NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES
3 3433 08178242 1
A SURVEY
STATE OF MAINE,
IW REFEREirCE TO ITS
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES,
STATISTICS AND POLITICAL, ECONOMY
ILLUSTRATED BY MAPS.
BY MOSES GREENLEAF.
PORTLAND :
PUBLISHED BY SHIRLEY AND HYDt.
1839.
DISTRICT OF MAINE, SS.
BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twenty-ninth day of February, A.
D. 1828, in the United States of America. MOSES GREENLEAF,
Esquire, of the said district, hath deposited in this oflfice the title of a book,
the right whereof he claim3 as author, in the words following, to wit :
"A survey of the State of Maine, in reference to its Geographical features,
Statistics, and Political Economy, Illustrated by Maps. By MOSES
GREENLEAF."
In conformity to the act of Congress of the United States, entitled "As
Art for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts,
and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times
therein mentioned : and also to an act, entitled "An Act supplementary to an
Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts,
and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times
therein mentioned ; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of design-
ing, engraving and etching historical and other prints."
JOHN MUSSEY, Clerk of the District Court of Maine.
SHIRLEY AND HTDE, EJ^TEitS.
TT — rm
riSW YORK
//public LIBRARY
As'cr, Icnox and Tilden
Founditions.
c5/y-/.
;"^» • «;
PREFACE.
Ix\ offering to the citizens of Maine a work relating to their
own State, under a title so comprehensive as that prefixed to this,
a hazard is incurred, either that expectations may be excited,
which neither the talents of the writer nor the means at his com-
mand will enable him to satisfy ; or that a just estimate of those
talents and means will repress all expectations of any thing deserv-
ing the degree of attention which the title may seem to claim. —
With some it may seem questionable whether materials can be
found for any satisfactory, or even tolerably accurate, account of
the subjects referred to ; while with others it may be supposed
that the most abundant materials are easily attainable for their
exhibition and elucidation in the most perfect manner. — Antici-
pations founded on either of these opinions will probably fail to
be realized. Materials ought to exist in the archives of the
State for a detailed view of its concerns in all respects. To
some extent they do exist ; but they are far from perfect in most
particulars ; in some they are exceedingly limited and loose,
even in cases where a sufficient degree of fulness and accuracy
might reasonably have been expected ; and on some subjects are
totally deficient. — Such as have been obtained from this as well
as from other sources, are exhibited or referred to in the course
of the work, and of their extent, and of the use which has been
made of them, the public will judge.
An apology is due for many errors and imperfections, and for
the entire omission of some articles which might have been ex-
pected to appear. The first of these will find an excuse in the
fact that circumstances, not under the control of the writer, un-
avoidably delayed the preparation of the work for the press until
IV PREFACE.
the time when it should have been published, and that therefore
the compilation and arrangement of a considerable part of the
materials, and final revision of the whole, were necessarily in
hand simultaneously with the correction of the press. To those
acquainted with such subjects, this will account for and excuse
many errors. — With respect to the second, it was intended to
devote some portion of the work to a distinct consideration of
the absolute and relative wealth of the State, and its different
component parts — value and importance of its lands — facilities
for — kinds, extent, and expediency of, internal improvements —
and its general resources ; but the time when the publication
must be completed was limited, and an important part of the
materials for these subjects could not be obtained until after
this time. It was thought better therefore to omit their intro-
duction altogether for the present ; in the hope that circumstan-
ces will permit, at a future time, a more extended notice of
them, and under greater advantages for useful results, than was
possible at present.
With this apology the work, such as it is, is submitted to the
candor of the public.
WilUamsburgh, Maine, 1829.
COSfTEWTS.
CHAPTER 1.
Page.
Extent and Boundaries ••• ••§
British pretensions • • 11
Maps and reports of surveyors- •• • 23
CHAPTER 2.
Face of the country • •••37
Mountains and highland ranges 39. Vallies -SS
Elevation of road from Hallowell to Quebec 60. Rivers* • '70
CHAPTER 3.
Climate • 85
Table 1 . Meteorological observations at Brunswick 92
Table 2. " " at Williamsburgh •••94
Table 3. Mean temperature at Portland 9Q
Table 4. Comparative do. at Portland, Brunswick and Williamsburgh* -97
Table 5. Comparative means and extremes at New Haven, Williams-
town, Brunswick and Williamsburgh 97
Table 6. Extreme monthly range at do. 98
Table 7- Mean Temperature at Charleston, Philadelphia, &c. 101
Table 8. Meteorological observations at Gosport, (Eng.) — •••102
Table 9. Comparative results. ••• •• ibid.
CHAPTER 4.
JVatural products* • • — 11<>
Forest 110 Minerals- • 114
CHAPTER 5.
Divisions 119
Results of natural divisions ibid
Local centres — extent of dependencies, &c.» • • 126
CHAPTER 6.
Population 132
Table 1. Aggregate of Maine — ratio, amount, and sources of increase. -134
Table 2. Aggregate of the several counties^ •• • .140
VI
CONTENTS.
Table 8.
Table 9.
TaMe 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Table 3. Estimates of future increase, and average density 141
Table 4. Gain and loss of the several counties from migrations 143
Table 5. Number of square miles, and average density of the settled
parts of each county ibid
Table 6. Census of 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820 ...144
Appendix to Table 6 — Progress of new settlements since 1790. .149
Table 7. Summary of the census of 1800 — numbers and proportions
engaged in Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures....l50
Aggregates of the United States, and ratio of increase*. 152
Elements of the pop. of U. S. in 1790,1800, 1810, and 1820- . .156
Proportions of different ages in the United States, and of
slaves and free colored persons 158
Absolute physical strength of the several States 159
Relative physical strength of the several States 160
Fluctuations among the U. S. or gain and loss from migrations 'IBS
Progressive densities in each State 167
Population of New Brunswick 189
CHAPTER 7.
Agriculture •.•181
Table 1. Official statement of agricultural capital and products 186
Table 2. Summary of each county • 201
Table 3. Average proportions of the same 208
Table 4. Estitmated value of agricultuial products 211
Products of agriculture exported to foreign places '.•212
Live cattle and sheep exported 214
CHAPTER 8.
Commerce » 217
Table 1. Tonnage of the shipping of Maine .220
Appendix to Table 1. Vessels built in Maine 226
Table 2. Tonnage of the United States 227
Table 3. Duties on imports and tonnage— Payments, allowances and
bounties — in Maine <=.»• • 228
Table 4. Duties on imports and tonnage— payments, allowances and
bounties — in the United States 240
Table 5. Value of imports and exports — American and Foreign ton-
nage— in Maine 242
Table 6. Value of imports and exports — American and Foreign ton-
nage— United States • 243
Articlr.s and value of Foreign export • 244
Coasting tonnage articles and value of coasting export in each
collection district 247
Total exports 253
Fisheries i^^-
eo^^fiTNT!;.
Vll
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10,
Table 11.
Table 12,
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Table 16.
Table 17.
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 8.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 1.
Table 2.
SearnCTi" ■•-•• •••••••••••••• •■•• ••••»■•■••-••• •-••%••••• •■•••• •25S
Commercial capital • • «• • *». • ••¥•...».............. .256
Comparison of different acctmnts of tonnage of Maine 257
Statement and comparative view of stock in trade ihtd
Number and value of buildings employed in comraerce««»»«.259
Amount of tonnage and value of vessels 260
Estimate of commercial circulations for each county 262
Estimate of goods, wares, and merchandize in each county* ••26S
Total commercial circulations 264
Proportions of population, wealth, and direct foreign trade* «• •265
Proportions of tonnage, imports, population, and taxable
property ibid.
Co'nparisons of tonnage and population in 1810 267
Proportions of duties to amount of merchandize imported 269
Proportions of commerce conducted in foreign vessels* ibid,
CHAPTER 9.
Manufactures •
Amount of manufactures in Maine, Massachusetts, and the
United States in 1810
Comparison of manufactures of Maine with other Sfates* •• • •
Number of manufacturing establishments
Manufacture of ships and vessels for exportation
Capital vested in manufacturing establishments* ••••.•••• ..
Estimate of annual value of manufactures
.271
.274
275
*276
•279
*282
CHAPTER 10.
Revenues and public burdens 286
Sources of revenue • 287
Details of Receipts into the State treasury •** .290
Abstract and digest of receipts into the State treasury 298
Objects and classification of expenditures •*•* 299
Details of expenditures from the State treasury 305
Abstract of expenditures from the State treasury 315
Classification of disbursements ••• 316
Abstract of receipts and disbursements on account of admin-
istration of justice • 317
Estimate of indirect receipts into the county treasuries •318
Amount of County taxes • .321
Estimate of amount and objects of county expenditures.*.* 322
Appendix to chapter 10 — Circulating medium -.327
Aggregate amount of bank bills in circulation 333
Condition of banks • 335
Appendix to chapter 10— Military .* 337
Abstract of Militia returns .•••••.••.•..... .33$
Vm CONTENTS.
Amouat and value of arms and milifarv stores* • t*. ••••••••• 340
Expense of militia system • • •••••841
CHAPTER 11.
Education •• • • -342
Table 1. Statement of common schools.. • 347
Summary and proportions of the same • • 362
Table 2. Acadamies and endowments • .367
Table 3. Funds, receipts, expenditures, and amount of in instruction
in Academies 369
WaterviUa College 374
Bo wdoin College • 376
CHAPTER 12.
Grants and sales of lands 380
Patents and charters, from 1606 ro 1691 ibid.
Consequences • 388
' Grants of CouncU of Plymouth from 1629 to 1631 390
Indian deeds 394
French Grant 396
Province grants and sales from 1756 to 1783 397
Sales and grants by Massachusetts from 1783 to 1820 400
Table 1. Statement of all lands alienated prior to 1820 402
Table 2. Lands.sold by Lottery in 1827 419
Table 3. Grants to literary institutions, &c. in Massachusetts and
Maine, prior to 1820 425
Table 4. Annual aggregate of sales from 1 783 to 1820 428
Aggregate of contracts made before and executed after 1820 ••430
Table 5, Divisions and assignments between Maine and Massachusetts .431
Table 6. Sales by Massachusetts to 1826 438
Table 7. Sales by Maine to 1829 441
Grants by Maine to literary institutions, &c. 447
APPENDIX.
A Extract, on revolutions of climate 449
B Number of buildings and principal manufacturing establishments .451
Valuation of specific articles 452
C Account of tonnage and stock in trade 453
D Relative wealth of each County 456
Relative wealth of towns ibid
E OflBcial value of wood and unimproved land 459
F Amount of Post Office revenue in each town .... 462
Proportion ot Post Office revenue to population and wealth 466
G School funds, &c. of New York 467
H Supposed claim of United States ibid.
SURVEY OF MAINE.
CHAPTER I.
Extent and Boundaries,
The State of Maine, extending from 43'' 5' to 48" north
latitude, and from 66*" 49' to 70° 55' west longitude from
London, is bounded on the west by the State of New-Hamp-
shire, from which it is separated by Piscataqua river, from the
sea to the source of its main branch, a distance of about 35
miles in a direct line ; and from thence by a hne running north
two degrees west, about 115 miles farther, to the highlands,
which in this place divide the United States from Canada. —
This line was run and marked in the year 1741, by Walter Bry-
ant, under the direction of Governor Belcher, but it appearing
that Massachusetts, though equally interested with New-Hamp-
shire, had no voice m the establishment of the line ; and that
Bryant, the surveyor, had made some mistakes in running the
line, and also in the place which he assumed as the true source
of the river Piscataqua, from which the Une was to proceed, the
States of New-Hampshire and Maine have adopted measures
for its revision and adjustment, which it is understood have re-
sulted in an amicable agreement between the commissioners of
the two States, appointed for that purpose ; and it now re-
mains only to be ratified by their respective Legislatures.
On the south this State extends from Kittery point, at the
entrance of Piscataqua river, to Quoddy-head at the entrance
2
16 BOUNDARIES.
of Passamaquoddy Bay. The distance, in a direct line, about
221 miles.
The boundaries on the east are the bay and river of Passama-
quoddy and St. Croix, following the Cheputnetecook or eastern
branch of the St. Croix to its utmost source,* and thence a line
due north to the north-west angle of the ancient British prov-
ince of Nova-Scotia, now^ the province of New-Brunswick.
The northern boundary is formed by the highlands which
separate the w^aters falling into the river St. Lawrence, from
those which fall into the Atlantic ocean, and extends from the
north-w est angle of Nova-Scotia, to the sources of Connecticut
river. These boundaries on the east and north separate Maine
from the British provinces of New-Brunswick (formerly Nova-
Scotia) and Lower Canada ; and form the frontier of the United
States as far as they extend.
As no actual survey has yet taken place to define and mark
these boundaries in their whole extent, it cannot be expected
to determine with accuracy the precise area of the State : But
surveys have been so far made, and the true situation of the
points and highlands which form the boundaries are so nearly
known, that it may be estimated as accurately as is necessary
for all purposes of importance at present ; and taking the gen-
eral outline as far as it is now understood, the State may be
estimated to contain about 33,223 square miles, or 21,263,000
acres.f
A large portion, however, of the territory of the State, has re-
cently been claimed by a foreign power, which insists with great
pertinacity upon a very different boundary from that here de-
scribed ; and as this claim is yet unsetded, and provision is
* Thi<! point was ascertained and finally settled, in the year 1797, by the commissioners
of the United States and Great Britain under the treaty of 1794, and a yellow bircli tree
was surrounded with an iron hoop, and marked as the monument from whence the Ime to
be run due north was to commence. In the year 1817 the surveyors of the two Govern-
ments, appointed under the 3th article of the treaty of Ghent, erected a new monument a
fpw feet north of the former, consisting of a square cedar post with large rocks on each
side-, the post and rocks, marked with the date July 31, 1817, the names of the two coun-
tries and tliose of the surveyors, Jos. Bouchette and John Johnson.
t The elements of which this estimate is composed, will be found under the head of
Grants and Sales of lands.
BOUNDARIES. 11
made for its final determination by an umpire, it may by some
be thought proper that, in a work of this kind and at this time,
so much of the territory as -is in dispute should be the subject
of a separate consideration, or perhaps be altogether omitted.
But to either of these there are two objections : First the un-
certainty in determining ^vhere the boundary may be fixed, if
not in the place heretofore understood by all parties : — And
second, tlie entire conviction that the boundary as thus under-
stood, is described by the treaty of 1783, with a precision so
nearly accurate as now to be easily traced in its general out-
Imes by any unprejudiced observer ; — that any uncertainties
which may exist with respect to the position of the line of the
boundary along the highlands, or any variations which may take
place in its actual demarkation, must be too slight to aftect
materially the general form or extent of the State ; — that though
its final adjustment may be determined by an umpire, yet no
umpire, without farther powers than are yet given, or probably
will be given, will undertake to vary it essentially from the place
always heretofore asserted by the American government ; — and
that this government is not bound by any treaty, nor any prin-
ciple of good faith, and will not so far forget its dignity, and
surrender its rights, as ever to submit to umpirage any question
which will by possibility admit of an essential departure from
that bound aiy.
The deep interest in the subject felt by the people of this
State, and the value of the territory as it respects the resources,
and even the safety, of the State, as well as its importance
as a frontier to the nation at large, will at least justify, and per-
haps require, an assignment of the reasons for these opinions,
and some nodceofthe origin, extent, and merits of the British
claim to a new boundary. The limits, however, and the prm-
cipal design of the work, will not permit an extended detail on
this subject. A summary abstract will be sufficient for general
readers ; and those who may feel an interest to pursue the in-.
12 BOUNDARIES.
vestigatioii to its full length, will be able to refer to the original
authorities.
That the northern boundary of Maine, at the time of the trea-
ty of 1783, and ever before, was a part of the southern boun-
dary of Lower Canada, and that the eastern boundary of Maine
formed the w estern boundary of Nova-Scotia in its whole ex-
tent, are facts which have never been called in question, not
even by Great Britain. On the contrary, she has always fully
maintained them, until her recent pretensions seem to render it
rather inexpedient.* These boundaries were defined by Great-
Britain herself, while the whole country was in her own posses-
sion. As early as the year 1621, the western boundary of Nova-
Scotia was fixed at the river St. Croix, and from its source by
a line due north to the river St. Lawrence. This boundary,
as far as to the source of the St. Croix, was definitely ascer-
tained under the treaty of 1794. In 1691, the eastern boun-
dary of Maine, then annexed to Massachusetts, was fixed at
the western limit of Nova-Scotia. Maine and Nova-Scotia
both then extended to the river St. Lawrence. Li 1763, the
northern limits of Maine and Nova-Scotia were both curtailed
by the establishment of the province of Quebec, the bounda-
ries of which on this side were described to run *' along the
highlands which divide the waters that emptii themselves into the
said rive?' St, Lawrence, from those which fall into the sea, and
also along the north coast of the Bay Iks Chaleurs, &i,c." — In
the same year, in the commission to Montague Wilmot, as
Governor of Nova-Scotia, this boundary was recognized also to
be the norfliern boundary of Nova-Scotia ; and the western
* Bouchettc's Mip of th° Canadas in 18 15, assigns the northern part of Maine to Can-
ada, an<l iho more recent maps of New Brunswick assign it to that province. The gov-
ernment also of New-Brunswick claims and exercises the jurisdiction over it, while the people
of Lower Canada claim the same territory as a part of the county of Cornwallis in that
province. How these conflicting claims between the two provinces, and the discrepancies
between the maps by the official servants of the crown in each province respectively, are
to be nconciled with their pretensions to the territory at all ; and especially how the' sanc-
tion of the government to Bouchette's map (dedicated by special permission to the Prince
Regent) which plact;s the nr-rth-west angle of Nova-Scotia to tlie northward of the river
St. John, is reconcilable wilh the claim of New-Brunswick to the territory on the St.
John westward of the line forming this angle, are questions which require some ingenu^
ity to answer.
BOUNDARIES. 13
boundary of Nova-Scotia was recognized to be a line drawn
north from the source of the St. Croix to this same southern
boundary of the province of Quebec ; consequently the north-
west angle of Nova-Scotia was definitely fixed and known to
be at the intersection of these two lines. In 1767 and again in
1771, the same boundaries of Nova-Scotia are recognized in
the commissions to Campbell and Legge, successively Gov-
ernors of that province. In 1774, by an Act of the British
Parliament, relating to the province of Quebec, the establish-
ment of that province by the Royal proclamation of 1763 was
referred to, and its boundaries more fully described and con-
firmed. On the side next to Nova-Scotia and Maine, it was
again stated to be " bounded on the south by a line from the
Bay of Chaleurs, along the highlands which divide the rivers
which empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those
which fall into the sea.^^
In the same year (1774) by another Act of the British Par-
liament, the river St. Croix was again stated as the boundarjr
between Massachusetts and Nova-Scotia, and defined to be " the
river wliich emptieth itself into Passamacadie or Passamaquod-
dy Bay on the western side."
During the whole time from the charter of William and
Mary in 1691, to the peace of 1783, and indeed ever since,
the whole territory lying between Nova-Scotia, New-Hamp-
shire, Canada and the Atlantic, was known and acknowledged
by Great-Britain and her colonies, to be an integral part of the
Province of Massachusetts, and was designated as the Prov-
ince or District of Maine. The whole country however, not
only of Maine but also of Canada and Nova-Scotia, excepting
on the sea coast and margins of navigable rivers, being a vast
unoccupied forest, there was no necessity as yet, for explor-
ing and establishing by visible artificial monuments, the precise
line which should constitute the limits of the contiguous Prov-
inces ; and the general natural monuments, to which that line
should eventually be confined, were too well defined and
14 BOUNDARIES.
known, to leave any room for an apprehension that, when the
borders should become occupied, and it should be requisite to
ascertain and mark the lines exactly, there could be any serious
misunderstanding between the parties as to any territory of
considerable extent. All which could be necessary, would be
to trace the line described to run " along the highlands, and
from thence to the Bay of Chaleur, and by its north coast"
which formed the southern boundary of the Province of Que-
bec ; and then to ascertain the source of the river St. Croix,
and from thence to run and mark the line due north, until it
should meet that boundary. This point of intersection must
necessarily constitute the north west angle of Nova-Scotia and
the northeast angle of Maine.
The source of the St. Croix being ascertained, the only
practical difficulty which could arise in the demarkation of the
angle, and the lines proceeding from it, results from the fact,
that no range of highlands in a situation, and of an extent and
elevation sufficient to divide the sources of rivers, is ever found
to terminate in a mathematical point at the sea, more espe-
cially at the head of a bay ; and as the general range of the
highlands in question passes along the whole extent of the Bay
of Chaleur, on its northern side, and nearly parallel to its north
coast, and the southern boundary of the Province of Quebec
is described in general terms as extending by the north coast
of that bay, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to its western ex-
tremity, and from thence by " a lijie" to the highlands, a dispute
might arise as to what point constituted the " western extremity
of the Bay of Chaleur," and more especially as to what course
from that point the line should run to the highlands, and to what
part of tlie highlands. A little attention however to the geo-
graphical features of the country in that vicinity, will show, tliat
whatever might be the differences in opinion between intery
ested parties on this subject, the result must affect chiefly the
provinces of Canada and Nova- Scotia, and the different linei>
which might be contended for, to run from the Bay of Chaleur
BOUNDARIES. 15
to the highlands, must necessarily all unite on the highlands at
so little distance within the line of the eastern boundary of Maine,
that the difference in the extent or importance of the territory
to be gained or lost by either party could never be worth a
national quarrel, and would come within the limits of those
questions which civilized nations usually determine by negoci-
ation or umpirage, and which may always be so determined
without compromitting the rights, dignity or essential interests of
either party. And it is absurd to suppose that any other
" uncertainties or disputes," than such as might naturally arise
from the question, where this line was originally intended to meet
the highlands ; or in other words, whether the north-west angle
of Nova-Scotia was to be found at Sugar-Loaf-Hill, on the
southern branch of these highlands, or at the source of Beaver
river, which flows from their northern or main branch, or at
some intermediate point, were in the contemplation of the
American Commissioners w^ho signed, or Government which
ratified, the treaty of Ghent,* nor that that treaty was predica-
ted upon the expectancy of any other.
The highlands in question are exceedingly well defined by
nature, in their whole extent from the sources of Connecticut
river northerly, dividing the waters of the Kennebeck, Penob-
scot, and St. John, on one hand, from those of the St. Lawrence
on the other, until they arrive to the northernmost sources of the
St. John, within about 20 miles of the line run due north from
the source of the St. Croix. In the whole of this extent, no
branch is sent off to any considerable distance eastward, or
which can afford ground for a reasonable doubt as to the iden-
tity of the boundary described in the treaty of 1 783, with that
asserted by the United States.f At th'S point, viz. about 20
miles from the eastern boundary of Maine, the highlands begin
to give rise to waters which flow eastward into the Bay of
* Nor could the British themselves have contemplated any other fairly— they had pre*
eluded that by jill their former acts.
t As will appear in the sequel of this and part of the aext chapter.— Se« plate f.
16 BOUNDARIES.
Chaleur, through the river Ristigouche, and they here also be-
gin to send off spurs or branches tending south-eastward,
dividing the different waters of the Ristigouche from each other,
and also dividing the whole waters of the Ristigouche from
the contiguous branches of the St. Jolin. The main ridge
continues eastward, dividing the w^aters of the Ristigouche from
those of the river St. La\iTence ; and passing to the northward
of the river Matapediac, it proceeds between the Bay of Chal-
eur and the river St. Lawrence, until it subsides to the shore of
the Gulf of St. Lawrence near Cape Rozier. The southern-
most branch of the highlands passes south-easterly, dividing the
waters of the Memkeswee, Memticook, and Great Wagansis,
branches of the Ristigouche, on one hand, from those of Green
river, Siaugas, and Grand river, or little Wagansis, branches of
the St. John, on the other, and crossing the eastern boundary
of Maine at Susrar-loaf-hill,* about 20 miles north of the river
St. John, it proceeds north-easterly towards the Bay of Chaleur.
Between the main ridge and tliis southeni branch of the
highlands, are lesser spurs or branches tending easterly, which
divide the different waters of the Ristigouche from each other,
and terminate at no great distance east of the boundary line.
The whole extent, on the due north line, from the southern spur
or branch, to the northern or main ridge of the highlands, is
about 45 miles. From the point where the line due north
from the St. Croix intersects the main ridge of highlands, the
course to the western extremity of the Bay of Chaleur is due
east, distance about 80 miles, and the waters which flow into
this bay from the west, which are only the Ristigouche and its
branches, are entirely embosomed between the main ridge and
the southern branch of the highlands just described.
It must be evident therefore, to the most obtuse understand-
ing, that though the natural construction of the line of 1763
* The elevation of this branch of the highlands is about 2450 feet above the level of tb»
sea ; and about 850 feet higher tJian the summit of Mars Hill •, but is not so high as some
ofthe lands farther north,— 5ce Bouchette^a section of eastern boundary— Flate 4, No. 5.
und Johnson's Report.
BOUNDARIES. 17
would be either a due west, or a north-westerly course to the
highlands, yet it is of comparatively little importance in the
present case, for that any hne, extending in any direction
westerly from the western extremity of the Bay of Chaleur,
must unavoidably meet in its course some part of these liigh-
lands ; and whichever branch of the higlilands it shall first meet,
it must, if it follows along its course, find the point where they
all unite, but about 20 miles westward of the point maintained
by the United States as its extreme north-eastern boundary ;
AND THE DETERMINATION OF THIS LINE MUST, IN ITS CON-
SEQUENCES, NECESSARILY DETERMINE ALL QUESTIONS OF ANY
IMPORTANCE, RESPECTING WHICH THERE WAS LEFT ANY ROOM
FOR "uncertainty OR DISPUTE" IN THE TREATY OF 17S3;
AND MUST SUBSTANTIALLY FULFIL ALL THE INTENTIONS OF
THE 5th ARTICLE OF THE TREATY OF GhENT.
The inquiry now arises, what acts are known which afford
any indications by which to ascertain the proper direction of
this line, and define the northern boundary of Nova-Scotia
from the w^estera extremity of the Bay of Chaleur to the north-
west angle of that Province, and north-east angle of INIaine.
Taking the most natural and obvious sense of the Proclama-
tion of 1763, on the basis of which ?11 subsequent descriptions
of this boundary are predicated, the line should proceed from
the north-western extremity of the Bay of Chaleur, north-
westerly to the nearest point in the main ridge of highlands ;
thence following the general direction of this ridge, it would
intersect the line due north from the St. Croix, near the source
of Beaver river, which discharges into the Lake Metis, and
is tlie " first water falling into the great river of Canada" de-
scribed in the grant of Nova-Scotia to Sir William Alexander.
At this point the American government has always understood
the north-w^est angle to be found.*
The first grant of the territory since known as Nova-Scotia,
''■- It is believed that facts sufficient may be shown to prove that the British government
ajso has in reality understood it so, although it seems to them most couvenient recently to
undcrsfind it otherwise.
3
18 BOUNDARIES.
vvasTiiade inthe year 1603, by Hemy 4th of France, to the
Sieur De Montz. This grant was Ixmnded on the north by the
48th degree of latitude. In all the revolutions which Nova-
Scotia has since undergone, whether as to limits or sovereignt}-,
its northern boundary has never been essentially varied from
this line.
When England had succeeded France in the sovereignty of
the provinces on both sides of tliis line, she established by the
Proclamation of 1763, their respective limits near to it; bound-
ing Nova-Scotia and Canada by the Bay of Chaleur to its
w^estern extremity, which is at, or very near to, the 48th
degree of latitude ; and thence by " a line''' to the highlands,
&c. The direction of this line was not expressly defined ; but
from the nature of the country none otlier could have been
intended than eitlier a due west line, or else a line in the shortest
and most convenient direction to the nearest point in the high-
lands, the main ridge of which passes along nearly parallel to
the nortli coast of the bay. Under die existing circumstances
of the country at die time, the precise course of the line was
immaterial for the present, and would continue so until the
settlement and ciicumstanees of the country should render a
more specific definiuon necessary.
In the year 1784, immediately after die disjunction of die
United States from Great-Britain, the Province of Nova-Scotia
was divided into two governments, the northern part being
formed into the Province of New-Brunswick. This was done
by an order of the King in Council. In designating the boun-
daries of that part of Nova-Scotia which should constitute the
Province of New-Brunswick, it is understood diat the northern
boundary was declared to be the Bay of Chaleur, and a line
drawn due west from its western extremity to the liighlands,
&ic. It is said also that a copy of this order in Council was
produced before the Commissioners appointed to determine
the true St. Croix, in 1797, but was afterwards withdrawn
from the files, and is now withholden by Great-Britain. Tlie
BOUNDARIES. Tfl'
line drawn due west from the Bay of Chaleur will Intersect
the Ime due north from the St. Croix, exactly at or very near
the place where this due north line intersects tlie main ridge
of the highlands, viz. very nearly in latitude 48'' near the
source of the Beaver river, and it is perfectly immaterial
whether the north line of Nova-Scotia from the western ex-
tremity of the Bay of Chaleur, is a line drawn due west or
any other course to the main ridge of the highlands in the vi-
cinity.
We have then, the grant to De IMontz, the proclamation of
1763 in its most natural and obvious sense, and the recogni-
tion of the boundary in the order of 1784, besides a number
of other acts, all agreeing substantially as to the point where
the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia has been from the ear-
liest period always understood to exist, and not a single act or
pretension of any kind to call it in question, until the war of 1812
awakened in Great-Britain a hope of obtaining a new boundary
between her' Proi^nces and the United States. But we have
still farther testimony.
In the discussion of 1797 — -8, on the settlement of the east-
ern boundary,* it was admitted, and even contended for by the
British agent, that the eastern line of Maine must in any event
cross the St. John, and include the whole ofthat river westward
of that line within the United States ; and if established at the
Cheputnetecook branch of the St. Croix, where it finally was
established, must also cross the sources of the rivers ivkich fall
into the Bay of Chaleicr ; and the British minister, under a full
view of ail 'the facts and arguments on the subject, officially
expressed his unqualified preference for the establishment of
the boundary as then proposed and finally agreed to, for the
reason that, to use his own words, it " would be attended with
considerable advantage, would give an addition of territory tor
the Pro\ince of New-Brunswick, together with a greater ex-
tent of navigation on St. John's rivers ' Not the ivhole of
St. John's river, but simply a greater extent of navigation on it .
20 BOVNDARIES.
This, ill connection with the prececjing, amounts to a com-
plete acknowledgement on the part of Great-Britain, that the
north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, and the north-east angle of
Maine, is to be found to the north of the sources of the Risti-
gouche.*
Prior to the treaty of 1783, all the British maps of Canada
and of Nova-Scotia agree in representing the line between those
two provinces as on, or to the northward of, the river Risti-
gouche. But subsequently to the year 1798, the British maps
of the Province of New-Brunswick describe it along the main
southern branch of that river, intersecting the line due north
from the St. Croix at the southern branch of the highlands
before mentioned, near Sugar-Loaf-Hill,f and about 45 miles
south of the true point claimed by the United States. It is not
known however, that any such maps were published until
after the commencement of the war of 1812, nor is it of con-
sequence. It is sufficient that those of the highest authority
published during and since that tiraef prove that the north
fine, and consequently the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia
or New-Brunswick, was understood at the date of their publi-
cation, as being altogether to the nordiward of the St. John.
After such a combination of facts, witli others not necessaiy
here to enumerate, so clearly proving that the territory of Nova-
Scotia, and by consequence that of the United States, must
extend to the range of highlands which passes along to the
north of all the waters of the St. John, and at least to the waters
of the Bay of Chaleur ; and after the strong and decided as-
sertion and argument on the part of Great-Britain in 1798,
* That the British implicitly admitted the fact to a still later day, eren to the negocia-
tion at Ghent in 1314, (so far at least as to the northward of the St. John) will appear in
the sequel.
t See Bouchefte's map ofUpper and Lower Canada, 1815, and Lockwood's E>ap of New
-Brunswick, 1826.
J Bouchette, Surveyor-General of Lower Canada, and Lockwood, Assistant Surveyor-
General of New-Brunswick. They both agree in fixing the line between Canada and Netv-
Brunswick, on the fii-tigouche.— Bouchette"^ map mu^t necessarily have been prepared,
and probably in the hands ol the engraver, before ilie treaty of Ghent. It was finished and
published in London soon after that treaty, and under tlie express patronage and sanctior.
«»f the Prince Regent.
BOUNDARIES. 21
that, if the Clieputnetecook was taken as the true source of
the St. Croix, the line must of necessity extend to the nortli-
ward of the sources of the Ristigouche, and at any rate, to the
northward of the St. John ; it could not have been expected,
that Great-Britain would have claimed that the insulated emi-
nence of Mars-Hill, many miles soudiward of the St. John,
was a part of the range of highlands forming the southern
boundary of the Province of Quebec, and intended in the
treaty of 1783, as the highlands dividing the waters which fall
into the river St. Lawrence from those which fall into the At-
lantic ; and it does not appear that they ever entertained, cer-
tainly never divulged, such an idea, until at least after the
commencement of the war of 1812.
Early in 1814, a pamphlet appea,red in London, under the eye
of the British ministry, stating the terms to be insisted on in the
pending negociations ; among which was proposed, a vari-
ation of the boundary, or rather a new boundary, to give to
Great-Britain the whole of the territory watered by the St. John.
Pursuant therefore to the intimations contained in the pam-
phlet before mentioned, thus thrown out to the world, the Bri-
tish plenipotentiaries, at the opening of the conferences which
resulted in the treaty, officially* proposed as one of the subjects
suitable for discussion, " a revision of the boundary hue, with a
view to prevent uncertainty and dispute.'''^ In the progress of
the negociation, they stated their object to be, to obtain a cession
of so much of INIaine as should give them a direct communica-
tion between Quebec and Halifax ; which must necessarily in-
clude the greater part of the country watered by the St. John
and its branches. In their explanation of this proposition, they
refer it to the American plenipotentiaries themselves to " de-
* It has been stated, on what is considered as high authority, that they also at some pe-
riod of the conferences, proposed unofficially, that the navigation of the river St. John, in
its whole length, should be free to bath parties, and that Great-Britain should be secured
in the right to carry her mails between Canada and New-Brunswick, through the Ameri-
can territory ; which the American plenipotentiaries very promptly rejected, except Jo al-
low the passage of mails as a matter of couitesy, not of right. This does noi appear how-
ever on the public records of the negociation, and therefore is not properly to be used in
the present argument.
22 BOUm)ARIES.
mand an equivalent for such cession, either in frontier or oth'
erwise.^^ This proposition was met, by the American plenipo-
tentiaries, with a prompt and decided negative, on thie ground
that the territory which the British required for their accommo-
dation, was not a subject of " uncertainty and dispute," and
therefore w^as not embraced in the qualified proposition for a
settlement of the boundary; and that they would subscribe to
"no stipulation \v\Ui shouM have effect ta cede any part of it,
for any equivalent whatever. With this pro"}X)sition for cession
of the country on the St. John thus utterly rejected; and this
assertion uncontradicted, that there was no uncertainty in rela-
tion to it, but that it was within the acfenowledged limits of the
United States ; and this declaration that the United States
would not, for any equivalent whatever, agree to any stipulation
which should have e^ecttacede any part of the territory to Great-
Britain, the parties proceeded to the conclusion of the treaty.
The 5th article of this treat)' provides that, " Whereas nei-
ther that point of the highlands Ipng due north of the source
of the river St. Croix, and designated in the former treaty of
peace* between the two powers, as the nortli-w^est angle of No-
*The treaty of pcarc ir, 1783, r a? not & ccsnoii of new territory for the formation of
new States-, but was a rocoenition of certain province* whose territorial limits, at least
so fitr a^ relates to lbequ<?sti»n n«)W at issue, were "well u- derstood-, and an acknowledg'-
ment of them, according: to their pre-existing boundaries, as sovereisrn and independent
States. T^h& words of that treaty embracmsr the pre=ent subject, are these -.
" Article I. His Brilanuic iMaje-^ty acknowl'.-d^es tlie said United Sftes. to wit: New-
Hampshire, Massachusetts. (&c.) to be free, sovereign and independent States-, and that
be treats with them as sucli. .md for himself, his heirs aud successors, rebnquishes aU
claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the same aixl every part iliere-^
of. And that all disputes which n)iE;ht arise in future on the siU^iect of the boundaries of
the said United Stales may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, tliat the follow-
in" are, and shall be their lioundaries : to wit,
" Arliclt 2. Fr>>m the north-west angb of Nova-Scotia, to wit, that angle which is
formed by a line drawn due north from the source t)f the St. Croix river to the highlaird- -,
along the said higldands which 'livule those rivers that empty themselves into thi- St. Law-
rence, from those which fall into the Aflftntic ocea , to tbe north-westernmost bend of
Connecticut river." [The article then proceeds to describe the northern, western and south-
em limits of the United Stales, and tcturns to the eastern.] " East, by a bne to be drawn
along tlic middle oi the river St Croix, fiom its mouth in the Bay oi Funday to its source,
and from its source directly north to the tiforesaid highlands^ which divide the rivers tliat
fall into the Atlantic ocean, from those which fall mto the nver St. Lawrence."
Comparing the expressions of this treaty with the facts stated in the text, we see a dis-
tinct admisMon and (Jesciiption of pre-existii>g boundaries, which it is evident were under-
stood by 'he British themselves, always before thu, and for at least 15 j'ears aftcrwaids,
to extend -, and in 1798 tliey even claimed and argued upon the fact, that they did and must
necessarily exiend, to a point to the rorthward, not only of the St John, but of all tlie sour-
ces of the Ristigouche. Thus proving incontestibly, that from the lirst designation o( uiim
boundaries on this part of the AinericHin Cimtinent, to a period sometime after the year
1793, and it may be asserted, even offer ike treaty of Ghent, the British, as %\ ell as the
Americans, understood the north-west angle (>{ Nova-Scotia and norlli-east angle of tiie
United States, as existmg at or very near the 48tJi degree of Latitude, on the main ritlge of
the highlands which form the southern barrier of the river St. Lawrenca
BOUNDARIES. 23
va-Scotia, nor the north-westernmost head of Connecticut riv-
er, have yet been ascertained ; and whereas that part of the
boundary line between tlie dominions of the two powers which
extends from the source of the river St. Groix directly north to
the above mentioned north-west angle of Nova^Scotia, tlience
along said highlands which divide those rivers that empty them-
selves into the river St. Lawrence from^tliose which fall into
the Atlantic ocean, to the north-westernmost head of Connec-
ticut r'V:3r, thence down along the middle of that river to the
forty-fifdi degree of north latitude, thence by a line due west on
said latitude until it sti'ikes the river : Iroquois, or Cataraguy,
has not yet been surveyed, it is agreed," &£c. . [The article
then proceeds to provide for die appointment of Commissioners
to ascertain, survey and determine the boundary ; and in case
of their disagreement, or either of them refusing to act, then to
refer the subject to some friendly sovereign or state for a final
decision of the question.]
It is incredible that the British government, at the conclusion
of this treaty, supposed the American government to believe, or
even themselves beheved, its legitimate practical effect to ex-
tend fardier than to ascertain the precise point of the highlands
of the Ristigouche, at which the true north-west angle of No-
va-Scoda was to be found, and survey and mark the line from
the source of the St. Croix to that angle, and from thence
north of the St. John, along the highlands to Connecticut riv-
er.
In August, 1815, a topographical account, with a splendid
Map of Lower Canada, and anodier Map of Upper and Lower
Canada, by Joseph Bouchette, Surveyor General of the former
province, wqs published in London, under the pati'onage, and
dedicated by special permission, to his Royal Highness tl>e
Prince Regent, now His Majesty George the Fourth.
In his topographical description Col. Bouchette says, "From
the high banks opposite the city (Quebec) the land rises in a
gradual ascent for a distance of probably ten leagues towardg
24 BOUNDARIES.
the first range of mountains ; pursuing a northeasterly course this
chain ends upon the river in the neighborhood of the river Du
Loup" " Beyond this range, at about 50 miles distance,*
is the ridge generally denominated the Lands Height, dividing
the waters that fall into the St. Lawrence from those taking a
direction toward the Atlantic Ocean, and along whose summit
is supposed to run the boundary Hue between the territories of
Great Britain and the United States of America. This chain
commences upon the eastern branch of Connecticut river, takes
a north-easterly course, and terminates near Cape Rozier, in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence." He then proceeds, in another
place, " From the Connecticut river the height of land, on
which the boundary is supposed to pass, runs to the north-east,
and divides the waters that fall into the St. Lawrence from
those flowing into the Atlantic Ocean ;f and which height,
after running some distance upon that course, sends off a
branch to the eastward, that separates the heads of the streams
falling into Lake Temiscouata and river St. John, and by
that channel into the Bay of Fundy,from those that descend in
n more direct course to the Atlantic.^^X The main ridge, con-
tinuing its north-easterly direction, is intersected by an imagin-
ary line, prolonged in a course astronomically due north from the
head of the river St. Croix, and which ridge is supposed to
* He is here speaking of the distance from Quebec. This ridge as it proceeds north-
easterly approaches to within lO or l2 milo« of the river St. Lawrence. It is so high as
to be visible from the hiirhlands lying to tlic north-west of Quebec to the distance of lOO
iniles •, yel the British surveyors under the treaty of Ghent, afterwards attempt to prove
that this ridge does^not in fact exist.
t Thus far Col. Bouchette is substantially correct, but no farther.
+ These descriptions and assumptions, in italics, do not agree exactly with the facts.
Col. Bouchette was doubtless well acquainted with the existence of the " Lands Height," or
^' main ridge," fur to this ridge the country on the Canada side had long before been sur-
-veyed, and he admits without hesitation that the line due north from the St. Croix would
intersect this main ridge, evidently to the north of the present British pretensions. His
authority in this respect is undoubted. But bnyo.id, or to the southward of the *' maiu
vidge," he evidently was at fault. His imaginary " branch to the eastward," might as
well and with as much geographical propriety have been made to terminate at Merry-
meeting Bay, on the west side of the Kennebec, or at Frankfort on the Penobscot, or vari-
ous other places, a- at Mars Hill or in that direction ; and lhi< with his confusion of waters
falling into the St. John, evidently on the southern side of that river, with those falling in-
to Lake Temiscouata on the noiihern side, suflRciently manifest his ignorawce of, or gro$s
misinformation with respect to, the true features of the territory on the side of Maine.
The true situation «f the highland ranges will appear in Plate 1, their comparative ele-
vations in Plate 4.
BOUNDARIES. 25
be the boundary between Lower Canada and the United States ;
at least such appears to be the way m which the treaty of 1783
is construed by the American Government ; hut which ought
more fairly to he understood as follows, namely^ that the astro-
nomical line running north from the St. Croix should extend
only to the first or easterly ridge, and thence run westerly along
the crest of the said ridge, to the Connecticut ; therehy equit-
ably dividing the ivaters floiving into the St. Lawrence from
those that empty into the Atlantic within the limits of the United
States, and those that have their estuaries within the British
Province of JVew-Bru7isiuick.^^^
In illustration of the descriptions, and support of the argu-
ments above quoted, Col. Bouchette has delineated on one of
his maps, a range of highlands branching froni+he " main ridge"
near the sources of the Penobscot and Chaudiere, and thence
passing eastward to Mars-Hill ; with a subordinate branch near
its eastern extremity, extending still farther south, to the source
of the river St. Croix. He has also delineated another branch,
leaving the " main ridge" a little to the northward of the former,
^nd passing along nearly parallel to that, and between the
Aroostook and St. John, intersects the astronomical north line,
20 or 30 miles to the north of Mars Hill. On each of these
imaginary ranges of highlands, he has traced a line as a boundary
from the main ridge eastward, to the line which runs due north
from the St. Croix. This due north line he then prolongs
across the St. John to the southern Branch of the Ristigouche,
along which he traces the northern boundary of New-Brunswick
to the Bay of Chaleur.f Thus making the north-west angle of
New-Brunswick or Nova-Scotia far to the north of Mars-Hill,
and even of the river St. John.
These descriptions and map of Bouchette, seem to have
given rise to the hope on the part of Great-Britain, that a range
of highlands might be found, which should afford them an argu-
* See preceding notes.
i See plate 2.
4
2[|^ BOUNDARIES.
ment on which to sustain a claim to a different boundary from
that heretofore understood, even by themselves, as established by
the treaty of 1783, and give them not only a right of passage, but
the sovereignty of the whole territory on the waters of the St.
John.
Pursuant to the provisions of the treaty, commissioners and
surveyors were appointed on both sides. The surveyors on the
part of Great-Britain, were Col. Bouchette, Mr. Odell, Mr.
Campbell, and others. On the part of the United States, were
Col. Johnson, Capt. Partridge, Mr. Loring, and others. The
country w^as explored and surveys, more or less general, were
made of its principal features during the years 1817, 1818,
1819, and 1820; the surveyors on both sides proceeding in con-
junction, but each party making their surveys, maps and reports
separately.
Animated by the idea suggested by Bouchette, the British
agents directed all their operations to establish, if possible, tlie
existence of his imaginary range south of the St. John, or of
some other in its stead ; and to prove that the north-west angle
of Nova-Scotia intended by the treaty of 1783, was, not a point
at the western termination of its northern boundary, but a point
in its western side, distant 60 to 100 miles farther south. They
even went farther, and attempted to prove that the range of
highlands referred to in all former treaties and acts, and de-
scribed by Bouchette liimself, as "the Land's Height," or
" main north-easterly ridge," extending all along the course of
the St. Lawrence, from Connecticut river to Cape Rozier, did
not exist.
These surveys, tliough nmnerous and extensive, were far
from perfect.* The reports and maps of the opposite parties
* It is worthy of remark here, that in the whole course of the surveys, conducted both by
the American and British surveyors for four years, neither the well known range of high-
lands forming the boundary of 1783, as always before understood, nor the pretended range
claimed by ihe British have been sui-veyed, nor any line explored in the direction of either
of them. The American boundary was generally known, and was visited at each extrem-
ity, and at several intermediate stations •, but the British claim rests only upon views ne-
cessarily deceptive, being taken only from the two extremities of their pretended range,
and from one point near the center, viz. Mount Katabdin, the report from which, even of
their own surveyor, in some respects contradicts bis own testimony, and is others is con-
tradicted by all other testimony.
BOUNDARIES. 27
are in some instances contradictory to each other, and some of
those of the British, inconsistent with themselves. Other ac-
counts however, derived from authentic sources, with a care-
ful comparison of facts stated at different times, and with differ-
ent views, by some of the surveyors, and their assistants, to-
gether with the information afforded by the accounts and Maps
in which both parties agree, are sufficient to ascertain the gen-
eral features of the country in all particulars of importance to the
present question, and to estabhsh a result very different from
that aimed at in the reports and Maps of the British surveyors.
The substance of the American reports, and also of the
British, so far as they are not known to be erroneous, will be
found embodied in the general description of the surface of the
country in the next chapter ; and it is not necessary to advert
to tliem in this place any farther than to notice some of the lead-
ing features of a part of the reports and Maps of the British
surveyors.
It will be proper, in considering these reports and Maps, to
bear in mind the circumstances that any tract of elevated or
hilly country of considerable extent, when viewed at a distance,
always appears to the eye of a spectator who is placed on an
equal or less elevation, to constitute a range, the direction of
which subtends, more or less obliquely, his angle of vision ; and
when, fi-om a more elevated station, the spectator views a suc-
cession of hills nearly in his direct line of vision, however de-
tached from each other they may be in reality, yet from his
point of view, they may naturally enough appear to him as a
continued range, receding indefinitely from his sight, or ending
abruptly upon some point which intercepts his farther view :
And when successive ranges of highlands nearly parallel,
though actually detached and distant from each other, are viewed
in a line oblique to their general direction, especially if viewed
from less elevated ground, they appear to form but one range,
subtending the angle of vision, and transverse to their true direc-
tion : And when one is placed in an elevated country, partak-
28 BOUNDARIES.
ing of, or approximating to, the character of a table-land, having
no prominent peaks of much greater elevation, nor valleys of
much greater depression, than its general level within his imme-
diate vision, that countiy appears to him comparatively low, its
real altitude is not perceptible by him, and is only to be observed
distinctly when it can be viewed at a distance, in connection
with a lower country.
Col. Bouchette exhibits a Map, from barometrical observa-
tions, of the line due north from the sources of the St. Croix,
100 miles, to the southern branch of the Ristigouche. This
Map shows that the general surface of the country increases in
elevation the whole distance, so that the summit of Mars Hill
is very far below the summits of most of the ridges to the north-
ward of it, and is lower than even the bed of the Ristigouche.
From the south branch of the Ristigouche, the due north line
was explored by Messrs. Johnson and Odell to the " main
ridge" described by Bouchette as before quoted, viz. to the
north-west angle of Nova-Scotia as claimed by the United
States ; and to Beaver river, the first water descending to the
river St. Lawrence. Their reports agree in substance that this
part of the country is at least as high, and Johnson states some
vpart of it to be higher, than any part of that on the line as far
as it was explored and exhibited by Bouchette,* in his vertical
Map. This Map, and these reports, so far as they bear upon
or illustrate the subject at all, tend altogetlier to support the
American ground.
Mr. Odell reports a chain of highlands extending directly
from Mars Hill to Mount Katahdin, of which he exhibits a
Map,f and also a view of the same in profile, as seen from a
point just without die boundary, near Houlton. Mr. Odell's
observations were made firom this place and from the summit of
Mars Hill and Katahdin, stations 70 miles apart, and from
neither of which is it possible to perceive the true directions,
* See plate 4— No. 5.
t See plate S.
BOUNDARIES. 29
and the connecting bases of the intermediate ranges of highlands,
if highlands they may be called. His representations also are
contradicted in the most positive and unequivocal terms, by the
reports of Col. Johnson and Capt. Partridge, and also by the
concurrent accounts of all the surveyors employed by Maine
and Massachusetts in dividing the whole of that section of the
country into townships of six miles square ; and by many
others who have explored it. The truth being that this part
of the country is but very moderately hilly, and the direction
of the ranges in general lying nearly north and south, Mr.
Odell's Map and profile therefore must be considered as a mere
deceptio visus, such as might naturally result from the peculiar
conformation of the country, and the points of view^ from which
his observations are made, unless corrected by farther observa-
tions fi^om other points ; which it is evident would not comport
with the object intended.
Mr. CaiTipbell reports, as seen from Katahdin, " a chain of
mountains and ridges extending towards the St. John in the
neighborhood of Mars Hill, which chain appears to split or fork
at the distance of about 30 miles from Katahdin, one range
taking a course towards Mars Hill, and the other running nearly
parallel to the Ristook* river. This ridge or chain of moun-
tains and hills appears connected with a very high moun-
tain at the source of the Ristook,f which lies N. 15° E. dis-
tant 15 miles. In a south-western direction the chain con-
tinues as far as the eye can reach, by ridges and mountains,
first towards the Spencer Mountains, which lie south SO*' west,
distant about 25 miles, and then more northerly to very high
lands, supposed to be those dividing the Kennebeck waters from
those of the Chaudiere, which are to be plainly seen extending
in a direction nearly N. 50" E. and S. 50*^ W. In every other
quarter the land is comparatively low, except one long blue
* Aroostook.
t This seems to differ from Mr. Odell, who malifs his range to connect with Katahdin
or pass to the S. E. of it. The cause of the di.screpancy between them may be worth an
ing^uiry.
30 BOUNDARIES.
ridge in a N. W. direction, extending N. E. and S. W. distant
about 30 miles,* and some detached hills said by the Indians
to be at the sources of Union and Narraguagus rivers."
" From the highlands in Dixmont, near the 15 mile tree, had
a clear view of Katahdin, bearing N. 13° E. A very high
ridge of mountains apparently extending from the south-west
extremity of it, in a south-western direction ; the distance from
Katahdin to this station must be nearly 80 miles."
He also, from a station on the main ridge, between the
sources of the Kennebeck and the Chaudiere, describes " Ka-
tahdin bearing S. 80 degrees E. distant about 60 miles,f and
a number of mountains and ridges extending towards it ; J also
a high broken ridge of mountains extending from the N. E.
•side of the Great Bald Mountain, and then stretching southerly
towards the Spencer Mountains and Katahdin.^ This said
Bald Mountain ridge is here about 8 or 9 miles distant from the
one we are on, and divides the Penobscot waters from those of
the Kennebeck. It is the same seen by me from Katahdin last
fall, and described in the second page of my report." ||
Mr. Campbell appears to have traced the main ridge of high-
lands from the road bet\veen the Kennebeck and Chaudiere, to
the highlands near the sources of the north-west branch of the
Penobscot and south-west branch of the St. John, which are
very near each otlier, issuing from the same swamp, with scarcely
a perceptible elevation of the land between them ; being near
the summit level of the main ridge, and about 2000 feet above
the level of the sea. Beyond this point, in the direction of the
* This ridge is that called by some the Quacumgaraooksis, or Kahkoguamook hills, dis-
tant more than 50 miles from Katahdin. It extends from the sources of the Penobscot
north-easterlv, between the waters of the Walloostook or main St. John, and the Allaga5.h,
to their junction, dividing the waters of those two branches of the St. John from each
other.
\ In fact about 70 miles.
J What number, and from whence ? when on the top of Katahdin itself he could see but
one.
§ Reports from better points of view, and even bis own report from Katahdin disagree
with this.
II Before quoted.
BOUNDARIES. 31
ixiain ridge, he says, " some smaller detached hills lie N. to
N. W. distant 3 to 4 miles, beyond which we had a view of 30
to 40 miles in those directions, and there is no ridge of any de-
scription, but the land continued low."* He then describes
mountains and ridges lying eastward of the sources of the Pe-
nobscot and St. John ; but his descriptions are not easily intel-
ligible, and so far as they are so, are irreconcilable with the
reports of those who had better opportunities of ascertaining
their real situation, and even with his o^vn reports in other
places.
From these distant, and of course imperfect and deceptive
views, Mr. Campbell has constructed a Map, exhibiting con-
nected ranges of mountains from the sources of the Kennebeck
to Mars-Hill. These imaginary ranges, with that of Mr. Odell,
and the apparent range reported by Mr. Campbell as seen from
Dixmont, are shown in plate 3, a comparison of which, with
plate 1, which exhibits the ti'ue situation of the mountain and
highland ranges, will best show the errors of the partial and
imperfect Maps and reports of the British surveyors.
Mr. Campbell's view from Katahdin eastward, stretched
from summit to summit, across ridges d'stinct and detached
from each other, the connecting range of whose bases passes in
a direction transverse to his line of vision, and from his position
must have been concealed from view. His report of the view
westward seems extremely imperfect. He first discovers a
ridge extending south 80'' west to the Spencer Mountains, dis-
tant 25 miles. This ridge tlien must stretch across the broad
and deep valley of the Penobscot which lay at his feet, and
* His elevation here must have been more than 1000 feet above the level of the surround-
ing country, to have seen land at such a distance from it on the same level. CoL Bouchette,
who must be supposed much better informed than Mr. Campbell as to this region, has delin-
eated on his Maps of Canada before mentioned, a strongly marked range of mountains in
this place, which he denominates the " north-easterly ridge, or Height of Land." He de-
scribes it also as such in his topographical account of Lower Canada. The discrepancy
between the twoy is to be explained by the fact, that this " main ridge" in this part of it,
spreads out on the east and south-east into a broad elevated table-land ; that Mr. Camp-
bell was now near its summit level, and that its elevated and mountainous character is
exhibited in this quarter only on the side next to the St. Lawrence. A comparison of Capt.
Partridge's survey, with the other reports and accounts, will show that its immediate base,
that is, the level of the waters which flow from it, must be from 1500 to 2000 feet abore
the level of the sea.— (Seo plate 4~No. i and 3.)
