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SURNAMES

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF MODERN ENGLISH

THE ROMANCE OF WORDS

A popular book on the sources of the English
Vocabulary

{Third Edition

THE ROMANCE OF NAMES

Tells how Surnames came into being, and gives
explanations of the author's etymological method in
dealing with them.

[Second Edition

SURNAMES

BY ERNEST WEEKLEY, M.A.

" Indeed, there is a woundy luck in names, sirs,
And a main mystery, an a man knew where
To vind it."

(BEN JONSON, Tale of a Tub, iv. a.)

b 9

LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.

1917

£

M

FIRST EDITION . . . September 1916
SECOND EDITION . . July 1917

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PREFACE

THE volume now offered to those who were kind enough
to be interested in my Romance of Names is a second
offshoot of the Dictionary of English Surnames on
which I have been engaged for some years. It differs
in several ways from the former booklet. The Romance
of Names was an attempt at a general survey of the
subject, and, like all such first attempts, it contained
a good many inaccuracies and dubious statements 1
of which I have tried to purge later editions. It made
no special attempt to deal with the curiosities of
surname etymology, and the temptation to explore
by-ways was firmly resisted.

The present volume treats much more completely,
and hence more ponderously, of certain groups of sur-
names which I have investigated with some approach
to thoroughness. It includes a very large proportion
of names of etymological interest,8 the majority of

1 Sometimes due to accepting definite statements of my pre-
decessors ; e.g. Bardsley says, " It is a well-known fact that Haddock
is an imitative variant of Haydock." It may be, but John Haddok
(Fine R., Close R., and City B.) shows that it was also a nickname
c. 1300. There are so many " well-known facts " that become
fictions when tested with a little evidence.

2 Many of these are so odd and fantastic that I may be suspected
of having invented them, but, with perhaps half a dozen doubtful

v

vi PREFACE

which have not been mentioned by earlier writers, and
hardly any of which have been hitherto explained. Its
relation to the Romance of Names is that of a more or
less erudite treatise to a primer, matter which in the
former book was dismissed in a paragraph or two being
here expanded into a chapter. This involves a certain
amount of repetition which I hope may be forgiven.

As the theories and etymologies proposed are to a
great extent novel, I have thought it well to give some
of the data on which they are based. Consequently
the book will be found duller than its predecessor, and
will, I fear, have little attraction for any but the sur-
name enthusiast. The author's own inclination, suc-
cessfully fought against, was to give for each name a
mass of evidence, variants and early examples, which
most readers would rather be spared. The method
actually followed has been the rather unsatisfactory
compromise of giving evidence and foreign parallels
in a certain number of cases, and the author cannot
hope that this has been done with much system or
consistency. After the alternative plans had been
considered of relegating the medieval examples to
footnotes or to an appendix, it was finally decided
to insert them in square brackets after the modern
names to which they refer, an arrangement which will
perhaps irritate the rapid reader without satiating the
student. The chief sources of these early examples are

cases, every English name printed in italic type and included in the
index is, or was as late as the nineteenth century, actually existent
in this country.

PREFACE vii

enumerated on pp. xvi-xvii, but many other documents
have been consulted and are indicated with more or
less fullness when quoted.1 To my colleague Mr. E. L.
Guilford, Lecturer in History at University College,
Nottingham, I am indebted for many medieval names
drawn chiefly from unpublished Midland records. It
will be noticed that a native or foreign parallel has
often been preferred to direct evidence. This arises
out of the comparative method which I have
adopted, the only method which can lead to results
of any value.

The index contains some six thousand existing sur-
names, including a certain proportion of French and
German names and a sprinkling from other countries.
In the body of the book appear probably almost an equal
number of names which are presumably extinct, though,
as a matter of fact, it is never safe to assume this even
in the case of the most fantastic name. No student
of the subject would be seriously startled at finding
Longshanks and Strongbow dwelling side by side in

1 To date exactly each example would have involved an amount
of labour and verification incommensurate with the result. The
source quoted usually shows the century. The great majority of
the examples come from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and
names later than 1338 are as a rule dated. The names are given just
as they occur, except that baptismal names, when their form is not
in question, are normalized, while / and v are put for i and u where
these latter are consonants. I have also occasionally, for the sake
of clearness, added to final -e the acute accent which was unknown
to the Middle Ages. The county is sometimes given when the
habitat of the name is in question, but readers in search of an
ancestor should notice that in many cases the county is simply that
in which the bearer of the name happened to be hanged.

Vlll

PREFACE

some remote village, though he would experience some-
thing of the exultation of a naturalist encountering
a dodo in Kensington Gardens.

The author's excuse for publishing this second
instalment of his harmless researches is that the end
of his Dictionary, like that of all similar undertakings,
has a way of receding as it is approached. It seemed
possible that information representing the leisure
amusement of several years might be doomed to the
waste-paper basket by harassed executors, in which
case some students of the English language might be
the losers.1

The " practical man," when his attention is accident-
ally directed to the starry sky, appraises that terrific
spectacle with a non-committal grunt ; but he would
receive with a positive snort any suggestion that the
history of European civilization is contained in the
names of his friends and acquaintances. Still, even
the practical man, if he were miraculously gifted
with the power of interpreting surnames, could hardly
negotiate the length of Oxford Street on a motor-bus
without occasionally marvelling and frequently chuck-
ling. As a review of my former book puts it —

"We go about our dignified proceedings, solemnly addressing
each other by the names of beasts and birds and kitchen implements ;
we are dressed like savages in fantastic feathers, and the most
important list of honoured personages contains a set of nicknames
graceless enough to keep us laughing for a month " (The Times,
February 22, 1914).

1 See p. 22.

PREFACE ix

I should like to thank by name all the friendly cor-
respondents who have, often at real cost of time and
labour, sent me information on the subject of surnames ;
but the list would fill several pages. So I must limit
myself to saying in the words of Captain Grose that —
" Several gentlemen (and ladies), too respectable to be
named on so trifling an occasion, have also contributed
their assistance."

ERNEST WEEKLEY.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM,
April, 1916. »

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

THIS edition differs from the first in a few small details
only. A number of misprints have been corrected,
and some statements as to the origin or survival of
unusual surnames have been modified. The index
has also been overhauled and a few omissions repaired.
For most of the corrections I am indebted to the
vigilance and knowledge of friendly correspondents.

E. W.

February 1917.

CONTENTS

PAGE

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... XV

ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED . . , .

CHAPTER I

%

THE STUDY OF SURNAMES .... I

CHAPTER II

THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM .... 26

CHAPTER III

SOME LOCAL SURNAMES ..... 47

CHAPTER IV

THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES . . 86

CHAPTER V

SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES . . . .102

•i

xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER VI

PAGE

PHYSICAL NICKNAMES 124

CHAPTER VII

COSTUME NICKNAMES 145

CHAPTER VIII

MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES . . . 164

CHAPTER IX

VEGETABLE NICKNAMES 184

/

CHAPTER X

PAGEANT NAMES 198

CHAPTER XI

SOME COMPOUND NAMES . . . . 225

CHAPTER XII

THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME . . 252

CONTENTS xiii
CHAPTER XIII

PACK

FRENCH SURNAMES . • 278

CHAPTER XIV

GERMAN SURNAMES . . 2Q2

CHAPTER XV

DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES . . . 306

INDEX . ... • 331

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS ON NAMES

Camden, Remains concerning Britain (London, 1605).

Lower, Patronymica Britannica (London, 1860).

Lower, English Surnames 4 (London, 1875).

Guppy, Homes of Family Names in Great Britain (London,

1890).

Bardsley, English Surnames7 (London, 1901).
Bardsley, Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames (Oxford,

1901).
Bjorkman, Nordische Personennamen in England (Halle a. S.,

1910).

Macbain, Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language,2

PP- 396-412 (Stirling, 1911).

Matheson, Report on Surnames in Ireland (Dublin, 1909).
Jenner, Handbook of the Cornish Language, pp. 192-202

(London, 1904).
Moore, Names, Place-names and Surnames of the Isle of Man

(London, 1890).

Ritter, Les Noms de Famille (Paris, 1875).

Langlois, Table des Noms propres compris dans les Chansons

de Geste (Paris, 1904).

Chastelain, Vocabulaire Hagiologique (Paris, 1694).
Schatzer, Herkunft und Gestaltung der franzosischen Heiligen-

namen (Miinster i. W., 1905).

XVI

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Pachnio,* Die Beinamen der Pariser Steuerrolle von 1292

(Konigsberg i. Pr., 1909).
Kremers, Beitrage zur Erforschung der franzosischen Fami-

liennamen (Bonn, 1910).

Heintze, Die deutschen Familiennamen 3 (Halle a. S., 1908).

Salverte, Essai historique et philosophique sur les Noms de

Peuples et de Lieux (Paris, 1824).
Yonge, History of Christian Names2 (London, 1884).

B. SOURCES FOR MEDIEVAL NAMES

Searle, Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum (Cam-
bridge, 1897) .... Searle

1086. Domesday Book .... DB.

1158-1192. Pipe Rolls (Pipe Roll Soc., 34 vols.) Pipe R.

1189-132 7. Abbreviatio Placitorum,

Richard I.— Edward II. . Pleas

1195-1214. Fines, sive Pedes Finium, sive
Finales Concordiae in Curia
Domini Regis . . . Feet of Fines

1199-1216. Rotuli de Liberate ac de Misis et

Praestitis, regnante Johanne Lib. R.

1199-1326. Charter Rolls . . . Chart. R.

1199-1332. Fine Rolls .... Fine R.

1200-1400. Documents illustrative of Eng-
lish History in the thirteenth
and fourteenth centuries,
from the Records of the
Queen's Remembrancer in
the Exchequer . . Doc. III.

1202-1338. Patent Rolls .... Pat. R.

1205-1337. Close Rolls .... Close R.

* Pachnio's dissertation, giving a great number of thirteenth-
century French nicknames, is extremely valuable for comparative
purposes, and is freely quoted, especially in chapters vi. to viii.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

xvu

1216-1307. Calendarium Genealogicum, for
the reigns of Henry III. and
Edward I. . . . Cal. Gen.

1216-1307. Testa de Neville sive Liber Feo-
dorum, temp. Henry III.
— Edward I. . . . Testa de Nev.

1216-1377. Rotulorum Originalium in Curia
Scaccarii Abbreviatio,
Henry III.— Edward III. . Exch. R.

1216-1336. Inquisitiones post Mortem sive

Escaetae .... IpM.

1272-1338. Register of the Freemen of York,

Vol. I.(SurteesSoc., 1897) . F. of Y.

1273. Hundred Rolls . . . Hund. R.

1275-1377. The Letter-Books (A. to F.) of

the City of London . City A., B., etc.

1277-1326. Calendar of various Chancery
Rolls : Supplementary Close
Rolls, Welsh Rolls, Scutage
Rolls .... Chanc. R.

1 2 84-1 431. Inquisitions and Assessments re-
lating to Feudal Aids . Feud. Aids

Ancient Kalendars and Inventories of the

Treasury of His Majesty's Exchequer . Exch. Cal.

Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (Surtees

Soc., 1841) Lib. Vit.

In addition to the above a great number of county Assize
Rolls, manor Court Rolls, abbey Cartularies, etc., have been
consulted, the titles of which are given more fully.

C. SOURCES FOR MODERN SURNAMES

Return of Owners of Land in England and
Wales, 1873, generally called the Modern
Domesday Book ....

Dictionary of National Biography .
2

MDB.
DNB.

xviii BIBLIOGRAPHY

London Directory, 1842.
Various Provincial Directories.
Navy List, September 1914.
Army List, January 1915.
The London Gazette.
The Daily Paper.
The Casualty Lists.

Paris Directory, 1907 . . . Bottin.

Rangliste der Kaiserlich Deutschen Marine,

D. DICTIONARIES QUOTED

The New English Dictionary . . NED.

The English Dialect Dictionary . . EDD.

Wright-Wulcker, Anglo-Saxon and Old

English Vocabularies 2 (London, 1884) . Voc.

Promptorium Parvulorum (1440), ed. May-
hew (EETS.) Prompt. Parv.

Catholicon Anglicum (1483), ed. Herrtage

(EETS.) Cath.Angl.

Levins, Manipulus Vocabulorum (1570), ed.

Wheatley (EETS.) .... Manip. Voc.

Skene, De Verborum Signification (Edin-
burgh, 1599).

Cowel, The Interpreter or Booke containing
the Signification of Words (London,
1607).

The same, enlarged (London, 1708).

Blount, Law Dictionary (London, 1691).

White Kennett, Glossary (London, 1816).

Nares, Glossary, ed. Halliwell and Wright
(London, 1872).

BIBLIOGRAPHY xix

Halliwell, Dictionary of Archaic and Pro-
vincial Words 10 (London, 1887) . . Hall.

Skeat and Mayhew, Glossary of Tudor
and Stuart Words (Oxford, 1914).

Palsgrave, Lesclarcissement de la Langue

fransoyse (1536) . . . . Palsg.
Cotgrave, French- English Dictionary (1611) Cotg.

E. SOURCES OF QUOTATIONS

Chaucer, ed. Pollard (Globe Edition) . . Chauc.
Piers Plowman, ed. Skeat . . . Piers Plowm.

The Wycliffite Translation of the Bible . Wye.
Skelton, ed. Dyce.
Cocke Lorelles Bote, sixteenth century

(reprint, Aberdeen, 1848).
Stow, Survey of London (1603).

< ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED

AF. .

AS. .
Ass. .
Bottin
Cal. Gen.

Cart. .

Cath. Angl. .

Chanc. R.

Chart. R. .

Chauc.

City A., B., etc.

Close R.
Cotg. .
DB. .
dial. .
dim. .
DNB. .
Doc. III.

Du. .
EDD. .
Exch. Cal. .

Exch. R.

Anglo-French

Anglo-Saxon

Assize

Paris Directory, 1907

Calendarium Genealogicum (1216-

1307)

Cartulary or Chartulary
Catholicon Anglicum
Chancery Rolls (1277-1326)
Charter Rolls (1199 . . .)
Chaucer
City of London Letter- books (1275

• • 0

Close Rolls (1205 . . .)
Cotgrave's French Dictionary (1611)
Domesday Book (1086)
dialect
diminutive

Dictionary of National Biography
Documents Illustrative of English

History (thirteenth and four-
teenth centuries)
Dutch

English Dialect Dictionary
Ancient Kalendars and Inventories

of the Exchequer.
Rotulorum Originalium in Curia

Scaccarii Abbreviatio (Henry III.

—Edward III.)
films or nlia

xxi

XX11

ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED

Feet of Fines
Feud. Aids .

Fine R.

F. of y. .

Fr. .
Ger. .
Goth. .
Hall. .
Hund. R. .
Inq. .
IpM. .

Let. .
LG. .
Lib. R.

Lib. Vit. .
Manip. Voc.
MDB.
ME. .
OF. .
OG. .
ON. .
Palsg.

Pat. R.
Piers Plowm.
Pipe R.
Pleas .

Prompt. Parv.
Reg. .
Sc. .
Testa de Nev.
Voc. .
Wye. .

Fines, sive Pedes Finium (1195-1214)

Inquisitions and Assessments relat-
ing to Feudal Aids (1284 . . .)

Fine Rolls (1199 . . .)

Register of the Freemen of York
(1272 . . .)

French

German

Gothic

Halliwell.

Hundred Rolls (1273)

Inquests

Inquisitiones post Mortem (1216
. . .)

Letters

Low German

Rotuli de Liberate ac de Misis et
Praestitis (1199 . . .)

Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis

Manipulus Vocabulorum

Modern Domesday Book (1873)

Middle English

Old French

Old German

Old Norse

Palsgrave, Lesclarcissement de la
Langue franfoyse (1536)

Patent Rolls (1202 . . .)

Piers Plowman

Pipe Rolls (1158 . . .)

Abbreviatio Placitorum, Richard I.
—Edward II.

Promptorium Parvulorum

Register

Scottish

Testa de Neville

Wright-Wulcker, Vocabularies

Wyclimte Translation of the Bible

SURNAMES

CHAPTER I

THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

" Nomen quum dicimus, cognomen quoque et agnomen intelli-,
gatur oportet " (CICERO).

THE study of surnames in England is chiefly asso-
ciated with the names of Camden, Lower, Ferguson,
and Bardsley, though many other writers have dealt
with the subject, or with special aspects of it, both
in books and magazine articles. Of these Camden,
the first in date (Remains concerning Britain, 1605), is
still in many ways the best. His brief essay, weak as it
necessarily is from the philological point of view, gives
by far the clearest and most sensible introduction to
the subject that has yet been penned.

The first attempt at anything like a comprehensive .
Dictionary of Surnames is Lower's Patronymica
Britannica (Lond. 1860), which contains some 12,000
names. He had previously published English Sur- t
names (Lond. 1842, 4th ed., enlarged, 1875). Lower
seems to have been a genial antiquary, with a good
deal of miscellaneous information, but no serious know-
ledge of European languages. On the surnames of his

2 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

native county, Sussex, he has often good first-hand
information, but outside that he is quite untrust-
worthy. He knew, however, something about the
general history of surnames and had read all that had
already been written in English on the subject.
Some of his suggested etymologies are rather funny,
and in many cases he does not seem to have taken
the trouble even to open the Gazetteer. A couple
of examples will suffice —

" Bicker staff. The O. Eng. bicker means to skirmish or contend,
and a ' bicker-staff,' therefore, probably signifies a weapon analo-
gous to a quarter-staff, or single-stick. The name belongs to the
same class as Longsword, Broadspear, etc."

" Rigmaiden. Two gentry families, settled respectively in
Counties Lincoln and Lancaster, bore this remarkable name, which
at the commencement of the present century was still extant. I
can give no better etymology for the name than I have already
assigned in Eng. Sum. ; viz., ' a romping girl.' "

Now Bickerstaff, formerly Bickerstath (whence Bicker-
steth), is a Lancashire parish near Ormskirk, Rigmaden
is a seat in Westmorland, and the local surnames de
Biker staf and de Riggemaden can be easily attested
from the medieval records of the north. I have noticed
fifteen variants of Bickerstaff in the Lancashire Assize
Rolls (1176-1285) and Rigmaiden is also found in
several forms. Similarly, Lower explains Fifehead
as from a promontory in Scotland, whereas Fifehead,
formerly Five-hide, is a place in Dorset, in which
county Fifehead, Fifett is a common surname. But
there is a good deal of useful antiquarian, as distin-
guished from etymological, information to be gleaned
from Lower, and his rather ponderous good-humour
does not excite the irritation which is evoked by the
confident imbecility of some of his successors.

EARLY THEORISTS 3

Lower was followed by Ferguson, author of English
Surnames and their Place in the Teutonic Family,
The Teutonic Name System, and Surnames as a Science.
He was by trade a cotton-spinner, by inclination an
amateur philologist, and eventually a Member of
Parliament. Like most people who dabble in the
study of German, he was struck by its similarity to
English, and jumped to the conclusion that our
surname system, like our language, was chiefly of
Teutonic origin.1 In other words, he became the
victim of a fixed idea, a more deadly enemy in philo-
logical matters than ignorance itself. The consequence
is that his Surnames as a Science 2 bears some resem-
blance to an elaborate lark, which begins by amusing,
but soon palls. It is, of course, true that thousands
of our surnames can be traced to personal names
which were in use in Anglo-Saxon times, but, to
establish such connection, it is just as well to supply
a little in the way of evidence. For Ferguson it is
quite sufficient to find a somewhat similar Anglo-
Saxon name in Kemble 3 or Thorpe,4 or, failing these
sources, an Old German name in Forstemann,6 or,
failing Forstemann, in his own imagination, to ex-
plain Tom, Dick, and Harry as coming straight from
the Twilight of the Gods into the London Commercial
Directory. So Thompson, whom the ignorant might
connect with Thomas, is really the son of doom \
That a surname is obviously taken from a trade does

1 Which it is, of course, though not as Ferguson understood it.

2 Second edition, revised, London, 1884.

3 Codex diplomaticus JEvi Saxonici, London, 1845-8.

4 Diplomatorium Angliciim JEvi Saxonici, London, 1815.

6 Altdeutsches Namenbuck : part i, Personnel amen, Nordhausen,
1856.

4 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

not disturb him. Archer, Iremonger, and Prentice,
which are recorded by hundreds as " le archere," " le
iremonger," " le prentice/' are " Old Prankish "
names, " and the resemblance to anything English is
only an accident." Archer, we learn, is from OG.
Erchear, Iremonger is related to Arminius the Cherus-
kerfiirst, and Prentice comes from "an" AS. Premtsa.
An unrecorded Old German name is just as useful
for his purpose as one copiously attested. It is only
a case of " not yet turned up," a phrase that recurs
constantly in his book. Occasionally the intrusive
place-name annoys him, but only for a moment.

1 Prendergast is derived from an imaginary Pendgast,
" an ancient compound, from the stem bend, with gast,
hospes." A footnote admits that it may perhaps,
however, be from a Welsh place-name (as of course it
is), but it " illustrates the principle just the same."

A contemporary, and to some extent a disciple, of
Ferguson, Dr. Charnock, published in 1868 a small
lexicon of unusual surnames under the title Ludus

v. Patronymicus , or the Etymology of Curious Names.
On Shakespeare he gives us the following remarks —

" I have elsewhere (see Notes and Queries, vols. ix. and x.),
stated that Shakespeare might be a corruption of Sigisbert, which
would translate ' renowned for victory ' (sige, victory) ; in answer
to which Mr. Ferguson seemed to think that the name might be
from Sicisper, Sigisper, or Sigiper, which he would translate ' vic-
torious bear ' (perhaps rather ' victorious man '). My suggestion
would seem probable from the fact that the name Shakeshaft might
be from Sigishaft, Sighaft, used by the Franks for ' victorious,'
or from Sigishaved, ' head of victory,' ' victorious leader.' I
am, however, disposed to think that the latter name is merely a
corruption of Shakestaff ; and, as I have shown elsewhere, most
names compounded of staff are derived from AS. sted, a place. On
further consideration I am inclined to doubt my former derivation

CRAZY ETYMOLOGY 5

of the name Shakespeare, although it would easily corrupt from
Sigisbert, by contraction of the first vocable, and by dropping of
the final t. I agree with another correspondent of Notes and
Queries in tracing the name to Jacques Pierre. . . . The nearest
names to Jacques Pierre that I have been able to find are James
Peters, Jacques Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, and Petrus
Jacobus."

Perhaps, after all, it is only the gentleman's fun.

Theories every whit as crazy are constantly put for-
ward by amateur philologists. A few years ago I
read in Notes and Queries that Jennins is of Norse
origin and means the " iron man/' and that this family
gave its name to Jenningham, now corrupted into
Birmingham ! This statement easily beats the famous
definition of the crab both in quality and on points.
More recently, in the same publication, the suggestion
was made that the puzzling name Shillito or Silito was
from the medieval " de Sigillo." Even if this were
phonetically possible, the theorist should have sup-
ported his case with modern names corrupted from
Molendinarius, Albo Monasterio, Veteri Ponte, or
Sexdecim Vallibus.

In fact, the study of English surnames, being a
region of knowledge which has never been scientifically
explored, is a regular happy hunting-ground for the
unauthorized amateur. Even men of learning, who
should know how dangerous it is to stray from their
own sphere of knowledge, occasionally trespass dis-
astrously. I have recently read a most interesting
and informative article on the " Place of the Wood-
pecker in Religion," the author of which points out
quite rightly that many of our surnames go back to
instincts surviving from this prehistoric cult. But
when he proceeds to tell us that the name Peckover

6 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

is the OF. pic vert, green woodpecker, we are re-
minded of those guileless etymologists who derive the
Oxfordshire Shotover from chateau vert, while the
suggestion that Woodhatch (Surrey) takes its name
from the woodhack, or woodpecker, makes us wonder
whether there is some similar explanation for Colney
Hatch.

The documentary study of English surnames began
with Bardsley, who shifted the field of investiga-
tion from the migration of the Aryans to the Middle
Ages. He realized that practically all our sur-
names came into existence between the Norman Con-
quest and the end of the fourteenth century. His
English Surnames 1 contains a wealth of material
drawn from various medieval sources, and his Die-.
tionary of English and Welsh Surnames, published
(Oxford, 1901) from his notes after his death, contains
a valuable, though often wrongly grouped and wrongly
interpreted, collection of authentic instances. Among
all who have written on the subject, he appears to be
the only one who knows that there are such things as
chronology and evidence, and, where he goes wrong,
it is simply from ignorance of medieval languages.
I have given a few examples in the preface to my
Romance of Names. Similar blunders are to be found
on almost every page of his Dictionary, but it would
be ungracious to insist on them. Personally I have
derived the greatest help from his work, and, though
I have never, when possible, used one of his instances
without verifying it, I have often been guided to the
origin of a name by his copious provision of early
examples. His Dictionary is especially valuable for

1 Seventh edition, London, 1901.

VARIOUS SOURCES 7

the later history of names, because of the careful
study of church registers by which he is often able
to show the identity of surnames which have become
widely divergent. This part of the subject can only
be nibbled at by one individual, and a real Diction-
ary of Surnames cannot come into existence until
every county has been thoroughly documented by
competent investigators.

The study of surnames is, for historical reasons,
more complicated in England than in any other Euro-
pean country. In all European nations there is a
strong foreign element, especially in frontier regions,
but our Directory is perhaps the greatest hodge-
podge of all. Taking the various elements in chro-
nological order, we have first the " Celtic fringe,"
names from which (Gaelic, Welsh, Irish, Manx, Cor-^
nish) are now to be found in every corner of Eng-
land. In fact, it is quite possible that the real old
Welsh names (Cradock, Ennion, Traherne, etc.), now
replaced largely by the unimaginative Jones,1 Hughes,
etc., are more numerous in England than in their
native country. Then come the race whom we call
traditionally the Anglo-Saxons, and from whom those
few of us whose ancestors neither came over with
the Conqueror nor escaped miraculously from the
Massacre of St. Bartholomew are mostly descended.
In the East and North, in Scotland, and sporadically

1 The MDB. contains the names of 196 landholders in the Isle
of Anglesey whose name begins with /, and every single one of
them is Jones. The same phenomenon is observed in other coun-
tries in which the adoption of fixed surnames is comparatively
recent. Thus in Sweden about one-half of the population is ac-
counted for by some fifteen patronymics of the type Olsen (Olaf),
Jakobsen, Petersen, etc.

8 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

all round the outer edge of the islands, names of
Norse 1 origin are abundant ; and these, from the
strictly philological point of view, should be divided
into East Scandinavian and West Scandinavian.
With 1066 we have the Norman irruption, and,
through the centuries, a constant percolation from
various French provinces,2 culminating in the great
Huguenot invasion of the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. On the East coast Dutch and Danish names
are not uncommon ; while London, as the commercial
focus of the world, has for centuries attracted immi-
grants from various European countries, many of
whom have been fruitful and have multiplied. In
quite recent times there has been a steady peaceful
penetration from Germany, and London and our
manufacturing towns are largely colonized by this
energetic race, no doubt destined to be the ruling
class of the future.8

But, difficult as is the task of classifying and deriv-
ing English surnames, it is nothing compared with
that offered by American surnames. In the States
the wear and tear of names, which in England extends
over ten centuries, has been concentrated into one,
and instead of half a dozen elements we have sources
innumerable. In the early days of the Republic the
problem was simpler, for the sparse population was
drawn from practically four sources, British, Dutch,
French, and German. In the earliest census taken, it

1 I have described all names found before the Conquest as Anglo-
Saxon, but many of them are really Norse. Those interested
should study Bjorkman.

2 French names are particularly common in Devon, a result no
doubt of intercourse with the Channel Islands.

3 This was written before the War.

SURNAME GROUPS 9

is interesting to notice the distribution of these names.1
We find, as we should expect, the French in the south,
the Dutch in and around New York, and the Germans
in Pennsylvania. But, since the time of the first
census (1790), immigrants have crowded in from most
countries, civilized and uncivilized, and their changed,
distorted, or adapted names form a pathless etymo-
logical morass. Even in 1790 one is struck by the
prevalence of crude and grotesque nicknames, often
obvious perversions of foreign names, but frequently,
no doubt, deliberately assumed by, or conferred on,
men who had cut even the surnominal tie with Europe.
In one respect only are our English surnames easier
to trace than those of continental countries. The
possible variants and derivatives of any given personal
name run theoretically into thousands, and in France
and Germany, to take the two most important
countries of which the surname system is related to
our own, there has been no check on this process of
differentiation. By contraction, aphesis, apocope, dia-
lect variation, and many other phonetic factors, one
favourite name often develops hundreds of forms, many
of which appear to have nothing in common with the
original. Thus Ger. Nolle can be traced step by step
to OG. Arinwald, eagle mighty. The Old German
names passed into France, underwent a new phonetic
development, and were again varied ad infinilum.
Thus Naudol is also from OG. Arinwald, which became
Fr. Arnaud, whence, by aphesis, Naud, and, with the
dim. suffix, Naudot. This dim. suffix again, which

1 A Century of Population Growth in the United States (1790-
1900), Washington, 1909. A copy of this elaborate and valuable
work was most kindly sent to me by G. F. Parker, Esq., of New
York, formerly U.S. Consul in Birmingham.

io THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

many other names share with Naudot, became, by
a second aphesis, Dot, and then, with a new dim.
suffix, Dottin. Many such series could be quoted
among modern French surnames, e.g. Hanotaux, for
Hanotot, from Hanoi, from Han, from Jehan, i.e. John ;
or Denis, Denisard, Nisard, Sard, Sardou.

Now in England the parallel process was suddenly
interrupted by the Norman Conquest. The Anglo-
Saxon names which persisted remained in a state of
arrested development and seldom produced familiar
derivatives. Those which seem to form exceptions
do so because the corresponding name existed in Old
French and thus preserved a vitality which the Anglo-
Saxon form had lost. Thus Rawle, Rawlins, Rawkins,
etc., belong t6 Fr. Raoul, from OG. Radwulf, counsel
wolf, and our Tibbs, Tibbets, Tibbies, etc., derive from
the Fr. Thibaut, OG. Theodobald, people strong, rather
than from the cognate AS. Theodbeald, a rather rare
name. From the Conquest the favourite names were
French names of Germanic origin, e.g. William, Robert,
Richard, or Biblical names, e.g. John, Thomas, Peter,
of Greco-Latin or Eastern origin, and generally in-
troduced in a French form. Nomenclature thus made
a fresh start, and this start falls within historic and
well-documented times. Practically all our surname
groups of baptismal origin date from after the Con-
quest and have no direct or conscious connection with
their Anglo-Saxon or Celtic cognates. Taking at
hazard, from vol. ii. of the Hundred Rolls, a list of
people from various counties described as sons of
Adam, we find that the font-names represented are
Clement, Eustace, Geoffrey, Gregory, Henry, Hugh,
Humphrey, John, Nicholas, Peter, Philip, Ralph,

CLASSES OF SURNAMES n

Richard, Robert, Roger, Simon, Thomas, William, not
one of which was in real English use before the Battle
of Hastings.

But a close study of the cartularies of ancient
manors and abbeys reveals the survival of thousands
of Anglo-Saxon names among the peasantry, and
most of them still exist. They do not, however, form
groups of derivatives. Even when Anglo-Saxon names
survived as such, they were often affected in sound by
the Norman pronunciation, for it must be remembered
that, during the period of formation of our surnames,
French was the official language and a considerable
proportion of the population was bilingual. For in-
stance, Alphege is the Norman form of Elpkick, AS.
^Elfheah, and the v of Elvin (£Qfwine), Colvin (Ceol- S
wine), is due to the same influence. Wace makes
Edward into Ewart, a name which has other origins,
and Leofwin into Lewin —

" Lewine e Guert furent od lui " (Roman de Ron, 7857).

The font-name is, strictly speaking, the only true
name, the other classes of surnames, patronymic,
occupative, or nickname, being descriptions, while the
local surname is an address. Of all surnames those
of local origin are of least interest, difficult though it
often is to recognize the village or homestead in its
archaic, distorted, or popular form (see chap. iv.).
Probably at least half of our surnames are of the
dull, unimaginative local kind,1 but their etymological

1 It is rather curious that a few names of this type should have
acquired an aristocratic flavour. Cholmondeleyis simply the " lea "
of Ceolmund, who is now usually Coleman, and Ponsonby is the
" by," or homestead, of Punshon. The exclusive Carlton represents
the most commonplace of our village names, Ceorl's, or the churl's,
"tun," or homestead.

3

12 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

explanation belongs to the student of place-names.
As there is hardly a spot in England which has not
given its name to a family, it follows that a complete
etymological dictionary of English surnames would
have to include a complete etymological dictionary of
place-names, i.e. that one impossibility can only be
achieved by the preliminary accomplishment of an-
other. The study of these names would have to be
carried on by counties or regions. If a circle, with
say a ten-mile radius, were drawn on an ordnance map
round a city such as Nottingham, it would be found
that all the village-names in that circle existed in the
town or county as medieval surnames. With the en-
largement of the circle, these names would thin out
in number and become more corrupted in form, until,
except for their accidental appearance here and there
in modern England, they would fade away like the
last ripple produced by a stone in the water. A
profound historical knowledge of the earlier forms
and of the local pronunciation would of course be
essential for the study of these names.

In investigating the origins of names we can work
either backwards or forwards. The field is immense
and the materials are available in overwhelming mass.
Lower seems to have used as general sources only
Domesday Book and the Hundred Rolls, the latter a
kind of later Domesday Book compiled in 1273. These
are perhaps the two most valuable documents we have,
because they give not only the name but the locality
in which it occurs. But there are many other sources
of hardly less value. For pre-Conquest names we
have Searle's Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum, a com-
plete list of names extracted from all manner of

SOURCES 13

sources, including the earlier compilations of Birch,
Thorpe, Kemble, etc. After Domesday Book (1086) the
most important sources are, for the twelfth century,
the Pipe Rolls, beginning in 1158, and, for the thir-
teenth century, the four great series of the Charter
Rolls and Fine Rolls, from 1199, the Patent Rolls, from
1202, and the Close Rolls, from 1205. The earlier parts
of these were printed in extenso early in the nineteenth
century, and they are now continued in the form of
Calendars, i.e. abstracts. Then we have the In-
qitisitiones post Mortem, from 1216, a number of minor
rolls and documents dealing with special regions, and
the numerous local records published by various
antiquarian societies, such as the Camden, Chetham,
Surtees, and Lancashire and Cheshire Record Societies.
These latter sources are especially rich for the north
of England, but most counties have now their anti-
quarian societies, from the Transactions of which any
amount of information can be acquired. An ordinary
lifetime would not suffice for the investigation of a
fraction of the superabundant material, and the con-
tribution of any individual to the subject must
necessarily be but a drop in the ocean.

The Rolls are nearly always written in medieval
Latin, but the names which occur in them are put
promiscuously in latinized form, e.g. Johannes Arcu-
balistarius, English, John the Arblaster, or Anglo
French, Jehan le Arbalestier. There is nothing
like uniformity of spelling. Even a monosyllable like
Bruce has dozens of forms, and in one north-country
document I have noted fifteen spellings of so simple
a name as Bradshaw. This applies, of course, equally
to the spelling of other words, but while this has now

14 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

been normalized by a kind of collective effort and the
authority of the printer, the differentiation in the
spelling l of names has gone on unchecked.

From about the middle of the fourteenth century
the records become of less etymological value, because
the significant prefixes, le and de, del, atte, etc., tend
to disappear. But even in the earliest Rolls caution
is necessary. Many accidents and misunderstandings
may have occurred between the verbal communica-
tion made by the medieval peasant to the government
official, who often had difficulty in understanding him,
and the printed copy or abstract which we now pos-
sess. It is never safe to draw inferences from isolated
entries, which may be original mistakes, errors in
transcription, misreadings of medieval contractions,
or modern misprints. Le is constantly confused with
de, especially in the Hundred Rolls, and in the earlier
issues of the other series, and de is also often found
prefixed to obvious nicknames and personal names
which can be certified from much earlier records.2 The
entries are to a great extent artificial. The common
patronymics in -s and -son rarely occur, and the font-
names are given in full instead of in the abridged
form actually in use. We find Egidius f. Waltarii for
Giles Watson, and Reginaldus, Dionysius, Petronilla,
and Theophania for people who were certainly known
to their neighbours as Reynold, Dennis, Parnell, and
Tiff en.

1 It is considered a terrible solecism to write of the poet Spencer
or of " rare Ben Johnson," but in Westminster Abbey these two
spellings may be seen over adjacent tombs.

2 Some of our county histories are not blameless in this matter,
and sprinkle de's in ludicrous fashion among the ancestors of the
local gentry.

ARTIFICIAL ENTRIES 15

It may be noted here that the nomenclature of
the Middle Ages is much more ornate than the super-
ficial study of history would suggest. Female names
especially have much of the penny novelette about
them. I have come across Amanda, Bonajoia, Dulci-
bella, Glorietta, Licoricia, Orgoylosa, Orielda, and
many others. These gorgeous names seem to have
been especially common among the Jews, e.g. the
four Jewesses mentioned in vol. xxxiii. of the Pipe
Rolls are Belleases, Duzelina, Pulcella, and Regina.
In a great many cases it is impossible to say whether
a modern name is a patronymic or a metronymic, for
most of the male medieval font-names had a feminine
form also, e.g. Almarica, Alwina, dementia, Eustachia,
Huelina, Theobalda, etc., and, as in modern times,
we sometimes find a female font-name manufactured
from that of the father or ancestor, e.g. Lescelina,
daughter of Matthew f. Leising (Lane. Inq. 1205-
1307), the latter gentleman's "by," or farmstead,
having been the home of the Lazenby family.

Occupative names given in Latin or French form
have sometimes persisted (Faber, Bullinger}, but we
may be sure that Ricardus Molinarius or Richard le
Mouner was generally in private life Dick Miller.
There are few commoner entries than Cocus and le
Keu, both now represented by Cook,1 The same is
true of nicknames. Many a modern Whitehead descends
from a Blanchef or Blaunkfrunt of the Rolls, and the
Caprons of to-day are far less numerous than those
of the Middle Ages, most of whom were simply Hoods.
The form which any name takes in the Rolls is due

1 Kew still exists, but is not common, and often comes from
Kew in Surrey.

16 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

largely to the personality of the recorder, often doing
his best with a population whose dialect was to him
a meaningless jargon. Ralph Omnibon (Fine R.)
looks like the official interpretation of Allgood, AS.
^Elfgod, and le Petit Chose has a thirteenth-century
prototype in Stephen Aliquid whom we find in Cam-
bridgeshire in 1273 (Hund. R.), apparently an un-
couth fenman whose name the official compiler gave
up as a bad job.

The accidental character of modern^iames is illus-
trated by the fact that the same man is often found
with more than one description. With Publius
Cornelius Scipio Africanus we may compare the
humbler Adam Kokke in le Grene Pulter (F. of Y.),
whose descendants may, along with other possibilities,
now be Adams, Cox, Green, or Poulter, and Ricardus
le Nouthird de Stanley Porter (ib.), who may now be
represented by Richards, Nothard, Stanley, and Porter.
So with Ralph Thomasman Fairfax (Pat. R.), Edmund
Johanser jaunt Emmesone (ib.), Walter le Hore de
Elmham called Starling (City D.), William Jones-
someter Burdelays (Pat. R.), Nicholas Rogersser jaunt
le Norreys (Cor am Rege R. 1297), Everard Williamsman
Attemersche (ib.), Richard Williamsser jaunt Pykerell
(ib.), William Rogereswarener of Beauchamp of Son-
day (Pat. R.). John le Cappeler, called " le prest "
(City B.), appears in the same volume as John Prest,
cappeler (hatter). This brings us to the fact, which
may comfort some people, that trade-names were very
often nicknames, e.g. Stephen le Espicer, called le
Horn ere (City E.), William Priour, cossun, i.e. horse-
dealer (ib.), John le Naper, King's huntsman (Chart. R.
1259), Elias Webster dictus Harpur (F. of Y.), Walter

MODERN SURNAMES 17

le Taillour, vicar of Crediton (Cham. R.). It is pretty
obvious that a man could not be Prentice by trade,
nor could the Mawer or Plowman make much of a
living by " mowing " or " ploughing " alone. Many
names of this latter type date back to the manorial
system, under which tenants had to put in a certain
amount of time in mowing, ploughing, hedging, etc.,
for their masters.

Just as a well-established medieval name must
have modern representatives, a well-established modern
name must occur under some form in medieval records.
By a well-established modern name, I do not mean
one which is chiefly attested by the contemporary
London Directory, or even in our great manufacturing
centres, for these may be of Huguenot or later foreign
origin, but one that has a regional existence dating
back for a few centuries. This brings us to the ques-
tion of modern sources. For a general dissertation
on surnames the London Directory"1 is sufficient. For
the historical investigation of the subject it is useless.
The method must be regional, and a great historical
Dictionary of Surnames can only be compiled when
the names of every county have been scientifically
studied. This task is now being gradually carried out
for place-names, and perhaps surnames will one day
have their turn. Just as the main features in the
political history of a country could be inferred from

1 I generally use the edition of 1842, which, appearing before the
conquest, is comparatively free from such misleading forms as
Arbiter, Ger. Arbeiter, Freedman, Friedemann, Blooming field,
Blumenfeld, Brilleslipper, Brillenschleifer, lens grinder. The
modern Directory is full of such names, sometimes half translated,
e.g. Althouse, Diamondstein, or fully, e.g. Bathmaker, Brilliantstone,
or wrongly, e.g. Coopersmith, Kupferschmied, copper-smith.

i8 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

a study of its language alone, so the history of each
county and region, political, ethnical,1 and industrial,
is imbedded in its surnames.

For even now our population is largely stationary
in abode. The Welsh milkman comes to London,
drives his cart for twenty years, and then builds him-
self a snug villa on the coast of Cardigan Bay. If he
remains in London, his dynasty generally dies out
within a few generations. Moreover, in most families
some members, at any rate, remain on the native soil,
and there are now probably many people inhabiting
the very spot where their ancestors dwelt when Domes-
day Book was compiled. It is sometimes thought
that all names get to London sooner or later. They
may do so, but they do not remain, and I do not
believe that half of our surnames of long standing are
represented in the London Directory.

The name Fillery is a good example of stationary
character. The only Fillery 2 I ever heard of used to
bowl for Sussex some thirty or forty years ago. From
the Percy Cartulary I find that Henry Filleray or

1 Here is a concrete example. Guppy, Homes of Family Names
(p. 53), says, " The isolated colony of the Norfolk Howells and
Powells invites some further explanation." I have also been struck
by the frequent occurrence of Welsh names in medieval Norfolk.
In an early volume of the Patent Rolls I find that Humfrey de
Bohun, Earl of Hereford, complains that while he was absent in
Wales on the King's service, assaults were committed on the ser-
vants of his household at Norwich. Were there among these ser-
vants some Welshmen from the Marches who settled down and
married Norfolk wives ? Some such solution is no doubt the true
one. In Canada at the present day there are plenty of Macdonalds,
Macgregors, etc., who speak French only, being descendants of
disbanded Highland soldiers who took to themselves French-
Canadian wives in the eighteenth century.

2 I have since found the name in a casualty list of the Sussex
Regiment.

LOCAL CHARACTER OF SURNAMES 19

Fyleray, also called Fiz le Rey, i.e. king's son, was a
Sussex landholder in the thirteenth century. The
casualty lists now being issued tell the same tale.
In to-day's (Feb. n, 1915) paper occurs Wyartt, the
name of a private in the Suffolks, and, opening
Bardsley, I find his first example is Lena Wyard,
(Hund. R., Suff.). My own name, which is very un-
common, is derived from a village in Northants. It
has occurred in the casualty lists as that of a private
in the Northamptons. Peverall is found among the
Sherwood Foresters, largely recruited from the Peak
country. The famous name Paston naturally occurs in
the Norfolk Regiment. Hundreds of similar cases could
be quoted. It is among the rank and file also that we
find the great Norman names (Marmion, Maltravers,
etc.), which have almost disappeared from the peerage.
The best single source for modern names is un-
doubtedly the Return of Owners of Land, officially com-
piled in 1873 and generally called the Modern Domes-
day Book (MDB.). From the two volumes devoted to
England and Wales we find that, contrary to the
opinion of the stump orator, the land of the country
is held by nearly a million people, the immense majority
of whom are small holders of the peasant class. As
the return is by counties, it is easy to trace the names
regionally in all their forms and corruptions, and to
establish the locality in which any given surname
first came into existence. Very often we may find
the more correct form still borne by the squire and
all manner of perversions represented by the cottagers
who are his distant cousins. An odd-looking name
can often be solved by a comparison with its neigh-
bours. When we find Bathos by the side of Bathurst

20 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

we recognize a natural corruption. The last five
names in /- in Essex are Judd, Judson, Justums, Jut-
son, Jutsum. Here Jud, i.e. Jordan, has given the
patronymic Judson, altered to Jutson as Hudson has
become Hutson. Then our love of final -m (cf. Bran-
som, Hansom, Sansom) has produced Jutsum, from
which, with a common metathesis (cf. Cripps for
Crisp), we get the new patronymic Justums. When we
find Phizacklea in Lancashire, we hardly need the
intermediate Phizakarley, or the imitative Fitzackerley,
to guide us to the original Fazakerley, the name of an
ancient parish now absorbed in Liverpool. In the
East Riding we find Mainprice in the same locality as
the perverted Mamprize, and even Mempriss, Mim-
press, Mainpidge. If a name occurs in isolation, and
no rapprochement with characteristic names of the
county is possible, we have to do with an immigrant
whose kin must be sought elsewhere. In this way
we can to some extent cover the same ground which
would be explored in the impossible undertaking of
examining the parish registers of the whole country.
As a matter of fact, many of the surnames which
seem to defy interpretation are found copiously
represented in special districts. A few hours devoted
to turning over the leaves of the MDB., or even a
glance at Guppy, reveals the existence of numbers of
unfamiliar names which surprise by their forbidding
uncouthness. The explanation is that they represent
the name of some medieval homestead, swallowed up
centuries ago by the growth of towns, or even some
field-name ; or they may spring from some dialect
word which had died out before dialects became a
matter of interest. Some of them might be solved

LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF SURNAMES 21

by local antiquaries, but they defy the philologist.
Such are Benja field, which swarms in Dorset, Bosom-
worth, common in Yorkshire, Cudlipp,1 found all over
Devon, Enticknap, common in Surrey and Sussex,
and the great Cumberland name Routledge.

Altogether local distribution must be taken into
account in proposing an etymology. Bardsley derives
Godsall, Godsell from Godshill (Isle of Wight) ; but it is
almost entirely a Gloucestershire and Herefordshire
name [Geoffrey de Godeshale, Fine R., Glouc.J. In
Norfolk and Suffolk we find Garwood existing strongly
side by side with Garrood, Garrod, Garrett. This sug-
gests that Garwood, sometimes local (garth wood), is in
these counties also the representative of AS. Gaerweard,
with a change such as we find in Grimwood from
Grimweard. The northern Yarwood is the same name.
In the same region we find the similar parallelism of
Legwood, Legood, Leggott, all probably from AS. Leod-
geard, of which Leggett is the regular diminutive.
Gaunt has two well-attested origins, the gaunt [Gilbert
le Gant, Fine R.~\, and of Ghent [Richard de Gaunt,
City F.]. But the home of the name is Lincolnshire,
which is also, as a fen country, one of the great centres
of bird nicknames. In that county the crested grebe is
called the gannet, or gant, and hence we may conclude
that most of the Lincolnshire Gaunts take their name
from the bird —

" These birds frequent . . . the great east fen in Lincolnshire,
where they are called gaunts " (Pennant).

The fairly common name Bray has two quite clear
local origins, viz. from one of the many places in France

1 This may be identical with Cutcliff, common in the same county,
but neither is this a specific place-name.

22 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

called Bray, and from Bray in County Wicklow [Robert
de Bree, provost de Develine,1 Doc. III.]. No doubt
Bray in Berks must also be considered. But the great
home of the Brays is Cornwall, and Benedict le Bray
(Close R., Cornwall) shows it to be a nickname from
a Cornish adjective meaning " fine, brave."

Finally, in dealing with nicknames, it must be
remembered that, extraordinary and numerous as
medieval nicknames are, many of them have gone
unrecorded. As we have seen (p. 16), many indi-
viduals, in fact perhaps the majority, had four names,
of the type John Wilson at Town's End Saddler. But
most John Wilsons had a fifth name, such as Whitehead,
Shorthose, Nightingale, or Dolittle, and this fifth name
stood the poorest chance, as a rule, of getting into
official records. Therefore, although no solution of
a name can be accepted as final without documentary
evidence, it is at least probable that no common
adjective or noun that could conceivably be used as
a nickname is altogether absent from our surname list.

The study of surnames may be regarded as a harm-
less pastime or as a branch of learning. As a pastime
it is as innocent as stamp-collecting, and possibly as
intellectual. As a branch of learning it is an inex-
haustible, and hitherto practically unworked, mine
of philological knowledge. A complete dictionary of
English surnames would not only form a valuable
supplement to the NED., but would in a great measure
revolutionize its chronology. This may seem of little
practical importance at a time when our leaders of
science, a word which used to mean knowledge, are
exhorting us in unattractive English to do away with
1 Dublin, hence the common Irish Devlin.

NAMES OLDER THAN WORDS 23

" ce vieux fatras de grec et de latin " and bend all our
efforts on transforming the rising generation into a
nation of super-plumbers. 1 But among the little band of
attardes who rally round the tattered flag of intellectual
pursuits, there will always be some to whom the study
of our glorious language will have an irresistible appeal
Now language consists of words, and the oldest
articulate words are names. It is more or less an
accident that some of these, having become proper
names, are excluded from the dictionaries. Others
still discharge a double function and are equally
the prey of the lexicographer and the name-hunter.
Dictionaries draw, as a rule, on literary sources, i.e.
on language which has already reached a somewhat
artificial phase of evolution, but in the names and
nicknames of the Middle Ages we hear the every-
day speech of our ancestors, a disconnected speech
perhaps, and without that thread of continuity
which enables us to trace the dictionary word back
through the centuries, but all the same a speech which
is generally far older than literary records. Among
words which occur as surnames in this volume there
are few of which the examples do not ante-date by
some centuries the earliest records in the NED. This
applies especially to obsolete or dialect topographical
words2 (ch. iii.), and to trade-names8 (ch. v.).

1 These gentlemen are apparently unaware that the uncanny
efficiency of the Germans is not due to the neglect of " useless "
studies. Even in such a by-way of knowledge as the study of
surnames, almost the only work that can be taken seriously has
been done by Germans or German-trained philologists.

2 See, for instance, Borstall (p. 54), Fostall (p. 60).

8 The NED, has cheesemonger (c. 1510), quilter (1563), charwoman
(1596). The first two are surnames in the Pipe R. for 1186, and
Alice Charwoman lived in Nottingham in the fourteenth century.

24 THE STUDY OF SURNAMES

But there is hardly a noun or an epithet which can
be used as a nickname, apart from the everyday
Anglo-Saxon vocabulary, which is not found in the
Rolls long before its first appearance in literature.
The nocturnal mammal called a " bat " is usually
bakke in Middle English, and this is one origin of the
name Back [Henry le Bak, Cor am Rege R. 1297] —

" Moldewarpis and baches, var. rere-myis " (Wye. Is. ii. 20).

The NED. dates the form bat from c. 1575. But it
is a common thirteenth-century nickname [Geoffrey
le Bat, Fine R., Reginald le Bat, Hund. R.I and
of course one origin of Bait.1

The study of surnames also reveals the existence
of a large Anglo-French vocabulary which is other-
wise almost unrecorded. These words must have
been colloquially current during the period when
the two elements were in process of fusion. In the
long run they were rejected in favour of the native
equivalents and dropped out of the language, except
in so far as they had become fossilized as surnames.
Examples of such words will be found passim in this
volume, but they are chiefly illustrated by nicknames
taken from adjectives or derived from names of birds
and beasts. These two great classes of surnames,
which would require a volume to themselves, are not
included in the present work. One, unfortunately
obsolete, nickname of this type may, however, be men-
tioned here. Our familiar " pussy-cat," a word that

1 Also from Bartholomew and from the AS. Beorht- names.
Probably also an archaic spelling of "boat" [Stephen del Bat,
Close JR.]; cf. Barge, Galley, etc. (p. 171). Bateman is no doubt
sometimes for " boatman."

AN EARLY OCCURRENCE 25

we should expect to find in popular use long before it
was put down in black and white, is a modernized
" puss-cat " —

" Micia, a pusse-kat, a kitlin " (Florio). v

The NED. first finds it in 1565. But it was a sur-
name three centuries earlier —

" Ilyf le Messer vulneravit Robertum Pusekat juxta pontem de
Corebrigge, ita quod statim obiit " (Northumb. Ass. R. 1256).

CHAPTER II

THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

" It seemeth to have been the manner, at giving of names, to
wish the children might perform and discharge their names, as
when Gunthram, King of the French, named Clotharius at the font,
he said, ' Crescat puer et hujus sit nominis executor ' " (CAMDEN).

THE names in use among all the Germanic races,
including Scandinavia and Iceland, go back to that
period in the history of the world when all men seem
to have been poets. When we consider the beauty
of the oldest of these names, their picturesque connec-
tion with gods and heroes, war and the wilds, and with
the great elementary abstract concepts which we no
longer understand, and compare with them the name
creations of the Romans, and still more of the Middle
Ages, commonplace, prosaic, spiteful, or obscene, we
feel thankful that there was once an age of poetic
bandits and imaginative pirates. These Teutonic
names were originally all dithematic,1 i.e. each name

1 This very natural formation is common to the Aryan races,
with the rather striking exception of the Romans. The chief Celtic
names exemplify it, e.g. Donald, world- wield er, " much the same
meaning as Dumnorix " (Macbain), Dugald, black stranger, i.e.
Dane, Duncan, brown warrior, Morgan, sea-white. It is seen also
•/ in Oriental names, such as the Biblical Absalom, father of peace,
Jeremiah, exalted of the Lord, Jonathan, the Lord's gift. This
latter is a very favourite combination ; cf. Godiva (Godgifu),
Theodore, Dorothea, Deodatus, Dieudonne, etc. So also in Arabic

26

THE DITHEMATIC TYPE OF NAME 27

consisted of two elements, e.g. Alfred, fairy counsel,
and there can be no doubt that in the earliest times
the elements were understood by those who bore the
names, as were the Greek names which they so strik-
ingly resemble in structure and spirit. This resem-
blance has often been pointed out, e.g. Godwin, God
friend, Theophilus, Folkard, people strong, Demos-
thenes, Sebert, Sebright, victory bright, Nicophanes.

At the period with which our historical documents
deal, these names had largely ceased to have a real
meaning. The elements of which they were composed
were drawn chiefly from the archaic and poetic lan-
guage and these elements were often combined so as to
make no sense. A very common practice in naming
children was to compound the name from that of the
father and mother, somewhat after the practice fol-
lowed by modern racehorse owners. Or one element
persisted in a family, e.g. in the six generations from
Edward the Elder to Edgar Atheling practically all
the kings and royal princes have names in Ead,
bliss. The elements are juxtaposed without anything
to show their grammatical relationship, so that in
interpreting them one can only indicate the general
idea which each half expressed. Still, there are many
examples of these compound names which still occur
in Anglo-Saxon poetry as common nouns, e.g. Gold
wine, gold friend, whence our surname Goldwin,1 is

Abdallah means " servant of God " (cf. AS. Godescealc), Saladin
is " honour of the faith," and Nureddin, the name of the Turkish
commander in Mesopotamia, means " light of the faith."

1 Hence also Jeudwin, an Anglo-French form [Richard Joldewin
or Jeudewyne, IpM.]. Jawdewin's Lane, Oxford, was perhaps
named after Richard Jeodewyne, who is mentioned in the Godstow
Cartulary.

4

28 THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

used of a liberal patron, Heremann, army man, whence
Harman, means a warrior, Maegenheard, might hard,
our Maynard, is found as an adjective in the sense of
strong.

Of the names dealt with here the great majority
are common to the Teutonic languages, with certain
small differences according as the forms are German,
Scandinavian, or English. Some belong especially
to one or other of these language groups, e.g. the
names which contain the elements Brand, flame, sword,
Cytel, cauldron, are Scandinavian, while those in
-nand, bold, e.g. Ferdinand, are continental and of
rare occurrence in Anglo-Saxon. In the following
paragraphs I give the names in the normalized West-
Saxon spelling, from Searle's Onomasticon Anglo-
Saxonicum, calling attention occasionally to the Norse
or continental forms and the surnames which they
have produced in English and other languages. I have
already (Romance of Names, ch. vii.) mentioned a
number of obvious examples. Here I have rather
selected those of which the origin is not immediately
apparent or which have an unusual appearance. The
great variation in the modern English forms is due
to many accidents of time and place, but chiefly to
the fact that the same name has often reached us
through different channels — English, French, and
Flemish. Possibly some of them are really Celtic
names which have assumed an imitative form. It is
thought, for instance, that Cerdic may be for Cradock,
Caractacus. If this is so, Scott was doubly unfortunate
in choosing a Welsh name for a typical Anglo-Saxon
and then turning it into the ghost-name Cedric.

The Teutonic name- system was carried into every

MALE AND FEMALE NAMES 29

corner of Europe, first by the Vikings, and later by
those valiant Norman knights who were in the habit
of setting out with a handful of followers to carve
themselves out a kingdom. Thus Roderick, fame
mighty, is found as wide apart as Wales (Pr other o,Ryrie,
Prytherick) and Russia (Rurik), and has named such
national heroes as the Spanish Cid (Don Rodrigo),
Roderick Dhu, and Rory O'More. For fuller informa-
tion on the historic warriors and saints who caused
certain names to be popular in special regions those
interested should consult Charlotte Yonge's Christian
Names, a book which contains a vast amount of learn-
ing couched in gracious form, though the etymological
theories put forward are sometimes inaccurate and
out of date.

Most of the elements l used in these names can be
put indifferently first or last, e.g. Her eric, whence
Herrick, Richere, whence Richer, Readier. Some are
used only initially, e.g. Mcegen, as in Maegenfrith,
whence Manfred, others only finally, e.g. -laf, as in
Frithulaf, now Freelove, or -mund, as in Frithumund,
whence Freemont. Generally the gender of the second
theme corresponds with that of the person, e.g. names
in the feminine nouns -thryth and -hild were given to
females only. Examples are JEth el thryth, Awdrey,
Gaerthryth (Gertrude), Gartrude, and the two fierce
queens Brunehild and Chriemhild. But this was not
a fixed rule ; there are, for instance, many male
names ending in the feminine -mund.

The elements which enter into the composition of
Teutonic names fall into various groups, such as
deities and supernatural beings, animals, abstract

1 The meanings of these elements are discussed further on.

3o THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

ideas, weapons, titles and epithets, adjectives. The
chief divine elements are God, Ans, Ing.1 The great
names of Odin and Freya seem to have been avoided,
but Thor is very common. The element God appears
to have been often felt as identical with good.
Hence, perhaps, the later forms such as Goodrich,
Goodwin, and also the shortened Good, which is by
no means always a nickname. Here belong such
apparently insignificant names as Gobb, Gobbett,
Gobby, shortened from such compounds as Godbeorht
(Theophanes), Godbeald (Theocrates). The latter
survives more fully as Godbolt and Goble, while the
former is represented in French by Gobert and Joubert.
Shortened forms of God names are German Goethe
and Italian Giotto. It appears also as the second
element in many modern English surnames, e.g.
Wingood, from AS. Winegod, Osgood, Hosegood, Horse-
good, from AS. Osgod.

The Aasir, as Miss Yonge calls them, the Ansen, as
they are named by the Germans, were the divine race
inhabiting Asgard, the Norse Olympus. This very
interesting prefix, which may be taken as almost
equivalent to God, appears in three forms. The Norse
is As, the Anglo-Saxon is Os, and the German is Ans.
From Ascytel we have Ashkettle and the contracted
Askell, Astell, etc., while in France a kind of com-
promise between the Norse and German forms produced
Anquetil, introduced into England as Ankettle. So
also Fr. Angot is the doublet of Osgood. In Haskell
we have the common addition of the aspirate [Has-
chetill Werglice, Salisbury Chart.]. Several surnames

1 The final -ing, which appears in an immense number of names
derived from Anglo-Saxon, was a tribal or patronymic suffix.

COMPOUNDS OF THOR 31

preserve the Anglo-Saxon form (Osborn, Osman, Osmond,
Oswald, etc.), while the German gave the famous
Anselm, whence our Ansell, Hansell, and the Dutch
dim. Enslin. Ing, the name of a demi-god, seems
to have been early confused with the Christian angel
in the prefix Engel, common in German names, e.g.
Engelhardt, anglicized as Engleheart.1 In Anglo-Saxon
we find as prefixes both Ing and Ingel. The modern
name Ingoll represents Ing weald (Ingold), and Inglett
is a dim. of similar origin. The cheerful Inglebright
is from Ingelbeorht. The simple Ing has given,
through Norse Ingwar, the Scottish Ivor.

The Norse Thor became AS. Thur, which in the
compound Thurcytel gave Scottish Torquil (whence
MacCorquodale), and our Thur kettle, Thurkell, Thurtle,
Thir kettle, Thirkell, Thirkhill, Turtle, and Tuttle* as
in Tuttlebee, from Thirkleby (Yorks). Thoroughkettle
is found in the eighteenth century. Turketine may be
formed in the same way as Anketin, Rosketin (p. 33),
but Henry de Turkedene (Glouc. Cart.} suggests a local
origin, from Turkdene (Glouc.) with the ending
changed as in Heseltine (Hazeldean). Other com-
pounds of Thor are Thurgisl, whence Thurgell,
Thurgser, now Thurgar, and Thurfrith, the wife of
Hereward (Torfrida), surviving as Turfery, Tuffery,
Toll free. The Thur names did not flourish in
Germany, but the Norsemen took them to France,
whence as Turbert, Turgis, Turpin, they came to
England and gave Turbott, Tur goose, etc. The
common Thurstan became in France Tustain, Tustin,

* This may, however, be native [Petronilla f. Engelliert, Fine R.]
2 This has also a local origin, from foothill, a watch-tower —
" David dwellide in the tote hil " (Wye. 2 Sam. v. 9).

32 THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

Tutin, all now well-established English surnames. I
fancy that this will one day be found to be the
origin of the supposed Celtic Tristram, of which
the oldest form appears to be Durstan. Tarbath is
a curious corruption of Thurbeorht and Tarbun of
Thurbeorn.

With these mythological names maybe grouped those
inEalh, temple, and the legendary Hun, giant, and JElf,
fairy. In connection with the first it should be noted
that four of the commonest Anglo-Saxon elements,
Mlf, Mthel, Eald, Ealh, very easily became confused,
especially after the Conquest, and hence modern sur-
names in AI-, Ayl-, El- (Alwin, Aylward, Elwiri) may
belong to any of them. We find historic Ealhfriths
who were known also as Alfrith and Alfridus, which,
as surnames, would easily fall together with those
derived from Alfred and ^Elfric. So Aymer, Aylmer
may represent, and do in individual cases, both
JElfmaer and ^Ethermaer. The most famous name in
Ealh is Ealhwine (Alcuin), which survives as Allchin,
Alkin, and is perhaps not altogether foreign to Hawkins.
Allcard is AS. Ealhheard, while Fr. Aucher corresponds
to AS. Ealhhere, and may be ^derived directly from
it, as the corresponding element is scarcely found in
continental German names. Names in Ml] are very
numerous and correspond to continental forms in Alb.
Thus our Avery, less commonly Affery, Affray, All free,
which stands for both Alfred and ^Elfric, is the same
as Fr. Aubrey from Alberic. A Iflatt, Elfleet, Elflitt is
from ^Ifflaed, elf purity, Alliott from ^Elfgeat, Elver
from ^Elihere, Elvidge, Elvish from ^Elfheah, Elnough
from ^Elfnoth, Elston from ^Elfstan, Elwall from
^Elfweald, and very probably Halsey from ^Elfsige,

ANIMAL NAMES 33

with the incorrect H-1 which we find in many names
of this class. The tribal name of the dwarfish Huns
was applied, curiously enough, in Old German to
legendary giants, and is still so used in poetic style.
It is not common in purely Anglo-Saxon names, though
we have a few good examples, e.g. Hunfrith, whence
Humphrey, and Hunbeorht, which is Fr. Humbert and
appears also in the Ger. Humperdinck. Hunbeald is
so rare that we dare hardly invoke it to explain our
Honeyball, but it is represented by Ger. Humboldt.

When we come to the names of animals which were
used in the formation of human names, we naturally
find a great difference between the Greeks and the
Teutons. Among the former we find chief honour
paid to the lion (Leonidas, Timoleon), and the horse
(Philip, Hippolytus, Xanthippe). To the old Teutons
the lion was unknown, though the rather late name
Leonard, lion strong, formed from it, appears in most
European languages. The horse was also of little
account on the salt seas and in the German forests,
and the legendary nicknames of the Jutish invaders,
" stallion " and " mare" (Hengist and Horsa), alluded
to their flag, on which the white horse was a strange
exotic beast to be classed with dragons and griffins.
The only common Anglo-Saxon name formed directly
from " horse " is Roscytel. This is fairly common in
Middle English, and still survives as Roskill [Swein
f. Roskil, Pipe R.], while the derivative Rosketin

1 Examples are Hatchard (OF. Achard), Hansell (p. 31),
Haskell (p. 30), Hasluck (AS. Aslac), Hosmer (AS. Osmaer), and
Hansard, from OF. Ansard, OG. Anshard. The use of " Hansard "
by modern writers on economics in the sense of a member of the
Hanse League is a blunder. The first example of this use in the
NED. is dated 1832!

34 THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

(cf . Anketin from Anscytel) has given Ruskin [Andrew
Rosekin, Pat. R.]. The original Roskill has generally
been swallowed up by Russell. Rosamond, Roseman
contain the same element, but are of continental origin.
For the Teutons the two kings of the. forest were
the bear and the boar, in connection with which we
observe a very curious phenomenon. Beorn, so com-
mon in Anglo-Saxon names, means warrior, while in
Norse and German it means bear. Eofor, equally
common, means boar in Anglo-Saxon and German, but
warrior in Norse. In each case one language has
personified the formidable beast into a human being.
Any modern Barnard or Everard is therefore etymologic-
ally a strong bear or boar, or a strong warrior, accord-
ing as his ancestry is pure Anglo-Saxon or continental.
The favourite Beorn name was Beornheard, whence
Burnard, Burnett, Barnard, Barnett, etc. It has also
many derivatives in French and German (Behrens,
Bernhardi, etc.). Other names of this group which
have survived are Beornheah, now Barnish, Burnage,
Burnish (cf. Alphege, Elvish, from ^Elfheah), Beornher,
one origin of the common Fr. Bernier, and of our
Berner, Beornstan, now Burnstone, Beornweald, now
Barnwell, Bernal, Burnell, and Beornwulf which would
give the same result ; but some of the English names
here enumerated have an alternative origin. The
same element is final in Sigebeorn, now Siborne,
Thurbeorne, now Thorburn, Wigbeorn, now Whyborn,
etc. The simple Ber does not appear in Anglo-
Saxon names, but Fr. Beraud, Beroalde, OG. Berwald,
is the chief source of our Barrett. But the most inter-
esting of the " bear " names in Fr. Berenger, OG.
Beringar. It was very popular in England and shows

THE WOLF 35

the common confusion of -r-, -1-, -n-, in the modern sur-
names Barringer, Berringer, Ballinger, Bellinger, Ben-
ninger [John Beringer or Beniger, IpM.]. Its latest
transformation is Bellhanger. Eofor is less common in
Anglo-Saxon than the corresponding Eber in Germany
(Ebers, Eberlin, etc.), and it is possible that the
favourite Everard, Everett came to us from Eberhard,
via Old French. But AS. Eoforwine, besides giving
Everwin, has run riot with the vowels * in Erwin, Irwin,
Or win, Urwin.

"^Quite as important as the bear and the boar are
the mysterious wolf and raven, the companions of
Odin. AS. Wulf appears initially in a great number
of names, and the modern name Wolfe, Woof is some-
times a shortened form of these rather than a nick-
name. Most historical of all is the dim. Ulfilas, the
name of the translator of the Gothic Bible. Among
compounds of Wulf are Wulfgar (Woolgar), Wulfnoth
(Woolnough), Wulf red, Wulfric (Woolfrey, Wool fries),
Wulfstan, whence the local Wolstenholme and Wolston-
craft, Wulfwig (Woolley), and Wulfwine (Woolven,
Woollen). In the Norse forms the initial has disap-
peared, e.g. Ulph, Uff, and Uffendell, the doublet
of the native Wolfendale. In French these names
replace initial W- by G- or Gu-, e.g. Golfier (Wulf here),
one source of our Gulliver and the origin of the local
Montgolfier. L~ Almost as numerous are the names in
which -wulf is final, but here the origin is generally

1 Our surnames come from the dialects, and the dialects do as
they like with the vowels, e.g. from Lamb we have Lomb, Lumb,
common Middle English forms, and also Lemm, Limb (see p. 130, n.).
Long is also Lang, Lung, Leng, and possibly sometimes Ling. Cf. the
local Crankhorn and Crankshaw, the first element of which, meaning
" crooked," also occurs as Crenk-, Crink-, Cronk-, Crunk-.

36 THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

disguised,1 e.g. Addle from ^Ethelwulf, with which cf.
the fine German name Adolf and its atrocious " latiniza-
tion " into Adolphus, Raddle, Rattle, from Raedwulf,
Kinnell from Cynewulf, etc. In French names of
similar origin the termination usually becomes -ouf, or
-oul, e.g. Burnouf, Renouf correspond to AS. Brun-
wulf, Regenwulf, while Raoul is our Ralph,* Relf, i.e.
Rsedwulf.

The raven appears initially in Raefencytel, whence
Rankill, Raefenhild, which is one source of Ravenhill,
and Raefensweart, now Ravenshear, Ramshire, Ramsker.
Wselraefen survives as Wallraven. The simple Raven,
common also in place-names, is more often an Anglo-
Saxon personal name than a later nickname from the
bird. The raven names are especially Norse, and the
corresponding German names, and hence Old French
names also, are not numerous, but we have con-
tractions of OG. Raban in the well-known dithematic
names Bertram and Wolfram. More numerous are the
eagle names, beginning with Earn in Anglo-Saxon.
By far the commonest of these is Arnold, a favourite
German name, which takes in Low German the form
Arend, the source of the Norfolk name Arrand. It is
rare in Anglo-Saxon, so the probability is that our
Arnall represents rather the much commoner Earnwulf.
Two especially interesting Anglo-Saxon names are
Earnthur, whence the so-called Celtic Arthur, and
Earncytel, now Arkell, Arkle, Argles, Arkcoll, etc. From
Arthur come the imitative Authors and Earthy. With

1 Endings such as -weald, -wulf, -hild are often confused, e.g.
Gunnell represents both Gunwulf and Gunhild.

8 Ralph itself is, however, due to French influence, as is shown
by the loss of the medial -d-.

NAMES OF WAR 37

the same group may be classed the Norse Orm, dragon,
serpent (worm), whence the famous Guthorm, still
existing as Guthnim, Goodrum, while Wormald from
Wurmbeald shows the Anglo-Saxon form. We have
also a few names in Swan, e.g. Swanhild, now Swannell ;
but this is for AS. swan, a " swain " (see p. 42). The
modern name Swan is more often a nickname. Many
names similar to the above were used as cognomina
by the Romans, e.g. Ursus, Aper, Lupus, Corvus,
Aquila, but these were nicknames pure and simple.

Among common Anglo-Saxon names we find no
fewer than five elements, Bead, Gund (Guth), Heath,
Hild, Wig, which contain the idea of war or battle.
The names of Hildebrand and his son Hadubrand are
thus identical in meaning. Sometimes these elements
occur in combination, e.g. Gunhild (Gunnell), Heath-
wig (Hadaway, Hathaway *). Other examples are
Beaduric (Badrick, Batters), Gundwine (Gunwin),
Heathured (Hatred), Heathuwine (Hadwin), Hildegar
(Hilger, Hilly ar), Wigman (Wyman). Hilditch, Hildick
looks local, but is AS. Hildheah, though the name is
not in Searle [William f. Hildich, Close R.]. Wig is
especially common as second element and is responsible
for many names in -way which have a local appearance,
e.g. Ellway (^Elfwig), Harraway (Herewig), Kennaway
(Coenwig), Goodway (Godwig), Redway, Reddaway
(Raedwig), Otway, Ottoway (Othwig), Bothway, Bother-
way (Bodwig *), and Hadaway (v.s.). So also in the
first syllable we get Way-, as in Way mark (Wigmearc),
Way good (Wigod), alternating with Why-, Wy-, as in

1 Also local, of the " heath way."

8 Not in Searle, but certified by the Norman form Bovig (DB.)
and Alan Butewey (Hund. R.).

38 THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

Whybird (Wigbeorht), Whyborn, Wyburn (Wigbeorn),
etc. With this group may be classed also names in
Sige, victory, e.g. Sibbald (Sigebeald), Sibary, Sibree !
(Sigebeorht), Sinnott, Sennett (Sigenoth), Syrett, Secret
(Sigered), Search,* Surch (Sigeric), Brixey (Beorhtsige) ;
in Here, army, e.g. Folchere, whence Folker, Fulker,
Fulcher, Futcher, etc., Heregod, now Hargood ; and in
Fczr, danger, e.g. Faerman (F airman* Farman, Fire-
man). It is not impossible that our homely Farthing
may sometimes derive from Fserthegn.

Equally warlike are the numerous names derived
from weapons. Arms of offence and defence are
Msc, spear (ash), as in ^Escwine (Ashwin), Bil, sword,
as in Bilheard (Billiard), Bilweald (Billiald), Brand,
sword (flame), as in Colbrand (Colbrain), Ecg, edge
(of the sword), as in Ecgheard (Eachard), Gczr, spear,
as in Gserwine (Garvin), Othgger (Odgers), Helm, helmet,
as in Helmaer (Helmer), Ord, spear point, as in Ordwig
(Ordway), Ordgser (Or gar), shortened also to Ord
[Humphrey FitzOrd, Salisbury Chart.], and Rand,
shield, as in Randwulf * (Randall, Rendle, Rundle),
Beorhtrand (Bertrand), to be distinguished from Beorht-
ram,5 bright raven (Bartram). But some names in Bil
belong to William, for we find William " dictus Byl "
in the thirteenth century. Here 'belongs probably
the dim. Billion. Brand is much commoner alone
than in compounds, and has also become Brond.

1 For this rather unusual development cf. the pronunciation of
Kirkcudbright.

2 Reginald Serich or Serche (Cor am Rege R 1297).

3 Of course also a nickname ; cf. Fr. Belhotnme.

* Randolph (shield wolf), Ranulf (raven wolf), Radulf, Ralph
(counsel wolf), are separate names, though often confused.
6 Neither name is in Searle. They came to us through French.

ABSTRACT IDEAS 39

Gellibrand, Gillibrand must represent Gislbrand [John
Gilibrond, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285], though the name
is not in Searle. Cytel, Ketvl, cauldron (of the gods),
is now found as Kettle, Kittle, Chettle, Cattle, etc., as
well as initially in Kettleburn [Henry Ketelbern,
Chart. R.], and in many names of local origin.
Chilvers is for Cytelweard, found in DB. as Chilvert.
Hence also Kilvert.

Forming a transition from war to peace we have the
important elements Burg, refuge, castle, and Mund,
protection, as in Burgheard (Burchard, Burchett],
Wilburg (Wilbur], ^Ethelmund (Almond], Faermund
(Farrimond). Here also we might put Weard, guard,
the derivatives of which easily get mixed with those of
Heard, e.g. Coenweard (Kenward, Kennard). Frithu,
peace, has given us many favourite font-names which
have later become surnames, e.g. Domfrith (Dumphrey,
Dumpress), Frithugar (Frieker], Frithumund (Fiddy-
ment *). To the last name, or to some other com-
pound of Frithu, such as the once favourite Frithu-
swith or Friswid, patron saint of the University of
Oxford, belong Fiddy, Fiddian, Phythian, Phethean.
This element often becomes Free in modern surnames,
e.g. Freestone from Frithustan, Freelove from Frithulaf
[Frelof Pollard, Chart. R.]. It also appears via Old
French in Frizzle, Froysell, which in Scotland has
unaccountably become Frazer —

" Simond * Frysel
That was tray tour and fykell " (Song, temp. Ed. I.) —

1 The r is lost, as in Biddy (Bridget), Fanny (Frances).

1 The common Middle English use of Simond for Simon suggests
that the modern Symonds, Simmonds is only occasionally from AS.
Sigemund — " Sy mound, I have sum thing for to seye to thee "
(Wye. Luke, vii. 40).

40 THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

and in Fr. Froissart, represented by our Frushard,
F rusher.

The importance of the tribal idea is reflected in the
frequent occurrence of Folc, Leod, Theod, all meaning
people, nation, e.g. Folcweard (Folkard, Vaulkhard),
Leodgar (Ledger), Theodric (Terry, Derrick, Dethridge,
Derry, Todrick), Theodbeald (Theobald, Tibbies,
Tipple, Tidball, Tidbald, Tidboald, Tudball, Deeble,
Dipple, Tebbutt, Debutt, Dyball, etc.). We have also
the shortened Theed, Teed [William Thede, Hund. R.].
With this important group may be compared the
numerous Greek names in demos and laus, e.g. Demo-
critus, Laomedon, Nicodemus, Agesilaus, etc. The
public meeting of the tribe is commemorated by names
in Mcethel and Thing, both meaning assembly. From
the first come Mauger, Major (Maethelgaer), Maber,
Malabar, and Fr. Maubert (Msethelbeorht) ; from
the second our Dingle, Tingle, a common personal
name in Middle English [William Dingel, Hund. R.],
from AS. Thingwulf or Dingolf. Similarly Greek had
names such as Anaxagoras, Pythagoras, derived from
the agora, which was to the Greeks what the forum
was to the Romans. The modern surname Lawman
may be AS. Lagmann, lawyer, the name of the poet
whom we call Layamon, but the latter is so rare a
name that it is probably safer to refer Lawman to
Lawrence (cf. Jackman, Hobman, etc.).

A very common element connected with authority
is Weald (wield), rule, as in Wealdwine, now Walwin,
Wallen, but occurring much more commonly as a
suffix, e.g. Beorhtweald (Brettle, Brittle], Grimbeald
(Grimble), Hygebeald (Hubble), Winebeald (Wimble),
etc. Property and its rights are represented by

MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS 41

Geard, enclosure, " garth," Haga, enclosure, " haw,"
Mearc, mark, boundary, and Stan, stone, probably
also in this case a boundary mark. Examples are
Frithugeard (Freeguard), Haganfrith (Henfrey), Wig-
mearc (Wymark, Waymark), Goldstan (Goldstone),
Stanmaer (Stammers), Stanbeald (Stumbles 1). To Haga
belongs the famous Nibelung Hagen, while Hammond
is Fr. Ramon, short for OG. Haganmund. The Middle
English contraction of Hagan was Rain —

" Heyne hath a newe cote and his wyf another " (Piers Plowman) —

the origin of our Haines, Haynes, which may also be
from the same word in its literal sense of hedge, en-
closure. Land and sea have given us Lambert (Land-
beorht), Saffrey, Savory (Saefrith), Seagram, Seagrim
(Saegrim), and especially Sagar, Sayers, Sears and,
many other variants (Saegaer). These compounds are
often not to be distinguished from those of Sige (p. 38),
e.g. Seawright may represent Saeric or Sigeric.

From a very large number of abstract ideas we may
select the following — Amal, work, as in Amalric,
whence, or from the transposed Almaric, come, chiefly
through French, our Amory, Amery, Emery, Imray,
Imrie, while the Italian form Amerigo ultimately
named a continent ; D<zg, day, as in Daegheard,
Daggett, Daegmaer, Darner, Daegmund, now Daymond,
Dayman, Damant, etc., often altered to Diamond,
and the shortened Jorms Dack and Day, the latter
of which has other and more common origins ; Ead,
bless, the first element in so many Anglo-Saxon

1 Alan Stumbel (Pat. R.) ; cf. Rundle for Randle. " Rondulf
the reve " (Piers Plowm. A. ii. 78) is in the variants Rainald and
Reynald.

42 THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

names, some of which are now a little disguised, e.g.
Ager, Adger from Eadgar, Admer from Eadmser ;
Hyge, mind, courage, as in Hygebeorht, whence
Hubert, Hubbard, Hibbert,Hobart, and the favourite ME.
Hugh from which we have so many derivatives (Huggins,
Howchin, Hewlings, Hullett, etc.) ; Laf, remnant, as
in Anlaf,1 now Oliffe ; Maegen, might, as in Msegenhild,
one source of Meynell [Peter Maynild, Pat. R.] ; Noth,
fame, as in Nothgaer, whence Ger. Notker, Fr. Nodier,
and perhaps some of our Nutters ; Reed, counsel, of
which the most popular compound was Raedwulf, our
Ralph, Relf, Raw, and, via Fr. Raoul, Raoulin, our
Rawle, Rawlin * ; Thane, thanks, as in Tancred or
Tankard and Ger. Danckwertz. Most of these can also
occur finally, e.g. ^Etheldaeg, Allday, Ealdraed, Aldred,
Aldritt, Alldread, etc.

Besides Beorn (p. 34), Anglo-Saxon used Mann for
warrior, hero. This occurs as second element in a great
number of compounds of a descriptive kind, e.g.
Freoman (Freeman), Northman (Norman), Heardman
(Hardman), etc., many of which are of course also
nicknames of later formation. For servant we have
Scealc, as in Godescealc, one source of Godsell, Outsell,
but much commoner in German (Gottschalk) , and
Swegen or Swan,3 usually occurring alone, Swain,
Swan. All of these elements have poetically the
meaning of warrior and in prose that of servant.
Cuth, acquaintance, " kith," occurs in the favourite
Cuthbeald and Cuthbeorht, the former of which shares

1 This is the Anglo-Saxon form of Norse Olafr, Oliver.
• Rolfe, Roff have often interchanged with this group, but really
represent ON. Hrolfr, cognate with Ger. Rudolf, fame wolf.
8 Norse and Anglo-Saxon forms of the same word.

EPITHETS 43

Cobbold with Godbeald, while the latter survives as
Cobbett, Cubitt. Cuttell, Cottle may stand for either
Cuthhelm or Cuthwulf. W int, friend, is very com-
mon both as initial and final, e.g. Winebeald (Winbolt),
Glaedwine (Gladwiri). The common Unwin, un-friend,
enemy, is very rare as an Anglo-Saxon name, and must
generally have been rather a nickname. Vinegar seems
to be an imitative spelling of Winegaer. Gisl, hostage,
is the first element of Gilbert, AS. Gislbeorht, but its
popularity came through French. From Gislhere
comes Ger. Gessler, the villain of the Tell myth.
Thurgisl is the origin of Thurgill, and also of Fr.
Turgis, whence Eng. Sturgess, and Todkill is earlier
Theodgild, probably for Theodgisl. Waeltheof means
the thief of slaughter, with a first element which we
find in Valkyrie and Valhalla, while Friththeof, the
hero of an ancient saga and a modern North Pole
expedition, means thief of peace. Some authorities
think the ending was originally -theow, servant, slave,
which appears to survive in Walthew, Waltho, Waldo.
Wiht, creature, sprite, is very common as first element,
e.g. Wihtric, now Whittrick, Wightgar, now Widger.
Another form, Uht, appears in the popular Uhtred,
whence Oughtred and the imitative Outright.

Among simple adjectives the commonest are Mthel,
noble, as in ^Ethelweard (Aylward, Adlard, Allard) ;
Beorht, bright, as in Beorhtman (Brightman ; cf . Greek
Androcles), Beorhtgifu (Bright-eve), Beorhtmaer (Bright-
more, Brimmer), also very common finally, e.g.
Gundbeorht, whence Fr. Gondibert, our Gombert,
Gumpert, and Ger. Gompertz ; Beald, bold, as in Beald-
here (Balder), Daegbeald (Day bell, D obeli] ; Cene,
keen, bold, as in Cenered (Kindred), equivalent to Ger.
5

44 THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

Conrad (Thrasybulus) ; Cyne, royal, as in Cynesige
(Kinsey), Cynewulf (Kinnell) ; Deor, dear, as in Deor-
weald (Dorrell, Durrell] ; Eald, old, as in Ealdwig
(Aldwy) ; Eorp, swarthy, as in Eorpwine (Orperi),
common also in the shortened form Earp, Orpe ; Freo,
free, as in Freobeorn (Freeborn) ; Grim, grim, as in
Grimbeald (Grimble), whence also, by a common meta-
thesis, Gumbrell 1 ; Healf, half, as in Healfdene (Hal-
dane), the " half Dane" ; Heard, hard, strong, as in
Heardbeorht, which has contributed to Herbert, Har-
bord, etc., Stanheard (Stannard) and Gifheard (Giffard),
the latter rare in Anglo-Saxon, but a favourite Norman
name (cf. Ger. Gebhardt) ; Leof, dear, as in Leofsige
(Livesey, Lovesey), Leofred and Leofric (Livery, Luffery);
Hlud, loud, famous, rare in Anglo-Saxon, but very
common in German names, e.g. Ludwig, Luther, whence
Fr. Louis, Lothair, etc. ; Ric, powerful, rich, as in
Ricbeald (Richbell), Ricweald (Riggall), Ricweard
(Richard* Rickwood, Record), Leofric (Leveridge,
Loveridge) ; Snel, swift, valiant, as in Snelgaer (Snelgar) ;
Wacer, bold, as in Eadwacer (Edicker), corresponding to
the continental Odoacer ; Wealh, foreign, as in Walkling,
Wakeling, a dim. of Old French origin, Vauquelin.

Two common elements which hardly fall into any
of the classes already mentioned are Regen and Gold.
The former, related to Goth, ragin, counsel, seems to
have been used in Anglo-Saxon as a simple intensive.
From shortened forms of the common Regenweald
(Reginald, Reynold, Fr. Renaud), Regenheard (Reynard,
Renyard, Fr. Renard), Regenhere (Rayner, Fr. Regnier),

1 For the change of vowel cf. Grimmett, Grummett, which are
common side by side in Lincolnshire.

2 This is also from Richard.

SHORTENED FORMS 45

etc., we sometimes get Raine, Raines, while Raybould is
from Fr. Reybaud, corresponding to Regenbeald. Gold
occurs both as initial and final, e.g. Goldhavoc (Gold-
hawk), Goldwine (Goldwin, Jeudewin), Inggold (Ingold,
Ingle) . Goldmore represents Goldmaer, though this is not
in Searle [Guldemor w. of Richard Astmund, Fine R.].

