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MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

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SURVEY FOR BOTRYCHIUM PARADOXUM

IN THE VICINITY OF STORM LAKE,

DEERLODGE NATIONAL FOREST

Prepared by:

Jim Vanderhorst

Montana Natural Heritage Program

State Library

P.O. Box 201800

1515 East Sixth Avenue

Helena, Montana 59620-1800

Prepared for:

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Denver, Colorado 80225

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MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

3 0864 0009 9635 8

SURVEY FOR BOTRYCHIUM PARADOXUM

IN THE VICINITY OF STORM LAKE,

DEERLODGE NATIONAL FOREST

Prepared by:

Jim Vanderhorst

Montana Natural Heritage Program

State Library

P.O. Box 201800

1515 East Sixth Avenue

Helena, Montana 59620-1800

Prepared for:

ST-";? documents coll:ct;cn

JUL 1

1337

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

tic. Af}5 E- 6th AVE-
HELENA, MONTANA 59620

U.

. Fish and Wildlife Service
P. O. Box 25486
Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225

December 1993

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NOV 7 1S97

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19 9 3 Montana Natural Heritage Program

This document should be cited as follows: Vanderhorst, Jim.
1993. Survey for Botrychium paradoxum in the vicinity of
Storm Lake, Deer Lodge National Forest. Montana Natural
Heritage Program, Helena. 45 pp. + slides.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

METHODS 2

RESULTS 3

1. Geographic distribution 4

2 . Environment and habitat . 6

3 . Population biology 8

4. Evidence of threats to survival 9

DISCUSSION 10

LITERATURE CITED 12

APPENDIX A. Maps showing travel routes and search areas . . 14

APPENDIX B. Maps showing populations of B. paradoxum ... 18

APPENDIX C. Element Occurrence Record printouts 21

APPENDIX D. List of vascular plant taxa associated with B.

paradoxum 24

APPENDIX E. Photocopies of Botrychium specimens 26

APPENDIX F. Photographic slides 45

li

INTRODUCTION

Botrychium paradoxum Wagner was first described based on
nine plants collected from a meadow on the shore of Storm Lake
on the Deerlodge National Forest, in Deerlodge County, Montana
(Wagner and Wagner 1981) . Plants could not be found at the
type locality in searches conducted in 1985 by Peter Lesica,
but were rediscovered and surveyed by the Deerlodge National
Forest botanist, Susan Rinehart, and others (Dana Field, John
Harmann, Sherry Vogel) in 1992.

B. paradoxum, commonly called peculiar or leafless
moonwort, is in the Ophioglossaceae, a family of primitive
ferns (sometimes considered fern allies) . Moonworts have
their center of diversity in the mountains of western North
America (Wagner and Wagner 1983). They are usually
characterized morphologically by a single sterile frond
(trophophore) and a single fertile frond (sporophore) ,
however, B. paradoxum possesses two sporophores but no
trophophore. Moonworts are minute plants which are easily
overlooked by botanists and other field workers.

Prior to 1993, four very small populations of this
species were known from Montana and included in the Biological
Conservation Database maintained by the Montana Natural
Heritage Program: 1) Storm Lake with 2 0+ plants counted 2)
Swiftcurrent Lake in Glacier National Park with 2, 3) East of
Marias Pass near the Glacier-Pondera County line with 45, and
4) Our Lake in the Front Range in Teton County with 30. The
current status of the Swiftcurrent site is unknown, the Marias
Pass population has been unsuccessfully sought, and the Our
Lake population is being studied by the Lewis and Clark
National Forest. In addition, verification is pending of a
reported 1993 collection made of this species in Kootenai
National Forest (Leavell pers. commun.). Outside of Montana,
the species is known from southern Utah (Wagner et al. 1984) ,
northeastern Oregon (W. Wagner, pers. commun.) and Alberta,
British Columbia, and Saskatchewan, Canada (Argus and Pryor
1990) .

The Montana Natural Heritage Program (MTHP) maintains a
list of Montana Plant Species of Special Concern (Heidel and
Poole 1993) in which B. paradoxum is categorized as Gl and SI,
meaning that the species is "critically imperiled due to
extreme rarity," both globally and within the state. The
U.S. D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service (1993) designates the
species as C2 , indicating that more information is needed to
justify either listing as endangered or threatened, or removal
from consideration. The U.S. Forest Service lists the species
as "sensitive" (USDA Forest Service 1989) .

In the summer of 1993, the Storm Lake area was surveyed
to learn more about the population and to attempt to discover
new occurrences of B. paradoxum. This paper describes the
methods and results of this project and incorporates
information from previous reports to serve as a summary of the
species' known status on the Deerlodge National Forest. It
also serves as a prototype for expanded survey and species
status summary.

METHODS

Field surveys for Botrychium paradoxum were conducted on
the Deerlodge National Forest and adjacent lands in the
immediate and general vicinity of Storm Lake on July 30
through August 5, 1993. On July 30, Sherry Vogel showed me
where the species had been relocated the previous summer and
we tried to estimate the size of the population and
characterize the habitat where it occurs. A method for
surveying these extremely inconspicuous plants began to
evolve. The searcher stoops, sits, or kneels (usually the
latter) in putative moonwort habitat and closely scans a swath
of ground, crawling along and moving "overstory" graminoids
and forbs aside with her/his hands until a Botrychium (of any
species) is found or the search is abandoned. If a single
plant is found, then further, more intensive search is
warranted. Plants of each Botrychium species encountered are
counted separately and search continues for a certain amount
of time, then the searcher moves on. No attempt is made to
count every plant in a given area; this would require a huge
amount of time, and would result in excessive trampling of the
population. Crude and relative estimates of population
density, numbers, and boundaries, and community composition
can be based on the numbers of moonworts counted per unit time
across a certain area. Different adjacent habitats (wet
meadows, dry rocky meadows, and coniferous forests) were
searched in this manner to determine the ecological amplitude
of the species. Subsequent surveys concentrated on mesic
openings and meadows, the only habitat where B. paradoxum was
found around Storm Lake.

During the following week, searches were conducted in the
Storm Lake basin and around other sub-alpine lakes within a
few miles, according to Susan Rinehart's (1992)
recommendations, and other locations in the vicinity were
explored. A ridgetop meadow ("Windy Ridge") was surveyed
based on the appearance of "potential" habitat in the distance
while driving. On August 3, Steve Shelly and John Joy helped
survey a population of B. paradoxum which was discovered there
the previous evening. One Hundred Acre Meadow was searched at

the suggestion of Steve Shelly. Due to success in finding new
populations, and the time dedicated to surveying them, only a
small proportion of the Forest was explored, all within a six
mile radius of Storm Lake. Figures 1-4 in Appendix A are maps
showing travel routes and the areas which were intensely
searched.