32 BOUNDARIES.
which the accounts of those who are familiarly acquainted with
it say is traversed by no such ridge. In every other quarter,
except the few points before quoted, he says the land is com-
pai'atively low ; yet from - Dixmont, he reports " a very high
ridge of mountams apparently extending from the south-west
extremity of Katahdin in a south-western direction." These
are the Ebeeme mountains which lie about 1 5 miles south-east
of the Spencer Mountains, and about 25 miles nearly south
from, and in full view of Katahdin, with nothing but the valley
of the Penobscot to intercept the vision ; and they are wholly
unconnected with any other mountains or ranges of highlands.
From Dixmont these mountains and other detached hills and
mountains, scattered irregularly over the face of the country
to Mount Abraham and Mount Bigelow, 20 miles west of
the Kennebeck, are distinctly visible, and from their dis-
tance and the local position of the point of view, may appear
to an unpractised eye as a continued range, though they are in
fact entirely unconnected and distant from each other. It
seems somewhat surprising, not that Mr. Campbell should, from
Dixmont, from which they are distant 55 to 60 miles, see the
Ebeeme mountains apparently connected with Katahdin, which
lies behind them ; but that he should not see them, in a fine
clear day, from Katahdin, from which they are in full view,
and distant but about 20 to 25 miles.
From thfe Spencer mountains, Mr. Campbell continues his
range of mountains and highlands round the head of Moose-
Head Lake, and along the south bank of the west branch of the
Penobscot to the Bald Mountain ridge. The next year he
surveyed this branch of the Penobscot from its source to tlie
Lake Chesuncook. Li making this survey, it does not appear
that he saw any such ranges of higlilands, though he passed for
more than 40 miles close to their supposed base. The truth
is, that from the immediate vicinity of the Spencer IVIountains
to that of Bald ^lountain ridge, for a distance of nearly 30
miles, there is no such ridge as he describes, nor any ridge or
BOUNDARIES. 33
range of highlands deserving the name ; but in their stead is
the valley of the Kennebeck and the Penobscot, which here
unite, with elevation barely sufficient to confine the waters of
Moose-Head Lake and PenobscQt west branch within their
respective beds.
Mr. Campbell also reports, that in a north-w^est direction
from Katahdin, the land is comparatively low, except one long
blue ridge, distant, as he supposes, about 30 miles ; but which
in reality is distant more than 50 miles, and forms the dividing
line between the w^aters of the Walloostook or main St. John
on one side, and those of the AUagash, and some of the north-
western branches of the Penobscot on the other. To this de-
scription the reports of all the other surveyors, British and
American, agree, and it appears that there are no considerable
highlands of any description between the Lakes of the AUa-
gash and the west branch of the Penobscot in one direction,
and the Aroostook Mountains, and the long blue ridge above
mentioned, in the other : Yet, from a station on the "maia
ridge," 25 or 30 miles westward of this " long blue ridge," Mr.
Campbell fancied he could discover, at the distance of 30 to
40 miles, a ridge stretching south-easterly towards the Spencer
Mountains and Katahdin. From this distant and uncertain
view he has constructed another range of mountains, pass-
ing for more than 30 miles across tlie country before described
by himself as comparatively low, and agreed on all hands to
be a level low country, the ridge of which, dividing the waters
of the St. John and Penobscot, is elevated but 52* feet above
the level of Cheruncook Lake.
Dr. Tiarks, astronomer and surveyor on the part of Great
Britain, reports that the ground directly between the waters
which flow into the St. Lawrence, and those which flow into
the St. John, near the north-eastern boundary, is not elevated,
but almost a perfect dead level ; and that the highlands in this
vicinity run in directions transverse to the supposed direction
7i6ring's Report.
34 BOUNDARIES*
of the main ridge, and parallel to the small streams issuing
from it ; and hence he labors to establish the inference that
there is no such range of highlands as are referred to in the '
treaty of 1783, and described by Bouchette in 1815 as the
" Land's Height" — " North-easterly ridge or Height of Land."
It is to be observed however, that the same peculiarity of con-
formation is found in the highlands between the sources of the
Connecticut and the St. Francis, and those of the Kennebeck
and Chaudiere, where the existence of this ridge is fully ad-
mitted on both sides ; and in general it is the case, in greater
or less degree, between the sources of all rivers running in op-
posite directions in any part of the country between the Atlantic
and St. Lawrence ; and the argument appHes with especia!
and increased force, to the pretended range from Mai's-Hill. A
comparison of Bouchette's vertical survey of the eastern boun-
dary with Johnson and OdelPs continuation, Johnson's obser-
vations on the elevation of the northern boundary, and Part-
ridge's vertical survey of the portage road from the St.
Lawrence to Lake Temiscouata, show that the country here
noted by Dr. Tiarks, is an elevated hilly country ; in fact more
elevated in general than any other part between this and the
Atlantic*
All the surveys of the northern or main ridge northward of
the sources of the Chaudiere and Kennebeck, excepting the
vertical survey of the portage from the St. Lavnrence to Lake
Temiscouata,f were conducted only from the St. John, which
* Compare plate 4, No. 1, 2, 5 and 8.
tit should be observed, that the results griven by Capt. Partridge's barometrical survey
from the Si. La'wrrence, to St John and down that river to the mouth oi the De Chute, appear
Tvhen crirapared with the observations of Col. Johnson, and the deductions naturally to be
drawn fr^m the survey of the eastern boundary, to be several hundred feet too low for the
general height of the range. That tliis is the case may also be inferred from the fact that
he states the elevation of the surface of the St. John at the mouth of the De Chute to be only
i5 feet above the level of the sea ; which, as this is about 90 miles from the head of the tide
at Fredericton, would mike the average declivity of the river to be but two inches per mile.
A declivity not sufficient to overcome the specific gravity of the water so far as to prevent
it from becoming perfectly stagnant. Now it is well known that the current of the St.
John from this place to Fredericton, though in general smootli. yet is strong, and m some
places quite rapid. Col. Johnson's observations at and below Madawaska, where the cur-
rent is, to say the least, quite as gentle as it is below the De Chute, make the di divity of
the river to be 3 feet per mile ; and fiom a comparison ot such observations as have been
made, which afford any tolerable indications of the general declivity of the river, it appears
BOUNDARIES, 3B
jflows for a great distance, in an elevated canal* along the rear
of this ridge, and nearly parallel to its general direction. The
reports of the surveys between the sources of the Chaudiere,
and those of the rivers Quelle and St. Fi-ancois represent the
ridge comparatively as but moderately elevated above the waters
of the St. John. They are however evidently limited in their
descriptions, and from the direction and circumstances in which
they were made, they necessarily exhibit but a very imperfect
and inaccurate view of the true distinctive features of the ridge.
The inferences attempted to be deduced from them are, that
from the north-western sources of the Penobscot northward
and eastward, it is in general a low country, which from its con-
figuration and supposed moderate elevation cannot be the range
of highlands intended by the treaty of 1783 as the boundary.
A careful comparison however of the whole of the reports and
maps exhibited in the case, destroys this inference, and estab-
lishes a fact of some importance which seems to have escaped
the notice of all parties, viz. that the base, or connecting points
of the highlands of this northern range, that is, the vallies or
swamps from which the waters flow in opposite directions to
the St. John and St. Lawrence respectively, and by which
the true mear. elevation of the ridge should be estimated, is
from 700 to 1000 feet higher than the corresponding points of
the pretended Mars Hill range, and in general even higher than
the very summit of Mars Hill itself, f
that, from its source to the Grand falls, cannot be less than 5 feet per mile ; and as far as
can be judged from the accounts of those who have ascended the river in boats, it appears
that the resistance of the current below the Grand falls is quite as great as that above ;
the inference therefore is tliat the declivity is as great. If this be correct the elevation of
the mouth of the De Chute must be about 450 feet above the level of the tide, which is 435
higher than is given in Oapt. Partridge's sui-vey, and affords inferences agreeing pi ctty
nearly with those to be deduced from the surveys of Bouchette and Johnson. And even if
the estimated declivity of the river be only two and a half feet per mile, which would
create but a very moderate current, still it proves the point intended, viz, that the results
ofCapt. Patridge's barometrical observations, fall considerably short of the true elevition
particularly at this place, and by inference at others. It may be observed also that this
survey does not profess to give the elevation of the highest points of the land, nor that of
the sources of the rivers, but only that of the several points along the road, which undoubt-
edly was made on that which was thought to be the most level and practicable ground.
The skill and science of Capt. Partridge are too well known to admit the assignment of
this error, if U be one, to any other cause than the imperfection of instruments, and the
known uncertainties attending barometrical operations, especially in circiUBStances like
those of this survey.
* See plate 4— No. 1 and 3.
t Seo plate 4— No. 1 and 2.
36 BOUNDARIES.
The foregoing is but a brief outline of the statements and
representations of the British surveyors ; but it is believed to
contain the substance of the whole as far as is of any importance
in the present question, and that it is a fair summary of the
evidence on which that Government rests its pretensions to a
new boundary.
The commissioners under the 5th Article of the treaty of
Ghent, having differed in opinion, a Convention was concluded
in September 1827, providing for the reference of the subject
to an umpire, and for the mode of proceeding, and the evidence
to be adduced in the case ; and the question now remains to
be setded under that Convention, pursuant to the treaties.
If, on any pretence, the principle on which the issue is to be
decided, can be transferred from the narrow and definite
ground of the true north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, as it was
understood at and prior to the treaty of 1783, and the sub-
ject thrown open for the introduction of other principles ;
then a new " uncertainty" is created, which did not exist at the
formation of the treaty of Ghent, and if new uncertainties maybe
created and brought witliin the purview of that treaty, then no
reason appears why the umpire may not decide upon and allow
the British claims, to any extent to which they may, or might
have chosen to, advance them. If the ti'eaty requires us to
submit to arbitration any point respecting which the acts and
admissions of the parties were before agreed, and which there-
fore were not the subjects of " uncertainty and dispute," then
constructions must be admitted which tend to subvert the foun-
dations of public faith, and the umpire may, if he pleases,
form a new north-west angle of Nova-Scotia in one of its sides,
or projecting from the southward into its centre, and may
establish a new boundary to the United States to the southward
of tlie St. John, and even to the soutli and west of the Penob-
scot, or the Kennebeck : —
But— the northern boundary of Nova- Scotia being, beyond
FACE OP THE COUNTRY. S7
all dispute, somewhere to the north of the St. John ; — It being
admitted, and even contended for by Great Britain, in the
year 1798, that the eastern bomidary of the United States,
running due north from the St. Croix, must pass the St. John,
and in a certain case, which has since been agreed upon, the
Ristigouche also ; — The treaty of Ghent recognizing the prin-
ciple of that of 1783, as the basis of its provisions with respect
to this boundary ; and being predicated, as far as relates to thi^
subject, on the principle only of preventing uncertainty and dis-
pute ; and on the uncontradicted declaration on one part, and
repeated admission on the other, that the territory on tlie St.
John was clearly within the United States, and therefore was
not a subject of " uncertainty and dispute ;" and the Conven-
tion of September 1827, recognizing Mitchell's Map, (which
extends the boundary beyond the St. John) as that by which
the treaty of 1783 was formed ; it is evident beyond tlie pos-
sibility of a reasonable doubt, that the submission to an umpire,
provided for in the treaty of Ghent, was intended to submit no
farther question of importance, than that resulting from the
definition of the true northern boundary of Nova-Scotia, from the
western extremity of tlie Bay of Chaleur,to its north-west angle;
or in other words, on what precise point of the highlands of the
Ristigouche that north-west angle is to be found : — But, any
question whether tliat angle shall be found at Mars-Hill ; or
whether the northern boundary of Maine shall be drawn any
where to the southward of the northernmost sources of the
St. John, is utterly excluded.
CHAPTER II.
Face of the Country.
The various configurations of mountains, plains, hills ^nd
Tallies, lakes and streams, which diversify the face of a country.
38 FACE OP THE COUNTRY.
have so important an influence on its climate, agriculture, na-
ture and value of its productions, and the occasions and facili-
ties for internal improvements, especially with respect to the
intercourse between its different parts, by means of rivers, lakes,
canals, roads, railways, &c., that an accurate knowledge of its
exterior forms, is one of the first objects to be sought, in deter-
mining the degree of attention which it is necessary or useful to
bestow on some of the most important branches of its political
economy. But that degree of knowledge which is requisite as the
basis of extensive systems of internal improvement, is not to be
obtained without numerous and extensive surveys of vertical sec-
tions, traversing the country in all directions, and executed with
much skill and care. Few surveys of this kind however, are
known to have beeri executed in the State of Maine. Those
which have been made for purposes connected with the Cumber-
land and Oxford Canal, and those of the Kennebeck and Andros-
coggin for similar purposes, are all, of any considerable extent,
which are known to have been made with a view to the exten-
sion of inland navigation by means of canals ; and the surveys of
Capt. Partridge on the road from Quebec to Hallowell, and from
the St. Lawrence ,by the British post route to the Lake Temis-
couata and river St. John, are the only vertical surveys known
to have been made across any of the more elevated parts of
the State. All descriptions therefore of the surface of the
State, with regard to absolute elevations, must as yet be in
a great measure general, except so far as the limited sur-
veys above mentioned, and the observations of the surveyors
employed by the United States and Great Britain in pursuance
of the 5th Article of the treaty of Ghent, with a few other ob-
servations by private individuals, may afford data for specifica-
tion in some few instances, and for general deduction in others.
In a general and comprehensive view, the surface of the
State of Maine may be considered as moderately hilly. A
comparatively small part rises into mountains, some of which
attain an elevation above the region of ordinary vegetation, but
FACE OP THE COUNTRt, $9
few however, which will not admit of some degree of cultiva-
tion over a considerable part of their surface. Near the sea-
coast, and along the margins of many of the rivers, and in some
few other places, are plains of small extent, none of which
however form exceptions to the general feature, of sufficient
importance to require a particular description. The residue,
so far as to include all that part which has yet been settled,
except the northerly parts of the counties of Oxford and Som-
erset, though infinitely diversified with hill and dale in all their
various forms and features, and though in some parts differing
considerably from others, yet possess a general character too
much alike to need a more particular description for the pur-
poses of this work, than will be sufficiently understood by a
simple reference to the well known general character of the
surface of New England within 40 or 50 miles of the sea.
The interior and more northern parts of the State may demand
a more particular description ; and the general outline of its
conformation, as far as it is known, will appear in the course
of the chapter.
Mountains and highland Ranges,
The different ranges and groups of mountains, extending
from Georgia to the Gulf of St. Lawrer.ce, and dividing the
waters falling more directly into the Atlantic, from those which
are tributary to the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence, have
been T)y geographers comprehended under the general name of
the Alleghany ridge. The principal summit of the northern
part of this ridge, or the highlands which form the barrier be-
tween the eastern and western waters, passes rather centrally
through Vermont to its north-east angle, thence, passing the
northern part of New-Hampshire, it touches upon the State of
Maine at its north-western extremity, and from thence contin-
uing round the Chaudiere, and supplying the sources of that riv-
er on the one hand, and those of the Kennebeck, Penobscot, and
St. John on the other, it approaches to within 15 to 20 miles
i
40 FACE OP THE COUNTRT.
of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec ; and following at various
distances, the general course of that river, it subsides at length
into the Gulf near Cape Rozier. This ridge from New-
Hampshire to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, has been variously
denominated, but by the best British authorities it is called the
" Main Ridge" — " Height of Land" — " North-easterly Ridge
or Land's Height ;" and it forms the northern boundary of
Maine, in the whole extent of the State.
The elevation of this ridge from the level of the sea has
been but imperfectly ascertained ; but has been so far observed
as that it may be estimated with sufficient accuracy for general
purposes at present. In the surveys made from 1817 to 1820,
in pursuance of the treaty of Ghent, the elevation of some
points was tolerably ascertained, and the reports of the survey-
ors, descriptive of certain features of the country in other
points, afford indications from which their relative height may
be rationally inferred. Capt. Partridge, surveyor on the part
of the United States, ascertained the height of the ridge at the
place where it is crossed by the road from Hallowell to Que-
bec, to be 2002 feet. This was not at the highest point of the
ridge, but at a place selected as most easily practicable for a
road, avoiding the high mountain peaks, which in some places
in the vicinity are supposed to ascend to more than 4000 feet.
At the place where the road crosses the branches of Penobscot
river, at some distance from their sources, Capt. Partridge
found the elevation to be 1683 feet; the sources themselves
must be still higher, and are probably somewhere between this
and 2000 feet, most probably nearest to the latter.
In prosecuting the surveys along the summit of this ridge, to
the source of the west branch of the St. John, a distance of 40
to 50 miles, there appears no indication that it suffers any
general depression ; but all the representations favor the idea
that it maintains much the same elevation.
The sources of the streams that flow from this ridge in op-
posite directions, take their rise near each other in the same
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 41
■Rallies, separated in general by very small elevations, and in
some instances they proceed from the same swamps, so level
that it is difficult to decide which way the water should run,
but by observing its actual course. The waters of the south-*
west branch of the Penobscot, which rise near to those of the
Kennebeck and Du Loup ; and those of the north-west branch
of the Penobscot, which issue from the same swamps with
those of the Metiamette, and of the south-w^est branch of
the St. John, are described by the surveyors who explor-
■ed them as being exceedingly rapid and full of falls, in
about tlie same degree, to their junction, a few miles to the
west of the northern extremity of Moose-Head Lake. This
circumstance seems conclusively to confirm the idea that the
general horizontal line of this ridge, that is, the line of the
sources of the different rivers, or the general base of the moun-
tain peaks, sustains thus far much the same elevation. From
some accounts it would seem that in proceeding thus far to the
north the elevation is rather greater than less.
From the sources of the St. John and Penobscot, northerly,
the summit of the ridge assumes more the character of an el-
evated table land. Its surface is described, when viewed from
a distance on the southern side, as comparatively low and level ;
and when viewed nearer, and more on the eastern side, is de-
scribed as an undulating country, the hills scattered irregularly
with rounded summits, but with no eminences remarkably
prominent aboye the rest.* On the northern and western side,
next to the St. Lawrence, the ridge exhibits its proper eleva-
tion and mountainous character. On this side it descends,
rugged and mountainous in its aspect to the verge of the St.
Lawrence. The great distance from which it may be seen on
this quarter, marks its elevation. From the highlands 24 miles
to the northwest of Quebec, " the mountains behind the river
* It would appear from Ihe report of Mr. Hunter, (one of the American surveyors) that
the general elevation of tbe lulls in this region is about 400 to 600 feet above th^ level of the
St. John-
42 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANG£S.
Quelle^ are distinctly visible, and are followed by the eye
without interruption, to the highlands between the sources of
the St. John, the Penobscot, the Kennebeck, and the Connec-
ticut ; and the Etchemin, the Chaudiere, the Besancour and
the Nicolet."t
Col. Bouchette, in his Topographical account of Canada,
also fully establishes the mountainous character of this range j
and it would seem hardly necessary to add more upon the sub-
ject, had not the recent pretensions of the British Government
given rise to attempts in their support to call in question, if not
its existence, yet at least its continuity and comparative eleva-
tion.
It is well ascertained, and agreed on all hands, that the
sources of the Penobscot and the Kennebeck are at a great
elevation. The known rapidity of their currents, and the nu-
merous falls over which they are precipitated, leave no room
for doubt on this point. It also appears, from the reports both
of the British and American surveyors, that the source of
the main branch of the St. John is on the same level with, and
within a very short distance of, one of the most elevated sour-
ces of the Penobscot. The course of the St. John, for more
than 60 miles in a direct line, is nearly parallel to the general
course of the main ridge of highlands before described, and at
an average distance of about 15, or in some places, 20 miles
from it. For more than half this distance in its course, the
channel of this river is almost a dead level, passing through
swamps and bogs with a current scarcely perceptible. After
this, when it begins to recede farther from the main ridge, the
current becomes more sensible, is in some places rapid, but
still unbroken, and the general declivity of the river gradual.
The tributary streams from the west, which have their sources
in the main ridge, are, in some places of their descent, rapid
* *' Behind the river Quelle" from this point of view must be about the sources of the
Madawaska, more than lOO miles distant.
t See Quebec Gazette, 26ih October 1826. The elevation of the point of view here takeu
is stated to be 2000 feet-, an t this ridge, to be seen so distinctly from such a distance,
tnust be elevated noit less than 2500 feet.
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 43
and obstructed by falls, but as they approach the main river
are gentle, flowing through swampy lands of very little percep-
tible elevation. These circumstances show that the bed of the
St. John for a great distance from its source, is an elevated
canal passing nearly on the back of the " great north-easterly
ridge j" and they easily account for the representation of this
ridge as appearing to be a comparatively low, or moderately
elevated country, when seen only from this quarter.
Passing omvard towards the portage road from the St. Law-
rence to the Lake Temiscouata, the ridge assumes a more
broken and mountainous form, though it does not appear that
its absolute elevation increases. The highest point on the
portage road is at the passage of the Grand-Fourche mountain,
about 25 miles (in the direction of the road) from the St.
Lawrence. The elevation of this appears, from the observa-
tions of Capt. Partridge, to be 1336 feet above the level of the
sea.* The hills or peaks at a distance from the road however
in all directions are stated to be much higher. The highest
water over which this road passes is a branch of the river
Trois-Pistoles, the elevation of which Capt. Partridge found to
be 1167 feet from the level of the sea. Its source however,
is much higher among the surrounding hills.
From the highlands about the sources of the waters falling
into Lake Temiscouata, to the northern boundary, the ridge
sustains about the same general elevation. A comparison of
the barometrical surveys of Col. Bouchette, on the line of the
eastern boundary, and of Capt. Partridge — across the the port-
age road, and down the St. John, with the observations of Col.
Johnson, with the theodolite from Mars-Hill to Green River
Mountain, and thence to the northern ridge, makes the general
elevation of the ridge to vary from 2100 to 3300 feet above
the level of the sea. A conjectural average however, deduced
from vertical surveys in other parts of the State, and from other
* From the reasoning in the preceding chapter, note page 34, it appears thai the elevd<i.
tioD here stated is probably too low.
44 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
data which have been stated, would give about 2800 feet as
the most probable general elevation of the ridge, and from
1400 to 1800 feet, or perhaps more, as the elevation of the
sources of the rivers.
From the foregoing it will be seen that this ridge sustains its
elevation (declining however, a litde as it proceeds north-east-
erly) with a degree of uniformity somewhat remarkable, from
the sources of the Kennebeck, where its existence and eleva-
tion are fully admitted, to the north-eastern boundary of the
State. Its apparent character however, when viewed from
the side of Maine, differs considerably in its different parts ;
the southern being broken, irregular, abounding with lofty sum-
mits of clearly mountainous aspect ; the central presenting a
more uniform surface, of comparatively level land, or rounded
swells, witli few if any detached peaks of much superior eleva*
tion, the north-eastern becoming more irregular, with broken
ridges and swells traversing it in various directions, giving rise
to and separating the various streams which flow from it to the
north, soutli, and east ; but still preserving its distinctive fea-
tures as the grand line of division between the waters of the
Atlantic and St. Lawrence.
The White Mountains in New-Hampshire form a branch of
what has been termed the great Alleghany ridge ; they rise in
the central part of that State, and extend nortli to the main
ridge among the source? of the Connecticut and Androscoggin ;
and from their proximity may be considered as in some meas-
ure connected with a part of the mountainous region of Maine.
Any description of them however, here is umiecessary.
The mountains of Maine which may be considered in this
connection lie scattered in irregular groups over the country
included within a line which may be traced from the south-
western part of the County of Oxford, passing to the eastwai'd
of the Androscoggin Lakes, and thence northward, on the
west of Kennebeck river and Moose-Head Lake, until it unites,
witli the main ridge among the western sources of the Penob-
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 45
Sc6t. These form collectively a lateral expansion of the gen-
eral base of the White Mountains, and the main Alleghany
range ; they however in some places exhibit the fonii of sub-
ordinate ridges or spurs, projecting eastward from the main
body, and subsiding into the vallies of the Androscoggin and
the Kennebeck.
The southernmost of these subordinate ranges passes along
the south of the Androscoggin, from the White Mountains about
40 miles, and terminates gradually in the hilly country near the
towns of Hartford and Peru. This spur is broken and irregu-
lar in all forms and degrees of elevation, from moderate rounded
swells, to mountains of the lower grade, the most of which are
capable of cultivation for a considerable part of their ascent-
North of the Androscoggin, and to the Lakes at its source,
and thence to Dead river, the country grows more mountain-
ous, and attains a greater general elevation. In this region
may be traced a succession of mountains, from Shelburn in
Kew-Hampshire, to the southern bend pf Dead river ; among
the principal of which are Speckled Mountain, White-Cap,
Saddleback, Abraham, and Bigelow, the elevation of these in
general, is estimated to be about 4000 feet from the level of
the sea.* In general, the summits in this range are the high-
est in the State, excepting those of the Katahdin group, and
the mountains near the sources of the Kennebeck ; their im-
mediate bases however, are much lower than those on the main
*' northern ridge or Land's Height." The vallies and lesser
hills in this region abound with excellent land, and are adapted
to all agricultural purposes.
Northerly of the Androscoggin Lakes, and north-westerly of
the region just described, and from this to Moose river, and the
north-west boundary, the mountains are scattered promiscu-
ously in all directions, and at all distances. Lnagination can-
not easily assign them a collective form.
* A series of observations, at long distances, from Mount Waldo in Frankfiirt, to Wilt-
iamsburg, and thence to Mount Abraham and Mount Bigelow, gives a rfsult of 4961 and
<832 feet, as the elevation of these two mountai is It i- not supposed however, that this
is very accurate, but is probably somewhat near the truth,
46 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND) RANGES.
Between Moose river and the south-west branch of the Pe-
nobscot, is the Bald Mountain ridge, stretching east from the
main ridge about 20 or 24 miles, and terminating about 10 or
12 miles west of Moose-Head Lake. The elevation of the
highest points of this ridge, from the principles hereafter stated
with regard to the extreme point of vegetation, is supposed to
be upwards of 4000 feet.
Proceeding north-easterly from the south-west branch of the
Penobscot, the higher parts of the country assume the form of
a range extending from the main ridge north-easterly, dividing
the waters of the Walloostook, or main branch of the St. John,
from those of the Allagash, and terminating near the junction
of those two rivers ; the continuity of this range however, is
interrupted by the principal western branches of the Penobscot ;
it does not arrive to the mountainous character of those before
described, but still it is considerably elevated. Some of its
detached summits may perhaps be higher than those opposite
to it on the main ridge, but its general elevation, or the line
dividing the waters which flow from it in opposite directions, is
much lower.
Eastward of this, and of the range previously described, the
vallies of the Kennebeck and of the Penobscot and St. John
unitedly form one broad irregular valley, embracing the waters
of Moose-Head Lake, Chesuncook with part of its principal
tributaries, the Lakes of the Allagash with the whole of the
river of that name, to its confluence with the St. John. This
valley is bounded on the west by the highland ranges last de-
scribed, and on the east by tlie Ebeeme and Spencer Moun-
tains, the Katalidinauguoh,'^ and the Aroostook range. Its gen-
eral breadth may be about 20 miles, its length about 120 miles.
Betw^een the Kennebeck and Moose-Head Lake on die
west, the west branch of the Penobscot on the north-east, and
the Piscataquis on the south, is a detached irregular group, the
general base of which is rather of a triangular form. The
' Or, mountains about Katahdin.
IJIOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 47
central and most elevated part of tliis group is distinguished by
the name of the Ebeeme Mountains. About 15 miles north-
west of these are the Spencer Mountains — southward of which
and westward of the former about 6 miles, is Baker Mountain.
The former of these is not thought to be so high as the Ebeeme,
the latter somewhat higher. The principal summit of the
Ebeeme group is computed to be 4050 feet above the level of
the sea, the elevation of other summits varies from this down
to 3200 feet.
Betw^een the eastern and western branches of the Penob-
cot, lies the Katahdin.* This mountain is famous in the tra-
ditionary legends of the Aborigines, for the residence of su-
pernatural beings ; but in modern times is remarkable only
for its physical features ; its ahnost isolated situation, the steep-
ness and ruggedness of its sides, and its great elevation. Va-
rious estimates of its height have been made by different per-
sons, none of which perhaps are perfectly accurate. Mr.
Loring, United States surveyor under the treaty of Ghent,
deduces the height from a series of barometical observations
in 1820, taken by himself and Mr. Odell, surveyor on the
part of Great-Britain, and gives the result as 4685 feet from
the level of the west branch of Penobscot river, at the con-
fluence of the Auboljokomegassic. This is distant about 5 or
6 miles in a horizontal line from the summit of the mountain,
and would make its average ascent from the river to the sum-
mit to be about 900 feet per mile. The elevation of the sur-
face of the Penobscot at this place, Mr. Loring computes at
650 feet, making the whole height of Katahdin, from the level
of the sea, 5335 feet. — From a series of observations made in
1828, from Mount Waldo, in Frankfort to Williamsburgh, and
thence to Katahdin, its height is computed to be 5623 feet.
Other reported accounts, but from what data is not known, give
it from 6000 to 6400 feet.
* The name of this mountain has been variously written. The Indian pronunciation
would probably be better expressed by the letters Ktaadn, all in one syllable with the
sound of a as in father, but this pronunciation is next to impossible for organs accustom-
ed only to English; ii is wiitten theiefore in such a manner as will most naturally CX-"
press in English form the nearest approximation to the Indian sound.
48 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGE^.
On the south and west of Katahdin lies the valley of the
Penobscot west branch. This valley is about 20 miles wide,
extending from the Katahdin, on one side, to the Ebeeme and
Spencer mountains on the other ; its surface is broken with
smaller ridges, and very much intersected with lakes and
streams ; near its centre are two eminences of considerable ele-
tation, distant about 12 miles north-east and south-west from
each other, and nearly the same distance from the mountains
on either side the valley, their bases are entirely distinct, and
there is no connection between the mountains on the eastern
and western sides of this valley, nor very little among those on
the western side with each other.*
On the east of Katahdin there are mountains of less magni-
tude, extending nearly to the east branch of Penobscot river.
On the north-west and north, a cluster, termed by the Indians
Katahdinauguoh, extends to a considerable distance, and is con-
nected with or separated only by small and narrow ravines and
vallies from a succession of mountains and ridges which form
the Aroostook and Allagash range, and the whole collectively
may be appropriately denominated the Katahdin range ; bound-
ed on the south by the river and lakes of the Penobscot, on
the west by the Allagash, on the east giving rise to tli«
waters of the Seboois, the Aroostook, and the Upquedopscook
(or Fish river,) and subsiding on the north to the moderately
undulating or level country on the margin of the St. John.
Of those on the north-west of Katahdin, the most conspicu-
ous is the Chinskiheegan, or Ootop, of a conical form, cleft at
the summit, distant about 8 miles from the summit of Katahdin,
and from its appearance estimated to be elevated between 4000
ane 5000 feet from the level of the sea. Directly north from
the Katahdin, and about 6 miles distant, is the Wassataquoik
mountain, the elevation of which is computed to be 5245.—
* This description is confirmed by the observations of surveyors employed, in May and
June 1828, in exploring: ih>- townships in this region for the Commonwealth of Massachu-
setts ; and proves the d( « cption <)f Mr. Gampbell's vision in his reported view from KatW:
din, quoted in the preceding chapter.
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 49
About 8 miles north from this summit is that of the southern
peak of the Aroostook range, computed to be 3685 feet high.
Within 5 miles of this, proceeding north, are two other peaks,
the elevations of which are 3414 and 3105 feet. A few miles
nortl>westerly from this are the summits of a lower ridge, ex-
tending north 6 or 8 miles, the elevations of the principal of
which are 1861 and 1805 feet. Inclining again to the east-
ward, at about 8 miles distance, are the northern Aroostook
mountanis, occupying a space from 10 to 15 miles square, and
having many prominent eminences, the south-western of which
rises to the height of 2849 feet, the others to various heights
from that down to 1790 feet. About 12 miles north of the
Aroostook mountains we come to those of the Allagash and
Upquedopscook (or Fish river.) The highest point of the
western of which, or the Allagash mountains, is 2209 feet, and
that of the eastern, or Fish river liills, 1989 feet.*
The distances here stated between the different mountains
are taken from summit to summit ; their bases being in most
cases nearly contiguous, or connected with lower ridges of
highland country. In some instances however they are sepa-
rated by small streams and valleys, but not of sufficient conse-
quence to form exceptions to the general continuity of the
range, which extends with obvious distinctness from 90 to 100
miles from Katahdin, directly north to the St. John ; and this
is the only range which can with any propriety be said to be
connected with the Katahdinf .
East of Katahdin, Hes the valley of Penobscot east branch,
or Seboois, which extends without interruption from Nicke-
tou, or the junction of the main east and west branches of the
Penobscot, nearly due north to tlie main branch of the Aroos-
took, about 60 miles, forming a broad and distinctly marked
* The elevations here given, as well as tlie most of those in the northern part of the
State, are deduced from Johnson's report of observations in exploring the country under
the provisions of the treaty of Ghent, assisted by inferetiQes from tbose of Bouchette and
Partridge.
t See Plate I.— Also Plate IV. No. 7.
50 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
line of separation between the Katahdin and all other moun-
tains or highland ranges to the eastward.
Alons: the eastern bank of the Seboois and Penobscot east
branch, and at the distance from them of one to five miles,
is a range of moderate elevation, rimning parallel to them,
nearly north and south, for 40 or 50 miles. The only emi-
nence worthy of notice on this range is Chase's mountain, ly-
ing about three miles east of the Seboois, and 15 miles south
of the source of that river. The height of this mountain from
the sea, is computed at 2608 feet.
Eastward of this range, are several other ranges of less ele-
vation, the general direction of which is nearly north and
south. Between these ranges, or rather swells of land, as
they would more properly be termed, flow the branches of the
Aroostook and the Madawamkeag, interlocking and projecting
by each other with but a very moderate, and in some places
scarcely a perceptible, elevation of land between them ; the
southern part of the ranges separating the different branches
of the Madawamkeag from each other, and from the waters of
the Meduxnekeag ; and the northern separating those of the
Aroostook from each other, and from the sources of the Me-
duxnekeag, Presque-Isle stream, and De Chute. The coun-
try over which these ridges or swells are scattered, embraces
an extent of 1000 to 1500 square miles, lying at an average^
about 140 miles distant from the sea, and about 100 miles
from .the nearest tide water. The general elevation of its base,
or of the beds of the streams which traverse it, is computed to
vary from 600 to 900 feet above the level of the. sea ; the av-
erage not far from 750 feet ; making the direct descent of the
waters to the head of the tide to average about 7 1-2 feet prer
mile.
The highest summit of any of these ridges lies near tlie
sources of the south-eastern branches of the Aroostook, and
the north-western branches of the ^leduxnekeag, about 15
miles south-west of Mars-Hill, and is computed to be 1683
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 51
feet from the level of the sea*. The next in height lies be-
tween the Madawamkeag and the western sources of the Me-
duxnekeag, about 1 8 miles north-west of the source of the St.
Croix. The elevation of this is 1671 feet. The third in height
is 1610 feet. This lies betw^een the branches of the Aroos-
took, about 20 miles west north-w^est from Mars-Hill. The
rest of the summits in this region, the height of which has been
observed, are 35 in number^ occupying the ground between
the Aroostook, Madawamkeag, Penobscot East Branch, and
the eastern boundary of the State. These vary in height from
1575 to 1032 feet above the level of the sea, or from 825 to
262 feet above the computed average level of the beds of the
rivers, which will give probably about 400 feet as the average
perpendicular measure of the undulations of the country. The
average elevation of the summits of these ridges collectively,
above the level of the sea, is 1314 feet, and above their esti-
mated average base, 564 feet. The average ascent from the
tide at Bangor, to the average summit of the hills in this re-
gion, being about 1 3 feet per mile ; and to the extreme highest
summit, less than 17 feet per mile.
Though the ranges of these highlands are totally separated
from each other, and the distinction is easily perceived in an
orthographic projection,! and is also observable when viewed
in a line wdth their general direction, viz. nearly north and
south ; yet when viewed in any other direction, especially at a
considerable distance, the relative position of the higher parts
so closes the view of the intervening vallies as to give the whole
collectively the appearance of a continuous range in a very dif-
ferent direction, varying according to the point of view. Thus>
from the open countiy near Houlton, they exhibit the appear-
ance of one range of highlands extending from Mars-Hill
south-west, passing between the eye of the observer and Katah-
* The elevation of the highest of these summits, from the level of the sea, is lower than
that of those of corresponding distinction in any part of the country between the Kenne-~
beck and the Penobscot, south of tlie Ebeeme mountain t^o the sea-coast.
4 See Plate J.
52 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
din, and subsiding from the view at about 40 miles west-south-
west from Houlton, and about 30 miles east-south-east from
Katahdin, between the east branch of the Penobscot and the
Molumkus.*
The whole of the region now under consideration, is by far
the most level of any part of the State of equal extent. Large
portions of its surface are quite level. The higher lands in gen-
eral are broad undulating swells, the moderate elevation of the
highest points of which is already shewn ; and, considering the
distance from the sea, and the character of the other parts of
the State, this region will be regarded in the comparison as
remarkably low" and uniform.
Mars-Hill, but for the adventitious importance attached to it
by the recent pretensions of Great-Britain, that it forms the
north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, would not deserve a distinct
notice. " It is an insulated eminence having no connection
with any ridge of highlands, situated about one mile and 6
chains due west from the boundary line of the United States.
It consists of two peaks, the northern and the southern, which
are, in a right line, 2 miles 6 chains 60 links apart. The south
peak is 1504 feet above the level of the St. John at the mouth
of the river De Chute, the north peak 1363. f The hill itself
appears to be a mass of small loose stones, covered with a thin
layer of earth, on which is a thick growth of sugar maple, birch,
and some beach, interspersed with spruce and fir. The ground
around its base on all sides, is low and in general w^t and
swampy. The nearest eminence observed from its summit,
lies in a north-west direction at about 9 miles distance, the
* Under these illusory circumstances, Mr. Odell has delineated a " Profile of the country
between Mars-Hill and Iho Katahdin Mountains, as seen tVom Parks, near Houlton," which
is filed among the maps to be submitted to the umpire under the 5th Article of the treaty
of G'lent. The circum^tames here noticed will shew that maps taken on so slight grounds
should be received with great caution.
t These measurements were made by Capt. Partridge. Col. Bouchette's vertical section
of the bounda y line, makes Mars-Hill al)out llOu feet lii',Mjer than the source of the St.
Croi-^;. Col. Jo'-n .n states it at about 1000 feet above the level of the surrounding country.
Com;>aring tb^^c and other estimates and observations together, and adding a conjectural
estimate of thp descent of the S:. John from the mouth of the Ue Chute to the tide at Fred-
erictun, the height of this hill fr..m the level of the sei, is taken to be about 1600 feet -, and
from thr. i- computed the elevation of all the highlands whose position -nii height were
obsei-ved by C,u\. Johnson, from Mar?-Hid and from Green River Mountain, viz. all the
mountains and highlands from the Katahdin, to the northern and eastern boundaries.
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 53
height of which, from the level of the intervening country, is
but 488 feet. The next bears about south-west by south, dis-
tance 12 miles,* and is about 14 feet higher than Mars-H]ll."f
P'forthward of the Aroostook are a few scattered detached
summits, the highest of which is about 500 feet lower than Mars-
Hill ; but tliey form no connected ranges of any considerable
extent.
South of the Madawamkeag, and between that and the
Passadumkeag and Schoodic Lakes, is a range of highland
extending between those rivers from within about 6 miles of the
Penobscot to the lakes at the source of the St. Croix. The
height of the summits of this range is not known ; but as seen
from a distance, in comparison with other highlands whose
height is known, they are judged to vary from 1200 to 1600
feet.
Between the St. Croix and Union River, a considerable part
of the country lies in gently undulating swells and ridges run-
ning in various directions, more generally nearly north and
south, but of no remarkable elevation. The Schoodic hills near
the town of Sullivan, and Mount-Desert, on the island of that
name, are the most distinguished. The elevation of the latter
of these is variously estimated from 1600 to 2000 feet.
Between Union and Penobscot Rivers is a range of hills
extending from Orland and Bluehill to the margin of the Pas-
sadumkeag. The highest of these is the Passadumkeag Moun-
tain, situated between the river of that name and the source of
Union River. Different measurements of the elevation of this
mountain vary from 1939 to 2227 feet; the truth is probably
between them. The highest peaks along the central part of
the range, are stated to be about 1818 feet.
South of the Piscataquis, is a ridge of somewhat remarkable
uniformity of height and appearance, for about 20 miles, from
* Subsequent surveys find this distance from Mars-Hill to be some miles greater than is
here estimated.
t This description is abstracted from the reports of Oapt. Partridge and Col. Johnson,
and substantially in their words.
54 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
Blakesburgh to Dexter. It then becomes more broken and
irregular in proceeding westward, until its character as a range
of highlands, is lost in the diversified hilly country of the east
part of the County of Somerset. The general height of the
summits of the continuous part of this range is computed to be
about 1742 feet.
Between the tide waters of the Penobscot and Kennebeck, is
a hilly irregular tract, whicl^ m some parts, particularly nearest
to the Penobscot, assumes somewhat of a mountainous aspect.
The most prominent elevations of this tract may be traced in a
succession of hills lying in a circular form so as to include the
principal part of the County of Waldo within its area, leaving it
open to the south-east at and about Belfast. This range or
group commences at Camden, and passing irregularly through
the tovms on the outline of the County, with the exception of a
few at its north-westernmost part which it excludes, it returns
again to the Penobscot, at the south part of Frankfort. The
conformation of these highlands, is in general exceedingly irreg-
ular and diversified. The elevation of the southern part is not
known ; that of some of the principal summits of the northern
part is — Mount Waldo in the south-east part of Frankfort, 1357
feet — Butman's hill in Dixmont, 1906 feet — Peaked Mountain
in Dixmont, 1612 feet.
Westward of the Kennebeck, and south of the mountains and
highlands first described, the country is exceedingly diversified
with hill and dale of all possible forms and sizes, and may in
some parts be connected together in groups of various figure,
in others as variously intersected and detached ; but they form
no connected ranges of any extent worthy of notice as such.
The particular elevation of any of the summits of this region is.
not known.
It can be hardly necessary to observe that the absolute ele-
vation of any tract of country does not always convey a just
idea of its distinctive character, whether as mountainous or
hilly ; these distinctions being nwre frequently applied by war
MdUNtAINS AND HIGHLAJfD RANGES. 55
of comparison, or perhaps implying greater or less degrees of
abruptness or irregularity in the general aspect of the surface.
Excepting the great " north-easterly ridge or land's height,"
which forms the northern frontier of the State, and is collec-
tively the highest mass of country between the Atlantic and
the St. Laurence ; and excepting also some small tracts near
the sea-coast, which partake of the character of mountainous,
though of comparatively moderate elevation, those tracts within
the State which may more properly be termed mountainous
are all included within an irregular line which may be drawn
from the western boundary of the State, near Fryeburghr
thence proceeding north-easterly and crossing the Androscog-
gin near Dixfield, Sandy River above Farmington, Kennebeck
river above Bingham, Penobscot river at Lake Pemmidumcook
(or Bamadumcook,) to the east braijch of the Penobscot, near
the mouth of the Wassataquoik, and thence north to include
the Aroostook mountains ; thence turning rather suddenly
south to the Penobscot at the outlet of Lake Chesuncook,
thence west, to the south of the north-east bay of Moose-Head
Lake, thence westerly and north-westerly to the highlands,
forming the northern boundary of the State, near the sources
of the Du Loup. The whole area included within this irreg-
ular line contains nearly one seventh part of the State ; but it
includes also some large tracts of comparatively level country,
and is traversed in many places by extensive vallies, among which
those of the Penobscot and Kennebeck entirely intersect the
tract, sever the continuity of the different mountainous parts,
and connect the lower country towards the sea-coast whh the
upper valley of the St. John.
The elevation of the waters which traverse this region, so
far as it has been ascertained, varies from 456 to 1244 feet
above the level of the sea ; their average elevation is estimated
to be about 800 feet. No observations are known to have
been made to ascertain the average elevation of the general
surface of the country. The heights of several of the princi-
5G MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
pal mountain summits have been before stated. And, taking
this section in its whole extent, it may be said that though its
average base, or general level of the surface of its waters, is
vastly lower than that of the northern ridge ; as is also its gen-
eral surface ; yet, scattered irregularly over its surface, it
presents, in detached instances, the highest points of land be-
tween the Atlantic and St. Lawrence.
Though the elevation of a few of the principal peaks in this
extensive tract have been stated with numerical precision ; yet
the observations, from which they have been deduced, have
not been made with that care and attention, and under
those circumstances, which would warrant a perfect re-
liance on their correctness. They may be regarded how-
ever, as approximations to the truth, sufficiently near for all
ordinary purposes. The elevation of other summits in the tract
may be estimated in some measure by the distance at which
they are visible, and perhaps more satisfactorily by the state
and character df the vegetable productions on, or near their
summits.
It is well known that in all parts of the globe certain species
of plants vegetate only within certain distances from the level
of the sea, and these distances are nearly the same in the same
latitudes, varying only so far as the general tempera-
ture of the climate may be affected by local causes. That
this is a general law of nature is evident from the fact that dif-
ferent plants are adapted to different climates, and though by
gradual training they may be cultivated with more or less suc-
cess in regions beyond their usual range, yet there are limits
beyond which they cannot exist, and these limits are found
correlative to the degree of recession from the equator,
and of elevation from the surface of the sea.
The highest limit of forest trees at the White Mountains has
been found, by a barometrical measurement, to be about 4428
feet ; perhaps farther observations, and at different places in
the same latitude may find it somewhat different, but probably
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 57
not far from it. The proximity of this point of observation to
the tract now under consideration, and the comparatively small
extent of the whole tract, will justify the conclusion that this
may be taken as very nearly the limit of the growth of forest
trees in Maine, allowing however, in proceeding toward the
north, a gradual diminution in proportion to the general decrease
of the mean temperature.
From the observations of Humboldt and others on the de-
crement of heat in ascending from the level of the sea, and
from the mean temperature of the different parallels on the
earth's surface, it has been calculated that the mean height of
perpetual congelation, in latitude 45° is about 7658 feet, and
in latitude 46° about 7379 feet above the level of the sea.
The former is a httle north of the latitude of the White Moun-
tains, the latter about that of Katahdin, and the same law of
decrement of heat which determines the point of perpetual con-
gelation at each place, must doubtless be applicable to, and
regulate, the extreme limits of vegetation. Taking therefore
4428 feet as the highest limit of forest trees at the White
Mountains, we may suppose that at Katahdin to be nearly 300
feet lower ; and with this law in view^ we may arrive at esti-
mates of the heiirhts of those peaks which approach to or
exceed this elevation, in different parts of the State, sufficiently
near the truth for general purposes.
In the north-w^estern parts of the tract in question, about the
sources of the Kennebeck and Androscoggin, are many de-
tached summits, elevated considerably above the region of for-
est trees. On its southern verge, points of similar elevation
present themselves to view, at occasional distances, the whole
length of the country, from the W^hite Mountains to Katahdin ;
and when sufficiently near to be viewed in connexion with ei-
ther of these extremes, they exhibit the appearance of compar-
atively little less elevation. The elevation of Mount W^ashmgton,
the highest peak of the White Mountains, is stated to be 6634
feet : that of Katahdin, 5623 feet : Rnd from a comparison, pf-
8
58 VALLIES'i
ten made by the eye, between these mountains and those visi-'
ble in connexion with them respectively, and from the circum-
stances stated above, respecting the limits of the growth of for-
est trees, it may be concluded that the elevation of the princi-
pal mountain summits in this part of the State, varies from near
4000 to something more than 5000 feet above the surface of
the sea.
So far as the elevations of mountain summits may affect the
various meteorological phenomena of the surrounding regions,
some knowledge of them will be of use in those investigations
concerning the climate and seasons, which serve, not only to
amuse the mere philosophical theorist, but which are connect-
ed with and lead to direct beneficial results, in the pursuit of
some of the recondite principles of agricultural science. But,
for the practical, and more obviously important, purposes of
political economy, which lie more immediately within the reach,
and prompt more powerfully the art and industry of man, an
acquaintance with the elevation and general configuration of
those highlands which are practicable for cultivation, of the in-
termediate valleys, the channels of the rivers, and the surfaces
of the lakes, is far more important.
Vallies,
Of the numerous vallies which traverse the State in all di-
rections, and present favorable channels of communication be-
tween its different parts, none have been extensively surveyed
with much accuracy ; but in some of them a few surveys have
been made, which will serve as data for some general esti-
mates of their elevation, and in some measure as a guide to fu-
ture operations.
The principal vallies of sufficient extent to form a conspicu-
ous feature in a comprehensive view of the State, are those of
the Kennebeck, the Penobscot, and the St. John.
Besides these, the vallies of the Saco, Androscoggin, St.
VALLIES. 59
Croix, and many of less note and extent, form subjects ija
themselves worthy of consideration. But their number, and
comparatively limited extent, will not admit of a detailed no-
tice of them in this place, without exceeding the limits which
. can be assigned to this chapter.
The great vallies of the Kennebeck, Penobscot and. St.
John, with their various ramifications, are so far connected
with each other, that in some sense they may be said to form
but one irregular valley, traversing and intersecting nearly the
whole State, and affording facilities for internal improvements,
which at a future day, will open convenient communications
between its remotest parts.
The surface of the valley of the Kennebeck is exceedingly
diversified and irregular, presenting to the view, in its whole
extent, a succession of hill and dale of every description. In
the southern part the hills are of moderate elevation, but in
proceeding northerly, they increase in height until, towards the
sources of the river, they assume the mountainous form des-
cribed in the former part of this chapter. Below the county
of Somerset, the hills in general press close upon the margin of
the river ; ascending through this county, they recede farther
from its banks, leaving, in many places, level alluvial tracts
along the banks, and rising into more broad rounded swells as
they recede. On approaching the confluence of Dead River,
the whole valley becomes more broken and irregular, with
scattered mountain peaks, some of which approach the verge
of the river, and nearly obstruct the passage along its banks.
On arriving at Moosehead Lake, the valley again expands, un-
til, continuing northerly to the extremities of the Lake, it loses
itself in the broad, and comparatively level upper valley of the
Penobscot.
The general inclination of the Kennebeck valley, from the
tide at Hallowell, to the place where the road from thence to
Quebec crosses Moose river, may be deduced Jlrom the barom-
60
VALLIES'.
etrical survey of that road by Capt. Partridge*, the results of
which are exhibited in the following table.
5 '5
?i
■^2
ii
11.
STATIONS.
ii
c
H 7
If
< 2
if
s * c
« c; is
''I
HaUowell,
miles.
Feet.
Feet.
Miles
Ftvi.
25
Feet.
Waterville,
20
219
11
20
219
11
Fairfield,
10
9
1
30
228
7 2-i
Norridgwock,
12
132
11
42
360
8 1-2
Anson,
12
49
4
54
409
7 2-3
Bingham,
14
47
3 1-2
G8
456
6 2-3
Upper Settlements,
14
19
7
82
555
6 3-4
Forks of Dead River )
and Kennebeck, >
10
15
1 1-2
92
570
6
Dead River,
2
70
35
94
640
7
Moose River Bridsje,
27
604
22 1-3
121
1244
10 1-4
Penobscot west bianrh,
439
1683
Capt. Partridge's observ^ations from Hallowell to Dead River,
were made at the road along the banks of the river ; but from
Dead River to IMoose River bridge, they were made on the
road across the country, leaving tlie main branch of the river
far to the eastward. The elevation therefore of Moose-Head
Lake, [he source of the main branch of the Kennebeck ; and
the general inclination of the river from that to the mouth of
Dead River, is only to be conjectured from a comparison of
the two observations at the mouth of Dead River and at Moose
River bridge. The distance of Moose River (following its
windings) from the bridge to its outlet in the Lake, is supposed
to be not far from 30 miles, and from the Lake to Dead River
about 20 miles. If we suppose the relative declivity of each
to be nearly the same, it would give about 840 feet as the ab-
solute elevadon of IMoose-Head Lake ; but as the course of
Moose River from the bridge to the Lake, in a direct line, is
about the same distance as that of the Kennebeck from the
' Sec Plate IV.— No. 9.
VALLIES. 61
Lake to Dead River, the elevation of the Lake, deducfed from
this circumstance, would be rather more than 900 feet. If
however, we consider that Moose River keeps its way in the
mountain country, without making any direct approach to the
sea in its whole course ; and that the Kennebeck trom the
Lake to Dead River is approaching directly the lower country
towards the sea, and by the time it reaches Dead River, has
nearly passed the confines of the mountainous region, we must
suppose its declivity much greater than that of Moose River, and
of course the elevation of the Lake considerably higher than
would result from the ratio of the distances and elevations of
the two points mentioned ; and we may be not far from the
truth if it is computed, in round numbers, to be about 1000
feet.
The subject of the elevation of Moose-Head Lake has been
dwelt on with more paiticularity because that, connected with
tliis there are certain data from which can be deduced, with
some tolerable degree of certainty, the elevation of Chesun-
cook Lake on the Penobscot ; from this the elevation of the
source of the Allagash, or principal south branch of the St.
John, has been actually ascertained ; and these collectively de-
termine the question of the elevation of the base of the suppos*
ed range of highlands across this part of the State from Mars
Hill ; or, more properly speaking, prove the solution of its con-
tinuity in this, as well as may be proved in other places ; and
is one among other evidences that no such range exists but in
the imagination of those whose interested vision " can see w^hat
is not to be seen."
In taking the elevation of Moose-Head Lake at 1000 feet,
as the basis of ulterior estimates respecting the Penobscot and
St. John, it will be perceived that the greatest probable meas-
ure is assumed, so that if any erroneous inferences are drawn
from this with regard to the comparative elevation of the pre-
tended Mars-Hill range and the main northern ridge, they will
be on the safe side. So far also as the elevation of the waters,
621 VALLIES*
and the general inclination of the country, shall be the subject
of inquiry in the consideration of measures for internal improve-
ment, such as canals, railways, &lc. it is safer to adopt the high-
est estimate in all cases the certainty of which is not accurately
ascertained.
It has been before stated, tliat the valley of the Kennebeck,
at its northern extremity, expands and loses itself in diat of the
Penobscot. The northern part of IVIoose-Head Lake may be
considered in fact as within the latter valley.
The valley of tlie Penobscot from Moose-Head Lake to the
source of the Allagash, or principal south branch of the St.
John, is near 40 miles wide in a direct line. The shores of
the valley, or points of division between this and the waters of
the Kennebeck on one side, and St. John on the other, are ele-
vated not more than 50 feet above the surface of the respec-
tive waters. From the northern extremity of Moose-Head
Lake the distance to the main west branch of the Penobscot
is about 2 miles. At the north-western arm of the Lake, it is
supposed that tlie Penobscot is somewhat the highest. The
land between them is low and level, and it is supposed that al
a moderate expense, a canal niight be opened to discharge die
waters of that river into the Lake. Below this the Penobscot
descends over a succession of falls and rapids for about 8 miles,
when it approaches the north-eastern arm of the Lake ; be-
tween which and the river tlie land is also low and level. This
place was explored in the year 1816, with a view to estimate
the comparative elevation of the two waters, and the practica-
bility of a canal at some future day, between them ; and it was
judged that the waters of the river here were considerably
lower than those of the Lake, and therefore that a canal in tliis
place would discharge the waters of tlie Lake into the Penob-
scot.