The frequency with which any given Anglo-Saxon
name occurs as a modern surname is not so much due
to its wide use before the Conquest as to its associa-
tion with some great personality. After the Conquest
our baptismal system became, in the main, French,
although the French names in use were largely cognate
with the Anglo-Saxon names which they superseded
(see p. 10). But the memory of famous saints, like
Guthlac and Cuthbert, or abbots like Thurcytel and
Ealhwine, was reverenced in those districts where they
had lived and worked, and their names were given to
children born of parents who had worshipped at their
shrines.

As we have noticed here and there, the modern
surname often represents only the first element of the
dithematic personal name. A notable example is
Folc, which owed its popularity to the Angevin dynasty.
We find among its variants, Folk, Fulk, Fewkes,
Foulkes, Foakes, Fooks, Fowkes, Folkes, Volks, Yokes,1
and, with metathesis, Flook, Fluke, Fluck, Flux, while
Fogg, Fuge, Fudge, Fuke are shortened from its com-
pound Fulcher (Folker, Fulker, Futcher, Fudger, Volker,

1 Here sometimes belongs Vaux, usually local, from one of
many French place-names formed from val. Vauxhall was once
a manor belonging to the notorious Falkes de Breaute. His name,
really the nominative of Falcon, Facon, survives as Fakes, Fawkes,
Feakes, Feggs. Though distinct from Fulk, the two names have
been confused.

46 THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM

etc.). Foggathorp (Yorks) is Fulcartorp in DB., while,
in the Cor am Rege R. (1297), the same man is referred
to as Henry Fulcher and Henry Fouch. The famous
French name Foch is of course cognate. Other
shortened names of this type, not already mentioned,
are Or am from the Norse Orm [Orum solus, Lib. Vit.]
and Worms from the Anglo-Saxon form, as in Wurm-
here, Fm#, Frow, from Freowine, whence Frewin, Fruen,
Gold, generally shortened from some such name as
Goldwine, Main, Mayne, from Maynard or some other
compound of Mczgen, Wigg from one of the many
Wig names, Winks, perhaps from Wincthryth (Lib.
Vit.), etc. Many of these are simple, but a great
many of our short names of Anglo-Saxon origin are
very difficult to identify. This difficulty is increased
by the fact that names of this type are seldom recorded
in the Rolls. The latter give almost invariably, in
whatever language they are written, the font-name in
its full conventional form. Occasionally a clue helps
us, as in the case of Fogg and Fudge (v.s.), but the task
of extending the work of Kemble : by identifying the
great mass of these names with their originals still
awaits an enthusiast.

N.B. — To have included many medieval examples
would have made the foregoing chapter quite unread-
able. The author's Dictionary of Surnames, if it is
ever completed, will contain evidence of the survival
and alteration of these Anglo-Saxon names.

1 In his pamphlet, The Names, Surnames, and Nicknames of the
Anglo-Saxons (Lond. 1846). This task has already been attempted,
for German, by Starck, in his Kosenamen der Germanen (Vienna,
1868).

CHAPTER III

SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

" Nor indeed is he capable to beare any rule or office in town or
countrey, who is utterly unacquainted with John an Okes and John
a Stiles " (Ho WELL, Forraine Travell).

APART from the innumerable names derived from
towns, villages and estates, we have a very large
number which originate from features of the land-
scape (Hill, Wood, Field), or from specific buildings or
parts of buildings (Church, House, Kitchen). Many of
the words from which such names come are quite
obsolete or survive only in local dialect. Some of
these, such as Hurst, Shaw, Thwaite, etc., survive very
strongly in compounds, and are often curiously cor-
rupted. For these, of which I have given a summary
account in my Romance of Names, see ch. iv. Here
I propose to deal rather with a number of obsolete or
unfamiliar words which occur more often in their
simple form. A few others are included because of
their peculiar use as surnames. The list, though by
no means exhaustive, contains a very large number
of names which have never been explained, and the
examples by which they are illustrated are usually
some centuries older than the earliest records in any
dictionary. A few others belonging to the same class

47

48

SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

will be found scattered about in other chapters of the
book in which accident has led to their mention.

In many cases names of this type are now specific
place-names. We find constant references to " the
Devizes," as to la Burcote, la Haye, la Poole, la Rye,
la Sele, la Woodrow, etc., now known as Burcote,
Hayes, Poole, Rye, Seal, Woodrow, but the entries
show that the corresponding surnames often belong to
the general as well as to the specific use of these words.
In the early Rolls these names, or rather these addresses,
are always preceded by prepositions, which have now
generally disappeared. The following examples are
put down just as they are printed in the Rolls :

John Abovebrok
Roger Abovetun or Bovetun
Roger ad capud villae de Weston
Laurence Atepleystowe .
Alan ad le Loft
Thomas Attehallyat
Walter Attenovene
Richard A ten orchard
John atte Churchestyghele
Robert Attekirkstiel
William Attelyhetewater .
Adam Blakothemor *
William Bithekirke .
Walter Biendebrok .
Thomas Bihunde Watere .
John Binetheinthetowne .
Geoffrey Bynethebrok
William Binoptheweye
Richard Bysowthewimpel
Ughtred Bithewater
William del Holewstret .
Paul de Subburgo
Richard de sut le Vile
William de sut le Bois

(Hund. R.)
(Pat. R.)

(Coram Rege R. 1297).
(Hund. R.)
(Hund R.)
(F. of Y.)
(Hund. R.)
(Hund. R.)
(Pat. R.)
(F. of Y.)
(Cal. Gen.)
(Exch. R.)
(Close R.)
- (Fine R.)
(Hund. R.)
(Pat. R.)
(Hund. R.)
(Hund. R.)
(Hund. R.)
(Cal. Gen.)
(Hund. R.)
(IpM.)
(Pat. R.)
(Fine R.)

1 A misprint for Bakothemor, back of the moor.

SURVIVAL OF PREPOSITIONS 49

Henry de ultra Aqua . . (Pipe R.)

Edric de Ultra Usam ' . . (Pipe R.)

Henry in le Dyk . . . (Leic. Bor. Rec.)

Peter in le Hawe . . . (Hund. R.)

William in le Trees . . . (IpM.)

John in the Lane . . . (City A .)

William Ithelane . . . (Fine R.)

William Inthewro . . . (Fine R.)

Peter Ofthechircheyard . . (Fine R.)

John Sourfleet . . . (Coram Rege R. 1297.)

Walter sub Muro or Onderwal . (Leic. Bor. Rec.)

William subtus Viam . . . (Nom. Villantm Yorks.)

Martin super le Wai . . (Hund. R.)

William Surlewe . . . (Pat. R.)

William ultra Swalle . . (IpM.)

Thomas under the Hou . . (Coram Rege R. 1297)

John uppe the Hull . . (Pleas)

Robert Wythouthetown . . (Hund. R.)

Names in which the preposition has survived are
still common in English as in other languages, e.g.
Fr. Doutrepont, Ger. Zumbusch, Du. Bezuidenhout,
south of the wood. At survives in many obvious
names such as Atwood, Attewell. The following are
less simple, Athawes (haw, a hedge enclosure), Atheis
(hays, hedges), Athews (ME. hiwisc, homestead, whence
Huish), Athoke (hook, bend), A they (quay), Ato, Attoe,
Ratio (hoe, a sand-spit), Athow (how, a hill), Attack,
Attick, Attock (oak), Attenbarrow (barrow, a mound),
Attrie (rye, seep. 72), Attrill, AS. at thcerehylle [Thomas
Atterhill, Exch. R.], Attread (reed), Attride (ME. rithe,
ride, a small stream), Attru (trough, see Trow ; or per-
haps from rew, street, row), Attwooll (Wool,2 Dors.),
Atyeo (a Somerset surname, apparently from the river

1 The Ouse ; cf . Surtees.

1 I do not know the origin of this place-name, but Attwooll is a
Dorset surname, and this suggests that Wool has some general
meaning.

50 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

Yeo). Atterbury is " at the bury," i.e. borough, and
though there is an Attenborough in Notts, the fact
that Attenborough is found along with Atterbury in
many counties suggests that the two names are often
of identical origin. So also Athemll, Attreall, at the
heal (see p. 62). An interesting name of the same
type is Ather smith, ME. at ther smethe, or level field,
for which see p. 77. Athersuch probably contains Sich
(q.v.), but the ending may be Such, a variant of Zouch,
Fr. souche, a tree- stump. The reduction of At is seen
in A' Barrow, A' Burrow, A' Ream (corner), as in Abear
(see p. 53), Avann (see p. 59), A gutter. In the
last name [Robert atte Gotere, Pat. R.] gutter means
stream —

" The guter of waters " (Wye. Hob. iii. 10).

It seems to have been equivalent to gote, a channel,
whence Gott [William atte Gote or de la Gotere, of
Boston, Pat. R.]. At- is also changed to Ad- and even
Ed-, Et-, as in Edmead, Ethawes.

Names such as Nash, Noakes, Nail are well known
to be aphetic forms of atten ash, atten oaks, atten hall.
With these go Niles, Nayland, Nyland [Thomas Atteny-
londe, Pat. R.], N orchard, Nendick (end dike). We
also get aphetic forms in which the initial A- alone has
disappeared. The stock example is Twells, at wells.
Here belong Tash (at ash), Taw (Athaw, v.s.), Toe,
Toes (Atto, v.s.), Trill (Attrill, v.s.), and probably
Trood [Margaret atte Rude, Pleas.}. The Border name
Trodden may be similarly formed from northern dial.
roddin, a sheep-track.

Occasionally the AF. al (a le] and a la seem
to survive, e.g. Algate, Allchurch, Allpass, Allpike

SURVIVAL OF PREPOSITIONS 51

(Hallpike1), Alltoft, Altree, Allabyrne (burn), but alter-
native explanations could be given for most of these,
e.g. the prefix may be aid, old, or Allabyrne may be
only an elaboration of Alabone, Allibone, which in its
turn is a perversion of Alban [Hugh Alybon, Cor am
RegeR. 1297]. Allhusen seems to represent aland the
old dat. plur. husum, houses. But del, de la, are
common, the former being often altered to dal, deal,
dil, dol. Example's are Delahunte, Delahunty, Delhay,
Dallicoat, Dallicott, Dallamore, Dillamore, Dollymore,
Dellaway, Dilloway, Dolloway, Delbridge, Dealbridge,
Dealchamber, Dillistones, Dallywaters, to which many
more could be added. Dellow probably contains how,
a hill [William Delhow, Hund. R.], while Dellew is
for del ewe, water, also a common entry.

Names in Du-, e.g. Dupree, Duppery, Fr. Dupre, of
the meadow, Duberley, i.e. du Boulay (birch grove), are
generally of more recent introduction from French.
The retention of de in names of French origin, Danvers
(An twerp), Darcy (Arsy, Oise), Davers (Auvers, Manche),
Dorsey (Orsay, Seine-et-Oise), is common, but we
seem also to have a few cases of this preposition
coalescing with a purely English word. Such appears
to be the explanation of Dash or Daish (ash) and Dash-
wood, Delderfield ; cf. Nicholas Dinkepenne, i.e. of
Inkpen (Chart R.}.

Besides the obvious Bycroft, Byford, Bysouth, Bythe-
way or Bidaway, Bythesea, Bywater, we have By- a
in Bygrave, Bygreaves, where the second element may

1 The aspirate need not trouble us ; cf . Edward Hupcornehill
(Stow), John Sterthop (Close R.}.

* In some cases this may be the noun bye, homestead, e.g. Byas,
Dyers, Bias, " by-house," may mean the farm-house.

52 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

mean grove (ME. greve) or quarry, trench (ME. grcef),
Bygott, which being a Lincolnshire name goes rather
vfith-Gott (v.s.) than with the nickname Bigod (bigot),
and Eying (see ing, p. 64). To these should, I think,
be added Bidlake and Bidmead, Bitmead, which con-
tain the definite article, and probably Behagg, dial.
hag, hedge, enclosure. For Ovcry, see p. 71. Names
in Under- and Up- are fairly numerous and generally
simple. Undrell is for Underhill and Upfill for Upfield
or Upfold. With Upward cf. Downward or Downhard,
Forward, Southward, etc. Sometimes in such names
-ward is substituted for -wood (cf. Homeward for
" holm wood," i.e. holly wood), but they are also to be
taken literally. With Bartholomew Forward (Hund.
R.) cf . Robert Avant (Ramsey Cart.) or Julian a Nether-
ward (Hund. R.), evidently one origin of Netherwood.
Downton and Upton must sometimes have been applied
to men who lived " down town " and " up town "
respectively.

A few other prepositions occur sporadically. Inder-
wick, Enderwick is ME. in ther wick, i.e. homestead,
village, etc. The existence of Walter Underwater
(Lane. Inq. 1205-1307) suggests that Bowater is for
bove-water.1 Neathway is " beneath the way," and
Withinshaw, if not a corruption of " withy shaw,"
willow wood, belongs to the same class. In Hindhaugh
and Hindmarsh the prefix may have adjectival or
prepositional force.

The following are examples of obsolete, dialect, or

obscure place-words which have given surnames. It

will be noticed that they are mostly monosyllables of

Anglo-Saxon origin, but they include a few Old French

1 Bove is older than above.

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 53

words. Some are quite simple, but are mentioned
because of their compounds. Others I am unable to
explain. Quite a remarkable proportion are names
given to small strips of land, boundary ridges, trenches,
etc. They seem to reflect the proprietary tenacity
of the Anglo-Saxon.

Bache, Batch, Bage. ME. bache, a river valley
[Robert de la Bache, Pat. R.]—

"Over baches and hulles " (Piers Plowm. C. viii. 159).

It is common in Cheshire place-names. Compounds,
Greatbatch, Huntbach.

Bale, Bayles. AF. bail, an outer fortification, later
replaced by bailey [Tessaunda del Bayl, Pat. R., John
de la Baylle, Lond. Wills, 1258-1358]. Hence also the
official Bailward.

Ball. A common field-name in Somerset [John atte
Balle, Kirby's Quest, Som.]. The name has other
and more usual origins. Newball is a corruption of
Newbold, new building.

Barff, Bargh. Northern forms of barrow, a mound
[Thomas atte Barghe, Pat. R., Yorks].

Earth. Sheltered pasture for cattle or calves —

" Warme barth give lams
Good food to their dams " (Tusser).

Bay. A dam or pool. Hence the common Cam-
bridgeshire name Bays [John atte Bey, Hund. R.,
Camb.]. Bay is also a colour nickname [Robert le
Bay, Testa de Nev.].

Bear, Beer, Bere. West-country word for wood,
AS. beam [Morin de la Bare, Hund. R., Dev., Henry de

54 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

la Bear, ib., Elias de la By ere, ib.]. Compounds
Langabeer, Conybeare, Shillibeer, and the deceptive
Shebear. This is perhaps one origin of Byers ; cf. the
parallelism of Bubear, Boobyer, in Somerset, but in
this group of names there has been confusion with byre.

Bent. Very numerous meanings in Middle English,
ranging from bent grass to battle-field (see NED.).
Also confused with Bend [Robert de la Bende, Testa de
Nev.]. Compound Broadbent.

Sinks. Northern form of Banks [John de Nighen-
binkes, i.e. near banks, F. of Y.]. See NED. The
intermediate form was " benks " [Robert Neynbenkes,
Bp. Kellawe's Reg.].

Boak, Boakes. Northern form of balk, ridge, especi-
ally as a boundary [Thomas del Bouke, 1429].
Boag is probably a variant. From balk also come
Belk and Bilke [Henry del Belk, IpM., Norf .].

Boam. A common Derbyshire surname [John del
Bom, IpM., Notts, 1279-1321]. I suppose it to be
a phonetic variant of beam (p. 184).

Boosey. A cattle-shed, byre.

Borstall, Bur stall. A winding hill-path, especially
on the Downs [John Atteborstalle, Hund. R., Kent].
The example is just four centuries older than the first
NED. record of the word.

Boss. A conduit, fountain [Bartholomew de la
Bosse, Close R.] —

" Bosses of water made at Belingsgate about the year 1423 "
(Stow).

Breach. An opening, also fallow-land [Andrew de
la Breche, IpM.].

Breeks, Brack. A northern dialect word, cognate

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 55

with above and also used of rocks [Robert del Brek,
Lane. Inq. 1310-33]. It is ON. brekkr, a brink.

Brend, Brent, Brind. Brow of a hill [Simon del Brend,
F. of Y., Richard del Brynd, *&.].

Brewill, Brow ell, Bruel. OF. breuil, wood, thicket
[Simon del Bruill, Chart R.]. Part of Savernake Forest
is called the " Broyl of Bedewind " in IpM., and the
Broyle (Suss.) has the same origin. Cf. Fr. Dubreuil
and de Broglie, the latter of which has given us Brolly.

Brush. Broom, undergrowth, heather [Adam del
Bruche, Exch. R.]. Cf. Fr. Delabrousse, des Brosses,
etc. Hence also Brushett (see p. 128, n. i) —

" Brusshe to make brushes on, bruyere " (Palsg.).

Budden. This surname is sometimes of baptismal
origin [Ermegard Budun, Hund. R.], from Baldwin or
from one of the Bod- names ; cf. Fr. Bodin. But it is
also local, a variant of bottom, which occurs as bodan
in one of the earliest Anglo-Saxon glossaries [Stephen
de la Buden, Pleas, Hants]. It is still a Hampshire
name.

Buggins. ME. bugging, a variant of bigging, a build-
ing—

" Cometh the maister budel brust ase a bore,
Seith he wole mi bugging bringe ful bare."

(Song of the Husbandman, temp. Ed. I.)

Buist. ON. bustadr, homestead, whence also the
Orkney and Shetland Isbister.

Bumbey. A quagmire (Norf. and Suff.).

Biirst. A break in the land, from AS. geberst. It is
so used in the Abingdon Chronicle [Hamelet de la
Burste, Exch. Cal.].

Butt. A ridge or balk in ploughed land. Also a

56 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

measure of land. But the surname Butt is often for
Buck, altered in the same way as bat from bakke (see
p. 24) [Roger le Buc or But, Close R., Hugh le But,
Pat. R., James le But, ib.].

Cage. This may go with Penn, Mewis (p. 98),
etc., or may be connected with a local prison —

" Cage, catasta " (Prompt. Parv.}.

" Catasta, a cage to punish or sell bond men in " (Cooper).

In the Coventry Mysteries it is used of the " pageant "
on which a king stands [John del Cages, Bp. Kellawe's
Reg.].

Callow. Applied in the west to bare land [William
de la Calewe, IpM., Her el], the same word as callow,
hairless, unfledged, which is the more usual origin of
the surname.

Cheyne. This is simply a Middle English spelling of
" chain," probably meaning the barrier by which
streets were often closed at night [Richard de Catena,
Close R.] ; cf. Ban —

" For other wey is fro the gatis none,
Of Dardanas, there opyn is the cheyne "

(Chauc. Troilus and Criseyde).

Chuck. A tree-stump, OF. chouq, apparently re-
lated to souche, a stump [Henry de Chokes, Close R.,
Roger de la Zuche or de la Suche or de la Chuche, ib.].
Hence Choak, Chugg, Chucks. Also a nickname
[Robert Choc, Pipe R., William Choc, Hund. R.].
Cf. Block (p. 156).

Clench, Clinch. I can find no clue to the meaning
of this word, apparently the origin of Clinch in Wilts.
[Richard de la Clenche, Fine R., Wilts, John de la
Clenche, Hund. R., Wilts]. A stream called the
Clenche is mentioned in Glouc. Cart.

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 57

Cloud. ME. elude, a rock [Robert atte Cloude,
Kirby's Quest], the same word as cloud (cumulus).
Hence also Clout and possibly Clodd.

Clyne. Old Welsh chin, clyn, a meadow [William
ate Clyne, Exch. R.]. Also Clunn.

Cock. The very common entry " atte Cok " refers
not only to a shop-sign, but also to the same word
commonly used of a water conduit. Cf. Boss. Hence
also sometimes Acock, Adcock, Atcock [Ralph Atecock,
Lond. Wills, 1282].

Cockshott, Cockshoot. " A broad way or glade in a
wood, through which woodcocks, etc., might dart or
shoot, so as to be caught by nets stretched across the
opening " (NED.) —

" Cockesshote to take woodcockes with, voice " (Palsg.).

Cradle. A place in Sussex called " le Cradele " is
mentioned in the Percy Cartulary [Richard atte
Cradele, Percy Cart., John de la Cradel, Pat. R.]. In
Middle English, as now, the word was used of various
arrangements in the way of framework or scaffolding,
but its meaning here is very dubious. Perhaps the
ending is the same as that of the next name.

Crundall, Crundle. More than sixty crundels are
mentioned in Thorpe's Codex Diplomaticus. AS.
crundel is dubiously explained by Sweet as a chalk-pit,
cavity, pond. Its modern dialect meaning of a ravine
with running water in it suggests rather " crooked dell,"
from the adjective which has given the nickname
Crum, Crump.

Curtain. Dial, courtain, court-yard, straw-yard,
Late Lat. cortina.

Deal, Dole. These are ultimately the same word,

58 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

meaning boundary , division [Alexander de la Dele, Fine
R., William de la Dole, Hund. R.]. Dale is often for
Deal. The word is still in use in various forms. Here
generally belong also Dowell, Dowl, Dewell, Duell ;
and the Kentish dowel, a marsh, is perhaps the same
word. Most of the words for boundary appear also
to have been applied to a piece of waste land between
two cultivated patches —

" The waste called le dole " (Pat. R., Salop).

Delf, Delph, Delves. ME. delf, quarry. [Hugh del
Delf, Cal. Gen.]—

" And thei gaven that monei to the crafti men and masouns, for
to bie stoonys hewid out of the delves, var. guarreris " 1

(Wye. 2 Chron. xxxiv. n).

Dibb. Usually bapt. for Dibble, i.e. Theobald (see
p. 40), but also from dial, dib, a dip, or valley [John
del Dybbe, F. of Y., 1469].

Dillicar. A dialect name, in the lake country, for
a small field. No doubt a compound of the very
common Can, Kerr, a fen, of Norse origin.

Doust. ? A Middle English variant of " dust " [John
del Doustes, Lane. Inq. 1310-33]. Cf. such names as
Chalk, Clay, Mudd.

Drain, Drane. Obviously from the drain or channel
[John atte Drene, Kirby's Quest, Som.], a word first
recorded by the NED. for 1552. Cf. Simon Drane-
land [Hund. R., Camb.]. The examples are from the
two chief fen counties.

Dron. Dial, trone, a trench, a west-country word
[Geoffrey Attedrone, Glouc. Cart.].

Dunt. I suppose this to be a phonetic variant of

1 This is the origin of Quarrier [Nicholas del Quarere, Pat. R.].

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 59

dent, dint, meaning a hollow [William Attedunt, Hund.
R., Kent],

E 'aland, Eland. A dial, form surviving from AS.
igland, now corruptly written island under the influence
of OF. isle.

Eaves. Used in Middle English for edge, especially
in the compound " wood eaves," whence Wouldhave.
In Whiteaves the first element is probably with (p. 84).

Fall. It is a little doubtful what this means as a
surname [Richard del Fal, Hund. R., Gilbert de la
Falle, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285], at any rate in com-
pounds. In Horsfall, -fall may be for an earlier -fald,1
i.e. fold, enclosure, while in Woodfall it means the
place where trees have been felled [Richard del
Wodefal, Lane. Inq. 1310-33]. Still, although the
NED. has no record of fall, cascade, till 1579, " the
water's fall" (Spenser), the name Waterfall [Richard
de Watterfa.ll, Hund. R.] points to a much earlier use
of the word.

Fann. The winnowing fan [Gervase de la Fanne,
Chart R.]. The west-country Vann is commoner
[Richard atte Vann, Pleas, Wilts.]. Cf. the occupative
Fanner and Vanner.

Farndell. The obsolete farthingdeal, or fourth part
of an acre. Cf. Halfacre —

" Farding deale, alias Farundell of land, signifieth the fourth part
of an acre " (Cowel).

Hence also Fardell, Varndell. Farthing was also used
in the same sense.

Flatt. A common field-name in Yorkshire, and used

1 The home of Hoys/all is the West Riding, where it occurs side by
side with H or s fie Id.

6

60 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

in Suffolk of a flat oozy shore [Thomas del Flat,
mariner, F. of Y.]. Hence also the Suffolk name
Flatman.

Force, Forse, Forss. This may be the northern
force, a Scandinavian word for waterfall —

" The fishery del fors " (Pat. R., Westm. 1320).

But the analogy of Wilberforce, from a place formerly
called Wilberfoss, suggests that Foss is more often the
origin. Cf. Forsdyke for Fosdikc, later corrupted to
Fro stick.

Fostall, Forrestal. Dial, fore-stall, a paddock or
way in front of a farmhouse (Kent and Suss.). The
NED. quotes it for 1661, but it is much older [Osbert
de la Forstalle, Hund. R., Kent, Albreda de Forstallo,
Cust. Battle Abbey, 1283-1312].

Foyle. Apparently some kind of excavation, Fr.
fouille [John atte Foyle, Cust. Battle Abbey].

Fright. A Kentish form of 'frith, a wood, deer-
forest, etc., so common in the phrase " frith and fell "
[Henry del Fridh, Feet of Fines].

Gallantree. I only offer the conjecture that this
Yorkshire name may be for " gallows tree," earlier
" gallow tree," AS. gealgtreow ; cf. Godfrey de Galowes
(Fine R.), Ralph de Furcis (Abingdon Chron.).

Garston. An example of a common noun, AS.
g&rstun, paddock, " grass town " [Henry de la Garston,
Fine R], which has become a specific place-name. Cf.
Gratton, stubble field, AS. greed, grass, Barton, AS.
beretun, " barley town/' Leighton, AS. leactun, " leek
town," kitchen garden, and the ubiquitous Burton,
AS. burgtun, " borough town." From the latter we
have Haliburton, the holy dwelling.

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 61

Gort. OF. gort, properly a whirlpool (Lat. gurges,
gurgit-}, but used in England of a kind of weir ; cf. Fr.
Dugort. See gorce (NED.), which is really a plural
form, and apparently one origin of Joyce, for Burton
Joyce (Notts) takes its name from the de Jorz family.

Grape, Creep. A dial, word for trench, also found
as grip [John atte Gripe, IpM.].

Ground. Used in dialect for a field or farm ; hence
perhaps the East-Anglian name Grounds. But Roger
Grond (Hund. R., Hunts), Augustin Grund (ib.) sug-
gest a shortened form of Grundy, AS. Gundred, as a
more probable origin of the name.

Hallows. Possibly ME. halwe, shrine, sanctuary —

" Feme halwes, kowthe in sondry londes " (Chauc. A. 14).

But more probably a dial, form of hollow [William in
le Halowe, Hund. R.].

Hames. Northern form of "home" [Adam del
Hames, of le Hames, Cumb., IpM.]. Also Haimes.

Hanger. A wood on a hillside [William del or atte
Hanger, Pat. R.].

Hard. In the dialect sense of hard or firm ground
(sixteenth century, NED.), as at Portsmouth [Gilbert
del Harde, Pat. R.]. Also Hards. In Harder the
second element is -or, -over, a bank.

Haugh. This very puzzling word occurs in an
immense number of place-names and consequently in
many surnames, but nobody seems to know what it
means.1 It has several compounds, Ridehalgh, Green-

1 " Healh, corner, hiding-place ; bay, gulf " (Sweet), " recess
corner, hollow " (Miller). " Dr. Mutschmann is mistaken in thinking
that the exact sense of OE. healh is ' very uncertain ' ; it means
' river meadow ' " (Sedgefield). " It does not necessarily mean a
riverside pasture. A hale, in Gloucestershire, may occur on high
ground away from any stream " (Baddeley).

62 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

halgh, Hesmondhalgh, Feather stonehaugh. Its dative
gives Heal, Hale, and most of the names ending in -all,
-hall, -0// contain it, e.g. Brudenell (at the broad heal),
Cleall (clay), Greenall, Greenhall, Blackall, Blackhall,
Whitehall [Gilbert del Whitehalgh, 1397, Bardsley],
Midgall [Migehalgh, Lane. Inq. 1310-33], Thornell,1 etc.
Related to it is ME. halk, a corner —

" As yonge clerkes, that been lykerous
To reden artes that been curious,
Seken in every halke and every herne *
Particular sciences for to lerne " (Chauc. F. 1119).

Hence Halleck 3 and sometimes Hawke and Hawkes.
In Halkett, Hallett,' it is compounded with -head (see
p. 128, n.). Haugh is quite distinct from Hough (Huff),
How, a hill, though it has been confused with it, e.g.
in Wardhaugh, probably for " ward hough," the beacon
hill, equivalent to Wardle (ward hill) and Wardlaw,
Wardlow, AS. hlcew, a hill, mound. Ridehalgh has been
confused with Redhough [Thomas del Redhough, Bp.
Kellawe's Reg.]. From the dial, form eale, we have the
names Eales, Eeles, and it is probable that Neale is
sometimes of the same origin (see p. 50).

Heald. ME. hield, a slope [Isabel de la Helde, Fine
R.]. Cf. Ger. Halde, very common in place-names
and surnames. Heald may be also for Heal with
excrescent -d ; cf . Neild for Neil.

Heath. This seems to have absorbed " hythe," a
'quay, harbour. The latter was once a very common

1 In this, and some other cases, it may have interchanged with
-hill.

2 A corner ; hence Hearn, Hum, Horn, etc.

8 Cf. Frisian hallich, low-lying land near the sea.
4 Also a dim of Hal, or Harry.

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 63

name [Eustace de la Hythe, Hund. R., William atte
Hythe, City F.], but I find no modern examples.

Helm. Dial, helm, a shelter [John de la Helme,
Wore. Priory Reg.]. But Helm, Helms are more often
short for one of the personal names in Helm- (p. 38).

Herepath, Herapath. AS. herepceth, army path,
main road. Cf. Ger. Herwegh. Is it too venturesome
to derive the very common Cambridgeshire name
Thoday from AS. theodweg, people way, highway ?
Both this and Tudway may be rather from the Anglo-
Saxon name Theodwig. Fossey may be from Fr. fosse,
a ditch, but is more probably from the historic
Fosse- way.

Hoath, Hoad. An archaic word for heath 1 [John
del Hoth, Hund. R.].

Honour, Honnor. " A seigniory of several manors
held under one baron or lord paramount" (NED.)
[Stephen Adhonour, Pat. R.].

Hook, Crook. Both used of a bend in the river
[Richard de la Hoke, Feet of Fines, John del Crok,
Lane. Inq. 1310-33], the latter especially in Scot-
land. The first seems to have been used also of a
sand-spit. But Crook is usually a nickname [Philip
le Crok, Pat. R., Croc the huntsman, Chart. R.], and
Hook is sometimes, like Hucks, a form of Hugh [Huka
de Thorne, Pipe R.].

Hope. Another word of very vague meaning, " an
enclosure in marsh land," " small enclosed valley "
(NED.) . But there also seems to have been a measure
of land called a hope, cognate with Ger. Hube, Hufe,

1 I have only HalliwelFs authority for this. Is it a mixed form
due to the constant coupling of " holt and heath " in Middle
English ?

64 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

a unit corresponding in use, if not in dimensions, to
our Hide. In a copy of White Kennett's Glossary
which I possess, several examples of this use have been
inserted in MS. by the learned antiquary Sir Edward
Smirke. In compounds -hope becomes -ap, -ip, -op,
-up, Harrap, Bur nip, Alsop, Greenup. This rather
common name has, however, another origin [Hugh le
Hope, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285, Vital le Hope, ib.,
William le Hope, Archbp. Peckham's Let.] which I
cannot explain. No doubt also an abstract nickname
(p. 218).

Horn. As a local name this is a variant of Hearn,
a nook, corner. Hence Langhorne, Hartshorn, Small-
horn, Whitehorn, etc. ; see p. 62, n. 2.

Hulk. A hut or shed [Agnes atte Hoik, Pat. R.]—

" Tugurium, hulc " (Voc.).

Idle. An Anglo-French form * of OF. isle, also Me
[John del Idle, IpM., Christiana del Ilde, Hund. R.}—

" Ilde, lond in the se, insula " (Prompt. Parv.)

Other island surnames are Ilett, appropriately found in
Somerset and Cambridgeshire, and the Celtic Inch,
Ince, Ennis [William del Enese, Hund. R.]. The form
Enys is very common in Cornwall.

Ing. A Middle English name for meadow, especially
a swampy one, and still in dial. use. It is from ON.
enge [Thomas atte Enge,Fine R., Reginald de If\g&,Pipe
R.]. This word is very common in composition and
one source of the name England,* for ing-land. Names

1 Cf. meddle from OF. meslev, and see Madle (p. 250).

2 In spite of the existence of English, Inglis, the name England
is rarely from the name of the country. Deutsch is a German

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 65

such as Fielding, Penning, etc. have usually been
explained as " man of the field, fen, etc.," but,
although this tribal suffix occurs frequently in Anglo-
Saxon place-names, it is perhaps equally probable that
in surnames -ing means meadow, e.g. Wilding, wood
meadow, Greening, Beeching, Bowring (bower), School-
ing (cf. Scho field t Schooler af t) , Ravening, Watering, etc.

Knaggs. Northern dial, knag, rock, hill-top.

Knell, Knill. Apparently a phonetic variant of
knoll [William atte Knell, Cust. Battle Abbey, John
atte Knyle, Kirby's Quest, Som.]. Hence also Kneel.

Knipe. Ridge, a lake-country word, surviving only
in specific place-names (EDD.).

Lart. A west-country word for " loft." Hence
also perhaps Larter.

Leach. Dial, letch, a boggy stream or a bog, earlier
lache [John del Lache, Lane. Court R. 1323-4] —

" Ductum aquae, quern vulgo Lacche vocant " (Abingdon ChronJ).

It is still used as latch in northern dialect. This is one
origin of the name Leach, Leech, usually the physician.1
Its compounds are Blackledge, Bleakledge, Blackleach —

" Between le Misies and Blake-lache unto the end of le Cawsaye "
(Lane. Inq. 1310-33),

Cartledge, Cartlick [Robert de Cartelache, Lane. Court
R. 1323-4], Depledge.

name, but I do not think Deutschland is found, and the French
surname France, not very common, is a shortened form of the
baptismal Francois. England is also an imitative form of the Old
French font-name Enguerrand, with the common change of r to /
[John Ingelond, Pat. R., Geoffrey Ingelond, Hund. R., Simon
Ingelond, i&.]

1 I find that Surgeon still exists, also the lengthened Middle
English form Surgenor.

66 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

Leese. Perhaps generally for "leas " (cf. Meadows) ;
but there is a dial, lease,1 pasture, AS. Ices —

" The years have gathered grayly
Since I danced upon this leaze "

(Hardy, Wessex Poems}.

Lew. A sheltered spot [Alice ate Lewe, Hund. R.].

Liberty. I have already suggested (Romance of
Names, p. 123) that this name comes from liberty, in
the sense of district outside the city walls, but subject
to the city jurisdiction. I have, however, found no
early example. I do not think it is an abstract nick-
name. The apparently parallel Licence is an imita-
tive spelling of Lysons,* of Lison (Calvados), whence
also Lessons.

Ling. This very common East Anglian name
comes from the plant, and also specifically from Ling
(SurL), Lyng (NorL), and Lyng (Som.), which accounts
for the three regions which are the homes of the name.
But the collocation of the word, in the following ex-
tract, with sich, a trench, and put, a pit, suggests some
other local meaning —

" Le Putsich, le Mucheleput, le Litleput, le Ling juxta Coppeswell,
and le Longsyche versus Clayputtes " (IpM., Warw. 1268).

Link, Lynch. A ridge, sand-hill, AS. hlinc. Dial.
linch is especially used of an unploughed ridge making
a boundary between two fields [Roger ate Lynche,
Fine R.]. Link is possibly also a variant of Ling
[John atte Lynk, Pat. R., Norf.].

i See NED.

a Final -s in local surnames of foreign origin is treated as arbit-
rarily as in native names (p. 71 n.). We have Gamage, Cammidge,
from Gamaches (Somme), Cormell, from Cormeilles ^Eure), but
Lascelles from Lacelle (Orne).

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 67

Lippiatt. The leap-gate, or leap-yate, " a low gate
in a fence, which can be leaped by deer, while keeping
sheep from straying " (NED.). Also Lipyeatt, Lippett.
Cf . the variants of Lidgate, swing-gate, whence Lidgett,
Lydiate, Liddiatt, etc.

List. Used in Middle English in the sense of
boundary [Peter de la Leste, Hund. R.]. Cf. the
"lists" for a tournament.

Loakes. East Anglian loke, path, road [Gilbert
Ithelockes, Fine R.].

Lone, Loane. Dial, form of lane [John in la Lone,
Glouc. Cart].

Loop. Used in Middle English of an opening in a
wall, whence modern " loop-hole " [Edith de la Lupe,
Malmesbury Abbey Reg.]. But this name, though
not common, has an alternative origin, the wolf
[Robert le Lupe, IpM.].

Lyth. A Middle English and dial, word for slope,
AS. hlith [Reginald atte Lith, Fine R.]—

" Steep pastures are called the Lithe " (White's Selborne).

But Gonnilda le Lyth (Hund. R.) points to a nickname,
so that the surname, though rather rare, has two well-
attested origins. For similar cases see pp. 316-19. Lyde
is a variant.

Maw. A variant of mow, heap, as in " barley-
mow." The name is very common in Lincolnshire,
and medieval examples of " de la Mawe " abound on
the east coast [William de la Mawe, Hund. R., Suff.].
A local surname could, however, hardly come into
existence in connection with such a transient thing
as a haystack or cornrick, so that we must assume
that the word is here used in the wider sense of mound,

68 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

hillock, or that it meant also the stackyard or barn.
Maw is also a variant of Maufe, Muff (p. 246).
/ Meals. ON. melr, dune, sandhill, especially on the
coasts of Lancashire and Norfolk [Alan del Mels,
Lane. Inq., 1310-33, Elota del Meles, ib.]. I fancy that
this word, often meole in Middle English, appears in
Ashmall, Ashmole, and Cattermole.

Mears. Two local origins — (i) mere, a lake, pool,
whence also Man, Marrs [Robert de la Mar, Lib. VitJ] ;
(2) ME. mere, mear, AS. gemcere, a boundary, a very
common word, also used of a green " balk " or bound-
ary road. Hence in some cases Marston, ME. mere-
stone, boundary stone. Mark, March are also some-
times from ME. mearc, boundary, apparently not
related to the above [Roger del March, Fine R.,
Robert atte Mark, City D.].

Minster. The rarity of this name is surprising,
although it is represented also by the lengthened
Minister. As we have Beemaster, Buckmaster, Kil-
master or Kilmister, and Kittermaster, from Beaminster,
Buckminster, Kilminster, and Kidderminster respec-
tively, it seems likely that Master, Masters, Mister
may also have been sometimes corrupted in the same
way from the simple Minster.

Mount joy. Montjoie is a common French place-
name [Ralph de Mungai, Pipe R.]. The name
has no connection with the war-cry Montjoie, the
origin of which is unknown. Also Mungay, Mun-
chay, Mingey —

" Mont-joy e, a barrow ; a little hill, or heap of stones, layed in
or near a highway, for the better discerning thereof ; or in remem-
brance of some notable act performed.or accident befallen, in that
place " (Cotg.).

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 69

Mudge. A Devon and Cornwall word for mud,
swamp. The surname is common in both counties.

Ness. A headland, but not necessarily on the
coast. Many of the examples I have found are
inland [John atte Nesse, Pat. R., Richard atte Nesse,
Cor am Rege R. 1297, Suss.]. The second example
may refer to Dungeness. In the Abingdon Chronicle
ness is used as equivalent to stert. See Sturt.

Pallant. AS. patent, palace, Lat. palantium for
palatium ; cf. the Palant at Chichester.

Pamment, Pament. Middle English form of pave-
ment, street. In Nottingham are still High, Low and
Middle Pavement, spelt pament in the Borough
Records. Cf. Cosway, Cawsey —

" And whenne y was nygh the awter y put of my showy s and
knelyd on my kneys upon the pament " (Monk of Evesham).

Pett, Putt. Variants of Pitt. The first is a Kentish
form ; for the second cf. Hull for Hill. Compounds
Lampet, Lampitt, Lamputt, loam pit, AS. lampytt, and
Clampitt, cloam pit. Cloam, AS. clam, clay, is still
used in dialect for earthenware. Burpitt is possibly
for " bear pit " 1 ; cf . Bullpitt or Bowpitt, and Buckpit.

Pickles. The Yorkshire dial, form of pightle, an
enclosure (see NED.). Hence also Pighills and Pight-
ling, the latter compounded with ing, a meadow

(P. 64).

Pill. A west-country word for a creek [Robert
Attepile, Hund. R., Som., Bennett de la Pylle, Fine
R., Dev.]. Hence also Pile, Pyle, Pillman, and Pitta-

1 Bearblock appears to mean the stump to which the bear was tied ;
but Bearpark is a perversion of Fr. Beaurepaire , fine home.

70 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

way, with the intrusive a which is characteristic of
Devon names (Eastaway, Greenaway, etc.).

Place, Plaice. ME. place has a wide range of mean-
ings, including market square, plot of land, large house,
hamlet, etc. But the modern name has absorbed an
Old French word related to Plessis (p. 286), and
meaning an enclosure [Richard de la Plesse, Hund.
R.]. It is often entered as de Plexito. Cf. the Fr.
Dupleix, which has assumed in England the imitative
form Duplex. Hence also Pleass.

Plank. Used in Middle English of a narrow foot-
bridge [James de la Plaunche, Fine R.] —

" Planche, a planke, or thicke board ; especially one thats laid over
a ditch, brooke, or moate, etc., instead of a bridge " (Cotg.).

Plaskett. A swampy meadow, usually " plashet,"
dim. of OF. plasq. The surname represents a Norman
form. Also Plashed.

Plott. The same as Plait, a flat piece of land [Henry
de la Plot, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285],

Pluck. Apparently a phonetic variant of ME.
plecke, a piece of ground [Nicholas de la Plock, Glouc.
Cart.]. It is also found in Duplock, earlier Duplac
(Norf. Court R.). But Diplock is more probably
" deep lake."

Quick. Usually a nickname, but also a northern
variant of wick, a village [Albert de la Quicke, Lane.
Inq. 1205-1307]. Cf. Quartan iorWharton, and Quick-
fall for Wigfall, the latter probably the " wick-fald,"
or Wick field.

Rain. The name-group Rain, Rayne, Raines,
Raynes, etc. has various origins. It may be baptismal,
from the Anglo-Saxon element Regen- (p. 44), as in

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 71

Rayner, Reynold, etc. [Reine Bacun, Hund. R.], while
the -s forms represent Rennes [Robert de Rennes,
Hund. R.] and possibly also Rheims. It is also a
nickname, perhaps from dial. Fr. mine, a frog
[Robert le Rane, Pat. R.]. But the home of the name
is Durham, and in that county rain is a dial, word
for a strip of land, boundary, etc., which is no
doubt the origin of most of the northern Raynes.
The word is common in field-names in north-country
records.

Rees.1 This name, usually for Welsh Rhys, is also
from an obsolete word for stream, channel [Henry
del Re or atte Ree, IpM., Heref.]. There are several
references in IpM. to " la Ree " (Heref.), but the
word seems to have been in general use. The church
of St. Mary Overy was in 1502 Saint Mary " over the
re." Overy and Undery are both existing surnames;
with the latter cf. Walter Underwater (Lane. Inq.).
Ree may be related to ride (see p. 49) and Rye (Suss.),

1 The majority of monosyllabic, and many dissyllabic, local
names are commonly found with -s, originally due to analogy with
Wills, Jones, etc., where -s is the sign of the genitive. It will be
found that this addition of -s in local names generally takes place
whenever it does not involve an extra syllable or any exertion in
pronunciation, e.g. Birks but Birch, Noakes but Nash, Marks but
March, Meadows but Field, Sykes but Sich. The only important
exception to this phonetic rule is Bridges, which is usually derived,
not from bridge, but from Bruges, once commonly called Bridges
in English. This -s is also added to specific place-names, e.g.
Cheales from Cheal (Line.), Tarbox from Tarbock (Lane.), Burls
from some spot in Essex formerly called Berle [Robert de Berle,
Hund. R., Ess.], Rhymes from Ryme (Dors.), etc. This tendency,
still very strongly marked in uneducated speech, leads to some
very curious results. I am told that the Earl of Stair is commonly
called Lord Stairs by the Wigtownshire peasants. Still more ex-
traordinary is the existing name Steadmances, of obvious origin.

72 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

which was formerly la Rie [Geoffrey atte Rye, City E.t
Robert Atterie, IpM., Suss.]. The word is perhaps
of Flemish origin ; cf. the South African Delarey.
The scarcity of Ree is due to absorption by Ray
[Robert de la Reye, Close R.].

Rew, Rue. AF. rew, from Fr. rue, street [Robert
atte Rewe, Pat. R., Dors.] ; cf. Attru (p. 49). But
Rew is also a nickname, a variant of rough [Walter le
Rewe, Glouc. Cart.].

Rhine. A name given to the large drains or channels
on the Somerset moors, AS. ryne, a channel. It was
the Sussex Rhine which proved fatal to Monmouth's
followers at Sedgemoor. I have, however, no evi-
dence for a surname thus formed, so Rhine is perhaps
rather for Rhind, Rind. There is a Perthshire
hamlet called Rhynd, but the surname seems to be
rather from a Welsh personal name [Rind Seis,1
Chart. R.].

Riddy. ME. rithie, apparently related to ride, a
stream (p. 49) [Walter Atterithie, Glouc. Cart.].

Riding. Perhaps from one of the Yorkshire ridings,8
but more probably a variant of Ridding, a clearing in
a wood [Raven del Riding, Pat. R].

Risk. An archaic form of rush, AS. rise ; cf. Riss-
brook. Hence also Rix, usually from Richard, but
also from Exmoor rix, rushes [John de la Rixe, Hund.
R., Som.].

1 I.e. Rind the Saxon ; cf. Sayce, Seys, etc.

2 Originally thriding, third part, the initial having been lost by
confusion with the final sound of the north, east, west which
always preceded it. We have the converse in the Middlesex
village of Ickenham, formerly Tickenham. As time went on,
people who lived "at Tickenham" found they were living "at
Ickenham."

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 73

Roath. Apparently ME. roth, variant of root
[William atte Rothe, Lond. Wills, 1305]. Or it may
be identical with Routh, ON. ruth, a clearing, whence
-royd, common in north-country surnames.

Rood. A cross. Also Rude [Walter de la Rude,
Fine R.]. Hence also Trood, "atte rood." Com-
pounds Roodhouse, Roddis, Rodwell; with the last
name cf. Crosswell.

Rule. La Riole, near Bordeaux, latinized as Reula
and Regula, ib constantly mentioned in London records.
It gave its name to a London street and to the church
of St. Michael Paternoster "Royal" [Henry de la
Rule, City B., Alvyn de Reule, Henry de la Riole,
Exch. Cal.]. In Chesh. Chamb. Accts. (1301-60) is
mentioned Roger del Reulle, a shipmaster bringing
wine from Bordeaux.

Sale, Seal. Related words, the first representing
OF. sale (salle), the second AS. sele, hall, dwelling-
house. Compounds are Greensall and Normansell.
Seal has become Zeal in Somerset. These names have
become confused with dial, seal, sale, a willow, whence
the Yorkshire names Sayle, Sayles [Agnes del Sayles,
1379]. Cf. Sallows, Salliss, from the same tree, AS.
sealh.

Salterne. A salt house, also a salt marsh.

Seath, Seth. AS. seath, a pit, pond, used in dialect,
generally in the form sheath, of a brine-pit. Hence
also Sheath and Sheat [Humfrey de la Shethe, Testa
de Nev.]. It should be noted, however, with regard
to Sheath, that Fr. Fourreau, whence Eng. Furrell,
seems to be a costume nickname from the sheath or
scabbard.

Seed. I conjecture that this name, common in the

74 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

north, may represent AS. geset, seat, dwelling, as in
Somerset and the surname Honey sett. It occurs also
in Adshead, Adsead (Adsett, Glouc.), and in the simple
Sait. This would explain Liver seed, Loverseed, from
the personal name Leo f here ; cf. John de Burysede
[Hund. R.] and the Lincolnshire name Whit seed.

Selden, Seldon, Seldom. The dative plural of the
very common ME. selde, a booth or shop [John atte
Selde, Lond. Wills., 1294] —

"One fair building of stone called in record Seldom, a shed " (Stow).

Sell may sometimes represent the singular, but is
usually baptismal [Nicholas Sell, Pat. R.], perhaps
from Cecil.

Shear. AS. scaru, division. Hence Landseer, AS.
landscam, boundary [Anthony de la Lanscare, Pat. R.,
Thomas de la Landshare, Hund. R.]. One example
is from Devon, the other from Somerset. Hence this
is the origin of the Devon name Shears, while Shar-
land, also a Devon name, may contain the same
elements reversed. The form Scare, Sheer is also a
surname. Cheers seems to be a variant * [Walter de
la Chere, Glouc. Cart.] and Chare also exists. Seear
may belong here or to Sayer, AS. Saegaer.

Sheard, Shard. Middle English and dial, sherd, a
gap in an enclosure or bank [John atte Sherde,
Pat. R.]. The same word as in "potsherd." Shirt
is an imitative spelling.

Shed. A section of land. The same word as in
" watershed." Hence Shead, Shedd, Shade. No doubt

1 The substitution of Ch- for Sh- is not uncommon, e.g. Nicholas
Chepe, Ralph de Chepeye, Osbert le Chephirde occur together in the
Pat. R. Hence Cheap is sometimes a nickname, " sheep."

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 75

also from the building, which is also shad, shade in
dialect.

Shields, Scales. The English and Norse forms
respectively for a shieling or shelter. The first is
very common in Northumbrian farm-names, hence
Blackshields, Greenshields. It is the same as ME.
schiel [Adam del Schele, Percy Cart.], whence Shiel.
From Scales we have the compounds Summerscales l
and Winterscale, corrupted into Summer skill, Sum-
mersgill, Wintersgill. Related are the numerous Scan-
dinavian names in -skjold, such as Nordenskjold, Liljen-
skjold, etc.

Shippen, Skippon. A dial, word for cow-house, AS.
scipen [Richard de la Schepene, Coram Rege R. 1297].
Hence also Shippings —

" Thropes, bernes, shipnes, dayeryes " (Chauc D. 871).

By folk-etymology connected with " sheep-pen," but
really cognate with " shop." But in Sheepwash, Ship-
wash, Shipway, Shipsides, and most local names in
Ship-, the first element is " sheep."

Shire. Used in the sense of boundary [Thomas atte
Shyre, Lond. Wills, 1349]. Here belong also some-
times Shear, Shears (cf. Lankshear, Hamshar) ; but

1 Various explanations are given as to local names in Summer-,
Winter-. In Germany the corresponding names are considered to
indicate a southern and northern aspect respectively. In the
examples above we no doubt have the summer and winter camp of
the herdsmen. Other examples are Summerhayes, from hay, an
enclosure, Winter ford, Winter flood, Winterbottom. Winterburn is a
burn that runs in winter only. Another name, especially in
Kent, for an intermittent spring is nailbourn, later eylebourn, whence
the surname Elborn and probably Eborn. On this interesting word
see Skeat, Trans. Phil Soc,, 1911-14, p 37.

76 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

Thomas Palle, called Sheres (Lond. 1376), suggests a
nickname for a shearsmith or cutler. For the usual
origin of Shears see p. 74. In compounds other than
county names -shire is generally a corruption of
-shaw ; e.g. Ormeshire for Ormeshaw.

Sich. A trench, AS. sic [Robert de la Siche,
IpM.]. Hence also Sitch and the Yorkshire Sykes
[William Enlesik, Pat. R., John del Sykes, Lane. Inq.
1310-33]—

" Sich, sichettum and sichettus, a little current of water, that uses
to be dry in the summer, also a water-furrow or gutter " (Cowel).

Slade. A valley, glade, strip of greensward [John o*
the Slade, City D.], AS. sited, valley, familiar in the
phrase the " greenwood slade." Hence also Slate,
Sleath, and the compound Greenslade.1 This is another

1 Our ancestors did not show much imagination in describing
scenery, and Green occurs with monotonous frequency — Greenacre,
Greenall (heal, p. 62), Greenaway (cf . Eastaway, Westaway, and other
Devon names), Greenberry (bury), Greenfield, Gren/ell, Greengrass,
Greenhalgh, Greenhall (p. 62), Greenhead, Greenhill, Greenhongh,
Greenhow (hough, a hill), Greenhorn (horn, a nook corner, p. 64,
but possibly a nickname), Greenhouse (cf. Whitehouse, but possibly
the house on the green), Greening (p. 64), Greenland (ME. laund, a
stretch of open country), Greenist (seep. 95), Greenlaw (law, a hill),
Greenlees, Greenop, Greenup (p. 63), Greenrod, Greenroyd, Grinrod
(royd, a clearing), Greensall, Greensill (see Seal, p. 73), Greenshields
(p. 75), Greenstock, Gristock (stoke, a homestead), Greensides(p. 138),
Greenwell, Greenwood, etc. In F. of Y. we find also Greenayk (oak),
Greenbank, Greenbergh (barrow, hill), Greengare, Greengore (gore, a
triangular piece of land), Greenshagh. But occasionally there has been
confusion with the Anglo-Saxon name-element Grim. In Suffolk we
find Grimweard becoming Grimwood, whence the transition to Green-
wood was inevitable. The compromise Greenward is also found.
Conversely the very common northern Grimshaw, apparently
" Grim's shaw " or " Grim's haw " (enclosure) is generally a corrup-
tion of " green shaw," once as familiar as " green wood."

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 77

example of the elusive meaning of these dialect words.
White Kennett defines it as a long, flat piece of land,
while Wyclif actually uses it of a, presumably flat,
ridge —

" Semeye gede bi the slack, var. cop, of the hil . . . and curside"
(2 Sam. xvi. 13).

The EDD. offers a very wide choice of meanings :
valley, hollow ; grassy plain between hills ; side or
slope of a hill ; small, often hanging, wood ; strip of
greensward through a wood ; green road ; piece of
greensward in ploughed land ; strip of boggy land ;
stagnant water in a marsh ; small running stream ;
sheep-walk ; bare, flat place on top of a hill.

Slape. Very puzzling. There is an early Scot, slape,
a gap, breach, but the examples of de la Slape are
all from the west, chiefly Somerset. Slope is quite a
modern word according to the NED. Perhaps related
to slipe, a long narrow strip, used in several counties,
including Somerset. This also means the sloping bank
of a dike or river ; cf. slype, a covered way from the
transept of a cathedral to the chapter-house.

Slay. Slope, lane through gorse, etc. (Suss.). Also
Sice [Stephen atte Sle, Close R., Kent]. Probably
identical with Slade (q.v.) ; cf. Smee for Smeed. But
the surname is usually from ME. slegh, sly, skilful.

Slipp. A long narrow slip (of land) ; see Slape.

Smeed, Smeeth, Smedes. ME. smethe, a level place
[Simon de la Smethe, Close R., Thomas atte Smyethe,
IpM.]. See Athersmith (p. 50) and cf. Smedley,
Smidmore —

" Smeth or smoth, planicies " (Prompt. Paru.).

78 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

Hence also Smee and Smy, dialect forms. All these
are also nicknames from the same word used in the
sense of smooth, hairless [Philip le Smethe, Hund. R.].
So also the compounds Smeathman and Smithett (smeeth
head) may be local or nicknames.

Snaith, Snead. Specific place-names (Yorks and
Wore.), but from AS. snced, a piece of land, from
snithan, to cut, cf . Thwaite from thwitan, to cut. Also
Snee.

Snape. A spring in arable ground, Devon (Hall.).
But the word is quite undocumented, though recorded
as a surname in various parts of England [Henry de
la Snape, Hund. R., Suss., Adam del Snap, Lane. Inq.
1310-33]. It appears also to have been used of winter
pasture. Hence also Snepp. Compounds Harsnip,
Dewsnap, Dew snip.

Snodgmss. This name contains the dial, adjec-
tive snod, smooth, trim.

Splatt. AS. splott, plot of land [William atte
Splotte, Kirby's Quest, Som.] —

" Landsplot, tantillum terras" (Abingdon Chron.).

Hence the compound Collinssplatt.

Spon, Spong, Spun. A long narrow strip of ground,
also found as Spang. Of doubtful origin, but probably
Scandinavian [Liulf del Espaune, Feet of Fines, Line.].
The dialect glossaries assign it to East Anglia.

Spring. A dial, word for wood, plantation [Robert
ad Springe, Ramsey Cart,]. I know several " springs "
in the woods of Bucks. Cf . Goldspring. Qf course the
name may be also from spring in its more usual sense
[Adam de Fonte, Wore. Priory Reg.] ; but it is rarely
taken from the season. The Teutons divided the year

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 79

into Summer and Winter, hence the frequency of these
words as surnames. Still, cf. Fr. Printemps.

Staite. ME. stathe, a landing-place, as in Bicker-
steth. Hence also State, Staight. And, as Bicker-
steth has given Bickerstaff, this local name may be
one origin of Staff. Stay is a modern dial, variant
(EDD.).

/ Staple. A post [Roger Atestaples, City A.]. Gen-
erally Staples.

Stent. A boundary, limit ; probably OF. estente,
extent.

Stile. AS. stigol, a stile, also an ascent. Hence
Styles [Geoffrey atte Stile, City F.], Still, Stillman,
Stiggles [Richard del Stigels, Pat. R.], Steggall, Steggles,
and even Steckles, Stickles [Robert Atstychele, Malmes-
bury Abbey Reg.]. This group of names illustrates a
phenomenon of some importance, viz. that surnames,
and to some extent place-names, form exceptions to
phonetic laws. The rigid phoneticians will say that
the -g- of AS. stigol must disappear (cf. sail from segl).
The answer is that when it becomes a surname, its
development may be arrested and an archaic form may
persist. The home of both Styles and Stickles is Kent
[Robert atte Estyghele, Hund. R., Kent], where they
flourish abundantly side by side. The AS. Stigand
should have become Stiant. It has done so and
exists in the surnames Styants, Styance ; but it also
survives as Stigand, Stiggants, Stiggins, Stickings.
Similarly AS. jugol became fowl, but has also given
the surname Fuggle [Robert le Fugel, Pipe R.], and
Tickler perhaps represents a sharpened form of " the
principal rebel Walter Tighlar " (Stow).

To Style may belong Stoyle (cf. Royle for Ryle), but

80 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

a ship called la Stoyle (Pat. R.) is OF. estoile, star,
and Lestoile is a common French surname.

Stitch, Styche. Dial, stitch, a ridge, a balk of grass-
land in an arable field [Richard Attestyche, Pleas.].
Styche is a good example of the effect on pronuncia-
tion of an archaic spelling.

Stoop. A dial, word for boundary post. Hence also
Stopes, Stopps [William del Stopp, 1379, Bardsley] —

" ' No stopes or rails,' was the cry at the time of the Notts
enclosures of 1825 " (EDD.).

Studd. A variant of Stead, place, dwelling ; cf.
Richard del Pleystude (Glouc. Cart.), i.e. Playsted.

Sturt. AS. steort, tail, as in the bird-name redstart,
used of a tongue of land [William de la Sturte, Hund.
R.]. Hence also Start. Cf. Start Point.

" Boscus qui dicitur stert " (Feet of Fines).

Swale. As this is chiefly a Yorkshire name, we
must assign it to the river (see p. 161, n.). But swale
has also various dial, senses, a valley, a salt-water
channel (between Kent and Sheppey), a pleasant shade,
to one of which probably belongs Tedric atte Suele
(Pipe R.). Hence also Swell.

Swire. ME. swire, neck. The surname Swire may
be a nickname (cf. Neck, p. 135), but is also a dial,
variant of Squire. In ME. swire was also swere and was
evidently used of a " neck " of land. A " bottom "
called " le Swere," " le Sweres," is mentioned in
Malmesbury Abbey Reg. Hence Swears.

Tarn. A mountain lake. Hence Tarnsitt, tarn-side.

Tart. Fr. tertre, a mound, hillock [Emma sur le
Tertre, Leic. Bor. Rec.].

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 81

Thake, Theak. An East Anglian word for thatch. I
have found the name in Suffolk. Cf. the occupative
names Thacker, Theaker, Thackster.

Thay, They. An existing, though rare, surname,
which is amply recorded [Philip atte Thegh, Cust.
Battle Abbey, John de la The, Pat. R.]—

" In la Thegh vi acrae gross! bosci " (Cust, Battle Abbey).

It seems to be identical with Tye, Tey (q.v.), which
is latinized as theia in the Pipe R.

Torr. A west-country word for a rocky hill [Henry
atte Torr, Fine R., Dev., Robert de la Torre, Coram
Rege R. 1297, Corn.]. Hence Hayter, Haytor, Hector,
high tor, and Grinter, green tor [Hugh de Grenetorre,
Chanc. R., Dev.] Pictor, a Somerset name, prob-
ably contains the same element. Torr has another
origin from OF. tor, a bull [Hamo le Tor, Pat. R.,
Gilbert le Tor, City A.].

Trow. A Middle English and dial, form of ' ' trough ' '
[William atte Trowe, Hund. R.}—

" Trow, vessel, alveus, alveolus " (Prompt. Parv.).

This is also one origin of Trew [William Attetrewe de
Bristow, F. of Y.]. The same word is used in the
west of a small barge, in which sense it is still the sign
of an inn at Jackfield (Salop). So the surname may
belong to the same group as Barge, Hoy, etc. (p. 171).
Tuer. A narrow passage or alley [William de la
Tuyere or de laTwyere, Archbp. Romeyn's Reg. 1286-
96]. I am not sure whether Twyer still exists. Tewer,
Tuer has an alternative origin, the Tawyer, or
leather-dresser [Martin le Tawyer, City E.]—

" Tewer of skynnes, candidarius " (Cath. Angl.).

82 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

Tuffill, Tuffield, To field. Dial, tuff old, twofold, a
small shed, " lean-to," pent-house, ME. tofal, also
spelt tuff all. Cf. Nicholas de Apenticio (Fine R.) —

" Tofal, schudde, appendix, appendicium " (Prompt. Parv.).

Tuffill may, however, be equally well derived from
Theophilus [Simon Theonll, F. of Y.].

Twiss, . Twitchen, Twitchell, Twizel. I put these
together because they are no doubt related. They
all contain the idea of a fork or branch. Twiss, un-
recorded by the dictionaries, unless it is the dial.
twitch, a bend in the road, is probably the original of
which the others are derivatives [Hugh del Twys,
Pat. R.]. With excrescent -t it gives Twist. Twitchen
is used in dialect of a narrow passage connecting two
streets [Richard de la Twitchene, Fine R.]. Hence
also Twitching. Twizel, Twissell, Twitchell are AS.
twisla, fork of a stream, as in Entwistle (Lane.),
whence the corrupted surname A nthistle. Birdwhistle is
an imitative spelling of Birtwistle. Elys Bridestwesil
or Britwesil was almoner to John of Gaunt. The first
element is probably " bird."

Tye. An extensive common pasture (Hall.). Also
Tey, Tee [Hugh de la Tye, Hund. R., Adam de la Teye,
Cor am Rege. R. 1297]. Tighe represents an archaic
spelling.

Verge. Possibly in the sense of edge, boundary,
but it may be OF. verge, rood, fourth part of an
acre [Richard de la Verge, Close R.]. Also Varge.

Voce, Vose, Voice, Voase. Fr. Vaux, plural of val,
a valley, but common also as a specific French place-
name [John de Vaus, Lib. Vit.]. This element appears
in a few English place-names, e.g. Rievaulx, whence

DIALECT TOPOGRAPHY 83

Revis, Rivis, and Jervaulx, one origin of Jarvis. With
these cf. Clarvis, from Clairvaux [Albin de Clairvaux,
Ramsey Cart.}.

Vyse, Vize. Of Devizes, once commonly called
" the Vyse " and latinized as Divisce [Richard del Vise,
Exch. R.].

Walne, Wawn. ME. walm, a well, spring.

Waud. Variant of weald or wold [Walter de la
Waude, Pat. R.]. Hence also Weld and Weale, the
final -d of the latter being lost as in Wiles [Stephen de
la Wile, Pat. R.] from the related Wild—

" A franklin in the wild of Kent " (i Henry IV. ii. i).

The Weald of Sussex is also called the Wild. Hence
the name Wildish 1 and the imitative Wildash.

Waylett, Waylat. AS. weg-gelcztu, place where two
or more roads meet [Cecily de la Weylete, Chart. R.] —

" Sche sat in the weelot, var. place of two weyes, that ledith to
Tampna " (Wye. Gen. xxxviii. 14).

Way the, Wath, Wathes. ON. vathr, a ford, once
fairly common as second element in place-names, but
now usually replaced by -with, -worth, e.g. Langworth
(Leic.) was Langwath in the thirteenth century.
Similarly -wade, a ford, its native cognate, has inter-
changed with -wood, so that Braidwood may sometimes
be identical in meaning with Bradford [Reginald de
Braidewad, Pipe R.].

Wham, Whan. Possibly from AS. hwamm, a corner
[William atte WThaune, Cust. Battle Abbey]. Cf. dial.
wham, a morass.

1 Cf. Devenish, from Devon, Kentish, etc.

84 SOME LOCAL SURNAMES

Wish. A damp meadow, marsh, common in old
Sussex field-names. Hence Whish, which may, how-
ever, be for Hewish, Huish, AS. hiwisc, a homestead —

" 'Help yourself, Mr. Whish, and keep the bottle by you.'
'My friend's name is Huish, not Whish, sir,' said the captain."
(Stevenson and Osbourne, The Ebbtide.)

With. ON. vithr, wood, once common in place-
names, e.g. Asquith (ash). It has interchanged with
wath (q.v.), and, like that element, has paid tribute
to -worth, e.g. Askworth, Ashworth.1 Also Wythe.

Wong. A meadow, AS. wang. There are several
" wongs " in old maps of Nottingham. Compound
Wetwan [Thomas de Wetewange, Archbp. Peckham's
Let. 1279-92]. Identical with ON. vangr, as in Stavan-
ger—

" Wong of lond, territorium " (Prompt. Parv.).

Woodfine, Woodfin. A wood-heap, fairly common in
Anglo-Saxon, now only surviving as a surname —

" Strues, wudefine " (Voc.).

Wroe. ME. wra, nook, corner [John in the Wro,
Pat. R.]. It has usually become Wray [Thomas del
Wray, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285], and has given a num-
ber of north-country names in -wra, -wray, -ra, -ray,
-ry, etc., e.g. Doowra (dove), Thackwray, Thackeray
(thatch), Rothera (ME. r other, cattle), Cawthra, Cawthry,
Whinray, Winnery, etc. It has also contributed to
Rowe and, indirectly, to Rose 8 [Simon ithe Rose, Pat.
R., Yorks]. Hence the Staffordshire name Durose for
del Wros, and the Lincolnshire Benrose, Bemrose, Bem-

1 In both of these the -worth is, of course, sometimes original.
* Cf. Ruse from Rew (p. 72).

CURIOUS SURVIVALS 85

roose, in which the first element in probably " bean."
Here may belong the Yorkshire name Ringrow, Ring-
rose. Wroe may also sometimes be the second element
of Morrow, as " le Murwra" (Cumb.) is mentioned in
IpM., and of Woodrow, Wither ow, the latter having
the Norse with (p. 84) for Eng. wood. With Bithray
cf. Bid-lake, etc. (p. 52).

There are some local surnames which are of obvious
origin, but whose rarity makes them interesting.
Such are Cowmeadow, Farmmedows, Forresthill, Ozier-
brook, Monument, Marthouse l (market-house), Ground-
water, Bullwinkle, the bull's corner (cf. Bulpitf), Leap-
ingwell, evidently from some pool associated with the
old ceremony of leaping the well —

" Leaping the well, going through a deep and noisome pool on
Alnwick Moor, called the Freemen's Well, a sine qua non to the
freedom of the borough " (Hall.).

I do not know whether the name of the famous
Whig pamphleteer Oldmixon still survives. It is a
compound of the dial, mixen, a dunghill —

" Futnier, a mixen, dunghill, heape of dung " (Cotg.).

1 Mart is more probably short for Martin.

CHAPTER IV

THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES

" ' Where d'you live ? ' I demanded.

' Brugglesmith,' was the answer " (KIPLING).

THE connection of a surname with a specific place-
name is often obscured by considerable difference of
form and sound. Sometimes the surname preserves
the contracted local pronunciation familiar only to the
inhabitants of the district. Such are Aram, Arum
(Averham, Notts), Anster l (Anstruther, Fife), Littler
(Littleover, Derb.), Wyndham (Wymondham, Norf.),
Rowell (Rothwell, Northants), Startin (Staverton,
Northants), Sneezum (Snettisham, Norf.), Bmtin (Bris-
lington, Som.),Badgery (Badgeworthy, Glouc.), Roster
(Wroxeter, Salop) . These examples, taken at random,
can be largely added to 2 by any reader according to
the district with which he is acquainted. In the
above cases the local distribution of the surnames
confirms the origin indicated, e.g. I have found Roster
only in Salop. So also Finbow, found in Lincolnshire
as Fenbough, is now chiefly represented at Stowmarket
(Suff .) within two miles of its birthplace (Finborough).

1 Hence also, I suppose, Ansterbervy, the borough of Anstruther.

2 For instance, I have no doubt that the Devon name Widgery
is from Wid worthy in that county, while Essery is for Axworthy,
the " ash homestead."

86

CONTRACTIONS AND ECCENTRICITIES 87

Often enough the surname has got back to the actual
locality from which it was taken on the emigration of
the ancestor, e.g. there are people called Freshney
living at Friskney (Line.). Sometimes such contrac-
tions are made from local names which have not become
specific place-names, e.g. Timblick for Timberlake.
The contracted pronunciation of local names in Saint
is a familiar phenomenon.1 Some interesting examples
of French origin are Cinnamond or Sinnamon, from
Saint-Amant, Cemery from Saint-Mary, Savigar from
Saint- Vigor [Thomas de Sancto Vigore,8 Fine R.],
and Santler from Saint-Helier [Roger de Seinteller,
Testa de Nev.].

Sometimes the local pronunciation or later perver-
sion appears to be simply eccentric, e.g. Stuckey
(Stiffkey, Norf.), Escreet (Escrick, Yorks), Orlebar
(Orlingbury, Northants). Occasionally the surname
preserves an archaic form,' e.g. Hockenhall (Huck-
nall, Notts), Keyhoe (Kew, Surrey), Staveley (Staley
Bridge, Chesh.), or represents a correct and natural
development of a place-name which has become ortho-
graphically perverted, e.g.Sapsworth (Sawbridgeworth,4
Herts). Tyrwhitt is the older form of Trewhitt
(Nor thumb.), and Trask of Thirsk (Yorks). Shrosbree
is evidently more phonetic than Shrewsbury, and
Linkin is a fair attempt at Lincoln.

1 Are Smiles and Smirke from St. Miles and St. Mark ? To the
latter we certainly owe Seamark.

8 Of Saint- Vigor (Manche and elsewhere). From the personal
name Vigor come our Vigors, Vigers [Ely Viger, Fine R.].

3 Or even an obsolete name, e.g. some of the Dunnetts come from
Launceston, the earlier name of which was Dunheved.

4 Etymologically the " worth," or homestead, of Sebert, AS.
Sacbeorht. Hence the surname Sawbridge.

88 THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES

As a rule, the further a local surname wanders from
its home, the more it becomes distorted. Perhaps no
name of this class has a greater number of forms than
Birkenshaw, birch wood, also spelt Berkenshaw, Bur-
kenshaw, Burkinshear, Bircumshaw. With the common
change l of t for k it becomes Bertenshaw, Birtenshaw,
Burtonshaw, and even Buttonshaw. Metathesis gives
Briggenshaw (cf. Brickett for Birkett or Birkhead),
Bruckshaw, and finally Brokenshire. There are prob-
ably many other variants. The substitution of -shire
for -shaw is also seen in Blackshire and Kirbyshire
(kirk bye shaw), while we have the opposite change in
Wilshaw. Both are unoriginal in Scrimshaw, Skrim-
shire, the " skirmisher," or fencing master. Shire
itself has many variants, which are, however, easily
recognized, e.g. Lankshear, Willsher, Hamshar, etc., and
Upcher, from Upshire (Ess.). A phonetic change
which is rather the opposite of the usual tendency is
the change of shaw to shall in Backshallt Upshall,
Ringshall.

Other examples of the corruption of north-country
names are Barraclough, from a spot near Clitheroe,
which becomes Barrowdiff in Notts and reaches
London as Berrycloth and Berecloth (cf. Faircloth for
Fair dough) ; Carruthers, a Dumfries village, which gives
Carrodus, Crothers, Cruddas, etc. in the north of
England, and in the south sometimes Crowdace ; Blen-
karne (Cumb.), whence Blenkiron, Blenkin, Blinkhorn',
Birchenough (hough, a hill), found in East Anglia as
Bicheno, Beechner ; and of course the -thwaite names,
e.g. Branwhite (Bran thwaite, Cumb.), Michadwaite

1 Cf. Kirtland for Kirkland, a common north-country place'
name.

IMITATIVE CORRUPTIONS 89

(Micklethwaite), Posselwhite (Postlethwaite), Mussel-
white, Kibblewhite, and even Whitewhite. Frequently
-wood has been substituted in the south for this uncouth
ending, e.g. Thistlethwaite is the original form of Thistle-
wood, for the first means the clearing or open land
where thistles grow and the second makes no sense.
The simple Thwaite appears also as Twaite, Twite,1
Dwight, Thoyts.

Occasionally the perversion of a local surname is
due to the imitative instinct, e.g. Stmwbridge, Strow-
bridge for Stourbridge (Wore.), but many names
which look as though they belonged to this class, e.g.
Barnacle, Clown, Hartshorn* Stirrup ,* (Styrrup, Notts),
Unthank, Winfarthing, are genuine place-names re-
corded in the Gazetteer. A very slight change of
spelling is often rather disconcerting, e.g. Wincer
(Windsor), Farnorth (Farnworth), and occasionally we

1 Cf. Crostwight (Norf.), " cross thwaite." There is, however, a
dial, twite, meaning a kind of linnet.

a Here the suffix is horn, a nook of land (p. 64) ; cf . Hearne, Hum,
etc. But some of the -horn names are probably also nicknames.
Such are Greenhorn, Langhorn, Rouhorn (rough), Whitehorn [MarkWy-
thorn, Hund. R.]. In the medieval play of Cain and Abel (Towne»
ley Mysteries) Cain's seven horses are Greynehorne, Whitehorne,
Gryme, Mall, Morell, Stott, and Lemyng, every one of which is
now a surname. Leeming [William Leming, Hund. R.] is the present
participle of the obsolete learn, to shine —

" Radieux, radiant, shining, glittering, blazing, flaring, learning,
full of beames " (Cotg.).

3 In the year 1280 occurs the name of Richard Stirrappe (Archbp.
Wickwane's Reg.}, the form of the entry, and the agreement of the
spelling with the Middle English form of stirrup, suggesting a nick-
name. But it is merely an early instance of a wrong entry. Richard
was a Notts man, and the Archbishop's clerk, unacquainted with
the little Notts hamlet, took the local name for a nickname and
omitted the de, a good example of the care that has to be exercised
in drawing conclusions from old records.

9o THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES

come across alterations of the most violent kind, such
as Vicker staff, a well-established Lancashire surname,
which apparently belongs to Bickerstaffe.

In fact, local surnames are, when once they stray
from their habitat, most subject of all to corruption.
The immigrant possessed of a baptismal or occupative
name would generally find it accepted in his new
surroundings without much change, and, if his nick-
name were unfamiliar, he would soon be provided with
a new one ; but the man who tried to teach his new
Midland or East Anglian neighbours the name of the
Northumbrian village by which he had hitherto been
known, would be very much in the position of the
medieval Baskerville or Blondeville, whose descend-
ants have now become, not only Baskwell and
Bloomfield, but even Pesterfield and Blunderfield.
The existence of a well-known town serves in some
cases to normalize the spelling of a common surname.
We do not, for instance, find many variants of York
or Sheffield, but a place-name which has failed to
develop into a specific settlement is especially subject
to variation. In Lancashire documents there are
several references to Gosfordsich [Walter de Gose-
fordsiche, Lane. InqJ], i.e. the " sich " (see p. 76) by
the " goose ford," a name which now exists as Gors-
tidge, Gostige, Gossage, Gostick, Gorsuch.

The suffix portion of local names varies in bewilder-
ing fashion. We find -wood, -worth, -with (Norse for
-wood), -wade, a ford, -thwaite, constantly interchanging,
not only with each other, but also with the -ward of
Anglo-Saxon personal names and with the adverbial
-ward. Thus the common names Norwood, Southwood,
Eastwood, Westwood are sometimes for names in -ward

DISGUISED ENDINGS 91

[Robert a Westward or de la West, Hund. R,]. In
fact -wood in surnames is generally to be regarded
with caution, e.g. Stallwood is simply a perversion of
the nickname " stalworth " or "stalwart." On the
other hand, Homeward is an alteration of Homewood,
for Holmwood, ME. holm, a holly.

Yate, i.e. gate, is well disguised in Boyeatt (bow, an
arch, town gate), Ditcheatt, Rowatt [Robert de la
Rougate, Hund. R.], Windeatt (wynd, an alley),
Whiddett, Widdeatt (Woodgate x) ; Burnyeatt has in
Scottish the special meaning of small watercourse.
Gate itself, whether meaning gate or street, is not at
once recognised in Norkett (north gate), Forget, Forkett
(fore gate), Claggitt, Cleggeti (clay gate), Foskett (foss
gate), Poskitt (Postgate), Sloggett, Sluggett (slough gate).
To these may be added Felgate, for field gate [Robert
de Fildegate, Pat. R.] and Falgate, Folgate, for fall
gate [Peter de le Falgate, Hund. R.], the latter mean-
ing a gate across a high-road.

We have a large number of surnames in -fitt, which
may represent -field, -foot, or -ford, e.g. M or fitt, Murfitt
(moor field or moor foot ?), Belfitt (Belfield or Belford ?),
Breffitt (brae foot), Brumfitt (Broomfield), Rumfitt (Rom-
ford), Wei fitt (Welford). So also we find Kerfoot for
Kerfield (Peebles), Playfoot for Playford (Suff.), Fifoot
for Fifield (see p. 128, n. 3), Linfoot for Linford, etc.

One of the most interesting cases of suffix change is
the confusion between -cock and -cote, -cott, a confusion
that we find already in the Rolls. Grewcock, Growcock,
Groocock, Grocott, Groucutt, Growcoit all spring from

1 Whiddett may also be for Woodhead. In fact this group is
easily confused with that of local names in -head (p. 128, n. i.).
There is not much difference between Ditchett and Ditcheatt.
8

92 THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES

an original of the same type as the nicknames Pea-
N cock, Woodcock, and represent ME. grew-cok, from
Fr. grue, a crane [Henry Grucok, Cal. Gen., Gerard
la Grue, Fine R.]. On the other hand, Ellicock,
Elcock, possibly dims, of Ellis, may also be for Ellicott,
from Elcot (Berks), formerly Ellecotte (Chart. R.).
The derivation of these names is, however, complicated
by the existence of Elacota la Regrateresse (City
B.) and William Alicot (Pat. R.), the latter of whom
may also be responsible for some of the apparently
local Alcotts, Aucutts, etc. To get back to firmer ground,
the Oxfordshire name Didcock is certainly from Didcot
(Berks), Slocock is for " slough cote/' Woolcock for
Woolcott (Som.), and Bulcock for Bulcott (Notts).
Even Peacock is sometimes an alteration of the common
Fr. Picot [Nicholas Pikot or Pyekoc, City A.]. Chil-
cock is for Chilcote, and Peter de la Polecok (Testa de
Nev.) should be " pool cot/' while Robert Balkoc or
Barkoc or Balkot (Cal. Gen.) shows how early the two
endings were confused. Moorcock, which might be
identical with Murcott (moor cote), is certified as a
nickname by Martin Morkoc (Testa de Nev.) and by
the existence of Morehen. Heathcock is also a nickname
[Walter Hathecok, Hund. R.]. Among genuine com-
pounds of -cote the most interesting is Caldecote, with
a very large number of variants, such as Coldicott, Goldi-
cott, Calcott, Cawcutt, and Corkitt \ Cf. with these Adam
de Caldesete (Bp. Kellawe's Reg.) ; see Seed (p. 73).

Another deceptive ending is -acre, a field, as in
Hardacre, Hardaker, Har dicker. Its compounds are
less simple than they look, e.g. Oldacre, sometimes
equivalent to Old field, represents more often the ME.
alder car, a " car," or marshy waste, overgrown with

COMPOUNDS OF -ACRE 93

alders. This is of frequent occurrence in Middle
English, and is still used in dialect in the form
owdaker —

" Aleyr keyr, alnetum " (Prompt. Parv.).

" All the londs, merys, marysses, alderkars " (Will, 1484).

With Oldacre cf. Older shaw, the " alder shaw," and
the still earlier form in Ollerhcad, Ollerenshaw [John del
Holerinchawe, 1332], and Lightollers,1 Lightowler.
Whittaker, which represents not only " white acre " (cf.
Whit field), but also "wheat acre" and "wet acre/'
is also sometimes a -car name [Adam de Whitekar,
Lane. Court R. 1323-4]. Four acre, Foweraker looks
simple enough, but may very well come from the dialect
foreacre, headland of a ploughed field, whence certainly
Farraker. The well-known Lancashire name Stirzaker,
Sturzaker, less commonly Steriker, is a genuine -acre
name, the first element being ME. steor, a steer, bull.
In Dunnaker the first element may be dun, a hill, or
dun, brown. Waddicar, Waddicker is from a spot in
Lancashire formerly known as Wedacre. In Waraker
the first element is Domesday wara,* an outlying por-
tion of a manor. This is further corrupted into
Warwicker, a name which has been assimilated to
Warwick by imitative spelling. Half -acre was used
in Middle English for any small piece of ground ; cf .
Halfhide (p. 128, n. 3). Part of Brentford High Street
is still called the Halfacre. Ranacre, Ranigar, Runacres
seem to represent the Anglo-Saxon name Rsefengar,
raven spear.

1 Cf . with this Lightbirkes, a Northumberland shieling mentioned
in the Fine R.

1 On this important word see Round's Feudal England (p. 115).

94 THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES

Among names compounded from trees the oak
easily takes first place. Most villages have, or at any
rate had, before the devastating effects of enlighten-
ment were really felt, an old oak, gallows oak, haunted
oak, or some other oak out of the common. In com-
pounds the word often becomes -ack, -ick, -ock, -uck,
and in some of the following examples the identifica-
tion is more or less conjectural. Whiteoak, Whittock,
Whitlick, and Greenoak [Thomas de Greneayk, F. of
Y.] are simple cases, also Shurtock, Shorrock, Sharrocks
[Herbert de Schirhoc, Fine R.]-^-

" Shire oak, an oak tree marking the boundary of a shire or a
meeting-place for a shire court " (NED.).

Holy oak, Holly oak may represent both the " holly " or
"holm" oak, i.e. the evergreen oak, and the "holy
oak " or " gospel oak " at the parish boundary where
the procession stopped for the reading of the gospel
when " beating the bounds" —

" Dearest, bury me
Under that holy oke, or gospel tree "

(Herrick, To Anthea).

Coppock, Coppack may be for " copped/' i.e. polled,
oak, for the earliest example of the word "cop" in the
NED. is " coppede ac." Bantock, Bantick is for " bent
oak" ; cf. Adam del Crokedaik (IpM.), and Cmmmock,
Cromack, crump, i.e. crooked, oak, Cammack, from
dial, cam, crooked. But the last three names may
be dims, of crum and cam used as nicknames. In
Brideoke, Briddock, the first element is probably ME.
brid, bird, while Triphook, Trippick may be for

THE ENDINGS -THORP AND -WlCH 95

"thorp1 oak" (v.i.). There is also the classical
example of Snook, Snooks, from Sevenoaks, not neces-
sarily always the place in Kent so called, for a spot
called the " seven oaks" is mentioned in the Abingdon
Chronicle. The intermediate Sinnocks also survives,
and I find that John Hardyng, of Senock, Kent, was
indicted for horse stealing in 1551. Snake is probably
the same name. In Buckoke we have the name of
some famous trysting oak of medieval hunters.

Another word that assumes very numerous variant
forms when used as a suffix is -thorp* e.g. Hilldrop,
Guntrip, Westrope, Redrup, Gilstrap, Winthrop, etc.
Whatrup, which looks as though it belonged to the same
class, is an illiterate alteration of Wardrop [Thomas de
la Wardrobe, Hund. R.]. Hurst, a wood, is slightly
disguised in Fairest, Greenist, Everest. The last name,
of reposeful appearance, belongs almost exclusively
to Kent [Tenentes de Everherst, Hund. R., Kent].
The prefix is AS. eofor, a boar, common as first
element in place-names. Wich, a dwelling, as in
Norwich, has, as a suffix, often assumed the deceptive
form -age, e.g. Swanage (Dors.) is Swanewic in the
AS. Chronicle. Similarly Colledge represents Colwich
(Staff.), and Stoneage, Woodage, Middleage, Winterage,
which suggest epochs of civilization and of human life,
also contain the ending -wich. Curiously enough, from
the alternative -wick we get the equally deceptive
Middleweek, while Nunweek is of course Nunwick
(Northumb.).

1 Browning has " The glowing triphook, thumbscrews and the
gadge " (Soul's Tragedy, i. 332), but two out of the three instru-
ments are ghost-words.

* See examples in Baddeley's Gloucestershire Place-Names (p. x).

96 THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES

But hardly any suffix is so well represented as the
simple word house. We have from it many quite
obvious compounds, e.g. Newhouse and Whitehouse,
and others whose survival is interesting, such as Ale-
house,1 Barkhouse, i.e. tan-house, Duekhouse, Dyhouse,
Porthouse (gate-house), Sainthouse, Seedhouse, Tap-
house, Woolhouse, together with the somewhat dis-
guised Felthouse (field). Childerhouse, though not in
the NED., presumably means orphanage [John de
la Chyldrehus, Chart. R.] ; cf. Children [John Atte-
children, Pat. R.] and Fr. Auxenfants (p. 280). The
well-known Suffolk Aldhouse is generally an imita-
tive form of a personal name Aldus, well recorded
in the Rolls [Nicholas f. Aldus, Close R., Aldus
Waveloc, Hund. R.]; it is also found as Aldus, AUoust
Aldis, Awdas, etc.