Whenever B. paradoxum was found, the population was
surveyed, mapped, and photographed. Notes were taken on
population biology (numbers, boundaries, phenology) and
habitat (associated vegetation, slope, soil, etc..) and
standard field survey forms were filled out. Photographs were
taken of the plants and habitat with an Olympus OM-1 camera
with a standard 50 mm lens (with or without screw on close up
lenses) on Kodachrome 64 ASA slide film. Usually a
translucent plastic bag was draped over the overstory
vegetation to eliminate shadows. Additional slides were
contributed by John Joy. A limited number of specimens of B.
paradoxum and other Botrychium species were collected,
pressed, and dried as population size reasonably allowed.
Collections were also made of associated flowering plants when
positive field identification was difficult or impossible or
when surveying poorly botanized areas (e.g. One Hundred Acre
Meadow) . All specimens will be identified, labeled, and
deposited in herbaria (MONT in Bozeman will receive the first
set) . The Botrychium specimens were taken to Mike Windham, a
fern specialist at the University of Utah, who offered
tentative determinations. Dr. W. H. Wagner Jr., the world's
foremost "botrychiologist , " was asked to verify determinations
but was reluctant to accept specimens due to a large backlog,
however, he was able to make comments based on slides of
living plants and photocopies of the specimens.

RESULTS

This project significantly expands the populations and
numbers of Botrychium paradoxum known to exist. The main
Storm Lake population was found to consist of more individuals
and to cover more ground than previously reported and two
subpopulations within the same basin were located for the
first time. In addition, new populations at "Windy Ridge"
(called so by locals, but not on maps) and One Hundred Acre
Meadow were found. The population on Windy Ridge represents
by far the largest population of this species reported to
date.

There is a tendency for species of Botrychium to grow in
mixed populations which have been called "genus communities"
(Wagner and Wagner 1983). At all three B. paradoxum sites on

the Deerlodge, other species of moonworts were also found. At
Storm Lake, Rinehart (1992) , referring to Hitchcock and
Cronquist's (1973) key, recognized four species: B. lunaria
var. lunaria, B. lunaria var. onadandagense , B. boreale , and
an undetermined species. Although the identification of B.
paradoxum is quite straight forward, distinctions between some
of the other species are often subtle, and taxonomic
treatments vary greatly between floras. The most recent
treatment of the genus by the Wagners (1993) is the system
adopted here.

Tentative determinations (after consultation with Wagner
and Windham) of my own collections and photographs indicate
co-occurences of B. paradoxum with B. lunaria , B. pinnatum
(probably the same plant Rinehart called B. boreale), B.
minganense , and B. crenulatum; these last two are Montana
Plant Species of Special Concern and either could be the
plants Rinehart called B. lunaria var. onadandagense. In
addition, a strange undescribed plant was collected on Windy
Ridge; this is a one fronded Botrychium with very small, but
regular spores, which lacks both a trophophore and a second
sporophore (slide # 19, Appendix F) . Also at Windy Ridge,
Steve Shelly collected B. lunaria and a probable sterile
hybrid, morphologically distinguished by the development of
sporangia on the margins of the "sterile" lamina, and deformed
spores. A similar hybrid (B. X watertonense) between B.
paradoxum and B. hesperium , has been described from Alberta
(Wagner et al. 1984). Photocopies of all our Botrychium
collections with label data are included in this report as
Appendix E. Close-up slides of the plants are included in
Appendix F.

To facilitate incorporation of this paper into a future
status report on B. paradoxum for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, further information on the Deerlodge National Forest
populations is presented here under the standard topic
headings of geographic distribution, environment and habitat,
population biology, and evidence of threats to survival. The
standard format within those headings, however, is not
strictly followed. Appropriate information from previous
reports on the Storm Lake population, species biology, and
other background is presented and cited in these sections
along with the results of the current study.

1. Geographic distribution

As summarized above, three populations of B. paradoxum
are now known from the Deerlodge National Forest. They are
located in the northern part of the Anaconda Range, south of
Georgetown Lake in Deerlodge and Granite Counties. The
population at One Hundred Acre Meadow is mostly within the
boundaries of the Anaconda-Pintlar Wilderness Area, and the

Storm Lake population lies just outside the Wilderness. All
three sites were surveyed by this project and no others are
historically known from the Forest. Areas which were
intensely searched but where no B. paradoxum was found include
meadows in the Storm Lake, Twin Lakes, and Upper Seymour Lake
basins, and habitat adjacent to the One Hundred Acre Meadow
and Storm Lake populations; these search locations are mapped
in Figures 1-4 in Appendix A. The locations of the three
known populations are mapped in Figures 5-7 in Appendix B.
Their precise locations are as follows:

Site name: Storm Lake

County: Deer lodge

Legal description: T4N R13W S30 NW1/4 and NE 1/4, S29 SW1/4

Elevation: 8,200-8,500 ft.

Directions: About 12 miles west of Anaconda on State Highway
1, turn south on Forest Service Road 893. Travel
about 4 miles to Road 675 and follow to Storm Lake
(road may or may not be open to vehicles the last
mile). The main population (i.e. type locality) is
in meadows on the northern shore on both sides of
the dirt "jeep trail." Two subpopulations are
located in meadows on hills east of Storm Lake along
the trail to Twin Lakes.

Site name: Windy Ridge

County: Granite

Legal description: T4N R14W S3 SW1/4, S4 SE 1/4

Elevation: about 7,400 ft.

Directions: From the junction of Forest Service Roads 893 and
675 (see directions to Storm Lake above) , continue
on 893 approximately 5 miles. The population is in
meadows on the ridge which can be seen to the west
above the road. These can be reached by walking
about 1/2 mile uphill through the woods.

Site Name: One Hundred Acre Meadow

County: Granite

Legal Description: T4N R14W SW1/4, S15 SE1/4, S22 NW1/4

Elevation: 8,200-8,400 ft.

Directions: From the junction of Forest Service Roads 893 and
675 (see directions to Storm Lake above) , continue
on 893 approximately 2 miles. Just past Dry Creek
turn south on Road 8683 and follow to gate. Follow
trail (compass and topographic map are recommended
due to many forks) about 3 miles to One Hundred Acre
Meadow. Plants are widely scattered across the
meadow.