From this place to tlie Chesuncook, the river descends
rather more than 20 miles, in an unbroken and generally some-
what strong current, but not remarkably rapid. By a conjee-
VALLIES. 68
rural estimate, drawn from a comparison of certain parts of the
Kennebeck and St. John, between which the declivity of this
river in this place, appears to be a medium, the perpendicular
descent of this is estimated to average about 4 feet per mile ;
which, with its probable depression below the surface of Moose-
Head Lake, would make the elevation of Chesuncook, to be-
about 900 feet above the level of the sea.*
From the Chesuncook, north by way of the Umbazukscus,
to the portage between the Penobscot and the Allagash, the
ascent is very moderate, the highest point of the land on the
portage being but 52 feet above the surface of the Chesuncook. f
The valley of the Penobscot here is low, and is merged almost
imperceptibly in that of the Allagash, or south branch of the
St. John.
It has been seen that the general inclination of the valley of
the Kennebeck is not too great for the purposes of internal
communication by means of railways, provided the irregulari-
ties in the surface of the country shall not be found too great to
admit of sufficiently level passages between the hills ; and if
the channel of the river presents no other obstruction to its
navigation than occasional falls to break the surface into dif-
ferent levels, the ascent to be overcome by means of locks,
would be but a comparatively small obstacle to the communica-
ion by water, through its whole extent ; but how far the ir-
regularities in the surface of the valley may present obstacles
to the one, or the shoals, long rapids, low banks, droughts and
freshets, m^y impede the other, are questions, a satisfactory
answer to which, requires more extensive and scientific surveys
than have yet been made. J
* That this estimate of the level of the Ghesuncook is sufficiently high, is also rendered
probable from the baiometrical observations of Messrs, Loring and Odell, on the level of
the Peaobscot opposite to Mount Katahdui, about 20 miles below ihe Chesuncook ; which
they there find to be 650 feet above the tide at Bangor ; which leaves 250 feet for the per-
pendicular descent of the Penobscot in 20 miles from Chesuncook tu their place of observa-
tion.
t Loring' s R.epoi-t.
X No surveys to any extent, with a view to this subject, are known to have been made,
excepting from Gardiner to the Androscoggin, and from Augusta to Bloomfield, the results
of which could not be obtained hi season to be here cvmraunicated.
64 V ALLIES.
The valley of the Penobscot exhibits collectively an aspect^
in some respects, considerably different from that of the Ken-
nebeck. At its commencement near the sea coast its general
surface is elevated, broken, and in some places even mountain-
ous. Proceeding northward, a little below the head of the
tide it sinks and expands rather suddenly, into a gently undu-
lating country, rather low when compared with other parts of
the State at an equal distance from the sea, but sufficiently el-
evated for all useful purposes. This description extends from
the highlands on the east, which divide the waters of the Pen-
obscot from Union river, to the waters of the Kennebeck, where
it connects itself with the valley of that river, by the way of
the Sebasticook ; and from the highlands of Dixmont to those
of the Piscataquis. Above Orono, the surface becomes still
more level and uniform for a number of miles on each side of
the river, to the Piscataquis. Above this, it becomes more un-
dulating at a little distance from tlie river, but still of moderate
elevation, to the Madawamkeag. Proceeding up the Madawam-
keag, the valley retains the same level, or moderately undulating
character, until it reaches the confines and blends itself with,
the vallies of the St. Croix and the St. John.
The general inclination of this valley, from the tide at Ban-
gor to the sources of the Madawamkeag, has been before noti-
ced. The perpendicular ascent of the river from Bangor to
Old-Town, has been ascertained to be about 100 feet. The el-
evation of its surface at the mouth of the Passadumkeag, has
been computed at 150 feet* ; and judging from the distance,
and apparent strength of the current from that to the Mada-
wamkeag, the elevation of this place may be estimated at from
270 to 300 feet.
From this place the valley of the main river begins to as-
sume a different character — its surface becoming more broken,
irregular and elevated. Ascending the river to Nicketou, (or
the junction of the East and West branches) the valley tliere
* Loring's Report.
VAt.LIES,
65
divides, one part extending along the east branch and the Se-
boois, until it unites with the valley of the Aroostook, as before
described*, and the other following the course of the west
branch to its source. x
From Nicketou to Chesuncook Lake, the valley on eacli
side is broken, and much diversified w ith a multitude of lakes,
ponds, morasses, streams, hills, and some few detached moun-
tains of considerable elevation. Its general breadth here is
about 25 miles. Its margins ascending upon the Katahdin on
one side, and the Ebeeme and Spencer mountains on the other.
The general acclivity of the valley from the Madawamkeag
to the Chesuncook can only be estimated from the supposed
elevation of the mouth of the Madawamkeag, the observations
of Messrs Loring and Odell at the Auboljokomegassic, and the
computed elevation of the surface of the Chesuncock, which
have been before stated. These would give the average ac-
clivity of the river from the Madawamkeag to the Auboljoko-
megassic about 12 feet per mile, and from that to Chesuncock
about 16 feet per mile.
From the outlet of Chesuncook, the surface of the valley
subsides into a comparatively level, or moderately undulating
form, and expanding laterally, it unites with the valley of the
Kennebeck on the south-west, and that of the Allagash on the
north-east, as before describedf . Proceeding westward along
tlie Penobscot, it rises to and terminates in the highlands which
form the north-western boundary of the State; and north-west-
ward along the KahkoguamookJ, passing the hills of that
name, it loses itself indefinitely in the upper valley of the St.
John, among the extensive; level swamps and morasses at the
sources of the south branch of the WalloostookH.
The acclivity of the western part of the valley, after passing
Moose-Head Lake, is somewhat rapid ; the branch of the riv-
* Page 46.
I Page 62.
X Quonquongamooktook,
II Oolashlook — Oolastook— .or OolastooguongamoH?. ■ -
9
66 TALLIES .
er which crosses the road from Hallowell to Quebec, being
found at the elevation of 1683 feet, which, if the elevation of
the river near Moose-Head Lake, is taken at 1000 feet, w^ill
give an average acclivity of about 24 feet per mile. The as-
cent in the north-western direction from Chesuncook, is much
more moderate ; but no data are known from which to com-
pute its actual ratio.
The extensive valley of the St. John occupies the whole
breadth of the northern part of the State, and, with that of the
Aroostook, includes about one third part of its whole territory.
This great valley, so far as it is included within this State, may
be considered as distinguished into three lesser ones. The
first, or lower valley, from the boundary line to the junction of
the Allagash with the Walloostook, or main branch of the riv-
er ; the second, or upper valley, from this along the main
branch to its source, where, on the south-west, it is terminated
by the highlands of the Chaudiere, and on the south-east, it
unites with the north-western part of tlie upper valley of the
Penobscot ; the third, that of the Allagash, which at its sou-
thern extremity, is merged in the northern part of tlie upper
valley of the Penobscot*.
The first of these forms a basin bounded on the north by
the mountains and highlands of the northern boundary of the
State, and the highlands of the Ristigouche. South, and east-
erly, by the lesser highlands of the Grand-Falls-Ridge, and an
interrupted tract of, in general but moderate elevation, which
partially separates it from the basin of the Aroostook. On the
south and west, by the highlands of the Fish river, Allagash,
and St. Francois. These however form no continuous range,
but are separated by the Allagash and St. Francois. Along
the margin of the river, the surface is generally a level alluvion,
receding in some places by steps to higher levels, and then ris-
ing, as it recedes still farther from tlie river, to a moderately
* This distinction may not be perfectly accurate nor well defined, except as to the valley
of the Allagash. It fs adopted however for the sake of more convenient reference.
VALUES. 67
liilly form, which on the north increases to the height of the
main ridge of the boundary. The lower part of this basin is
thought by some, to have once formed the bed of an extensive
lake, the waters of which w^ere confined by what is called the
" Grand Falls Ridge," near the eastern boundary of the. State.
The general inclination of this basin, in the direction of the
river, is very moderate.
• The highlands which separate the waters of the Allagash
from those of the Walloostook, approach close upon the river
at the junction of those two branches, and with those which
form the western barrier of the St. Francois, serve to form a
line of separation between the lower and upper vallies. Above
these the valley, in the direction of its length, assumes the
form of almost a dead level. The current of the river is very
moderate, flowing through extensive swamps and bogs, but lit-
tle elevated above its waters. In the transverse direction, the
surface, at a distance from the river, rises to the westward but
very moderately, to tlie summit of the table-land, which here
forms the main ridge or height of land between the Atlantic
and the St. Lawrence. To the east it rises more rapidly to the
highlands which divide it from the Allagash.
The whole length of the general valley of the St. John,
from its junction VA'ith that of the Penobscot, at the source of
the south branch of the Walloostook, to the Grand Falls near
the boundary line, is computed, following the course of the riv-
er, to be about 180 miles. Its general declivity, for the first
40 or 50 miles, is exceedingly small ; thence, descending to
the St. Francois, it becomes more rapid ; from this, until it ap-
proaches the eastern boundary, it is in general more moderate.
In the whole of this extent it is uninterrupted by falls, and is
safely and conveniently passable for boats, ascending and de-
scending. The few observations which have been made res-
pecting its elevation at different places, would give the whole
valley collectively, a general declivity, from the sources of the
river to the Grand Falls, of about 5 feet per mile..
68 VALUED.
The valley of the Allagash extends, from its junction with
that of the Penobscot, about 70 miles in a northerly direction
to the river St. John. The southern part of this valley is
broad, low, and comparatively level. Proceeding northerly
it becomes narrower, the surface rises into swells of moderate
height ; and on approaching nearer to the river, at the falls,
about 12 miles from the St. John, the hills are broken, and
rise to considerable elevation, and continue of this description
to the confluence of this river with the St. John.
The general inclination of this valley appears to be less than
that of any of the others before described. The river, at its
southern part, is formed principally of a chain of Lakes, and it
includes several smaller ones in its course. Between some of
these Lakes, the current of the river has in some places con-
siderable rapidity, but in general is gentle and smooth. About
12 miles from its confluence with the St. John, the river ab-
ruptly descends over a fall, the perpendicular height of which
is estimated by different observers, at about 20 feet, below
which are rapids estimated to descend from 10 to 15 feet.
The whole perpendicular descent of this valley from the place
of its union widi that of the Penobscot, to the mouth of the
river, is estimated not to exceed 200 feet, and probably to fall
shoit of that ; making its average declivity to be something less
than 3 feet per mile.
The valley of the Aroostook, belongs, properly speaking, to
the great valley of the St. John. This basin is in general a
level or moderately undulating country, inclining principally to
the east. It is interspersed with occasional detached swells
and ridges, whose general direction is chiefly about north and
south ; between which the valHes connect themselves with those
of the Penobscot on one hand, and the St. John on the other.
The general elevation of the southern part of this region above
the level of the sea is described at pages 50 and 51. The
general declivity of the central part of the valley is to the east,
and is esthnated to be about 2 1-2 feet per mile, following the
TALLIES. 69
windings of the river, but in a direct line probably much more.
The vailey of the Saco has been too long and too well kno\Mi
to need any particularity of description. It presents a favora-
ble channel of communication from a part of the interior of New-
Hampshire and Vermont to the sea-board, and offers facilities
for important improvements of this communication to Portland
by the way of the Cumberland and Oxford Canal.
The irregular form and relative position of the valley of the
Androscoggin, are such as will not readily invite enterprises for
making it the channel of any important line of communication
through its whole extent, but some parts of it offer facilities for
connecting together parts of the country naturally separated
frorti each other, which probably will be noticed hereafter.
The valley of the St. Croix, lying on the frontier of the
United States, the river at the centre of which forms the boun-
dary line, presents on that account some interesting considera-
tions, which need not however to be discussed particularly in
this place. Circumstances resulting from the political and
commercial relations of tlie two nations which occupy the op-
posite sides of this territory, will always tend to attract to the
common centre greater numbers than would otherwise be the
case ; and, under some of these ever-varying relations, an easy
and expeditious mode of communication to it, and through
some of its parts, must be an object of much importance. The
river itself may be made a practicable hne of communication
along the frontier, if both parties agree ; but the valley of its
west branch, which connects itself with that of tlie Penobscot by
the way of the Passadumkeag, offers favorable opportunities
for opening a communication which under some circommuni-
cumstances may be of great importance. Other channels of
cation also may be opened to connect parts of this valley with
other parts of the State, but sufficient information has not been
obtained to point out their direction and the facilities they offer,
with much precision.
70 RIVERS.
Rivers,
The chief rivers of this State are the Saco, Androscoggin,
Kennebeck, Penobscot, St. John, and St. Croix. These,
with their numerous branches, some of which form considera-
ble rivers of themsekes, water the whole State, except a com-
paratively small proportion which, stretching along the sea
coast, is watered by smaller rivers extending but little distance
into the country, and sustaining comparatively no very impor-
tant relation to the mass of the interior territory, the design and
limits of this work will not admit any special notice of them.
The principal rivers of this description are the Piscataqua,
Mousum, Kennebunk, Presumpscot, Sheepscot, Damariscotta,
Muscongus, St. George, Union, Narraguagus, Machias, widi
many lesser ones.
Some notice of the larger rivers occurs incidentally in the
preceding descriptions of their great vallies or basins, and their
local position, with that of their tributary streams, as well as of
the smaller rivers, will be better understood by consulting the
Map, than by any written description. A more particular,
though brief, description of some of them however, will be
necessary.
The Saco rises in the White Mountains in New-Hampshire,
and descending thence to Conway, it enters this State at Frye-
burgh, and after winding in its course about 30 miles within
that town, and approaching within two miles of the placew here
it first enters, it proceeds south-easterly to the sea, which it
reaches at the distance, in a direct line, of about 45 miles.
The current of this river is in some parts gentle, affording
convenient passage for boats ascending for short distances, but
it is frequently interrupted by falls and rapids, so that it can-
not be made navigable for any considerable extent, without
great expense. It meets the tide at the foot of the great falls
between the towns of Saco and Biddeford, from which it is
navigable for ships of small size, about 5 miles to the sea. The
RIVERS. 71
principal use made of this river has been for the transportation
of logs, of which immense quantities are annually floated to the
market, and for the driving of mills. Its numerous falls afford
many excellent mill sites, and a vast amount of water power
for manufacturing purposes. Its principal branches are the
Kezer, Great Ossipee, and Little Ossipee Rivers, the two latter
of which rise in New-Hampshire. The territory watered by
the Saco and its branches within the State, contains about 650
square miles.
The Androscoggin rises in the highlands at the north-western
boundary of the State, near the sources of the Chaudiere,
thence descending through a succession of lakes it turns into
New-Hampshire at Errol, from whence it proceeds southerly
to Shelburne, and there turning suddenly east, it re-enters
Maine at Gilead ; thence it proceeds east to Jay, and there
bends again to the south, and continues generally in that direc-
tion until it unites with the Kennebeck below Topsham, at
Meriymeeting Bay. The whole course of this river, from its
source to the tide at Topsham, is broken by rapids and falls,
some of which are of great height, particularly Pennicook falls,
in the lower part of Rumford, the perpendicular descent of
which in the course of one mile is estimated to be nearly 300
feet. These falls and rapids entirely prevent any extensive use
of the river for transportation except of logs and other timber
descending ; but many of them afford excellent mill sites,
some of which are already extensively occupied.
The principal branches of this river are the Magalloway,
which unites with it at Errol, Bear River at Newry, Ellis* at
Rumford, Swift at Mexico, Webb's at Dixfield, Dead at East
Livermore, Twenty Mile at Turner, Little Androscoggin at
Danville, and Little River at Lisbon. The extent of territor}^
within this State, which supplies the waters of this river and its
various branches, is about 3300 square miles.
The Kennebeck takes its rise in the same general range of
highlands with, and but a little to the northward of, the Andro-
72 RIVERS.
scoggin ; its two principal sources, the Dead and Moose rivers,
pursuing different courses until they unite their waters about
20 miles below Moosehead Lake. Properly speaking the riv-
er bears the name of Kennebeck only from the outlet of Moose-
head Lake. From this place it descends in various courses,
but its general direction nearly south, with a current generally
strong, and in many places obstructed by rocky rapids, and
abrupt falls, wliich render its navigation of little use for the pas-
sage of boats or rafts, to Skowheagan falls between Broomfield
and Milburn. From the foot of the rapids below these falls the
river at times admits of the transportation of rafts to the dde at
Augusta, but the passage is in some places attended with diffi-
culty and hazard, especially at Ticonic falls between Water-
ville and Winslow^ From Ticonic falls the river is navigable
for flat boats to Augusta, where it meets the tide. From Au-
gusta it is navigable for vessels of 100 tons, and from Hallo-
well and Gardiner for merchant vessels of any ordinary size to
the sea.
The principal branches of the Kennebeck, besides those al-
ready mentioned as its sources, are Seven-Mile-Brook', which
enters it at Anson, Sandy River at Starks, Wesserunset at
Millburn, Emerson's Stream at Waterville, Sebasticook at Wins-
low, Cobbisseconte at Gai'diner, and Eastern River at Dresden.
These, and many other smaller branches, afford facilities for
the transportation of lumber, and abound with innumerable
mill-sites ; and some of them, with the lakes and ponds with
wliich they are connected, will at some future day, when their
natural obstacles shall be overcome by locks and canals, fur-
nish means of extensive internal communications.
What is known respecting the elevation and general declivity
of this river, is stated at page 60 and sequel. The territory
included in its whole basin, is about 5280 square miles.
The principal sources of the Penobscot take their rise in
places widely distant from each other, from tlie eastern to the
western borders of the State. The main river, or great west
RIVERS. 73
branch, as it is called, rises in two branches, distinguished as
the south-west and north-west branches ; the former of which
rises in the highlands which form the north-western boundary
of the State, near the sources of Du Loup and Moose rivers ;
the latter in the same range of highlands, near the sources of
La Famine and the south-west branch of the St. John. These
two branches, descending with great rapidity for about 30
miles, unite in township No. 2 — 4th range ; thence proceeding
with less velocity in general, but passing over steep falls and long
rapids, near the head of Moose-Head Lake ; after which, the
river passes with a more moderate current about 20 miles, to
Chesuncook Lake, a fine sheet of water about 18 or 20 miles
in length, and from 2 to 3 miles wide.
Another principal source of the great west branch is the
Kahkoguamook,* which rises in a swamp or morass, which
gives rise also to the south branch of the Walloostook. The
Kahkoguamook descends in general rather moderately, but in
some places rapid, for about 30 miles, in the course of which
it passes through several lakes and ponds, and discharges into
the Chesuncook at the north-west extremity of that Lake.
The Umbazukscus is a small sluggish stream, discharging
into the Kahkoguamook at its northern side near its entrance
into the Chesuncook. This stream is distinguished only as it
rises near the source of the Allagash, and forms the channel of
communication between that river and the Penobscot, the wa-
ters of which are separated only by a low portage of about two
miles.
From the Chesuncook the river precipitates itself down a
steep fall into the small Lake Nolangamoik, and from thence
over a succession of falls and sU'ong rapids, and passing through
the Lakes Umbojeejoos, Bamedumpcook, Wallenipteweekeek,
and Quakis, it proceeds south-easterly witli considerable rapid-
ity to Nicketou, or the Grand Forks, where it unites with the
main east branch of the river.
* Called by the surveyors under ihe treaty of Ghent ; " Black River."
10
74 RIVERS.
The east branch rises among the highlands in the rear of
Mount Katahdin, and near the south-western sources of the
Aroostook, and proceeding south-easterly about 30 miles, it
meets with the Seboois, which takes its rise in a lake within
about 3 miles of the main south-west branch of the Aroostook,
at a considerable distance from the source of that river. The
Seboois runs nearly due south to its junction with the main east
branch. After receiving the Seboois, this branch proceeds
nearly south. In a few miles it receives from the west the
Wassataquoik which issues from the northern side of the Ka-
tahdin, and proceeding in the same direction about 25 miles,
it terminates in the main river at Nicketou. The general cur-
rent of this branch is strong and in some places rapid and in-
terrupted by falls, but less so than the west branch.
From Nicketou the river proceeds nearly south-east nearly
12 miles to the Madawamkeag, in which distance it receives
Salmon Stream and several smaller branches on the eastern
side, and includes several small islands.
The Madawamkeag is the principal north-eastern branch of
the Penobscot. It takes its rise in the vicinity of the waters of
the St. John, and in its course passes within a very few miles of
the lakes of the St. Croix, which form a part of the eastern
boundary of the State. The current of this river, for long
distances, is very moderate ; in some few places it is obstructed
by falls and rapids ; but, with the exception of a few short
portages, it affords a passage with little difficulty, for loaded
boats ascending to within 20 miles of Houlton on the eastern
frontier.
From the Madawamkeag the river runs nearly south-west
about 25 miles to the mouth of the Piscataquis, and thence
southerly about 20 miles to Old-Town falls, at the ancient In-
dian village of that name. In this distance it embraces about
110 islands of different descriptions and sizes, some of which
are large, and most of them excellent land. The banks in
general are low, the current in most places smooth and mod-
RIVERS. 75
erate, but in some rapid. It is passable at proper seasons for
boats and rafts, though in some places the ascending passage
of bouts is rather difficult. The average descent this distance
is estimated to be about 4 feet per mile.
From Oldtown is a succession of falls and rapids 12 miles
to the head of navigation at Bangor. At high water however
the falls are covered by the tide to Eddington, 4 miles. The
river for this distance affords passage for boats and rafts descen-
ding, and sometimes, though with much difficulty, for boats as-
cending. The most valuable property of the river in this dis-
tance is in the numerous fine mill sites and immense water
power it affords.
From Bangor the river affords an easy and safe navigation
for the largest class of merchant vessels to the sea. The dis-
tance to the head of the bay into which it discharges itself is
near 30 miles: and from this down the bay to the open sea
about as much more.
The whole distance on this river passable for rafts and boats
descending, and (though with some difficulty and labor) for
boats ascending is from Nicketou to the tide at Bangor about
70 miles ; rafts however may pass down and boats ascend, the
east and west branches, for some distance above this, though
with more difficulty. By the way of the Madawamkeag the
passage extends more than 100 miles from Bangor. The falls
and rapids however in some places render the ascent of loaded
boats a difficult and laborious undertaking, and at some seasons
the river is too shallow for the descent of rafts.
The principal branches of the Penobscot, besides those al-
ready noticed, are the Baskaheegan, Skitticook, Wytopidlot,
and Molumkus, which fall into the IMadawamkeag ; the Mattan-
aucook, the Piscataquis with the Sebec, Ebeeme (or Pleasant
river) and Schools its branches ; the Passadumkeag, Kukun-
sook (or Push aw) Kenduskeag, Sowadabscook, Marsh and
Eastern rivers. These afford extensive facilities for the trans-
portation of lumber to the market, and are well furnished with
76 RIVERS.
mill sites ; and some of them are susceptible of important im-
provements for the purposes of inland navigation.
The central position occupied by the Penobscot and its
branches, and their near approach to, and facilit}^- of communi-
cation with, the waters of the Kenebeck, the St Croix, and the
St John, together with the excellence of its navigation into the
heart of the State, and its easy susceptibility of extensive im-
])rovement, render this river by far the most important in the
State. The territory lying on its \vaters, exclusive of that on
the bay at its mouth, is about 8200 square miles, or one fourth
of the whole State.
The St Croix, forming in its whole length a part of the
boundary of the State, presents on that account but limited in-
ducements as a channel of internal communication, so far as
respects its northern or main branch. About one half of this
branch consists of a chain of Lakes, the residue is rapid, and
comparatively of not much importance except for the transpor-
tation of the lumber found on the territory which it waters with-
in this State. Its western branch consists almost wholly of a
chain of lakes known by the name of the Schoodic lakes which
with but little obstruction, easily to be overcome, afford a
somewhat extensive channel of internal navigation. From the
junction of this branch with the main river there are a number
of fiilis which inpede the passage, except for lumber descend-
ing, untill it meets the tide at Calais. It affords many valua-
ble mill-sites, and abundance of water for all manufacturing
purposes. The sources of the western branch approach very
near to those of the Passadumkeas;, and it is said that a com-
munication between tliem may be made at a comparatively
small expense, and with occasional dams and locks, a boat
navigation of great importance may be opened from the Pe-
jiobscot to Passamaquoddy bay. From the Schoodic lakes also
a trifling expense may open a communication with the rivers
of INIachias, by which the products of the interior may find
their passage to the sea at that port. The extent of the territo-
RIVERS. 77
ly on the waters of the St Croix and Bay of Passamaquoddy,
within this State, is about 1500 square miles.
The St John with its numerous and extensive branches wa-
ters nearly one third part of the State, or a territory occupy-
mg something more than 10 000 square miles. Its main
branch takes its rise in the highlands which form the northwest-
ern boundary of the State, and is formed of subordinate braiich-
es distinguislied by the names of the South, the South-west,
North, and North-west branches. These in courses of from
15 to 20 miles respectively, all unite to form the main branch;
which to its junction with the Allagash, is known by the name
of Walloostook, or Oolastook.
A part of the waters of the South branch rise in a level
swamp which also gives rise to die waters of the Kahkogua-
mook, one of the north-western branches of the Penobscot.
Others of its waters rise in the same swamps which also give
rise to other waters of the Penobscot. From this source the St.
John proceeds with a gentle current northerly about 8 or 10
miles to a small lake called Oolastooguongamook, or by some.
Baker's lake. From this it proceeds with the same gentle cur-
rent northerly about 20 miles, in the course of wdiich it unites
with the south-west and west branches.
The South-west, west, and North-west branches rise in the
highlands of the boundary, which also give rise to the waters
of the Medamette, Famine, and other branches of the Chau-
diere. Their descent to the main branch is more rapid than
that of thie South-west branch, their length about the same.
The highlands here form an elevated table land, varied with
moderate eminances scarcely perceptible on the side of the St.
John, but rugged and mountainous on the side next to the St.
Lawi'ence, towards which the streams on that side flow with
great rapidity.
From the junction of the branches above described, the riv-
er flows in a general course nearly north-east with a gentle,
unbroken current, about 40 miles to Black river, or Petit St.
78 RIVERS.
John, a stream which rises in level swamps among the high-
lands at the source of the river Quelle, and thence with a cur-
rent generally moderate, and broken but by few rapids, flows
south-easterly about 30 miles to the Walloostook. The Quelle,
on the opposite side of the liighlands, is precipitated over a
steep succession of falls and rapids to within a few miles of the
St. Lawrence, where it becomes more gentle and soon unites
with that river.
From Black river, the Walloostook tends more easterly,
with a current still unbroken, but becoming rather stronger,
until, at the distance of about 100 miles from its sources, it
unites with the Allagash, below which it is known exclusively
by the name of St. John.
In its whole length, from the Allegash to its source, the
Walloostook is easily passable for boats, ascending, the current
being wholly uninterrupted by falls, and no where impeded by
rapids of any considerable force. This circumstance, recol-
lecting also that its sources are in the same elevated swamps,
and on the same level, with those of the south-eastern branch-
es of the Chaudiere, and the north-western branches of the
Penobscot, exhibits in a striking light the singular fact, of the
passage of a large river in an elevated canal, along the back,
and nearly at the summit-level, of the lofty table-land of which,
in this part of its course, the " main ridge or height of land"
between the Atlantic and the St. Lawrence consists ; — and die
precipitous and rapid course of the Penobscot, which flows in-
to the Atlantic on one hand, and of the Chaudiere and other
rivers, which flow with no less precipitancy into the St. Law-
rence on the other, demonstrate the great elevation of the mass
of this ridge, above that of any other in this part of the conti-
nent.
As the Walloostook approaches to its confluence with the
Allagash, its course inclines more to the east ; and receding
from its parallelism with the main ridge, which it has hitherto
RIVERS. 79
held for 60 or 70 miles from its southern source, its current
becomes more strong, and in some places somewhat rapid, as
it descends gradually from the elevated table-land, to the still
elevated, but lower valley of the main St. John.
From the junction of the Walloostook and Allagash, the St.
John pursues its course, in a general direction, about east-north-
east, about 50 miles, to the Madawaska. The current for the
most of this distance is smooth and gentle. In this distance, it
receives the Pecheenegamook, or St. Francois, and the Mari-
umpticook, or Turtle river, from the north ; and the Upque-
dopscook, or Fish river, from the south. Near the Madaw^as-
ka, the St. John takes a general direction about south-east, 36
miles, to the eastern boundary of the State. In its course to
this place, it receives from the north, the Walumkuas, Quad-
otchquoik, (or Green river,) Siaugas, and Grand rivers. The
current thus far continues gentle, unbroken by falls or rapids
of any consequence, and navigable for boats ascending and de-
scending, the whole length from its source.
The Allagash* rises in a small pond in the low grounds
which form the point of union between the valley of the Pen-
obscot and that of this branch of the St. John, about 2 miles
north-east from the source of the Umbazckuous, a sroall tribu-
tary of the Penobscot. The perpendicular elevation of this
pond above the level of the surface of Chesuncook Lake, on
the Penobscot main west branch, can be but very small, as the
highest point of land intervening between the two waters, is but
52 feet higher than the surface of the Chesuncook. Its abso-
lute elevation from the level of the sea, is vastly lower than
that of the sources of the Walloostook before described, as is
clearly indicated by the fact that the Penobscot, the north-west
branch of which, rises on the same level with the south-west
branch of the WaUoostook, descends over an almost constant
succession of falls and rapids for 70 miles, before it reaches
*An abbreviation or corruption of Wahlabgasqucraook, the Indian name of one of its
priacipal lakes.
80 RIVERS.
the level of the Chesuncook, which it appears can be but very
little lower than that of the source of the AUagash.*
From the pond at the source of the Allagash the river de-
scends with a current in some places rapid, but in general mod-
erate, about 2 1-2 miles to the Lake Baamcheenungamook,t
which is about 18 miles long and from one to four miles wide.
Leaving this Lake at about 10 miles from its inlet, the river
descends with a rapid current 2 miles farther to the Lake Pon-
gokwahem,t which is about 14 miles long and 2 to 3 miles
broad. The river issues from this Lake broad and deep, with
a current hardly perceptible for about 3 miles to the Lake
Wahlahgasquei^amook. From this Lake the river, considerably
augmented, proceeds with a somewhat rapid current about
10 miles to a long narrow lake or chain of lakes, called Um-
saskis, 10 or 12 miles in length. From this about 30 miles
it runs with a rather uniform gentle current to the falls ; in its
course expanding for shoil distances into two small lakes, called
upper and lower Pataguonganiis. At the falls the river is sud-
denly precipitated about 20 feet, below this are rapids for a
short distance, in the course of which it descends from 10 to
15 feet more, and from this 12 miles to the mouth of the river,
the current is in some places smooth and gentle, in others rapid,
though not of great perpendicular descent.
The whole length of the Allagash is variously estimated
from 77 to 90 miles. More than half tliis distance its surface
is a dead level, with harrlly inclination sufficient to give the
water currency. The residue, though in some places rapid,
vet has in general but a very moderate inclination, except at
the falls and rapids about 12 miles from its mouth.
* Through thi^ valley between the AUapash and Chcbuncook the British claim iheii-
range o<" hTghUnds ns the boundary of the treaty of 1783. And Mr. Campbell, one of their
surveyors under tlie ire'ty of Ghent, has deliiie:itP<l an Lis !Hap, uhirh i* to bo suhn-.itted
in evidence under this treaty, a range of mountains across this valley, nottviih'>tandin{j his
own report of his own view from Katahdin. where he had a perfect view of this valley
and for 30 miles beyond it, declares there are i:« .-ucb hig^hlauds. The accounts of all the
surveyors employed on this occasion a^rec tuat no highlands are visible here for 20 or SO"
miles ; and with thi- all i.tht r accouiits aprce.
t Or, Abpmoojeenfgamook. as it is sometimes pronounced.
^ Or, sometimes written Bungah-quohem.
RIVERS. 81
Notwithstanding the imperfect data we have for ascertaining
the absolute elevations of the several points above the level of
the isea, yet the facts with regard to the general inclination of
the Allagash, with those before stated, respecting the Penobscot
from ]\Ioosehead Lake to Chesuncook, and from Chesuncook
to the source of the Allagash, indicate in a remarkable and
conclusive manner, the comparatively little difference of lev-
el between the Moosehead, Chesuncook, and St. John at
the mouth of the Allagash, and they prove to a moral certainty
that, if any point or line of highlands south of the main ridge,
which separates the waters of the St. Lawrence from those of
the St. John, can with any show of propriety be denominated the
height of land between the Atlantic and St. LawTence, it cannot
be between the Penobscot and St John, but must be between
the Kennebeck and Penobscot, or still farther to the south.
But the existence of such any where, except to the north o(
the St. John, is believed to be sufficiently disproved.
The Pecheenegamook, or St. Francios river rises in the
highlands of the great northern ridge, interlocking with the
sources of the rivers Verte, and Trois Pistoles, which in a short
but rapid course to the north precipitate themselves into the St.
Lawrence. The St. Francois proceeds south, becoming in
many places broad and gentle, but in many others much ob-
structed by falls, shoals and rapids. At the length of about 70
miles it falls into the St. John a few miles below the mouth of
the Allagash.
It will be perceived on consulting the Map, that the x\lla-
gash and St. Francois take their rise respectively at points di-
rectly opposite to, and very distant from, each other. The
one near to the central part of the State, the other directly
north, at the highlands of the northern boundary ; from these
opposite points they respectively flow directly towards each
other until, at nearly equal distances from their sources, they
meet and mingle their waters in the St. John. The very gen-
tle declivity of the Allagash, and the comparatively rapid
11
82 RIVERS.
course of the St. Francois, in connexion with the facts before
stated, afford an additional indication of the superior elevation
of the northern ridge, above that of any other dividing line of
the waters, from that southerly to the Atlantic.
The various waters of the Aroostook take their rise on every
side of a circular, or rather elliptical basin, the longest diameter
of which does not exceed 60 miles, and the shortest is not far
from 50 miles, through the central part of which the river winds,
with a current for the most part smooth and gentle, in an ex-
ceeding serpentine course. Its south-western, or main branch,
rises among the highlands north of the sources of the east
branch of the Penobscot, and descending easterly, passes with-
in a short distance of the lake, at the source of the Schools (to
which there is a portage over comparatively low land) thence
continuing easterly it receives, from the south, branches which
interlock with the waters of the Madawamkeag, then bending
north it receives the great and litde Machias from the west,
then turning again easterly it receives branches from the north,
which rise near the waters of Fish river, and from the south
others, the sources of which approach those of the Meduxne-
keag, Presque-Isle stream, and De Chute; and passes the
eastern boundary of the State about 4 miles before its conflu-
ence with the St. John.
The very gentle declivity of this river for 106 miles, (fol-
lowing the coufse of its current) above the boundary line, is
exhibited in Mr. Odell's vertical section*, and appears to be
274 feet, making the average descent about 2 1-2 feet per
mile. Just below the boundary, it descends over a fall of 25
feet, and in its course of three miles, from this to the St. John,
the descent is about 20 feet more.
The vallies, among which spring, and are interlocked, tlie
respective sources of the Aroostook, with the Madawamkeag
on one hand, and Fish river on the other, are in general broad
spaces of level land, which will afford easy communications in
' See Plate IV.— No. 4.
RIVERS. 83
a northerly and southerly direction between the several waters,
and so from the Penobscot to the St. John, at and about the
Madawaska.
The whole length of the St. John, in its various meander-
ings, from the source of its main branch to the eastern bounda-
ry of the State, is not accurately agreed on by the different
surveyors and others who have explored it ; but correcting the
aggregate of their several observations by such parts as ap-
pear to have been more accurately measured, will give a result
of about 211 miles.
After passing the eastern boundary of the State, the St.
John, at the distance of about 4 miles, precipitates itself over
the Grand Falls, the perpendicular descent of which is vari-
ously stated from 50 to 75 feet. At this place it turns sud-
denly to the south, and holds nearly this course, within a few
miles of the boundary, for a long distance. At 26 miles below
the Grand Falls it receives the Aroostook, 10 miles farther, the
De Chute, and 31 miles farther, the Meduxnekeag ; from this
it takes an eastern direction 53 miles to the tide at Frederic-
ton ; from thence to the sea is about 90 miles, making the
whole length of the river, from its source to the sea, to be
about 420 miles.
The current of this river from the Grand Falls to the tide
water is generally smooth and strong. In some places there
are shoals and rapids of rather laborious ascent ; but in gene-
ral it is navigable for loaded boats, towed by horses, or pro-
pelled with poles, for the whole distance. Its actual declivity
has not been satisfactorily ascertained ; the various accounts
of its elevation from the level of the sea, which have been giv-
en by barometrical measurement, disagreeing with each other
exceedingly. Col. Johnson ascertained the declivity from the
Madawaska to Green river, to be about 3 feet per mile. Capt.
Partridge's observations make the average descent, from Mad-
awaska to the De Chute, a distance of 75 miles, to be about
3 1-5 feet per mile ; or, excluding the descent at the Grand
84 RIVERS.
Falls, about 2 1-5 feet per mile. From the ^accounts of the
general current of the river, and the labor and time requisite
for ascending it with loaded boats, compared with that of other
rivers of the State, whose actual declivity is better known, it is
believed that this last computation, (2 1-5 feet per mile) is less
than the fact, and that the ascent from Fredericton to the
Grand Falls, will be found to be near to the average of that
from the De Chute to Madawaska, which will give the per-
pendicular ascent of the river at 387 feet, while the lower
computation would be only 264 feet. Some observations and
estimates make it vastly higher, others somewhat lower. From
the general appearances of the face of the country, at and be-
tween the two places, and from what is known of the labor of
ascending the two rivers, it is believed that the actual eleva-
tion of the St. John at the boundary line, must be very nearly
equal to that of the Penobscot at the junction of its great east-
ern and western branches.
From this general sketch of die principal valHes and rivers
of the State, it will be perceived that it is intersected in every
direction with vallies of so httle general acclivity, and rivers so
extensively and variously approaching and interlocking with
each other, with so many and easily practicable points of com-
munication between their respective waters, that unless local
irregularities of the surface of the country, or other circum-
stances, should, upon a more accurate examination, be found
to present impediments not to be surmounted nor avoided, the
time must come when the intercourse of the remotest interior
with the ports on the sea-coast, and of all the different parts of
the State with each other, may be facilitated, and the population,
wealth and strength of the whole be promoted, by means of
canals, roads and railways, to a degree, of the practicability
and utility of which the community in general has at present
perhaps but a very inadequate conception. — And it is a question
of vast importance in the political economy of the State, when
the time will arrive at which it will be expedient to commence
CLIMATE. 85
a course of examinations with a view to this subject ; and to
adopt an extensive, liberal, and efficient system of measures for
ulterior improvements to the utmost practicable extent. Con-
sidering some of the pecuHar circumstances of the State, par-
ticularly with respect to its wild lands, it may be questioned
whether the best time is not near at hand, or has not already
arrived — indeed whether it is not already, in some respect,
rapidly passing away.
CHAPTER III. .
Climate,
That the climate of any country may have some influence
on the productions of its soil, the pursuits of its inhabitants, and
its general political economy, will not be doubted ; yet, where
the chmate is so well known as is that of New-England, it may
seem of little benefit to bestow much time upon the peculiarities
of one of the component parts of a country so nearly similar
throughout. There exists however, even in New-England,
some considerable mistakes with regard to the climate of Maine,
and this, with its relation to the subjects first suggested, will
render some notice of it not wholly irrelevant in this place.
The advantages or disadvantages to which a country is sub-
ject, through the influence of its climate, are generally better
understood by comparison with that of other countries ; but in
some degree may be known from its own positive characteris-
tics ; of which the degree and variations of temperature — fluc-
tuations of atmospheric density and humidity — length and
character of the different seasons — ^Idnds and quantities of
vegetable productions, are the chief. The relation of some of
these to the means of subsistence and accumulation of wealtli,
and the effects of the character of the different seasons on the
means of intercourse between distant parts, and on the pursuits
86 CLIMATE.
of the inhabitants, and their productive ability, render some
observation of the climate necessary to a correct understanding
of the advantages to be improved, or difficulties to be overcome,
in the prosecution of many important measures of public and
private utility.
The effect of the climate upon the productions of tlie earth
Tvill be indicated in a great measure by the degrees and means
of summer temperature, and the length of the usual vegetating
season. The mildness or severity of the winters however, will
have an effect upon them, as it respects at least some kinds,
though the temperature of the summer is much the most im-
portant. The quantity of rain may also be thought equally
important ; but probably this is of much less consequence than
the frequency or unfrequency of its occurrence, and the propor-
tionate quantity which usually falls at a time.
With regard to temperature, means for some knowledge of
that of this State, and comparison with other States and coun-
tries, are to be found ; but the quantity of rain occurring at
different seasons is, as is thought, so considerably different in
different parts of the State, and so few accurate observations
are known to have been made or kept in this respect, that no
attempt can usefully be made at this time to investigate this
part of the subject.
So f&r as the climate affects that branch of public interest
which relates to the intercourse between the different parts of
the State, the transportation of commodities to tlie market,
the improvement of the intercourse by means of roads and
canals, and the navigation of rivers and lakes, the attention
will naturally direct itself to the length and severity of the win-
ters, the depth and regularitj^ of the continuance of snow on the
surface, the frequency and extent of sudden thaws, the effect
of the transitions between winter and summer, &,c. This sub-
ject is open to the observation of every one, and if its various
phenomena, and their attendant circumstances, were accurately
noted in different parts of the State, and carefully compared
CLIMATE. 87
for a succession of years, it might furnish data for some impor-
tant political results.
The general direction and force of the winds, atmospheric
pressure, and the various changes of the face of the sky, have
also some bearing on the pursuits of practical science, and
therefore would be entitled to some consideration ; but their
study is less certain, the causes and effects of their vaiious phe-
nomena less known ; and the very limited observations, which
are known to have been made of them in this State, in an ac-
curate and scientific manner, and with a view to practical
results, will necessarily exclude them from any thing more than
passing notice in this place.
The staple productions which are found to succeed in the
climate of Maine are Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet,
pulse of various kinds, flax, hemp, grass, and most of the plants
of northern climates. It is not known that the most, if not all,
of these do not succeed as well, and in general yield as great
crops, with the same cuhivation, as in any other part of New-
England. An exception perhaps may be made with respect
to Indian corn, but it may be doubted whether the exception is
just, or is chargeable to the climate or to accidental circum-
stances. The first settlement of the State began on its south-
ern border, and by persons from more southern or milder cli-
mates, and its population and agriculture have ever since pro-
ceeded gradually north into the forest. Of course the seeds
of the first plants, of the kinds usually cultivated, were brought
from warmer climates, or longer seasons, and those whose hab-
its required the whole summer to bring their fruit to maturity,
would in most cases be met by the diminished temperature of
autumn, before they had arrived at perfection. Still those
whose seeds would ripen at all in any season would serve to
propagate the species, until, in the course of successive years,
the plants raised firom seed grown in the countr}^, conformed
then- habits to the change of chmate, and were afterwards cul-
tivated with success. As those parts of the country which
88 CLIMATE.
were earlier settled became populous and cultivated, and tlie
plants first introduced into them with difficulty, became inured
to the climate, other settlements were commenced fardier to the
north, and jKOCuring their seed also from places farther south,
had in some measure to experience the same difficulty, and wait
the slow progress of natural assimilation to the climate, unless
they could, as has sometimes been the case, procure their seed
in the first instance directly from more northern regions. The
consequence has been a popular opinion that, in some parts of
the State, Indian corn, and some other plants, which require
great heat and long seasons, could not be generally cuhivated
with success. Experience however has proved that though
Indian corn, beans, and other late plants, the seeds of which
were brought from more southern places, into the new settle-
ments on the northern verge of the cultivated part of the State,
would not in some instances ripen well for several years, yet
by continuing to sow from the earliest ripe seed grown in the
same vicinity, the species soon conformed its habits to the cU-
mate, and now^ succeeds as well, and produces as great crops,
for ought that is known or can be judged to the contrary, as in
other parts of New-England generally. The fact however
may in part be owing to the effect of clearing the country gen-
erally, in lengthening the season and increasing the temperature
of the summer months ; and it is believed that such effects will
result fi'om this cause ; but it can not yet have operated to suffi-
cient extent in the new settlements to account wholly for the
effect stated.
Besides the staple productions necessary for the sustenance
of man, the climate of the State, as far north as experiments
have yet been made, is favorable also to the cultivation of
most of the fruits of similar latitudes which contribute to his
comfort. The apple, pear, various species of plum, cherry,
melons, &tc. kc. are found to succeed perfectly. The peach
in all its varieties has not yet been successfully raised. Some
varieties have with much care been produced in some parts of
CLIMATE. 89
liie State, and perhaps the progress of reproduction from seed
gradually assimilated to the climate, may in time furnish them
in plenty and with success. The same also may be the case
with other fruits of the more tender kinds.
The object aimed at in these remarks is to show, that all of
the most important vegetable productions of New-England,
may be cultivated with success in Maine ; that the impedi-
ments to the production of some of them, heretofore supposed
to arise from the permanent character of the climate, may be
imputed with more truth to the circumstance of their first in-
troduction from a more southern region ; and to that tempora-
ry lower state of mean temperature in summer, which is to be
expected in a country just emerging from the shades of the for-
est, with but a very small portion of its surface exposed to the
direct action of the sun's rays.
In a thickly peopled and cultivated country, much the larg-
est portion of its surface receives the sun's direct rays, and the
temperature of the earth is increased to a considerable deptli.
In the evening, when the temperature of the atmosphere is aba-
ted, a part of this increased heat of tlie earth will be given off to
the air, and, unless driven off by cold winds, will presei^ve the
temperature of the night to a higher degree tlian it otherwise
would have been. If this description of country is extensive^
this increased temperature of the night will generally continue,
and thus the mean temperature of the season, stand higher than
it would if the country were covered with forest. It is easy
to see that the reverse must be the case in a country every
where shaded by thick forests.
In a series of observation^ s by Dr. William.s of Vermont, in
the year 1789, to ascertain the difference of temperature in the
earth at two places, one of which was exposed to the action :)f
the sun, and the other shaded by trees, he found that from the
23d of May to the 16th of November, the temperature of the
earth in the woods, at ten inches below the surface, was, on the
average, 8 degrees below that in the open land at the r^^me
12
90 CLIMATE.
depth. About the last of June the difference was 13 degrees,
thence it gradually diminished to nothing, at the middle
of November, and from that time remained alike in both
places*. These facts support the preceding reasoning, and
they both lead to the natural conclusion that, in a country just
beginning to be cultivated, and when but a small part of its
surface is cleared and exposed lo the sun, though the tempera-
ture in the day time may be sufficiently high in the open ground
for all purposes of vegetation, even of exotic plants, yet, in the
absence of the sun, the lower temperature of the extensive for-
est which surrounds the small spot of cleared land, will rapidly
absorb all the excess of caloric from the atmosphere of the lat-
ter, as fast as it is received from the earth ; and thus the mean
temperature of the whole day will not be sensibly increased by
the clearing of the forest during some years of the first begin-
nings of the settlement of the country, nor until the clearing
shall extend over considerable portions of its surface. ^
From these observations, together with those respecting the
cultivadon of plants in the early part of the settlement of the
country, from seed brought from a climate of higher summer
temperature, we should expect to find that, in the earlier years
of the settlement of every part of Maine, Indian corn and other
late plants, do not in general ripen so well as they do after some
years of cultivation, and a more extended clearing of the coun-
try ; — and such appears to be the fact ; at least it is so as far
as many years residence among the new setdements, and some
personal observation, has afforded means to judge. The ex-
perience and observation of otliers, has in some instances also,
verified the fact ; but whether universally is not known. It
results also that as the countiy becomes setded and cleared, the
climate will become more and more favorable to the production
of all those plants which are now cultivated, or which can ra-
tionally be desired.
Correct observations of the actual temperature for a regular
* Hist, of Vermont, p, 60.
CLIMATE. 91
courjs 3 of time are not known to have been made and preserved
but at few places in the State. The meteorological journal of
Professor Cleaveland at Brunswick, will furnish all that can
be desired on the subject as it respects that vicinity ; and from
the local position of that place, this, with an abstract of observa-
tions made at Portland, will serve as a sufficiently correct index
to the temperature of the southern part of the State. The
northern part being yet chiefly uninhabited, no account of that
region will be expected. In the central part no observations
are known to have been recorded to any considerable extent,
except for a few years at WilHamsburgh. These therefore, so
far as they may be depended on, must necessarily, for the pre-
sent, be adopted as indicating the character of the climate of
that region. A comparison of the observations at these two
places in Maine, with simultaneous observations at New-Haven,
in Connecticut, and Wilhamstown, in Massachusetts, may per-
haps afford a tolerably just estimate of the differences between
the climate of Maine and that of tlie rest ©f New-England.
92
CLIMATE.
TAB1.E I.
Abstract of Meteorological observations, at Brunswick, Maine,
Lat. 43" 53' 0" Lon. 69" 55^ I" for 8 years, from 1820 to
1827 inclusive.
1820
•
18^
>1.
T!i<> 'T' - . 1 Buomet. r.
_
) Tlieriai.m -i. . Uaroiiicter.
^
3
1
1 1:
5 .'
3
ll
ll'
■ 7%
i2?r
5
I
2
3
S3
vs
Jan.
17.1 48.5;- 8.0
29.85
0.89
NW.NE
30.0
-25.5
29.74
1.14 NW.NE
Feb.
27.3 54.0 i-l4.0
29.82
1.51
NW.NL
27.b
60.0
0.0
29.70
l.77jNw.Nje
Mar.
31.6,60.0, 8.5
29.92
{.28
N V\ . v.
31.6
54.0
- 6.5'29.80
1.16|NW.S \v
Apr.
41.1|74.5 19.5
29.82
I. Ob
NW. W
41.6
63.0
- 5.5 29.86
1.29
NW.NE
May.
51.8 76.5 38.5
29.90
1.14
NE.NW
157.4
78.0
36.5 29.74
.74
NW.&W
June.
63.2 91.5 49.5
29.7h
0.88
NW.8 E
|66.9
89.0
53.5 29.70
.36
NW.SW
July.
77.1|95.5 6.3.5
29.85
1.08|nw.sW
69.8
92.5
51.0 29.83
1.76
NW. W
Aug.
61.988.5 51.5
29.77
l.l0|xVvV.8W
69.0
93.0
52.0 29.75
1.29
NW.SW
Sept.
57.9189.5 36.5
29.88
1.74;nw.8W
i55.5
79.0
32.5i29.93
1.49
NW.SW
Oct.
47.779.0 25.0
29.76
1.32
NW.NE
'44.6
69.0
18.029.79
1.45
NW.NE
Nov.
34.0153.5 6.6
29.72
1.24
NW.NE
35.6
55.0
15.5 29.7612.02
NE.NW
Dec. '20.3 44.0-22.0
29.68
l.'.O
NW.NE
'23.1
43.0
- 6.5 29.87
1.28
NlvN.W
I't 40.1 71.2
niPhiis.
20.6
29.81jl
.191
mil- r 26tb, Frnsi— •• .»i e .l>cr I2lii. Siiuv
i42.3 67.1: 18.8 29.79,1.311
, inn, Iro^t— Oct. )9ih, Snow,
1822.
1823.
T'lorrmiinepr | Ba m
. , ^
5 5 5. - -.2 ^2
™ d. =. 5 5 3 =■ 3
w c: C M .■* 2 • =
Jan. 14.
Feb 21.
Mar. 39.
Apr. j39.
May [57.
June 65.
July j65.
Aug. 65.
Sep. ;55.
Oct. 147,
Nov. |36.
Dec. I2I.
8!48.0-25
3:46.5-11
8155.7 tlO.O 29.80
6|62.ol 22.0|29.81
184.0
0 29.6911
0 29.74|l
1
5,91.0!
"90.0!
85.0
70.5i
"1 57.01
59.0'
0:29.75
0!29.87
o!29.88
029.67
029.66
0 2!).90il
0129.951 1
29.8611
.37 n.w.s.w
.39 n.w.n.e
.16 n.w.s.w
.9l's.w.n.w
.89|n.w.s.w
.16'n.w.s.vv
.I7ls.vv.n.w
.69|s.w.n.w
.79:s.w.n.w
.0! n.w.n.e
.OS.n.w.n.e
.24'n.w.n.e
total I44.1i69.5| 21.8 29.801. 07,
mcuns-l I I . ! i
PeptfiniliRr 2.1. Fro«t— O. loUflr ^5. Soi
Therm <
3 2-
b. 5. '^
C = j«
3 c
16.0 45.5
14.6 36.0
28.6 59.0
38.6,59.0
47.2;78.0|
64.8|96,0i
71.1 93.0
68.890.0
56.2
45.0
31.2
24.6
82.0,
74.0
52.0
44.0:
-22.0
-20.0'
-12.0
16.0
29,0,
42.0
54,0
41.5
290
32.0
1.5
1-5
29.82
29.90
29.88
29.74
29.91
29.96
29.70
29.94
29.73
29.91
29.97
29.97
:55
n.w.n.e.
n.w.n.e.
n.w.s.w
sw.n.w
.39;s.w. ii.w
60 s.w.n.e.
9.W. n.e.
s-w.n.e.
.68|S.w.n.e.
.071s. w. n.e.
.97jn.e,n.w.
.26| n.w.s.w
42.2 67.3 16.0, 29.87,1, 191
U. rr..st-Oct
CLIMATE.
TABLE I. CONTINUED.
1824. 1825.
93
3
1
Thermometer. ] Barometer.
Tiiemioniet- ■ [ Barometer
— —
i
s
5
S)
1
3_
5'
r-
1
_oro
il
3
3
3
2
5 2^
II
7^-
"
3
3
'
'^
T!)
3
3
0,
Jan.
22.0 39.0
- 4.0 29.73
1.25
n.e.s.w
20.2 40.0-14.0129.951. 65 n.w. .w
feh.
21.6 47.5:-20.0 29.63
1.43
••-i.w.svv
22.047.0|- 6.0|29.99|1.12 n.e.n.w
Mar.
31.2 51.0 • 7.0 29.89
1.18
n.w.n.e
37.6 58.0 20.029.77 .95 n.w.nu
Apr.
44.2 58.0 26.0 29.73
.87
n.e.s.w ij51. 7 76.0' 23.0 29.68 1.40 n.w.sw
May
53 3 79.0 37.0 29.70
1.26
n.w.s.ejj59.8 78.0 38.0 29.84i .80| n.w.sw
June
63.7 93.0 47.0 29.7!
.89
s.\v.s.e.i;68.4 97.o! 53.0 29.73' .6o| n.w.sw
July
67.599.0 60.0 29.75
1.60
s.w.nwj, 73.9 96.6 61.0 29.72 .53; n.w.sw
Aug.
66.7 92.0 52.0 29.75
.90
s.w.nw 67 3 90.0 51.0,29.87 .89
n.w.sw
Sep.
56.2 87.0 36.0 29.88
.57
s.w.nw |55.0:70.0 35.0 29.89^ .84
n.w.sw
Oct. |46.2 72.0 22.0 29.72
.60
s.w. e. '50.8 86.0i 22.029.94 1.09
n.w.n.e
Nov. 3I.l|46.0 10.0 29.62
1.23
n.w.n.e- 34.6 65.01 8.029.97 1.07
n.w. sw
Dec. 128.645.0 8.0 29.84
1.37
n.w.n.e!j27.2 50.01-15.0 29.82 1.10 n.w.n.e
t" 144.3 67.3 23.S 29.76
Tne-i!! 1
1.07:
47.3 7 i.l! 23.0 29.84|1.00,
j5do'>i.i;r Jo. r'lo': - -.^ ()V iibe.- 5iii, Sik>\v
I ?', , .'.'.■. .;ai: 26, /'>■ '^t— >Jov i(j Snow.
1820.
1827.
o
sz;
H
Tli-M-moi.i-ter. j i.aromeler.