But often -house as a suffix is changed into -ows, -ers,
or -as, -ess, -is, -os, -us, e.g. Bellows, Churchers, Dyas,
Portess,* Burdis, Stannus, Stannas, Stannis, all obvious
except Burdis (Burdas, Burdus), which may be for
" bird-house," or for Bordeaux. Bellows has a variant
Billows, and Windows 8 is probably for Windus, i.e.
wynd-house. Meadows is sometimes for " mead
house," whence also Meadus. Other examples in -ers
are Duckers and Drakers, Smithers, Smeathers (see
Smeeth, p. 77), Sailers, Charters (charter-house), Slathers
(ME. slalhe, landing-place), Parkers, J ewers,' Childers

1 The two bearers of this name in the Lond. Dir. (1843) are both
publicans.

8 This may be for Porteous (p. 156), but it is quite possible that
the latter name is sometimes altered from Porthouse.

3 Cf., however, the French name Lafenestre.

* Cf. the Jew-house at Lincoln, said to be the oldest inhabited
building in England.

COMPOUNDS OF -HOUSE 97

(for Child erhouse, v.s.), Hillers, Boggers, Suthers. We
have something similar to these forms in Janders,
which actually represents the heroic Chandos [Robert
de Jaundos, Lib. R.].

Examples of the other endings are Dyas, Hallas,
Hollas or Wholehouse, for " hole house," Dallas (dale),
Beddis, Biddis, from AS. bedhus, chapel, the origin of
the common Welsh place-name Bettws and, sometimes,
of the name Bed-does [John del Bettis, Nott. BOY. Rec.].
With Bullas [Simon de la Bulehouse, Fine R.] cf.
Ramus and Coultas, Cowtas, Coultish. Brockis is
for Brookhouse, Nunniss for Nunhouse, Roddis for
" royd-house," from the northern royd, clearing, or
for " rood-house." Charteris is for Charterhouse, an
imitative corruption of Chartreuse. For Millhouse we
have Mellers, Mellis [Richard de Mellus, Chart. R.],
and even Millist, the latter with an excrescent -/ as
in Middlemist for Middlemiss (Michaelmas) ; cf.
Bonus, Bonest, for " bone-house," i.e. charnel-house.
I am not sure whether Porterhouse still exists, but
Pendrous, Pendriss is for " pender-house," the Fender
being the same as the Pinder or Pounder. Malthus,
Brewis,1 Cottis, Loftus, Lowas, Lowis, Newis are ob-
vious. With Boggis cf. Finnis [William del Fenhus,
Hund. R., Suff.], and Cams, Car ass, Caress, from
car, a marsh (see p. 93). Harkus is for "hawk-
house," as Barker is for Hawker. Fawcus, Falkous
suggest early shortened forms of Falconas, but are
more probably variants of the personal names Fawkes
(falco), as -«s for -es is common in some Middle English

1 Possibly also one of the many variants of Bruce ; Alan del
Breuhous (Pat. R.) confirms the first derivation, but John de Brew-
ouse (Close R.) might be for either,

98 THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES

texts. With Falconas goes Mewis, from " mew," in
its original sense of a cage for hawks.1

Wortos contains the archaic " wort," vegetable. In
Pettus we have the Kentish Pelt, for Pitt. With Crannis
[Richard de Cranehous, Pat. R.] cf. Duckers. Barkis
was an East Anglian name long before Dickens [Alfred
de Barkhus, Pat. R., Suff .]. Barrass may be for " bar
house," the house at the entrance' to a town (cf. Gatus),
or from the obsolete barrace, a barrier or outwork of
a fortress, whence the French name Barras. Baylas is
for " bail-house " (see Bale, p. 53), and the very common
Bayliss must also sometimes belong here. Burrus is
" bower-house " and Burrows may sometimes have the
same origin. Day us is still used in dialect for a dairy
(see Day, p. 233), and Adam del Cheshus (Hund. R.)
suggests that Buttress may sometimes represent
"butter-house." The Lincolnshire Govis is perhaps
connected with the dial, verb to gove or goave, i.e.
to store corn in a barn, whence the occupative Gover,
Govier. Copus [Thomas del Cophous, Fine R.] may
be the house on the " cop," or hill, or the house with
the pointed roof, like the " copped hall " of the City
which still survives in Copthall Buildings. Names of
the type here dealt with are especially common in the
north and the Roll of the Freemen of York has many
early examples of them. The above list is far from
complete. Circus perhaps belongs to the same group,
though I can suggest no origin for it. Lewtas is
probably connected with AS. hleow, shelter (see Lew).
Wyclif has the inverted houselewth. Dwerryhouse,
formerly also Dwarryhouse, means " dwarf house " —

" No dwery is but lyke a gyaunt longe " (Lidgate).
1 On the origin of our " mews " see my Romance of Words, p. 120.

COMPOUNDS OF -LAND 99

The compounds of -land l offer no phonetic difficulty,
but include some names of antiquarian interest, and
others of deceptive aspect. Olland, old land, is still
used in Norfolk and Suffolk for land that has lain
some time fallow. Buckland a is etymologically " book
land," i.e. land held by written charter. Headland is
not necessarily a cape —

" Headland, that which is ploughed overthwart at the ends of the
other lands " (Worlidge, Diet. Rust. 1681).

The Scottish term is Headrigg (ridge) . Frankland, AS.
Francland, was used in ME. for France. Eastland was
applied specifically to the Baltic countries [Eremon
de Estland, Hund. R., Godeschalke de Estlaund, ib.],
and Norland, Westland, Southland may also refer
to large geographical areas. Britland once meant
Wales. The Devon name Yalland, Yelland, Yol-
land contains the adj. yald, a West Saxon form of old
[John de la Yaldelonde, Hund. R., Dev.]. Mark-
land was originally a division of land of the annual
value of a mark. The surname has an alternative
origin from mark, a boundary. In Trueland the
adjective has the archaic sense of good, suitable,
genuine. Cf. Truefitt, where the suffix is probably
field (p. 91). Both Freeland and Goodland are some-
times personal names [Hugh Freeland, Hund. R.,
Hugh Godland, ib.]. They would be AS. Frithuland
or Freoland, and Godland, names which are not given

1 But it should be remembered that the ending -land often repre-
sents ME. laund, open country, F. lande, a moor.

2 Like all place-names in Buck-, it may also have to do with
either bucks or beech trees.

ioo THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES

by Searle, although the elements of which they con-
sist are copiously attested. Other -land names cor-
rupted from personal names are Checkland, for Checklin,
a variant of Jacklin [Ranulf Jaklin, Pat. R.], Jose-
land, for Jocelyn [Joselan de Nevill, Yorks Fines,
temp. John], and Candeland [Kandelan de Slyne,
Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285], more usually Candlin,
from Gandelyn.

Many apparent compounds of -way are from AS.
personal names in -wig (p. 37). Genuine local com-
pounds are Birkway (birch), Buckaway (AS. hoc,
beech), Salway, Selway * (AS. sealh, willow), Rodaway
(road), Narraway, etc. Carroway is probably for
Garroway, from Garway (Herel). Faraway is from
Farway (Dev.), with the -a- which is characteristic of
Devon names (see Greenaway, p. 76, n.}. The Dorset
Samways was formerly (1517) Samwise, which seems
to point clearly to AS. samwis,* dull-witted, lit. half
wise. Jennerway is one of the many variants of
Janways, the Genoese. Jackways shows the the old
dissyllabic pronunciation of Jacques —

" The melancholy Ja-ques grieves at that "

(As You Like It, ii. i).

Spurway seems to be a phrase-name, the native equiva-
lent of Pickavance (p. 268), and I should assign a like
origin to Harkaway, though the NED. has no early
record of the phrase. Cf. Rumbelow, no doubt a nick-

1 This even is dubious. It may be AS. Selewig [Richard Salewy,
Wore. Priory Reg.].

a This sam still survives in the perverted " sand-blind " and
some dialect expressions.

THE CORRUPTION OF LOCAL SURNAMES 101

name for a sailor. Stephen Romylowe was Constable
of Nottingham Castle in 1355—

" Your maryners shall synge arowe
Hey how and rumby lowe "

(Squire of Low Degree).

CHAPTER V

SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

" Sitot entre, le premier moutardier salua d'un air galant et se
dirigea vers le haut perron ou le Pape 1'attendait pour lui remettre
les insignes de son grade : la cuiller de buis jaune et 1'habit de
safran " (ALPHONSE DAUDET).

BESIDES the large number of occupative surnames of
obvious meaning (Draper, Fuller, Singer, etc.) and
those which, though a little more difficult to trace
(Gardner, Latimer, Pitcher, etc.), have a well-docu-
mented history and have not got far from dictionary
forms, there are a good many names of somewhat
rare occurrence or of deceptive appearance, of which
I propose to give here a selection. Many of them
present no difficulty, but their survival seems
interesting. First it must be noted that many sur-
names in -er, suggesting an occupation or a habit, do
not belong to this class at all. Some of them are
Anglo-Saxon personal names, e.g. Asker, Asher, Asser,
AS. jEschere, Fricker, AS. Frithugar, Hollier, Hull-
yer, AS. Holdgar [William f. Holdegar, Pipe R.~\,
Ringer,1 AS. Regengar [Richard Reynger, Chart. R.].
Diver and Ducker are no doubt nicknames, both
words being used of various kinds of diving birds,

1 Possibly also for Bellringer, or even for " wringer " [John le
Wringer, Fine R.] ; but Ringer is still a font-name in Norfolk.

102

NAMES IN -ER 103

while the two surnames are found especially in the
fen-country. Diver has been a Cambridge name smce
1273 [Gunnilda Divere, Hund. R., Camb.], while Ducker
is common in Lincolnshire. Cf. William Plungun
(Nott. Bor. Rec.) and Fr. Leplongeon —

" Plongeon, the water-fowle called a ducker " (Cotg.).

Duckering, also a Lincolnshire name, is local, the
" ing " frequented by " duckers " ; cf. Ravening
(p. 64). Dipper, which looks as if it belonged to the
same class as Diver and Ducker, is local, of Ypres
[John de Ipre, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285]. Diaper 1 is
a variant. The same place has given the Scotch name
Wiper, Wypers, and the medieval Ypre, locally
"Wipers," Tower of Rye reminds us of the connection
between the Cinque Ports and Flanders. Thus history
repeats itself.8

Many names in -er are from specific place-names,
e.g. Docker (Lane.), Hever (Kent), Laver (Ess.), and

1 The old etymologists also derived, though wrongly, the material
called diaper from Ypres.

8 A chapter could be written on war-maps and surnames. If
we follow to-day (Feb. 28, 1916), as the great struggle for Verdun
is proceeding, the sketch-map in the Times from Nieuport to that
fortress, we see to the immediate east and west of the allied line,
as we go through the country of the Flemings, Pickards, Champneys,
Lorings, and Burgoynes, the original homes of the families of
Bethune, Lyle, Dowey, Aris, Amy as, Cambrey (Kembery, Gambray)
Noon (Noyon), Sessions (Soissons), Reames, Challen, Vardon, to note
the chief places only. Armentieres ought to be represented, for it
is very common in the Rolls, and John Darmentiers was sheriff
of London in 1300. All the above are amply attested and there
are many variants. A little farther south the famous salient of
Saint-Mihiel reminds us of the popular form of Michael, which has
given us Mighill, My hill, Miall, and is the chief source of Miles.
With the intermediate Higgles cf. Span. Miguel.-

104 SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

others represent the local or vulgar pronunciation,
which is very fond of substituting -er for a more dis-
tinctive ending. Such are Laidler (Laidlaw), Powner
(Pownall), Pepler (Peplow), Scatter (Scottow), Crafer
(Cray ford), Stanner (Stanhoe), Snusher (Snowshill),
Bearder (Beardall *), Priestner (Priestnall *), Hensher
(Henshaw), Brister (Bristow, i.e. Bristol) —

" Nunk ! did ever I tell thee o* my Brister trip,
Ta zee Purnce Albert an' the gurt irn ship ? "

(John's Account of his Trip to Bristol, 1843).

With this cf. Brisker for Briscoe. All the above
place-names also exist as surnames in their more correct
form.

So also Mesher is for Measure, which, in its turn, is
Fr. masure, a hovel, tumble-down dwelling ; cf. Fr.
Desmasures. The Yorkshire name Greaser, Creazer
appears to be for cress-over, where over, which regularly
becomes -er in compounds,8 is an archaic word for bank
[John de la Cressovere, Close R.]. Stopper is a variant
of Stopher, for Christopher, Mailer is the Welsh name
Meyler [Mayelor Seysenek, i.e. the Sassenach, Exch.
CaL], or, as a Scotch surname, means a payer of rent,
and Hinder is the comparative of hind, courteous, a
later form of ME. hend —

" As hinde as an hogge
And kinde as any dogge "

(Skeltonica).

Cf. such names as Elder, Richer, Younger, and even
Better (p. 323).

1 Neither name is in the Gazetteer. They represent small spots
in -heal (p. 62), probably the " priest's heal " and the " bird heal."
1 As in Greener from green- over.

DOMESTIC NAMES 105

The multiplicity of occupative names is largely due
to the infinite differentiation of functions in the
Middle Ages. Nowhere is this more apparent than in
the names derived from domestic office. We even find
the name Household, with which we may compare
Fr. Menage. In a fifteenth-century Courtesy Book1^
we find precise directions as to the duties of each Sar-
vant, viz. the Marshall, Groom, Usher, Steward, Panter,
Ewer, Sewer, Cook, Squire, Yeoman, Amner, Carver,
Waiter, Gentleman, Page, Porter, Butler ; and several '
of these genera were further subdivided into species.
Other names of the same type are Chamberlain and
Seneschal, the latter also corrupted to Scnskell and
Sensicall. The Storer, Storrar [John the Storiere, Pat.
R.] was also the convent treasurer. And there were,
of course, a number of assistants to each of the digni-
taries mentioned above, e.g. the Cook had the help
of the Sculler, Squiller, S killer [John le Squiller, City
E.] in the " squillery " or scullery, and of the Skeemer
[Richard le Skymere, Cal. Gen.} and Easier in the more
delicate processes of his art. A more responsible
office was that of the Guster, or taster [Robert le
Gustur, Fine R.]. Jester is also a surname, but the
ancestor was not necessarily a buffoon—

" Of alle maner of mynstrales,
And gestiours that tellen tales "

(Chaucer, House of Fame, iii. 107).

In many cases the official bore the name of his realm,
e.g. Chambers appears as de la Chambre,2 so that

1 "A generall Rule to teche every man that is willynge for to
lerne to serve a lorde or mayster in every thyng to his plesure"
(ed. Chambers, EETS. 1914).

* Cf . Roger atte Bedde, king's yeoman (Close R.}.

io6 SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

corresponding to the above names we find not only
the obvious Kitchen and the rather uncommon Draw-
bridge, but also many less simple names. The Mar-
shalsea l was originally a court which had jurisdiction
over the royal household ; the name is also found as
Marshallsay. With the Usher, Rusher, is connected
Hush, Fr. huts, a door, and also Lush [Thomas de
le Uisse, Hund. R.] and Lusher [Geoffrey le Ussher or
Lussher, Lib. Cust. Lond.]. Witcher, Whitcher are
variants of the same name [Richard le Wicher, Feet of
Fines}. The Panter, now sometimes Panther, has also
given the name Pantrey [John de la Paneterye, Pleas],
while Lewry, Lury, from the office of Ewer, even sur-
vives as the fuller Delhuary. Cf . also Lewer and Lower
[Robert Lewer or le Ewer, IpM.]. Spence, from the
" dispense," or store-room, is also found as Expence
[Ralph de Expensa, Bp. Kellawe's Reg.]. With Cook
is connected John de la Cusyn (City F.), possibly now
represented by Cushion, Gushing, which run parallel
in Norfolk. With the Amner, or almoner, goes Am-
ber y, Ambrey. This might be from the archaic and
dialect aumbry, a cupboard, store-room, Fr. armoiref
but it is also a corruption of " almonry " —

" The almonry (of Westminster), now corruptly called the Ambry "
(Stow).

The Butler's domain was the " butlery," whence
Buttery [William de la Botelrie, Yorks Knights' Fees,
1303]. Even Nursery exists as a surname.

There are many other names which come from the
various offices of great households and monasteries.

1 Perhaps no surname of the occupative class has so wide a
range of meanings as Marshall. See NED.

OFFICIAL NAMES 107

Spittle, i.e. hospital, is also found as Ashpital. Farmery
is for infirmary [Robert de la Fermerie, Pat. R.] —
" Fermory, infirmarium, infirmatorium " (Cath. Angl.).

The misericord, " an apartment in a monastery in
which certain relaxations of the rule were permitted "
(NED.), has given the contracted Mascord [John de la
Misericorde, I4th century]. Prater, which looks like
the latinization1 of " brother," is Middle English for the
monastery refectory [Thomas del Freytour, F. of Y.] —

" ffreytowr, refectorium " (Prompt. Parv.). —

or the name may be for ME. f rater er, the superinten-
dent of the f rater [Walter le Freytur, Glouc. Cart.].
Saxty, Sexty are for sacristy (cf . sexton for sacristan) and
Vester, Vesty are both related to the vestry, or robing-
room [John del Vestiarie, IpM.]. The first represents
the French form vestiaire, while in the second the -r-
has been lost, as in Laundy for Laundry (p. 108) and
Dunphie for Dumphrey (p. 39). Herbage is OF. her-
berge, hostel, shelter, and a similar origin must some-
times be assigned to Harbour, Arber [William le
Herberere, Lond. Wills, 1318-9]. The Herber, or Cold-
harbour, was at one time the mansion of Sir John
Poultney, near Dowgate —

" A great old house called the Erber " (Stow).

Wimpress is " winepress." For Fann, Vann, the
winnowing -fan, seep. 59 —

" Van, a vanne* or winnowing sive " (Cotg.).

1 Pater is a variant of Peter, Mater of Mather, mower.

* This is not always a result, as in Vowler for Fowler, of west-
country pronunciation. Fan is Anglo-Saxon from Lat. vannus,
while van is the same word though French. Cf . William le Fannere
or Vannere (Lond. Wills, 1292-3).

io8 SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

Other names connected with the subdivision of
labour are Furnace, Furness, corruptly Furnish, Var-
nish, Darey [Alan de la Dayerie, Pat. R.]} and Landry,
Laundry [Robert de la Lavendrye, Fine R.]. But the
last, though not common, has an alternative origin
from the French personal name Landry, OG. Landrich
[William Landri or Laundry, Fine R.]. Another un-
common name with a double origin similar to that
of Prater is Parlour [Ralph le Parlour, Fine R., Henry
le Parlour or del Parlur, Cal. Gen.]. The parlour
was originally the conversation and interview room
at a monastery. Gennery,1 Ginnery are from the
" enginery," some kind of workshop. The NED. has
the word first for 1605, in the sense of the art of
constructing military engines, but William del Engin-
nerie (Close R., temp. Hen. III.) shows that its popular
form was . in use more than three centuries earlier.
Among the many forms of Jenner, the engineer, is
Genower. Chevery is OF. chevrerie, goat- fold, and John
Chivery, if the name is genuine, was of like descent. Of
the same type is Bargery, fromFr. bergerie, a sheep-fold.
I suppose that Gallery may be from an official whose
duties lay in that part of the mansion, while Roof may
have been the sentinel on the tower. Bardsley explains
this name as a variant of the Norse Rolf, but Bartholo-
mew del Rof (Pat. R.), the common Fr. Dutoit, and
the Du. Vanderdecken point to an alternative origin.
Still more limited is Carnell, Crennell, AF. quernel,
F. creneau,.s. battlement [William de la Karnayle or
Kernel, Ramsey Cart.]. And it is probable that Garrett
owes something to OF. garite, a watch-tower, turret,

1 January may be an imitative alteration of this, or from OF.
genevroi, a juniper thicket [Roland de la Genveray, Close R.].

ACCIDENTS OF LOCALITY 109

which is also the oldest meaning of our garret ; cf .
Soller [John del Soler, Pat. R.], still used in dial, of a
loft or upper room —

" Solleve, a loft, gamier " (Palsg.).

" Thei wenten up in to the soler " (Wye. Acts, i. 13).

Postans is derived from the postern gate [John de la
Posterne, Testa de Nev.].

Some of the above names may be simply due to the
accident of locality rather than to occupation. This
applies still more to the following, which I put here
because they approach the others in character. Frary
is Middle English for a brotherhood, or Friary. Chan-
try, Chantrey is from residence near a chantry, an
endowment or endowed chapel with the function of
praying for the soul of the benefactor. Chaucer's
Poure Persoun of a Toun looked after his flock —

" He sette not his his benefice to hyre
And leet his sheepe encombred in the myre,
And ran to Londoun, unto Seint Poules,
To sekcn hym a chaunterie for soules "

(Prol. 510).

It has absorbed the domestic chandry, or chandelry,
the candle-store [John of the Chandry, John of Gaunt' 's
Reg. 1372-6]. Charnell meant both a mortuary chapel
and a cemetery [Alice de Cimiterio, Malmesbury Abbey
Reg.]. Mossendew is the ME. measondue, synonymous
with hospital —

" Maison Dieu, an hospitall, or spittle, for the poore " (Cotg.).

Lower suggests that Domesday, Dumsday may be the
same name latinized, domus dei, but, in default of
evidence, it is perhaps safer to regard it as a pageant
nickname (ch. x.), from some representation of the

no SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

Day of Judgment. Maudling may also derive from
a religious institution [Nicholas atte Maudeleyne,
Pat. R.]. Monnery is OF. moinerie, a monastery,
and I imagine that Mendary, found in the same
county, is an altered form. Tabernacle was used
in Middle English, not only in connection with the
Jews, but also of a canopied structure, niche, etc.,
and in dial, for a woodman's hut. Monument, Mone-
ment probably record residence near some elaborate
tomb, the oldest meaning of the word in English.
Checker, Chequer is official, of the exchequer [Ralph del
Escheker, Fine R., Roger de la Checker, Hund. /?.],
and I conjecture that Tolputt may be for tolbooti,
now associated only with Edinburgh, but a common
word in Middle English —

" A pupplican, Levy bi name, sittynge at the tolbothe " (Wye.
Luke, v. 27).

A few uncommon surnames have an official origin.
Fitchell itself [William le Fychele, Hund. R.] is the
natural popular form of " official " [Nicholas le Official,1
Pat. R.]. Brevetor meant a bearer of "brevets,"8
i.e. official documents, especially Papal indulgences —

" Brevigerulus, anglice a brevytour " (Voc.).

Every antiquarian dictionary of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries contains the mysterious word
spigurnel, a sealer of writs, on the origin of which the
NED. throws no light. " It is evident that the word
had no real currency in English, and its appearance is
due to Camden and Holland, copied by Phillips, Blount,

1 Cf. Fr. Lofficiaux (Bottin).

8 Hence perhaps the Staffordshire name Brevitt ; cf . Porteous
(p. 156). But it may be rather for the local Brefjitt, brae loot (p. 91).

RARE OFFICIAL NAMES in

Harris, Bailey, etc." (NED.). It is, however, of such
frequent occurrence in the Rolls [Edmund le Spigornel,
Fine R., Nicholas Spigurnel, Hund. R., Henry Lespi-
gurnel, Doc. III., Henry Spigornel, City C.], that it is
surprising that it is not better represented as a sur-
name. It exists as Spickernell, Spicknell, Pickernell.1
To the official class belong also Regester and Macer —

" Macere, or he that beryth a mace, septiger " (Prompt. Parv.).

The oldest meaning of Sizer, i.e. " assizer," is a " sworn
recognitor " (NED.), and I imagine that a Vizer or
Vizor [John le Visur, Hund. R.] had to do with " re-
vising." Gawler, Gowler [Geoffrey le Cooler, Pleas],
besides meaning usurer —

" Gonlare, or usurare, usurarius, ffenerator " (Prompt. Parv.) —

may also come from the same word, gaveller, gawler,
applied to a mining official in the Forest of Dean.
Alner is the name of the official more usually called
*' alnager," from Fr. aune, an ell, who attested the
measurement and quality of cloth.

Some rather rare occupative surnames are due to
the fact that in Middle English there were generally
two words, English and French, for each of the
commoner callings. The native Flesher has almost
disappeared, absorbed by Fletcher and superseded by
the French Butcher. The native Baker has generally
prevailed over both Bullinger (also found as Pullinger,
Pillinger] and Pester1 [John le Pestur, City A.]. So
,Peacher, Petcher [John le Pechur, Pat. R.], Paster
[Henry le Pastur, Hund. R.], Scotcher, OF. escorcheur,
make a very poor show against Fisher, Shepherd,

1 Cf. Pink for Spink, chaffinch.

* The Latin form Pistor also survives.

H2 SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

Skinner. The latter is sometimes represented by Flear,
for flayer. Sotcher is the natural result of OF. and
ME. soudiour, a soldier —

" Sodioure, miles, bellator " (Manip. Voc.).

Flecker, Flicker [Simon le Fleckere, Northumb. Ass. R.
1279] are variants of Fletcher, the arrow-maker, and
Shermer, Shurmer, Skirmer, Skurmer, etc. represent
the obsolete scrimer, fencer, sword-player [William
le Schirmere, Pat. R.] —

" The scrimer s of their nation,
He swore, had neither motion, guard, nor eye,
If you opposed them " (Hamlet, iv. 7).

More common is the extended Scrimygeour, with a
great number of variants, Scriminger, Scrimger, etc.
(see also p. 88). Guyer, Gyer, Gwyer is OF. guieor,
guide [Henry le Gyur, Chart. R.] —

"Conscience, that kepere was and gyoure" (Piers Plowm.B. xx.yi).

It is also found as Wyer, Wire, from an Old French
dial. form. Carker, Charker are Anglo-French equiva-
lents of Carrier, Charrier, formed from cark, chark, a
burden (charge).

Many names of deceptive appearance can be solved
by the study of old records. Bardsley guesses Punter
to mean the man in charge of a punt. But Ralph le
Punter, custos pontis de Stanes (Close R.), shows that
he was a Bridgman l or Bridger, less commonly Brick-
master.* Rower also savours of the water-side, but a

1 Punt is of course equivalent to Bridge [Roger del Punt, Pat. R.].

8 For " brig-master." Cf. Brick, Brickstock for Brigstock, and
Bricker for Bridger. But most names in Brick- probably contain
" birk," e.g. Brickdale, Brickett, Brickland, Brickwood, etc. The
last may, however, very well be an alteration of the ME. brigge-
ward, just as Hay wood is often for the official Hay ward.

ANGLO-FRENCH WORDS u3

record (City C.) of a payment made by the Corporation
of London to Dionisia la Rowere for wheels makes
it clear that she was of the same craft as Robert
Rotarius, i.e. Wheeler (Chart. R.). The rare name
Setter is wisely explained by Lower as " probably some
handicraft/' Later writers have assumed, I know
not on what grounds, that a setter was one who put
on arrow-heads. The NED. gives several mean-
ings for the occupative setter, but the only one old
enough for surname purposes is " setter of mes,
prepositor" (i5th century). It knows nothing about
arrow-heads. In City E. I find that John Heyroun,
" settere," and William le Settere were called in as ex-
perts to value an embroidered cope, hardly the work
of an arrowsmith. This confirms a suspicion I had
previously had that this Setter may represent OF.
saieteur, a maker of sayete, a kind of silk.

Some rare surnames connected with hunting are
Varder, the verderer [William le Verder, Exch. R.],
Berner, OF. brenier, the keeper of the hounds [John le
Berner, Close R.]t and the synonymous Brackner
[Gilbert le Braconer, ib.], which in modern French
(braconnier) has come to mean poacher. Related to the
latter is Bracher,irom ME. brack, a hound, though there
has no doubt been some confusion between this and
the names Brazier and Bracer, the latter of which
means brewer, Fr. brasseur. Juster, Jewster is evidently
the jouster [Thomas le Justur, Fine R.], and Punyer
is from OF. pugneour, poignour, a champion —

" De Sarraguce Carles guarnist les turs,
Mil chevalers i laissat puigneurs "

(Chanson de Roland, 3676).

In the Lib, R. we find William le Poignur or Pugnear

H4 SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

or Punner de la Galee, apparently a formidable mariner.
Ferler, Purler is OF. fourrelier, a Sheather —

" Fowrelier, a scabberd maker " (Cotg.).

Stamer is OF. estamier [John le Stamer, FineR.}, now
replaced by etameur —

" Estamier , a tynner, tynne-man ; pewterer " (Cotg.).

Fulloon, from Fr. foulon, a fuller [Thomas le Fulun,
Pat. R.], is an example of the small group of French
occupative names in -on. The above examples, to
which many more could be added, show that medieval
England was bilingual to an extent which has hardly
been realized.

Among occupative surnames derived from archaic
or obsolete words, whether French or English, may be
mentioned Biller, a maker of bills or axes [Hugh le
Biller, Fine R.], Power, a sweeper, scavenger [Roger
le Fower, Hund. R.]—

" ffewar, or clensar, mundator, emundator, pur gator " (Prompt"
Parv.)—

Kittler, kettle-maker, Alefounder, inspector of ale,
still found in Suffolk, Flather, a maker of flafhes, or
flawns,1 Theaker, a northern variant of Thacker,
thatch er,2 Crapper, similarly a variant of Cropper,
which the NED. defines as " one who crops," Meader,
a mower, whence Grasmeder, Bester, a herdsman [John
le Bestere, Hund. R., Hunts8], Keeler, a bargeman,

1 There is also a surname Flawn ; cf . Cake, Wastell, Cracknell, etc.

2 Cf. Whattler, from AS. watol, hurdle, also used of thatch.

8 It is still found in that county. For its deceptive appearance
cf. Bestman (p. 237).

ARCHAIC WORDS 115

still used in the north of a manager of coal-barges and
colliers, Marler, a worker in a marl-pit [John le Marler,
Pat. R.], Retter, a common Devon surname, perhaps
from ME. retten, to rate, reckon—

" Rette not the innocent blood in the myddil of the puple Israel "
(Wye. Dent. xxi. 8) —

Counter, a keeper of accounts, treasurer —

" A shirreve hadde he been, and a conntour,
Was nowher such a worthy vavasour "

(Chauc. A. 359)—

Dyter, an " inditer," or scribe —

" The dyteris, var. endyters, scribis, of the kyng " (Wye. Esther,
viii. 9) —

Render, Rinder, the Tenderer [John le Render, Archbp.
Wickwane's Reg. 1279-84], the exact meaning of which
cannot be decided, Shutter, Shittler,1 and Spindler,
makers of shuttles and spindles respectively, Styer, a
horseman, rider —

" Bite the feet of an hors, that the stiere thereof falle bacward "
(Wye. Gen. xlix. 17) —

Stickler, an umpire, Heckler,1 a dresser of hemp or
flax, Cosier, a cobbler, Oilier, an oil merchant [Reginald
le Oyler, Leic. BOY. Rec.], Sarter, an " assarter," or
clearer of forest land, and many more. Some names
of this class, e.g. Faggeter, Basketter) Trumpeter,
Preacher, Teacher, Minstrell, Pronger, Organer, Outlaw,

1 For this form see p. 130, n. Similarly a Britcher is not a
maker of " britches," but a thinned form of Bracher (p. 113).

8 Hence our verb to heckle, i.e. to " tease." See Romance of
Words, p. 12. With the name Heckler cf. Burler, a cloth-dresser —
" Burler, extuberarius " (Cath. Angl.).

n6 SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

are interesting only by their survival. Cheeper,
Chipper means buyer, or rather, haggler, cheapener—

" So many chepers
So fewe biers
And so many borowers
Sawe I never "

(Skelton, Maner of the World, 105).

In Lincolnshire occurs the compound Colcheeper, but
this is perhaps Du. koohchipper, a collier, for Dutch
names are not uncommon in the county.

Then we have a number of names which look very
simple, but the exact meaning of which is very difficult
to establish. Such are Borer [Robert le Borier, City
E.], Drawer, Dresser, Gatherer, Sealer, all susceptible
of various interpretations, e.g. a Sealer [William le
Seeler, Pat. R.] may have made, or affixed, seals. In
Acts of Parliament he is coupled with the " chaff -wax "
(see p. 317) and also denned as identical with the
" alnager," or official measurer of cloth (p. in). The
earliest sense given by the NED. for dresser is cloth-
dresser (1520) ; but John le Dressour (Chesh. Chamb.
Accts. 1301-60) may have been something quite
different —

" Dresseur, a straightner, directer, leveller ; settler ; a raiser,
erecter ; framer, fashioner, orderer, instructer " (Cotg.).

Still, as it is a Yorkshire name, it very probably has to
do with cloth. A Rayer [Ralph le Rayer, Fine R.]
11 arrayed," but the verb is almost as vague as " dress."
So we cannot decide whether the original Drawer drew
wire, water, beer, pictures, or a barrow. In the sense
of tavern waiter it appears to be a Tudor word. In
modern dialect a Gatherer works in the harvest fields.

COMPOSITE ORIGINS 117

Binder means book-binder [Nicolas le Bokbindere,
Lond. Wills, 1305-6, William Ligator Libror', Hund.
R., Oxf.]. It is still an Oxford name.

A certain number of these surnames have two or
more possible origins. An obvious case is Porter,
which may mean a door-keeper or a bearer.1 Burder
may be for " birder," i.e. Fowler, but would equally
well represent OF. bourdour, jester [John le Burdeur,
Pat. R.]—

" Bonrdeur, a mocker, j caster ; cogger, Her, foister, guller of
people " (Cotg.)

" Godes mynstrales and bus messagers and hus murye bordiours "
(Piers Plowm. C. x. 136).

Bowler, Boaler, a maker of bowls, had also in Middle
English the meaning of one who loved the bowl. In
1570 two inhabitants of the parish of St. Martin in the
Fields were presented as " common bowlars " —

" For hit beth bote boyes boilers atten ale "

(Piers Plowm. C. x. 194).

Disher means dish-maker [Richard le Dischere,
Pat. R.]. But in Piers Plowman " Dawe the dykere "
or " Dawe the delvere " is also called " Dawe the dis-
schere." Therefore Disher may be for " ditcher."
Cf. Dishman for " ditch-man." Pillar, Filler is
generally local [Thomas Attepiler, Close R.], but also
occupative [Dike le Pilur, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285],
perhaps a plunderer —

" Pylowre, or he that pelyth other men, as cachpolls or odyre lyk,
pilator, depredator " (Prompt. Parv.) —

1 It has very probably also absorbed the " portrayer " [Nicholas
ie Portreour, City D.].

n8 SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

but quite as possibly a respectable " peeler " of trees.
As late as 1732 I find in the Nottingham Borough
Records a payment to —

" The pillars of the bark for work done in the copies."

Sailer has two origins besides the obvious one. It
7 may mean a player on the psaltery [Pagan le Salterer,
Northumb. Ass. R. 1256-79] and also a Leaper, Dancer,
Hopper, Saylor, Tumber, Fr. tombeur —

" Master, there is three carters, three shepherds, three neatherds,
three swineherds, that have made themselves all men of hair ; they
call themselves saltiers ; and they have a dance which the wenches
say is a gallimaufry of gambols " (Winter's Tale, iv. 3).

This suggests Skipper,1 which is not always a sea-
faring name. Cicely la Skippere (Pat. R.) was evi-
dently so named from her agility. The word skip had
in Middle English no suggestion of youthful frivolity —

" And whanne the apostlis Barnabas and Poul herden this . . .
thei skipten out among the puple " (Wye. Acts, xiv. 13).

Curlier, Kirtler may be identical and mean a maker
of kirtles, or short gowns, ME. curtil, but Gilbert le
Curtiler (Pat. R.) may represent OF. courtilier, a
gardener, found occasionally in Middle English as cur-
tiler. Sellar, Seller means not only a saddler, Fr. sellier,
but also what it appears to mean in plain English a

1 Oddly enough Saylor, Sailer, F. sailleur, leaper [Hugh le
Saylliur, Hund. R.], is also unconnected with the sea, although G. H.
Le Seilleur, A.B., H.M.S. Lion, was mentioned in Admiral Beatty's
despatch, January 24, 1915. The very numerous American Saylors
are mostly German Sellers, i.e. Ropers.

z It is of course also connected with " cellar " [William atte
Selere, City F., Ranulf le Celerer, Pat. R.].

NAMES OF DECEPTIVE APPEARANCE 119

[Gilbert le Seller, City A., William le Vendur Chanc
R.]-

"The sellers of Saba and Reema, thei thi marchauntis " (Wye.
Ezek. xxvii. 22).

A few occupative names are of somewhat deceptive
appearance. Foister, Foyster is a variant of Fewster,
Fuster, the maker of the wooden frame of saddles.
This is also one source of Foster [Thomas Foster or
Fuster, Kirby's Quest, Yorks, 1285], which more usually
represents Forster, forester —

" Forty fosters of the fe
These outlawes had y-slawe "

(Ballad of Adam Bell).

Nor can we doubt that the name Foster also represents
ME. foster, used both of a foster-child and foster-
parent ; cf. Nurse, Gossip, etc. —

" The Greekes, whom wee may count the very fathers and fosters
of all vices " (Holland's Pliny).

Caller means a maker of " cauls/' net- work head-
dresses. Robert le Callere was sheriff of London in
1302—

" Call for may dens, retz de soye " (Palsg.).

Milliner is for Milner, i.e. Miller, or is a thinned form
(see p. 130, n.) of the synonymous AF. Mulliner.
Copper represents the once common Cupper [Roger
le Cuppere, Chart. R.], now almost swallowed up
by Cooper, as " buttoner," a common trade-name
in the City Letter-Books, has been by Butler. Comer
may be a variant of Comber, but a ME. comer e [John
le Comere, Pat. R.] was a newcomer, stranger —

" For knowynge of comeres thei copyde hym as a frere " (Piers
Piowm. C. iii. 240).

120 SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

Cf. Guest, Strange, New come, etc. Pardner, Partner
are from " pardoner " [Matthew le Pardonner, Close R.].
Booer is for " boar " or " boor," which have become
indistinguishable as surnames [Robert le Boor or le
Bore, Exch. R.]. Ripper is a variant of rippier, one
who carried fish inland for sale in a rip, or basket, and
is also a dialect form of reaper. Sirdar is quite a
modern alteration of ME. serdere, a sword er [John le
Serdere, Pat. R.]. Swindler is altered from Swingler,1
a beater of flax. Cheater is for the official escheater,
but may also, like Chaytor, come from Fr. acheteur,
which we have generally rejected for the Norman
form acatour, Cater, Cator. Tricker, a Suffolk name,
is probably Du. trekker, as hard to define as our own
Drawer (p. 116), but Treacher [Matilda le Tresshere,
Pat. R] is OF. trecheor (tricheur), a traitor —

" Knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical predominance "
(Lear, i. 2).

Pooler, Puller represent OF. poulier, hen-keeper, or
poulter [John le Pulier, Pleas] —

" Poulier, a poulter " (Cotg.).

Nipper and Plyer which seem to have some affinity
with each other, occur in the country of the Nappers,
or Napiers, and the Players respectively. Poucher has
a parallel in Purser, a maker of purses, but its habitat,
Lincolnshire, suggests something more adventurous.
A Powncer "pounced," i.e. pulverized, various pro-
ducts, e.g. woad (p. 275). Latter appears to mean a
lath-maker. Wader has not to do with " wading," but

1 We have the opposite change in Shingler, for our shingle, a
roof-lath, is ultimately Lat. scindula, whence Ger. Schindel.

NAMES IN -STER 121

with " woad " [Robert le Weyder or le Wodere, Lond.
Wills, 1305]. It is common in north-country
records. With Wadman, Wademan, cf. Thomas le
Maderman (Lond. Wills, 1258-1358), who was not
necessarily more insane than other men. Finally, the
original Bircher was not an educationist but a shep-
herd [Alan le Bercher, Hund. R.]. Fr. berger, variants
berchier, berquier, latinized as bercarius or bercator,
is one of the commonest .entries in cartularies and
manorial rolls [Martin Bercarius, Cust. Battle Abbey,
Richard Bercator, ib., Geoffrey le Berkier, Testa de
Nev.]. It has usually become Barker, as in Piers
Plowman —

" Thyne berkeres ben al blynde that bryngyth forth thy lambren "
(C. x. 260.)

The NED. follows the late Professor Skeat in errone-
ously explaining these blind shepherds as " barking
dogs."

The ending -ster, originally feminine, soon lost this
distinction in Middle English. It has given us Bolster
[Robert le Bulester, Pat. R.] for Bowler (p. 117), and
possibly Bolister, though the latter may be for Ballister,
Balster, the " balestier," or cross-bow man, who has
generally become Bannister. Broster is for ' ' broiderer ' '
[Gelis Browdester, F. of Y. 1375], and Sumpster, spelt
Somister in Manchester l in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries, is the obsolete summister, explained
by Halliwell as " one who abridges."

Many names in -er are rather to be regarded as nick-
names. Laker means one fond of fun, from a dialect

1 Now Sinister, a common Manchester name. Cf. Simner for
Sumner, summoner, and see p. 130, n. But Sinister is also for
" sempster."

122 SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES

verb which has now become " lark " [Robert dictus
Layker, Bp. Kellawe's Reg.] —

" Lakers, such is the denomination by which we distinguish
those who come to see our country, intimating thereby not only
that they are persons of taste who wish to view our lakes, but idle
persons who love laking ; the old Saxon word to ' lake/ or play,
being of common use among schoolboys in these parts" (NED. 1805).

Scambler may be a maker of " scambles," 1 or benches,
but in Scottish it means a, parasite, sponger —

" Scambler, a bold intruder on one's generosity or table "
(Johnson's Dictionary).

Ambler, a nickname of gait, has absorbed the occupa-
tive " ameller," i.e. enameller [John le Aumayller,
goldsmith, City B.]. With Copner, ME. copenere,
lover [Richard le Copenere, Testa de Nev., Dors.], cf.
Lover, Paramor, Woor [John le Wower, Hund. R.].
Shuter, Shooter was once, as is shown by numerous
puns, the regular pronunciation of " suitor," whence
also Sueter, but the " wooer " sense is much later than
that of litigant ; cf. Adam le Pledur (Fine R.). It is
possible that Spouncer may be a nasalized form of
" espouser " [Thomas le Espouser, Hund. R.], explained
by the NED. (1653) as an arranger of marriages. Spycr,
whence Spire, is rather official, the watchman [William
le Spiour, Chesh. Chamb. Accts. 1301-60] —

" The wayte, var. spiere, that stode upon the toure of Jezrael "
(Wye., 2 Kings, ix. 17).

Revere is the Middle English form of reiver, robber
[Alwyn le Revere, Oust. Battle Abbey] —

" The revere of Gentilis hymself shal reren " (Wye. Jer. iv. 7.)

1 Hence shambles. See Romance of Words, p. 106.

SOME OCCUPATIVE SURNAMES 123

The first Trouncer was presumably a man of his
hands, though the verb was not always colloquial —

" But the Lorde trounsed Sisara and all his charettes, and all hys
hoste, with the edge of ye swerde, before Barak " (Judges, iv. 15
transl. of 1551).

Boxer is probably for Boxall (Boxwell, Glouc.), though
Stephen Pugil is found in the Pipe R. Yarker, Yorker
are from dialect yark, for jerk,1 used of the " jerky "
manner of sewing of shoemakers —

" Watt Tinlinn was by profession a sutor, but by inclination and
practice an archer and warrior. The captain of Bewcastle is said
to have made an incursion into Scotland, in which he was defeated
and forced to fly. Watt Tinlinn pursued him closely through a
dangerous morass. The captain, however, gained the firm ground ;
and, seeing Tinlinn dismounted and floundering in the bog, used
these words of insult : — ' Sutor Watt, ye cannot sew your boots ;
the heels risp and the seams rive.' — ' If I cannot sew,' retorted
Tinlinn, discharging a shaft which nailed the captain's thigh to the
saddle, ' if I cannot sew I can yerk ' " (Scott, Note to Lay of the
Last Minstrel, iv. 4).

1 The late Professor Skeat suggests with much probability
(Trans. Phil. Soc. 1911-14, p. 51) that this is the origin of the
cricket " yorker."

IO

CHAPTER VI

PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

" He brought me some chops and vegetables, and took the covers
off in such a bouncing manner that I was afraid I must have given
him some offence. But he greatly relieved my mind by putting a
chair for me at the table, and saying very affably : ' Now, six-foot I
come on ' " (David Copper field) .

THE most puzzling class of surnames consists of those
which appear to be taken from some adjunct of the
personality, whether physical, moral, or external,
tacked on to the baptismal name without further
qualification. I mean such names as Head, Shanks,
Belt, Mantell, apparently descriptive of appearance
and costume, or those which are the names of objects
(Baskett, Staff] , commodities (Mustard, Wheat], articles
of diet (Cake, Beer], plants and flowers (Garlick, Lilly],
and all manner of minute portions of creation down to
Barleycorn and Hempseed. When such names occur
as compounds (Broadhead, Crookshanks, Broadbelt,
Longstaff, Goodbeer, Lillywhite, etc.) they may almost
always be accepted as genuine sobriquets, which can
easily be paralleled from the other European languages
or from historic names dating back to the earliest
times, such as Sweyn Forkbeard, Rolf Bluetooth,
William Longsword, etc. But, when they occur with-

124

PHYSICAL NICKNAMES 125

out qualification,1 they are often rightly suspected of
being merely imitative spellings of, or accidental
coincidences with, names which are really of baptismal,
local, or occupative origin. Thus Armes is from the
personal name Orme (cf. Armshaw for Ormshaw), Eye
is simply " island," and Gaiter is AF. gaitier, a watch-
man, guard. So also Hamper is a maker of hanaps,
or goblets [John le Hanaper, City D.], Tankard is
the personal name Thancweard, whence also Tancred,
Tubb is one of the innumerable derivatives of Theobald,
Ban ell is the personal name Berald, OG. Berwald, bear
mighty, Billett is a reduction of AS. Bilheard, spear
strong, whence also Billiard, Pott is an aphetic form of
Philpot, i.e. little Philip, etc.

Writers on surnames have usually dealt with these
names in two ways. One method is simply to give a
list of such names without comment or history, the
other is to explain conjecturally, without evidence, any
name of this class as a perversion of something else.
The truth is, as usual, a compromise between the two.
It can be shown, by documentary evidence and by a
comparison with the surname system of France and
Germany,2 that the majority of these names are what
they appear to be, though many of the more common
have been reinforced from other sources. For instance,
the common name Head is sometimes undoubtedly a
nickname [William de Horsham called le Heved, City

1 Such names, when genuine, undoubtedly indicate something
conspicuous or abnormal in the feature selected. Such a name as
Foot would have been conferred on a man afflicted with a club
foot.

2 There are also many Latin examples, e.g. Caligula, small buskin,
Caracalla, Gallic cloak, Scipio, staff, Scapula, shoulder-blade, Struma,
hump, etc.

126 PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

B.], with which cf. Walter Caboche (Malmesbury
Abbey Reg.) —

" Caboche bien tymbree, a well-garnished head-peece, well-tackled
braine-pan, a stayed, or discreet pate " (Cotg.).

But it is also local [Thomas del Heved, Hund. R.],
the word being used either in the sense of top end (cf.
Muirhead, Woodhead, etc.) or possibly as a shop-sign.
We find also as common surnames Ger. Haupt, Kopf,
and Fr. Tete, the latter being often the origin of our
Tait, Tate, though this is also found as an Anglo-Saxon
personal name, from ON. teitr, merry.

In dealing with these names a little common sense
and familiarity with life are required. We know
that the popular tendency has always been to make
the unfamiliar significant. But, if we have been to
school, we know that there is no limit to the possi-
bilities of nickname manufacture ; and, if we are
philosophers, we know that human nature never
changes. In some comic paper lately I came across
the following gracious piece of dialogue —

" Who was that bloke as I see yer with last night ? "
" Wot ? 'Im with the face ? "
" No ; the other one."

If we go back to the thirteenth century we find that
Philip ove (with) la Teste (Pat. R.) and Emeric a la
Teste (ib.) owed their names to a similar play of fancy.
The great difficulty is that when such names are
recorded in our Rolls in their English form the sobri-
quet, as a rule, is simply added to the baptismal name
without any connecting particle, e.g. Richard Thumbe
(Pat. R.), John Tothe (ib.), so that we can never be
absolutely sure whether we have not to do with an early

FRENCH AND GERMAN PARALLELS 127

case of folk-etymology. In French records, and,
though to a less extent, in German, the use of preposi-
tions makes the nickname origin clear. Thus Thomas
Aladent and Pierre a la Dent (Pachnio), with whom
we may compare Haim as Denz (Roman de Ron), may
be considered to certify our Tooth and Dent 1 [Quidam
Capellanus Willelmus Dens nomine, Royal Let.
Hen. III.] as genuine nicknames, while Peyne mit der
Vust (Heintze, 1366), whence Ger. Faust, would incline
us to accept the nickname origin of Fist, whence also
Feast, even if it were not absolutely confirmed by
Johannes cum Pugno (Pipe R.) and Simon Poynge
(Nott. Bor. Rec.). Cf. Poincare (p. 288) and Robert
Poinfer, i.e. poing de fer (City E.}.

If we examine man from top to toe, first anatomically
and then with an eye to his costume, we shall find that
there is hardly a detail of either inventory which has
not produced a surname, many perhaps now obsolete or
corrupted beyond recognition, but the great majority
still in use and easily recognised. It will be noticed
that English and Anglo-French words occur indifferently
in names of this class, and that among the latter are
many terms which the language has since rejected.
Names of the physical class also reveal the same
habits of observation and gift for describing conspicu-
ous features which are to be noticed in rustic names of
birds, plants, etc. Education has changed all that,
and we cannot imagine a modern peasant giving any
one the nickname Larkheel (p. 142) or christening a
flower the " larkspur."

Taking first the larger divisions of the human geo-
graphy, we find Head, Body, and Limb, of which the

1 Cf. Durden, Fr. Duredent [John Denrdent, Fine R.].

128 PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

first has been already dealt with. Compounds of Head
are Broadhead, Cockhead or Coxhead, Fairhead [Adam
Beaufront, Close R.], Greathed, Lambshead [Agnes
Lambesheved, Hund. R.], Leithead (little), Redhead,
Ramshead, Whitehead, Weatherhead or W ether ed (sheep's
head), all genuine nicknames. More often -head is
reduced to -ett,1 as in Blackett, Brockett [John Broke-
sheved,2 Close R.], Brownett, Bovett (AF. bof, Fr.
bceuf), Bullett [William Bolesheved, Pat. R.], Cockett,
Dovet [William Dowfhed, F. of Y. 1354], Duckett,
Gossett [John Goosheved, Lib. Vit.], Hawkett [John
Hawksheved, F. of Y.], Hogsett, Doggett [Roger
Doggisheved, Yorks Fines, temp. John], Redit,
Thickett, Strickett (stirk-head, Front-de-Bceuf), Perrett
[Robert Pereheved, Hund. R.], and possibly Brasnett,
from the " brazen head " used as a sign. With
Roughead, Ruffhead, Rowed [William Ruhheved,
Pat. R.] may be compared the Old French epic hero
Guillaume Tete-d'Etoupes, tow-head, and the more
modern Struwelpeter. With these go Redknap [cf.
Robert Bealknappe, Glouc. Cart.}, Hartnupp, and
Blacktop, Silvertop. Here may be also mentioned
Petty [Hugh le Pete, Fine R.}—

" PeU, pild, hairlesse, bauld " (Cotg.).

In some cases -head is substituted for the obsolete
local -hide (of land), e.g. Half head* Fifehead, Fifett
(see p. 2), while Redhead, Whitehead have absorbed

1 This reduction to -ett also takes place when the -head is local,
e.g. Aikett (oak), Bridgett, Ditchett, Grasett, Gravett, Puplett (poplar),
Watrett (water), etc. For Smithett see p. 78.

* Brock, a badger.

8 Halfhide also exists ; cf . Half acre. It is interesting to notice
the substitution of -head or -field for the obsolete -hide in the

COMPOUNDS OF -BODY I2g

compounds in -hood l [William Redehod, Pat. R.,
Agnes \\7ythod,-Hund. R.]. With these cf. Robert
Blachod (Close R.), John Fairhode (City D.).

The simple Body is hot a nickname, but a personal
name, found also in French and Flemish, and derived
from the OG. Bodo, which may be short for one of the
many names in Bod-, command, or even for Baldwin.
In compounds, -body has rather the sense of person,
as in nobody, busibody, etc. Well-established examples
are Freebody, Goodbody, Handsomebody, Lightbody
(probably ME. lift, little), Pretty body, Truebody. In
Peabody, Paybody, Peberdy, Pepperday, Pipperday,/
the first element may be the obsolete pea, pay, peacock
(p. 194). The formation does not seem very natural,
but cf. Reginald Pefot (Pipe R.) and Robert Levedi-
bodi, i.e. lady body (IpM., Notts). Many obsolete
compounds of -body occur in the Rolls. Jellicorse, an
existing surname, may represent Gentilcors, or per-
haps Jolicors, and Bewkers is Fr. Beaucors [Jehan
Biaucors, Pachnio]. In the Pat. R. occurs the name
of John Ordegorge. Gentilcors, i.e. John filthy throat
handsome body, perhaps a man of good presence and
foul vocabulary, but the double nickname is quite
unique.

Limb is for Lamb, either a nickname or short for .

place-names Fifehead, Fifield. There are several such places in
England, all earlier known as Five-hide —

" It is an interesting and curious fact that we owe to the five-
hide unit such place-names as Fivehead, Somerset ; Fifehead,
Dorset ; Fifield, Oxon ; Fifield and Fyfield, Wilts ; Fyfield,
Hants ; and Fyfield, Essex— all of them in Domesday ' Fifhide '
or ' Fifehide '—as well as Fyfield, Berks, which occurs in Domesday
as ' Fivehide ' " (Round, Feudal England, p. 69).

1 We have the opposite change in Robert Shevenehod (Hnnd. R.)
and Adam Hudcrul, curly head (City C.).

130 PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

Lambert, the latter of which has sometimes become
Limbert l [William Lembe or Lymbe, Lane. Inq.
1310-33]. Lem records the intermediate stage. Of
the same origin are Lomb, Lumb, so that this name
has run through the five vowels. Joynt is an Irish
Huguenot name, Fr. Lejoint, from the OF. joint,
graceful, slim, etc.

Skull, Scull is a Norse personal name [Ralph f . Scule,
Close R..]. It means fox or the evil one. Face is
aphetic for Boniface [Face le Ferrun, Pipe R.] and
Pate is for Patrick. I have found no trace among
modern surnames of Alexander Rodipat (Pat. R.)
or Adam Rudipol (Fine R.). The simple Poll is for
Paul, OF. Pol ; cf. Pollett, Poison. From noil, used
both for head and nape of the neck, we have Hartnoll,
common in Devon —

" If oon hadde be hard nollid, wondur if he hadde be giltles "
(Wye. Ecclesiasticus, xvi. n).

Forehead, Forrett is a true nickname [Roger Forheved,
Close R.] and " brow " may appear in the compound
Whybrow [Whitebrow the plasterer, F. of Y.]. The
simple Brow is local, at the " brow " of the hill [Richard
atte Bro, Pat. R.], though I find also Richard Surcil

1 This thinning of the vowel in surnames is a phenomenon which
has never, I believe, been dealt with by any phonetician, but there
is no doubt of the tendency. An early example is Philip Bribisun
(Hund. R.) for Brabazon, the man from Brabant. It is seen in the
names Shellcross for Shallcross, Flinders for Flanders, Willacy for
Wallasey, Shipster for Shapster, Pettinger for Pottinger, Plimmer for
Plummer, Birrell for Burrell, Chiplinior Chaplin, and hundreds more.
It has, of course, parallels in vulgar speech, the best-known example
being the change from master to mister. Cf. also Jim for James,
weskit for waistcoat, and Mr. Mantalini's demnition. I am inclined
to think that Stringfellow, formerly Strengfellow, contains the
northern Strung, strong.

THE HAIR 131

(Fine R.). Oxbrow, in spite of the Swedish Oxenstiern,
is probably from Oxborough (Norf.), Spreadbrow from
Spro thorough (Yorks), Albrow from Alburgh, Albury,
Aldeburgh, etc., and Blackbrow from Blakeborough
(Lane.), though it would be a very natural nickname.
Hair is imitative for the nickname Hare [Philip le
Hare, Pat. R.] and Hairlock is for Harlock, a variant of
Horlock (hoar), often spelt Horlick. Other compounds
of -lock are Blacklock or Blakelock, Whitlock, Blay-
lock or Blellock, from the obsolete blae, blay,1 an
adjective meaning ash coloured, Proudlock [Thomas
Purdelok, Northumb. Ass. R. 1256-79], Silverlock,
Gowanlock [Robert Guldelok, Pat. R.] ; but the suffix
in these names may sometimes be -lake, which often
becomes -lock, as in Fishlock. The commonest of these
compounds, Whitlock, has three well-attested origins
— (i) white lock, (2) white lake [Williame atte Whyte-
lak, Kirby's Quest, 1327], (3) the personal name
Witlac, which occurs in DB. [Whitlac de Longo Vado,
Fine R.]. Whitelark is an imitative spelling of one of
these. We have compounds of -hair itself in Fairer,
Farrar 8 [John Fayerher, Pat. R.], and in Harliss, the
hairless, while Polyblank is of course Fr. poil blanct
white hair. To return to -lock, we have the puzzling
Lovelock, which the NED. does not find as a common
noun till 1592. This is not an insuperable objection,
as I have frequently found words used as surnames
three or four centuries earlier than their first dictionary
record ; but it would perhaps be safer to regard John
Lovelok (Pleas) and Walter Loveloker (Hund. R.)
as belonging to the ME. lovelich, lovely, affectionate,

1 Blay, Blee is also a surname, probably from complexion.

8 In the nickname of Harold Harfager the elements are reversed.

?32 PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

of which the variant lovelok occurs in Piers Plowman.
In fact, the name, which is fairly common in some
parts of England, may have an alternative origin from
ME. lovelaik, dalliance [John Lovelayk, Fine R.] ;
cf. Laker (p. 122). Tress is short for Tristram. Red-
mayne is local, of Redmain (Lane.), a place which is
the usual origin of Redman, though this is no doubt
also a nickname. Curll and Crisp, Cripps both mean
curly in Middle English, but Curley is also a bird nick-
name, the curlew [Richard Cur lue, IpM.], found more
rarely as Kirlew. Absence of hair has given the native
Bald, generally reduced to Ball, and the augmenta-
tive Ballard. From Old French come Chaff e, Chave,
Shave, Shafe, Shove, Shovel, Cavell, Caffyn, Coffin,1 and
sometimes even Cave. Two examples must suffice
[Bartholomew le Chauf, Pat. R., John Cauvel, Pat. R.].
With these cf. Favell, tawny [Hugh Falvel, Pipe R.,
Thomas Fauvel, Fine R.], and Flavell, yellow-haired.
A pretty name, which may refer to the hair or the
complexion, is Nutbrown [John Notebroun, Close R.],
with which cf. John Perbroun, i.e. pear brown (ib.).

Nothing in one's appearance attracts the critical
attention so readily as the nose, but, though there are
many references in the Pipe R. to Moss cum Naso and
his wife Duzelina, I do not know a single modern
surname 2 derived from this feature, unless the legend-
ary origin of the local Courtenay [Hugh de Courteney,

1 This is the traditional etymology of Coffin, but I am not sure
that this name, variant Coffin, which is found in Devon from the
earliest times, is not rather connected with Cornish Couch and
Welsh Cough, red.

2 It is possible that some names in -ness, e.g. Hogness, are
physical. But Thicknesse was a manor (Chesh. or Staff.). Neese
(p. 245), Kneese may also refer to this feature.

THE NOSE AND EYE 133

Hund. RJ] has a tributary source of truth [William
Curtnies, Pat. R.]. Peter le Noseless (Pat. R.)t Agnes
Kattesnese (Hund. R.], Adam cum Naso (Leic. Bor.
Rec.), and Roger Withenese (ib.) show that this feature
did not escape the notice of our ancestors. Cammish,
found as le Chammus (Notts, 1272), means flat-nosed,
Fr. camus, but a number of names which appear to
belong here, e.g. Cammis, Camis, Keemish, etc., may
equally well be local, of Cambois (Northumb.). Beake,
Bick are not nose-names, as they occur in Middle
English with the definite article [William le Beke,
Hund. R., Richard le Byke, Close R.], but I cannot
explain them. Mariota Gosebeck (Hund. R.) is a very
evident nickname. Cheek, Cheke is possibly a nick-
name, but I have no evidence except a ME. Chericheke ;
cf., however, Fr. Bajoue, baggy cheek.

Eye in isolation is local (p. 125) and Eyett is its dim.
But the compounds of the physical -eye are numerous
and have not hitherto been recognized as such, e.g.
Blackie [Roger Niger Oculus, Col. Gen.], Blowey,
Brightey [John Claroil, Close R.], Brownie, Calvey,
Dovey, Whitey, Birdseye, Goosey, Starey (ME. star,
starling), Hawkey, Harkey l [Geoffrey Hawkseye,
Lond. Wills, 1330], Litiley [cf. Andreas dictus Parvus
Oculus, Pachnio], Silvery, Goldie, Goldney [Richard
Geld en eye, Fine R.], Sheepy, Smalley, Wildey. Cf.
with these William Sweteye (Hund. R.) and the
medieval French names Brun-Eul, Blancus Oculus,
Oculus Auri, quoted by Pachnio. German surnames
in -auge are also numerous. An alternative origin
from -ey, island, is possible for some of the above.
Cf. Rowney, at the " rowan island " [Walter atte

1 Cf. Harkins for Hawkins and Harker for Hawker.

134 PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

Roueneye, Hund. R.], Roffey, at the " rough island "
[Amfrid de la Rogheye, ib.].

Bouch, Buche, Budge are Anglo-French names,
" mouth " [Michael od (with) la Buche, Pat. R.]. For
the form Budge cf. budge-at- court, Fr. bouche a cour,
free victuals. This surname may sometimes have
had an occupative origin, for William del Bouch, lay-
brother of Furness Abbey (Pat. R.), was evidently
employed in the provisioning part of the establish-
ment. The English Mouth is also a modern surname,
and Merrymouth is not uncommon in the Rolls [Adam
Mirimouth, Pat. R.]. It is interesting to find Henry
Millemuth (Northumb. Ass. R. 1256-79) three cen-
turies earlier than the first dictionary record of " mealy
mouthed." Muzzleis, I think, an imitative alteration
of the nickname Mustell, Mustol, from OF. musteile,
mustoile, a weasel [Hugh Mustel, Close R., Custance
Mustel, Hund. R.]. I doubt whether Chinn is gener-
ally a nickname, though I have known it so used by
modern schoolboys. In Simon Chyne (Ramsey Cart.}
we have perhaps the shortened form of Chinulf [John
Chinulf, Wore. Priory Reg.], AS. Coenwulf, bold wolf.
Or Chinn may be from Men, a common nickname
[John le Chen, Chart. R.], which would readily assume
the imitative form, apart from the regular tendency
of e to become i before n, as in ink, ME. enke, or the
local surname 2nd, for " end."

Tongue is, so far as my evidence goes, local, from a
" tongue" of land [Benedict del Tunge, Pat. R.], or
from one of the places specifically named Tonge, Tong.
To the same source belongs Tongs. Gum is a variant
of Gomme, ME. gume, a man [Geoffrey le Gom, Cor am
Rege R. 1297], as in bridegome, now perverted to bride-

THE NECK I35

groom. Whitear and Whittear are variants of Whittier,
an occupative name, " white tawer," i.e. a kind of
leather-dresser [Walter le Whytetawere, Pat. R.],
whence also perhaps Whitehair. Boniface is a font-
name, Bonifacius, though its use as the landlord's
name in Farquhar's Beaux' Stratagem, and its natural
fitness of sound, have combined to give it a sug-
gestion of rubicund joviality.

Gar gate, Gargett is from OF. gar gate, throat, gullet
[Hugh Gargate, Pipe R.], a name earned in the same
way as that of the mythical Grandgousier and no
doubt present to the mind of the creator of Gargantua.
Neck seems to be a true nickname [Isabel Necke,
Fine R.] and is found in compounds, e.g. the historical
Edith Swanneck, the less-known Agnes Cousdecine,
col-de-cygne (Hund. R.), and Simon Chortneke (ib.).
Robert Tunekes (Leic. Bor. Rec.) perhaps had what is
now called a double chin. The existence of ME.
Swanswire suggests that Swire (see p. 80) may also
be a physical nickname. Here also may sometimes
belong Halse, from ME. halse, neck [John Langhals,
Close R.] and also Haddrell, Rather all [William Haterel,
Pat. R.}, from ME. hattrel, the nape of the neck (also,
the crown of the head), of Old French origin, but
differently explained by Cotgrave —

" Hastereau, the throat piece, or fore-part of the neck (belike from
the Walloones, by whom a mans throat, or neck, is thus tearmed)."

This is a common word in Middle English (see Mr.
Mayhew's note in the Prompt. Parv). It may be
noted 'that the name, with many variants, seems to
belong especially to Gloucestershire, while in the
adjacent Monmouth we find Hatterell Hill, perhaps
so named from its shape.

136 PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

The fairly common Beard [William cum Barba or
od la Barbe, City D.], also spelt Beart, is curiously
short of existing compounds, though it has no doubt
contributed to Whitbread [Philip Wytberd, Pleas,
Peter Whitbred or Whytberd, Cor am Rege R. 1297].
Blackbeard and Fairbeard exist, though rare, and in
Blackbird, Silverbird, the original suffix is also prob-
ably -beard [cf. William Barbedor, Pat. R.]. Thomas
Dustiberd (Pat. R.) and Ralph Jolifberd (F. of Y.) are
not now represented, nor, unfortunately, Ralph Barbe
de Averil or Barba Aprilis, who was chaplain to Hugh
Earl of Chester in the twelfth century. We may
perhaps assume that he resembled Chaucer's franklin —

" Whit was his berd as is a dayeseye " (A. 332).

The insignificance of the beard in our modern sur-
names is in curious contrast with the place it occupies
in history. The reader will at once think of the Lango-
bards, Bluebeard, Charlemagne " a la barbe fleurie/'
Sweyn . Forkbeard, Barbarossa, Graf Eberhard der
Rauschbart, Blackbeard the pirate, etc. The German
compounds of -bart are still numerous and fantastic.
A possible English example is Massingberd [Richard
Massyngberd, Close R., Line., 1329]. Lower says —

" A very old Lincolnshire family, dating from temp. Henry III.
. . . the final syllable clearly having reference to the appendage of
the masculine chin. The meaning of the other portion of the name
is not so obvious, as no word resembling massing is found in early
English or Anglo-Saxon. In some Teutonic dialects, however, that
or a similar form means " brass," and hence Massingberd may
signify Brazenbeard, with reference to the personal peculiarity.
Inf. Rev. F. C. Massingberd, M.A."

This is quite possibly a correct guess. There is an
ON. messing, brass, still used in German, and found

WHISKERS 137

in Anglo-Saxon as mcesling, mceslen, while Lincolnshire
is a chief habitat of Norse words.

Whisker is merely an imitative spelling of the personal
name Wiscard [Wischard Leidet, Pipe R.], repre-
sented by Fr. Guiscard and Scottish Wishart,1 but OF.
gernon,* moustache, whiskers, has given us Garnon,
Garnham [Adam as Gernons, Pipe R., William Bought,
called Gernon, City D., William Blancgernun, Pat. R.].
Harold's scouts took the shaven Normans for priests
until the king enlightened them —

' ' N'ont mie barbes ne guernons*
Co dist Heraut, ' com nos avons ' "

(Roman de Rou, 7133).

In Grennan we have the Old French form grenon. ON.
barthr,* beard, has also contributed to Barrett, and the
same feature is incorporated in Skegg, though both
reached England as personal names rather than nick-
names. Sweyn Forkbeard is recorded in the AS.
Chronicle as Svein Tjuguskegg.

The rest of the human form divine will give us less
trouble, as nicknames fasten most readily on visible
parts and facial characteristics. Shoulders is an existing,
though uncommon, surname [Hugh Schulder, Cor am
RegeR. 1297]. ME. wambe, belly (cf. Scott's Wamba),
a common name in the Middle Ages [Matthew a le
Wambe, Leic. Bor. Rec.], still survives in Whitwam or

1 John Wiseheart, Bishop of Glasgow (Pat. R.), is an obvious
perversion.

a This is of cognate origin with Swedish gren, branch, fork, common
in names. The connection between this word and a Viking beard
will be apparent to the reader who remembers Sweyn Forkbeard
and the bold, bad whiskers of Admiral von Tirpitz.

3 This word is found only in compounds. The Viking Barthr
is called Baret in Old French records.

138 PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

Whitwham l ; and Whalebelly is a well-known Norfolk
surname. Cf . Walter Alipanch (Hund. R.) and Sancho
Panza. Back is probably not anatomical, though
• Petrus ad Dorsum is found in Old French, as it has
three other well-authenticated origins : (i) local [John
atte Back, Bardsley, 1327], (2) baptismal [Backa
solus, Lib. Vit.], an Old French name of Germanic
origin, whence also Bacon', (3) ME. bakke, bat (p. 24).
It is, however, strange that we find no compounds of
-back, corresponding to such medieval names as Cattes-
bak and Longueeschine or OF. Maigredos. Thornback
is no doubt from the fish.

Side exists as a surname, but is local [William del
Syde, F. of Y.], the word being used either of the
edge of a wood, the side of a hill, or the bank of a
river, in all of which senses it is common in compound
surnames, e.g. Akenside (oak), Burnside, Greensides.
In Half side the first element perhaps means half-way.
Tinside is of course for Tyne-side, as Tinnett is
for Tynehead [Richard del Tyndiheved, Lane. Inq.
1310-33]. Ship sides is probably from a pasture
(sheep). But undoubted nicknames are Heaviside,
Ironside, and Whiteside [Robert Whytside, Fine R.],
the last being also local [Richard de Whiteside,
Close R.]. In my Romance of Names (p. 126) I
have suggested that Handyside, Hendyside, may
represent ME. hende side, gracious custom, but the
variant Handasyde suggests a possible nickname of
attitude, "hand at side," for a man fond of standing
with arms akimbo ; cf. Guillelmus Escu - a - Col

1 But perhaps local, AS. hwamm, corner ; cf . Alexander del
Qwhom (Bp. Kellawe's Reg.}, where the initial Q- is north-country
for W-, as in Quartan for Wharton, Quigley for Wigley, etc.

THE HAND 139

(Pachnio). The formation of Strongitharm is some-
what similar. Silverside is local, from a spot in the
Lake Country [John de Sylversyd, Preston Guild R.
1397, Bardsley]. Hardrib seems to be a nickname, as
also Broadribb, Brodribb, the latter no doubt sometimes v/
corrupted, as Bardsley suggests, from Bawdrip (Som.).
Rump is a common name in Norfolk, and there are
plenty of early examples from East Anglia [Robert
Rumpe, Ramsey Cart., Roger Rompe, Pat. R., Suff.,
Casse Rumpe, Hund. R., Camb.]. It is probably
short for Rumbold or some other personal name
in Rym-, noble. Heintze derives the corresponding
German Rumpf in the same way. But Fessey seems
to represent Fr. fessu, explained by Cotgrave as
" great buttockt." Richard le Fessu was butler to
Edward II. (Pat. R.), and the change of form is
normal ; cf . the vulgar pronunciation of nephew,
value —

" In short, I firmly du believe

In Humbug generally,
Fer it's a thing thet I perceive
To hev a solid vally "

(Russell Lowell, The Pious Editor's Creed).

Hand, Hands may be explained as rimed on Rand,
Rands (Randolph), as Hob is on Robert and Hick on
Richard, but nickname origin is also certain [Robert
Asmains, Close R., Ralph cum Manibus, ib.]. White-
hand exists, and Balmain means fair hand [John Bele-
meyns, Pat. R.]. To the same origin must be some-
times ascribed Main, Mayne. Cf. Fist (p. 127). Quater-
main, Quarterman is also a nickname [Herbert Quatre-
mains, Fine R.} ; cf. William Quaterpe (Pat. R.). The
arm appears only in compounds [Armstrong, Strongi-
ii

140

PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

tharm]. We have also, through French, Firebrace, Fair-
brass, Farbrace [Stephen Ferebraz, City A.], and Bradfer
[Matthew Brazdefer, Ramsey Cart.]. This last has
also given Bradford, just as Petti fer has sometimes
become Petti ford. Is Stallibrass [William Stalipres,
Pipe R.] a hybrid imitation of these with steel as its
first component ? Such hybrids occur, e.g. the medieval
name Maynstrang, a compromise between " hand
strong " and " main forte."

The common surname Legg is both baptismal and
local [Nicholas f. Legge, Fine R., Pagan de la Leg,
Kirby's Quest, 1327]. In the first case it is short for
Ledger, Legard [Leggard de Aula, Hund. R.], AS.
Leodgaer or Leodgeard ; in the second it is an archaic
spelling of Leigh, Lea, a meadow. Here also belong
Barleggs, barley meadows, and Whitelegg [Richard de
Whiteleg, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285], though Henry
Whitshonk (Lane. Court R. 1323-4) suggests an
alternative origin for the second. It is possible that
there may have been a later formation from the " leg "
used as a hosier's sign, but for this I have found no
evidence. Leg, being a Norse word, may occur in the
compound Sprackling, corruptly Spratling [Gervase f.
Sprakcling, Feet of Fines], which Bjorkman identifies
with the Old Norse nickname Sprakaleggr, of the
creaking legs ; cf. Ger. Knack fuss. In Middle English
the native shank seems to have been preferred in de-
scriptive epithets [Walter Schanke, Pipe R.], hence
Shanks, Crookshanks or Cruickshank, Sheepshanks, and
the less common Ettershank, from dial, cddcr, ettcr, a
thin rod used in fence making —

" Edder and stake
Strong hedge to make " (Tusscr).

THE LEG AND FOOT 141

We also find compounds oijambe, e.g. Foljambe, Full-
james [Thomas Folejambe, Hund R.~], while the still
commoner Bellejambe [Adam Belejambe, Pat. R.]
has been transformed into Belgian. Knee may refer
to some geographical feature, like Ger. Knie, which
Heintze derives from the same word used of a nook in
a wood, but it may also come from Knaith (Line.),
spelt Kneye in the Fine R. ; cf. Smee for Smeeth (p. 77).
Kneebone, being a Cornish name, is best left alone.
Shinn, Shine appears to be a personal name, occurring
chiefly on the Welsh border, and hence probably Celtic.
It may even be a thinned form (p. 130, n.) of Shone,1
Welsh for John. With Foot cf. Gregory cum Pede
(Leic. BOY. Rec.) and Jean Aupie, Andreas ad Pedem
(Pachnio). This has several compounds, Barfoot or
Burfoot, Broadfoot, Lightfoot [Lyghtefote Nuncius, in
the Towneley Play of Cczsar Augustus], Long foot,
Proudfoot, White foot (cf. Blampied, Blampey), Crowfoot,
Gray foot (gray, a badger), Pauncefote, Puddifoot. The
last, also found as Puddephttt, Puttifoot, etc., is well
attested as a nickname in Middle English, and belongs
to a dial, adjective meaning thick or stumpy. Cf.
Richard Pudito (Hund. R.), John Podipol (ib.), John
Podihog (Lane. Court R. 1323-4) —

" He had club feet, and ... his nickname Poddy came from
this peculiarity of his walk " (H. Armitage, Sorrelsykes).

Puddifant, Puttifent means " chubby child " (see
p. 247), unless it is merely a corruption of Buttivant
(p. 256, n.). The obsolete, or apparently obsolete, com-
pounds oi-foot are very numerous (see p. 144). With
Pettifer, i.e. pied defer, cf. John Stclfot (City C.), Ralph
Irenfot (Pat. R.), and with Pettigrew, pied de grue, cf.

1 \Vith this cf. Cornish Chown [John Chone, Close R., Cornwall].

142

PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

Ger. Kranefuss. Heels generally belongs to AS. healh, a
local term of doubtful meaning (see p. 62). But I have
found Larkehele as a medieval name and also John
dictus Talun (Archbp. Giffard's Reg. 1266-79). In
the latter example talon may have its later meaning
of claw rather than heel, but it is much older than any
instance of talon, claw, in the NED. Anyhow, it is
possibly the origin of Tallents. Toe, Toes are local
(p- 5°), but Prictoe is apparently a nickname from some
physical peculiarity.

Among internal organs we have Heart, Lung, Kidney,
Giblett. The first, generally for the animal nickname
Hart, may sometimes be genuine ; cf. Richard Quoer
(Hund. R.) and Fr. Cceur ; but Lung is a variant of
Long [Geoffrey le Lung, Hund. R.], Kidney is an
.Irish name, and Giblett is a dim. of Gilbert. With
Goodhart, Goodheart we may compare Bunker [William
Boncuor, Fine R., Robert Finquoyr, Hund. R.].
Hartfree has a suggestion of the Restoration dramatists,
;but is probably AS. Heardfrith. Bowell is a variant
of Powell, Welsh ab Howel [Strael Aboel, Fine R.,
Glouc.], and Bowles is local, of Bouelles (Seine-Inf.)
[Hugh de Boeles, Fine R.]. Brain, found chiefly on
the Welsh border, is a Celtic name ; cf. Macbrain.
Blood is a Welsh patronymic, ab Lloyd, which became
Blood, Bloyd, Blud just as the simplex gave Flood,
Floyd, Flud. The compounds Wildblood, Young-
blood are temperamental rather than physical. They
are perhaps really compounds of blood in its figurative
sense of offspring, person ' —

" This Abel was a blissid blod " (Cursor Mundi, 1035).

1 Cf . the similar use of Ger. Blitt — " Ein junges Bint, a very youth "
(Ludwig). Jungblut is a German surname.

OBSOLETE PHYSICAL NICKNAMES 143

Cf. the more modern " young blood," " wild young
blood," used of a buck or gay spark.

Bone is usually for Fr. le bon, but both Bones and
Baines * may be taken literally [Simon Baynes, fine
R., Muriel Bones, Chart. R.]. Compounds are Long-
bones, Langbain* Cockbain, Smallbones, Rawbone, the
obsolete Sorebones, and the existing Hollebon, Hollobone,
hollow bone,3 corresponding exactly to Ger. Holbein
[Arnoldus dictns Holbein, 13 th century, Heintze]. Col-
larbone is an imitative spelling of Colbourne, Allbones is
from Alban, and Rathbone is, I think, local, from Rad-
bourne (Derb.). It is a Cheshire name. Lower gives
Skin as a surname. I have not met with it, but Purple
may mean " clear skin," OF. pure pel [Roger Purpel,
Pat. R.]. Earskin is of course for the local Erskine.
Tear is for the Gaelic MacTear, son of the carpenter.

Here are a few more, apparently obsolete, nick-
names of this class. Although many of them are
French in form, they all occur in England in the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries. Probably some of them still
exist : Barheved (one origin of Barrett], Brokinheved,
Flaxennehed, Hevyheved, Hundesheved, Kenidheyd
(kennet, a small hound), Sleghtheved, Wysheved,
Todheved (tod, a fox), Visdelu (wolf's face), Visdechat,
Clenebodi, Hendibodi, Oyldebuf (ceil de bceuf), Grasen-
leol (gras en I' ceil), Fatten eye, Mauregard or Maure-

1 Bain is usually Scottish, equivalent to Bean, fair, but it is
also a nickname from ME. bain, ready ; cf . Robert Unbayn, i.e
the unready (F. of Y.).

2 Here, and in some other compounds, bain perhaps means es-
pecially leg; cf. Adam Coltbayn (Northumb. Ass. R. 1256-79)
In the Towneley Mysteries " langbain " is used for a sluggard.

3 Holloman is a variant of Holliman, usually " holy man "
[William Haliman, Pat. R.].

I44 PHYSICAL NICKNAMES

ward, Scutelmuth, Swetemouth, Widmuth, Dogmow,
Belebuche, Quatrebuches, Treynez (three noses),
Sharpberd, Stykberd, Tauntefer (dent de fer), Auburn-
hor, Yalowehair, Blanchpeil (poll), Rugepeil, Beaupel,
Curpel (court], Blakneyk, Longecoo (cou), Longto,
Irento, Clenhond, Lefthand, Blanchemains,Malemayns,
Tortemayns, Mainwrench (twisted ?), Beaubras, For-
braz, Bukfot, Bulfot, Coufot, Doggefot, Gildenefot,
Gosefot, Harefot, Hundesfot, Kaifot (kye, cow), Playfot
(splay ?), Sikelfot, Sorefot, Fothot, Pedechen (pied de
Men), Pedelever (lievre), Pettegris (grice, a pig), Pe
de Argent, Hautepe, Brounbayn, Crokebayn, Brune-
coste, Querdebeof (cceur), Corndebeof, Cormaleyn (cceur
maliri), Curmegen (cceur mechantP), Catteskyn, Sanc-
medle, Slytwombe, Richwombe (cf. Fr. Richepanse),
Pesewombe,1 Calvestayl, Wytebrech, Smalbehynd,
Fayrarmful.

1 Pause d, pois is an invective epithet applied to the English in a
French patriotic song of the fifteenth century attributed to Olivier
Basselin —

" Ne craignez point £ les batre,
Ces godons (goddams), punches 4 pots ;
Car ung de nous en vault quatre,
Au moins en vault-il bien troys."

CHAPTER VII

COSTUME NICKNAMES

1 ' Sir/ said Mr. Tupman, his face suffused with a crimson glow,
' this is an insult/ ' Sir/ replied Mr. Pickwick in the same tone,
' it is not half the insult to you that your appearance in my presence
in a green velvet jacket with a two-inch tail would be to me ' "
(Pickwick).

HAVING examined man anatomically, we will now make
a detailed exploration of his costume in peace and war.
When a small boy assumes his first topper, he knows
he must steel his heart against the salutation, " Ullo,
'at," with which members of the outspoken classes will
greet him, and a provincial tragedian, impersonating
a picturesque brigand, has been encouraged from the
gallery with " Go it, boots ! " The Middle Ages
were equally attentive to the conspicuous in costume,
and there is scarcely an article of attire l or an adjunct
of equipment which has not given a surname, either
in isolation, Halt, Hood, or accompanied by an adjec-
tive, Curthose, Hardstaff. It need hardly be said that
many names of this type have an alternative shop-sign
origin [Thomas del Hat, Hund. R.]. The Tabard
will occur at once to everyone, and Crowne is another
obvious case. As an example of the way in which

1 Space does not allow of describing the garments mentioned
and their varied meanings in ME. Those interested should consult
the NED. or Fairholt's Costume in England.

J45

146 COSTUME NICKNAMES

names have been taken from garments we may take
the extreme case of Coverlid. It would seem incredible
that anyone should be nicknamed from a counterpane
or quilt, if we had not as evidence Matilda Cooptoria
(Hund. R.)- »

"Hoc coopertorium, a coverlyd" (Voc.).

From the head-gear we get Halt, Capp [Alward
Capp, Pipe R.], Hood, Capron (Fr. chaperon), and the
obsolete Capoce [Nicholas Capoce, Pat. R.}—

" Capuchon, a capuche ; a monk's cowle or hood " (Cotg.).

The Middle English compounds of Hood seem to have
been absorbed by those of Head (p. 129). Cowl, Cowell
is usually a Manx name (see p. 319, n. i), but may some-
times belong here. Toye is a dial, word for a close-
fitting cap [Warm Toy, Hund. R.]. It now belongs to
the north and is used several times by Scott. Feather
may be an alteration of Father, once much commoner
as a surname than now ; cf . Penny feather for Penne-
father,1 a miser [Justinian Panyfader, Archbp. Peck-
ham's Let. 1279-92]. But John Fether (Bp. Kellawe's
Reg. 1334) points to literal interpretation. Bonnett
is generally of French origin, a derivative of bon
(see p. 289). Among the many sources of Barrett must
probably be reckoned OF. barrette, a biretta, so
common in the expression " parler a la barrette" —

" Barrette, a cap, or bonnet."

" Parler a sa barrette, to expostulate with him face to face ; to
speake home, and to his teeth, unto him " (Cotg.).

1 This has also become Pannifer, Pen/are. Cf. the rustic " gran-
fer " for grandfather. The earliest NED. record for " penny-
father " is 1549.

NECK-WEAR I47

This word, which has given a French surname, may be
responsible for Walter dictm Baret (Archbp. Giffard's
Reg. 1266-79), but this may be the OF. and ME.
bar at, guile, contention, etc., whence also Barter —

" Baratowre, pungnax (sic), rixosus " (Prompt. Parv.).

To costume also occasionally belongs Chappell, OF.
chapel (chapeau). The hatter is generally " le chap-
elier " in the Rolls, whence Shapler.1 With the Sussex
name Quaife, from a Norman form of coif [Andrew
Coyfe, Pat. R.], cf. Lucy la Queyfer, i.e. the coif-maker
(ib.). Kercher, Kurcher, Kerchey are from kerchief in
its original sense, couvre-chef —

" With this kerchere I kure thi face " (Coventry Mysteries).

Neck-wear seems to be recorded in Collar, Ruff,
Scarf, and Partlett, but none of these is genuine.
Collar is an imitative spelling of Collier, a charcoal-
burner. The ruff came after the surname period z and
Ruff is simply a phonetic spelling of Rough ; cf. Tuff
for Tough [Nicholas le Toghe, Hund. R.]. Ruff ell,
Ruffles I take to be local, at the " rough heal " ; see
p. 61, and cf. Roughley, Roughsedge. Scarf is an Old
Norse word, still used in the Orkneys for the cor-
morant or shag, and made into a personal name in

1 It is strange that the name is not coihmoner. Hatter is equally
rare. Sh- for Fr. ch- shows comparatively modern adoption. I
take it that Shrapnel is a metathesis of the Fr. Charbonnel, Char-
bonneau, " little coal," found in DB. as Carbonel. The inter-
mediate Robert Sharpanel occurs in Cockersand Cart.

* Hence the explanation I have given of Quitter in my Romance
of Names (p. 171) is wrong. It is simply the queller, i.e. killer
[Matthew le Queller, Archbp. Gray's Reg. 1225-54]. Also Keller
[Simon le Keller, F. of Y.]—

" Crackers, facers, and chylderne quellers " (Cocke Lorelle).

148 COSTUME NICKNAMES

England [Hugh Scarf, piscator,1 F. of Y., Henry Scharf,
Hund. R., Line.]. A kind of ruff worn in Tudor times
was called a partlet, perhaps from the name of Dame
Partlet the hen in the Romance of Renard, but the
surname must go back to the latter.

Coate has got hopelessly mixed up with cote, cott, a
dwelling, but we may assume that so common a
word must have contributed to the ubiquitous
Coates, while the existence of the Middle English
nickname Turnecotel points to a dim. of the word
as one origin of Cottle, Cuttle. Medlicott for " med-
ley coat/' i.e. motley, seems to be certified by
Peter Miparty (Fine R.), Fr. mi-parti corresponding
exactly to " motley " ; but Body coat is an imitative
spelling of Bodicote (Oxf.) Altogether this garment
is rather disappointing, though there are probably
some names in -cote, -cott, to which it has contri-
buted. Lower gives Gaicoje, a name I have not met
with. Mantell is as old as the Conquest [Tustin
Mantel, DB.]. Freemantle is a place in Hants where
Henry II. built a great castle. It is constantly referred
to in the Pipe R. as Frigidum Mantellum, though I
do not know the origin of the name. But the existence
of the opposite chaud-manteau [Alice Caumantel,
IpM.] suggests that Freemantle, formerly Freitmantel,
may also be a nickname. Pilch is etymologically a
" pelisse," or fur cloak —

" Pylch, pellicium, pellicia " (Prompt. Parv.).

