 377
leaved goosefoot, 450
Nepal Bohmer, 487
red dead, 429
red hemp, 428
Roman, 491
small stinging, 491
stinking dead, 437
trailing hemp, 428
tree, 493
Neuroptera, 166
Neutral cerate, Kirkland's,
818
or soluble sulphate of qui-
nine, 914
Nevins' Translation of the Lon-
don Pharmacopoeia, 14
New bark, 343
Carthagenabark, 340, 341,
344, 345
Dispensatory, the Edin-
burgh, 13
Dispensatory, Dr. Lewis',
13
Holland gum, 531
Jersey tea, 253
Nicandra, 416
physalodes, 416
Nicaragua wood, 268
wood, bastard, 268
Newcastle white, 682
Nicholson's hydrometer, 39
Nickar tree, grey, 274
tree, yellow, 274
Nickars, 274
Nicholas Prevost, 3
(Prepositus,) 2
Nickel 842
silver, 842
Nicolaus de Salerno, 2
Nicotiana, 416
minor, 416
Persica, 416
rustica, 416
tabacum, 416
Nicotianin, 863
Nicotine, 842
Nigel la, 192
arvensis, 192
Indica, 192
sativa, 192
Nightingale, 132
Nightshade, 419
black, 419
common, 419
common enchanter's, 297
deadly, 413
sleepy, 417
tree, 419
woody, 418
Nihil, 1028
Nihili album, 1028
Nikei, 462
Nil, 1028
Nilicamaram, 476
Nima, 249
quassoides, 249
Nin sing, 331, 333
Ninsi, 331
Ninzen, 331
Niouttout, 259
Nipple wort, common, 338
Nitrate of ammonia, 610
baryta, 649
lead', 888
potash, 898
quinine, 914
silver, 637
Nitre, 898
fixed, 894
lozenges, 999
sweet spirit, 602
Nitric acid, 592
acid of commerce, 592
acid, dilute, 593
acid fumigation, 760
acid, anhydrous, in nitric
acids of different specitic
gravities, 53
acid, table for determining
the strength of, by it*
density, 52
acid ointment, 1000
ether spirit, 602
oil of camphor, 847
Nitro-muriatic acid, 593
acid bath, 644
saccharate of lead, 88S
4 B
1106
INDEX.
Nitrous acid, 593
ether, 602
ethereal spirit, 603
Nitrum flammaiis, 610
semivolatile, 610
tabulatum, 898
vitriolatum, 900
Noela tali, 247
Noeleuchena, 539
Noix de serpent, 307
Nonatelia, 347
officinalis, 347
Nonpareil capers, 664
Nonpareils, 704
Nordhausen oil of vitriol,
595
Norfolk purple willow, 408
Normandy soda, 451
Normandy's purple ink, 784
Norris' drops, 819
North America, 200
Northern hard fern, 557
Norton's drops, 819
Norway maple, 230
spruce fir, 502
Norwhal, 127
Nostoc, 573
commune, 573
tremella, 573
Notabasis, 369
Syriaca, 369
Nottingham white, 682
Nouffleur's remedy for tape
worm, 818
Nouveau Traite de Phar-
macie, par Soubeiran, 14
Novargent, 842
November and December,
plants to be collected in,
105
Novum Lumen Chimicum, 12
Noyaux, 843
Nuces aquaticx, 298
behen, 278
cupressus, 503
Nuck's Pharmacopoeia, 3
Nudibranchiata, 154
Numida meleagris, 134
Nummularia, 443
Nuphar, 201
lutea, 201
Nursery powder, 906
Nut, Areka, 500
bastard French physic, 482
betel, 535
broad, 508
butter, 492
cacao, 537
chocolate, 225
clearing, 392
cocoa, 537
Nut, coquilla, 537
common physic, 482
earth, 320
French physic, 482
galls, 490
haugh, 320
hurr, 296
ink, 296
kipper, 320
marking, 262
oil, 850
physic, 482
pig, 320
pistacia, 261
rush, 543
sea cocoa, 538
souari, 237
surawah, 237
suwarrow, 237
tree, Barbadoes, 482
tree, betel, 535
tree, hazel, 494
tree, Malabar, 441
Nutmeg, 466
American, 197
clove, 248, 460
Madagascar, 248
tree, 466
tree, male, 467
Nutmegs, Ameiican, 460
Brazilian, 4^.3
Waccawai, 460
Nuts, Ben, 278
Brazil, 237, 302, 303
cembra, 504
cocoa, 537
ground, 266
kola, 225
pine, 505
purging, 475
Ravensara, 460
sassafras, 465
zirbel, 505
Nux ahouai, 394
moschata, 466
vomica, 392
Nyctaginea;, 447
Nyctago, 447
dichotoma, 447
jalapa, 447
longiflora, 447
Nyctanthes, 388
arbortristis, 388
Sambac, 388
Nymphffia, 201
alba, 201
lutea, 201
lutea minor, 402
nelumbo, 201
odorata, 201
Nympha;acea?, 200
0.
Oak-apples, 497
black, 497
British, 497
evergreen, 496 ,. ]
fern, 557
fern, small, 559
fern, white, 557
gall, 496
galls, 496 ;;
holm, 496 '
kermes, 496
leather, 563
lungs, 570
misseltoe of the, 335
of Jerusalem, 450
poison, 261
polypody of the, 559
white, 496
Oat, 548
cultivated, 545
grass, wild, 547
naked, 546
Spanish, 546
thistle, pointed, 546
Oatmeal gruel, 825
Oats, black, 546
white, 546
Observations on the Dublin
FhamiacopcBia, 14
Obolo, 28
Obulus, 16
Occidental bezoar, 653
Ochnaceffi, 250
Ochra, musk, 222
purpurea Persica, 682
Ochre, §83
brown, S§8-
brown, Spanish, 683
French, 683
Indian red, 683
Oxford, 683
red, 683
Roman, 683
yellow, 683
Ocotea cujumar}', 460
cymbarum, 464
pichurim, 460
puchur)% 464
October, plants which are in
perfection in, 105
Oculus Christi, 436
Ocymum, 433
album, 230, 433
Basilicum, 433 '
cavum, 433
crispum, 433
hirsutum, 434
pilosum, 434
INDEX.
1107
Ocymum sanctum, 434
suave, 434
sylvestie, 431
tuberosum, 434
viride, 434
(Eillet des Chaitroux, 219
(Enanthe, 327
aquatica, 327
cicuta facia, 327 .
crocata, 327
fistulosa, 327
peucidanifolin, 327, 328
phellandrium, 327
pimpiuelloides, 327, 328
pui-purea, 327
CEnothera, 298
biennis, 298
Officinal sponge, 179
cinchona bai-ks, 343
valerian, 352
Oglifa arvensis, 364
Oil, allspice, 860
almonds, 844
almonds, bitter, 844
almonds, essential, 844
almonds, sweet, 844
aloes, 843
amber, 595, 863
amber, oxidized, 841
and hartshorn, 794
animal, 844
aniseed, 844
ants, 852
arnica root, 845
asarabacca, 845
asarabacca, volatile, 845
asphaltum, 845
balm, 856
Batavian aloetic, 843
baj, 855
bay, sweet, 855
beech nut or beech mast, 851
beetle, 170
ben, 278, 846
benjamin, 846
Benne>v 4^^ 882
bergamot, TQlatile, 846
birch, 81'3
box, 847
bush, 484
brick, 854
buchu, volatile, 846
bumet, common, 860
cajaput, 304
cajaput or kyapootie, 304,
847
camphor, 227, 847
camphor, nitric, 847
camphorated, 795
cantharides, 847
Carapa, 239
Oil, caraway, 848
cardamou seeds, 8 18
Carrou, 795
cassia, 848
castor, 484, 861
cebadilla, 848
cedrat, 848
chamomile, 845
cherry laurel, volatile, 855
chervil, 849
cinnamon, 849
cinnamon, Chinese, 848
citron flowers, 849
citronelle, 545
cloves, 302, 848
cocculus Indicus, 845
cocoa, 847
cocoa nut, 849
cod livei", 149, 853
colours, cake, 684
colours in bottles, 684
colza, 849
copaiba, essential, 850
coriander, volatile, 850
croton, 475, 850
cubebs, 851
cubebs, volatile, 851
cummin, 851
deadly nightshade, 846
dill, 844
Dippel's, 844
earth worms, 856
elder, 862
ergot, 851
ethereal, 843
ethereal animal, 844
Exeter, 851
fennel, common v/ild or
bitter, 851
fennel, sweet, 851
fermented, 858
fern, 558
flag, sweet, 843
Florence, 858
fcenugreek seeds, 852
foetid animal, 844
for tapeworm, Chaubert's,
850
foxglove, 851
galbanum, 852
Gailipoli, 858
garden spurge, 854
Genoa, 858
gingelli, 862
grain, 611
grass, 545
green elder, 862
guaiacum, 852
hartshorn, rectified, 844
hazel nut, 856
hemlock, 850
Oil, hempseed, 848 _[
henbane, 853
hops, 856
horsemint, 857
horseradish, 845
hyssop, 853
infernal regions, 858
ioduretted, 853
jasmine, 853
jatropha curcas, 853
juniper, 854
Krumholz, 854
Kundah, 239
Kyapootie, 304, 847
laurel berries, volatile, 855
lavender, 430
lavender, English, 855
lavender, foreign, 863
lemon grass, 545
lemon peel, essential, 855
lemon thyme, 862
lilies, white, 855
liquid pitch, 860
linseed, 221, 855
Lucca, 858
mace, essential, 856
mace, expressed, 857
madia sativa, 856
male fem, 852
marjoram, 859
marjoram, sweet, 856
meadow, sweet, 863
milfoil flowers, 857
mucilages, 857
mustard, 862
mustard, volatile, 862
mustard, wild, 860
myrtle, essential, 858
Namur grass, 544
neat's foot, 858
neroli, 231, 846
nerve, 858
nut, 856
nutmeg, 858
nutmegs, essential, 857]
nutmegs, expressed, 857
olive, 387, 578, 858, 859
olive, oxygenated, 859
orange flower, 846
orange leaf, 846
orange peel, 846
ordinary, 858
palm, 538, 859
Palma Christi, 861
paper, 849
partridge berrv, 852
penny royal, 852, 857
pepper, volatile, 860
peppermint, 856
petroleum, essential, 859
phosphorated, 859
4 B 2
1108
INDEX.
Oil, pichurium, 860
pichurim beans, 860
pimento, 860
plum stone*, 854
poppy, 859
Provence, 858
rag, 849
raisin stones, 864
rape, brown, 860
rape, pale, 860
rape, refined, 860
raventsara, 860
rhodium, 273, 860
rock, 655
rosemary, 861
roses by infusion, 861
rosevvort, 860
rue, 861
saffron, volatile, 850
sage, 862
salad, 858
sandal wood, 862
sassafras, 862
sassafras nuts or pichurim
beans, 860
sassafras, volatile, 862
savine, 504, 801
scorpions, 862
Sicily, 858
Spanish, 858
spearmint, 433, 857
sperm, 849
spermaceti, 849'
spike, 429, 863
spike, true, 863
St. John's wort, 853
star anise, 845
stone pine kernels, 858
sulphurated, 863
sunflower, 853
swallow, 862
sweet, 858
sweet flag, 843
sweet marjoram, 856
Tallicoonah, 239
tansy, volatile, 863
tar, 505, 860
tea, 864
three ingredients, 864
thyme, 434, 859
tigllum, 475
tiUi, 475
tobacco, 417
tobacco, concrete volatile,
863
Touloucouna, 864
trotter, 858
turpentine, 505, 864
valerian root, 864
Terbena, 545
Yirgin, 858
Oil, vitriol, 595
vitriol by the bell, 595
vitriol, Nordhausen, 595
walnuts, 854
wax, 848
Wedel's, 846
wheat, 864
wine, 843
wood, 227, 239
wood soot, 852
womiseed, 450, 849
wormwood, 843
yolk of eggs, 864
Oils, egg, 831
emulsion, 809
volatile, 864
Ointment, acetate of lead,
1009
aloes with peti-oleum, 1001
ammonio-chloride of mer-
cury, 1006
anthrakokali, 612
aromatic, 1002
astringent, 828
basilicon, 1002
basilicon, black, 1002
basilicon, green, 1002
basilicon, yellow, 1002
belladonna, 1002
biniodide of mercurj', 1006
black pepper, 1009
blue, 1005
calamine, 671
camphorated white, 1000
eantharides, 1003
cantharides, infusion of,
1003
carbonate of lead, 1009
citrine, 1007
cocculus, 1004
creasote, 1004
elder, 1011, 1012
elder flower, 1011
elder, green, 1012
elecampane, 1007
elemi, 1004
foxglove, 1004
gall and opium, 1005
gall, compound, 1005
galls, 1005
hemlock, 1004
hoof, 828
hydriodate of potash, 1010
iodide of lead, 1010
iodide of mercury, 1006
iodide of mercurv, red,
1006
iodide of potassium, 1010
iodide of sulphur, 1012
iodine, 1007
iodine, compound, 1007
Ointment, ioduretted iodide
of potassium, 1007
itch, 1001
laurine, 1008
lead, compound, 1009-
lead, white, 1003
marshmallow, 1001
mercurial, 1005
mercurial, milder, 1005
mercurial, stronger, 1005-
mezereon, 1008
Neapolitan, 1005
nervine, 647, 1011
neutral, 10U9
nitrate of mercury, 1006
nitrate of mercurv, milder,
1007
nitric acid, 1000
nitric oxide of mercury,.
1007
opium, 1008
pitch, 1008
pompholyx, 1004
poplar, 1010
poplar, compound, 1010
potassio- tartrate of anti-
mony, 1001
red precipitate, 1007
resin, 1010
rose, 1011
rose water, 1001
rosemary, compound, 1011
savine, lOll
scrophularia, 1012
simple, 1012
Singleton's golden. 819
Smellom's, for the eyes,
819
soap, camphorated, 1012
spermaceti, 1003
stramonium, 1012
sulphur, 1012
sulphur, compound, 1012
sulphuric acid, lOuO
tar, 1009
three thintrs, 1013
toad flax, 1008
tobacco, 1013
Trooper's, 1006
tutty, 1013
verdigris, 1000
wax, 1003
white arsenic, 1002 "
white lead, 1003
•white precipitate, 1000
white wax, 1003
yellow, 1007
zinc, 1013
Ointments, astringent, 828
blistering, 830
detergent, 826
INDEX.
1109
Ointments, digestive, 829
discutiont, 829
Okecorn, 497
Okra, 222
Olacinies affine, 246
Old English, or speckled
leech, 161
field pine, 505
JFrench measure, 33
French measure of capa-
city, 34
French weight, 24
ustic, 490
man, 355
wives' sow, 560
■Oldenlandia, 348
umbellata, 348
•Olea, 387
Europsea, 387
sativa, 387
volatilia, 864
Oleaceae, 386
Oleae Europe^e oleum fixum,
859
Oleo-saccharum, 886
Oleoso-balsamic mixture,
837
-Oleum absinthii, 843
acori, 843
aethereum, 843
aloeticum, 843
ammoniatum, 794
mygdalas, 844
mygdalse dulcis, 844
amygdaljE amarse, 844
anamirtae cocculi, 845
anethi, 844
nimale aethereum, 844
■animale fcetidum, 844
animale empyreumaticum,
844
imimalis Dippelii, 844
anisi, 844
anisi stellati, 845
anthemidis, 845
anthos, 861
armoraciae, 845
amicae radicum, 845
asari, 845
asphalti, 845.
, -aurantii, 231, 846
aurantii corticis, 846
aurantii folium, 846
tadiani, 195, 845
"balatinum, 846
barosma, 846
belladonnoe, 846
benzoini, 846
floergamii, 846
bergamoti, 846
ibetulac, 846
Oleum bezoardicum, 846
bubulum, 858
buxi, 473, 847
cacao, 847
cadinum, 847
cajaputi, 847
calami aromatici, 843
camphorae, 847
camphorae nitricatum, 847
camphoratum, 795
cannabis, 848
cantharidis, 847
cantharidum infusum, 847
cardamom i, 848
carlinse, 848
carlinae radicis, 848
carui, 848
car)-ophyllorum, 848
cassia3, 848
cebadillffi, 848
cedri, 848
ceras, 848
cetacei, 849
Chaberti, 850
chaerophylli, 849
chamajmeli, 845
chartae, 849
chenopodii, 849
cinnamomi, 849
einnamomi veri, 849
citri, 848
citri florum, 849
cocois butyraceaj, 859
cocois nuciferae, 849
conii, 850
contra taeniam Chaberti,
850
copaibse, 850
coriandri, 850
cornu cervi, 844
coryli, 850
croci, 850
crotonis, 850
cubebae, 851
cum cantharidibus, 847
cumini, 851
cymini, 851
de colza, 849
de kerva, 861
d^tribus, 864
digitalis, 851
diosmae, 846
e mucilaginibus, 857
ergotae, 851
essentiale anisi, 845
essentiale carui, 848
essentiale lavendulae, 855
essentiale menthae piperiti-
dis, 856
essentiale mentbs satirs,
857
Oleum essentiale meutiias
vulgaris, 857
essentiale origani, 859 ,
essentiale pulegii, 857
essentiale rorismai-ini, 861
essentiale e baccis juniperi,
854
essentiale e floribus cha-
moemeli, 845
essentiale e floribus laven-
duljB, 855
essentiale e foliis menthaj
piperitidis, 856
essentiale e foliis mentliac
sativae, 857
essentiale e foliis origani,
859
essentiale e foliis pulegii,
857
essentiale e foliis roris-
marini, 861
essentiale e seminibus
anisi, 845
essentiale e seminibus
carui, 848
e vitellis ovarnm, 864
excestrensc, 851
fabarum pichurium, 860
fagi, 851
filicis, 852 !
filicis maris, 852
florum chamcemeli, 845
florum lavendulae, 855
foeniculi, 851
foeniculi dulcis, 851
foeniculi vulgaris, 851
foenugraeci, 852
formicarum, 852
fuliginis, 852
galbani, 852
gaultherise, 380, 852
guaiaci, 852
hedeomae, 852
helianthi, 853
herbs menthae, 857
herbae pulegii, 857
herbae origani, 859
herbae rorismarini, 861 '
hyoscyami, 853
hyperici, 853
hyssopi, 853
ioduretum, 853
infemale, 853 ]
asmini, 853
atrophae curcadis, 853
ecoris aselli, 853
uglandis, 854
unipei-i, 854
kervinum, 861
lapidum prunarum, 854
lateritium, 854
1110
INDEX.
Oleum lathyris, 854'
lauri, 855
lauri sassafras, 862
lauri volatile, 855
laurinum, 855
lauro-cerasi, 855
lavandula?, 855
lavandulaa vera;, 855
liliarum, 855
limonum, 855
lini, 221, 855
lini cum calce, 795
lumbricorum, 856
lupuli, 856
macidiii, 856
macis cssentiale, 856
madi, 856
marjoranse, 856
melaleucae, 847
melissffi, 856
menthae piperitas, 856
mentha; pulegii, 857
menthse viridis, 857
millefolii, 857
monardaj, 857
morrhua;, 853
morrhuffi cum quiua,
854
moschatEe, 857
myristicae, 857
myristicaj expressum, 857
myrti essentiale, 858
narcissi, 858
nervinum, 858
nucis moschataj, 857
nucis pini, 858
nucistas, 858 '
nucum juglandis, 854
[ oliva;, 387, 578, 858,
859
olivarum oxygenatum,
859
omphacinum, 858
origani, 859
palmce, 859
papaveris, 859
petrolei volatile, 859
phosphoratum, 859
pichurium, 860
picis liquids, 860
pini rubrum, 860
pimentfe, 860
pimpinellaj, 860
piperis, 860
provinciale, 858
radicis carlinse, 848
j-apa, 860
rapse refinum, 860
raphani, 860
ravensarse, 860
rhodii, 860
Oleum rhodiolffi, 860
ricini, 861
rosaceum, 861
rosa;, 861
rosmarini, 861
ruta;, 861
sabina;, 861
salvia;, 862
sambuci, 862
sambuci viride, 862
Sanctae Marise, 233
santali, 862
santali albi, 862
sassafras, 862
scorpionum, 862
serpylli, 862
sesami, 862
sinapis, 862
sinapis volatile, 862
spica;, 863
spicaa verum, 863
spirasa; ulmarise, 294, 863
stffichadis, 863
succini, 863
succini oxidatum, 841
succini rectificatum, 863
sulphuratum, 863
tabaca; volatile, 863
tanaceti, 863
tartari per deliquium, 805
templinum, 864
terebinthina;, 864
terebinthinaj ethereum,8G4
terebinthina; rectificatum,
864
these, 864
tiglii, 475, 850
touloucounse, 864
tritici, 864
valeriansE, 864
vini, 843
, viride, 862
e vitis vinifera; lapidibus,
864
Olibanum, 257
African, 257
American, 504
Indian, 257
Oliva; oleum, 387, 578, 858,
859 •
Olive-coloured parmelia, 569
narrow-leaved wild, 469
leaved cinchona, 341
enamel, 720
oil, 387, 578, 858, 859
spurge, 458
tree, 387
Olivile, 387
Ollato, 303
Omphacium, 1017
Omphalea triandra, 483
Omphalobium, 260
Lambertii, 260
Onagraria;, 297
Oncorhiza esculenta, 522
Oncus esculentus, 522
One beny, 534
blade, 529
Onion, 525
Welsh, 525
Oniscus armadillo, 163
asellus, 163
murarius, 163
Onobrychis, 279
sativa, 279
Ononis, 279
spinosa, 279
Onopordon, 369
acanthium, 369
Onosma, 409, 411
arenaria, 411
echioides, 411
Onotho incolarum, 212
Opal, ai'tificial, 762
Operculina convolvulus, 406
turpethum, 407
Ophidia, 140
Ophidian reptiles, 140
Ophioglossum lunaria, 557
osmunda, 558
spicatum, 558
vulgatum, 558
Ophiorhiza, 348
Mungos, 348
Ophioxylon, 391
serpentinum, 391 -'•«»
Ophrys ovata, 510
spiralis, 511
Opiated lead pill, 882
Opiatum antituberculosum,
561
Opium, 886
Battle/s sedative solution
of, 815
Benares, 896
cigars, 675
colatum, 739
confection, 688
Constantinople, 896
cumin, 202
Egyptian, 896
European, 896
Indian, 896
lozenges, 999
lettuce, 367
Malwa, 896
Patna, 896
Persian, 896
purificatum, 739
Smyrna, or Levant, 897
Trebizond, 896
Turkey, 896
INDEX.
nil
Opium water, 628
Opobalsamum, 25g 54?
Opodeldoc, 797 '
Steer's. 820
Opoidia, 328
galbanifera, 328
Opopanax, 322, 328
Chironium, 328
Oporanthus, 521
luteus, 521
Oporinia, 370
autumnalis, 370
Opulus glandulosus, 336
Opuntia, 314
cocciuillifera, 171, 314
ficus Indica, 314
vulgaris, 314
Ora or ounce, 18
Orache, 448, 449
garden, 449
grass-leaved sea, 449
narrow-leaved, 448
sea, 449
shrubby, 449
spreading narrow-leaved,
448
stinking, 450
wild, 451
Oraguri, 248
Orange, 685
China, 230
coloured bark, 340
common, 230
East India country, 231
East India small clove, 231
enamel, 720
flower water, 624
flowers, candied, 230
lac, 791
lake, 681, 683
lily, 529
madder, 350
Malta, 231
milked agaric, 50 1
mock, 301
peas, 232
peel, candied, 232, 685
peel, concentrated corn-
pound infusion of, 801
peel, confection of, 686
peel, conserve of, 686
red, 682
Seville, 231
sweet, 230
wine, 1025
Orangeade, 867
Oranged whey, 926
Oranges, Curasso, 232
Orchil, 570, 637
Orchidea;, 509
Orchis bifolia, 510
Orchis butterfly, 510
early purple, 511
fusca, 511
great brown- winged, 511
green-winged meadow, 511
hircina, 511
latifolia, 511
lizard, 511
mascula, 511
militaris, 511, 512
military, 511, 512
morio, 511
palmata, 511
pyramidal, 511
pyramidalis, 511
royal marsh, 511
taurica, 512
yariegata, 512
Ordeal bark, 272
Ordinary Cetaceans, 128
oil, 858
Orelia grand iflora, 389
Oreodaphne cupalaris, 465
opifera, 465
Organic capsules, 6S5
Orgeat, 952
Oriental bezoar, 654
golden locks, 366
picktooth, 319
plane tree, 495
sassafras, 466
Origanum, 434
dictamnus, 427
heracleoticum, 434
Majorana, 434
onitis, 434
vulgare, 434
Origin of Phai-macopceias, 1
Original Jesuit's bark-tree,
278
Orilha de on9a, 198
Orleana, 212, 612
Orleans plum, 291
Omithogalon, 529
Ornithogalum maritimum,
530
umbellatum, 529
Omithopus, 279
perpusillus, 279
scorpioides, 266
Omythorynchus, 119
paradoxus, 119
Oniitrophe serrata, 239
Ornus Europaa, 387
rotundifolia, 387
Orobanche, 426
major, 426
Virginiana, 425
Orobancheaj, 425
Orobus, 279
luteus, 279
Orobus, niger, 279
sylvaticus, 279
tuberosus, 280
tuberose, 280
Toumefortii, 279 2
vernus, 279
Oi-piment, 640
Orpine, livelong, 312
Orrice, 514
Orris, Florentine, 519
root, 519
Orror, 271
Oiseille, 570
de terre, 568
Orthoptera, 166
Orycteropus, 119
Oiyza, 548
Indica, 548
sativa, 548
O'Shaughnessy's Bengal Dis-
pensatory, 14
Osier, common, 498
Osmund, royal, 558
Osmunda lunaria, 557
regalis, 558
Ossei, 144
Osteites, 867
OsteocoUa, 867
Osteolithus, 867
Ostennaier's tooth cement,
669
Ostrea edulis, 158
maxima, 159
Ostrich, 136
Oswego tea, 433
Osyris, 468
alba, 468
Otaheite apple, 262
salep, 522
Otanthus maritimus, 362
Otter, common, 114
Otto of roses, 861
Our Lady's thistle, 372
Ourari, 393
Ouv^irandia fenestralis, 508
Oval egg plant, 419
Ovis aries, 125
Owl, 131
Ox, 122
eye, 354
eye chamomile, 355
eye daisy, 368
eye, great white, 368
gall, inspissated, 744, 930
tongue, 408
Oxalate of ammonia, 610
Oxalic acid, 593
Oxalidese, 245
Oxalis, 245
acetosella, 245
compressa, 245
1112
INDEX.
Osalis corniculata, 245
dodecandria, 246
frutescens, 245
stricta, 246
tuberosa, 246
Oxford ochre, G83
Oxhoof, 267
Oxide of antimony, 613
iron, 749
mercury, 771
tin, 945
silver, 638
zinc, 1028
Oxidised oil of amber, 841
Oxlip primrose, 443
Oxycantha Galeni, 200
Oxycedrus, 504
Oxyohloride of antimony,
614
Oxycoccus hispidulus, 378
macrocarpus, 378
palustris, 378
Oxycroceum plaster, 717
Oxydnm ferroso-ferricum,
750
hydi'argyri rubri per
acido nitrico, 772
Oxygenated axunge, 644
Oxygenized fiit, 1000
Oxvlapathum, 457
Oxymel, 867
seruginis, 794
colchici, 867
cupri subacetatis, 794
of meadow saffron, 867
scillse, 868
scilliticum, 868
simplex, 867
of squill, 868
Oxymuriate of lime, 663
potash, 895
soda, 808
Oxysacicharum digitalis, 868
Oxystelma, 397
iEgyptiacum, 398
esculentum, 397
Oxysulphuret of antimony,
616
Oxyuris vermicularis, 177
Oyster, common, 158
green, 574
P.