2 . Environment and Habitat

On the Deer lodge National Forest, B. paradoxum is found
in "genus communities" in the understories of mesic grasslands
on well developed soils in the montane and sub-alpine zones.
The species was not found in forests or in rockier or wetter
meadows which were surveyed. The populations occur on several
geologic formations in both upland and basin topographic
positions. The largest and healthiest population occurs in
near pristine native montane rough fescue grassland. Slides
of the habitats are included in Appendix F.

Lidke and Wallace (1993) recently mapped the geology of
the north-central part of the Anaconda Range which includes
two of the population sites. This area lies near the
southernmost known extent of the Sapphire thrust plate and is
characterized by thrust faults. The underlaying geology of
One Hundred Acre Meadow is mapped as four units of Paleozoic
sedimentary rocks including limestones, dolomites, and shales
of the Jefferson, Maywood, Hazmark, and Red Lion formations.
Windy Ridge lies on the Helena formation which is composed of
Middle Proterozoic limy siltstones and limestones of the Belt
Supergroup. The Storm Lake area is not included in the
mapping area, but similar valleys and lake basins nearby are
mapped as Pleistocene Glacial till.

The populations occur on gentle to moderate slopes of all
aspects at elevations ranging from 7,400 to 8,500 feet (2,250-
2,590 meters). The One Hundred Acre Meadow and Windy Ridge
sites are large meadows on exposed ridges, while the Storm
Lake population occurs in smaller openings in forest within a
steep walled basin. The soils in the area are mapped on a
broad scale as Inceptisols with Ustic to Udic moisture regimes
and Frigid to Cryic temperature regimes (U.S.D.A. Soil
Conservation Service 1978) , however, grassland soils are
usually classified as Mollisols. The soils of some Festuca
scabrella/F . idahoensis habitats (the habitat type at Windy
Ridge and perhaps at One Hundred Acre Meadow) have been
classified as Cryoborolls (Mueggler and Stewart 1980) . Field
observations characterize the soils of the population sites as
moderately dry to moist loams with few rocks or stones, and
with well developed organic horizons (0 and A). B. paradoxum
was not found in wetter or rockier soils.

Lellinger (1985) indicates that species of Botrychium may
be favored by a "little disturbance." Lesica and Ahlenslager
(1993) suggest that B. paradoxum, in particular, may be
adapted to "ephemeral habitats." Some preference for slightly
disturbed microsites was also noted during this project,
however, by far the largest, most dense, and healthiest
population was found at the least disturbed site (Windy
Ridge) . In contrast, One Hundred Acre Meadow, a site highly

disturbed by rodents and game, hosts few, widely scattered,
small, chlorotic plants.

On the Deer lodge National Forest, B. paradoxum occurs in
meadows in small and large openings, from a few to hundreds of
acres, in the dominant montane and subalpine forests of the
area. Tree species in these zones include Abies lasiocarpa,
Larix lyallii, Picea engelmannii, Pinus albicaulis, and Pinus
contorta. The meadows are dominated by grasses and sedges and
have a conspicuous forb element. These habitats are normally
considered "open" and "exposed," however, the tiny moonworts
are in fact understory species, growing underneath, and
sheltered by the much taller graminoids and f orbs . In all
three populations B. paradoxum is the most common member of
the Botrychium genus community. In spite of the diversity of
these communities, moonworts are nowhere common. Even at
Windy Ridge, the canopy cover they contribute (the degree of
dominance) is insignificant and plants are very difficult to
find.

The grasslands of Windy Ridge closely resemble the
Festuca scabrella/F . idahoensis habitat type described by
Mueggler and Stewart (1980). The near pristine habitat at
this site is indicated by the clear dominance of Festuca
scabrella and an abundance of Carex raynoldsii , both species
highly sensitive to grazing. One Hundred Acre Meadow may be a
degraded version of this habitat type; rough fescue is
present, but other fescues (F. idahoensis and F. rubra) and
other native grasses are more common. The smaller openings at
Storm Lake are dominated by Festuca idahoensis and sedges
(including Carex geyeri , a species usually associated with
forests) . At all three sites, Carex raynoldsii is
subdominant .

A complete list of vascular plants found associated with
B. paradoxum is presented in Appendix D. In the field, there
seemed to be an especially close association with species in
the Rosaceae (i.e. Fragaria virginiana and Potentilla spp.).
This may be a coincidence, or a mutual preference for slightly
disturbed microsites (decreased competition from graminoids) ,
but, a similar association has been noted between species of
Botrychium subgenus Sceptridium and wild cherries, apples, and
strawberries in the eastern U.S. (Lellinger 1985), suggesting
a possible mycorrhizal link.

Members of the Ophioglossaceae, including species of
Botrychium, have no root hairs and are considered to be
dependent upon associated endophytic fungi for mineral
absorption as well as, presumably, carbohydrate nutrition
(Gifford and Foster 1989, Lellinger 1985, Wagner and Wagner
1981) . This mycorrhizal relationship, found in both the
subterranean gametophyte and the terrestrial sporophyte, is

apparently responsible for allowing the evolution of partially
achlorophyllus species such as B. paradoxum and the
undescribed single fronded form mentioned above (Wagner and
Wagner 1981, Wagner, pers. commun.). The species of symbiotic
fungi are not known. Because of this obligatory symbiosis,
which is poorly understood, species of Botrychium cannot be
propagated and studied apart from the wild.

3. Population biology

The three known occurrences of B . paradoxum on the
Deerlodge range in area covered from approximately five to one
hundred acres and in estimated population numbers from one
hundred to thousands of plants. Plants were larger and more
mature at the lower elevation Windy Ridge site and smallest
and immature at the exposed, higher elevation One Hundred Acre
Meadow site. Later phenology may be partially responsible for
the small number of plants which were found at One Hundred
Acre Meadow. Population trends cannot be determined at this
point; the One Hundred Acre Meadow and Windy Ridge populations
were discovered during this project, and although the tallies
of the Storm Lake population have increased since it was first
discovered, this is believed to be an artifact of search
intensity and scope. The populations are mapped in Figures 5-
7 in Appendix B and Element Occurence Record printouts are
included as Appendix C to this report. Demographic details
are as follows:

Site name: Storm Lake

Area occupied by population: ca . 5 acres in 3 subpopulations

Number of individuals counted:

Main population (type locality) : 50 counted by 2 people

in 4 hours in 1993; 20 counted in 1992 (Rinehart) ; 9
counted, date unknown, prior to 1981 (Wagner and
Wagner)
Other subpopulations: 23 counted by 1 person in 2 hours
Estimated number of individuals: total 350+

Population summary: This is a fairly dense population which
covers a small area. Plants were of medium size and
vigor at the date of the survey with most spores immature
but a few dehiscent. The population is threatened by
recreational traffic.