Tippett is a dim of the favourite Theobald (p. 40), or

1 An appropriate nickname for a fisherman. Here is a more
modern case — " At 5, Commerce St., Buckle, on the i8th inst.,
William Cowie, ' Codlin,' fisherman, aged 79 years " (Banff shire
Advertiser, Aug. 19, 1915).

SURNAMES IN -LESS i49

may come straight from Fr. Thibaut. With the historic
Curtmantle cf. William Curtepy (Pat. R.), who wore a
short pea-jacket—

" Ful thredbare was his overeste courlepy " (Chauc. A. 290).

OF. gonelle, a dim. of gown, is one origin ofGunnell.
Geoffrey Grisegonelle was a Count of Anjou. WTilliam
Sanzgunele (Pipe R.) belongs to an interesting type of
name which, though not confined to the costume group,
may be conveniently mentioned here. Existing names
of this class are Bookless, Careless, corrupted to Carloss
[cf. Robert Soroweles, Lond. Wills, 1319], Faultless
[John Saunfaille, City D.], Hoodless, Landless, Lawless,
Loveless, Peerless or Fearless, Lockless (cf, Harliss),
Reckless or Reatchlous, all of which are obvious and to
be taken literally. They can be authenticated from
the Rolls and by foreign parallels, e.g. Fr. Sansterre
(Landless or Lackland), Ger. Ohnesorg (Careless], etc.
Wanless, sometimes perverted to Wanlace, Wanlass,
Wandloss, is ME. wanles, hopeless, luckless.1 Fairless
is explained by Lower as a contraction of " fatherless "
[William Faderles, Rievaulx Cart.], but perhaps comes
rather from ME. fere, companion, equal, commonly
coupled with peer in the expression " without feer or
peer." It might even be for " fearless." Artless is an
alteration of Arkless (p. 215), Ruglessisfor Ruggles, AS.
Hrocwulf, rook wolf [William Roculf, Pat. RJ], Nickless
may be for Nicholas, or for " neckless " [Simon
Nekeles, Hund. R.], and Sharpless is for the local
Sharpies (Lane.). Makeless, the matchless, does not
seem to have survived [Gilbert Makeleys, Leic. BOY.

1 Cf. Wanghope, from ME wanhope, despair, but, like all -hope
names (p. 63), with a possible local explanation.

150 COSTUME NICKNAMES

Rec.], unless it is the origin of Maclise. Thewlis,
Thewless l in modern dial, means sluggish, easy-going —

" He was a quiet, thewless, pleasantly conforming man " (Crockett).

Cf. the obsolete John Blodles (Hund. R.), Peter le
Noselese'(Pfl/. R.), William Tothelesse (Lane. Court R.
1323-4), Thomas Berdless (Leic. Bor. Rec.). To the
same group belong Santer [John Sansterre, Hund. R.]
and possibly sometimes Sansom; cf. Fr. Sanselme,
OF. sans-healme, helmetless.

To return to garments, we have Cloake [Alicia Clok,
Yorks Knights' Fees, 1303], Jack, Jackett, and Doublett.
Jack and Jackett are of course usually baptismal, the
ultimate origin being the same in any case. With
Doublett cf. Alexander Purpoynt (Stow, 1373) —

" Pourpoynt, a doublet " (Cotg.).

Jestico looks like a perversion of Fr. justaucorps, cor-
rupted forms of which were common in Scotland —

" It's a sight fer sair een to see a gold-laced jeisticor in the Ha'
garden " (Rob Roy, ch. vi.).

Wimplewas a surname as late as the eighteenth century,
so probably still exists, and " le Wimpler " is a very
common entry in the Rolls. Cape and Cope are both
sometimes from garments ; cf. Guillaume a la Chape
(Pachnio) and Henry Scapelory, i.e. scapulary (Annal.
Monast.) —

" Chappe, a churchmans cope ; also a judges hood " (Cotg.) —

but I fear that Waistcoat and Weskett must be regarded
as corruptions of the local Westcott. Taber is for tabard
[John Tabard, Lane. Court R. 1323-4], and of course

1 The simple Thew is probably ME. theowe, slave, bondman.

DETAILS OF ATTIRE 151

has been confused with Tabor (p. 175). It was not
necessarily a herald's dress, for it was worn by Chaucer's
Plowman —

" In a tabard he rood upon a mere " (A. 541).

Similarly Surplice is derived from the name of a gar-
ment not originally limited to ecclesiastical use. We
are told that Absalom the clerk wore a kirtle of light
watchet —

" And therupon he hadde a gay surplys " (Chauc. A. 3323).

Slavin [Robert Sclavyn, Fine R.} is from the name of a
kind of cloak often mentioned in Middle English —

" His slaveyn was of the old schappe" (Richard the Redeless, iii. 236).

It is supposed to have been a Slavonian garment and
is explained by Cotgrave (s.v. esclavine) as a seaman's
gown. Overall is local, the first element being ME.
over, river bank, while the second may be " hall" or
" heal" (p. 61). The sleeve seems to have survived
only in Gildersleeve [Roger Gyldenesleve, Hund. R.] ;
cf. William Grenescleve (Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285)
and Roger sine Manica (Feet of Fines). We do not
seem to have any name derived from the glove, except
the dim. Gauntlett, though Pachnio has Robert aus
Ganz and others. Mitten seems to be a genuine nick-
name [Roger Mitayn, Pat. R.].

Belt has a compound Broadbelt [John Bradbelt, Pat.
R.], chiefly found in the same county (Chesh.) as Brace-
girdle. The first element of the latter is dubious,
breeks or breast ? —

" Go and have to thee a lynyn bregirdil" (Wye. Jer. xiii. i).
" A spousesse schal forgete hir brest girdil " (ib. ii. 32).

152

COSTUME NICKNAMES

It gave the name of a trade [William Brigerdler, City
B.]. With the above names cf. Adam Whitbelt (Pat.
R.) and Henry Fairgirdle (Leic. Bor. Rec.). The
obsolete name Tutegurdel suggests a very full habit of
body. Buckle is generally local [Alexander de Boukhill,
Fine R.], and Hornbuckle is perhaps, as suggested by
Bardsley, a corruption of Arbuckle, which, in its turn,
is for the local Harbottle (Northunlb.). In Yorkshire
this is also found as Hardbattle. Hose 1 (cf . Raoul aus
Reuses, Pachnio) has interchanged with House [Nicholas
de la Hose, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285], and the latter
has generally prevailed. Thus Shorthouse * is com-
moner than the original Shorthose [John Shor those,
Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285], Whitehouse has absorbed not
only Whitehose [Galiot Wythose, Pat. R.], but also
Whitehause, i.e. white-neck, which occurs in F. of Y.,
and Whitehorse, perhaps an innkeeper's name [Robert
Whithors, Pat. R.]. The fairly common ME. Curthose
[Robert Curthose, Hund. R.] is now almost lost in
Curtis,9 generally from le curteis, the courteous. The
intermediate form appears as Curthoys. Gaiter, found
also as Gater, Gayter, Gay tor, Geator, is either OF.
gaiteor, a watchman, or an archaic and dialect form of
Goater [Michael le Geytere, Hund. R.]. Probably
both origins are represented —

" Custodes qui vocantur Gategeters " (Nott. Bor. Rec. 1279).
" Whether I sail ete fleysse of bulles, or I sail drynke blode of
gaytes " (Hampole's Psalter, xlix. 14).

1 This word has a very wide range of meanings in Middle English,
gaiter, stocking, greaves, breeches, etc. See NED.

2 Hence also Shorter s, Shortus ; cf. Churchers, Smithers, etc. (p. 96).

3 For this change cf. Mellis and other corruptions of -house
(p. 96).

FOOT-GEAR 153

Stockings is local, at the stumps or forest clearing
[Edmund del Stocking, Hund. R., John atte Stocken,
Cust. Battle Abbey, 1283-1312]. Boot, like Fr. Bout,
is a dim. of some Teutonic name in Bod-, command,
and Button, Fr. Bonton, is a derivative. In spite of
Caligula, I doubt whether Boot is ever a costume name.
The apparently parallel cases of Startup and Buskin
can be explained differently. A startup was a rough
country boot or high-low (see NED. and Nares) —

" Payre of startoppes, houssettes " (Palsg.) ;

but the word is formed in the same way as the sur-
name, from " start up " [William Stirtup, Archbp.
Gray's Reg. 1225-54]. We now say upstart, but cf.

" That young startup hath all the glory of my overthrow "

(Much Ado, i. 3).

Buskin is merely a metathesis of buckskin,1 which may
have been applied to various garments [Richard de
Gravde called Bokskyn, City D., Peter Buckskyn,
Fine R., Wralter Buskyn, ib., Martin Peildecerf, Pat. R.].
It may even have been a nickname from the quality
of the human cuticle. There is, however, nothing to
prevent Messrs. Startup and Buskin from having been
nicknamed from their style of footgear ; cf. Robert
Heghscho (F. of Y.). Slipper is occupative, the sword-
sharpener ; see NED., s.v. swordslyper. Clapskoe is a
variant of the local Clapshaw, apparently the haw, or
perhaps shaw, of Clapp, AS. Clapa.

1 This is the origin of the common noun buskin. The NED.
quotes (c. 1490), " My Lord paid to his cordwaner (shoemaker)
for a payr bucskyns xviiid." The continental words suggested
by the NED. for our buskin (first record, 1503) have no connection
with the English word.

154 COSTUME NICKNAMES

There is a large group of colour nicknames which
may also be referred to costume. Even Black, White,
Grey, Brown may occasionally belong here, but though
I have come across thousands of medieval Greens,
they have all been local, "attegrene," " delagrene."
Still, cf. Fr. Levert and Ger. Grim. Blankett, Blewitt or
Bluett, Blunkett, Plunkett,1 Russett, Scarlett are all used
in Middle English, not only of colours, but of certain
materials usually made in those colours ; in fact scarlet
as a material is older than the same word applied to
a colour. Bissell, Bissett are formed similarly from
F. bis, dingy, and Violett [Violetus solus, Pipe R.]
must surely belong to costume. With these names,
which are abundantly exemplified in the Rolls and
exist also in French, go Burr ell, Borrell, homespun, and
hence, figuratively, simple, uneducated, and Ray, a
striped cloth often mentioned in Middle English —

' ' When men with honest ray could holde them self content "

(Barclay, Ship of Fools, 8).

Lambswool also appears to describe costume, and
Woolward, W collar d must sometimes represent ME.
wulleward, clothed in wool —

" Faste, and go wolwarde, and wake,
And thole hardnes for Goddes sake "

(Hampole).

Adjuncts of the costume are Staff, Clubb, Bur don, a
pilgrim's staff, and Kidgell, Kiggel, Kitchell, Ketchell,
ME. kycgel* a cudgel [Walter Kigel, Chart. R., Matilda
Kiggel, Hund. R.]. These are all well recorded and

1 Also local, from some place in Brittany [Alan de Plukenet,
Plugenet, Plogenet, etc., Chart. R.]. Hence also Plucknett.

2 Kidgel, cudgel, is still in dial, use (EDD.)

ADJUNCTS OF COSTUME 155

are supported as nicknames by Giles Machue (Pat. R.),
a Norman form of Fr. massue, a club. With Staff cf.
Tipstaff,1 given by Lower as a surname, from " tipped
staff," and the more familiar compounds Blackstaff,
Hardstaff [cf. Adam Toghstaf, Pat. R.], Longstaff.
Baston [Thomas Bastun, Pat. R.] is of similar origin —

" Baston, a staff, club, or cowlstaff. But in our statutes it signi-
fies one of the Warden of the Fleets servants or officers, who attends
the kings Court with a red staff, for taking such to ward as are com-
mitted by the Court " (Blount).

Trounson is for truncheon [Robert Trunchun, Hund.
R.], but Blackrod, Whiter od, Greenrod, Grinrod, Bushrod
are local, the second element being either road, or
royd, a northern word for a clearing [Adam de Black-
rod, Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285]. Wand is probably an
alteration of the nickname Want, meaning mole.

In the case of names of this type, we must also
consider the possibility of a grotesque physical re-
semblance being suggested. One has heard of a tall
lady being described as a " maypole." Leschallas, the
vine-prop, is a common French surname, and Vinestock
is found in England. Gadd comes from dial, gad, a
long tapering stick, used figuratively of a lanky person
[Joseph le Gad, Pat. R.]. In one of Maupassant's
stories there is a bony forester called Nicholas Pichon
Ait L'fichasse, with whom we may compare Robert
Stilt (Ramsey Cart.) —

" Eschasses, stilts, or scatches to go on " (Cotg.).

This seems to be the natural explanation of the German
name Tischbein (table-leg). Clubb was used for a

1 Tiptaft, Tiptojt is local, from some place in Normandy formerly
called Tibetot, a Scandinavian name in -toft. It also survives as
Tiptod.
12

156 COSTUME NICKNAMES

rustic bumpkin [Geoffrey Clubbe, Leic. Bor. Rec.],
while " bumpkin " itself is possibly from the Dutch for
a tree-stump. Block, Blogg x is no doubt to be ex-
plained in the same way [Benedict Blok, Exch. R.] —

" Ye are suche a calfe, suche an asse, such, a blocke "

(Ralph Royster-Doyster, iii. 3).

With this group of names goes Whipp, a nickname
for a carter [Allan Wyppe, Hund. R., Roger Wyppe,
Archbp. Romeyn's Reg. 1286-96] ; cf. William Whippe-
stele, i.e. whiphandle (Pat. R.). Purse, Pouch, Pockett,
Satchell are also to be taken literally, and Bernard
Pouch, collector of customs 8 at Sandwich in the early
fourteenth century (Fine R.), suggests to us how such
names may have been acquired ; cf. William Baglite,
i.e. little bag (Pat. R.). But Wallett, so far as my evi-
dence goes, is an alteration of valet, a servant [Robert le
Vallet or le Wallet, Close R.]. It is also local, for Wall-
head (see p. 128). Porteous in Middle English means a
breviary, but as the name (also Porteas, Portas, etc.) is
essentially Scottish, it may come from the special use
of the same word in Scottish law —

" Porteous . . . signifies ane catalogue, contenand the names of
the persones indited to the justiceair, quhilk is given and delivered
be the justice clerke to the crowner " (Skene).

Budgett, Bowgett probably belongs to AS. Burgheard,
usually Buchard in Middle English ; hence also
Buckett. Trussell is doubtful, although Trousseau, a
pack, is a common French surname. Troussel is
frequently found in the Rolls, but it may be identical

1 Cf. Blagg for Black, Jagg for Jack, Slagg for Slack.

2 Cf. John de la Barre, collector of customs at Chichester, temp.
Ed. I. (Fine Rolls).

ORNAMENTS OF DRESS 157

with the bird nickname Throssell, Thrussell. Bundle
is probably local, of Bunhill,1 and Pack is one of the
many forms of the great Easter name Pascal [John
f. Pake, Hund. R.].

Coming to purely ornamental adjuncts we have
Ring [Robert Ring, Hund. R.] and Goldring [Richard
Goldring, Yorks Knights' Fees, 1303]. Ribbans, a Nor-
folk name, is no doubt the Flemish Rubens, which is
a Frisian derivative of Rupert, Robert. Here also we
may put the precious metals, Gold, Silver, Argent. Gold
is usually a shortened form of one of the Anglo-Saxon
names in Gold (p. 45) ; but it is also a nickname [John
dictus Gold, Archbp. Peckham's Let. 1279-92, Thomas
withe Gold, Pat. R.]. With the second example I
should connect Wiegold ; cf. Wyberd * (with the beard?).
Pur gold occurs in Blomefi eld's History of Norfolk as
Puregold. Golden, Goulden, usually for the patronymic
Golding, is also decorative [Henry le Guldene, Pat. R.].
Both this name and Fr. Dore were perhaps due to the
colour of the hair. Silver may in some cases be reduced
from the occupative " silver er " [William Sylvereour,
F. of Y. 1416], but it is of quite common occurrence
as an epithet, and Argent is a well-established name in
both English and French. Jewell, found also as Joel,
Joule, Joll, full, is a personal name of Old French
origin [Judhel de Totenais, DB.]. It is found earlier
as Judikel, and I fancy it springs from a metathesis
of ON. Joketel, whence also Jekyll, Jickles, Giggle,3

1 Cf. Brindle (Lane.), formerly " burn-hill."

2 The common AS. Wigbeorht would explain this more safely ;
but Searle has no name corresponding to Wiegold.

3 Hence the place-name Giggleswick. The usual view is that
Judicael is Celtic. Perhaps two originals are present in the above
group of names.

158- COSTUME NICKNAMES

and many other variants. The common surname
Diamond is no doubt as a rule altered from Daymond,
Dayment, AS. Dsegmund, day protection, but Dia-
manda wife of John Coroner (Lond. Wills, 1348-9)
shows that it was used as a fanciful font-name.
Modern German has many jewel surnames, but they
are usually Jewish and of quite recent adoption. Our
Ruby, Rubey is local, of Roubaix [Hubert de Ruby,
Cal. Gen.] —

" Le marchant de Ruby ne pouvoit vendre sa marchandisa audit
pays de Flandres " (Deposition of Bernard de Vignolles, temp.
Henry VII.).

Pearl appears to be a nickname from the gem, but
I have found no example sufficiently old to be conclu-
sive. Beryl, Berrill occurs in the Rolls [Walter
Beryl, Fine R.], but is probably an imitative form of
the name Berald (p. 34), and Jasper is also baptismal,
Fr. Gaspard,1 the name of one of the three Wise Men
from the East ; it has also given Gasper. Finally,
Rainbow, usually an imitative spelling of OF. Reim-
baud, corresponding to AS. Regenbeald, may also have
been a nickname for a man who loved bright colours,
for wre have the parallel case of the Minnesinger
Regenbogen, still a German surname.

Having considered man in his civil attire, let us now
examine him when armed for battle. Armour is for
the occupative " armourer/' and has preserved the
article in Larmor, Larmour [Manekyn Larmurer,
City E.]. Harness is baptismal [Robert f. Hernis,
Hund. R.], from an aspirated form of the Domesday
Ernegis, Erneis, an Anglo-Saxon name in Earn-, eagle,

1 It is a Persian name, meaning " treasurer."

DEFENSIVE ARMOUR 159

probably Earngisl, eagle hostage. But the existence
of Fr. Beauharnais and Ger. Harnisch points also to a
nickname, which is confirmed by William Duble Har-
neys, saddler (City A.). Helm may be short for one
of the Anglo-Saxon names in Helm-, such as Helmar,
helmet famous, whence Helmers, and is also local
(see p. 63) ; but Basnett is from the basin-shaped helmet
which was the usual head defence of the medieval
soldier —

" And a brasun basynet on his heed " (Wye. i Sam. xvii. 5).

Cf . the German names Kesselhut and Ketelhod, the latter
being the Low German form (kettle hat). William
Salet (Exch. Cal.) took his name from the type of
helmet » which superseded the bascinet. Caplin,
Chaplin sometimes represent OF. and ME. capeline, a
mailed hood [cf. James Cape de Mayle, Pat. R.]. Haber-
shon is from " habergeon " (2 Chron. xxvi. 14), a diminu-
tive of hauberk [Simon Hauberk, Pat. R.]. This name
is further corrupted to Habberjan, Habberjam, and
Habbijams. The corresponding Ger. Panzer 8 is a
fairly common name. This group was once much
larger, but as the names for defensive armour became
obsolete, the corresponding surnames died out or
became corrupted beyond detection. William Wam-
beis (Fine R.) and Roger Gaumbeis (IpM.) took their
names from the gambeson, or wadded doublet, worn
under the armour, perhaps the origin of Gamson.
William Curbuill (Percy Cart.) wore armour of cuir-

1 On the origin of salet, salade, a helmet, see my Romance of
Words, p. 199.

* Hence the gepanzerte Faust or " mailed fist."

i6o COSTUME NICKNAMES

bouilli, boiled leather, once highly esteemed for this
purpose —

" Hise jambeux were of quyrboilly " (Chauc. B. 2065).

This may survive in Corbally and Garbally. There are
plenty of local Actons without invoking the medieval
acton or auqueton (Fr. hoqueton) which was also worn
under the armour, but the garment was important
enough to give its name to a trade [Simon le Actoner,
Pat. R.]. Both Shield [Roger Shelde, Pat. R.] and
Buckler are sometimes to be included here ; but the
latter is generally occupative,1 the buckle-malger
[George le Bukeler, Pat. R.]. Skew may represent
OF. escu [John Escud, Pat. R.~\, as in Fortescue and
Fr. Durescu. Cf. with these names Walter Talevaz
(Salisbury Chart.) —

" Talevas, a large, massive, and old-fasioned targuet, having, in
the bottome of it a pike, whereby, when need was, it was stuck into
the ground " (Cotg.).

Greaves has probably no connection with armour. It
has three other well-established origins, viz. grieve,
a land steward, ME. grcef, a quarry, excavation, and
ME. greve, a grove.

Among offensive weapons we have Sword, Sard
[Syrich Swerd, Pat. R., William del Espeye, ib.~\,
Spear, Spearpoint,* Dagger, Lance. The last is more
usually short for Lancelot, but Longuelance, Lance-
levee are common medieval names ; cf. also Fr.
Lalance. Rapier is a variant of Raper, the northern

1 In this class of names especially the reader must be reminded
that many of them could be from shop-signs —

" Jelian Joly at sygne of the bokeler " (Cocke Lorelle).
8 Is this rather a perversion of the local Pierrepoint, Pierpont ?

OFFENSIVE ARMS 161

form of the occupative Roper, and Brand, though it
means sword, is a personal name (see p. 38). Ap-
parent compounds of -lance, such as Hulance, Roy-
lance, Sandelance, are merely accidental spellings of
Hullins, dim. of Hugh, Rylands, Sandilands, both local ;
cf. pence for " pennies," Simmance for Simmons, Pearce
for Piers, etc. Pike may occasionally belong here, and
Hallpike is perhaps for "half-pike" (but see p. 51).
With Knife cf. Jehan Coutiau (Pachnio). Halbard,
Halbert may be a weapon name, but the reader will
remember Halbert Glendinning. As Dart is essentially
a Devon name, it probably comes from the river *
Dart. Brownbill, a common Cheshire name, is doubt-
ful. There are no early records, and the oldest occur-
rence of brownbill in the NED. is 1589. Of Brown-
sword also I find no earlier example than John
Brownswerd, 1561 (Bardsley), Randell Brownsworthe,
1583 (ib.), so that it is impossible to say whether the
name is local or represents the weapon. Still, as
brown, in the sense of " burnished," is a regular

1 In my Romance of Names (p. 114) I have put forward the view
that river surnames are rare and doubtful. They are, however,
more numerous than I thought, e.g. Henry atte Sture (Pat. R.,
Suffolk), Richard atte Stoure (Cor am Rege R., Essex), the river
Stour dividing these two counties. Cf. also C alder, Tweed, Solway,
Wharf, a Yorkshire name, Gilpin, a stream in Westmorland,
whence also the imitative Giltpen. So also Churn, from a
headstream of the Thames, whence also Churnside, Chermside,
Chirnside, with which cf. Calderside, Deebanks, Creedybridge . Salli-
banks may belong to Solway, but perhaps rather to AS. sealh, willow ;
cf. Ewbanks (yew), Firbanks, etc. Allenwaters and Gillingwater
are both existing surnames, the first reminiscent of a famous song,
the second probably from Gilling Beck (Yorks). Dickens may
have invented Tim Linkinwater's name, but " linking water,"
from the Scottish link, to trip along nimbly, is quite a possible
formation.

162 COSTUME NICKNAMES

epithet of the sword in Middle English, I am inclined
to think that the origin of the name is to be found in
the " bonny brown sword " of ballad poetry ; cf.
Richard Whitswerd (Close R.).

Another name which may belong to this class is
Glave, Cleaves, the latter very common in East
Anglia. The word gleave, still used in dialect of a
fish-spear, is the same as glaive, which in Middle
English means both sword and spear, and in Old
French almost always the latter. In Middle English
the word has also the special meaning of a spear set
up as the goal of a race and awarded as a prize to the
winner, the origin, I suppose, of the name Winspear l —

" Certes thei rennen all, but oon of hem takith the gleyve "
(Wyclif, Sermons).
" Glayfe wynner, braveta " (Cath. Angl.).

It seems very possible that a nickname could come
from this practice, references to which are numerous
in Middle English literature. Cf. Prizeman and the
origin I have suggested for Popjoy (p. 201). In the
same way Arrow may come from the silver arrow
awarded to the successful archer [Ralph Arwe, City D.] ;
cf. the obsolete Sharparrow. " Mangnall's Questions "
are not very suggestive of medieval romance, but
Robert Mangonell (Fine R.) undoubtedly took his
name from the warlike engine with which he was an
expert. That Spurr was a spurrier's sign is evident
from the fact that Richard le Sporiere (City B.) is
also called Richard Sporon (OF. esporon, a spur) ; cf.
Thomas Esperun or Sporun (Pat. R.), whose name now

1 Cf . also Winspur, Winsper, which may be the same, or may refer
to winning one's spurs.

OBSOLETE COSTUME NICKNAMES 163

exists as Spearon, Sperring, Spurren. Cockspur was
a London name as late as the eighteenth century, and
no doubt still exists somewhere.

Of the same type as the names mentioned in this
chapter are the following which appear to be obsolete
— Whitebelt, Curtwallet, Brounsack, Pilchecurt (court),
Ruggebag, Wydhos, Witheskirtes, Curtemanch, Grene-
hode, Irenpurs, Penipurs, Smalpurs, Halebourse, Red-
cal, Short ecal (see Caller, p. 119), Losgert, Blank-
herneis, Straytstirop, Langboue, Longespeye, Curt-
brand, Descosu (Fr. decousu, ragged), Smalygurd, a
list which could be added to almost indefinitely.

CHAPTER VIII

MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

" Oh ! quand ce jour-la je parus dans la cour du college pendant
la recreation, quel accueil !

' Pain de sucre ! pain de sucre ! ' s'ecrierent a la fois tous
mes camarades " (ANATOLE FRANCE).

BESIDES the numerous nicknames derived from a
characteristic of physique or dress discussed in chap-
ters vi. and vii., we have a large number of surnames
which appear to be taken from tools and implements,
household objects of all kinds, articles of food and
drink, and even coins and numbers. Many of these
are due to the imitative instinct, but the majority are
perhaps what they appear to be, and their use as sur-
names is due to the object in question having got to
be regarded in some way as an inseparable adjunct of
the individual. In Nelson's time the carpenter was
called Chips and the purser Dips, while in Jellicoe's
time the torpedo-lieutenant is known as Torps. When
Smollett wanted names for three sea-dogs, Trunnion,
Hatchway, and Pipes presented themselves naturally.
We can imagine in the same way that the names
Meteyard, Meatyard, Ellwand, Elrod were conferred
upon early drapers who usually had such an imple-
ment in hand, or even put it^ in the case of their

164

NAMES FROM WARES 165

apprentices, to irregular but effective uses. Or the
ancestor of the Ellwands may have been long and thin.
Baskett * is generally derived from an ancestor who
regularly carried, or had charge of, a basket. We
have also the surname Maund, from the archaic and
dialect maund, a large basket, and it may be assumed
that Gilbert del Maunde, Serjeant of the almonry of
St. Swithin, Winchester (Pat. R.), had charge of the
alms-basket ; cf. Ernolph del Bracyn (Fr. brassin, a
brewing vat), mentioned among the officials of a
hospital in the Chart R. Some men were no doubt
named after the commodities they dealt in. Every-
one remembers that Dobbin's school-name was Figs,
a delicate allusion to his father's grocery, and I have
known schoolboys with the sobriquets Bricks and
Balsam, the reference being in each case to the source
of the family opulence. Hence such a name as
Hardware, with which cf. Robert Smalware (Pipe R.).
The following examples have a strong trade suggestion
about them —

Alexander Fresharing, fishmonger . . (CityB.)

Henry Graspeys (porpoise), fishmonger . (City D.)

Pyke the fishmonger . . (F. of Y.)

John Tupp, carnifex . . (#>.)

Nicholas Wastal, cook . . (City C.)

William Duble Harneys, saddler . . . (City A.)

Why people should be named Nail or H or 'snail,
Horsnell is hard to say, but the fact remains that
these names exist and that they mean literally what
they appear to mean [Ralph Nayl, Hund. R., William
Horsnail, Close R.']. The corresponding Nagel and

1 It is sometimes for Bassett, a dim. of Bass, i.e. has, low ; cf.
casket from Fr. cassette.

166 MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

Hufnagel l are well established in Germany, and French
even has Ferdasne (fer d'dne). Equally unaccount-
able is Trivett, Trevitt [Ralph Trevot, Pat. R.], which
is, however, guaranteed by Ger. Dreyfus and Augustine
Tripoude [Archbp. Wickwane's Reg. 1279-84], for trivet
and tripod are ultimately identical. No doubt some
names of this type were sign-names. In the early
Rolls this can be plainly seen [Hayn atte Cok, City E.,
Adam de la Rose, City B.~\, and, even at a later date,
when the preposition has been dropped, the connection
is often pretty obvious. Such entries as John Aguillun,
i.e. goad (F. of Y.), John Whitehors, taverner (ib.),
seem to point to a shop- sign as clearly as Whitebrow
the plasterer (ib.) to the outward and visible sign of
a calling. One has read of an American dentist who
suspended a gigantic gilded tooth before his premises,
and, as every tradesman had a sign in medieval
England, we may suppose that the name Needle,
Neild *—

" For thee fit weapons were
Thy neeld and spindle, not a sword and spear "

(Fairfax, Tasso, xx. 95)—

was acquired by a' tailor whose emblem was a needle
of exaggerated dimensions —

" Moses, merchant tailor, at the needle " (Pasquin's Nightcap).

Ballance is clearly of sign origin, for Ralph Belancer,
i.e. scale-maker, who, according to Stow, was sheriff
of London in 1316, is called in the French Chronicle of

1 Heintze gives thirteen German surname compounds of -nagel,
one of which, W acker nagel, is very familiar to students of German
literature.

8 This is also for Neil with excrescent -d, but neeld is still dialect
for needle ; hence also Neelder for Needier.

IMPLEMENTS X67

London Rauf la Balance. Crucifix is no doubt also a
sign-name, and in Limmage, for Vintage, the article
survives. See also Spun (p. 162). But such clear cases
are not numerous, and it is impossible to say whether
John Hunypot (Pat. R.) owed his name to the sign of his
shop, to rotundity of person, to a mellifluous style of
oratory, or was named ironically from a particularly
vitriolic vocabulary. Equally mysterious is the origin
of John Sadelbowe (Hund. R.), Roger Hayrape 1 (Pat.
R.), Robert Butrekyde 2 (Hund. R.), and hundreds of
other such names, with which we may compare such
German 3 names as Birkenrut (birch rod), Windelband
(swaddling clothes), etc.

In this chapter I give a certain number of charac-
teristic names of this class, pointing out as far as
possible those that are genuine nicknames and those
which most readily admit of an alternative explana-
tion, and leaving it to the reader to decide how such
odd names were originally acquired.

Among names which are those of tools and imple-
ments we have Auger, Axe, Chisell, Coulter, File,
Funnell, Gimblett, Hammer, Hatchett, Last, Lathe,

1 Perhaps from an elementary style of dress. The costume of
Dancer, the famous miser, consisted for the most part " of hay-bands,
which were swathed round his feet for boots and round his body for
a coat."

2 A butter-cask. The word is first recorded by the NED. three
centuries later (1567).

3 The comparison with grotesque German names must not, how-
ever, be pushed too far, as a large number of these are only about a
century old, having been forcibly conferred on such Jews as were
not responsive to the pecuniary suggestions of those entrusted with
the task of diffusing surnominal Kultur. Examples of such names
are Dintenfass (inkstand), Quadratstein (square stone), Maschi-
nendraht (machine wire), etc.

168 MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

Mallet, Mattock, Plow, Rake, Shackle, Shuttle, Wim-
ble, Windlass. There are plenty more, but these
will suffice as examples. Auger, also Augur, is a
personal name identical with Fr. Augier, from OG.
Adalgar, and hence a doublet of Alger, Elgar. Axe
may be a metathesis of Ask, an archaic form of Ash ;
cf. the vulgar pronunciation of the verb " ask" ; but
it may very well go with Dagger, Sword, etc. (p. 160) ;
cf. Robert Axe (Hund. R.), Ebrard Bradex, i.e.
broad axe (Pipe R.), and Fr. Hachette. Our Hatchett
probably has two origins. It is a normal reduction
of Hatchard (p. 33, n.), but its connection with the
implement is supported by Robert Coignee(Chart.R.) —

" Coignee, an hatchet, or axe " (Cotg.).

With these cf . Twybell, from the name of a two-edged
axe —

" Twybyl, ascia, bisacuta, biceps " (Prompt. Parv.).

" Twyble, an instrument for carpentars, bernago " (Palsg )

Chisell is local, of Chiswell (Ess.), Coulter is occupative
and equivalent to Coltard, Coulthard,1 etc., the colt-
herd. File, which occurs regularly in Kent in the com-
pany of Fill, has a bewildering number of possible
origins. It may be baptismal, for Philip or Felix
[Adam f. Fille, Chesh. Chamb. Accts. 1301-60], or
come from ME. file,* fellow, still in use in the Artful
Dodger's time —

" At this point, the Dodger, with a show of being very par-
ticular with a view to proceedings to be had thereafter, desired the
jailer to communicate ' the names of them two files as was on the
bench ' " (Oliver Twist, ch. xliii.).

1 Said to exist also as Coldtart.

1 There is also a ME. file, wench ; cf . Fr. Lafille.

IMPLEMENTS 169

Most probably of all it is simply Field or Fylde with
the -d lost, as in Wiles from the local Wild [Robert de
la Wile, Pipe R.] ; cf. the Lane. Files, for Fildes, also
Upfill for Upfield, Butter fill, M or fill, etc.

Funnell, a Sussex name, is for Furnell, found in
the same county, and this is the very common Fr.
Fournel, a dim. of four, an oven, furnace. This
somehow suggests Tunnell, which is the AS. Tunweald
[Henry Tonild, Pat. R.]. Gimblett is a dim. of Guil-
laume with metathesis of m and I ; in fact, it is a
doublet of Wilmot, which shows the same metathesis
in Wimlott, Wimblett. Hammer is the Scandinavian
hammer of Thor, occurring very commonly in local and
personal names. It is also found as Hamar. Captain
Hammer commanded the Danish ship which brought
to England the bodies of the murdered crew of the
E 13. Last would seem to come from a shoemaker's
sign, but, if this were the case, we should expect to
find it generally diff used, whereas it is purely a Suffolk
name. The only clue I have found is John Alast
(Hund. R., Line.), which may be for " at last." Lathe
is Middle English for a barn [William de la Leythe,
Archbp. Giffard's Reg. 1266-79]. Mallett is the regular
reduction of Maillard, a French personal name from
OG. Madalhart. It is probably also a dim. of Mai,
i.e. Mary ; cf. Pallett. Mattock is generally an
imitative form of Welsh Madoc, but may in some
cases be from the tool. With Reginald Mattock
(Coram Rege R. 1297) cf. John Pykoyse (Pat. R.)~

" Picquois, a pickax " (Cotg.).

Pitchfork is a corruption of the local Pitchford (Salop).

170 MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

Plow was a common inn and shop sign [Roger de
la Plow, Pat. R.]—

" Master Nicke, the silkman at the Plow " (Pasquin's Nightcap}.

Hence perhaps also Plews, Plues. Rake is more
probably local, from a dialect word for a rough path,
pasture [Geoffr«y del Rakes, Lane. Inq. 1310-33]. It
is more often found as Raikes, whence also Reeks,
Rex. Cf. the compound Hollindrake, Hollingrake,
from dialect hollin, holly. Shackle is a personal name
[Robert Schakel, Cor am Rege R. 1297] which appears
in some place-names, e.g. Shackleford, Schackleton ;
but it was perhaps originally a Norse nickname, from
ON. skokull, waggon pole, etc. Shuttle is probably
also a personal name [Simon Shitel, Pat. R.], from
AS. Sceotweald, as in Shuttleworth (but see p. 183).
Wimble is for Wimbolt, AS. Winebeald, and Windlass,
Windless should probably be added to the -less names
on p. 149, for it seems to represent AS. wineleas,
friendless; cf. Henry Frendles (Lane. Ass. R. 1176-
1285). It might equally well be a phrase-name, " win
lass" (seep. 263).

The examples dealt with above mostly illustrate
the fact that in names of this type we must always
look out for imitative corruption, but in most of
them the alternative literal meaning is not excluded.
When a name is at all common it usually has
more than one origin. For instance, Winch, which
might have been put with the above, is derived
from Winch (Norl), from the " winch " of a well
or floodgate [Richard Attewynche, Pat. R.], and also
from ME. wenche, a young woman, which dropped
out of the surname list as the word degenerated in

VESSELS AND VEHICLES 171

meaning [Philip le Wenche, Fine R., William le
Wenche, Pat. R.]. Cf. Maid, Maiden.

A small group of surnames connected with sea-
faring and the waterside belong rather to occupative
names. Such are Barge, Bark, Boat, Catch or Ketch,
Galley, Hoy, Shipp, Wherry. These are all genuine,
though Shipp is also for "sheep"; and several of
them are found occurring as surnames much earlier
than the corresponding entries in the NED. Catch
is the earlier form of Ketch [Henry de la Keche, City £.].
Cf. such names as Cart and Wain. It is quite possible
that Carratt, Carrett, Carritt, Carrott, all found in
Lincolnshire, represent AF. carete [Nicholas de la
Carete, Pat. R.] for Fr. charrette, charotte. At the
risk of wearisome repetition, one must keep emphasizing
the fact that the creation of surnames is due to un-
changing human nature, and that their investigation re-
quires common sense. There is nothing more natural
than that a man should be nicknamed from the object
most closely associated with his daily activity. Just
as Gager, Gaiger is from the office of " gauger " [William
le Gaugeour, gauger of wines in England, Ireland and
Wales, Fine JR.], so Gage was a nickname for an official
of the same class [Nicholas Gauge, troner 1 of wools
in Lynn, Fine R.].

To consider all the cases in which people have been
named from the commodities they dealt in would take
up too much space, so a few illustrative examples must
suffice. There can be no doubt that surnames were

1 The official in charge of the tron, or weighing machine He was
alsa called $. Poyser, Poyzer. Sir William Gage, of Suffolk, to whom
we owe the greengage, had not wandered far from the home of this
possible ancestor.

13

172 MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

acquired in this way, for we even find the inclusive
Chafer [Henry Chaffar, Pat. R.]—

" The chaff are, var. marchaundie, of the Jentiles " (Wye. 7s.
xxiii. 2) —

and Marchandy, Marchandise both exist in French. I
have found Clothes in Somerset, the home of the
surname Clothier, in its older sense of cloth-worker.
So also Cords and Ropes [Geoffrey Rope, Pat. R.,
Richard Cordel, ib.] are probably of trade origin,
though they may have been nicknames for that
busy medieval official, the hangman. Cordwent is
simply " cordwain," * i.e. Cordovan leather [Lambert
Cordewen, Hund. R.]. With the famous Hogsflesh we
can compare Robert Pigesfles (City A.) and Johannes
dictus Venesun (Archbp. Romeyn's Reg. 1286-96).
The latter name, of which I have found several medieval
examples, is no doubt absorbed by Vinson, Vincent.

This brings us naturally to the large number of
names connected with foods and drinks, most of
which can be accepted as genuine, though it is a moot
point how far they are due respectively to the fame of
the purveyor or the predilections of the consumer.
The odd and homely character of many names of this
class is exemplified by Casembrood, the name of a
famous Dutch admiral, which has a parallel in Geoffrey

1 In a somewhat ambitious book on surnames published a few
years ago we find the astounding statement that " Lord Teynham,
being a Roper, must have drawn his family from one who was a
' cord-wainer,' pacing hourly backwards and dealing out the hemp
that was being spun and twisted, a monotonous toil from dawn to
sunset, unenlightened by a glimpse of the future in which a descend-
ant would wear the six pearls and have as crest a lion rampant
bearing a ducal crown." Macaulay's schoolboy could have told
the author that a cordwainer's interest in cords is only equalled by
his enthusiasm for wains.

ARTICLES OF FOOD 173

Cheseandbrede (Yorks Knights' Fees, 1303). Besides
well-known existing compounds of -bread we find in
Middle English such names as John Barlibred (Pipe R.),
Adam Cokinbred l (Leic. BOY. Rec.), Cicely Cromebred
(Ramsey Cart.), John Drybred (Hund. R.), John
Netpayn (Pat. R.), and William Halibred (Exch. R.),
the latter still surviving as Hallowbread, Hollowbread.
The French compounds of Pain- are equally numerous —

" M. Painleve, Minister of Instruction and Inventions, returned
to Paris to-day from England " (Daily Telegraph, Feb. 25, 1916).

Cf. Isabella Levanbrede (Yorks, 1379). To bread
belongs also Bulteel [Agnes Buletel, Hund. R.], con-
nected with OF. buleter (bluter), to bolt, sift —

" Bultel is the refuse of the meal, after it is dressed by the baker "
(Blount).

Crust is short for Christian as Trust is for Tristram,
and Crumb is local,2 of Croom [Adam de Crumb,
Chart. R.]. Cake, Langcake, Longcake are all existing
surnames; Matilda Havercake, i.e. oat-cake, occurs
in the Hund. R. and Robert Wytecake in Archbp.
Wickwanes Reg. (1279-84) ; cf. John Foace, of Rouen
(Pat. R.)—

" Fouasse, a bunne, or cake, hastily baked " (Cotg.).

Pancoucke, a famous French publisher of the eighteenth
century, is simply the Dutch for pancake (pankoek), and
our Pancutt is possibly an alteration of the same name.
But Honeybun, Hunnybun are variants of the local
Honeybourne. Another imitative name is Suet, for
Seward, AS. Saeweard [John Suard, Fine R., John
Suet, ib.].

1 For cocket bread ; see NED.

8 It may be also a variant of Crump, a nickname meaning crooked.

174 MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

Leaving aside such obvious names as Pudding,
Pottage, we will consider a few derived from obsolete
words. Brewitt, Browett is OF. and ME. brouet, broth,
v pottage, the ultimate origin of the Scottish brose [John
Brouet, Pat. R.]. Fermidge, Firmage, Furmidge is
AF. furmage (frontage), cheese. Haggas, now limited
to Scotland, was a common word in Middle English —

" Hakkis, puddyngs, tucetum " (Prompt. Parv.}.
" Haggas a podyng, caliette de mouton " (Palsg.).

With these cf. John Blaksalt (Pat. R.), Henry Peper-
wyte (City C.), John Blancbulli, i.e. white broth
(Chart. R.)} Walter Jussel (Glouc. Cart.)—

" Jussellum, quidam cibus factus ex ovis et lacte, anglice Jussell "
(Voc.).

Sharlotte, which we now connect with apples, may
be ME. charlet —

" Charlette, dyschmete, pepo " (Prompt. Parv.).

Collop seems a very odd name, but the oldest example
I have found [Thomas Colhoppe, Feet of Fines] is
identical with the earliest recorded form of the common
noun collop. Drink names are less numerous. We
have Milk [William Mylk, F. of Y.], Beer (generally
local, see p. 53), Goodale, Goodbeer, Coolbear, etc.,
and, in earlier times, WTilliam Surmelch (Pipe R.),
Robert Rougevyn (Pat. R.), and a host of similar
names. We even seem to have general terms for food
and drink in Vivers or Veevers, V titles,1 and Beveridge.
The first I cannot prove—

" Vivres, victualls, acates " (Cotg.).

1 This name, found in Devon, is more probably an imitative
corruption of Vidal, from Vitalis, also a Devon surname.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 175

though it seems a natural nickname for a provision
dealer or innkeeper —

" Amongst others, one Mother Mampudding (as they termed her)
for many years kept this house, or a great part thereof, for victu-
alling " (Stow) —

but Beveridge is amply attested [William Beverage,
IpM., Walter Beverage, Hund. R.]. We may con-V
elude this somewhat prosaic group of surnames with
those of two contrasted medieval entertainers, William
Coldbord (Lane. Ass. R. 1176-1285) and Agnes Bone-
table 1 (Pipe R.).

Among musical instruments we find Bugle, Drum,
Flute, Fidel or Fydell, Harp, Lute, Organ, Pipe,
Timbrell, Tabor, and Trump. Not all of these are
what they seem, though Robert Clarion (Close R.
1246) and Marmaduke Clarionett, 1559, incline us to
consider their claims favourably. ME. bugle, besides
being short for " bugle- horn," meant wild ox —

" Oxe and sheep, and she geet, hert, capret, bugle " (Wye.
Deut. xiv. 5).

It was also the name of a plant, often confused with
the bugloss —

" Buglosa, bugle" (Voc.) —

and, as the latter has given a surname, Buglass, our
Bugle may go with the plant-names (ch. ix.). There
is also a hamlet called Bugle in Cornwall. In the
absence of early forms it is impossible to decide. But
Bugler, first recorded by the NED. for 1840, can

1 Cf. with these John le Caldeloverd (Hund. R.) and the existing
name Bonhote, F. bon hole.

176 MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

hardly have been a HornUower. As the name belongs
exclusively to Dorset, I guess that it comes from
Bugley in that county. Mandlin is an alteration of
Maudlin, i.e. Magdalen; cf. Manclark (p. 234). Drum
and Drummer are probably both local, the former
being a common Scotch and Irish place-name, mean-
ing " ridge/' while the latter can easily have been
corrupted from one of the innumerable spots beginning
with the same syllable. Both drum and drummer are
Tudor words in the NED., and I have found no early
examples of their surname use. In Middle English
the instrument was called " taber " [Richard le
Taborer, Pat. R.], whence the occupative Tabrar,
Taberer, Tabborah, while Taber, Tabor may be
shortened from this —

" Taberes and tomblers " (Piers Plowm. A. ii. 79) —

or be simply the name of the instrument^jised as a
nickname for the musician l [Suein Tabor, Pipe R.].
Tabrett is also found and Tambourin is a French name.
The existence as surnames of Fidler or Vidler,
Flutter, Harper, Luter, Piper, Trumper, all of which
are well documented, is in favour of accepting
Fidel, Flute, Harp, Lute, Pipe, Trump at their face
value, but some of them have an alternative origin.
Fidel is sometimes Fr. fiddle, faithful, Flute is
rather an imitative form of Flewitt, AS. Flodweald
[Fluold solus, Lib. Vit.~\, and Harp is a sign-name
[Florencia atte Harpe, Bardsley, 1327]. Organ is a
personal name [Organ Pipard, Testa de Nev.]. It
has also become Orgies, by a natural corruption

1 Cf. Fr. trompette, trumpeter, and our own " first violin."

COINS i77

which occurs also in the case of the common noun
of the same form —

" Orgies, tymbres, al maner gleo " (NED. i^th cent.).

Pipe is generally local, for a pipe or water-conduit
[Thomas atte Pipe, of Bristol, Pat. R.~\ ; cf. Conduct,
Cundick. Timbrell l may be for Tumbrell, a name given
to the official in charge of the tumbrel, " an instrument
of punishment, the nature and operation of which
in early times is uncertain ; from sixteenth century
usually identified with the cucking-stool " (NED.). We
may suppose that John Tumberel, collector of customs
at Haverfordwest (Fine R.), worked this machine in
his spare time. Probably Root is sometimes from
the rote, the most famous of medieval instruments
[Simon Rote, Hund. R.}, and William Sawtrey, the
first Lollard martyr, took his name from the psaltery.
In English, as in other languages, we find a certain
number of surnames derived from coins, e.g. Farthing,
Halfpenny, Penny, Shilling, also Shilling [John Eskel-
ling, Pat. R.], Twopenny or Tippenny,* Besant, Ducat,*
Duckett, or from sums of money. Pound is local,
Guinea is an imitative spelling of the Irish Guiney,
and Shekell is for Shackle (p. 170). Shillingsworth is
local, the " worth," or homestead, of a man named
Shilling. Cf. Shillingshaw, in which the second element

1 See p. 130, n. Still, Robert Tymperon (Bp. Kellawe's Reg.)
suggests an early form of " tambourine," used by Ben Jonson some
centuries later, and Timperon is still a Cumberland name.

8 Also Thic'kpenny, Moneypenny [William Manypeni, Pat. R.].
Limpenny is local, from Lympne (Kent).

3 Shakespeare spelt the coin ducket, while ducat is a restored form.
There is also a personal name Duckett, for Marmaduke, and another
origin is " duck head " It is impossible to separate them.

178 MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

may be sJiaw, a wood, or haw, an enclosure. The
following medieval examples are instructive, though
they do not tell us how the names were acquired —

Robert Alfmarck, now Allmark, Hall-
mark .....

William Brodepeny

Christiana Deudeners ; cf . Twopenny

John Deumars ....

Richard Dismars, now Dismore (cf.
Sissmore for " sis-mars ")

Roger Duzemars . .

John Fivepeni . . . .

Thomas Godespeny

John Halfpound ....

Thomas Mardargent

John Nynpenyz ....

Osbert Oitdeniers (huit denier s)

Gerard Quatremarc

Thomas Quatresoz

Henry Quinzemars

Richard Threeshillings .

Edmund Trentemars

Fulk Twelpenes .

Geoffrey Twentemarc

Cecily Treydeners ....

Laurence Wytepens

(Hund. R.)
(Writs of ParL)
(ib.)
(City A.)

(Pat. R.)

(Fine R.)

(Hund. R.)

(Close R.)

(City E.)

(Fine R.)

(Bp. Kellawe's Reg.)

(Pipe R.)

(Pat. R.)

(City C.)

(Close R.)

(Pat. R.)

(City A.)

(Hund. R.)

(ib.)

(Pat. R.)

(ib.)

With the last of these cf. the well-known Dutch
name Schimmelpeninck. One can only guess at the
various ways in which certain sums became associated
with certain individuals. We know that Uncle
Pumblechook had an irritating way of alluding to
Pip as " six penn'orth of ha'pence," and that David
Balfour was also temporarily nicknamed by Lady
Allardyce —

" ' O, so you're Saxpence \ ' she cried, with a very sneering
manner. ' A braw gift, a bonny gentleman. And hae ye ony ither
name and designation or -^ere ye bapteesed Saxpence ? ' '

NUMBERS 179

The names in the above list seem to be nearly all
extinct in England, though many of the same type
are still found in France and Germany. But it seems
likely that some of our number names are shortened
from them. This can be seen in the case of Andrew
Sixantwenti alias Vinte-sis-deners, i.e. twenty- six
pence (Leic. Bor. Rec.). Thus the name Eighteen,1
well established at Reading, may be short for " eigh-
teen pence." Another possibility is that it repre-
sented the age of an ancestor ; cf. Robert Quinzanz
(Chart. R.). Pachnio has many examples from medie-
val Paris, e.g. Raoul iiij Deniers, Guillaume ix Deniers,
Symon Quatuordecim, Jehan Quatre-Cenz, etc. In
the last two examples the items may have been cows,
sheep, etc. ; cf. Robertus Quatuor Bourn, Geffroi as
ij Moutons (Pachnio). And there is a medieval Latin
poem on a peasant known as Unusbos, a kind of Little
Claus.

Among existing names of this form are Two, Four,
Six, Twelve, Twelves, Eighteen, Forty, most of which
are susceptible of another explanation. Two may be
short for Twoyearold (p. 250), but is more probably
local, of Tew (Oxf.). Four has two clear origins,
other than the numeral, viz. Fr. four, an oven [Hugh
de la Four, Hund. R.], and the archaic fower, a
scavenger [John le Fower, Fine R.]. Six is for Siggs,
short for one of the Anglo-Saxon names in Sige
[^Edric Sigge, Pipe R.]. Twelve is perhaps short for
Twelftree or Twelvetrees, and Forty, Fordy is local
[William de la Fortheye, Hund. R., Oxf.], apparently
the island by the ford. In the Hund. R. are several
examples from Oxfordshire, which is still the home of

1 Cf. Fr. Dixneuf (Bottin).

i8o MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

the name. Million is probably the Fr. Emilien, from
Emile. Billion belongs to Bill (p. 38). It is found in
Norfolk, sometimes also as Bullion. Milliard is an
artificial spelling of Millar d [Robert le Milleward,
Hund. RJ\. Unitt or Unite seems to be a Welsh name
[Unieth the cutler, Glouc. Cart.], possibly from Welsh
uniaith, monoglot, of one language, a man who could
not, like most of the borderers, speak both Welsh and
English. Among ordinals of English origin I have
only come across Third, which may be short for
Thirdborough,1 the peace-ofhcer of a tithing, originally
the head man of a frank-pledge or frithborh, from
which latter word it is probably corrupted. In fact,
the more correct Freeborough exists as a surname.
But in French we find Prin,* Prime, Premier, Second,
Thiers, Tierce, whence our own Prin, Prynne, Pring,
Print, Prime, Primmer [Roger le Premier, Pat. R.~\,
and Tyers, Terse [John Teis, Leic. Bor. Rec.~\. The
curious Lancashire name Twiceaday, Twisaday means
" twice a day " [John Twysontheday, Pat. R., Cumb.
1410], but remains mysterious.

Essentially connected with the individual are oath-
names and other characteristic phrases. Here again
we have sadly degenerated, and few of this type are
now among us. We have Par doe, Pardy, etc., from
pardieu, Mordue, Mordey, from mort-dieu, Dando or
Daddow, for dent-dieu 3 [William Dandewe, Archbp.
Romayn's Reg. 1286-96], and the rather Chadbandian

1 With this cf. the synonymous name Headborough — " I must go
fetch the headborough " (Taming of the Shrew, i. 12).

z Prin, prime are Old French forms from primus, still surviving
in printemps, prime- abord, etc. The existence of .the name De la
Pry me suggests an alternative origin for Prime.

3 Or possibly from OF. Damnedieu, Dominus Deus.

OATH-NAMES

181

Godbehere, Goodbehere [Geoffrey Godbeherinne, City B.].
Some of the following still exist in a disguised form—

William Adieu 1 .
Robert Benedicite
Walter Corsant (corps saint)
Richard Coursedieu 2 .
John Depardeu .
Simon Deudamur
Deudevize solus .

. (Writs of ParL)

. (Exch. R.)

. (Hund. R.)

. (Exch. R.)

. (Close R.)

. (Chart. R.)

. (Lib. Vit.)

Deulacresse Judaeus (Dieu I'accroisse) (Fine R.)

Henry Deuleseit
Deulebeneye f . Chere .
Deulesaut (Dieu le sauve) Coc
Deulaie (Dieu I' aide) f . Ely as
Deusdedit, sixth Archbishop

Canterbury

Roger Deus-salvet-Dominas 3
John Deutait . .
Richus Deugard or Deuvusgard
John Fadersoule .
William Goddesbokes .
Richard Godesname . .
William Godespays
Olive Goadbles .
John Godsalve . . .
Basilia Godsowele
William Godthanke .
William Gracias .
Simon Halidom .
William Helbogod
John Heylheyl .
Ralph Modersoule
John Papedy (pape-Dieu)
John Parfey

William Placedeux (plaise Dieu)
John Purdeu

of

(Hund. R.)
(Fine R.)
(Pat. R.)
(Close R.)

(DB.)

(Pat. R.)

(ib.)

(Chesh. Chamb. Accts)

(F- of Y.)

(City B.)

(Pat. R.)

(Pat. R.)

(Exch. Cal.)

(Hund. R.)

(ib.)

(Bp. Kellawe's Reg.)

(ib.)

(Exch. R.)

(City B.)

(Close R.)

(Bp. Kellawe's Reg.)

(Pat. R.)

(Lane. Inq.)

(Hund. R.)

1 Cf . Farewell [Richard Farewel, Hund. R.]

8 For corps Dieu, or possibly a phrase-name (ch. xii.) for a
man who had taken the advice given to Job by his wife. Cf.
Adam Crusseking, i.e. curse-king (thirteenth century).

3 With this early representative of " three cheers for the
ladies" cf. Ger. Trauenlob, a Minnesinger and a cruiser.

i82 MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCT-NAMES

It will be noticed that most of these are of French
formation. Pardy, Pardoe, etc. are really distinct
from Purdy, Purdue, etc., the first representing rather
de par Dieu, i.e. de parte Dei, in God's name, as in
modern French de par le roi, while Purdue is rather Fr.
pour Dieu. Also the common Pardoe, Pardow has an
alternative origin from OF. Pardou, for the personal
name Pardolf (Bardolph). Deulaie (v.s.) may be the
origin of Duly. Deugard has given Dugard. For
Godsave see p. 316. Godsowele is one origin of
Godsall, Goodsell, Outsell, and Modersoule has become
Mothersole, Mothersill. Parfey is now Purefoy.

Finally, we find in Middle English a number of
nicknames evidently derived from the word or phrase
which a man overworked. Most of us could quote
similar cases within our own experience. Examples
are —

Milo Ancoys, OF. ansois, rather . (Hund. R.)

Robert Autresy, OF. autresi, also . (Pat. R.)

Hugh Comment .... (Hund.R.)

Michael Houyece, Ho yes ? . (IpM., Notts)

Robert Jodiben, fe dis bien . . (Fine R.)

William Jurdemayn, to-morrow ! . (Hund. R.)
Hugh Oroendroyt, OF. orendroit,

straightway .... (i$th century)

Peter Ouy .... (Pipe R.)

David Paraventure . . . (Pat. R.)

Richard Pernegarde, prends garde . (Exch. R.)

Pagan Purquey, pourquoi . . (Hund. R.)
John Recuchun, " I must slumber

again " . . (Fine R.)

Ralph Sachebien .... (Ramsey Cart.)

William Wibien, oui bien . . (Pleas)

These are practically all of French formation, and I can-
not with certainty identify any of them with existing
surnames. They are inserted here for the satisfaction

ODDITIES 183

of students, as examples of the fantastic manner
in which surnames can be formed, and as a caution
against explaining everything odd as a " corruption."
In the Nottingham Borough Records occurs the name
of Elias Overandover. He may have been a man
fond of wearisome iteration in speech, or with a
penchant for turning somersaults, or of antique con-
scientiousness in the performance of the common
task —

" My godsire's name, I tell you,
Was In-and-in Skittle, and a weaver he was,
And it did fit his craft ; for so his shittle
Went in and in still, this way and then that way "

(Ben Jonson, Tale of a Tub, iv. 2).

CHAPTER IX

VEGETABLE NICKNAMES

" Bot. Your name, honest gentleman !
Peas. Peaseblossom.

Bot. I pray you, commend me to Mistress Squash, your mother,
and to Master Peascod, your father "

(Midsummer Night's Dream).

VEGETABLE surnames may have come into existence
in various ways. Tree names are generally local, and
there is probably no well-known English tree which
has not contributed to the list. Most of these present
no difficulty, but occasionally dialect forms have pre-
vailed, e.g. Hamblock for hemlock. We also find the
obsolete Beam l [Osborn Atebeame, Hund. R.] and its
compound Nutbeam [John atte Notebem, ib.]. Local
also are such considerable growths as Broom, Reed,
Gorse, Furze, Fern, etc., with their compounds such
as Thickbroom [Richard de Thickbrome,2 Pleas.],
Fearnside [Nicholas del Fernyside, Lane. Court R.
1323-4], Redfern [William del Redferne, ib.]. We
may perhaps also suppose that two contiguous Johns
whose huts were overgrown with ivy and jessamine

1 AS. beam, a tree. "Not found later than Anglo-Saxon"
(NED.). But the above example shows that the word survived
into the Middle English period. We still have the compound
hornbeam and others which are less common.

8 This was a manor near Lichfield.

184

CEREALS 185

respectively may have been distinguished by the
names Ivy, Ivey, and Jessemey, Jessiman.

The above are simple cases, but there are also a great
many surnames taken from the vegetable world which
can only be regarded as nicknames created by the
mysterious medieval folk-lore of which we unfortunately
know so little. We still sometimes describe a person
as a daisy, and, in our more subtle moments, even as a
tulip or a peach, while the quite modern nut, or more
elaborate filbert, perhaps represents a recurrence of a
long-dormant instinct inherited from far-off ancestors.
Among surnames of this type we find the names of
plants, flowers, fruits, vegetables, and also minute
products and parts of vegetation. Here, as always,
French and German parallels are abundantly numerous;
while in Latin we find Cicero, Fabius, Lentulus,
Piso, etc.

Plant itself is generally local [John de la Flaunt,
of Rouen, Pat. R.]f from OF. plant, enclosure, planta-
tion, but its occurrence in the Rolls without de [Robert
Plante, Hund. R.] suggests that it was also a nick-
name, from ME. plant used in a variety of senses,
sprig, cudgel, young offspring (see NED.). We find
all the important cereals, Corn, Wheat, Barley, Oats,
Rye. The first seems to be genuine, perhaps for a
peasant whose corn crops were particularly successful,
or for one who lived among cornfields ; cf. Fr. Desbleds,
OF. bled (ble). It has a compound Oldcorn, whence
also Allcorn, with which cf. Johanna Gold corn (Cal.
Gen.) and Robert Oldbene (Hund. R.). Wheat is
more often one of the very numerous variants of
the occupative Wait, a watchman ; but cf. the
common Fr. Froment. Barley is a local name and

186 VEGETABLE NICKNAMES

also a variant of Barlow, but Desorges is a French
surname. Oates is generally the Old French nomina-
tive of Odo, Otto [Otes de Houlond, City F.], from
some German name in Od-, corresponding to AS.
Ead-, but cf. Fr. Alavoine. Rye is generally local, but
the corresponding Seigle is a common French surname.
In each of these, therefore, a double origin is possible,
while a local derivation is also not excluded. Maize
is an imitative spelling of Mayes, from May, which
has various origins (p. 248). Grain is usually a
nickname, OF. grain, morose * [Dominus Johannes
dictus le Greyne, Nott. Bor. Rec.]. Drage, Dredge,
Drudge are dialect names for a mixed crop, especially
of rye and wheat. From its more usual name, mestlyon,
comes Maslin, though this has also another origin, from
a Middle English personal name Mazelin, probably,
like Fr. Massillon (p. 283), from Thomas [Mazelin de
Rissebi, Hund. R.]—

" Metail, messling, or maslin \ wheat and rye mingled, sowed,
and used together " (Cotg.).

Millett is a dim. of Miles or Millicent. Hardmeat might
be taken for a local " hard mead," the more so because
Meat, Meates are for Mead, but William Hardmete
(Hund. R.) shows it to be a nickname from the obso-
lete hard-meat, used of corn and hay, as food for
cattle, contrasted with grass. No doubt Greengrass
has a similar origin. Grist is for Grice, with excrescent -t ;

1 A very interesting chapter could be written on nicknames from
Old French adjectives which have survived in England. Examples
are Tardew, OF. tardieu (tardi/), used also as a name for the snail,
Vesey, Vaisey, Voysey, etc., OF. envoisi, playful, AF. enveise [William
le Enveyse, Hund. R.], Miskin, F. mesquin, paltry, etc.

MEDICINAL PLANTS 187

cf. Moist for Moyes, i.e. Moses, and Twist for Twiss
(p. 82). Grice itself has two origins, Fr. gris, grey,
and ME. grice, a pig.

Among plants that have given surnames we notice
that the odorous, pungent, and medicinal varieties
predominate, probably because they lent themselves
more readily to emblematic use. It is known that
magical properties were ascribed to many of them.
We have, among medicinal plants, Skirrett, Camamile,
Tansey, Spurge, Staveacre, Bettany, Rue. The last
two are doubtful. Bettany, found in Staffordshire
along with Betteley, is probably from Betley in that
county, and Rue, which runs parallel with Rew in Wilt-
shire, may be AF. rew, street, Fr. rue. Still, both
these plants have a good deal of folk-lore about them,
e.g. according to Burton, the Emperor Augustus re-
garded betony as efficacious for the expulsion of
devils, while Shakespeare's allusions to rue, the herb
of grace, are numerous. But, rather than attempt an
explanation of each name in detail, I will refer the
reader to that very charming lecturer, Perdita (Winter's
Tale, iv. 4). Staveacre is for stavesacre, which, in
spite of its English appearance, is almost pure Greek.
It was an emetic and a remedy against vermin. With
these go also Buglass (p. 175), and probably Sidwell,
Sitwell [Thomas Sitwele, Pat. R.], from sedwall, once
regularly coupled with ginger and other spices —

" And he hymself as sweete as is the roote
Of lycorys, or any cetewale "

(Chauc. A. 3206).

Here generally belongs Ambrose, common as a medi-
eval surname, but rather rare as a font-name [William

14

i88 VEGETABLE NICKNAMES

Ambroys, Hund'. R., Richard Ambrosie, ib.]. It was
used of the wild sage —

" Ambrose an herbe, ache champestre " (Palsg.).

And it is very likely that Alexander * or Saunders is
often to be classed with it. This was a common
name for the horse-parsley —

" Alysaundere, herbe, Macedonia" (Prompt. Parv.).

For an example of saundres, coupled with brazill (p. 189),
see the epigraph to ch. xii.

I observe that Herr v. Wermuth is (Nov. 1915)
Burgomaster of Berlin, and Wormwood is given as a
surname by Camden, though I do not know if it now
exists —

" Wermuth, ein bitter kraut, wormwood " (Ludwig, Germ. Diet.
1716).

Darnell, tares [William Dernel, Glouc. Cart.], was con-
sidered to produce intoxication ; cf . its French name,
ivraie. With Weeds cf. Fr. Malherbe, Malesherbes, and
Ger. Unkraut. Balsam is local [Robert de Balsam,
Hund. R.~\, of Balsham (Camb.), and the Yorkshire
Balm is a corruption of Balne in that county.

More associated with the kitchen are Mustard, Gar-
lick, Ginger, Pepper, Parsley, Marjoram, Fennell,
Savory, the last of which is an imitative spelling of
Savary, Saffrey, etc. [Savaricus Clericus, Pipe R.,

1 Another source of this common surname is no doubt to be
found in the romances of Alexander and their dramatic adaptations
(p. 216). Speaking generally, when a surname seems to represent
a font-name in its unaltered form, it has a subsidiary origin, e.g.
Arnold, Harrold, Rowland are all sometimes local, from Arnold
(Notts and Yorks), Harrold (Beds), and " roe-land " [Peter de
Rolond, Pat. R.].

FLOWERS 189

Savari de Duntrop, Fine R.]. I have even found it
spelt Savoury. Sometimes such names may have
been adopted in place of cumbrous trade-names, such
as Thomas le Mustard er (City B.}, John Garleke-
mongere (IpM.}. So also Brazil, Brazell may be from
the vegetable dye which gave its name to a South
American country and a medieval trade [Robert Brand,
brasiler, Leic. BOY. Rec.]', cf. Adam Saffran (Pat. R.).
Pepper may also be shortened from Pepperell, the
latinized form, Piperellus (DB.), of Peverel, which does
not, however, dissociate it from pepper. Pepperwell
is a curious corruption of the above name. The OF.
peyvre, peyvrier, very common in the Rolls [Paulin
Peyvre, Chart. R., John le Peverer, Pat. R.], are now
represented by Peever, Peffer. Fennell is undoubtedly
from the plant, Fr. fenouil [William Feneyl, Pat. R.],
though it has other possible origins. It was an
emblem of flattery —

" Woman's weeds, fennel I mean for flatterers "

(Greene, Upstart Courtier).

Parsley might be a variant of Paslow (q.v.), but the
corresponding Ger. Peter silje is found c. 1300.

Flower-names, such as Jasmin, Lafleur, were often
given to valets in French comedy, and later on were
popular among soldiers, as in the case of Fanfan la
Tulipe. Much further back we find the romantic
story of Flore and Blancheflour and the German
Dornroschen. The reader will naturally think of
Chaucer's Prioress —

"And she was cleped madame Eglentyne" (Prol. 121).

To begin with, we have Flower [ElyasFlur, Fine R.]t

igo VEGETABLE NICKNAMES

Bloom [William Blome, Pat. R.], Blossom [Hugh
Blosme, Hund. R.]—

'' The braunches ful of blosmes softe "

(Chauc. Legend of Good Women, 143).

With these cf. James Beauflour (Close R.}. Flower has
an alternative origin from ME. floer, arrow- smith
[John le Floer, Hund. R.]. The commonest of such
names, Rose, has several origins. It is baptismal
[Richard f. Rose, Hund. R.], from a name which may
come from the flower or from Rosamond (p. 34), a
sign-name [Adam de la Rose, City B., Adam atte Rose,
City D.I, and is often imitative from the local Row
or perhaps Wroe [William of the Rows, Northampt.
BOY. Rec., Simon ithe Rose, Pat. R., Yorks.]. Lilley,
Lilly is sometimes from the font-name Lilian, of
doubtful origin [Geoffrey Lilion, Hund. R., Nicholas
Lillie, ib.], and has specific local origins. It must
also be a sign-name, though I have found no early
example. The name Lilygreen, which has occurred in
the casualty lists, is probably Swedish Liljegren (see
p. 195). With James Popy (Hund. R.), still found as
Poppy, cf. Thomas Coklico (Pat. R.)—

" Coquelicoq, the wild poppie, corne-rose, red corne-rose" (Cotg.).

Fr. Pavot and Ger. Mohn, Mohnkopf are also well-
established names.

The latter, meaning " poppy head," suggests a short
digression on the possibility of some names of this
class having originated in a fanciful resemblance. I
imagine that Mohnkopf 1 may have been applied to a

1 The seventeenth-century German epigrammatist Logau uses it
of an empty, sleepy head —

" Capito hat Kopfs genug, wenig aber hat er Sinnen ;
Wie ein Mohnkopf lauter Schlaf, sonsten hat er nichts darinnen."

FANCIFUL RESEMBLANCES 191

bald-headed man, just as we find, conversely, the
• field poppy called in German dialect Glatzen (Glatze,
a bald pate). We know that pill-garlic, i.e. peeled
garlic, was used in the same way in English —

" Your pyllyd garleke bed
Cowde hoccupy there no stede "

(Skelton).

So Onion, Onions, usually, as a Shropshire name, from
the Welsh Any on, Ennion, Eynon, etc. (anian, nature,
genius), is also a nickname [Roger Oygnouh, Lond.
Wills, 1295]. Cf. Albert Chive (Pipe R.) and William
Chiboulle (Chart. R.), the latter from ME. chibol, an
onion, still in dialect use —

" Ciboule, a chiboll, or hollow leek " (Cotg.).

The first Sweetapple [John Swetapple, Fine R.] may
have been a cultivator of particularly choice fruit, but
his name reminds me strongly of a schoolboy of my
acquaintance whose unconsciously sardonic expression
earned for him the name Sour Plum. Moss crop, an
archaic name for the tufted club-rush, may have been
suggested by the combination of a thin body and a
shock head.

To come back to flower-names, we have Daisy [Robert
Dayeseye, Hund. R.], Primrose [Peter Premerole,1
Pat. R.], Marigold, Pimpernell, Columbine or Collingbine,
while Dandely on, still found in America,2 was a Kentish
name up to the middle of the fifteenth century.
Thomas Eglentyn and Peter Parvenk (periwinkle)

1 This is the older form, the modern -rose being due to folk-
etymology.

8 But, like all American names, to be regarded with caution.
See p. 9.

192 VEGETABLE NICKNAMES

, occur in the Pat. R. Each of these no doubt has a
\l tale to tell. Violet is probably a colour nickname
(p. 154). Lavender, usually occupative, the Launder,
or " washerman," may also occasionally be a nickname
[John Lavender, taillur, Pat. R.]. Galliver, Gilliver
are from ME. gilofre [Peter Gylofre, Leic. Bor. Rec.],
now corrupted to gillyflower,1 a flower emblematic of
frailty. I fancy that this is due to association with
Queen Guinevere, from whose name we get Junifer,
Juniper.2 The MDB. contains the name Rosontree, but
the locality (Yorks) suggests a misprint for Rowntree
(rowan tree, mountain ash). The first Woodbine was
perhaps named from his clinging propensities, but
we can hardly accept Tulip, the first mention of the
flower by a Western European being about the middle
of the sixteenth century (NED.). It is evidently an
imitative spelling, but of what ?

Fruit-names may also in some cases be local, e.g.
Plumb may be for Plumtree, Pear for Peartree. But
in Old French we often find them used with the definite
article in such a way as to suggest a nickname, e.g.
Raoul la Prune, Gautier la Poire (Pachnio), the latter
individual perhaps having a head of the shape which
earned the nickname Poire for the last legitimate king
of France, and which suggested the medieval " pear
head" (p. 128), now Perrett. These examples show
that Pear, Pears is not always an imitative spelling

1 The following extract (1683) is a good example of "preposterous"
etymology — " The July flower as they are more properly called,
though vulgarly Gilliflower and Gillofer." This is like " June-
eating " for jenneting.

2 Junipher was still common as a font-name in Cornwall in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Bardsley). It is curious
that in dialect the juniper is sometimes called the genifer (EDD.}.

FRUITS 193

of Fr. Pierre. So also in English we find William le
Cheris ' (Leic. Bor. Rec.), who is perhaps the same
person as William Chirecod (ib.), with whose name cf.
Peascod (p. 196). But many apparent fruit-names are
not genuine. Grapes may be from an inn-sign, but
is more likely connected with Grepe (p. 61), Raisin is
an imitative form of Ray son (p. 239), and Muscat
is an alteration of Muskett, a nickname frorri the
sparrow-hawk—

" Mouchet, a musket ; the tassell 2 of a sparhawke " (Cotg.).

The oldest form of damson is damascene, from Damascus.
Hence the name Damson is probably the " dame's
son " [Geoffrey Dammesune, Pipe R.]. Pippin is Fr.
Pepin, whence also the East Anglian Pepys [Richard
Pepin or Pepis, Hund. R., Camb.], and, as a Somerset
name, is altered from Phippen, dim. of Philip, which
is common in the same county.- It may also be a
fruit-name; cf. Costard (p. 194). Medlar is a nick-
name [William le Mesler,3 Hund. R.]. Filbert is
simply the French name Philibert [Dominus Fylbard,
Hund. R.], OG. Filuberht, very bright, whence the
nut also probably takes its name.4 Dewberry is local,
of Dewsbury, spelt Deubire in 1202, but Mulberry,

1 The older form of cherry, Fr. cerise. The -s has been lost
through being taken as the sign of the plural, as in pea from pease.
It is possible, however, that le Cheris may be the Old French nom.
of chert, " the cherished." This -s does not appear much in Anglo-
French, but there are other examples of it in the same record as
the above. See Bew (p. 319).

2 Hence the surnames Tassell, Tarsell, Taycell. The older form
of the word was tiercel. See Romance of Names, p. 221.

3 For the intrusion of -d- in our meddle from OF. mesler (meler]
cf. Madle (p. 250), Idle (p. 64).

4 See Romance of Words, p. 35.

194 VEGETABLE NICKNAMES

Mulbry appears to be genuine. Orange is doubtful,
for, though Richard Orenge (Archbp. Peckham's Lett.
1279-92) points to a nickname, Orangia de Chercheyerd,
who was hanged in 1307 (Cal. Gen.), suggests a fantastic
personal name, which must apparently have been
formed from that of the fruit. There is also the
town of Orange (Vaucluse), but I have found no evi-
dence to connect the name with it. The name Rasp-
berry is found in East Anglia, and, although the NED.
does not record the word till the seventeenth century,
the name may be genuine, for French has both
Framboise and Framboisier —

" Framboise, a raspis, hindberry, framboiseberry " (Cotg.).

Mellon is Irish, I suppose for Malone, i.e. the tonsured
servant of John. Costard is a very common Middle
English nickname, perhaps for a round-headed man ;
hence also Coster, Custer, Custard.

A few kitchen-garden names have already been men-
tioned, but the group is not large. Bean is usually
Scottish, Gael, ban, white, whence Bain, but this will
not account for the common Norfolk name B canes,
occurring as Bene in the Hund. R. The bean seems
to have been a favourite crop in East Anglia, e.g. in
the Ramsey Cartulary there is mention of plots called
Benecroft, Benedale, Benemede, Benehill, Bene-
furlange ; cf. Barton-in-Fabis (Notts), Barton-in-the-
Beans (Leic.) . I see no reason to doubt that Eustace
Sparaguz (Fine R.) took his name from the most
delicate of vegetables. Pease is also a vegetable
name, but Pea,1 Pee is for Peacock as Poe is for

1 See p. 193, n. i.

BOTANICAL DETAILS 195

Pocock. From the same bird, AS. pawa, we have
Paw, Pay, Pow, Poye —

" Gold, and sylver, and yver, and apis, and poos " (Wye.
2 Chron. ix. 21).

An apparently authentic nickname of the vegetable
type is Neap, Neep [Henry le Nep, Hund. R.], which
is Middle English for " turnip." It is seldom that
so clear an instance is found in the Rolls. Cf. Ameline
la Navete (Pachnio) —

" Navette, rapeseed ; also, as naveau."

" Naveau blanc de jardin, the ordinary rape, or turnep " (Cotg.).

The most curious of the vegetable surnames are
those which are formed from botanical details, and
here again I can make little attempt to explain their
occurrence. Similar names are common in other
languages, and Swedish especially has a very large
number in -gren, branch, -quist,1 twig, -Had, leaf.
Twigg has parallels in Fr. Rameau and Ger. Zweig,
the latter also having compounds, e.g. Mittenzweig,
with the twig, and Sauberzweig, clean twig, the name of
an officer mentioned (Daily Telegraph, Nov. 2, 1915)
in connection with the murder of Nurse Cavell, and
evidently, if there is anything in heredity, originally
ironic. Both Spray and Sprigg are used in dialect of
a lean, lanky person ; cf. p. 155. In English we have
also Branch [Benjamin Branche, Hund. R.] occurring
very commonly without de, though John de la
Braunche (F. of Y. 1451) suggests local origin, or per-

1 In the casualty lists (Jan. 19, 1916) occurs the name Apple quist,
evidently of Swedish origin.

ig6 VEGETABLE NICKNAMES

haps a sign. Branch/lower is an alteration l of the nick-
name Blanch flower. Bough is local [John atte Bough,
Pat. R.], in the sense of Bow, arch, with which it is
really identical.2 Budd is an Anglo-Saxon personal
name, short for Botolf or some such dithematic name,
and Leaf is an imitative spelling of Leif, dear [John le
Lef, Pat. R.] ; cf. Leveson, which, in the form Leofsunu
(see Fr. Cherfils, p. 247), was already a personal name
in Anglo-Saxon. With Ivy leaf cf . Ger. Kleeblatt, clover
leaf, and Rosenblatt, whence, or perhaps through one
of the Scandinavian languages, our Roseblade. Hoc-
cleve is more probably a complete plant-name, AS.
hoclef, mallow. Sapp is a nickname [William le Sap,
Hund. R.]. In dialect it means a simpleton, cf. sap-
head, sapskull, but its history is unwritten.

Then we have fantastic names like Goldstraw, Pepper-
corn, Barleycorn, the last-named once common as grain
d'orge [William Greindeorge, Hund. R.], now Grandage,
Graddige. Graindorge is still a common French surname.
With Peascod [Henry Pesecod, Pat. R.], Pescott, Pease-
good, Peskett, Bisgood (?), cf. Benskin (bean- skin)
and Maddy Benestol (Hund. R.) whose name con-
tains dial, stale, a stalk. But Podd, also Poad, Poat,
is a nickname from ME. pode, a toad [John le Pod,
Hund. R.]. I doubt whether Seed (see p. 73) belongs
here, but Hempseed is an uncomplimentary nickname —

" Do, do, thou rogue ; do, thou hempseed " (2 Henry IV. II. i.) ;

1 It could be explained as dissimilation, but there is a general
tendency for /and r to interchange. See the forms of Berenger
(p- 35)- Branchett is no doubt for Blanchett, a colour name, and Mr.
Pett Ridge's less refined characters occasionally used " brasted "
as an intensive epithet.

2 It is only in English that this word, meaning something bent,
is associated with trees.

BOTANICAL DETAILS 197

though the only time I have come across it was in
connection with a gallant exploit in the War. Cf.
Ger. Hanf Stengel, hemp-stalk. Our Hempenstall is
one of the many variants of Heptonstall (Yorks).
In Lillicrap, Lillycrop we seem to have the archaic
crop, " head " of a plant, or tree, bunch of foliage,
etc. ; cf. Mosscrop and Ger. Mohnkopf. Gower uses it
in his version of the famous scene in which Tarquin
strikes off the heads of the tallest plants —

" Anon he tok in honde a yerde
And in the gardin as thei gon,
The lilie croppes on and on,
Wher that thei weren sprongen oute,
He smot of, as thei stode aboute "

(Cow/. Amant. vii. 4676).

With the poetical Flowerdew, whence Flowerday, cf.
Robert Honiedewe (Salisb. Chart.) and Ger. Morgenthau,
morning dew. Maydew is for Matthew, and preserves
the intermediate form between the original and Mayhew,
Mayo, OF. Mahieu. Merridew, Merriday, Merredy
are the Welsh Meredith [Mereduz de Beauveir, City D.].
They are further corrupted in Lancashire into Mctta-
dew, Mellalieu, Mdlalue.

In my Romance of Words (p. 196) I have mentioned
Ferguson's conjecture as to the curious name Ivimey,
Ivermee, Evamy, Efemey,1 etc. I am afraid the pic-
turesque derivation there suggested will not hold
water. In City A. I find Peter Yvenes or Yvemeys,
a Spanish immigrant. I do not know the origin of
his name, but he looks like the true ancestor of the
Ivimeys.

1 The two last may represent Euphemia.

CHAPTER X

PAGEANT NAMES

" II y avoit lors une dame, qui, pendant les jeux, avoit joue
Conscience, et qui pour cela en eut le nom tout le temps de sa vie "
(BEROALDE DE VERVILLE, Le Moyen de parvenir).

IT has always been recognized by students of surname
lore that our Prophets, Priests, and Kings generally
owe their names to ancestors who had enacted such
parts in medieval pageant l ; but this source of modern
surnames is much more considerable than has usually
been supposed. Grown people are almost as fond of
" dressing up " as children, and in recent years we
have seen a revival of the type of pastime once so
dear to our ancestors and still popular on the con-
tinent. Some twenty years ago the author was
present at the elaborate display by which the Swiss
celebrated the seventh centenary of their Republic.
On that occasion it looked as though the whole able-

1 The pageant was originally the scaffolding on which the players
stood or acted. In the case of the shorter plays and smaller tableaux
it was movable. In fact the cars of Lord Mayor's Show are its
descendants — " Every company had his pagient, which pagiants
weare a high scafolde with two rowmes, a higher and a lower, upon
four wheeles. In the lower they appareled themselves, and in the
higher rowme they played, beinge all open on the tope, that all
behoulders might heare and see them " (From a contemporary
description of one of the last Chester performances).

198

PROCESSIONS 199

bodied population were parading in historic garb for
the edification of the physically unfit and the chil-
dren of the country. In medieval England no im-
portant feast of the Church, no event in the life of the
monarch, or, in the provinces, of the local magnate,
no visit of a foreign dignitary, was allowed to pass
without the accompaniment of something like a Lord
Mayor's Show —

" One other show, in the year 1377, made by the citizens for dis-
port of the young prince, Richard, son to the Black Prince, in the
feast of Christmas, in this manner : — On the Sunday before Candle-
mas, in the night, one hundred and thirty citizens, disguised, and
well horsed, in a mummery, with sound of trumpets, sackbuts,
cornets, shalmes, and other minstrels, and innumerable torch lights
of wax, rode from Newgate, through Cheape, over the bridge, through
Southwarke, and so to Kennington, beside Lambhith, where the
young prince remained with his mother, and the Duke of Lancaster
his uncle. ... In the first rank did ride forty-eight in the likeness
and habit of esquires, two and two together, clothed in red coats and
gowns of say or sandal, with comely visors on their faces ; after them
came riding forty-eight knights in the same livery of colour and stuff ;
then followed one richly arrayed like an emperor ; and after him
some distance, one stately attired like a pope, whom followed
twenty-four cardinals, and after them eight or ten with black visors,
not amiable, as if they had been legates from some foreign prince ''
(Stow).

There are possibly to-day people named Squire,
Knight, Emperor l or Cayzer, Pope, Cardinall, Leggatt,
whose ancestors figured in this particular procession.
Two names of this class may be specially mentioned,
the first, Count [Peter le Counte, Fine R.], because of
its rarity, the second, Marquis, because, though so
common in the north, it seems unrecorded except as a
female font-name [Marchisa f. Warner, Yorks Fines,

1 Still a surname in the nineteenth century, though I have not
come across a living example.

200 PAGEANT NAMES

temp. John]. It is rather, odd to find the German
equivalent recorded for the same county [William
Margrayve, F. of Y.]. Lavicount is an example of the
grammatical methods of Anglo-French.

Such a procession as that described above was a
very mild affair compared with some of the more
scenic pageants which were enacted on great occa-
sions—

" At certain distances, in places appointed for the purpose, the
pageants were erected, which were temporary buildings representing
castles, palaces, gardens, rocks or forests, as the occasion required,
where nymphs, fauns, satyrs, gods, goddesses, angels and devils
appeared in company with giants, savages, dragons, saints, knights,
buffoons, and dwarfs, surrounded by minstrels and choristers ; the
heathen mythology, the legends of chivalry and Christian divinity
were ridiculously jumbled together without meaning " (Strutt).

Then we have the popular games and representations
associated with church festivals, the boy " Bishop,"
the " Pope " of Fools, the " Lord " of Misrule, the
" Abbot " of Unreason, the bull-baitings, archery con-
tests, joustings, running at the quintain, the May
games with their Robin Hood pageants, the rough
horseplay of the Hockday sports, of which the chief
feature, the binding of men by women and vice-versa,
perhaps survives in the names Tieman and Bindlass,
Bindloss. It is quite possible that Peacock, Pocock,
and Popjoy, Fob joy, Pobgee, Pope joy may have been
in some cases nicknames conferred on successful
athletes —

" In the year of Christ 1253, the 38th of Henry III., the youth-
ful citizens, for an exercise of their activity, set forth a game to run
at the quinten ; and whoever did best should have a peacock which
they had prepared as a prize " (Stow).

ARCHERY 201

Shooting at the popinjay, a wooden figure of a parrot
set up as a mark, is often mentioned, not only by
English writers, but also by Rabelais. Of course these
two names may also come from signs, or they may
be nicknames due to some characteristic of the original
bearer l ; but the following is suggestive —

" P ape gay, a parrot, or popingay ; also, a woodden parrot (set up
on the top of a steeple, high tree, or pole) whereat there is, in many
parts of France, a generall shooting once every yeare ; and an
exemption for all that yeare, from la faille, obtained by him that
strikes downe the right wing thereof, (who is therefore tearmed Le
Chevalier ;) and by him that strikes downe the left wing, (who is
tearmed Le Baron ;) and by him that strikes down the whole
popingay (who for that dexteritie or good hap hath also the title of
Roy du Papegay,) all the yeare following " (Cotg.).