Pachera aquatica, 224
Pachydermata, 119
common, 119
Pachydermes, 119
Pachyma cocos, 565
Tuber regium, 565
Pachyry, 464
Pacourina, 370
edulis, 370
Pacourinopsis integrifolia,
370
Paddy, 548
Padre tea, 229
Pajderia, 348
foetida, 348
Paonia, 192
officinalis, 192 ■*
Pagils, 443
Paharipeepul, 502
Painter's varnish, 1016
Palampulli, 283
Palar indigo, 391
Palass goond, 267
Pale bark, 340, 343, 344
perfoliate honeysuckle, 335
rape oil, 860
red rose bush, 293
Palicourea, 348
crocea, 348
diuretica, 348
longifolia, 348
Marcgravii, 348
officinalis, 348
speciosa, 348
sonans, 348 Tg
strepens, 348
sulphurea, 348
Paliurus, 253
aculeatus, 253
Palladium, 868
Pallenis, 370
spinosa, 370
Palm, cabbage, 535
Carnauba, 537
Doum, 538
Guinea, 538
oil, 538, 859
plaster, 713
sago, 538
sugar, 536
wax, 536
wine, 536, 538
Palma, 537, 538
Christi, 484
Christ! oil, 861
cocos, 537
oleosa, 538
prunifera, 536
Palmipedes, 136
Palniffi, 533
Palmyra tree, 536
Palo de vaca, 384, 487
de velas, 403
Pampelmus, 231
Pampova, 512
Panacea antimonii, 619
of antimony, 619
Panacea lapsorum, 355
Panada, 761
Panakes heracleion, 328
Panax, 333
coloni, 437
fruticosum, 333
Morototoni, 333
quinquefolium, 333
undulata, 333
Pancaga, 325
Panchymagogum minerale,
767
Pancration, 530
Pancratium maritimum, 521
Pandanacea;, 508
Pandanus, 509
odoratissimus, 509
Pangolins, 119
Panic, 549
Panicled wolfsbane, 189
Panicum, 549
Americanum, 549
dichotomum, 549
frumentaceum, 549
glaucum, 549
Italicum, 549
miliaceum, 549
milium, 549
pilosum, 549
Pansy, 214
Pao, 464
de cobra, 391
zaban, 284
Papareh, 308
Papaver, 202
Argemone, 202 '
erraticum, 202
erraticum majus, 203
erraticum capite oblongo
hispid 0, 203
hortense, 203
officinale, 203
rhffias, 203
rubrum, 203
somniferum, 203
Papaveracese, 201
Papaveris capsulas, 203
Papaw, 309
Papayacese, 308
Papeeta, 392
mulberry-tree, 490
Paper, Nepaul, 458
tracing, 995
wafer, 1023
Papyrus, 543
antiquorum, 543
Paracelsus, 3
Paracelsus' elixir of propriet}',
709
plaster, 717
Paradoxical frog, 143
INDEX.
1113
Paradoxurus, 115
Paregoric elixir, 973
lozenges, 999
Scotch, 988
Paraguay roux, 871
tea, 252, 253, 282
Paraphrase sur la Pharma-
cope'e, 3
Paralysis vulgaris, 443
Paras'ita, 167
Paratoda, 448
Parga macho, 407
Pareira, bitter, 198
brava, brown, 198
brava, white, 198
Brazilian, 198
medica, 1£9
Parietaria officinalis, 490
Parenchymatous entozoa,
176
Paris blue, 679
herb, 534
long measure, 34
quadrifolia, 534
Paris', Dr. Pharmacologia,
13
Parisian Codex, 6
Park leaves, 232
Parker's cement, 670 _^
Parmelia, 569
aquila, 569
caperata, 569
grey stone, 569
olivacea, 569
olive coloured, 569
omphalodes, 569
parietina, 569
sasatilis, 569
sunburnt, 569
yellow wall, 569
Parmentiera, 403
cerifera, 403
Pamassia, 215
palustris, 215
Parnassus, grass of, 215
Parolic cement, 669
Paronychia, 316
vulgaris, 208
Paronychieae, 310
Parrot, 133
coal, 967
Parrot's com, 359
Parsley, 323
bastard stone, 331 "7
common beaked, 318
com, 328
cow, 325
fine-leaved bastard, 320
fool's, 31 7
hedge, 332
milky, 329 \
Parsley, mountain, 329
piert, 285
small bur, 320
water dropwort, 327
Parsnep, 328
broad-leaved water, 331
great water, 331
gum, 328
narrow-leaved water, 331
upright water, 331
creeping water, 325
cow, 325
long-leaved water, 321
Parthenium integrifolium,
370
Partridge, 135
berry, 380
Paspalumfrumentaceum, 549
exile, 549
Pasque flower, 190
Passenger pigeon, 134
Passer, 132
Passeres, 132
Passerina tarton rairi, 459
tinctoria, 459
Passiflora cserulea, 309
contrayerva, 309
foetida, 309
hirsuta, 309
incamata, 309
laiirifolia, 309
maliformis, 309
murucuja, 310
normalis, 309
quadrangularis, 310
variegata, 309
Passifloreae, 309
Passiflorine, 310
Passion flower, common blue,
309
flower, red, 309
flower, wild, 309
Passy water, 633
Pasta althaae, 868
amygdalarum, 868
dactyliferae, 869
glycyrrhizae, 869
gummi, 868
jujubae, 869
lichenis, 870
pectoralis, 870
pectoralis balsamica, 870
tormentillaj, 870
Paste, 761
almond, 868
date, 869
for cleaning gloves, 924
for the piles. Ward's, 689
German, 763
gum arable, 868
jujube, 254, 869
Pasta, lichen, 870 ,
liquorice, 869
liquorice, black, 869
liquorice, brown, 869
liquorice, white, 869
marshmallow, 818
of Baudry, pectoral, 870
of tormentilla, 870
or strass, 761
phosphorous, 872
Kegnault's pectoral, 870
Pastes, tooth, 702
Pastilles, aromatic, 870
fumigating, 870
of catechu, aromatic, 660
Pastilli fumantes, 870
Pastinaca, 328
anethum, 317
aquatica, 331
hortensis, 328
opopanax, 328
satiya, 328
Pata, 391
Patchouli or Patchoulie, 871
PS.te arsenicale, 819
de dattes, 869
de gomme, 868
de guimauve, 868
de jujubes, 254, 869
de lichen, 870
de reglisse, 869
pectorale balsamique de
Regnault, 870
pectorale de Baudry, 870
Patent or proprietary medi-
cines, 814
yeast, 564
yellow, 683
Patience dock, 453
garden, 458
Patientia, 458
Patrinia jatamansi, 351
Patabea, 348
coccinea, 348
Paullinia, 238, 871
Australis, 238
sorbilis, 238
subrotunda, 238 '
Paut, bunghee, 225
naltha, 225
Pavia, 237
rubra, 237
Pavo cristatus, 134
Pavonia, 223
diuretica, 223
Pa-zahar, 653
Pea, Angola, 271
chick, 270, 276
garden, 281
heath, 280
motor, 281
1114
INDEX.,
Pea pigeon, 271
Peach, clingstone, 289
common, 289
freestone, 289
Peach-wood, 268
Peacock, 134
Peacock's tail maidea hair, 557
Pear, 291
alligator, 465
Avocado, 465
gar lick, 211
prickly, 314
tree, 292
wild, 291
Pearl barley, 548
barley, Scotch, 548
mussel, 157, 158
white, 683
Pearled barley, 548
Peas, earth, 2-66
issue, 789
orange, 232
Peck, 29, 31
Pecora, 121
Pecten maximus, 159
veneris, 330
Pectinibranchiata, 154
Pectis meifolia, 364
Pectobranchii, 152
Pectoral decoction, 836
drops, Bateman's, 815
paste, De Baudry's, 870
paste, Kegnault's, 870
Pedicularis palustris, 423
Pediculus humani capitis, 167
humani corporis, 167
pubis, 167
Pedilanthus tithymaloiJcs,
483
Peel, pomegranate, 295
Peeled colocynth, 306
Peganum, 248
Hai-mala, 248
Pegasus, 149
Pe kow, 229
Pekao tea, 229
Pekea butyracea, 237
tuberculosa, 237
Pelargonium, 243
capitatum, 243
odoratissimum, 243
roseum, 243
Pelargonic acid, 243
Pelecanus aquilus, 137
carbo, 137
Pellitory, bastard, 370
of Spain, 354
of the wall, 490
Peltidea aphthosa, 569
canina, 569
canine, 569
Pemmican, 871
Pendulous wood sedge, 543
Penguin, common, 136
great, 136
Penidium, 920
Penicillaria spicata, 549
Penninga or Penny, 18
Pennisetum spiculum, 549
dichotomum, 549
Pennsylvania walnut, 492
Pennsylvanian sumach,
common, 261
Pennycress, 211
Pennyroyal, 432
American, 428
hart's, 432
hysteric water, 627'
Virginia, 428
water, 627
Pennyweight, 17
Pennywort, marsh, 326
wall, 313
Pentapetes, 224
Phoenicia, 224
Pentaphyllum rubrum pa-
lustre, 290
vulgare, 290
Pentaptera, 296
tomeutosa, 296
Peonia officinalis, 192
Peony, 192
Peperomia crystallina, 500
peltata, 499
umbellata, 499
Peplis, 479
Peplus, 479
Pepo, 306
Pepper 871
agaric 561
betle, 500
bird, 414
black, 501
black, confection, 689
cabob, 500
cayenne, 414
cayenne, soluble, 871
clove, 303
cubeb, 500
dulse, 573
elder, 500
elephant, 197, 501
English, 208
Ethiopian, 197
Guinea, 413
Jamaica, 303
Japan, 249
long, 501
meleguetta, or melaguetta,
514
mint, 432
mint water, 627
Pepper, monkey, 197
mountain long, 502
narrow-leaved, 500
pods, 413
red, 414
saxifrage, 330
small American long, 501
Spanish, 413
tailed, 500
vine, black, 501
vine, long, 501
wall, 312
water, 453
white, 501
wild, 440
Peppermint drops, 998
lozenges, 998
water, 627
Pepperwort, broad-leaved,
208
Mithridate, 208
Perch, 29
Perchloride of gold, 642
iron, 747
Percyanide of gold, 642
Perdrix, 135
Pereira, Dr., Elements of
Materia Medica, 14
Perennial knawel, 311
mercury, 483
Perfoliata, 320
Perfoliate honevsuckle, pale,
335
Perfumed cherry tree, 287
Pergularia, 397
edulis, 397
Periclymenum, 335
Italicum, 335
Periots, 17
Periparaba, 499
Periploca altera, 397
emetica, 398
esculenta, 397
Grffica, 397
Indica, 396
maculata, 397
Mauritiana, 396
secamone, 398
Periwinkle, greater, 394
lesser, 394
Permanent white, 683
Pernambuco wood, 268
Pernettya, 381
mucronata, 381
Pernitrate of iron, 752
Peroxide of gold, 643
manganese, 812
Perphosphate of iron, 753
Persulphate of iron, 757
iron and ammonia, 757^
iron and pot^ash, 757
INDEX.
ins
Peny, 1025
Persea, 412, 465
caryophyllacea, 4G3
gratissima, 465
Indica, 465
Persian manna, 265
opium, 866
willow, 298
Persica, 289
levis, 290
mala, 290
vulgaris, 289
Persicaria, 453, 454
amphibious, 453
biting, 453
spotteid, 454
Persimmon, 386
Persoonia guareoides, 239,
467
hirsuta, 467
lanceolata, 467
laurina, 467
linearis, 467
salicina, 467
Peru balsam, 278
Peruvian bark, 278, 342
calisaya, 342
cinnamon, 464
ipecacuanha, 349
mastich, 262
Perygua, 336
Pes anserinus, 450 '
equinum, 325
leporinus, 284
Petaloidea, 507
Petasites, 370
vulgaris, 370
Peter's pills, 819
Petro del porco, 653
Petroleum, 655
Petromyzon branchialis,
152
fluviatilis, 152
marinus, 152
Petroselinum, 328
sativum, 328
segetum, 328
vulgare, 328
Petty spurge, 479
whin, 279
Petum, 416
Peucedanum, 328
montanum, 329
ofBcinale, 328
Oreoselinum, 328
ostruthium, 326
palustre, 329
silaus, 330
sylvestre, 329
Pewter, 871
plate, 872
Peziza auricula, 563 "
Phagedenic water, 628
Phalacroloma acutifolium,
373
Phalangium, 527
bicolor, 527
Phalaris, 549
Canariensis, 549
Phalaroides, 549
Phalerocarpus serpyllifolia,
378
Phallus impudicus, 565
Phanerogamia, 188
Phanerogamic plants, 188
Pharbitis, 408
cathartica, 406
nil, 408
Pharmacia J[ratioHalis, Pide-
rit's, 7
Pharmaceutical calendar, 101
operations, temperatures to
be observed in, 76
Pharmacitis, 967
Pharmacologia of Dr. Paris,
13
Pharmacopee de Lyons, 6
Fraii9aise, 6
Eoyaie, Galenique et
Chimique, 12
Universelle, 12
tJniverselle, Jourdan's, 14
Pharmacopoeia Antwerpiensis,
7
Amsterdam, 6
Augustana, 3
Austriaca, 8
Badensia, 8
Batava, 6
Batava recusa, 7
Bateana, 12
Bavarica, 8
Belgica, 7
Bengal, 5
Bergamensis, 3, 11
Borussica, 7
en Castellano, 10
Castrensis Austriaca, 8
Castrensis Rossica, 9
Castrensis Ruthena, 9
Catalana, 10
in compendium redacta, 3
Danica, 8
Danish, 9
Dogma torum restituta, 12
Dublin, 5
Dutch, 9
Extemporanca, Dr. Fuller's,
13
Fennica, 9
Ferrai'ese, 11
fii-st authorized, 3
Pharmacopoeia, Foe's, 3
French, 5
Genevensis, 10
Geral para o Keinae Domi-
nios de Portugal, 10
Gra;ca, 10
Hagana, 7
Hamburgh, 7
Hannoverrana nova, 7
Hassiaca, 7
Helvetica, 10
Hispanica, 10
Hispanica and Lusitana, 10
Holmiensis, 9
for Ireland, 5
King's and Queen's College
of Physicians, Ireland,
5
Leidensis, 7
Leodensis, 7
London 5
Lusitana, 10
Madritensis, 10
Medico-chymica, Schroeder,
12
Messinensis, 11
militaris, 9
military, 9 '■; _ j
Military Austrian, 8
Naval, 9
Navalis, 9
Nuck's, 3
Officinalis et Extemporanea,
Dr. Quincy's, 13
Persica, 11
do Pinto, 10
Polonica, 9
Pharmacopoeia preparations,
table of the specific gra-
vity of some, 56
Pharmacopoeias and dispensa-
tories, 1
Prussian, 7
Regia, Galenica, et
Chimica, 10
Rossica, 9
Russo-military, 9
Ruthena castrensis, 9
Sardoa, 11
Saxonica, 8
Slesvico-Holsatica, 8
Sleswick-Holstein, 9
Spagirica, 12
Spielman's, 9
Suecica, 9
Swedish, 9
Tolosana, 6
of the United States, 11
Upper India, 5
Universalis, Dr. James*,
13
1116
INDEX.
Pharmacopoeia Valentianen-
sis, 10
by Valerius Cordus, 3
Wurtembergica, 8
Pharmacopoeiae Hispanicse, 10
Italicse, 11
Londinenses, 5
Pharmacopoeias
of the British Empire, 4, 5
Edinburgh, 5
France, 6
Holland and Belgium, G, 7
JS'orth Europe, 8
North Germany, 7
South Europe, 10
South Germany, 8
their origin, 1
Phai-macorum omnium enu-
meratio, 3
Dispensatorium, 3
Fuch's, 3
Pharmacy, Laws on the Prac-
tice of, in 1233, 1
in France, 3
Phasianus colchicus, 134
gallus, 134
Phased us, 280
aconitifolius, 280
albiflorus, 280
coccineus, 280
fasciatus, 280
lunatus, 280
Max, 280
multifloi-us, 280
Mungo, 280
nanus, 280
radiatus, 280
Tankinensis, 280
trilobus, 280
tuberosus, 280
unicolor, 280
variegatus, 280
vulgaris, 280
Pheasant, 134
Pheasant's eye, 189
Phellandrium aquaticum, 327
mutellina, 327
Philadelphese, 301
Philadelphia flea-bane, 363
Philadelphus coronarius, 301
scoparius, 303
Phillips', R., Translation of
the PhaiTOacopoeia, 14
Phillyrea, 388
media, 388
Philonium Londinense, 688
London, 688
Romanum, 688
Philosopher's wool, 10
Fhlomis, 434
Lychnitis, 434
Phlomis nepetifolia, 430
Phloridzine, 872
Phoca communis, 116
jubata, 116
leonina, 116
vitulina, 116
Phocasna, 127
Phoenicites, 192
Phoenix dactylifera, 538
humilis, 536
Phoeocarpus campestris, 238
Phon, 352
Phosphate of iron, 752
mercury, 773
quinine, 914
Phosphorated ether, 603
oil, 859
Phosphoric acid, 594
Phosphorus, 872
amorphous, 872
Canton's, 873
Ivercher's, 792
emulsion, 719
paste, 872
red, 872
Phragmitis communis, 550
Phu, 352
minus, 351
Phulwara, or Frelwa, 383
Phylanthus emblica, 476
Phyllanthus longifolius, 473
Niruri, 483
simplex, 483
urinaria, 484
virosus 484
Phyllitis Scolopendrium, 559
Phyllon, 483
Physospermum, 329
cornubience, 329
Physalis, 417
Alkekengi, 417
angulata, 417
somnifera, 417
Physeter, 130
macrocephalus, 130
Physic balls, 823
Culver's, 425
Indian, 289
nut, 482
nut, common, 482
nut, French, 482
Physocalymna, 299
florida, 299
Phytelephas macrocarpa, 509
microcarpa, 509
Phyteuma orbiculare, 377
spicatum, 377
Phytolacca, 452
decandra, 452
Phytolaceese, 452
Piacaba, 537
Piaranthus incarnatus, 397 .
Piccalili, 874
Pice, 28
Picea balsamea, 502 j
pectinata, 503
Pichurim, 460
beans, 464
Pickle, 873
for meat, 874 .
Indian, 874
Pickled barberries, 873
cabbage, 206
cauliflowers, or broccoli,
873
cherries, 873
eschalots, 873
gherkins, 873
limes, or lemons, 874
mangoes, 259
mushrooms, 874
myrobalans, 296
nasturtiums, 874
onions, 874
peaches, 874
red cabbage, 206
samphire, 322
walnuts, 492, 874
Picktooth, Orieutal, 319
Picramnia, 260
antidesma, 260
triandra, 260
Picria felterraj, 426
Picrajna excelsa, 250
Picrorhiza Kurroa, 423
Picrotoxine, 874
Picture varnish, 1015
Piderits' Pharmacia rationalls,
7
Piedmont truffle, 566
Pierre divine, 792
Pig nut, 320
Pigeon berries, 452
Carolina, 134
passenger, 134
"" pea, 271
Pigments, 677
Pigmentum Indicum, 774
Pigmy zamia, 554
Pigouil, 547
Pig's louse, 163
Pigtail tobacco, 417
Pike, 147
PiliE masticatorise, 813
Pilchard, 146
Pilcom, 546
Pile lotus, 272
Pilewort, 191
Pill, 546
aromatic, 883
cochia, 877, 878
everlasting, 816
INDEX.
1117
Pill millepedes, 163
rufus, 876
Pills, aloes, 875
aloes and assafoetida, 875
aloes iind mastic, 876
aloes, compound, 875
aloes, diluted, 876
aloes and iron, 875
aloes with myrrh, 875
aloes with soap, 876
ammoniated copper, 879
ammoniaret of copper, 879
Anderson's, 814
areenic, 876
Asiatic, 876
assafoetida, 877
assafoetida, compound, 877
Bacher's tonic, 814
Barclay's antibilious, 814
blue, 880
Bontius', 881
calomel, 881
calomel, compound, 880
calomel and opium, 877
carbonate of iron, 879
chloride of mercury, com-
pound, 880
Clark's, Dr., dinner, 876
cochia, 877
colocynth, 878
colocynth and henbane, 879
colocynth, compound, 879
colocynth, simple, 878
colocynth with aloes, 878
copaiba, 879
cough, 822
dinner, 816, 876
Dixon's antibilious, 816
for the toothache, 882
Fothergill's, 817
foxglove and squill, 879
galbanum, compound, 880
gamboge, 877
gamboge, compound, 877
hemlock, compound, 879
Hoffman's, 881
Hooper's, 818
iodide of mercury, 881
ipecacuanha and opium,
881
ipecacuanha, compound,
881
ipecacuanha and squill,
881
iron, compound, 880
iron, sulphate of, 880
James' analeptic, 818
Lady (Jiespigny's, 816,
876
Lady Hesketh's dinner,
816, 876
Pills, Lady Webster's, 816,
876
lead and opium, 882
Mathew's, 818
mercury, 880
Morrison's, 818
myrrh, compound, 880
opiated lead, 882
opium, 882, 883
pectoral, 882
Peter's, 819
Plummer's, 880'
quinine, sulphate of, 882
rhubarb, 882
rhubarb and carraway, 88'i
rhubarb and ginger, 883
rhubarb and iron, 883
rhubarb, compound, 882
Rufus', 876
sagapenum, compound, 883
soap, compound, 883
soap and opium, 883
Speediman's, 820
squills, 884
squills, compound, 884
Stahl's aperient, 876
Starkey's, 818
stoi-ax, 884
storax, compound, 884
sulphate of iron, 880
sulphate of quinine, 882
Tanjore, 876
Whitehead's essence of
mustard, 820
Pilulae aloes, 875
aloes compositae, 875
aloes et ferri, 875
aloes cum mastiche, 876
aloes cum myrrha, 875
aloes cum sapone, 876
aloes dilute, 876
aloes et assafcetidae, 875
aperientes Stahlii, 876
ai-senici, 876
Asiatics, 876
assafoetidae, 877
assafcetida; compositae, 877
calomelanos composita;,
880
calomelanos et opii, 877
cambogite, 877
cambogia compositae, 877
coccire, 877, 878
colocynthidis, 878
colocynthidis compositae,
878, 879
colocynthidis et hyoscyami,
879
conii corapositffi, 879
copaibEB, 879
cupii ammoniati, 879
Pilulae cupri ammoniareti, 879
dictae antecibum, 876
digitalis et scillae, 879
e gummi, 880
ex aloe, 875
ex colocynthide simplicio-
res, 878
ex colocynthide cum aloe,
878
ex duobus, 878
ex hydrargyro, 880
ex opio, 883
ferri carbonatis, 879
ferri compositae, 880
ferri sulphatis, 880
galbani compositae, 880)
gummosae, 880
hydragogae Bontii, 881
hydrargyri, 880
hydrargyri chloridi, 881
hydrargyri chloridi com- ]
posita?, 880
hydrargyri chloridi cum
opio, 877
hydrargyri iodidi, 881
hydrargyri submuriatis,
881
hydrargyri submuriatis
composite, 880
ipecacuanhae compositae,
881
ipecacuanhae et opii, 881
ipecacuanhae cum scilli,
881
majores Hoffmanni, 881
mercuriales, 880
myrrhffi compositae, 880
odontalgicae, 882
opii, 882, 883
opii sive thebaica, 882
pectorales, 882
plumbi opiatae, 882
quinaj sulphatis, 882
rhei, 882
rhei composita;, 882
rhei et carui, 883
rhei et ferri, 883
rhei et zingiberis, 883
Rufi, 876
sagapeni compositae, 883
saponaceae, 883
saponis composita;, 883
saponis cum opio, 883
scillae, 884
scillae compositae, 884
styracis, 884
styracis compositae, 8S4
Pilules de Bontius, 881
Pimenta, 303
water, 628
Pimentae baccae, 303
U18
INDEX.
Pimento, or allspice, 303
Pimpernel, 442
blue flowered, 442
scarlet, 442
water, 443
Pimpinella, 329
angelicaefolia, 317
anisum, 329
crispa, 329
dissecta, 329
magna, 329
sanguisorba, 290
saxifraga, 329
Pinang, 500, 535
Pinaster, 505 I
Pindars, 266
Pine apple, 532
cluster, 505
dammar, 503
frankincense, 505
ground, 427
loblolly, 505
mountain, 505
mugho, 505
nuts, 505
old field, 505
pitch, 505
resin, cowdie, 503
swamp, 505
Siberian stone, 504
stone, 505
Pinguicula vulgaris, 442
Pinhoes de purga, 482
Pink, 685
brown, 682
clove, 219
Deptford, 219
Dutch, 682
dye, 705
English, 682
field, 219
fringed, 219
maiden, 219
meadow, 220
root, 289
root, Carolina, 399
rose, 682
saucers, 359
stone, 219
Pinkneya, 349
pubens, 349
pubescens, 349
Pinna, 159
nobilis, 159
Pint, 29, 31
Pinus, 502, 504
abies, 502
balsamea, 502
Canadensis, 502
cedrus, 504
cembra, 504
Pinus dammara, 503
larix, 504
maritima, 505
nigra, 502
palustris, 505
picea, 503
pinaster, 505
pinea, 505
Pumilio, 505
sylvestris, 505
Ta2da, 505
Piper Afzelii, 499
album, 501
^thiopicum, 197
Amalago, 500
angustifolium, 500
anisatum, 500
aromaticum, 501
betle, 500
caninum, 500
carpapiga, 500
caryophyllatum, 303
chaba, 500
cordifolium, 500
crystallinum, 500
cubeba, 500
elongatum, 500
Indicum, 414
inebrians, 500
Jamaicense, 303
Japonicum, 249
longum, 501
methysticum, 501
nigrum, 501
obtusifolium, 501
odoratum, 303
peltatum, 499
reticulatum, 501
Siriboa, 502
sylvaticum, 502
trioicum, 502
umbellatnm, 499
Piperaceaa, 499
Piperine, 501, 884
Piperis longi fructus, 501
nigri baccjc, 501
Piperitis, 208
Pipperidges, 200
Pippula moola, 501
Pipsissewa, 382
Piptoceras Behen, 359
Piptoclaina supina, 410
Piptostegia operculata, 406
Piqueria trinervia, 370
Pirigara speciosa, 303
Pisaa pro fonticulis, 789
Pisces, 144
Piscidia, 280
eiythrina, 280
Pishamin, 386
I Pismire, 174
Piss-a-bed, 374
a-bed, Jamaica, 269
Pissblume, 444
Pistacia, 260
Atlantica, 260
Lentiscus, 260
nuts, 261
terebinthus, 260
trifolia, 261
vera, 261
Pistia aloides, 507
Stratoites, 553
Pistiacese, 552
Pisum, 281
sativum, 281
Pitaya bark, 340, 344
Pitcaimia crystallina, 532
Pitch, 505
Burgundy, 502, 917
Canada, 502
hemlock, 502
Jews', 640, 655
pine, 505
plaster, 717
tree, 503
Pittosporese, 218
Pittosporam, 218
Tobira, 218
Pivoulade de Saule, 562
Pix Burgundica preparata,
902
Placus levis, 370
tomentosus, 370
Plane-tree, Oriental, 245, 494,
495
tree, Virginian, 495
Plani, 148
Plant, Aleppo soammony,
405
anotto or arnotto, 212
bastard sensitive, 265
canepiece, sensitive, 269
Ceylonian, 428
coral, 360
egg, 418
ice, 313
Indian bread, 531
indigo, 275
oval egg, 419
roast beef, 519
strawberry, 288
tilly seed, 474
Plantae cellulares, 554
vasculares, 188
Plantaginese, 445
Plantago albicans, 446
aquatica, 507
arenaria, 446
Coronopus, 446
cynops, 446 ...
Ispaghula, 446
I
INDEX.