Site name: Windy Ridge

Area occupied by population: ca. 4 0 acres

Number of individuals counted: 194 by 3 people in 5 hours

Estimated number of individuals: 1,000-10,000

Population summary: The largest known, this is a dense

population which covers a large area. Plants were the
largest and most vigorous seen, many with mature

dehiscent spores at the survey date. Putative hybrids
between B. paradoxum and another species were found here.

Site Name: One Hundred Acre Meadow

Area occupied by population: subpopulations widely scattered
over 100 acres

Number of individuals counted: 10 by 1 person in 4 hours

Estimated number of individuals: total 100+ ?

Population summary: This consists of a few minute, chlorotic
plants widely scattered over a large area. Plants were
immature at the survey date. The population is
potentially threatened by heavy rodent disturbance and
browsing by game.

4. Evidence of threats to survival

As alluded to in the population summaries above, two of
three populations of B. paradoxum known on the Deerlodge are
potentially threatened. Since the species was not described
until 1981, the size of the Storm Lake population before that
time is not known. Storm Lake is a natural basin with its
water level elevated by man made impoundment. The location of
B. paradoxum in meadows along the shore with eroded banks
suggests that there was more potential habitat prior to the
building of the dam . In addition, the main population is
dissected by a dirt road ("pack trail") , evidence of further
historical habitat depletion. Many old firepits and campsites
attest to a long history of outdoor recreation around the
lake. Recently, the population has faced a new threat. In
1992, a private logging road through section 19 north of the
lake was opened to the public, allowing access to two wheel
drive vehicles and resulting in intensified recreational use
of the site (Rinehart 1992) . Prior to this, the lake could be
reached only by a rough jeep trail, and most recreationists
walked in. In 1993, vehicles parked and turned around and
people camped and picnicked within the Botrychium habitat.
Although there are travel restrictions published (U.S.D.A,
Forest Service 1991), these were not enforced in 1993. The
Deer Lodge District is apprised of the situation (Gilman,
pers. comm.). An additional question requiring consultation
is the presence of a patented mining claim and private surface
right inholdings associated with the impoundment which may
include part of the population area (Rinehart 1992) .

The threat to the One Hundred Acre Meadow is entirely
different. This site is heavily disturbed by rodent activity
and browsing by game (no evidence of livestock grazing was
seen) . This may be a result of human impacts on game range,
or it may be entirely natural. The occurrence of the
extremely large population at Windy Ridge in near pristine
grassland suggests that B. paradoxum is favored by a minimal

level of disturbance. Its rarity may be a result of the
paucity of suitable native habitat.

DISCUSSION

Until recently, many botanists (but not fern specialists)
doubted the legitimacy of B. paradoxum as a species. Since it
was known by only a few individuals scattered over a wide
range, they argued that it was probably just an aberrant form
of another species. The Wagners (1993) state that
teratological forms of Botrychium species with transformed
trophophores do occur but are very rare. The morphological
stability of individual plants of B. paradoxum, B. hesperium
and their putative hybrid, B. X watertonense has been
documented over several years by monitoring in Alberta (Lesica
and Ahlenslager 1993) . The discovery of the extremely large
population of B. paradoxum on Windy Ridge also supports the
validity of the species. Although a previously undocumented
level of variation is apparent in the Windy Ridge population,
evidenced by individuals with more than usual branching (see
photocopy of my collection # 5077 in Appendix E) , B. paradoxum
appears to be relatively uniform throughout its range and is
probably the easiest of all moonworts to identify.

Further work is needed before recommendations can be made
on the conservation status of B. paradoxum. This survey was
confined to a relatively small area in the vicinity of Storm
Lake; the remainder of the Deerlodge National Forest is as yet
unsurveyed. If recent reports of the species in northwest
Montana are verified then surveys are also needed in that part
of the state. Other populations have been "lost." Population
trends and fluctuations have not been determined for any sites
in the state. In light of these considerations, the Montana
Natural Heritage Program has identified a need to pursue B.
paradoxum survey work throughout its range in Montana, on the
Deerlodge, Flathead, and Kootenai National Forests.

A phenomenon apparent to those working with Botrychium is
the occurrence of "genus communities" (Wagner and Wagner
1983) , where species of the same genus tend to grow together
in the same apparent habitat. The presence of these
communities has resulted in much taxonomic confusion, but, has
also been suggested by the Wagners as a means for solving
taxonomic problems. If taxa maintain consistent morphological
distinctions without forming fertile hybrids (i.e. plants with
intermediate morphology) , even in mixed populations, then they
are species. The level of sympatry in genus communities
appears to run counter to the competetive exclusion principle,
such that the presence of one Botrychium species increases the

10

probability of finding more species. Because of this
phenomenon, future work should survey entire moonwort
communities rather than focusing on individual species. Sites
are likely to host more than one species of concern, and may
harbour undescribed species.

The feasability of broad range, species (or genus)
specific, surveys for such inconspicuous plants may be
questioned. However, the success of this project, resulting
in tripling the known populations of B. paradoxum on the
Deer lodge National Forest, speaks highly for this approach.
If these plants are not deliberately sought, then populations
and even new species are likely to go undetected. The
required intensity of searching is not easily integrated with
more general botanical surveys, where moonworts, if
encountered at all, are usually found only on lunch break.

Windy Ridge is a superlative site which deserves to be
preserved. It has significant scientific, aesthetic, and
conservation values, both as Botrychium habitat and as a rare
example of a pristine, montane grassland. The large and
diverse moonwort community provides research opportunities
which were not available before. Genetic studies of
Botrychium have been hampered in the past because of a
shortage of plant material (Lesica and Ahlenslager 1993) . The
gametophytes of these species have rarely been seen, and the
assumed mycorrhizal relationships remain for the most part
undocumented. Windy Ridge could serve as an outdoor
laboratory for future Botrychium research, and for ecological
studies of native grassland ecosystems in general.

11

LITERATURE CITED

Argus G. W. and K. M. Pryer. 1990. Rare vascular plants in

Canada, our natural heritage. Rare and Endangered Plants
Project, Ottawa, Ontario.