Most important of all, perhaps, from the surname
point of view, is the medieval drama, with its long
and detailed representations of the most important
episodes from the Old and New Testaments and from
the lives of the Saints. In these performances the

1 The origin of bird nicknames would repay study. In some cases
no doubt they were due to some external feature, but most of them
are probably connected with the qualities, invariably bad, which
folklore symbolised in certain birds. The Peacock personified vanity,
the Woodcock, according to popular superstition, had no brains, the
Capon and Daw were both fools, the Buzzard was a type of ignorance,
and so on. Most interesting of all is the woodpecker, whose many
dialect names (Speight, Speck, Pick, Rainbird, etc.) nearly all exist
as surnames. Now the woodpecker, a retiring and inconspicuous
bird, has none of the prominent characteristics which make Jay,
Nightingale, Crane, Goose, etc., such natural nicknames. His place
in the surname list is due to an unconsciously persisting myth which
is perhaps older than Genesis and Olympus. See Rendel Harris,
The Place of the Woodpecker in Religion (Contemporary Review,
Feb. 1916). On the general characteristics which medieval folk-
lore ascribed to various birds we get some light in Chaucer's Parlia-
ment of Fowls and Skelton's Philip Sparrow.

202 PAGEANT NAMES

number of actors was often enormous, and the spec-
tacle was prolonged for days or even weeks—

" The miracle plays in Chaucer's days were exhibited during the
season of Lent, and sometimes a sequel of scripture histories was
carried on for several days. In the reign of Richard II. the parish
clerks of London put forth a play at Skinner's Wells, near Smith-
field,' which continued three days. In the succeeding reign another
play was acted at the same place and lasted eight days ; this drama
began with the creation of the world and contained the greater part
of the Old and New Testament. . . . Beelzebub seems to have been
the principal comic actor, assisted by his merry troop of under-
devils. . . . When the mysteries ceased to be played, the subjects
for the drama were not taken from historical facts, but consisted of
moral reasonings in praise of virtue and condemnation of vice, on
which account they were called moralities. The dialogue was
carried on by allegorical characters such as good doctrine, charity,
faith, prudence, discretion, death, and the like, and their discourses
were of a serious cast ; but the province of making the spectators
merry descended from the devil in the mystery to the vice or iniquity
of the morality, who usually personified some bad quality incident
to human nature, as pride and lust" (Strutt).

Now most of us have within our experience cases
of nicknames conferred in connection with private
theatricals and fancy-dress balls, and it is easy to
believe that, at a period when the surname was not
a fixed quantity, distinction in some piece of acting
or buffoonery may have often earned for the per-
former a sobriquet which stuck. I do not mean to
say that all the names I am about to enumerate
belong with certainty, or exclusively, to this class, but
I think that in the case of most of them there is a
strong presumption for such an origin. To go thor-
oughly into the question would involve a close study
of the medieval drama,1 and a much more intimate

1 See E. K. Chambers, The Medi&val Stage (Oxf. 1903). Some
characteristic plays and extracts will be found in Pollard's English
Miracle Plays, 6th ed. (Oxf. 1914).

ALLEGORY AND DRAMA 203

knowledge of the history of pageantry, than can be
gleaned from the popular account of Strutt. The
reader who cares to look through the long lists of
dramatis persona in the Chester, Coventry, Towneley,
and York plays, will see that there is hardly a name
in this chapter which cannot be illustrated, or at
least paralleled, from those collections.

The whole question also has a psychological aspect.
The rise of allegory and the flourishing of the drama
are connected with the awakening consciousness of
the people as a whole. It was a somewhat dull, prosaic
awakening, showing itself in a realistic, bludgeon-
wielding type of satire and a homely morality, and,
from the surname point of view, in a striving after a
name that meant something to its bearer. We see
something of this spirit in the nomenclature adopted
by Jack Straw and his followers. The following pro-
clamation is contemporary with John Ball —

" John Schepe, some time St. Mary's priest of York, and now of
Colchester, greeteth well John Nameless and John the Miller and
John the Carter, and biddeth them that they beware of guile* in
borough, and stand together in God's name, and biddeth Piers Plow-
man go to his work, and chastise well Hob the Robber (Robert Hales,
the Treasurer) and all his fellows, and no mo, and look that ye shape
you to one head and no mo."

And as late as the reign of Henry VII. rebellious
peasants revived these old names which symbolized
their condition in life and their aspirations —

" Taking Robyn of Riddesdale, Jack Straw, Thomolyn at Lath1
and Maister Mendall for their capteyns " (Letter of Henry VII.).

To the same attitude of mind belong many of
the phrase -names dealt with in ch. xiu, and their

1 ME. lathe, a barn.
15

204 PAGEANT NAMES

descent can be traced through the Elizabethans and
the Restoration dramatists via Smollett and Fielding
to the modern novelists. For even Dickens, sumptu-
ous as is his collection of genuine surnames, occasion-
ally descends to such stuff as Veneering and Verisopht —

" A curious essay might be written on the reasons why such
names as Sir John Brute, Sir Tunbelly Clumsy, Sir Peter Teazle, Sir
Anthony Absolute, Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Lord Foppington, Lord
Rake, Colonel Bully, Lovewell, Heartfree, Gripe, Shark, and the
rest were regarded as a matter of course in the 'comedy of manners.'
. . . The fashion of label-names, if we may call them so, came down
from the Elizabethans, who, again, borrowed it from the medieval
moralities " (William Archer, Play-Making).

The surnames which may with more br less cer-
tainty be connected with medieval spectacles fall
into several groups. Many Old Testament names
such as Adam and Eve, Abel, David, Solomon or Salmon,
Sampson, Jonas,1 etc., no doubt sometimes belong here.
Geoffrey Golias 8 or Gullias (Hund. R.) has modern
representatives in Gullyes and Gully [William Golye,
Hund. R.]. The form Golie is used by Wyclif. From
ME. Goliard, a satiric poet or jester, popularly con-
nected with Golias, we have Gullard [John Goliard,
Close R., John le Golert, Derby Cart. 1353], of which
Gullett is the regular reduction. I have seldom found
Solomon as a medieval font-name, while William
dictus Salamon (Lond. Wills, 1287) is a clear case

1 Was the original Whalebelly a piece of realistic mechanism in a
Jonah pageant ? One has heard of the pantomime actor who earned
his bread as the left hind-leg of an elephant —

" In this same interlude, it doth befall
That I, one Snout by name, present a wall "

(Midsummer Night's Dream, v. i).

a The Middle English form of Goliath, found also in Shakespeare.

OLD TESTAMENT CHARACTERS 205

of a nickname. Pharaoh,1 Pharro is explained by
Bardsley as a corruption of Farrow. It is more likely
that the latter is corrupted from Pharaoh, a very
spectacular personage ; but the Scotch surname Ptolomey
evidently belongs to Bartholomew ; cf. Fr. Tholomie.
A particularly interesting name is Absolom, not uncom-
mon as a modern surname and with a number of dis-
guised variants. We know from Chaucer that this
was a nickname for a man with a fine head of hair —

"Now was ther of that chirche a parissh clerk,
The which that was y-cleped A bsolon ;
Crul was his heer and as the gold it shoon,
And strouted as a fanne, large and brode "

(Chauc. A. 3312).

This became, by a common metathesis, Aspelon
[Adam Absolon or Apsolon or Aspelon, City B.},
whence Aspenlon, Asplin. The local-looking Asp-
land is the same name with spurious -d [John
Apspelond, City E.~\ and Ashplant is an imitative
spelling.

A doubtful case is Pottiphar, explained by Bardsley
as an imitative corruption of Petti fer (p. 141). It may
be from an Old Testament play, for although Potiphar
himself plays no part in history, we can hardly
imagine that the medieval drama would omit to put
his wife upon the scene, and for the audience she would
be Mrs. Potiphar. Cf. James Dalileye (Close R.),
who presumably played Delilah in another highly
dramatic Biblical scene.

But many names which might appear to belong to
this class are deceptive. Shadrake is an alteration of
the bird nickname Sheldrake, Ogg is not the King of

1 Pharao Kircke was buried at Repton, Dec. i, 1602

206 PAGEANT NAMES

Bashan, but AS. Ocga or Ogga, shortened from some
such name as O eg weald, AS. oga, terror, Leah is a
form of the local Lea, and Rachell comes via Fr. Rachilde
from OG. Raghild, for which see Regin and Hild
in ch. ii. Some Welsh surnames, such as Jeremiah,
Matthias, Mordecai, belong to the later name-creation
with which the modern Welsh have replaced their
Aps. Perhaps in some cases such names were substi-
tuted for Welsh names of somewhat similar sound, just
as Jeremiah was adopted in Ireland for Diarmid. This
would seem to be the explanation of Enock, which is
spelt Egenoc in the Gloucester Cartulary. The Suffolk
name Balaam is an alteration of the local Baylham,
from a village in that county, but Robert Balaam
(Pat. R., Cornwall) suggests also a nickname. Jermy
is not from Jeremy, but from Jermy n,1 with which it
runs parallel in Norfolk. Noah was an important
character in the old drama and the popular form of
the name was Noy, whence Noyes, Noyce. The Chester
play of Noah's Flood ends with the lines —

" My blessinge, Noye, I geve thee heare,
To thee, Noye, my servant deare ;
For vengance shall no more appeare,
And now fare well, my darlinge deare ! "

Saul, Sawle, generally for Fr. Salle, Lasalle, is another
possible case. This is necessarily guess-work, but it
is noticeable that the Biblical names which occur
commonly as surnames are invariably connected with
those episodes in Old Testament history which were

1 This is Fr. Germain, from Germanus, used as a personal name,
but Gilbert le German (Pat. R.) and Jermany, Jar many point also
to local origin.

NEW TESTAMENT NAMES 207

constantly dramatized for edification. I have seen
somewhere, but failed to make a note of, a vaguely
spelt ME. Nebuchadnezzar.

From the New Testament we have Herod [Seman
Herodes, Pat. R.] and Pillatt l [Alan Pilate, Pleas].
The character of Herod as a stage braggart was
familiar to Shakespeare —

" I would have such a fellow whipped for o'erdoing Termagant;
it out-herods Herod " (Hamlet, iii. 2).

With this cf. Jordan Travagan (Lib. R,), for Terva-
gant, the earlier form of Termagant. The following
excerpt from the sums paid in 1490 to the Coventry
smiths who acted the Passion reads oddly —

"Imprimis to God, ijs; item to Cayphas, iijs iiiid ; item to
Heroude, iijs iiiid ; item to Pilatt is wyffe, ijs ; item to the devyll
and to Judas, xviijd ; item to Petur and Malchus, xvjd ; item to
Pilatte, iiijd."

Several rather uncommon names of office, e.g.
Governor and Commander [William le Comandur,
Hund. R.], seem to be associated especially with the
Passion Play. The most interesting is Poyner, i.e.
" painer," or tormentor [John le Poynur, Hund. R.],
which still survives, while Turmentur, of which I
have found several medieval examples, has naturally
dropped out of use. Officer, still a Nottingham sur-
name, may be rather corrupted from the maker of
" orphrey," or gold embroidery [John le Orfresour,
Pat. R,~], though " officer," in the sense of servant,

1 The very popular role of Pontius Pilate, one of the stock villains
of medieval drama, may account for the large number of derivatives
of Pontius in France, Pons, Ponsard, Poinson, etc., whence our
names in Punch-, Pinch-.

208 PAGEANT NAMES

especially of the crown, is a common word in Middle
English ; cf. Fitchell (p. no). Lathron,1 corrupted
into Leathern, Letheren, is an early form of Fr. lanon,
thief, penitent or otherwise. In Fr. Lelerre we have
the old nominative of the same word. Cf. Adam
Maufetour, i.e. malefactor (IpM.). It is curious
to find Christ as an existing surname, but it is no
doubt from the font-name Christian. With Virgin
and the latinized * Virgoe, Vergo goes Mildmay (p. 246),
for " mild " was the traditional epithet of the Holy
Virgin —

" Ave Maria ! maiden mild " (Lady of the Lake, in. 29).

Goad is no doubt for God, which has also become
Good ; cf. Goadbles (p. 181). Godson, though it
obviously has other origins, is also to be taken liter-
ally [Henry FizDeu, Chart. R.]. The naivete of the
old drama is amazing. In the play of Cain and Abel,
Cain, when admonished by the Almighty, addresses
him scornfully as " Hob over the wall."
Among the supers are Postle or Posthill, Martyr, and

1 This is philologically interesting ; cf. Dainteth (p. 223). Latheron
is still in dial, use as a term of contempt. The EDD. derives it
from Fr. laideron, ugly person, but this is a comparatively modern
word.

2 The stage directions and, in the earliest examples, the dialogue,
were in Latin. This will account for Pontifex, which may be either
for Pope or for one of the high priests in the Passion play [Gilbert
Pountife, Pat. R.]. Another purely Latin name is Coustos, but
custos was once in general use as an English word, e.g. Berners, in
the preface to his translation of Froissart, says that history has
time as " her custos and kepar." Preater, Pretor, Prater may be
for "praetor" or for "prater." With the latter origin may be
compared such names as Whistler [Elias le Wistler, Glouc. Cart.]
or the obsolete Geoffrey le Whiner (Pat. R.), Richard le Titteler,
whisperer, tatler (Hund. R.), John Sternitour, sneezer (ib.).

THE MYSTERIES 209

Saint, Sant, Saunt, while Devill l [Osbert Diabolus,
Pat. R.] has naturally survived less strongly than
Angell [Edward le Angel,2 Fine R.~\. There was more
than one type of stage angel, hence the more definite
Henry Angel-Dei (Hund. R.), and Fr. Bonnange.
Seraphim still exists as a surname [Peter Serapin.
Pat. R.~\. Pilgrim, with its odd variants Peagrim,
Piggrem, Paragreen,* etc., may also belong here, also
Armitt (hermit), with which we may compare not only
Fr. Lermitte, but also Reclus. In all probability some
of the favourite saints, such as Christopher and George,
contributed to the surname list via the popular drama.
The fact that the latter, a very rare medieval font-
name, is so common a surname in its unaltered form,
is an argument for nickname origin. Both were also
favourite inn- signs.*

With George goes naturally Dragon [William le
Dragon, Hund. R.]. The name is found in French
and the other Romance languages, and in the Close
R. we find mention of a Spaniard with the pleasing
name Demon Dragon. Griffin, usually a Welsh name
related to Griffith, is also sometimes a nickname [John

1 I read to-day (Nov. 20, 1915) that Herr Teufel is, appropriately
enough, German press agent in Bale. Here may belong sometimes
Dible, Dibble. The Prynce of Dybles is an important character in
the play of Mary Magdalene.

2 It is likely that Messenger, Massinger are also sometimes of
dramatic origin, for there is a nuncius in most medieval plays, and his
part is important.

3 These may equally well come from Peregrine, which is etymo-
logically the same word.

* " From thence towards London Bridge, on the same side, be
many fair inns, for recepit of travellers, by these signs, the Spurre,
Christopher, Ball, Queene's Head, Tabarde, George, Hart, Kinge's
Head, etc." (Stow).

210 PAGEANT NAMES

Griffon, Fine R.]. In the OF. Mystere de la Passion
it is the nickname of a comic character whom Satan
instructs in the use of dice. Although Paradise, Heaven,
and Hell were realistically staged in the old drama,
these surnames have another origin. Paradise is local,
a pleasure-garden, especially that of a convent —

" There is (at Hampton Court) a parterre which they call Para-
dise " (Evelyn, Diary).

Heaven, a Bristol name, is generally for the Welsh
Evan, and Hell l is simply a variant of Hill [William
de la Helle, Chart. R.].

Surnames derived from ecclesiastical titles are
generally too obvious to require explanation.2 Bishop
occurs as early as DB., but his superior does not seem
to have survived, though arcevesque is common enough
in the Rolls and Hue Archevesque was a Norman
poet of the thirteenth century. Bishoprick is an
abstract nickname to be compared with Office —

" His bishoprick, marg. office or charge,9 let another take "
(A.V. Acts, i. 20).

With the still existing Archdeacon, Arcedeckne, cf.
Roger le Archprest (Pleas.), who possibly enacted
Annas or Caiaphas in the Passion Play. Rarer names
of this type are Novice, Novis, Reverand, Curate
[Henry Curete, Lane. Court R. 1323-4], Minchin. The
latter is ME. minchen, a nun, a derivative of monk,
regularly used, for instance, in the Cartulary of God-

1 Hellcat is a perversion of Halkett (p. 61).

2 It is curious to find William Hugh, pape, and Reginald le
Ercevesqe charged together with murder at Exeter (Pat. R.).

3 Is this the origin of the name Charge, or is this for Jarge ? Pre-
bend is also a surname, but can Preferment be genuine ?

THE CLERGY 211

stow Nunnery. It is supposed to be the origin of
Mincing Lane —

" A third lane out of Tower Street ... is called Mincheon Lane,
so called of tenements there sometime pertaining to the Minchuns
or nuns .of St. Helen's in Bishopsgate Street " (Stow).

Labat, Labbett is a Huguenot name, representing Pro-
ven£al abat, abbot, with the definite article. Ankrett,
anchorite, still exists by the side of the simple Anker,
Anchor, Annercaw —

" An anchor's cheer in prison be my scope "

(Hamlet, iii. 2).

To church office belongs also Reglar, Rigler, a member
of a religious house, often contrasted with " secular "
[Nicholas le Secular, IpM.~\—

" Of seculer folke he can make reguter, and agayne of reguler
seculer" (NED. 1528).

Both Secular and the synonymous Temporall, Tem-
prall still survive as rare surnames, while Regelous is
a corruption of "religious" in its old sense of monk.
Stroulger, Strowger, Strudger is perhaps a popular form
of " astrologer," a nickname often applied in Middle
English to the cock.

A rather fascinating group of surnames is associated
with the struggle between Christianity and Mahomet
as represented in medieval romance. I have not
found Christian or Pagan except as personal names,
but the popular form Curson —

" As I am a cur sen man "

(Marlowe, Faustus, iv. 6) —

was often a nickname J [Simon le Curson, Pat. R.,
1 Curson has also another origin.

212 PAGEANT NAMES

Walter le Hethen, ib.]. We cannot imagine that the
latter was a professed heathen, for such views were
not popular in the Middle Ages. He had no doubt
played the part of a " paynim " in some dramatic
performance. The same applies to John le Reneyie,
the renegade (Nott. Court R. 1310). Similarly the
common medieval names Hate-Christ and Shun-
Christ [Hugh Hatecrist, Pipe R., William Shunecrist,
Exch. R.] were probably borne by men who had
enacted the role of an awful example in a morality.
Cf. Thomas Corescros, curse-cross (Hund. R.).

The legitimate heathen are, however, well repre-
sented. The chief character on their side was
naturally the Soldan of the Saracens, whence our
Sowden,1 Soden, Soltan. With Robert le Sowdene
(Hund. R.) cf. John Saladin (ib.)—

" He that playeth the sowdayne is percase a sowter. Yet if one
should . . . calle him by his owne name . . . one of his tormen-
tors * might hap to breake his (one's) head " (Sir Thomas More).

Here belong also such names as Turk, Tartar, Arabin,
Larby, OF. I'Arabi [Ponce Araby, City A.], Moor,
Morris, and Sarson, for it is hardly likely that John
Saracenus, prebendary of Bridgnorth (Pat. R.), was
a real live Saracen —

" I sey, ye solem Sarson, alle blake in your ble"

(Skelton, Poems against Garnesche, i. 36).

Blackmore, generally local, is also for " blackamoor "
[Beatrix Blakamour, Mem. of Lond.]. Memmett,
Memmott, Meymott, and probably Mammon, Mawman,
represent the ME. Maumet, Maument, i.e. Mahomet
[Ralph Maumet, Fine R.], whom our ancestors repre-

1 Also a local name, from sow and dean ; cf. Sugden.
9 See p. 207.

DEMONS 213

sented as a god or idol. He is regularly coupled with
Tervagant (p. 207). Cf. also Peter Amiraill (Doc.
III.) and Richard Babiloyne (Cor am Rege R. 1297),
whose names may still survive in some unrecognizable
form. Admiral, an extension of emir, was originally
used of a Saracen chieftain,1 and Lamiral is still a
common French surname. The " Amiral of Babi-
loyne " is often mentioned in old romance.

Champion, Campion may have fought on either side,
but the stock Christian protagonists were the douzepers,
or twelve peers, sometimes confused with Charlemagne's
Paladins. In English a new singular was formed and
became a common nickname [Simon Duzeper, Close
R., William Duzeper, Hund. R.], which survives as
Dashper and Disper. Epithets often applied to the
Saracens were OF. malfe and malfeu, representing a
barbarous Latin male-fatus and male-fatutus 8 [Simon
le Malfe, Pipe R., William Maufee, Pat. R.]. Hence
our Morfey, Morphy, Morphew, the spelling of the
latter having been influenced by the obsolete morphew,
a leprous eruption. Malfe was also applied specifically
to the devil, which brings us to surnames derived
from supernatural beings. Poke, Pook [William le
Puk, Kirby's Quest], and Puckle [William le Pokel,
IpM.] are from our old friend Puck, an imp, used in
Middle English of Satan —

" Fro the poukes poundfalde no maynprise may ous fecche 8 "

(Piers Plowm. C. xix. 280).
" The hell waine, the fier drake, the puckle, Tom Thombe, Hobb

1 See my Romance of Words, p. 46.

z Cf. the origin of Mallory, OF. maleure, Lat. male-augur atu&
[AnketilMalore, Pat. R., Crispian Malure, Hund. R.].

8 This line contains three surnames — Pook, Pen fold, Mainprice.

214 PAGEANT NAMES

gobblin . . . and such other bugs " (Scott, Discovery of Witchcraft,
1584).

Both names have another origin, for puke, pook was
a woollen cloth of a special colour (cf . Burnett, Ray, etc.,
p. 154), and Puckle is also local [Robert de Pukehole,
Cust. Battle Abbey]. This brings us, even geogra-
phically, rather near " Pook's Hill." With Ghost >
[Fabian le Gost, Ramsey Cart.] cf. Spirett, Spirit, the
French name Lesprit and the twelfth- century chronicler
Jourdain Fantosme. Warlock, Werlock, Worlock,* a
Middle English name for the devil, and later for a
wizard, is from AS. wcerloga, a traitor, more literally
an early exponent of the " scrap of paper " theory.
The suffix is cognate with Ger. liigen, to lie.8 An
essential figure in every pageant was the wodewose,
AS. wuduwasa, faun, satyr, known in later times
as the Woodhouse, Wodehouse.' The intermediate
form was wodwysse (temp. Ed. III. ). Hence the names
Woodiwiss, Widdiwiss, and perhaps Whitewish —

" Wodewose, silvanus, satirus " (Prompt. Paw.).

1 James Ghost, bedstead maker, 5, Little Charlotte St., Black-
riars Rd. (Lond. Dir. 1843).

2 But warlock is also a dial, name for mustard, so that Nicholas
Warloc (Hund. R.) may belong to the same group as Gar lick, Pepper,
etc. (p. 188)—

" Mustard, or warloke, or senwyn, herbe, sinapis " (Prompt. Parv.).

Warlow appears to be a true nickname. In the Towneley Mys-
teries Pharaoh refers to Moses as " yond warlow with his wand."

8 In Truelock, an abstract nickname, from ME. trenlac, fidelity,
we have the same suffix as in " wedlock."

4 It gave its name to "an ancient East Anglian family, Barons
Wodehouse and Earls of Kimberley, the supporters of whose shield
of arms are too wodewoses " (H. D. Ellis, Proceedings of the Suffolk
Institute of Archeology and Natural History, xiv. 3).

ROBIN HOOD 215

Probably some names derive directly from the
Robin Hood pageant —

" Bishop La timer relates that, going to preach at a certain church,
he found it locked, because the inhabitants were all attending
Robin Hood — so he ' was faine to give place to Robin Hoode's
men ' " (Strutt).

On this see also Note 10 to Scott's Abbot. The char-
acter of Friar Tuck would account for some of our
Fryers, Freres, etc., and no doubt Littlejohn sometimes
belongs to this group. Merriman may have been
applied to a cheerful person, but was also the regular
epithet for the followers of a knight or outlaw,1
especially in the phrase " Robin Hood and his Merry
Men." It has also been altered to Merriment.* In
the same way we may perhaps assume that Wiseman,
besides its literal meaning, may have been one of the
" wise men " of the East in the Candlemas pageant.
Greenleaf was, according to Lower, also a character
in the Robin Hood celebrations, and he quotes, from
Fabian's Chronicle, mention of " a felow wych had
renued many of Robyn Hodes pagentes, which named
hymselfe Grenelef " (1502). Robert of the Lefgrene
(Pat. R.) has some savour of the outlaw in his name.
My lord is perhaps for may-lord, " a young man chosen
to preside over the festivities of May-Day " (NED.),
but Melady, which looks like may-lady, is for Melody,
an Irish name.

A few great names from antiquity may have figured
in the pageants. One clear example seems to be
Hercules, also found as Herkless, Arculus, Arkless, who,
in the character of a swaggering bully, was quite

1 Outlaw is still a Norfolk surname [Richard Utlawe, Huud. R.}.
9 Still used in Suffolk of a comical person (EDD.)

216 PAGEANT NAMES

familiar to the Middle Ages. Both Chaucer and
Shakespeare deprive him of the aspirate —

"My chief humour is for a tyrant: I could play Ercles rarely"
(Midsummer Night's Dream, i. 2).

Another name of somewhat similar character is
Brettoner, Bmttner, a libel on the men of Brittany —

" A Brutiner, a braggere, a-bostede him also " (Piers Plowm.
A. vii. 142).

Cf. William le Tirant (Fine R.), and such names as
Alexander and 'Ccesar which may obviously be some-
times of dramatic origin. Cupitt, Cupiss, common in
Derbyshire, may quite well be from Cupid [William
Cupide, Leic. BOY. Rec. 1199]. But classical surnames,
with a few exceptions, are not what they seem, e.g.
Hector is local, " high tor " (p. 81), Cato is also local,
at the " hoe " or " how " frequented by wild cats
[Robert de Catho, Fine R.], and Kitto, which looks
like its offspring, is a Cornish name, ultimately a dim.
of the Welsh Griffith. Phoenix appears to be a nick-
name. The word was common in Middle English in
the sense of a paragon, and Finnis may sometimes
represent its popular form fenice, OF. fenis —

"Hie phenix, a phenes " (Voc.).

Finally, we come to the rather large group of sur-
names taken from abstract qualities. To the Puritans
we owe such baptismal names, generally female, as
Faith, Hope, Charity, but this fashion came too late
for surname purposes. The same tendency can be ob-
served much further back in the history of names. We
have such Greek names as Sophia, wisdom, Irene,
peace, and many of the Teutonic names, which repre-

ABSTRACT NAMES 217

sent our oldest stratum, are formed from abstract
ideas, e.g. the shortened Hugh is simply AS. hyge,
mind. It is equally natural that medieval English-
men should have nicknamed people by the names of
the virtues and vices which they seemed to personify,
and, as the epigraph of this chapter seems to show,
there can be little doubt that such names were often
acquired by those who had played abstract parts in
the moralities.

No doubt some of the existing surnames of this
type are imitative corruptions, e.g. Choyce is for the
font-name Joyce [William Choys, Pat. R.], Victory is
probably an alteration of Vickery, an early form of
Vicar, Honour is local, from the same word used of a
special kind of fief (see p. 63). Element is for Elliman,
which, in its turn, may represent the " man " of
Ellis, or F. Allemand, which has generally become
Allman', Emblem is an imitative spelling of Emblin
(Emmeline); Memory or Membery is for Mowbray,
from Montbrai (Manche), the origin also of Momerie,
Mummery, Argument is probably from Aigremont,
a common French place-name ; Drought and Troth are
AS. thryth, might, an element in many Anglo-Saxon
names; Courage is a hamlet in Berks, but still
Courage is a French surname ; Foresight is the local
Forsyth ; Zeal is a parish in Devon ; Trust is short for
Trustrum, i.e. Tristram, and so on. Other examples
of such imitative forms will be found scattered about
in other chapters, but in none of the above, and
similar, cases is the literal meaning absolutely barred.

But, allowing for this incessant striving after a
significant form, there remain a considerable number
of abstract surnames which can be taken at their

2i8 PAGEANT NAMES

face value. Both Virtue and Vice are well-established
surnames. Of the three cardinal virtues, Faith, Hope,
Charily, Hope is generally local (see p. 81), and
Charity has also a double origin. It is usually ab-
stract [John Caritas, Leic. BOY. Rec., John Charite,
Pat. R.], but Brother Miles of La Charite of the Priory
of St. Andrew's, Northampton (Pat. JR.), points to
charite in its Old French sense of hospice, refuge.
Verity is a true abstract, found also in the popular
forms Vardy, Varty. It is a common name in the
West Riding. With Pride [Richard Pride, Fine R],
naturally a favourite figure in edifying drama, we
may compare Or gill, Fr. orgueil [Gerard Orgoyl,
City D.]. Gentry formerly meant both high rank
and good breeding. Chaucer says of the lion —

" Of his genterye
Hym deyneth nat to wreke him on a flye "

(Legend of Good Women, 394).

See also Hamlet, ii. 2. Kindness has parallels in Fr.
Bonte [cf. Nicholas Bonty, Close R.'} and our Goodship,
but, being a Border name, it may be rather Mackinnis,
with the common loss of the prefix. With Wonder
cf. Marvell [Geoffrey Merveyle, Pat. R.~]. Speed and
Goodspeed are genuine [Stephen Sped, Fine R.,
Ralph Godisped, Hund. R.}. Hazard 1 is perhaps
usually baptismal, AS. ^scheard, whence also Has-
sard, Hassett, but the existence of Chance, Luck,
Ventur 2 [William Aventur, Hund. R.] shows that it

1 For incorrect aspirate in Anglo-Saxon names, see p. 33, «. i.
Here we have also the influence of the abstract term.

2 Venters, Ventress, Ventris are for " venturous," with just the
same phonetic change as in the -house names (p. 96). Cf. Fr.
Laventure and Laventureux.

VICES 219

may also be a nickname. Bad luck was responsible
for the name of John Amesas (Hund. R.), who habitually
made the lowest throw in dicing—

" I had rather be in this choice than throw ames-ace for my life "
(All's Well, ii. 3).

Craft is generally a variant of the local Croft, but the
abstract Kraft is a German surname. Forfeitt had
formerly the sense of wrong-doing [cf . Thomas Trespas,
Hund. R.}. Profit is of course for the nickname Prophet
(p. 198). Glew, Glue is an archaic form of glee [Agnes
Glewe, Hund. R.~\ —

" Glu, or menstralsy, musica, armonia " (Prompt. Parv.).

Vices and virtues are equally well represented.
Trickery, a Devon name, has a parallel in Engayne,
OF. engan, trickery, a very common name in the
Rolls, starting with Richard Ingania (DB.). It seems
to have become Engeham, now nearly absorbed by the
local Ingham. With Greed [William Grede, Pipe JR.]
cf. Greedy [Helya le Gredie, Leic. Bor. RecJ\. Tred-
gett, or Trudgett, is ME. treget, jugglery, deceit [cf.
Simon le Treget or, Hund. R.] —

" By my treget, I gadre and threste
The gret tresour into my cheste "

(Romaunt of the Rose, 1825).

Fitton [Richard Fiton, Fine R.] is a common Middle
English word for lying, deceit. Its origin is disputed,
but the NED. regards derivation from fiction as
inadmissible —

" Fytten, mensonge, menterie " (Palsg.).

Boast had in Middle English the sense of boasting,
vainglory [Robert dictus Bost, Archbp. Peckhams Let.}.
16 *

220 PAGEANT NAMES

Cf. Galfridus Gloriosus 1 (Pipe R.) and John le Boster
(Pat. R.). Bessemer, Bismire is ME. bismer, mockery
[William Bessemere, Hund. R.], Ryott 2 [Philip Ryot,
Close R.] once meant debauchery, riotous living, and
I should guess that Surkett, Serkitt, Circuitt are related
to OF. and ME. surquidie, arrogance —

" Presumpcioun ... is called surquidie " (Chauc. I. 403).

More pleasant qualities are embodied in the names
Worship [Thomas Worthshipp, Close R.], Thrift, cor-
rupted to Frift, Sillence, Patience, Pennance, Pru-
dence [Henry Prudence, Feet of Fines'], Goodhead, i.e.
goodness, Comfort [William Cumfort, Hund. R.], with
which cf. Sollas [Ralph Solaz, Northumb. Ass. R.'],
Manship, Manchip, corresponding generally in Middle
English to Lat. virtus, Friendship, Quaintance [John
Cointance, Lib. R.~\, and Brotherhood —

"And ech of hem gan oother for tassure
Of bretherhede whil that hir lyf may dure"

(Chauc. B. 1231).

This last name may be also local, of the same type as
Monkhouse, Nunnery, etc. Holness might be a con-
traction of Holderness (Yorks), but it is purely a
Kentish name and no doubt for " holiness." 3 Welfare
is certified by Ger. Wohlfart. Cf. Farewell, Farwell,

1 An epithet quaintly applied to the Kaiser by that eminent
humanist Ferdinand of Bulgaria.

2 Revel is a font-name, very common in Old French and Middle
English, possibly derived from Lat. rebellus. But the fact that the
name is so common in Yorkshire points to an alternative origin from
Rievaulx [Ivo de Rievalle, Lib. Vit.\ Cf. Revis (p. 82).

8 Holyhead is doubtful. In Middle English it means " holiness,"
but I have found the name, also as Hollyhead, in the neighbour-
hood of the Hollin- surnames, so it may be equivalent to Hollings-
head, i.e. at the " holly head."

ABSTRACT NAMES , 221

and the parallel Ger. Lebwohl. With Service, Sarvis,
and Fair service cf. Thomas Wrangeservis (Writs, of
Part.). Lawty, Lewty, Luty is " lealty," OF. leaute
[Thomas Leaute, Pat. R.~\. The French troops in
Morocco are at present (Nov. 1915) commanded by
General Lyautey, and the more anglicized form Loalday
is an existing English surname —

"Thenne swar a bocher, ' By my leaute!
Shalt thou ner mor the Kyng of Fraunce se.' "

(Song on the Battle of Courtrai, temp. Ed. I.).

The corresponding native name is Holdship, AS.
holdscipe, loyalty. With Counsell [John Counseil
City £>.] we may compare Read, Reed, among the many
origins of which must be included ME. rede, counsel —

"Reed, counsell, concilium" (Prompt. Parv.).

Hence Goodread, Goodred, Goodered [Richard Goderede,
F. of Y. 1465], and Meiklereid. In Middle English
we find the less complimentary Robert Smalred (Pipe
R.), Philip Lytylred (John of Gaunt' s Reg. 1372-6),
and William Thynnewyt (Lane. Court. R. 1325).

Instance meant in Middle English eager supplica-
tion. Peace usually belongs to this group [William
Pays, Fine R., Nicholas Pax,1 Hund. R.], and Small-

1 In one of the Chester plays " Death is personified, and a play
on the Salutation is prefaced by a long prologue in heaven, in which
the speakers are (besides Deus Pater and Deus Filius) Veritas, Mis-
ericordia, Justitia, and Pax" (Pollard, English Miracle Plays). Here
we have not only a plausible origin of the names Verity, Mercy or
Marcy, Justice, Peace, but also an indication of the fact that Death is
not always local, of Ath (Belgium). The name is quite common in
Essex, where it is occasionally altered to Dearth. With Robert
Death (Cust. Battle Abbey) cf. the common French surname Lamort,
also found in England as Mort, and the famous Russo-German
Todleben, death-life. Mortleman also suggests a dramatic personifi-
cation of the uncertainty of human life.

222 PAGEANT NAMES

peace, Smallpeice, very common in Surrey, is its
opposite. Hawisia Crist a pes (Nott. Bor. Rec.) was
so named from her habitual ejaculation, which was
probably not unconnected with the fact that her
husband was Henry Lytilprud, i.e. " little worth,"
whence our Littleproud.1 It contains the older form
of the common ME. prow, profit, use, whence also in
some cases the surname Prow —

" That shul been for youre hele and for youre prow "

(Chauc. B. 4140).

Nor is it likely that our name Heal is quite indepen-
dent of the common ME. hele, health, salvation.
Deeming appears to mean judgment —

" Ffor drede that they had of demyng therafter "

(Richard the Redeless, ii. 94).

With thiscf. Sentance, Sentence, and William Jugement
(Wore. Priory Reg.). Flattery is a quality that lends
itself readily to dramatic impersonation. Hardiment in
Chaucer means courage, daring —

" Artow in Troye, and hast non hardiment
To take a womman which that loveth thee ? "

(Troilus and Criseyde, iv. 533).

Travell retains the older meaning of travail, toil.
Plenty was in the thirteenth century the name of a
lady [Christina Plente, Hund. R.], and a ship called
la Plentee is mentioned in the Pat. R. Skill also
apparently belongs here [Walter Skil, Pat. R.] ; cf.

1 The synonymous Petibon is found both in Middle English [John
Petibon, Pat. R.] and in modern French. Littleproud may, however,
have been a modest person like Robert Proudofnouth (Nott. Court R.
1316), but Richard Smalprout (Hund. R.) supports the first explana-
tion.

ABSTRACT NAMES 223

Slight, usually for " sleight " [Johannes dictus Slegh
or Slegt, Bp. Kellawes RegJ\. Wisdom is derived
by Lower from an estate in Devon, but it is
always found without de [Hugh Wysdam, Hund.
RJ\. The oldest meaning of Purchase is pursuit,
pillage [Andrew Purchaz, Fine R.]. It is also one
origin of Pur kiss [John Purkase,1 Hund. R.], also
Pirkiss, Porcas, Porkiss. In fact there is hardly a
common abstract term which could conceivably be
personified in an individual that does not exist as a
modern surname ; and for most of these names
medieval prototypes can be quoted.8

Physick and Dainteth, Dentith are of special interest.
The former has generally been explained as an imitative
corruption of the local Fishwick. This may be true in
some cases, but " physic " is personified by Lang land —

" Phisik shal his furred hodes for his fode sele"

(Piers Plowm. B. vi. 271) —

and Richard Physik (Malmesbury Abbey Reg.) certifies
it as a nickname. Dainteth is an archaic form of
Dainty. The latter, a Northants name, is generally
local, of Daventry, or Daintry, in that county. But
Dainteth [Agnes Deynteth, Nott. Bor. Rec.'} is OF.
deintet, Lat. dignitat-em, and shows the transition of
the final dental on its way to complete disappearance.
The only existing word which preserves this inter-
mediate sound is faith, OF. feid (foi), Lat. fid-em.
The two names Nation and Sumption, Sumsion may

1 This might, however, be ME. percase, perchance ; cf. Per-
adventure (p. 182).

2 Many which occur in the Rolls appear to be no longer repre-
sented, e.g. Cuvenant, Damage, Purveance, Testimonie, Blithehait,
the last apparently from an unrecorded ME. blith-hede, Bliss.

224

PAGEANT NAMES

be for Incarnation and Assumption.1 If so, they do
not belong to this chapter, but to the group of names
taken from church seasons, such as Christmas, Pente-
cost, Middlemas, etc. But they may equally well be
for " damnation " and " presumption." * A very
possible pageant name is Welladvise, Wellavize,
Willavise,* the " well advised " ; but dial, well-avized,
comely, is related to visage ; cf. Uack-avized, swarthy.
For the loss of the final -d, cf. Wellbelove, Wellbelow,
for Wellbeloved.

1 Asunci6n is a baptismal name in Spain.

2 This loss of the first syllable is normal in dialect speech. It
is just as natural that the north-country name Tinnion should be
for Justinian [Justinian Penyfader, Archbishop Peckham's Reg.
1279-92] as that King Constantine of Greece should be called Tino
by his imperial brother-in-law.

3 Bien-avise et Mal-avise is the title of an Old French morality
play.

CHAPTER XI

SOME COMPOUND NAMES

" ' This infant was called John Little,' quoth he,

' Which name shall be changed anon.
The words we'll transpose, and wherever he goes,
His name shall be called Little- John' "

(Old Ballad).

A TYPE of surname which is very common in Middle
English,and is still strongly represented intheDirectory,
is that of which we may take Brownsmith, Littlejohn,
Goodchild, Dawbarn as types, i.e. surnames formed by
adding a qualifying word to an occupative name, a
baptismal name, or a name indicating relationship.
Brownsmith is the smith with the brown complexion,
Littlejohn points to a small ancestor,1 but probably
also to one who had enacted the part of Little John
in some Robin Hood play or procession, Goodchild is
pretty obvious, and Dawbarn means the " bairn " of
Daw, i.e. David.

Compounds of this type are very much more
numerous in French and German than in English (see
chs. xiii, xiv), but we have a fairly large number of

1 Of course nicknames often go by contraries, as is the case of the
historical Little John himself. Snowball [Pavia Snowball, Fine R.]
may have been applied to a swarthy person, as Bottle de neige is in
France to a negro, and Goodchild may have obtained his sobriquet
by indulging in parricide. A wall-eyed portress in Marguerite
Andoux' Marie-Claire is called Beloeil.

225

226 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

them, some common, some rare, and many which have
never been explained. Taking first the occupative class,
we notice that these compounds occur chiefly in connec-
tion with the true old English words which lack the
later agential suffix -er. They are connected with the
essential activities of life, and are thus distinguished
from the more modern names which spring from the
shopkeeper and the specialized craftsman.1 These
names are Wright, Smith, Hunt, Webb, Bond, the
farmer, with its compound Husband, and Grieve or
Reeve, the farm steward. To these we may add Hine,
later Hind, Mann,* which often means simply the
servant, Knight, originally also the servant, Herd, the
herdsman, Day, the farm worker, Swain, knave, and
Ladd. Nearly all of these are found in compounds,
and those of Wright and Smith are fairly numerous,
though insignificant when compared with the German
compounds of Schmidt and Meyer (see p. 298).
From Wright 8 we get, according to the nature of

1 Names of the later type, if long and cumbersome, have generally
been reduced or have disappeared. In one volume of the Nott. Bor.
Pec. I find Richard le Boustringer, John, Breadseller, Hugh Last-
maker, Walter Pouchmaker, Martin Tankardmaker, John Ham-
barowman, i.e. hand-barrow man. We still have Bowmaker, Slay-
maker, the maker of " slays " for looms, Millmaker, Shoemaker, the
last two very rare, also Ashburner, Ironmonger, Stonehewer, whence
Stanley, Whittier (see p. 135), and others which are easily recognised.
Woodier, Woodger are for " wood-hewer." Shoemark, Slaymark
appear to be for Shoemaker, Slaymaker. With the former cf. Ger.
Schuhmach. It is possible that they go back to Anglo-Saxon forms
of the type Hunt, Webb, etc., but the loss of -er, though rare, is
not without example, for in the case of one family the occupative
Ashburner has been shortened to Ashburn.

* Cf. Humm [Gilbert le Homme, Pat. R., Geoffrey Homo, #>.].

8 Wraith, Wreath are perversions of Wright The intermediate
Wraight is common in Kent.

COMPOUNDS OF WRIGHT 227

the occupation, the very obvious Boatwright or
Botwright, Cartwright, Cheesewright, Plowright, Ship-
wright, Sivewright, Wainwright, Wheelwright. Wood-
wright may be the wright who lived in the wood (cf.
Wildsmith, p. 228), but more probably the " mad "
wright ; cf. Woodmason, and seep. 308. In Arkwright we
have the dialect ark, a bin, meal-chest, and Tellwright
is for tile- wright. William Basketwricte (Pat. R.),
Thomas le Glasenwryth (Chesh. Chamb. Accts. 1301-60),
have given way to Basketter and Glaisher, and I have
found no descendants of Matthew le Glewryte (Pat.
R.), Simon le Bordwryte (IpM.), or Richard le Hair-
wright (Leic. BOY. Bee.). The personality of the
Wright is expressed in Goodwright, Micklewright,1 Old-
Wright, Whitewright, and John Longus Faber (Writs of
Part.). Allwright, Woolwright may be imitative spell-
ings of the AS. Ealdric and Wulfric, but the first may
equally well be for Oldwright, northern auld-, and the
latter may mean a wool- worker. Goodwright (v.s.)
may be AS. Godric, and Seawright is from AS. Saeric,
or perhaps from the more common Sigeric ; cf. Sea-
ward from Saeweard or Sigeweard. Aldritt may belong
here or to Aldred, AS. Ealdred. Henwright is the Irish
name Enright, Enraght, and Kenwright is for Kenrick,
AS. Coenric. Many of the above names are some-
times spelt -right instead of -wright.

The technical compounds of Smith are curiously
few. Blacksmith and Whitesmith are both said to
exist by Lower, though I have not come across them,
and Locksmith has generally yielded to Locker, Lockyer.
With Brownsmith (p. 225) cf. Randolf Redsmith (Nott.
Bor. Ree.). On the analogy of Plowright we should

1 See note on Harrismith (p 228).

228 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

expect Harrismith,1 Harrowsmith to mean " harrow
smith," but I expect they are perversions of Arrow-
smith [John le Arewesmyth, Pat. R.'], which, in America,
has become Arsmith. Greensmith is local, the smith
on the green,2 and Wildsmith, Wilesmith is the smith
in the wild, rather a Forest Lovers sort of figure * ; cf.
Shawsmith, Brooksmith. Specialists have given the
names Shoesmith, Shear smith. Sixsmith may contain
scythe, the earliest Anglo-Saxon form of which is
sighthi, or more probably sickle [John Sykelsmith,
IpM.~\. In Sucksmith, Shucksmith we have Fr. soc, a
plough- share, whence ME. sock, suck, still in dial, use —

" Ye sucke of a plow, venter " [mistake for vomer ?] (Manip. Voc.).

Grossmith is, I think, comparatively recent, and
adapted from Ger. Grobschmied, blacksmith. Clock-
smith, of which there are several examples in the
Repton Register (1578-1670), appears to be extinct.
Nasmyth, Nay smith, is explained by Lower as " nail
smith," by Bardsley as " knife-smith." The fact
that Knifesmythe was a medieval name, surviving
into the sixteenth century as Knysmithe, is in

1 A possible explanation of these names is Michael the Wright
and Harry the Smith. Cf. Fr. Jeanroy, Goninfaure, and Ger. Schmidt-
henner (Heinrich), Schmidtkunz (Conrad). But the only examples
of such a formation I have found in English are Pascoewebb (p. 230)
and Foster John (p. 242). Johncook is more probably for Johncock
(p. 239), though literal interpretation is possible. Wat king is of
course Watkin.

2 Is Greenprice the Price who lived on the green or is it a barbarous
hybrid Green-pres ? Fr. pre, whence Pray, is a common element in
Middle English names [Henry de la Preye, Hund. R.], and is one
source of Preece, Price.

3 So Hollinpriest suggests a pious hermit among the hollies. It is
found in Cheshire, where Hollin- names, such as Hollingshead, are
numerous, but it is perhaps for " holy priest."

HUNT AND HUNTER 229

favour of the second derivation. Being a Scottish
name, it inevitably has a legendary origin. Some
prince or noble, fleeing from his enemies, took refuge
in a shoeing forge and hastily donned the garb of a
journeyman smith. The pursuers, of course, came to
the same smithy to get one of their horses shod, and
at once noticed the clumsiness of the smith's assistant.
" You're nae smith " were the words that showed he
was detected. Though led away captive, we may
assume that he was released and had issue. Other-
wise there could be no Nasmyths now ! Lower also
gives Spearsmith and Bucksmith, which I have not
met with. The latter is perhaps for " buckle- smith " —

" Bokell smythes leches and gold beters "

(Cocke Lorelle).

Grey smith, like Brownsmith, refers to personal appear-
ance; cf. Robert Greygroom (Fine R.).

I do not know of any modern compounds of Hunt,
and only one of the later Hunter, viz. Todhunter, i.e.
fox- hunter, but in the Rolls we find Foxhunt, Boar-
hunt, Wolfhunt. Hunt has flourished at the expense
of Hunter by absorbing the nickname hund, hound
[Henry le Hund, Pat. R.], and is also local, " of the
hunt " ; cf. the still existing Delahunte. The office of
Common Hunt to the City of London was not abolished
till 1807. The corresponding OF. veneitr has given us
Venom and Venner. Gravenor, though it has inter-
changed with Grosvenor, is etymologically grand
veneur [Richard le Grantvenor, Fine R.]. Hunt is
one of the few occupative names of which the feminine
form has also given a surname.1 This is found as

1 For a large number of obsolete nouns of this form, as also for
words in -ster, see Trench, English Past and Present.

230 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

Huntress, Huntriss [Agnes Venatrix, Hund. R.~\. The
only other names of this type I have found are Pewtress,
Vickress, and possibly Clarges [Juliana la Clergesse,
Malmesbury Abbey Reg.]. Such names were once
commoner,1 e.g. in the Gloucester Cartulary occur
Alice la Carteres, Alice la Horsmannes, Isabella le
Prestes, Matilda le Piperes.

Webb has, I think, only three compounds, Green-
webb, who lived on the green (cf. Greensmith), Nor-
webb, at the north end of the town, and Brookwebb
(cf. Brooksmith) ; with these cf. John le Bothwebb
(Malmesbury Abbey Reg.), i.e. the weaver who occu-
pied a booth. Pascoewebb, Pascal the weaver, is an
example of a formation which is commoner in French
and German (see p. 228, n. i). Bond8 gives New-
bond, Newbound [Walter le Newebond, Hund. R.~\, and
Blackbond, Blackband, while corresponding to Young-
husband we find John Yongebonde (Chart. R.).
Goodban, Goodbun, Goodband * may belong here or to
Goodbairn. Willbond may be for " wild bond " [cf,
Edwin Wildegrome, Pipe R.]. Lovibond, Loveband,
Levibond seems to mean " the dear bond " [Nicholas
Leveband, Hund. R.] ; cf. Loveday (q.v.). Lightbound
is an alteration of the local Lightborne (Lane.).

Grieve, with the imitative spelling Grief, has a com-
pound Fairgrief, Fairgray. Forgreive is perhaps rather
to be compared with Forman, a leader. Reeve is also

1 We also have many names in -ster, originally used of trades
especially practised by women, e.g. Brewster, Baxter, but this
distinction was soon lost [Simon le Bakestere, Cal. Gen.].

2 Hence also Band, Bound, Bunt [Richard le Bande, IpM., Ger-
vase le Bunt, Malmesbury Abbey Reg.].

8 Final -band may also stand for the local -bourne, -burn, e.g.
Millband for " mill-burn," Chadband from Chatburn (Lane.).

"THE SERVICE OF THE ANTIQUE WORLD" 231

found as Reef. Its compounds are very numerous
in Middle English, and it is strange that so few have
survived. I find Oldreive [William le Oldereve, Pat. R.},
which, as a modern Devon surname, is neighboured by
Oldrey (cf. Fairgray), and of course Sherriff (shire
reeve), Shreeve, Shrive, a name less often due, perhaps,
to official position than to a successful interpretation
of the Sheriff of Nottingham in a Robin Hood pageant.
The Scottish form Shirra also exists as a surname,
and I suspect that Shearer, Sharer, a common name
in Scotland, is sometimes of the same origin. * I can-
not help thinking that Woodroffe, Woodruff, a plant
nickname, owes something to the woodreeve, i.e.
Woodward. But the apparent disappearance of the
borough-reeve, dike-reeve, port-reeve, etc., is curious.
Perhaps they were converted into Borrowman or
Berryman, Dickman, and Portman, as the word reeve
became archaic.

From Hine we have Goodhind [John Godhine,
Wore. Priory Reg.'}, a type of name [Richard Fidelis
Serviens, Ramsey Cart.} once very common. With
Goodlad, Goodlud, Goodlet, cf. the common French
names Bonvillain, Bonvalet, and the extinct Robert
le Godegrom (Hund. R.) and Richard le Lovegrom
(Malmesbury Abbey Reg.). Lightlad z (little) and the
synonymous Petivallet exist as English names. With
Goodlass cf. Sotelass (sweet). Goddard is occasionally
the " good herd" ; cf. Whiteheard, Whittard for " white
herd." The prefix Bon- is common in the Rolls [Richard

1 It is generally a sheep-shearer, and, in Northumbria, a reaper.

2 The only compounds of " boy " appears to be Littteboy, Oddboy.
Warboy is from Warboys (Camb.), and Mortiboy, Martiboy, found
also as Mortiboy s, evidently comes from some " dead wood."

232 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

Bonswan, Cor am Rege R. 1297] ; cf. Bon fellow for
Goodfellow. To this class belongs Goodhugh, Goodhue,
Goodhew, which I have previously explained 1 as for
" good Hugh," an explanation which may in some
cases be right, for the name is fairly common, and
Hugh, which probably ranks sixth in popularity (after
John, William, Thomas, Robert, Richard) among
medieval font- names, may naturally have joined the
Littlejohn, Goodwillie class [John Godehugh, Pat. R.}.
But the real origin, from ME. hiwe, servant, jumps
to the eyes [John Godhyue, Lane. Court R. 1323-4].
And the same word hiwe' is often the origin of the
usually baptismal Hugh, Hew, Hewes, etc., just as
hine is of Him, Hinds, etc. In fact, the two words,
which are ultimately cognate, are used as equivalent
in Middle English —

" He withalt non hewe, var. hyne, bus hyre overe even "

(Piers Plowman, C. viii. 195).

Thraleiepresents thrall, aserf[JohnleThryl,2Pa/. R.'].
Goodchap is for Goodcheap, a nickname for a trades-
man [Jordan Godchep, City A.}. Cf. Geoffrey Bon-
mar che (City A.), whose name survives as Bomash —

" Bon marche, good cheap, dog cheap, a low rate, a reasonable
price" (Cotg.).

Goodgame, which Bardsley derives from the medieval
Goodgroom, is, as the example [Walter Godgamen,8
Hund. R.] shows, an abstract nickname, "good
sport," perhaps equivalent to F airplay.
From Ladd we have the dim. Ladkin. The apparent

1 Romance of Names, p. 60.

2 Thrill in the Scottish form ; see NED.
8 Gamen is the older form of game.

COMPOUNDS OF DAY 233

compound Sommerlat, Summerlad l is ON. Sumerlida,
summer warrior, of very common occurrence in
Anglo-Saxon records [Sumerlede, DB.] ; cf. William
Sumersweyn (Ramsey Cart.) and Winter led (DB.),
the latter a Viking of sterner stuff.

The original meaning of "dey" was a " kneader,"
as in AS. hlafdige, loaf kneader, whence lady* It was
then used of a woman servant, especially a dairy
woman, and later of a farm-worker in general. Good-
day is sometimes from this word ; cf. Goodhind, Good-
hew. Faraday, Fereday, Ferriday has been explained
as " travelling day," from ME. fere, to travel.
The formation would be like that of Delveday (v.i.),
but I have found no early examples. The Lincoln-
shire name Tolliday or Tolladay is very puzzling. It
may mean " Tolley the dey," or the " dey of Tolley "
[cf. Godus Tholynwyf, 1397, Bardsley]. In Leic. Bor.
Rec. occurs the name of Richard Tollidenoitt (AF.
toille de noil, toil by night). Was the first Tolliday
the opposite of this ? Or does the name represent
" toil dey " ? Cf. William Delveday (City C.), William
Plouday 3 (Hund. R.). The fairly common Loveday,
though usually of similar origin to Holiday, Hockaday,
must in some cases actually represent an archaic form
of lady [Margot la Levedy,4 Lane. Court R. 1323-4].
It may also be simply the dear servant ; cf. Richard
le Lovegrom (Malmesbury Abbey Reg.).

1 The development of this name suggests a possible etymology
for lad, which the NED. regards as unsolved.

2 Cf. the origin of lord, from AS. hlafweard, the " loaf ward."

3 But Plough-day was also used for Plough Monday, the first
Monday after Epiphany, so that the above example may belong to
the same class as Holiday, Pentecost, etc.

4 She was fined for selling bad ale, so she was really no lady.

234 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

Knave, once common in compounds [William Gode-
knave, IpM., Ascelin Wyteknave, Hund. R.], has not
entirely disappeared. It still survives as Kneefe, Nave,
usually absorbed by Neave, ME. neve, nephew, and in
the compounds Balnave, servant of Baldwin, and
Beatniff, servant of Beatrice. If Pecksniff is a real
name, it means the servant of Peck. It is possible
that in these names, as in, Attneave (Adam), the
suffix is -neve, which would bring them into the group
of kinship compounds (p. 245) ; but Stephen le Knef
(Pat. R.) favours the first solution.

AS. ceorl, churl, survives as Carle, with dim. Carlin,1
but I find no modern form of Aldceorl (Lib. Vit.).
Swain, a Norse word for servant, is cognate with AS.
Swan, with the same meaning. From it we have
Goodswin, Goodswen, while Goldswain means the
" swain " of a man named Gold.2 Coxon and Boeson
are very suggestive of coxswain and Boatswain. I find
Boeson still in Kent, where it has an ancestor [John
Botsweyn, Pat. R., Canterbury], but Coxon is rather
Cock's son. Another name of this type is Dreng,
Dring, which, like so many of this class, ranges from
the poetic meaning of warrior to the prose meaning
of servant. It has also given Thring, a variant
used by Layamon. The Yorkshire name Kettlestring
means the dring of Kettle. We also find compounds
of a few very common exotic names, e.g. Clark,
whence Beauclerk, Bunclark (bon clerc], and Manclark 3
[Saegaer Malclerc, Pipe JR.]. From Fr. Mauclerc

1 In the north this also means " old woman."

2 A personal name Goldswegen is quite possible, but it is not given
by Searle.

3 For the change of I to n,ci.Muncaster (Cumb.),formerly Af wfcaster.

COMPOUNDS OF KNIGHT 235

we have Mockler, and, if Buckler were not already
so well provided with ancestors, it could be simi-
larly referred to Beauclerc. With the dim. Clarkin
cf. Robert Peticlerc (City D.}. Similarly from Ward
we have Pettiward [Roger Petygard, Pat. R.]. Mai-
press is AF. mal prest, bad priest. Cf . Allpress (p. 287).
Knight has a by-form Knevit, Knivet, apparently
due to Norman treatment of the -gh- sound. Com-
pounds of Knight are Hal/night and Roadnight, Rod-
night, both usually without the -k-. The latter,
AS. radcniht, was a tenant who held his land on
condition of accompanying his lord as a mounted
servitor. He was the same as a " knight-rider/' a
title which survives as a London street, though not
as a surname. Another name for the same rank
was AS. r adman, whence Rodman. Midnight is
simply a nickname [Henry Midnight, Pat. R.], per-
haps for a man of gloomy temperament.1 The cor-
responding Neirnuit, latinized Nigra nox, is common
in the Rolls [Richard Neyrnuyt, Pat. R.], and
the contrasted Midday was a fourteenth-century
nickname. Midy is found in French and Mitt-
nacht in German. Half night [John le Halfknyght,
Chanc. R.] seems to be unknown to the dictionaries.
As ME. half man, coward, has also survived as
Half man, Halman,* I take it that a "half-knight'*
was a servitor of small efficiency ; cf. Richard

1 Or he may have been a man of midnight activities, but I think
the first suggestion more probable. Cf. the numerous -weathers in
English and -wetters in German. We have Fairweather or Fare-
weather, Merryweather, Manyweathers, an uncertain person, Allweather,
and even Fonweather [William Foulweder, Ramsey Cart.].

2 Halman, Hallman is also occupative [William le Halleman,
Nott. Court R. 1308]. Cf. Bowerman, Kitchingman, etc.

236 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

Alfthein (Pleas). Which brings us naturally to
Doubleday —

" In Sunderland live, in the same house, Mr. Doubleday and Miss
Halfknight" (Notes and Queries, Aug. 30, 1873).

I fancy that the Doubleday [Ranulf Dubleday, Fine R.]
was not only a Goodday (p. 233), but actually as good
as two. If this conjecture is right, Doubleday and
Hal/night offered as strong a contrast in the thirteenth
century as they apparently do in the twentieth.
Doubleday may, however, be a fantastic formation of
the same type as Twiceaday (p. 180), and as impossible
cf explanation.

Mann often means servant [Michael le Man,
Hund. R., Henry le Man, City B.]. Its compounds are
very numerous, and, though the -man in them does
not always mean servant, it may be of interest to
explain a certain number of them here. If we take
the commonest, viz. Goodman, wTe can see that it has
many possible origins — (i) the AS. Godman [William
f. Godemon, Lane. Inq. 1310-33], or Godmund, with
the common substitution of -man for -mund, (2) the
good " man," i.e. servant, (3) the " man " of Good, a
common personal name (see p. 30), (4) the " good
man," (5) the " goodman " of the house, i.e. the
master. With this cf. Goodiff, Goodey, which repre-
sents " goodwife," just as Hussey is occasionally from
"housewife" [Richard Husewyf, Fine R.]. When
-man is added to a personal name, it usually means
servant of, e.g. Addyman, Harriman, Potman (Philpot),
Human (Hugh), Monkman. Oilman, Wilman, Jacka-
man may also represent the French dims. Guillemin,
Wuillemin, Jacquemin. It is often local, generally

COMPOUNDS OF MAN 237

with a suggestion of occupation, e.g. Brickman (bridge),
Houseman, Kitchingman, Yeatman (gate), Parkman,
Smithy man, Meatman (mead), Moorman, Sellerman
(cellar). With these go Chesterman, Penkethman, the
only examples I know of -man added to a specific place-
name, and both from the same county (Chesh.).
Nyman is AS. neahmann ; cf. Neighbour. Sometimes
-man is attached to the name of the commodity which
the bearer produced or sold, e.g. Flaxman, W adman
(woad), Honeyman [Gilbert le Honyman, Pat. R.]. In
a large number of cases such names descend from
personal names in -man or -mund, e.g. Ashman,
Chilman, Osman, Rickman, Walkman [TEscman, Ceol-
mund, Osmund, Ricman, Wealhman]. Cf. the numer-
ous Greek names in -ander, Alexander, Lysander,
etc. Pure nicknames of medieval origin are Bleak-
man (pale), Hindman (ME. hende, courteous), Lyteman,
Lilly man, Lutman (little), Proudman, Sly man or S lee-
man. Juneman is a hybrid, from Fr. jeune, whence
also June. Some of these compounds are decep-
tive, e.g. Bestman is occupative, the " beast man "
(cf. B ester, p. 114) ; so also C oilman, Pullman (foal),
Cappleman (ME. capel, a nag), Palfreyman. Chess-
man is for Cheeseman, and Beautyman or Booty-
man, which Lower identifies with " bothie man/'
from Sc. bothie, a hut, is possibly a nickname, equiva-
lent to Bonnyman, though its formation would be
unusual. Cf. Booty, which is certainly in some cases
from "beauty" [William Beaute, Close R.]. I fancy
that Middleman * is for " mickle man/' as Middleman
is for Michaelmas. This ending is also substituted

1 The same change has occurred in some local names in Middle-
e.g. Middleditch may be for " mickle ditch."

238 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

for the local -nham, e.g. Sweatman for Swettenham
(Chesh.), T oilman for Tottenham (Middlesex), Twy-
man for Twynam (Hants). In many of the commoner
names of this type more than one origin has to be
considered ; see Goodman (p. 236).

The following Middle English examples show how
words indicating servitude were tacked on to the
names of employers —

William Dengaynesbaillif . . (Pat. R.)

William Judde Knave . . (Chesh. Chamb. Accts.)

Ralph Sweynesman . . . (Fine R.)

Laurence Geffrey sman Stace, i.e.
Lawrence the servant of Geof-
frey Stace . . . . (City E.)

Reginald le Personeman . . (Coram Rege R. 1297)

Johannes-that-was-the-man-of-Crise (c. 1400)

Roger le Priourespalfrayman . (Pat. R.)

Henry le Meireserjaunte . . (Nott. Court R.)

Richard Jonesserjant, i.e. John's

servant .... (Pat. R.)

John le Parssonesservante . . (Pleas.)

Rolaundeservant solus . . (Pat. R.)

Henry Jonesquier . . . (Pat. R.)

Alan le Garzon water i.e. the

garcon of Walter
John othe Nonnes
William del Freres
Robert Drewescok
Robert Godescoc

(Pat. R.)
(City B.)
(F. of y.
(Pat. R.)
(Pat. R.)

The last of these corresponds in meaning with the
AS. Godescealc,1 servant of God [William Godescal,

1 This name suggests a parallel with those Celtic names with a
prefix which originally meant servant, the second element being
God, Christ, Mary, etc., or a saint's name. Such are the Scottish
names in Gil-, i.e. " gilly," e.g. Gillies, servant of Jesus, which, when
preceded by Mac-, becomes MacLeish. Scotch names in Mai-,
mean " tonsured servant," Gaelic maol, bald. Hence Malise or
Mellis, servant of Jesus, Malcolm, servant of Columba [Malcolumb f .

-SON WITH OCCUPATIVE NAMES 239

Pat. RJ\, for Cock, which has various origins as a
surname, was once the familiar appellation for a
servant. The boy in Gammer Gurton's Needle is
always referred to by this name —

" My Gammer is so out of course, and frantyke all at ones,
That Cocke, our boy, and I poor wench, have felt it in our
bones."

Some of the names ending in -cock may contain this
meaning, e.g. Johncock may mean John's boy or John
the boy.

It is especially from the type of occupative names
dealt with in the preceding pages that we find forma-
tions in -son. Such are Smithson, Wrightson, Grayson
(grieve's son), Rayson, Reason,1 Raisin (reeve's son),
Herdson, Hindson, Manson,* Day son, Ladson, Swain-
son, Hewson, Clarkson. Other names of this type are
Archer son, Cookson or Cuckson, Taylor son, Shepherd-
son, Sargisson (sergeant), etc. Sardison is no doubt
a corruption of the last name, as both are equally
common in Lincolnshire. Surgison, like Surgerman,
may belong to Sargent or Surgeon, the latter still a
surname, though almost absorbed by the former.

Waldefer, Archbp. Gray's Reg. 1225-54]. Jt is found also as Mil-
in Milvain (Bean) and Macmillan, son of the bald gilly. In Ireland
we have such names as M alone (John), and a great number in Mul-,
while Mylecrist represents the Manx form. In Cospatrick, Cos-
Patrick the prefix is cognate with Welsh gwas, man, whence the
I"r. vassal.

1 Reason is also an abstract nickname [Roger Raisoun, burgess in
Parliament for St. Albans temp. Ed. II., Close R.~\.

8 Manson is perhaps more usually for Magnusson, an Orkney
and Shetland name. Magnus became a personal name in Scandi-
navia owing to the fame of Charlemagne, Carolus Magnus. The
Vikings took it to the northern islands, where it became a surname.
In Ireland it has given MacMamts.

240 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

Surgenor represents an obsolete elaboration of Surgeon.
Woodison may be " son of the woodward." As for
Crowdson, Crewdson, I believe it is the son of the
Crowder or fiddler, a kind of cousin of Tom the Piper's
son. It belongs to Lancashire, which is the home of
this type of name ; cf. Adam le Harpersone (Lane.
Court R. 1323-4), and Rutson, the latter the son of the
Rutter, or fiddler.

While on this subject, it should be noticed that
many apparent -son names are really local. One may
spend some time on Crowson and Strawson before dis-
covering that they are local pronunciations of Croxton
(Norf.) and Stroxton (Line.). So also Frogson is cor-
rupted from Frodsham, Cawson from Causton, Musson
sometimes from Muston, Wesson from Weston, Esson
from Easton, Foxon from Foxton, and Brobson is a
perversion of Brabazon, the man from Brabant. On
the other hand, the Scottish Johnston is generally an
improved version of Johnson (Macbain).

Before leaving the subject of compound occupative
names, there are a few deceptive or obsolete examples
worth noting. Fairminer or Farminer is simply a
corruption of Fairmaner, which may allude to the
good manners of the original possessor, but is more
likely local ; cf. Fr. Beaumanoir. Longmate, like Mate,
contains mead. Fairbard is probably for Fairbeard,
though the simple Bard is a thirteenth-century sur-
name [William le Bard, Coram Rege R. 1297], i-e- much
earlier than its recognition as a dictionary word. Its
Scottish form is Baird, and the word has risen in the
world —

" The Schireffe . . . sal punish sorners, over-lyars, maister-full
beggars, fuilles, bairdes, vagaboundes " (Skene).

COMPOUND ANIMAL NAMES 241

In Goodearl the second element may be rather the
personal name Earl [Stephen f. Erl, Ramsey Cart.] than
the title, but cf. John Brounbaron (Pat. R.), John
Folbaroun (ib.). Littlepage, Smallpage need no ex-
planations, and Pennycook l or Pennycock is for the
local Penicuik (Midlothian).

Along with these may be mentioned a few compound
animal nicknames such as Goodlamb, Whitelam,
Wildgoose* Willgoss, Wildgust [Edric Wildegos, Feet
of Fines], Graygoose, Wildrake, Hornram, Wildbore,
Wilgress, dial, grice, pig [William Wildegris, IpM.],
Duncalf [cf. Henry Dunfoul, Chesh. Chamb. Accts.
1301-60], Metcalfe* (mead calf?). The Oxfordshire
Fortmim is from Fr. fort anon [Nicholas Fortanon,
Hund. R., Oxf.]. Names of this type were once
much commoner. Cf. Gilbert Blakeram (Hund. R.),
Thomas Bonrouncyn (Pat. R.), Gilbert Dayfoul (ib.).
With the Wild- names cf. David Wildebuf (Hund. R.).
In Wildman the first element is descriptive rather
than local [cf. ^Edwin Wildegrome, Pipe R.~\, but
Wilder is local, of the wilderne or wilderness [John
atte Wilderne, Fine R.}. Machell, latinized as malus

1 Pennycad, Pennycard are evidently from Fr. Penicaud.

2 The fact that that Negoose, Negus belongs to Norfolk, which is
the home of the " goose " names (Goose, Gooseman, Gozzard, Gazard,
goose herd), suggests that it is also a compound of -goose. But in
the same county I find Edgoose, which may possibly be a compound
of -house (edge-house), from AS. ecg, corner, whence the name Egg.
So Negus might be " atten-eg-house." Cf. Nash, Nye, etc. (p. 50).

3 It has been suggested to me that this puzzling name, which,
though so common in the north, seems to be quite undocumented,
may have been an ironic substitution for Turnbull 1

" Mr. Metcalfe ran off, upon meeting a cow,
With pale Mr. Turnbull behind him."

242 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

catulus, and Machin, Fr. Malchien, are uncompli-
mentary compounds, but Machin has also other
origins. Polecat [Thomas Polkat, Pat. R.~\ survives as
Polliket. Weatherhogg, a Lincolnshire name, means in
that county a male pig.

Among surnames compounded from font-names
John leads easily, as do Jean in French and Johann
or Hans in German. In the latter language, with its
love of compounds, we find something like a hundred
names which contain Johann or its pet forms. From
LG. Lutjens, little John, comes our Lutyens. In
English we have Brownjohn, Goodjohn, Littlejohn,
Micklejohn or Meiklejohn, Prettyjohn, Properjohn.
With Foster John, i.e. John the Foster (see p. 119), cf.
Pascoewebb (p. 230). With Upjohn, for Welsh ap
John, cf. Uprichard. The fact that John was used,
like Jack, almost as an equivalent of man or servant,
will explain Durand le Bon Johan (Hund. R.), the
origin perhaps of Bowgen, Budgen. Similarly Grud-
geon seems to represent Fr. Grosjean and Pridgeon
Fr. Preux '-Jean, while Spridgeon, Spurgeon may be
the same name with the prefixed S- which we occa-
sionally find in surnames. Rabjohn 8 may be Robert
the servant, or perhaps Robert the son, of John, and
Cample John may mean wry- mouthed John, from
the Celtic word which has given Campbell. With
Dunbobbin, Dunbabin, cf. the obsolete Brounrobyn
(Lane. Inq. 1310-33). Goodrobert survives as Good-

1 To this archaic Fr. adj., meaning doughty, we owe not only
Proud, Prout, but also Prewse, Prowse, Prew, Prue, Prow, with the
dim. Prewett, Pruett.

2 Rabfohns is a Devon name, and the neighbouring Dorset is the
home of Rabbetts, which comes, I suppose, from Robert, though it
may represent Raybould, AS. Regenbeald [Richard f . Rabot, Pipe R.].

NAMES OF KINSHIP 243

rop. With Goodwill, Goodwillie, cf. Hervey Pruguillun,
i.e. Preux-Guillaume (Feet of Fines). But Goodwill
may also be an abstract nickname ; cf. Fr. Bonvouloir.
Gaukrodger l means clumsy Roger, but Gaybell is an
imitative perversion of Gabriel. Other apparently
obsolete names of this class are Dungenyn (Exch.
R.), a hybrid from the English adj. dun and Fr.
Jeannin, Jolifewille (Pleas), Dulhumphrey (Lower),
Petinicol (Hund. R.), Halupetir (ib.), Dumbbardolf
(ib.), Dummakin (ib.), Makin, whence Makins, Meakin,
being a dim. of Matthew, and Dunpayn (Fine R.),
from the very common Pain or Pagan. Walter
Gobigrant (Leic. Bor. Rec.) seems to mean " big
Goby," i.e. Godbold. The only modern parallel
I know to this formation, with the adjective put
second, is Wyattcouch, i.e. little Guy the red (Cornish),
unless Elsegood is for " good Ellis, or Alice," and
Drakeyoung for Drake junior. Cf. William le Loverd-
newe, i.e. the new lord (IpM.). Goodbrand is a per-
sonal name, Norse Gudbrand, and Littledyke, which
looks so obvious, may be for " little Dick " [cf. Richard
Litelhikke, 1385, Bardsley].

A good many surnames are formed by compounding
terms indicating relationship. Now, excepting for a
few interesting survivals, we use only -son or Fitz-t
and, as early as the thirteenth century, we find such
an illogical description as Margery le Prestesson
(Pleas). The following medieval examples show a
much greater variety — •

Ricardus avunculus Wilhelmi (Pleas)

John Nikbrother . . . (Derbyshire Charters)

1 In F. of Y. 1685 it is spelt Corkroger

244

SOME COMPOUND NAMES

Henry Huchild

William Personcosin

Adam Childesfader

Robert Barnfader .

John le Frer Win .

William Makeseyre, i.e. heir of

Mack . .

Aernaldus frater Archidiaconi .
William Jonesneve
John Gener Adding
William Richardesneveu
Patrick William Stepsone
William Gamelstepsone .
Alicia Thepunderesstepdoghtre
Alicia Armwif, i.e. wife of Orme
Amabilla Folcwif, i.e. wife of

Fulk .
John Wilbarne, i.e. the " bairn "

of Will .

William Godesbarn l
Adam Gibbarne
William le Barnemawe, i.e. the

brother-in-law of the bairn
William Dobmagh .
William Godesmagh
William Hauwenmogh . .
John Gibbemogh .

(Hund. R.)
(F. of Y.)
(Pat. R.)
(F. of Y. 1426)
(Percy Cart.)

(State Trials, Ed. I.)

(Pipe R.)

(Cor am Rege R. 1297)

(Northumb. Ass. R. i^tk cent.)

(Coram Rege R. 1297)

(ib.)

(Cal. Gen.)

(c. 1400)

(Hund.R.)

(ib.)

(Bardsley, 1379)
(Pat. R.)
(ib.)

(Hund. R.)
(Cockersand Cart.)
(F. of Y.)

(Lane. Inq. 1205-1307)
(Lane. Court R. 1323-4)

All the names of relationship have given surnames
uncompounded, but usually with the addition of -s,
e.g. Fathers, Fadder, Mothers, Sones, Soanes [Walter
le Sone, Pat. R.], Fitz, Fice [Antony fice Greffown,

1 No doubt a name assumed by some pious man. Cf. the AS.
Godescalc, God's servant, once common, but now swallowed up by
Godsall, Godsell. Curiously humble is Thomas Godesbest (Leic.
Bor. Rec), a type of name by no means uncommon in the Middle
Ages. Pachnio quotes Festu-Dieu, God's straw, and Tacon-Dieu,
OF. tacon, a patch on a shoe. More assertive is William le Godes-
halu, the saint of God (Nott. Court R. 1308), while Geoffrey Goddes-
wynnyng (ib.) appears to mean God's gain.

NAMES OF KINSHIP 245

NED. c. 1435], Darter, Brothers, Br odder,1 Godson
(cf. Fr. Lefilleul), Frere, Uncles, Fames (ME. erne,
uncle), Child, Fant, Faunt (Fr. enfant), Cousins,
Cozens, and even Cozze, Nephew (rare), Neave (ME.
neve, nephew), Neech, Neese,* Widdows, Gaffer or
Gayfer 3 (grandfather 4), of which Gaff is perhaps
the shortened form, Gammer (grandmother, as in
Gammer Gurton's Needle), Belcher, Bowser, Bewsher,
from OF. bel-sire, sometimes in the special sense of
grandfather, Beldam, grandmother. With Bewsher
cf. the opposite Malsher. Also Husband? Kinsman,
Parent, Gossip, Comper [Roger le Comper, John of
Gaunt9 s Reg.] —

" Compere, a gossip " (Cotg.).

With Comper goes Marrow, from archaic marrow, a
companion, mate [John le Marwe or le Marewe, Leic.
BOY. Rec.]—

" Marwe or felawe yn travayle, socius, compar " (Prompt. Pan;.).

In one volume of the Fine R. we find John Darcy le

1 This may be rather occupative, the " broiderer " [Richard le
Broudeour, Bp. Kellawe's Reg.].

2 From OF. nies, the nom. of neveu [Walter le Neise, Hund. R.].
It is found in Middle English. See NED., s.v. niece, where, how-
ever, the origin of the masculine word is not correctly explained.
Neese may also be for " nose " (see p. 133).

8 This is perhaps rather from Gainer, a very common name in Old
French epic, and, as it is often applied to Saracen chiefs, perhaps
the Eastern Giafar, vizier to Haroun-al-Raschid. It might also
represent the northern form of Go-fair [James Gafaire, F. of Y.].
See also p. 253, n. i.

4 The analogy of gossip, Fr. compare, Ger. Gevatter, all used in
the familiar sense of our gaffer, suggests that gaffer, gammer may be
rather for godfather, godmother.

6 This usually means husbandman, master of the house, etc.
See p. 226.

246 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

Cosin, John Darcy le Frere, and John Darcy le Neveu,
an example which shows how purely accidental is the
possession of such surnames at the present day.
Odam is ME. odam, son-in-law, cognate with Ger.
Eidam, which now, like odam, is practically obsolete
except as a surname —

" Octiatus, Danes' odame
After theose hostes he came."

(King Alexander, i4th cent.).

Foad, Foat, Food, found chiefly in Kent, represent ME.
fode, a child1 [William le Fode, Cust. Battle Abbey}.
For this word, really identical with food, see NED.
Grandison is local, I suppose from Granson in Switzer-
land [Otto de Granson or de Grandisono, Fine R.}, and
Outerson is the son of Ughtred. Practically all the
corresponding kinship surnames exist in French and'
German, and there is even a Parisian named Peretmere
(Bottin, 1907).

Of the compounds formed from kinship names the
most interesting are those illustrated by the five last
examples in the list of medieval compounds given
on pp. 243, 244. ME. maugh, really identical with
May (q.v.), seems to have been used vaguely for any
relative by marriage —

" Mow, housbandys sister or syster in law, glos " (Prompt. Parv.).

In the north it usually means brother-in-law, in
which sense it has given the names Maufe, Muff,
Maw* But it also survives in several compounds,
viz. Godsmark,* Hitchmough (corrupted to Hickmott)

1 It also means a wife, a young man.

2 For this name see also p. 67.

3 It is also possible that this is an oath-name (p. 181), though a
curious one, " by God's brother-in-law." In the Porkington MS.
of the fifteenth century poem Mourning of the Hare we find " by

NAMES OF KINSHIP 247

from Richard, and especially Watmough, Whatmaugh,
Whatmore, etc., from Walter. There are probably
many more names of this class which still live in dis-
guise, as the formation was once very common.

From ME. barn, bairn, etc., we have Whiteborn,
the complimentary Fairbairn, Goodbairn, Goodband,
Goodbun, and the patronymics Dawbarn (David) and
Giberne (Gilbert). Maybin is perhaps the bairn of
May; but Huband was earlier Hubaud, AS. Hyge-
beald. With Dearborn cf. Fr. Cherfils. Many names
in -burn, e.g. Blackburn, Fairburn, Dayburn, may in
some cases belong here. For Barnfather, Bairns-
father, Ban father see p. 244. The simple barn is
also one of the many origins of Barnes. With Fair-
child, Goodchild, Littlechild, cf. Fauntleroy and Fillery,
both meaning King's son (p. 18). Bonifant is bon
enfant [Walter Bonenfant, Hund. JR.], i.e. Goodson, Good-
child, and Bullivant, Pillivant include both this and bel
enfant [Colin Belenfan, Close R.]. The opposite Mali-
phant [Nicholas Maleffaunt, Pat. R., Alan Evilchild,
Hund. R.] also exists. Richard Beaufaunt (Pat. R.)
has perhaps contributed to Bevan or Biffen. The
simplex exists as Fant, Faunt, Vant. With the obso-
lete Folenfant cf . the surviving Sillifant, while Selibarn
(F. of Y.) is perhaps still represented by Sillibourne,
Silburn. The epithet silly was rather complimentary
than otherwise, for it meant gentle, innocent ; cf.
Roger Seliday (Pat. R.), Robert Selisaule (ib.).

Fairbrother, Farebrother, Farbrother belongs to the
old courteous style of address as in " fair sir/* " beau

cokkes soule," euphemistic for "by Goddes soule" (p. 181). In
the Cambridge MS. of the same poem this is replaced by "by
cokkes mawe."

248 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

sire," etc. With Alderson, usually " older son," cf.
the common French surname Lame. With the simple
Alder, Elder, cf. Younger, but both the former are also
. tree-names. For some other surnames formed from
comparatives see p. 104.

The nickname sire [William le Syre, Fine R] sur-
vives as Syer,1 Syers, Surr, Sirr. Its compounds are
Bonser* Bouncer, Mountsier, M oncer, Muncer [John
Monsyre, Fine R.], Sweetsur [William Swetesyr, Pat. R.],
Goodsir, whence also perhaps Goacher, Goucher, Dunsire,
which I cannot explain, and those mentioned on p. 245.
Cosher perhaps represents " coy sire" [Simon Coy sire,
Hund. R.]. Maiden was used in Middle English of the
unmarried of both sexes [John le Mayde, Pat. R., Ralph
le May den, ib., William Pucele, ib.], but in compounds
such as Chilmaid, Denmaid, Longmaid, Maidland,
maid is for mead, a meadow. On the other hand, Mead
often represents maid [John le Meide, Lond. Wills,
1279]. May, a young man or maiden, has the familiar
compound Mildmay [cf. Richard Dusemay, Pat. R],
and the less common Whitmee [William Wytemey,
Hund. R.] and Youngmay [Martin le Yungemey, ib.].
The simple May is also local, apparently from an
obsolete variant of "mead" [William Attemay, Pat. R] ;
cf. Smee for Smeed (p. 77). Burkmay, for " birk mead,"
suggests that Peachmay is possibly for "beech3 mead."

A few names which also suggest age and kinship
may conclude the chapter. Such are Springall, Sprin-
gate, Springett, Springhalt, the springald, young man

1 Cf. Dame, Dames, though this may also be from an archaic
spelling of the local Damm, Damms ; cf . Gape for Gapp.

2 This is also the local pronunciation of Bonsall (Derby).
8 Initial P- for B- is not uncommon in surnames.

NAMES OF KINSHIP 249

[Auger Espringaut, Pat. R., Julian Springald, Hund. R.],
and Stripling, Stribling [Adam Stripling, Pat. R.].
But the first group may also belong to the warlike
instrument which was called a springald ; cf . Mang-
nall (p. 162) —

" And eke withynne the castell were
Spryngoldes, gunnes, bows and archers "

(Romaunt of the Rose, 4190).

Damsell represents OF. damoisel, a young squire, rather
than the fern. form. For Milsop, i.e. " milksop,"
see p. 268. Nursling, or Nutshalling, is a place in
Hants. But John le Norrisone occurs in Nott. Court
R., and the award of an honorary C.B. to Brigadier-
General Nourrisson of the French Army has just
been announced (Nov. 17, 1915) —

" Nourrisson, a nursling, nurse-child, or nursing child " (Cotg.).

Suckling is a genuine nickname, but Baby is rather for
Barbara, asjjofry is for Gabriel. With Twin, whence
Twint, cf. Gemmel, OF. gemel, used by Wyclif of Jacob
and Esau [Alan Gemellus, Pipe R., Richard Gemel,
Fine R.]. The Gemmels of Scotland, the chief home
of the name, perhaps have another origin. Fr. Besson,
whence our Bisson, is a dialect word for twin. Man-
kin, Miniken is for " manikin " [Stephen Manekin,
Testa de Nev.]. Neame, usually for ME. erne, uncle
[cf. Thomas Nuncle, Pat. R.], is also an Anglo-French
form of Fr. nain,1 dwarf [John le Neym, Pat. R.].
Male, Mayle, Maskelyne are simply what they appear
to be [William le Male or Masculus, Percy Cart., Henry
Maskelyn, Testa de Nev.], but Man full, a Notts name,

1 Lenain is a common French surname. The corresponding
English name is Murch —

" Murch, lytyl man, nanus " (Prompt. Parv.}.

250 SOME COMPOUND NAMES

is from Mansfield,1 whence also the imitative Manifold.
An interesting variant of Male is Madle, OF. mask,
due to the Anglo-French practice of intercalating -d-
between -si- as in meddle, OF. mesler, idle, OF. isle (see
Idle, p. 64). Twoyearold is still a Lancashire surname
and has a medieval parallel in Adam Fivewinterald.