1119
Plantago|lanceoIata, 446
major, 446
media, 446
psyllium, 446
Plantain, 446, 507
buck's-horn, 446
great water, 507
gi'eater, 446
hoary, 446
leaved leopard's bane, 362
ribwort, 446
Spanish, 446
tree, 518
Plantains, 518
Plantigrade, 110
Plants, classification of, 186
collection and preservation
of, 575
flowering, 188
flowerless, 554
Plaster, 710
ammoniacum, 711
ammoniacura with mer-
cury, 711
antimonial, 711
aromatic, 711
assafoetida, 712
belladonna, 712
cantharldes, 712
cantharides, corapound,]712
court, 715
cumin, 713
Delacroix" a^lutinative,
714
frankincense, 718
galbanum, 714
gum, 714
iodide of potassium, 718
iron, 714
isinglass, 715
isinglass, Liston's, 715
issue, 671, 673, 789
Kirkland's volatile, 710
ladanum, 715
lead, 717
melilot, 716
mercury, 714
minium, 716
mucilage, 716
opium, 716
oxycroceum, 716
palm, 713
Paracelsus', 717
pitch, 717
poor man's, 673
Prestat's adhesive, 710
red lead, 716
resin, 718
soap, 718
soap cerate, 713
soap, compound, 718
Plaster, strengthening, 718
styptic, 717
verdigris, 710
warming, 712
wax, 713
Platan eae, 494
Platanus Oceidentalis, 495
Orientalis, 245, 494, 495
Plat-doom, 319
Plate, pewter, 871
powder, 872, 903
boiling powder, 903
Platini bichloridum, 884
chloridum, 884
et sodii chloridum, 884
Platino-chloride of sodium,
884
Platinum, 884
and sodium, chloride of,
884
bichloride of, 884
Plectognathi, 149
Plegorhiza astringens, 465
Plenck's depilatory, 703
Pleurisy root, 395
Pliant mealy tree, 336
Plocaria Candida, 572
helminthocorton, 572
Plosslea floribunda, 257
Ploughman's spikenard, 366
Plum, bay, 304
cocoa, 288
hog, 263
Magnum bonum, or Mogul,
291
Mirabelle, 291
Orleans, 291
tree, wild, 291
Plumbagineaj, 444
Plumbago, 656
Europsea, 444
rosea, 445
scandens, 445
Zeylanica, 445
Plmnber's cement, 669
Plumbi acetas, 885
carbonas, 886
chloridum, 886
chromas, 886
diacetatis solutio, 885
dichromas, 887
iodidum, 887
nitras, 888
nitro-saccharas, 888
oxydum hydratura, 888
oxydum rubrum, 682, 889
oxydum semivitreum, 888j
subacetatis liquor, 885
subacetatis liquor compo-
situs, 886
superacetas, 885
Plumbi tannas, 889
Plumbum, 885
scytodepsicum, 889
tannicum, 889
Plumiera, 391
acuminata, 391
acutifolia, 391
drastica, 391
obtusa, 391
rubra, 391
Plummer's alterative powder,
604
pills, 880
Plumose alum, 640
Plumptre, Dr., 5
Plums, French, 291
imperial, 291
sebesten, 412
sugar, 704
Plunket's caustic for caacer,
667
Pneumonanthe kun-oo, 400
Pannonica, 401
vulgaris, 401
Poa fluitans, 547
Poaya branca, 214
da praja, 214
do campo, 214
Pocan, 452
Pocket Formulary,. Beasley's,
14
Podagraria ^gopodium, 317
Podalyria tinctoria, 266
Podophyllacea;, 200
Podophyllum, 200
peltatum, 200^
Pods, Guinea, 414
pepper, 413
Pcenoe, 227
tallow, 227
varnish, 227
Poet's rosemary, 468
Poids de marc, 24
Pogastemon, 434
Patchouly, 434
intermedias, 434
suavis, 434
Poinciana, 281
bijuga, 268
coriaria, 267
pulcherrima, 281
Pois queniques, 278
Poison ash, 262
fly, 758
for bugs, 660
for vermin, 829
hysena, 481
ivy, 261
oak, 261
sumach, 262
tree, 262
1120
INDEX.
Poison, Woorary, 464
Poisson, 33
Poke, 452
weed, American, 452
Polanisia, 211
icosandra, 211
viscosa, 211
Pole, 29
Polemonidea;, 403
Polemonium, 403
casruleum, 403
Polianthus tuberosa, 529
Polish, French, 759
wheat, 551
Polistes, 238
Polium Creticum, 437
montanum, 437
montanum album, 438
montanum flavum, 438
Pollard, gray, 551
Polvos Cornaquinos, 904
Poly, lavender leaf, 437
Polyacanthus casabonse, 360
Polycarpon, 311
tetraphyllum, 311
Polychroite, 519
Polygala, 216
amara, 216, 217
Austriaca, 216
bitter, 216, 217
Caracasana, 216
Chamasbuxus, 217
crotalarioides, 217
glandulosa, 217
myrtifolia, 216
poaya, 217
polygama, 217
Rubella, 217
sanguinea, 217
senega, 217
theezans, 217
uliginosa, 216, 217
venenosa, 217
vera, 271
vulgaris, 216
Polygalese, 216
Polygastric animals, 176
Polygastrica, 180
Polygonatum, 528
Polygoneae, 452
Polygonum amphibium, 453
aviculare, 453
barbatum, 453
bistorta, 453
convolvolus, 453
fagopjrrum, 453
hydropiper, 453, 454
persicaria, 454
Poly-mountain, 431, 437,
438
mountain, Cretan, 437
Poly-mountain, white, 438
mountain, yellow, 438
Polypi, 176, 179
Polypodium calaguala, 558
crassifolium, 559
Dryopteris, 559
filix mas, 558
quercinum, 559
vulgare, 559
Polypodum fragile, 557
rhoeticum, 557
Polypody, common, 559
of the oak, 559
tender three-branched, 559
Polyporus fomentarius, 565
igniarius, 565
sulphureus, 565
Polypus with ciliated arms,
175
Polyps, 176
Polystichum, 558
Polytrichum, 560
A'ulgare, 560
Poma, 239
renettia, 292
Pomatum, 889
common, 889
East Indian, 890
hard, 889
pour le teint, 889
roll, 889
Pombalia, 214
itubu, 214
Pomegranate, 295 ,,
peel, 295;
wine, 1021
Pomet, 12, 146
Pommade d'Alyon, 1000
divine, 890
en creme, 676
for the hair, Dupuytren's,
816
Pompholix, 1028
Pond-weed, 508
shai-p-fruited, broad-leaved,
508
Pondo, 16
Pooah, 487
Pongamia, 281
glabra, 281
Poon-wood tree, 233
Poonag, 484
Poonamarum, 233
Poor man's plaster, 073
luttle, 154
weather glass, 442
Poplar, black, 495
Carolina, 495
Italian, 495
Lombard y, 495
Tacamahac, 495
Poplar, trembling, 49ft
white, 495
Poppy, common red, 203
cataplasm, 667
heads, 203
long-headed bastard, 202
long prickly-headed, 202
oil, 859
spatliug, 220
white, 203
wine, 1025
yellow horned, 202
Populus alba, 495
balsamifera, 495
candicans, 495
dilatata, 495
fastigiata, 495
Tacamahaca, 495
laurifolia, 495
nigra, 495
pyramidalis, 496
tremula, 496
tremuloides, 496
trepida, 496
Porcelia, 197
nitidifolia, 197
Porcellites radicata, 366
Porco pesce, 127
Porcupine^ 117
Porliera, 246
hygrometrica, 246
Porpesse, 127
Porphyra laciniata, 573
Porpoise, cemmon, 127
Porrum, 526
vitigineum, 525
Porter, 652
bottling, 652
draught, 652
Portlaca marina, 449
Portland, Duke of, powder lor
the gout, 819
sago, 540
Portlandia hexandra, 345
Portorico, 509
Portulaca, 310
linifolia, 310
oleracea, 310
pilosa, 310
quadrifida, 310
Portulaceae, 310
Posoqueria dumetorum, 349,
Posset, 890
treacle, 890'
Post, 1025
Pot marjoram, 434
Potamere, 508
Potamogeton, 508
natans, 508
Potash, 890
acetate, 890
INDEX.
1121
Potash and alumina, sulphate
of, 605
and iron, sulphate of, 606,
757
antimoniate of, 613
arseniate, 891
arsenite of, solution, 804
biarseniate, 891
bicarbonate, 890
bisuipliate, 893
bitartrate, 893
boro-tartrate, 893, 966
Brandish's solution, 804
carbonate, 892, 894
carbonate, from crystals of
tartar, 895
carbonate, from peail ashes,
895
carbonate, pure, 895
carbonate of, solution of,
805
caustic, 890
caustic, solution of, 804
auslic, table of the
strength of solutions of
different densities, 55
chlorate, 895
chloride of, solution of, 805
citrate of, solution of, 805
effervescing solution of, 805
ferro-prussiate, 896
hydrate, 890
hydriodate of, 897, 898
hydrobromate, 894
hyperoxymuriate, 895
liquor of, 803
nitrate, 898
nitrate, fused, 898
nitrate, purified, 899
oxymuriate, 895
prussiate, 896
quadroxalate, 899
silicate of, solution of, 805
solution of, 803
strength of solution of,
55
subcarbonate,894
sulphate, 899
sulphate with sulphur,
900
sulphuret, 900
supersulphate, 893
tartrate, 900
with lime, 894
water of, 803
Potassa, 890
caustica, 890
caustica cum calce, 894
fusa, 890
Potassae acetas, 890
antimonias, 613
Potassse aqua, 803
aqua effervescens, 805
arsenias, 890
bicarbonas, 890
bisulphas, 893
bitartras, 893
boro-tartras, 893, 966
carbonas, 892, 894
carbonas, e lixivio cinere,
895
carbonas, e tartari crys-
tallis, 895
carbonas purum, 895
carbonatis aqua, 805
causticae liquor, 804
chloras, 895
hydras, 890
hydriodas, 897, 898
nitras, 898
nitras depuratum, 899
nitras fusa, 898
nitras purum, 899
quadroxalas, 899
subcarbonas, 894
sulphas, 899
sulphas cum sulphure, 900
sulphuretum, 900
supersulphas, 893
tartras, 900
Potassii bromidum, 893
cyanidum, 896
cyanuretum, 896
ferrocyanidum, 895
iodidum, 897, 898
sulphm-etum, 900
Potassio-tartrate of antimony,
617
iron, 753, 754
Potassium, bromide of, 893
cyanide, 896
cyanuret, 896
ferrocyanide, 896
hydrargyro-iodo-cyanide,
771
iodide, 897, 898
iodide, compound solution
of, 805
iodhydrargyrate of iodide,
770
iodo-hydrargyrate, 770
ioduret, 898
sulphuret, 900
Pot-pourri, 901
Potato, 419
cataplasm, 667
fly, or striped cantharis,
169
slip, sea-side, 406
starch, 419
wild, 407
Potatoes, 419
Potatoes, Java, 434
Spanish, 405
sweet, 405
Potentilla, 290
anserina, 290
argentea, 290
Comarnm, 290
fragaria, 290
rep tans, 290
tormentilla, 290
Poterium, 290
sanguisorba, 290
Pothos foetida, 541
officinalis, 541
Potio carbonatis calcis, 835
Pott, 33
Potted char, 147
lampreys, 152
Pottle, 29
Potus imperialis, 901
Pou chong tcha, 229
Poucha Pat, 434
Poudre clarifiante, 903
Pouhon, 636
Poultices, antiseptic, 828
Pounce, 901
Pourretia lanuginosa, 532
Powder, Algaroth's, 614
aloes, compound, 903
alum and capsicum, 903
alum, compound, 903
anchovy, 905
antimonial, 615
antimony, compound, 615
aromatic, 903, 905
asarabacca, compound, 904
astringent, for nasal gleet,
827
basilic, 904
bezoardic, 764
bleaching, 663
blue, 678
Bright's custard, 743
bronze, 644, 658
of burnt hartshorn, 905
calcined hartshorn with
opium, 905
cerass, compound, 905
chalk, compound, 906
chalk with opium, com-
pound, 906
cinnamon, compound, 905
contrayerva, compound,
905
cosmetic, 905
curry, 694
Cyprus, 568
Dover's, 908
Dr. James' fever, 615,
616
Earl of Warwick's, 904
4 C
1122
INDEX.
Powder, Ethiopian, Guy's,
817
for clarifying wines, 903
for liEemorrliage, Fay-
nard's, 816
for the gout, Duke of
Portland's, 819
for the distemper ia dogs,
Blaine's, 815
for infants, 908
fumigating, 907
Ooulard, 885
Gregory's, 909
grey, 765
gum, 907
Guy's, of Ethiopia, 817
hair, 906
hair, plain, 906
hair, violet, 900
hartshorn, burnt, 905
Helvetius', 817
Hunt's economical break-
fast, 676
ipecacuanha, compound,
907
jalap, compound, 908
kino, compound, 908
laxative,' St. Germain, 935
lemonade, 908
liquorice, compound, 907
of magnesia with rhubarb,
908
Martin's, for cancer, 426
mushroom, 903
myrrh, compound, 908
nursery, 906
plate, 872, 903
plate, boiling, 903
Plummer's alterative, 604
quercus marina, 908
rhubarb, compound, 909
sachet, 920
salep, 419
saline, compound, 909
scammony, compound, 909
scammony with calomel,
909
of senna, compound, 909
silvering, 903
sponge, burnt, 909
succession, 820
tin, 944
tragacanth, compound,
910
Powdered gold, 641
iron, 744
Powders, alterative, 821
astringent, 827
diuretic, 826
effervescing, 903
ginger beer, 907
Powders, Seidlitz, 907
sodaic, 906
spruce beer, 907
tooth, 702
Powell, Dr. R,, Translation
of the Pharmacopccia,
14
Practical Phai-macy, by Moh.r
and Redwood, 14
Practice of Pharmacy, Law
on the, in 1233, 1
Prajcocia, 286
Pi-airie dock, 370
Prangos, 329
pabularia, 329
Prassium, 430
Precipitated phosphate of
lime, 664
sulphur, 948, 949
Premna integrifolin, 439
Prenanthes serpentaria, 3C9
Prepared ammoniacum, 611,
901
assafoetida, 640, 902
Burgundy pitch, 902
calamine, 640
cassia, 902
chalk, 692
cochineal, 901
coiocynth, 677
frankincense, 912
galbanum, 902
honey, 831
prune, 902
sagapenum, 902
shells, 967
storax, 902
tamarinds, 902
Prescriptions, explanation of
terms used in, 95
symbols used in, 100
Preservation of animal sub-
stances, 181
Preserved juice of aconite,
947
juice of dandelion, 947
juice of foxglove, 947
juice of hemlock, 947
juice of henbane, 947
juice of lettuce, 947
juice of wormwood, 947
juices, 947
mangoes, 259
mother cloves, 302
Prestat's adhesive plaster,
710
Prick madam, 312
Prickly ash, 249, 333
carline thistle, 359
liquorice, 273
pear, 314
Prickly pole, 536
saltwort, 451
sow thistle, 373
wild lettuce, 367
wood fusian, 252
yellow wood, 249
Pride, 152
Primrose, common, 443
evening, 298
oxlip, 443
tree, 298
Primula auricula, 443
elatior, 443
officinalis, 443
veris, 443
veris acaulis, 443
veris elatior, 443
veris officinalis, 443
veris vulgaris, 443
vulgaris, 443
Primu]ace£B, 442
Pringle's remedy for typhus
fever, 819
Prinos, 253
glaber, 230 ,253
verticillatus, 253
Printing ink, 785
Privet, common, 387
evergreen, 253
mock, 388
Proboscidiana, 119
Process of tanning, 184
of tawing, 184
Procumbent azalea, 381
mai'sh wort, 325
Proof spirit, 43, 943
■ vinegar, 579
Prophylactic vinegar, 582
Proprietary medicines, 814
Prosopis, 281
Algaroba, 281
dulcis, 281
hon-ida, 281
Juliflora, 281
pallida, 270, 282
siliquastruni, 282
spicigera, 282
Protea giandiflora, 467
melliflora, 467
Proteaceaj, 467
Proteine, 902
Protium, 261
Gileadense, 256
Javanicum, 261
kafal, 250
kataf, 256
Protoehloride of iron,
Provins rose, 292
water, 633
Pruna, 291
Gallica, 291
INDEX.
.1123
Pruna sdvestria, 291
Prunella, 435
Tulgaris, 435
Prunelloes, 291
Prunes, 291
Prunum preparatum, 902
Prunus, 290
Armeniaca, 286
aiTnenoides, 291
asj)era, 287
aubietiana, 291
cerasus acida, 287
cerasus avium, 287
claudiana, 291
cocomilia, 290
domestica, 291
hyemalis, 287
lauro-cerasus, 287
mahaleb, 287
padus, 287
pruneauliana, 291
rubra, 288
spinosa, 291
sylvestris, 291
turonensis, 291
undulata, 288
Virginiana, 288
Prussian blue, 679, 755
blue, soluble, 896
Prussiate of potash, 896
Prussic acid, 589
Pseudo-Brasilium, 260
cytisus, 271
rlmbarbarura, 194
Psidium, 304
pomif'erum, 304
pyriferura, 304
vulgare, 304
Paoralia bituminosa, 282
Cai-thaginensis, 272
corylifolia, 282
ennea])liylla, 272
glandulosa, 230, 282
pentaphylla, 282
Psychotria, 349
cordifolia, 347
crocea, 348
emetica, 349
herbacea, 347
involurrata, 347
macropoda, 347
noxia, 349
sulphurea, 348
Psyllium pulicaria, 446
Ptarmica, 370
vulgaris, 370
Ptelea, 248
trifoliata, 248
Pteris aqnilina, 559
Pterocarpi lignum, 283
Pterocarpus bilobus, 282
Pterocarpus dalbergloides,
282
draco, 282
eriuaceus, 282
hemiptera, 282
Indicus, 282
marsupiiim, 282
officinalis, 282
santalinus, 282
Senegalensis, 282
Pteropoda, 154
Pterygium teres, 227
Ptychotis, 329
Adjowan, 329
Coptica, 330
heterophylla, 330
involucrata, 330
sylvestris, 330
Puccoon, 203
Pucha pat, 438, 871
Puchury, 460
beans, 460
Pueraria tuberosa, 283
Pnff balls, 563
Puharee indrayun, 306
Pulegium, 432
cervinum, 432
vulgaie, 432
Pulex irritans, 168
penetrans, 168
Pulicaria, 371
annua, 373
dentata, 371
dysenterica, 370
odora, 371
Pullna water, 634
Pulmonaria, 154, 411
arborea, 570
Gallica, 365
maculosa, 411
officinalis, 411
Pulque, 531
Pulsatilla, 190
pratensis, 189
vulgaris, 190
Pulveres effervescentes, 903
effervescentes aperientes,
907 •
effervescentes cum abiete,
907
effervescentes citrati, 907
effervescentes tartarizati,
906
effervescentes cum zin-
gibere, 907
Pulvis agaricus, 903
albuminis, 903
Algarothi, 614
aloes compositus, 903
aloes cum canellft, 765
aloes cum guaiaco, 903
Pulvis aloeticu3"cum guaiaco,
903
aluminis conipositus, 903
aluniinis cum capsico, 903
antilyssus, 903
antimonialis, 615
antimonii compositus, 615
aromaticus, 903, 905
asarabacc£E compositus,
904
basilicus, 904
bezoardicus, 764
carbonatis calcis composi-
tus, 906
catechu compositus, 905
cinnamoni compositus, 905
clupeEB, 905
comitessae, 339
comitis Warwicensis, 904
cornacchini, 904
cornacchini reformatus,
904
contrayerva; compositus,
905
cornu cervini usti, 905
comu usti cum opio, 905
cosmeticus, 905
cretje compositus, 906 ■
cretas compositus cum opio,
906
creta; opiatus, 906
diapente, 703
e bolo compositus cum
opio, 906
e bolo compositus sine
opio, 906
e cernssi compositus, 905
e myrrha compositus, 903
e scammonio compositus,
905
e scammonio cum calo-
melane, 909
e senna compositus, 909
fumalis, 907
glycyrrhizffi compositus,
907
gummosus, 907
Helve tii, 817
ipecacuanhas compositi'.s,
907
jalapae compositus, 908
kino compositus, 908
magnesia; cum rheo, 90S
Patiiim, 339
pectoralis Kurella;, 907
pectoralis Trossii, 920
pro argento, 903
pro crine, 906
pro infantibus, 908
pro limonado, 908
opiatus, 906
4 0 2
1124
INDEX. ^
Pulvis quercAs marinae, 908
rhei compositus, 909
salinus compositus, 909
scammonii compositus, 909
spongia; usta;, 909
sternutatorius, 910
tragacauthas compositus,
901
Pumex, 792
Pumice stone, 792
Pumpion, 306
Pumpkin or Gourd, common,
306
Punch, 910
cold, 910
gin, 910
iced, 910
milk, 910
tea, 910
■wine, 910
Puncheon, 29
Punda, 18
Punica, 295
granatum, 295
Puntu pnntu, 559
Pure carbonate of potash,
895
mercury, 765
nitrate of potash, 899
soda, 928
sulphuric acid, 596
Purga de gentio, 472
macho, 407
Purgados Paulistas, 472
Purging flax, 221
nuts, 475
salt, bitter, 812
Purified animal charcoal, 665
bismuth, 654
cream of tartar, 966
extract of Indian hemp,
731
honey, 831
nitrate of potash, 899
ox-gall, or bile, 930
Purl, 910
Purple, 684, 685
archangel, 429
cow wheat, 423
enamel, 720
fire, 911
fish, 156
flowered small reed, 547
goat's beard, 374
laver, laciniated, 573
loosestrife, spiked, 299
madder, 350
marsh cinque foil, 290
of Cassius, 641
orchis, early, 511
sea rocket^ 206
Purple sea spurge, 479
spiked willow herb, 299
topped clary, 435
trefoil, common, 284
violet, 214
willow, bitter, 498
willow, Norfolk, 498
yam, 522
Purpura, 156
Purpurin, 350
Purree, 774
Purslane, 310
Jamaica, 310
sea, 449 -
Pusseree, 27
Putohuk root, 514
Putty, 910
glazier's, 910
polisher's, 910
Puya, 487
Pyramidal bugle, 427
orchis, 511
Pyrethrum, 371
Parthenium, 371
tanacetum, 371
Pyrmont water, 634
Pyrogallic acid, 594
Pyrola, 383
altera, 383
declinata, 382
rotundifolia, 382
secunda, 383
umbellata, 382
Pyrolaceae, 382
Pyroligneous acid, 505, 595
Pyrophorus, 910
Pyrotartaric liquor, 806
Pyrotechny, 911
Pyrus, 291
aria, 291
aucuparia, 291
Azarolus, 288
communis, 292
cydonia, 288
domestica, 292 ,•
malus, 292
sorbus, 292
tonninalis, 291
Q
Quadria heterophylla, 467
Quadroxalate of potash, 899
Quadrumana,, 109
Quail, common, 135
Quamoclit vulgaris, 407
Quart, 29, 31, 33
Quassia, 249
amara, 250
chips, 250
coissi, 250 ,
Quassia excelsa, 250
polygama, 250
simarouba, 250
Quatele, 303
Queen of the meadows, 294'
Queen's blue, 679
yellow, 683
Quepo cascarilla, 339
Quercetan's Pharmacopceia, 12
Quercitron, 497
Quercus alba, 496
jEgylops, 496
ballota, 496
castanea, 496
Castillana, 496
coccifera, 496
cortex, 497
esculus, 496
falcata, 496
ilex, 496
infectoria, 174,496
marinus, 572
nigra, 497
pedunculata, 497
robur, 497
sessiliflora, 497
suber, 497
tinctoria, 497
Quicken, 291
Quid pro quo, 2
Quills, 137
Quina, 911
bicolarata, 346, 350
blanca, 474
de serra, 349
de remijo, 349
disulphate of, 912
do campo, 393
fina, 342
hydrochlorate of, 914
* nigra, 340
nova, 343
Quinse acetas, 912
citras, 912
disulphas, 912
ferrocyanas, 912
et hydrargyri chloridum,
914
hydrochloras, 914
lactas, 912
nitras, 914
phosphas, 914
sulphas, 882, 912, 913
sulphas neutralis, 914
valerianas, 914
Quince, 288
tree, 288
wine, 1013
Quincy, Dr. 13
Pharmacopceia Officinalis et
Extemporanea, 13
INDEX.
1125
Quinidine, 912
Quininee sulphas, 912, 913
Quinine, 911
acetate, 912
amorphous, 012
and iron, citrate of, 747
and iron, cyanide of, 748
and mercury, chloride of,
914
citrate of, 912
-disulphate of, 912
ferrocyanate of, 912
ferrocyanide of, 747,912
hydrochlorate of, 914
.lactate of, 912
muriate of, 914
nitrate of, 914
phosphate of, 914
sulphate of, 882, 912, 913
sulphate of, neutral or
soluble, 914
valerianate of, 914
wine of, 1022
'Quinoa, 450
amarga, 451
bitter, 451
Quinoidine, 912
•Quinquefolium vulgare, 290
•Quinquina colorada, 338
des Antilles, 345
di piautri, 346
nigra, 340
nova, 343
of St. Lucia, 345
piton, 345
•Quinquino, 278
Quin's sauce, 925
Quinsey berries, 315
•Quinta Essentia, &c., Ray-
mond Lully's, 2
B
Jlabbit, 118
Eacine de Sambula, 850
de Sumbula, 850
Uadcliflfe's elixir, 819
Eadiated animals, 107, 175
Uadices alpiniw spurije, 516
zerumbethe officinalis, 517
Kadish, common, 209
horse, 207
water, 209
£adix aristolochia, 204
anticholerica, 283
eryngii condita, 323
mustela, 391
vesicatoria, 445
Haee, 210
Jiag oil, 849
Ragged hoary evernia, 568
robin, 220
Ragout spice, 935
Ragwort, 372
broad-leaved, 372
Raia batis, 152
clavata, 152
oxyrinchus, 152
rhinobatus, 152
sephen, 152
tuberculata, 152
Raisins, 242
Belvidere, 242
black Smyrna, 242
bloom, 242
Denia, 242
East Indian, 242
Lexia, 242
Malaga, 242
Muscatel, 242
of the sun, 242
red Smyrna, 242
Sultana, 242
Valencia, 242
wine, 1025
Raiz da China branca e rubra,
523
Rakasira balsam, 258
Ram thorn, black, 254
Ramalina farinacea, 569
narrow mealy, 569
Rami, 491
Ramnus jujuba, 172
Rampion bell flower, 377
round-headed, 377
spiked, 377
Rampions, 377
horned, 377
Ramsons, 526
spotted, 525
Ramtill, 365
Ramy, 491
Rana, 143
arborea, 143
bufo, 143
esculenta, 143
papa, 143
paradoxa, 143
temporaria, 143
tinctoria, 143
Randia, 349
dumetorum, 349
Ruiziana, 349
spinosa, 349
Ranunculacese, 188
Ranunculus, 193
aconitifolius, 193
acris, 193
aquatilis, 193
arvensis, 193
auricomus, 193
Ranunculus bulbosns, 193
flcaria, 191
flamens major, 193 '
flamens minor, 193
flammula, 193
glacialis, 193
globosus, 194
lingua, 193
montanus, 193, 194
palustris, 193
re pens, 193
sceleratus, 193
sylvarum, 189
Thora, 194
Rape, 205, 242
broom, 426
Raphanus, 210
aquaticus, 210
hortensis, 210
niger, 210
oblongus, 210
Raphanistrum, 210
rotundus, 210
rusticanus, 207
sativus, 210
sylvestris, 207
Rapunculus comiculatus
377
aquaticus, 375
esculentus, 377
Rapuntium inflatum, 376
longiflorum, 375
syphiliticum, 376
tupa, 376
urens, 376
Rasamala, 244, 494
Raspberry, 293
vinegar, 582, 1018
Ras-sa-ma-la, 244
Raspail, M., cigarettes de
camphre de, 675
Ratifia, 914
k la violette, 916
d'angelique, 915
d'anis, 915
de brou de noix, 915
de caf(g, 915
de cassis, 915
de cerises, 915
de chocolat, 915
de coings, 915
d'ecor9e d'oranges, 916
de fleui-s d'oranges, 916
de framboises, 915
de genie vre, 915
de noyau, 915
d'oeillets, 915
de Tolu, 916
Rattle, common yellow, 423
red, 423
Rattlesnake, American, 142
1126
INDEX.