Tbenno-r- :e . | Bav. :.. -■ ■:
1
3,
5'
B
i
If
S S)
t
3
S5
i*
5
3
3
1
3
WJ
.=
3
Jan.
21.8 49.0-29.5 29.70,1.39
n.w.n.e
18.1 42.0-12.5 29.92
1.51
n.w.s e
Feb.
24.0'46.0-27.5;29.97 1.44
n.w.n.e
23.l!48.0!-l 2.5 29.79
1.46
n.w.sw
Mar.
31.6;50.0 a0.o|29.80|l.42
n.w.n.e
35.8'60.0| 00.0 30.07
1.44
n.w.s w
April
42.6 59.0^ 15.0:29.71jl.l0
n.w.s w
50.6 76.0 21.0 29.70 1.40 n.w.sw
May
June
49.8'94.o! 30.0 29.831 .80
n.w.s w
54.7 83.0 33.0 29.79, .86,8 w.n.w
69.0l92.5j 52.0 29.86' .67
n.w.s w
64.3 86.0! 48.0 29.96; .68'swn.w
July
75.i;98.0. 60.0 29.90i .59
s w.n.w
70.3 89.0 59.0 30.16] .86|
s w.n.w
Aug.
71.0!84.0' 54.0 29.97J .51
s.e. s.w
68.1196.0 50.0 30.031 .59
n.w.s w
Sep.
61. i> 77.0 36.5 29.84'1.16
s w.n.w
60.4:82.0 46.0 30.04! .80
s w.n.w
Oct.
47.5'69.0; 23.5j29.88ll.23
n.w. s.w
49.2,72.0 26.0j29.90 1.00 n.w.sw
Nov.
35.6i60.0l 12.0 29.80!l.l4
n.w.s. wi
32.7,50.0 16.0 29.761.09 n.w.sw
Dec. 25.6!58.0!'-16.0'29.8lil.lO
n.w.s. w
23.2'48.0-11.0i30.04 1.40 n.w.n.o
^Volal I46.3|
means; |
69.7; 18.3!29.84jl.04
45.8169.31 21.9|29.93jl.09!
SpvU
rrrbei
17, Frost— Novpmber 14. Pnow. [
Oct 6 ami I9. Frost— Kov. 7, .Snovf.
TABLE II.
Abstract of Meteorological observations, at Willi am sburgh, Maine, Lat. 4.5*' 15' Lon. 6
59 '—elevation above the level of the sea 1627 feet. For tbe years 1820. 1826 and 1827.
1820-21.
3
Extremes
of temper-
ature.
Mean Temperature.
Prevailing Winds.
No. ofdays.
Weather- No. days.
o
5
H
3'
c
3
5
3
B
0
3 O
Of coldest
day.
Of warm-
est day.
^5
y r.
c
a
9
2
z
S CO
a 0
1 ^
<
a
0
0
s
a.
<
1 I
1
1820.
Apr.
May
Jun.
67.0
8.0
39.0
1 1
58.0 17.048.0,32.0
12
7 3
2
7
3
2
6
151 4
i
75.0
32.0f52.5'.60.0l 37.0162.0144.0'
11
6 8
5
1
1
4
I6'il6
4
90.0 40.0i62.5'84.0l 50.0'69.0'55 0
19
3
2
5
1
3 1'
24! 2
2
July
Aug
Sep.
Oct.
88.01 56.0 71.7;82.0l 62.0 76.0
68.5
9
2
4
16
2
5
19
5 9
87.01 52.0I65.5I77.0' 61.0|72.0
59.0
14
2
1
13
1
1
2
20
8|6
90.0
31.0 55.0 81.0 40.0 63.0-47.0
15j 6' 2; 6i 1
3. 4
21 2
73.0
22.0 44.065.0; 32.0,49.0 38.0
4.o!30.0l43.0, 7.0 33.0 25.0
8 7 9
5 2
7
7
16 1
Nov
45.0
11 4 3
10 2
4
3
7
10 6
Dec
33.0-10.0 15.0 29.0- 5.0
18.0
10.0
14 7 7
2 1
7
6
16 2
Jan.
44.0-22.0 8.5158.0-19.0
12.5
3.(J
911 3
8
2 1
9
18 1
Feb
40.0- 4.0 19.0 34.0|+ 5.0'23.5|l5.0
9 7 5' 7
6
1: 3 19
Mar
50.0!-10.0l9.0
42.0| 0.0,31.5 19.5
13 4 2 11 1
5
Ij 5
17 T9
19, 1
176128
Summer |58.5
82.8| 38.9165.2 51.9
7ll26 23 51 12
Winter j
46.5 21.7 23.817.41 65 40J27 40 5
28' 8136
97 14
Total year 40.1
j46.3 34.8|l36;66;50;91 17|28,25i55
213 42
_.
The lowest temperature at which com (grrain) will vcgotate is supposed to be 40". Mean
temperature of a pood vegetating season 36.* The first day in which the mean tempera-
ture was about 40<» was l2th April— first mean above 56^ was 7th May. The means were
every day above 56° from 1st June to 19th !»ept. descended between 40° 18th October. Ex-
treme season of vegetation fror* l2tu April to 18th (jctober. Extreme of vigorous uninter-
rupted do 1st June to 19th Sept. "See Appcndiz A.
1826.
Fxtn.mc
s
tempera. uri
0
z
p
~.
H
g
3
c
3
~
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
August
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
48.0 -26.<
52.0:t 6.(
62. 0| 12.-
93.0J 35. (
90.0 1 50. <
97.0 54.(
85.0 48. <
50.01 34.(
76.01 24.{
55.0 15. (
54.0;-16.f
Summer
Winter
Total year.
Frost 26th SepU bnow 7th Nov Extreme season ot vegetation from 2=>tli Ma.cb to 23d
Oct. Extreme season of uninterrupted vigorous vegetation, from 3lst May to 16th Sept.
CLIMATE.
93
1"
1
1
ThuBier
Showors.
F-l C 1-4
l>
t*
Variable.
■^eo(N©'<j't^QOcocot«coc<i
1-1 i-i
<N r* (35 1
CO eo CO
Cloudy
lO(M»OC<l'^(N'M(N'*cqcO(N
104 16
85 24
189i40
Fair.
WSO5C5©l>t^t^C0X(N»CO
Rain.
w-cocoTj.Ti<Ti.eo»oc»Wrt
s:2g
Sn.iw
ineO(N(M(N <Nco©
•«f QO W
-N CO
1
5
3
■a >>
1
Varie.' L
-^-.tTji COt>C0lOT}<CqclO5
t-"©-tT
C<J eg Tf
S. E.
'I' -< -< CO —1 r-l i-l
<X> CO (N
S. W.
-<COI>000DC5 — C<IO5iOQ0C0
CO eo O)
N. W.
|0©t^COt*;Ot-©Tl<S5(M —
CO -H rl*
'S" CO ©
N. E.
South
COCO-^t^QOrf (NOO-^COCO
CO CO (M
(M CO CO
-< f-l r-l r-H j(N C^ -^ I
North.
^ ^ -^ -4
.-^ -^ o
West.
' '"'~E7s"t
Of-*,-<-HCO(N"^i-i-<1<
lO © lO
■
3
1
"3
H
E
.•5
Sunrise
© — ■ CO ■^' rlJ CO Oi lO" ^' — * "it CO
-<-^«NCO-<*iO»niOW5-*(N-<
©©©©©©©©©©©©
— ' O J> C<j CO oi t" •^ QO C^ (N --
'M'MOOOCOXit-t^COOCON
©©©©©©©©©©o©
in ^' -^ _<■ co' iM* — ■ '^' — * ©■ CO TjJ
; -- eo CO lO CO in lO eo —
© © © © o © © © ©©"©"©
■^-o'o6»oN'^'*uric^C5-ico
coco-^tot^t-t^t^coioxnco
o©"© \a © »o © © © ^©'cT©
0(31— 'COCO— Jt^'cooDcooico
.---co-^uncococo»o-^(M-<
©©"©<©©©©©©© ©~©
-* ""I* CO c^ © »n ci -t 30 ;£ <^ 5^-
-H— <M{0TtlO-.t<C0Cvi-H
1 ■• "- . . „ . (
©©©©©©©©©©©o
CO -^ -^i* 00 -t X CO *»* ci ©' co' ©■
CO-^COCOXQC/GOXi>i>lOT}<
51.0
19.7
35.3
2 o'clock
P M
?q eo CO
t^ ^ c^
CO eo -*
(•oldes-
-'ny
rl: V
Of til^
month.
58.6
25.7
42.1
1 minimuri)
..j niaximui. .
1
\I0
NTHS.
Sumi
Wint
Tota
Extreme season of vegetation from 21st April to 16th October.
Season of vigorous uninterrupted vegetation from 3d June to
12th September.
The account of prevailing winds expresses the quarter from
which the winds principally prevailed during the day. — The
account of snow and rain expresses the days on which they oc-
curred, and not their prevalence during entire days. — The days
on which thunder showers have occurred are also included in the
account of rainy or variable days. — The account of fair weath-
er expresses the number of clear bright days, many of the varia-
ble, and some on which snow and rain occurred, were generally
a considerable part fair. The abstracts of means for the sum-
mer and winter months , are divided at the last of April, and last
of October, a division at the middle of those months would give
the summer temperature higher, the winter lewer.
96
CLIMATE.
pa
o
b
o
GO
o
>
CO
■§
I- 1
♦^ >
o o
s.s
is o
CO
J o
w
N
«N
«<l
J3 -^
?^
i-i
J<
J(
-^
S 0)
e^
■«*
i-(
eo
IfS
o
eo
s «
-*
T3*
rr
■*
•^
-^
■^
ki
V
.1
_
CO
CO
CO
C5
^
^
2
•N
<M
«^
(N
C^
eo
(M
ll
i
0
t>.
o
CO
CO
C5
©
C5
en
in
O
<o
o
o
o
c5
<S
%.
iM
eo
CO
00
OD
CO
t-
C^
e<i
(N
IN
(M
>'
1
0
C5
b-
^
<M
CO
p
o
eo
CO
eo
eo
00
eo
eo
■5
O
CO
CO
»^
CO
CO
S5
OS
C5
rf
-«?
-1*
-^
Q-
0
,J^
»
o
CO
Oi
1^
9
s
JJ
«)
lO
CO
»o
CO
O
3
5"
?o
<o
■^
CO
eo
-♦<
P
■t
X
<_
»
'O
CO
CO
CO
CO
C_i
>>
O
3
eo
to
CO
J§
in
CO
*^
S
o
O
c
•-»
;ii
^
w
X
00
•r
'N
o>
^
<»
CO
V£5
to
to
>»
~
%.
1^
eo
oo
as
^
to
^
M3
»o
»o
•rf
1*
IC
^
?§
o
Tf
n
-9«
J3
o
C4
t;.
QO
^
»*
(M
eo
•M
•4
<N
iM
eo
(M
eo
eo
eo
ja
0
cd
m
(N
eo
eo
U.
5
M
w
<M
/N
<M
e3
?o
W
kfi
o
<N
r^
<M
CO
"^
l-l
i-<
ea
<N
•^
0<
^i
90
-r
O
CO
»-*
w
<M
'M
<N
<N
(M
(N
CO
00
QO
OO
QO
00
OO
00
>^
CLIMATE.
97
TABLE IV.
Comparative mean temperature at Portland, Brunswick and
Williamsburgh
Portland.
0"
Brunswick -
H
tVilliamsburgh.
>
Six months.
Six moi'-hs.
gix mnnibs.
?
i
2
3
5
1
<;
5'
0
V
-1
f
5
s
1
1820
590
27»
430
55.7
28.5
40.1
58.5
21.7
40.1
1821
57
28
42.5
60.3
25.3
42.3
-
1822
60
28
44
59.3
28.9
44. i
1823
56
26
41
58.8
25.6
42.2
1824
58
29
43.5
58.9
29.g
44.3
1825
59
31
45
62.5
32.':;
4~.3
1826
60
29
45.5
62.4
30.2
46.3
60.3
24.3
24.S
1827
59
28
43.5
61.4
.59.9
30.4
28.8
45.8
58.6
25.7
42.1
mea. total
58.5
28.2
43.5
44.5
mea.syrs.
59.3
28
44.
59.8
29.7
44.4
59.1 23.7
41.5
TABLE V.
Comparative view of the means and extremes of temperature
observed at New-Haven, Conn. Williamstown, Mass. Bruns-
wick and Williamsburgh, Maine, during the year 1827.
Mean Temper at
are.
Maximum.
1
Minimum.
0
|: ^
H 3.
Z
^
a
5:
z
^
w
^
? 5-
g 1 i"
^
=■
S3
3
a'
i
K
a
2
t3
on
mstown.
Haven.
msburgh
swick.
1
1
pr
a-
c
"v
i
0
^
f
3
1
s
January.
22.3
16.4 18.1 15.5
4.5.0 44.5,42 ;38.0
- 7.0
-18,0-12.5 - 14.0
February.
March.
29.8
25.6 23.1 19
49
47.3148 44
- 2.
-13.
-12.5-14.
36.9
33.235.8 31
63
66.7160 !64
tl4.
- 0.7
0. - 3.
April.
48.4
48. 150.6,43.5
73.573.3:76 68
33
+31.
+21. 22
May.
54.9
57.354.756
78 177 |83
84
35
36
33 30
June.
63.9
65.4 64.3 61.5
83.5,89.1 86
88
42
44.8
48 1 45
July.
69.0
69.5 70.3 67.5
38 87.7 89 ,86
55
52
59
52
August.
67.5
66.6 68.l|63
93
89.8 96
87
50
43
50
44
September.
62.9
59.8160.458
80
81.3.82
79
45
40
46
88
October.
55.8
49.2j49.2
46
71
75 72
70
33
25
26
26
Nc^vember.
35.8
35.432.7
29
60
53.6!50
56
18
6.
16
10
December.
34.1
29.2l23.2il6
55
50 i48
40
8
- 4 -11.
- 2
Sommer
62.5
61.3}61.2|58.6 82.2'84.9j84.7 80.6
43.3
40.1 43.7
39.2
Winter
39.
31.3 30.6i25.6 57.2;55.9 47.3 51. t
10.7
0.2 0.1
2.5
Total
148.4
46.3145.8142.1 69.8.70.4I66 |66.2
27
20.2 22.0
21.9
98
CLIMATE.
TABLE VI.
Extreme monthly range of temperature at New HBven, WilliamstowD, Brunswick and
Williamsburgh, for the year 1827, with the average monthly range at Brmiswick for 8
years, from 1820 to 1827 inclusive, and at Brunswick and Williamsburgh, respectively,
for three years, 1820, 1826 and 1827.
1827. ■
it
1 t
li
•^ •
MONTHS.
li
u
h
II
§ ^
^^.
62.5
1
^^
S"
^1
p"
January
52.0
54.5
52.0
62.3
57.7
63.2
February
51.0
61.0
60.5
58.0
62.0
49.3
6T.2
March
49.0
67.4
60.0
61.0
51.9
55.7
50.5
April
40.5
42.3
29.6
46.0
46.8
51.7
51.3
May
43.0
51.0
50.0
54.0
46.4
51.7
51.3
June
41.5
44-3
38.0
43.0
42.6
44.3
40.2
July
33.0
35.7
30.0
34.0
36.3
36.3
33.S
August
43.0
46.8
46.0
43.0
40.5
38.3
37.7
September
35^^ 0
41.3
36.0
41.0
46.0
48.6
39.6
October
38.0
50.0
46.0
44.0
50.6
49.0
48.5
November
42.0
47.6
34.0
46.0
44.0
42.3
48.0
December
47.0
54.0
59.0
42.0
56.7
51.7
66.3
Average Summer mo's.
1 38.9
44.8
41.0
43.0
1 43.7
144.7
i 41.7
Average winter months
1 46.9
55.8
49.6
50.8
1 53.9
1 51.4
1 56.9
Average the year.
1 42.9
50.3
45.3
47.0
1 48.8
48.0
49.3
If we would estimate the average temperature of the State
from the data afforded by the preceding tables, it may be
observed, diat the Latitude of Brunswick being nearly at the
central point of the extreme latitudes of the sea coast, and tlie
position of the College, where the observations were made,
some miles from the sea, the temperature observed there may
be considered as very nearly representing the general mean
temperature of the whole extent of the country bordering on
the sea coast. The position of Williamsburgh being near the
centre of the State, observations made there might be thought
to seiTe as a fair indication of the average of the whole, but
probably this would require some corrections. The elevation
of the place of observation at Williamsburgh, is about 1627
feet above the level of the sea, and is estimated to be about
400 feet higher than the general level of the surrounding coun-
try, and about 700 feet higher than the average level of the
habitable part of the surface lying in the same parallel across
CLIMATE. 99
ihe State (exclusive of the mountain summits in the counties of
Somerset and Oxford.)
From a comparison of observations made by scientific men,
on the decrement of mean heat in departing from the
equator, or in ascending vertically from the level of the sea, it
appears that the mean heat in departing from the equator di-
minishes from r. to 1'-' 45 of Farenheit for every degree of
latitude, and the diminution in ascending is found to vary from
1^ for every 210 feet to 1° for every 300 feet perpendicular
elevation.* In this State the ratio of 1'^ temperature to 1^
latitude, or to 300 feet elevation may be assumed as probably
nearest the truth.
Taking these principles as the basis of correction, it would
give 42^' 9 as the mean temperature of the country about
Willi amsburgh, and 43^^. 8 as the mean of the same paraJlel
across the centre of the State. — The observed means at Will-
iarasburgh will be found in the tables.
As a farther correction, and to assist future investigation, it
may be observed, that the mean temperature of the interior of
the earth, at some depth below the surface, is doubdess very
near, and probably exactly, that of the mean temperature of the
atmosphere at the surface in the same latitudes ; and as the
temperature at considerable depths is more uniform, and less li-
able to sudden changes from transient causes, more depen-
dence can be placed on the results of such observations, where
they can be obtained, for instance at tlie bottom of deep wells,
or in permanent springs on the surface, which are shaded from
the sun. Dr. Williamsf found the temperature of the water of
a well 45 feet deep, in Rutland, Vermont, to be uniformly ex-
actly that of the annual mean temperature of the atmosphere ;
and the temperature of other wells of different depths, and at
different places in New-England, to approximate so nearly to
the supposed mean temperature of those places, as strongly to
* See Humboldt's personal narrative of travels in South America, p. 262, and Edinburgh
Encyclopedia, Article Meteorology p. 172, and Article Physical Geography p. 566.
t Hist. Vermont, p. 43.
100 CLIMATE.
corroborate the argument. The writer of the article on mete-
orology in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, in a course of observa-
tions in the year 1813, on the water of a well 25 feet deep,
found that the temperature of the water varied very little at dif-
ferent seasons, the extremes differing only 5 deg. 9 min. ; and
the mean differing only four tenths of a degree from the ob-
served mean between the extremes of temperature of the at-
mosphere for the same year. The temperature of a well 25
feet deep in Williamsburgh, situated at the same level where
the observations of the temperature of the atmosphere were
made, near the summit of a high hill, and supphed, not by
springs flowing from higher grounds, but by the water with
which the earth at that depth appears, to be saturated, is found
in August, September and October, to be 46 1-2 degrees, v.hich
is a few degrees higher than the observed annual mean of the
atmosphere ; but as the observations have not been continued
through the year, the variations of the interior heat at different
seasons are not known. So far however as can be inferred from
this experiment, and from the theory stated above, it would seem,
that the observations for the annual mean temperature at Will-
iamsburgh, were made in a manner to give a result rather be-
low than above the true mean.
The observations at different places given in the preceding
tables being made simultaneously, they will as far as they ex-
tend, exhibit a fair comparison of the climate of Maine with that
of the other places to which they relate. Observations also
made at different places in different years, will afford a proxi-
mate comparison, which often may be very near the truth, and
not usually very far from it. For this purpose the following ta-
ble of the mean temperature of several places, distant from each
other, on this continent, is extracted from Williams's History of
Vermont, p. 47. And to assist and extend the comparison, the
mean of the summer and winter months respectively, is added
in a form to correspond with the division of seasons in the pre-
ceding tables.
CLIMATE
101
TABI.I3 VII.
MEAN TEMP^RATUKtS.
o
1.2
Ml
s
Hi
Si
C6
1
6
li
it
1
&
1 =1
s
5 years,
1 year,
6 years,
1 year,
5 years,
1 year.
I year,
1 1 year,
1738—42.
1753—4.
1772—7.
1748- 9.
1784-8.
1789.
174i- 4.
l!7<.8-9.
Jan.
51O0
44«.
41°.2
28*.
220.5
18^.
lOe.
-25.6
Feb.
54.0
43.0
44.2
37.0
23.9
18.5
10.0
-17.5
March
59.0
48.0
51.2
44.0
32.9
32.0
22.0
- 9.2
April
70.0
53.0
59.2
50.0
45.i
41.0
40.0
^21.2
May
75.0
65.0
66.7
62.0
54.4
50.0
52.0
38.0
June
79.0
79.0
74.9
70.0
66.1
64.0
67.0
50.0
July
81.0
73.0
79.7
72.0
69.6
67.5
69.0
56.4
August
79.0
76.0
78.6
70.0
69.4
67.5
67.0
53.0
Sept,
73.0
72.0
71.9
72.0
60.0
57.0
51.0
44.0
Oct.
62.0
60.0
63.9
53.0
50.1
41.0
44.0
28.0
Nov.
53.0
49.0
50.6
39.0
40.2
37.0
36.0
1.7
De .
51.0
40.0
45.9
33.0
29.4
47.0
30.0
20.0
~42.0 ~
-15.5
me a.; ot
66.0
60.0
60.8
52.9
18.7
year.
max m.
101.0
93.0
9«.0~
~6ro~~
93.0
92.0
86.0
85.0
min'm.
18.0
10.0
-12.0
-21.0
58.3~
-45.0
mean
74.1
69.3
72.6
66.6
61.6
57.8
44.9
summer
mean
56.3
46.1"~
48.7
38.5
32.3
29.4
23.0
- 7.5
wmter.
105.0
ext. ran.
83 0
83.0
92.0 1
113.0
135.0
A farther view of the climate of Maine may be obtained by
a comparison with that of England, as exhibited by an abstract
from the journal of Dr. Burney, given in table eight.
102
CLIMATE.
TABLE VIII.
Meteorological observations at the Royal observatory, Gosport, Eng,
Lat. 50** 47' N. Long. 1° 7' W. for'the year 1326.
MONTHS.
Thermometer.
Larometer.
Prevailing Wind«.
Means.
35e.6
maKimuaj
~49^
miuimura
means.
er. ranpe.
January.
17=
.0
29.98
0.97
n. e. n. w.
February.
45
.9
56 .0
33
.0
29.95
1.11
s. w. s.
March.
4.5
.5
59 .0
31
.0
29.95
.99
n. e. s. w.
April.
51
.9
68 .0
33
.0
30.01
1.19
n. w. w.
May.
55
.2
74 .0
38
.0
30.01
.64
n. e. n. e.
June.
65
.3
86 .0
50
.0
30.23
.64
n. w. n. e.
July.
66
.8
81 .0
51
.0
29.98
.77
s. w. s. e.
August.
67
.5
83 .0
51
.0
29.97
.75
s. vv. s.
September.
61
.3
74 .0
48
.0
29.89
1.04
s. w. n. e.
October.
56
.3
68 .0
38
.0
29.90
.75
n. w. s. w.
November.
44
.9
59 .0
29
.0
29.77
1.80
n. n. w.
December.
46
53
.4
76
57 .0
32
.0
29.84
"29796
1.32
n. w. n. e.
Total means.
67 .8 1 37
.7
Sum. months
61
.9
77 .7 1 46
.0
Winter mon's
45
.0
58 .0
29
.1
1
Dr. Burney remarks, that the mean temperature of 1826,
was 1 deg. 42 hun. ahove the mean of the preceding 10 years.
The mean temperature of Brunswick, it will be observed, (see
table IV.) was also in the same year, 1 deg. 80 min. and that
of Portland, 2 deg. above the mean of 8 years ; and that of
Williamsburgh, half a degree above that of 3 years.
To facilitate a comparison of the whole, some of the princi-
pal results of the preceding tables are exhibited at one view in
TABLE IX.
£
u j_;
1 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE.
ii.-£ ii-.r
m(j. means.
Extremes.
«^f S =
fe 1 u
summer. | winter.
Places of Observation.
Years.
¥ Hi III
noon
morn
Doon
raorn
New-Haven, Conn.
1827.
100».
48.4
62.5
39.0 82.2
43.3
57.2
10.7
Williamstown, Ms.
same.
107.1
46.3
61.3
31.3 84.9
40.1
55.9
0.2
Brunswick, Me.
same.
108.5
45.8
61.2
30.6 84.7
43.7
47.3
0.1
Williamsburgh, Me.
same.
102.0
42.1
58.6
25.6 80.6
392
51.6
2.5
Gosport, England.
1826.
69.0
53.6
61.9
45.0177.7
46.0
58.0
29.1
Brunswick, Me.
same.
127.5
46.3
62.2130.2
85.7
45.2 53.7
-6.0
Williamsburgh, Me.
1820, 1826
and 1827.
123.0
41.5
59.1
23.7
Brunswick, Me.
same 3 years.
8 years.
127.5
44.5
59.8
29.7
'
Brunswick, Me.
1820 to 1827
128.5 144.5
59.9
28.8
CLIMATE. 103
On a review and comparison of the foregoing tables, it will
be seen, that the difference between the climates of Maine and
the other places whose temperature is given, is not so much, nei-
ther in the means nor extremes, of the heat of the summer, as
in the extremes of cold in the winter ; and that the difference
between the annual mean temperature of New-England gene-
rally, and that of Old-England, is owing in part, to the longer
continuance of summer heat in the latter, and more especially
to the lower temperature of the winter mornings in the former.
The extreme heat sometimes experienced in the summer, is
but seldom much higher in the former than in the latter.
The comparative temperature of the places here mentioned,
will be illustrated in a manner more easily perceived at once,
in a series of diagrams, Plate VII. of the Atlas, accompanying
this volume.
That the character of the sunmiers of Maine is well adapted
to all the necessary purposes of agriculture, and is favorable
for the cultivation of all those plants in the production of
which consists the true wealth and independence of a people,
cannot be doubted by those who are acquainted with the facts.
The character of the winters affects not so much its agricul-
ture directly, though it is not without some influence upon it ;
but it has a necessary and considerable influence upon the pur-
suits of the inhabitants generally in other respects ; and with
all the disadvantages which mankind usually attach to the idea
of winter, or with which it may be actually attended, it still
presents some advantages of great importance in the present
situation of the State.
In the interior of the State, at distances from the sea-coast
varying from 10 to 30 miles, in different places and seasons,
the ground is usually covered i^dth snow from three to four
months in the year. In some seasons it continues, in the for-
ests of the central and northern parts of the State, nearly five
104 CLIMATE.
months. The deptli, moderate at first, increasing more or less
gradually to three or four, and in some seasons hi the moun-
tain regions, to five feet. Approaching towards tlie sea, the
regularity of its continuance is frequently interrupted by rains
and thaws, which for short periods lay the surface of the
ground nearly bare, and render the roads inconvenient and of-
ten ex( eedingly diiiicult to pass. But in general, farther in-
land, the snow aflT)rds a foundation for the transportation of
heavy commodities, which in a new country thinly peopled^
and not yet provided witli soHd and permanent roads to an ex-
tent adequate to its wants, is of incalculable advantage. The
immense forests of timber with which the country is covered,
can be of little value at the distance of even but a few miles
from water carriage, unless a solid and smooth road is made
fi'om the landing place to almost every tree ; and to make
such roads on the surface of the earth in summer, to the
necessary extent, would require time and expense beyond the
ability of the population to accomplish, and perhaps beyond
the value of the timber to reimburse. The snows of winter
however provide a substitute, and at this season a large part of
the farmers, released from the agricultural labors of summer,
employ themselves and thoir teams in cutting and transporting
the timber of the forests to the banks of the streams and rivers
for a market. The uniform continuance of the snow in the for-
est is calculated upon, with a degree of certainty which is sel-
dom disap|)ointed ; and the steady cold winters of the interior
of the State furnish, in relation to the lumber business, means
of subsistence and wealth to its citizens, which are denied to
those of regions which boast a milder climate and longer sum-
mers.
At the approach of spring the thawing of the great body of
snow which had accumulated on the ground, swells the rivulets
and streams sufficiently to bear the lumber collected on their
banks, to its ultimate destination for a market on the tide wa-
ters. Without tliis peculiarly of the deptli and continuance of
CLIMATE 105
the snow in the winter, and the freshets occasioned by its melt-
ing in the spring, a very large portion of what now constitutes
an immense source of wealth to the State, must have been, not
only without value, but absolutely an incumbrance.
Along the course of the sea-coast, the winters are less regu-
lar. The snows generally fall to as great depth as in the inte-
rior, and often greater, but are frequently succeeded by heavy
rains, which break up the roads, and for a time render travel-
ling difficult, and the transportation of heavy commodities ex-
tremely expensive. At the breaking up of winter in all parts,
both on the sea-coast, and in the interior, the ground being
loosened by the frosts, the melting of the snow and the heavy
rains of the season, injure the roads exceedingly, render them
in many places almost impassable with safety, and subject the
community to continual and heavy expenses to repair them.
The same effect takes place in a less degree on the approach
of winter. The result of these changes as it affects the means
and facility of transportation and communication between the
different parts of the State is that, in the country bordering on
the sea-coast, the communication is uninterruptedly good, only
a few months in the summer season, and sometimes for a very
few uncertain weeks in the winter. In the interior it is good
for about the same time in the summer, and with but compar-
atively slight interruptions nearly an equal time in the winter.
The communication betw^een the interior and the sea-board, is
however subjected, in a degree, to the same interruptions in
winters, as are experienced along the line of the coast ; and
these fluctuations often occasion expenses in the intercourse of
persons, and the transportation of commodities, which, though
often small, and but little noticed in individual cases, yet from the
innumerable instances in which they occur every year, must in
the aggregate, form a very considerable item in the expendi-
tures of the community, not the less real for the shape in
which it occurs, nor the less important for the numbers among
whoni it is divided.
14
106 CLIMATE.
Whether there are any, and if any what, improvements
in artificial means of intercourse, may be made to over-
come the difficuhies presented by the fluctuations of the ch-
mate, and materially diminish the aggregate expense they oc-
casion, is an inquiry of more importance than perhaps at first
may appear ; but it cannot properly be discussed in this place.
It is a question of some interest in a prospective point of
view, whether the present temperature, and other characteris-
tics of the climate of the State, result from causes which are in
their nature permanent, so that no change is to be expected at
a future day, or from temporary causes, liable to changes which
will produce a corresponding change in the climate. The rea-
soning in the former part of this chapter, concerning some of
the phenomena of the climate in new settlements, as they affect
the ripening of some plants, proves, if well founded, that the
progress of the settlement, and clearing of the country, will
have an effect in increasing tlie mean temperature of the sum-
mer months, and of amehorating the climate generally. Per-
haps it may also for a time render the seasons more irregular.
The observations of our old men, will also assure us that the
climate of the State, has in fact undergone some amelioration
since hs first settlement. The statements of Mr. Jefferson,*
and of Dr. Williams,f as well as of others in our own country
and in Europe, tend to confirm the opinion. Another circum-
stance, existing within the State, may also be adduced in cor-
roboration.
Near the centre of the State, is an extensive tract in which
the ancient forest is principally destroyed, and its place but
pardally supplied with a young growth, which, in very few pla-
ces of considerable extent, is yet sufhcient to shade the ground
from the direct action of the sun's rays. In this tract the snow
disappears earlier in the spring, and does not permanently cov-
er the earth so early in the autumn, as in the contiguous forests.
* Notes on Virginia, p. 111.
t History of Vermont, chap. 4, p. 57, et seq.
CLIMATE. 107
The leaves appear on the trees, and the surface exhibits the
lively green of spring, from one to three weeks earlier, than is
seen witliin 30 miles to the south of it. The temperature in the
summer is sensibly warmer, particularly during the night. The
wild fruits also ripen eatlier, and the whole appearance of the
tract, indicates the favorable change produced in the climate by
the extensive destruction of the original forest.
The preceding observations collectively will go far to war-
rant the opinion, that at some day not very distant,'^ the cli-
mate of the State must undergo a considerable change. The
access of the vegetating season will probably be earher, its re-
cess in autumn later, the mean temperature, and perhaps the
extreme heat of summer, higher, the winters in general less se-
vere, and probably less regular. ^
Whether the clearing of the surface of the earth which must
take place with the increase of population and agriculture, will
produce such a change in the climate of North-America as to
bring it to the same temperature as is found in the correspond-
mg parallels of latitude in Europe ; or whether any of the more
occult operations of the laws of nature will ever produce this
effect, are questions which we need not now undertake to con-
sider. The reader who is curious on the subject, may find
some interesting speculations pertaining to it. in the Appen-
dix.f
Though it may seem rather remote, yet perhaps it is not
among the subjects of least importance, for the statist to in-
quire how far the peculiarities of the climate may affect the
pursuits, ajid the moral and physical character of the inhabi-
tants, and how far they indicate the policy which should gov-
ern the Legislature in the enactment of laws in relation to these
objects, or control any system of internal regulation bearing
upon tlrem. The great mass of the people of Maine are agri-
cultural, but a respectable proportion are engaged in the pur-
* See chap. 6.
t See Appendix A.
108 CLIMATE.
suits of commerce and manufactures. Nearly one third part
of the year the operations of agriculture are principally at a
stand. At this season the families of farmers have leisure for
the cultivation of their understandings and morals ; and they
are also exposed to the temptations to dissipation and immor-
ality, which are always sure to present themselves to those who
are at leisure to admit them. This season also affords a stim-
ulus and opportunity for the employment of many in those
branches of manufacture which may be profitably pursued a
part of the year, and will admit of interruption. The shortness
of the opposite season creates a demand for all the labor, and
all the activity and energy, which can be brought to bear upon
the pursuits of agriculture. This demand has an effect upon
tlie wages of labor, which is unfavorable to the extensive and
permanent pursuit of manufactures, and this activity and ener-
gy has an important effect in regulating the moral, and increas-
ing the physical force of the community. The same effect on
the wages of labor, and on the accumulation of physical energy,
will result from the great demand for labor in the winter for the
prosecution of the lumber business, so long as the yet unculti-
vated wilderness shall afford such vast quantities of timber ;
but whether the effect of this particular pursuit, upon the moral
character of the community, is so favorable, may perhaps be
questioned. It is probable however that the day is not ex-
tremely distant when this business must cease.*
As the country becomes cleared of its forests, and the op-
portunity for profitable employment, in the winter, in the manu-
facture and transportation of lumber, shall cease, the length of
time in which many must be unemployed in the business of ag-
riculture, will excite a part of them to abandon that pursuit
altogether, and turn their attention to those manufactures which
will employ them the whole year. This subduction of hands
from the labors of the field, will increase the demand for the
products of agriculture, produce a market near home, and bet-
* See chap. 6.
CLIMATE. 109
ter reward the farmer for the time in which he can be employ-
ed. Thus whatever disadvantages result, in some respects,
from the nature of the seasons, they may be counterpoised by
the control which they may naturally exercise over the pursuits
of the people ; especially if assisted by sound discretion and
judgment in those who may have an influence in regulating or
directing public opinion with regard to the best means to pro-
mote the permanent interests of the community.
That the leading characteristics of the climate operate in va-
rious ways and degress to influence or control the schemes of
people for the acquisition of wealth, and indirectly affect even
the moral character of a community ; — that it is within the pow-
er of intelligence and foresight to improve the advantages, and
surmount or mitigate the disadvantages of the climate, and turn
them both to good account ;— and that more attention to this point
may be necessary to the most successful prosecution of many
measures for the promotion of the public weal, whether by the
operation of Legislative acts, or the more limited enterprises of
private individuals, — will be admitted by all ; — but opinions will
differ as to the degree of importance to be attached to, or use
to be made of them. To discuss the subject fully would much
transcend the proper hmits of this w^ork ; but the suggestions
here offered, it is hoped, may have their use in exciting inquiry
and examination, which may result in more extended observa-
tions, and just conclusions.
110 NATURAL PRODUCTS.
CHAPTER IV.
JVatural products.
The extensive field of natural history has been as yet but
very imperfectly explored in this State ; and of the little
wliich is accurately known of it, much less has been given to
the public, or can easily be procured for that purpose. The
design of this work would require some account of the native
productions of the State, so far as they are knov/n, especially
of such as are, or may be, of use in the arts and pursuits of life;
but a simple and brief Ust of some of the principal is all which
can be given at this time.
The most important native production of the State, so far as
known at present, whether as it regards quantity or utility, is
its forest trees. •
PiNus Strobus. — ( White Pine) — Abundant originally in all
parts of the State — now most plentiful about the sources of the
Penobscot and Kenebeck, and on the waters of the Aroostook.
Uses. — For masts, plank, boards, shingles, clapboards, beams,
scanthng, laths, he.
PiNus Rubra. — (Red Pine, JSTorway Pine, Yellow Pine)
— Originally in greatest quantity in the south-west parts of the
State — now become scarce in most parts. Uses. — Deck plank
and other materials for ship-building, masts, spars, boards,
plank, scantling. — Norway pine is the common name in
Maine, but improperly. The true Norway pine is the Mies
Pinea.
PiNus RiGiDA. — (Pitch Pine) — Chiefly in the south and
westerly parts of the State — scarce, a small quantity on Penob-
scot west branch.
PiNus RuPESTRis. — (Shrub Pine) — Scarce and of little val-
ue.
NATURAL PRODUCTS. Ill
Abies Canadensis. — (Hemlock) — Abundant, except on
some parts of the river St. John. Uses. — Boards, plank, joists,
laths — very durable — not prised at its worth where pine is
plenty — bark extensively used for tanning leather.
Abies Nigra. — (Black Spruce, Double Spruce) — Abies
Alba. — (White Spruce, single Spruce) — Abundant, tall, strait,
slender. Uses. — Spars, knees for shipbuilding, joists, boards,
plank, laths, frame timber, &ic. he. Light, elastic.
Abies Balsamifera. — (Fir, Silver Fir) — Grows in low
lands — cold soil — not much used.
PiNus Larix. — (Larch, Juniper, Hackmatack, Bald
Spruce) — Grows in low boggy lands. Uses. — Knees for ship-
building, trenails, plank, posts, &;c. A very durable and valua-
ble tree — grows rapidly — does not attain a very large size. It
is most commonly, but improperly, called Juniper.
Juniperus Virginiana. — (Red Cedar) — Little except in
the southern part of the State — small size.
QuercusAlba. — (White Oak) Quercus Prinus Disco-
lor,— (Swamp White Oak) — most abundant near the sea-
cost and tide waters — none at any great distance in the interi-
or, nor much east of the Penobscot. Uses. — Ship building,
staves, machinery, &:c. — The latter species not abundant, nor
so valuable as the former.
Quercus Rubra. — (Red Oak) — Abundant on the seaboard
— a little in the interior. Uses. — Nearly the same as white-
oak — less valuable.
Quercus Ambigua. — (Grey Oak) — Rare.
Quercus Pumila. — (Shrub Oak) — On Gravelly plains and
barrens— of no known value.
Juglans Cathartica. — (Oilnut, Butternut) — On rich al-
luvial lands — abounds on the Kenebeck. Its bark yields a
strong colouring matter, and ^ is a powerful cathartic — wood
little used.
Juglans Squamosa. — Shagbark Walnut Juglans Alba.
I 12 NATURAL PRODUCTS.
( Wliite Walnut) — ^A little only in the south-west part of tlie
State.
Betula Lutea. — [Yellow Birch) — Abundant in all parts.
Uses. — Ship building, cabinet work, machinery, &lc.
Betula Lenta. — (Black Birch) Rare.
Betula Papyracea. — (White Birch) — Abounds most
near the sea and tide waters. Uses. — Cabinet work, &ic. &;c.
Bark, used by the Indians, for canoes, &tc.
Betula Rubra. — (Red Birch) — Probably the same with
the preceding ; the only observed difference being in the color
of the heart wood, and this supposed to be only owing j;o age.
Uses. — The same.
Betula Populifolia. — (White Birch) — All the differ-
ence between this and the two preceding, appears to be such
as results from age and circumstances.
Betula Alnus. — (Alder) — Li low grounds. Of httle val-
ue.
Fagus Sylvestris. — (White Beech) Fagus Ferrugina. —
(Red Beech) — Abundant in all parts of the State. The differ-
ence between these two is supposed to be only owing to age
and circumstances of growth. The latter species very dura-
ble. Uses. — Ship-building and other purposes.
Acer Saccharinum. — (Rock Maple^ Sugar Maple) —
Abundant in most parts of the State. Uses. The sap yields
sugar. The wood very hard and heavy, some sorts valuable for
cabinet-work. Sometimes used in ship-building, mill-work,
and machinery. Not durable when exposed to air and mois-
ture alternately.
Acer Eriocarpum. Acer Negundo. — (White Maple) —
Not very abundant. Uses. — The bark for dying — wood for
various purposes — light, durable.
Acer Rubrum. — (Red Flowering Maple, Swamp Ma-
ple)— Often confounded with the former.
Acer Striatum. — (Striped Maple, Moose Wood — Small
— of little value.
NATURAL PRODUCTS. 113
Fraxinus Excelsior. — (White Ash) — In all parts of the
■State; a light, elastic, tough wood. Uses. — Oars, staves,
plank, blocks, various implements and machinery.
Fraxinus Americana.. — (Black Ash, Swamp Ash, Yellow
Ash.) Uses — Various ; Very durable. (F. Sambucifolia of
Michaux ?J
Ulmus Americana. — (Elm) — In moist rich lands, a large
handsome tree, tough, not easily split. Uses — Various.
Carpinus Ostrya. — C. Americana. — C. Betulus. —
(Hornbeam, Hornbine, Lever Wood, Iron Wood) — Small
size, exceeding strong and close-grained. Not abundant.
Larrus Sassafras. — (Sassafras) — A little in York coun-
ty-
Thuya Occtdentalis. — (White Cedar. — Arbor Vitce) —
Abundant in some low moist grounds. Uses. — Shingles, rails,
posts, &tc. ; very durable and light. The name arbor vita, is
also given by some to the Juniperus Virginiana.
TiLiA Americana. — (Bass Wood. — Lime Tree) — In all
parts of the State. In moist rich grounds; large size ; a veiy
light soft wood. Uses. — ^Various.
. White Wood — Nearly similar to the pre-
ceding. Found between the sources of the Aroostook and the
Madawamkeag.
PopuLUs Tremuloides. — (Poplar, American Aspen) — A
common growth after fires have overrun the original forest.
PopuLUS Balsamifera. — (Balsam Poplar, Balm of Gile-
ad. Sycamore) — In the northern parts of the State this tree is
found of a large size. Its buds and leaves aromatic, and said
to possess medicinal qualities.
Cerasus. — (Cherry) — Several species, some of which are
used in cabinet work ; common after fires have overrun the
forest.
Prunus. — (Plum) — Several species, of little value, except
the Moose-plum, or Kennebeck-plum. Wood hard, brittle,
fine grained. Would probably be of use in some of the arts.
15
114 NATURAL PRODUCTS.
Salix. — (Willow) — Several species, of little value.
Rhus Glabrum. Rhus Typhinum. — (Sumach) — Ap-
pears in some places after clearing the forests. Valuable in
fanning and dyeing.
There are many species of lesser shrubs, and of perennial
and annual plants indigenous to this State, some of which have
valuable properties, but the enumeration is hardly necessary,
and may be dispensed with.
A full account of the mineral productions of the State would
be highly desirable and important, but this department of its
natural history has, as yet, been but very partially explored ;
and a bare mention of such minerals as are known to exist in
a few places, is aU that can be given. We are indebted for
nearly aU that is known upon the subject, to the labors of Pro-
fessor Cleaveland. The account which follows of some of
them, with those few localities wliich are known, is principally
extracted from his valuable work on Mineralogy.*
Iron. — Is very extensively diffused in all parts of the State ;
but few of its localities however have been explored sufficient-
ly to ascertain the kinds, quality, or quantity of its ores. In
some the quantity has been found to be considerable ; in some
supposed to be very extensive ; the kinds less known. Among
them, so far as known are the following kinds and localities: —
SuLPHURET OF Iron. — (PyHtes^ Iron Pyrites) — Found at
Brunswick, Wintiu'op, Albion, and other places — Often in Ar-
gillite and mica slate — Specimens have been found near Will-
iamsburgh, but not in great quantity — used chiefly for the man-
ufacture of Copperas.
Sulphate of Iron, — ^Near Andover. Other ores of iron
exist also in this vicinity.
Magnetic Sulphuret of lR0N.-.-At Brunswick."
* It is to be hoped that his professional duties may, at some future time, allow him t»
prosecute bis researches, and five to the public an account of the miaeralogy and geology
of the State, which is much wantod, aad to which no otker in tb« State can pretend to be
equal.
NATURAL PRODUCTS 115
Magnetic Oxide of Iron.
Var. 1. Native Magnet. — At Topsham.
Var. 2. Iron Sand. — In small quantity at Williamsburgli.
Var. 3. Micaceous Oxide of Iron. — Near Belfast.
OcHREY Red oxide of Iron. — [Red Ochre)-\ large quan-
tity, supposed to be of this species, is found on the west branch
of Pleasant river near the Ebeeme mountains. In its vicinity
are other species also, supposed to be Red and Brown Hem-
atite.
Bog Ore. — Clinton. Near Ebeeme mountains, and various
other places.
Phosphate of Iron. — York.
Beds of Iron ore, but of what kind is not known, have been
discovered in various parts of the interior .^ — One of some ex-
tent on the bank of the Penobscot, above Sunkhaze. — A large
one on the bank of the St. John, about 2 miles above the
mouth of Fish river. A large quantity is found in township
No 6, 9th range Penobscot County ; and there are indications of
its existence in abundance in the Ebeeme mountains, and in
Katahdin — also in the eastern part of the State, near the Me-
duxnekeag.
Lead. — Is found, in the form of its sulphuret, or Galena, at
Topsham and at Thomaston. In what quantities is not known.
It has been found also at Exeter, Penobscot County.
Oxide of Manganese. — At Thomaston.
Sulphuret of Molybdena. — At Brunswick, and Mount
Desert.
Oxide of Molybdena.— At Brunswick — connected with
tlie preceding.
Red oxide of Titaniuji. — At Topsham.
Graphite. — Often improperly called black lead. Found
at Brunswick, Freeport, Bath, Gorham, Paiis.
Peat. — Exists abundantly in swamps and bogs. The great
quantities of fuel furnished as yet by the forests, leaves the
peat hitherto of but little value.
116 IVATURAL PRODUCTS.
Lime. — Is found in various parts of the State, but nowhere
so abundantly as at Thomaston and Camden. In both those
places it is ^^TOught in great quantities for ordinary' purposes
as a cement ; and its exportation forms a large part of the
trade of the inhabitants. In Thomaston particularly, the rock
is principally a handsome marble, much of which is cut and
polished for ornamental purposes. Lime in some of its vai*ie-
ties, principally its carbonate, is diffiised over various other
parts of the State. In some it is manufactured, but not exten-
sively; a handsome marble, as well as ordinary- varieties of the
carbonate of Hme, is found on the w^aters of the Meduxnekeag.
An extensive bed of fine statuary marble forms a part of tiie
bed of the west branch of the Penobscot, a little below the
Chesuncoofc. A variety of Phosphate of lime has been found
at Topsham.
-Granite. — And Granitic rocks, suitable for building, are
found in every variety of form and situation in most parts of the
State. Quarries of the most valuable kinds for the purposes of
architecture, have been opened near the banks of the Kenne-
beck in Hallowell and Augusta, near the shores of Penobscot
bay, and in other places. Most of these are conveniently ac-
cessible, are easily wrought, and the working and exportation
of them is becoming a business of some extent and impor-
tance.
Slate. — In several varieties, exists extensively between tlie
Kennebcck and Penobscot rivers ; and has been discovered in
several instances from the Penobscot to the waters of the St.
John. The basis or substratum of a large proportion of the
hills between the Kennebeck and the Penobscot consists of
Slate. Near tlie sea coast they appear to be composed princi-
pally of mica slate. Proceeding northerly the external charac-
ter becomes less distinct. On the Piscataquis, Argillite prevails,
and many of the hills are founded entirely on this. It appears
also in the vallies, and beds of the rivers. Occasionally the
Rrgillite is alternated with silicious slate, frequently traversed by
NATURAL PRODUCTS. 117
veins of quartz and sometimes is alternated with mica slate.
The argillite and silicious slate are sometimes found passing
into each other, in various proportions. Towards the sea board
the mica slate occurs in a few places, in very thin laminae, not
regularly stratified, and very friable. Generally it exists in
irregular strata of all variety of forms, sometimes nodulous.
The irregularity in general becomes less as it recedes from the
sea. On the Piscataquis the argillite is in general regularly
stratified, and, in a number of instances has been found capa-
ble of being split into roof slate, of a superior quality. An in-
stance of this kind exists in large quantity at Williamsburgh,
where tables have been obtained from six to nearly ten feet in
length, of the best quality, suitable for roof or writing slate.
It is said that a large body, of a similar quality, has been found
in township No. 9, 9th range, in the county of Somerset. It is
found also at Houlton, and at various places on Penobscot riv-
er and its eastern branches.
One peculiarity of the roof slate which has been examined
in some parts of the State, will serve to indicate its superiority
over much tliat is found and used in other parts of the United
States, for the covering of buildings ; viz. its power of resis-
tance to the force of frost ; as is shown in instances where,
in its native situation, it has been exposed to all changes of the
seasons, in the open air, for ages, and yet exhibits no marks of
decomposition, nor change of its original structure.
From the general appearance of the hills, connected with
the appearance of the argillite which has been discovered, it is
supposed that the tract of country, from 10 to 20 miles in
width, extending from the eastern part of the county of Som-
erset, and perhaps from Kennebeck river, in a northeasterly
direction, on and north of the Piscataquis and the Madawam-
keag, to the country about Houlton, and probably northerly to
the Aroostook and St. John, will be found to be based princi-
pally upon argillite, of a suitable form and quality for roof and
writing slates. The waters of the Penobscot will afford con-
118 NATURAL PRODUCTS.
venient means for its transportation to market, and its quality,
and the increasing demand for its use, throughout the United
States, must one day render its manufacture and exjx)rtation a
profitable employment for many of the inhabitants of the State.
It is probable, that this tract of slate formation extends south-
westward to Waterville on the Kennebeck, where it has been
found, said to be of a good qualit}'.
Among others of the natural products which may stimulate
the enterprize and reward the industry of Che inhabitants
of the State, may be classed those of the sea which washes
its shores, and the -rivers which water its interior. It is suf-
ficient however merely to mention them in this place ; their
kind and value are well known ; and it will at once be
perceived that the great extent to which the taking and
curing of fisli, and the manufacture of sah, may furnish em-
ployment, and the means of subsistence and wealth, to a nu-
merous population, inhabiting around the multitude of bays
and harbors with which the State is indented, will by conse-
quence extend, as it were, the territory of the State into the
ocean, and increase its numbers, wealth, and physical strengtli,
to a degree not easily calculated. Some further notice of
this article will be taken in Chapter 8.
Those natural products which require the aid of the labor
of man, in agriculture, as also the products of manufacturing
industr\% will be noticed under their respective heads.
How far, and in what manner the parental care of the Le-
gislature, or the enterprize of private citizens, may avail to in-
crease the value of the natural products with which the State
abounds ; to promote the production of such as are most use-
ful, and require the hand of culture ; to preserve from waste
those which are exposed to destruction ; to explore the extent
to which valuable native products may be foimd to exist, or
be made useful ; and to improve, in tlie best manaer, the ad-
DIVISIONS. 119
i^antages which the whole, in various ways, may afford to the
State, as sources of individual and public wealth and comfort;
are questions which cannot fail to be interesting, and which
may be of very great interest to the future welfare of the
State ; but, to an intelligent and enterprizing people, it will be
sufficient merely to make the suggestion.
CHAPTER V.
Divisions.
The artificial divisions of the State, which are formed for po-
litical purposes, or for the convenience of distinct portions of
the people, will be most readily understood by consulting the
general Map of the State, and the Adas, Plate 6. Those nat-
ural divisions which result from the relative position of moun-
tains, lakes, rivers, &tc. will appear in some measure in the gen-
eral Map, but more especially in the Atlas, Plate 1, to which
Plate 4 may also be added ; and these, with the descriptions
in chapter 2, may suffice for tliis part of the subject.
There is however another kind of natural division, or, perhaps
more properly, a result of natural divisions, which occurs in a
greater or less degree, in most countries of any considerable ex-
tent, and exists, in some degree, in Maine. This division arises
chiefly from the mutual wants and conveniences of the inhabit-
ants respectively in different parts of the State — the number
and local position of the places where they find the means to
supply those wants, or increase those conveniences — the direc-
tions and facilities of the usual channels of intercourse — the
transient or pemianent character of any obstacles to the inter-
course between different secuons — the position, and natural
and artificial advantaires of the commercial towns, or focal
points, which concentrate the business of particular districts;
120 DIVISIONS.
and perhaps sometimes to natural or artificial rivalships, com-
petitions, or combinations among different classes of the com-
munity. It is not intended to suppose that such divisions have
uniformly or necessarily an injurious effect. They may some-
times be beneficial. The object here is to show that they must
exist, in a measure, in this State ; and to suggest some of the
possible results, in order that the minds of those, who deem it
of any importance, may be excited to the inquiry whether any
practicable course of policy or enterprise may be available to
improve whatever advantages, or obviate the disadvantages,
which might result to the community, fi-om the existence or ef-
fects of such natural divisions.
We may for a moment suppose a country of any extent,
possessing but one port, — one point of commercial correspond-
ence, and of general communication, with other countries. It
will be perceived at once that this port will be tlie general de^
pot for all the surplus products of the country, whether of agri-
culture or manufactures, and the place at which these will be
exchanged for the products of other countries. The mutual
wants and convenience of all the inhabitants of this country
will bring them frequently together at this place, and will lead
them to connections in business, acquaintances, friendships, &;c.
which will tend to assimilate their habits of thinking and act-
ing, and to form a general homogeneous character in the whole
community. The interest and feelings of the whole, will be-
come in some measure identified with those of each part, they
will generally act together on all subjects of general interest,
and all measures of public improvement will tend directly to
draw closer the connection, and promote the intercourse be-
tween the centre and the extreme parts of the country.
Suppose next, that there are two or more such posts, each
conveniently accommodating a particular district of the coun-
try, but none situated so as sufficiently to accommodate die
whole, nor so as that their respective necessities, nor conveni-
ence, require any connection with each other. Here then
DIVISIONS. 121
there must be two or more classes of the population, having
but little intercourse or acquaintance with each other. Their
real interests may be substantially the same, and require, in
general, the pursuit of the same pohcy, and the adoption of
the same measures ; but their respective views on the subject
may be different, and their feelings selfish, local, and exclu-
sive. Hence jealousies and discord will arise, and often pre-
vent the adoption of measures, both of a general and local na-
ture, which would have been highly beneficial to the whole
community. It is possible too that a spirit of emulation may
excite them to greater activity and exertion, each in fair meas-
ures to promote the interests of their respective sections ; and
the general interests of the whole country may be advanced
by the competition.
Suppose also that the position, or natural advantages of these
several ports, and the circumstances and geographical features
of the country, are such that the enterprize and industry of
the inhabitants of one district may improve the means of inter-
course with, or offer some superior advantages to, a part of
the inhabitants of others, so as to induce them to form their
commercial connections and acquaintance with themselves, and
unite their interests and view^s and feelings in the same system
of local and sectional policy. Such a course would be open
to either. It might be pursued in a spirit of honorable enter-
prize, and ardent competition, resulting in improvements
highly beneficial to the whole counti'y. It might also be pur-
sued differently, and in some cases, much to the physical and
moral injury, not only of the rival parts, but of the whole.