Dorn, R. D. 1984. Vascular plants of Montana. Mountain West
Publishing, Cheyenne, Wyoming. iv + 276 pp.

Gifford, E. M. and A. S. Foster. 1989. Morphology and
evolution of vascular plants, third edition. W. H.
Freeman and Company, New York. ix + 62 6 pp.

Heidel, B. L. and J. M. Poole. 1993. Montana Plant Species
of Special Concern. Unpublished list. Montana Natural
Heritage Program, Helena, Montana. 21 pp.

Hitchcock, C. L. and A. Cronguist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle,
Washington. xix + 730 pp.

Lellinger, D. B. 1985. A field manual of the ferns & fern-
allies of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington, D.C.. ix + 389 pp.

Lesica, P. and K. Ahlenslager. 1993. Demographic monitoring
of three species of Botrychium in Waterton Lakes Park,
Alberta. University of Montana, Missoula.

Lidke, D. J. and C. A. Wallace. 1992. Rocks and structure of
the north-central part of the Anaconda Range, Deerlodge
and Granite Counties, Montana. U. S. Geological Survey
Bulletin 1993. iv + 31 pp. plus 2 maps.

Mueggler, W. F. and W. L. Stewart. 1980. Grassland and

shrubland habitat types of western Montana. USDA Forest
Service General Technical Report INT-66. Intermountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. 154 pp.

Rinehart, S. 1992. Plant Species of Special Concern survey

form and attached notes and maps, unpublished. On file at
Deerlodge National Forest, Whitehall, Montana. 12 pp.

U. S. D. A. Forest Service, Region 1. 1989. Sensitive plant
field guide for Montana. Missoula, Montana.

U. S. D. A. Forest Service. 1990. Deerlodge National Forest,
forest visitor/travel map, 1990 revision.

U. S. D. A. Soil Conservation Service. 1978. General Soil
Map, Montana. Extension Miscellaneous Publication no.
16. Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.

12

U. S. D. I. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Plant taxa for
listing as Endangered or Threatened Species; Notice of
Review. Federal Register 58: 51144-51190.

Wagner, W. H. Jr. and F. S. Wagner. 1981. New species of

moonworts, Botrychium subg. Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae) ,
from North America. American Fern Journal 71: 20-30.

1983

Genus communities

as a systematic tool in the study of new world Botrychium
(Ophioglossaceae). Taxon 32: 51-63.

. 1993. Ophioglossaceae,

in Flora of North America north of Mexico, Volume 2,
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press,
New York.

Wagner W. H. Jr., F. S. Wagner, C. Haufler, and J. K. Emerson.
1984. A new nothospecies of moonwort (Ophioglossaceae,
Botrychium). Canadian Journal of Botany 62: 629-634.

13

APPENDIX A. Maps showing travel routes and survey areas

Figure 1. USGS Storm Lake USGS quadrangle (7.5'), showing
Storm Lake Basin.

14

Figure 2. USGS Mount Evans quadrangle (7.5'), showing Twin
Lakes Basin.

15

Figure 3 . USGS Storm Lake and Georgetown Lake quadrangles
(7.5'), showing "Windy Ridge."

16

Figure 4. USGS Storm Lake quadrangle (7.5'), showing One
Hundred Acre Meadow.

17

APPENDIX B. Maps showing populations of Botrychium paradoxum.

Figure 5. USGS Storm Lake quadrangle (7.5'), showing the three
subpopulations in the Storm Lake basin.

18

Figure 6. USGS Storm Lake and Georgetown Lake quadrangles
(7.5'), showing the Windy Ridge population.

19

Figure 7. USGS Storm Lake quadrangle (7.5'), showing scattered
occurrences in One Hundred Acre Meadow.

20

APPENDIX C. Element Occurrence Record printouts,

21

MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM
Element Occurrence Record

'Scientific Name: BOTRYCHIUM PARADOXUM
Common Name: PECULIAR MOONWORT

Global rank: Gl
State rank: SI

Forest Service status:
Federal Status:

SENSITIVE
C2

Element occurrence code:
Element occurrence type:

PPOPH010J0.005

Survey site name:

EO rank:

EO rank comments :

County: GRANITE
USGS quadrangle:

CUB RIDGE

A

MAY BE LARGEST POPULATION KNOWN GLOBALLY,

OUTSTANDING PRISTINE GRASSLAND.

STORM LAKE
GEORGETOWN LAKE

Township:
0 04N

Range:
014W

Section:
03

TRS comments:
W2; 04 E2

Precision:

Survey date:

First observation:

i Last observation:

1993-08-03
1993-08-02
1993-08-03

Elevation: 7360 - 7480
Slope/aspect: 20% / NW-SE, MOSTLY E
Size (acres) : 40

Location:

CA. 12 MILES WEST OF ANACONDA ON STATE HWY 1, TURN SOUTH ON STORM LAKE
ROAD (FS RD 893). KEEP ON ROAD PAST STORM LAKE TURNOFF CA. 5 MILES;
MEADOWS ARE VISIBLE FROM ROAD ABOVE TIMBER.

Element occurrence data:

1000+ ESTIMATED, 100% WITH SPORES, SOME DEHISCENT.

General site description:

FESTUCA SCABRELLA GRASSLAND, MESIC MIDSLOPE, LOAM SOIL WITH ORGANIC
LAYER. ADDITIONAL SPECIES: FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS, CAREX SP., FRAGARIA
VIRGINIANA, POTENTILLA GRACILIS, GEUM TRIFLORUM, ARENARIA CONGESTA,
PENSTEMON PROCERA, DANTHONIA UNISPICATA, GENTIANELLA AMARELLA,
GENTIANA CALYCOSA, BOTRYCHIUM LUNARIA, BOTRYCHIUM SPP., CAREX
FILIFOLIA.

Land owner/manager:

DEERLODGE NATIONAL FOREST, PHILIPSBURG RANGER DISTRICT

Comments:

SURVEYED BY J. VANDERHORST, S. SHELLY AND J. JOY. ESTIMATE OF NUMBERS
DIFFICULT; SPECIES REQUIRES VERY DELIBERATE SEARCHING.

Information source: VANDERHORST, J. 1993. [MTNHP FIELD SURVEYS FOR
" BOTRYCHIUM PARADOXUM ON THE DEERLODGE NATIONAL

FOREST. ]

Specimens: VANDERHORST, J. (5077) . 1993

MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM
Element Occurrence Record

^Scientific Name: BOTRYCHIUM PARADOXUM
Common Name: PECULIAR MOONWORT

Global rank: Gl
State rank: SI

Forest Service status:
Federal Status:

SENSITIVE
C2

Element occurrence code:
Element occurrence type:

PPOPH010J0.006

Survey site name:

EO rank:

EO rank comments:

ONE HUNDRED ACRE MEADOW

BC

MARGINAL POPULATION AND HABITAT.