Rattlesnake root, 217
.« Kattle-snake's master, 368
Eavensara, 247, 460
aromatica, 247
nuts, 460
Raw sugar, 550
Raymond Lully, 2
Ray, shagreea, 152
Razor-bill, 136
Read's patented red ink, 787
Real amadou, 565
Realgar, 640
Reaumuria, 313
Termiculata, 313
Rebenta cavillos, 375
Recamier's caustic, 668
Rectified oil of hartshorn, 844
spirit, 942
Red, 684, 685
Red and white currants, 315
annulated ipecacuanha, 338
archangel, 429
' arsenic, 640
bark, 343, 344
bear berry, 379
beet, 449
behen, 445
berried bryony, 305
blite, 448
bole, 657
brown, 682
cabbage, 206
cabbage, pickled, 206
campion, 220
Carthagena bark, 343, 345
catchfly, 220
cedar, 504
chalk, 682
, chrome, 887
cinchona bark, 343
colours, 681
coral, 179
currants, 315
Cusco bark, 342
dead nettle, 429
deal, 505 j
dulse, 573
enamel, dark, 720
enamel, light, 720
fire, 911
German catchfly, 220
grey ipecacuanha, 338
head, 395
heart cherries, 287
hematite, 744
hemp nettle, 428
Indian, 682, 683
ink, 786
lavender drops, 942, 985
lead, 682, 882
lead plaster, 716
Red lily, 529
lumber stone, 682
madder, 350
mint, bushy, 432
morocco, 189
mulberry, 490
ochre, 683
orange, 682
passion flower, 309
pepper, 414
poppy, common 203
precipitate, 772
precipitate ointment, 1007
rattle, 423
rose lozenges, 999
root, 203
sandal wood, 282, 283
Sanders, 282
sealing wax, 925
shrubby spurge, 476
Smyrna raisins, 242
sorrel, 222
sulphuret of arsenic, G40
sumach, 261
tamarinds, 284
tan, 316
tartar, 639
turnip, 200
valerian, 351
Venetian, 682
wheat, 551
whortle berry, 378
wood, 284
wood, Andaman, 282
wood tree, 240
Redbreast, 132
Reddle, 682
Redhead, 395
Redwood and Mohr's Prac-
tical Pharmacy, 14
Reduced iron, 744
Reed, branched burr, 542
common, 550
grass, 547
great, 545
mace, 542
purple flowered, small, 547
star, 470
Refined rape oil, 860
sugar, 550
Refiners' verditer, 680
Refrigerants, 829
Regina prati, 294
Regnault's pectoral paste,
870
Regulations of Pharmacy in
1233, 1
Regulus, 916
antimonii, 613
of antimony, 613
Reindeer, 124
Rein deer moss, 567
Relation between different
thermometrical scales,
58
Remedy for ague, Dutch, 816
for cancer, Davidson's, 816
for deafness, Taylor's, 820
for gout, Alexander's, 814
for stone. Dr. Chittick's,
815
for stone, Mrs Stephens',
820
for tapewonn, Madame
Nouffleur's, 818
for typhus fever, Piingle's,
819
Remedies, chemical, 3
Galenical, 3
Remijia, 349
feiTuginea, 349
Vellozii, 349
Renealmia exaltata, 513
Rennet, 916
apple, 292
Renodius, 4
Reptiles, 147
Ophidian, 140
Reptilia, 137
Requiem, 152
Reseda, 215
lutea, 215
luteola, 215
vulgaris, 215
Resedacese, 215
Resin, anime, 275
black boy, 531
cerate, 672
copal, 275
common, 505
cowdie pine, 503
fir, 503
guaiacum, 246
moschat, 227
of abies excelsa, 917
of amber, 841
Burgundy pine, 917
of Ceradia, 360
of Indian hemp, 916
of jalap, 736,916
of mezereon, 916
plaster, 718
scammony, 741
white, 505
yellow, 531
Resina cannabis Indicse, 916 '
chibou, 258
elemi Orientalis, 255
jalapffi, 736, 916
mezerei, 916
pini Burgundicae, 917
scammonii, 741
INDEX.
1127
Resine elemi en pains, 255
gommart, 258
Rest harrow, 279
Resta bovis, 279
Restoratives, 825
Eeveillematin, 479
Rex amaroris, 217
Rhabarbarum mouaclionun,
457
Rhamneffi, 253
Rhamnus, 253
Alaternus, 253
amygdalinus, 254
buxifolius, 254
cathai-ticus, 254
fraugula, 254
infectoiius, 254
jujuba, 254
lycioides, 254
niger, 254
oenophia, 254
oleoides, 254
paliurus, 253
pubescens, 254
sanguineus, 254
saxatilis, 254
siculus, 254
theezans, 254
volubilis, 253
zizyphus, 254
Ehapontic blanc, 359
Rhaponticum behen, 359
Rhatania, 216
Rhatany, 216
Rhea, 491
Rheum, 454
Australe, 455
capsicum, 455
compactum, 455
crassinervum, 455
Emodi, 455, 456
leuchorizum, 455
nanum, 455
palmatum, 455, 456
Rhaponticum, 456, 457
rhabarbarum, 456
Ribes, 456
spiciforme, 456
Tataricum, 455
undulatum, 456
ustum, 917
Webbianum, 445
Rhinacanthus communis, 441
Rhinanthus, 423
crisUi galli, 423
Rhinoceros, 120
Indicus, 120
unicornis, 120
Rhipiptera, 166
Khizoboleae, 237
Rhizobolus butyrosus, 237
Rhizobolus pekea, 237
tuberculosa, 237
Rhizophora gymnorrhiza, 297
Mangle, 297
Rhizophoreae, 297
Rhizopogon albus, 565
Rhodiae radix, 312
Rhodiola odorata, 312
rosea, 312
Rhodium, oil of, 273
Rhododendron, 381
chrysanthum, 381
ferrugineum, 382
flavum, 379
maximum, 382
officinale, 381
polifolium, 379
Ponticum, 382
yellow, 379
Rhodomenia palmata, 574
Rhoeados petala, 203
Rhceas, 203
Rhubarb, 454
burnt, 917
China, 454
concentrated infusion, 803
English, 194, 456
French, 456
lozenges, 999
Malabar, 457
monk's, 457
pill, 882
and ginger pills, 883
Russian, 454
tablets, 999
Tartarian, 455
toasted, 917
wharted leaved, 454
wine, 1022
Rhubarbe indigene, 359
Rhus, 261
copallina, 231
coriaria, 261
cotinus, 261
glabra, 261
Javanicum, 261
metopium, 261
obsoniorum, 261
perniciosa, 261
pumila, 261
radicans, 261
striata, 261
toxicodendron, 261
typhinum, 262
vernix, 262
Virginianum, 262
venenata, 262
Rib grass, 446
Ribaucourt's ink, 783
Kibes, 314
albinervum, 314
Ribes album, 315
Alpinum, 315
fragrans, 315
grossularia, 315
hortense, 315
macrobotrys, 315
nigrum, 315
olidum, 315
punctatura, 315
rubrum, 315
triste, 315
Uva Cryspa, 315
viscosum, 315
Ribasia, 315
Ribwort plantain, 446
Rice, 548
Canada, 552
Gei'man, 548
ground, 548
Indian, 548
rough, 548
Ricettario di Dottori de Arte
et de Medicina, 1 1
Fiorentino nuovomente
compilato e redotto all'
Uso Moderno, 11
Richardia pilosa, 349
scabra, 349
Richardsonia, 349
Brazilliensis, 349
emetica, 349
rosea, 349
scabra, 349
Richweed, 428
Ricini semina, 484
Ricinus communis, 434
communis major, 484
communis miiioi', 484
viridis, 484
Riga balsam, 505
Rindera laevigata, 398
tetrapsis, 398
Ring-dove, 134
Ringworm bush, 269
Ripening, 652
Ritro, 362
River conferva;, 571
crawfish, 162
horse, 119
lamprey, 152
weed, hairy, 571
Rivina humilis, 452
paniculata, 445
Roach, 147
Roan, 291
Roast beef plant, 519
Rob, 917
elder, 917
of elderberries, 917
of juniper, 917
of mulberries, 917
1128
INDEX.
Rob of walnuts, 917
Robinia Caragana, 268
florida, 283
Robinsonia, 304
melianthifolia, 304
Rocambole, 525
Rocella, dyer's, 570
tinctoria, 568, 570
Roch alum, 605
Roche's embrocation for the
hooping-cough, 819
Rochelle salt, 932
Rochi gallis, 605
Rock alum, 605
moss, 570
oil, 655
rose, 405, 458
salt, 920
savory, 435
sparrow-grass, 527
Rocket, 208
garden, 208
London, 210
purple sea, 206
wild, 205
winter, 205
yellow, 205
Rod, 29
Rodentia, 116
Rodents, 116
Roll sulphur, 948
pomatum, 889 ;
Roman alum, 605
cement, 670
nettle, 491
ochre, 683
vitriol, 694
weights, 16
wormwood, common, 356
wormwood, true, 357
Ronobea emetica, 349
Roob, 917
diamorum, 917
dyacaiyon, 917
juniperi, 917
sambuci, 917
Rood, bresille, 282
hout, 272
Root alum, 316
American China, 524
arrow, 515, » 517, 522,
540, 554, 744
blood, 203, 289
butterfly, 395
calumbo, 198
Canada snake, 428, 471
snake, yellow, 192
Carolina pink, 399
cassamunar, 516
chay, 348
chocohite, 289
Root, cocoa, 540
dragon, 539
East Indian arrow, 515
fever, 336
golden thread of Assam,
190
gravel, 364
karil, 225
knot, 428
Mechoacan, 406
moon, 557
Mouringhy, 278
of scarcity, 449
orris, 519
pink, 289
pleurisy, 395
Putchuk, 514
rattlesnake, 217
red, 203
rose, 312
seneka snake, 217
stone, 428
Tahiti arrow, 522
thorough, 364
Virginia snake, 471, 543
white ginger, 517
yellow, 194
Roots, China, 523
dragon, 705
preservation of, 575
Rope coir, 537
Ros majalis, 814
solis, 215
Rosa, 292
alba, 292
alba vulgaris major, 292
arvensis, 292
canina, 292
centifolia, 292
Damascena, 293
flore albopleno, 292
Gallica, 293
mollissima, 293
pallida, 293
provincialis, 292
rubiginosa, 293
rubra, 292, 293
sempervireiis, 293
solis, 215
stylosa, 293
systyla, 293
Rosaceae, 285
Rosffi caninte pulpa, 292
centifolise petala, 292
Gallicas petala, 293
Rosalis des six grains, 676
Rose apples, 303
blush, 293
bush, dog, 292
bush, pale red, 293
cabbage, 292
Rose, cataplasm, 667
Christmas, 192
close-styled dog, 293
common guelder, 336
coloured Pelargonium, 243
com, 203
damask, 293
de provence, 292
evergreen, 293
female holly, 213
French, 293
hundred-leaved, 292
male holly, 213
mealy guelder, 336
ointment, 1010
pink, 682
provins, 292
rock, 405, 458
root, 312
scented Pelargonium, 243
South Sea, 391
spotted annual rock, 213
trailing dog, 292
vinegar, 1018
water, 628
white or blush, 292
willow, 498
wort, 312
Rosebay, 391
American, 382
dwarf, 382
willow herb, 298
Rosella, 215
vulgaris, 215
Rosemary, 435
leaved andromeda, 379
mai-sh, 445
poet's, 468
wild, 379, 381
Roses, bloom of, 681
milk, 791
Rosetti, 566
Rosewood, 299, 404, 405
canary, 273
Jamaica, 256, 4l2
Rosin, 505
black, 677
Rosmarinus, 435
officinalis, 435
Rotifera, 176, 181
Rotten-stone, 917
Rottlera tinctoria, 484
Rotulse menthje piperita;, 998
Rouge, 359
brown red, 751
card, 359
powder, 750
Rough bind weed, 523
chervil, 318
fruited spurge, 480
hoi-se-tail, 555
INDEX.
1129
Rough hound, 152
marsh bedstraw, 346
nee, 548
spinach, 451
spleen wort, 557
Round barley, 547
birth wort, 470
cardamoms, 513
China cardamoms, 514
root crowfoot, 193
Round-headed garlic, great,
525
headed rampion, 377
leaved crane's bill, 243
leaved dogwood, 334
leaved horse-mint, 432
leaved sundew, 215
leaved winter green, 382
rooted cyperus, 544
zedoary, 516
Rousette, 152
Rousseau's laudanum, 1021
Royal marsh orchis, 511
yellow bark, 340
Rubefacient liniments, 830
Rubefocients, 830
Royle, Dr., Manual of Ma-
teria Medica, 14
Rubia, 350
cordata, 350
cynanchica, 337
mangith, 350
Mungista, 350 °"'
peregrina, 350
sylvestris, 350
sylvestris levis, 346
tinctorum, 346, 350
Rubiaceae, 337
Rubiacic acid, 350
Rubiac radix, 350
Rubigo ferri, 752
Rubus, 293
csEsius, 293
Chamaemorus, 293
fruticosus, 293
hispidus, 294
Idaeus, 293
saxatilis, 294
trivialis, 294
villosus, 294
vulgaris, 293
Ruby, artificial, 762
lac, 791
Ruddle, 682
Rue, 248
common meadow, 194
goats', 273
greater meadow, 194
harmel wild, 248
leaved whitlow grass, 316
lesser meadow, 194
Rue, narrow-leaved 248
Spanish meadow, 194
wall, 557
Ruellia tuberosa, 441
Rufus' pill, 876
Rum, 550
Rume yar waccar, 572
Rumex acetosa, 457
acetosella, 457, 458
acutus, 457, 458
Alpinus, 457
aquaticus, 457
Britannica, 457
crispus, 457
hydrolapathum, 457
obtusifolius, 457
patientia, 458
sanguineus, 458
scutatus, 458
xanthorrhiza, 457
Ruminantia, 121
Rumphal, 539
Eunge's chrome ink, 783
Runkel, 151
Rupee, 27
Rupture wort, glabrous, 311
Ruscus, 529
aculeatus, 529
hypoglossum, 529
hypophyllum, 529
Rush, bull, 544
nut, 543
sweet, 545
Rushes, Dutch, 555
Rushy gum succory, 360
Rusma, 918
Rusot, 200
Ruspini's styptic, 819
Russia seeds, 547
Russian Pharmacopoeias, 9
leech, 161
rhubarb, 454
Rust of iron, 752
Ruta, 248
angustifolia, 248
capraria, 273
graveolens, 248
hortensis, 248
muraria, 557
sylvestris, 248
Rutaceae, 247
Rutae folia, 248
Ruttees, 27
Rybes of Serapias, 456
Rye, 550
coffee, 676
ergot, 566
spirit 550
spring, 550
spurred, 550, 566
winter, 550
Sabadilla, 532
seeds, 534, 535
Sabadillin, 1017
Sabbaree Kat, 251
Sabbatia, 401
angularis, 401
decussata, 402
gracilis, 402
Sabina, 504
Sabinae folia, 504
Sabinea florida, 283,
Saccharine carbonate of iron,
747
iodide of iron, 749
carbonate of iron and
manganese, 752
Saccharolatum lichenis Islan-
dici, 920
Saccharometers, 40
Saccharomyces vini cerevisia:,
564
Saccharum, 550, 918
crystallinum, 919
hordeatum, 4, 920
lactis, 919
officinarum, 550
penidium, 4, 920
Saturni, 885
Sinense, 550
Sacculus, 920
Sachet, 920
powder, 920
Sack tree, 486
Safilower, 359, 519
Saffron, 518
bastard, 359, 519
cake, 519
crocus, 519
dyer's, 359
hay, 519
meadow, 532
of antimony, 613
of copper, 600
Sagapenum preparatum, 902
Sage, common, 435
Ethiopian, 435
great garden, 435
leaf mullein, 434
of Crete, 435
of Jerusalem, 411 '
of virtue, 435
small garden, 435
wood, 438
Saggina rubra, 551
Sagi mati, 920
Sagie mottie, 920
Sagitta oquatica, 508
1130
II^DEX.
Sagittaria, 508
sagittifolia, 508
Sago, 522, 523, 535, 536,
538, 554
palm, 538
Portland, 540
Sagou, 538
Saguaster major, 536
Saguerus Kumphii, 536, 538
Sagus, 554
farinifera, 538
genuina, 538
inermis, 554
Isevis, 538
palma pinus, 588
Eumphii, 538
vinifera, 538
Saintfoiii cockshead, 279
St. Ann's bark, 342
St. Barnaby's thistle, 360
St. Domingo braziletto, 259
St. Germain laxative powder,
935
St. Ignatius' bean, 392
St. John's bread, 270
St. John's wort, bastard, 232
St. John's wort, common, 232
St. Lucie bark, 345
St. Lucie wood, 287
* St. Martha wood, 268
St. Mary's scilla, 530
St. Peter's corn, 551
St. Peter's wort, 232
Sajor carang, 572
Sal absinthii 894
alembroth, 769
ammoniac, 608
Anglicum, 812
auri philosophicum, 893
catharticum, 812
catharticum Glauberi, 932
de duobus, 900
diureticum, 891
enixum, 893
gemmae, 920, 933
Bmonum, 920
martis, 756
mirabile perlatum, 931
mirabile Glauberi, 932
polychrest, 900
polychrestum Glaseri, 900
polychrestum seignette,
932
polychrestus Glaseri, 921
prunella, 898, 921
rupellensis, 932
sedativum Hombergi, 585
Seidlitzense, 812
succini, 595
tartari, 894
vitrioli, 1029
Sal volatile cornu cervi, 611
Salad burnet, 290
corn, 352
oil, 858
Saladin, 2
Salamander, common, 144
Salamandra, 143
maculosa, 144
Salam marmorata, 143
Salep, 419, 510, 511
French, 419
misri, 512
Otaheite, 522
powder, 419
Sal icaria vulgaris, 299
Salicarise, 409
Salicina, 921
Salicine, 921
Salicinea;, 495, 497
Salicis cortex, 497
Salicornia annua, 451
fruticosa, 451
herbacea, 451
Salicylate of oxide of methyle,
380
Saline mixture, 837
gelatinous bath, 646
spring, Cheltenham, 631
tincture of aconite, 968
Salisburia adiantifoUa, 506
Salix, 497
alba, 497
amygdalina, 497
Babylonica, 497
caprea, 497
eriocephala, 497
fragilis, 497
Helix, 498
herbacea, 497
Laurea, 498
monandra, 498
pentandra, 498
purpurea, 498
Kusselliana, 497, 498
viminalis, 498
Sallow, 497
great round-leaved, 497
thorn, 469
Salmo Alpinus, 147
salar, 147
Salmon, 147
Saloop, 511
Salsify, 374
Salsola, 650
Salsola decumbens, 451
Indica, 451
kali, 451
sativa, 451
soda, 451
Tragus, 451
, Salt, bay, 933
Salt, bitter purging, 812
common, 933
culinary, 933
Epsom, 812
Epsom, double, 812
Epsom, single, 812
fossil, 920, 933
Glaser's polychrest, 900,
921
Glauber's, 932
Homberg's sedative, 585
Macquer's aisenioal, 891
microcosmic, 832
of bark, essential, 731
of hartshorn, volatile, 611
of lemons, 920
of sorrel, 899
of steel, 756
of tartar, 894
Rochelle, 932
rock, 933
Schlippe's antimonial, 933
sore throat, 921
spirit of, 589
tasteless, 931
vegetable, 901
wormwood, 894
Salted cucumbers, 306
Saltpetre, 898
Salts, Cheltenham, 631
smelling, 610
solubility of, 79, 94
Saltwort, 451
prickly, 451
Salvadora Persica, 445
Salve, lip, 672
Salvia iEthiopica, 435
agrestis, 438
Benghalensis, 431
Cretica, 435
grandifiora, 435
Horminum, 435
hortensis major, 435
hortensis minor, 435
Indica, 435
lyrata, 435
officinalis, 431, 435
Sclarea, 436
verbenaca, 436
verticillata, 436
virtutis, 435
vitse, 557
Sambac mogorium, 388
Sambucus, 336
Canadensis, 336
Ebulus, 336
nigra, 336
nigra virescens, 336
racemosa, 336
Sambul, 950
root, 950
INDEX.
1131
Samolus Valerandi, 443
Samovy isinglass, 148
Samphire, 322
mai-sh, 451
pickled, 322
Sampscus, 434
Sanamunda, 459
Sand bath, 645
box, 481
garlic, 525
helichrysum, 365
strapwort, 311
Sandal tree, 468
wood, 468
wood, red, 283
white, 468
yellow, 468
Saudarach, 503
gum, 503
Sanders' blue, 679
red, 282
white, 468
yellow, 468, 506
Sandiver, 921
Sandix, 682
Sandoricum, 240
Indicum, 240
Sandwort, 218
sea, 218
seaside, 218
Sangre del drago, 474
Sangsue de sac majeur, 162
interrompue, 161
marquetee, 161
medicinale de verbano, 162
medicinale grise, 161
medicinale verte, 161
noire, 161
Sanguinaria, 203
Canadensis, 203
Sanguis draconis in lachrymis,
536
Sanguisuga cavena, 162
chlorogaster, 161
interrupta, 161
marginata, 161
medicinalis, 161
obscura, 161
officinalis, 161
verbana, 162
Sanicle, American, 316
bear's ear, 442
wood, 330
Yorkshire, 442
Sanicula, 330
Europaea, 330
officinalis, 330
officinarum, 330
Sanseviera Guinensis, 530
pumila, 530
Zeylanica, 530
Santa Maria leaf, 499
Maria tree, 233
Santalaceas, 467
Santalum, 468
album, 468
citrinum, 468
freycinetianum, 468
myrtifolium, 468
paniculatum, 468
rubrum, 282
Santolina,^371
Chamajcyparissis, 371
fragrantissima, 371
Jamaicensis, 358
maritima, 362
tinctoria, 360
tomentosa, 362
Santonica maritima, 362
Santonicum, 356
Santonine, 921
Santoninum, 921
Sap green, 681
Sapa, 919
Sapindaceae, 237
Sapindus, 238
edulis, 238
emarginatus, 238
saponaria, 238
Sapium ancuparium, 485
Indicum, 485
sebiferum, 485
Sapo, 921
amygdalinus, 923
antimonialis, 923
Castiliensis, 922
crotonis, 923
durus, 922
guaiacinus, 923
Hispanicus, 922
jalapinus, 923
mollis, 922
piceus, 924
Stibiatus, 923
terebinthinae, 924
terebinthinatus, 924
Sapodilla nispam, 384
tree, 384
Saponaria, 220, 238
dioica, 220
officinalis, 220
vaccaria, 220
Saponine, 924
Sapota, 384
achras, 384
Sapotaceae, 383
Sappan wood, 268
Sapphire, artificial, 763
Sapucaya, 303
Saracen's wound wort, 372
Sarcoptis hominis, 163
Sarcostemma aphyllum, 397
Sarcostemma glaucum, 397
stipitaceum, 397
Sargassum bacciferum, 574
vulgare, 574
Sarissus anceps, 347
Sarsaparilla, 459, 523, 528
bastard, 543
East Indian, 397
extract of, 741
false, 333
fluid extract of, 741
German, 543
Honduras 524
Indian, 397, 523
Jamaica, 524
Lima, 524
Lisbon, or Brazilian, 524
Vera Cruz, 524
wild, 333
Sass, 111
Sassa gum, 264
Sassafras lignum, 466
. nuts, 465
officinalis, 466
. Oriental, 466
parthenoxylon, 466
radix, 466
tree, 466
Sassy bark, 272
Satin flower, 209
wood, 239
Saturated solutions, boiling
points of, 76
Saturating power of citric
acid, 586
Satureja capjtata, 436
durior, 436
frutescens, 436
hortensis, 436
Juliana, 436
montana, 436
spicata, 436
Thymbra, 436
Satyrion, butterfly, 510
French, 511
male, 511
Satyrium, 510, 511
hircinum, 511
Sauce alone, 205
Chetney, 924
fish, 924
piquante, 925
Quin's, 925 1
tomato, 925
Saucers, pink, 359
Sauces, 924
Saucy bark, 272
Saumah, 549
Saur kraut, 206
Sauria, 139
Saurureae, 499
1132
INDEX. '
Saururus vernus, 499
Sausage spice, 935
Savine, 504
cerate, 672
oil of, 504
ointment, 1010
Savoeja, 533
Savory, rock, 436
spice, 936
Bumuier, 436
winter, 436
Savoy cabbage, 206
Sawwort, 372
Saxifraga alba, 316
antiquorum, 220
aurea, 316
cotyledon, 316
Geum, 316
granulata, 316
tridactylites, 316
vulgaris, 330
Saxifragacea, 315
Saxifrage, common Burnet,
329
common golden, 316
golden, 316
- great, 220
kidney-shaped, 316
meadow pepper, 330
narrow-leaved, 316
three-leaved, 316
•white meadow, 316
Saxon blue, 678, 679
or tower weight, 15, 17
Saxony, Pharmacopoeia of, 7
Scabiosa, 353
arvensis, 353
succisa, 353
Scabious, annual sheep's, 377
field, 353
hairy sheep's, 377
Scaly grammitis, 558
Scammony, 396, 405, 477
Aleppo, 405
European, 396
extract of, 741
French, 396
Montpelier, 396
plant, Aleppo, 405
resin of, 741
senna, 397
Smyrna, 398
Scandix, 330
anthriscus, 318
bulbocastanum, 320
cerefolium, 318
odorata, 327
pecten Veneris, 330
Scansores, 133
Scariola, 367
Scarlet bean, 280
Scarlet cup lichen, 570
flowered horse chesnut, 237
mushroom, 553
pimpernel, 442
runner, 280
Scarus ruminans, 147
Scent bags, French, 568
Schageri cottan, 226
Scheele's green, 680
prussic acid, 590
Schinus molle, 281
Schleichera trijuga, 238
Schlippe's antimonial salt,
933
Schmidelia, 239
serrata, 239
Schcenanthus, 545
Scholaris, 389
Schotia speciosa, 283
Schroeder's Pharmacopoeia,
12
Schubertia disticha, 506
Sehweinfurth green, 680
Sciatica cress, 208
Scilla, 530
maritima, 530
Scillitin, 530
Seine, 139
Scincodii, 139
Scincus officinalis, 139
Scindapsus officinalis, 541
Scio turpentine, 260
Schinus, 262
molle, 262
Scirpus locustris, 544
Scitamineae, 514
Sciurus vulgaris, 118
Sclarea, 436
Scleranthus, 311
annuus, 311
perennis, 311
Sclerodermata, 149
Sclerotium clavus, 566
cocos, 565
Scollop, 159
Scolopendra alternans, 167
gigantic, 167
gigas, 167
morsitans, 167
Scolopendrium, 559
ceterach, 558
vulgare, 559
Scolymus, 362
angyospermos, 371
congestus, 371
Hispanicus, 371
maculatus, 371
pectinatus, 371
perennis, 371
Scomber scombrus, 145
thynnus, 145
Scoparia dulcis, 423
procumbens, 423
temata, 423
Scordium germander, 438
Scorodonia, 438
Scorodoprasum, 525
Scorpio Afer, 164
Americanus, 164
Austrahs, 164
Europfeus, 164
Maurus, 164
Occitanus, 164
Scorpioides, 266
Scorpion, African, 164
American, 164
Barbary, 164
European, 164
grass, field, 410
grass, great water, 410
Indian, 164
senna, 271
wort, 266
yellow, 164
Scorzonera, 372
denticulata, 372
Hispanica, 372
purpurea, 372
sativa, 372
subcaerulea, 372
Scotch bonnets, 562
. fir, 505
paregoric, 988
pearl barley, 548
scurvy grass, 404
Scot's drops, 819
Scouring drops, 925
Scrophularia, 424
aquatica, 424
nodosa, 424
Scrophularinese, 420
Scruple, 26
Scurfy boletus, 563
Scurvy grass, common, 207
grass, English, 207
grass, Scotch, 404
Scutellaria, 436
galericulata, 436
laterifolia, 436
tertia, 333
Scutibranchiata, 154
Scyphophorus cocciferus, 570
pyxidatus, 570
Scytalia Chinensis, 238
Sea buckthorn, 469
cabbage, 207
calf, 116
chick weed, 311
cocoa nut, 538
colewort, 207, 404
cow, 126
dog, 116, 152
INDEX.
1133
Sea ear, 155
eels, 149
elephant, 116
ervngo, 323
\ froth, 831
girdle, 573
grass, Iceland, 574
holly, 323
horse, 116
kale, 207
kidney vetch, 277
lamprey, 152
lavender, 445
lentils, 574
lion, 116
moss, or Coraline, 179
orache, 449
orache, ^ass-leaved, 449
purslane, 449
rocket, purple, 206
sandwort, 218
sedge, 543
spurge, 479
spurge, purple, 479
spurry, 218
starwort, 374
■water, artificial, 634
■water-bath, 646
■wormwood, 356
wrack, 572
Seagreen, water, 507
Seal, 116
engraver's cement, 669
Solomon's, 528
Sealed earth, 967
Sealing wax, 925
was, black, 925
wax, bottle, 926
wax, gold, 926
wax, marbled, 926
wax, red, 925,
wax, soft, 926
Seaside beech, 346
side bindweed, 404
side grapes, 452
,' side potato slip, 406
sandwort, 218
Sebestans, 412
Sebesten plums, 412
Sebestena officinalis, 412
Sebestens myxa, 412
Sebifera glutinosa, 466
Secaie, 550
cereale, 550
cereale hybernum, 550
cereale vernum, 550
cornutum, 550, 566
Secamone, 398
Alpine, 398
emetica, 308
Securidaca, 271
Sedatives, 822
Sedge, 539, 543
hairy, 543
pendulous wood, 543
sea, 543
soft brown marsh, 543
Sedum, 312
acre, 312
album, 312
Anacampseros, 312
Cepaa, 312
majus, 312
minimum, 312
minus, 312
Rhodiola, 312
roseum, 312
Telephium, 312
Seed, all, 448
canary, 549
lac, 172, 790
maw, 203
worm, 208, 399, 450
Seeds, 577
caraway, 320
castor-oil, 484
husked, 547
lamp-oil, 484
manna, 547
Mexico, 484
musk, 222
Russia, 547
sabadilla, 534, 535
sesamum, 206
worm, 356
Seggrum, 372
Sego, 538
Seidlitz powders, 907
water, 635
water free from bitterness,
811
Seidschutz water, 634
Seir, 27
Selago, 556
Sel d'or, 642
Sel de seignette, 932
Self heal, 435
Selibra, or Sembella, 16
Selinum, 320, 330
anethum, 317
angelica, 318
carifolia, 330
galbanum, 320
Imperatoria, 326
membranaceum, 330
palustre, 329
pseudo-carvifolia, 330
pubescens, 318
sylvestre, 318, 329
Seltzer water, 635
Sembella, 16
Semecai-pus, 262
Semecarpus Anacardium,
262
Semen amomi, 331
cinae, 356
contra, 356
Semina anticholei-ica, 283
curcadis, 482
dauci cretici officinalis, 31 &
Semi-vitrified oxide of lead,
888
Semola, 551
rarita, 551
Semoletta, 551
Semolino, 551
Semoule, 926
Semoulina, 926
Sempervivum, 312
tectorum, 312
Senacia maytenus, 252
Sene de Nubie, 268
Senebiera coronopus, 207
Seuecio Cacaliaster, 372
ciliatus, 363
Doria, 372
Doronicum, 372
Jacobaea, 372
Saracenicus, 372
tomentosus, 372
vulgaris, 372
Senega, 217
SenegiE radix, 217
Seneka snake root, 217
extract of, 742
Senna, 444
Aleppo, 269
Alexandrina, 268
American, 269
Americana, 269
Arabica, 269
bladder, 270
concentrated infusion, 806
Coromandel, 270
country, 270
essence, 806
extract, 742
fluid extract of, 806
Italian, 269
Italica, 269
leaves exhausted with spiiit
of wine, 759
Mecca, 269
Mocho, 269
of Tripoli,' 268
scammony, 397
scorpion, 271
Tiuevelly, 269
tora, 270
Tripoli, 268
Tripohtana, 268
West Indian, 269
wild, 269
1134
INDEX.