These remarks may apply, at least in a measure, to possi-
bilities arising from some of the local circumstances of this
State ; and it will be well if a consideration of the subject
should prompt to a course of thinking and acting, which, when
applied to all questions of a public nature, should result only
In measures the best calculated to obviate whatever disadvan-
16
122 DIVISIONS.
tages, and improve to the utmost whatever advantages may per-
tain to, or flow from, these circumstances.
The State of Maine has no common centre, to which the
wants or convenience of its inhabitants would induce them nat-
urally to resort, or with which to form connections which
should combine the whole in one general interest. Such con-
nections and combinations therefore, if formed at all, must re-
sult only from the general principles of patriotism, virtue, and
liberahty, sustaining themselves against the counteracting in-
fhience of local attachments, and sectional and exclusive inter-
ests. Of course it is evident, that besides, and in aid of, the
force of physical enterprize, a high degree of moral culture, in
the mass of the people, is necessary in order to overcome
whatever disadvantages may exist, and to elicit, . in the best
manner, the natural advantages which the state affords, and to
bring them to their proper bearing on the wealth, strength and
happiness of the community.
The most of the numerous bays and harbors with which the
sea coast of the State is indented, afford suitable sites for com-
mercial and manufacturing villages, which form so many focal
points, for a greater or less extent of country around them.
At some point in the intermediate distances between them,
will be a dividing line, beyond which their commercial con-
nections with the interior will not extend, unless through the
influence of adventitious circumstances, which will ever vary
with the numbers, captital, and enterprize, of those at these
focal points.
At a distance firom the sea shore, the head of navigation on
the several rivers will naturally form other points, which, from
their local position, will intercept more or less of the trade
which otherwise would fall to the share of towns on the sea
coast. Farther in the interior there are also points which offer
some superior advantages, for manufacturing and trading villa-
ges ; and the circumstances under which they may be formed
will give a direction to the current of trade beyond them, and
DIVISIONS. 123
from them to the sea coast. The multitude of such points
along the sea coast and navigable rivers, without any one of
such commanding superiority, with respect to natural advanta-
ges, as to absorb or concentrate the capital, or divert it materi-
ally from all the rest, affords a foundation, and stimulus to, a
•spirit of enterprize and competition, which, if well directed, and
regulated by ulterior views of public good, may result in im-
proving the means of intercourse between the different portions
of the interior and the seaboard, and promoting in various ways
the convenience of the inhabitants of each, in a manner, and to
a degree, highly advantageous to the common interests of the
whole. It may also, on the other hand, be obstructed by want
of power to overcome the obstacles presented by local author-
ities, or want of authority, and partial conflicting interests ; or
may result in narrow rivalships, and selfish combinations, which
will prevent the general progress of public improvement, and
produce a spirit of discord and bitterness, highly injurious, not
only tojhe external prosperity, but to the moral character,
and happiness of the State.
It will not be doubted that possibilities of these opposite na-
tures exist, not only in relation to cases of the particular kind
alluded to, but in a multitude, of all forms and descriptions,
throughout the State.
It is well known that a considerable portion of the time and
attention of the Legislature, is often taken up in the considera-
tion of applications for, and objections against, some projected
objects of internal improvement, or local convenience, such as
turnpikes, bridges, canals, locks, milldams, he. which in some
instances may be beneficial to the public at large, in others
may operate only to promote sectional or personal interests, to
the disadvantage of other sections or persons. And though,
in the abstract, they are decidedly measures of public improve-
ment, yet it often requires much intelligence and foresight to
discern, whether, from their circumstances, they may not pre-
vent other measures of greater advantage than may be derived
124 DIVISIONS.
from the projected improvement ; or destroy, or materially di-
minish the value of, some natural advantages belonging to the
community at large, or to some of its members ; or whether
the enterprize, though it appears to promise ad'equate advan-
tage to the projectors, or to some particular section of the
country, may not absorb more of the energies and capital of
the community, than its results will eventually compensate x)y
reimburse.
Related to this subject also, are schemes of civil and politi-
cal arrangement, such as incorporation of towns and counties,
establishment of Hterary and other institutions, &;c. w^hich
sometimes may originate in, or receive a direction from, sec-
tional or personal interests and rivalships, incompatible with
the general good ; and though in many cases they may be, and
are, necessary and beneficial, yet in some they may be direct-
ly or indirectly injurious, or may prevent future and more im-
portant advantages.
The continual and increasing enterprizes for the opening of
new, and alteration of old roads, in all parts of the country ;
with the long contests and delays, with which some of these
enterprizes are attended, afford additional evidence, not only
of a spirit of improvement highly beneficial and credhable to
the State, but of the existence, in some instances, of a counter
spirit, and also of former deficiencies in the projection and
prosecution of measures of public utility ; and it indicates too,
the importance of liberal and expanded views, and of the cul-
tivation of a high tone of public spirit, in all those who possess
the power or influence to promote or impede any such meas-
ures.
The slightest reflection on these subjects will show that they
afford room for endless injurious divisions, and demand the ex-
ercise of the united wisdom of the Legislature, and of the
proper constituted authorities, with the highest moral sense and
intelligence among the people, in adopting and pursuing that
system of policy which shall produce, on the whole, the great-
est sum of advantages, to which they may be made to conduce.
DIVISIONS. 125
Where the current of commercial intercourse among th6 in-
habitants is not controlled nor led by the course of the rivers,
nor obstructed by mountains, or other natural impediments, and
where mercantile capital is found at all points, in sufficient
amount for the supply of the vicinity, the connections of the
inhabitants of the interior, with those of the market towns, on
the navigable waters of the sea-board^ will be regulated chiefly
by their respective distances. An exception may be made, so
far as the circumstances of the different markets may offer
paramount inducements in the relative prices of commodities.
The courses of the rivers, in the facility they afford for the
transportation of lumber, will naturally direct so much of the
trade as consists in that article, to the towns on their respective
borders, and generally to those situated near the head of navi-
gation.
With these exceptions, the different sea-port and market
towns in the State may be expected to command the interior
frade, and form the centres of business, connections, and inter-
ests, of distticts nearly proportioned in size to the respective
distances from the different parts of the interior to these cen-
tral points. This supposes, however, that the state of the
roads, or other means of transportation, renders the communi-
cation equally easy and cheap to all parts in proportion to the
distance.
The ultimate size, wealth, and importance of the market
towns respectively, may be expected to be determined prin-
cipally by the extent of territory^ and amount of population,
the business of which each can attract to itself.
It will be obvious that superior enterprize, and skill in its
direction, on the part of the inhabitants of one market-town,
in improving the natural, or creating artificial, means of com-
munication with the interior, may extend their mercantile con-
nections into districts, which otherwise would naturally be con-
nected with some other market ; and thus would increase their
own wealth and importance, at the expense of some of their
126 DIVISIONS.
neighbors. This affords a fair field of competition which, it'
properly conducted, may be made to result much to the ad-
vantage of the whole collectively. It is only necessary that
it be left free to all, be entered upon with a liberal spirit, and
that no sinister measures, on the part of one, be suffered to
arrest or impede the enterprize of another.
It would not be easy to jassign to any one port, or focal
point, in the State, the precise limits of the district to which
its connections or operations should or may extend ; nor if
practicable would it be of jiiuch importance. It will not,
however, be wholly uninteresting, nor useless, to notice some
of the principal points, and the general extent of the districts
with which their mercantile connections will naturally be form-
ed, and from which they will, in a measure, derive their rela-
tive consequence.
In the present early stage and unequal distribution of the
population of most parts of the State, very little of the future
importance of any central point, or its adjacent districts, is to
be measured by the present numbers of either. Extent of
territory only must be the basis of any present calculations* ;
and the rapid increase and distribution of the population of
the State may be expected to realize any reasonable anticipa-
tions in this respect, at a period not very remote.
In relation to this subject the State may be considered as
naturally divided into four principal districts, and these again
subdivided into many lesser ones. It will not be necessary to
notice the minor divisions, but merely in a general manner, the
principal ones, of which Portland, Hallowell, (including Au-
gusta and Gardiner,) Bangor, and Calais, may be considered
as forming or representing the central points. There are oth-
er towns which possess as great, and in some respects greater,
commercial advantages than are possessed by some of these,
but a part of them may be considered as included in, or con-
* Fertility and other natural advantages of the territory shoald also be taken into the
consideration, but estimates on these grounds can not bo made with any tolerable cer^
tainty, at present.
DIVISIONS. 127
nected with, some of these — others will depend principally on
foreign commerce, and therefore are not within the design of
this Chapter — others command too small an extent of interior
country to form an item of much importance in a comprehen-
sive view of the State. Kennebunk and Saco may be con-
sidered partly as connected, and partly as competing with
Portland. Bath will share the connections of Hallowell, and
also in some measure compete with Portland. The lumber
trade of the Androscoggin will give it, in connection with
Brunswick, an interest and connection with a part of the dis-
tricts otherwise naturally assigned to Portland and Hallowell
respectively. Its open navigation in the winter will give it an
advantage which, at that season, will attract a part of the inte-
rior trade from the country otherwise naturally falling to Hal-
lowell. The same circumstance will enable Belfast, at times,
successfully to compete with Hallowell and Bangor. Machi-
as and Eastport possess advantages of their own, and may
share a part of those of Calais, and compete with that place,
and with each other, for the trade of that section of the State.
Machias, by perhaps a trifling expense in canals, may take a
share of the lumber trade of the Schoodic lakes, and, by
suitable improvements in the means of internal communica-
tion, Machias, Calais and Eastport may compete with Bangor
for some part of the trade of the district naturally belonging
to that place ; and Bangor and Hallowell, and Hallowell and
Portland, may claim a share of that of each other* The in-
termediate ports along the sea coast will compete, in various
degrees, and with various success, with each other, and with
some of those which have been mentioned.
The territory, within the State, to which Portland, including
Kennebunk and Saco, affords the nearest market, contains
about 1800 square miles.* Its open harbor in the winter, and
* It will be remembered that all reference to the present population of any part of the
territory, is here thrown out of the question. The reader who is inclined to speculate on
this subject, and conjecture its future bearing, may peihaps find some data, from which to
reason, in Chapter 6.
128 DIVISIONS.
its superior mercantile capital at present, attract to it the
principal part of the trade of about 1000 square miles more,
which lie nearer to Hallowell and Bath. Besides the territo-
ry within the State, dependent on this market, there are about
5000 square miles in the upper part of New-Hampshire and
Vermont, which lie nearer to Portland than to any other sea-
port ; and are, partially at least, connected with it. Any im-
provements in the means of communication, to compete with
the facilities of transportation rendered by the improvements
on Connecticut river, would connect this whole tract with Port-
land, except so far as similar improvements should connect
such part of it as lies nearer to Hallowell, with that place.
The district then which will naturally, and principally, be con-
nected with Portland, by ties of interest and habit, may be
considered as equal to about 2800 square miles within this
state, besides what connections are, and may be, formed with
parts of New-Hampshire and Vermont.
The territory naturally connecting itself with Hallowell,* so
far as the distance is concerned, contains about 4500 square
miles, within the State, of which there are nearly 1000 square
miles, as before mentioned, connected with Portland by other
circumstances tl;an proximity ; and about 2000 square miles
in the upper parts of New-Hampshire and Vermont, of which
the principal part, under present circumstances, connects itself
with Portland and other markets. The field therefore of com^
petition, in the career of internal improvements, between Hal-
lowell and Portland, to attract, each to itself, the trade and influ-
ence of a more extended terrhor}^, may be considered as about
3000 square miles ; (viz. 1000 within the State, and 2000 in
New-Hampshire and Vermont) — that between Portland and
Hallow^ell on one side, and other places westward, and out of
the State, on the odier, as about 5000 square miles, 2000 of
which however is also included in the field of competition with
Hallowell,
* Inclttdmj also Augusta and Gardiner, and hi some respects Bath.
DIVISIONS. 129
The local position of the upper waters of Kennebeck river
will give to Hallovvell the lumber trade, and probably with it
a part of the other trade of the territory which otherwise would
naturally fall to the share of Bangor. And a considerable dis-
trict on either side of the line of equal proximity to those two
places, will be a field for the competition of enterprize, in im-
proving the means of communication to each of them respec-
tively.
A large portion of the northern part of the State would find
its market nearer, and form its connections more conveniently
with Quebec, or Fredericton, if the inipediments which must
result from the situation of those places under a foreign gov-
ernment, were out of the way. At times, it may be expected
that some portion of its trade will take tliat course, notwith-
standing such impediments. Its lumber, it would seem, must
necessarily follow the course of the waters, and find its mar-
ket at Fredericton. It is far from impossible, however, that a
proper system of internal improvement, aided by the political
relations of the two countries, may retain a considerable por-
tion, of even that heavy commodity, to the markets within the
State.
It will be obvious at a glance, that Bangor* will be the
point naturally to concentrate the business of more than half
the State, so far as it is transacted within the State. Such cir-
cumstances as have been before alluded to, may divert a part
of this to Hallowell on one side, and to Machias, Eastport and
Calais, on the other. Belfast also, at certain seasons, will com-
pete for a share of its trade and connections with a part of the
interior, as it will also for that of Hallowell ; — but the territory
which will naturally connect itself with Bangor, independent of
all competition, will be about 9000 square miles, or more than
one fourth of the State ; and a liberal spirit on the part of this
State, and of Massachusettes, in opening and improving the
* With Bangor is to be included m part, the towns in its vicinity on the Penobscot.
The situation of Frankfort, at the head of winter navigation, gives it a share of the busi-
ness of Bangor.
17
130 DIVISIOiNS.
communication to the public lands in the northern parts of the
State, may, as before intimated, eventually lead to districts
within the State, and principally to this, the whole trade of the
country on the Aroostook and St. John, and secure to the State
and to the Nation, the benefits of the circulation of the capital
necessary to supply the whole of that extensive region.
Machias, Eastport and Calais, will naturally share, between
them, the trade and connections of about 2500 square miles.
Their situation, on and near the frontier of the State and na-
tion, will occasion fluctuations in these connections, among
themselves; and, under seme circumstances, will very consid-
erably vary the extent of their connections with the interior and
other parts of the State.
On a bare inspection of the Map of the State, it will be seen,
that though there are many ports along the sea coast, each of
which will form the central point of a district of small extent,
yet there are none which can enter extensively into successful
competition with the districts which have been here described,
excepting Saco, Bath, and Belfast. These may, under some
circumstances, form extensive permanent connections with
some parts of the territory, which otherwise would attach itself
to one or another of the preceding places ; and a liberal compe-
tition for this object, may, if rightly conducted, result in per-
manent advantages to the whole.
Overlooking the fluctuating connections which will always
exist near the verge of different districts, and those of small ex-
tent which will be confined to the minor ports along the sea-
coast, the population of the State, when it becomes fully settled,
will, as it appears, naturally form itself into four distinct bodies,
connected with, and moving round, as many separate central
points, united, each within itself, by ties of mutual convenience,
and common interests and habits ; but severed from all the
rest, except so far as an elevated and liberal tone of public
sentiment may unite them. The result of these circumstan-
ces may be mutual jealousies, narrow and discordant \iews.
DIVISIONS. 131
and illiberal competitions, which will injuriously and deeply af-
fect the general prosperity : — Or, it may be a liberal spirit of
enterprize, and honorable competition, which shall awaken the
energies, stimulate the exertions, and extensively promote the
improvement, wealth, and respectability of the State at large,
as well as of all its individual members. Much will depend
on those w^ho may have it in their power to give the tone to
public opinion and action, and to direct or control the meas-
ures which respectively tend to good or ill ; and the most lib-
eral and expanded views and feelings, among the predomina-
ting classes of the community, will be necessary to promote
the one and prevent the other.
More particular observations to prove, or enforce, the im-
portance of the subject, on either side, might be deemed par-
tial or invidious, and will not be necessary. It wil be suffi-
cient to have noticed, in general terms, the leading divisions
into which the State is cast by its natural features, and to have
adverted slightly to the evils which may possibly result, from
the tendency of these natural divisions to excite and foster a
spirit of sectional and exclusive policy, in the management of
public affairs, and in the schemes of private adventure. The
intelligent and upright portion of the community imbued with
the spirit of true patriotism, will not need extensive details,
neither of facts nor argument, to excite in them a profound
consideration of the subject, in its remotest bearings, and to
prompt them to a proper direction of their powers in relation
to it ; and to other portions of the community, proper motives
of action, however sustained by fact and argument, would be
addressed in vain.
132 POPULATIO>\
CHAPTER VI.
Population,
In considering the subject of the population of Maine it wil!
be proper to notice in the outset — that its actual present num-
ber IS very far below that which it is capable of sustaining,
even on the same part of the territory wliich it now occupies j
that it is, and unless under circumstances of great adversity,
will be increasing for many years ; that the increase may
consist, not only of those born, more than those who die with-
in, or remove from, the State, but of immigrants from other
States and countries ; that to provide for the future welfare
and usefulness of this increase, as well as for that of the pres-
ent residents, forms an important part of the political duties of
legislators and people ; that there is a point, beyond which any
increase of numbers may cease to be beneficial to the commu-
nity ; that it may^ under some circumstances, be questionable
whether it is for the interest and happiness of the State col-
lectively, to encourage its increase by immigration from a-
broad ; that though these circumstances may not now exist,
yet, in the natural course of events, they may exist hereafter ;
and it cannot be determined how soon they may occur, even
in this State, and that a time may arrive when any increase of
numbers may operate as a dead weight upon its energies, ma-
terially diminish its resources, and impair the happiness, and
deteriorate the moral character of the community.
No registers have been kept within this State, from which
the amount of the natural increase of its population could be
ascertained with tolerable accuracy. In some few instances,
registers of births and deaths in particular towns and par-
ishes have been preserved ; but the fluctuating state of the
POPULATION. 133
jpopulation, in a new and rapidly increasing country, renders
these partial accounts of very little use as data from which to
determine the natural increase of the whole State ; — therefore,
in all reasonings upon this subject, such ratio must be assumed,
as experience and observation, in other countries, under cir-
cumstances somewhat similar, in regard to the probabilities of
life, and the means of subsistence, have found to be near the
truth.
In the United States in general, and in other countries
where the means of subsistence and competence are easily
obtained, and where the genius and circumstances of govern-
ment and people present no artificial checks to early marriages,
and every one is secure in the acquisition and enjoyment of
his property, this ratio has been found by attentive observers,
to be, in general, nearer to 3 per cent, per annum, than to any
other which could be satisfactorily ascertained or assumed.
The healthiness of the climate of Maine, however, and the
circumstances and habits of its inhabitants, are, at present, more
favorable to a higher ratio of natural increase, than in the aver-
age of the whole United States. And from the most careful
ebservations which the nature of the case, and means of in-
fei'mation, would allow, it is believed that the ratio of the nat-
ural increase of Maine is often, though not constantly, nearest
to 3 1-2 per cent per annum. But perfect accuracy in this
respect is not to be attained, and numerical precision, in all
calculations on the subject, is to be understood only as the most
convenient mode to obtain a reasonable approximation to the
truth ; and so far as comparisons with other States may be
necessary or useful, it will be sufficiently accurate for such
purposes, and much the most convenient, to assume the same
ratio for the natural increase of the whole. When, therefore,
we attempt to estimate the amount of immigrations to Maine,
by deducting the amount of 3 per cent, per annum, for any
given period, from the total increase during that period, we
arrive at a result which exhibits, as the increase by immigra-
134
POPULATION.
tion, a number compounded of the number of actual immi-
grants, and their natural increase during the given period, to-
gether with whatever may have been produced by the excess
of the natural increase of INIaine, over that of the assumed ratio
of the average natural nicrease of the United States ; — or, in
other words, the amount stated, as the result of immigration,
might be more correctly stated as the combined result of
immigration and extra natural increase.
With this explanation, the statements on the subject of mi-
gration in the tables of this chapter, will be a fair approximation-
to the truth, in a general point of view ; and will be under-
stood as intended only to exliibit the results of a strict applica-
tion of the principles on wliich they are calculated, and not as
pretending to perfect accuracy in point of fact, nor any thing
more than an indication, as near to the trutli as the data from
which they are derived will afford ; and as probably nearer
than the results of any other mode by which any tolerable es-
timate may be obtained.
TABLE I.
Aggregate of the popuhition of Maine at diflerent periods, will} the
ratio, amount and sources, of its annual increase.
A.D.
Number of in
liabit^nt*.
Annual ni-
tio of iHcrease
jT'i- c ;nt.
Av lug. .:,-
crease per
ann.
natural in-
crca>e.
Amo nt of
imig ration.
Total in-
crease.
1750
10.000
1772
29.100
5
868
19.088
1777
42.300
8
2.240
3.655
9.545
13.200
1784
56.321
4 1-2
2.003
9.116
4.905
14.021
1790
96.540
9 1-2
6.703
10.700
29.519
40.219
1800
151.719
4 3-4
5.517
30.879
24.300
55.179
1810
228.705
4 1-4
7.698
50.151
26.835
76.986
1820
298.335
2 3 4
6.963
*
*
69.630
* Tbe natural inci case during this 10 ycar> would have been, according lo tho .«ssumed
ratio, ab )Ut 78000, but the whole increasr b°ing: but 6H,630, leaves a deficit of more than
8000 tu be accounted for by, wbat was familiarly termed, the Oliio fever.
POPtfLATTON. T35
The numbers stated in the foregoing table, as the pupulation
at, and prior to, the year 1784, are estimates deduced from
the number of rateable polls, returned at those periods. The
numbers at, and since, the year 1790, from the general cen-
sus.
The annual ratio of increase, exhibited in the table, indi-
cates that, in proportion to the population of Maine, and of
New-England, at the period just prior to, and during the early
part of the revolutionary war, there was an extraordinary cur-
rent of immigration to Maine ; that from the close of the war
to the year 1790, the proportion of immigrants was still great-
er ; that, from ISIO to 1820, the current was reversed, and
the emigration from the State carried off a number equal to
nearly one eighth part of its natural increase during that peri-
od ; but that at all other times, since the earliest accounts we
have of the number of its inhabitants, the proportion of their in-
crease has been remarkably regular, and about one third part
of it has been derived from immigration. During 70 years,
in which we have accounts of the progress of the population of
tlie State, about 50 years have produced a regular accession of
numbers, equal to about 50 per cent upon, and in addition to, the
assumed natural increase ; for about 10 years the accession of
immigrants was equal to nearly double the natural increase ;
and, in the last 10 years, the balance of migration has been
against the State, equal to near one eighth of its natural in-
crease. The causes of this fluctuation may probably be dis-
<;overed in the following facts.
During the earlier part of the revolution, the dangers and
burdens of the war were felt and apprehended more sensibly
in Massachusetts proper, and the other New-England States,
than in Maine. The interior of the counties of York, Cumber-
land, and Lincoln, presented to many, a retreat from the im-
mediate dangers of the war, an opportunity of obtaining sub-
sistence for tlieir families, by clearing and cultivating the
wilderness, and, for a time at least, an exemption from the
136 I POPULATION.
burden of the taxes* which, during the stagnation of business,
and increase of public burdens, occasioned by the war, were
excessive. At this period, notwithstanding all the demands
for men to recruit the army, and all the other checks to
population in the sea-board towns, the interior and new settle-
ments increased to a degree which raised the average increase
of the whole District, to nearly 3 times the amount of the nat-
ural increase. — This too was at a period when the average
annual increase of the United States, was but about 2 per cent,
or one third less than its usual natural increase.
After the revolution, the multitude of hands thrown out of
employment, the general stagnation of business arising from
the unsettled state of the government, and the uncertainties
and difficulties incident to the first existence as a nation, left
many with no tolerable prospect of comfortable subsistence,
and support for their families, but to establish themselves on
some of the vacant lands, with which the country abounded.
Tliis, among perhaps other causes, increased for a time the
immigration to Maine, to a degree more than double its natural
increase. After a short time, this extraordinary impulse aba-
ted, and the ratio of increase of course diminished ; and, for
about 20 years subsequent, the increase apppears to have con-
tinued in a very uniform ratio, of which nearly one third ap-
pears to have consisted of immigrants.
During a later period howev^er, there seems to have been a
remarkable change, and the population of the State, for a short
time, instead of increasing, as had always been the case here-
tofore, by tlie accession of large numbers from other States,
now experienced a diminution of its own natural increase to
the amount of about 8000 souls. Some part of this abate-
* That this was the case, to a considerable extent, may be inferred from occa«ioral
orders of the Legislature that, such of these new settlements as had considerably increased
in numbers, should be taxed, in connection with the incorporated towns adjacent to them.
A somewhat curious instance occurs near the close of the war. It was represented to tb*
Legislature that a certain plantation was qualified, by its numbers and wealth, to be in<-or-
porated into a town, but neglected to apply for the privilege in order to avoid payng taxes.
The Legislature ihereupon ordered ibe inhabitants to appear and shew cause, if any tbey
bad, why they should not bf iiicortiur;t»e(I into a town Ir later years, when the State
taxes are light, an opposite course is generally pursued. Inhabitants of new settlemaits
appear voluntarily, and shew cause why tbey should be taxed.
POPULATION. 137
inent was undoubtedly occasioned by the check given to tiie
prosperity of the State by the embargo, and still more by the
war ; but to these were added other causes, the operation and
effects of which were perceived the most sensibly in the short
space of about 3 years, from 1815 to 1818.
About this time a number of circumstances, such as probably
can never be found to exist again in coincidence, and some of
vvhich can never recur at all, combined their influence to pro-
duce a remarkable emigration from this State, and from the
whole of New-England. The result of this, upon the numbers of
this State at the year 1820, will appear to be the comparative
loss of, from 25,000 to 30,000, which it might rationally have
expected to have received from other States, and the absolute
loss of about 8000 of its own inhabitants ; and the effect of
this unusual state of things upon the population of the State at
the present time, will be a diminution of not less than 50,000,
and probably near 60,000 from the number to which it would
now have arrived.
These causes were — first, the impulse given towards the va-
cant parts of the western States, by the circumstances of the
war. Its seat in that region had attracted the general atten-
tion that way ; afforded many opportunities of profitable spec-
ulation, and produced a plentiful circulation of money ; which
did not immediately cease, after the removal of the principal
•cause. The fertility of the soil, and other advantages of the
country, became more extensively known. Its disadvantages
were not observed. A new spirit of enterprize and specula-
tion was awakened, among those who were interested in pro-
moting its settlement. The public mind, just relieved from
the excitements of the war, was in the state exactly fitted to
seize with aridity any new object, and easily receive, and obey,
any new impulse ; and circumstances remarkably concurred to
favor this impulse in particular.
About the same time, occurred the remarkably cold summer
ofl816,preceded and followed by seasons which, though nots©
18
138 POPULATION.
cold, yet, were not the mostlavc- a it . Comparisons were imme-
diately made with the warmer climates of the south and west,
which, added to the partialities already existing towards them,
produced, among many of the inhabitants of Maine, and other
parts of New-England, a very extensive discontent with the
countiy of their birth and residence.
At the same time also the change fi*om war to peace pro-
duced changes in the current of enterprize, speculation, and
business of every kind throughout the country, which had just
before adapted itself to a state of war ; this unsettled and
forced many from their regular pursuits, occasioned partial
embarrassments, or total bankruptcies, and prepared an addi-
tional class to seize the opportunity, and attempts© reap the
promised golden harvest in the west.
These causes operated equally in the other New-England
States, as in Maine, and so far tended to divert from Maine
that portion of the surplus population of those States, which
it had before been accustomed to receive, and which, in
the usual state of things it would have received.
Another cause, affecting Maine alone, co-operated with the
preceding, to produce the emigration of another and addidon-
al class.
In some parts of the State, a large portion of the inhabitants
were in debt for the land on which they had settled. In not
a small number of cases the titles were unsetded ; disputes
and lawsuits had arisen, and disturbances had taken place,
from time to time, for many years. A short time previous to
tliis, measures had been adopted by the Legislature, to cut
short the grounds of these disputes, allay the disturbances, and
quiet the settlers ; and at this time these measures were ex-
tensively taking effect, and the questionable udes were becom-
ing settled, either by compromise, or by the operation of the re-
cent laws. This produced a sudden, and, for the ability of
the settlers, a somewhat extensive demand for money to pay
for their lands, and confirm their titles ; which taking place ai
POPULATION. 139
a lime of general embarrassment, dissatisfaction, and scarcity
of money, could not easily be satisfied.
The result of the whole of these concurring circumstances,
was a spontaneous movement, among a very considerable por-
tion of the population, towards the unsetded countries of the
western part of New- York, and the States farther west and
south ; the eifect of which, as it respects the population of
this State, has been already stated. The excitement was ex-
tensive, deep, and to many, alarming — but it was transient.
At the year 1818 it had principally ceased ; the minds of die
people, and the current of setdement and improvement, had
begun to return to their wonted course, and from that dme,
to the present, the State has, in general, steadily advanced in
numbers, and prosperity, in a degree probably equal, if not
superior, to that of any former period.
A review of the circumstances here but briefly alluded to,
and an examination of the history of those days respectively,
will probably result in the concluson, that the ratio of increase
of the population of the State will never again arrive to so
high a point, as it has, at some times before arisen ; .nor,
until it shall have become so dense, that there is no longer
any vacant land, to be obtained at a moderate price, will it, un-
der any ordinary circumstances, nor under any circumstances
but those of deep, and extensive public calamity, be reduced
to a rado below, if so low, as that experienced from 1810 to
1820 — nor probably below that of its usual natm-al increase.
Hidierto the immense tracts of uncultivated and ferdle land,
with which Maine abounds, have afforded room for the popula-
tion to diffuse hself at pleasure, as inclinadon or convenience
dictated ; so that no occasion has existed for the population of
any part of the State, to condense itself beyond the degree
most convenient for its comfortable support ; and this must be
the case for some time yet to come ; but, in the natural pro-
gress of human increase, a time must arrive when the surplus
140
POPULATION.
population must look for its support, not to the cultivation ol va-
cant lands, for there will then be none, but to a superior degree
of industry, economy, and frugality in themselves and others. —
When such a time will arrive, and what will be the population
requisite to produce such a state of things, is not perhaps to be
determined ; but some probable conjectures on the subject may
be formed, by cariying forward the ratio of increase at any for-
mer period, to the future, and reasoning from the density of
the population of places now well known, to the general densi-
ty which may be most desirable, for the convenience of the
whole, when the now vacant wilderness, shall be fully occupi-
ed.
TABIiE Il.t
Aggregate amount of the population of the several Counties, at dif-
f{ rent periods.
NUMBEB
OF INHABITANTS.
COUNTIES.
c 2
i653
A. D.
1772
A. D.
1777
A. D.
1784
A. D.
1790
A. D.
1800
I
A. D.JA. D.
1810 1820
York,
13.398 15.908
19.909
27.560 34.284
41.877l46.283
Cumberland,
1760
10.1.39 13.476
15.621
23.481 31.898
42.83ll49.445
Lincoln
1760
5.563 12.916
20.791
18.608 27.998
38.5701 46.84S
Waldo
1827
2.432! 6.695
13.941122.253
Hancock
1789
5.763 8.947
I3.499|l7.856
Washington
1789
2.526 4.536
7.870112.744
Kennebeck
1799
9.105I17.995I31. 565140.150
Oxford
1805
3.333i 9.896|l8.630j 27.104
Somerset
1809
2.1461 5.509 12.286|21.775
Penobscot
1816
1.154; 3.009 7.831|13.870
t The nuinhcrs in this table, previous to the year 1790, assigned to Yoik and Cumberland,
include also all which at that time were settled in the present County of Oxford ; and those
assigned to Lincoln, include all the residue of the State. At and since the year 179'», the
numbers express the population of the towns and plantations which now form ths re-
spective Counties, without regard to their extent at the tinif^ utthe e.mmc'aiii'i'.
From this table it appears that the whole extent of territory
included within the hmits of all the towns and plantations, in
which there were any settlements in the yeai' 1820, amounted
to 10.227 square miles; and the density of the population,
within tliose limits, varied ia dijfferent counties from 12 to 56
POPULATION.
141
^rsons to the square mile ; and on the average of all the coun-
ties, was 29 persons to the square mile. The whole territory
of the State contains rather more than 33.000 squaie miles,
and, rejectmg water, may be supposed, in round numbers, to
be about 80.000 square miles ; consequently, more than two
thirds of it was at that period (1820) wholly a wilderness.
The whole number of inhabitants necessary to give tlie State
an average density equal to that of so much as was included
within the limits of the towns and settlements, at and before
1820, will be 870.000. The whole number requisite to give
it an average density equal to that of the county of York in
1820, will be 1.680.000.
TABLE III.
Estimates of the future population of Maine at different periods and
different rates of increase — with its average f!e^;sity persqunre mile.
Increase equal Increase equa. Increase equal
to the average to the average to tiie present
of 70 yrs. past of 49 out of 70 natural increa.
— 5 i>cr cent. yrs. 4 1-2 p^' ct. Maine. 3 1-2 p.c
iHcr. equal to
the av nat. in-
crease of the
wholeU.S.3 p c
Inc. equal to \h*
lowest ratio ev-
er experienced
in V;e. 2 3-4 p.c.
YEARS.
Number of
mhfbitaots
■^ ! Number < f
g liDhabittail- .
"i 1 Number of
:= linbttbitants
>>
1
Number of
inhabitants
>>
Number of
inhabitants
1
1830.-
1840.
1850.
1860.
1870.
1880.
4S?.302
782.949
1.268.378
16
26
42
462.419
716.749
1.110.960
1.721.988
15
23
37
57
420.662
593.132
8.36.316
1.179.205
1.662.679
2.344.397
14
19
27
39
55
78
399.768
535.689
717.823
961.882
1.288.921
1.727.154
13
17
24
32
43
57
390.818
511.971
670.682
878. .593
1.150.956
1.507.752
,13
17
22
29
3S
50
The average increase of the population for 70 years, from
the year 1750 to 1820, has been in a compound ratio of a
small fraction less than 5 per cent per annum. The ratio dur-
ing those periods when no extraordinary excitement existed, to
produce any unusual degree, either of immigration or emigra-
tion, was, on the average of the whole time (49 years) a fraction
over 4 l-2per cent. The ratio of the natural increase of Maine
alone,is supposed to be very near 3 1-2 per cent. That of the
average of the whole United States, 3 per cent. That which
was experienced in Maine during the period of the embargo.
142 POPULATION.
nonintercourse, war of 1812, uniisally cold seasons, and other
causes which combined to produce that remarkable efflux of
population toward the west, which was familiarly known by the
distinctive appellation of " the Ohio fever," was 2 3-4 per cent.
The prospective views of the population, given in table 3,
are predicated respectively upon an increase at each of those
different ratios ; and from this, as far as future circumstances
can be expected to correspond with the past, the future pop-
ulation of the State, at any given period short of that of re-
dundancy, may be estimated, with a "degree of rational pro-
bability sufficiently accurate for all important purposes.
Many readers will perhaps form a clearer, and more satisfac-
tory, conception of the different degrees of density of popula-
tion, and of its effects, by reducing it to an estimate of the num-
ber of families, and the number of acres, on the average to
each iamily. It may here be observed therefore, that the usu-
al estimate for the United States is about 5 persons to each
family on the average. In some parts of Maine the number
will average 6 to each family. In others it is probable that
it will fall short of 5, and perhaps may not exceed 4. It will
therefore be sufficiently accurate for general purposes, to con-
sider it as not far from 5. And if, for tlie sake of round num-
bers, we deduct about 6 per cent for land wholly uninhabitable,
or to be wholly unoccupied, then the average density of so
much of the State as would include all the towns and planta-
tions, in which settlements were commenced at or before the
year 1820, would be very nearly equal to the assignment of
100 acres of land to each family ; and to give to the whole
State a family for every hundred acres, will require a popula-
tion of 900.000 persons. The county of York, in the yeai'
1820, contained about one family to every 55 acres on the av-
erage.— The incorporated towns and plantations in Penobscot
and Washington, contained, on an average, about one family to
every 250 acres. This part of the subject will be farther
noticed in a subsequent part of this chapter.—
POPULATION.
143
The following table exhibits the amount of that part of the
increase of each county, at different periods, which has been
derived from immigration ; and the amount which each coun-
ty has supplied from its own natural increase, to aid that of
other counties or places.
TABLE IV.
Gain and loss among the several Counties, from migrations only, in-
dependent of their natural increiise.
From
1784
1772 t.
1777 to 178'^
to
1790 to 1800.
1800 to I8!f
Id 10 to 1820.
1777
-MO
COUNTIES.
367
r. .n,L,.
.
(.ain. \V.> ■
f-aiii
L
4063
Odiii i I..)ss.
York,
.343
4.5301 i 234
9730
Cumberland,
2.7.5
954
V.964 .334
88,'
7830
Lincoln,
6.463
4.905
18.025
3.(64
1.053
4820
Waldo,
3.337
4.970
3573
Hancock,
1.225
1.510
220
Washington,
1.152
1.752
2199!
Kennebeck,
5.795
7.452
2130
Oxford,
5.430
5.370
2140
Somerset,
2.7341
4.904 f
5312
Penobscot,
9.545
29.519
1.463!
30^879 ~
3.?99|
26.835.
3377
Average of i
4.294
18388
Iht p -i . 1
1
1
TAIiLK V.
JSumber of square miles and average density of the population of the
several towns and pl.intations within each County respectively,
which were settled, or in which settlements had been commenced,
at the several periods stated.
|A.D 1790
1800.
1K]0.
i8:p.
COUNTIES.
squa dfn-
niil.'^ hi;-.
quare Id'ii
mile-;. Isity
stji :! Iden-
niil' 1 ^!3^
squari j den-
mile- (sity.
York,
81733
817 42-
817,50
817 !56
Cumberland,
95525n
955 33-
988143
988 isO
Lincoln,
912123
950 29
9OOI42
941 |49t
Waldo,
245 10
440 15
715|19
812 27
Hancock,
4i614
496 18
706 19
850 21
Washington,
646 4
668 7-
856" 9
1039 12
Kennebeck,
720 13
985 18
1047 30
1047 38t
Oxford,
474i 7
623 16
907 20
1228 22
Somerset,
298^ 7
790 7
1080 11
1362 16
Penobscot, '
120 9 390 8 I
970 8i.
1143 |l2f
Average of the settled towns, \
560311?
7104 i21 j
9092125 1
10227 |29
144
POPULATION.
A comparison of tables 4 and 5 will show, among other facts,
that when any county has gained a population of about 40 per-
sons on an average, to the square mile, it ceases to receive any
addition to its increase from immigrants, and soon begins to
furnish a part of its increase as emigrants to other places.
This circumstance, and the different degrees of density among
the several counties at different times, will serve to mark the
progress of the difiusion of the population, and be a tolerable
index, to guide, in some measure, any calculations which may
be of use, respecting the dif!lision of the future population over
the still unsettled parts of the State. Some of the succeeding
tables will show the tendency of the circumstances of Maine,
as compared with others of the United-States, to condense or
diffuse its population, and perhaps may be of use, among other
indices, in forming any estimates of the comparative population
which, at some future day, it may, under different circumstan-
ces, be able to or probably may, support.
TABLE VI.
Enumeration of inhabitants of the several towns and plantations in
each County at different periods.
COUNTY or YORK.
TOWNS. 1790|180011810|1820| TOWNS.
179O|18OO|I81OJ1820
Alfred
311' 900
110611271 Lebanon.
1275 1657|193S
2223
C Berwick
( S. Berwick
3984 3891
4455
2T36 Linjerick.
411 829,1117
1377
1
1475Limington.
607 132311774
2l2i
Buxton
15641938
2324
25991 C NewfieJd.
17381 I Shapleigh.
566
815
114t
Biddeford
10181296
1563
13291778
2362
2815
Cornish.
262i 734
971
lOSS'Parsonsfield.
655 1350
1763
235ft
( Elliot
: Kittery
1650
1649jSanford.
1802 1363
1492
1831
3250 3114
2019
1886,Saco.
1352 1842
2492
2532
Holhs
662:1097
1427
1762iWaterborough.
965
1253
1375
13i)5
Kennebunk-Port
14581900
2371
2478York.
2900
2776
S046
3224
C Kennebunk
1
2415 Lyman
775
995
1118
1387
< Wells
3070;3692|4489
2660|
■ ■ i'
PAPULATION.
TABLE VI— CONTINUED.
COUNTY OF CUxMBERLAND.
145
TOWNS. |1790|1800|
1810|18201 TOWNS. |1790il800
181011820
C. Elizabeth,
1355
1275
1415 16941 C Harrison,
439
789
r Falmouth,
2991
3422
4105
1679! ^Ofisfield,
197
450
912
1107
} Portland,
2240
3704
7169
8581; (Phillips' Gore,
145
(.West brook,
2494 Harpswell,
1071
1049
1190
1256
Baldwin,
190
370
546
1124 C Mmot,
1160! ( Poland,
2020
2534
Bridgton,
329
64G
882
1276
2125i 850
1353
Brunswick,
1387
1809
2682
2954 New Gloucester, 1358 1378 1649
1628
Danville,
701
805
1083 C N. Yarmouth, il978!2599 3295
3646
Durham,
7241242
1772
1560! ( Cumberland, j
i
C Freeport,
( Po vnal,
1330 2237
2184
2177 Raymond,
345
438 826
1396
1
872
105lStandish,
716
1226 137« 1619
Gorham,
2244 2503
2632
2800Scarborough,
22352 '99 2094::^232
Gray,
577 987
1310
1499j Windham,
938;1329 1613: 1793
1
1
iThompson pnd pi.
164
191
180
COUNTY OF OXFORD.
TOWNS.
1790|1800
1810|1820
TOWNS.
179011800
1810
1820
Ando«er,
22 175
264 368
Bethel,
IOC
616
975
;267
Albany,
69
165
288
C Frveburgh,
547
7341004
057
Brownfield,
250 287
388
727
< Fry 'b. Addition
129
Buckfield.
453 1002
1251
160i
i — Acad, grant
40
Berlin, and
plant. No.6
323
Gilead,
88
215
328
Greenwood,
273
392
Carthage,
4
171
Hebron,
530
981
1211
1727
Denmark,
436
792
Woodstock,
236
50<^
Hiram,
192
203! 336
700
Bradley & East-
Howards g're
25 61
67
man's grant.
8
C Hartford,
I Sumner,
243 720
1113
Newsuncook,
202
189 330 611
1058
Chandler's gore.
9
4?.
Jav,
103 4301107
1614
Plantation No. 2,
28
79
97
Livermore,
* 8631560
2174
Bachelder,
91
C Lovell,
( Sweden,
147
365
430
Hamlin's grant
66
249
W. surp. Andover
41
31
i Mexico,
I Dixfield,
14
148
Township A. 1,
16
44
137
403
595
A. 2,
34
Norway,
448 609
1010
1330
B.
6
Newry,
1 92 202
303
E.
40
Porter,
272
292
487
No. 7,
13 113
Peru,
*
92
343
No. 8,
! 155
Paris,
844
1820
1894 No. 1— 1st range
' 158
Turner,
849;
722
1129
1726 No. 3— 2d ran. )
871 Rangely. >
1035
23
Rumford,
* 262
629
Waterford,
150 535
860
Weld,
318
489
-
• No return.
19
146
POPULATION.
TABLE VI CONTINUED.
COUNTY OF LINCOLN.
TOWNS.
11790;180011S10|1820| TOWNS.
11790 1800
1810il82O
Bath,
949 1 2 15
249'
3026 C Gushing,
2927, I St. George,
y42
!415
532
600
Bristol,
1718 2062
275o
1168
1325
Bowdoinham,
455 792
i4-'-
2259 ( Friendship,
322
380
480
587
Bowdoin,
983 1260
i b4::
777i ( Medemac,
121
Booihbay,
997 1240
!.5- -
950iEd2ecomb,
855
989
1288
1629
r VViscasset,
2055 1678
iOSS
2^31
r Lisbon,
439
766
1614
2240
^Alna,
1 636
7:' .
■375
Little River,
299
('Dresden,
! 700
1 0<-.b
! 838
1 Th'mps'nboro
64
360
Litchfield,
1044
184:
2 20
1 Wales,
471
519
Lewiston,
532 948
JO.-;
i3; 2 Warren,
646
939
5 443
1826
C Georgetown
( Phipsburgh,
J 333 1584
i9,
Ii65Thomaston,
801
1397
2106
2653
.119 Woolwich,
797
868
1050
1330
C Jefferson,
120.3
1577, Washington,
652
2 Whitefield,
9bo
]429 Canaan planta.
486
('Balltown,
10721S59
Patncktown pi.
98
138
292
New Castle,
896 996
123
-40 Coilamores ridge
46
Nobleboro'
516 804
i20(
583iMonbegan I.
1429lpinhook,
43
68
Topsham,
826 942
127
86
Union,
200 573
126:
391 'Waldo's claim,
55
Waldoborough
1210,1511
2161
22441
COUNTY OF KENNEBECK.
TOWNS.
C Augusta,
I Hallowell,
Belgrade,
Clinton,
C China,
( Harlem,
Chesferville,
Dearborn,
Albion,
(Pittston,
\ Gardiner,
Monmouth,
Mt. Vernon,
New- Sharon
Greene,
Leeds,
Fayette,
Readfield,
79011800|18I0|1820| TOWNS. |1790|1800
1805 2457!Rome^ [215
2068'29l9|Temple | 83
996 1121 ( Vassalborough 12401188
• 0501356 I Sidney, 1011
7791250
1211
1194
!364i
1.59
295
278
533
262
555
112
24
605
1408
*
701
618
740
359
639
933
2631 607|
166
1 532 1
939
430
481
924
05 8
029
1262
1098
944
1277
1273
804
93811396
2457!Rome,
29l9|Temple
1121 ( Vassalborough
1356 ( Sidney,
894 C Winslow,
862 I Watcrville,
612 V.enna,
463 Wilton,
1204 Wayne,
1337 Wmthrop,
2053 Wmdsor,
1596 Farmington,
1293Smithstown,
r i.;p -.'djo'g Fairfax
1219 0akhili,
1309 Nelson tract,
1 534 No. 3,
823 Thompsontown,
1513
270
I 244
297 572
1240 1219
494
521
350
181011820
585] 53S
482; 615
2063,2434
1558|1890
658 935
1314
417
770
1719
665
1115
942
44
819 1051
14441619
4681054
1639 1938
26
POPULATION.
TABLE VI— CONTINUED
COUNTY OF WALDO.
147
TOWNS.
1790|1800|181011820| TOWNS.
1790|1800[1810|1820
Appleton,
f 114 316 511 Belfast,
245 67411274J2026
Hope,
173
425 787 1179;Prospect,
770
1300
1771
Camden,
331
872 1607 1825
Frankfort,
891 867
1493
2127
: Montville,
Davistown,
308
864 1266
Monroe,
189
630
269
Jackson,
275
375
Liberty,
130 409
Thorndike,
224
438
Palermo,
444
76 11 056
Knox,
414
560
Freedom,
' 788
rtrooks,
212
318
Unity,
441
793 978
Belmont,
744
Burnham,
192 202
Svvanville,
251
503
Troy,
11
214 505
Searsmont,
675
Islesborough,
382
483
583 639
Waldo,
240
Lincolnville,
278
68611013 1294 Canaan plant.
132
Northport,
4821 780 439 Quantibaycook,
118
COUNTY OF SOMERSET.
TOWNS.
1790|1800|1810|1820| TOWNS.
1790|1800I1810|1820
Anson,
264 3731 633] 948|Norridgwock,
376
633
880,1454
Athens,
118
374 590! New-Portland
136j 421 817
Avon,
304! 450 New- Vineyard,
336| 484 591
Abbot,
45
44 Phillips,
275 624
C Bmgh'ra&r
( Brighton,
(103 136
409 >
336!Parkman,
255
48liPalmyra,
188 336
f Canaan,
I Bloomfield
454
720
1275
1470 Ripley,
117, 325
889 Siarks,
327
502
828 1043
Cornville,
204
504
652 Solon,
38
302 468
Corinna,
117
325,Strong,
145
424
862
Concord,
94
250 St. Albans,
20
116
371
Embden,
367
351
646 No. 5 — 2d range.
155
Eastpond pi.
59
-.3' 144 No. 2, 1
130 338
Fairfield,
492
872
1348 1609 Bingham tract, )
237 517'^^- of the river j 1
Freeman,
35
12;
Harmony,
109
351
584^0. 2— 1st range
81
93
i Hartland,
41i:No. 1— 2d do.
76
66
< Pirtsfield,
315!No. 1— 3d do.
27
( Sebastic'k
(40
105)
No. 2— 2d do.
28
Industry,
562
778
2— E. of Moscow
19
Kingfield,
100
464
1— 3d, E. of river
41
Mercer,
41
562i 743
No. 3 — 3d range,
20
Madison,
180
686
88\lNo. 4,
37
Monson,
73'
Residue of Bing-
Moscow,
286
ham tract.
91
148
l»OPULATION.
TABLE VI— CONTINUED.
COUNTY OF HANCOCK.
TOWNS.
1790
i800
}8i0
;820| TOWNS. 117901180011810]
1820
f Penobscoi.
1048
935,1302 1009 Vinalhaven, ; 578
858
1052 1 306
^Castine,
655
1036i 975!Township No. 8i
163
113 98
f Brooksville,
j 972'Lofy. town'sps.j
Bluehill,
274
494
658 957 p,^^.,- 5 No. 8
1403 1658 ^'^^"^^"^i No. 9
144 173
Buck sport,
3!6
624
105
183
CEden,
I Mt. Desert,
400
657 764
7
9
82
744
721
1047 1349
14
10
67
Gouldsboro',
267
379
471
560
15
41
Orland,
240
294
480
[ 610
po
200
Orphan Island,
Deer-Isle,
124
682
1094
1057
1842
Mariaville, I ^
224)
15
103
Ellsworth,
227
614
892
[27
47
Surry,
239
422
360 428
33
i 14
Sedgwick,
.569
760
13.52 1420
38
29
Sullivan,
504
533' 711] 872 N. Division, 1
49
Trenton,
1 312
294 501 1 639. Islands, 1 66
84
214
481
PENOBSCOT COUNTY.
TOWNS. 11790ll800il8l0|1820|
TOWNS. |179011800
1810
1820
Atkinson,
169: 245Kirkland, j
54
72
Bangor,
♦567
277
850
122l,Kihnarnock, ]
55
61
C Brewer,
\ Orringfon,
734
Levant,
*129
146
143
*477
786
1341
1049
Milo,
\
34 97
Blakesburgh,
62
83
Newburgh,
€2
216 328
Brownville,
131
172
Newport,
178i 512
Carmel,
t
123
153
Orono,
177
351 415
Corinth,
t
189
296
Sebec,
157; 431
Charleston,
210
344
Sangerville,
126' 310
Dixmont,
59
337
515
Stetson PI.
108 131
Dutton,
89
207
Wilhamsburgh,
71, 107
Dover,
94
215
No. 1— 6th range,
2
Dexter,
136
461
No. 7— 8th do.
4
Eddington,
110
167
205
276
No. 6— 9fh do.
12
Exeter,
Etna,
Foxoroft,
140
78
65
583
194
211
Townships 1 xr -i
nobscot, S^«^
149)
46
60
108
Guilford,
62
325 On States Land,
_
71 at
99
Garland,
236
275E. of Penob.No. 1
Hampden,
unc.
904
1279
1478
No 2
39 18
Hennon,
82
179
277
(Sunkhaze,) No.3
98| 146
C Ho .viand.
150
No. 4
136
125
i Maxfield.
Madawaska.
1114
Jarvjs" Gore,
50
139iNorth Harwich, j
130
' AtMJ adjacent places.
i See Levant.
POPULATION.
TABLE VI CONTINUED.
COUNTY OF WASHINGTON.
149
TOWNS.
1790
1800|18I0
1820
TOWNS. 1
1790
18001 1810|l«20^
Addison,
177
315 399
:i9
Robbmston,
54
127
37 1| 424
Alexander,
. 15
114
Steuben,
208
347
552, 780
Baring,
37
6.
Trescott,
29
45
116i 264
Columbia,
223
353 51S
537
Whitjng,
54
67
92 182
Cherrytield,
160 18^
241
Township No. 7,
52
51 74
Calais,
84
112 372
418
10,
42
47
76
154
Charlotte,
87
211
13,
7
20
45
47
Cutler,
37
224
362
14,
8
12
16
29
Cooper,
20
17,
14
28
Dennvsville,
144
265
397
557
" 18,
20
East port,
244
562
15i.
1937
19,
12
34
Lubec,
430
20,
50
Harrington,
95
298
469
723
23,
70
Jonesboro.'
212
50.
566
675
Houlton plant.
117
Machias,
879
1014
i37(t
JG33
New-Limerick pi.
27
Perry,
66
137
240
407
APPENDIX TO TABLE VI.
Progress of new settlements from lime to time since the year 1790.
NUMBEU OF INHABITANTS.
In 00
In 1810
In 1820
c -o
c nr
C TS
3 C
3 C
3 fi
be*
!M) C3
be a
•Sg
^%
^ 2
CO f. O
^ QO o
i£ <» o
COUNTIES.
§;^
<» - 00
2 c 00
E S"^
s s-^
£ S*^
iO V
<o 9
0) V
•S ^
- ^
V V
« o
(XI A
VI Si
(» ja
York,
556
Cumberland,
309
Lincoln,
2,987
297
652
Waldo,
1,565
Hancock,
1,283
2,094
232
Washington,
246
329
366
Kennebeck,
3,000
546
Oxford,
2,347
1,037
1,072
Somerset,
1,751
2,398
1,443
Penobscot,
875
2,880
2,427
Total
13,354
9,581
7,557
150
POPULATION.
TABLE VII.
Summary of the census of 1820, with the numbers and proportions of
persons ?ng;igecl in Agricniiure. Commerce, and Manufactures.
. . 1 i.!.:hUai.'r
Lu: -■:. • A: u!. (■;o'.. & >)an,.i':.ures.
i
1
s
i
s
y
"o
?
iZ
102
1
5 =
23
Whole No Person^
Proportion. ..t'.ach.
§
3
<
8.674
1
533
1
3
S
a
"746
1
"a
hi,
<
87"l
6
054
I
3
3
B
pro-
per,
to
each
J009
wh'l
pop.
York,
46.181
46.283
075 213
Cumber'd
49.030
349
49.445
117
5.638
662
163iii710j084
206'l61
Lincoln,
53.020
169
53.189
120
8.U6
1265
1574|;741|116
143:206
Hancock
31.249
41
31.290
147
5.250
1085
706
746|154
100 225
Wash'g'n
12.688
^6
12.774
934
1.994
452
377
706 160
134
222
Kenneb.
42.457
166
42.623
137
9.785
211
1309
865 019
116
266
Oxford,
27.086
18
27.104
30
6.809
13
571
921 002
077
272
Somerset,
21.775
12
21:787
55
5.907
16
478
923 002
074 [298
Penobs't.
13.854
16
13.870
298.335 I
117
2.858
140
251
7643
880 043
0771239
total.