To the obsolete examples quoted in this chapter
may be added the following — Bonsquier, Childesfader
(cf. Bairns father), Langebachelere, Belmeistre, Bel-
verge, Bruncarl, Mamllastre (Fr. Maufildtre, the bad
son-in-law), Hardimarchaunt, Lady chapman, Trewchap-
man, Calveknave, Forsterknave, Rouknave, Smart-
knave, Whiteknave, Bonserjant, Aldegrome, Greygrom,
Litelgrom, Shepgrom, Bonswayn, Madsweyn, Litsweyn,
Sikersweyn (sure), Yongswayn, Surewyne (friend),
Porbarn, Petytmey, Donemay, Prodemay, Levemay,
Levedame, Lefquene, Quenemay, Sotemay (sweet),
Boncristien, Bonchevaler, Bonseygnur, Frankchivaler,
Smalperson, Petitsire, Litilpage, Langeclerk, Schort-
frend, Stalwortheman, Malvoisin, Malharpin (OF.
harpin, a harper), Homedieu, Witwif, Blakshyreve,
Countereve, Lithbond, Bedelking, Witebitele, Coper-
kyng, Whiteking, Wodeking (mad), Jolyfray (AF. jolif
rey), Wodeprest, Wytknyt, Godeboy, Jolifboie, Bliss-
wen che, Joymeyde, Joyemaiden. The last three are
probably disparaging ; cf. Fr. fille de joie. Animal
compounds are Hogelomb, Tythinglomb, Maloysel,
Maulovel (cf. Machell), Mallechat, Swethog, Wodegos,
Wodemousse, Whytebull, Qwytgray (gray, a badger),

1 The -s- in such names is quite optional ; cf . Wilford, Wilsford,
Manbndge, Mansbridge, etc. For the change of -field, -fold to -full cf.
Hatfull, Oakenfull, etc. Fairfoul, which looks like a fantastic nick-
name, is probably for Fair field ; but see p. 319.

OBSOLETE COMPOUNDS 251

Jolicok, Whytkok, Yongkok, Wytkolt, Dunnebrid.
Witfis, Stocns, Fresfis, Rotenheryng were probably
nicknames for fishmongers. Wytecole may refer to
Nicholas, but more likely to cabbage. More abstract
compounds, which do not properly belong to this
chapter, are Godestokne, Curtevalur, Tartcurteis,
Petikorteis, Tutfait, Tutprest, Megersens, Moniword,
Maucuvenant, Maucondut (maleconductus, cf. Mawditt),
Mautalent, Scortrede, Littylrede, Smalchare, Stille-
prud, Seldholi, Stranfers (strong fierce), Welikeing.

18

CHAPTER XII

THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

" Johannes Shakespere, querens, optulit se versus Ricardum de
Cotgrave, spicer, defendentem, de placito conventionis ; et queritur
de eo quod dictus Ricardus, die Jovis proximo post festum Sancti
Bartholomaei Apostoli, anno regni regis nunc xxxmo primo, vendidit
eidem Johanni unum ' stik * de ' saundres ' pro ' brasill,' et
manucepit quod fuit ' brasill/ et sic conventionem inter eos factam
fregit, ad grave dampnum ipsius Johannis viginti solidorum, unde
producit sectam " (Nottingham ^Borough Records, Nov. 8, 1357).

THE above is, I believe, the earliest known occurrence
of the most famous of all English names. This very
interesting type of surname is found plentifully not
only in English, but in all the related European lan-
guages.1 Many examples, both English and French,
are quoted by Darmesteter in his treatise on compound
words. Ritter gives about 150 French examples and
Vilmar collected nearly 250 German instances. Some
examples of such will be found in chapters xiii. and
xiv. (pp. 288, 303). Among them occur names familiar
to everybody, such as Fr. Boileau (Drinkwater) ,2
Ger. Klopstock J (knock stick), and It. Frangipani,

1 An interesting Danish example is Ole Lukoj'e, Olaf Shut-eye, a
popular nickname for the dustman, recently adopted as a pseudonym
by a brilliant English military writer.

2 I do not know whether medieval wit was equal to naming a
drunkard thus ironically, but the following entries are suggestive —
Margery Drynkewater, wife of Philip le Taverner (City E.}, Thomas
Drinkewater, of Drinkewaterestaverne (Lond. Wills, 1328).

3 Cf. our Swingewood and possibly Girdwood, ME. gird, to strike.

252

MODE OF FORMATION 253

break bread, said to be due to the benevolence of that
well-known Italian family. Generally such names are
compounded of a verb in the imperative followed by
its object, while less often the second component is
an adverb, e.g. Golightly [William Galigtly, Pat. R.],
also found as Galletly, Gellatly, with which we may
compare John Gofayre l (Pat. R.) and John Joligate
(ib.). Steptoe apparently has a similar meaning,
though its formation is abnormal.

Names of this type hardly appear in Domesday
Book, though Taillefer, whence Telfer, Telford, Talfourd,
Tolver, Tulliver,* is anterior to that compilation, but
they swarm in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
Of the many hundreds I have collected, only a small
proportion seem to have survived, though probably
many more live on in disguise. Many of the medieval
examples are of quite unquotable coarseness, and point
either to the great brutality or the great naivete of our
ancestors. This method of formation is one of the
most convenient and expressive that we have. There
are hundreds of common nouns so formed, e.g. holdfast,
makeshift, stopgap, holdall, turnkey, etc. As applied
to persons they are nearly always disparaging,3 e.g.
cut-throat, ne'erdowell, swashbuckler, scapegrace, skin-
flint, or are contemptuous substitutions for occupative

1 This is perhaps one origin of Cover, Govier. Stow men-
tions a Govere's Lane in the City, the earlier name of which was
Gofayre Lane [John Gofaire, Lond. Wills, 1259-60, John Goveyre,
ib. 1291].

2 I am told that It. Tagliaferro has adopted the form Tolver in the
U.S. " Taillefer, the surname of the old Earls of Engoulesme ; so
tearmed because William the second Earle thereof, clove with his
sword, at one blow, an armed captain down to the stomack ! "
(Cotg.).

3 See Trench, English Past and Present, pp. 219 seq.

254 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

titles, e.g. sawbones fora surgeon, or the dial, bangstraw
for a thresher.1 Warring theologians have always
been great coiners of these phrase-names. Compli-
mentary examples, such as Welcome (cf. Fr. Bienvenu,
It. Benvenuto), Makepeace * [Gregory Makepais, Leic.
Bor. Rec.], are exceptional.

I fancy that this type of surname owes something
to the vogue of allegory and allegorical drama in the
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. At any rate,
such compounds have been beloved by allegorists from
Langland to Bunyan. The latter's Standfast was a
surname four centuries before the Pilgrim's Progress
[William Stanfast, Fine R., Adam Standefast, IpM.],
and I have also found his Saveall both as a medieval
and twentieth-century name. Langland frequently
personifies Dowell, Dobet, Dobest, the first of which
may be one source of our Dowell, and he has many
references to Saywell, who still figures in the rustic
proverb " Say well is good, but Do well is better."

This suggests a short digression on the ending
-well in surnames. Many of these are of course local,
well having its wider, older meaning, which includes
fountain, stream, pool, etc. Some are from specific
place-names, e.g. Bakewell, the name of a well-known
advocate of cremation some years ago, Hopewell or
Hopwell, Tidswell, all Derbyshire. Others, such as
Cantwell [Gilbert de Kentewelle, Hund. R.], Tuckwell,
Tugwell* are from spots which I cannot identify.
Callwell, Cor dwell are among the many variants of

1 Cf. Martin Betewete (Hund. R.) and Fr. Babied.

z Cf . Alice Makehayt (Hund. R.).

8 These may even be phrase-names. Tuckwell may have been a
good "tucker" of cloth (cf. Tazewell, p. 256), and Tugwellma.y be
from ME. tug, to wrestle.

NAMES IN -WELL 255

Cauldwell * (cold) . Glidewell is also local, from the gleed
or glide, i.e. kite, to which we owe also Gledhill, Gleadle,
Gledstanes, Gladstone. Others again are perversions,
e.g. Caswell and Kidwell take us very far back in history,
for they represent the Welsh names Caswallon and
Cadwal, the former of which was latinized as Cassi-
velaunus, just as Caradoc or Cradock was made into
Caractacus. Kidwell or Kiddell is the Somerset form
of Cadwal, which in Gloucestershire has become Caddell,
Cadle. Caldwall, found in Hereford, is no doubt the
same. Rouncewell is also historic, from Roncevaux
[Ralph de Runcevill, Pat. R.]. It is also found as
Rounsevel, Rounswell. Perhaps the name came rather
from the alien priory of the name in London than
from the Pyrenean pass. This priory became the
brotherhood of Rouncival, which existed till the middle
of the sixteenth century (Stow) . Ottewell, Otterwell a
is a personal name [Otuel de Bosco, Fine R.] made
famous by the medieval Romance of Otuel. It is
a dim. of Odo, Otto, which, in its turn, is short for one
of the Germanic names in Oth- [Otulph le Drivere,
Pat. R.], whence Ott. See also Pepperwell (p. 189).

But there still remain a few names in which -well is
simply the adverb in composition with a preceding
verb. Such are Eatwell [Robert Mangebien, Pipe R.],
Fretwell, ME. fret,3 to eat, devour, Lovewell, Meanwell,
Treadwell or Tretwell [Richard Tredewelle, Pat. R.],

1 Cf. Sortwell for " salt well."

2 This may be local ; cf . Otterburn.

3 This occurs in several Middle English names (p. 273). Robert
Fretemon (Pat. R.) may have been an English Manesse (p. 303), but
his name is perhaps from AS. Frithumund —

" Adam afterward ageines hus defence
Frette of that fruit "

(Piers Plowm., B. xviii. 194).

256 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

and probably many more. Among them are a few
trade descriptions, e.g. Thackwell for a good thatch er,
and the Somerset Tazewell, Taswell for a good " teaser "
of cloth. With the variant Toswill cf. Tozer, for
" teaser." The corresponding French names in -bien
and German names in -wohl are also fairly numerous.

As has already been suggested, surnames of this
class are generally disparaging. It is even likely that
the historic Taillefer and the first Shakespeare, Shake-
shaft or Shackshaft, and Shakelance were heroes of a
somewhat obtrusive character. Examples of " fright-
fulness " are uncomfortably numerous. We find
an extraordinary number of Middle English names
beginning with break-, burn-, kill-, pill- (skin), or with
the corresponding Fr. brise-, brule-, ttte-, pele-. In fact
French, or rather Anglo-French, predominates over
Anglo-Saxon in names of this class.1 We still have
Breakspear, Braksper [William Brekespere, Ramsey
Cart.] and the hybrid Brisbane [Thomas Briseban, ib.].
With the latter cf. Crakebone [John Crakebon, Lane.
Court R. 1323-4], still an American name, though I have
not come across it in England. Modern French has
Brisemur, Brispot, and others which also occur com-
monly in our Rolls. Burnhouse, Burness, Burniss
[William Bernhus, 1 3th century] may sometimes be local,
at the "burn house," but Burnand, Brennand, though
they may have other origins, point to a public official
[Simon Brenhand, Hund. R.]. Of the same craft was

1 Sometimes we have both forms, e.g. Buttifant, Butterfant, Fr.
boute-avant, push forward [Robert Boute-Avant, Pachnio], corre-
sponds to the native Push firth. I only suggest as a gusss that Mank-
telow, Mankletow, Mankelow may represent manque I'eau or manque
de I'eau, a French version of Ralph Spare water (Pleas).

" FRIGHTFULNESS " 257

Henry Brendcheke (Northumb. Ass. R. 1256-79).
Criminals were still " burnt in the hand " in the
eighteenth century. Cf. Haghand, for " hack hand,"
and possibly also Branfoot. In one of the Towneley
Mysteries the " second tormentor " is called Spy 11-
payn. The original Strangleman may have been
official or amateur. In French we still find Bnde-
bois and Brulefer, probably trade-names.1

Among kill names we find ME. Cullebol, Cullebolloc,
Cullefincke, Cullehare, Cullehog, the last perhaps
surviving as Kellogg. Cf. Fr. Tubetif, Tuvache. For
the pill names, such as Pilecrowe, Pilecat, cf. the still
existing Fr. Pellevillain, which has a parallel in a Middle
English Fleybund (flay bond). Jean Poilevilain was
master of the mint to Philip VI. of France, and a
medieval bearer of the name had himself depicted on
his seal dragging a " villain " by the hair. Cf. Butlin,
Bucklin, contracted from boute-vilain, hustle the churl
[Adam Buttevilein, FineR.], and the obsolete Butekarl
(Feet of Fines). Of the same type is Fr. Ecorcheville
(p. 288), found also in Middle English along with Es-
corceberd, Escorchebuef, etc. These are only illustrative
specimens of a type of name which is only too common
in our records. In the list of presumably extinct
phrase-names which forms an appendix to this chapter
will be found further examples.

Sometimes the phrase-name is merely descriptive
of the bearer's occupation, e.g.Drawater. An interest-

1 Marwood, though it can be explained locally, may also have
been a nickname for an incompetent carpenter [William Marwod,
F. of Y.]. Cf . the numerous French names in Gate- (p. 262) and our
own Thumbwood, apparently from the archaic verb to " thumb,"
i.e. to handle clumsily

258 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

ing example is the Derbyshire Copestake, applied to a
woodcutter [Geoffrey Coupstak, F. of Y. 1295 ; cf.
Geoffrey Cuttestuche, Glouc. Cart.]. This naturally
becomes Copestick, and in Yorkshire Capstick. With
this name cf. Hackblock and Hackwood. Boutflour,
Bought/lower was a nickname for a miller, " bolt
flour" [John Bulteflour, Bp. Kellawe's Reg. 1303],
from the archaic bolt, to sift,1 and in Boltwood, Bought-
wood the second element is " woad," an important
medieval commodity;' cf. Powncewayde (p. 275).
Pilbeam was a barker of trees ; see Pillar (p. 118)
and Beam (p. 184). In Ridland, Ridwood, Redwood we
have the dialect rid, to clear, as in ridding ; cf . Simon
Draneland (Hund. R., Camb.). Hamahard suggests a
smith, " hammer hard," and has German parallels in
Klopf hammer, Schwinghammer (p. 303), but it is more
likely an alteration of Haimard (DB.), apparently a
Norman form of Hagenheard (see p. 41). I have
found no early example of Clinkscales, but I expect
the ancestor was an energetic tradesman or money-
changer. Cf. John Rattilbagge (Hund. R.). Tylecote
appears to have been a tiler. In Spingarn the second
element is a still existing form of " yarn." Doubtfire,
for " dout fire," was perhaps in charge of a furnace,
or he may have seen to the enforcing of the curfew.
Cf. OF. Abat-Four and Tue-Four (Pachnio). John
Adubbe-dent (Pipe R.) was an early dentist. With
C^itbush cf. Tallboys, Fr. Taillebois. Tradition makes
the first Fettiplace gentleman-usher to the Conqueror.
The etymology of the name, AF. fete place, make
room, points to some such office. The early examples

1 Cf. the ME. name Boute-tourte [Guy Buteturte, Pipe R.].
Tourte was coarse bread made from inferior meal.

NAMES IN LOVE 259

are all from Oxfordshire, and Adam Feteplaz, Fete-
place, Feteplece, a thirteenth-century Mayor £>f Oxford,
is mentioned repeatedly in the Rolls.

But examples of this kind are not very numerous,
and the great majority of phrase-names are descriptive
of character, e.g. Lovejoy, Doolittle [JohnDolitel, Percy
f Cart., John Faypew, City D.], habit, e.g. Drinkale,
\ Drinkall [William Drinkale,1 Pat. R.], Ridout, Rideout
[cf. Adam Prikafeld, Pat. R., Robert Chevalchesol,
i.e. ride alone, Pipe R., Geoffrey Wendut, Fine R.],
or even gesture, e.g. Bendelow [cf. Arnold Stoupe-
doun, Pat. R.]. The famous name Penderell appears
to mean " hang ear " [Richard Pendoraile, Chart. R.],
the opposite aspect being represented by John Kokear
(Leic. Bor. Rec.). Similarly, the existing Luckup has
a pendant in the obsolete Regardebas.

The mention of Lovejoy reminds us that we have a
large number of surnames of which love is the first or
second element. These are not all as simple as they
appear, e.g. Loveguard is for the AS. Leofgeard, while
Laverock is an alteration of the dial, laverock, a lark
[Richard Laveroke, Fine R.], whence also Laverack,
Liverock (p. 130, n.}. Loveluck is for Lovelock (p. 131).
Lovelady is a genuine phrase-name [cf. Simon Baise-
belle, Fine R.] ; cruder are Toplady or Tiplady and
Toplass, Topliss, for which see Othello, i. i. But the
oldest forms of Lovelace, Loveless go to show that in
this name the second element is not -lass, but -less
(p. 149) . Compounds in which the second element -love,

1 " Drink-ale " seems the natural solution ; cf. Fr. Boicervoise.
But Drinkhall [Thomas Drynkhale, Hund. R.] suggests rather the
phrase drinc heil, to which the answer was was heil (wassail).
Drinkall might be also " drink all " ; cf. Gather all (p. 266), Wastall,
" waste all (?) ".

260 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

in its ordinary abstract meaning, is qualified by an
adjective are Dearlove, Sweetlove, Tmelove, Newlove,
Proudlove. Dearlove has an alternative origin from
AS. Deorlaf, beloved remnant, of which Searle has
several examples. Manlove, Menlove is abstract, from
AS. mannlufe, philanthropy. Fullalove, Fullilove is,
of course, " full of love/' commoner in the Rolls in
the form Pleindamour, which still exists in Dorset
as Blandamore. Waddilove is a phrase-name which
seems very out of place * in the thirteenth century
[John Wadeinlove, Hund. R.].

But, just as Love is often from AF. love,* a wolf [Alan
le Love, Hund. R.], so many compounds in -love are
phrase-names of an energetic character. Catchlove, Fr.
Chasseloup, means wolf hunter [Alan Cacheleu, Pat. R.].
We also find in the Pat. R. Alan Cachehare, perhaps the
same man as the above, and Walter Cachelevere, Fr.
lievre, hare. Spendlove, Spendlow, Spenlow, Spindelow
is OF. espand-louve [Robert Spendelove, Northumb.
Ass. R. 1256-79, Jehan Spendelouve, Pachnio], which
perhaps refers to disembowelling.3 Pritlove, which

1 In fact " wade in love " is so unlike anything medieval that I
am inclined to guess that the first element may belong to ME. weden,
to rage, and that the name may mean rather " furious wolf." See
Catchlove and cf. Walter Wodelof (Pat. R.}, from the related ME.
wode, mad. This seems to be now represented by Woolloff.

* Lovell is usually its diminutive ; cf . Ger. Wolfing, Wulfing. In
the medieval French romance of Guillaume d'Angleterre, one of the
twin " babes in the wood," rescued from a wolf, is christened Lovel
by his finders —

" Lovel por le lo 1'apelerent
Que anmi le chemin troverent
Qui Tail portoit parmi les rains :
Einsi fut li los ses parrains."

3 Pachnio's suggestion to read espance is negatived by the English
form.

NAMES IN -GOOD 26i

looks like " pretty love," is also a Kultur name [Alex-
ander Pricklove, Exch. R.] with a common phonetic
corruption. Cf. Prickman. Cutlove l is paralleled
by ME. Cutfox and other names of the same type
(p. 272). In Marklove, whence also Marklow, Martlow,
Martlew, we have the verb to " mark " in its common
medieval sense of striking or aiming with a weapon
or missile. Tmslove appears to contain ME. truss, to
bind, also to pack up, as in Truscott (coat) ; cf. Packe-
hare (p. 274). It is natural that the hated wolf should
be selected for ill-treatment, and Roger Frangelupus
(AUngdon Cart.}, though bad Latin, confirms both the
etymologies proposed above and the general theory that
the verb in these compounds was originally an im-
perative. In local names, such as Lovecraft, Lovegrove,
Loveland [Margery de la Lovelond, Pat. R.], it is at least
possible that the first element also means wolf, and
Wildlove is probably an animal nickname (seep. 241).
The name Lovegood brings us to the problem of names
in -good. Some of these, e.g. Thurgood, Osgood, Win-
good, are simply Anglo-Saxon personal names con-
taining the element god (see p. 30) ; but others are
phrase-names of the Shakespeare type and the inter-
pretation of the second component is doubtful. Bid-
good, Bedgood [Hervey Budgod, Close R.] I take to
mean " pray God " ; cf. Ger. Furchtegott. Lovegood
might be for " love God " [Simon Lovegod, Fine R.],
the opposite of Hatecrist (p. 212), or again for " love
good/' equivalent to Henry Hatewrong (IpM.) ; but
its use in Cocke Lorelle —

" Gregory Love good of Royston mayer " —

1 Cutwolf, which I have not found later than the sixteenth century,
is rather the Anglo-Saxon personal name Cuthwulf [William
Cuthewulf, IpM.}.

262 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

suggests rather that good has here the sense of wealth,
property, as in Gathergood and Scattergood [Robert
Scatergod, Cocker sand Cart}. With the former cf.
Sparegod (p. 275), and with the latter " Slyngethryfte
fishmonger" (Cocke Lorelle). Habgood, Hobgood,
Hapgood, Hopgood [William Hebbegod, Fine R.] may
contain the obsolete hap, to seize —

" Happer, to hap, or catch ; to snatch, or grasp at " (Cotg.).

But the antiquity and variants of the name point
rather to ME. hap, hop, to cover, wrap up. Getgood
sounds hopeful, but is really commercial. Dogood,1
with its northern variant Duguid, is a compli-
mentary phrase-name ; cf. Faceben (p. 273). Whether
Digweed is a southern attempt at the latter or a
name for a gardener I cannot say.

Some names which appear to belong to the Shake-
speare class are due to imitative spelling. Tear all is
for Terrell, i.e. Tyrrell, an Anglo-French form of AS,
Thurweald, Catcheside is local (Catch erside,2Nor thumb.),
Quickfall is for Wigfall (p. 70), Carvall is for Carvell,
Carvill, from Cherville (Marne), Kilmaster is of course
from Kilminster (Caithness), Marbrow from Marbury
(Chesh.), Pillbrow from Pulborough (Suss.) or Pilsbury
(Derb.). Wastall may be for Wastell (p. 165), but
names in waste- were once common (p. 277) and French
still has Gastebled, Gatble, Gastebois, Gatbois, and other

1 Toogood may have been confused with this, but is really an
adjectival nickname. In French we find Trodoux and Troplong.
There is a fairly common Middle English name Tropisnel, Tropinel,
OF. isnel, swift, still found in Somerset as Trapnell. With Toogood
goes Sargood, from ME. sar, very, as in " sore afraid." Perhaps the
original bearer of the name was " unco' guid."

2 Hence Kitcherside ; see p. 130, n.

TURN AND WIN 263

names formed from gdter. Cf. also Waister [John le
Wastour, Pat. R.]. Ticklepenny, according to Lower,1
is from a " place near Grimsby," but is remarkably
like Ger. Kustenpfennig, kiss penny. Pinchback is
for Pinchbeck (Line.) and Huntback for Huntbach
(p. 53). Handover is for the local Andover, and
Filpot, in spite of the corresponding Ger. Fullkrug, is
probably for Philpot, i.e. little Philip. Stow adopts
the Filpot spelling for the famous fourteenth-century
Lord Mayor of London. Makeman is either the
" man "of Mack or for AS. Maegenmund, and Putwain
is one of the many variants of Fr. Poitevin, whence
also Patvine, Potwin, Portwine, etc.

Some verbs appear with notable frequency in these
compounds. From turn we have Turribull [Robert
Turnebul, Pat. R.], whence also Turnbill, Trumble,
Tremble, and the less vigorous Turnpenny [Nicholas
Turnepeny, Hund. R.]. With the former cf. William
Turnebuk (Pat. R.), with the latter Richard Turnegold
(ib.). French has several such names, including
Tournemeule, probably a name for a hay-maker. From
win we have Winbow, Winrose, Winspear, Winspur
(p. 162), Winpenny, Wimpenny, Vimpany [William
Winepeny Chesh. Chamb. Accts. 1301-60], with which
we may compare Fr. Gagnedenier. If Windlass, Wind-
less (p. 170) is " win lass," the -d- is intrusive, as also in
Windram, a nickname for a successful athlete —

" Over-al, ther he cam,
At wrastlyng he wolde have awey the ram "

(Chauc A. 546).

1 I fancy that some of Lower's " places " and " spots " were
extempore efforts. The only suitable " place " in Lincolnshire that
I can get news of is Ticklepenny's Lock, which was named from a
man called Ticklepenny.

264 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

John Winram was sub-prior of St. Andrews in 1550.
In the F. of Y. we find " Winship the mariner," which
suggests a competent pirate, but the surname is per-
haps from AS. winescipe, friendship (p. 220). One of
the most curious of the Win- compounds is the common
Norfolk name Winearls, in which the second element is
the dialect " earls, arles," earnest-money. With
Waghorn, Wagstaff cf. Walter Waggespere (Lane.
Ass. R. 1176-1285), while Waggett may sometimes
be the equivalent of Ger. Schiiddekopf, shake-head
(see p. 128). To the Shake- names may be added
Shacklock [Hamo Shakeloc, Hund. R.], with which
cf. John Werpeloc (Leic. Bor. Rec.), William Wrytheloc
(Malmesbury Abbey Reg-), and Shakelady, Schacklady,
with which cf. Robert Schaketrot (Lane. Court R.
1323-4)—

" An old trot with ne'er a tooth in her head "

(Shrew, i. 2),

and John Daubedame (Leic. Bor. Rec.) —

" Dauber, to beat, swindge, lamme, canvasse throughly "

(Cotg.).

Of the Hack- names the most interesting is Hak-
luyt. The DNB. describes the geographer as of a
family long established in Herefordshire, probably of
Dutch origin. The " Dutch " appears to be suggested
by the second syllable. The name means " hack
little," ME. lut, and the founder of the family was
probably a woodcutter without enthusiasm [Peter
Hakelut, IpM., Heref.]. Walter Hackelute or Hakelut
or Hakelutel occurs repeatedly in thirteenth-century
records of Hereford and Salop.

PASS AND PIERCE 265

There are also two rather large groups containing
the verbs pass l and pierce. From the first come Passe-
low, " cross water/' whence also Paslow, Par slow,
Pasley, Pashley, Pashler 8 [Edmund Passelewe or Passe-
ley e or Passhelye, Pat. R.], Passmore [Stephen Passe-
mer, Fine R.], Passavant [Alan Passa vaunt, Lane.
Ass. R. 1176-1285], contracted to Passant. In
French we find Passelaigue,* Passerieu (OF. rieu, a
stream), Passelac, Passepont, etc. With Passavant cf.
the hybrid Startifant, Sturdevant, Sturtivant, in which
the first element is ME. stert, to start. In the F. of Y.
it is spelt Stirtavaunt. The Pierce- names are very
curious, and it is hard to say exactly what the verb
meant in these compounds. The much discussed Per-
ceval, Percival is simply what it appears to be, viz.
" pierce vale " Another hero of romance was Perce-
forest. One origin of Percy, Pearcey, Pursey, etc. is
perce-haie, pierce hedge [William Percehaye, Hund. R.].
Passifull and Passfield, which look like compounds of
pass, are in all probability corruptions of Percival,
and Purcifer, a Yorkshire name, shows the same slur-
ring as in Brammer for the local Bramhall. Finally,
Pershouse, Purshouse is " pierce house." Thirlway,
Thirlaway contains the obsolete " thirl," to pierce,
but the whole compound may be local, meaning
a gap.

Somewhat akin to this group are the French names
in Tranche-, some of which, such as Trenchemer,
Trenchelac are found also in Middle English. With

1 The charger of the paladin Gerier was Passecerf (Chanson de
Roland).

z Cf. Brister for Bristow (p. 104).

3 Aigue (aqua] is a southern form of eau', cf. Aigues-mortes.

266 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

Tranchevent cf. Ger. Schneidewind and our Sherwin
[Thomas Sherewynd, Fine R.], the latter the same type
of man as William Windswift, mariner (F. of Y). We
have other compounds of shear in Sherlock, Shurlock
[Simon Skyrloc, Chart R.], and in Shargold, Shergold,
perhaps a coin- clipper or a worker at the mint ' ; but
Shearwood is local, of Sherwood. Another element
which was once common is tread. We have still
Tredwell, Tretwell, Treaddell, and Tredgold * [Walter
Tredegold, Hund. R.], the last-named appearing also
as Threadgold, Thridgould', cf. Threadgate, in which
gate means street. In Middle English we find also
Thomas Tredebalk (Chart. R.), Symon Tredhard
(Yorks, 1379), and Richard Tradesalt (Rievaulx Cart.).
Treadaway, Treadway is local [John de Treddewy,
Exch. R.], from treadway, a thoroughfare, which was
in use as late as the seventeenth century.

Gather occurs in Gather good (p. 262), Gather cole,*
Gather all. The last-named, of the type of Walter
Pr en tout (Lond. Wills, 1340), still a French surname,
and Godwin Givenout (Rievaulx Cart.), has also become
Gather all,' with which cf. Catherwood for " gather
wood," and Abraham Cathermonie (Rievaulx Cart).
In the Pat. R. we find Nicholas Gadrewit, whose
pursuit was wisdom rather than wealth. Tirebuck

1 " The other (lane), corruptly called Sermon lane, for Shere-
moniers' lane, for I find it by that name recorded in the fourteenth
of Edward I. ... It may, therefore, be well supposed that lane
to take name of Sheremonyars, such as cut and rounded the plates
to be coined or stamped into sterling pence" (Stow).

2 With this cf. Ger. Rosentreter, the trampler of roses.

8 It is uncertain whether the second element means charcoal
or cabbage [Robert Gaderkold, Pat. R.}.

4 I think Cathedrall must be an imitative alteration of this.

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES 267

may be local, of Tarbock (Lane.), but the first element
may be the obsolete tire, to tear, rend —

" I graunte wel that thou endurest wo
As sharp as doth he, Ticius, in helle,
Whos stomak foules tiren evere mo
That highten voltoures, as bookes telle "

(Troilus and Criseyde, i. 785).

This etymology is supported by William Randekide
(Leic. BOY. Rec.) and the Lancashire Tyrer [Henry le
Tyrer, Bp. Kellawe's Reg.], formerly also Tyre-hare,
though this latter may perhaps refer to a blameless
hairdresser.

Knatchbull may have been applied to a butcher, or
perhaps to some medieval Milo of Crotona ; cf. John
Felox (i3th century) —

" With a great clubbe (Commodus) knatched them all on the hed "
(NED. 1579).

Benbow, Benbough, Bebbow are for " bend-bow " [Wil-
liam Bendebowe, City F.]. Robin Hood's follower
Scathelock is still found as Scadlock, Shadlock, Shatlock,
Shedlock, Shotlock, Shackcloth, though the compound
can hardly be said to make sense. Evidently Shack-
lock has contributed also to this group. There are a
considerable number of medieval names in -lock ; see
p. 264. Rackstraw, Raickstraw, Rextrew, Rockstro is
occupative, "rake straw"; cf. Ralph Frapaile, i.e.
fmppe-paille (Pat. R.), a thresher, and see "bang-
straw" in the EDD. Prindeville was a successful
soldier, Fr. prend mile. Parlby is altered from the
once common parle bien [John Parlebien, Pat. R.]
and Chantler is for the still commoner chante clair
[Roger Chauntecler or Chaunteler, Pat. R.]. Cash-

19

268 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

man is for " catch man " [Mabel Cacheman, Pat. R.].
Shadbolt, Shotbolt may be for " shoot bolt" (cf.
Benbow, p. 267), or the first element may be a past
participle and the whole compound have been ap-
plied to one who had shot his bolt ; cf . the common
Middle English name Lancelevee. Hurlbatt is doubt-
ful, for Matthew Herlebaut (Pat. R.) looks like a
personal name. Still, John Hurlebadde (Pat. R.) and
Thomas Draghebat * (ib.) tend to authenticate it as
a phrase-name. Plantrose [John Plaunterose, Hund.
R.] and Pluckrose [Alan Pluckrose, ib.] still exist and
have plenty of medieval support ; cf . Simon Schakerose
(Pat. R.), Peter Porterose (ib.), Andrew Plantefene *
(Leic. Bor. Rec.), Elyas Plan tefo lye (Fine R.). Pluck-
rose has a parallel in Culpepper * [Thomas Cullepeper
or Colepepyr, Pat. R.], with which cf. Richard Culle-
bene (Hund. R.).

Among examples in which the second element is
adverbial we find, besides the quaint Gotobed or Gotbed,
such names as Rushout (cf. Rideout, p. 259) and Rusha-
way, the latter perhaps a conscientious objector, like
Robert Torne-en-Fuie (Pachnio). Fulloway may be
for " follow way," as Followfast is found in the four-
teenth century, and Standeven, Standaloft both seem
to belong here also. Pickavant, altered to Pickavance,
Pickance, Pickervance is Fr. pique-avant, spur forward.

Subject and verb are inverted in Hornblow, Horni-
blow, Orneblow, and possibly in Milsopp, Mellsop

1 This seems to be the native equivalent of Trailbaston, a term
first applied to a class of malefactors. On the interesting develop-
ment of this compound into a legal term see NED.

2 Fr. Join, hay, Lat. f&num.

3 There is just a possibility that this means " black pepper " ;
cf. Thomas Piperwyt (Cust. Battle Abbey) and John Blaksalt (Pat. R.)

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES 269

[Roger Melkesopp, Hund. R.]. The latter may mean
what is sopped in milk, but, as applied to a baby, or
to a spiritless person, it may be rather one who sups
milk —

" Hay 11, lytyll tyn mop, rewarder of mede !
Hayll, bot oone drop of grace at my nede!
Hay 11 lytyl mylk sop I hay 11, David sede I "

(Towneley Mysteries).

Similar inversions are found in Middle English, as in
the pleasing John Coutorment (Pat. R.). The original
Overthrow was perhaps a skilled wrestler ; cf. Henry
Overdo (Close R. temp. Ed. IV.). John Lyngeteill,
tailor (F. of Y.), may be for taille-linge, or the second
element may be toile, cloth.

It excites no surprise that so many of these names
have disappeared. They are, as this chapter shows,
and as will be seen still more clearly from the list on
pp. 270-7, nearly always contemptuous. Also they are
often cumbersome, so that even so complimentary a
name as that of Jehan Qui de riens ne s'esmoie(Pachnio),
i.e. John Dreadnought, had a very poor chance of
surviving. Occasionally such names have been ab-
sorbed by others. There can, for instance, be little
doubt that some of our Penfolds * represent the occupa-
tive " pen-fowl " [Henry Pynfoule, Pat. R.], an official
who has become more usually Catchpole (Fr. chasse-
poule). Walkimhaw, Wakenshaw has a local look,
but the existence of Rangecroft suggests that it may be
simply " walk in shaw," perhaps a forest ranger —

" Walkers, seeme to be those that are otherwise called foresters.
Crompton in his Jurisdictions, fol. 154, hath these words in effect:
There bee foresters assigned by the King, which be walkers within
a certain space assigned them to looke unto" (Cowel).

i This has several variants, e.g. Pennifold, Pinfold, Pinfield.

270 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

Hence perhaps also Walkland. Or the name may
have been applied to a forest outlaw. Cf. Jourdain
Saill-du-Bois (Pachnio), Hugo Saildebroil * (ib.), found
also in Middle English as Saudebroyl, both of whom
probably obtained their sobriquets by their unwelcome
sorties from the woods that bordered the medieval
highway. Walklate is as natural a nickname as " toil
by night" (see p. 233). Other names of the same
type, some not easy to interpret, are Wakelam*
(cf. Esveillechien, p. 273), Shearhod (hood), Stabback,
Settatree, Makemead [Gregory Makemete, Pat. R.],
Lockbane, Saltonstall (cf. mountebank and saltimbanque).
The obsolete names in the following list all come
from the same sources as those which are quoted
throughout this book. To save space I have omitted
the baptismal names and references. Some of them
no doubt still exist in a corrupted form and perhaps
others are wrongly included here. A few, which I cannot
interpret, may amuse the leisure of some of my readers.
It will be noticed that Anglo-French prevails over the
native element, while there are a few hybrids. Many
are evidently trade descriptions, but the majority
allude to some habit, or even some isolated act, on the
part of the original bearer.

Baillebien (OF. bailler, to give. Baysers

Cf. F. Baillehart [halter], Besecu

Baillehache [axe], whence Bail- Banesthef (banish thief)

hache) Banthane (cf. Crusseking, but

Baisedame (cf. Lovelady) Banfather is for Bairnsfather,

Bayseboll (one who loved the p. 244)

bowl) Barreduk (cf. Facehen)

1 See Brewill (p. 55).

2 The rather vigorous-looking Wakem and Whackum are for the
local Wakeham.

OBSOLETE NICKNAMES

271

Beivin (boi-viri), a very common
Middle English name, still
found as Bevin)

Berebred

Berhors

Beritawey (with the bear- names
cf. those in port-)

Berewater

Bereswerd

Bernereve

Brenecote

Brengest

Brendhers (horse ?)

Bryndboys (in these five names
we have Middle English forms
of burn)

Betewater

Byggeharme (ME. big, to build,
contrive)

Bindethef

Bindewinter

Bitebere

Bytewant (ME. want, a mole ;
cf. Moulbayt)

Blouhorn

Boteturte (see p. 258, n. 3)

Brekbek

Brekedisshe

Brekedure (door)

Brechedure

Brechehert

Brekemast

Brekpot

Brekerop (cf. Crakestreng)

Brekstaf

Bridebek (cf. Bridoye, the judge
in Rabelais. Geese werebridled
by passing a feather through
the orifices of the beak to
prevent them from straying
through hedges. Hence " oison
bride, a sot, asse, gull, ninnie,
noddie " Cotg.).

Brysbank

Brisbon (bone)

Brisecoc

Briscop (cup)

Brisefer

Briselaunce

Brisemustier (OF. moustier,

monastery)
Brisepot
Bristimbre
Brusebar
Brusekaillou
Bruselance
Brusepot
Bukelboots
Bukepot (ME. buck, to wash,

clean, as in buck-basket)
Buskeleche

Cachefis

Cacchefrensh

Cachehors

Cachemaille (Fr. maille, a small
coin ; cf. Pinsemaille. Cache-
maille is an existing English
name, no doubt Huguenot)

Cachemay (ME. may, a maiden ;
? cf. Bindlass, p. 200)

Cachepot (cf. Fr. Chassepot,
p. 289)

Cachevache (cf. names in Chase-
Cake-, Kach-)

Cakedan (Fr. daim, a deer)

Cakerowe

Castepac

Chaceporc

Chasehare

Chasemuine (Fr. moine, a monk)

Chanteben

Chauntemerle (Fr. merle, a black-
bird ; but Chantemerle is a
common French place-name)

272 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

Chantemesse

Charthecrawe

Chaucebuef, Causebuf

Caucepe

Causseben (Fr. chausser, to shoe)

Chipawey

Chopfox

Clevegris (ME. gris, a pig)

Clevehog (these two names are
sometimes misprinted Clene-
in the Hund R. Cf. the names
in Tranche-, Trenche-}

Clocoppe (ME. clock, to hobble,
Fr. docker. Cf. Startup [p. 153]
and trollop, Trollope, from
ME. troll, to saunter, prowl)

Cnaplok

Cokechinne

Countefoghel (before they were
hatched ?)

Coupchesne

Coupeforge (? a mistake for
Coupegorge)

Copefranceis

Copegray (dial, gray, a badger)

Coupne (coupe-nez)

Coursedieu (cf. Crusseking)

Crakpot

Crakesheld

Crakestreng (cf . Brekerop.
" Baboin, a crack-rope, wag-
halter, unhappy rogue,
wretchlesse villaine," Cotg.)

Crevecuor (hence Crawcour and
sometimes Croker. Cf . Breche-
hert. But the name is local ;
there are four Crevecceurs in
France)

Crollebois, Corlebois (OF. croller,
to shake ; cf . Curlevache)

Crusseking (curse)

Cuethemarket (know the mar-
ket ?)

Cullebene (cf. Peckebene)

Cullebere ("kill bear" or Pick-
barlik ?)

Cullefinch

Cullehare

Culletoppe (Fr. taupe, a mole.
For cull, to kill, see also p. 257)

Curairs

Curedame

Curlevache

Cuttecope

Cutfox

Cuthog

Cuttepope

Cutsweyn

Cuthup

Cutwesyll (this may be for wea-
sel, but is more probably a
perversion of weasand, throat)

Dyngbel

Dyngesande (ME. ding, to

pound, crush)
Dragebrech
Dreghorn
Drawespe
Drawlace

Drawespere, Draespere
Draweswerd
Draneck (not from draw, but

from thraw, twisted, a northern

form of throw, so it does not

really belong to this group.

Thrawnecked is still in dial.

use)

Drounepak
Dringkedregges
Drynkpany (possibly belongs

elsewhere. Drinkpenny was

used in the same sense as Fr.

pourboire and Ger. Trinkgeld.

Cf. Virgil Godspeny, Pat. R.,

OBSOLETE NICKNAMES

273

and the existing French name
Potdevin, from pot-de-vin, a
present made in concluding a
bargain, etc. Hansell also no
doubt has sometimes a similar
origin)
v Drynkestor

Dubedent (see p. 258)

Duleram

Dunpurs (perhaps for " don
purse." But it may mean
"brown purse"; cf. Irenpurs
[p. 163] and Alexander Hari-
pok, i.e. hairy pouch, F. of Y.)

Enganevielle (OF. enganer, to

trick, deceive)
Esveillechien
Etebred
Et[h]ebutter
Etelof
Etemete

Faceben (Dogood)

Facehen (one who could " say
boh to a goose." But a line
in Cocke Lorelle suggests that
there was a verb face, meaning
to ill-treat, whence Facer —
" Crakers, facers, and chyl-
derne quellers ")

Falleninwolle (? well)

Felebesche (cf. Coupchesne)

Fernon (a ME. Dreadnought)

Ferewyff

Fiercop (OF. fier-coup, strike
blow)

Findesilver

Forthwynde (probably for wend,
cf. Wendut, Gangeof, Rideout]

Fretecok

Freteheved

Fretelof

Fretemette (cf. the names in

Ete- and see p. 255)
Froisselewe (cf. Betewater)
Fulsalt (Fr. fouler, to tread)
Futladame

Gangeof

Gaderpenye

Gardleberd

Gastehuse

Gatteprest (cf. the names in

Waste-}
Gerdelaf
Ginful (? trap fowl; cf. Pynfoule,

p. 269)
Girdethewode (see Girdwood,

p. 251, M.S. But it may be for

" guard the wood ")
Gnawebon
Gnawepeny
Gobefore
Godsendus
Gointhewynd
Gratefige (Fr. gratte figue ; cf.

Squarcefige)
Grindlas

Grindelove (see p. 260)
Gripchese

Guanaben (Fr. gagne-bien)
Gurdepack
Gyrdecope, Gyrdinthecope

Hackebon

Hachchebutere (cf. Avice la Bu-

terkervere, Close R.)
Hakkefot
Hackenose
Hacsmal
Hactare
Haldelond

274 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

Halskyng (ME. halse, to em-
brace)

Hatekarle (cf. Ger.Bauernfeind)

Hatet[h]rift

Hauntewak (wake, now used
only of a funeral feast, for-
merly meant a " revelling o'
nights")

Heldhare (ME. helden, to hold,
keep)

Hykepin

Hoppeschort

Hotgo

Hundecrist (cf . Hatecrist, Shone-
crist, p. 212)

Hurtequart (a drinker's name ;
cf. the archaic expression
* " crushing a quart ")

Hurtevent (cf. Tranchevent,
Sherwin, p. 266. It is also a
French place-name, no doubt
meaning " face wind," Mod.
Fr. heurter, to encounter
roughly)

Kacheboye (see names in Cache-,

Chase-, Cake-)
Kachelewe
Kachepeny
Keekhorn
Kembelof (apparently " comb

wolf " ; cf. unkempt)
Kepecat
Kepegest
Kepeharm

Lacklove

Lapewater

Laughwell

Lenealday

Levetoday

Lievelance

Liggescheld

Lockeburs, Locenpurs

Locout (probably " look out ")

Lulleman

Makebeverege

Makeblisse

Makeblythe

Makefair

Makehayt

Make joy

Makesayle

Mangebacun

Mangefer

Mangehaste (OF. haste, a spit; cf.

Taillehast)
Mangevileyn
Marewater
Mendfaute
Metlefrein

Moulbayt (cf. Bytewant)
Mucedent (OF. mucier, to hide,

cover up ; cf. Adubbe-dent,

P- 258)

Ottespur

Pailcerf (skin stag, or perhaps
for " poil de cerf")

Paynlow (torture wolf)

Pakharneys (cf. Trusseharneys
In the Towneley Mysteries
Cain's horse-boy is called
Pike-harneis, probably the
same name)

Parchehare

Parlefrens

Passlewelle

Passeflabere (a nickname applied

OBSOLETE NICKNAMES

275

in Annal. Monast. to Ranulf
Flambard, whose name sur-
vives as Flambert. It appar-
ently plays on his name and
suggests handing on the torch)

Peckebene

Peckechese

Peckewether

Percesoil, Percesuil (also mis-
printed Percefoil)

Percevent

Pichepappe (apparently the
same as Fr. Piepape, and of
the same type as Crusseking,
Shonecrist, etc., but I cannot
explain the first syllable)

Pickbarlik

Pikebone

Pikechin

Pikhorn

Pikemumele (? Fr. mamelle)

Pikewastel

Pylcok

Pillegos (cf. Jehan Escorche-
Rainne, skin-frog, Pachnio)

Pillemyl (mule)

Pilemus (mouse)

Pinchehaste

Pinsemaille (" Pinse-maille, a
pinch peny, scrape-good, nig-
ard, miser, peniefather/'Cotg.)

Pinchepeny

Pinchshu

Pineferding

Pirnetote (see Prentout, p. 266)

Playscefonte

Polprest (an ecclesiastical hair-
dresser)

Portebryf

Portegoie, Portejoie

Porterob

Portesoyl (cf. the names in Bere-
and the existing French sur-

names Portebois, Portefaix,

Portelance, Portenseigne)
Pouchmete
Pownsewayd (a " pouncer," or

pulverizer, of woad. Cf.

Wader, p. 120)
Prikeavant (an alteration of

Pickavant, p. 268)
Prikehering
Prikehors
Prikeskin
Pullebrid (here pull is equivalent

to pill ; see p. 257)
Pulegos
Pulhare
/

Rennaway

Reulebon (AF. reule-bien, rule

well)

Rerepaunch
Ringebelle
Rivegut
Robechild
Rollevilain
Romefare (a pilgrim to Rome)

Sachevin (OF. sachier, to draw.
It may, however, be an al-
teration of the French sur-
name Sacavin, from " sac a
vin, a drunken gulch, or gor-
belly ; a great wine-drinker "
Cotg.)

Sacquespee (cf . Draweswerd.
This name, common in our
Rolls, has perhaps been ab-
sorbed by Saxby, It is still
found in France as Sacquepe)

Sailleben

Schapacape, Shapeakap,
Shappecape (a tailor ?)

Schitebroch

276 THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE OF SURNAME

Scorchevileyn

Scrapetrough (the name of a
miller in F. of Y.)

Scrothose

Scubledekne

Sefare

Serveladi

Shakeshethe

Shavetail

Skillehare

Sletlame

Sparegod

Spekelitel

Spelkelesing (a mistake for
" speak leasing ")

Spikefis

Spilblod

Spillecause

Spillecok

Spilcorn

Spilfot

Spiking

Spilewyn

Spitewinch (wench)

Sprenhose, Sprenghoese (ME.
sprenge, to scatter. Cf. Waste-
bus, Bernhus)

Springemare, Springemer

Spurecat '

Spirecoc

Spirhard

Spirewhit

Spongeboll

Spurnestan

Spurneturtoys

Squarsefige

Stalebond

Stelecat

Stepwrong

Stikeman

Strecketayle

Strokehose

Sturpot

Supewortes
Swetinbedde

Taillebosc

Taillehast

Taylemayle

TaiUepetit (cf. Hacsmal)

Tamehorn

Tendhogge

Thurlewynd (synonymous with
Percevent)

Tyreboys

Tirelitel

Tireavant

Tosseman

Totepeny (an early example of
tout, in its original sense of
looking out, watching for)

Tracepurcel

Tradesalt

Tredepel

Tredlef

Tredewater

Trenchebof

Trenchelake

Trenchemer

Trenchmore

Trenchepin (Fr. pain ?)

Trenchesey

Trenchesoil

Trenchevent, Trinchevent

Trendelove, Trendeluwe (ME.
trend, to turn. The second
syllable means wolf. Cf . Turn-
bull, Turnbuck)

Trotemenil (for Fr. trotte-menu,
used of a tripping gait)

Trussebut

Trusseharneys (" His gilly-trush-
harnish, to carry his knap-
sack," Waver ley, ch. xvi)

Trussemulle

OBSOLETE NICKNAMES

277

Trussevilain

Tukbacon

Turnecotele

Tornemantel (in these the first

syllable might be the adj.

torn)

Turnepet
Turnetrave (trave, a dial, word

for a shock of corn ; cf . Fr.

Tournemeule)

Vatost

Wagetail

Waynpayn (a Picard form of Fr.

Gagnepain)
Waytecake (a gamekeeper,

wayte, to guard, and cake,
variant of chasse ; cf . Cakedan)

Wakewo

Wantemylk

Wardebien

Wasthose, Wasthus

Wastepayn

Wastepeny

Waveloc

Wendut, Wyndout

Wetebedde

Whirlepeni

Whirlepipyn

Widfare

Winnelove

Wynneyene (again)

Wipetail

Wryngetayl, Wrangtayle

Wrytheloc

CHAPTER XIII

FRENCH SURNAMES

" As to bravery, foolish, inexperienced people of every nation
always think that their own soldiers are braver than any others.
But when one has seen as much as I have done, one understands
that there is no very marked difference, and that although nations
differ very much in discipline, they are all equally brave — except
that the French have rather more courage than the rest " (Brigadier
Gerard).

SOON after the beginning of the war I read, in a usually
well-informed periodical, that General JofTre was of
humble extraction, and owed his name to an immediate
ancestor, who, pursuing the calling of an itinerant
dealer, was wont to commence his remarks with the
words J'offref This statement, whatever may be
thought of it philologically, seems at any rate to
indicate some interest in the onomatology of our gallant
allies. French names, like our own, have a history
that can be traced, and are formed on a system which
can be easily illustrated. From about the eleventh
century, when the surname (i.e. super name) began to
be added to the simple appellation which satisfied our
remoter ancestors, down to about the middle of the
fourteenth century, when names became hereditary
instead of changing with the individual, surnames
have been formed in four ways only. They are
baptismal, from the name of the father or mother, e.g.

278

CLASSES OF SURNAMES 279

Lamartine, Clemenceau (little Clement) ; local, from
place of birth or residence, e.g. Dupont (Bridge), Dupre
(Mead), Lallemand (Allman) ; occupative, from trade
or office, e.g. Boucher (Butcher), Serrurier (Lockyer),
Lemattre (Master) ; or descriptive, from some peculi-
arity of appearance, character, costume, habits, etc.,
e.g. Legrand (Grant) Lebon (Boon), Beauharnais (fine
armour) Boileau (Drinkwater). Thus, corresponding
to our Messrs. Williams, Mills, Baker, Small, we find
in France Messieurs Guillaume, Desmoulins, Boulanger,
Lepetit. Not only so, but, as our language is a
mixture of English and French and a large proportion
of our population was bilingual during the period in
which our surnames took form, most common French
surnames are found also in this country, so that the
four mentioned above not only translate the given
English equivalents, but also flourish among us as
Gilham, Mullins, Bullinger, and Pettitt, with, of course,
many variant spellings.

With a fair knowledge of modern French, which,
judging from the published versions of the French
despatches, is somewhat to seek in high places, and some
tincture of the older forms of the language, it is possible
to ascertain the meaning and origin of nine-tenths of
the names in the Paris Directory. But the tenth
name, or perhaps, in the case of a very well equipped
student, the twentieth name, is often a teaser, the diffi-
culties to be overcome being sometimes greater, some-
times less, than those encountered in the study of
English surnames. Speaking generally, these diffi-
culties are of a special nature resulting from the char-
acter and genius of the language.

The misleading aspect of a name, due to erratic

280 FRENCH SURNAMES

spelling, is a common phenomenon in both languages,
but the French practice of omitting the final consonant
in pronunciation often leads to an orthographic sub-
stitution of a specially baffling character. Dumounez
suggests nothing, but if we replace the final -z by -r
we get at once the dialect mourier, a bramble, and the
name is then as simple as Dubuisson (Bush) or Delarbre
(Tree). Montegut is obviously Montaigu, the pointed
hill (Peake), Darboy is for d'Arbois, from a place in
the Jura, and Duclaux is simply Duclos (Close). The
well-known name Hanotaux is for Hanotot, formed
from Jean by the most puzzling process in which the
language indulges — thus, Jehan, Han, Hanoi, Hanotot.
A phonetic spelling gives Leclair for Leclerc (Clark),
Lemerre for Lemaire (Mayor), Chantavoine for champ
d'avoine, oat field, while Ozanne disguises the more
homely Auxdnes, a nickname of a type not uncommon
in French and meaning either an ass-driver or a dealer
in those quadrupeds. Similarly we find Ozenfant for
Auxenfants, corresponding to the Mr. Quiverful of
Trollope and the old-fashioned comic papers. In
Lailavoix is hidden OF. lez la voie (Bytheway) with
the obsolete preposition lez (Lat. latus) which survives
in Plessis-les-Tours, and possibly in such English
place-names as Chester-le-Street.

We have also, as in English, to consider dialect
peculiarities. Lat. faber, a smith or wright, gives in
the north Fevre, Lefevre, but in the south Fabre and
Faure, along with other variants and intermediate
forms. La Chaussee (Cawsey, Cosway) is in Provencal
La Caussade, and Salc&de, drawn and quartered in 1582,
was a southerner who in the north would have been
Saussaye, willow-grove (Lat. salicetum). Canrobert,

DIALECT AND ARCHAIC FORMS 281

corresponding to such an English name as Robertshaw,
contains the Normand-Picard word for champ, the
normal form of which is preserved in Changarnier,
Warner's field. With the latter goes the heroic Chandos
(Bon en eld). The famous actor Lekain had a name
which is a variant of Lequien, a dialect form of Lechien.
Belloc is the southern form of Beaulieu, Castelnau of
Chdteauneuf. Corday is dialect for Cordier (Corder,
Roper), Boileau is found also as Boilaive, Boileve,
Boylesve, and Taine is an archaic or local pronunciation
of Toine, for A ntoine. So also we have archaic spellings
in Langlois, as common a name in France as French
and Francis are in England, Picquart, the Picard
(Pickard), and Lescure, i.e. I'ecuyer (Squire). In fact,
while some names gradually change their sound and
spelling in conformity with those of the words from
which they are derived, others, and perhaps the
majority, preserve archaic forms which aff ect their
pronunciation and disguise their origin. A tadpole
is called in French tetard, while in Old French a man
with a big head was nicknamed Testard, a name which
is still common by the side of Tetard. Many of
the variations which occur are due to the date of
adoption. A name acquired in the twelfth century
will not have the same form as one that dates from the
fifteenth, e.g. the nickname Rey (King) is older than
Leroy, and Levesque is obviously anterior to Leveque
(Bishop, Levick). Souvestre represents the Old French
form of Silvester, of which Silvestre is a modern restored
spelling.

Taking in order the four classes of names, baptismal,
local, occupative, descriptive, it is interesting to
notice the resemblances and differences in the methods

282 FRENCH SURNAMES

by which surnames are created and multiplied in the
two languages. We have in English more than a
dozen names derived from William, without taking
into account those with an initial G (Gill, Gillott,
Gilkes, etc.) which belong to the French form Guil-
laume. Williams, Williamson are English formations
to which French has no exact parallel, and, although
the prefix in Fitzwilliam is the French word fils, French
surnames of this type are very rare. But we also
shorten William to Will and create by diminutive
suffixes Willy, Willett, Willing, Wilcocks, Wilkin,
Wilkes, etc. French proceeds in the same way, but
with much greater freedom, e.g. Guillaumet, Guillaumin,
Guillaumot, Guillaumy, Guille, Guillemain, Guillemard,
Guillemat, Guillemaud, Guillemeau, Guillemenot, Guille-
min, Guillemineau, Guillemot, Guillermin, Guillet, Guil-
liet, Guillon, Guillot, Guillotin, Guillon, Guilmet, Guilmin,
and a few dozen more,1 piling one diminutive suffix
on to another ad infinitum. Shortened forms such as
J off re from Joffroy (Jeffrey), Foch from Fochier, Fouche
(Fulcher) are easy to recognize, and the addition of
suffixes, as in Joffrin, Geoffrin, Joffron, Joffren&t,
presents no difficulty.

So far things are simple. But the tendency of
French, with its stress on the last syllable, is more
often in the direction of the decapitation of a name,
as in our Bert for Herbert. Simple examples are Colas
for Nicolas, Nisard for Denisard, Bastien for Sebastien,
Jamin for Benjamin, Stophe, Stofflet for Christophe.
But after this decapitation there generally begins a
chain of names which is very difficult to trace, e.g.

1 Including dialect forms in W and V-, e.g. Wuillemin, Wilmotte,
Villemain, etc.

DERIVATIVES OF FONT-NAMES 283

from Thomas we get Mas, Masse,1 M asset, Massenet,
Massillon, and eventually, by a new decapitation,
Sillon, which only preserves the final letter of the
original name. So from Garaud (Jerrold) we have
Raud, Rod, Rodin, and from Bernard come not only
Bernardin, Bernadot, Bernadotte, but also Nadaud,
Nadot, while these may go on to Daudet, Dottin, etc.
This is a game to which there is no limit, and, as names
can be dealt with both head and tail, it is often im-
possible to decide how a series has begun. Such a
name as Bert, with its Berthon, Berthollet, Bertilleau,
etc., may be from the first syllable of Bertrand, Berthe-
lemy (Bartholomew), etc., or from the final of Albert,
Hubert, etc. Similarly Nicot may belong to Nicolas
or Janicot, the latter name a diminutive of Jean,
and possibly the origin of our Jellicoe, Garot may
represent Garaud (Jerrold) or Mar gar ot (Margetts,
Meggitt), Filon may come from Philippe or Theophile.
This love of derivatives is especially characteristic of
French onomatology, while in English the practice
exists, though in a much more restricted degree, e.g.
Philip, Philpot, Pott, Potkins. On the other hand,
French has not our trick of riming names (Dick, Hick,
from Richard, Dob, Hob, from Robert).

Hence the French surname groups of baptismal
origin are much larger than ours. Jean and fitienne
(Stephen) are said to have each more than one hundred
derivatives, while Pierre has about two hundred. It
will be noticed that these most popular font-names
are all Biblical. So also the Easter name Pascal
has a large number of derivatives, e.g. Pasquin, Pdquin,
Pasquet, Pasquier, etc., and, among female names,

1 Masse is also for Matthew.
20

284 FRENCH SURNAMES

the great saints such as Marie, Catherine, Marguerite,
head the list, e.g. Mariette, Mariotte, Riotte,1 Marat,
Marot ; Catinat, Cathelineau, Linel ; Mar got, Margoton,
Got, etc. The relative popularity in France of Biblical
and Teutonic font-names has varied in the past. Before
the Frankish conquest practically all the saints and
martyrs * of Gaul have Greco-Latin names, though a
few of Teutonic origin appear by the fifth century.
By the eighth century the latter are in a majority,
and by the twelfth the Greco-Latin names are swamped
by the new-comers. In modern France these once so
popular names, Beranger, Fouquier, Gamier, Gautier,
Lambert, Oger, Regnard, etc., all of which have also
given English surnames, have mostly fallen out of use,
though very common as surnames. A few, such as
Char les,Edouard, Henri, Louis, Robert, are still popular,
but, speaking generally, French parents have gone back
for the names of their children to the Bible and the
Greco-Latin martyrology, e.g. Jean, Thomas, Philippe,
Pierre ; Alexandre, Eugene, Theophile, Victor, etc.

French surnames of baptismal origin are occasionally
accompanied by the article, Landrieux, Lasimonne,
and also by the preposition de and a, Demichel, Duber-
trand, Aladenise. These compounds had possessive
force, just as in modern rustic French " 1'enfant a la
Martine " means Marline's child. Such surnames
formed from female names do not as a rule point to
illegitimacy, but rather to the importance of the mother
in the French family. Martin's wife was called La

1 This may be equally well an abstract nickname ; cf . Ryott
(p. 220).

2 It should be remembered that French Christian names are usually
taken from the Calendar, the name given being that of the saint on
whose feast the child is born.

LOCAL NAMES 285

Marline and ruled the roost. Another peculiarity of
French surnames of this class is the frequency with
which they are qualified by an adjective. In English
we have as a rule only compounds of John, e.g. Little-
john, Meiklejohn, Prettyjohn, etc., with an occasional
Goodwillie or Gawkroger (see p. 242), but in French
most common font-names are thus used. On his
last visit to England President Poincare was accom-
panied by Captain Grandclement. Cf. Bonbernat
(Bernard), Beaujean, Grandcolas (Nicolas), Petitperrin
(Pierre), Maugirard (Gerard), Grosclaude. Sometimes
the article is also used, e.g. Lepetitdidier, from one of
the few French names (Desiderius) which have never
flourished in England. In France this name has been
prolific, e.g. Didon, Didot, Diderot, etc.

French surnames of local origin may, like their
English companions, range in order from a country
to a plant, e.g. Despagne (Spain), Lenormand (Norman),
Damiens (Amyas), Dupuis (Wells), Lacroix (Cross,
Crouch), Delpierre (Stone), Lepine (Thorn e), Despois
(Pease), but, while our names have, except in a few
cases such as Atterbury, Bythesea, Delahunte (pp. 48-
52), shed both preposition and article, French more
often keeps both. So we find Croix, Lacroix, Delacroix,
Salle, Lasalle, Delasalle, whence sometimes our Sale.
With names of towns beginning with a vowel de is
commonly prefixed, e.g. Davignon, Davranche. More-
over, every French town has a corresponding adjective,
a privilege accorded in this country only to the capital.
So Bourgeois, besides being a descriptive name (Burgess),
may mean the man from Bourges, while Boulnois, also
well established in England, indicates an inhabitant
of Boulogne.

286 FRENCH SURNAMES

More interesting than names taken from specific
places are those derived from common names, the
majority of which belong, like our Clough, Hay, Shaw,
Croft, etc., to the archaic and provincial vocabulary.
To-day (Oct. 13, 1915) we read that Admiral de
Lapeyrere has been succeeded by Admiral du Fournet.
The first represents perriere, a stone quarry, whence our
Ferrers, the second is a diminutive of four, an oven.
The importance of the public oven in medieval France
is attested by the frequent occurrence of the surname
Dufour. In Dussault we have Old French sault, a
marsh, wood, in Dumas a southern word for a " manse "
or homestead, in Dumesnil (Meynell) a diminutive of
the same word. Lapommeraye, equivalent to our
Appleyard, has given us Pomeroy. Duplessis comes
from the " pleached " enclosure which, as Scott reminds
us in the first chapter of Quentin Durward, has given
a name to so many French villages. In Dubailleul
we have an Old French word for a fort or " bailey,"
and the origin of a luckless royal name (Balliol). Des-
preaux, of the meadows, a name assumed by Boileau,
has given us Diprose, while the common Ferte, Laferte
is an Old French name for a fortress, Latin firmitas.
In Duquesne we have the Norman form of chene,
an oak, and Dupuy contains what was once the
regular French name for a hill. This word is the
origin of our " pew." In fact Dupuy has become
Depew in America. Delcasse probably means " of the
hut " ; Blois del Casset was a Knight of the Round
Table. Pertuis, hole, is well established in England
as Pertwee, and the well-known Maupertuis, the name
of Renard's den in the old romance, has a parallel in
William Foulhole (Nott. Court R. 1308).

OCCUPATIVE NAMES 287

•

When we come to occupative names, we are again
confronted by crowds of diminutives. Corresponding
to our Shepherd we find not only Berger, Leberger,
Labergere, but also Bergerat, Berger et, Bergeron, Bergerot,
to quote only the most frequent variants, while Boucher
gives us Boucharin, Bouchereau, Boucheron, Bouchet,
etc., and of course Leboucher and Labouchere. In a
recent casualty list occurred the Canadian names
Dansereau and Mercereau. We have no native English
parallel to such names, though Cantrell, Chantrell,
derived from French Chantereau, Chanterelle, is not
uncommon.

Corresponding to our names like Monks, Parsons,
Reeves, which meant originally the monk's servant,
the parson's son, etc., we find a number of French
occupative names preceded by de or d, e.g. Dufaure,
Augagneur. The word gagneur, contained in the name
of the late French Minister of Marine, was used in Old
French for any thriving worker. With this formation
we may compare Aupretre, the origin of our A llpress,
which was in 1273 spelt Alprest (Hund. R.). In 1235
Jordan le fiz Alprestre, i.e. Jordan the priest's son,
was lodged in Nottingham gaol on an accusation of
homicide (Pat. R.). Cf. Malpress (p. 235).

Many of our occupative names represent obsolete
trades and callings, e.g. Fletcher, the arrow-maker,
Frobisher, the furbisher of armour, Catchpole, the
constable. So also we find among common French
surnames Flechier, Laumonier (almoner, Amner),
Verdier (forester, Varder), Larmurier (Armour), Lar-
balestier (Arblaster, Alabaster). Or names are taken
from archaic and dialect names for occupations, e.g.
Meissonnier, the harvester (cf. our Mawer), Sabatier,

288 FRENCH SURNAMES

the southern form of savetier, a cobbler, Lesueur, the
shoemaker (Sutor), Molinier, the miller (Mulliner),
Pellissier, the maker of fur cloaks (Pilcher), Lequeux,
the cook, Perron, the smith (Fearon), Grangier,
the farmer (Granger), Lemire, the physician (Myer),
Marillier, the churchwarden, Perrier, the quarry man,
Teissier, the weaver, and many more.

On French nicknames, as on English, a very big
book could be written. There is no name of bird or
beast, no epithet, complimentary or spiteful, but
usually the latter, which has not been used to form a
surname. Some are of incredibly fantastic formation,
others of unquotable grossness. Here I will only
mention some which are connected with famous men,
or which are of special interest at the present moment.
To begin with, President Poincare's name means
" square fist," an honest sort of weapon, which is at an
initial disadvantage against the mailed, or knuckle-
duster, variety. By an odd coincidence two of General
Joffre's ablest lieutenants, Maud'huy and Maunoury,
bear ancient nicknames of identical meaning. Maud'huy
is an artificial spelling of the common name Mauduit.
William Mauduit was Chamberlain to the Conqueror
and founded the Mawditt family. The name is
derived from Lat. male doctus, ill taught, by which
it is commonly rendered in medieval documents.
Maunoury is from mal-nourri, where nourri has its
Old French sense of reared, educated.1 The opposite
Biennourry also exists and corresponds to the well-
known German name Wolzogen (woJil erzogen). The
name Ecorcheville has also won honour in the war.

1 It may also have the modern meaning ; cf . William Wellefedd
(F. of Y. 1397).

NICKNAMES 289

It is a mild alteration of the medieval E scorch evieille,
skin old woman, a very brutal nickname, with numerous
parallels in French and English (seep. 256). Cf. the
existing surname Pellevillain, flay serf (p. 257). Names
formed in this way from a verb are very common in both
languages. Cf. French Chasseloup, hunt wolf, whence
our deceptive Catchlove, Chassepot, not the pot-hunter,
but the seeker after gratuitous meals, Gardebois, the
" woodward," Fatout (fac-totum), or our own Shake-
speare, Golightly, Doolittle, etc.

The simpler kinds of nicknames formed directly
from adjectives or nouns are generally accompanied
by the article, e.g. Lebas (Bass), Lebel (Bell), Lerouge
(Rudge), Larousse (Rouse), Laigle (Eagle), Leveau
(Veal), Lesturgeon (Sturgeon). When an adjective
and noun are combined, the article is more often
omitted, e.g. Bonvallet (Goodhind), Petigas (Littleboy),
Blanchemain (Whitehand), though it is also found in
such names, e.g. Lepetitcorps (Lightbody). Adjective
nicknames also form innumerable derivatives. In
English we have the name Jolly and its older form
Joliffe. French has Joly, Joliot, Jolivard, Jolivaud,
J olivet, etc., while the derivations of Bon, such as
Bonnard, Bonnet, Bonneau, Bonnel, Bonneteau, etc.,
run into dozens. This applies also to a less extent to
names derived from animals. Corresponding to our
Bull, Bullock, we have not only French Lebceuf, but also
Bouvet, Bouvot, Bouvelet, Bouvard, Bouveau, though
some of these may also be formed from the occupative
name Bouvier (Buller).

To sum up, French surnames are very like English,
the chief points of difference being the retention of
prepositions and the article, the common decapitation

290 FRENCH SURNAMES

of baptismal names, and the extraordinary power of
multiplication by means of diminutive suffixes. There
is also hardly a well-established French name which
is not found in England, whether it " came over with
the Conqueror," was imported during the Middle Ages,
at the Huguenot migration, or in quite recent times.
And, generally speaking, the earlier its introduction,
the greater will be its divergence from the modern
French form and the difficulty of establishing then-
identity.

Those interested in this harmless amusement will
find pastime, and perhaps some profit, in analysing
any group of well-known French names. If we take,
for instance, the chief writers associated with the
golden age of French literature, viz. Descartes, Pascal,
Malebranche, Corneille, Racine, Moliere, La Fontaine,
Bossuet, Bourdaloue, La Bruyere, La Rochefoucauld,
and the already explained Boileau and Massillon, we
shall find that they can all be assigned, though in some
cases conjecturally, to one of the four groups. Pascal
is a baptismal name associated with the Easter festival,
and Corneille is probably from Cornelius, though it
may be a nickname (Crowe). Obvious local names
are La Fontaine and La Bruybre (Moore), while La
Rochefoucauld is from the rock fortress of Foucauld,1
the old Teutonic Folcwald, or ruler of the people.
Descartes is probably local, from OF. quarte, a certain
area in the outskirts of a town, and Bourdaloue looks
like a corruption of bord de I'eau (Bywater). Racine
is much commoner in France than the corresponding
Root in England. Moliere, the name adopted by

1 " The French submarine Foucault sank an Austrian cruiser in
the neighbourhood of Cattaro " (Reuter, Jan. 15, 1916).

NICKNAMES 291

Jean-Bap tiste Poquelin, is Old French for a quarry
from which mill- stones are obtained. Malebranche
is an uncomplimentary nickname of the same type as
Malherbe or the Italian Malaspina, and Bossuet means
the little hunchback.

CHAPTER XIV

GERMAN SURNAMES

" Ca obeit magnifiquement, surtout aux ordres appuy6s de coups
de bottes " (CLAUDE FARRERE).

GERMAN surnames, like English and French, are of
four origins. They may be baptismal, local, occupa-
tive, or nicknames. Taking as examples four names
famous in literature, Goethe, like his hero Goetz, is an
abbreviation of one of the numerous Old German names
in God, e.g. Gottfried (Godfrey, Jeffrey), Gotthardt
(Goddard), etc., Hans Sachs was of Saxon descent,
the ancestors of Schopenhauer were "hewers" of
" scoops," and Schiller is a Swabian form of Schieler,1
squinter. As is natural in the case of a language so
closely allied to our own, many German names, in fact
the great majority, not only correspond in meaning
but also in form with English names. If Herr von
Bethmann-Hollweg were an Englishman, he would
be Mr. Bateman-Holloway. Similarly, the famous
general whose name is borne by the elusive Goeben
would have been in English Gubbins, both names going
back by devious ways to Gottbrecht,God bright (Godber).
Of the four classes of surnames the oldest is that

1 Cf. our Skeel, originally a Norse nickname, the squinter [Sceal
f . Colbain, Lib. Vit.}

292

SHORTENED FONT-NAMES 293

which is composed of baptismal names, sometimes
surviving in full, but generally made almost unrecog-
nizable by all manner of abridgement, mutilation, and
dialect variation. The correspondence of these Teutonic
dithematic names with those of Greece has already
been noticed (p. 27). Other examples are Dietrich,
people powerful, i.e. Demosthenes, Ludwig, glorious
fight, i.e. Clytomachus, Vilmar, greatly famous, i.e.
Pericles, Conrad, bold counsel, i.e. Thrasybulus. In
process of time these musical names of heroic meaning,
such as Eberhard, boar strong (Everett), Gunther, battle
army (Gunter), Megenhard, might strong (Maynard),
Hubrecht, bright counsel (Hubbard), Romheld, fame ruling
(Rumbold), etc., have often been reduced to cacopho-
nous monosyllables distinguished by great economy of
vowels. Still, unattractive as their present form may
be, these names belong to the oldest period of the race,
and Bugge, Bopp, Dietz, Dankl, and Kluck have as
much right to look down on most of their polysyllabic
neighbours as our own Bugg, Bubb, etc., on such up-
starts as Napier, Pomeroy, Percy, and Somerset, for
are they not the modern representatives of the heroic
Burghart, castle strong, Bodebrecht, rule bright, Dietrich,
people mighty, Dankwart, reward guardian, and Chlodo-
wig,1 glorious victory ?

Dankl, the Austrian general, and the redoubtable
Kluck illustrate the two chief ways of forming
diminutives of German names, the essential element of
such diminutives being / in the south and k in the north.
Other examples zreBebel (Badbrecht), Handel(Ha.ndolf),
Hebbel (Hadubrecht), Ranke (Randolf), Tieck (Theo-
bald), etc. Another very common ending is z, or sch,

1 Hence Ludwig, Clovis, Louis.

294 GERMAN SURNAMES

and often these elements are combined in one and the
same name. This appears in the names of the two
teachers of modern Germany, Nietzsche and Treitschke.
I have seen it stated that both these sages were of
Slavonic origin, their names being quoted in support
of the statement. Without knowing anything of their
genealogy, I have no hesitation in stating their names
to be pure German. It is not unfitting that the crazy
degenerate who loathed his own nation and succeeded
in sending it mad should have a name which is the
diminutive oiNeid, envy, the first element in Niedhardt,
envy strong, while Treitschke goes back also appro-
priately to Drudi or Thrudr, one of the Walkyries, or
" death choosers."

The third of the illustrious trio, Bernhardi, belongs
to a different group, and incidentally, the regular
collocation of his name with those of a madman of genius
and of a considerable scholar must surprise even him-
self. When the full baptismal name becomes a sur-
name in German, it usually does so in an unaltered
form. Genitives such as Peters and patronymics such
as Mendelssohn (son of Immanuel), Mackensen (son of
Mack), are not common, and are usually of Low German
origin. Thus we generally find simply Arnold, Hilde-
brand, Oswald, etc. But in a large number of cases a
latinized form of the genitive occurs, so that Bern-
hardi, which I have seen explained as Italian, is a
survival of some such name as Johannes films Bern-
hardi ; cf . such names as Bartholdy, Henrici, Jacoby,
Matthaei, Nicolai, etc.

In the case of the non-German names which came
in with Christianity, as often as not the last syllable
has survived instead of the first, e.g. Hans from

LOCAL NAMES 295

Johannes, Klaus from Nicolaus, Mobius from Bartholo-
maeus, Bastel from Sebastian, Grethe from Margarete,
and these shortened forms lend themselves to further
endless variations. Hans, like our John, is so common
as to need qualification. I once lived in Switzerland
in a house which contained three of the name, who for
purposes of distinction were known as Johannes,
Hans, and Hensli. So, corresponding to our Mickle-
john, Littlejohn, etc. (p. 242), we find in German not
only Aldejohann, Jungjohann, Grossjohann, Lutjens,
etc., but also Langhans, Kleinhans, Guthans, Schwarz-
hans, and many more. But this subject is endless, and
space only allows of the above brief indications.

Names of local origin may range from an empire to
a tree, and may be either nouns or adjectives, e.g.
Oestreich, Preuss, Schottldnder, Polack, Czech, Elsdsser,
Hess, Flemming, Bremer (from Bremen), Kammerich
(Cambrai), Backhaus l (Backhouse), Fichte (fir), Beer-
bohm (Low German for pear-tree), Grunewald (Green-
wood), Kreuz (Cross), Eck (Corner), etc. More often
than in English such names are accompanied by the
endings -er and -mann (cf. our Bridger, Bridgman),
hence Berger (Mountain), Brunner (Fountain), Kappler
(Chappell), Heinemann (Grove), Winckelmann (Corner),
Hoffmann (Stead), etc.

It is probable that the majority of modern German
surnames are of local origin, easily recognized by such
characteristic endings as -au, originally island, now
wet meadow- land, as in Gneisenau ; -horst, wood (Hurst),
as in Scharnhorst ; -ow, a Slavonic ending often con-
fused with -au, as in Bulow, Jagow ; -itz, also Slavonic,

1 It means " bake-house," while our Backhouse, Bacchus is both
for " bake " and " back."

296 GERMAN SURNAMES

as in Tirpitz-, -bruck, bridge, as in Delbruck; -stein,
stone, as in Bieber stein ; -hain, hedge, grove (Hayne), as
in Falkenhayn ; -dorf, village (Thorp), as in Bernstorff ;
-burg, castle (Burrough), as in Dernburg, Hindenburg;
-rent, clearing (Royd), as in Kalckreut; -berg, mountain
(Barrow), as in Gutenberg, and many others. But the
study of these names belongs to topography. As in
the corresponding English names we come across many
obsolete and dialect words, such as Kamp or Kampf,
an early loan from Lat. campus, whence Rennenkampf,
race-course, a German name borne by a Russian
general, and Kuhl, pool, so that Baron Kuhlmann,
late of London, is a German Pullman. In many
cases surnames of local origin are still preceded by
prepositions and the article (for English examples
see pp. 49-52), e.g.Anderbrugg, Vorderbrugg, Ingenohl,1
a corruption of in dem Ohl, a dialect name for a
tract of good agricultural land, Biedenweg (Bythe-
way), Vorbusch, Zumbusch, von der Heyde (Heath),
von der Tann (Pine), LG. ter Meer (Bythesea), etc.

This brings us to the question of von, so grievously
misused by writers on the war, some of whom ought
to know better. This preposition simply means
"of" and was originally put with nearly all local
surnames. It is still so used in some parts of Switzer-
land, where I have had my boots mended and my
shirts washed by vons dating back to the Middle Ages.
It gradually dropped, like the del, de la, etc., which we
find in our own medieval Rolls ; but, corresponding
to our own Delmar, Delafield, Delamoor, etc. (p. 51),
we find a few survivals, such as von der Tann, von der

1 Admiral von Ingenohl was succeeded by Admiral von Pohl
(Pool)

THE PREFIX VON 297'

Goltz,1 von der Heyde, etc., in which the retention is
generally due to the ennobling of these families. As
von came to be recognized as the nobiliary prefix, it
got added to names of all descriptions. For instance,
the name of Lieutenant von Forstner, renowned for his
epic onslaught on the lame cobbler of Saverne, merely
means Forster (forester), and Colonel von Renter, who
commanded the regiment involved, has one of the
commonest of German names, meaning a " clearer of
land," related to Bair^, Wernigefo^, the Rutli, etc.
So we find von Schmidt, von Kleinschmitt, von Muller,
von Zimmermann (Carpenter), von Kettler (Tinker),
von Bernhardi, von Kluck, von Moltke, the last name
being a diminutive of the same class as Kluck, possibly
from Matilda ; cf . our Mault, Mould.

Now it is curious that we English, who never dream
of saying von Bismarck, which would be excusable
in the case of a territorial name (the bishop's mark or
frontier), will insist on von Moltke, von Kluck, etc.,
which, in German, is a vulgarism only committed by
the sort of people who in English address letters to
" Mr. Smith, Esquire," or refer to a clergyman as
" the Rev. Jones." Of course when the full title is
given, the von is used, e.g. General von Kluck, Herr
von Jagow, but otherwise it should always be omitted.
The exception is a name like von der Tann, including
the article, where the von is original and logical. The
Germans have a cruiser called the von der Tann, but

1 I can find no trace in Old German of this word used as a topo-
graphical term, but in a MS. of the year 1500 dealing with a grant
of land I have found the word Goltzweg. Professor Fiedler, of
Oxford, ingeniously suggests to me that this may be MHG. golze,
pair of breeches (Lat. calcea), applied to a fork in the road.

298 GERMAN SURNAMES

the Gpeisenau, Scharnhorst, Moltke, and Blilcher
appear, or did when this chapter was written, without
the particle.

Many corresponding Dutch names in van are well
established in England, e.g. the obvious Vandam,
Vandervelde, Vandersteen, while the more aristocratic
Vansittart is from the Netherland town Sittard. Some-
times it combines with the article to produce the prefix
Ver- as in Vereker (acre), Verschoyle (schuyl, shelter).

Occupative names are in German more numerous
than in English. This is due to the national tendency
to elaborateness of description and differentiation.
We are generally satisfied with the simple -er, but,
corresponding to our Baker, we find in German not
only Becker or Beck, but also Kuchenbccker (cake),
Weichbecker (soft), Pfannebecker (pan), Semmelbecker
(simnel), Weissbecker (white), and many others. So
also the German compounds of Schmidt far exceed in
number those of Smith. We find, among others,
Blechschmidt (tin), Kupferschmied (copper), Silber-
schmidt, Stahlschmidt, Hackenschmidt (hoe), Hufschmidt
(Shoesmith), Schaarschmidt (Shearsmith), Sichel-
schmidt, Dorfschmidt, Rosenschmidt (at the sign of the
Rose), and about twenty more. But the commonest
of all such elements is Meyer, farmer, the compounds
of which number some hundreds.

Also we find a great number of names in -macher,1
e.g. Radermacher (Wheeler), Sattelmacher (Sadler),
Schleier macher (veil), Wannemacher (bath) ; in -giesser,

1 Names of this type were once much commoner in English (see
p. 226, n. i). They have generally been simplified, e.g. Robert le Jese-
maker (Hund. R.) is now represented by Jesser. Dutch generally
adds -s to occupative names, e.g. Raemakers (Wheeler).

OCCUPATIVE NAMES 299

founder, e.g. Kannengiesser, Potgieter ; in -binder, e.g.
Biesenbdnder (besom), Fassbender (cask), now appearing
in the London Directory in the proverbial form Fast-
binder, Buchbinder, Burstenbinder (brush) ; in -Schneider,
cutter, tailor, e.g. Brettschneider (board), Riemen-
schneider (thong), Steinschneider ; in -hauer, hewer,
e.g. Steinhauer (Stanier), Fleischhauer (Flesher), Holz-
hauer; in -brenner, e.g. Aschenbrenner (Ashburner),
Kalckbrenner ; in -schldger, striker, e.g. Kesselschldger ,
Lautenschldger (lute) ; in -meister, e.g. Sutermeister
(Lat. sutor), Backmeister (bake), Werckmeister (Fore-
man) ; and in -mann, e.g. Sudermann (Lat. sutor),
Schumann. The obsolete worthe, wright, survives in
both Schubert and Schuchardt. To these may be added
a few other odd compounds, such as Biengrdber, one
who digs out wild bees, Gildemeister , guild master,
Furbringer, " fore-bringer," i.e. attorney, Schwerdt-
feger, sword polisher (Frobisher), Seidensticker, silk
embroiderer, Saltsieder, salt boiler, Mussotter, jam
boiler, Weissgerber, white tawer (Whittier), Leim-
kuhler, glue cooler. As in England, some of the com-
moner surnames of this class are from words now obso-
lete, or refer to obsolete trades, such as Schroder,
Schroter, Schroer, tailor (shredder), Kurschner, maker
of pelisses (Pilcher), Kriiger, innkeeper, etc.

Forming a transition from the occupative surname
to the nickname, we have those names which are
indicative of rank, office, etc., and which are seldom
to be taken literally.1 We find the same series in
German as in other European languages, viz. among
titles, Kaiser, Konig, Furst and Prinz, Herzog, with its
Low German form Hartog, Graff (Markgraff, Landgraff),

1 See chap. x.
21

300 GERMAN SURNAMES

Ritter, Junker. Of a more official character are Kanzler
(Chancellor), Richter (Judge), Probst (Provost), Vogt
(Lat. vocatus), corresponding to our Bailey, Marschall,
Hauptmann, Faehndrich (ensign) , Bur germeister. Among
ecclesiastical nicknames are Papst, Bischoff, Abt,
Pfaff, Monch, Roster (Sexton). Such names as Arm-
bruster (Arblaster), Schiitz (Archer), Bartenwerffer,
axe-thrower, may have been of occupative origin or
nicknames due to the skill of their original owners.
Some interesting surnames are of domestic origin.
Such is Knecht, which has gone down in the world as its
English cognate, Knight, has gone up, with its com-
pounds, Gutknecht (Goodhind) and Liebknecht. Other
names of this class are the very common Koch, Schenk,
butler, " skinker," Hofmeister, steward, head- servant,
Schatzmann, treasurer, Wackier, watchman (Waite),
with its compound Saalwdchter (Hallward).

It is possible within the limits of a chapter to give
only brief indications for nicknames, in many ways
the most interesting of all surnames. In German we
find the equivalents of all our own common surnames
of this class, together with a number of examples of
a grotesqueness rare in modern English. The exist-
ence of this latter class is partly due to the fact that
German surnames, at least in some provinces, became
hereditary at a much later date than in England, so
that local wit has had less wear and tear to endure,
and also to the fact that absurd names were often
conferred forcibly on the Jews as late as the beginning
of the nineteenth century. These latter I leave out
of account. All the ordinary adjectives occur, e.g.
Gross, Klein, Lang, Kurtz, Schwarz, Weiss, Roth, Griin,
Hubsch (Pretty), Hesslich (ugly), Freeh, bold (Freake),

NICKNAMES 301

Frey, Kahl, bald (Callow), Kluge (Wise), Liebe (Leif),
Ehrlich, honest, Frohlich (Merry), Wunderlich,1 etc.
The article which once accompanied these names has
often survived in the Low German forms, e.g. de Witt
(White), Devrient (Friend), de Beer (Bear), de Hoogh
(High), etc. Most names of relationship also occur, e.g.
Vater, Kind, Susskind, Liebeskind (Leif child), with the
compound Kindesvater (Barnfather), Vetter (Cousins),
Neef (Neave), Brdutigam, Ohm (Eames), Wittwer.

Compounds descriptive of appearance are Breitkopf
(Broadhead), Grosskopf (Greathead), Krauskopf,
Kraushaar (Crisp), Gelhaar (Fairfax), Schwartzkopf*
(Blackett), Widderkop (Ramshead, Weatherhead), and
similar compounds of the alternative Haupt, such as
Breithaupt, etc. ; Bar fuss (Barfoot), Katzfuss, Breitfuss
(Broadfoot), Leichtfuss (Lightfoot), Langbein (Lang-
bain), Krummbein (Cruikshank), Rehbein, roe leg (cf.
Sheepshanks), Holbein (hollow), Gansauge, goose-eye,
Dunnebacke, thin cheek, Dickhaut, thick hide, Harnack,
obstinate (hard neck). Sometimes the physical feature
is emphasized without an accompanying adjective, e.g.
Haupt, Kopf (Head), Faust (Fist), Zahn (Tooth). From
costume come Mantel, Weissmantel, Ledderhose* Lein-
hos, Beckenhube (Basnett), Rothermel, red sleeve, Panzer,
hauberk (Habershon), and many others.

Birds, beasts, and fishes are well represented, especi-
ally birds, e.g. Adler (Eagle), Geyer, vulture, Fink,
Strauss, ostrich, Storch, Pfau (Peacock), Elster (Pye),

1 Cf. Nicholas le Merveleus (Pat. R.).

* It is curious that the Germans use the Schwartzkopff torpedo
and we the Whitehead.