Sennse foliii, spiritu vini ex-
tracta, 759
Sensitive plant, bastard, 265
plant, canepiece, 269
Se o\v chong, 229
Sepia elegans, 154
Sepia loligo, 154
mezzana, 154
officinalis, 154
Sepistans, 412
Sept foil, 290
September, plants which are
in perfection in, 104
Serapias latifolia, 510
Serapion, 2
Sereque, 273
Sergeant, 224
Seriola taraxacifolia, 356
Serfs, 361
Serjania, 239
triternata, 239
Serpent, glass, 140
Serpents, 140
Serpentaria minor, 540
nigra, 471
Virginiana, 471
Serpentarias radix, 471
Serpyllum, 438
Serrated fucus, 572
winter green, 383
Serratula, 372
anthelmintica, 375
squarrosa, 368
tinctoria, 372
Sersoon, 210
Servatoris liber, 2
Serum lactis, 926
lactis acidum, 926
lactis aluminatum, 926
lactis anrantiatum, 926
lactis cerevisiatura, 926
lactis dulce, 926
lactis tamarindinatum, 927
lactis vinosum, 927
Service-tree, trae, 292
tree, wild, 291
wild, 291
Sesamum, 403
Indicnm, 403
Orientale, 403
seeds, 206
veterum, 403
Sesban, 283
Sesbana grandiflora, 265
Sesbania, 283
iEgyptiaca, 283
Seseli, 320, 326, 330
jEgopodium, 317
^thiopicum, 320
amomum, 331
articulatuni, 330
Seseli glaucum, 332
graveolens, 318
Hippomara thrum, 330
leucospermum, 330
montanum, 330
Peloponense, 327
tortuosum, 330
Sesili saxifragnm, 330
glaucum, 332
Sesleria quitensis, 547
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia,
610
Sesquiferrocyanide of iron, 754
Sesquioxide of antimony, 613
arsenic, 584
iron, 750
Sesquiphosphate of iron, 753
Sesuvium, 313
Portulacastrum, 313
Setaria giauca, 549
Italica, 549
Setier, 33
Setter wort, 191
Seven-eared vine, 407
Seville orange, 231, 232
Sextula, or Sextans, 16
Shad, 148
Shaddock, 231
Shagi'een, 152
Ray, 152
Shaggy agaric, large, 562
Shallot, 525
Shark, white, 152
Shark's skin, 152
Sharp dock, 457
fruited pond weed, 508
pointed dock, 457
pointed fluellin, 422
Shea, or Butter tree, 383
butter, 383
Sheep, 125
Sheep's scabious, annual, 377
scabious, hairy, 377
son-el, 457
Shell cblocynth, 306
lac, 790
Shells, coloured, 158
prepared, 967
Shepherd's needle, 330
purse, 206
purse, lesser, 211
Sherard, 350
Sherardia, 350
arvensis, 350
Sherbet, 927
lemon, 793
Sherry cobler, 927
Sheta sersha, 210
Shield laver, 573
Shilling, or Solidus, 17
Shoemaker's black, 756
Shorea, 227
camphorifera, 227
robusta, 227
Shot, Indian, 517
Show colours for shop win-
dows, 684
Showy milfoil, 353
Shrub, coffee, 345
Shrubby goatweed, 420
hartworf, 320
horse tail, 503
orache, 449
Shukhr ool askur, 396
Siberian bee larkspur, 191
stone pine, 504
Sicilus, or Siculus, 16
Sida, 223
Abutilon, 223
cordifolia, 223
Indica, 223
rhomboidea, 223
Slderitis, 436
arvensis latifolia glabra,
437
flore luteolo, 436
hirsuta, 436
montana, 436
scordioides, 436
Syriaca, 437
Siderodendron, 350
triflbrum, 350
Sideroxylon dulcificum, 385
Sienna,'678
burnt, 678
Sierra Leone millet, 549
Sigillum Salomonis, 528
Sikes' hydrometer, 39
Silaus, 330
pratensis, 330
Silene^ 220
Armeria, 220
Behen, 220
inflata, 220
muscipula, 220
Saxifraga, 220
Virginica, 220
Siler montanum, 326
Silicate of zinc, 660
Silicua, 28
Siligo, 550
Siliqua Arabica, 28 3
dulcis, 270
hirsuta, 278
Siliquastrum orbiculatuin,
270
Silk cotton, 223
weed, common, 395
worm, Bombyx, 175
Silky hypnum, 560
Sillabub, 927
whipt, 9 27
INDEX.
lias
Silphion, 324
Silurns glanis, 148
Parkeri, 148
SUver, 637
bark, 344
chloride, 637
ciuchona, 344
cyanide, 637
cyanuret, cyanodido, or
hydrocvo.nate, C37
fir-tree, 503
fused nitrate, 638
German, 842
hydrochlorate of, and am-
monia, 638
ink, 787
nickel, 842
nitrate, 637
nitrate, solution of, 799
oxide, 638
weed, 290
Silvering powder, 903
Silvins, 3
Silybum, 372
maculatum, 372
Marianum, 372
Simaba, 250
cedron, 250
Simarouba. 512
Simariiba, 250
amara, 250
excelsa, 250
officinalis, 250
quassioides, 249
versicolor, 250
Simarubeas, 249
Simarubae cortex. 250
Simla, 109
Simon, 2
Simple cement, 671
colocynth pills, 878
liniment, 797
mercurial water, 625
ointment, 1012 _
Simplium, 16
Sinapi, 210
Sinapis, 209
alba, 209
arvensis, 210
Chinensis, 210
dicbotorna, 210
glauca, 210
juncea, 210
nigra, 210
ramosa, 210
semina, 210
Singara, 298
Single aquafortis, 593
Singleton's golden ointment,
819
Sipeira, 465
Siphonia, 480
cachuchu, 480
Sirium myrtifolium, 468
Sirop d'absinthe, 951
d'acetate de morphine, 959
d'acidehydrocyanique, 951
d'acide tartariqiie, 951
de Desessart, 958
de digitale, 955
d'ether, 951
d'extrait d'opium, 956
de gorame, 957
d'ipecacuanha compose,
958
de mousse de Corse, 953
d'oranges, 953
d'orgeat, 952
de pointes d'asperges, 953
de quinquina, 954
de quinquina au vin, 954
de ratanhia, 960
de safran, 955
de salsepareille, 963
de sulphate de morphine,
959
de sulphate de quinine, 960
de thridace, 958
Sisarum, 331
Si-seu-Kaki, 385
Sison, 331
amomum, 331
anisum, 329
podagraria, 317
segetum, 328
Sisymbrium 210
amphibium, 209
aquaticiim, 209
Irio, 210
officinale, 210
Sophia, 210
sylvestre, 432
Sium, 331
amomum, 331
angustifolium, 331
apium, 318
aromaticum, 331
berula, 331
bulbocastanum, 320
cicuta, 321
crucaefolia, 321
graveolens, 318
Hippomarathrum, 330
latifolium, 331
uinsi, 331
nodiflorum, 325
Sisarum, 331
Six-sided barley, 547
Sixteenth, 18
Skate, 152
blue, 152
grey, 152
Skate, white, 152
Skilling, 18
Skin fish, 152
goldbeater's, 122
shark's, 152
Skink, 139
Skirret, 331
Skull-cap, common, 436
Skunk cabbage, 541
weed, 541
Skylark, 132
Slaked lime, 661
Slate, Irish, 792
Sleepy nightshade, 417
Slender bark, 341
Slippeiy elm, 498
Sloane, Sir Hans, 4
Sloe tree, 291
Sloes, 291
Sloth, 118
Slug, 155
Smaele skylling, 18
Small American long pepper,
501
bind weed, 404
bird's foot, 279
bramble, 293
bur parsley, 320
burdock, 375
burnet, 290
fleabane, 363, 366, 371
galangale, 513
garden sage, 435
hart's wort, 332
hawkweed, 370
leaved elm, common, 498
leopard's bane, 362
marsh valerian, 351
bak fern, 559
reed, purple flowered, 547
spikenard, 333
stinging nettle, 491
sturgeon, 151
toad flax, 423
turnsol, 410
wild borage, 409
wild bugloss, 410
winter green, 383
yellow alkanet, 411
Smallage, 318
Smaller nasturtium, 244
Smallest fluellin, 425
Smalt, 678
Smelling salts, 610 '
Smellom's ointment' for the
eyes, 819
Smilacea;, 522, 527, 528,
529, 533, 534
Smilasperic acid, 327
Smilax aspera, 623
China, 523^
1136
INDEX.
Smilax glabra, 523
glauca, 523
glycyphylla, 523
lanceffifolia, 523
medica, 623
officinalis, 523
papyracea, 524
pseudo-china, 524
Purhampuy, 524
sarsaparilla, 524
syphilitica, 524
Smith's fumigation, 760
Smooth bonduc tree, 278
leaved ironwort, 437
' seeded goosefoot, 451
sow thistle, 373
spinach, 451
Smyrna raisins, black, 242
raisins, red, 242
scammony, 398
Smyrnium, 331
Alexandre, 331
heterophyllum, 331
mathioli, 331
olusatrum, 331
Snail, garden, 155
Snake, American rattle, 142
Cape Pintado, 140
javelin, 140
root, 217
root, black, 180
root, Canada, 428, 471
root, Virginia, 471, 543
weed, 320, 453
weed, black, 471
weed, button, 323
whip lash, 140
wood, 391
Snap dragon, great, 420
dragon, lesser, 420
Sneezewort, 370
Snow cetraria, 567
Snuff, 910, 927
black and brown rappee,
928
Carotte, 928
cephalic, 904, 910
Cuba, 928
Irish, 928
Lundyfoot, 928
prince's mixture, 928
princeza, 928
Scotch, 928
Spanish, 928
Welsh, 928
Snuffs, dry, 927, 928
moist, 927, 928
Soap, 921
almond, 923
antimonial, 923
bath, 646
Soap beiTy tree, 238
black, 923
Castile, 922
cerate, 673
cerate plaster, 713
croton oil, 923
curd, 922
essence of, 727
of essential oil of turpen-
tine, 924
guaiacum, 923
hard, 922
jalap, 923
liniment, 797
mottled, 922
Naples, 923
pitch, 924
plaster, 718
soft, common, 922
Spanish, 923
Starkey's, 924
stone, 693
transparent, 922
turpentine, 924
white common, 922
Windsor, brown, 922
white, 922
wort, 220
yellow, 922
Soaps, hard, 922
medicated, 923
soft, 922
toilet, 922
Socotrine aloes, 526
Soda, acetate, 928
Aiguesmortes, 451
Alicant, 451
arseniate, 928
bicarbonate, 929
carbonate, 928, 930
caibonate, dried, 929
carbonate, solution of, 807
caustic, table showing the
strength of solutions of
different densities, 55
caustic, solution of, 807
chloride, solution of, 807
chlorinated solution of, 807
choleate, 930
effervescing solution, 808
hydrate, 9'28
hyposulphite, 930
muriate, 933
muriate, pure, 933
Narbonne, 451
Normandy, 451
oxymuriate of, 808
phosphate, 930
potassio-tai'trate, 931
pura, 928
pure, 928
Soda, rhombic phosphate, 931
subcarbonate, 929
strength of solution of,
55
solution of, 806
sulphate, 932
water, 636
tartarizata, 932
tartarizata effervescens,
932
valerianate, 933
Soda; acetas, 928
arsenias, 928
bicarbonas, 929
carbonas, 928, 930
carbonas exsiccata, 929
carbonatis liquor, 807
causticse liquor, 807
choleas, 930
chlorinate liquor, 807
chloridis liquor, 8!)7
et potassse tartras, 931,
932
hyposulphis, 930
murias, 933
murias purum, 933
phosphas, 930
potassio-tartras, 931
subcarbonas, 929
subcarbonas exsiccata, 929
supercarbonatis aqua, 808
"sulphas, 932
valerianas, 933
Sodaic powders, 906
Sodii chloridum, 933
auro-chloridum, 643
platino-chloridum, 884
sulpho-antimoniatum, 933
Sodium and platinum, chlo-
ride of, 884
and gold, chloride of, 643
chloride, 933
chloruret of the oxide, 808
Soft animals, 153
brome grass, 547
brown marsh sedge, 543
finned, 146
soap, common, 922
soaps, 922
sealing wax, 926
wax for engravers, 1016
Soja hispida, 283
Japonica, 283
Solanacese, 412
Solaneffi, 412, 424
Solanum, 418
Bahamense, 418
cerunum, 418
crispum, 418
dulcamara, 418
furiosum, 413
^
INDEX.
1137
Solannm incanum, 418
Jacqiiini, 418
flethale, 413
lignosum, 418
Xycopersicon, 418
niammosum, 418
' maniacura, 413
Melongena, 418
muricatum, 418
nigrum, 419
•ovigerum, 419
paniculatum, 419
pseudo-capsicum, 419
•somniferum, 417
tuberosum, 419
TespertJlio, 420
vulgare, 419
Soldanella, 404
Alpina, 444
bolder, 933
for gold, 934
for iron, copper, and brass,
934
for pewter, 934
for silver, 934
for tin plate, 933
for zinc and lead, 934
Soldier's herb, 500
Solenostemma, 398
Argel, 398
Solid caustics, 828
rooted corydalis, 204
Solidago, 373
Canadensis, 373
Doronicum, 372
odora, 373
retrorsa, 373
virga aurea, 373
Solidus, 17
Solipeda, 120
Solomon's anti-impetigenes,
818
' Ibalm of Gilead, 819
seal, 528
.'Solubility of acids, bases, etc.,
95
of salts, 79,94
Soluble cayenne pepper, 871
cream of tartar, 893,
966
Prussian blue, 755
tartar, 900
•Solutio acidi citrici, 587
ammonia arseniatis, 799
ammonia;, 609
ammonias acetatis, 606
ammonia; citratis, 607, 799
ammonia; sesquicarbona-
tis, 799
-antimouii tartarizati, 799
antlmonii tei'cbloridi, 799
Solutio argenti ammoniati,
934
argenti nitratis, 799
bar)'ta; muriatis, 800
baryta nitratis, 934
calcii chloridi, 662
calcis chloridi, 663
calcis, 800
copaibae alkalina, 934
'ferri acetatis, 807,
ferri iodidi, 802
ferri persesquinitratis, 752
ferri sesquiphosphatis, 753
hydrargyri bichloridi, 768
hydrargyri nitratis, 802
magnesias carbonatis, 633
magnesias citratis, 811
mineralis, 935
morphiae acetatis, 803
morphias bimeconatis, 934
morphiae citratis, 802
morphia muriatis, 934
potassa arsenitis, 804
pro argento, 935
soda, 806
soda carbonatis, 807
soda caustica, 807
soda phosphatis, 934
zinci chloridi, 808, 1027
Solution of acetate of am-
monia, 606
acetate of iron, 801
acetate of morphia, 803
acid phosphate of iron, 753
alum, compound, 798
ammonia, 609
ammonia, anisated, 798
ammonia, strength of, 55
ammonia, stronger, 609
arseniate of ammonia, 799
arsenic, De Vallenger's, 935
ars«nite of potash, 804
bichloride of mercury, 768
bimeconate of morphia, 934
carbonate of ammonia, em-
pyreumatic, 798
carbonate of magnesia, 633
carbonate of potash, 804
carbonate of soda, 807
caustic soda, 807
chloride of arsenic, 800
chloride of barium, 800
chloride of calcium, 662
chloride of lime, 663
chloride of potash, 805
chloride of soda, 807
chloride of zinc, 183, 808,
1027
chlorinated soda, 807
chlorine, recently prepared,
675
Solution of citrate of am-
monia, 607, 799
citrate of magnesia, 811
citrate of morphia, 802
citrate of potash, 805
citric acid, 587
copaiba, alkaline, 934
corrosive sublimate, 182,
768
diacetate of lead, 885
diacetate of lead, diluted,
886
emetic tartar, 799
for whitening silver, 935
Fowler's, 804
Gannal's, 183
Goadby's, 182
hydriodate of arsenic and
mercury, 800
hydriodic acid, 588
hydrochlorate of morphia,
803
iodide of iron, 802
iodide of potassium, com-
pound, 805
iron, alkaline, 802
Labarraque's disinfecting,
807
lac, aqueous, 791
lime, 800
mineral, 935
muriate of morphia, 803,
934
myrrh, 803
nitrate of baryta, 934
nitrate of mercury, 802
nitrate of silver, 799
opium, Battley's sedative,
815
periodide of arsenic, 788 ^
persesquinitrate of iron, 752
phosphate of soda, 934
potash, 803
potash, specific gravity and
strength of, 55
potash, Brandish's, 804
potash, caustic, 804
potash, chloride, 805
potash, effervescing, 805
sesquicarbonate of ammo-
nia, 799
silicate of potash, 805
silver, ammoniated, 934
Sir William Burnett's, 183
soda, 806
soda, effervescing, 808
soda, sjiecific gravity and
strength of, 55
sulphate of zinc, 183
tartarized antimony, 799
terchloride of antimony,799
4 D
1138
INDEX.
Solutions, astringent, 827
traumatic, 830
Sonchus Alpinus, 369
arvensis, 373
asper, 373
Canadensis, 369
caeruleus, 369
ciliatus, 373
Isevis, 373
montanus, 369
oleraceus, 373
oleraceus asper, 373
oleraceus laevis, 373
Plumieri, 369
Songlo tea, 228
Sonsonate, 279
Soojee, 551
Soorger, 233
Sophia chirurgorum, 210
Sopliora heptaphylla, 283
Japonica, 283
Sorb, 291
tree, 291
Sorbus, 291
aucuparia, 291
domestica, 292
mains, 292
pyrus, 292
Sore throat salt, 921
Sorgho, black-seeded, 551
white flat-seeded, 551
Sorghum album, 551
arduini, 551
bicolor, 550
commune, 551
nigrum, 551
rubens, 551
saceharatum, 551
vulgare, 551
' vulgare bicolor, 550
vulgare rubens, 551
Sorrel, common, 457
common wood, 245
French, 458
Guinea, 222
Jamaica wood, 246
red, 222
salt, 899
sheep's, 457
switch, 236
yellow procumbent wood,
245
Soubeiran's Elixir de Garus,
709
Nouveau Traite de Phar-
macie, 14
Soulamea, 217
amara, 217
Souari nut, 237
Souline, 191
Sour cherry, 287
Sour sop, 196
Soutchong tea, 229
South Sea rose, 391
Southernwood, 355
field, 356
Tartarian, 356
Southwellia, 224
tragacantha, 224
Sow bread, 442
bread, ivy-leaved, 442
louse, 163
thistle, common, 373
thistle, corn, 373
thistle, prickly, 373
thistle, smooth, 373
Soy, 925
Soymida febrifuga, 240
Spa water, 636
Spain, its Pharmacopoeias,
10
Spanish arbour vine, 407
broom, 283
brown, 683
brown ochre, 683
cardoons, 371
carnations, 281
chesnut, 493
contrayerva, 282
fly, 169
green leech, 161
juice, 947
liquorice, 947
meadow rue, 194
oat, 546
pepper, 413
plantain, 446
potatoes, 405
tinder, 363
toothpicks, 317
white, Ford's, 683
Sparadrapum pro fonticulis,
789
Sparganium, 542
ramosum, 542
SpaiTow, 132
grass, rock, 527
house, 132
Spartii cacumina, 271
Spartium junceum, 283
pm'gans, 273
scoparium, 271
spinosum, 265
tinctorium, 273
Sparus aurata, 146
pagrus, 146
Spathum ponderosum, 649
Spatling poppy, 220
Speai-mint, 432
essence of, 726
oil of, 433 j
water, 433, 627 j
Spear- wort, great, 193
wort, lesser, 193
Species ad decoctum ligno-
rum, 935
ad infusum pectorale, 935
aromaticffi, 905, 935
diambree sine odoratis, 905
diatragacanthas frigidac,
910
e scordio cum opio, 906
e scordio sine opio, 906
laxantes St. Germain, 935
pro cucupha, 935
prothea St. Germain, 935
Specific gravity, 37
gravity and Baume"B hy-
drometer, 50
gravity beads, 39
gravity bottle, 39
gravity of liquids, 38
gravity of a solid substance
lighter than water, 37
gravity of subsfcmces, as
ordered in the Phaiinaco-
posia, 56
gravity of substances solu-
ble in water, 38
Specificum purgans Paracelsi,
900
Specimen Pharmacopoeia, 5
Speckled bean, 280
leech, 161
Speculum metal, 693
Speediman's pills, 820
Speedwell chickweed, 425
common, 425
female, 422
germander, 425
mountain, 425
spiked, 425
Virginia, 425
wall, 425
Spelt wheat, 551
Spelta major, 551
minor, 651
Spelter, 934, 1026
Spergula, 220
arvensis, 220
Sperm oil, 849
Spermaceti, 130
cerate, 671
oil, 849
whale, 130
Spermacoce ferruginea, 327
globosa, 327
hexandra, 349
hirsute, 349
poaya, 337
Spermatozoa, 180
Spermoedia clavus, 550, 561,
566
INDEX.
1139
Spermoedia Maydis, 666
Sphseralcea, 223
cisplatina, 223
Sphaeria, 565
Robertii, 175
Sinensis, 565
Sphagnum, 560
commune, 560
palustre, 560
Sphoerococcus, 573
compressus, 573
crispus, 571
Helminthochorton, 572
lichenoides, 572, 573
tenax, 573
Sphondylium, 325
Spica vulgaris, 429
Spice berry, 461
ragout, 935
sausage, 935
savory, 936
sweet, 936
wood, 461
Spices, 935
Spider, common house, 164
wort, 527
Spielman's Russian Pharma-
copoeia, 9
Spigelia anthelmia, 398
Warilandica, 399
Spigeliacese, 398
Spignel, 326
bastaid, 330
Spiiie-flowered asagrsea, 532
lavender, 429
oil of, 429
Spiked pui-ple loosestrife, 299
rampion, 377
speedwell, 425
thrift, spreadmg, 445
willow, 294
willow herb, purple, 299
Spikenard, 333, 351, 366
American, 333
Indian, 545
Jamaica, 428
ploughman's, 366
small, 333
Spilanthes Acmella, 373
oleracea, 373
Spillan, Dr., Translation of
the London Pharmaco-
poeia, 14
Spina alba, 288
cervina, 254
spinarum, 212
Spinach, rough, 451
smooth, 451
strawberry, 449
Spinachia, 151
inermis, 451
Spinachia spinosa, 451
Spindle tree, 252
Spinecerebrata, 108
Spiny-finned, 145
Spirsea, 294
filipendula, 294
salicifolia, 294
stipulata, 289
tomentosa, 294
trifoliata, 289
ulmaria, 294
willow-leaved, 294
Spiranthera Turpethum, 407
Spiranthes autumnalis, 511
Spirit, 577
acetic ether, 936
allspice, 942
ammonia, 937
ammonia, aromatic, 938
ammonia, Dzondi's caustic,
938
ammonia, foetid, 939
angelica, compound, 939
anise, 939
aniseed, compound, 940
ants, 941
Beguin's sulphuretted, 608
camphor, 940, 972
camphorated, 972
caraway, 940
cassia, 940
chloric ether, 936
chloride of iron, ethereal,
937
cinnamon, 940
colchicum, ammoniated,
978
dyer's, 944
ether, aromatic, 936
hartshorn, 808
horseradish, compound,
940
hydrometer, 40
iron, sulphurico-sethereal,
937
juniper, compound, 941
lavender, 430, 941
lavender, compound, 941
lavender, Matthew's com-
pound, 985
Mindererus, 607
muriatic ether, 936
nitre, sweet, 602
nitric ether, 602
nutmeg, 942
pennyroyal, 942
pepperjQJnt, 942
pimento, 942
proof, 943
rectified, 942
rosemary, 943
Spiiit, rye, 550
salt, 589
sal volatile, 938
scurvy-grass, 941
speai-mint, 942
stronger, 943
sulphuric ether, 936
sulphuric ether, compound,
936
varnishes, 1013
Spirits, Freeman's bathing,
817
Jackson's bathing, 818
of turpentine, 864
Spirituous alexiterial water,
620
cinnamon water, 623
extract of mezereon, 738
Spiritus acetico-aithereus,
936
a;theris aromaticus, 936
aetheris chlorati, 936
setheris compositus, 936,
937
tetheris nitrici, 602
setheris nitrosus, 603
setheris sulphurici, 936
ffitheris vitriolici composi-
tus, 937
«ethereus nitrosus, 603
sethereus oleosus, 937
ammoniaci caustici Dzon-
dii, 938
ammoniae, 937
ammonise aromaticus, 938
ammonise compositus, 939
ammonise foetidus, 939
ammonise succinatus, 969
angelicae compositus, 939
anisi, 939
anisi compositus, 940
armoracise compositus, 940
camphorse, 940
camphoratus, 972
carui, 940
cassia;, 940
cinnamomi, 940
cochlearisB, 941
colchici ammoniatus, 978
cornu cervi rectificatus,
798
ferri chlorati sethereus,
937
formicanma, 941
fortior, 943
juniperi compositus, 941
lavandula;, 941
lavandulse compositus, 941
lavandulffi compositus
Matthise, 985
menthse piperitse, 942
4 D 2
1140
INDEX.