297.3401
929
16801
55.03l|
4297|
821
064|
115
227
The number of persons employed in the various pursuits of
agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, may be considered,
m general^ as the relative measure of the physical force, or
productive ability of the whole population ; but it is not always
so ; nor does it always indicate precisely the proportion of able-
bodied men to be found among the whole people, or the pro-
portion of physical strength which it might employ, upon an
emergency. All civilized communities must ordinarily employ
a proportion of their inhabitants in the administration of justice,
in the liberal and learned professions, the instruction of youth,
and other pursuits, which add notliing directly to the produc-
tions of the community, yet are not the less necessary and use-
ful. The greater or less degree also, in which habits of activ-
ity and industry pervade the community in general ; the equal
or unequal distribution of w ealth ; and the greater or less fa-
cility with which a part of the community may subsist without
the necessity of personal labor ; all tend to vary the proportion
between the actual productive efficiency of the population, and
that which it might exert ; and between ehher of these, and
POPULATION. 151
die aggregate of the whole numbers. As far however as niay
be judged from this criterion, it appears that the actual pro-
ductive ability, which the circumstances of Maine call into op-
eration, is equal to nearly one fourth of its whole population,
or 225 to 1000. The proportion however varies considerably
in different parts of the State ; and the preceding table ex-
hibits the fact, in general, that the greatest relative productive
ability is in those counties which are the most agricultural ; and
a comparison of this with table 4 will show also that the least
productive ability is found in the counties of the most dense
population, and which are furnishing a part of their surplus in-
crease for the setdement of other coundes. It may not be
certain how far the inferences to be drawn from those two cases
may have any necessary connecdon with, or may qualify each
other. When drawn separately, they tend to show, the one,
the superior importance of agricultural pursuits, in eliciting the
physical strength of the community, the other, that a density of
population beyond some certain degree, varying according to
the different circumstances, is not attended with a propordon-
ate degree of physical strength. In some cases it may be at-
tended with a propordonate subducdon fiom the disposable
strength of the country. Some of the succeeding tables will
exhibit the relations, in this respect, which Maine may sustain
towards the other States of the Union.
It will require no argument to prove, that any increase or
decrease of the populadon of any country will be affected by,
and may in a great measure depend on, the population and
circumstances of the surrounding countries; particularly of those
with which it has the most numerous reladons, and the strong-
est affinides. And it will be at once admitted, that in all cal-
culations respecting the future populadon of Maine, that of the
rest of the United States must form an important element. It
im
POPULATiaN,
will therefore be pertinent to the present subject, to introduce,
in this place, some views of the population of the United States.
TABLE VIII.
Aggregate of the population of the United States, and the ratio of its
increase at different periods — with the relative proportion of that
of Maine.
tEARS.
Number of Inhab-
itants.
Rati.» ot
increase
per an-
unm.
Proprotion
of Maine
to United
1750
1.179.259
,008
1774
2.141.307
2 1-2
,016
1784
2.389.300
2
,020
1790
3.929.326
6
.024
1800
5.309.758
3 1-4
,028
1810
7.329.903
3
,031
1820
9.625.734
2 3-4
,031
The last column of this table exhibits the relative proportion
of the population of Maine, at different periods, to that of the
whole United States. This proportion, which, in the year
1750, was 8 to 1000, or 1 to 125, has increased in favor of
Maine with remarkable uniformity, during all the vicissitudes
of peace and war for 60 years, to the year 1810. At this time
it had arrived to the proportion of 31 to 1000, or about 1 to
32. From 1810 to 1820, during the general mania for mi-
grating to the western States, the relative proportion between
Maine and the United States, remained stationary ; and not-
withstanding the diminution of increase, which has been before
noticed, Maine still kept up to its relative proportion with the
rest. If tlie subduction from the usual increase of this State,
wliich was occasioned by that mania were restored, the pro-
portion of the inhabitants of Maine to those of the United
States, at the year 1820, would have been 34 to 1000, or
about 1 to 29, instead of the number stated in the table.
In view of tliese facts the important inquir}" naturally sug-
gests itself, whether this constant tendency of the relative in-
crease of Maine to advance upon that of the United States in
general, is the result of adventitious circumstances, which
must cease before the densities of both shall become equal :
POPULATION. 153
or, whether Maine, notwithstanding its supposed relative disad-
vantages in respect to climate and soil, does not in reality pos-
sess advantages more than sufficient as a counterpoise. It is
not intended to discuss the question at length, but it may be
remarked, that w^iatever may be the relative advantages or
disadvantages of Elaine, its population has made its way
against very considerable disadvantages in popular opinion.
Very generally throughout the United States, and extensively
even in New-England, the climate and soil of Maine have
been represented as harsh and rugged, unfavorable to the
successful pursuit of agriculture, or to the comfortable support
of a dense population. It will be seen however, that agricul-
ture employs a greater proportion of its inhabitants than is the
case in any of the Atlantic States, north of Virginia, excepting
only New^-Hampshire and Vermont ; that the density of its
population, in proportion to the territory over which it has yet
extended hself, is at least equal, and even superior, to the av-
erage of the northern and middle States ; and that the density
of some of its counties, surpasses that of some of those States,
and is greater than that of any one of the States was,. at the
period when a part of tlieir natural increase began to find it
necessary to seek room elsewhere. It may be argued too,
that in a country whose inhabitants are active and enterpri-
zing, as are those of Maine, they would not employ themselves
in agriculture, if it were not profitable ; nor condense them-
selves on a limited territory, while so much lay vacant at their
-doors, and in other parts of the Union, if that territory were
not amply sufficient to sustain them, at least as comfortably as
any other to which they might have access ; and surely enough
other vacant and fertile territory, has been whhin their reach,
and temptations enough have been held forth, to induce them
to ocupy it, if they chose.
It should be remarked also, that this constant relative in-
crease of Maine has been maintained ^vithout the artificial ex-
citements w^hich have taken place in other States ; and has
20
154 POPULATION.
continued under all varieties of circumstance, in peace and
war, which have occurred for 70 years, with but a single in-
terruption, which existed but for a ver}' short period, and was
occasioned by a singular concurrence of circumstances, which
it is almost morally impossible can ever take place again.
The same also, in a measure, may be said of the circumstances
which led to the extraordinan,- rano of the relative increase of
the period between the year 1772 and 1777. The circum-
stances of these two periods therefore, may be laid out of the
question, in any estimates for the future ; and it is not easy to
imagine any to take place hereafter, which shall bear much
analog}- to either of them.
The object of all who remove from the country of their
birth and education to another, is to better their condition ;
and this g^enerally by the acquisition of wealth, or of comforta-
ble subsistence. And when it is found, that for a long course
of years, including almost every possible variety of political
condition, the population of any particular section of a country
or nation advances its relative proportion to that of the whole
countr}', in a constant and nearly uniform ratio, it is difficult to
avoid the inference that this section must possess, on the whole,
a balance of advantages for the accumulation of wealth, or the
acquisition of a comfortable subsistence, superior in general to
the average of the rest of the country* ; and that these advan-
tages must be such as are witiiin the reach of the general mass
of the community' ; and also such as are of a permanent char-
acter, not radically affected by the fluctuations which usually
take place, in the commercial or political relations of the world.
The elements of which the population of the United States,
in its principal sections, is composed ; the proportions of sexes,
ages, and emplojTTients, and the circumstances of its various
increase, densities, and fluctuations, would form an extensive
and interesting subject of inquiry ; and afford perhaps, some
important deductions with regard to the future relative charac-
ter and circumstances of Maine. It would be foreign to the
POPULATION. 155
proper object of this work to pursue this enquiry to any length ;
but its relation to Maine vriW justity some notice of it, as a basis
for, or stimulus to, the investigations of such as have a dis-
position to trace the subject farther. So much as is contained
in the subsequent tables, may perhaps be sutficient.
l^
POPULATION.
^ 1
M S
H i
PQ I
H ^
M
O
~
CO
bD
■3
b(
""
bJU
<
^ <» A (»
1.
©
W C^ O CO
CO
■^
5
'^ J> t^ cc
w
»n
o
2 *^ e^' si
3^
CO
H
2 r «i ®
CO
05
o © t- -^
Oi
'^ '^ •-<*
cc
?© FH (M l»
CO
oi
Xi t^ Ci -^
O)
g
QC eo in Qo
?o
c3
§
S
cc lo ci o
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POPULATION,
159
TABLC XI.
ABSOLUTE PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
Numbers and proportions of persons engaged in Agriculture, Com-
merce and Manufactures, in the year 1820.
1 Whole number of persons en-
1 gaged m
Number of male
slaves over 14 yrs old.
Proper, to ea.
lOOO perons
'' c =
Agriculture.
1
1
i
engaged m
S»23
States and Territories.
1
i
£
o
1
s
a
1
Proportion of
slaves over 14
old, to ea. 1 000
Agricul. Com.
Maine
55.031
4.297
7.643
821 64115
New-Hampshire
52.384
1.068
8.699
843 17|l40
Vermont
50.951 .776
8.434
846 I3il41
Massachusetts
63.469 J13.301I 33.464
560 121 303
Rhode-Island
12.5591 1.162J 6.091
26 634 59 307
1
Connecticut
50.518^
3.581
17.541
37705
50 245
Total North'n states! 284.912|24.185| 81.872| 631728| 62;210| 1
New-York
247.6481
9.113
60.038
3.217|781 29|189|
10
New- Jersey
40.812
1.830
15.941
3.128 697 31j272
52
Pennsylvania
140.801
7.083
60.215
84 677 34 289
1
Delaware
13.259
.5.33
2.821
1.311798 321170
81
Total Middle states
442.520J
18.559jl39.015|
7.7401738|
311231
12
Maryland
79.135
4.771
18.640
31.3671772
46J182
304
District of Columbia
.853,
.512
2.184
1.7621240
1441616
53
Virginia
276.422
4.509
33.336 121.388 883
14103
386
North Carolina
174.1961
2.551
11.844|
57.6471924:
13; 63
305
South Carolina
161.560!
2.588
6.4881
76.7691947'
151 38
451
Georgia
101.185
2.139
3.577
42.712947:
20 33
249
Total South'n states] 793.351) 17.070| 75.069133 1.645l773| 36ll72j 374
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Arkansaw
Missouri
Tennessee
Kentucky
30.642
452
1.412
22.033 294
650
53.941 6.251
6.041
3.613 77
1791
14.247
495
1.952
101.959
882
7.860
132.161
1.617
11.779
12.1151942
9.8.341958
24.891 814
497l933|
2.850 852|
19.433 9211
32.445 9071
44 14'
29 13|
94| 92'
18: 49;
29 1191
8^ 7l!
Ill 82|
378
521
376
123
175
178
224
Total S. W. states
1 358.596jl0.068|
29.8731102.065,8991 25i 76
1 256
Ohio
110.991| 1.451
18.9.56
]844| 11|145
Indiana
61.3151 429
3.229
55943 6 51
Illinois
12.395 233
1.007
378 909 17 74
21
Michigan
1.4681 392'
.196 |714!l90l 96
Total N. W. states I 186.169] 2.505] 23.388] 533 877] 17)116) 2
Total United States] 2.065.499{72.397l349.247j442.211)831j 29)140) 177
160
POPULATION,
TABLE XII.
Relative Physical strength.
IN 1820.
states and Territories.
Maine
New-Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New-York
New-Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Total Middle States
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Total Southern States
Proportions to each lOOG ; Proportio')s to lOOQ.
3'c
£ 5.
J"2
5)5
S's
996
996
995 !
995 ;
995
995
986
986
951
951
971
971
996
252
995
259
995
269
986
275
951
265
971
269
225
255
251
21S
227
265
3 ( 228
638 I 263 I 769
666 I 182 I 757
567 ! 399 I 7€6
656 ; 321 ] 816
471 i 514 I 728
558 : 441 779
507
575
368
496
214
337
579 I 387 i 772 | 386"
2(j9
120
251
272
80
107
255
201
294
241
137
296
251
330
346
247
223
344
253
194
273
Alabama
685
307
848
522
264
138
.53
Mississippi
Louisiana
560
426
773
347
285
234
304
477
451
702
252
329
339
366
Arkansaw
828
112
884
772
256
40
221
Missouri
848
151
923
77.^
267
50
242
Tennessee
802
189
896
708
225
58
261
Kentucky
, 760
224
872
648
239
74
258
Total South Western States| 756
232
872
640
248 1
97
1 272
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
991
986
963
966
1
16
1
991
987
966
966
991
985
960
966
246
241
259
250
7
226
442
236
222
Total North-Western Statesj 989
989 1
989 1
250 1
i 281
Total United States \ 816
i 159
"l95
787
256 1
56
258
POPULATION. 161
Table 12, compared with table 9, exhibits the fact that, on
the average of the United States, the number ol' persons actu-
ally engaged in the pursuits of agriculture, commerce, and
manufactures, is very nearly equal to the number of free white
males of 16 years old and upwards. In the free States it is
somewhat less, and in the slave-holding States considerably
greater. The actual productive ability of a people can not al-
ways be determined by the numbers of inhabitants of any giv-
en age, and all estimates of its amount must be in some meas-
ure uncertain, unless an exact account could be obtained, of
the pursuits, habits, health, and muscular powei-s of every indi-
vidual ; but as this cannot be, we must judge only from num-
bers.— As on the average, about half the male population
is under the age of 16, and of these there are, especially in
agricultural districts, a considerable number constantly em-
ployed in productive labor, we may suppose that the amount
of production from that class is an equivalent for the labors of
tlie infirm and professional men over that age ; therefore the
number of males above the age of 16, may be fairly consider-
ed, as the measure of the absolute productive ability ; and the
proportion of that number to the whole population, as the meas-
ure of the relative productive ability, or physical strength ; and
the number and proportions of those actually engaged in agricul-
ture, commerce and manufactures, will be the measure of the
productive ability actually exerted. The difference between
these two numbers may indicate the proportion of the profes-
sional men, those employed wholly in the administration of jus-
tice— and idlers ; except in cases where a larger proportion of
the operative class is taken from those below the age of 16,
and its amount is equal to, or greater than, the whole number
above that age. In this case the data cease to furnish evi-
dence, except perhaps to indicate, in general, a superior degree
©f industry and economy in the application of the physical pow-
ers of the community.
These remarks however apply only to a free popidation.
21
162 POPULATION.
lu the slave-holding States the operatives are principally slaves,
and are put to labor at as early an age as they are capable ;
the indications therefore, vi^hich the numbers in the table afford
with re2;ard to the productive ability exerted in those States,
must be qualified by a deduction of the difference between the
labor of slaves, and that of freemen. That this difference is
great no one will doubt, but how great, can not be ascertained
with precision. Some degree of approximation towards it
however may be made by comparing the respective propor-
tions of the free white and the slave population, to the whole.
The physical strength of the free white population by itself, in-
dependent of any qualification on account of the slave, or the
free coloured, population, may be inferred in some measure,
from the proportions of males of different ages, in table 10.
The same table will also exhibit the respective increments of
population, in the different divisions of the United States ; and
afford some ground to estimate their probable productiveness,
and duration. In table 12 is given the proportion of free white
males to 1000 of the whole male population, and that of the
whole numbers employed in agriculture, commerce, and manu-
factures, to the whole population of every description. A
comparison of these two numbers, as has been before observed,
may furnish some means of conjecturing the relative produc-
tive ability of different sections or States.
If the proportion of free white males to the whole male pop-
ulation, is taken as the criterion, it will appear, that in propor-
tion to its numbers, Maine ranks higher in physical strength, or
productive ability, than any other of the Adantic States. Its
measure being 996 — that of the average of the United States
816. New-Hampshire and Vermont stand next, being 995.
And South Carolina least, being but 471.*
Perhaps some nearer approach to accuracy may be obtained
* Ilmay be ramarkcd, however, that Maine does not appear to empl«y its productive
ability, to the degree it mig^ht. In this respect it stands below all the Northern States.except
Massachusetts. As far as we c^n reason from the table, tlie i>alm of industry ^.ud economy
of time and numbers, belongs to (Jonnec'icat. And thin r 3sun.ng coriesponds with flit
well known general character of that etate, as the " land of steady habits."
POPULATION. 163
by a comparison of the free white, and the slave population,
separately.
The value of a slave population, in point of productive labor,
can never be equal to that of freemen ; though, in some cir-
cumstances, there may be individual cases something near to
it. If on the whole, it is estimated at half as much, it will
probably be as great as is generally realised. In time of war,
a numerous slave population, so far from adding to the strength
of a country, must be considered rather as a subduction of
strength, in proportion to its numbers and circumstances. If
then w^e suppose, that in time of peace, the reluctant labor of
two slaves will be equivalent to the voluntary labor of one free
person ; and that, in time of war, two slaves, under the excite-
ment and hopes which the war may produce, will probably re-
quire at least one free person to guard against their attempts to
obtain their freedom, we may arrive at a probable estimate of
productive ability, in the ordinary pursuits of peace, by adding
one half of the number of the slave population, to the number
of the free ; and may estimate the efficient physical strength in
war, by deducting one half the number of slaves from that of
the freemen. That the application of this principle will give
indubitable results, is not assumed ; but it is believed, that in
the absence of more definite methods, it will aiFord a tolerable
indication of the general truth. The effect of the principle is
illustrated in table 12 ; from which will be seen that the rela-
tive importance of Maine, not only to its own inhabitants, in the
measure it exhibits of their productive ability to supply its own
wants ; but to the Union, in the ratio of physical strength which
it may present, on a frontier exposed more than any other, to
the incursions of an enemy, should the country ever again be
placed in a state of war with its nearest neighbor.
If this principle should be correct where there are no other
descriptions of population than those which have been men-
tioned ; still, in the circumstances of the United States, it will
require some qualification, on account of another race, of a
164 POPULATION.
character so anomalous that it is exceedingly difficult to deter-
mine its relative weight in the scale, in either of the cases un-
der consideration. The free colored population may, it is
true, add something to the productive abihty of the whole, in
time of peace, and it may not be dangerous in war ; but per-
haps its disadvantages in the former case, may compensate for
any advantages to be derived from its productive labor, and, in
the latter case, it will not be safe to calculate on it, under all
circumstances, as any thing better than neuter, and it may also
be far worse. In the table- therefore it is wholly omitted,
which has the effect of considering it, on the average of cir-
cumstances, merely as a subduction from the efficient force of
the community, in proportion to its numbers.
The result of these principles, it will be seen from the table,
states the efficient force of Maine, in proportion to its popula-
tion, as 996 at all times, while that of the everage of the
United States, in time of peace will be 895 — in time of war
737.
It appears also from the table, that with regard to the pro-
portion of numbers employed, Maine as an agricultural State,
ranks the third among the States nordi of Virginia — New-
Hampshire and Vermont being the only ones which precede
it. As a commercial State Maine ranks second in the Union,
Massachusetts being the first. As a manufacturing State, it is
inferior to any north of Virginia ; superior to any south of
that, and about equal to the average of the northwestern
States.
The second division of table 12 exhibits the proportions of
the elements of which the operative classes are composed ; but
there are no data for ascertaining the proportions of operatives
derived from each cla?s of elements.
P©P0LATION.
165
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POPULATION.
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POPOLAttO-N.
16t
TABLE XIV.
Progressive density of the population of tiie several United States.
Years wlien ead*
Population per square mile.
may average one
Square
famii}
te 100 acres
States and Ter-
^ii
, £
ritories.
miles.
1782
1790
1300
1810
1820
1853
It
1850
Maine
33.367
1 1-2
3-
4
7
9-
1840
N. Hampshire
9.491
8
15-
19.
23-
25 3-4
Vermont
10.212
8t
15
21 1
23-
1829
Massachusetts
7.500
46
50 1-2
561-2
63-
69 1-2
Rhode-Island
1.580
31
43 1-2
441-
481-2
521-2
Connecticut
4.764
44
49 1-2
52 3-4
55-
57 3-4
To;. N. States
66.914 1
15
I8t 122
2.5-
182Si !
Ne.v_York
46.085| 4
47 1
12 3-4120 3-4
29+
1831
New-Jersey
8.32015
22t
26+
30-
33+
Pennsylvania
46.800, 6
9t
13-
17t
22-
1831
,
Delaware
2.12016
27t 30+ ',34+
34+
To:.M.d. St's.|
103.325| 7
9+ |14+ |20+ 1
261-2
1
^,..
MarJand
13.950 15
22 3-4 25t
27+
29t
1831
Dist. Columbia
lOOJ
1
240
330
Vira^mia
64.000 6
11 1-2
14- [
15f
16 1-2
1840
N. Carolina
48.0001 4 1
8t
10-
113-4
13;
1849
S. Carolina
28.000! 6 1
9-
12^
15-
17 1-2
1837
Georgia
62.000:
01-3
It
2 3-4
4t
51-2
1876
1864
Tot. S. States
21.6.0501 1 8^- 110 |12 113 1-2 !l847il84M
Alabama
46.000,
3
.
Mississippi
45.000
11-2
Louisiana
48.220
St
Arkansaw
40.000
0 1-3
Missouri
42.000
1 1-2
Tennessee
72.099
6-
Kentucky
42.000
13 1-2
Tot.S. W.Sts.
335.339| 1
'
1 ! 4 11887
1 864 j 1852
Ohio
Indiana
Ill.OOIS
Michigan
39.1281
37.000
52.000
30.0001
1+ 1 6 115-
0 1-6 0 1-21 4
01-2, 0 3-4' 1
01-8: 01-3
Tot. N. W. St.
158.1281
1 |5
1885
1869|1847
W. Territory
147.0001
1.478.000|
1
V. States ex-l
elusive of W.i
and N. W.|
Territories \
879.786
41-2' 6t
8t
11-
1855
Tot U. StatesL
and Territo. I
504.582
u
168 POPULATION.
TABLE XIV— CONTINUED.
Estimated number of inhabitants in the United States in^
the year 1855, exchisive of the W and N. W. Terri J ^g gg^ ^^^
tories — natural increise, 3 per cent, without the aid of j '
foreign immigration, J
Ter-ritory beyond Missouri unsettled, except by Indians, 7 - .-g ^^^
square miles, \
Population necessary to give this a family to every 100 } .. ^^^ qq^
acres on the average, \
Tinif when the surplus natural increase of the United ^
Stales will be suffi ient to furnish that number, exclu- V a. d. 1890
sive of an equal density in the whole, )
Amount of the whole population of the United Staies at ) „. .^^ ^nn
^u * *• / '3. 13/. 000
that time, ^
* Notfi to table 14. The last column in this table shows the years at which time the
emigratirig surplus of the Northern and Viddli State? will have been sufficient to furnish
the Noitb-wostern States •, and that of the Southern States to furnish the South-western;
and that (.f Massachusetts to furnish Maine, each respectively with a family of 5 persons
to ea:b lOOaaes of land on the average, leaving; 6 per cent, lor water and wasteland.
Tables 13 and 14 afford data from which may be drawn
some interesting conclusions with regard to the future popula-
tion of Maine. It will appear that those states in which the
greatest relative numbers are employed in commerce, have in
general, arrived to a density of population of from 40 to 50 per-
sons to the square mile, before they afforded any part of their
surplus increase as emigrants to other States ; that is, the most
commercial of the States, so far as numbers employed may be
the criterion, will sustain the most dense population. Tlie rea-
son is obvious. The inhabitants of such States draw their sup-
port not only from their o\vn territory but from that of all the
world besides ; and this, not in proportion to the amount of
revenue they produce to the government, nor to the amount
of capital they employ, but to the amount of numbers engaged^
and the activity with which they pursue their vocation. The
same indication is also afforded by the state of the counties of
York, Cumberland, and Lincoln -y"^ and, as far as can be
judged in the present early stage of the settlement of the inte-
rior of the counties of Waldo, Hancock and Washington, those
counties also will eventually afford similar evidence, f
* See tables 5 and 7.
t See relative proportions, in table 7.
POPULATION* 169
It has been already observed, that according to the propor-
tion of numbers employed, Maine is the second commercial
Sta»:e in the Union. It will be seen hereafter that it is second
also in point of actual amount of tonnage, notwithstanding it
ranks but as the twelfth in point o^ present number of inhabit-
ants ; — and if to the natural, and legitimate, inferences to be
drawn from these facts, we add the consideration of the situa-
tion and circumstances of JMaine, as affording superior advan-
tages for, and inducements to, the pui'suit of commerce and
navigation (including also the fisheries) and at least equal ad-
vantages with any other State for manufacturing purposes, and
a climate and soil favorable to the support, and encouraging
to the exertions, of a healthy, vigorous and industrious agricul-
tural population, it will not be unreasonable to conclude that
it will, at a future day, support an aggregate population at least
as dense as any other part of the United States, of equal ex-
tent, and much superior to that of some of the States which
are now far before it in point of numbers, and of some also
which are greater in extent of territory.
Among other circumstances, affecting the density of popu-
lation, are the habits and laws, which, in different States, are
more or less favorable to the equal distribution of wealth, es-
pecially of territorial possessions. The accumulation and re-
tention of large landed estates in the hands of a few wealthy
individuals and families, seldom tends to promote a great de-
gree of density of population, with a proportionate degree of
activity, intelligence, and enterprize among its members. The
easy subdivision, and secure possession of estates in Maine,
as well as in New-England generally, from its natural tenden-
cy to excite and reward industry and enterprize, will always
add to the effect of other causes, in sustaining the population
of the State at a greater density, and promoting a higher de-
gree of cultivation, and exercise of, its collective physical and
intellectual powers, than will be the case in States whose cir-
cumstances, laws, and habits, are more favorable to monopn-
22
170 POPULATION.
lies, or less stimulating to the industry and talents of the class-
es in moderate or poorer circumstances, which form the great
mass of every community. In the States south of New-Eng-
land, these circumstances, laws, and habits, are of the latter
class, when compared with New-England, and, so far as they
operate, will tend to counteract their commercial or manufac-
turing enterprize, or advantages, in their effect upon the den-
sity of population. The north-western States, or some of them
at least, are supposed to partake more of the character of
New-England in this respect, but these, being altogether in-
land counties, cannot derive any very extensive additional den-
5ity from the pursuits of commerce, and comparatively little
from those of manufactures, beyond what may be necessary
for their own immediate consumption.
As far as can be judged, at the present day, from the
statements of tables 13 and 14, it may be conjectured, with
some degree of probability, that, in proportion to the prepon-
derance of agricultural, commercial, or manufacturing pursuits
respectively, or the different degrees of distribution among
them, other circumstances being supposed equal, the different
ratios of maximum density to be expected, will be nearly as 6,
7, and 8 ; and combined with other circumstances may be as
3, 4, and 5 — viz. If the density of the maximum population of
a con.paiatively agricultural conmiunity be 3, agricultural and
commercial will be 4, commercial and manufacturing 5 ; with
fractional differences between them, proportioned to the greater
or less preponderance of the different pursuits. If however
we take into view the densities exhibited in, and the migrations
from, the States which most abound with a slave popula-
tion, we must deduct something from this ratio when applied
to any such State : and on these principles it may be reasona-
bly assumed, that the relative rank of Maine in point of num-
bers, compared with some of the principal States in the Union,
when'all shall have attained the maximum density which they
will support without inconvenience, may be represented by
POPULATION. 171
numbers nearly as follows, viz. New- York 184 — Maine 166 —
Pennsylvania 162 — Virginia 160 — Massachusetts 38 — New-
England States collectively 335.
It is not presumed that there is much certainty in these es-
timates, but only that the facts exhibited in the tables, when
viewed in connexion with the circumstances of the different
States, will lead to a result which probably will not be materi-
ally different from the numbers here given, as indicative of the
relative population of the several States, at some future lime.
But the most important indication of these tables, is that
which points to a time when some of the present circumstan-
ces of the State will have undergone a most material change ;
when its now extensive vacant lands will be occupied, and no
longer afford encouragement nor room for immigrants from
other States ; and when even its own young men will no longer
be able to obtain lands, at an easy rate, on which they may
establish themselves as independent farmers, and must be
content with a less quantity, if indeed they can obtain any ; or,
must resort to other pursuits for a livelihood, or remove to
other States or countries (if such can then be found) w^hich af-
ford more room, and where wild land can be obtained with
more facility. That the arrival of such a period will produce
important changes in the pursuits, habits, and interests of the
people of the State, will not be doubted. It may also produce
changes in its system of legislation ; and perhaps, improve-
ments in economy of time, and other methods of rendering its
aggregate physical ability more productive. But, it has here-
tofore been generally thought that such a period must be
too far distant to form a proper subject for the consideration
of Legislators and Statesmen of the present ;'ay ; or even for
generatio s yet to come. — Perhaps this may be the case, — a
summary review, however, of some of the facts exhibited in
the tables, will show, that however remote such a period may
have appeared yet there are circumstances which unless coun-
taracted by some great public calamity, or other extraor-
172 POPULATION.
dinary events, may produce such a change in this State, with-
in a period, the arrival of which, even during the present gen-
eration, is to say the least, within the limits of possibility ; and
fnay even, w-ithout violating any sound principle of human cal-
culation, be considered as within the hmits of rational pro-
bability.
At the year 1790 the population of the New-England States,
exclusive of Maine and Vermont, had attained an average
density of 34 persons to the square mile, or about one family,
on the average, to every 90 acres. From this period to 1800
those States, besides an addition of about 100 000 to their
own numbers, furnished an emigrating surplus, of about 160-
000, to other States ; of which Maine and Vermont received
about 60 000. From 1800 to 1810 those States retained
about 98 000 of their own natural increase, and an emigrat-
ing surplus of more than 200 000 ; of which Maine and Ver-
mont received about 37 000. From 1810 to 1820 the whole
of the New-England States furnished an emigrating surplus
of more than 300 000, exclusive of that from Maine, which has
been before noticed. A part of this emigration should be charg-
ed to the same extraordinary circumstances which produced that
from Maine before noticed. Making allowance for this there-
fore, and estimating the increasing surplus at the same ratio
with that of the preceding period, it should be token at about
250 000. The average density of the New-England States,
exclusive of Maine, was at this period about 40. New-
Hampshire had begun to furnish an emigrating surplus be-
fore its density was 20 ; and afforded a large surplus of emi-
grants when it had arrived at 23.
Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, and Connecticut, being, in a
greater measure, commercial and manufacturing States, at-
tained greater densities before their increase began to seek
room elsewhere. Connecticut afforded a surplus for emigra-
tion at the density of 44. Rhode-Island received but few
innnigrants at the same density. Massachusetts had suppliefl
POPULATION. 175
\ipwards of 80 000 to other States, when its density had reach-
ed 56.
It would seem then, that even in that quarter of the United
States where tlie pursuits and habits of the people are the
most favorable to a condensation of the population, a part of
their increase will prefer to remove to new States and coun-
tries, by the time their average density has arrived to tliat
degree which allows for each family about 100 acres of land,
•or not much less. This however is to be supposed the case
only when there are large quantities of vacant land to be ob-
tained in favorable situations, at no very great distance j which
has hitherto been the case in all parts of the Union. This
degree of density, in general therefore, may be considered as
the maximum at which, under the present, or past, circum-
stances of the country, the population will all remain contented
at home ; or, beyond which there will be a part of the people
who will find, or at least imagine, it for their interest to em-
igrate.
It will be perceived however, that in the Stated farther
south, the disposition to emigrate has discovered itself at a
less density. Delaware furnished to other States a large pro-
portion of its surplus increase, before its density had arrived
to 30. New Jersey and Maryland at 25. Pennsylvania had
nearly ceased to receive immigrants at 17, and furnished a
large supply to other States at 22. And with all the advanta-
ges of New-York for commerce, as well as for agriculture,
and under all the excitements, from 1815 to 1820, in favor
of its western counties, the amount of emigration to that
State had very much abated when its density had arrived
to 29.
The southern and slave-holding States have furnished a sur-
plus of emigrants at a still less density. None of them have
exceeded an average of 15 per square mile, before a part re-
quired more room.
On the whole, therefore, it may be reasonably concluded,
174 POPULATION.
that until the new States shall have attained a density, which
will create a demand for nearly all their vacant lands, or hgve
thrown them, in not very large parcels, into the hands of the
body of the people, who will each generally wish to reserve
what he has, for the use of his own descendants, these States
will afford encouragement to emigration from the older and
more populous States, and a part of the increase of these
latter States will believe they may improve their condition by
removing.
The northern States have long supplied the western and
other States with a part of their natural increase, and the
amount of this supply has been constantly increasing. From
the year 1810 to 1820, it had averaged about 30 000 souls
per annum ; and though we should allow for the excitement
of the years from 1814 to 1818, it still cannot be rated at less
than 25 000, increasing constantly with the increasing density
at home ; and may reasonably assume 30 000 as the probable
average number for years to come.
The Middle States, (exclusive of New- York, the western
part of which may be classed with the western States, as also
mav the western part of Pennsylvania) already furnish an em-
igrating surplus of more than 10 000 per annum ; and the
Southern States more than 50 000 per annum ; constituting,
from the whole of the original Atlantic States, a body of emi-
grants of nearly 100 000 souls per annum, to add to the natu-
ral increase of the Western States,* assist to occupy their
remaining vacant lands.
If there were no natural limits to the territory of the United
States, or to vacant countries on its borders, then this immense
tide of emigration might continue to flow, in perpetual accum-
ulation— but, on the north, the Canadas will soon furnish a
supply for all the vacant lands in that country, which offer any
^rong inducement to emigration from other places. On the
* A part oi tli.s number, from 1810 to 1820 must have g;one to other couiuries,— prmci- -^
pally lo U!)per Cannda. — T nle-s (he whole ot" iho dimimition ot increase during this pe-
riod is to be attributed to the destruction ol lives, and decrease of births occasioned by
the war.
PePULATION. 175
South, Mexico with a population already dense and increasing,
presents its barrier. And the Indian tribes, the deserts of the
Rocky Mountains, and finally the Pacific, must present a check
to the flood, and arrest its progress.
To reduce any estimates on this subject to a point, it will
be necessaiy to assume some particular degree of density, as
the point beyond which a country, in the circumstances
of the United States, will not be likely to afford much en-
couragement to immigration, or when the lands in gener-
al, though not fully occupied and under cultivation, yet
will be principally in the hands of cultivators, or of those who
will reserve them for the use of their own children. This, it
is supposed for the present purpose, will be when there is on
the average, a family for every hundred acres, or about 30
persons to the square mile. This particular degree of density
however is not important, except as some degree is necessary
to be assumed, as a resting place for the mind, in making any
calculations on the subject ; — and, as it respects the average of
the United States, this comes, as near as any which can be
hypothetically assumed, to the point on either side of which,
important differences may occur in the pursuits, habits, and
circumstances of the people.
It has been already observed, that apart of the population of
the southern States has found it eligible to remove when their
average density had reached 15 to the square mile, or one
family to 200 acres. The results of tables 13 and 14 show, that
if they should retain all their own natural increase, they would
attain the density of 30 by the year 1847. New York and
Pennsylvania, without the aid of immigration, will attain that
density in the year 1831. The northern States, exclusive of
Maine, have akeady much past that degree. The emigrating
surplus of the southern States, with the natural increase of
the south-western States, will produce that density in the latter,
at the year 1852. And the emigrating surplus of the northern
176^ POPULATION.
and middle States, will produce the same in the north-western
States, at the year 1847.
It will be easily perceived then, that should the population of
Maine receive no additions at present by immigration, yet its
increase must be great, of itself, and the period can not be far
distant when the surplus increase of the northern States will
find no room to diffuse itself westward, miless it is fai' beyond
the State of Missouri. Maine therefore must necessarily be-
come the recipient of at least a part, and probably the principal
part, of the surplus ; and we may, from the data given in the
tables, calculate with rational probability upon the degree of
future population of the State, at least to the time when its in-
creased density shall operate as a discouragement to immigra-
tion ; and perhaps to the time when it shall operate as a res-
triction to the means of support, and of course as a check upon
early marriages, and the present rate of nntural increase.
An examination of tables 3, 13, and 14 will show, that if the
population of Maine should increase no farther than it did at
the lowest rate of its past increase for 10 years, while it was
suffering under the accumulated checks occasioned by the em-
bargo, war, cold seasons, and other circumstances which occa-
sioned the transient flood of emigration, known familiarly in
this State by the name of " Ohio fever," it must still, about the
year 1862, have arrived to a number which would give the
State an average density of 30 persons to the square mile ; if
the increase should be equal to that of its average nntural in-
crease, this event will occur at the year 1853 ; and if the ratio
of increase should be equal to that, which under all the advan-
tages and disadvantages of war and peace, or other circum-
stances favorable and unfavorable, which it has averaged on
the whole for tO years past, this degree of average density
will be attained in the year 1844. If the extensive interest
possessed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in the wild
lands of this State, together with other circumstances, should
operate to induce the emigrating surplus of that State, or one
POPULATION. J77
half of the emigrating surplus of the New-England States, to
direct itself to Maine, then the degree of 'density under consid-
eration will have been attained at the year 1840.
Either of these different degrees of increase is within the
limits of ordinary possibilities ; and either, except the two ex-
tremes, are within those of sober, rational probability ; such
probability as, in most cases, is considered among cool, thinking
men, a sufficiently safe ground on which to adventure their
money in speculations for future profit.
It is to be recollected here, that within the limit of the aver-
age of the periods before mentioned, the whole of the western
States must have reached that degree of density, beyond which
the emigrants from New-England can no longer obtain land on
which to establish themselves, at so easy rate as they have
heretofore done, if at any rate within the means of the greater
part of them.
It may be observed also, tliat on the north and east, Maine
is already bounded by countries considerably peopled, and
which by the time the population of this State shall have pene-
trated to those hmits, must necessarily meet it with a population
more dense, and which by that time, will have so fully occupied
the ground in those directions, as to prevent any farther diffu-
sion from this quarter.
It is farther to be observed, that wliile the fields for the ac-
commodation of the emigrating surplus of the New-England
States are growing more remote, and must soon become
fully occupied, the population of those States is also in-
creasing at home, becoming more crowded, and a larger sur-
plus annually must be looking for room to establish itself else-
where ; and tliat Maine presents a climate and soil, and its in-
habitants a character and habits, more congenial to those of
New-England, while at the same time its access is more
ready, and its connections with those States more easily main-
tained, and from the mutual interests and sympathies of the
respective inhabitants, will more probably be permanently con-
23
178 POPULATION.
tinued, than can be the case, under any probable circunlstan-
ces, with regard to any other part of the Union.
These circumstances all taken into consideration, would
lead to the belief that the time is, compai-atively speaking, very
near at hand, when the increasing population of this State will
create a demand for the whole of its now v^acant lands, and will
give it a rank, in point of numbers at least, among the first of
the States of the Union,
It is not however to be supposed, that with no greater aver-
age density than the degree now under consideration, the pop-
ulation will have diffused itself very equally over all parts of
the State ; or that it wiU ever be so diffused. The mercantile
towns on the seaboard, the manufacturing and trading towns in
the interior, with those in their more immediate vicinity, and
the more fertile districts of the purely agricultural parts of the
State, must always sustain the most dense population ; yet, if
a portion ot the State, equal to the whole of that which is now
settled, should have attained an average density of 55 to the
square mile, and another equal portion of the territory be sup-
posed to have attained the density of 25, this would leave 10
to the square mile, for the remaining third part of the State,
last settled, and would give to this part an average of 72 fami-
lies to each township of six miles square.
Unless some public calamity, imposing greater checks on
the increase ol Maine, than has ever heretofore existed, for any
period of 10 years during 70 years past ; or some inducements
to emigration elsewhere, greater than have yet been known,
should take place, its population must amount to the degree
now supposed, within 33 years from this time (1829) at far-
thest ; and if it should receive no immigrations, but barely retain
its own natural increase, this amount must necessarily occur
within 24 years ; and if it should continue to receive the same
proportion of the migrating surplus of the other New-England
States, which it has always heretofore received, excepting du-
ring the short period immediately subsequent to the late war,
POPULATION. 179
this amount must be realised in about 16 years from the pres-
ent.
Which of these several circumstances will take place ; or
how far they may be variously blended ; and how far any ad-
verse circumstances may occur to check the increase of popu-
lation, or qualify the deductions to be made from the facts ex-
isting, is a matter somewhat of conjecture, and an inquiry into
these need not here be instituted. The facts are before us, and
of the conclusions, or probabilities to be drawn or inferred from
them ; and of the counteracting possibilities, which may occur
to quahfy such conclusions, every reader will judge for him-
self. It may however, without impropriety, be remarked in
this place, that the facts and conclusions here exhibited, ap-
proaching, as must be admkted, to some degree of probability,
ought to be sufficient to awaken, in the minds of the people of
Maine, an attentive consideration to the results which may
flow from them ; and perhaps it may not be too early, even at
the present day, to admit these possible results to a share in
those deliberations which have for their object, the future in-
terests and happiness of the State.
180
POPULATION.
TAeJLE XV.
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VI.
Population of the several Counties and Parishes in the British ProT-
ince of New-Brunswick in the year 1824.
CHAi'.LoTTt COl'.>.TV
I No. inha
XORTMUMBhHLAND
Parishes. |Nu
inU
SUNBUKY COUNTY.
Parislies
iiih.
St. James
453
Sf. D.viM
1005
St. Stephen
1673
St. Andrew
2263
St. Patrick
762
St. George
1446
Penntield
558
Campo Belle I.
509
Grand Manan I.
598
West Isles
Total, - - -
9267
Beresford
Northesk
Saumarez
New-Castle
Alnwick
Ludlow
Cliatham
Glenel
Nelson
Carleton
Wellington
YORK COLNTY.
Total,
1086
1443
2777
1657
618
1308
1452
836
1132
1965
1555
Burton
Lincoln
Magerville
Sheffield
Total, - - -
1338
670
448
735
3277
I Whr'^TMURKLAND CO.
15.829
Keni
Wakefield
Woodstock
Northampton
Prince William
Queensbury
Kingsclear
Fredericton
Douglas
St. Mary
Total,
2297
1010
816
568
545
716
832
1849
1367
972 Total,
KING S COLNTY.
Greenwich
Hampton
Kingston
N rton
Springfield
Sussex
Westfield
744
1559
1655
502
924
1833
7i3
Botsford
Dorchester
Hillsborough
Hopewell
Monkton
Sackville
Salisbury
Westmoreland
7930
- (10.972 QLhKVS COUNTY.
ST. JOHN'S CULM V
St. John (city)
Portland
Lancaster
St. Martin
Total,
8488
3043
793
583
Brunswick
(iagetown
Hampstead
Waterborough
Wickham
12.307 Total,
Total,
774
2737
1152
1005
342
1744
9303
RKCAPITULATION.
Charlotte
York
St. John
Northumberland
King's
Queen's
Sunbury
Westmoreland
289
606
723
2023
1100
474)|Tot. of the Prov.. 73.626
9.267
10.972
12.307
15.829
7.930
4.741
3.277
9.303
AGRICULTURE. 181
CHAPTER VII.
Agriculture,
The vast quantities of valuable timber with which the forests
of Maine abounded, during the early period of its settlement,
and the multitudes of fish of every kind, with which its rivers,
and the bays and sea in its vicinity were stocked, yielded so
speedy, and often large, returns to the enterprize and labor of
those who were in the pursuit of wealth or subsistence, that a
comparatively few were satisfied to wait the slower, though
more certain and permanent, returns from the clearing of the
forest and cultivation of the soil ; agriculture was hardly thought
of, as of much importance, by a large proportion of its early
inhabitants ; and it has, to the present day, formed but a sec-
ondary consideration with many in the new settlements, even
of those whose ultimate views are to that pursuit as their per-
manent occupation. The consequence of this has been, to a ve-
ry considerable degree in some parts of the State, and to some
degree in all, an inattention to the riches of the soil, a slight
and superficial mode of cultivation, temporary expedients, and
want of economy and judicious enterprize in the pursuits of
agriculture, which have tended to produce an unfavourable
impression with regard to the productive ability of the soil, and
in a measure to discourage efforts for eliciting the solid advanta-
ges, which its extensive and judicious cultivation will abundant-
ly afford.
It is not to be understood however that this account is of
imiversal application. In some parts of the State, and among
a respectable portion of the community in all parts, agriculture
of later years has assumed, to a good degree, the elevated
rank which its importance demands, and is prosecuted with a
182 AGRICULTURE.
spirit and intelligence honorable to the character of the State,
and promising fair to yield the most beneficial and permanent
results. Still however, the qualifying influence of the circum-
stances before mentioned, though diminishing every year, is
felt in a considerable measure, in its reduction of the . gross
amount of the products of the State, and of their average rela-
tive amount, when compared with the extent of territory under
cultivation and number of persons employed ; and, in forming
any estimate of the agricultural character of the State from the
comparison of the amount of its products, with that of the acres
under cultivation, and number of persons employed, great al-
lowance must be made for the effect of those circumstances ;
and it must also be considered, that as the population increas-
es, the lumber and other temptations to neglect or slight the
cultivation of the soil, continually diminish, and the compara-
tive productiveness of agriculture is continually increasing.
The agricultural products of Maine are Indian corn^
wheat, oats, barley, rye, peas and beans, potatoes, flax, hops,
^Q — in general all those articles for the subsistence and com-
fort of man, which are produced in the New-England States,
and other countries of similar climates ; and they are too well
known to require a more particular enumeration or description.
These not only furnish directly the food of the inhabitants, but
support a numerous stock of horses, oxen, cows, sheep and
swine, which, besides the quantity required for the use and con-
sumption of the inhabitants, form already from some parts of
the State, a considerable article of export, and must eventuaUy
form the basis and chief support of the commerce and manu-
factures of the State, as well as the wealth of its agricultural
population.
The fertility of the soil is in general equal to that of any part
of the northern States, in proportion to its extent — that of the
northern part of the State, on the Aroostook and St. John, is
considered as far superior, unless it may be some portions of
comparatively small extent ; but the fertility is to be fairly cs-
AGRICULTURE. 183
timated only when the mode of culture is ascertained. In a
large part of the State, as has been before observed, circum-
stances have led to a negligent and wasteful mode, which, as
might have been expected, has often rewarded the laborer but
with meagre crops ; and when the amount of the whole pro-
duct of the State is compared with the quantity of land under
cultivation, the numerous instances of this description tend to
reduce the average very considerably, and lead to very incor-
rect inferences with regard to the general productiveness of
the soil when properly cultivated. But there are not wanting
instances of judicious cultivation, which of late years are much
on the increase. Wherever these have been adopted, they
have been successful, and the crops have been sufficient,
abundantly to reward and encourage the cultivator. The crops
of Indian corn, in different parts of the State, and different
seasons, have varied from 30 to 50 bushels per acre ; in some
instances 80 bushels ; wheat from 1 5 to 40 ; rye rather more ;
hay from 1 1-2 to 3 tons — other products in proportion.
There are no data existing from which the amount of the
products of every kind in the whole State, can be ascertain-
ed ; nor indeed of the whole amount, nor the average crop
per acre of any kind. The inventories returned by order of
the Legislature in 1820, ought to exhibit this, but they are in
many cases deficient, and in many obscure, not only on this,
but on ^other subjects. They must be supposed however to
give a nearer approach to the truth, than any other known evi-
dence, and they must necessarily form the basis of the state-
ments on the subject in the subsequent part of this chapter.
Yet when the occasion and circumstances under which these
returns were made, are taken into consideration, it will be per-
ceived that they must exhibit the agriculture and productive
ability of the State, in a light far less favorable than it justly
<iemands, and that they must be received with much allow-
ance.
It has been the long established practice in Massachusetts^,
184 AGRICULTURE.
and adopted by Maine since the separation, once in 10 years
to require of the assessors of every town, an inventory of all
the estates, real and personal, within the town, specifying th©
various descriptions and incomes or annual productiveness of
each. Among other subjects, and with a view to ascertain
the comparative value of the land in different towns, the amount
of the principal articles of agricultural product is required.
The enumeration of articles required however, extends only to
those which constitute the great bulk of the production, and
leaves others unnoticed ; and as the whole number of acres
employed in tillage is required to be returned, and but a part,
(though a principal part) of the annual products, a conjectural
allowance must be made for the proportion of land employed
in the production of articles not enumerated, otherwise the av-
erage product per acre, of enumerated articles, will appear
much too low. Allowance must be made also for another cir-
cumstance. These returns are required by the Legislature as
the basis on which to apportion the annual taxes of the respect-
ive towns, and their accuracy is made to depend, not only on
the integrity and judgment of the assessors in the respective
towns, but also, in a measure, on diat of each individual inlfab-
itant of each town, in rendering an account of his own prop-
erty, it is naturally to be supposed therefore, that in every
particular in which the judgment is concerned in estimating
the amount, it will be sure to be stated low enough, and in a
multitude of instances may be expected to be much top low.
There is also another circumstance, tending to reduce the
aggregate returned amount of agricultural products, below tht
quantity actually produced.
In the more recently settled parts of the State, a large pro-
portion, and in some parts the whole, of the Indian corn, wheat,
&LC. is raised from new lands just cleared, and never yet sub-
jected to the plough. The requisitions of the Legislature are
for an account of the amount of the product of those articles
from tilled lands. The blank hsts, furnished to the assessors.
AGRICULTURE. 185
contain the different kinds of land to be returned, the whole
included under the several descriptions of mowing, tillage,
pasture, wood, unimproved, and unimprovable lands. The as-
sessors of some towns understand the lands just cleared, and
cultivated by the hoe and harrow, as falling properly under no
other of the required descriptions than that of tilled lands, even
though their surface has not yet been turned over with the
plough (which is not generally done for a number of years)
and they therefore return these lands and their products as
such. The assessors of other towns, understanding (as is ap-
parently for the interest of their towns that they should do)
that by tilled lands can be intended only those cultivated by
the plough, make no returns of these new lands but as unim-
proved, and entirely omit their products. How extensively
these different modes of construction prevail respectively is not
known. From what is known however, it is conjectured that
the latter, being supported by the argumentum ad hominem, to
assist the judgment of the interested party in his understanding
of the law, is the prevailing construction. It will be proper
therefore to make some allowance for it, in the estimates of
the average agricultural productiveness of the state, so far as it
is to be drawn from the official returns.
It is impossible perhaps to estimate with much accuracy the
amount of allowance, to be made in the aggregate, for the cir-
cumstances here noticed. Different persons, acquainted with
different- facts, and in different parts of the State, will form
opinions as different. It will assist the judgment however in
this respect, and be interesting in other respects, to examine
an abstract from the returns alluded to, which is given in ta-
ble 1.
24
186
AGRICULTURE.
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r5 ?«
— O 'XI O CO (»
CO — 0» -33 -^ 0?
CD (N "5 00 t~ 'O
CO t-^ r- ■«»< o> o
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-* 00 'O O 00 '
IC CO CN t- 00
i 00 'J" « !N "O
' CO CM «' «> lO Co'
>4 0^j^93^iiciO<»(>4
202 AGRICULTURE.
It has been observed that the enumerated articles in the pre-
ceding tables do not comprise the whole products of the land
employed in tillage. That part which is employed in horti-
culture, and in the field culture of potatoes and other roots for
the food of man or beast, (which includes a considerable pro-
portion of the tillage of all farmers, and of some a large part)
flax, and other articles, should be deducted from the number
of acres returned, if we would ascertain their productiveness
from the quantity of enumerated articles exhibited in the re-
turns. How great deduction should be made on this account,
must be only conjectural, but it is believed that it will be found
not less than a fourth part, and on this principle is founded the
estimate of products per acre in table 3,
A«R1CULTURE.
203
Number I.' each
lOO persons em-
ployed in agricul-
ture.
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22l?ISIIr§
oo"
00
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CO
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C saaS. PH« SM00I2 ^2g^^2^ = 2i
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II
111
7. c
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Acres of improved
land to each person
employed in agri-
culture.
•lEIOX
CO'^^CC — <©®CiO — 00
0 «<i ©■ (M* -^ iq © oi 00 — '
•aamsBj
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of bread-stuffs
and pulse to
each other.
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Z
York
Cumberland
Lincoln
Waldo
Hancock
Washington
Kennebeck
Oxford
Somerset.
Penobscot
1
1
204 AGRICULTURE.
The value of the agricultural capital in the State, like the
value of all other articles, is arbitrarily expressed by certain
sums of money, and when we intend by the value of any arti-
cle, the sum of money for which it may be exchanged in tlie
market, we express a number which is constantly fluctuating
with the tide of events, and often affords no definite idea of
the intrinsic worth of the article, or in other words, of the
amount which that article will permanently afford to the sub-
sistence and comfort of man. We have, however, no common
representative of value but money ; and if we compare our
ideas of the value of an article, with the sum of money for
which an equal amount of articles for the subsistence and" com-
fort of man,may be obtained in exchange, or which at its ordi-
nary rate of interest, or ordinary income, when vested in per-
manent stocks, or public funds, will produce an equal annual
reveriue, we shall obtain a correct expression of the perma-
nent intrinsic value of that article ; which, however it may dif-
fer from the current exchangeable value in the market (which
is always fluctuating) still, if the article is not of a perishable
nature, and especially if it is of a kind which can not be pro-
duced permanently, in greater quantities than to supply the de-
mand, is a more certain measure of its true intrinsic value,
than any other measure attainable. * Thus, if the annual sur-
plus product of an acre of land, after deducting so much as
shall compensate the laborer who cultivates it, and defray all
necessary chari^es, can always be exchanged for a given sum
of money, then that acre is permanently worth as much money
(or as much of any other property whose value may be repre-
sented by, or which may be obtained in exchange for money)
as, if vested in any other stock, will yield an equal annual net
revenue. For instance, if money vested in public funds, or
in any other permanent and safe stock, will yield an annual
interest of six per cent, and if one acre of land will regularly
* This mode of rstimatinp the value is still more safe T^hen applied to an aiticle which,
not only can not be producnd in greater quantity, but in the nature of things must
always meet with an increasing demand, and competitions for its possession— as must bt
the case with land.
ASRICULTURE. 206
yield a product, which after deducting all charges and expen-
ses of cultivation and superintendence, will leave a surplus
which can be exchanged for six dollars in money, then that
acre must be intrinsically worth one hundred dollars, or in
other words, be of equal value,to the owner, with one hundred
dollars, or any other property which is currently represented by
that sum. And whenever a country contains as many inhabitants
as are sufficient to cultivate all the land in it, which is capable
of cultivation, then every owner of land will be sure to find a
demand for the use of all his land, at a price or rent which
will amount to the value of all its surplus products, after deduc-
ting a fair compensation for the charges and expenses of culti-
vation ; and this demand must constantly increase with the in-
crease of population. This, with the secure nature of the in-
vestment, and its capacity for increasing productiveness, will
create an increasing demand for opportumties to invest money
in, or exchange other commodities for this species of estate,
. and make it the best property at market.
And farther — though in a new country Hke the United
States, the abundance of vacant land at market, and the rela-
tive deficiency of purchasers, must operate to reduce the cur-
rent exchangeable value of land, for a time, while the quantity
at market is greatly above the current demand, yet when the
quantity of vacant land becomes so far diminished, as that pur-
chasers can perceive sensibly that it must soon be exhausted,
and that, in any given time, not exceeding the time to which
men of prudence and forecast extend their speculations, the
demand must exceed the supply, then those who have capital
to spare, and wish to invest it securely for the benefit of theu^
children, will be eager to purchase land, in proportion as the
time of its full population draws near 5 and the current prices
of land will begin to be predicated upon its ultimate intrinsic
value, abating interest and expenses of preservation and super-
intendence.
If these principles are sound, then the measure of the intrin-
206 AORICULTURL.
sic value of the agricultural capital of the State, should be de-
duced from the average net value of its annual product, over
the charges of cultivation ; and the same principle will deter-
mine the value of the still vacant lands, at the time when the
increase of population shall create a demand for the whole,
and ihc\r jj resent value by a discount of ordinary annual rent
of money, or interest, for the number of years supposed to be*
intervening. This latter article however does not strictly per-
tain to the subject of this chapter ; but an attempt may be
made to estimate the value of the former, by tlie application of
the principle assumed.