3 Cf. John Letherhose (Hund R.}, Richard Goldhose (ib.}, and the
famous Ragnar Lodbrog, hairy breeches.

302 GERMAN SURNAMES

Falcke, Habicht (whence Habsburg), Halm (Cock),
Rebhuhn (Partridge), Specht, wood-pecker (Speight),
Taube, though this last, like Taubmann, may belong to
taub, deaf, Wildegans (Wildgoss), etc. These, like the
corresponding English surnames, were sometimes
taken from the signs of houses. The same applies to
animal nicknames such as Lowe, Wolff, Fuchs, LG.
Voss, Hase (Hare), Eichhorn (Squirrel), Hirsch (Hart),
Kalb, Schaff, etc. Among fish-names may be mentioned
Hecht (Pike), Kaulbars (Perch), Stock fisch, Krebs
(Crabbe), but these names are, for obvious reasons,
less numerous than those of birds and quadrupeds.

The two smallest classes of nicknames are those
connected with coins and exclamations, represented in
English by such names as Penny (p. 177) and Pardoe
(p. 182). Both classes exist in German, e.g. Hundert-
mark (cf. Mrs. Centlivre), Pfundheller, Weisspfennig,
Schilling, Funf schilling, Fun/stuck, and Gottbehut, God
forbid, Gotthelf, Gottwaltz, God rule it. With these may
be mentioned a number of abstract nouns which
probably became surnames at the period of the pre-
dominance of allegory (see p. 217), such as Freude
(Joy), Gluck (Luck), Dienst (Service), Andacht (Wor-
ship), Wohlfart (Welfare), etc.

All the seasons are represented, viz. Fmhling or Lenz,
Sommer, Herbst (Harvest), and Winter, also most of the
days of the week, the commonest being Sonntag and
Freytag, and the feasts of the church, e.g. Ostertag,
Pfingst (Pentecost), Weihnacht (Christmas). Then we
have descriptive compounds such as Wolzogen, well-
bred, Ansorg, Ohnesorg, Kleinsorg (Careless), Juden-
feind, Jew-hater, Burenfeind, peasant-hater, Siissen-
guth, sweet and good (cf. Peter Richeangod, Pat. R.) ;

THE SHAKESPEARE TYPE 303

some names taken from the vegetable world, e.g.
Knobloch (Gar lick), Wermuth (Wormwood), Rubsamen,
rape-seed, Stroh (Straw), Erbsmehl, pea-meal, Gersten-
korn (Barleycorn), etc. ; and quite a number dealing
with articles of food, usually preceded by an adjec-
tive, e.g. Siissmilch, Sauerbrei (broth), and especially
the numerous compounds of Brot and Bier, such as
Weissbrodt(WhiibTea.d), Casembrood, cheese and bread,
Roggenbrod (rye), Truckenbrod (dry), etc., and Gutbier,
Bosbier, Sauerbier, Zuckerbier, etc., most of which have
English parallels.

Lastly, we have the large group of phrase-names, con-
sisting of a verb followed by a noun or an adverb, such
as our Shakespeare and Golightly (ch. xii). There
are probably several hundreds of these in German,
almost all of which can be paralleled by modern English
names, or by others which, though recorded in our
Rolls, are now obsolete. Some of these are warlike,
e.g. Schuttespeer (Shakespeare), Haueisen (Taillefer),
Hauenschild, Zuckschwerdt, draw sword,1 occasionally
with the verb following, as in Eisenbeiss (Mangefer),
Manesse, man-eater, ogre. Sporleder, spur leather,
was probably a Hotspur, Rumschottel* clear dish, a
glutton, Irrgang a wanderer, Liesegang a Golightly.
Regedanz, start dance, and Liebetanz explain themselves.
Puttkamer, clean room, was a Chamberlain. Common
surnames belonging to this class are Klinkhammer,
Pochhammer and Schwinghammer, Schnapauff, snap up,
Schlagentweit, strike into the distance, Fullgrabe, fill
ditch, Fullkntg (Filpot), Macheprang, make show,
Kiesewetter, discern weather, Kerruth, turn out, Hebe-

1 Cf. Henry Draweswerd (Hund. R.)

2 Cf. Terricus Wide-escuele, i.e. vide-ecuelle (Pachnio).

304 GERMAN SURNAMES

streit, start quarrel (cf. p. 254, n. 2), Habenicht, have
nought, Furchtenicht, fear nought, Findeisen, find iron,
SMuckebier, swallow beer, Schmeckebier, taste beer,
Trinkwasser (Drinkwater), etc. With these cf. the
obsolete English examples on pp. 270-7.

In conclusion, it may be said that there is simply
no limit to the eccentricity of nicknames, though their
interpretation is often a matter of conjecture. The
German name Alleweldt,1 all the world, has Middle
English parallels Tutlemund and Altheworld. It is
hard to see why a man should be nicknamed Lindequist,
lime twig (originally Swedish), but this well-known
German name is surpassed in minuteness by the French
name Brindejonc. The names mentioned in this chapter
all come, with the exception of a few of special interest
at the present moment, from a recent German navy
list, and are in no way to be regarded as peculiar or
exceptional.2 A few other miscellaneous examples
from the same source are Rohwedder (Fouweather,
p. 235, n. i), Trurnit, grieve not, Mdgdefrau, maid wife,
Ehrenkonig, honour the King, Vogelgesang, Morgenrot
(Dawn), Krdnzlin (Garland), Hufnagel (Horsnail),
Buttersack (see p. 167), Luchterhand, left hand,8 Neunzig
(see p. 179), Hochgeschurz, high kilted, Handewerk,
Gutjahr (Goodyear), Hunerfurst, prince of Huns, Teufel

1 In Middle High German this phrase seems to have been used
as an exclamation of joy and wonder. Walther von der Vogelweide,
when after long waiting he received a fief from the Kaiser of his day
(1220), commenced his hymn of thanks with the line —

" Ich han min lehen, al die werlt ! ich han min lehen."

* Most of them enjoy the hospitality of the London Commercial
Directory (1913).

8 Cf . Sinister, OF. senestre, left-handed, awkward [Simon Senestre,
of Dieppe, Close R.}. Lefthand is a ME. name.

LATINISMS AND GRECISMS 305

and its compound Manteuffel, man devil, the latter
an honourable name in German military history before
the destruction of Lou vain.

At the period of the Renaissance it was a very usual
practice for men of learning to latinize or hellenize
their names. The case of Melanchthon (Greek for
Schwarzerd) will occur to the reader. We have a few
examples in English, e.g. Torrens (Brook), Pontifex
(Pope), Sutor, shoemaker, etc. Such names are much
commoner in German. Well-known examples are
Neander (Neumann), Sarkander (Fleischmann), Tre-
viranus (of Trier), Curtius (Kurz), Vulpius (Fuchs),
Fabricius (Schmidt), Pistorius (Becker), Avenarius
(Habermann), Textor (Weber), Sartorius (Schneider).
There is actually a Gygas in the list from which I have
compiled this chapter. Even the Brown, Jones, and
Robinson of Germany, viz. Miiller, Meyer, and Schultz,
sometimes appear glorified as Molinari, Agricola, and
Prdtorius, and there is a contemporary Prussian
court chaplain Dryander whose ancestors were named
Eichmann.

CHAPTER XV

DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

" En histoire, il faut se r6soudre a beaucoup ignorer "

(ANATOLE FRANCE).

AN esteemed correspondent writes to the author that,
owing to the many and various side-possibilities in
etymology, he is inclined to think that the origins
of most surnames are mere guesses, and that the whole
study can only be regarded as a game or an amusement.
He seems to me both right and wrong. It is perfectly
easy to show, by irrefutable evidence, the derivation
of the great majority of surnames, but it is at the
same time impossible to say to the individual, " Your
name comes from so-and-so," unless that individual
has a pedigree dating back to the Middle Ages. To
take a simple example, there can be no doubt as to
the origin of the three names Cordery, rope-walk
[John de la Corderie, Cal. Gen.], Cordurey, king's heart
[Hugh Queorderey, Fine R.], Cowdery, Fr. coudraie,
hazel copse [William de la Coudray, ib.]. But to any-
one familiar with medieval orthography it is quite
certain that these three names have been commonly
confused, especially when borne by the peasant class, and
there are modern variants such as Caudery, Cordaray,

306

SUBSIDIARY SOURCES OF SIMPLE NAMES 307

Cowderoy, which one would be shy of assigning definitely
to either of the three etymons. Hence we may say
that, in the matter of the individual name, etymological
certainty is possible, while genealogical certainty is
problematical. Moreover, there are many common
names which have several well-attested etymologies,
and others that have a subsidiary origin which would
never occur to superficial observation.

What, for instance, could be simpler than Butcher,
Child, Cross, Harrison, Nicholl, Stone, Wills, and
Wood ? Yet each of these has been reinforced from
sources only known to the scientific explorer. Butcher
has nearly absorbed Butchart, a common Middle English
font-name, which comes to us via Old French from
OG. Burghart, castle strong. This would become
Butcher as inevitably as Punchard,1 Fr. Ponsard [Simon
Ponzard, Fine R.], has given Puncher. Child is occa-
sionally local [Margery atte Child, Pat. R., Suss.,
Thomas Attechild, Hund. R., Kent]. This is the
Norse keld, a spring, as in Salkeld, whence Sawkill,
which in the south took the form <f child." Hence also
Honey child* from a spot in Romney Marsh. Cross,
usually local, is also a nickname [Robert le Cros, IpM.],

1 Hence also Pinkhard or Pinkett (cf. Everard, Everett) and
Pinker. Cf. Pinkerton from Pontchardon (Orne) [William de
Pontcardun, Fine R.~\, see p. 130 n.

* Apparently " honey spring." There are a good many names in
Honey-, some from specific place-names, e.g. Honeybourne (Honeybun,
Hunnyburi), Honey church, Honeycomb, and others, e.g. Honey sett,
Honeywell, Honeywood, which correspond to no known locality. I
have a suspicion that in some cases this Honey- is an alteration of the
much more natural Holy-, a phonetic change common in both place-
names and surnames. The EDD. gives " Honeyfathers ! " as an
expression of surprise used in Yorkshire, and explains it as " sweet
saints." Is it not rather " holy saints " ?

308 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

an alteration of Fr. gros.1 Harrison has swallowed up
the medieval nickname herisson, hedge-hog [William
Herizun, Testa de Nev.]. Hence also Hear son, while
Harsum, Hearsom, Hersom may belong here or to the
ME. hearsum, ready to hear, obedient. By an odd
metathesis the Normans transformed Lincoln into
Nicol,of very common occurrence in medieval chronicles,
hence Nicholl, Nicoll is often local [Alured de Nicol,
Close R., Thomas de Nichole, Hund. R.]. Stone,
usually local, is sometimes short for one of the Anglo-
Saxon names in Stan-, such as Stancytel, Stangrim,
Stanheard, etc. [Robert Ston, Ramsey Cart.]. This
applies also of course to Stanes, Staines. Wills is
sometimes a variant of Wells [John atte Wille, Pat. R.].
Hence Atwill, Honey will, Twills (p. 50). Wood is
often a nickname from the obsolete wood, mad [Peter
le Wod, Pat. R., Robert le Wode, Close R.] ; cf. Robert
le Madde (Lane. Court R. 1323-4), Ralph Badintheheved
(Hund. R.). This is also one origin of Woodman-,
cf. Alexander Wodeclerc (Close R.), i.e. the crazy
priest, and Walter Wodeprest (Malmesbury Abbey
Reg.). Wallis, Welch, etc. may occasionally mean
French, as the early Norman settlers before the Con-
quest were called walisc by the English (see Romance
of Words, p. 151). Even the ubiquitous and simple
Smith is sometimes local, of the smeeth, or plain (see
Athersmith, p. 50), and is also a nickname, the
" smooth " [Philip le Smethe, Hund. R.]. Cf. Smeath-
man. It need hardly be said that some Thompsons
come from Thompson (Norf.), an example of 's ton

1 Hence also the adj. coarse, earliest form COYS, a metathesis of
cros. Every shade of meaning in which coarse is employed has a
parallel in gross and Fr. gros.

MANY ORIGINS OF ONE NAME 309

becoming -son (see p. 240), while others represent the
baptismal dims. Thomasin, Thomasine [Bartholomew
Thomasyn, City F.].

These examples show sufficiently that even the
simplest and commonest surnames are sometimes less
simple than they look. But in some cases the multi-
plicity or choice of origins is quite obvious. The
common name Burnett may be (i) baptismal, for Bur-
nard, Bernard, AS. Beornheard, (2) a nickname, dim.
of brown, or from the material called burnet (see p. 154),
(3) a nickname, "brown head" (see p. 128), (4) local,
at the " burn head," cf. Beckett, (5) local, at the " burn
gate" (see p. 91). It has also interchanged freely
with Barnett, which is generally of identical origin.
The rather less common Burnell may be for Beorn weald
[Simon Bernald, Pat. R.], Beornhild [Geoff rey Burnild,
Hund. R.], Beornwulf [Geoffrey Burnolf, Fine R.],
from "burn hill" [Richard de Burnhul, Pat. R.], or
it may be a nickname from " brown " [Burnellus
Venator, Doc. III.], in which sense it is used indiffer-
ently with the preceding name [Alan Burnell or Burnet,
Pat. R.]. Probably in the case of these two names all
the origins indicated are represented by the existing
surname. But, if we take the rather uncommon Burret,
we find that the possible etymologies are hardly less
numerous. Is it, for instance, for Burrard, from an
Anglo-Saxon name in Burg-, such as Burgweard, Burg-
heard, Burgweald, all well attested in the Rolls, or for
" boar head " [Robert Burheved, Fine R.], or for the
" bower head " [Walter de la Burethe, Hund. R.] ?
In the case of so uncommon a name it is probable that
one only of these prototypes is represented.

There are, however, many well-diffused names which,

310 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

like Burnett, have several clear origins. Such is Low,
generally local, at the " low," 1 or mound [Ralph de la
Lowe, Hund. R.], probably also at the " lough/' and
also a nickname, the wolf [William le Lou, City B.] . The
existence of High and Bass shows that the entry " le
lowe " is often for the English adjective, and Low is
also one of the shortened forms of Lawrence ; hence
Lowson. Drew is from the name Drogo, OF. Dru, of
uncertain origin [Drogo f. Ponz, DB.], and is also a
nickname from OF. dru, which has two meanings, viz.
" lover " and " sturdy " [John le Dreu, Hund. R.]. It
is occasionally an aphetic form of Andrew. Druce is
the same as the above, from OF. Drues, the nom.
case of the name Drogo, or for the patronymic Drews.
It is also local, of Dreux (Eure-et-Loire), in which case
it may represent the name of the town [Herman de
Drewes, DB.] or the adjective formed from it [Hugh
le Drueis, Close R.].

Angell and Angle [Robert en le Aungle, Fine R.]
have been confused, to the advantage of the former,
which is both a pageant nickname (see p. 209) and a
personal name [Angel Clericus, Malmesbury Abbey
Reg.]. But these names also represent a contracted
form of the Norse Ankettle [Henry Angetil or Angel,
Pat. R] ; cf. the contractions of Thurkettle (p. 31).
Wynn has three origins, Welsh gwyn, white, fair, AS.
wine, friend, or the same word as an element in such
personal names as Winfrey, Winward, etc. (p. 43). Hogg
is a nickname [Alice le Hog, Hund. R.], B. variant of
Hough? i.e. hill [Richard del Hog, Writs of Parl.], a

1 In the north Law.

2 Cf. Cape la Hogue and the hillock called Hooghe at the point
of the famous Ypres salient.

ALTERNATION OF G- AND W- 311

variant of Hugh or How [Hogge the neldere, Piers
Plowm., variant readings, Hugh the nedelere, Houwe
the neldere 1]. Ware is local, for Weir, also from AS.
war a, a common Domesday word used for an out-
lying part of a manor,2 and is a nickname, the " ware/'
or wary [Adam le War, Feet of Fines]—

" A Sergeant of the Lawe, war and wys " (Chauc. A. 309).

There is also no reason why it should not come from
ware, merchandise. Marchandise is a fairly common
French surname and is found also in our records [Ralph
Marchaundise, Northumb. Ass. R. 1256-78].

The above are simple cases which require no philo-
logical knowledge. Less obvious is the double origin
of the series Gale, Gales, Gall, Gaul, Gallon. The first
is from " gaol " and the second from Wales, Fr. Galles,
but all are also baptismal [John Gale, Pleas, Thomas
Galyen, ib.], from an OF. Gal, Galon, which is OG.
Walo, short for some name such as Walter. Both the
G- and W- forms are found in Old French [Galo or
Walo, Bishop of Paris, Ramsey Cart.]. Thus the above
series of names are sometimes identical with Wale,
Wales, Wall, Waule, W alien [Richard f . Wale or Wales,
Pipe R.]. Gales has a further possible origin, of
Galicia [Piers Galicien, Exch. R., John de Galiz, ib.] —

" Of tydynges in Wales
And of Sainct James in Gales "

(Skelton, Elynour Rummyng, 354).

Similar cases are Gass, Gash, Gaze, Gasson 8 [Robert

1 See p. 166.

2 See Round, Feudal England, pp. 115-7.

3 The forms in -on are the Old French accusative.

3i2 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

Gace,1 Pat. R.] for Wace, Wass, Wash, Wason. They
come from OG. Waso, which belongs to the adj.
hwas, sharp [Walter Wasce, Feet of Fines, Richard
Wason, IpM.]. Forms of this adjective are still in
English dial, use, and the name Wass is consequently
also a nickname [Henry le Was, IpM.]. Finally, like
Wash, it is local, from ME. wase, ooze, pool, whence
specifically the Wash [Richard atte Wase, Hund. R.,
Norf.]. So also Gate, Gates may be identical with
Waite, i.e. watchman, from the OF. gaite [Adam le Gayt
or de la Geyte, Exch. R.].

Less complicated are the four origins of Perry, (i) for
Peter or Pierre, (2) for Peregrine, (3) for Welsh Parry,
i.e. ap Harry, (4) local, at the pear-tree, ME. pirie,
whence also Pirie, Pury [Alexander atte Pery, City F.t
Richard de la Pirie, Hund R.] —

" And thus I lete hym sitte upon the pyrie,
And Januarie and May romynge myrie "

(Chauc. E. 2217).

There is scarcely a common surname, except those
of easily understood frequency, like Baker, Green,
Field, etc., which could not be dealt with in the same
way, and, at the risk of wearying the reader, I will give
a few more examples. Garland is certified as a nick-
name by the synonymous Ger. Krantz, Krdnzl.
It may have been taken from the sign of an inn —

" The Garland in Little East Cheape, sometime a brewhouse "
(Stow).

In the north it runs parallel with Gartland, i.e. the
" garth land." It was also a personal name [Bartholo-

1 Menage refers to Wace the chronicler as Gasse. Swash is the
same name with prefixed S- [Guacio or Swacio de Limeriis, Salisb.
Cart.].

NAMES IN HAN- 313

mew f. Gerland, Pipe R.], perhaps originally a nick-
name from OF. grailler, to cry hoarsely, croak, etc.,
which would explain its use as a dog's name in Chaucer.
Cf. also Richard James called Greylond (Lond. Wills).
The commonest source of Ray is probably OF. rei, a
king. It is also for Rae, the northern form of the
animal nickname Roe, and we cannot doubt that it is
often for the local Wray (p. 84) and Ree (p. 71), and is
also a costume nickname (p. 154). Swan is a nickname
[Hugh le Swon, Hund. R., Walter le Cigne, Close R.].
It also represents AS. swan, herdsman, which we have
replaced by the Norse cognate swain. This word,
in its poetic sense of warrior, was an element in
personal names [Swan f. Robert, Fine R.]. Finally,
Henry atte Swan, of St. Osith, keeper of Queenhithe
and collector of murage in London (Pat. R. 1319),
was perhaps the owner of the hostelry which gave its
name to Old Swan Pier.

March is local, at the " march," or boundary, besides
of course coming specifically from March (Camb.) or La
Marche in France [Richard de la Marche, hermit of
Charing, Pat. R.]. It has also been confused with
Marsh, which has got the better of the exchanges [John
atte Marche or Mersshe, City E.], and is a variant of
the font-name Mark [March Draper, City A., Mark le
Draper, City C.]. Hann, Hancock, Hankin, Hanson
are rightly connected by Bardsley with Flemish forms
of John. Camden, with equal correctness, says that
Hann is for Rann (Randolph) ; cf. Hob from Robert,
Hick from Richard. But Hanne or Henry of Leverpol
(Lane. Inq. 1310-33) shows a third, and perhaps chief,
origin. The harassed reader will be tempted to conclude
that any name can come from anything, nor will he be

314 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

far wrong. I was lately asked whether Dobson waJ
derived from the French place-name Aubusson. TherJ
is no reason why it should not be, if it can be shown
that any d'Aubussons ever settled in England. But]
Robert is a safer etymon.

In the case of a great number of names we observJ
a simple double origin, without being able to regarJ
either as predominant. Such are Agate, " atte gatei'
or Agatha, Rudge, Fr. rouge or dial, nidge, a ridgqj,
Wild, " le wild " or " atte wilde," Coy, of Quy (CambJ
[John de Coye,1 Pat. R., Camb.] or the " coy " [Walt M
le Coye, Pat. R.]. Agnew comes from Agneaux (ManchJ
[John de Aygneaus, Chart. R.] and is a nickname, Fij.
agneau [Richard Agnel, Pat. R.}; cf. the commoii
French surnames Lagneau, Lagnel, Laignel, Laignelem
etc. Vale is local and also from Fr. veille , watch, whijfl
Veal is both OF. le viel, the old [Adam le Viel, Lib. RM
and le vel, the calf [Richard le Vel, City B.], and if
course Vale and Veal are themselves now hopelessrjl
mixed up.

The above are simple examples in which the double
origin appears on the surface, but there are others less
obvious. Gower is sometimes from the Glamorgan
district so named [William de Goar, Pleas'], but morJ
often from a personal name Gohier [Goher de Alnetoj
Chart. JR.], which comes through Old French from OGJ
Godehar ; it is thus a doublet of the native Goodia,
Goodair, etc., AS. Godhere. The name has a possible
third derivation from a shortened form of OF. goherier,
a harness maker [Ernald le Goher, Close R^. With
Gower may be mentioned Power, generally the " poor,*!

1 He seems to have been an important person. I find him also
as de Quoye and de Queye.

DOUBLE ORIGINS 315

but also from OF. Pokier, a Picard [Randulf Puherius,
Pipe R., Roger le Poher, Fine R.]. Tyson is explained
by Bardsley as a form of Dyson,1 from Dionysius or
Diana, and, when we note the swarms of Tysons
who, in Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire,
confront the innumerable Dysons of the West Riding,
there can be no doubt that this is correct. But the
first Tyson on record was Gilbert Tison (DB.), who
came over with the Conqueror —

" Gysbright Tysoun fut le primer des Tysouns " (Percy Cart.).

His name was no doubt a nickname from Fr. tison,
a firebrand ; cf. our Carbonnel and Fr. Charbonneau.*
Mould, Mold, Moule are old forms of Maude. Stow
mentions Henry Fitzwarin and "Dame Molde his
wife," the parents of Lady Richard Whittington. But
these names also represent dialect forms of the animal
nickname Mole —

" Paid the mould catcher, £2 " (Nott. Bor. Rec. 1724).

Bruton is local (Som.) and also for le Breton [John
le Brutun, Hund. R.] ; cf. Bruttner (p. 216). Gibbons,
usually from Gilbert or Gib, comes sometimes from
Gobion (Gubbins), an Old French name belonging to

1 The change is common ; cf . Tennyson and Denison, both from
Dionysius (Denis) . The Welsh Denbigh and Tenby both represent
the " Dane bye."

2 Our Littlecole is doubtful. It may be formed like Fr. Petinicol.
The Normans inherited from their Scandinavian ancestors a love
of trivial and crude nicknames, and some of the proudest names in
English history are of undignified origin, e.g. Marmion, now found
also as Marmon, Marment, is OF. marmion, equivalent to modern
marmot, monkey, brat. There is another OF. marmion, supposed
to mean " marmot," but it is of no great antiquity and would not of
course be a Norman name.

22

3i6 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

OG. Godbrecht. This is found as Norman Gubii
[Richard Gubiun or Gibiun, Pleas] ; cf. ribbon, rubai
Similarly Higgins belongs perhaps as much to Hugj
as to Hick (Richard) . Gainer, Gaynor, Ganner iaT~
cupative (see Augagneur, p. 287), and is also a varianj
form of Guinevere —

" And Dame Gaynour, his quene,
Was somewhat wanton, I wene "

(Skelton, Phyllyp Sparowe, 636).

Geary, Jeary is short for one of the Anglo-Saxon nam<
in Gar-, or from one of the cognate Old French namei
As Geri it was the name of one of the paladins. It ij
occasionally a nickname [John le Gery, Hund. RJ]\
from an obsolete adjective meaning uncertain, change
able —

" Right so kan geery Venus overcaste
The hertes of hir folk ; right as hir day
Is gereful, right so chaungeth she array "

(Chauc. A. 1535).

Sometimes we find that an extremely rare name hai
more than one legitimate claimant. The name Godsam
reached the author from a regimental mess, where thl
bearer was known as the " national anthem." This
interesting surname, found also as Godsiff, represent™
the Middle English phrase " o' God's half/' properrd
" on God's behalf/' but generally used as a kindfj
exclamation. In one of the Chester Plays Noah
to his wife —

" Wiffe, come in ! why standes thou their ?
Thou art ever frowarde, I dare well sweare.
Come in, one. Codes halfe \ tyme it were,
For fear leste that we drowne."

Thomas Agodshalf, whose name is latinized as depat

RARE NAMES 317

Dei, l married a sister of Becket, Walter a Godeshalf lived
in Sussex in the thirteenth century (Cust. Battle Abbey),
de Godeshalf and Godsalve are found among the
Freemen of York, Thomas Godsalve, whose portrait
by Holbein can be seen at Dresden, was Registrar of
the Consistory Court of Norwich in the sixteenth
century, Godsawfe is found in Notts in the seventeenth
century, and in fact the name is well attested in various
parts of England up to comparatively recent times,
and very likely still flourishes in some remote spot.
Nothing would seem clearer than that this should be
the origin of Godsave. But, on the other hand, it may
be simply " God save " ; cf. the many names of that
type given on p. 181, some of which were even used as
font-names [Deulesalt 2 f. Jacob, Pipe R.] nearly five
centuries before the Puritan eccentricities. Chaucer,
which still exists as Chauser, is usually said to come
from OF. chauceor, a maker of leathern hose, very
common in the Rolls, and Baldwin le Chaucer de Cord-
wanerstrete 8 (City B.) seems conclusive. But the
modern Chauser may equally well represent the ME.
chauffe-cire, heat wax, a name for a Chancery official
[Ellis le Chaufesire, Pat. R.]. See NED., s.v. chaff-wax,
and Ducange, calefactor cera —

" Chauffe-cire, a chafe-wax, in the Chancerie " (Cotg.).

It could also quite well represent a "chalicer."

Anger is a personal name, Fr. Angier, OG. Ansgar
(p. 30) [Ansger solus, DB.]. It is also derived from

1 See Depardeu (p. 181). Probably some of our Par dews are
simply French versions of Godsave.
z Diotisalvi is an Italian name.
3 For cordwainer see p. 172

3i8 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

Angers, whence also Ainger, while it can hardly be
excluded from the great class of abstract nicknames
(pp. 216-224) ; cf. Ger. Zorn. Bottle seems to be a rare
name, but, in addition to ME. botel, a building, house,
it has ancestors in the shape of Anglo-Saxon names in
Bod- [Botild or BotilHod, Hund. R., Robert Buthewlf,1
Chart. R.]. Bellasis is local [Robert de Beleassise,
F. of Y.], from Bellasis (Northumb.) or Bellasize
(Yorks), both of French formation8; but there is a
font-name Belle-assez, fair enough [Beleassez Judaea,
Pipe R.], which is not uncommon in Middle English
and would give the same result. With this cf. Good-
enough, Goodnow [William Godynogh, Pat. R.], White-
now, Oldknow, Thomas Fairynowe (Pat. R.), Richard
Langynou (Fine R.), and even Woodnough, i.e. mad
enough (p. 308). Lew, already explained (p. 66) as
local, is also a variant of Low, wolf (p. 310). The
full Leleu is still found in Devon. Nothard may be
the " neat-herd " [Nicholas le Noutehird, F. of Y.] or
the AS. Notheard, valour strong. Fear has alternative
origins from ME. fer, fierce, proud (Fr. fier), and fere,
a companion, as in Play fair, and of course has been
confused with Fair.

Stut field is authentically derived from fitoutteville
(Seine-Inl), with the regular substitution of -field for
-mile [Helewin de Estuteville, Fine R.], but it can also
be for " stot-field," from ME. stot, a nag, bullock
[John de Stotfold, Chart. R.]. Trist is short for Tris-
tram and alternatively local, at the " tryst " [Peter
atte Treste, Hund. R.], the earliest meaning of which
is connected with hunting. Cue is the cook, ME.

1 Botolph, whence Boston, Botolf's town.

2 Cf. Belsize, London.

UNSUSPECTED SOURCES 319

le keu, from Old French, but there is a Sc. McCue, for
MacHugh, which would inevitably become Cue l in
England. Suddard is a dialect form of the local
Southward and a Scotch form of Fr. soudard, a soldier.
Bew is usually Welsh ap Hugh (Pugh), but also a French
nickname representing a later form than the more
common Bell [Peter le Beus,8 Leic. Bor. Rec.]. Uzzell
probably represents both AS. Osweald and OF. oisel
(oiseau), whence also Lazell, Layzell, Fr. Loisel. The
antithetic Fair foul might be for " fair fowl," for " fear-
ful," or for " fair field," each derivation being legitimate
and easily paralleled, but it may also have its face
value, as a nickname applied to a man of contrasts ;
cf. Roger Fulfayr (Hund. R.), who may, however, have
been " full fair."

Finally, we have the case of a name of obvious and
certain origin which has an unexpected subsidiary
source. Some striking examples were given at the
beginning of the chapter. Hull and Pool are evidently
local, the former being a variant of ' ' hill ' '•

" On a May morwenyng on Malverne hulles "

(Piers Plowm. C. i. 6).

But Hull was a common font-name in Lancashire
[Adam f. Hul, Lane. Inq. 1310-33, Hull f. Robert, ib.],
hence Fitzhull. No doubt it is for Hulbert, an Old
French name cognate with AS. Holdbeorht, gracious
bright. Pool is a common Anglo-French spelling
of Paul, whence also Poll, Pollett, sometimes Powell
and generally Powles. Arundell, Arndell, Arran-

1 This is a common phenomenon, the aphetic name usually keep-
ing the final -c of Mac, e.g. Cawley, Callister, dish, etc. So also we
find Carty for the Irish Macarthy, while Casement is for Mac-Esmond.

2 This -5 is the OF. nominative.

320 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

dale are obviously from Arundell (Suss.), but Osbert
Arundel * (Rievaulx Cart. c. 1140) was named from
OF. arondel, a swallow. Beaver, Beevor, etc. show
the usual pronunciation of Belvoir (Leic.) and have no
connection with an animal which was extinct in
England long before the surname period. But John le
Bevere • (Fine R.), like Geoffrey le Buver (Close R.)t
was a thirsty soul, though not necessarily to be classed
with William Aydrunken (Northumb. Ass. R. 1256-79).
Bourne is generally local, from Fr. borne, a boundary,
no doubt often confused with burn. It is also a nick-
name, the one-eyed * [Walter le Borne, Pipe R., Peter
Monoculus, Exch. R.], still common in France as
Leborgne.

Other examples of reinforced local names are Tower,
sometimes the " tawer," leather dresser [Gilbert le
Tower, Hund. R.], and My ear? OF. mire, the physician —

" Je sui malade a mort, si requier vostre aie,
Que my ere ne me puet aidier par sa clergie "

(OF. poem, .i4th cent.).

Buxton is occasionally a personal name [Ailric Bucstan,
Pipe R.], of the same type as Wulfstan. Venn, usually
for the local Fenn [Nicholas Dibbe of la Venne, IpM.,

1 It is exceptional to find bird nicknames preceded by the article.

* The vowel change is regular ; cf . beef, people, retrieve, etc. Or
rather, in this case, we have kept the original vowel, the French
u being due to lalialization.

3 The earliest meaning was probably " squinting." Hence
Leborgne may be rather Strabo than Codes.

4 Myer, Myers is generally local, at the " mire," and in modern
times often stands for Ger. Meyer. OF. mire, a doctor, perhaps
became a popular nickname in connection with the quack doctor of
the medieval drama. It is a very common entry (mire, meir, meyre),
and has evidently been confused with Mair, Mayor. In fact it is
likely that many of the latter spring from mire. It is hardly neces-
sary to say that the local Mears (p. 68) is also implicated.

REINFORCED BAPTISMAL NAMES 321

Som.] is also baptismal, probably for Vincent [William
f. Venne, Lane. Inq. 1310-33]. Over is ME. overe,
bank, sea-shore, whence several English place-names.
In Middle English it seems to be used chiefly as a
rime for Dover. The surname Over, whence also Owers,
is also occupative, from OF. ovier, an egg-merchant
[Thurstan le Over or Ovarius or Owarius, Leic. Bor.
Rec.].

The above are examples of local surnames which
have other subsidiary origins. Baptismal surnames
have been similarly reinforced from other sources.
Even the simple Adam is sometimes local, " atte dam " ;
cf. Agate, Adeane, etc. Willis has encroached on
Willows [Andrew in le Wylies, Percy Cart.]. I have
already suggested (p. 232) that Hugh may sometimes
represent AS. hiwa, a servant. It is also, like Hogg,
a variant of the local Hough [William del Hughe,
F. of y.]. In fact Hugh, Hough, How, Hogg are so
mixed up that a small chapter would be required to
elucidate their history. Hitch, usually for Richard, is
occasionally local [Richard Attehiche, Hund. R.],
probably a variant of "hatch" or "hutch." The
derivative Hitcheon, from Fr. Huchon (Hutchin), dim.
of Hugh, suggests that the Hitch- group, like the
Hig- group, belongs to Hugh as well as Richard. Bellis,
having its home in North Wales, is clearly ab Ellis,
but it is also a variant of Bellhouse (see p. 96). Bryan
and Bryanson are both occasionally local, from Brienne,
a common French place-name [Guy de Briane, Fine R.]t
and Brian £on [Bartholomew de Brianzun, ib."\. Neale,
which represents the font-name Nigel and also the Norse
Niel, i.e. Nicholas, is sometimes derived from Nesle
(Somme) . The merchants of Amyas (Amiens), Neal and

322 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

Corby, all now in the department of Somme, are often
mentioned in City records and appear to have enjoyed
special privileges. It is only natural that each town
should have given an English surname. Catlin, whence
also Galling, is usually from Catherine [William Cateline
or Katelyn, Fine R.], and may even be a dim. of the
Norse Kettle [Ketelinus le Fevre, Coram Rege R. 1297] ;
but it also records stray Catalans, i.e. incomers from
Catalonia [Arnold Catellan, Pat. R., John de Cateloyne
or Catelyne, ib.] . Everett, besides representing Everard,
AS. Eoforheard, almost certainly means " boar head " ;
cf. Bullett and the other examples on p. 128.

Here it may be noted that personal names in -ett, -itt
are not always to be regarded as dims. In Tamsett
we have merely the French dim. ending -et (Thomas-et),
but in Hewett, Howill, Willelt, and many other names,
the ending may be the usual reduction of -ard, so that
they would be from Reward, Howard? Willard, rather
than from the Hugh and Will which represent a first
syllable shared by these names with other Anglo-
Saxon names.

An occupative name may also conceal one of the
other classes. Metier, usually the "miller"2 —

" Monde the mulnere, var. mellere, and moni mo "
(Piers Plowm. A. ii. 80)—

1 Howard has several origins, but the identity, as personal names,
of the shortened How and Hew suggests that its chief origin is Fr.
Huard, OG. Hugihart. Searle has neither Hygeheard nor Hyge-
weard, but such names must have existed.

2 It is interesting to note that, according to the NED., miller,
meller, milner, mulliner are not ound before the fourteenth century.
They are all, however, common as thirteenth-century surnames.
The Anglo-Saxon term was mylenweard (Millward, Millar d}, really
the official in charge of the lord's mill. In the Pat. R. occurs William
le Wyndmylneward.

REINFORCED OCCUPATIVE NAMES 323

is also the " better " [John le Meillur, Chart. R.] ; cf.
Fr. Meilleur, Ger. Besser, and our own Better [John le
Bettre, Pat. R.]. Biddle, Bittle is not only for AS.
by del, the beadle, but, its home being Gloucestershire,
represents Welsh ab Ithel (whence Bethell, Bithell,
etc.), the simplex being found in Wiltshire as Iddols.
Ryder is obviously occupative, but the home of the
name is North Wales, a country singularly unsuitgd
for cavalry. Hence ifc must often be from a Welsh
personal name [Mereduc f. Reder, Pat. R.]. Mawer,
a " mower " [Thomas le Mawer e, Pat. R.], is in East
Anglia a variant of the dial, mawther, a girl, in fact
this is probably the usual origin of the name, which
belongs chiefly to Lincolnshire —

" The old Mawther biled 'em, she did. Mrs. Gummidge biled
'em " (David Copperfield, ch. vii.).

Very common names such as Carter, Cooper, Tucker,
easily swallow up uncommon names which have ceased
to be understood. In Carter is almost lost Charter,
which itself may have various origins, including that of
Carthusian monk [Philip le Chartrar or le Carter or
de Chartraas,1 Salisb. Cart.]. Cooper, Couper, Cowper
includes not only " cupper," but also Du. hooper, a
merchant, lit. buyer, which we still have in horse-coper ;
and the not uncommon Toutcoeur, all heart [Geoffrey
Tutquor, Royal Let. Hen. III. 1216-35, William Tut-
quere, F. of Y.] has been lost in Tucker.

Even the obvious nickname has often a secondary
source. I will take three examples only. Bird is
from ME. brid, properly a young bird,2 and used later

1 Fr. Chartreuse, Eng. Charterhouse.

8 For bird in general fowl was used, as in the Bible.

324 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

of the young of other animals and even of children.
In the fourteenth century it is used for maiden, by
confusion with ME. burde, berde, and possibly also with
bride, so that these words must also be considered
in tracing the pedigree of the Birds —

" Thir breeks o' mine, my only pair,
That ance were plush, o' guid blue hair,
I wad hae gien them off my hurdies
For ae blink o' the bom* burdies ! "

(Tarn o'Shanter).

Ruddick, found also as Rodick, Riddick, Reddick, etc.,
is an Anglo-Saxon dim. of the name Rudd, i.e. red, and
in dialect is a name for the robin —

" The tame ruddok and the coward kyte "

(Chauc. Parl. of Foules, 349).

But Robert del Rowdick (Leic. Bor. Rec.}, whose name
is clearly local, may have been the ancestor of some
of the Ruddicks. Cox is one of our commonest sur-
names, and represents Cocks, the simple Cock being of
at least four origins, none of which will very well
account for David atte Kokes (Hund. R., Norf.) and
John del Cogges (Chesh. Chamb. Accts.). Apparently
these names refer to the boat called a " cog " or " cock."
For similar names see p. 171. The use of the plural is
unusual, but cf . Hoyes, a common Lincolnshire surname,
and Bates, sometimes an archaic northern form of
" boat " [Adam del Bate, IpM.].

I had intended to have included in this volume
a chapter on imitative name-forms, of which examples
are to be found on almost every page of the book. But
the subject is so vague and endless and so unsuited
for methodical treatment that I will only mention a

IMITATIVE SPELLINGS 325

few characteristic instances. The natural tendency
is to strive at giving meaning to the unintelligible and,
among a number of accidental variants, to prefer that
which suggests something significant, however remote
this may be from the real sense of the name. But the
reader whose patience has held out so far will have
come to see that surnames are often of such bizarre
and unexpected origin, that one must exercise great
caution in arbitrarily describing the unusual as imita-
tive. Bardsley regards Tortoiseshell as an imitative
form of the local Tattershall. The habitat of the name
(Staffordshire) does not favour this, and there is no
reason why it should not be a nickname, probably of
costume, just as we have tortoiseshell cats and butter-
flies. The tortoise was well known to our ancestors,
and has given the existing names Tortiss, Tortise, the
latter occurring in Norfolk, where the Promptorium
Parvulorum was compiled —

" Tortuce, a beeste, tortuta " (Prompt. Parv.).

Beetle may be an alteration of Beadle, but we have a
number of well-authenticated insect nicknames, e.g.
Ampt, Emmett,1 Furmy, all meaning ant, Bee, Coachafer,
Flay or Fly, Hornett, Wasp, etc., and Robert Scarbode
(IpM.) certifies Beetle as a nickname —

" Escarbot, the blacke flie called, a beetle " (Cotg.).

There are, of course, some cases in which we may
legitimately infer imitative origin even without docu-
mentary evidence. When, in the roll of a regiment
largely composed of Irishmen, we find King seller,
Flirty and Caverner, we need not hesitate to recognize

1 Usually a dim. of Emma.

326 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

the fine old Irish names Kinsella, Flaherty and Kava-
nagh. Coldbreath, Cowhorn and Laughland may be
similarly accepted as for the Scottish Galbraith, Colqu-
houn and Lachlan, while Cossack is the Irish Cusack.
The Welsh Rhys, Rees is very common in England as
Rice and occasionally as Race. Stow tells us that in
1531 Sir Rice Grifith was beheaded on Tower Hill,
and I have come across Race Alisaundre in a monastery
cartulary near the Welsh Border. Another origin of
Race is Fr. ras [John le Ras, Hund. R.] —

" Ras, shaven, cleane shaven " (Cotg.).

Straight l is perhaps merely a variant of Street [Ralph
del Strate or atte Strete, Close R.].

Sometimes a name, without being imitative, suggests
something quite remote from its meaning. Lugger is
AS. Hlothgar, famous spear. It cannot be of the same
origin as Galley, Barge, etc. (p. 171), for, according to all
nautical authorities, the name of the craft dates from
the eighteenth century. Pinion is one of the many
names from Welsh ap Eynon ; cf. Binyon, Bennion,
etc. Pamphlett is a dim. of the name Pamphile [John
Panfelot, Pat. R.]. Cf. the derivation of the common
noun pamphlet, from Pamphilet, "a familiar name of
the twelfth-century amatory poem or comedy called
Pamphilus, seu de amove, a highly popular opuscule
in the thirteenth century " (NED.) . With the Eastern-
looking Durbar, Doorbar, AS. Thurbeorht, cf. Sirdar
(p. 120). In Icemonger is preserved AS. isen, iron.

The locality in which an imitative name is found
often furnishes a clue to its origin. Examples are
Blackcow, of Blackball (Lane.), and Muse, a York-

1 The -g- of straight, for strait, OF. estreit (etroit), is not original.

IMITATIVE SPELLINGS 327

shire name, of Meaux in that county. So also Doubt,
Doubting are found in Somerset with Dowd, Dowding,
these probably from David. In Bucks Coughtrey is
found side by side with Cowdery (p. 306), while in
Lincolnshire Cushion occurs as a variant of Gushing.
Names that have wandered far from their homes can
often be traced back thither through a series of forms.
To those mentioned on p. 88 may be added Counter-
patch, a London version of Comberbach (Chesh.), of
which Cumberpatch is an intermediate form, Kingrose
for Kinross, and Roseworm for the much prettier
Cornish Rosewarne.

Names of baptismal origin get perverted if unfamiliar.
Williams does not change, but Paton, no longer recog-
nized as a dim. of Patrick, is altered to Patten, Pattern,
Patent. Any form, whatever absurdity it suggests, is
preferred to the unintelligible. Thus Mahood, from
Maheut, the Old French form of Matilda, sometimes
becomes Mawhood, and Dawtrey, i.e. de Hauterive,
is spelt Daughtery. Liptrapp is a perversion of Liptrott,
an early German immigrant, Liebetraut, " Dear love,"
probably a Huguenot name. Loyal and Royal are
doubtful. Though quite possible nicknames, they
are perhaps rather for Lyle, Ryle, or Lyall, Ryall. The
first two are local and the second two baptismal,
though they have of course been confused. Lyall is
for Lyulph, representing an Old Danish Lithwulf [Liolf
f. Liolf, Fine R.], and Ryall is for Riulf [Henry f. Riolf,
Lib. R.], AS. Ricwulf.

One result of imitative spelling is that we find
many names suggesting adverbs, conjunctions and
interjections, or even parts of verbs. These are
generally pretty simple, e.g. Whileis for Wile (see p. 83),

328 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

Whence is at the " wence," i.e. the cross-roads. This
is simply the plural of went, a way [John del Wente,
Pat. R.]. Where is for Ware (p. 311) and the second
element of Whereat is yate, a gate (see p. 91) . In con-
nection with these names it may be noted that initial
Wh- is often artificial, e.g. Whatkins, Whisker (p. "137),
Whybird, AS. Wigbeorht, etc. Heigho is for Hay hoe,
at the " high hoe." Would is of course for Wood ; cf.
Wouldhave (p. 59). Goe, very common in Lincoln-
shire, where it is neighboured by Goy, is local, from
one of many places in France called Gouy [Hugh de
Goe or de Goy, Close R.].

Most collectors of odd surnames have been attracted
by the great class of names in -ing. A curious little
book * now before me has a list of 150 such names, and
this list could easily be doubled. It is probable that
hardly any * of these names are really present parti-
ciples. We might nickname a man " Dancing Jimmy,"
but, for surname purposes, he would become " Jimmy
the Dancer." A great many of these -ing names are
Anglo-Saxon patronymics, e.g. Billing, Golding, etc.,
and some may be formed from local names and mean
inhabitant. In the Abingdon Cartulary are mentioned
the Beorhtfeldingas, Lamburningas, Winterburn-
ingas, Cnottingas, Horningas, who inhabited the
" bright field," " lang burn," etc. ; but it is uncertain
how far this formation survived into the surname
period. Perhaps the majority of these names are due
to the vulgar tendency to add final -g after -n, as in
" kitching." Here belong Panting, Painting, for

1 C. L. Lordan, Of Certain English Surnames and their Occasional
Odd Phases when seen in Groups (London and Romsey, n.d.).
* But see Leeming (p. 89, n. 2).

PRESENT PARTICIPLES 329

Pantin, Panton, a dim. of Pantolf * [William Pauntolf,
Lib R., William Paunton, ib.]. Going is the French
name Gouin [John Gowyn, Pat. R.], Howling is a
double dim. of How or Hugh ; cf. Fr. Huelin, Hulin.
Wearing and Warring are for War in, a common Old
French name (Gue"rin) which usually gives Warren.
Dusting is a form of Thurstan [William Dusteyn,
IpM.] and is also found in the shortened form Dust.
Fearing is for Fear on, OF. feron, a smith, and Basting
is a perversion of Bastin, i.e. Sebastian. And so ad
infinitum. It is possible that in a few cases the origin
of an -ing name may be an abstract noun ; see Deeming
(p. 222) ; while many of them are local compounds of ing,
a meadow (p. 64).

But we have a few surnames derived from French
present participles used as nicknames. Such are
Currant [Beatrice Corant, Ramsey CartJ\, Mor daunt
[Robert le Mordaunt, Hund. R.], Mor ant or Murrant
[John le Moraunt, Cor am Rege R. 1297, Amicia le
Murant, Close R.]. The latter name is more likely
aphetic for OF. demorant (demeurant) than for mourant.
Cf. Hugh le Demurant (Pipe R.), Johanna la Manaunte
(Testa de Nev.), Alexander Sujournant (Glouc. Cart.).
These examples seem to show that Remnant, like the
common noun remnant, represents the Old French
present participle remanant. Many more names of
this type occur in the Rolls, e.g. Penaunt, Poygnaunt,
Saillaunt, Trenchaunt, Taylant, Erraunt, etc., and
probably some of these are still in existence.

The examples in this chapter are taken almost at

1 Of Old French introduction, from OG. Bandwolf, banner wolf,
which does not appear to be found in Anglo-Saxon. It is fairly
common in the Rolls.

330 DIVERGENT ORIGINS OF SURNAMES

random and most pages of the London Directory
would yield similar results. The reader will, I think,
conclude that a real Dictionary of English Surnames
would be rather a big book, and that compilations
which dispense with evidence are not to be taken
seriously.

INDEX

This index contains, with a very few doubtful cases, only names which
were in existence as late as the nineteenth century. Foreign names are
printed in italics. It will be sometimes found that more than one origin is
indicated for the same name.

A'barrow, 50
Abbott, 200
Abear, 50
Abel, 204
Absolom, 205
Abt, 300
A' Burrow, 50
Acock, 57
Acton, 1 60
Adam, 204, 321
Adams, 16
Adcock, 57
Addle, 36
Addyman, 236
Adger, 42
Adlard, 43
Adler, 301
Admer, 42
Ads.ead, 74
Adshead, 74
Affery, 32
Affray, 32
Agate, 314
Ager, 42
Agnew, 314
Agricola, 305
Agutter, 50
Ahearn, 50
Aikett, 128, n. i
Ainger, 318
Akenside, 138
Alabone, 51
Aladenise, 284
Alavoine, 186
Albrow, 131
Alcott, 92
Aldejohann, 295
Alder, 248
Alderson, 248
Aldhouse, 96

23

Aldis, 96
Aldous, 96
Aldred, 42, 227
Aldritt, 42, 227
Aldus, 96
Aldwy, 44
Alefounder, 114
Alehouse, 96
Alexander, 188, 216
Alflatt, 32
Algar, i~68
Algate, 50
Alkin, 32
Allabyrne, 51
Allard, 43
Allbones, 143
Allcard, 32
Allchin, 32
Allchurch, 50
Allcorn, 185
Allday, 42
Alldread, 42
Allenwaters, 161, ».
Alleweldt, 304
Allfree, 32
Allgood, 1 6
Allhusen, 51
Allibon, 51
Alliott, 32
Allman, 217
Allmark, 178
Allpass, 50
Allpike, 50
Allpress, 287
Alltoft, 51
Allweather, 235, n.
Allwright, 227
Almond, 39
Alner, in
Alphege, n

331

Alsop, 63
Altree, 51
Alwin, 32
Ambery, 106
Ambler, 122
Ambrey, 106
Ambrose, 187
Amery, 41
Amner, 105, 106
Amory, 41
Ampt, 325
Amyas, 103, n. 2
Anchor, 211
Andacht, 302
Anderbrugg, 296
Angell, 209, 310
Anger, 317
Angle, 310
Angot, 30
Anker, 211
Ankettle, 30
Ankrett, 211
Annercaw, 211
Anquetil, 30
Ansell, 31
Ansorg, 302
Anster, 86
Ansterberry, 86, ». i
Anthistle, 82
Anyon, 191
Applequist, 195, «.
Arab in, 212
Aram, 86
Arber, 107
Arbuckle, 152
Arcedeckne, 210
Archdeacon, 210
Archer, 4
Archerson, 239
Arculus, 215

332

INDEX

Argent, 157

Attack, 49

Bakewell, 254

Argles, 36

Attenbarrow, 49

Balaam, 206

Argument, 217

Attenborough, 50

Bald, 132

Aris, 103, n. 2

Atterbury, 50

Balder, 43

Arkcoll, 36

Attewell, 49

Bale, 53

Arkell, 36

Attick, 49

Ball, 53, 132

Arkle, 36

Attneave, 234

Ballance, 166

Arkless, 149, 215

Attock, 49

Ballard, 132

Arkwright, 227

Attoe, 49

Ballinger, 35

Armbruster, 300

Attread, 49

Ballister, 121

Armes, 125

Attreall, 50

Balm, 1 88

Armitt, 209

Attride, 49

Balmain, 139

Armour, 158

Attrie, 49

Balnave, 234

Armshaw, 125

Attrill, 49

Balsam, 188

Armstrong, 139

Attru, 49

Balster, 121

Arnall, 36

Attwooll, 49

Band, 230, w. 2

Arnaud, 9

At will, 308

Banfather, 247

Arndell, 319

Atwood, 49

Bannister, 121

Arnold, 36, 188, «.

Atyeo, 49

Bantick, 94

Arrand, 36

Aubrey, 32

Bantock, 94

Arrandale, 319

Aucutt, 92

Bard, 240

Arrow, 162

Aucher, 32

Barfi, 53

Arrowsmith, 228

Augagneur, 287

Barfoot, 141

Arsmith, 228

Auger, 1 68

Bar fuss, 301

Arthur, 36

Augier, 168

Barge, 171

Artless, 149

Augur, 1 68

Bargh, 53

Arum, 86

Aupretre, 287

Bark, 171

Arundell, 319

Authors, 36

Barkhouse, 96

Aschenbrenner, 299

Auxdnes, 280

Barkis, 98

Ashburn, 226, n. i

Auxenfants, 280

Barleggs, 140

Ashburner, 226, n. i

Avann, 50

Barley, 185

Asher, 102

Avenarius, 305

Barleycorn, 124, 196

Ashkettle, 30

Avery, 32

Barnacle, 89

Ashmall, 68

Awdas, 96

Barnard, 34

Ashman, 237

Awdrey, 29

Barnes, 247

Ashmole, 68

Axworthy, 86, n. 2

Barnett, 34, 309

Ashpital, 107

Aylmer, 32

Barnfather, 247

Ashplant, 205

Ay 1 ward, 32, 43

Barnish, 34

Ashwin, 38

Aymer, 32

Barnwell, 34

Ask, 1 68

Barr, 56

Asker, 102

Baby, 249

Barraclough, 88

Askell, 30

Bacchus, 295, «.

Barrass, 98

Aspenlon, 205

Bache, 53

Barrell, 125

Aspland, 205

Back, 24, 138

Barrett, 34, 137, 143.

Asplin, 205

Backhaus, 295

146

Asquith, 84

Backhouse, 295, n.

Barringer, 35

Asser, 102

Backmeister, 299

Barrowcliff, 88

Astell, 30

Backshall, 88

Bartenwerffer, 300

Atcock, 57

Badgery, 86

Barter, 147

Athawes, 49

Badrick, 37

Barth, 53

Atheis, 49

Bage, 53

Bartholdy, 294

Atherall, 50

Bailhache, 270

Barton, 60

Athersmith, 50

Baillehache, 270

Bartram, 38

Athersuch, 50

Bailward, 53

Baskett, 124, 165

Athews, 49

Bain, 143, n. i, 194

Basketter, 115, 227

Athoke, 49

Baines, 143

Baskwell, 90

Athow, 49

Baird, 240

Basnett, 159

Atkey, 49

Bairnsfather, 247

Bastel, 295

Ato, 49

Bajoue, 133

Baster, 105

INDEX

333

Bastien, 282

Belloc, 281

Bew, 319

Bastin, 329

Bellows, 96

Bewkers, 129

Basting, 329

Bellringer, 102, n.

Bewsher, 245

Batch, 53

Belt, 124

Bezuidenhout, 49

Bateman, 24, n.

Bemrose, 85

Bias, 51, n. 2

Bates, 324

Bemroose, 85

Bicheno, 88

Bathos, 19

Benbough, 267

Bick, 133

Bathurst. 19

Benbow, 267

Bickerstaff, 2

Batt, 24

Bend, 54

Bickersteth, 2

Batters, 37
Baxter, 230, n. i

Bendelow, 259
Benjafield, 21

Bidaway, 51
Biddis, 97

Bay, 53

Benninger, 35

Biddle, 323

Baylas, 98

Bennion, 326

Bidgood, 261

Bayles, 53

Benrose, 85

Bidlake, 52

Bayliss, 98

Benskin, 196

Bidmead, 52

Bays, 53

Bent, 54

Bieberstein, 296

Beake, 133

Benvenuto, 254

Biedenweg, 296

Beam, 184

Bere, 53

Biengrdber, 299

Bean, 143, w. i, 194

Berecloth, 88

Biennourry, 288

Beanes, 194

Berenger, 34

Bienvenu, 254

Bear, 53

Berger, 287, 295

Biesenbdnder, 299

Bearblock, 69, n.

Bergerat, 287

Biffen, 247

Beard, 136

Bergeret, 287

Biller, 114

Bearder, 104

Bergeron, 287

Billett, 125

Bearpark, 69, n.

Bergerot, 287

Billiald, 38

Beart, 136

Berkenshaw, 88

Billiard, 38, 125

Beatniff, 234

Bernadot, 283

Billing, 328

Beauclerk, 234

Bernadotte, 283

Billion, 38, 1 80

Beauharnais, 159, 279

Bernal, 34

Billows, 96

Beau jean, 285

Bernardin, 283

Binder, 117

Beaulieu, 281

Berner, 34, 113

Bindlass, 200

Beaumanoir, 240

Bernhardi, 34, 294

Bindloss, 200

Beaurepaire, 69, n. i

Bernstorff, 296

Binks, 54

Beautyinan, 237

Berrill, 158

Bin yon, 326

Beaver, 320

Berringer, 35

Birchenough, 88

Bebbow, 267

Berrycloth, 88

Bircher, 121

Bebel, 293

Berryman, 231

Bircumshaw, 88

Beck, 298

Bert, 283

Bird, 323

Beckenhube, 301

Bertenshaw, 88

Birdseye, 133

Becker, 298

Berthollet, 283

Birdwhistle, 82

Beddis, 97

Berthon, 283

Birkenrut, 167

Bedgood, 261

Bertilleau, 283

Birkenshaw, 88

Bee, 325

Bertram, 36

Birkett, 88

Beeching, 65

Bertrand, 38

Birkhead, 88

Beechner, 88

Beryl, 158

Birkway, 100

Beemaster, 68

Besant, 177

Birrell, 130, n.

Beer, 53, 124, 174

Bessemer, 220

Birtenshaw, 88

Beerbohm, 295

Besser, 323

Birtwhistle, 82

Beetle, 325

Besson, 249

Bischoff, 300

Beevor, 320

Bester, 114

Bisgood, 196

Behagg, 52

Bestman, 237

Bishop, 200, 210

Behrens, 34

Bethell, 323

Bishoprick, 210

Belcher, 245

Bethmann-Hollweg, 292

Bismarck, 297

Beldam, 245

Bethune, 103, n. 2

Bismire, 220

Belfitt, 91

Bettany, 187

Bissell, 154

Bellasis, 318

Better, 323

Bissett, 154

Bellhanger, 35

Bevan, 247

Bisson, 249

Bellinger, 35

Beveridge, 174

Bithell, 323

Bellis, 321

Bevin, 271

Bithray, 85

334

INDEX

Bitmead, 52

Boakes, 54

Bossuet, 291

Bittle, 323

Boaler, 117

Botherway, 37

Black, 154

Boam, 54

Both way, 37

Blackall, 62

Boast, 219

Bottle, 318

Blackband, 230

Boat, 171

Botwright, 227

Blackboard, 136

Boatswain, 234

Bouch, 134

Blackbird, 136
Blackbond, 230

Boatwright, 227
Bodin, 55

Boucharin, 287
Boucher, 279, 287

Blackbrow, 131

Body, 127, 129

Bouchereau, 287

Blackburn, 247

Bodycoat, 148

Boucheron, 287

Blackcow, 326

Boeson, 234

Bouchet, 287

Blackett, 128

Boggers, 97

Bough, 196

Blackball, 62

Boggis, 97

Boughtflower, 258

Blackie, 133

Boicervoise, 259, n.

Boughtwood, 258

Blackleach, 65

Boilaive, 281

Boulanger, 279

Blackledge, 65

Boileau, 252, 279

Boulnois, 285

Blacklock, 131

Boittve, 281

Bouncer, 248

Blackmore, 212

Bolister, 121

Bound, 230, n. 2

Blackrod, 135

Bolster, 121

Bourdaloue, 290

Blackshields, 75

Boltwood, 258

Bourgeois, 285

Blackshire, 88

Bomash, 232

Bourne, 320

Blacksmith, 227

Bon, 289

Bout, 153

Blacktop, 128

Bonbernat, 285

Boutflour, 258

Blagg, 156, n. i

Bond, 226

Bouton, 153

Blakelock, 131

Bone, 143

Bouvard, 289

Blampey, 141

Bones, 143

Bouveau, 289

Blampied, 141

Bonest, 97

Bouvelet, 289

Blanchemain, 289

Bonfellow, 232

Bouvet, 289

Blanchett, 196, n. i

Bonhote, 175, n.

Bouvier, 289

Blanchflower, 196

Boniface, 135

Bouvot, 289

Blandamore, 260

Bonifant, 247

Bovett, 128

Blankett, 155

Bonnange, 209

Bowater, 52

Blay, 131, n.

Bonnard, 289

Bowell, 142

Blaylock, 131

Bonneau, 2 89

Bowerman, 235, «. 2

Bleakledge, 65

Bonnet, 289

Bowgen, 242

Bleakman, 237

Bonnet, 289

Bowgett, 156

Blechschmidt, 298

Bonneteau, 289

Bowler, 117

Blee, 131, n.

Bonnett, 146

Bowles, 142

Blellock, 131

Bonnyman, 237

Bowmaker, 226, ». i

Blenkarne, 88

Bonser, 248

Bowpitt, 69

Blenkin, 88

Bonte, 218

Bowring, 65

Blenkiron, 88
Blewitt, 154

Bonus, 97
Bonvallet, 289

Bowser, 245
Boxer, 123

Blinkhorn, 88

Bonvouloir, 245

Boyeatt, 91

Bliss, 223, n. 2

Boobyer, 54

Boylesve, 281

Block, 156

Booer, 120

Brabazon, 130, n., 240

Blogg, 156

Bookless, 149

Bracegirdle, 151

Blood, 142

Boosey, 54

Bracer, 113

Bloom, 190

Boot, 153

Bracher, 113

Bloomfield, 90

Booty, 237

Brack, 54

Blossom, 190

Bootyman, 237

Brackner, 113

Blowey, 133

Bopp, 293

Bradfer, 140

Bloyd, 142

Borer, 116

Bradford, 140

Blud, 142

Borrell, 154

Bradshaw, 13

Bluett, 154

Borrowman, 231

Braidwood, 83

Blunderfield, 90

Borstall, 54

Brain, 142

Blunkett, 154

Bosbier, 303

Braksper, 256

Boag, 54

Bosomworth, 21

Brammer, 265

Boak, 54

Boss, 54

Branch, 195

INDEX

335

Branchett, 196, n. i

Brister, 104

Buckmaster, 68

Branchflower, 196

Britcher, ii5,"n. i

Buckoke, 95

Brand, 38, 161

Britland, 99

Buckpit, 69

Branfoot, 257

Brittle, 40

Bucksmith, 229

Bransom, 20

Brixey, 38

Budd, 196

Branwhite, 88

Broadbelt, 124, 151

Budden, 55

Brasnett, 128

Broadbent, 54

Budge, 134

Brdutigam, 301

Broadfoot, 141

Budgen, 242

Bray, 21

Broadhead, 124, 128

Budgett, 156

Brazell, 189

Broadribb, 139

Bugge, 293

Brazier, 113

Brobson, 240

Buggins, 55

Brazil, 189

Brockett, 128

Buglass, 175, 187

Breach, 54

Brockis, 97

Bugle, 175

Breakspear, 256

Brodder, 245

Bugler, 175

Breeks, 54

Brodribb, 139

Buist, 55

Breffit, 91

Brokenshire, 88

Bulcock, 92

Breitfuss, 301

Brolly, 55

Bullas, 97

Breithaupt, 301

Brond, 38

Bullett, 128

Breitkopf, 301

Brookhouse, 97

Bullinger, 15, in, 279

Bremer, 295

Brooksmith, 228

Bullion, 1 80

Brend, 55

Brookwebb, 230

Bullivant, 247

Brennand, 256
Brent, 55

Broom, 184
Broster, 121

Bullpitt, 69
Bullwinkle, 85

Bretonner, 216

Brotherhood, 220

Billow, 295

Brettle, 40

Brothers, 245

Bulteel, 173

Brettschneider, 299
Brevetor, no

Brow, 130
Browell, 55

Bumbey, 55
Bunclark, 234

Brevitt, no, n. 2

Browett, 174

Bundle, 157

Brewill, 55

Brown, 154

Bunker, 142

Brewis, 97

Brownbill, 161

Bunt, 230, n. 2

Brewitt, 174

Brownett, 128

Burchard, 39

Brewster, 230, n. i

Brownie, 133

Burchett, 39

Brick, 112, n. 2
Brickdale, 112, n. 2

Brown John, 242
Brownsmith, 225

Burdas, 96
Burder, 117

Bricker, 112, n. 2

Browns word, 161

Burdis, 96

Brickett, 88, 112, n. 2

Bruce, 13

Bur don, 154

Brickland, 112, n. 2

Bruckshaw, 88

Burdus, 96

Brickman, 237

Brudenell, 62

Burenfeind, 302

Brickmaster, 112
Brickstock, 112, «. 2

Bru^l, 55
Brulebois, 257

Burfoot, 141
Burgermeister, 300

Brickwood, 112, n. 2.

Brulefer, 257

Burgoyne, 103, n. 2

Briddock, 94

Brumfit, 91

Burkenshaw, 88

Brideoke, 94

B runner, 295

Burkmay, 248

Bridger, 112

Brush, 55

Burler, 115, n. 2

Bridges, 71, n.

Brushett, 55

Burls, 71, n.

Bridgett, 128, n. i

Bruton, 315

Burnage, 34

Bridgman, 112

Bruttner, 216, 315

Burnand, 256

Briggenshaw, 88

Bryan, 321

Burnard, 34

Brighteve, 43

Bryanson, 321

Burnell, 34, 309

Brightey, 133

Bubear, 54

Burness, 256

Brightman, 43

Buchbinder, 299

Burnett, 34, 309

Brightmore, 43

Buche, 134

Burnhouse, 256

Brimmer, 43

Buck, 56

Burnip, 63

Brind, 55

Buckaway, 100

Burnish, 34

Brindejonc, 304

Buckett, 156

Burniss, 256

Brisbane, 256

Buckland, 99

Burnouf, 36

Brisemur, 256

Buckle, 152

Burnstone, 34

Brisker, 104

Buckler, 1 60, 235

Burnyeatt, 91

Brispot, 256

Bucklin, 257

Burpitt, 69

336

INDEX

Burrell, 154

Camis, 133

Cathelineau, 284

Burret, 309

Cammidge, 66, n.

Catherall, 266

Burrows, 98

Cammis, 133

Catherwood, 266

Burrus, 98

Cammish, 133

Catinat, 284

Burst, 55

Campion, 213

Catlin, 322

Burstall, 54

Cample John, 242

Cato, 216

Burstenbinder, 299

Candeland, 100

Cator, 120

Burton, 60

Canrobert, 280

Cattermole, 68

Burtonshaw, 88

Cantrell, 287

Cattle, 39

Bushrod, 155
Buskin, 153

Cantwell, 254
Cape, 150

Caudery, 306
Cauldwell, 254

Bustin, 86

Caplin, 159

Cave, 132

Butchart, 307

Capon, 201, n.

Cavell, 132

Butcher, in, 307

Capp, 146

Caverner, 325

Butler, 105

Cappleman, 237

Cawcutt, 92

Butlin, 257
Butt, 56

Capron, 15, 146
Capstick, 258

Cawley, 319, n. i
Cawsey, 69

Butterfill, 169

Carass, 97

Cawson, 240

Butterfant, 256

Carbonnel, 315

Cawthra, 84

Buttersack, 304

Cardinall, 199

Cawthry, 84

Buttery, 106

Careless, 149

Cayzer, 199

Buttifant, 256, n.

Caress, 97

Cemery, 87

Button, 153

Carker, 112

Chadband, 230, n. 3

Buttonshaw, 88

Carle, 234

Chaff, 132

Buttress, 98

Carlin, 234

Chaffer, 172

Buxton, 320
Buzzard, 201, n.

Carloss, 149
Carlton, n, n.

Chalk, 58
Challen, 103, n. 2

Byas, 51, «. 2

Carnell, 108

Chamberlain, 105

Bycroft, 51

Carr, 58

Chambers, 105

Byers, 51, n. 2, 54

Carratt, 171

Champion, 213

Byford, 51

Carrett, 171

Champneys, 103, n. 2

Bygott, 51

Carrier, 112

Chance, 218

Bygrave, 51

Carritt, 171

Chandos, 281

Bygreaves, 51

Carrodus, 88

Changarnier, 281

Eying, 51

Carrott, 171

Chantavoine, 280

Bysouth, 51

Carroway, 100

Chanter eau, 287

Bythesea, 51

Carruthers, 88

Chanterelle, 287

Bytheway, 51

Cart, 171

Chantler, 267

Bywater, 51

Carter, 323

Chantrell, 287

Cartledge, 65

Chantrey, 109

Cachemaille, 271

Cartlick, 65

Chantry, 109

Caddell, 255

Cartwright, 227

Chaplin, 159

Cadle, 255
Caesar, 216

Carty, 319, n. i
Carus, 97

Chappell, 147
Charbonneau, 147, n. i,

Caffyn, 132

Car vail, 262

315

Cage, 56

Carvell, 262

Charbonnel, 147, n. i

Cake, 114, n. i, 124,173

Carver, 105

Chare, 74

Calcott, 92
Caldecote, 92

Carvill, 262
Casembrood, 172, 303

Charge, 210, n. 3
Charity, 218

Calder, 161, n.

Casement, 319, ». i

Charker, 112

Calderside, 161, n.

Cashman, 267

Charnell, 109

Caldwall, 255

Castelnau, 281

Charrier, 112

Caller, 119

Caswell, 255

Charteris, 97

Callister, 319, n. i

Catch, 171

Charters, 96

Callow, 56

Catcheside, 262

Chasseloup, 260, 289

Callwell, 254

Catchlove, 260

Chassepot, 289

Calvey, 133

Catchpole, 269

Chdteauneuf, 281

Camamile, 187

Cater, 120

Chaucer, 317

Cambrey, 103, n. 2

Cathedrall, 266, n. 4

Chauser, 317

INDEX

337

Chave, 132

CUmenceau, 279

Coppack, 94

Chaytor, 120

Clench, 56

Copper, 119

Cheales, 71, n.

Clinch, 56

Coppock, 94

Cheap, 74, «.
Cheater, 120

Clinkscales, 258
Clish, 319, n. i

Copus 98
Corbally, 160

Checker, no

Cloake, 150

Cor day, 281

Checkland, 100

Clodd, 57

Corderay, 306

Checklin, 100

Clothes, 172

Cordery, 306

Cheek, 133

Clothier, 172

Cordier, 281

Cheeper, 116

Cloud, 57

Cords, 172

Cheers, 74

Clout, 57

Cordurey, 306

Cheesewright, 227

Clown, 89

Cordwell, 254

Cheke, 133

Clubb, 154, 155

Cordwent, 172

Chequer, no

Clunn, 57

Corkitt, 92

Cherfils, 196, 247

Clyne, 57

Cormell, 66, n.

Chermside, 161, n.

Coachafer, 325

Corn, 185

Chessman, 237

Coate, 148

Corneille, 290

Chesterman, 237

Cobbett, 43

Cosher, 248

Chettle, 39

Cobbold, 43

Cosier, 115

Cheyne, 56
Chilcock, 92

Cock, 57, 239, 324
Cockbain, 143

Cospatrick, 238, n.
Cossack, 326

Child, 245, 307

Cockett, 128

Costard, 194

Childerhouse, 96

Cockhead, 128

Coster, 194

Children, 96
Chilmaid, 248

Cocks, 324
Cockshoot, 57

Cosway, 69
Cottis, 97

Chilman, 237

Cockshott, 57

Cottle, 43, 148

Chilvers, 39

Cockspur, 163

Couch, 132, ». i

Chinn, 134

Coffin, 132

Coughtrey, 327

Chiplin, 130, n.

Colas, 282

Coultas, 97

Chipper, 116

Colbrain, 38

Coulter, 1 68

Chirnside, 161, «.

Coldbreath, 326

Coulthard, 168

Chisell, 1 68

Coldicott, 92

Coultish, 97

Choak, 56

Coldtart, 168, «. i

Counsell, 221

Cholmondeley, 14, n.

Coleman, n, n.

Count, 199

Chown, 141, n.

Collar, 147

Counter, 115

Choyce, 217

Collarbone, 143

Counterpatch, 327

Christ, 208

Colledge, 95

Couper, 323

Christian, 211

Collingbine, 191

Courage, 217

Christopher, 209

Collinssplatt, 78

Courtenay, 132

Chuck, 56

Collop, 174

Cousins, 245

Chugg, 56
Church, 47

Coltard, 168
Coltman, 237

Coustos, 208, n. 2
Coverlid, 146

Churchers, 96

Columbine, 191

Cowderoy, 307

Churn, 161, n.

Colvin, n

Cowdery, 306

Churnside, 161, «.

Comer, 119

Cowell, 146

Cinnamond, 87

Comfort, 220

Cowhorn, 326

Circuitt, 220

Commander, 207

Cowl, 146

Circus, 98

Comper, 245

Cowmeadow, 85

Claggitt, 91

Conduct, 177

Cowper, 323

Clampitt, 69

Conrad, 293

Cowtas, 97

Clapshaw, 153

Conybeare, 54

Cox, 16, 324

Clapshoe, 153

Cook, 15, 105

Coxhead, 128

Clarges, 230

Cookson, 239

Coxon, 234

Clarkin, 235

Coolbeer, 174

Coy, 314

Clarkson, 239

Cooper, 323

Cozens, 245

Clarvis, 83

Cope, 150

Cozze, 245

Clay, 58

Copestake, 258

Cracknell, 114, n. i

Cleall, 62

Copestick, 258

Cradle, 57

Cleggett, .91

Copner, 122

Cradock, 7

333

INDEX

Crafer, 104

Curtain, 57

David, 204

Craft, 219

Curthose, 145, 152

Davignon, 285

Crakbone, 256

Curthoys, 152

Davranche, 285

Crane, 201, w.

Curtis, 152

Daw. 201, n.

Crankhorn, 35, n.

Curtius, 305

Dawbarn, 225, 247

Crankshaw, 35, n.

Curtler, 118

Dawtrey, 327

Crannis, 98

Gushing, 106

Day, 41, 226

Crapper, 114

Cushion, 106, 327

Daybell, 43

Crawcour, 272

Custard, 194

Dayburn, 247

Creaser, 104

Custer, 194

Dayman, 41

Creazer, 104

Cutbush, 258

Dayment, 158

Creedybridge, 161, ».

Cutcliff, 21

Daymond, 41, 158

Crenk-, 35, n.

Cutlove, 261

Dayson, 239

Crennell, 108

Cuttell, 43

Dayus, 98

Crewdson, 240

Cuttle, 148

Deal, 57

Crink-, 35, n.

Czech, 295

Dealbridge, 51

Cripps, 20, 132

Deal chamber, 51

Crisp, 20, 132

Dabell, 43

Dearborn, 247

Croft, 219

Dack, 41

Dearlove, 260

Croix, 285

Daddow, 180

Dearth, 221, n.

Croker, 272

Dagger, 160

Death, 221, n.

Cromack, 94

Daggett, 41

de Beer, 301

Cronk-, 35, n.

Dainteth, 223

De Broglie, 55

Crook, 63

Dainty, 223

Debutt, 40

Crookshanks, 124, 140

Daish, 51

Deebanks, 161, n.

Cross, 307

Daisy, 191

Deeble, 40

Croswell, 73

Dale, 58

Deeming, 222

Crothers, 88

Dallamore, 51

de Hoogh, 301

Crowdace, 88

Dallas, 97

Delabroui>se, 55

Crowdson, 240

Dallicoat, 51

Delacroix, 285

Crowfoot, 141

Dallicott, 51

Delahunt, 51, 229

Crowne, 145

Dally waters, 51

Delapeyrere, 286

Crowson, 240

Damant, 41

De la Pryme, 180, n. 2

Crucifix, 167

Dame, 248, n. i

Delarbre, 280

Cruddas, 88

Darner, 41

Delarey, 72

Cruickshank, 140

Dames, 248, n. i

Delasalle, 285

Crum, 57

Damiens, 285

Delbridge, 51

Crumb, 173

Damm, 248, n. i

Delbriick, 296

Crummock, 94

Damms, 248, n. i

Delcasse, 286

Crump, 57

Damsell, 249

Delderfield, 51

Crundall, 57

Damson, 193

Delf, 58

Crundle, 57

Dancer, 118

Delhay, 51

Crunk-, 35, n.

Danckwerts, 42

Delhuary, 106

Crust, 173

Dando, 180

Dellaway, 51

Cubitt, 43

Dankl, 293

Dellew, 51

Cuckson, 239

Dansereau, 287

Dellow, 51

Cudlipp, 21

Danvers, 51

Delph, 58

Cue, 318

Darboy, 280

Del pier re, 285

Culpepper, 268
Cumberpatch, 327

Darcy, 51
Darey, 108

Delves, 58
Demichel, 284

Cundick, 177

Darnell, 188

Denis, 10

Cupiss, 216

Dart, 245

Denisard, 10

Cupitt, 216

Darter, 161

Denison, 315, n. i

Cupper, 119

Dash, 51

Denmaid, 248

Curate, 210

Dashper, 213

Dennis, 14

Curie, 132

Dashwood, 51

Dent, 127

Curley, 132

Daudet, 283

Dentith, 223

Currant, 329

Daughtery, 327

Depew, 286

Curson, 211

D avers, 51

Depledge, 65

INDEX

339

Dernburg, 296

Dogood, 262

Dubailleul, 286

Derrick, 40

Dole, 57

Duberley, 51

Derry, 40

Dolittle, 22

Dubertrand, 284

Desbleds, 185

Dolloway, 51

Du Boulay, 51

Desbrosses, 55

Dollymore, 51

Dubreuil, 55

Descartes, 2 90

Domesday, 109

Dubuisson, 280

Desmasures, 104

Doolittle, 259

Ducat, 177

Desmoulins, 279

Doorbar, 326

Ducker, 102

Desorges, 186

Doowra, 84

Duckering, 103

Despagne, 285

Dore, 157

Duckers, 96

Despots, 285

Dorfschmidt, 298

Duckett, 128, 177

Despreaux, 286

Dorrell, 44

Duckhouse, 96

Dethridge, 40

Dorsey, 51

Duclaux, 280

Deutsch, 64, n. 2

Dot, 10

Duclos, 280

Devill, 209

Dottin, 10, 283

Duell, 58

Devlin, 22, n.

Doubleday, 236

Dufaure, 287

Devrient, 201

Doublett, 150

Dufour, 286

Dewberry, 193

Doubt, 327

Du Fournet, 286

Dewell, 58

Doubtfire, 258

Dugard, 182

de Witt, 301

Doubting, 327

Dugort, 6 1

Dewsnap, 78

Doust, 58

Duguid, 262

Dewsnip, 78

Doutrepont, 49

Duly, 182

Diamond, 41, 158

Dovet, 128

Dumas, 286

Diaper, 103

Dovey, 133

Dumesnil, 286

Dibb, 58

Dowd, 327

Dumouriez, 280

Dibble, 58, 209, n. i

Dowding, 327

Dumphrey, 39

Dible, 209, n. i

Dowell, 58, 254

Dumpress, 39

Dickhaut, 301

Dowey, 103, n. 2

Dumsday, 109

Dickman, 231

Dowle, 58

Dunbabin, 242

Didcock, 92

Downhard, 52

Dunbobbin, 242

Diderot, 285

Downton, 52

Duncalf, 241

Didon, 285

Downward, 52

Dunnaker, 93

Didot, 285

Drage, 186

Diinnebacke, 301

Dienst, 302

Dragon, 209

Dunnett, 87, n. 3

Dietrich, 293

Drain, 58

Dunphie, 107

D/0te, 293

Drakers, 96

Dunsire, 248

Digweed, 262

Drakeyoung, 243

Dunt, 58

Dillamore, 51

Drane, 58

Dupleix, 70

Dillicar, 58

Drawater, 257

Duplessis, 286

Dillistones, 51

Drawbridge, 106

Duplex, 70

Dilloway, 51

Drawer, 116

Duplock, 70

Dingle, 40

Dredge, 186

Dupont, 279

Dintenfass, 167, n. 3

Dreng, 234

Duppery, 51

Diotisalvi, 317, w. 2

Dresser, 116

Dupre, 51, 279

Diplock, 70

Drew, 310

Dupree, 51

Dipper, 103

Drews, 310

Dupuis, 285

Dipple, 40

Dreyfus, 166

Dupuy, 286

Diprose, 286

Dring, 234

Duquesne, 286

Disher, 117

Drinkale, 259

Durbar, 326

Dishman, 117

Drinkall, 259

Durden, 127, n.

Dismore, 178

Drinkhall, 259, »•

Duredent, 127, n.

Disper, 215

Drinkwater, 252

Durescu, 160

Ditcheatt, 91

Dron, 58

Durose, 85

Ditchett, 91, n., 128, n. i

Drought, 217

Durrell, 44

Diver, 102

Druce, 310

Dussault, 286

Dixneuf, 179, n.

Drudge, 186

Dust, 329

Dobson, 314

Drum, 176

Dusting, 329

Docker, 103

Drummer, 176

Dutoit, 108

Doggett, 128

Dryander, 305

Dwerryhouse, 98

340

INDEX

Dwight, 89

Elvish, 32

Fairgray, 230

Dyas, 96

Elwall, 32

Fairgrief, 230

Dyball, 40

Elwin, 32

Fairhead, 128

Dyhouse, 96

Emblem, 217

Fairless, 149

Dyson, 315

Emblin, 217

Fairman, 38

Dyter, 115

Emery, 41

Fairmaner, 240

Emmett, 325

Fairminer, 240

Eachard, 38
Ealand, 59

Emperor, 199
Enderwick, 52

Fairplay, 232
Fairservice, 221

Bales, 62

Engeham, 219

Fairweather, 235, «. i

Eames, 245

England, 64

Faith, 218

Earl, 241

Engleheart, 31

Fakes, 45

Earp, 44

English, 64, n. 2

Falcke, 302

Earskin, 143

Ennion, 7, 191

Falcon, 45, n.

Earthy, 36

Ennis, 64

Falconas, 97

Eastaway, 70, 76, n.

Enock, 206

Falgate, 91

Eastland, 99

Enslin, 31

Falkenhayn, 296

Eastwood, 90

Enticknap, 21

Falkous, 97

Eat well, 255

Enys, 64

Fall, 59

Eaves, 59

Erbsmehl, 303

Fann, 59, 107

Eberhard, 293

Erwin, 35

Fanner, 59

Eberlin, 35

Escreet, 87

Fant, 245, 247

Ebers, 35

Essery, 86, n. 2

Faraday, 233

Eborn, 75, «•

Esson, 240

Faraway, 100

Eck, 295
Ecorcheville, 257, 288

Ethawes, 50
Ettershank, 140

Farbrace, 140
Farbrother, 247

Edicker, 44

Evamy, 197

Fardell, 59

Edmead, 50

Eve, 204

Farebrother, 247

Eeles, 62

Everard, 34, 35

Fareweather, 235, n. i

Efemey, 197

Everett, 35, 95, 322

Farewell, 181, n. i, 220

Ehrenkonig, 304

Everwin, 35

Farman, 38

Ehrlich, 301

Ewart, ii

Farmery, 107

Eichhorn, 302

Ewbank, 161, n.

Farminer, 240

Eidam, 246

Ewer, 105

Farmmedows, 85

Eighteen, 179

Expence, 106

Farndell, 59

Eisenbeiss, 303

Eye, 125, 133

Farnorth, 89

Eland, 59

Eyett, 133

Farraker, 93

Elborn, 75, n.

Eynon, 191

Farrar, 131

Elcock, 92

Farrimoncl, 39

Elder, 248

Faber, 15

Farrow, 205

Element, 217

Fabre, 280

Farthing, 38, 59, 177

Elfleet, 32

Fabricius, 305

Farwell, 220

Elflitt, 32

Face, 130

Fassbcnder, 299

Elgar, 1 68

Facer, 273

Fathers, 146, 244

Ellicock, 92

Facon, 45, n.

Fatout, 289

Ellicott, 92

Fadder, 244

Faultless, 149

Elliman, 217

Faehndrick, 300

Faunt, 245, 247

Ellwand, 164

Faggetter, 115

Fauntleroy, 247

Eliway, 37

Fairbairn, 247

Faure, 280

Elnough, 32

Fairbard, 240

~Paust, 127, 301

Elphick, ii

Fairbeard, 136, 240

Fa veil, 132

Elrod, 164

Fair brass, 140

Fawcus, 97

Elsdsser, 295

Fairbrother, 247

Fawkes, 45, n.

Elsegood, 243

Fairburn, 247

Fazakerley, 20

Elster, 301

Fairchild, 247

Feakes, 45, n.

Elston, 32

Faircloth, 88

Fear, 318

Elver, 32

Fairer, 131

Fearing, 329

Elvidge, 32

Fairest, 95

Fearnside, 184

Elvin, ii

Fairfoul, 250, n., 319

Fearon, 329

INDEX

Feast, 127

Flattery, 222

Forse, 60

Feather, 146

Plavell, 132

Forss, 60

Featherstonehaugh, 62

Flawn, 114, «. i

Forstner, 297

Feggs, 45, n.

Flaxman, 237

Fortescue, 160

Felgate, 91

Flay, 325

Fortnum, 241

Felthouse, 96

Flear, 112

Forty, 179

Fenbough, 86

Flechier, 287

Forward, 52

Fennell, 188, 189

Flecker, 112

Fosdike, 60

Penning, 65

Fleischhauer, 299

Foskett, 91

Ferdasne, 1 66

Fleming, 103, n. 2

Foss, 60

Fereday, 233

F lemming, 295

Fossey, 63

Ferler, 114

Flesher, in

Fostall, 60

Fermidge, 174

Fletcher, in

Foster, 119

Fern, 184

Flewitt, 176

Foster john,2 2 8 n. i, 242

Ferriday, 233

Flicker, 112

Foucault, 290

Ferron, 288

Flinders, 130, n.

Foucht, 282

Fertt, 286

Flirty, 325

Foulkes, 45

Fessey, 139

Flood, 142

Four, 179

Fettiplace, 258

Flook, 45

Fouracre, 93

Fhire, 280

Flower, 189

Fourreau, 73

Fewkes, 45

Flowerday, 197

Fournel, 169

Fewster, 119

Flowerdew, 197

Fouweather, 235, n. i

Fice, 244

Floyd, 142

Fower, 114

Fichte, 295

Fluck, 45

Foweraker, 93

Fiddian, 39

Flud, 142

Fowkes, 45

Fidel, 176

Fluke, 45

Foxon, 240

Fiddy, 39

Flute, 176

Foyle, 60

Fiddyment, 39

Flutter, 176

Foyster, 119

Fidler, 176

Flux, 45

Framboise, 194

Fielding, 65

Flv, 325

Framboisier, 1 94

Fifehead, 2, 128

Fo'ad, 246

France, 64, n. 2

Fifett, 2, 128

Foakes, 45

Frangipani, 252

Fifoot, 91

Foat, 246

Frankland, 99

Filbert, 193

Foch, 46, 282

Frary, 109

File, 1 68

Fochier, 2 82

Frater, 107

Files, 169

Fogg, 45

Frazer, 39

Fill, 1 68

Foister, 119

Freeh, 300

Fillery, 18, 247

Foljambe, 141

Freebody, 129

Filon, 283

Folgate, 91

Freeborn, 44

Filpot, 263

Folk, 45

Freeborough, 180

Finbow, 86

Folkard, 27, 40

Freeguard, 41

Findeisen, 304

Folker, 38, 45

Freeland, 99

Fink, 301

Folkes, 45

Freelove, 29, 39

Finnis, 97, 216

Food, 246

Freeman, 42

Firbank, 161, n.