Spiritus menthse sativse, 942
mentli£6 viridis, 942
Mindereri, 607
muriatico-cethereus martia-
tus, 937
muriatico-ethereus, 936
myristicse, 942
nitri dalcis, 603
nitri Glauberi, 592
nucis moschatse, 942
pimento, 942
pulegii, 942
raphani compositus, 940
rectificatus, ©42
rorismarini, 943
salis, 589
salis ammoniaci, 799
salis ammoniaci anisatus,
798
salis ammoniaci dulcis,
938
: salis dulcis, 602, 936
salis marini Glauberi, 589
salis volatilis oleosus, 939
snIphurico-iEtbereus mai--
tiatus, 937
tenuior, 943
terebinthinre, 864
theriacalis, 939
vini camphoratus, 972
vini Gallici, 657
,' volatilis aromaticusj 939
volatilis cornu cervi, 808
volatilis fcetidus, 939
Spirting cucumber, 308
Spleenwort, 557, 558
black-stalked, 557
common wall, 557
rough, 557
Spodium, 943
album, 943
prseparatum, 943
Spondias, 262
amara, 263
citherea, 262
dulcis, 262
entra, 263
lutea, 263
mangifera, 263
myrobalanus, 263
Sponge, Bahama, 180
burnt, 1000
cerated, 943
compressed, 943
officinal, 179
sweet briar, 651
waxed, 943
West Indian, 180
Sponges, 176
Turkey, 180
Spongia ceiata, 943
Spongia compressa, 943
officinales, 179
rosae, 292
usta, 1000
Spongv Carthagena bark,
340, 344
Spoonwood, 380
Spotted annual rock rose, 213
archangel, 429
cat's ear, 353
comfrey, 411
dogfish, 152
lungwort, 411
persicaria, 454
ramsons, 525
tortoise, 138
Sprat, 146
barley, 548
Spreading bell-flower, 377
narrow-leaved orache, 446
spiked thrift, 445
Spring Alpine gentian, 401
barley, 547
grass, 545
rye, 550
wheat, 551
Spruce beer, 502, 653
beer powders, 907
essence of, 502, 724
fir, 502
fir, black, 502
fir, hemlock, 502
fir, Norway, 502
Spunk, 565, 606
Spurge, 459
broad-leaved warted, 479
caper, 478
creeping hairy, 478
cypress, 477
evergreen wood, 476
flax, 458
garden, 478
great, 479
heath, 459
ipecacuanha, 478
knobbed rooted, 476
large-flowered, 477
laurel, evergreen, 458
leafy branched, 477
lesser, 479
myrtle, 478
narrow-leaved wood, 480
olive, 458
petty, 479
purple sea, 479
red shrubby, 476
rough fruited, 480
sea, 479
sun, 477
thyme, 476
tree, 477
Spurge, triangular, 476
warted, 480
wood, 476
Spurious Calisaya bark, 339,
344
Spurred rye, 550, 566
Spurrey, corn, 220
sea, 218
Squalus canicula, 152
carcharias, 152
catulus, 152
galens, 152
spinax, 152
stellaris, 152
Squamaria, 426
Square barley, 547
gray wheat, 551
stalked willow herb, 298
Squash, 306
Squill, 530
extract of, 742 ^
Squilla, 530
Indica, 530
lilio-hyacinthus, 530
maritima, 530
Pancration, 530
Squills, 528
East Indian, 528
Squinancy wort, 337
Squire's (P.) Three Pharnia-
copojias, 14
Squirrel, 118
Stacchas Arabica, 429
Stachys, 437
arvensis, 437
betonica, 437
palustris, 437
sylvatica, 437
Stachytarpha Jamaicensis,
439
Stag, 124
Stagmaria, 263
vermiciflua, 263
Stahl's aperient pills, 876
tinctura martis alknlina,
802
Stained tree frog, 143
Stalagmitis, 234
cambogioides, 234
ovalifolia, 234
Standard alcohol, 42
Stanni bichloridum, 944
chloridum, 944
oxidum, 945
pulvis, 944
Stannum, 944
Stapelia incarnata, 397
Staphisagriffl semina, 191
Staphysagria, 191
Staphylea, 253
trifolia, 253
INDEX.
1141
Star anise, 195
apple, 384
blazing, 525
grass, 525
liver wort, 560
of Bethlehem, 529
reed, 470
shoot, 573
thistle, 359
thistle, yellow, 360
wort, 359
wort, sea, 374
wort, sweet-rooted, 371
wort, yellow, 370
Starch, 611
iodide of, 611
potato, 419
Starkey's pills, 818
soap, 924
Starling, 133
Starwort, mealy, 525
Statera Komana, 15
Statice, 445
armeria, 444
Caroliniana, 445
limonium, 445
Stationarii, 2
Stave wood, 250
Stavesacre, 191
Stearoptine, 461
Steatite, 693
Steel drops, 981
salt of, 736
Steer's opodeldoc, 820
Stelechites, 867
Stellaria, 220
alsine, 220
holostea, 220
media, 220
Stellaris Scilla, 530
Stenactia dubia, 373
Stenactis annua, 373
Stenostomum, 350
acutatum, 350
Stephens', Mrs., remedy for
stone, 820
Stephensia elongata, 500
Stephens' red ink, 787 ,
Sterculia, 225
acuminata, 225
Balanghas, 225
digitifolia, 225
foetida, 225
plantanifolia, 225
tragacantha, 224
urens, 225
Stercus diaboli, 640
Sterlet, 151
Sterling, 15
Stembergia, 521
Stevia febrifuga, 370 ,
Stibium sulphuratum aursn-
tiacum, 945
Stick lac, 172, 790
liquorice, 274
sulphur, 948
wort, greater, 220
Stickleback, 145
Sticta lungwort, 570
pulmonacea, 570
pulmonaria, 570
Stigmarota, 212
Jangomas, 212
Stillingia, 485
sebifera, 485
sylvatica, 485
Stimulants, 823
Stimulating diaphoretic balls,
826
Stinging nettle, small, 491
Stinkhorn, 565
Stinking bean trefoil, 265
chamomile, 368
dead nettle, 437
gladwyn, 519
goosefoot, 450
ground vine, 449
orache, 450
trefoil, 282
weed, 269, 323
Stissera curcuma, 516
Stock gilliflower, 209
hoary shrubby, 209
Stoechas Arabica, 429
citrina, 365, 366
citrina Germanica, 365
lavandula, 429
Stomachic balsam, 648
Stone, Armenian, 791
blue, 679
Bolognian, 791
bone binding, 867
bramble, 294
bugloss, 409
chat, 132
crop, 312
crop, white, 312
crottles, 569
eagle, 791
Jew's, 792
lynx, 792
medicinal, 793
parsley, bastard, 331
pine, 505
pine, Siberian, 504
pink, 219
pumice, 792
root, 428
thunder, 653
toad, 792
Stones, five precious, 944
fool's, 51 1|
Stones, male fool's, 511
goat's, 511
goat's, large military, 511
Storax, 386
extract of, 743
liquid, 244
tree, cane, 386
Stork, 135
Stork's-bill, 243
bill, hemlock, 242
bill, musky, 242
Storm glass, 946
Story's worm cakes, 820
Stramonii folia, 415
semina, 415
Stramonium, 415, 459
Strapwort, sand, 311
Strasburgh turpentine, 503,
505
Strass, or paste, 761
Stratoites, 507
aloides, 507
Stravadium racemosum, 302
Strawberries, 288
Strawberry, Alpine, 288
barren, 290
bay, 378
plant, 288
spinach, 449
tree, 379
wood, 288
Streaked field garlic, 525
Strengthening plaster, 719 )
Striated ipecacuanha, 349
Stringy usnea, 570
Striped cantharis, or potato-
fly, 169
Strong-scented wild lettuce,
367
Stronger solution of am-
monia, 609
ammoniated liniment, 794
Strongyle, large, 177
Strongylus gigas, 177
Struthio camelus, 136
Struve's lotion for hooping-
cough, 820
Strychnia, S92, 945
Strychnise murias, 946
Strychnos Colubrina, 39 1,392
hypnoticus, 417
Ignatia, 392
ligustrina, 392
nux vomica, 392
potatorum, 392
pseudo-quina, 393, 475
tieute, 393
toxifera, 393
Stryx otus, 131
Sturgeon, common, 151
large, 150
1142
INDEX.
Sturgeon, small, 151
Sturgeons, 150
Sturnus vulgaris, 1 33
Styptic liquor, 808
tincture, 994
Styracacese, 386
Styrax, 386
aceris folio, 245, 494'
Benzoin, 386
officinale, 336
preparata, 902
Subacid rufous agaric, 562
Suber, 497
Sublimatum corrosivuni, 767
Sublimatus corrosivus, 767
Subnitrate of bismuth, 654
Subhydrosulphate of anti-
mony, 790
Subtomentose boletus, 563
Succession powder, 820
Succi express!, 9+7
Succinic acid, 595
Succinum, 947
Succisa, 353
pratensis, 353
Succory, blue gum, 359
coffee, 676
gum, 367
rushy gum, 360
wart, 375
wild, 361
Succus absinthii, 947
aconiti, 947
cicutae spissatus, 733
conii, 947
dauci inspissatus, 947
digitalis, 947
glycyrrhizae, 947
hyoscyami, 947
juniperi inspissatus, 917
laetiicEe, 947
sambuci inspissatus, 917
spissatus cicutffi, 733
taraxaci, 947
Suctoria, 168
Sudia, 294
heterophylla, 294
Sufed mooslie, 223
Sugar, 550, 918
acid of, 593
barley, 550, 919
candy, 550, 919
candy, brown, 919
candy, red, 919
candy, white, 919
cane, 550, 918
cane, Chinese, 550
Chinese, 550
Demerara, crystallized, 918
grape, 919
, loaf, or refined, 550, 918
Sugar, manna, 813
maple, 236
mushroom, 813, 919
of lead, 885
of milk, 919
palm, 536
plums, 704
raw or Muscovado, 550, 918
Sugary laminaria, 573
Sulphate of alumina and
potash, 605
ammonia, 611
atropia, 641
baryta, 649
bebeerine, 651
copper, 694
indigo, 679
iron, 756
iron and potash, 606
magnesia, 812
manganese, 812
mercury, 773
morphia, 840
potash, 899
potash with sulphur, 900
quinine, 912
zinc, 1028
Sulphur, 947, 948
antiinoniatum fus.inm, 616
balsam of, 648, 8'J3
balsam of, with Barbados
tar, 648
balsam of, with oil of tur-
pentine, 648
black, 948
caballinum, 948
chloride, hypochloride, or
hji-pochlorite of, 949
crude, 948
flowers of, 948
griseum, 948
iodatum, 949
iodide of, 949
iodide, ointment of, 949
liver of, 900
lotum, 948
milk of, 949
native, 948
nigrum, 948
ointment, 1012
precipitatum, 943
roll, 948
rotund um, 948
spring, Cheltenham, 631
spring, Harrovvgate, 632
spring, Leamington, 632
stick, 948
sublimatum, 918
sublimed, 948
vivum, 948
weed, 327, 328
Sulphur wort, 328
Sulphurated oil, 863
Sulphuret of iron, 757
mercury with sulphur,
773
potassium, 900
Sulphuretted anthrocokali,612
bath, 646
fuligokali, 759
spirit, Beguin's, 608
Sulphuretum hydrargyri et
stibii, 773
Sulphuric acid, 595
acid, aromatic, 597
acid, diluted, 596
acid of commerce, 595
acid, prepared, 596
acid, pure, 596
acid, anhydrous, table fqr
determining the quan-
tity contained in oil of
vitriol of different speci-
fic gravities, 51
acid ointment, 1000
ether, 600, 601
oxide of mercury, 772
Sulphuris chloridum, 949
hepar, 900
hypochloridum, 949
hypochloritis, 949
iodidum, 949
lac, 949
Sulphurous acid, 597
acid bath, 646
Sultana raisins, 242
Sumach berries, 261
common elm-leaved, 261
commonPennsylvanian, 261
myrtle-leaved, 251
poison, 262
red, 261
Venice, 261
Venus, 261
Virginian, 262
Summer savory, 436
plant, winter worm, 565
Sumbul, 950
Summitates patchouli, 434
Sun spurge, 477
Sunburnt parmelia, 5G9
Sundew, round-leaved, 215
Sunflower, common, 365
little, 213
Sunn hemp, 271
Superphosphate of lime, 664
Suppositories, 950
Suppositorium, 950
Surawah, 237
nut, 237
Sus scrofa, 120
Suwarrow, 237
INDEX.
1148
Swallow, 132
chimney, 133
common, 133
river, 133
window, 133
wort, 396
Swamp dogwood, 334
pine, 505
Swan, 137
Swedish Pharmacopoeias, 9
turnip, 205
Sweet almonds, 286
basil, 433, 436
bay, 464
biixh, 493
briar, 292
briar sponge, 651
calibash, 309
cassava, 482
cicily, 327
costus, 514
cyperus, 543
fennel, 317, 324
flag, 539
fucus, 573
gale, 495
gum, 245, 494 -
marjoram, 434
maudlin, .^53
milk vetch, 266
oil, 858
orange, 230
potatoes, 405
rooted star wort, 371
rush, 545
scented daedalea, 563
scented pelargonium, 243
scented vernal grass, 545
sop, 196
spice, 936
spirit of nitre, 602'
tea, 523
violet, 214
whey, 926
William, 219
willow, 495, 498
woodruff, 337
Sweinfurth green, 680
Swietenia, 240
chloroxylon, 239
febrifuga, 240
Chickrassa, 240
Mahogoni, 240
Senegalensis, 241
Swine's cress, 297
Switch sorrel, 236
Switzerland, its Pharmaco-
poeia, 10
Sycamore, 236
fig, 488
Sydenham's laudanum, 1021
Sylvester's coffee, 676
Symbols of Elements, 78
used in prescriptions, 100
used in Gennaa pharmacy,
101
Sympathetic ink, 787
Symphytum, 411
officinale, 411
Symplocarpus foetidus, 541
Symplocos, 386
Alstonia, 386
tinctoria, 386
Syngnathus, 149
Synonemes, 2
Synsepalum, 385
dulcificum, 385
Syrian bell flower, 377
herb mastick, 437
Syringa, 301, 388
suavcolens, 301
vulgaris, 388
Syrup, 950
acetate of morphia, 959
almonds, 952
ammoniacum, 952
asparagus, 953
balsam of Peru, 953
buckthorn, 961
chamomiles, 954
cherries, 954
cinchona bark, 954
cinchona bark prepared
with wine, 954
cinnamon, 954
citrate of iron, 956
citric acid, 951
cochineal, 955
Corsican moss, 956
ether, 951
extract of opium, 956
foxglove, 955
garlic, 952
ginger, 965
gum arabic, 957
Hemidesmus Indicus, 957
hydrocyanic acid, 951
Iceland moss, 958
iodide of iron, 748, 956
ipecacuanha, 957
ipecacuanha, compound, 958
lemons, 958
lettuce, 958
liquorice, 957, 959
maiden hair, 951
manna, 959, 964
marshmallow, 952
mulberry, 959
muriate of morphia, 959
orange flower, 953
orange peel, 953
oranges, 953
Syrup, poppy, 959
raspberry, 962
red clove pink, 953
red poppy, 960
rhatany, 960
rhubarb, 961
rhubarb, aromatic, 961
rose, 961
rue, 962
saffron, 954, 955
sarsaparilla, 962, 963
senega, 963
senna, 963
senna with manna, 964
simple, 950
squill, 963
sulphate of morphia, 959
sulphate of quinine, 960
tartaric acid, 951
tolu, 964
vegetable, 964
Velno's vegetable, 820
vinegar, 951
violet, 964
white poppy, 960
wonnwood, 951
Syi'upi, 950
Syrups, 950
Syrupus absinthii, 951
acetatis morphiae, 959
aceti, 951
acidi citrici, 951
acidi hydrocyanici, 951
acidi tartaric!, 951
adiarithi, 951
jetheris sulphurici, 951
allii, 952
altheae, 952
amygdala", 952
aurantii, 953
aurantiorum, 953
balsanii Peruvian!, 953
balsami tolutani, 953, 964
balsamicus, 953, 964
capillorum Veneris, 951
caiyophylli rubri, 953
cerasorum, 954
chamomilla?, 954
cinchonae, 954
cinchonas vino paratus, 954
cinnamomi, 954
cinnamomi acuti, 954
citri medica?, 959
cocci, 955
croci, 955
croci vino paratus, 955
cum extract© sarsaparilla,
963
cum fuco helminthocortbo,
956
cum 8UCC0 asparagonim, 9d2
1144
INDEX.
Syrupus cum sulphate mor-
phico, 959
de amtnoniaco, 952
de meconio sive diacodio,
960
de spind cervina, 961
digitalis, 955
e corticibus aurantiorum,
953
e meconio, 703
e rosis siccis, 962
e succo citriorum, 959
e succo limonum, 959
extracti opii, 956
ferri citratis, 956
ferri iodidi, 956
florum aurantii, 953
florum naphae, 953
glycyrrhizse, 957
gummi acacia;, 9.^7
hemidesmi, 957
ipecacuanhic, 957
ipecacuanhas compositns,
958
lactucae, 958
lichenis Islandici, 958
limonum, 958
liquiiitia;, 957, 959
irtannae, 959, 964
mori, 959
morphiaj muriatis, 959
morphia; sulphatis, 959
papaveris, 959
papaveris albi, 960
papaveris eiTatici, 961
papaveris rhseados, 960
papaveris somniferi, 960
quinae sulphatis, 960
ratanhise, 960
rhamni, 961
rhseados, 960
rhei, 961
rhei aromaticus, 961
rhei et sennse, 961
rosae, 961, 962
rosaj centifolia;, 962
rosae Gallicae, 962
rosarum solutivus, 962
rubi idsei, 962
rutae, 962
sarzae, 962
scillffi, 963
senegas, 963
sennae, 963
sennse cum mannS,, 964
simplex, 950
tolutanus, 964
toluiferi balsami, 964
vegetabilis, 964
viola», 964
zingiberis, 965
Tabaci folia, 416
Tabacum, 416
Tabasheer, 546
Tabellae de rheo, 999
Tabemaemontana, 393
arcuata, 393
squamosa, 394
Table ale, 652
beer, 652
Table for ascertaining the
specific gravity of Acetic
Acid at different degrees
of dilution. 54
Table for ascertaining the
value and atomic compo-
sition of Hydrochloric
Acid at difi'erent den-
sities, 54
Table for determining the
strength of Nitric Acid
by its density, 52
Table of Absolute Alcohol in
100 parts of spirit of
different specific gravi-
ties, 44
Table of Chemical Elements,
78
Table of Hydrometrical
Equivalents, 45
Table of Thermometrical
Equivalents, 58
Table of the boiling points
of solutions of Ammonia
of different strengths, 55
Table of the quantity of
Sulphuric Acid contained
in Oil of Vitriol of differ-
ent densities, 51
Table of the relation between
specific gravities and
degrees of Baume's Hy-
drometer for liquids
heavier than water, 50
Table of the solubility of
acids, bases, &c.. 95
Table of the solubility of
salts, 79
Table of the specific gravi-
ties of some pharma-
copoeial preparations, 56
Table of the specific gravity
of Acetic Acid of differ-
ent strengths, 54
Table of the strength of solu-
tions of Ammonia of
different specific gravi-
ties, 55
Table for convertrng- Frencb»
decimal measures and
weights into English
measures and weights, 35.
Table showing the strength
of solutions of Caustie
Potash of different den-
sities. 55
Table showing the strength
of solutions of Caustic
Soda of different den*
sities, 55
Tablets, rhubarb, 999
Tacamahaca, 233, 247, 258^,
495
poplar, 495
Tacca pinnatifida, 522
Taccaceee, 521
Tadsch, 463
Taenia solium, 178
vulgaris, 178
Taffetas vesicatorium, 96&
Tagetes patula, 374
Tahiti arrowroot, 522
Tahme, 385
Tai, 463
Tailed pepper, 500
Talauma, 196
Plumieri, 196
Talbor's powder, 339
Talc, 965
foliated, 965
Talinum umbellatum, 310
Tallicoonah, 239
oil, 239
Tallow, paenoe, 227
tree, 485
Talpa Europaea, 110
Tamala pathri, 463
Tamarind, 283
Tamarind! fructus naturali*
284
praeparati, 284, 902
rubri, 284
Tamarinds, black, 284
East Indian, 284
in the pod, 284
red, 284
Tamarind us Indica, 283-
praeparatus, 902
Tamariscineae, 299
Tamarisk, 300
French, 300
German, 300
Tamarix, 800
Africana, 300
Gallica, 300
Germanica, 300
Tamool of vullarey, 325»
Tamus communis, 522-
Tan balls, 497
INDEX.
1145
Tan, red, 316
Tanacetum annuum, 374
balsamita, 371
vulgare, 374
Tanager, 132
Tang galung, 115
Tanghinia, 393
venenifera, 393
Tangle, 573
Tani, 296
Tanjore pills, 876
Tannate of lead, 889
Tanner's bark, 497
Tannia, 540
Tannic acid, 597, 598
Tannin, 597
Tanning, process of, for pre-
serving animal skins, 184
Tansy, 374
wild, 290
Tape-worm, broad, 178
worm, common, 178
Tapioca, 481
Tapogomea elata, 338
muscosa, 338
Tar, 505
Barbadoes, 655
^ fumigation, 760
oil of, 505
ointment, 1009
water, 628
Taraxaci radix, 374
Taraxacum coffee, 965
dens Leonis, 374
fluid extract of, 808
Leontodon, 374
officinale, 374
Tardigrades, 118
Tarentula, common, 164
Tares, 285
Tarragon, 356
Tartar, acid vitriolated, 893
ammoniated, 965
chalybeated, 754
cream of, purified, 966
crude, 639
■ emetic, 618
salt of, 894
soluble, 900
soluble cream of, 966
tartarised, 901
white or red, 639
Tartarian southernwood, 356
Tartaric acid, 598
acid lozenges, 996
Tartarised tartar, 901
Tartarum emeticum, 618
solubile, 901
vitriolatum, 900
Tartarus albus, 639
ammooiatus, 965
Tartarus boraxatus, 966
depuratus pulveratus, 966
ruber, 639
sodas et kali, 932
solubilis, 965
Tartras potassae et ferri,
754
Tartrate of mercury, 774
of potash, 900
Tasteless mountain currant,
315
salt, 931
worm medicine, 820
Taurouk-rouchi, 275
Tawing, process of, for pre-
serving animal skins,
184
Taxinea, 506
Taxodium, 506
Taxus, 506
baccata, 506
elongatus, 506
nucifera, 506
Taylor's remedy for deafness,
820
Tchegy, 28
Tcheu tcha, 228
Tea, Apalachian, 253
Ankoy, 229
balm, 431
black, 229
Bohea, 229
campoi, 229
caper, 229
Chelian or cowslip hyson,
229
congou, 229
gi-een, 228
gunpowder, 229
Hyson, 228
Hyson skin or bloom,
229
imperial, 229
Labrador, 381
Mexican, 450
mountain, 380
New Jersey, 253
Oswego, 433
padre, 229
Paraguay, 252, 253, 282
pekao, 229
punch, 910
Songlo, 228
soutchong, 229
superior Hyson skin, 229
sweet, 523
Tcheu tcha, 228
toolsie, 433
Teak wood, 439
Teas, Ankoy, 229
Teasel, fuller's, 352
Teasel, wild, 352
Tecolithus, 792
Tectibranchiata, 154
Tectonia grandis, 439
Tectum argenti, 654
Tedsch, 463
Teesdalia, 211
iberis, 211
naked stalked, 211
nudicaulis, 211
Tegula Hibernica, 792
Teinture de succiu, 994
^the'ree de cantharides, 968-
Tela sericea epispastica, 966
vesicatoria, 966
Tellicherry bark, 390
Temperature, effects of, 74
of volatilisation, 76
to be observed in pharma-
ceutical operations, 76
Ten bark, 341, 344
Tench, 147
Tender three-branched poly-
pody, 559
Tentwort, 557
Tenuirostres, 132
Tepid bath, 646
Tephrosia Apollinea, 284
purpurea, 284
senna, 284
toxicaria, 284
Terchloride of carbon, 601
of antimony, 618
gold, 642
Tercyanide of gold, 642
TerebinthacGEE, 255
Terebinthinated ether, 603
Terengjabim, 265
Terminalia alata, 296
angustifolia, 296
Belerica, 296
benzoin, 296
Catappa, 296
Chebula, 296
citrina, 296
latifolia, 297
Moluccana, 297
tomentosa, 296
vemix, 297
Terms used in prescriptions,
explanation of, 95
Ternatea vulgaris, 270
Teroiide of antimony, 613
gold, 643
Terra ampelites, 967
cariosa, 917
firma wood, 268
foliata mineralis, 928
foliata tartari, 891
foliata tailari crystallizata,
928
1146
NDEX.
Terra Japonica, 264, 350
lemnia, 967
Persica, 687, 688
ponderosa, 649
ponderosa salita, 650
sienna, 678
sigillata, 967
umbria, 677
Terra; sagillatse, 657
Tersulpliuret of antimony,
618
arsenic, 640
Tespesia, 284
Testae ostreorum, 159
ostreorum prasparatse,
967
preparatse, 967
Testudo Europa;a, 138
Graeca, 138
imbricata, 138
mydas, 138
orbicularis, 138
viridis, 138
Tetanine, 946
Tetragouia, 314
expansa, 314
Tetranthera apetala, 466
pichuriin, 465
Koxburghii, 466
Tetrao cinereus, 135
coturnix, 135
Tetraodon lineatus, 150
Tetrapharmacon, 1002
Tettigonia orni, 170
Teucrium, 437
Botrys, 437
capitatum, 437
Chamadrys, 437
chamapitys, 427
Creticum, 437
flavum, 437
marum, 437
montanum, 437
polium, 438
scordium, 438
scorodonia, 438
teuthrion, 438
Teufelsdreck, or Stercus dia-
boli, 640
Thalami dorse, 188
Thalia, 518
Thalictrum, 194
angustifolium, 194
aquilegifolium, 194
flavum, 194
majus, 194
minus, 194
Thapsia, 331
Apulia, 331
Asclepium, 331
Garganica, 331
Thapsia sylphion, 324
villosa, 332
Thapsus baibatus, 425
Thea, 228
Bohea, 229
Chinensis, 228
viridis, 228
Theetsee, 260
Thenard's blue, 678
Theobroma, 225
cacao, 225
guazuma, 224
Theophi-astus' thistle, 369
Theriaca, 5
Andromachi, 687, 688
Thermometrical equivalents,
table of, 58
scales, relation between
different, 58
Thesium linophyllum, 468
Thetsee, 260
Thevetia Ahouai, 394
neriifolia, 394
Thierry's Elixir de Garus,
709
Thistle, carline, 358, 359
common cotton, 369
common sow, 373
corn sow, 373
distaff, 361
fish, 360
fuller's, 352
globe, 362
golden, 371
Jamaica yellow, 202
little globe, 362
melancholy, 361
milk, 372
our Lady's, 872
pointed oat, 546
prickly carline, 358
prickly sow, 373
smooth sow, 373
St. Barnaby's, 360
star, 359
Theophrastus, 369
woolly-headed, 361
yellow star, 360
Thlaspi, 211
ai-vense, 211
burso pastoris, 206
campestre, 208
Thomson's, Dr. A. T,, London
New Dispensatory, 13
Thora, 194
Thorn apple, 415
black, 291
black ram, 254
buck, 254
buck, sea, 469
camel's, 265
Thorn, evergreen, 288
sallow, '469
white, 288
Thornback, 152
Thorough root, 364
wax, 320, 364
wort, 364
Thread worm, 177
worm, long, 178
Three-branched polypody,
tender, 559
Three-leaved eryngo, 323
leaved saxifrage, 316
Three Pharmacopeias, by P.
Squire, 14
Thridace, 367
Thrift, common, 444
spreading spiked, 445
Throat wort, great, 377
Thrush, 132
Thuja articulata, 503
Occidentalis, 506
Orientalis, 500
quadrivalvis, 503
Thumb blue, 679
Thunder bolt, 653
stone, 653
Thunderstones, 792
Thus, 502
praeparatum, 902
Thymbra, true, 436
vera, 436
spicata, 438
Thyme, 438
basil, 431
cat, 437
garden, 438
lemon, 438
mother of, 438
oil of, 434
spurge, 476
true, 436
wild, 438
Thymelffia, 458
Thymelea;, 458
Thymiama, 474
Thymum verum, 436
Thymus, 438
acynos, 431
mastichina, 438
nepeta, 431
serpyllum, 438
sylvestris, 438
vulgaris, 438
Zygis, 438
Thysanoura, 166
Ticorea, 248
febrifuga, 248
jasminiflora, 249
Ticuna, 256
Tierce, 29
INDEX.