County: GRANITE

USGS quadrangle: STORM LAKE

Township: Range: Section: TRS comments:

004N 014W 14 SW4

Precision:

Survey date:

First observation:

Last observation:

1993-08-04
1993-08-04
1993-08-04

Elevation: 8200 - 8400
Slope/aspect: 0-20% / WEST, EAST
Size (acres) :

>

ocation:

CA. 12 MILES WEST OF ANACONDA ON STATE HWY 1, TRAVEL SOUTH ON FS RD
893 PAST TURNOFF TO STORM LAKE TO FS RD 8 683. GO SOUTH TO GATE AND
FOLLOW TRAIL CA. 3 MILES TO ONE HUNDRED ACRE MEADOW.

Element occurrence data:

ESTIMATED 100+ INDIVIDUALS IN 5 SUBPOPULATIONS , PLANTS SMALLL AND
WIDELY SCATTERED. IMMATURE SPORE STAGE.

General site description:

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS GRASSLAND, MESIC MIDSLOPE, LOAM SOIL, WITH FESTUCA
SCABRELLA, LUPINUS WYETHII, POTENTILLA DIVERSIFOLIA, PHLEUM ALPINUM,
KOELERIA CRISTATA, FRASERA SPECIOSA, POLYGONUM BISTORTOIDES,
BOTRYCHIUM LUNARIA, CERASTIUM ARVENSE, SOLIDAGO SP., SEDUM
LANCEOLATUM.

Land owner /manager :

ANACONDA-PINTLER WILDERNESS

DEERLODGE NATIONAL FOREST, PHILIPSBURG RANGER DISTRICT

Comments:

MARGINAL POPULATION AND HABITAT SEEMS DUE TO EDAPHIC AND BIOLOGICAL
FACTORS OTHER THAN DIRECT HUMAN DISTURBANCE. POPULATIONS SHOULD BE
VISITED LATER IN SEASON TO DETERMINE IF PHENOLOGY IS A FACTOR IN LOW
NUMBERS FOUND.

Information source:

VANDERHORST, J. 1993. [MTNHP FIELD SURVEYS FOR
BOTRYCHIUM PARADOXUM ON THE DEERLODGE NATIONAL
FOREST. ]

Specimens: VANDERHORST, J. (5081) . 1993

MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM
Element Occurrence Record

^Scientific Name: BOTRYCHIUM PARADOXUM
Common Name: PECULIAR MOONWORT

Global rank: Gl Forest Service status: SENSITIVE
State rank: SI Federal Status: C2

Element occurrence code: PPOPH010J0 . 007
Element occurrence type:

Survey site name: STORM LAKE

EO rank: C
EO rank comments: AREA HEAVILY-USED FOR RECREATION; USE INCREASING

AND HABITAT DECLINING.

County: DEER LODGE

USGS quadrangle: STORM LAKE

Township: Range: Section: TRS comments:

004N 013W 30 NE4NW4, E2 ; 29 NW4SW4

Precision: S

Survey date: 1993-08-05 Elevation: 8200 - 8480

First observation: 1993-07-30 Slope/aspect: 0-20% / S, SW

Last observation: 1993-08-05 Size (acres) : 5

'Location:

CA. 12 MILES WEST OF ANACONDA ON STATE HWY 1, TRAVEL SOUTH ON STORM
LAKE ROAD TO STORM LAKE. MAIN POPULATION IS ON NORTH LAKESHORE ON BOTH
SIDES OF DIRT ROAD; SUBPOPULATIONS ARE IN MEADOWS ON HILLS WEST OF THE
LAKE.

Element occurrence data:

TYPE LOCALITY. MAIN POPULATION ESTIMATED TO HAVE 2 00+ INDIVIDUALS;
SUBPOPULATIONS ESTIMATED AT 150+ INDIVIDUALS. 100% IN IMMATURE SPORE
STAGE.

General site description:

MESIC MIDSLOPE AND BOTTOM AND ROLLING UPLANDS, ORGANIC MATERIAL OVER
LOAM SOIL, WITH FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS, CAREX SPP. , FRASERA SPECIOSA,
ACHILLIA MILLEFOLIUM, PENSTEMON PROCERUS, PEDICULARIS CONTORTA,
BOTRYCHIUM LUNARIA, JUNCUS DRUMMONDII, POTENTILLA DIVERSIFOLIA,
BOTRYCHIUM SPP.

Land owner /manager :

DEERLODGE NATIONAL FOREST, DEER LODGE RANGER DISTRICT

Comments :

DRIVING, CAMPING AND TRAMPLING INTENSE AT MAIN POPULATION SITE, WHICH
IS BISECTED BY A TWO-TRACK ROAD.

information source: VANDERHORST, J. 1993. [MTNHP FIELD SURVEYS FOR

BOTRYCHIUM PARADOXUM ON THE DEERLODGE NATIONAL
FOREST. ]

Specimens: VANDERHORST, J. (5057, 5095, 5098). 1993. MONT.

APPENDIX D. Plant taxa associated with Botrychium paradoxum on
the Deerlodge National Forest. Locations where
these taxa were seen is indicated by the
abbreviations following the scientific name: OHAM =
One Hundred Acre Meadow, SL = Storm Lake, WR = Windy
Ridge. Citations are included only when the taxon
was not identified by this project. Nomenclature
follows Dorn (1984), except for Botrychium which
follows Wagner and Wagner (1993).