Fooks, 45

Freemantle, 148

Firebrace, 140

Foot, 125, n. i, 141

Freemont, 29

Fireman, 38

Force, 60

Freestone, 39

Firmage, 174

Fordy, 179

Frere, 215, 245

Fish wick, 223

Forehead, 130

Freshney, 87

Fist, 127

Foresight, 217

Fret well, 255

Fitchell, no

Forfeitt, 219

Freude, 302

Fitton, 219

Forget, 91

Frew, 46

Fitz, 244

Forgrieve, 230

Frewin, 46

Fitzackerley, 20

Forkett, 91

Frey, 301

Fitzhull, 319

Forman, 230

Freytag, 302

Flambert, 275

Forrestal, 60

Friary, 109

Flather, 114
Flatman, 60

Forresthill, 85
Forrett, 130

Fricker, 39, 102
Friendship, 220

Flatt, 59

Forsdike, 60

Frift, 220

342

INDEX

Fright, 60

Gaicote, 148

Frizell, 39

Gaiger, 171

Frogson, 240

Gainer, ^Jer"

Frohlich, 301

Gaiter, 125, 152

Froissart, 40

Gale, 311

Froment, 185

Gales, 311

Frostick, 60

Gall, 311

Frow, 46

Gallantree, 60

Froysell, 39

Gallery, 108

Fruen, 46

Galletly, 253

Fruhling, 302

Galley, 171

Frushard, 40

Galliver, 192

Frusher, 40

Gallon, 311

Fryer, 215

Gamage, 66, n.

Fuchs, 302

Gambray, 103, n. 2

Fudge, 45

Gamson, 159

Fudger, 45

Ganner, 316

Fuge, 45

Gansauge, 301

Fuggle, 79

Gape, 248, n. i

Fuke, 45

Gapp, 284, n. i

Fulcher, 38, 45

Garaud, 283

Fulk, 45

Garb ally, 160

Fulker, 38, 45

Gardebois, 289

Fullalove, 260

Gargate, 135

Fiillgrabe, 303

Gargett, 135

Fullilove, 260

Garland, 312

Full james, 141

Garlick, 124, 188

Fullkrug, 263, 303

Garnham, 137

Fullman, 237

Garnon, 137

Fulloway, 268

Garot, 283

Fulloon, 114

Garrett, 21, 108

Fun/schilling, 302

Garrod, 21

Filnfstuck, 302

Garrood, 21

Funnell, 169

Garroway, 100

Fiirbringer, 299

Garston, 60

Fiirchtegott, 261

. Gartland, 312

Furchtenicht, 304

Gartrude, 29

Furler, 114

Garvin, 38

Furmidge, 174

Garwood, 21

Furmy, 325

Gash, 311

Furnace, 108

Gasper, 158

Furnell, 169

Gass, 311

Furness, 108

Gasson, 311

Furnish, 108

Gastebled, 262

Furrell, 73

Gastebois, 262

Ftirst, 299

Gatbtt, 262

Furze, 184

Gate, 91, 312

Fuster, 119

Gater, 152

Futcher, 38, 45

Gates, 312

Fylde, 169

Gatherall, 266

Gathercole, 266

Gaby, 249

Gatherer, 116

Gadd, 155

Gathergood, 262

Gaff, 245

Gatling, 322

Gaffer, 245

Gaukrodger, 243

Gage, 171, n.

Gaul, 311

Gager, 171

Gaunt, 21

Gagnedenier, 263

Gauntlett, 151

Gagnepain, 277

Gawler, in

Gaybell, 243
Gayfer, 245
Gaynor, 316
Gayter, 152
Gay tor, 152
Gazard, 241, ». 2
Gaze, 311
Geary, 316
Geator, 152
Gebhardt, 44
Gelhaar, 301
Gellatly, 253
Gellibrand, 39
Gemmell, 249
Gennery, 108
Genower, 108
Gentleman, 105
Gentry, 218
George, 209
Germain, 206, n.
Gerstenkorn, 303
Gessler, 43
Getgood, 262
Geyer, 301
Ghost, 214
Gibbons, 315
Giberne, 247
Giblett, 142
Giffard, 44
Giggle, 157
Gilbert, 43
Gildemeister, 299
Gildersleeve, 151
Gilham, 279
Gillies, 238, n.
Gillibrand, 39
Gillingwater, 161, «*
Gilliver, 192
Gilman, 236
Gilpin, 161, n.
Gilstrap, 95
Giltpen, 161, n.
Gimblett, 169
Ginger, 188
Ginnery, 108
Giotto, 30

Girdwood, 252, n. 3
Gladstone, 255
Gladwin, 43
Glaisher, 227
Glave, 162
Gleadle, 255
Gleaves, 162
Gledhill, 255
Gledstanes, 255
Glew, 219
Glidewell, 255
Gluck, 302
Glue, 219

INDEX

GneisenaUj 295
Goacher, 248

Goodday, 233
Goodearl, 241

Goad, 208

Goodenough, 318

Gobb, 30

Goodered, 221

Gobbett, 30

Goodey, 236

Gobby, 30

Goodfellow, 232

Gobert, 30

Goodgame, 232

Goble, 30

Goodhart, 142

Godbehere, 181

Goodheart, 142

Godbolt, 30
Goddard, 231
Godsall, 21, 182, 244, n.

Goodhead, 220
Goodhew, 232
Goodhind, 231

Godsave, 316

Goodhue, 232

Godsell, 21, 42

Goodhugh, 232

Godsiff, 316

Goodier, 314

Godsmark, 246

Goodiff, 236

Godson, 208, 245

Goodjohn, 242

Godwin, 27

Goodlad, 231

Goe, 328

Goodlamb, 241

Goeben, 292

Goodland, 99

Goethe, 30, 292

Goodlass, 231

Goetz, 292
Goffin, 132, n. i

Goodlet, 231
Goodlud, 231

Going, 329

Goodman, 236

Gold, 46, 157

Goodnow, 318

Golden, 157

Goodread, 221

Goldhawk, 45

Goodred, 221

Goldicott, 92

Goodrich, 30

Golding, 157, 328

Goodrop, 242

Goldmore, 45

Goodrum, 37

Goldney, 133

Goodsall, 182

Goldring, 157

Goodsir, 248

Goldspring, 78

Goodship, 218

Goldstraw, 196

Goodson, 247

Goldstone, 41

Goodspeed, 218

Goldswain, 234

Goodswen, 234

Goldwin, 27, 45

Goodswin, 234

Golfter, 35

Goodway, 37

Golightly, 253

Goodwill, 243

Gombert, 43

Goodwillie, 243

Gomme, 134

Goodwin, 30

Gompertz, 43

Goodwright, 227

Gondibert, 43

Goose, 201, n., 241, n. 2

Goninfaure, 228, n. i

Gooseman, 241, n. 2

Good, 30

Goosey, 133

Goodair, 314

Gorse, 184

Goodale, 174

Gorstidge, 90

Goodbairn, 230, 247

Gorsuch, 90

Goodban, 230

Gort, 61

Goodband, 230, 247

Gospatrick, 238, n.

Goodbeer, 124, 174

Gossage, 90

Goodbehere, 181

Gossett, 128

Goodbody, 129
Goodbrand, 243

Gossip, 119, 245
Gostick, 90

Goodbun, 230, 247

Gostige, 90

Goodchap, 232

Got, 284

Goodcheap, 232

Gotbed, 268

Goodchild, 225, 225, n.,

Gotobed, 268

247

Gott, 50

343

Gottbehiit, 302

Gotthel/, 302
Gotts chalk, 42
Gottwaltz, 302
Goucher, 248
Gough, 132, n, i
Goulden, 157
Gover, 98, 253, n. i
Governor, 207
Govier, 98
Govis, 98
Gower, 314
Gowler, in
Goy, 328

Gozzard, 241, n. 2
Graddige, 196
Graff, 299
Grain, 156
Graindorge, 196
Grandage, 196
Grandclement, 285
Grandcolas, 285
Grandison, 246
Grangier, 288
Grape, 61
Grapes, 193
Grasett, 128, n. i
Grasmeder, 114
Gratton, 60
Gravenor, 229
Gravett, 128, n. i
Grayfoot, 141
Grayson, 239
Greatbatch, 53
Greathed, 128
Greaves, 160
Greed, 219
Greedy, 219
Green, 16, 154
Greenacre, 76, n.
Greenall, 62, 76, n.
Greenaway, 70, 76, n.
Greenberry, 76, ».
Greener, 104, n. 2
Greenfield, 76, n.
Greengrass, 76, «., 186
Greenhalgh, 61, 76, n.
Greenhall, 62, 76, n.
Greenhead, 76, n.
Greenhill, 76, n.
Greenhorn, 76, »., 89,

n. 2

Greenhough, 76, «.
Greenhouse, 76, n.
Greening, 65, 76, n.
Greenist, 76, «. i, 95
Greenland, 76, w.
Greenlaw, 76, «.
Greenleaf, 215

344

INDEX

Greenlees, 76, n.

Guest, 102

Half acre, 93

Greenoak, 94

Guill-, 282

Half head, 128

Gieenop, 76, n.

Guillaume, 279

Half hide, 128, n. 3

Greenprice, 228, n. i

Guinea, 177

Half night, 235

Greenrod, 76, n., 155

Guiscard, 137

Halfpenny, 17"

Greenrovd, 76, n.

Gullard, 204

Halfside, 138

Gieensall, 73, 76, «•

Gullett, 204

Haliburton, 60

Greenshields, 75, 76, n.

Gulliver, 35

Halkett, 62

Greensides, 76, n., 138

Gully, 204

Hallas, 97

Greensill, 76, n.

Gullyes, 204

Halleck, 62

Greensmith, 228

Gum, 134

Hallett, 62

Greenstock, 76, n.

Gumbrell, 44

Hallman, 235, n. 2

Greenup, 73, 76, w.

Gumpert, 43

Hallmark, 178

Greenward, 76, «.

Gunnell, 36, «. i, 37,

Hallowbread, 173

Greenwebb, 230

149

Hallows, 6 1

Greenwell, 76, n.

Gunther, 293

Hallpike, 51, 161

Greenwood, 76, n.

Gunwin, 37

Halman, 235

Greep, 61

Guntrip, 95

Halse, 135

Grenfell, 76, n.

Guster, 105

Halsey, 32

Grennan, 137

Gutbier, 303

Hamahard, 258

Grethe, 295

Gutenberg, 296

Hamar, 169

Grew, 92

Guthans, 295

Hamblock, 184

Grewcock, 91

Guthrum, 37

Hames, 61

Grey, 154

Gutjahr, 305

Hammer, 169

Greysmith, 229

Gutknecht, 300

Hammond, 41

Grice, 185

Outsell, 42, 182

Hamper, 125

Grief, 230

Guyer, 112

Hamon, 41

Grieve, 226

Gwyer, 112

Han, 10, 280

Griffin, 209

Gyer, 112

Hamshar, 75, 88

Grimble, 40, 44

Gygas, 305

Hancock, 313

Grimmett, 44, n. i

Hand, 139

Grimshaw, 76, n.
Grinrod, 76, n., 155

Habberjam, 159
Habberjan, 159

Handasyde, 138
Handel, 293

Grinter, 81

Habbijams, 159

Handewerk, 304

Grist, 1 86

Habenicht, 304

Handover, 263

Gristock, 76, n.

Habershon, 159

Hands, 139

Grobschrnied, 228

Habgood, 262

Handsomebody, 129

Grocott, 91

Habicht, 302

Handyside, 138

Groocock, 91

Hachette, 168

Hanfstaengl, 197

Groom, 105

Hackblock, 258

Hanger, 61

Grosclaude, 285

Hackenschmidt, 298

Hankin, 313

Gr os jean, 242

Hackwood, 258

Hann, 313

Gross, 300

Hadaway, 37

Hanotaux, 10, 280

Grossjohann, 295

Haddrell, 135

Hanoi, 10, 280

Grosskopf, 301

Hadwin, 37

Hanotot, 10, 280

Grossmith, 228

Hagen, 41

Hans, 294

Grosvenor, 229

Haggas, 174

Hansard, 33, n.

Groucott, 91

Haghand, 257

Hansell, 31, 33, n., 273

Ground, 61

Hahn, 302

Hansom, 20

Grounds, 61

Haimes, 61

Hanson, 313

Groundwater, 85

Hain, 41

Hap good, 262

Growcock, 91

Haines, 41

Harbord, 44

Growcott, 91

Hair, 131

Harbour, 107

Grudgeon, 242

H airlock, 131

Hard, 61

Grummett, 44, n. i

Hakluyt, 264

Hardacre, 92

Grun, 154, 300

Halbard, 161

Hardaker, 92

Grundy, 61

Halbert, 161

Hardbattle, 152

Griinewald, 295

Haldane, 44

Harder, 61

Gubbins, 315

Hale, 62

Hardicker, 92

INDEX

345

Hardiment, 222

Hayhoe, 328

Hew, 232

Hardman, 42

Haynes, 41

Hewes, 232

Hardrib, 139

Hayter, 81

Hewett, 322

Hardmeat, 186

Hay tor, 81

Hewish, 84

Hards, 61

Hay wood, 112, n. 2

Hewlings, 42

Hardstaff, 145, 155

Hazard, 218

Hewson, 239

Hardware, 165
Hargood, 38

Head, 124, 125
Headborough, 180, n. i

Hibbert, 42
Hickmott, 246

Harkaway, 100

Headland, 99

Hide, 63

Harker, 97, 133, n.

Headrigg, 99

Hig-, 321

Harkey, 133

Heal, 62, 222

Higgins, 316

Harkiris, 133, n.

Heald, 62

Hildick, 37

Harkus, 97

Hearn, 62, n. 2

Hilditch, 37

Harliss, 131

Hearsom, 308

Hilger, 37

Harlock, 131

Hearson, 308

Hill, 47

Harman, 28

Heart, 142

Hilldrop, 95

Harnack, 301

Heath, 62

Killers, 97

Harness, 158

Heathcock, 92

Hilly ar, 37

Harnisch, 159

Heaven, 210

Hind, 226

Harp, 176

Heaviside, 138

Hindenburg, 296

Harper, 176

Hebbel, 293

Hinder, 104

Harrap, 63

Hebestreit, 304

Hindhaugh, 52

Harraway, 37

Hecht, 302

Hindman, 237

Harriman, 236

Heckler, 115

Hindmarsh, 52

Harrismith, 228

Hector, 81, 216

Hinds, 232

Harrison, 308

Heels, 142

Hindson, 239

Harrold, 188, n.

Heigho, 328

Hine, 226, 232

Harrowsmith, 228

Heinemann, 295

Hirsch, 302

Harsnip, 78

Hell, 210

Hitch, 321

Harsum, 308

Hellcat, 210, n. i

Hitch-, 321

Hartfree, 142

Helm, 63, 159

Hitcheon, 321

Hartnoll, 130

Helmer, 38, 159

Hitchmough, 246

Hartnupp, 128

Helms, 63

Hoad, 63

Hartog, 299
Hartshorn, 64, 89

Hempenstall, 197
Hempseed, 124, 196

Hoath, 63
Hobart, 42

Hase, 302

Hendyside, 138

Hobgood, 262

Haskell, 30, 33, n.

Henfrey, 41

Hobman, 40

Hasluck, 33, n.

Henrici, 294

Hochgeschiirz, 304

Hassard, 218

Hensher, 104

Hockenhall, 87

Hassett, 218

Henwright, 227

Hoffmann, 295

Hatchard, 33, n.

Herapath, 63

Hofmeister, 300

Hatchett, 168

Herbage, 107

Hogg, 310

Hatfull, 250, n.

Herbert, 44

Hogness, 132, n. 2

Hathaway, 37

Herbst, 302

Hogsett, 128

Hatherall, 135

Hercules, 215

Hogsflesh, 172

Hatred, 37

Herd, 226

Holbein, 301

Hatt, 145, 146

Herdson, 239

Holdship, 221

Hatter, 147, n. i

Herepath, 63

Hollas, 97

Hatto, 47

Herkless, 215

Hollebon, 143

Haueisen, 303

Herod, 207

Hollier, 102

Hauenschild, 303

Herrick, 29

Holliman, 143, n. 3

Haugh, 61

Hersom, 308

Hollindrake, 170

Haupt, 126, 301

Herwegh, 63

Hollingrake, 170

Hauptmann, 300

HfYzog, 299

Hollingshead, 220, n. 3

Hawke, 62

Heseltine, 31

Hollinpriest, 228, n. 3

Hawkes, 62

Hesmondhalgh, 61

Hollobone, 143

Hawkett, 128

Hcss, 295

Holloman, 143, n. 3

Hawkey, 133

Hcsslich, 300

Hollowbread, 173

Hawkins, 32

Hever, 103

Hollyhead, 220, n. 3

346

INDEX

Hollyoak, 94

Hubble,

40

Inglett, ?i

Holm wood, 91

Hubert,

42

Inglis, 64, n. 2

Holness, 220

Hubrecht. 293

Ingold, 45

Holyhead, 220, n. 3

Hiibsch,

300

Ingoll, 31

Holyoak, 94

Hucks, 63

Instance, 221

Holzhauer, 299

Huelin, 329

tremonger, 4

Honeyball, 33

Huff, 62

Ironmonger, 226, «.

Honeybourne, 307, n. 2

Hufnagel, 166, 304

Ironside, 138

Honeybun, 173, 307,

Huf schmidt, 298

Irrgang, 303

n. 2

Huggins

42

trwin, 35

Honeychild, 307, n. 2

Hugh, 42, 217, 232

Isbister, 55

Honeychurch, 307, n. 2

Hughes,

7, 321 Ivermee, 197

Honeycomb, 307, n, 2

Huish, 84

[vey, 185

Honeyman, 237

Hulance

161 Ivimey, 197

Honeysett, 74, 307, n. 2

Hulbert,

319 Ivor, 31

Honeywell, 307, n. 2

Hulin, 329 Ivy, 185

Honeywill, 308

Hulk, 64 Ivyleaf, 196

Honeywood, 307, n. 2

Hull, 319

Honnor, 63

Hullett,

42

[ack, 150

Honour, 63, 217

Hullins,

161

[ackaman, 236

Hood, 15, 145, 146

Hullyer,

102

[ackett, 150

Hoodless, 149

Human,

236

[ackman, 40

Hook, 63

Humbert

33

[ackways, 100

Hope, 63, 218

Humboldt, 33 Jacoby, 294

Hopewell, 254

Humm, 226, n. 2 Jagg, 156, n. i

Hopgood, 262

Humperdinck, 33 Jagow, 295

Hopper, 118

Humphrey, 33 Jakobsen, 7, n.

Hopwell, 254

Hun, 173 Jamin, 282

H or lick, 131

Hundertmark, 302 Janders, 97

Horlock, 131

Hunerftirst, 305 Janicot, 283

Horn, 62, n. 2., 64

Hunnybun, 307, n. 2 January, 108, n.

Hornblow, 268

Hunt, 226, 229 Janways, 100

Hornblower, 176

Huntbach, 53 Jarmany, 206, «.

Hornbuckle, 152

Huntback, 263 Jarvis, 83

Hornett, 325

Huntress, 230 Jasper, 158

Horniblow, 268

Huntriss

, 230 Jay, 201, n.

Horsegood, 30

Hurlbatt

, 268 Jeanroy, 228, n. i

Horsfall, 59

Hurn, 62

, n. 2 Jeary, 316

Horsfield, 59, n.

Hurst, 47, 95 Jekyll, 157

Horsnaill, 165

Husband, 226, 245 Jellicoe, 283

Horsnell, 165

Hush, 106 Jellicorse, 129

Hose, 152

Husher,

106

enner, 108

Hosegood, 30

Hussey, 236

ennerway, 100

Hosmer, 33, n.

ennins, 5

Hough, 62, 310

Icemonger, 326

eremiah, 206

House, 47

Iddols, 323

ermany, 206, n.

Household, 105

Idle, 64

ermy, 206

Houseman, 237

Ilett, 64

ermyn, 206

How, 62

Imray, 41

essemay, 185

Howard, 322, n. i

Imrie, 41

'esser, 298, n.

Howchin, 42

Ince, 64

'essiman, 185

Howell, 1 8, n. i

Inch, 64

'ester, 105

Howitt, 322

Ind, 134

estico, 150

Howling, 329

Inderwick, 52

eudwin, 27, 45

Hoy, 171

Ing, 64

ewell, 157

Hoyes, 324

Ingenohl,

296

ewers, 96

Huard, 322, n. I

Ingham,

219

ewster, 113

Huband, 247

Ingle, 45

ickles, 157

Hubbard, 42

Inglebright, 31

oel, 157

INDEX

347

foffre, 282
Joffrenot, 282
J off tin, 282

Kercher, 147
Kerchey, 147
Kerfoot. 91

Knack fuss, 140
Knaggs, 65
Knatchbull, 267

Joffron, 282

Kerr, 58

Knecht, 300

foffroy, 282

Kerruth, 303

Knee, 141

ohncock, 239

Kesselhut, 159

Kneefe, 234

^ohncook, 223, ».

K ess els chid ger, 299

Kneebone, 141

ohnson, 14, n. i

Ketch, 171

Kneese, 132, n. 2

ohnston, 240

Ketchel, 154

Knell, 65

Joliot, 289

Ketelhod, 159

Knevit, 235

folivard, 289

Kettle, 39

Knie, 141

^olivaud, 289

Kettleburn, 39

Knife, 161

r olivet, 289

Kettler, 297

Knight, 199, 226

Foil, 157

Kettlestring, 234

Knill, 65

roJy, 289

Kew, 15, n.

Knipe, 65

'onas, 204

Keyhoe, 87

Knivett, 235

ones, 7

Kibblewhite, 89

Knobloch, 303

oseland, too

Kiddell, 255

Koch, 300

Toubert, 30

Kidgell, 154

Konig, 299

oule, 157

Kidney, 142

Kopf, 126, 301

oyce, 6 1

Kid we 11, 255

Koster, 300

oynt, 130

Kiese;vetter, 303

Kraft, 219

udd, 20

Kiggel, 154

Kranefuss, 142

rudenfeind, 302

Kilmaster, 68, 262

Krdnzlin, 304

udson, 20

Kilmister, 68

Kraushaar, 301

ull, 157

Kilvert, 39

Krauskopf, 301

une, 237

Kind, 301

Krebs, 302

uneman, 237

Kindesvater, 301

Kreuz, 295

ungblut, 142, n.

Kindness, 218

Kriiger, 299

rungjohann, 295
unifer, 192

Kindred, 43
King, 198

Krummbein, 301
Kuchenbecker, 298

uniper, 192

Kingrose, 327

Kuhlmann, 296

runker, 300

Kingseller, 325

K up fer schmidt, 298

uster, 113

Kinnell, 36, 44

Kurcher, 147

ustice, 221, n.

Kinsey, 44

Kiirschner, 299

ustums, 20

Kinsman, 245

Kurtz, 300

utson, 20

Kirbyshire, 88

Kustenpfennig, 263

utsum, 20

Kirlew, 132

Kirtland, 88, n.

Labat, 211

tahl, 301

Kirtler, 118

Labbett, 211

Raiser, 299

Kitchell, 154

Labergere, 287

(alb, 302

Kitchen, 47, 106

Labouchere, 187

talckbrenner, 299

Kitcherside, 262, n. 2

La Bruyere, 2 90

Zalckreut, 296

Kitchingman, 235, n. 2,

La Caussade, 280

tamtnerich, 295

237

La Chauss6e, 280

'ampf, 296

Kittermaster, 68

Lackland, 149

'annengiesser, 299

Kittle, 39

Lacroix, 285

'anzler, 300

Kittler, 114

Ladd, 226

happier, 295

Kitto, 216

Ladkin, 232

"aulbars, 302

Klaus, 295

Ladson, 239

leeler, 114

Kleeblatt, 196-

Lafenestre, 96

[eemish, 133

Klein, 300

Laferte, 286

[eller, 147, n. 2

Kleinhans, 295

Lafille, 1 6 8, w. 2

lellogg, 257

Kleinschmitt, 297

La Fontaine, 290

lembery, 103, «. 2

Kleinsorg, 302

Lagneau, 314

lennard, 39
.ennaway, 37

Klinkhammer, 303
Klopstock, 252

Lagnel, 314
Laidler, 104

.enward, 39

Kluck, 293, 297

Laigle, 289

enwright, 227

Kluge, 301

Laignel, 314

24

348

INDEX

Laignelet, 314

Lavicount, 200

Lailavoix, 280

Lawless, 149

Lain 6, 248

Lawman, 40

Laker, 121

Lawty, 221

Lalance, 160

Layzell, 319

Lallemand, 279
Lamartine, 279, 284

Lazell, 319
Lazenby, 15

Lamb, 35, w.

Lea, 140

Lambert, 41

Leach, 65

Lambshead, 128

Leaf, 196

Lambs wool, 154

Leah, 206

Lamiral, 213

Leaper, 118

Lamort, 221, w.

Leapingwell, 85

Lampet, 69

Leathern, 208

Lampitt, 69

Lebas, 289

Lamputt, 69

Lebel, 289

Lance, 160

Leberger, 287

Landgraff, 299

Lebceuf, 289

Landless, 149
Landrieux, 284

Lebon, 279
Leborgne, 320

Landry, 108

Leboucher, 2 87

Landseer, 74

Lebwohl, 221

Lang, 35, n.

Lechien, 281

Lang, 300

Leclair, 280

Langabeer, 54

Leclerc, 280

Langbain, 143

Ledderhose, 301

Langbein, 301

Ledger, 40, 140

Langcake, 173

Leech, 65

Langhans, 295

Leeming, 89, n. 2

Langhorne, 64, 89, ». 2

Leese, 66

Langlois, 281

Lefevre, 280

Lankshear, 75, 88

Leftlleul, 245

Lapommeraye, 286

Legard, 140

Larbalestier, 287

Legg, 140

Larby, 212

Leggatt, 199

Larmor, 158

Leggett, 21

Larmour, 158

Leggott, 21

Larmurier, 287

Legood, 21

Larochefoucauld, 290

Legrand, 279

Larousse, 289

Legwood, 21

Lart, 65

Leichtfuss, 301

Larter, 65

Leif, 196

Lasalle, 285

Leigh, 140

Lascelles, 66, «. 2

Leighton, 60

Lasimmone, 284

Leimkiihler, 299

Last, 169

Leinhos, 301

Lathe, 169

Leithead, 128

Lathron, 208

Lejoint, 130

Latter, 120

Lekain, 281

Laumonier, 287

Lelerre, 208

Launder, 192

Leleu, 318

Laundry, 108

Lemaire, 280

Laundy, 107

Lemaitre, 279

Lautenschldger, 299

Lemerre, 280

Lavender, 192

Lemire, 288

Laventure, 218, n. 2

Lemm, 35, n., 130

Laventureux, 218, n. 2

Lenain, 249, w.

Laver, 103

Leng, 35, «.

Laverack, 259

Lenormand, 285

Lenz, 302
Leonard, 33
Lepetit, 279
Lepetitcorps, 289
Lepetitdidier, 285
Lepine, 285
Leplongeon, 103
Lequeux, 288
Lequien, 281
Lermitte, 209
Lerouge, 289
Leroy, 281
Leschallas, 155
Lescure, 281
Le Seilleur, 118, w. i
Lesprit, 214
Lessons, 66
Lestoile, 80
Lesturgeon, 289
Lesueur, 288
Letheren, 208
Leveau, 289
L6v&que, 281
Leveridge, 44
Levert, 154
Leveson, 196
Levesque, 281
Levibond, 230
Lew, 66, 318
Lewer, 106
Lewin, n
Lewry, 106
Lewtas, 98
Lewty, 221
Liberty, 66
Licence, 66
Liddiatt, 67
Lidgate, 67
Lidgett, 67
Liebe, 301
Liebknecht, 300
Liebeskind, 301
Liebetanz, 303
Liesegang, 303
Lightbody, 129
Lightbound, 230
Lightfoot, 141
Lightlad, 231
Lightollers, 93
Lightowler, 93
Lilienskjold, 75
Lilley, 190
Lillicrap, 197
Lilly, 124, 190
Lillycrop, 197
Lillyman, 237
Lillywhite, 124
Lilygreen, 190
Limb, 35, n., 127, 129

INDEX

Limbert, 130

Love grove, 261

Lirnmage, 167

Loveguard, 259

Limpenny, 177, n. 2

Lovejoy, 259

Lindeqmst, 304

Lovelace, 259

Lin el, 284

Lovelady, 259

Linfoot, 91

Loveland, 261

Ling, 35, n., 66

Loveless, 149, 259

Link, 66

Lovell, 260, n. 2

Linkin, 87

Lovelock, 131

Linkinwater, 161, n.

Loveluck, 259

Lippett, 67

Lover, 122

Lippiatt, 67 •

Loveridge, 44

Liptrapp, 327
Liptrott, 327

Lover ock, 259
Loverseed, 74

Lipyeat, 67

Lovesey, 44

List, 67

Love well, 255

Littleboy, 231

Lovibond, 230

Littlechild, 247

Low, 310

Littlecole, 315, n. 2

Lowas, 97

Littledyke, 243

Lowe, 302

Littlejohn, 215, 225,

Lower, 106

242

Lowis, 97

Littlepage, 241

Lowson, 310

Littleproud, 222
Littler, 86

Loyal, 327
Luchterhand, 304

Littley, 133

Luck, 218

Li verse ed, 74

Luckup, 259

Livery, 44

Ludwig, 44, 293

Livesey, 44

Luffery, 44

Loakes, 67

Lugger, 326

Loalday, 221

Lumb, 35, «., no

Loane, 67

Lung, 142

Lockbane, 270

Lury, 10 6

Locker, 227

Lush, 106

Lockless, 149

Lusher, 106

Locksmith, 227

Luther, 44

Lockyer, 227

Luter, 176

Lofficiaux, no, n. i

Lilt jens, 242, 295

Loftus, 97

Lutman, 237

Lois el, 319

Luty, 221, 242

Lomb, 35, «., 130
Lone, 67

Lutyens, 242
Lyall, 327

Long, 35, n.

Lyautey, 221

Longbones, 143

Lyde, 67

Longcake, 173

Lydiate, 67

Longfoot, 141

Lyle, 103, «. 2, 327

Longmaid, 248

Lynch, 66

Longmate, 240

Lysons, 66

Longstaff, 124

Lyteman, 237

Loop, 67

Lyth, 67

Lord, 200

Loring, 103, «. 2

Lothair, 44

Maber, 40

Louis, 44

Macbrain, 142

Love, 260

MacCorquodale, 31

Loveband, 230

Macer, in

Lovecraft, 261

Machell, 241

Loveday, 230, 233

Macheprang, 303

Love good, 261

Machin, 242

349

Mackensen, 294
MacLeish, 238, n. 2
Maclise, 150
MacManus, 239, n. 2
MacMillan, 238, n.
Mactear, 143
Madle, 250
Mdgdefrau, 304
Magnus, 239, w. 2
Magnusson, 239, «. 2
Mahood, 327
Maiden, 248
Maidland, 248
Mailer, 104
Main, 46, 139
Mainpidge, 20
Mainprice, 20, 213, n. 3
Mair, 320, n. 4
Maize, 186-
Major, 40
Makeman, 263
Makemead, 270
Makepeace, 254
Malabar, 40
Malaspina, 291
Malchien, 242
Malcolm, 238, n.
Male, 249
Malebranche, 291
Malesherbes, 188
Malherbe, 188, 291
Maliphant, 247
Malise, 238, n.
Mallett, 169
Mallory, 213
Malone, 104, 238, ».
Malpress, 235
Malsher, 245
Malthus, 97
Maltravers, 19
Mammon, 212
Mamprize, 20
Manbridge, 250, n.
Manchip, 220
Manclark, 234
Mandlin, 176
Manesse, 303
Manfred, 29
Manfull, 249
Mangnall, 162
Manifold, 250
Mankelow, 256, «.
Mankin, 249
Manktelow, 256, n.
Manlove, 260
Mann, 226, 236
Mansbridge, 250, n.
Manship, 220
Manson, 239

350

INDEX

Mantel, 301
Mantell, 124, 148
Manteuffel, 305
Many weathers, 235, n.i
Marat, 284
Marbrow, 262
March, 68, 313
Marchandise, 172, 311
Marchandy, 172
Marcy, 221, n.
Mar got, 284
Margoton, 284
Mariette, 284
Marigold, 191
Marillier, 288
Mariotte, 284
Marjoram, 188
Mark, 68
Markgraff, 299
Markland, 99
Marklove, 261
Marklow, 261
Marler, 115
Marment, 315, n. 2
Marmion, 19, 315, n. 2
Marmon, 315, n. 2
Marot, 2 84
Marquis, 199
Marr, 68
Marrow, 245
Marrs, 68
Marschall, 300
Marsh, 313

Marshall, 105, 106, «.
Marshallsay, 106 •
Marshalsea, 106
Marston, 68
Mart, 85, n.
Marthouse, 85
Martiboy, 231, n. 2
Martlew, 261
Martlow, 261
Martyr, 208
Marvell, 218
Marwood,- 257, n.
Mas, 283
Maschinendraht, 167,

n. 3

Mascord, 107
Maskelyne, 249
Maslin, 186
Masst, 283
Massenet, 283
M asset, 283
Massillon, 186, 283
Massingberd, 136
Massinger, 209, «. 2
Master, 68
Masters, 68

Mate, 240

Mellon, 194

Mater, 107, n. i

Mellsop, 268

Mather, 107, n. i

Melody, 215

Matthaei, 294

Membery, 217

Matthias, 206

Memmett, 212

Mattock, 169

Memmott, 212

Maubert, 40

Memory, 217

Mauclerc, 234

Mempriss, 20

Maud'huy, 288

Manage, 105

Maudling, no

Mendary, no

Mauduit, 288

Mendelssohn, 294

Maufe, 68, 246

Menlove, 260

Maufildtre, 250

Mercer eau, 287

Mauger, 40

Mercy, 221, n.

Maugirard, 285

Merredy, 197

Mault, 297

Merriday, 197

Maund, 165

Merridew, 197

Maunoury, 288

Merriman, 215

Maupertuis, 286

Merriment, 215

Maw, 67, 246

Merryweather,235, n. i

Mawditt, 288

Mesher, 104

Mawer, 17, 323

Messenger, 209, «. 2

Mawhood, 327

Metcalfe, 241

Mawman, 212

Meteyard, 164

May, 246, 248

Mewis, 98

Maybin, 247

Meyer, 298, 305

May dew, 197

Meyler, 104

Mayes, 186

Meymott, 212

Mayhew, 197

Meynell, 42

Mayle, 249

Miall, 103, n. 2

Maynard, 28, 46

Michaelwaite, 88

Mayne, 46, 139
Mayo, 197

Micklejohn, 242
Micklewright, 227

Mayor, 320, n. 4

Middleage, 95

Mead, 248

Middleditch, 237, n.i

Meader, 114

Middleman, 237

Meadows, 96

Middlemass, 237

Meadus, 96

Middlemiss, 97

Meals, 68

Middlemist, 97

Mean well, 255

Middleweek, 95

Mears, 68, 320, n, 4

Midgall, 62

Measure, 104

Midnight, 235

Meat, 1 86

Midy, 235

Meatman, 237

Miggles, 103, n. 2

Meatyard, 164

Mighill, 103, n. 2

Medlar, 193

Mildmay, 208, 248

Medlicott, 148

Miles, 103, n. 2

Megenhard, 293

Milk, 174

Meiklejohn, 242

Millard, 180, 322, «. 2

Meiklereid, 221

Millband, 230, n. 3

Meilleur, 323

Millett, 1 86

Meissonnier, 287

Millhouse, 97

Melady, 215

Milliard, 180

Melladew, 197

Milliner, 119

Mellalieu, 197

Million, 1 80

Mellalue, 197

Millist, 97

Meller, 322

Millmaker, 226, n. i

Mellers, 97

Millward, 322, n. 2

Mellis, 97, 238, «. j

Milner, 119

INDEX

351

Milsopp, 249, 268

Mosscrop, 191

Neame, 249

Milvain, 238, n.

Mossendew, 109

Neander, 305

Mimpress, 20
Minchin, 210

Mothers, 244
Mothersole, 182

Neap, 195
Neathway, 52

Mingay, 68

Mothersill, 182

Neave, 245

Miuiken, 249

Mould, 297, 315

Neck, 135

Minister, 68

Moule, 315

Neech, 245

Minster, 68

Mountjoy, 68

Needle, 166

Minstrell, 115

Mountsier, 248

Needier, 166, n. z

Miskin, 186, n.

Mouth, 134

Neef, 301

Mister, 68

Mowbrav, 217

Neelder, 166, n, z

Mitten, 151

Mudd, 58

Neep, 195

Mittenzweig, 195

Mudge, 68

Neese, 132, n. 2, 245

Mittnacht, 235

Muff, 68, 246

Negoose, 241, n. z

Mobius, 295

Muirhead, 126

Negus, 241, n. 2

Mockler, 235

Mulberry, 193

Neighbour, 237

Mohn, 190

Mulbry, 194

Neild, 62, 1 66

Mohnkopf, 190

Muller, 297, 305

Nendick, 50

Moist, 187

Mulliner, 119

Nephew, 245

Mold, 315

Mullins, 279

Ness, 69

Mole, 315

Mummery, 217

Netherwood, 52

Molitre, 290

Munchay, 68

Neunzig, 304

Molinari, 305

Muncer, 248

Newball, 53

Molinier, 288

Mungay, 68

Newbold, 53

Molthe, 297

Murch, 249, n.

Newbond, 230

Momerie, 217

Murcott, 92

Newbound, 230

Moncer, 248

Murfitt, 91

Newcome, 120

Monch, 300

Murrant, 329

Newhouse, 96

Monement, no

Muscat, 193

Newis, 97

Moneypenny, 177, n. 2

Muse, 326

Newlove, 260

Monkhouse, 220

Muskett, 193

Nicholl, 308

Monkman, 236

Musselwhite, 89

Nickless, 149

Monnery, no

Musson, 240

Nicolai, 294

Montaigu, 280

Mussotter, 299

Nicoll, 308

Montegut, 280

Mustard, 124, 188

fticot, 283

Montgolfier, 35

Mustell, 134

Niedhardt, 294

Monument, 85, 110

Mustol, 134

Nietzsche, 294

Moor, 212

Muzzell, 134

Nightingale, 22, 201, w.

Moorcock, 92

Myer, 320

Niles, 50

Moorman, 237

Myers, 320, «. 4

Nipper, 120

Morant, 329

Myhill, 103, n. 2

Nisard, 10, 282

Mordaunt, 329

Mylecrist, 238, n.

Noah, 206

Mordecai, 206

Mylord, 215

Noakes, 50

Mordey, 180

Nodier, 42

Mordue, 180

Nadaud, 283'

Nolle, 9

Morehen, 92

Nadot, 283

Noon, 103, n. z

Morfey, 213

Nagel, 165

Norchard, 50

Morfill, 169

Nail, 165

Nordenskjold, 75

Morfitt, 91

Nail, 50

Norkett, 91

Morgenrot, 304

Narraway, 100

Norland, 99

Morgenthau, 197

Nash, 50

Norman, 42

Morphew, 213

Nasmyth, 228

Normansell, 73

Morphy, 213

Nation, 223

Norwebb, 230

Morris, 212

Naud, 9

Norwood, 90

Morrow, 85

Naudot, 9

Nothard, 16, 318

Mort, 221, n.

Nave, 234

Notker, 42

Mortiboy, 231, n. z

Nayland, 50

Nourrisson, 249

Mortitaoys, 231, «. 2

Naysmith, 228

Novice, 210

Mortleman, 221, ».

Neale, 62, 321

No vis, 210

352

INDEX

Noy, 206

Orwin, 35

Parkman, 237

Noyce, 206

Osborn, 31

Parlby, 267

Noyes, 206

Osgood, 30, 261

Parlour, 108

Nunnery, 220

Osman, 31, 237

Parnell, 14

Nunniss, 97

Osmond, 31

Parsley, 188, 189

Nunweek, 95

Ostertag, 302

Parslow, 265

Nurse, 119

Oswald, 3 1

Partlett, 147

Nursery, 106

Ott, 255

Partner, 120

Nursling, 249

Otterwell, 255

Pascal, 290

Nutbeam, 184

Ottewell, 255

Pascoewebb, 228, n. i

Nutbrown, 132

Ottoway, 37

230, 242

Nutter, 42

Otway, 37

Pashler, 265

Nyland, 50

Oughtred, 43

Pashley, 265

Nyman, 237

Outerson, 246

Pasley, 265

Outlaw, 115, 215, n. i

Paslow, 265

Oakenfull, 250, n.

Outright, 43

Pasquet, 283

Gates, 1 86

Over, 321

Pasquier, 283

Oats, 185

Overall, 151

Pasquin, 283

Odam, 246

Overthrow, 269

Passant, 265

Oddboy, 231, n. 2

Overy, 71

Passavant, 265

Odgers, 38

Owers, 321

Passelac, 265

Oestreich, 295

Oxbrow, 131

Passelaigue, 265

Office, 210

Oxenstiern, 131

Passepont, 265

Officer, 207

Ozanne, 280

Passerieu, 265

Ogg, 205

Ozenfant, 280

Passfield, 265

Ohm, 301

Ozierbrook, 85

Passifull, 265

Ohnesorg, 149, 302

Passmore, 265

Oldacre, 92

Pabst, 300

Paster, in

Oldcorn, 185

Pack, 157

Paston, 19

Oldershaw, 93

Pagan, 211

Pate, 130

Oldknow, 318

Page, 105

Patent, 327

Oldmixon, 85

Painlev6, 173

Pater, 107, n. i

Oldreive, 231

Painting, 328

Patience, 220

Oldrey, 231

Palfreyman, 237

Paton, 327

Oldwright, 227

Pallant, 69

Patten, 327

Oliffe, 42

Pallett, 169

Pattern, 327

Oliver, 42, n. i

Pament, 69

Patvine, 263

Olland, 99

Pamflett, 326

Pauncefote, 141

Ollerhead, 93

Pammant, 69

Pavot, 190

Ollerenshaw, 95

Pancoucke, 173

Paw, 195

Oilier, 115

Pancutt, 173

Pay, 195

Olsen, 7, n.

Pannifer, 146, n.

Paybody, 129

Onion, 191

Panter, 105

Pea, 194

Onions, 191

Panther, 106

Peabody, 129

Oram, 46

Pantin, 329

Peace, 221

Orange, 194

Panting, 328

Peacher, in

Ord, 38

Panton, 329

Peachmay, 248

Ordway, 58

Pantrey, 106

Peacock, 92, 200, 201, n.

Organ, 176

Panzer, 159, 301

Peagrim, 209

Organer, 115

Pdquin, 283

Pear, 192

Orgar, 38

Paradise, 210

Pearce, 161

Orgill, 218

Paragreen, 209

Pearcey, 265

Orgies, 176

Par amor, 122

Pearl, 156

Orlebar, 87

Pardew, 317, n. i

Pearless, 149

Orme, 37

Pardner, 120

Pears, 192

Ormeshire, 76

Pardoe, 180

Peartree, 192

Orneblow, 268

Pardy, 180, 182

Peascod, 196

Orpe, 44

Parent, 245

Pease, 194

Orpen, 44

Parkers, 96

Peasegood, 196

INDEX

353

Peberdy, 129

Pettiford, 140

Pinker, 307, n. i

Peckover, 5

Pettigrew, 141

Pinkerton, 307, n. i

Pecksniff, 234

Pettinger, 130, n.

Pinkett, 307, n. i

Pee, 194

Pettitt, 279

Pinkhard, 307, n. i

Peerless, 149

Pettiward, 235

Pipe, 177

Peever, 189

Pettus, 98

Piper, 176

Peffer, 189

Peverall, 19, 189

Pipperday, 129

Pellevillain, 2^7, 289

Pewtress, 230

Pippin, 193

Pellissier, 288

Pfaff, 300

Pirie, 312

Pelly, 128

Pfannebecker, 298

Pirkiss, 223

Fender, 97

Pfau, 301

Pis tor, in, n. 2

Penderell, 259

Pfingst, 302

Pistorius, 305

Pendriss, 97

Pfundheller, 302

Pitchfork, 169

Pendrous, 97

Pharaoh, 205

Pitt, 69

Penfare, 146, n.

Pharro, 205

Plaice, 70

Penfold, 213, n. 3, 269

Phethean, 39

Place, 70

Penkethman, 237

Phizacklea, 20

Plank, 70

Pennance, 220

Phizakarley, 20

Plant, 185

Pennefather, 146

Philpot, 125

Plantrose, 268

Pennifold, 269, n.

Phippen, 193

Plasked, 70

Penny, 177

Phcenix, 216

Plaskett, 70

.Pennycad, 241, n. i
Penny card, 241, n. i

Physick, 223
Phythian, 39

Platt, 70
Playfair, 318

Pennycock, 241

Pick, 201, n.

Play foot, 91

Penny cook, 241

Pickance, 268

Pleass, 70

Pennyfeather, 146

Pickard, 103, n. 2

Plenty, 222

Pepler, 104

Pickavance, 268

Plessis, 70

Pepper, 188, 189

Pickavant, 268

Plews, 170

Peppercorn, 196

Pickernell, in

Plimmer, 130, n.

Pegperday, 129

Pickervance, 268

Plott, 70

Pepperell, 189

Pickles, 69

Plow, 170

Pepperwe'll, 189

Picquart, 281

Plowman, 17

Pepys, 193

Pictor, 8 1

Plowright, 227

Perceval, 265

Piepape, 275

Pluck, 70

Percival, 265

Piggrem, 209

Plucknett, 154, n. i

Percy, 265

Pighills, 69

Pluckrose, 268

Peretme're, 246

Pightling, 69

Plues, 170

Ferrers, 286

Pike, 161

Plumb, 192

Perrett, 128, 192

Pilbeam, 258

Plumtree, 192

Perrier, 288

Pilch, 148

Plunkett, 154

Perry, 312

Pile, 69

Flyer, 120

Pershouse, 265

Pilgrim, 209

Poad, 196

Pertuis, 286

Pill, 69

Poat, 196

Pertwee, 286

Pillar, 117

Pobgee, 200

Pescott, 196

Pillatt, 207

Fob joy, 200

Peskett, 196

Pillaway, 69

Pochhammer, 303

Pester, in

Pillbrow, 262

Pockett, 156

Pesterfield, 90

Filler, 117

Pocock, 200

Petcher, in

Pillinger, in

Podd, 196

Peters, 294

Pillivant, 247

Foe, 194

Petersen, 7, n.

Pillman, 69

Pohl, 296, n.

Peter silje, 189

Pimpernell, 191

Poincare, 127, 288

Petibon, 222

Pinch, 207, n.

Poinson, 207, n.

Petigas, 289

Pinchback, 263

Poitevin, 263

Petinicol, 315, n. 2

Finder, 97

Poke, 213

Petitperrin, 285

Pinfield, 269, n.

Polack, 295

Petivallet, 213

Pinfold, 269, n.

Poll, 130, 319

Pett, 69, 98

Pinion, 326

Pollett, 130, 319

Pettifer, 140, 141

Pink, in, n. i

Pollikett, 242

354

INDEX

Poison, 130

Preacher, 115

Pullinger, in

Polyblank, 131

Preater, 208, n. 2

Punch, 207, n.

Pons, 207, n.

Preece, 228, n. 2

Punchard, 307

Ponsard, 207, «.

Preferment, 210, n. 3

Puncher, 307

Ponsonby, n, ».

Premier, 180

Punshon, n, «.

Pontifex, 208, n. 2, 305

Prendergast, 4

Punt, 112, n. i

Pook, 213

Prentice, 4, 17

Punter, 112

Pool, 319

Prentout, 275

Punyer, 113

Poole, 307

Pretor, 208, n. 2

Puplett, 128, n. i

Pooler, 120

Prettybody, 129

Purchase, 223

Pope, 199, 200

Prettyjohn, 242

Purcifer, 265

Popejoy, 200

Preuss, 295

Purdue, 182

Popjoy, 200

Prew, 242, n. i

Purdy, 182

Poppy, 190

Prewett, 242, n. i

Purefoy, 182

Porcas, 223

Prewse, 242, n. i

Purgold, 157

Porkiss, 223

Price, 228, n. 2

Purkiss, 223

Portas, 156

Prickman, 261

Purple, 143

Porteas, 156

Prictoe, 142

Purse, 156

Portebois, 275

Pride, 218

Purser, 120

Porteous, 96, n. 2, 156

Pridgeon, 242

Pursey, 265

Portefaix, 275

Priest, 198

Purshouse, 265

Portelance, 275

Priestner, 104

Pury, 312

Portenseigne, 275

Prime, 180

Pushfirth, 256, n.

Porter, 16, 105, 117

Primmer, 180

Putt, 69

Portess, 96

Primrose, 191

Puttifent, 141

Porterhouse, 97

Prin, i 80

Puttifoot, 141

Porthouse, 96

Prindeville, 267

Puttkammer, 303

Portman, 231

Pring, 1 80

Putwain, 263

Portwine, 263

Print, 1 80

Pyle, 69

Poskitt, 91

Printemps, 79

Posselwhite, 89

Prinz, 299

Postans, 109

Pritlove, 260

Quadratstein, 167, n. 3

Posthill, 208

Prizeman, 162

Quaife, 147

Postle, 208

Probst, 300

Quaintance, 220

Potdevin, 273

Profit, 219

Quarrier, 58, n.

Potgieter, 299

Pronger, 115

Quarterman, 139

Potman, 236

Properjohn, 242

Quarton, 70, 138, n.

Pott, 125

Prophet, 198

Quatermain, 139

Pottage, 174

Prothero, 29

Quick, 70

Pottiphar, 205

Proud, 242, «. i

Quickfall, 70, 262

Potwin, 2 63

Proudfoot, 141

Quigley, 138, n.

Pouch, 156

Proudlove, 260

Quiller, 147, n. 2

Poucher, 120

Proudman, 237

Poulter, 1 6

Prout, 242, n. i

Pound, 177

Prow, 222, 242, «. i

Rabbetts, 242, n. 2

Pounder, 97

Prowse, 242, n. i

Rabjohns, 242

Powe, 195

Prudence, 220

Race, 326

Powell, 1 8, n. i, 319

Prue, 242, n. i

Rachell, 206

Power, 314

Pruett, 242, n. i

Rachilde, 206

Powles, 319

Prynne, 180

Racine, 290

Powncer, 120

Prytherick, 29

Racks traw, 267

Powner, 104

Ptolomey, 205

Raddle, 36

Poye, 195

Puckle, 213

Radermacher, 298

Poyner, 207

Puddephatt, 141

Rae, 313

Poyser, 171

Puddifant, 141

Raemakers, 298, «.

Poyzer, 171

Puddifoot, 141

Raickstraw, 267

Prater, 208, n. 2

Pudding, 174

Raikes, 170

Prdtorius, 305

Pugh, 319

Rainbird, 201, ».

Pray, 228, n. 2

Puller, 120

Rainbow, 158

INDEX

355

Raine, 45, 70

Redit, 128

Ridland, 258

Raines, 45, 70

Redman, 132

Ridout, 259

Raisin, 193, 239

Redmayne, 132

Ridwood, 258

Rake, 170

Redrup, 95

Riemenschneider, 299

Ralph, 36, 42
Raineau, 195

Redway, 37
Redwood, 258

Riggall, 44
Rigmaiden, 2

Ramshead, 128

Ree, 72

Rigler, 211

Ramshire, 36

Reed, 184, 221

Rind, 72

Ramsker, 36

Reef, 231

Rinder, 115

Ramus, 97

Reeks, 170

Ring, 157

Ranacre, 93

Rees, 71

Ringer, 102

Rand, 139

Reeve, 226

Ringrow, 85

Randall, 38

Regedanz, 303

Ringrose, 85

Randle, 41, n.
Rands, 139

Regelous, 211
Regenbogen, 158

Ringshall, 88
Riotte, 284

Rangecroft, 269

Regester, in

Ripper, 120

Ranigar, 93

Reglar, 211

Risk, 72

Ranke, 293

Regnier, 44

Rissbrook, 72

Rankill, 36

Rehbein, 301

Ritter, 300

Rann, 313

Relf, 36, 42

Rivis, 83 .

Raoul, 36

Remnant, 329

Rix, 72

Raper, 160
Rapier, 160

Renard, 44
Renaud, 44

Roadnight, 235
Roath, 73

Raspberry, 194

Render, 115

Rocks tro, 267

Rathbone, 143
Rattle, 36

Rendle, 38
Rennenkampf, 296

Rodaway, 100
Rod, 285

Raud, 283

Renouf, 36

Roddis, 73, 97

Raven, 36

Renyard, 44

Roderick, 29

Ravenhill, 36

Retter, 115

Rodick, 324

Ravening, 65

Reuter, 297

Rodin, 283

Ravenshear, 36

Revel, 220, n. 2

Rodman, 235

Raw, 42
Rawbone, 143

Reverand, 210
Revere, 122

Rodnight, 235
Rodwell, 73

Rawkins, 10

Revis, 83

Roff, 42, n. 2

Rawle, 10, 42

Rew, 72

Roffey, 134

Rawlin, 42

Rex, 170

Roggenbrod, 303

Rawlins, 10

Rextrew, 267

Rohwedder, 304

Ray, 154, 313

Rey, 281

Rolfe, 42, n. 2

Raybould, 45

• Reynard, 44

Romheld, 293

Rayer, 116

Reynolds, 14, 44

Rood, 73

Rayne, 70

Rhind, 72

Roodhouse, 73

Rayner, 44

Rhine, 72

Roof, 10 8

Raynes, 70

Rhymes, 71, «.

Root, 177

Ray son, 239

Ribbans, 157

Ropes, 172

Reacher, 29

Rice, 326

Rosamond, 34

Read, 221

Richards, 16

Rose, 84, 190

Reames, 103, n. 2

Richbell, 44

Roseblade, 196

Reason, 239

Richepanse, 144

Roseman, 34

Reatchlous, 149

Richer, 29

Rosenblatt, 196

Rebhuhn, 302

Richter, 300

Rosenschmidt, 298

Reckless, 149

Rickard, 44

Rosentreter, 266, n. 2

Reclus, 209

Rickman, 237

Roseworm, 327

Record, 44

Rickwood, 44

Roskill, 33

Redknap, 128

Riddick, 324

Rosontree, 192

Reddaway, 37

Ridding, 72

Roster, 86

Reddick, 324

Riddy, 72

Roth, 300

Redfern, 184

Ridehalgh, 61

Rothera, 84

Redhead, 128

Rideout, 259

Rothermel, 301

Redhough, 62

Riding, 72

Rough, 147

356

INDEX

Roughead, 128

Saalwdchtcr, 300

Savigar, 87

Roughley, 147

Sabatier, 287

Savory, 41, 188

Roughsedge, 147

Sacavin, 275

Savoury, 189

Rouhorn, 89, n. 2

Sachs, 292

Sawbridge, 87, n. 4

Rouncewell, 255

Sacquepe, 275

Sawle, 206

Rounseval, 255

Saffery, 41, 188

Sawkill, 307

Rounswell, 255

Sagar, 41

Saxby, 275

Routh, 73

Saint, 209

Saxty, 107

Routledge, 21

Sainthouse, 96

Sayce, 72, n. i

Row, 190-

Salt, 74

Sayer, 74

Rowat, 91

Salcede, 280

Sayers, 41

Rowe, 84

Sale, 73, 285

Sayle, 73

Rowed, 128

Salier, 118, n. i

Saylor, 118

Rowell, 86

Salle, 285

Say well, 254

Rower, 112

Sallibanks, 161, n.

Scadlock, 267

Rowland, 188, w.

Sallis, 73

Scales, 75

Rowney, 133

Sallows, 73

Scambler, 122

Rowntree, 192

Salmon, 204

Scare, 74

Royal, 327

Salter, 118

Scarf, 147

Roylance, 161

Salterne, 73

Scarlett, 154

Royle, 79

Salters, 96

Scattergood, 262

Rubens, 157

Saltonstall, 270

Schaar schmidt, 298

Rubey, 158

Saltsieder, 299

Schaff, 302

Rubsamen, 303

Salway, 100

Scharnhorst, 295

Ruby, 158

Sampson, 204

Schatzmann, 300

Rudd, 324

Samways, 100

Schenk, 300

Ruddick, 324

Sandelance, 161

Schiller, 292

Rude, 73

Sandilands, 161

Schilling, 302

Rudge, 314

Sanselme, 150

Schimmelpeninck, 1 78

Rue, 72, 187

Sansom, 20, 150

Schlagentweit, 303

Ruff, 147

Sansterre, 149

Schleiermacher, 298

Ruffell, 147

Sant, 209

Schluckebier, 304

Ruffhead, 128

Santer, 150

Schmeckebier, 304

Ruffles, 147

Santler, 87

Schmidt, 297

Ruggles, 149

Sapp, 196

Schmidthenner, 228, n. i

Rugless, 149

Sapsworth, 87

Schmidtkunz, 228, n. i

Rule, 73
RumbeTow, 101

Sard, 10
Sard, 1 60

Schnapauff, 303
Schneidewind, 266

Rumfitt, 91

Sardison, 239

Schofield, 65

Rumschottel, 303

Sardou, 10

Schoolcraft, 65

Rump, 139

Sargisson, 239

Schooling, 65

Rumpff, 139

Sargood, 262, n. i

Schopenhauer, 292

Runacres, 93

Sarkander, 305

Schottldnder, 295

Run die, 38, 41, n.

Sarson, 212

Schroder, 299

Ruse, 84, n. 2

Sarter, 115

Schroer, 299

Rushaway, 268

Sartorius, 305

Schroter, 299

Rushout, 268

Sarvant, 105

Schubert, 299

Ruskin, 34

Sarvis, 221

Schuchardt, 299

Russell, 34

Satchell, 156

Schuddekopf, 264

Russett, 154

Sattelmacher, 298

Schultz, 305

Rutson, 240

Sauberzweig, 195

Schumach, 226, n. i

Rutter, 240

Sauerbier, 303

Schumann, 299

Ryall, 327

Sauerbrei, 303

Schuttespeer, 303

Ryder, 323

Saul, 206

Schiitz, 300

Rye, 185, 1 86

Saunders, 188

Schwartzhans, 295

Rylands, 161

Saunt, 209

Schwartzkopf, 301

Ryle, 327

Saussaye, 280

Schwarz, 300

Ryott, 220

Savary, 188

Schwerdtfeger, 299

Ryrie, 29

Saveall, 254

Schwinghammer, 303

INDEX

357

Scotcher, m

Shacklock, 264

Shine, 141

Scotter, 104

Shackshaft, 256

Shingler, 120, n.

Scrimger, 112

Shadbolt, 268

Shinn, 141

Scriminger, 112

Shade, 74

Ship-, 75

Scrimshaw, 88

Shadlock, 267

Shipp, 171

Scrimygeour, 112

Shadrake, 205

Shippen, 75

Scull, 130

Shafe, 132

Shipsides, 75, 138

Sculler, 105

Shakelady, 264

Shipster, 130, n.

Seagram, 41

Shakelance, 256

Shipwash, 75

Seagrim, 41

Shakeshaft, 4, 256

Shipway, 75

Seal, 73

Shakespeare, 4, 252,

Shipwright, 227

Sealer, 116

256

Shire, 75

Seamark, 87, n. i

Shanks, 124, 140

Shirr a, 231

Search, 38

Shapler, 147

Shirt, 74

Sears, 41

Shard, 74

Shitler, 115

Seath, 73

Sharer, 231

Shoemaker, 226, ». i

Seaward, 227

Shargold, 266

Shoemark, 226, n. i

Seawright, 41, 227

Sharland, 74

Shoesmith, 228

Sebert, 27

Sharlotte, 174

Shone, 141

Sebright, 27

Sharpless, 149

Shooter, 122

Second, 180

Sharrocks, 94

Shorrock, 94

Secret, 38

Shatlock, 267

Shorters, 152, n. 2

Secular, 211

Shave, 132

Shorthose, 22, 152

Seear, 74

Shaw, 47

Shorthouse, 152

Seed, 73, 196

Shawsmith, 228

Shortus, 152, n. 2

Seedhouse, 96

Shead, 74

Shotbolt, 268

Seidensticker, 299

Shear, 74, 75

Shotlock, 267

Seigle, 1 86

Sheard, 74

Shoulders, 137

Seiler, 118, n. i

Shearer, 231

Shove, 132

Selden, 74

Shearhod, 270

Shovel, 132

Seldom, 74

Shears, 74, 75, 76

Shrapnel, 147, n. i

Seldon, 74

Shearsmith, 228

Shreeve, 231

Sell, 74

Shearwood, 266

Shrive, 231

Sellar, 118

Sheat, 73

Shrosbree, 87

Seller, 118

Sheath, 73

Shucksmith, 228

Sellerman, 237

Sheather, 114

Shurlock, 266

Selway, 100

Shebear, 54

Shurmer, 112

Semmelbecker, 298

Shed, 74

Shurrock, 94

Seneschal, 105

Shedlock, 267

Shuter, 122

Sennett, 38

Sheepshanks, 140

Shutler, 115

Sensicall, 105

Sheepwash, 75

Shuttle, 170

Senskell, 105

Sheepy, 133

Sibary, 38

Sentance, 222

Shekell, 177

Sibbald, 38

Sentence, 222

Sheldrake, 205

Siborne, 34

Seraphim, 20$

Shellcross, 130, ».

Sibree, 38

Serkitt, 220

Shepherdson, 239

Sich, 76

Serrurier, 279

Shergold, 266

Sichelschmidt, 298

Service, 221

Sherlock, 266

Side, 138

Sessions, 103, n. 2

Shermer, 112

Sidwell, 187

Seth, 73

Sherriff, 231

Silberschmidt, 298

Settatree, 270

Sherwin, 266

Silburn, 247

Setter, 113

Shiel, 75

Silito, 5

Seward, 173

Shield, 1 60

Sillence, 220

Sewer, 105

Shields, 75

Sillibourne, 247

S.exty, 107

Shillibeer, 54

Sillifant, 247

Seys, 72, n. i

Shilling, 177

Sillon, 283

Shackcloth, 267

Shillingshaw, 177

Silver, 157

Shacklady, 264

Shillingsworth, 177

Silverbird, 136

Shackle, 170

Shillito, 5

Silverside, 139

358

INDEX

Silvertop, 128

Smallpeace, 221

Spence, 106

Silvery, 133

Smallpeice, 222

Spencer, 14, n. J

Silvestre, 281

Smead, 77

Spendlove, 260

Simister, 121, n.

Smeathers, 96

Spenlow, 260

Simmance, 161

Smeathman, 78, 308

Sperring, 163

Simmonds, 39, n. 2

Smedes, 77

Spicknell, in

Simner, 121, n.

Smedley, 77

Spickernell, in

Sinister, 304, n. 3

Smee, 78

Spindelow, 260

Sinnamon, 87

Smeed, 77

Spindler, 115

Sinnocks, 95

Smeeth, 77

Spingarn, 258

Sinnott, 38

Smidmore, 77

Spink, in, n. I

Sirdar, 120

Smiles, 87, n. i

Spire, 122

Sirr, 248

Smirk, 87, n. i

Spirett, 214

Sissmore, 178

Smith, 226, 308

Spirit, 214

Sitch, 76

Smithers, 96

Spittle, 107

Sitwell, 187

Smithett, 78

Splatt, 78

Sivewright, 227

Smithson, 239

Spon, 78

Six, 179

Smithyman, 237

Spong, 78

Sixsmith, 228

Smy, 78

Sporleder, 303

Sizer, in

Snaith, 78

Spouncer, 122

Skeel, 292, n.

Snake, 95

Sprackling, 140

Skeemer, 105

Snape, 78

Spratling, 140

Skeer, 74

Snead, 78

Spray, 195

Skegg, 137

Snee, 78

Spreadbrow, 131

Skew, 1 60

Sneezum, 86

Spridgeon, 242

Skill, 222

Snelgar, 44

Sprigg, 195

Skiller, 105

Snepp, 78

Spring, 78

Skilling, 177

Snodgrass, 78

Springall, 248

Skin, 143

Snook, 95

Springate, 248

Skipper, 118

Snooks, 95

Springett, 248

Skippon, 75

Snowball, 225, n.

Sprinehall, 248

Skippings, 75

Snusher, 104

Spun, 78

Skirmer, 112

Soanes, 244

Spurge, 187

Skirrett, 187

Soden, 212

Spurgeon, 242

Skrimshire, 88

Sollas, 220

Spurr, 162

Skull, 130

Seller, 109

Spurren, 163

Skurmer, 112

Solomon, 204

Spurway, 100

Slade, 76

Soltan, 212

Spyer, 122

Slagg, 156, n. i

Solway, 161, n.

Squiller, 105

Slape, 77

Sommer, 302

Squire, 105, 199

Slate, 76

Sommerlat, 233

Stabback, 270

Slavin, 151

Sones, 244

Staff, 79, 124, 154

Slay, 77

Sonntag, 302

Stahlschmidt, 298

Slaymaker, 226, n. i

Sortwell, 255, n. i

Staight, 79

Slaymark, 226, n. i

Sotcher, 112

Staines, 308

Sleath, 76

Sotelass, 231

Staite, 79

Slee, 77

Southland, 99

Stallibrass, 140

Sleeman, 237

Southward, 52

Stallwood, 91

Slight, 223

Southwood, 90

Stamer, 114

Slipp, 77

Souvestre, 281

Stammers, 41

Slipper, 153

Sowden, 212

Standaloft, 268

Slocock, 92

Spear, 160

Standeven, 268

Sloggett, 91

Spearon, 163

Standfast, 254

Sluggett, 91

Spearpoint, 160

Stanes, 308

Slyman, 237

Spearsmith, 229

Stanier, 226, n. i

Smallbones, 143

Specht, 302

Stanley, 16

Smalley, 133

Speck, 201, M.

Stannard, 44

Smallhorn, 64

Speed, 218

Stannas, 96

Smallpage, 241

Speight, 201, n.

Stanner, 104

Stannis, 96
Stannus, 96
Staple, 79
Staples, 79
Starey, 133
Start, 80
Startifant, 265
Startin, 86
Startup, 153
State, 79
Stathers, 96
Staveacre, 187
Staveley, 87
Stay, 79

Steadmances, 71, ».
Steckles, 79
Steggall, 79
Steggles, 79
Steinhauer, 299
Steinschneider, 299
Stent, 79
Steptoe, 253
Steriker, 93
Steward, 105
Stickings, 79
Stickler, 115
Stickles, 79
Stigand, 79
Stiggants, 79
Stiggins, 79
Stiggles, 79
Stile, 79
Still, 79
Stillman, 79
Stirrup, 89
Stirzaker, 93
Stitch, 80
Stockfisch, 303
Stockings, 153

stoffla, 282

Stone, 308
Stoneage, 95
Stonehewer, 226, n. i
Stoop, 80
Stopes, 80
Stophe, 282
Stopher, 104
Stopper, 104
Stopps, 80
Storch, 301
Storer, 105
Storrar, 105
Stoyle, 79
Straight, 326
Strange, 120
Strangleman, 257
Strauss, 301
Strawbridge, 89
Strawson, 240

INDEX

Stribling, 249
Strickett, 128
Stringfellow, 130, n.
Stripling, 249
Stroh, 303
Strongitharm, 139
Stroulger, 211
Strowbridge, 89
Strowger, 211
Strudger, 211
Stuckey, 87
Studd, 80
Stumbles, 41
Sturdevant, 265
Sturgess, 43
Sturt, 80
Sturtivant, 265
Sturzaker, 93
Stutfield, 318
Styance, 79
Styants, 79
Styer, 115
Styche, 80
Styles, 79
Such, 50
Suckling, 249
Sucksmith, 228
Suddard, 319
Sudermann, 299
Sueter, 122
Suett, 173
Summer, 75, «., 79
Summerhayes, 75, n.
Summerlad, 233
Summerscales, 75
Summersgill, 75
Summerskill, 75
Sumner, 121, n.
Sumpster, 121
Sumption, 223
Sumsion, 223
Surch, 38

Surgenor, 65, «., 240
Surgeon, 65, n,, 239
Surgerman, 239
Surgison, 239
Surkett, 220
Surplice, 151
SUIT, 248
Surtees, 49, n. i
Siissenguth, 302
Susskind, 301
Sussmilch, 303
Sutermeister, 299
Suthers, 97
Sutor, 305
Swain, 42, 226, 234
Swainson, 239
Swale, 80

359

Swan, 37, 42, 234, 313
Swannell, 37
Swash, 312, n.
Swears, 80
Sweatman, 238
Sweetapple, 191
Sweetlove, 260
Sweetsur, 248
Swell, 80
Swindler, 120
Swingewood, 252, n. 3
Swingler, 120
Swire, 80, 135
Sword, 1 60
Syer, 248
Syers, 248
Sykes, 76
Symonds, 39, n. 2
Syrett, 38

Tabborah, 176
Taber, 150, 176
Taberer, 176
Tabernacle, no
Tabor, 151, 176
Tabrar, 176
Tabrett, 176
Tagliaferro, 253, n. 2
Taillebois, 258
Taillefer, 256
Taine, 281
Tait, 126
Talfourd, 253
Tallboys, 258
Tallents, 142
Tambourin, 176
Tamsett, 322
Tancred, 42, 125
Tankard, 42, 125
Tansey, 187
Taphouse, 96
Tarbath, 32
Tarbox, 71, n.
Tarbun, 32
Tardew, 186, n'.
Tarn, 60
Tarnsitt, 80
Tarsell, 193, n, 2
Tart, 80
Tartar, 212
Tash, 50
Tassell, 193, n. 2
Taswell, 256
Tate, 126
Taube, 302
Taubmann, 302
Taw, 50
Tawyer, 81
Taycell, 193, n. 2

36o

INDEX

Taylorson, 239

Thoyts, 89

Tolliday, 233

Tazewell, 256

Thrale, 232

Tolputt, no

Teacher, 115

Threadgold, 269

Tolver, 253

Tear, 143

Thridgould, 266

Tongs, 134

Tear all, 262

Thrift, 220

Tongue, 134

Tebbutt, 40

Thring, 234

Toogood, 262, n. i

Tee, 82

Throssell, 157

Tooth, 127

Teed, 40

Thrussell, 157

Toplady, 259

Teissier, 288

Thumbwood, 257, »•

Toplass, 259

Telfer, 253
Telford, 253

Thurgar, 31
Thurgell, 31, 43

Topliss, 259
Torr, 8 1

Tellwright, 227

Thurgood, 261

Torrens, 305

Temporall, 211

Thurkell, 21

Tortise, 325

Temprall, 211

Thurkettle, 31

Tortiss, 325

Tennyson, 315, n. i

Thurtle, 31

Tortoiseshell, 325

Terrell, 262

Thwaite, 47, 89

Toswill, 256

Terry, 40

Tibbets, 10

Tottman, 238

Terse, 180

Tibbies, 10, 40

Tough, 147

Tcstard, 281

Tibbs, 10

Tournemeule, 263

Ttte, 126

Ticklepenny, 263

Tower, 320

Tetard, 281
Teufel, 209, n. i, 305

Tickler, 79
Tidbald, 40

Toye, 146
Tozer, 256

Tewer, 81

Tidball, 40

Traherne, 7

Textor, 305

Tidboald, 40

Tranchevent, 266

Tey, 82

Tidswell, 254

Trapnell, 262, n. i

Thacker, 81, 114

Tieck, 293

Trask, 87

Thackeray, 84

Tieman, 200

Travell, 222

Thackster, 81

Tierce, 180

Treacher, 120

Thackwell, 256

Tiffen, 14

Treadaway, 266

Thackwray, 84

Tighe, 82

Treaddell, 266

Thake, 81

Timberlake, 87

Treadway, 266

Thay, 81

Timblick, 87

Treadwell, 255

Theak, 81

Timbrell, 177

Tredgett, 219

Theaker, 81, 114

Timperon, 177, n. i

Tredgold, 266

Theed, 40

Tingle, 40

Tredwell, 266

Theobald, 40

Tinnett, 138

Treitschke, 294

Thew, 150, n.

Tinnion, 224, n. 2

Tremble, 263

Thewless, 150

Tinside, 138

Tress, 132

Thewlis, 150

Tiplady, 259

Tretwell, 255, 266

They, 81
Thickbroom, 184

Tippenny, 177
Tippett, 148

Trevett, 166
Trew, 8 1

Thickett, 128

Tipple, 40

Tricker, 120

Thicknesse, 132, n. 2

Tipstaff, 135

Trickery, 219

Thickpenny, 177, «. 2

Tiptaft, 155, n.

Trill, 50

Thiers, 180

Tiptod, 155, ».

Trinkwasser, 304

Third, 180

Tiptoft, 155, n.

Triphook, 94

Thirdborough, 180

Tirebuck, 266

Trippick, 94

Thirkell, 31

Tirpitz, 295

Trist, 318

Thirkettle, 31

Tischbein, 155

Tristram, 32

Thirkhill, 31

Todhunter, 229

Trivett, 166

Thirlaway, 265

Todkill, 43

Trodden, 50

Thirlway, 265

Todleben, 221, n.

Trodoux, 262, n. i

Thistlethwaite, 89

Todrick, 40

Trollope, 272

Thoday, 63

Toe, 50, 142

Trood, 50, 73

Tholomie, 205

Toes, 50, 142

Troplong, 262, n. i

Thompson, 3, 308

Tofield, 82

Troth, 217

Thorburn, 34

Toine, 281

Trouncer, 123

Thornback, 138

Tolladay, 233

Trounson, 155

Thornell, 62

Tollfree, 31

Trousseau, 156

INDEX

361

Trow, 8 1

Twills, 308

Vansittart, 298

Truckenbrod, 303

Twin, 249

Vant, 247

Trudgett, 219

Twint, 249

Varder, 113

Truebody, 129

Twisadav, 180

Vardon, 103, n. 2

Truefitt, 99

Twiss, 82

Vardy, 218

Trueland, 99

Twissell, 82

Varge, 82

Truelock, 214, «. 3

Twist, 187

Varndell, 59

Truelove, 260

Twitchell, 82

Varnish, 108

Trumble, 263

Twitchen, 82

Varty, 218

Trumper, 176

Twitchings, 82

Vater, 301

Trumpeter, 115

Twite, 89

Vaulkhard, 40

Trurnit, 304

Twizel, 82

Vauquelin, 44

Truscott, 261

Two, 179

Vaux, 45, n.

Truslove, 261

Twopenny, 177

Veal, 314

Trussell, 156

Twoyearold, 250

Veevers, 174

Trust, 173, 217

Twybell, 168

Venn, 320

Trustrum, 217

Twyer, 81

Venner, 229

Tubb, 125

Twyman, 238

Venour, 229

Tubeuf, 257

Tye, 82

Venters, 218, n. 2

Tucker, 323

Tyers, 180

Ventress, 218, n. 2

Tuckwell, 254

Tylecote, 258

Ventris, 218, n. 2

Tudball, 40

Tyrer, 267

Ventur, 218

Tudway, 63

Tyrrell, 262

Verdier, 287

Tuer, 8 1

Tyrwhitt, 87

Vereker, 298

Tuff, 147

Tyson, 315

Verge, 82

Tuffery, 31

Vergo, 208

Tuffield, 62

Uff, 35

Verity, 218, 221, n.

Tuffill, 82

Uffendell, 35

Vermuth, 188

Tugwell, 254

Ulph, 35

Verschoyle, 298

Tulip, 192

Uncles, 245

Vesey, 186, n.

Tulliver, 253

Underbill, 52

Vester, 107

Tumbrell, 177

Undery, 71

Vestey, 107

Tunnell, 169

Undrell, 52

Vetter, 301

Turbert, 31

Unite, 1 80

Vicar, 217

Turbott, 31

Unitt, 1 80

Vice, 218

Turfery, 31

Unkraut, 188

Vickerstaff, 90

Turgis, 31, 43

Unthank, 89

Vickery, 217

Turgoose, 31

Unwin, 43

Vickress, 230

Turk, 212

Upcher, 88

Victory, 217

Turketine, 31

Upfield, 52

Vidal, 174, n.

Turnbill, 263

Upfill, 52, 169

Vidler, 176

Turnbull, 263

Upfold, 52

Vigers, 87, n. 2

Turnpenny, 263

Upjohn, 242

Vigors, 87, n. 2

Turpin, 31

Uprichard, 242

VUmar, 293

Turtle, 31

Upshall, 88

Vimpany, 263

Tustain, 31

Upton, 52

Vinegar, 43

Tustin, 31

Upward, 52

Vinestock, 155

Tutin, 32

Urwin, 3 5

Vinson, 172

Tuttle, 31

Usher, 105

Violett, 154, 192

Tuttlebee, 31

Uzzell, 319

Virgin, 208

Tuvache, 257

Virgoe, 208

Twait, 89

Vaisey, 186, «.

•"Virtue, 218

Tweed, 161, n.

Vale, 314

Vittles, 174

Twelftree, 179

Vandam, 298

Vivers, 174

Twells, 50

Vanderdecken, 108

Vize, 83

Twelve, 179

Vandersteen, 298

Vizer, in

Twelve trees, 179

Vandervelde, 298

Vizor, in

Twiceaday, 180

Vann, 59, 107

Voase, 82

Twigg, 195

Vanner, 59

Voce, 82

362

INDEX

Vogelgesang, 304

Walwin, 40

Vogt, 300

Wand, 155

Voice, 82

Wandless, 149

Yokes, 45

Wanghope, 149, n.

Volker, 45

Wanlace, 149

Volkes, 45

Wanlass, 149

von, 296

Wanless, 149

von der Goltz, 296, 297

Wannemacher, 298

von der Heyde, 296, 297

Want, 155

von der Tann, 296, 297

Waraker, 93

Vorbusch, 296

Warboy, 231, «. 2

Vorderbrugg, 296

Wardhaugh, 62

Vose, 82

Wardlaw, 62

Voss, 302

Wardle, 62

Vowler, 107, n. 2

Wardlow, 62

Voysey, 186, «.

Wardrop, 95

Vulpius, 305

Ware, ,311 ^^

Vyse, 83

Warlock, 214

Warlow, 214, n. 2

Warren, 329

Wace, 312

Warring, 329

Wdckter, 300

Warwicker, 93

Wackernagel, 166, n. i

Wash, 312

Waddicar, 93

Wason, 312

Waddicker, 93

Wasp, 325

Waddilove, 260

Wass, 312

Wademan, 121

Wastall, 262

Wader, 120

Wastell, 114, n. i

Wadman, 121, 237

Waterfall, 59

Waggett, 264

Watering, 65

Waghorn, 264

Wath, 83

Wagstaff, 264
Wain, 171

Wathe, 83
Watking, 228, ». i

Wainwright, 227

Watmough, 247

Waister, 263

Watrett, 128, ». i

Waistcoat, 150

Waud, 83

Wait, 185

Waule, 311

Waite, 312

Wawn, 83

Waiter, 105

Waygood, 37

Wakelam, 270

Waylatt, 83

Wakeling, 44

Waylett, 83

Wakem, 270, n. 2

Waymark, 37, 41

Wakenshaw, 269

Waythe, 83

Waldo, 43

Weale, 83

Wale, 3"

Wearing, 329

Wales, 311

Weatherhead, 128

Walkinshaw, 269

Weatherhogg, 242

Walkland, 270

Webb, 226

Walklate, 270

Weeds, 188

Walkling, 44

Weichbecker, 298

Walkman, 237

Weihnacht, 302

Wall, 311

Weiss, 300

Wallen, 40, 311

Weissbecker, 299

Wallet, 156

Weissbrodt, 303

Wallis, 308

Weiss gerber, 299

Wallraven, 36

W eissmantel, 301

Walne, 83

Weisspfennig, 302

Walthew, 43

Welch, 308

Waltho, 43

Welcome, 254

Weld, 83
Welfare, 220
Welfitt, 91
Welladvise, 224
Wellavize, 224
Wellbelove, 225
Wellbeloved, 225
Wellbelow, 225
Werckmeister, 299
Werlock, 214
Wermuth, 303
Weskett, 150
Wesson, 240
Westaway, 76, n.
Westland, 99
Westrope, 95
Westwood, 90
Wethered, 128
Wet wan, 84
Whackum, 270, n. 2
Whalebelly, 138, 204,

n. i

Wham, 83
Whan, 83
Wharf e, 161, n.
Whatkins, 328
Whatmaugh, 247
Whatmore, 247
Whatrup, 95
Whattler, 114, n. 2
Wheat, 124, 185
Wheelwright, 227
Whence, 328
Where, 328
Whereat, 328
Wherry, 171
Whiddett, 91
While, 327
Whinray, 84
Whipp, 156
Whish, 84
Whisker, 137, 328
Whitbread, 136
Whitcher, 106
White, 154
Whitear, 135
Whiteaves, 59
Whiteborn, 247
Whitefoot, 141
Whitehair, 135
Whitehall, 62
Whitehand, 139
Whitehead, 15, 22, 128
Whiteheard, 231
Whitehorn, 64, 89, n. 2
Whitehouse, 96, 152
Whitelam, 241
Whitelark, 131
Whitelegg, 140

INDEX

363

Whitenow, 318

Willett, 322

With, 84

Whiteoak, 94

Willgoss, 241

Witherow, 85

Whiterod, 155

Willis, 321

Withinshaw, 52

Whiteside, 138

Wills, 308

Wittwer, 301

Whitesmith, 227

Willsher, 88

Wodehouse, 214

Whitewhite, 89

Wilman, 236

Wohlfart, 220, 302

Whitewish, 214

Wilmot, 169

Wolfe, 35

Whitewright, 227

Wilsford, 250, n.

Wolfendale, 35

Whitey, 133

Wilshaw, 88

Wolff, 302

Whitlock, 131

Wimble, 40, 170

Wolfing,25o,n.2

Whitmee, 248

Wimblett, 169

Wolfram, 36

Whitseed, 74

Wimbolt, 170

Wolstencroft, 35

Whittaker, 93

Wimlott, 169

Wolstenholme, 35

Whittard, 231

Wimpenny, 263

Wolzogen, 288, 302

Whittear, 135

Wimple, 150

Wonder, 218

Whittick, 94

Wimpress, 107

Wong, 84

Whittier, 135, 226, n. i

Winbolt, 43

Wood, 47, 308

Whittock, 94

Winbow, 263

Woodage, 95

Whittrick, 43

Wincer, 89

Woodbine, 192

Whit warn, 137

Winch, 170

Woodcock, 201, n.

Whitwham, 138

Winckelmann, 295

Woodfall, 59

Wholehouse, 97

Windeatt, 91

Woodfin, 84

Whybird, 38, 328

Windelband, 167

Woodfine, 84

Whyborn, 34, 38

Windlass, 170, 263

Woodger, 226, n. i

Whybrow, 130

Windless, 170, 263

Woodhead, 126

Wickfield, 70

Windows, 96

Woodhouse, 214

Widdeatt, 91

Win dram, 263

Woodier, 226, n. i

Widderkop, 301

Windus, 96

Woodison, 240

Widdiwiss, 214

Winearls, 264

Woodiwiss, 214

Widdows, 245

Winfarthing, 89

Woodman, 308

Widger, 43

Winfrey, 310

Woodmason, 227

Widgery, 86, n. a

Wingood, 30, 261

Woodnough, 318

Wiegold, 157

Winks, 46

Woodrofife, 231

Wigfall, 70

Winnery, 84

Woodrow, 85

Wigg, 46

Winpenny, 263

Woodruff, 231

Wilberforce, 60

Winrose, 263

Woodward, 231

Wilbur, 39

Winship, 264

Woodwright, 227

Wild, 83

Winspear, 162, 263

Woof, 35

Wildash, 83

Winsper, 162, f».

Woolcock, 92

Wildblood, 142

Winspur, 162, n., 263

Woolfrey, 35

Wildbore, 241

Winter, 75, n., 79

Woolfries, 35

Wildegans, 302

Winter, 302

Woolgar, 35

Wilder, 241

Winterage, 95

Woolhouse, 96

Wildey, 133

Winterbottom, 75, n.

Woollard, 154

Wildgoose, 241

Winterburn, 75, ».

Woollen, 35

Wildgust, 241
Wilding, 65

Winter flood, 75, «.
Winterford, 75, n.

Woolley, 35
Woolloff, 260, n. i

Wildish, 83

Winterscale, 75

Woolnough, 35

Wildlove, 261

Wintersgill, 75

Woolven, 35

Wildman, 241

Winthrop, 95

Woolward, 154

Wildrake, 241
Wildsmith, 228

Winward, 310
Wiper, 103

Woolwright, 127
Woor, 122

Wiles, 83, 169

Wire, 112

Worlock, 214

Wilesmith, 228

Wiscard, 137

Wormald, 37

Wilford, 250, n.

Wisdom, 223

Worms, 46

Wilgress, 241

Wiseman, 215

Wormwood, 188

Willacy, 140 ft.

Wish, 84

Worship, 220

Willavise, 224

Wishart, 137

Wortos, 98

Willbond, 230

Witcher, 106

Would, 328

364

Wouldhave, 59
Wraight, 226, n. 3
Wraith, 226, n. 3
Wray, 84
Wreath, 226, n. 3
Wright. 226
Wrightson, 239
Wroe, 84, 190
Wiilfing, 260, n. 2
W under lich, 301
Wyartt, 19
Wyattcouch, 243
Wyberd, 157
Wyburn, 38
Wyer, 113

INDEX

Wyman 37
Wymark, 41
Wyndham, 86
Wynn, 310
Wypers, 103
Wythe, 84

Yalland, 99
Yarker, 123
Yarwood, 21
Yate, 91
Yeatman, 237
Yelland, 99
Yeoman, 105
Yolland, 99

Yorker, 123
Youngblood, 142
Younger, 248
Younghusband, 230
Youngmay, 248

Zahn, 301
Zeal, 73, 217
Zimmermann, 297
Zorn, 318
Zouch, 50
Zuckerbier, 303
Zuckschwerdt, 303
Zumbusch, 49, 296
Zweig, 195

Printed by HaztU, Watson 6- Viney, Let., London and Aylesbury, England.

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