1147
Tiger, 114
Tiglium, oil of, 475
Tigris, 114
Tika, 252
Tikor, 515
Tilia, 226
Europea, 226
intermedia, 226
Tiliacese, 225
Tillandsia usneoides, 532
Tilli, oil of, 475
Tilly seed plant, 474
Timac, 198
Time for collection of plants,
101
Tin, 944
bichloride, 944
bisulphuret, 644
chloride, 944
granulated, 944
Indian, 1026
oxide, 945
powder, 944
protochloride, 944
Tincal, 657
Tinctura absinthii, 967
aconiti, 967, 968
aconiti atherea, 968
aconiti ex herbS, recente,
968
aconiti radicis, 967
aconiti saliua, 968
aetherea cum cantharidibus,
968
aloes, 968
aloes composita, 969
aloes et myrrha, 969
aloetica, 969
aloetica acida, 969
amara, 969, 982
ammonite composita, 707,
969
amomi repentis, 974
antimonii saponata, 806
arnicae, 970
arnicas florum, 970
aromatica, 597, 970, 977
aromatica acida, 709, 970
assafoetidse, 970
assafcetidae ammoniata, 939
asaj fcetidffi, 971
aurantii, 971
balsami Peruviani, 971
belladonnffi, 971
belladonnoB foliomm, 971
benzoini composita, 971
buchu, 971
bucku, 971
calami, 972
calami composita, 972
calumbre, 972
Tinctura camphorae, 972
camphorae composita, 972
cannabis Indicac, 973
cantharidis, 973
cantharidis ethei'ea, 973
capsici, 973
capsici concentrata, 974
capsici concentrata cum
veratriS,, 974
cardamomi, 974
cardamomi composita, 974
cascarillae, 974
cassise, 975
castorei, 975
c.istorei ammoniata. 975
castorei ajtherea, 975
castorei Rossici, 975
catechu, 975
catechu composita, 976
chinae, 976
chiraytas, 976
cinchonas, 976
cinchonas ammoniata, 976
cinchonae pallidae, 976
cinchonse composita, 976
cinnamomi, 977
cinnamomi composita,
977
cocci cacti, 977
colchici, 978
colchici composita, 978
colocynthidis, 978
colombae, 972
conii, 978
corticis Peruviani compo-
sita, 977
corticis Peruviani simplex,
976
croci, 979
crotonis, 979
crotonis eleutheriae, 975
cubebae, 979
cum succino, 994
cuspariae, 979
digitalis, 979
digitalis aetherea, 980
diosmae crenata, 971
ergotjE, 980
ergotae aetherea, 980
euphorbiae, 980
ferri acetatis, 980
ferri acetatis aetherea, 980
ferri amraonlo-chloridi,
980
ferri muriatica astherea,
981
ferri sesqulchloridi, 981
foetida, 971
fuliginis, 819, 981
galbani, 982
g.illaj, 981
Tinctura gentians composita,
982_
guaiaci, 982
guaiaci composita, 982
guaiaci ammoniati, 982
guaiacina volatills, 983
hellebori, 983
hellebori nigri, 983
hibisci abelmoschi, 983
hiera;, 1018
hyoscyami, 983
inula;, 983
iodi, 983
iodinii, 983
iodinii composita, 984
ipecacuanh£B, 983
iridis, 984
jalapje, 984
japonica, 975
kino, 984
krameriae, 984
laccas, 984
lactucarii, 985
lavandulas composita, 985
ligni guaiaci, 985
lignorum, 989
limonis, 985
limonum, 985
lobeliae, 985
lobelias aetherea, 936
lupuli, 986
lupulini, 986
lyttffi, 973
macidis, 986
martis alkalina, (Stahl's,)
802
martis cum spiritu sails,
981
matico, 987
melampodii, 983, 987
meconii, 988
moschi, 987
myiThffi, 987
myrrhfe composita, 830
myrrhaj et aloes, 830
nervina BestuschefBi, 937
nicotianae, 987
nucis vomica?, 987
opii, 988
opii acetata, 988
opii ammoniata, 988
opii camphorata, 973
opii crocata, 988
opii nigra, 989
opii simplex, 988
picidae erythrina;, 989
pimpinellae, 989
pini composita, 989
piperis angustifoliae, 989
piperis cubebas, 979
pyrethri, 989
1148
INDEX.
Tinctura quassise, 989
quassias composita, 990
quinae, 990
quina- composita, 991
rhabarbari composita, 991
rhei, 991
rhei aquosa, 991
rhei composita, 991
rhei dulcis, 991
rhei et aloes, 991
rhei et gentianae, 991
rhei vinosa, 991
rhei vinosa Darelii, 991
rosai-um, 781
rosarum acidula, 992
rosarum rubrarum, 781
rosa;, 992
sabinse composita, 992
sacra, 1018
sarzse alcoholica, 992
saturnina, 992
scillae, 992
scilise kalina, 992
seminis colchici, 978
seminum colchici, 978
sennae, 993
sennae composita, 992
serpentarise, 993
serpentariae Virginianae,
993
stomachica, 974
stomachica Lentini, 993
stramonii, 993
styptica, 994
sumbuli, 994
thebaica, 1021
tolutana, 994
Valerianae, 994
Valerianae ajtherea, 995
Valerianae ammoniata, 994,
995
Valerianae composita, 994
Valerianae volatilis, 995
vaniljae, 995
veratri albi, 1023
" zingiberis, 995
Tincture of acetate of iron,
980
acetate of iron, ethereal, 980
aconite, 967
aconite, ethereal, 968
aconite, fresh hei'b, 968
aconite root, 967
aconite, saline, 968
aloes, 968
aloes, compound, 969
aloetic, 969
aloetic, acid, 969
amber, 994
ammonia, compound, 707,
969
Tincture of ammonio-chloride
of iron, 980
arnica, 970
aromatic, 597, 970, 977
aromatic, acid, 709, 970
assafoetida, 970
balsam of Peru, 971
belladonna, 971
belladonna leaves, 971
Benjamin, compound, 971
benzoin, compound, 971
bitter, 969, 982
black hellebore, 987
buchu, 971
calamus, 972
calamus, compound, 972
calumba, 972
camphor, 972
camphor, compound, 972
camphor with opium, 973
cantharides, 973
cantharides, ethereal, 968,
973
capsicum, 973
capsicum, concentrated,
974
capsicum with veratria,
974
cardamom, 974
cardamom, compound, 974
cascarilla, 974
cassia, 975
castor, 975
castor, ammoniated, 975
castor, ethereal, 975
castor, Russian, 975
catechu, 975
catechu, compound, 976
chirayta, 976
cinchona, 976
cinchona, ammoniated, 976
cinchona, compound, 976
cinchona, pale, 976
cinnamon, 977
cinnamon, compound, 977
cochineal, 977
colchicum, 978
colchicum, comp)und, 978
colchicum seeds, 978
colocynth, 978
croton oil, 979
cubebs, 979
cusparia, 979
digitalis, 979
digitalis, ethereal, 980
elecampane, 983
ergot of rye, 980
ergot of rye, ethereal, 980
euphorbium, 980
foetid, 971
foxglove, 979
Tincture of foxglove, ethereal,
980
galbanum, 982
galls, 981
gentian, compound, 982
ginger, 995
gripe, 824
guaiacum, 982
guaiacum, compound, 982
guaicum wood, 985
Hatfield's, 817
hellebore, 983
hemlock, 978
henbane, 983
hops, 986
Indian hemp, 973
iodine, 983
ipecacuanha, 983
iris, 984
jalap, 984
Jamaica dogwood, 989
kino, 984
lactucarium, 985
lavender, compound, 985
lemons, 985
Lentin's stomachic, 993
lobelia, 985
lobelia, ethereal, 986
lupuline, 986
mace, 986
malate of iron, 980
matico, 987, 989
muriate of iron, ethereal,
981
musk, 987
musk seeds, 983
myrrh, 987
myrrh and aloes, 830
myrrh, compound, 830
myrrh, horse, 830
nux vomica, 987
opium, 988
opium, acetated, 988
opium, ammoniated, 988
opium, black, 989
opium, camphorated, 973
opium with saffron, 988
orange peel, 971
pale cinchona, 976
pellitory of Spain, 989
Peruvian bark, 976
Peruvian bark, compound,
977
quassia, 989
quassia, compound, 990
quinine, 990
quinine, compound, 991
rhatany, 984
rhubarb, 990
rhubarb and aloes, 991
rhubarb and gentian, 991
INDEX.
1149
Tincture of rhubarb, aqueous,
991
rhubarb, compound, 991
rhubarb, vinous, 991
rose, 781, 992
rose, acid, 992
saffron, 979
sarsaparilla, alcoholic, 992
saturnine, 992
savine, conapound, 992
saxifrage, 989
styptic, 994
senna, 993
senna, compound, 992
serpentary, 993
sesquichloride of iron,
981
snake root, 993
soot, 819, 981
squill, 992
stramonium, 993
sumbul, 994
tobacco, 987
tolu, 994
tooth, Greenhough's, 817
toothache, 820
valerian, 994
valerian, ammoniated, 994,
995
valerian, compound, 994
valerian, ethereal, 995
valerian, volatile, 995
vanilla, 995
wormwood, 967
Tinder, German, 565, 606
Spanish, 363
Tinevelly senna, 269
Tissue, blistering, 966
Titan cotte, 392
Tithymalus, 480
characias, 476
dendroides, 477
myrsinites, 478
paralias, 479
sylvaticus, 476
sylvaticus lunato flore,
476
Tjettek, 393
Toad, common, 143
flax, 422, 423
flax, bastard, 468
flax, ivy leaved, 422
flax, lesser, 423
flax, small, 423
flax, yellow, 423
stone, 792
the Surinam, 143
Toasted rhubarb, 917
Tobacco, 416
camphor, 863
Congou, 488
Tobacco, Congou d*Ambra
Dakka, 487
English, 416
Havannah, 417
Indian, 376
mountain, 355
oil of, 417
pigtail, 417
Virginian, 417
Tococa, 300
guianensis, 300
Toddy, 535, 536, 537, 538
Toffy, 995
Everton, 995
Toilet soaps, 922
Toise, 33
Tola, 27
Tolipalmes, 136
Tolu, balsam of, 279
Toluifera balsamum, 279
Tomato sauce, 925
Tomatoes, 418
Ton, 29
Tonca bean, 272, 511
Tong Chong Ha Cho, 565
Tonic balls, 826
drinks, 826
pills, Bacher's, 814
Tflnics, 826
Toolsie tea, 433
Toora, 239
Tooth-ache tincture, 820
ache tree, 249, 333
cement, 669
cement, metallic, 669
cement, Ostermaier's, 669
cement, Vienna, 669
pastes, 702
powders, 702
shell, doglike, 160
wort, 426, 444
Toothed bladder fern, 557
Toothpicks, Spanish, 317
Topaz, artificial, 763
Tordylium, 332
Anthriscus, 332
officinale, 332
Torenia Asiatica, 424
Toria, 210
Torilis, 332
Anthriscus, 332
rubella, 332
Tormentil, 290
Tormentilla, 290
erecta, 290
Tormentillae radix, 290
Torpedo Galvanii, 152
Torrington's drops, 971
Tortoise, fresh water Euro-
pean, 138
gieen, 138
Tortoise, land, or common,
138
spotted, 138
Torula cerevisiaj, 564
Tota bona, 450
Touch me not, 244
Touchwood, 606
Touloucouna oil, 864
Touri or Houmiri, 240
Touroulia Guajanensis, 304 '
Tous les mois, 517
Tower mustard, bastard, 205
wall cress, 205
or Saxon weights, 15, 17
weight (Gold), 18
weight (Silver), 18
Toxicodendri folia, 261
Toxicodendron, 261
Capense, 481
Toyos, 540
Trachelium, 377
Trachylobium Gartnerianum,
275
Trachyspermum Copticum,
330
Tracing paper, 995
Tractatus de Medicin4 Uni-
versali, 12
Tragacanth, 266
cake, 266
gum, 266
tree, 224
Tragia involucrata, 485
Tragopogon porrifolius, 374
pratense, 374
poiTifolium, 374
purpureum. 374
Tragorchis, 511
Tragoselinum Angelica, 317
minus, 329
saxifragum, 329
Trailing dog rose, 292
hemp nettle, 428
Traite' de Pharmacie, (Virev),
13
de Pharmacie (Henry et
Guibourt), 14
Transparent cement, 669
soap, 922
Trapa, 298
natans, 298
Traumatic balsam, 971
solutions, 830
Traumatics, 830
Traveller's joy, 190
Treacle, 918
beer, 653
London, 688
mustard, 208, 211
posset, 890
Venice, 545, 688
1150
INDEX.
Trebizond opium, 866
Tree, allspice, 303
almond, 286
angelica, 333
apple, 292
apricot, 286
arar, 503
Lalm of Gilead, 256
banyan, 489
Barbadoes nut, 482
bastard manchineel, 390
bay, 464
bebeeru, 465
bergamot lemon, 231
berry bearing alder, 254
betel nut, 535
black alder, 254
black ebony, 537
bladder nut, 253
bread, 240
bread fruit, 486
brown gum, 302
butter, 383
butter nut, 383
cabbage, 265
calabash, 415
camara, 460
camboge, 234
camphor, 461
cane storax, 386]
caper, 211
carob, 270
cashew nut, 256
cassia stick, 269
cloth, 490
clove, 302
cocoa, 537
cocoa-nut, Maldivian, 538
cocoa-nut, sea, 538
common box, 472
cork, 497
cotton, 224
cow, 384, 487
date, 538
date, wild, 538
ebony, 385
ebony, black, 537
elastic gum, 480
fig, 488
fig, Indian, 489
fig, Jamaica, 488
fig, sycamore, 489
fir, silver, 503
frog, 142
frog-stained, 143
genip, 238
germander, 437
gingerbread, 538
Googul, 257
grass, 531
great macaw, 537
Tree, greenheart, 465
grey nickar, 274
guava, 304
guggar, 257
gum, brown, 302
gum, elastic, 480
gutta percha, 384
gutter, 334
hairy moss, 570
hazel nut, 494
hog gum, 261
Illipi, or Illupie, 383
Indian fig, 489
iron bark, 302
Jack, 486
Jamaica birch, 258
Jamaica fig, 488
Judas, 270
jujube, 254
kawrie, 503
kya putty, 304
lemon, 231
lignum vitse, 246
lime, 226
locust, 274
lungwort, 570
Madva, or Madhuca, 383
mahogany, 240
Malabar nut, 441 ^
Maldivian cocoa-nut, 538
male nutmeg, 467
mallow, 222
mastich, 260
meal bark, 554
nettle, 493
nightshade, 419
nut, 494
nutmeg, 466
olive, 387
Oriental plane, 495
original Jesuit's bark, 278
Palmyra, 536
pear, 292
perfumed cherry, 287
pitch, 503
plantain, 518
pliant mealy, 336
poison, 262
poon wood, 233
primrose, 298
quince, 288
red wood, 240
sack, 486
sandal, 468 .
Santa Maria, 233
sapodilla, 384
sassafras, 466
sea cocoa-nut, 538
silver fir, 503
sloe, 291
smooth bonduc, 278
Tree, soap berry, 238
sorb, 291
spindle, 252
spurge, 477
strawberry, 379
tallow, 485
toothache, 249, 333
tragacanth, 224
true service, 292
tulip, 196
turpentine, 260
varnish, of China, 297
Virgin, 466
Virginian plane, 495
wayfaring, 336
Wharra, 509
white beam, 291
wild cherry, 288
wild date, 538
wild plum, 291
wild service, 291
worm bark, 265
yellow nickar, 274
Trefoil, 284
acacia, 265
Alpine, 284
Carolina shrub, 248
common bird's- foot, 277
common purple, 284
field, 284
hairy shrub, 271
little yellow, 277
marsh, 401
melilot, 277
stinking, 282
stinking bean, 265
Trembling poplar, 496
Tremella nosloc, 573
Trett, 18
Triangular spurge, 476
Trianthema, 311
decandra, 311
obcordata, 311
Tribulus, 246
aquaticus, 298
terrestris, 246
Trichilia, 241
emetica, 241
guarea, 240
spinosa, 241
spondoides, 241
trifoliata, 241
Trichocephalus dispar, 178
hominis, 178
Trichodesma, 411
Kotschyanum, 411
Zeylanicum, 411
Trichosanthes, 308
amara, 308
cordata, 308
cucumerina, 308
INDEX.
1151
Trichosanthes dloica, 308
palmata, 308
villosa, 308
Trichotomanes adiantuia ru-
brum, 557
Trifid burr marygold, 358
Trifle, 872
Trifolium, 284
acjdum, 245
Alpinum, 284
arvense, 284
aureum, 192
bituminosum, 282
caeruleum, 284
hagmorrhoidale, 272
luteum minimum, 277
melilotus Italica, 277
melilotus oflicinale, 277
odoratum, 284
paludosum, 401
pratense, 284
unifolium, 282
Trigoneila foenum Grsecum
284
Trillium ceniunm, 534
erectum, 534
foetidum, 534
rhomboideum, 534
Trimorphfea vulgaris, 3G3
Trinia, 332
vulgaris, 332
Triopteris Jamaicensis, 236
Triorchis, 511
Triosteum, 336
majus, 336
perfoliatum, 336
Trip, 751
Tripe de roche, 568
Triple ladies' traces, 511
liorned acacia, 273
Tripoli, 995
senna, 268
Venice, 995
Tripolium vulgare, 374
Trissago, 437
Triticospeltum, 547
Triticum aiistatum hyber-
num, 551
chalepense spica breviore
nitidissima alba zea, 551
compositum, 551
hybernum granis rubescen-
tibus, 551
Josephi, 551
monococcum, 551
oestivum hybernum, 551
Polonicum, 551
pyramidale, 551
repens, 552
Spelta, 551
turgidum, 551
Triticum vaccinum, 423
vulgare, 551
vulgare oestivum, 551
vulgare hybernum, 551
Triunx, 16
Trochisci acacia;, 995
acidi citrici, 996
acidi tartaric!, 996
Alhandel, 677
anthelmintici, 996
Bechici albi, 996
Bechici nigri, 996
camphora", 996
carbonatis calcis, 996
cretae, 996
cubebini, 997
glycyrrhiza;, 997
glycyrrhizai et opii, 997
glycyrrhizai cum opio, 999
gummosi, 996
ipecacuanha;, 997
lactucarii, 997
lavandula;, 997
limonum, 998
magnesia;, 998
menthae piperita;, 998
morphias, 998
morphias et ipecacuanha;,
998
"nitri, 999
opii, 999
paregorici, 999
rhei, 999
rhei aromatic!, 999
rosse acidi, 999
rosae rubri, 999
sod* bicarbonatis, 1000
spongias ustae, 1000
zingiberis, 1000
Trollius, 194
Asiaticus, 194
Europa;us, 194
Trooper's ointment, 1006
. Tropjeolea;, 244
Tropaeoleum, 244
majus, 244
minus, 244
tuberosum, 244
Trotter oil, 858
Trout of the Alps, 147
Troy and apothecaries'
weights, 17
Imperial standard, 19
weight, 21
Trubs, 566
True alkanet, 409
cardamom, 516
liver wort, 569
love, 534
mayworm, 170
oil of spike, 863
True Roman wormwood, 356
service tree, 292
serpents, 140
thymbra, 436
thyme, 436
Truffle, black with white
flesh, 566
musk scented, 566
Piedmont, 566
Truffles, 566, 578
Tschillies, 414
Tschischim semina, 268
Tshettek, or Tjettek, 393
Tsinaw, 523
Tsin-y, 196
Tsjeru Kirganeli, 484
Tuber albidum, 566
album, 565
cibarium, 565, 566
griseum, 566
gulosorum, 566
licoperdon, 56(5
moschatum, 566
rufum, 566
Tubera terrse, 566
Tuberose, 529
Tuberous orobus, 280
vetch, 276
Tubicola, 160
Tufted horse-shoe vetch, 274
Tulip, 531
tree, 196
Tulipa, 531
Gesneriana, 531
Tum, 260
Tumpu, 420
Tun, 29
Tunny, 145
Tupa cersiifolia, 376
feuillei, 376
Turbeth, 407
Turbith, 320, 407
des Montagnes, 326
Montpelier, 444
Turbo, 157
puUus, 157
Turdus, 132
merula, 132
merula (Blackbird), 132
musicus, 132
Turiones pini, 502
Turkey, 134
barley, 547
berries, 254
com, 552
millet, 551
opium, 866
sponges, 180
Turkish Rusma, 703
Turk's-cap lily, 529
Turmeric, 515
1152
INDEX.
Turmeric, zedoary, 515
TurnbuU's blue, 755
Turner's cerate, 671
Turnip, black, 200
French, 205
Indian, 539
red, 200
Swedish, 205
wild, 206
Tumsol, 410, 475
Indian, 410
Jamaica, 410
small, 410
Turnsole, 809
Turpentine, 260, 505
American, 505
Bordeaux, 505
Brianfon, 504
common, 505
Cyprus, 260
«nema, 722
fomentation, compound, 759
French, 505
larch, 504
liniment of, 924
oil of, 505, 864
Scio, 260
soap, 924
Strasburgh, 503
tree, 260
Venice, 504
Turpethum, 407
Turpith mineral, 772
Turritis hirsuta, 205
Turtle, green, 138
Tussilago, 374
Alpina, 366
cacalia, 354
farfara, 374
petasites, 370
rupestris, 374
vulgaris, 374
Tutia, 1000
Tutsan, 232
Tutty, 1000
Twaddle's hydrometers, 39
Tway blade, common, 510
Two-flowered linnaa, 335
months' wheat, 551
Tylophora, 398
asthmatica, 398
laevigata, 398
Typha, 542
latifolia, 542
palustris, 542
ulva, 547
Typhacese, 542
Typhonium trilobatum, 542
U.
Uba radja, 565
Ubruc, 965
Ulex Europseus, 285
grandifloruF, 285
Ulmacese, 498
Ulmaria, 294
Ulmi cortex, 498
Ulmine, 498
Ulmus, 498
campestris, 498
Chinensis, 498
effusa, 498
fulva, 498
glabra, 498
pedunculate, 498
Ultramarine, 679
artificial, 680
ashes, 679
cobaltic, 678
Meissner, 680
Vienna, 680
Ulva lactuca, 574
latissima, 574
umbilicalis, 573
Umbel liferas, 316
Umbelliferous jagged chick-
weed, 219
Umber, 677
burnt, 678
Umbilicaria, blistered, 570
crinita, 568
pustulata, 570
Umbilicus, 313
pendulinus, 313
Veneris, 313
Umbrella, 196
Umiri, 240
balsam of, 240
Uncaria, 350
gambir, 350
Uncomocomo, 557
Unction, 1006
Underground kidney bean,
266
Undulated ipecacuanha, 349
Ungrezee mum, 27
Unguentum acidi nitrici, 1000
acidi nitrosi, 1000
acidi sulphurici, 1000
^gyptiacum, 794
aeruginis, 1000
album camphoratiim, 1001
album simplex, 1003
aloes cum petroleo, 1001
althaeas, 1001
anthrakokali, 612
antimoniale, 1001
Unguentum antimonii po-
tassio-tartratis, 1001
antimonii tartarizati, 1001
antipsoricum, 1001
aromaticum, 1002
arsenici albi, 1002
aquae rosae, 1001
basilicum, 1002
basilicum flavum, 1002
basilicum nigrum, 1002
basilicum viride, 1002
belladonnae, 1002
caeruleum, 1005
caeruleum fortius, 1 005
caeruleum mitius, 1006
cantharidis, 1003
cerae albse, 1003
cerussae, 1003, 1009
cerussae acetatis, 672
cetacei, 1003
citrinum, 1006
cocculi, 1004
conii, 1004
creasoti, 1004
cupri subacetatis, 1000
denihilo, 1013
diapompholygos, 1004
digitalis, 1004
e gummi elemi, 1005
elemi, 1004
elemi compositum, 1005
gallae, 1005
gallje compositum, 1005
gallae et opii, 1005
hydrargyri, 1005
hydrargyri ammonio-chlo'
ridi, 1006
hydrargyri biniodidi, 1006
hydrargyri fortius, 1005
hydrargyri iodidi, 1006
hydrai^ri iodidi rubri,
1006
hydrargyri mitius, 1005
hydrargyri nitratis, 1006
hydrargyri nitratis mi-
tius, 1007
hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi,
1007
hydrargyri oxidi rubri,
1007
hydrargvri precipitati albi,
1006'
hydrargyrum citrinum,
1006
infusi cantharidis, 1003
inulas, 1007
iodinii, 1007
iodinii compositum, 1007
laurinum, 1008
linariae, 1008
lyttae, 1003
I^s'DEX.
1153
'Unguenfum mezerei, 1008
mezeiei cyprinum, 1008
nervinum, 1011
opii, 1008
oxidi hydrargyri, 1007
oxycii zinci, 1013
picis, 1008
picis liquidse, 1009
■piperis nigvi, 1009
plurabi acetatis, 1009
plumbi carbonatis, 1009
plumbi compositum, 1009
plumbi iodidi, 1010
.pkiuibi scvto-depsici, 889
populeum" 496, 1010
populeum compositum,
1010
potassas liydriodatis, 1010
potassii iodidi, 1010
pvfccipitati albi, 1006
resina;, 1010
resinosum, 1010
rosatum, 1011
rosmarini compositum,
1011
sabina-, 1011
sambuci, 1011, 1012
saponata camphoratum,
1012
saturninnm, 672, 1009
scropliulari{e, 1012
simplex, 1012
stramoiiii, 1012
«abacetatis cupri, 1000
fiubnitratis liydrargyri,
1007
e sulphure, 1012
sulphuris, 1012
sulphuris compositum,
1012
sulphuris iodidi, 1012
tabaci, 1013
triphannacum, 1013
tutia;, 1013
■veratri, 534
zinci, 1013
zinci oxidi, 1013
Unha do boy, 267
Unicorn whale, 127
Unicoin's liorn, 533
United States Dispensatory,
Dr. Wood and Bache, 14
Pharmacopceia, 11
Universal balt«m, 648
cement, 669
Unona, 197
Jlthiopica, 197
aromatica, 197
discreta, 197
tripetal;\, 197
xylopioides, 197
Upas antiar, 485
minor, 485
Raja, 393
Upright birthwort, 409
blite, 448
fir moss, 556
larkspur, 191
meadow crowfoot, 193
virgin's bower, 190
water parsnep, 331
Urari, 393
Urceola, 394
elastica, 394
Urena, 223, 551
lobata, 223
Urornalis, 285
Urgerao, 439
Urinaria Indica, 483
Urinometer, 40
Uropeltis Ceylanicus, 140
Ursus Americanus, 111
Arctos, 111
gulo, 111
meles, 112
Urtica crenulata, 491
dioica, 491
heterophylla, 491
lactea, 429
mortua, 429
nivea, 487
pilulifera, 491
tenacissima, 491
urens, 491
Urticetc, 385, 485
luticulariffi, 441
Uruku, 212
Usnea, 569
crauii humani, 560
plica ta, 570
stringy, 570
Usquebagh, sive aqua vita-,
4, 1013
Utricular! £e, 441
Uva ursi, 379
ursi buxifolia, 379
ursi pvocumbens, 379
ursi foiin, 379
Uvaria iEthiopica, 197
f'ebrif'uga, 197
tripetaloidea, 197
Uvffi, 242
apyrense, 242
minores Corinthiacae, 242
passaj majores, 242
siccata2, 242
ursi folia, 373
Urernalis, 285
Vaccaria, 220
Vaccinia, 378
Vaccinieae, 377
Vaccinium hispidulum, 378
macrocarpum, 378
myrtillus, 378
oxycoccus, 378
uliginosum, 378
vitis Idsea, 378
Vachellia farnesiana, 264
Vacourinha, 423
Vahea, 394
gummifera, 394
Valantia cruciata, 34(5
Valencia raisins, 242
Valentine Basil, 2
Valerian, great, 352
Greek, 403
mountain, 351
officinal, 352
red, 351
small marsh, 351
wild, 352
Valeriana, 351
Celtica, 351
dioica, 351
Dioscoridis, 351
Hardwickii, 352 '
jatamansi, 351
major, 352
montana, 351
officinalis, 352
Phu, 352
rubra, 351
sylvestris, 351, 35^
Valerianate of iron, 75S
quinine, 914
zinc, 1029
Valerianeaj, 351
Valerianella, 352
locusta, 352
olitoria, 352
Valerianic acid, 598
Valerius Cordus, 3
Vallea, 226
cordifolia, 226
Valonia, 496
Value of Continental medi-
cinal weights, 27
Vandellia diffusa, 424
Vangloe, 403
Vanguiera, 351
a edulis, 351
Commersonii, 351
cymosa, 351
Madagascarieusis, 351
Vanilla, 512
aromatica, 512
4 £
1154
INDEX.