Achillea millefolium
Agoseris aurantiaca
Agoseris glauca
Androsace septentrional
Anemone lithophila
Antennaria microphylla
Antennaria sp.
Arabis holboelii
Arenaria congesta
Aster alpigenus
Astragalus miser
Botrychium crenulatum
Botrychium pinnatum
Botrychium lunaria
Botrychium minganense
Bromus carinatus
Calamagrostis rubescens
Campanula rotundifolia
Car ex at rat a
Car ex filifolia
Carex geyeri
Carex raynoldsii
Cerastium arvense
Cirsium scariosum
Danthonia intermedia
Danthonia unispicata
Elymus spicatus
Elymus tr achy caul is
Erigeron simplex
Eriogonum umbellatum
Festuca scabrella
Festuca idahoensis
Festuca rubra
Frag aria virginiana
Frasera speciosa
Gaillardia aristata
Galium boreale WR

Gentiana calycina
Gentianella amarella
Geranium viscosissimum
Geum triflorum

OHAM, SL, WR
SL

SL (Rinehart 1992), WR
es SL, WR
SL
WR

SL (Rinehart 1992)
WR

SL (Rinehart 1992) , WR
OHAM

SL (Wagner and Wagner 1981)
WR, SL
SL

OHAM, SL, WR
WR

OHAM

SL (Rinehart 1992)
WR

SL (Wagner and Wagner 1981)
WR
SL

OHAM, SL, WR
OHAM

SL (Rinehart 1992)
SL (Rinehart 1992)
WR

OHAM, WR

OHAM, SL (Rinehart 1992)
OHAM, SL (Wagner and Wagner 1981)
SL, WR
OHAM, WR
OHAM, SL, WR
OHAM
SL, WR

OHAM, SL, WR
WR

WR
WR
WR
WR

24

Hedysarum sp.
Hieracium gracile
Hieracium sp.
Juncus drummondii
Koeleria macrantha
Ligusticum tenuifolium
Linum lewisii
Lithospermum ruderale
Lupinus wyethii
Melica spectabilis
Pedicularis contorta
Penstemon procerus
Phleum alpinum
Phlox sp.
Poa sp .

Polygonum bistortoides
Potentilla diversifolia
Potentilla fruticosa
Potentilla gracilis
Sedum lanceolatum
Selaginella densa
Solidago multiradiata
Stipa occidentalis
Stipa viridis
Stipa sp.

Vaccinium scoparium
Valeriana sitchensis
Veronica wormskoldjii
Viola adunca

SL (Rinehart 1992)

OHAM

WR

SL

OHAM, WR

SL (Wagner and Wagner 1981)

WR

WR

OHAM, SL, WR

OHAM

SL, WR

SL, WR

OHAM, SL (Rinehart 1992)

SL (Rinehart 1992)

SL

OHAM

OHAM, SL

WR

SL, WR

OHAM, SL

SL

OHAM, SL

SL

SL

WR

SL

SL

SL

SL

(Rinehart)

(Wagner and Wagner 1981)
(Rinehart 1992)
(Rinehart 1992)

(Rinehart 1992)

25

APPENDIX E. Photocopies of Botrychium specimens with labels.

All determinations are those of the collectors. These
are tentative rather than authoritative, except for B.
paradoxum, which is easily distinguished from all other
species. Originally, all plants with trophophores were
considered to be B. lunaria. However, after consultation with
M. Windham and W. Wagner, this position was reconsidered.
Wagner and Wagner (1993) state that B. lunaria is extremely
uniform morphologically, with overlapping pinnae, unlike most
of our specimens. Windham identified my collection # 5078a as
B. minganense , but was puzzled by other specimens with
morphology seemingly intermediate between B. minganense and B.
lunaria. These "intermediate" forms key out to B. crenulatum
in Wagner and Wagner (1993) , however, I have not seen pictures
or verified specimens of this species; W. Wagner (pers.
commun.) did, however, suggest that slide 20 (Appendix F)
might be B. crenulatum. Windham observed spores of some of
our collections, including the oddities. He found that the
spores of my collection # 5078b were unusually small, but
regular, indicating that these are probably viable spores with
a low number of chromosomes. The spores of Shelly' s
collection # 1822, in contrast, were larger; the plant on the
left has regular spores, but the plant on the right has
misshapen spores, indicating that it is probably a sterile
hybrid. I welcome comments on any of these determinations.
The first set of specimens will be deposited at MONT.

26

*

Ophioglossaceae

MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium paradoxum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY T4N R13W S30 NW1/4
Anaconda Mountains: Storm Lake, ca. 15

air miles WSW of Anaconda.
Meadows around lake with Idaho fescue,

sedges, forbs, and moonworts.
Type locality. 50 plants counted by

two people in 4 hrs.

30 July 1993

Elev. ca. 8,200 ft.

Jim Vanderhorst # 5057
with Sherry Vogel

>

)

f

Ophioglossaceae

MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium crenulatum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY T4N R13W S30 NW1/4
Anaconda Mountains: Storm Lake, ca. 15

air miles WSW of Anaconda.
Meadows around lake with Idaho fescue,

sedges, forbs, and moonworts,

including B. paradoxus (coll. #

5057)

30 July 1993

Elev. ca. 8,200 ft

Jim Vanderhorst tf 5056
with Sherry Vogel

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz

DEER LODGE COUNTY T4N R13W S 30
Anaconda Mountains: Storm Lake, ca. 15

air miles WSW of Anaconda, just

be 1 owe dam.
Meadows with Idaho fescue, sedges,

forbs and moonworts. Growing with B.

crenulatum (coll. # 5058b.).

31 July 1993 Elev. ca. 8,200 ft.
Jim Vanderhorst # 5058a.

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium crenulatum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY' TAN R13W S 30
Anaconda Mountains: Storm Lake, ca. 15

air miles WSW of Anaconda, just

be 1 owe dam.
Meadows with Idaho fescue, sedges,

forbs and moonworts. Growing with B.

lunaria (coll. # 5058a.).

31 July 1993 Elev. ca. 8,200 ft.
Jim Vanderhorst # 5058b.

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S. A,

Botrychium crenulatum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY T4N R13W S30
Anaconda Mountains: Storm Lake, ca. 15

air miles WSW of Anaconda.
Meadows above lake with Idaho fescue,

sedges, forbs, and moonworts.

31 July 1993 Elev. ca. 8,200 ft.
Jim Vanderhorst j? 5059

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium crenulatum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY TAN R13W S30 SE1/4
Anaconda Mountains: between Storm Lake

and Storm Lake Pass, ca 15 air miles

WSW of Anaconda.
Subalpine meadows with moonworts.

1 August 1993 Elev. ca. 8,400 ft.

Jim Vanderhorst ?• 5067

1

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium paradoxum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY TAN R13W S30 NE1/4
Anaconda Mountains: hills west of Storm

Lake, ca. 15 air miles WSW of

Anaconda.
Sedge/fescue meadow with moonworts.
Estimated 100 plants.

6 August 1993 Elev. ca. 8,300 ft.
Jim Vanderhorst # 5095

9

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium crenulatum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY T4N R13W S30 NE1/A
Anaconda Mountains: hills west of Storm

Lake, ca. 15 air miles WSW of

Anaconda.
Sedge/fescue meadow with moonworts

including B. paradoxum (coll. #

5095).