In Maine, as in other parts of New England, the easy rate
at wliich lands hitherto have been obtained in fee simple, and
the scarcity of laborers, compai-ed with the quantity of land to
be occupied, have rendered it, in general, difficuh to obtaia
rents for land, on any extensive scale, by which their average
value could be measured with any accuracy ; but there are oc-
casional instances which may serve as the basis of a general
estimate. In some such instances it has been a custom for
the landlord to furnish the implements, cattle, half the seed, and
pay half the taxes, and to receive half the products ; in others,
the tenant furnishes the whole of these, except die taxes ;
and in some the landlord and tenant furnish different propor-
tions according to circumstances. In most cases it is consid-
ered that one half of the crops, deducting one half the value
of the seed and taxes, pays the expense of cultivation. The
taxes however, being assessed upon the value of property of
nearly every description, do not enter into nor affect the value
of one ardcle more than another, and therefore should be left
out of the question. If therefore we can satisfactorily estimate
the average net value of the products, we obtain data from
which we can deduce, with some certainty, the intrinsic value
of the land.
The average products per acre of the lands in Maine, so
far as the returns can be depended on, are stated in table 3
A«RlCULTURt:. 207
at sixteen bushels of Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, he. per acr©
from the lands under tillage ; about four fifths of a ton of hay
per acre from mowing lands; and as sustaining one cow,
through the summer season on two acres and six tenths of pas-
turage. Any one acquainted with the agricultural products of
the land in Maine, must at once perceive that this statement is
in general far below the truth ; or that it exhibits proof of ve-
Tj extensive habits of bad husbandry ; or is the estimate of
the worst seasons and worst husbandry ; which last is believed
to be generally nearest the fact.
It is well known that land of average quality, under good
cultivation, yields more frequently 40 bushels of Indian corn,
from 20 to 40 bushels of wheat, rye, oats, and barley, and
from one to two and three tons of hay per acre, and the knowl-
edge of every intelligent farmer throughout the State, with the
considerations before suggested, as the probable cause of the
reduction of the amount returned to the lowest possible esti-
mates, may be safety appealed to in support of the opinion,
that the product of the lands in the State, if estimated wholly
from these returns, must be very much too low. Yet these
returns will probably serve to furnish a tolerably correct idea
of the relative state of agi'iculture, and value of the land in the
different counties ; and as there are no other accounts so ex-
tensive, they must be adopted, deficient as they are, as the
best evidence at present attainable.
The average product of tillage lands, has been stated at
about 16 bushels per acre, principally Indian corn and
wheat. Its price may be estimated, on the average, at 75 cents
per bushel, or 12 dollars for the value of the crop per acre.
Deducting one half of this for the cultivator, leaves S;x dollars
for the income of the land ; and if money vested In safe and
permanent funds, is considered as good estate at 6 per cent
annual income, then the intrinsic value of the land is as cer-
tainly one hundred dollars per acre. It may be said however
tkat the expense of cultivation is more than half the value of
208 ASRICULTUftE.
such a crop. This may be true, but it is true also that many
acres are actually cuhivated, or rather pretended to be culti-
vated, at no greater, and even at a less expense ; and that a more
expensive and judicious cultivation is always attended with an
increase of crops, more than proportioned to the increase of
expense. The resuh therefore must be considered sufficient-
ly low, and the error, if there is any, on the safe side.
The product of hay is stated in tlie table, at about four fifths
of a ton per acre. It is miserable husbandry that does not pro-
duce at least one ton on the average. The value of hay per ton
is exceedingly variable in different seasons and different parts of
the State. Within a convenient distance of the market towns it
may be estimated from 8 to 10 dollars ; in remote districts at
never less than 4 dollars, and it probably will not be consider-
ed a high estimate if, on the average, it is taken at 5 dollars.
One half this, viz. 2 dollars 50 cents per acre, may be consid-
ered tlien as the average net income of an acre of mowing
land. Its intrinsic value therefore must be stated at about 42
dollars, or is equal to that sum vested in any permanent or
safe fund or stock yielding an annual revenue of six per cent.
The pasturage of a cow during the summer can not be
worth less to the farmer than three dollars, which is equivalent
to the revenue of 50 dollars vested in permanent funds. This
requires no expense for cultivation, and but an expense not
worth naming for repairs. To produce this it appears that,
on the average of the State, 2 acres and 6 tenths are requisite ;
which exhibits tlie intrinsic value of pasture lands, on the aver-
age, at about 19 dollars.
The proportionate quantities of the different descriptions of
improved lands to each other, are found to be, tillage 1.8,
mowing 7.3, pasture 6.8 ; and on the foregoing principles it
will appear, that the average intrinsic vakie of the whole of
these descriptions, is a little less than 36 dollars per acre. This
value varies in the different counties, as will appear in table 4,
tmd probably still more in different towns in each county ; —
AGRICULTUKE. 209
und it must be very raich increased when a spirited and judi-
cious system of husbandry shall generally pervade the State,
and fully elicit the productive powers of its soil.
The improved lands constitute the principal part of tlie fix-
ed agricultural capital of any country, and are all which may
be termed fixed and directly productive. There are other ar*
tides however which though not so permanent, nor directly
productive, yet may be classed with the fixed capital. We
have no returns, nor enumeration, of any of this description, ex*
cept barns, of which the whole number, in each county, is sta-
ted in a subsequent table. Of these, probably one eighth be-
long to persons employed in commerce and manufactures, the
remainder may be considered as forming a part of the fixed
agricultural capital. Their average value must be conjectur-
ed, but it is thought will be low enough if estimated at 40 dol-
lars.
The amount vested in implements of husbandry, forms anoth-
er item, which may be attached either to fixed or active capi-
tal ; but there are no means of ascertaining it, better than a
random conjecture — it is therefore wholly omitted.
Horses, oxen, cows, and steers of 3 years old, are all which
are enumerated among the articles which form the fluctuating
or active agricultural capital ; but a large part of the horses
are employed for other purposes, besides those directly or indi-
rectly connected with agriculture ; and in estimating their val-
ue therefore in relation to agriculture, we should deduct from
their number, perhaps one half. The others also, after a few
years, are transferred into the class of products, and their place,
as forming a part of the capital, is supplied by the growth of
younger animals.
The value of these several species will be estimated, horses
at 40 dollars, oxen at 20 dollars, and cows and steers 3 years
old at 12 dollars each.
Swine are also among the articles enumerated, but there
may be different opinions whether they should be classed with
27
21© AGRICULTURE.
capital or products. There are considerations however whick,
as it respects those of the age enumerated, induce the classing
them with the capital ; but it is of little consequence ; their
short existence, and continual reproduction and income, will
perhaps justify the assignment of the number returned to the
capital ; as those of less age, more than to replace the original
stock, and the flesh of those older, after one year, wiU proper-
ly be considered as products. The value of those enumera-
ted may be considered as, on the average, not less than four
dollars each.
Young neat cattle, and horses under 3 years old, must be
considered more properly as ])roducts, and their average value
classed with the amount of revenue — but no returns were
made of these, and their numbers and value must be left to
conjecture.
Sliecp form an important part of the active agricultural cap-
ital '-li the State; their product forms nmch of its annual in-
come, and will probably, at some day, constitute one of the
principal, if not the first, of the staple commodities of the
State. It is to be regretted that no returns have been made
of the numbers of this valuable animal, with which the State
abounds, nor any data exist from which an estimate, to be de-
pended on for any tolerable degree of accuracy, can be drawn.
It is known however, that besides furnishing the material for a
large portion of the clothing of the inhabitants, and not a small
portion of their food, large numbers are annually driven from
Maine to odier New-England States for a market ; but what
numbers, we have no means of conjecturing, except from an
account of the numbers from this State which passed Haverhill
and Piscataqua bridges in the year 1827, which was some-
thing m.ore than 3300. How many may have passed west-
ward out of the State by other avenues is wholly uncertain.
So far as the data here given may be considered as evi-
dence, and the principles assumed correct ; the intrinsic value
of the different enumerated species of the agricultural capital
of the State is exhibited in table 4.
AGRICULTURE.
211
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212 AGRICULTURE.
The agriculture of the western and older counties of the
State, including those on Kennebeck river, produces not only
a sufficiency for their own consumption, but a considerable
quantity for foreign exportation, and also some for exportation
coast- wise to other parts of the United States. The eastern
counties, being but of comparatively recent settlement, and, in
proportion to their numbers, being more largely engaged in the
lumbering business, and in commerce, * have not yet devoted
their attention so much to agriculture ; and tliis, with the con-
linual accession of immigrants to them, has occasioned a de-
mand for more of the products of agriculture, than as yet has
been supplied by their owti cultivation. The deficiency has
been made up by importations from the western counties of the
State, and from other of the States of New-England, and far-
ther south. There are no means of ascertaining the amount
or proportion thus imported to the newer counties, and no very
accurate means of determining the amount exported from the
older counties. The judgment however on the subject may
derive some assistance from a few statements and estimates,
which have been politely furnished by the Collectors of some
of the ports and by intelligent merchants in the State, in an*
swer to inquiries addressed to them for this purpose.
From these statements and estimates it appears, that in the
year 1826, the exports of agricultural products from Maine
to Foreign ports, were as follows.
From Eastport — bread stuflfs and salted provisions, val- 7 ^^^^ ^^^
ue about ^
But a very small proportion of this could have been the
product of the country in the iramedinte vicinity; and how
much of it was produced in Western counties, or in other
Stales is not known.
Belfast, estimated value about $1 000
VViscasset, estimated value about 500
Bath, corn, wheat, potatoes, apples, oats, value 16 000
Portland, Beef, 2481 bbls. value $20 351
Butter, 16 660lb3 . ^ ^^^
Cheese, 3,525 lbs. S
" See Tables 14 and 15 of chapter S.
Saco,
AGRICULTURE.
"Zl^
Poi-k,
873 bbls. )
Bacon,
19,9&8lbs. }
value
£0 959
Lard,
74,280 lbs. )
* Flour,
5, 133 bills.
;}
26 016
Corn,
4,789 bushels
J?
4 500
Bread,
1,590 bbls.
»>
5 197
Potatoes
, 4,316 hushels
♦J
1 871
Other products
not enumerated
»
4 166-
— 86 61iJ
Beef,
135 bbls.
value
^886
Flour,
15 5 bbls.
>j
881
Candles,
21 i)oxes.
>9
221
Beans,
49 bushels,
)i
52
Pork,
27 bbls.
»
373
Butter,
l.niibs.
?>
110
Live Stock & other articles, "
2523-
— 5 046
ebunk, Beef, pork, corn, meal, and
'
other articles, estimated at
50 400
Total, S409 561
It may be a question whether a part of the flour exported
tfom Portland and Saco, may not be of the produce of south-
ern States ; as also may be some part of the foreign exports of
Kennebunk and Eastport ; but except the article of flour, and
probably some part of the salted provisions from Eastport, the
residue is the product of this State ; making a deduction there-
fore of the article of flour, from the exports of agricultural pro-
ducts, from Portland and Saco ; with a conjectural allowance
for flour from Kennebunk and Eastport, and a part of the salt-
ed provisions from Eastport, we may reasonably estimate the
value of the annual export of agricultural products of Maine, to
foreign ports, as not less than J250 000 ; and when the great
demand for home consumption, created by the lumber business,
as well as for the supply of the commercial and manufacturing
part of the population, is considered, and w^e also take into
view the quantity of bread stuff", sahed provisions, and other ar-
ticles required for victualling 175,000 tons of shipping belong-
ing to the State, (a part of which, to say the least, is furnished
within the State) and add to this the quantity consumed by the
agricultural population itself, it cannot reasonably be doubted
^at the products of the agriculture of the State is much great-
214 AGRICL^LTURE.
er than is exhibited m the retunis to the Legislature, wliich
have been stated.
An additional estimate of the amount of the agricultural pro-
ducts of the State may be deduced from the numbers of horn-
ed cattle and sheep annually driven to Boston, Brighton, Sa-
lem, and other places westward, for a market, and also into die
province of New Brunswick. But very limited accounts of
these however, have been obtained, yet the probable amount,
in round numbers, may be inferred from tliem with a tolerable
degree of fairness.
The principal channels through which tlie live cattle from
Maine are driven to markets, at Boston and elsewhere in New-
England, are — 1st. Across the Piscataqua at Portsmouth.
Those which take this road are sometimes sold in Portsmouth,
or driven farther, across the Merrimack at Newburyport or
.\jiiesbur\-. — 2d. Across the Piscataqua bridge, at Newington.
A part of these may find their market at Portsmouth ; the resi-
due pass the Merrimack also at the same places with die for-
mer.— 3d. By New ^larket and Exeter. These pass the Mer-
rimack at the former places mentioned, and at Haverhill bridge.
— 4th. Other roads farther north, are the more frequent chan-
nels for the cattle of the upper parts of the count}' of York and
of Oxford. These generally cross the Merrimack at Haverhill
and Andover bridges.
Accounts from all these bridges, v.hich might easily be taken
liy the toll gatherers, would furnish a very nearly accurate state-
ment of the exports of the State of this kind, in this direction.
None such however, are known, except an account kept at
Haverhill bridge, for the year 1S27, and an estimate made at
Piscataqua bridge for the same year. The former enumerates
3766 oxen, cows and other horned cattle, passing that bridge
from Maine, within that year, and 1368 sheep; the latter esu-
mates 1000 homed cattle and 2000 sheep. It may be presu-
med that the number passing in this direction through all the
other avenues, is at least equal to those passing these two, anii
AGRICULTURE. 215
probably somewhat greater. The result therefore would be,
about 10.000 neat cattle, and about 7000 sheep, annually ex-
ported through these channels.
From Lubeck, Eastport, Robblnston and Calais, large num-
bers of cattle are annually exported into tlie province of Xew-
Brunswick ; and a considerable number also through the ^^il-
derness to Houlton, and thence to the seltlements on the St.
John. The estimates of gentlemen residing on tlie several roads
through which these pass, and near the places from which they
are exported, agree that 1500 is the lowest number probablv
passing the St. Croix, and 500 the lowest number passing up
the Penobscot, and by Houlton. The amount of these, added
to those before mentioned, would make an aggregate of about
12,000 horned cattle, and 7000 sheep, annually exported bv
land.
The value of the live stock thus exported, must be principal-
ly conjectural ; but considering that oxen are often worth from
30 to 40 dollars each, and sometimes more ; and that young
eattle of various ages may be from S to 15 dollars, it cannot be
extravagant to suppose them to average 20 dollars ; and sheep
cannot be esdmated as worth less tlian one dollar and fifty
cents. At these estimates, the value annually exported in tliis
way will be about 250,000 dollars ; — wliich, added to tliat be-
fore stated as exported by sea to foreign places, wiD make the
aggregate export of the agricuhural products of the State, to be
about half a million of dollars annually.
When in addition to the amount of known actual exports,
and the known amount of products, it is considered that there
is much also, the amount of which is not known ; also — that
tlie whole territory included within the exterior hmits of the
present settlements, forms less than one diu'd pai't of the State :
— that the whole amount of improved land, of every descrip-
tion, is less than one nmth of tliat within diese limits, or little
more than one thirtiedi part of tlie whole State ; — that die for-
ests with wliich tlie vacaat laud is covered, present strong in-
216 AGRICULTURE.
ducements lo the neglect of agriculture, for the cutting, mana-
factui'ing and transporting of wood, ship timber, and other lum-
ber ; — and take into view the vast demand for the products of
agriculture occasioned by the numbers, in many parts of the
State, employed nominally as agriculturalists, but principally in
|irocuring lumber, as weD as many engaged in commerce and
manufactures ; and by the employment of so large an amount
of shipping in the foreign and coasting trade, and the fisheries;
it will be evident that whatever causes have heretofore, and
may for a time continue to produce an importation of provisions
to some parts of the State, it can not be from any want of pro-
ductive ability of the soil, or congeniality of the climate. And
when with the preceding accounts and considerations, we con-
nect the fact that Maine is, and probably must continue to be.
one of the most commercial States in the Union, we must
come to the conclusion, not only that it is rich in agricultural
resources, and capable of sustaining, from the products of its
own soil, a very numerous population, in comfort and compe-
tence ; but that the extensive demand for the products of ag-
riculture, for the consumption of the large proportion of the
population engaged in commerce and the fisheries, and in the
pursuit of the lumbering business, and manufactures, gives to
the farmer of Maine the best of markets for his surplus pro-
ducts— the market near home ; and mast always give to the
agriculture of the State the decided advantage of a sure sale,
and comparatively uniform prices; which is not to be found in
those countries, the whole or an undue proportion of whose
population depends upon agriculture alone for its support ; —
and that its commerce, which always has contributed largely to
the life and activity of its agriculture, will at a future day con-
tribute vastly more, and in return will itself, eventually, be sus-
tained by the same agriculture which it has and will continut
so extensively to invigorate and support.
COMMERck. 217
CHAPTER Vm.
Commerce,
From the earliest settlement of Maine, the character of its
inhabitants has been, in a great proportion, that of a commer-
cial people. Its numerous and excellent bays and harbors ;
its abundant materials for ship-building, its vast quantities of
lumber suitable for foreign markets, as well as for those of the
United States, and the immense quantities of fish which fre-
quent its coasts and rivers; and the facility with which all these
eould be procured in the vicinity of the rivers and harbors,
with very little capital except sufficient for the temporary sub-
sistence of the hands employed in procuring them, were
strong temptations to the early inhabitants, in every part of the
State, to engage in the pursuits of commerce and the fisheries,
rather than in those of agriculture.
That part of the country also, which was first known,
namely the sea-coast, presented apparently fewer inducements
to agricultural enterprize, than are found in other States farther
south ; and hence the early immigrants to this part would be,
in a great measure, of such a description, as in a choice of
circumstances, would prefer the activity and excitement of
commerce and the fisheries, to the more quiet scenes of agri-
culture. And though since the interior has become known, it
is found that its soil is fertile, and its circumstances favorable,
in a high degree, for the pursuit of agriculture ; and though in
fact, at the present day, agriculture forms the chief employ-
ment and support of five-sixths of its inhabitants, and affords
competence, and even wealth, with much more uniformity,
and less hazard, than any other pursuit ; yet the commercial
cast of its early character is transmitted to the later inhabi-
28
218 COMMERCE.
{ants ; and the peculiar situation and circumstances of the State
aided by the enterprising disposition of its inhabitants, from the
earliest times to the present ; and the natural tendency of hab-
its once formed in a community, to perpetuate themselves, will
warrant the conclusion, that Maine will continue to be largely a
commercial State, and as such, will sustain, among those of the
Union, a rank, to say the least, but little inferior to the first, and
perhaps, in some respects altogether superior to any other of
ihem.
The commerce of this State consists principally in exports
of timber, masts, spars, boards, plank, scantling, staves, and
other lumber, wood, bark, dried and pickled fish, beef, pork,
live stock, butter, cheese, cider, corn, and various other pro-
ducts of agriculture ; — candles, soap, shoes, boots, nails,
bricks, lime, marble, house-hold furniture, and some other
articles of manufacture ; — and in imports to some parts of the
State of similar articles to those exported from others, also
of manufactured articles of various kinds, the products of
other New England States ; tobacco, rice, flour, pork, tar,
pitch, turpentine, he. from the Southern States ; grindstones
and plaster from New Brunswick and Nova-Scotia ; molasses,
sugar, rum, coffee, he. Sic, from the West Indies ; salt, iron,
earthern, woollen, and other manufactures from Great Britain ;
hemp, duck, iron, he. from the north of Europe ; and a por-
tion of all the various manufactures and products of other
countries, which are imported into the United States.
The complex nature and circumstances of the commercial
transactions of this State, render it impossible to ascertain,
with any degree of precision, its real amount. The Custom-
house books will exhibit the amount of the imports and ex-
ports directly to and from foreign ports ; but this will be far
from affording an adequate idea of its actual foreign trade.
Many of the cargoes entered in ports of this State are imme-
diately shipped, partly or wholly, coast-wise to Boston, New
York, and other ports, for their final market ; and a very large
COMMERCE. 219
proportion of the foreign articles consumed in Maine, are en-
tered first in the ports of other States, where the cargoes are
subdivided, and distributed, in smaller parcels, coast-wise to
the several ports in this and other States. Perhaps the amount
of the tonnage of Maine, employed in foreign trade, may be
the safest criterion of the extent of the concern of the State in
that trade ; yet even this must probably be qualified by the
consideration that a part of it is employed in the foreign trade
of other States, and a part of the foreign tonnage of other
States, is sometimes also employed in the trade of Maine ;
but in what degree the proportions in these two cases may
approach towards a balance of each other, is not easy to de-
termine.
Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4, exhibit the tonnage, and amount of
revenue collected, in the several districts of this State and
that of the aggregate of the United States, for six years ; and
will furnish evidence, from which to judge of the direct foreign
commerce of the State, and its proportion to that of the whole
United States ; but, for the reasons before given, this affords
no tolerable index to the amount of the real indirect foreign
trade of the State, which is conducted through the ports of
other States, and, on the Custom-house books appears to the
credit of those ports. A better relative idea of the commer-
cial importance of the State, will be obtained by a comparison
of the tonnage with the population. From this, it will be found
that Maine possesses nearly four times its numerical proportion
of the foreign tonnage of the United States, and more than
four times its proportion of the whole tonnage ; — its popula-
tion being but about 3 per cent of the whole population of
the United States, its tonnage employed in foreign trade is
11^ per cent, its coasting and fishing tonnage near 13 per
cent, fishing tonnage alone 19\ per cent, and its whole tonnage
12| per cent, of the whole, and of each respective class of
the tonnage of the United States.
220
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244 COMMERCE.
Inquiries have been addressed to the Collectors of the dif-
ferent ports in the State, and to other mercantile gentlemen,
with a view to obtain such facts, or estimates, as they might
respectively be able to furnish, on which to ground some general
estimate of the extent of the commerce of the State, and form
some opinion of the amount of its mercantile capital. These
inquiries were in most cases answered with much promptness
and politeness ; and they collectively contain a mass of infor-
mation on the subject, for which much credit is due to the
gentlemen who have respectively furnished it. The nature of
the subject was such that much minuteness of detail could not
be reasonably expected ; and in many respects, the answers
could only be matters of opinion ; but being the opinions of
intelligent men, practically conversant with the subject, they
may doubtless, be depended on as substantially correct, as
far as the nature of the case will admit, and sufficiently near
the truth for a fair general estimate.
The account of the commerce of the State given in this
chapter, is drawn from the information thus obtained, assisted
by the evidence afforded by the preceding and subsequent
tables.
The amount of direct exports, from the several collection
districts in this State, to foreign ports, for tlie year 1826 (ex-
clusive of exports coastwise) is in substance stated as follows :
District of York,
principally boards, total value about $ 800
Kennebunk, (estimated)
lun)ber, various kinds, value $ 50 400
products of agriculture, &ic. &-c" 50 400 100 800
Saco,
1 340 668 feet boards, value 10 550
65 200 Staves " 622
276 M Shingles 312
1616 Shooks and heading - - - 1006
4000 Hoops 65
135 bbis Beef 1860
155 bbIs flour 881
251 quintals dried fish 541
COMMERCE.
245
220 bbls pickled fish» value
m uoxrs Candles
49 bushels beans
£7 bbls pork
1111 lbs butter
64 head live stock
corn, nteal, potatoes, apples,
poultry, Spars, Stc. &£,c.
Portland, Specie
18 790 quintals dried fish
6 879 bbls pickled fish
£6 004 lbs Spennai.eti candles
2 410 M. Shingles
32 212 676 ft. boards
all other lumber
303 bbls tar, pitch, &c.
2481 bbls beet
16 660 lbs butter )
3 525 lbs cheese \
19 55 lbs bacon )
74 280 lbs lard I
5 333 bbls. flour
4 789 bushels corn
1 590 bbls bread
4 316 bushels potatoes
293 tierces rice
303 hhds. tobacco
94 987 lbs tallow candles >
157 307 lbs soap ^
Leather, shoes and boots
4 884 Gallons domestic
distilled spirits
Household furniture
25 308 lbs nails
Castings and all manufactures of iron
21 798 lbs powder
manufactures not enumerated
raw products not enumerated
Bath. boards, shingles and other
lumber
corn, wheat, potatoes. )
apples, oats, &,c. ^
Wiscasset. boards
staves, shingles, masts,
spars &tc.
products of agriculture
Belfast, boards, scantling, shingles,
sugar box shocks, hhd. shooks
spars, staves, oars, kc. &tc«
products of agriculture
^86S
221
52
373
110
1890
2549
2 361
51432
344 501
8 750
344 501
66 645
695
20 351
2 799
20 958
26 046
4 500
5 197
1871
6 306
20 629
25 984
7 627
1998
1193
1 511
\ 829
3 020
11750
4166
160 00
17 700
4 000
uncertain
500
22 000
21 81ft
$661413
177 700
4 500
1000
246 . COMMERCE.
pickled fish, dry fish, soap, } qfmo
candles, bricks, &,c. &^c. ^ " * 26 000
Frenchman's bay, lumber, various kinds 5 000
20 000
7 000
93 000
250 000
156 250 499 250
Bangor
Machias
Eastport
lumber (estimated)
boards
boards, scantling,
timber, staves, Stc.
bread stuftand salted
provisions,
tea, tobacco, nails, silks,
and American manufactures
Total— Dollars 1 524 27a
From the foregoing statements and estimates, it appears
that the direct foreign exports of this State, exclusive of those
from tlie ports of Waldoborough and Penobscot, (from which
no accounts have been obtained,) amount in one year to more
than $1.500.000.f The exports coastwise however, which
constitute the principal trade of the State, do not appear ; and
the only method we have to arrive at any tolerable estimate
of the amount of this trade, is by a conjectural computation
from the quantity of coasting tonnage, and the time in which
vessels are generally employed, with an average estimate for
the value of their cargoes. Yet even in this metlwd there
must be a considerable degree of uncertainty. A part of the
coasting tonnage of IMaine may be occasionally employed in
the coasting trade of other States, (though probably not a
large part) and it is difficult to form any tolerable estimate of
the average value of cargoes, except those of lumber. A part
also of the coasting trade of Maine is conducted by vessels of
other States, which take cargoes directly from the ports of
this State to those of their respective States. Any estimates
therefore on this subject must be received with due allowance
for these circumstances.
* Before tht closinof of the British Colonial ports, the exports from this port were much
gi-eater (as they probably were from other ports.) The exports from Belfast to the Brit-
ish provinces in 1820 were 60 000.
t This exceeds the official account of exports for the same year, stated in table 6, by
about 50 per cent. Whether tliis is owing to inconipleteness of the official returns, or to
lower slniements of the value in those rptvrns, or to errors in thr ej-timates here griven :
Or, whether it may not be owing to the JiiTerencc in the time for which the several ac-
counts are stated (the one bring for the year ending 30th September, tho other for the
vear ending 3lst December) is uncertain.
COMMERCE. 247
From the information communicated in answer to the in-
quiries before mentioned, with regard to the coasting trade of
the State, a calculation predicated upon the tonnage of the
several ports for the year 1825, is made respecting the ex-
port coasting trade of the State, which though it must be far
from a correct account, yet will serve to give some tolerable
idea of its extent and value. The following is a summary of
the accounts and estimates — the tonnage is as it stood on the
Custom house books for 1825 — the exports are estimated
for 1826:—
York. — Coasting tonnage 825 tons. About one third part
finds its employ in other ports. — Export, — wood — principally
to Boston. Vessels make about 20 trips per annum, — cargoes
valued at about $220 per 100 tons of vessels. The resulting
estimate gives the annual value of exports coastwise $24,200.
Kennebunk. — Coasting tonnage 851 tons — export, w^ood,
principally to Boston, — value of cargoes $220 per 100 tons —
vessels make about 20 trips per annum, — estimated amount
of exports $37,400.
Saco. — Tonnage 2387, in addition to which about one
third of the export coastwise is in vessels from other States. —
principal exports — ^boards, plank, dimension stuff and other
lumber, to Boston, Salem, Newburyport, Portsmouth, New
Bedford, Bristol, Warren, Providence and New York. —
Vessels make about 15 trips per annum. — Average cargo
about 80.000 feet of boards, (or other lumber equal) per 100
tons of vessel — value about $500. Total coasting export
$162.500. — Sawed lumber at this port the year ending 30th
September 1827, about 21.000.000 feet.
Portland. — Tonnage 11.931. Probably a larger share of
the coasting tonnage of Portland than of any other port in the
State, is employed in carrying part of the cargoes of foreign
importation to Boston and elsewhere for a market. The
value however of its own coasting export, of the products of
the State, may perhaps be measured nearly, by estimating it at
24S COMMERCE.
that of the quantity of the cheapest article which its tonnage
would carry — viz. lumber, and the number of trips somewhat
less than from Saco — say 12 per annum. — It exports boards,
shingles, staves, shooks, fee. he. The value, on the principles
assumed, may be estimated at $800,000.
Bath. — Tonnage 9538. — Exports boards, shingles, wood,
spars, staves, &ic. he, — to Salem, Boston, Providence, New
York, &ic. Coasters make about 10 trips per annwm, — about
one half its produce is carried by vessels of other States. The
value of its coasting export therefore must be estimated at
$1,064,000. It will be observed that the estimate for Bath
includes the whole trade of Kennebeck river.
WiscAssET. — Tonnage 7705. About 'j of its exports are
in vessels of other States. About J- of its tonnage is estimated
to be employed in carrying boards, sugar boxes, &£c. ; and |
in wood, bark, &:c. Vessels make about 15 trips per annum.
Cargo of wood valued at $150. Total value of exports
$320,400.
Waldoborough. — Tonnage 17.455. The principal ex-
ports from the ports composing the district of Waldoborough,
are lumber and lime — we have no account nor estimate of
their quantity. A considerable part of the coasting tonnage of
this district is employed in the trade from Ban?or and other
places; any estimate therefore, of the exports of this district,
drawn from the amount of its tonnage, would be exceedingly
fallacious. On the other band, the tonnage of the district of
Belfast, which includes Bangor, and other places on Penob-
scot river is far from sufficient to carrj' all its exports, and a
large proportion of them is carried by vessels from the dis-
tricts of Waldoborough, Penobscot, and Frenchman's bay.
The estimate therefore of the value of exports by means of
the tonnage of these three districts, must be understood as
made up, in a considerable part, from the district of Belfast j
that is from Bangor, Hampden, and Frankfort ; and perhaps
from other places. The value of cargoes from Bangor is ej-
COMMERCE. 249
timated at f 800 each. From Waldoborou2;h, to avoid over-
rating, they are considered as at .f 500 each ; average trips 1 1
per annum. — Estimated exports from Waldoborough and other
places, by the shipping of Waldoborough is ^1.244.000.
Belfast. — Tonnage 6691. Exports, — wood, bark, shin-
gles, timber, spars, he. he. Wood and bark principally to
Boston and other ports in Massachusetts bay. Lumber to
ports south of Cape Cod, and to Connecticut, Rhode Island,
New York, Sic. Hay, potatoes, oats, butter, fresh beef,
pork, mutton, poultry, he. to Eastport and other places on or
near Passamaquoddy bay. About ^ of the export is in ves-
sels of other States. Vessels make about 14 trips per annum.
The tonnage of Belfast district includes that of all ports on
the west side of Penobscot river, and the estimate of exports
is blended with those of Bangor. Estimated value of ex-
ports is $672,000.
Bangor. — Included in Belfast district. Exports, — boards,
shingles, clapboards, timber, laths, oars, staves, heading, hoops,
Sic. &;c. About } of the exports of this place is carried in
vessels from other States. The tonnage owned here is enrol-
led at Belfast, and is included in the statement of the tonnage
of that port. The transportation of the lumber from this place
employs, besides the tonnage owned here, and that above
stated from ports out of the State, a large amount of tonnage
from the districts of Waldoborough, Penobscot and French-
man's bay. The amount exported coastwise in 1826 is esti-
mated as follows :
Boards, plank, and joists, surveyed 23.473.180 feet,
do shipped without survey 3,354 000
29.8i>7.180 at g8. 14— ^218.471
4338 tons timber, average price 5^75 per ton 11.9-29
99.671 feet ranging timber " 2 50 " " 2.491
Shingles, clapboards, and laths 96 000
Oars, staves, heading, hoops, &ic. &c. 7.000
Total estimated value ^335. 891
32
250 COMMERCE.
* Penobscot. — tonnage 14.353. The prmclpal exports
from this district coastwise, are wood, lumber and fish. Its
tonnage finds a large share of its employment at Bangor, and
other places out of the district. The value of the cargqes it
exports from this, and other ports and places, may be estima-
ted at $ 1 030 000.
Frenchmans bay. — Tonnage 6454 — Exports, pine boards,
sprLice joints &;c. &ic. to Boston and Providence. About 1-20
of its exports is in vessels from other States. — Average val-
ue of cargoes estimated ar$515. A part of the tonnage of this
■ district finds its employment on Penobscot river and elsewhere.
Estimated amount transported by its tonnage $ 385 000
Machias. — Tonnage 3620 — Exports, principally boards,
plank, scantling, pine and spruce timber, shingles, laths &tc.
and some furs. About 1-3 of the sawed lumber, and timber,
goes to New-York, the best pine boards to Boston and Salem,
the residue chiefly to Rhode Island and Connecticut. About
1-20 of the tonnage is employed in the plaster trade from Pas-
samaquoddy ; and about an equal proportion of the export
from this port is in vessels from other States. Vessels usual-
ly make 6 trips per annum to places beyond Cape Cod, and
10 to places this side. Value of sawed lumber exported per
annum, is estimated to be, boards $165 000, laths $21 000.
other lumber uncertain. Furs $1500 — total estimated $ 187-
500. Besides shingles clapboards &:c. he. which may be
conjectured as not less than $40 000.
PASsAMAq,uoDDY. — Tonuagc 2693. Exports, boards, plank,
scantling, laths, he. &tc., to Boston and New- York: plaster,
grindstones, fish, oil, herrings, mackerel, salt, potatoes, &tc. to
Boston, New-York and other places. The ports in this dis-
trict, Lubec, Eastport and Calais, carry on an extensive coast-
ing trade with other ports of this State, and of the United
States, and also with the neighboring British provinces, \ i
* To prevent inisunderstandin°: it should be observed that the district of Penobscol, in-
cludes only the ports and places On the ea-^t side of Penobscot bay and river. Those on
tlie west are included in the district of Belfast.
COMMERCE. 251
amount of which is not easy to ascertain. The shipments
coastwise annually from Eastport are estimated as about
200 cargoes lumber, total value
at
^128 000
500 cargoes (140 tons each^ piaster
" 105 000
800 barrels oil
8 000
SO 000 quintals fish
60 000
800 tons grindstones
8 000
40 000 boxes herrings
22 000
500 tons salt (iOOOO bushels)
8 000
20 000 bushels potatoes
8 500
Total $ 342 500
The exports from Lubec and Calais are generally of a
similar kind with some of those from Eastport ; those from
Calais are principally lumber from Lubec ; plaster forms the
chief article ; but we have no data for discriminating or con-
jecturmg the amount of exports from each of these ports res-
pectively.
The following notice of the trade of Passamaquoddy is from
the pen of a respectable and intelligent merchant, who is evi-
dently well acquainted with the subject, and from whom also
is derived the preceding account of the trade of Eastport.
" The principal articles, which support a great trade from
the port of Passamaquoddy, are lumber, plaster, and fish.
The resources for the first are vast, and the trade rapidlv* in-
creasing. The plaster trade is always dependent on the quan-
tity required, and that is closely connected with the price of
flour; more or less being used as the price of flour lis low or
high ; and if other causes, growing out of a supposed inutility
in its permanent and constant use, exist, no data are yet fur-
nished to warrant the conclusion that the trade has declined in
consequence.
The fish trade in this bay, has been nearly stationary for
some years ; but that part arising from the taking of fish, at the
Labrador coast, is an increasing one, and has well rewarded
the recent attention given to it from this port.
The shipping of the State of Maine have nearly the whole
carrying trade fi'om this port, and must continue to monopo-
252 COMMERCE.
lize it, owing to their contiguity, and perfect knowledge of the
coast, added to an economy and enterprize which can com-
pete with any nation on the globe.
All the exchanges growing out of the trade of this port, do-
mestic and foreign, are estimated not much short of two mil-
ions of dollars annually. Much of the export is made in small
boats, and goes to supply the neighboring British provinces ; and
the largest portion of the lumber is taken down through the
sluices on the British side (boards being in a degree common
above these sluices) and thence exported in British vessels to
the West Indies.
Owing to the great depth, and saltness of the w^ater, and
rapidity of the current in the bay of Passamaquoddy, there is
no ice in the coldest winter, and the navigation is always open,
20 miles at least, above Eastport. The access to this spa-
ci'jus harbor is easy at all times ; and a fleet of men of war
of the largest class, would be able to enter with the wind
from any quarter, and come to safe anchorage from all v/inds.
Communications are opening with the interior settlements
on the St. Croix, which promise great benefit to the general
trade."
It is far from probable that the preceding account of the
coasting export of the State, is very accurate in its amount,
and still less so that it exhibits, in every instance, the relative
proportion of the exports of each port. The shipping of the
several ports is so much concerned in the trade of other ports
than those to which they belong, that to separate them wholly
in the account is impossible, unless there were some official
record of the coasting import, and export, which might be re-
sorted to as authority.
The value of the whole amount of the coasting export of
this State, so far as the preceding estimates afford ground to
judge, appears to be upwai'ds of six millions of dollars per an-
num ; of which about 220 000 dollars is in articles principally
COMMERCE. 253
the products of other states, and a small portion those of for-
eign countries.
The amount of exports direct to foreign countries, is up-
wards of 1 524 000 dollars ; of which about 204 000 is the
product of other States or countries, leaving about 1 220 000
the product of Maine. These, with the value of live stock ex-
pouted by land, as stated in the preceding chapter, to the es-
timated amount of 250 000 dollars, makes the total export
trade of Maine more than 8 000 000 dollars, annually ; of
which about 424 000 dollars is the product of other States,
and the residue the surplus fruits of the industry of the inhabit-
ants of Maine.
That these estimates are accurate, cannot be affirmed, but
it is believed that they approach tolerably near to a general
view of the gross amount of the exterior trade of the State.
If this is the case, it resuhs that, taking the whloe population
of the State upon the average, the labor of the inhabitants pro-
duces annually, besides what is necessary for the consumption
within the State, an average surplus of about 29 dollars for
each individual, or about 143 dollars for each family of five
persons, exclusive of its own direct consumption, and is the
surplus which it has to exchange for those articles of its con-
sumption, which it requires of the growth or manufacture of
other States, or of foreign countries.
The fisheries of Maine are conducted partly by boats, and
small vessels near the shore, which are employed at all seasons
when practicable, and at other times hauled up, idle ; and part-
ly by large vessels employed in the Bank and Labrador fish-
eries from 4 to 6 months in the year, and the residue of the
time in the coasting trade, or sometimes laid up for a few
months in the winter. The average amount of fish taken by
these different descriptions of vessels, must be expected to
vary considerably. The quantity annually taken by the
boats and vessels of all descriptions, from the different ports
in the State, is estimated to differ in value, according to the
254 COMMERCE.
time respectively employ-ed annually, and other circumstan-
ces, from 1300 to 3500 dollars per 100 tons of vessels em-
ployed. Taking the whole amount of the fishing tonnage of
the several ports throughout the State, with the estimated
amount taken annually by the boats and vessels from each port
respectively, the average annual value of the fish taken by each
100 tons of vessels, is 2314 dollars, and the gross value of the
whole of the fish taken annually is 470,987 dollars.
From a statement of the Cod-fishery of Massachusetts, in
Pitkin's statistical View of the Commerce of the United States,
it appears, that from the year 1765 to 1775, Maine employed
in that fishery about 60 vessels annually, amounting to 1000
tons, and manned with 230 seamen ; and exported annually to
Europe and the West Indies, about 12,000 quintals, the value
of which is stated at 2 dollars to 6 dollars per quintal ; at the
average of which the total amount is 48,000 dollars. At the
revolutionary war this branch of trade was nearly cut off, and
from the year 1786 to 1790 its annual extent was 30 vessels,
amounting to 300 tons, manned with 120 seamen. The ex-
ports were, to Europe 1000 quintals valued at 3 dollars per
quintal ; and to the West Indies 3500 quintals at 2 dollars.
Total annual value 10,000 dollars.
The statements, and estimates in this chapter exhibet a
great increase of this trade. The whole fishing tonnage of the
United States, from the year 1820 to 1826 inclusive, amounts
to an average of 63,987 tons per annum, of which that of
Maine alone is 12,326 tons, being 19 1-4 per cent, or nearly
one fifth of the whole. The export of fish to foreign ports, in
the year 1826, is stated, in the preceding pages from the ports
of Portland and Saco alone, to amount to $73,124 ; and the ex-
port of fish and oil coastwise, from the port of Passamaquoddy
alone, is estimated to amount to 90,000 dollars. If the export
of fish to foreign countries, fi-om those ports in the State from
vvhicii no account has been obtained is equal, in proportion to
their foreign tonnage, to the export from Portland and Saco,
COMMERCE. 265
then the whole annual export of fish from this State to foreign
countries would be upwards of 288,000 dollars ; but the great
amount exported coastwise, (judging from that of Passama-
quoddy,) added to the quantity consumed within the State,
renders it improbable that the direct foreign export from other
ports has been so great in proportion. The whole accounts,
however, are sufficient to show that this branch of the industry
and commerce of the State is of no small importance, whether
as it regards the inhabitants of the State, or the Union at large.
The number of seamen employed in the whole commerce of
Maine, may be estimated, in some measure, from the tonnage ;
but as some part of the time, particularly in the winter season,
a part of the vessels are unemployed ; and as a part of the ves-
sels are, for some months in the year, employed in the fishe-
ries, '^vhen they require more hands ; and for other months in
the coasting trade, when they require few^er, the estimate will
not be found very accurate, yet will probably approach nearer
to the truth than any other mode of estimating, which is at
present to be obtained, and near enough, on the average, for
general purposes.
The number 'of seamen, including officers, requisite to navi-
gate vessels averaging about 100 tons, or upwards, is stated vari-
ously at different ports, (varying principally according to the size
of the vessel,) being from 4 to 7 men per 100 tons of vessels
employed in the coasting and foreign trade, and from 12 to 15
men per 100 tons of fishing vessels. The average of the whole
will be about 5 men, including officers, per 100 tons employed
in coasting and foreign trade, and 13 in the fisheries. The re-
sult, predicated on the tonnage of 1825, gives 4023 men em-
ployed in foreign commerce, 3700 in the coasting trade, and
2639 in the fisheries. Total 10,362 seamen, including officers.
It is not to be supposed that these are constantly employ-
ed at all times ; but, as during the time in which the ves-
sels are out of employ, the seamen in general have very little
opportunity to find steady employment in other business, it
256 COMMERCE. ^
may be reasonably estimated that the number of seamen general^
ly employed or attached to, and dependent on the naviga-
tron of Maine, is, on the average, not far from 1 0,000.
It is highly important, in a view of the statistics of the State,
or in any attempt to estimate its productive ability, or strength
and resources, to ascertain, as nearly as possible, the amount of
its available capital of every description ; and perhaps that of
no description infuses more life and vigor into the political sys-
tem than mercantile and navigating capital. The amount of
the several species of this capital ought to be exhibited in the
decennial inventories, which are required by the Legislature,
for the purpose of obtaining an accurate knowledge of the
amount of capital, in order to equalize the assessment of taxes.
The inventory of 1820, which is the only one taken since
the separate existence of the State, purports to be a true ac-
count of the tonnage, goods, wares and merchandize of every
description, &ic. &z-c. constituting the active and fixed capital of
every town in the State. But the remarks made in Chapter
7, respecting the returns of agricultural capital, apply also to
the case of this. The account is rendered by each individual,
of his own capital, under the expectation that his own account
is to be the relative measure of his own taxes ; and by the as-
sessors of the towns, under the same expectation with regard
10 the taxes of their respective towns. And, without implica-
ting the integrity of any one, it may be said that, where tlie
principal object is to obtain a relative valuation, to compare fair-
ly with that of other towns, there may be modes of reasoning,
on the subject of estimating the amount and value of property,
by which, even honest men, interested in the resuh, may be led
to estimate it very far below its real worth. Table 7 exhibits
the amount of tonnage returned in the inventory of 1820, com-
pared with the amount officially stated from the books of the
Treasury department of the United States for the same yeai-.
COMMFRCE.
257
And Table 8 the whole amount of stock in trade, or goods,
wares, or merchandize, of every description, at home or abroad,
paid for or not paid for, according to the returns of each coun-
ty, together with a comparison of the same with the number of
persons engaged in commerce, and A\ith the average families
for whose supply, or to meet whose annual exchanges, these re-
turns exhibit the annual stock in trade.
TABL.E Vlf.
Comparison of the tonnage of the severRl districts in the State, as sta-
ted on the books of the Treasury department of the United States,
with that returned by order of the Legislature of the State, in the
vef^r 1820.
True amount from
Ports in the Counties of the Custom- House
Books.
Amount returned
to the State
Legislature.
Washington - - -
Hancock, Waldo and Penobscot,
Lincoln and Kennebeck,
Cumberland and York,
9.305 tons 3.635 tons
30.182 18.379
54.004 43.661
46.882 36.803
Total - - - .
140.373 1 102.478
TABLE VIII.
Statement and comparative view of the stock in trade, viz. gooffs, wares,
and merchandise of every description, at home or abroad, paid for
or not paid for — returned to the Legislature in the inventories of
1820.
Amount of
Estima-
Av. stock ill
\uinLier of
Average
stock return
Stock in trad^
ted No.
trade for
oersnus en-
COUNTIES.
returned in
famili-s
exchanges
gaged in
ed to each
A. D. 1820.
in 1820.
& supply of
each larnily
Commerce.
person en^ a
'U comnterc^
York
$.186,598 9.257
$20
533
$ 350
Cumberland
.668.120' 9.889
67
662
1009
Lincoln
.121.945 9.768
12
1265
96
Waldo
39.180 4.450
9
J * ]
I 1085 5
1 101
Hancock
70.542 3.571
19
Washington
.169.957 3.549
47
452
876
Kennebeck
.136.081 8.030
16
211
645
Oxford
26.349 5.420
5
13
2026
Somerset
24.364 4.357
6
16
1522
Penobscot
40.0051 2.774
14
140
285
Total
1.483.14l|61.065
24
4297
345
Waldo is included principally in
a, few towns irom Kennebeck.
33
rcturss from Hancock— with a part ofl,inc»ln arfK
258 COMMERCE.
A moment's reflection, with a single glance at the tables,
will satisfy any intelligent person that such returns, notwith-
standing their official character, are not to be depended on as
affording any even tolerable evidence of the amount of capital,
neither positive nor comparative. The stock employed by
merchants and traders in different counties, though very differ-
ent among individuals, can not be so different, in the average of
the counties, as exhibited in the tables. Nor can the average
sum of 24 dollars annually be the whole amount of the stock in
trade, to supply the consumption, and exchange for the sur-
plus products and labors, of an average family. We must,
therefore, in the absence of sufficient official data, resort in pait
to conjectural estimates, to obtain any tolerably correct idea of
the amount and value of the commercial capital of the State.
The principal articles which constitute the fixed capital per-
taining to the concerns of commerce and navigation, are
wharves, shops, stores and warehouses, vessels, he. Vessels,
however, sometimes constitute a part of the articles of mer-
chandize, but in this case they perhaps more properly belong
to the account of manufactures ; of which ship-building forms
an important part, and, in many ports, constitutes, in its various
branches, the principal business of a large part of the inhabi-
tants. The goods, wares and merchandize, raw and manufac-
tured products, foreign and domestic, which constitute the sub-
jects of commerce, form an endless variety, impossible to enu-
merate, and are all embraced in the general term, stock in
trade.
The capital vested in wharves varies so much with the na-
ture of the harbor, and its value depends so much, not on its
cost but on local and contingent circumstances, that no satis-
factory nor useful estimate can be formed of it on the whole.
^hops, stores, and warehouses vary also in their value, from
local and contingent circumstances ; but their general value may
be, in some measure, conjectured, though not with much accu-
racy, yet sufficient to obtain some general idea of the amount.
COMMERCE.
259
The cost of different buildings of this kind, will be found to va-
ry from a few hundred to several thousand dollars. It will
probably be not a high estimate, if we consider the average
value of shops, stores, and warehouses, including the land on
which they stand, throughout the State, as not less than 300
dollars. And if we take the medium between the extreme
values affixed, by the committee on the valuation in 1820, to
the average of this description of buildings, in the different
towns in each county, as the relative average vahie of the ag-
gregate of each county, and from this deduce the proportion-
ate value of those in each county, to the value here assumed,
as that of the average of this description of buildings through-
out the State, it will give results probably as near the truth as
are at present to be obtained.
TABLE IX.
Estimated number and value of buildings employed in Commerce.
[ No. of Shops,
COUNTIES.
Stores and
Warehouses.
Average value.
Total value.
York
230
$290
$ 66.700
Cumberland
396
850
836 600
Lincoln
169
240
40.560
Waldo
76
210
15.960
Hancock
70
260
18.200
Washington
78
330
25.740
Kennebeck
225
270
60.750
Oxford
75
ISO
9.750
Somerset
31
190
5.890
Penobscot
37
230
8.510
Total
1377
300
$588,860
The value of the shipping oftlie State may perhaps be more
accurately estimated than that of most other articles, yet this is
not w^ithout some difficulties. Different descriptions of vessels,
fitted for sea, cost different sums per ton, and there are no
means of obtaining a knowledge of the respective amount of
tonnage of such different descriptions. They also cost more
or less at different times, and under different circumstances,
which can not be discriminated. The only mode therefore, is
260
COMMERCE.
to attempt to obtain an average estimate for the whole, distin-
guishing, as far as means are afforded, the average value of
those at each port.
The cost of the different descriptions of vessels built at the
several ports, is stated by the collectors of the ports, and other
gentlemen conversant with the subject, to be various, accord-
ing to the kinds most generally built at the respective ports ;
and probably also may be affected by a difference in the pri-
ces of labor and raw materials at different ports. The average
cost, resulting from the different estimates and descriptions of
vessels built at different ports, together with the aggregate
amount of the tonnage of each, is given in
TABL.E X.
Amount of tonnage
and estiin;ited va
lue of vessels fitted for sea.
Amount of ton-
Estimated aver-
Total value.
PORTS.
nage in 1825.
age cost per ton
York
1.093 tons.
$40
$43,620
Kennebunk
8.681
40
347.240
Shco
4.798
35
167.930
Portland
45.693
45
2.056.185
Bath
27.872
35
958.020
Wiscasset
11.564
40
462.560
Waldoborough
22.163
40
886.520
Belfast
9.542
45
429.390
Penobscot
20.194
40
807.760
Frenchman's Bay
10.700
38
374.506
Machia»
4.524
35
158.340
Passamaquoddy
8.192
46
376.832
Total
174.790
$40.50
7.078.907
The amount of goods, wares, and merchandize, or what may
be considered the stock in trade, or active commercial capital,
annually exchanged in the State, is perhaps only to be conjec-
tured. The statements in table 8, which ought to exhibit an
accurate account, it must be evident afford scarcely a ground
for conjecture, whether of the absolute amount, or the relative
proportions among the several counties. It may be supposed,
that, taking the whole number of persons engaged in commerce,
from the larger capitalists in the seaport and principal towns,
COMMERCE. 261
to the smaller traders in the country towns, some conjecture
may be made of a sum which each, on the average, employs
as his annual stock in trade. What that sum may be, will be
estimated very differently by different persons, and in different
parts of every county. It can not, however, be supposed that
there are many, even of the smallest class of country dealers^
who can support themselves wpon the fair profits of a less capi-
tal than 1000 dollars, and there are not many who do not an-
nually employ four times that sum, while there are not a few
who employ from 10 to 20, and some upwards of 50 times as
much. It will therefore be at least a reasonable, and probably
very low estimate, to allow that for each person engaged in
commerce, the annual commercial exchanges, or the stock in
trade annually employed, amounts to not less than 2000 dollars.
Another mode of estimating the amount of capital of this de-
scription, may be from the probable amount of that part of the
products, or income, or labor of each family, on the average,
which is annually exchanged lor such other articles of con-
sumption as usually form the stock in trade of merchants and
traders of all sorts. This, judging from the amount of the for-
eign and coasting export trade, as well as from other circum-
stances, it is believed can not, on the average to each family, be
less than 140 dollars. The estimated number of families in each
county is given in table 8 of this chapter ; and the number of
persons engaged in commerce will be found in table 7 of chap-
ter 6. Upon these principles, as applied to the probable
amount of the surplus or exchangeable products, or income, or
labor of each family, the commercial capital annually employed
in the inland trade, or exchanges of eaqh county, will be near-
ly as stated in table 1 1 .
262 COMMERCE.
TABL.E XI.
Estimate of the circulating- Commercial Capital, or surplus products
and exchanges of the aggregate of the families of each County.
Y„,k - - - ~ - - - r.295.980
Cumherland ----- 1.384.460
Lincoln 1.S67.520
"VValdo ------ 623.000
Hancock - - - - - 499.940
Washington ... - - 496.860
Kennebeck 1.124.200
Oxford - - - - - - 758.800
Somerset 609.980
Penobscot 388.360
Total ' ^ ' - ' • pTbiyTToo
This table will not be understood as exhibiting the amount
of mercantile capital actually deposited in each county ; but
merely the amount deposited somewhere within the State, to
supply the demand for the exchanges and consumption of
each county. A considerable proportion of the exchanges of
the inland counties is transacted at places near the seaboard,
out of the county ; and circumstances, in several instances, oc-
casion the transaction of the exchanges of some parts of the
seaboard counties in the ports of other counties. Thus, the
trade of Oxford and Somerset is conducted in considerable
proportions, respectively, with Cuniberland, Kennebeck, and
Penobscot. A part of that of York and Kennebeck with
Cumberland, he. &ic. The actual distribution of the capital,
or amount of stock actually vested within each county, will
probably be better estimated from the number of persons en-
gaged in commerce, taking the average amount of the stock
of each at the estimate before made, viz. 2000 dollars.
COMMERCE. 263
TABLiE Xlf.
Estimate of the value of Goods, Wares and Merchandize exchanged,
or amount of Stock in trade annually employed in the domestic
trade of each County.
York - ^ ^ I 111.066.000
Cumberland - - - - 1,324,000
Lincoln - - - , 2.530.000
Waldo .... *
Hancock . . , . 2.170.000
Washington - - - . 904.000
Kennebeck - . - . 422 000
Oxford - - - - . 26.000
Somerset - - - - - 32.000
Penobscot - - - - - ?80.000
Total - - I ^8 7&4.0U0
* The amount for Waldw is iucluded in that of Hancock and Lincoln, with a small part
In Kennebeck
The aggregate result of this table does not differ materially
from that of the preceding ; but the relative results among the
several counties, differ exceedingly. Still more do both dif-
fer from the official returns stated in table 8. But the whole
are so far the results and subjects of conjecture, that they must,
be considered only as attempts to approach to the truth ; and
which of them approaches nearest, every one will judge for
himself. It seems hardly probable that the amount of the
whole stock in trade annually circulated within the State, can
be much less than 10,000,000 dollars, but in this opinion the
concurrence of no one is to be expected, farther than the facts
here exhibited, or other circumstances shall warrant, in the
judgment of each individual.
If the principles of the preceding statements and estimates
approach near to the truth, then the whole amount of the cap-
ital annually employed in the foreign, coasting and inland
trade of Maine, including the tonnage employed in the fisheries,
and excluding articles of which no estimate has been attemp-
ted is, in the aggregate.
264 COMMERCE.
Vessels of all sizes and classes, including their tackle, appa-
rel, and furniture - - - - $7 078 000.