Vanilla claviculata/512
pompona, 512
sativa, 512
sylvestris, 512
Vanillon, 512
Vapour bath, 647
Vaquois, 509
Variolaria amara, 570
bitter-zoned, 571
communis, 571
discoidea, 570
faginea, 571
insipid-zoned, 570
Various cements, 669
Varnish, 1013
amber, 1013
black, 1014
body, 1015 -^
carriage, 1015
Chinese, 1014
colours, 1014
copal, 1014
Dutch, 1016
engravers', 1016
for engraving on glass,
1016
gilded woods, 1014
iron plates, 1014
Japanese, 262
lac, 1014
lacqtier, 1014
mastic, 1015
for metals, 1014
' Psenoe, 227
painters', 1016
papier mache', 1014
pictures, 1015 j7
printers' ink, 785
tree, 260
* tree of China, 297
for wood, 1014
Varnishes, fat, 1015
spirit, 1013
Varronia angustifolia, 412
curassavica, 412
Vasculares, 188
Vateria, 227
Indica, 227
Vauguira edulis, 351
Madagascariensis, 351
Vauquelina, 946
Vauxhall nectar, 639
Vegetable alkali, mild, 894
ethiops, 572, 604
ivory, 509
marrow, 306
products, 579
salt, 901
syrup, 964
syrup, Velno's, 820
Veined dock, 458
Vejuco, 369 '
Vellore bean, 280
Velno's vegetable syrup, 820
Velvet bark, 341
leaf, 198
Venetian dog's bane, 390
red, 682
Venice sumach, 261
treacle, 545, 688
turpentine, 504, 505
white, 682
Venivel, 199
Venomous or biting centipede,
167
Ventriculus vitulinus prsepa-
ratus, 1016
Venus' comb, 330
sumach, 261
Veratria, 534, 1016, 1017
Veratrum 534
album, 532, 534, 535
frigidum, 533
luteum, 533
nigrum, 192
officinale, 532, 534
sabadilla, 534, 535
viride, 535, 542
Verbascum, 424
album, 424
blattaria, 424
lychnitis, 424
nigrum, 424
thapsus, 425
Verbena, 439
Jamaicensis, 439
officinalis, 439
Verbenaceae, 428
Verbesina acmella, 373
alba, 363
Boswallia, 364
sativa, 365
Verdigris, 599, 600
crystallized, 600
distilled, 600
plaster, 710
prepared, 600
Verditer, blue, 680
green, 680
refiners', 680
Verjuice, 1017
Vermicelli, 1017
Vermifuge, Mathieu's, 818
Vermillion, 774
Vernal grass, sweet-scented,
545
Vernello, 551
Vemicia montana, 476
Vermonia anthelmintica, 375
Veronica acinacifolia, 425
arvensis, 425
Beccabunga, 425
Veronica Chama^drys, 425
foemina, 422
mas, 425
montana, 425
officinalis, 425
spicata, 425
Virginica, 425
Verrucaria, 410
Vertebrate animals 106, 108
Vervain, common, 439
Jamaica, 439
mallow, 222
officinalis, 439
Vervena Jamaicensis, 439
officinalis, 439
Vesicants, 830
Vespa crabo, 174
vulgaris, 174
Vespertilio, 110
Vespertina, 220
Vetch, bastard, 279
bitter, 272, 280
black bitter, 279
common, 285
liquorice, 266
milk, 266, 271
sea kidney, 277
sweet milk, 266
tuberous, 276
tufted horseshoe, 274
wood, bitter, 279
Vetchling, yellow, 276
Veterinary medicines, 821
Vetiver, 545
Vibrio, 180
Viburnum, 336
cassinoides, 336
lantana, 336
lobatum, 336
opulus, 336
tinus, 336
Vichy water, 636
Vicia, 285
ervilia, 272
faba, 273
sativa, 285
Victorialis, 525
Vienna green, 680
tooth cement, 669
ultramarine, 680
Villarsia, 402
Nymphffioides, 402
Vin de quinquina, 1019
Vinacea, 242
Vinaigre aux quatre voleurs,
430
des quatre voleurs, 58
framboise, 1018
rosat, 1018
Vinatico, 465
Vinca major, 394
INDEX.
1155
Vinca minor, 394
parviflora, 394
pervinca, 394
pusilla, 394
Vine, black pepper, 501
grape, 242
leek, 525
long pepper, 501
Spanish arbour, 407
stinking ground, 449
Vinegar, 579, 1017
aromatic, 580, 582
British, 579
camp, 1018
cantharides, 580
colchicum, 581
currie, 1018
destilled, 581
digitalis, 581
four thieves, 582
French, 579, 580
malt or British, 579
Marseilles, 582
meadow saffron, 581
opium, 581
prophylactic, 582
raspberry, 582, 1018
rose, 1018
-squill, 582
wine, or French, 579
Vinous tincture of rhubarb,
991
Vinum absinthii, 1018
aloes, 1018
aloes alkalinum, 1018
antimoniale, 1018
antimonii, 1018
antimonii potassio-tartratis,
1018
benedictum, 1019
camphoratum, 1019
cinchona, 1019
colchici, 1019
colchici seminis, 1019
colchicis radicis, 1019
cydoniorum, 1019
ergotae, 1020
ferri, 1020
ferri citratis, 1020
gentianse, 1020
granatorum, 1021
ipecacuanha, 1021
opiatum, 1021
opii, 1021
quinae, 1022
radicis colchici, 1019
rhei, 1022
rhei am arum, 1022
rhei aromaticum, 1022
sciUiticum, 1022
scilliticum amarum, 1022
Vinum seminis colchici, 1019
sennae compositum, 1022
stramonii, 1023
tabaci, 1023
veratri, 1023
Viola, 214
canina, 214
Ibonbou, 214
inodora, 214
ipecacuanha, 214
Mariana, 377
odorata, 214
ofEcinarum, 214
parviflora, 214
pedata, 215
suffruticosa, 214
sylvestris, 214
tricolor, 214
Violarese, 213
Violet, 685
agaric, 562
American, 214
Calathian, 401
dame's, 208
dog, 214
dog's-tooth, 528
marsh, 214
purple, 214
sweet, 214
Viper, common, 142
Vipera, 140
berus, 142
Viper's bugloss, 409
garlick, 525
grass, 3*/ 2
gi-ass, Hungarian, 372
Virey, T, T., Traite' de Phar-
macie, 13
Virga aurea, 373
Virgin oil, 858
tree, 466
Virgin's bower, 190
bower, upright, 190
Virginia cypress, 506
maple, 236
pennyroyal, 428
speedwell, 425
Virginian plane tree, 495
snake root, 471, 543
sumach, 262
tobacco, 417
Virola sebifera, 467
Viscum, 335
album, 335
misseltoe, 335
quercinum, 335
Vismia, 233
Guianensis, 233
guttifera, 233
sessilifolia, 233
Visnaga dancoides,17
Vitalba, 190
Vitex, 440
Agnus castus, 440
negundo, 440
trifolia, 440
Vitis, 242
marina, 574
vinifera, 242
Vitrified antimony, 619
Vitriol, blue, 694
elixir, 597
elixir, acid, 597
green, 756
Nordhausen oil of, 595
oil of, 595
Roman, 694
white, 1029
Viti-iolated magnesia, 812
Vitriolic acid, 595
Vitriolum album depuratum,
1029
martis, 757
Vittie Vayr, 545
Viverra, 114
civetta, 114
genetta, 115
Javanica, 115
musanga, 115
rasse, 115
zibetha, 115
Volatile essence for smelling
bottles, 727
liniment, 794
oil of aniseed, 844
oil of asarabacca, 845
oil of bergamot, 846
oil of buchu, 846
oil of carraway, 848
oil of chamomile, 845
oil of the cherry laurel, 855
oil of cinnamon, 848, 849
oil of cloves, 848
oil of coriander, 850
oil of cubebs, 851
oil of dill, 844
oil of laurel berries, 855
oil of lavender, 855
oil of mustard, 862
oil of neroli, 846
oil of nutmeg, 857
oil of orange flower, 846
oil of pepper, 866
oil of peppermint, 856
oil of saffron, 850
oil of sassafras, 862
oil of spearaiint, 857
oil of sweet flag, 843
oil of tansy, 863
oil of wormseed, 849
oil of wormwood, 843
oils, 864
4 E 2
1156
INDEX.
Volatile salt of hartshorn, 61 1
Volkameria inermis, 439,
440
Volubilis nigra, 453
Voltur gryphus, 131
Vulture, 131
W
Waccawai nutmegs, 4G0
Waders, 135
Wafer paper, 1023
Wafers, 1023
flour, 1023
gelatine, 1023 ' ^
Wagtail, 132
Walce robin, 540
Walker and Wcssel's Jesuit
drops, 820
Walkera, 250
serrata, 250
Wall flower, common, 207
germander, 437
. hawkweed, 3(j5
pennywort, 313
pepper, 312
rue, 557
speedwell, 425
spleeuwort, common, 557
whitlow grass, 208
Walnut catchup, 790
common, 492
Pennsylvania, 492
Walnuts, pickled, 492
Walsura, 241
piscida, 241
Waltheria, 225
Douradinha, 225
Waras, 484
Ward's essence for the head-
ache, 710
paste for the piles, 689
white drops, 819
Warm water bath, 648
Warming plaster, 712
Warroogo, 549
Wart cress, 20T
succory, 375
wort, 477
Warted spurge, 480
Warwick's, Earl o:", powder,
904
Wash balls, 922
Washed liver of antixnouy,
613
Wasp, 174
Wassunta gunda, 48 i
Water, 620
Aix-la-Chapelle, 629
of acetate of ammonia, 606
Water, alexeterial, 620
aniseed, 622
aniseed, compound, 622
apple, 196
arquebusade, 629
asafoetida, compound, G22
avens, 289
Balaruc, 630
balm, 626
Barfege, 630
Bates' alum, 620
betony, 424
bitter almond, 620
blanch, 825
blue, 623
bryony, compound, 622
calamint, 432
caltrops, 298
camphorated white vitriol,
629
caraway, 623
carbonate of soda, 928
carbonated lime, Gol
carbonic acid, 620
Carlsbad, 630
Carmelite, 626
Carrara, 631
cascarilla, 623
cassia, 623
chalybeate, aerated, 631
chalybeate, artificial, 624
Cheltenham, artificial, 623
Cheltenham chalybeate,
631
Cheltenham saline, 631
Cheltenham sulphur, 631
cherry laurel, 623, 625
chlorine, 674
cinnamon, 623
cinnamon, spirituous, 6-3,
941
cinnamon, vinorcs, 955
colours, cake, 684
Contrexeviile, 632
Contrexevil!e,artificin],G32
cresses, 209
crowfoot, 193
• dill, 317, 622
distilled, 624
dock, 457
dock, great, 457
dragons, 540
drop, hemlock, 327
dropwort, 327
dropwort, common, 327
dropwort, fine-leaved, 327
dropwort parsley, 327
elder, 628
elder, concentrated, 629
fennel, G24
figwort, 424
Water, germander, 438-
Goulard, 886
Harrowgate, chalybeate,
632
Harrowgate, suiphur, 632
hemlock, 321
hemp agrimony, 358
honey, 626
horehound, 430
horseradish, compound, 52S
horse tail, great, 555
Hungary, 624
hyssop, 625
hysteric, 622
juniper, compound, 941
kali, 805
kreosote, 625
lavender, 626
laurel, 625
Leamington, 632
Leamington, artiticial, 632
lemon, 309
lily, 201
lily, dwarf, 402
lily, Jamaica, 201
lily, white, 201
lily, yellow, 201
lime, 801
lime, compound, 623
lime flower, 629
magnesia, 633
melissa, concentrated, 627
melon, 306
mercurial, simple, 625
mint, 432, 627
mole, 119
Mont Dore, 633
Mont Dore', artificial, 63S
Naples, 633
opium, 628
orange flower, 624
parsnip, 321
parsnip, creeping, 325
parsnip, broad-leaved, 33-1
parsnip, great, 331
parsnip, long-leaved, 321
parsnip, naiTow-leaved, 33
parsnip, upright, 321
Passy, 633
Passy, artificial, 633
pennyroyal, 627
pennyroyal, compound
627
pennyroyal and hvsteric,
627
pennyroyal, spirituous, 942
pepper, 453
peppermint, 627
phagedenic, 628
pimenta, 628
pimpernel, 443
INDEX.
1157
Water, plantain, great, 507
Provins, 633
Provins, artificia], 633
Pullna, 634-
Pullna, artificial, 634
Pyrmont, 634
Pymiont, artificial, 6S4
radish, 209
rose, 628
Saturn, 886
sea, 634
seagieen, 507
Seidchutz, 634
Seidchutz, artificial, 635
Seidlitz, 635
Seidlitz, artificial, 635
Seltzer, 635
Seltzer, artificial, 635
soda, 636
soda, double, 636
soda, single, 636
soldier, fresh, 507
Spa, 636
Spa, artificial, 636
spearmint, 433, 627
spirituous alexeterial, 620
spirituous cionamoD, 623,
941
tar, 628
Vichy, 636
Vichy, artificial, 636
Wick chalybeate, G36
Wick chalybeate, artificial,
636
Waters, mineral, 629
mineral, artificial, 629
Wax, bottle, 926
carnauba, 538
palm, 536
soft, for engravers, 1016
thorough, 364
Waxberry, 494
Waxed sponge, 943
Waxen wood, 273
Way bread, 446
Wayfaring tree, 336
Weasel snout, 429
Web-footed birds, 135
Webera tetrandra, 338
Webster's, Lady, pills, 816,
876
Wedel's oil, 846
Wedro, 33
Weed, American poke, 452
ash, 317
bind, 404
black-bird, 453
black snake, 471
brook, 443
bugle, 430
butterfly, 395
Weed, button snake, 323
cancer, 435
chinney, 570
common bishop's, 317
common silk, 395
cotton, 362
cow, 318
duck, greater, 553
duck, less, 553
dyer's, 215
fire, 367
golden cud, 374
great hawk, 373
gulf, 574
hairy river, 571
halbert, 358
hell, 406
horse, 428
Hungarian hawk, 353
lavender bind, 405
may, 368
moxa, 356
rough bind, 523
seaside bind, 404
sharp-fruited broad-leaved
pond, 508
silver, 290
skutik, 541
smal Jbind, 404
snake, 321, 453
stinking, 269, 323
sulphur, 327, 328
yellow, 215
Weeping willow, 497
Weight, Avoirdupois, 15, 20
Dublin, 21
Foil, 19
Foreign, 24, 26, 28
French decimal, 25
Imperial, 19, 20
Old French, 24
Roman, 16
Tower, 17, 18
Troy and Apothecaries, 17,
21
Weights and Measures, 15
British Indian, 27
Continental medicinal, 26,
28
English, 15, 25
French, 24
Weinmannia, 316
Weld, 215
French, 215
Welsh onion, 525
Wenniwelle, 129
Werinna, 365
Wessel's Jesuit drops, 820 -
West Indian copal, 261
Indian or Bahama sponges,
180
West Indian senna, 269
Western bezoar, 653
Wey, 29
Whale, Greenland, 123
spermaceti, 130
Unicorn, 127
white, 127
Whalebone, 128
Wharra tree, 509
Wharted-leaved rhubarb, 456
Wheat, barley, 547
bearded. 551
buck, 453
climbing buck, 453
common yellow cow, 423
cone, 551
Dantzic, 551
duck bill, 551
Egyptian, 551
forty days', 551
grass, creeping, 552
many-eared, 551
Polish, 551
purple cow, 423
red, 551
spelt, 551
spring, 551
square grey, 551
two months, 551
white, 551
wild cow, 423
Whey, acid, 926
aluminous, 926
milk, 926
milk, with alum, 926
oranged, 926
sweet, 926
wine, 927
with beer, 926
with tamarinds, 927
Whins, 285
Whip lash snake. 140
Whipt sillabub, 927
White ale, Devonshire, 652
alum, 682
alum, Baum^'s, 682
and red cun-ants, 315
Archangel, 429
arsenic, 584
arsenic, oxide, sublimed,
584
asphodel, 527
balsam, 279
beam tree, 291
beet| 449
behen, 220
ben, 359
Bengal ipecacuanha, 39S
berried ehler, 336
biat, 146
blite, great, 448
1158
INDEX.
White boles, 657
bottle, 220;
bryony, 305
campion, 220
cinnamon, 233
colours, 682
coral, 179
cranberry, 378
crown bark, 340
currant, 315
cypress wood, 506
drops. Ward's, 819
dry yam, 522
emulsion, 809
enamel, 720
fire, 911
flake, 682
flat-seeded sorgho, 551
flowered crowfoot, 193
flux, 758
Ford's Spanish, 683
ginger root, 517
grey ipecacuanha, 338
Hamburgh, 682
heart cherries, 287
hellebore, 534
hellebore, wine of, 1023
henbane, great, 415
Holland, 683
horehound, 430
house leek, annual, 312
ipecacuanha, 214, 349
ipecacuanha, Bengal, 398
ipecacuanha, grey, 338
ipecacuanha, undulated or
amylaceous, 349
jasmine, 388
Krems, 682
lac, 791
lead, 682, 886
lead, Grace's, 682
lUy, 529
liquorice paste, 869
lotus, 272
Loxa bark, 342
lupin, 277
meadow saxifrage, 316
mulberry, 490
mullein, 424
mullein flowered, 424
mustard, 209
Newcastle, 682
Nottingham, 682
oak, 496
oak fern, 557
oat grass, 547
oats, 546
or blush rose, 292
ox-eye, 368
oxide of antimony, 614
Pareira brava, 198
White pearl, 683
pepper, 501
permanent, 683
poly mountain, 438
poplar, 495
poppy, 203
precipitate, 768
precipitate, Lemery's, 768
precipitate ointment, 1006
precipitated mercury, 768
resin, 505
rose, 292
rot, 326
sandal wood, 468
Sanders, 468
shark, 152
sillabub, 927
skate, 152
soap, common, 922
stone crop, 312
tartar, 639
thorn, 288
truffle, 565
Venice, 642
vitriol, 1029
water lily, 201
whale, 127
wheat, 551
Wilkinson's, 683
willow, 497
wood anemone, 189
yam, Ceylon, 522
zedoary, 515
Whitehead's essence of mus-
tard, 820
essence of mustard pills,
820
Whiting, common, 148
Whitlow grass, 208
grass, rue-leaved, 316
grass, wall, 208
Wholesome wolfsbane, 188
Whorled knot grass, 311
Whortle berry, black, 378
berry, red, 378
Wiborgia acmella, 364
Wick chalybeate water, 636
Widow wail, 258
Wild amaranth, 448
angelica, 318
basil, 431
bay, 336
black hellebore, 192
borage, small, 409
brank ursine, 440
briar, 292
bugloss, small, 410
cabbage, 205
cacao, 224
cardamoms, 516
carrot, 317
Wild cassada, 482
chamomile, 354
cherry, 287
cherry tree, 288
cicily, 318
cinnamon, 233
clary, 436
clove, 304
cornel, 334
cow wheat, 423
cucumber, 308
cumin, 326
cumin, codded, 202
cumin, horned, 202
date tree, 538
dates, 537
elder, 333
flax, dwarf, 221
garlic, 525
germander, 425, 438
ginger, 471
gold of pleasure, 207
horehound, 364
hyacinth, 528
ipecacuanha, 336, 395
leek, 525
lettuce, 367
lettuce, prickly, 367
lettuce, strong-scented, 367
liquorice, 266
liquorice, Jamaica, 263
lupin, 277
madder, 346
marygold, 358
mignionette, 215
mustard, 209
navew, 205
oat grass, 547
olive, narrow-leaved, 469
orach e, 451
passion flower, 309
pear, 291
pepper, 440
potato, 407
plum tree, 291
rocket, 215
rosemary, 379, 381
sarsaparilla, 333
senna, 269
service, 291
service tree, 291
succory, 361
tansy, 290
teasel, 352
turnip, 206
thyme, 438
valerian, 352
yam, 524
Wilkinson's white, 683
Willow, almond-leaved, 497
bark, 498
INDEX.
1159
Willow, bay, 498
Bedford, 498
bitter purple, 498
crack, 497
French, 298
herb, 443
herb, broad smooth-leaved,
298
herb, hooded, 436
herb, purple-spiked, 299
herb, rosebay, 298
herb, squai-e-stalked, 298
least, 497
leaved spirsea, 294
Norfolk pui-ple, 498
Persian,. 298
rose, 498
spiked, 294
sweet, 495, 498
weeping, 497
white, 497
yellow dwarf, 498
Willughbeia, 394
edulis, 394
Windsor soap, 922
soap, brown, 922
soap, white, 922
Wine, aloes, 1018
aloes, alkaline, 1018
antimonial, 1018
antimony, 1018
barley, 652
camphorated, 1019
cherry, 1024
cinchona, 1019
citrate of iron, 1020
colchicum seeds, 1019
cowslip, 1024
currant, 1024
elder, 1024
ergot of rye, 3020
or French vinegar, 579
gentian, 1020
ginger, 1024
gooseberry, 1025
grape, 1025
hellebore, white, 1023
ipecacuanha, 1021
iron, 1020
lemon, 1025
meadow saffron, 1019
measure, 32
of citrate of iron, 1020
of senna, compound, 1022
of squills, 1022
of squills, bitter, 1022
of stramonium, 1023
of the coiTOus of meadow
saffron, 1019
of the seeds of meadow
saffron, 1019
Wine, opium, 1021
orange, 1025
palm, 536, 538
pomegranate, 1021
poppy, 1025
potassio-tartrate of anti-
mony, 1018
punch, 910
quince, 1019
quinine, 1022
raisin, 1025
rhubarb, 1022
steel, 1020
tobacco, 1023
vinegar, 579
whey, 927
white hellebore, 1023
wormwood, 1018
Wines, British, 1023
Winter barley, 547
■ cherry, 417, 419
cherry, Jamaica, 417
cress, bitter, 205
cress, early, 205
green, 380
green, American, 382
green, round-leaved, 382
green, serrated, 383
green, small, 383
marjoram, 434
rocket, 205
rye, 550
savory, 436
Wintera aromatica, 195
Winterana aromatica, 195
canella, 233
Winter's bark, 195
cinnamon, 195
Wiry crown back, 341
Wiserpukki, 381
Wishecumpuoware, 381
Wismuth, 654
Witherite, 649
Woad, 208, 451
dyer's, 208
Wolf, 112
Wolfram, 1025
Wolfsbane, early blue, 189
great yellow, 188
panicled, 189
wholesome, 188
Wolverene, 111
Womum, 318
Wonivol, 199
Wontay, 486
Wood, aloe, 265
aloes, 265, 480
Andaman red, 282
anemone, 189
apple, 232
bastard Nicaragua, 268
Wood, betony, 437
bitter, 197, 250
bitter vetch, 279
black cypress, 506
Brazil, 267, 268, 30
Bukkum, 268
California, 268
cam, 266, 284
chappungham, 268
charcoal, 665
cinnamon, 466
crane's bill, 243
crowfoot, 189, 193
dog, 280, 334
dog, American, 334
dog, black, 254
dog, round-leaved, 334
dog, swamp, 334
eagle, 265
elephant, 196
fever, 461
fusian prick, 252
iron, 350
louse, 163
mahogany, 241
Nicaragua, 268
oil, 227, 239
peach, 268
Pernambuco, 268
prickly yellow, 249
red, 284
red sandal, 283
sage, 438
Saint Lucie, 287
sandal, 468
sanicle, 330
sappan, 268
satin, 239
sedge pendulous, 543
snake, 391
sorrel, common, 245
sorrel, Jamaica, 246
son-el, yellow procumbent,
245
southern, 355
southern, field, 356
southern, Tartarian, 356
spice, 461
spurge, 476
spurge, evergi'een, 476
spurge, narrow-leaved, 480
St. Martha, 268
stave, 250
strawberry, 288
teak, 439
Terra firma, 268
waxen, 273
white cypress, 506
white sandal, 468
worm, common, 335
yellow, 506
1160
INDEX.
Wood, yellow sandal, 468
zebra, 260
Woodbine, 335
Woodpecker, 133
Woodruff; field, 337
sweet, 337
Woody nightshade, 418
Wooginos, 257
Wooly-heade<l thistle, 361
Wooral_y, or Woorari, 393
Woorary poison, 464
Worm balls, 821
bark tree, 265
blind, 140
broad tape, 178
cake, Story's, 820
common tape, 178
drench, 822
earth, 160
goose foot, 450
grass, 399
guinea, 177
long i-ound, 176
long thread, 178, 840
lozenges, 996
lozenges, Ching's, 815
maw, or thread, 177
medicine, tasteless, 820
moss, Corsican, 572
seed, 208, 399, 450
seed oil, 450
seeds, 356
Worms, intestinal, 176
Wonnwood, Alpine, o56
common, 355
common Roman, 356
sea, 356
true Roman, 356
Wound balsam, 971
Woundwort, 265
corn, 437
Dona's, 372
hedge, 437
marsh, 437
Saracen's, 372
Wrack, bladder, 572
grass, 508
sea, 572
Wren, 132
Wrightea tinctoria, 391
Wrightia antidysenterica, oD4
Wurrus, 484
Wurtemburg Pharmacopoeia,
8
Xanthine, 350
Xanthium lappa minor, 375
strumarium, 375
Xanthochymus ovalifolius,
234
Xanthorrhoea, 531
arborea, 531
hastilis, 531
resinosa, 531
Xerotium montanum, 364
Ximenia yEgyptiaca, 2-i6
Xoxonitztal, 370
Xylobalsamum, 256
Xylocarpus granatum, 239
obovatus, 239
Xyloidine, 1025
Xylopia, 197
glabra, 197
longifolia, 197
Xylostroma giganteum, 563
Xyridese, 552
Xyris Indica, 552
Yam, 522, 540
buck, 522
Ceylon white, 522
common, 522
negro, 522
pee, 522
purple, 522
white dry, 522
wild, 524
Yapon, 253
Yarrow, 353
Yeast, 564, 1025
artificial, 1025
Yellow, 684, 685
aikanet, small, 411
anemone, 190
Archangel, 429
arsenic, 639
balsam, 244
bark, 343, 344
bark of Santa Fe, 341
basilicon, 672, 1002
bear's ear, 443
bedstraw, 346
boles, 657
bugle, 427
centaury, 399
charlock, 210
chloride of gold, 642
chrome, 683, 886
colours, 683
corydalis, 204
cow Vv'heat, common,
423
dwarf willow, 493
enamel, 721
fire, 911
foxglove, 421
Yellow fumitory, 204
gentian, great, 400
goat's beard, 374
gum arable, 204
helmet flower, 188
horned poppy, 202
Indian, 683, 774
ink, 787
King's, 640, 683
lake, 683
loosestrife, 443
lotus, 277
madder, 350
melilot, 277
milked agaric, 562
moth mullein, 424
myrobalans, 296
Naples, 683
nickar tree, 274
nickars, 274
ochre, 683
patent, 683
poly mountain, 438
procumbent wood sorrel,
245
Queen's, 683
rattle, common, 423
resin, 531
rhododendron, 381
rocket, 205
root, 194
root, Canada, 192
sandal wood, 468
Sanders, 468, 506
scoi-pion, 164
seeded Indian millet, 551
soap, 922
star thistle, 360
star wort, 370
sul])huret of arsenic, 639
thistle, Jamaica, 202
toad flax, 423
trefoil, little, 277
vetchling, 276
wall parmelia, 569
water lily, 201
weed, 215
wolfsbane, great, 188
wood, 506
wood, prickh', 249
zedoary, 515
Yerba de palos, 253
Yercund, 395
Yew, 506
Yoloxiltic, 370
Yorkshire sanicle, 442
Young fustick, 261
Ypada or coca, 235
Yucca, 531
gloriosa, 531
Yu-lan, 196
INDEX,
1161
Zabucajo, 303
Zacintha, 375
verrucosa, 375
Zadwar, or Jadwar, 515
Zaffre, 1026
Zaleya decandra, 311
Zamia angustifolia, 554
broad'leaved, 554
debilis, 554
fiirfuracea, 554
integrifolia, 554
long-leaved, 554
media, 554
narrow-leaved, 554
pigmy, 554
pumila, 554
tenuis, 554
Zanetti's hydrometer, 39
Zaathorlza, 194
apii folia, 194
Zanthoxylon, 249
Zanthoxylum alatum, 249
AvicennjE, 249
Caribbffium, 249
Clara Herculis, 249
fraxineum, 249
hermaphroditum, 249
octandra, 247
piperitum, 249
Zarzaparilla, 523
Zea, 552
dicoccus, 551
Mays, 552
Zebra-striped bean, 280
•wood, 260
Zedoarla flava, 515
longa, 515
rotunda, 515, 516
Zedoariffi radix, 515
Zedoary, 516
round, 515, 516
turmeric, 515
white, 515
yellow, 515
Zeera seeah, 320
Zenopoma thea Sinensis, 230
Zeocriton commune, 548
Zeopyrum, 547
Zeysoum, 371
Zibet, 115
Ziekti-troost, 319
Zinc, 1026
acetate, 1026
butter of, 1027
calcined, 1028
carbonate, 660, 1028
chloride, 1027
cyanide, 1027
ferrocyanide, 1028
flowers of, 1028
iodide, 1028
lactate, 1028
oxide, 1028
oxide, impure, 1000
silicate, 660
sulphate, 1028
valerianate, 1029
Zinci acetas, 1026
carbonas, 660, 1026
cbloridi liquor, 808, 1027
chloridum, 1027
cyanidum, 1027
fen-ocyanidum, 1028
iodidum, 1028
Zinci lactas, 1028
oxydum, 1028
sulphas, 1028
valerianas, 1029
Zincum, 1026
caleiuatum, 1028
feiToso-hydrocyanicum,
1028
hydrocyanicum, 1027
vitriolatnm, 1029
Zingiber album, 540
Cassamunar, 516
Germanicum, 540
Melegueta, 514
officinale, 517
Zerumbet, 517
Zingiberaceae, 512
Zirbel nuts, 505
Zitmann's decoction, strong,
701
decoction, weak, 701
Zizania aquatica, 552
Zizophora mariana, 428
pulegioides, 428
Ziziphus, 254
a;noplia, 254
jujuba, 254
lotus, 255
napeca, 254
soporifera, 255
vulgaris, 254
Zoophytes, 175
Zostera, 508
marina, 508
oceanica, 508
trinerva, 508
Zygophylleas, 246
Zygophyllum, 247
Fabago, 247
THE END.
4 F
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