6 August 1993 Elev. ca. 8,300 ft.
Jim Vanderhorst // 5096

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium crenulatum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY T4N R13W S30 NE1/4
Anaconda Mountains: hills west of Storm

Lake, ca. 15 air miles WSW of

Anaconda.
Sedge/fescue meadow with moonworts

including B. paradoxum (coll. #

5095).

6 August 1993 Elev. ca. 8,300 ft.
Jim Vanderhorst # 5097

r

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium paradoxum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY T4N R13W S29 SW1/4
Anaconda Mountains: between Storm Lake

and Storm Lake/Twin Lakes divide,

ca. 15 air miles WSW of Anaconda.
Sedge/fescue meadow with moonworts in

understory including coll.// 5099.
Ten individuals counted in ca. 1/2

hour, est. population = 100.

6 August 1993 Elev. ca. 8,450 ft.
Jim Vanderhorst # 5098

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.
Botrychium crenulatum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY TAN R13W S29 SW1/4
Anaconda Mountains: between Storm Lake

and Storm Lake/Twin Lakes divide

ca -15 air miles WSW of Anaconda.'
^edge/fescue meadow with moonworts in

understory including B. paradoxus,

(coll.j? 5098).

6 August 1993 Elev. ca. 8,450 ft.
Jim Vanderhorst # 5099

T4N R14W S3 SW1/4 and
S4 SE1/4
Anaconda Mountains: "Windy Ridge" above

East Fork Reservoir, ca. 19 air

miles W of Anaconda.
Pristine montane grasslands dominated

by rough and Idaho fescues with

moonworts in understory of grasses.
Population consists of thousands of

individuals and covers over 40

acres.

2 August 1993 Elev. ca. 7,450 ft
Jim Vanderhorst # 5077

Ophioglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.
Botrychium minganense Viet.

GRANITE COUNTY T4N R14W S3 SW1/4 and

S4 SE1/4

Anaconda Mountains: "Windy Ridge" above
East Fork Reservoir, ca. 19 air
miles W of Anaconda.

Pristine montane grasslands dominated
by rough and Idaho fescues with
moonworts, including B. paradoxum
(coll. # 5077) in understory.

3 August 1993

Elev. ca. 7,450 ft.

Jim Vanderhorst it 5078a

with J. Stephen Shelly and John Joy

I

Ophioglossaceae

MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium sp.

GRANITE COUNTY TAN R14W S3 SW1/4 and

S4 SE1/4

Anaconda Mountains: "Windy Ridge" above
East Fork Reservoir, ca. 19 air
miles W of Anaconda.

Pristine montane grasslands dominated
by rough and Idaho fescues with
moonworts, including B. paradoxum
(coll. # 5077) in understory.

This form was uncommon but seen more
than once. One fertile lamina, no
sterile lamina, small spores.

3 August 1993

Elev. ca. 7,450 ft

Jim Vanderhorst i\ 5078b

with J. Stephen Shelly and John Joy

FLORA OF MONTANA
MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM

BOTRYCHRJM LUNARIA (L.) Sw.

GRANITE CO.

Anaeooda-Pirtiar Range, "Wintfy Ridge,' ca. 2 air miles east of East
Fork Reservoir, adjacent to the head of Biodgea Gutch; ca. 18 air miles
west of Anaconda.

T4N, R14W

SECTION 4, east 1/2

ELEVATION: 7,400'

Uncommon; in near-pristine montane grassland, with FESTUCA
SCABRELLA, F. IDAHOENSIS, FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA,
BOTRYCHIUM PARADOXUM.

3 August 1993

J. Stephen Sheffy, Jim Vanderhorst, and John Joy

1»22

!

Ophioglossaceae
Botrychium sp.

MONTANA, U.S.A.

GRANITE COUNTY T4N R14W SU, 15,22,23
Anaconda Mountains: One Hundred Acre

Meadow, ca. 17 air miles W of

Anaconda.
Montane grasslands with heavy rodent

activity and game browsig, growing

with B lunaria and B. paradoxum

(coll. # 5081).
Minute, chlorotic plants.

4 August 1993 Elev. 8,200-8,400 ft.

Jim Vanderhorst # 5082

Ophipglossaceae MONTANA, U.S.A.

Botrychium crenulatum Wagner

DEER LODGE COUNTY T4N R13W S21
Anaconda Mountains: Upper Twin Lake,

ca. 13 air miles WSW of Anaconda.
Opening in woods with sedges, grasses,

and moonworts.

6 August 1993 Elev. ca. 7,700 ft.
Jim Vanderhorst # 5101

APPENDIX F. Photographic slides. Slides 1-14 taken by Jim
Vanderhorst, slides 15-20 taken by John Joy.

Slide 1. Storm Lake, B. paradoxum type locality from across
the bay, dam visible at far left.

Slide 2. Storm Lake type locality, Botrychium habitat on both
sides of dirt road ("pack trail") .

Slide 3. B. paradoxum from site shown in slide 2.

Slide 4. B. paradoxum from site shown in slide 2.

Slide 5. Group of B. paradoxum from site shown in slide 2.

Slide 6. B. pinnatum (W. Wagner, pers. commun.) from site
shown in slide 2.

Slide 7. B. lunaria f. incisum (W. Wagner, pers. commun.)
from site shown in slide 2.

Slide 8. Botrychium sp. (minganense ?) from site shown in
slide 2.

Slide 9. Hills just east of Storm Lake. B. paradoxum
habitat.

Slide 10. B. paradoxum from site in slide 9.

Slide 11. B. paradoxum habitat above trail between Storm Lake
and Storm Lake/Twin Lakes Divide.

Slide 12. One Hundred Acre Meadow, Botrychium habitat.

Slide 13. One Hundred Acre Meadow, Botrychium habitat.

Slide 14. B. paradoxum from One Hundred Acre Meadow.

Slide 15. Windy Ridge Botrychium habitat.

Slide 16. Shelly and Vanderhorst searching for moonworts on
Windy Ridge, posterior shot

Slide 17. B. paradoxum from Windy Ridge.

Slide 18. B. paradoxum from Windy Ridge.

Slide 19. Single fronded Botrychium from Windy Ridge.

Slide 20. Probably B. minganense or B. crenulatum (W. Wagner,
pers. commun.) from Windy Ridge.

45

o