Shops, Stores and Warehouses - - 588 000
$1 666 000
Admitting the average net earnings of the shipping, exclu-
sive of fishing vessels, to be one dollar per ton per month, the
insurance and losses annually to be 10 per cent per annum of
the capital, and the value of the rent of stores and warehouses,
or the amount which they add, directly or indirectly to the
convenience or value of the circulating capital, to be 3 per
cent on the estimated cost, then the net income, or annual cir-
culation derived from or created by this fixed capital, is nearljr
23 per cent on its amount, or the gross sum of f 1.752.000
Annual exchange of goods, wares and mer-
chandize, 8.754.000
Gross amount of fish annually taken, 470.000
Total commercial circulation within the State, $10,976,000
Another view of the relative foreign commerce of different
parts of the State, so far as it may be indicated by the amount
of revenue paid on the direct foreign importations, may be ob-
tained by a comparison of the proportions of population and
absolute wealth, as it is represented in the State valuations of
taxable property, with the proportions of gross revenue collect-
ed in different sections of the State. For this purpose, if we
divide the State into parts ; the first, including the Counties
of York, Cumberland and Oxford ; the second, Lincoln,
Kennebeck and Somerset ; the third, Waldo, Hancock, Wash-
ington and Penobscot ; we shall obtain sections, the for-
eign and inland trade of which are very nearly connected
within themselves, and but comparatively httle intermixed or in-
terfering with each other, except the last may be subdivided by
considering Washington by itself ; and the proportions between
the population, wealth and amount of revenue collected in these
COMMERCE.
265
different sections respectively, will suggest some interesting
subjects of inquiry and reflection.
TABL.E: XIII.
Proportion of P')pii!rition, Wealth, and direct Foreign Import trade,
each to 1000 parts of the whole.
Population. Taxable prop.
Revenue paid
to Government,
COUNTIES.
1805
18101820
i
1
1805
1810 1820
-o ©
C 00
o —
1©
2-=
eo $
Is
CO ^
York, Cumb. & Oxford,
Lin. Kenne. & Somerset,
Wald. Han. Wash. & Peno.'
453 4.50' 412 .5911 4781 457 815
363 385i 362' 299 362! 354 148
184 165 -»56 110 160 189! 37
689
151
160
573
314
113
A farther and more detailed view, of a similar kind, is given
m
TABL.E XIV.
Proportions of the tonnage, n)erchandise imported, population and
tarable property of ditferent districts of the State at the year 1820.
TONNAGE.
Merchandise
directly impor
Average to eacli lOOG per
sons.
av'age
to ea.
$1000
tax'blc
prop'y
Districts in and comprising the
Counties of
empl. I in
in far- coa<l-
rign ing
trade, trade.
in Ives'L-
the lun. 20
fish- t. coas
eriP'^. 1&. fisli
total
ton.
all
descr
to each
1000
per. of
wh.pop.
to ea.
$1000
tax'bl
e^^t'te
York, Cumb. and Oxford,
Lincoln, Ken. & Somerset,
Waldo, Hancock and Penob.
Washington
Average of the State.
261
202
145
396
223
82 23
223 30
280 68
215' 63
178| 38
16
35
66
57
33
382
496
5591
7311
472|
n 1!'. lutiis.
4.8 3.968 50
7.8 2.304 37
9.3 2.309 40
8.8 11.526 141
6.7 1 3.375| 48
Average of the United States.
68
61| 11
• 7
147| 1 6.502|
Average of U. S. exclusive of the fishing tonnage
126|
From the preceding table it appears that the commei'cial
enterprize of different parts of the State, bears no equal pro-
portion to the population nor wealth of the several parts ; nor do
the direct foreign trade, and the tonnage, to the population nor
wealth, nor to each other. The greatest amount of tonnage
employed in foreign trade, in proportion to the population, is
34
266 COMMERCE.
found in the county of Washington, the least in the counties
on Penobscot bay and river. The greatest proportion of the
coasting tonnage is in the Penobscot counties, the least in the
western section of the State. The same is tlie case with res-
pect to the proportions employed in the fisheries, and also in
the coasting and fishing trade in vessels under 20 tons.
In the aggregate of the tonnage, the proportion appears to be
nearly in an inverse ratio to the density of the population, be-
ing relatively much the greatest in the county of Washington,
and diminishing with considerable regularity in proceeding
westward.
The proportions of tonnage to absolute wealth, vary in a dif-
ferent manner, being greatest in tlie Penobscot counties, next
greatest in Washington, next in Lincoln and Kennebeck, and
least in the western counties. In this respect they agree near-
ly with the proportions between the population and the whole
tonnage employed in the fisheries, and also in a measure with
that of the tonnage of vessels under 20 tons.
The proportions however between the value of merchan-
dize imported directly from foreign countries, and the amount
of the population, and also that of the taxable property, differ
considerably in their relation to different districts. In both
cases, the proportion of direct imports is greatest in Washing-
ton, next greatest in York and Cumberland, and least in the
counties on the Kennebeck and Penobscot.
The proportions exhibited on the average of the whole Uni-
ted States, show the superior importance of Maine to the
general commerce of the Union, in relation to the proportion of
its tonnage to the population. And if we suppose that Maine
consumes an average proportion of foreign commodities, as is
probably nearly the case, it shows also that much the largest
proportion of foreign imports to Maine, is made coastwise from
ports in other States, where they were originally entered ; and
the amount of duties accruing on them, which are paid, event-
ually by the consumers in Maine, appear wholly to the credit
COMMERCE.
267
of the commerce of the States or ports of their original entry.
A view of the relative progress of the commerce of Maine
and that of the United States, may be obtained by a compar-
ison of the preceding with the following table ; which exhibits
also the proportions of the tonnage and population of Maine,
and that of each of the United States.
TABL.E XV.
TVbstract of the Foreign and Coasting Tonnage of the several Dis-
tricts in Maine, and of the several United States (exclusive of the
fisheries) on the last day of December 1809 — compared with the
population of 1810.
Employed
liimployed in
Total Ions to each 1000 persons of
in foreign
trade.
Coasting
trade.
the whole populatior
.
tons in
foreign
tons in coasiing.
Total
Tons.
Tons.
ves. over|b«,ats.&.c
tons.
1
trade.
20 tons, iunder 20.
Passamaquoddy
Machias
.645
.760
1.126 )
1.316 5
178
310
488
Frenchman's Bay
Penobscot
1.369
6.624
2.779 )
8.840 5
375
541
916
' Waldoborough
6.018
11.266 i
Wiscasset
13.933
3.563 >
469
229
698
Bath
18.766
4.124)
Portland
21-370
6.289")
Saco
Kennebunk
4 730
7.666
1.310
.615 '
1.647
343
95
438
York
1.682
Total of Maine
83.664
43.075
365
200
565
New-Hampshire
23.010
3.183
106
14
120
Vermont
.476
Massachusetts
241.025
72.271
510
153
663
Rhode-Island
28.403
8.626
369
111
480
Connecticut
21.306
20.910
81
79
160
Total Northern States
397.884
148.065
269
100
369
New-^ork
169.535
82.330
176
85
261
New-Jersey
15.596
25.818
63
107
170
Pennsylvania
106.621
14.921
131
17
148
Delaware
1.461
7.005
20
95
115
Total Mindle States |
293.213
130.074
140
62 1 1 202
{ Maryland
88.188
55.205
232
144
376
} Dist. of Columbia
7.482
6.332
311
260
571
( Virginia
36.699
36.018
37
36
78
North Carolina
23.161
13.610
41
24
65
South Carolina
42.675
8.144
102
19
121
Georgia
10.942
3.499
43
13
56
Orleans Territory
9.805
2.616
101
33
134
Total Southern Slates
218.952
125.424
79
45 j I 124
Total United States |
910.059 1
405.162 1
112
55 ; 1 167
268 COMMERCE,
This table exhibits the navigating interest of Maine, in pro-
portion to its population, as nearly four times as great as that
of the average of the United States, and greater than that of
any other individual State, except Massachusetts. Compared
with table 14, it also exhibits an interesting fact wdth regard
to the relative decrease of the tonnage from 1810 to 1820; and
this, with the statements of tables 1 and 2 show that from 1810
to 1820, the shipping of the State had increased more thaB
13,000 tons, while the }X)pulation, notwithstanding all the check
it suffered during that period, had increased in so much great-
er degree that the comparative ratio of the tonnage to the popu-
lation had diminished 93 in 1000. At the same time the ton-
nage of the United States, exclusive of that employed in the
fisheries, had diminished nearly 93,000 tons, and its relative
ratio to the population had diminished 41 in 1000. And it re-
suhs also that the rank, which Maine sustains, in relation to the
commerce of the United States, has advanced in the propor-
tion of 96 to 105, while its population, though under singularly
unfavorable circumstances, still kept pace with the average of
the nation.
This table also, compared with table 5, chapter 6, shows
nearly the same relative ratio between the proportions of the
tonnage and density of population, as in table 14, except with
regard to the county of Washington. The effect of the fron-
tier position of that county upon its commerce, and relative
proportion of tonnage to population, will be seen by the differ-
ence between its relative tonnage stated in tables 14 and 15,
and the relative amount of merchandize imported, as stated in
table 14.
COMMERCE.
26^
TABi-E XVI.
Proportions of the gross amount of duties paid on Imports, Tonnage,
&c. to the gross amount of Merchandize miported for 5 years.
YEARS,
In Maine.
In the whole U.S.
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
av. 5 yrs.
41 1 per ceut.
39t "
42 1-4"
48 1-4 "
31 1-2 '*
39
30 1-2 per cent.
29 1-4 "
24 1-4 "
31 3-4 ♦•
33f ««
30 3-4 ««
TABLJb} XV II.
Proportions of the Commerce of Maine, and of the whole United
Slates, conducted in foreign vessels.
IMPORTS. , EXPORTS.
TGNNAGii
i
i
15
1
Maine.
Total U. States.
Maine.
United States.
Years end-
ing 30th
September
11
If
U
M
1
1821
.000.71.072.8 .000.0 none.
.210.8;.027.7[.000.1
.000.4 .096.8;.093.4
1822
.001.31.075.1 .000.3 "
.199.1 .067.41.006.3
.e04.0J.113.6|. 106.9
1823
.000.2|.078.2 .000.2 ♦•
.171.4.047.31.001.8
.001.7.133.1 .127.1
1824
.000.2.065.5.002.8 " .142.2,.054.0 .003.3 .000.8 .107.1|.099.9
1825
.000.8|.046.0'.003.9 " .128.8 .064.6i.003.0 .002.8i.094.8|.090.0
1826
.000.41.049.31.007.6.012.9 .129.2 .048.3,1002.7 .00l.4|.100.3|. 094.1
av. 6yrs.|.000.6|.063.4|.002.5|.002.1|.160.3|.052.4|.003.0i.001.8|.107.4|.101.9
Table 16 is deduced from a comparison of tables 3 and 5,
and table 17 from a like comparison of tables 5 and 6. It
may here be remarked, that a large proportion of the foreign
voyages from the ports of Maine, do not exceed 3 or 4 months
continuance, and few more than 6 months. From this it results,
that many of its vessels enter and clear at the custom houses
several times in a year. Consequently, if all the foreign tonnage
of the State was employed in voyages directly from the ports
of this State to foreign ports, and directly returning, the amount
of American tonnage entered and departing, in table 5, would
be 2 or 3 times the amount of foreign tonnage exhibited in ta-
ble 1. And, as the account of entries and departures, is mani-
270 COMMERCE.
festly much less than it would have been in such a case, we,
by this consideration, arrive at a tolerable indication of how
large a share the shipping and seamen of Maine contribute to
the foreign commerce of others of the United States ; and
when, from the amount of merchandize imported, or revenue
collected, a comparison is instituted between the commerce of
Maine and that of other States, the same consideration proves
that, for a very considerable proportion of the indications thus
afforded, in regard to the commerce of other States, they are
indebted to the enterprize and industry of Maine.
The importance of Maine as a commercial State, in relation
to the rest of the Union, is farther illustrated by the propor-
tions, exhibited in table 16, between the amount of duties paid,
and that of foreign merchandize imported. From this it ap-
pears, that on the average of 5 years, every 100 dollars im-
ported into Maine, contributes 39 dollars to the treasury of the
United States, while the same amount of imports into the ave-
rage of the United States, contributes to the treasury but 30
dollars and 75 cents. IMaine thus contributing to the support
of Government about 22 per cent, more than her share of
the value of the merchandize directly imported from foreign
countries.
On the whole, when it is considered that the extent of the
territory of Maine, and the fertility of its interior, will allow it
to sustain a population superior to that of most of the States of
the Union, and surpassed by few if any ; — that its superior ad-
vantages for commerce and the fisheries, by drawing the subsis-
tence of a large class from the ocean, and from foreign coun-
tries, and adding largely to the means of subsistence in the in-
terior, enable it to support a population more dense than proba-
bly any other State, except IMassachusetts ; — that the ratio of
its physical strength, or productive ability is nearly one tenth
greater than that of the rest of the United States ; — that the
proporiion of its inhabitants engaged in commerce, and the
proportion of the fields it cultivates upon the ocean (measured
MANUFACTURES. 271
by its tonnage) are vastly greater than the rest of the United
States, and considerably greater than any State, excepting
only Massachusetts ; — that it pays relatively much more than its
proportion to the support of Government ; that while one sixth
of the exported products, and a considerable share of the whole
commerce of the Union are conducted by foreign vessels,
Maine conducts a large share of the remainder, and almost the
whole of its own ; — that its vast fund of materials for ship-
building, and the numerous facilities for that branch of busi-
ness, afforded by its ports and harbors, must continue to con-
tribute annually a great amount to the increasing tonnage of
the nation ; — that of the great national nursery for seamen, the
fisheries, Maine now forms one fifth of the whole ; — and that
the industry and enterprize of its inhabitants are surpassed by
none in the union ; it will, upon a review of these collective
circumstances, become evident that Maine actually sustains a
high degree of importance among her sister States, in some
respects already exceeding that of any other State, and eventu-
ally, from the concurrence of so many causes, must, as a com-
mercial and maritime State, take precedence not only of the
greater part of the States, but far from impossible, of any one
of them.
CHAPTER IX.
Manufactures.
In those branches of manufacture and handicraft trades,
which are immediately connected with and indispensably neces-
sary to, the ordinary pursuits of agriculture, and are necessary
to be obtained in the neighborhood of every farming establish-
ment, Maine has already made a progress, in general nearly
sufficient for its wants, and perhaps in most cases quite so. In
ship building, and the various branches dependent on or per-
272 MANUFACTURES.
taining to it, she greatly exceeds most of the States in the
Union, and, with a few exceptions, is probably equal to any ; as
is also the case with respect to many of those which are con-
ducted by the females of families whose principal occupation is
agriculture, especially in the important article of cloths of which
wool forms the chief or entire material. But in respect to
many other kinds of manufacture, this State is yet in its in-
fancy, and, in some, it depends wholly upon Massachusetts and
other New-England States, or upon foreign countries.
The principal articles, manufactured in any quantity for ex-
portation, are, lumber of various kinds, ships and vessels, which
constitute an extensive and important branch, iron castings,
nails, bricks, lime and marble, paper, gunpowder, rum and
whiskey, candles, soap, cotton cloths, leather, shoes, boots, ^
household furniture, &:c.
Most of the manufactures of the State are conducted in
small establishments, and many of them in private families, a
part of whose time is employed in agriculture. Establishments
for the manufacture of cotton and woollen cloths, nails, leather,
on a somewhat extended scale, have of late years been intro-
duced in a few places ; one for the manufacture of sah, from
the raw mineral imported from England, has been recently es-
tablished at Eastport ; and there are other manufactories of
different articles on smaller scales, in various parts of the coun-
try ; but taken collectively, a much smaller proportion of the
inhabitants devote themselves wholly, or principally, to manu-
factures, than in any other State north of Virginia.*
No authentic accounts are known to exist from which the
amount af all the various manufactures of the State can be ac-
curately known ; and to collect any tolerable account of them,
from individual information, would be next to impracticable. At
the census of 1810, a return was made of the principal articles
of manufacture ; but it was deficient in several counties, and
probably in many towns in every county ; besides this, many
* Tlw proportion in eaeb State will be fonnd is table 11 of chapter 6.
MANUFACTURES. 276
articles were not enumerated, some of which are manufactured
to 9 considerable extent. In 1820 the returns made to the
Legislature, by the assessors of the several towns, exhibit the
number and kinds of the principal manufacturing estabhsh-
ments, but 2;ive no account of their annual products. These
two sources are all, from which can be derived any extended
and comprehensive view of the manufactures of the State ; and
though the materials are very deficient in some respects, and
far from perfect in any ; yet by comparing them with the popu-
lation, and taking into consideration the circumstances and ad-
Tantages of the State in respect to its agriculture, commerce,
and fisheries, we may arrive at some general comparative idea
of hs manufacturing interests ; which is as much as, in the
present state of information on the subject, can be expected.
35
274
MANUFACTURES,
TABI.E I.
Statement of the Manufactures of Maine, as returned to Congress in
the year 1810, with the amount of the corresponding articles i»
Massachusetts, and in the whole United States respectively.
MANUFACTURES
In Maine.
Massachusetts.
U. States.
Cotton Cloth ~~
yards
811.912
16.581. 29§
Blended and unnamed dc
>. yds.
1.020.047
22.131 533
Woolen
yds.
4.53.410
4.004.280
Total
yds.
2.285.369
4.055.069
42.717.112
Average to each person
yds.
11
8
«
Looms
No.
16.057
22.564
325.392
Carding Machines
No.
75
180
1.776
Wool Carded
lbs.
450.255
797.236
7.417.261
Average carded by each
lbs.
6.003
4.429
4.232
Fullmg Mills
No.
59
221
1.682
Cloth dressed
yds.
357.386
730.948
5.452.96*
Average by each Mill
yds.
6.057
3.307
3.241
Spindles
No.
780
19.448
122.64T
Hats
No.
60.123
142.645
457.666
Furnaces and Forges
No.
2
37
153
Tr>p Hammers
No.
14
316
Naileries
No.
6
36
410
N*.ils
lbs.
1.265.594
15.240.320
25.727.914
Average by each
«»
210.932
423.342
62.751
Augers
value
$;2.000
$10,000
Soap
value
$31,650
$239,697
$409,508
Shoe? and Boots
value
$135,281
$2,201,671
$4,686,624
Saddlery
value
$24,678
$188,726
$834,787
Tanneries
No.
200
299
4.316
Hides and Skins dressed
No.
55.153
507.020
1.242.235
Leather
value
$231,174
$1,352,639
$8,358,250
Flax-seed Oil
value
$3,000
$46,982
$848,809
Spirits Distilled gallons
160.300
2.852.210
22.977.167
Carriages made
value
$9,000
$122,674
$1,449,849
Paper
value
$16..500
$257,451
$1,689,718
Rope Walks
No.
11
29
173
Cordage
value
$234,600
$1,030,661
$4,243.36$
MANUFACTURES.
fl5
TABIiE II.
Excess and deficiency of Manufactures in Maine, in proportion to its
population in 1310, compared with Massachusetts and the United
States respectively.
Cim.i) 'Ted
witJi Massncliu
Coinpart-J w
itiit^.p u s.
Manufactures.
E.xcess.
Deficit.
Excess,
Deficit.
Yards of Cotton Cloth
277.032
Do. blended and unnamed do.
306.095
Do. Woolen do.
324.271
Total
340.450
907.398
Number of looms
4.211
5.561
Number of carding machines
3
18
,
Pounds of Wool carded
64.522
210.989
Number of Fulling Mills
27
4
Yards of Cloth dreased
23.542
190.781
Number of Spindles
5.425
3.176
Number of Hats
2.075
45.360
Number of Furnaces, &c.
10
3
Number of Naileries
7
7
Pounds of Nails
3.797.569
459.143
Value of Augers
$1,665
Value of Soap
$51,585
$19,440
Value of Shoes and Boots
$581,575
tl5.90
Value of Saddlery
$40,770
$2,250
Number of Tanneries
47
61
Number of hides & skins dressed
117.476
15.081
Value of Leather
$254,658
>*39.414
Value of Flax-seed Oil
$12,330
.?'24.380
Gallons of Spirits distilled
763 782
580.899
Value of Carriages
$31,390
537.769
Value of Paper
$67,534
$38,007
Number of Rope- walks
'
6
Value of Cordage
$153,576
$97,718
276
MANUFACTURES,
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COUNTIES.
York
Cumberland
Lincoln
Waldo
Hancock
Washington
Kennebeck
Oxford
Somerset
Penobscot
MANUFACTURES. 277
The preceding tables, though they exhibit but a very lim-
ited and imperfect view of the manufacturing interests of the
State, yet they afford results of some importance, in respect to
its industry and character, and furnish grounds for some useful
estimates with regard to the future.
For the manufacture of cloth, which is one of prime neces-
sity, it appears that (exclusive of household manufactures)
there are but comparatively few factories in the State. These
are principally employed in the manufacture of cotton, and
send, a part at least, of their products to Boston and elsewhere
out of the State for their market. The great number of car-
ding machines and fulling mills, which are employed only in
the previous preparation of the wool, and in dressing the cloth
after it is fabricated, together with the great number of yards
of cloth of various descriptions stated in table 1, indicate clear-
ly that this important manufacture is conducted chiefly in pri-
vate families ; and it is well known that it is confined almost
wholly to the female part of the families, to whom other modes
of profitable employment, are not generally open ; and a large
part of whom, wnhout this manufacture, would probably have
opportunity to contribute but very little to the general wealth
of the State. Th<^ fact is highly creditable to the character of
the inhabitants for domestic economy and industry ; and this
will appear in a still stronger light from the comparisons in ta-
ble 2, exhibiting the excess of this household manufacture in
proportion to the population, when compared with Massachu-
setts, but especially when compared witli the average of the
United States ; this excess being about 17 per cent, over the
proportion compared with Massachusetts, and more than 65
per cent, over that of the average of the United States.
It may be farther remarked with respect to the manufacture
of woollen cloth, that the climate and soil of Maine, fit it espe-
cially for a grazing country, and more particularly for the growth
of sheep, and of the finest kinds of wool ; that every circum-
stance of the country is favorable to the growth and manufacture
278 MANUFACTURES.
of this highly important article ; and considering the evidence
of the quantity manufactured already, with the character, hab-
its, and wants of the inhabitants, and the nature of the climate,
soils, and face of the country, it may be anticipated that, when-
icver Maine shall be distinguished in any considerable degree
for its manufactures, that of wollen cloths, manufactured in the
families of farmers, will form the principal article ; the interior
of Maine will become to the United States, in a measure, what
the west riding of Yorkshire is to England ; and the growth and
manufacture of wool, will form the employment of a large por-
tion of its inhabitants, and one of the most productive sources
of its general wealth.
In other branches of manufacture (except ship-building)
Maine does not compete with the other New-England States ;
but in several, it exceeds its proportion compared with the av-
erage of the Unhed States. In some, however, it is consid-
erably deficient, among which, it may be mentioned, to the
comparative credit of the State, the impoverishing and de-
moralizing manufacture of distilled spirits, appears among the
articles enumerated in the greatest relative deficiency.
From the kinds of raw materials which the State produces,
and is best fitted to produce, and from the habits and wants of
the inhabitants, it may be expected that manufactures of ships
and vessels of various descriptions, cloth, cordage, castings
and other articles of iron, nails, leather, shoes, saddlery, soap,
candles, bricks, household furniture, Sic. will be always among
the principal articles it will furnish. Those of less impor-
tance to the first wants of mankind, though already produced
to a considerable extent, yet will advance more slowly, so long
as the inducements to agricultural and commercial pursuits re-
main in their present comparative state ; and will always have
to encounter the competition of the older and more perfect
establishments of the other New-England States.
The manufacture of ships and vessels of various descrip-
tions, constitutes one of the most important branches of the
MANUFACTURES.
279
industry of the State ; and, considered in all its multiplied
connections, gives employment and support to a large portion
of the most effective part of its population. Its own com-
merce requires, and absorbs a large proportion of this manu-
facture ; but in its supply to the commerce of other States of
the Union, it constitutes one of principal articles of the coast-
ing export of the State ; and in its whole amount it is one of
the chief, if not the very first, of its manufactures. The to-
tal amount of this manufacture for 8 years, is given in the Ap-
pendix to table 1, of Chapter 8, (page 226) ft* om which, com-
pared with the tonnage employed, as stated in that table, is
deduced the amount of this manufacture exported for 5 years,
as exhibited in
TABLE IV»
Manufacture of ships and vessels, more than to supply the losses and
consumption of the State.
Variation of tonnage employed in
the State from the
Tonnage built and
year 1820
exported, for sale out
Increase.
Decrease.
of the State.
Tons.
Ton-
Tons.
to 1821
402
14.649
1822
6.319
5.960
1823
.147
11.611
1824
15.055
3.790
1825
13.297
11.841
total
47.851
A\erage of the 5 \ears
9.570
The value of the vessels thus exported from this State to
ether ports in the Union, if equal, on the average, to the esti-
mated value before stated, would amount for the five years, to
the sum of 1,928,000 dollars ; or the average sum of 387,00d
dollars per annum. The estimated value of the whole quan-
tity built annually for the use of the citizens of the State, as
well as for exportation to other States, is given in table 6 ol
this Chapter.
There are many manufactures devoted solely to the supply
of the population in the immediate vicinit}^, or at no very great
distance from their establishment. Of these no estimate can
be made, other than from the probable wants of any given por-
tion of the population. Some of these establishments must al-
wavsbe in the vicinity of the demand, and of course are distri-
buted nearly in proportion to die population ;— others may
transpon their products more easily ; and hence are not always
to be found in that proportion ; but are distributed according
to otlier circumstances. Table 3 exhibits the number of es^
tablishraents, of the principal kinds, in each count^•, in the year
1820, with their relative proportion to tlie population ; but it
affords no indication of the productiveness of any of them.
Of the establishments enumerated in the table, grist-raillSf
saw-mills, carding machines, and fulling; mills, are srenerally*
distributed in some decree proportioned to the population ; and
the number of these which are required to supply the usual de-
mand of the inhabitants ; or the amount of population, which
on the average, will support one of these establishments, may br
inferred, with tolerable certaint}', from the relative proportions
exhibited in the table ; making allowance however, for the cir-
cumstances of different counties, to account for the dispropor-
tions between them.
It will also be observed in the table, that the nimiber of work-
shops for mechanics and manufacturers is distributed, with a
considerable degree of uniformity, in proportion to the popula-
tion of most of the cowrties. The average number is^ to 1 000
of ihe whole population of the State ; or 1 to evert* 33 families
of five persons each, on the average. The number of tanne-
ries is also diffused through ever\' count}-, but not ver>' uni-
formly. Other establishments are found, respectively, in but a
part of the counties ; but these are of kinds, the establishment
of which, requires large capitals, or the product of which, may
be easily transported to di^ant places. They are all of the
most important and useful kinds, except one — which to the
credit and advantage of the State, exists but in four counties —
MANfFACTURES. 281
and it is devoutly to be hoped, will, at some time, disappear
from even' part of the State.
With respect to the amount of capital vested in manufactu-
ring establishments, or to the annual value 6( manufactured ai-
ticles produced, we have verj^ scanty data on which to found an
estimate. From the returns of 1810, an estimate may be for-
med, so far as respects the articles enumerated at that time ;
and supposing the increase no m jre than to have kept pace
with the increase of population to 1820, an estimate may be
made of the probable amount of the annual value of the same
articles, at the latter period ; but the probable amount of other
articles (exceptinz ships and vessels.) must depend so much on
mere conjecmre. that no attempt will be made to estimate
them.
The asCTegate amount of the fixed capital vested in manu-
facturinsj establishments, may, from the number reported in
each county, be conjectured rather more nearly than the an-
nual value of products ; and mi^ht be estimated with some
certaint\% if we could obtain a fixed value as the averasre of
that of the establishments of each kind ; but as this is impossible
or nearly so, h will be of litde use to make the attempt, ex-
cept so far as, by assumins a conjectural sum as the av?raffe
cost, we may obtain a comparative estimate of the fixed man-
facturing capital of the respective coimties ; and this, imper-
fect as it must be, will not be without its use in investigations
respecting the relative state of the several counties in this
ve-pect.
36
282
MANUFACTURES.
3 C
re X
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nasjainog
9.400
4.800
6.600
26.400
25.800
6.400
5.600
300
CO
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© ©©© ©©©©0 ©
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15.600
2.800
8.800
50.400
2.000
800
§
t
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X
eo
•5iDooa«H
i),.r
21,000
1.200
3.600
14.000
48.600
5.600
4.000
1.000
1
'
1
i
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•OPIEM
§ 0©©©©©©© ©
-co iC-MCviX^JX-f W
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•UIODUIT
50.000
1,000
2.400
17.200
800
40.40(1
70.200
10.800
7.200
2.000
1.500
©
©
■puBiJaqinno
54.0001 84.000
400! 10.000
600| 10,000
300; 1,800
17.200' 21.200
400 2,600
48.000 35.200
87.H00 51.000
7.600 10.000
7.600 8.000
2,000' 3.000
4.000
1 1.500
1.200 1.500
i
©■
eo
©
•j[.ioA
,©
Shops and Work Houses
Rope Walks
Distilleries
Pot and Pearl Ash Works
Tanneries
Bakehouses
Grist M lis
Saw Mills
Carding Machines
Fulhng Mills.
Spinning Machines
Cotton and Wollen Factories
Slitting Mills
Iron Works and Furnaces
All other Mills
z
0;
1
0
B
3
Jl
11
c c
0 •-
l.f
MANUFACTURES,
283
The estimated cost of the establishments enumerated in this
table, it is believed, is in most cases rather below than above
the truth. In several it is stated from a knowledge of facts ;
but in some it is merely conjectural, having however for a
guide, the value affixed to them by the Legislature, in the
year 1820, as compared with the value of others, the cost of
which is better known. In the aggregate, the estimate is
about four times the amount of that affixed by the Legislature
as the relative value.
From the statement of the amount and value of manufac-
tured articles in table 1, with a conjectural allowance predicated
upon the increase of population since 1810; and from other
sources, an estimate of the probable annual value of manufac-
tures, since 1820, is formed as in
TABLE VI.
Estimate of the annual value of Manufactures.
I aver, for
eiuh fam.
D.MlUi- .
::■).
Cloths, of all kinds
1.528.600
25.65
Hats
160.300
2.69
Nails
135.000
2.26
Augers
3.000
05
Soap
42.200
71
Tallow & Sperm. Candles
30.700
51
Shoes and Boots
182.000
3.06
Leather
.308.000
5.17
Skins dressed
73.500
1.24
Saddlery
33.900
57
Flax-seed Oil
4.000
6
Distilled Spirits
213.000
3.57
Pleasure Carriages
12.00Q
20
Paper
12.000
20
Cordage
312.800
5.25
Ships and Vessels
1.037.000
23.15
Total enumerated
|4.088.000i 74.33
It will be observed that the foregoing enumeration comprises''
but a part of the manufactures of the State ; and omits some,
of which the annual products very considerably exceed many
of those which are ennmerated. Of those omitted are lime.
284 MANUFACTURES.
marble, bricks, iron castings, edgetools and other manufactures
of iron, brass and copper foundry, tin, gunpowder, cabinet
work and household furniture, casks and other wooden ware,
clocks, silver ware and jewelry, combs, he. &lc. It is known
that most of these are manufactured to a very considerable
extent, but no account, or estimate of their amount has been
obtained.
But, notwithstanding all these omissions, it still appears that,
in the manufacture of only the few articles enumerated in the
tables, the industry of Maine exhibits a gross amount of pro-
ducts which must be sufficiently gratifying to its friends. And
it is satisfactory also to observe that, (witli one solitary excep-
tion, to qualify the satisfaction) its principal manufactures are
of those essential articles, which are best adapted to its cir-
cumstances and necessities, and for which it has abundant
materials, and in the production of which it has no occasion to
apprehend any serious disadvantages from the competition of
other States, nor from an excessive production, nor deficient
demand.
The account of boards and other lumber manufactured has
already been noticed in chapter 8, so far as it respects the
quantity and value of the articles exported. The quantity
manufactured for home consumption must be immense, but
can only be left to conjecture.
When it is considered that die increase of an active industri-
ous population, with the direction of its labor to the produc-
tion of articles of general necessity and convenience, econo-
my and. intelligence in the employment of its time, and fru-
gality in its expenditures, are the foundations on which any
addition to the wealth and resources of the State must be
built ; that these almost inevitably imply an extended culture of
the earth, either by additional improvement of that already un-
der partial cuhivation, or by clearing and subduing the now
MANUFACTURES. 285
vacant lands ; that, in the present state of the country, the lat-
ter will, most probably, be the principal course pursued for
many years ; that, in doing this, vast quantities of lumber and
potasii, with comparatively very little additional labor, may be
prepared from the raw^ material now utterly useless, and profi-
tably exchanged for the manufactures of other States ; that the
crops produced from the labor bestowed in clearing new lands,
and the consequent improved value of the lands, yield to the
laborer a much greater profit than he can earn in the same
time, from the same labor in any other employment ; and that
they also conduce more effectually to the ultimate resources of
the State ; that there are yet vast forests to be subdued, and
extensive vacant lands, waiting for the increasing population to
furnish hands for their cultivation ; that the soil and circum-
stances of the State offer great inducements to agricultural en-
terprize ; and that it possesses superior advantages tor com-
merce, navigation and the fisheries ; it will become evident,
that, in manufactures generally, and especially in those of the
first importance, Maine is as far advanced, and produces as
much, as is expedient on the whole, or as its present circum-
stances and situation require. Should these advantages be
properly improved, by a wise and liberal system of internal
policy ; and proper facilities be rendered, so that all classes of
the inhabitants may avail themselves to the utmost, of tlie op-
portunities which nature affords ; the reciprocally beneficial
action of these several pursuits upon each other, will render
the clearing and improvement of the wild lands, and the ex-
portation or exchanges of the surplus products of the forest,
the field, and the sea, and such manufactures as may be pro-
duced without disproportionate encouragement, more condu-
cive to the real wealth and indedenpence of the State, and
contribute more to the efficient resources of the nation at large,
than can possibly be experienced from the diversion of the
physical energies of the State, in an undue proportion, to the
purposes of manufacture, at tliis early period.
286 REVK^UES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
But, a time must arrive, when manufactures will form a
more extensive branch of the employment of the inhabitants of
the State. The vast quantity of its lumber must diminish be-
fore the increasing population, and finally cease, as an article
of exportation. Its place will be occupied with fields and
pastures, and the products of agriculture must sustain the man-
ufactures which the necessities of the population will require,
and both of these must continue the commerce which the lum-
ber trade, and the fisheries, have created. The immense
quantity of water power, distributed over every part of the
State, will suffice for the most extended system of manufac-
tures which may require its aid. The raw products of its soil
and its commerce will furnish abundant materials for every
manufacture which can be necessary or useful, and the indus-
trious and enterprising character of its inhabitants will not fail
to prompt them to avail themselves of all those facilities, to
produce every important manufacture, which may be required
for their own consumption, or be advantageously exchanged
by means of their commerce with other States and countries.
CHAPTER X.
Revenues and public burdens.
The revenues derived from Commerce, being by the Con-
stitution of the United States, under the control of the General
Government ; and the expense of erecting and maintaining
fortifications, and national arsenals ; the administration of
maritime law, and the laws of the United States in general, and
those laws of the State which affect the rights of citizens of
other States, being exclusively at the national charge ; they do
not fall within the object of this chapter, and any notice of
them will be unnecessary.
The proper revenues of the State of Maine, are derived
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS. 287
principally from direct taxation on the polls and estates of the
inhabitants. The taxes are assessed by the Legislature, on
the several towns and plantations, in proportion to the number
of polls, and the estimated value of the aggregate real and
personal estates within each respectively. The amount annu-
ally to be derived from this source, depends wholly on the
discretion of the Legislature* to impose, and the ability of
the people to pay. In some sense it may be said, that tlie
practicable amount of revenue from this source, may be equal
to the aggregate of all the annual incomes of the skill, indus-
try, and property, of all the inhabitants of the State ; except
so much of it as is indispensably necessary for their ordinary-
subsistence. This perhrps may be true under the extreme
pressure of extraordinary emergencies ; but, between tliis,
and the point which may be safely approached by ordinary
Legislation, there is a wide difference. To form a right esti-
mate of this difference, and to ascertain the amount which
may, without oppression, be derived from direct taxation on
the value or income of estates, in proportion to their amount,
requires an investigation of the nature, extent, and distribution
of the wealth or productive ability, and the necessary consump-
tion, of the mass of the people, wliich will not form the proper
subject of this chapter.
Besides the amount derived from assessments on the value
of polls and estates of all classes of inhabitants equally, the
* It will be observed that reference is here had only to revenues
appropriated to thi se objects of disbursen^ent which come within the
ex'^Uisive control of the Legislature. There are objects of disburse-
ment, to a much greater amount in the aggregate, some of which are
under the direction of the courts and officers of the respective coun-
ties, and the revenues for which are prhicipally from taxes assessed by
the Courts of Sessions of each county, under the sanction of the Leg-
islature, and m part from fees fcc accruing within the county, all of
which pass through the county treasuries only ; and others which are
confined wholly to the several towns, under the direction of their re-
spective inhabitants ; and, the revenues to meet which, are derived
wholly from taxes assessed by the inhabitants, on the polls and estates
within their respective towns. These different subjects will be no-
ticed in their place, in the subsequent part of this chapter.
288 REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
State receives no other direct revenue, except from a tax of
one per cent, on the capital stock of the several banks incorpo-
rated within its jurisdiction. The amount of this is necessarily
limited by the extent to which banking institutions will bear tax-
ation, and sustain their standing ; and the amount of capital
they can employ ; and this mast depend upon the service which
they may render to the public, in furnishing a convenient circu-
lating medium, with sufficient security for its redemption in spe-
cie whenever it may be required ; or, in other words, on the
confidence which the public may place in their paper. So that
when by due vigilance on the part of the Legislature, and due
prudence and integrity on the part of the managers of the bank-
ins; institutions, this conventional substitute for the precious me-
tals, is kept within the limits of a healthy circulation, and sup-
plied in sufficient quantity to meet the ordinary occasions of
commercial operations, the revenue to be derived from this
source may be considered as permanent ; increasing with the
increase and prosperity of the country ; without any oppressive
exaction upon the fair profits of the stockholders.
The revenues from these two sources will be considered as
permanent direct revenue. Others equally direct might be
found, but have not yet been sought for, in this State, to any
extent worth noticing.
The indirect revenues of the State, have been derived hith-
erto from but few sources; and may be considered chiefly, as
taxes on litigation. They are levied in the form of duties on
commissions to public officers ; fees to the officers of the judi-
cial courts ; and, fines, forfeitures, and bills of cost, continually
occurring, with more or less fluctuation, in different counties of
the State.
The existence of this branch of revenue must be considered
as permanent, but its amount must necessarily be fluctuating.
The amount derived from the first part, depends on the num-
ber of appointments to office, the frequency of their renewal,
and the tax which the incumbents may be willing to pay,,
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS. 289
for the honors, or can afford to pay, for the emoluments, of the
office. The amount of the second depends on the number of
lawsuits ; and therefore may be expected to increase or di-
minish, with the general diffusion or diminution of virtue and in-
telligence, prudence or imprudence in commercial and other
speculations, and general prosperity, or misfortune, of the com-
munity. It can not be desirable that its product to the public
coffers should ever be very great. The third, though it flows
from causes which, in the consitution of society, are unavoid-
able, and therefore may be considered, in its kind, as of a
permanent character, yet can, in no community, long constitute
a large source of revenue, and must always be the most unde-
sirable. These three have formed, hitherto, the only perma-
nent indirect sources of revenue within the State.
There are also receipts into the Treasury, occasionally, of
small amount, transient and accidental. These may be clas-
sed under the general description of temporary and miscel-
laneous.
Besides the foregoing, however, there are monies derived to
the treasury of the State from other sources, which have hith-
erto been applied, with the ordinary annual revenues, to the
discharge of current annual expenditures ; but which, in all
calculations upon the resources of the State, should be careful-
ly distinguished from ordinary revenue ; as they belong in fact,
not to that, but to the capital stock of the community ; from the
income, or product, of which, ordinary revenue is to be deri-
ved ; and any consumption of this capital, for the purpose of
ordinary annual expenditure, is just so much subduction from
the fund which should afford only its annual income for that
purpose, and the principal of which should be preserved, and
carefully cherished, to be touched only on great and pressing
emergences.
The capital here referred to is, that received fi:om Massa-
chusetts in the distribution of the joint property of the two
States, and the proceeds of the sales of the public lands and
37
290
REVENUES AiND PUBLIC BURDENS.
timber. Maine has no other permanent funds, nor resources
for creating any other, unless by a direct draft uqon the fruits
of the labor of its individual citizens.
It needs no argument to prove that the proceeds of the
sales of lands and timber, though they have been received, and
will still be receivable, for a length of time, perhaps for many
years, yet they possess no part of the character of permanent
revenues, or annual incomes, or products. The application,
therefore, of these sums, to the purposes of ordinary annual
expenditure, introduces a distinct article in the classification,
for which no name is thought more appropriate than that of
'* capital consumed."
The amount of monies received into the State Treasury,
from the first organization of the Government, to the close ol
the year 1827, is abstracted from the Reports of the Treasu-
rers, as follows: viz.
From the organization of the Government to the close of the
year 1821.
Received from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 8.000
from loans, 33.500
Tyxes on the several Banks withm the State, 29.6S1.47
State Tax, (on polls and estates) of 1820, 27.b87.9l
State Tax, 1821, 6.24^^.50
Clerks of Courts, for Justices' fees, S. J. Court, 544.40
Treasurers f)f Counties, 1.352:40
Treasurers of towns, 138
Duties on Comniissions of civil officers, 864
Refunded the Treasury, 114.76
107.482.51
Total,
Dollars
Receipts during the year 1822.
Cash in the Treasury Jan. 1, 1822,
9.703.81
Received on State Tax of 1820,
1.250.36
State Tax of 1821,
43.569.40
State Tax of 1822,
7.844.27
Taxes on Banks^
14.625
from Treasurers of Counties, viz.
Oxford, 273.24
Penobscot, 397.10
Lincoln, 121
.73
79« n?
REVNUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
291
from Treasurers of towns, received by
theni for iDiiitary exemptions,
for commissions to fish inspectors,
for Justices' commissions,
Justices' fees, S. J. Court, viz.
York County,
Cumberland,
Lincoln,
Hancock, (in part,)
Washington,
Oxford,
Kennebeck,
Somerset,
Penobscot,
124.£0
145.40
324.70
75.80
103 70
56.48
230
61.70
45.30
Justices' fees, C. C. Pleas, viz.
York,
490.10
Cumberland,
242 30
Lincoln,
557.40
Washington*
290.40
Oxford.
134.40
Kennebeck,
625.90
Somerset,
241.90
Penobscot.
137.60
Fines, forfeitures, and bills of cost, viz.
In Cumberland,
193.06
Lincoln,
231.07
Somerset,
131,46
Unexpended balance of appropriations for the Conven-
tion on the Constitution,
Received on loans,
of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts-
award of Commissioners,
Premium on loans,
foi timber sold on publiclands,
Total.
248.90
105
200
1.167.20
S.690
555.59
215.03
40.000
15.717.50
1.000
290
139.999.13
Receipts during the year 1823.
Cash in the treasury Jan. 1, 1823,
Received on Stale tax of 1821,
State tax of 18ii2,
State tax of 1823,
Taxes on Banks,
Justices' Xees, S. J. Court, viz.
York County, 84.80
Cumberland, 90
Lincoln, 103
Hancock, 132.20
Washington, 60.40
25.501.52
190.15
32.431.60
4.492.62
13.000
292
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
Oxford,
18.40
Kennebeck,
77 70
Somerset,
40 £0
Penobscot,
51.80
658.5«
Justices' fees, C. C. PJeas, viz.
York.
655.80
Cumberland,
828
Lincoln,
8£1
Hancock,
788 90
Washington,
538.40
Oxford,
S£9.20
Kennebeck,
976
Somerset,
406.£0
Penobscot,
264.20
5.602.70
Fines, forfeitures, and bills of cost. viz.
In Cumberland,
621.85
Lincoln,
752.50
Oxford,
10.19
Somerset,
35.21
1.419.75
Balance from Treasurer of Kennebeck,
21.05
Fees received by Secretary of State,
71,65
Military exemptions,
124
Duties on commissions, viz.
Sheriff of Oxford,
25
Fish Inspectors,
20
Justices of the peace,
100
Coroners,
15
160
Sales of timber, and interest,
366.68
do.
42.25
do.
216
624.95
Sales of land.
82.47
do.
228
do. and tenements
400
71047
Assigned from Massachusetts
166.12
Miscellaneous receipts
398.70
Received from Massachusetts, on account c
.f>
30.000
engagements to Indians
Premiums for exchange on Boston
1824.
124.19
Total
115,697.95
Receipts during the year
Cash in the treasury Jan. 1. 18£4
19.035.92
Received on State tax of 1821 30.15
State tax of 1822 31.15
State tax of 1823 35.811.24
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS,
293
State tafx of 1824
5.379.1
Taxes on Banks,
Justices' fees, S. J. Court.— viz.
York,
80.40
Cumberland,
153.40
Lincoln,
134.20
Hancock,
63.50
Washington,
71.70
Kennebeck,
109.60
Somerset,
53
Penobscot,
83.90
Justices' fees, C. C. Pleas, viz.
York,
784.90
Cumberland,
848.40
Lincoln,
940.40
Hancock,
510.10
Washington,
5S4.80
Oxford,
274 10
Kennebeck,
1.135.50
Somerset.
431.10
Penobscot,
444.40
Fines, forfeitures and bills of cost,
In York,
Cumberland,
Lincoln,
Oxford,
Kennebeck,
Somerset.
Received on Notes due the State,
Interest on do.
80.
851 04
1.164.04
143.57
12.03
187.50
618.55
44.98
Duties on commissions to civil offieers
For military exemptions,
On claims assigned by Massachusetts,
Of land agents for timber and grass sold, viz.
OfMarkTrafton, 604.50
Of James Irish, 1.000
For land sold under Mrssachusetts,
From Secretary of State, for fees received by him,
From A. K. Parris, Governor, balance of
contingent fund,
Total receipts of revenue,
Net proceeds of lottery for benefit of
Oxford and Cumberland Canal,
41.251.65
14.420.81
749.70
5.803.70
1.938.U
663.53
287
44
1.274.92
1.604.50
24,28
62.16
85
87.245.35
2.437.50
Total receipts
89.682.8 5
294
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS,
Receipts during the year 1825.
Cash in the treasury Jan 1825
received on State lax of 1822 0.36
State tax of 1823 10.
State tax of 1824 59.691.05
State tax of 1825 4.938.51
Taxes on Banks,
Justices' fees, S. J. Court, viz.
York,
89.40
Cumberland,
141.80
Lincoln,
100.80
Hancock,
81.80
Washington,
40,60
Oxford,
85.80
Kennebeck,
'95.60
Somerset,
33.20
Penobscot,
122.40
Justices' fees C. C. Pleas, viz.
York,
Cumberland,
JLincoln,
^ Kennebeck,
Penobscot,
Hancock,
Oxford,
Somerset,
"VVashir.gton,
Duties on commissions, viz.
Of Justices of the peace.
Other officers.
On apppointments, viz.
Of Justices of the peace,
Other officers.
On commissions to fish inspectors.
On Notes due to the State,
Interest on do.
Fines, forfeitures, and bills of costs, viz.
In Lincoln,
Cumberland,
Somerset,
For military exemptions.
On claims assigned by Massachusetts,
Fees recetved in Secretary's office,
Received of land agents, viz.
Anson G. Chandler,
Janies I^ish,
734.40
741.60
756.30
967.80
303.80
481.80
325 10
337.70
402.10
110
71
505
185
260
52 90
116.26
4089
49.09
11.100.65
44.639.92
15.972,54
791.4e
5.050.60
60
292.90
206.24
6
306.05
43.76
1.149.90
RBVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
295
Of IiKlian Agent, unexpended balance,
Unexpendeded balance of contingent fund,
Total receipts,
Excess of expenditure over receipts,
Proceeds of lottery for the benefit of Cumberland and
Oxford Canal,
Receipts during the yeas 1826.
On State taxes of 1823, 10.35
State taxes of 1824, 41.34
State taxes of 1825, 40.148.02
State faxes of 1826, 4.064.94
Taxes on Banks,
Justices' fees in S. J. Court, viz.
York,
77.20
Cumberland,
140
Lincoln,
142.40
Hancock,
66.80
Washington,
42.60
Oxford,
55 40
Somerset,
51.20
Kennebeck,
69-80
Penobsoct,
129.70
Justices' fees, C. C. Pleas, viz.
York,
912.90
Cumberland,
960.50
Lincoln,
933.30
Hancock,
369.50
Washington,
498.20
Oxford,
212
Somerset,
611.60
Kennebeck'
1.06670
Penobscot.
600,80
®uties on Commissions, viz
Justices of the peace,
Other civil officers,
On Fish inspectors,
On outstanding notes.
Interest on do.
Fines, forfeitures, and bills of costs, viz.
Sundry persons.
In Penobscot Co.
895
196
778.45
44.28
7.
66.38
42.26
227.23
80.758.2*
6. 18- .48
86.945.76
11.077.55
44.264.65
17.871.97
778.70
6.165.60
1.091.
45.
822.73
73.38
296
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS-
For Military exemptions,
On claims assigned by Massac husets,
Of James Irish, land agent,
Miscellaneous.
Appropriation for expense at Arsenal, refunded,
Unexpended balance of contingent fund,
Temporary loan,
Appropriated of Cumb. and Oxf. Canal money )
to discharge temporary loan, and other debts, 5
Total,
£.
158.69
1.000
30.
200.
83 40
10.000.
15.000
97.587.12
Receipts during the year 1827.
Cash in the treasury Jan 1. 1327
Received on State tax of 1821 9.11
State tax of 1822 7.43
State tax of 1823 7.43
State tax of 1824 8.27
State tax of 1825 18.27
State tax of 1826 45.927.03
State tax of 1827 S. 60^.96
Taxes on Banks,
Justices' fees, in S. J. Court, viz.
York,
161
Cumberland,
£33.60
Lincoln,
171.40
Hancock,
90.80
Kennebeck,
115
Penobscot.
305,40
Oxford,
35.80
Somerset,
45.80
Washington.
S38.40
JuBtices' fees in C. C. Pleas viz.
, York, 1.366.50
Cumberland, 1.308.90
Lincoln, 1.069.70
Hancock, 687 20
Kennebeck, l,31»-..70
Penobscot, 1.001.50
Oxford, S8r>.60
do deficit of last year, 8
Somerset, 474.20
Washington, 639.10
Waldo, 62 10
Buties on commissions, viz.
To Justices of the peace, 855
Other civil officers. 369
2.097.17
49.581,46
19.967,97
1.397.2®
8.269.5(JI
REVNUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
For commissions to fish inspectors,
On notes due the State,
Interest,
90.
23,61
For military exemptions,
Fines forfeitures and penalties,
On claims assigned by Massachusetts,
Of James Irish, land agent,
From loans,
Appropriated from Cumberland and
Oxford canal fund,
Overdrawn by mistake on pay roll of Council 1825,
Proceeds of Sullivan bridge lottery,
Total,
Proceeds of Cumberland and Oxford
Canal fund,
Interest on appropriations from said
fund to the use of the Stale,
4.051.36
297
50.
113.61
4
£
18
13.037.39
22.000
3.900
100
S.1TS.55
124.935.85
4.944.08
38
^298
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
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^
EXPENDITURES. 299
Expenditures,
The expenditures of a State, or nation, as well as its popu*
lation, have been arranged by political economists, under dif-
ferent titles as suited their respective systems ; and no small
ingenuity has been displayed, by the partizans of different the-
ories, each in illustrating, and defending his own theory, and
disproving the propriety of those of others. The various heads
under which the different items of expenditure, or classes of
the population have been arranged, may be chiefly, if not whol-
ly, included in the terms, guardian, distributive, directly, indi-
rectly or partially productive, unproductive, consumptive ;
and different writers have sometimes refered the same subject
to different classes ; but it is not within the design of this work
to enter into disquisitions upon the propriety or impropriety,
of any particular mode of arranging these different subjects ;
Yet as some principle of classification, is to say the least, con-
venient, an attempt will be made to assign to each of the dif-
ferent branches of the public expenditure of the State, a dis-
tinctive title ; without, however, undertaking to defend the pro-
priety of the assignment, any farther than by a simple state-
ment of the principles on which it is made ; and each reader,
as his own judgment shall dictate, will suffer the assignment to
remain, or remove it to some other class, to which, in his opin-
ion, it may more properly be referred.
Those expenditures of public monies, which are made for
objects which do not <lirectly reproduce money, or other cap-
ital equivalent; nor partake of the character of those public
improvements, which of themselves, either directly yield a rev-
enue to the government, or facilitate the acquisition of wealth
by the citizens of the State, or increase the intrinsic value of
the property of the individual citizens of the State, or that of
the community, may, in some sense be with propriety con-
sidered as unproductive ; or, perhaps without much impropri-
ety, as cconsumptions of the public revenue.
300 EXPENDITURES.
T^his however is not always correct, and these terms some-
times convey an idea stronger than is intended. There are
many objects of expenditure, which do not directly reproduce
capital nor revenue, yet which are equally necessary and ad-
vantageous with those which do so ; and without which the
welfare of the people could not be efficiently promoted, nor
their rights and liberties securely exist ; and the terms guardi-
an, or distributive, will express their character with much more
accuracy.
To this class belong all that pertains to the Executive, Legis-
lative, and Judicial departments, whh all their circumstances and
contingencies, so far as is necessary for the discharge of tlieir
proper functions ; but any excess, beyond this point, must be
termed consumptive, or waste expenditure. To these also,
within certain limits, and under certain qualifications, may be
added the Military department.
Expenditures for the education of youth, and for public in-
struction generally, in all its various forms, are also, by some,
included in this class ; and no doubt with propriety ; but when
it is considered that these may have a direct, and powerful,
bearing on the means of increasing the wealth of the commu-
nity (as unquestionably its happiness) and diminishing many of
the public burdens ; that the proper intellectual and moral cul-
ture of the rising generations, forms the surest basis for any in-
crease, or even the continuance, of the power of the commu-
nity ; and that virtue and intelligence, the foundation of which
must be laid in youth, and preserved by continual instruction,
may be said to be incorporated with, and form an essential
part of the capital stock, from which the disposable public
wealth and strengtli are to flow ; or, are qualities without
which all capital must fail of accomphshing its proper end, and
may be mischievous instead of useful ; this article may with
great propriety be classed with those of productive expendi-
ture ; qualified however, by the condition that it is properly
directed. With some, the propriety of this may be questiona-
EXPENDITURES. 301
ble ; and it may be admitted that if this can be in any sense
properly assigned to the productive class, it is less directly so j
but it is not intended to enter the lists of debate on the question,
and it will merely be said, that, for the purposes of this work,
and for the reasons here assigned, this subject will be consider-
ed as belonging to those of productive expenditure.
Those public expenditures the objects of which directly pro-
duce wealth, or reproduce the capital expended, with a profit ;
or which, by the facilities or conveniences they render to the
people, enable them to increase their wealth or comforts ; or
which give an intrinsic value to the property of the individual
citizens in general, or to that of the State at large, must be
styled productive expenditures ; and, however large may be
their amount, yet, if they are made judiciously, and with pro-
per economy,, they can not be considered as consumptions of the
public revenue, but are in fact secure investments of so much
of the floating public capital, and additions to the public resour-
ces, or in many cases, the actual creation of new capital.
And, even if these expenditures are made, not from capital,
or revenue actually existing and disposable ; but from anticipa-
tions on the faith of future reimbursement, with an annual
rent, or interest, for the use of them ; still, if they add to the
annual wealth or income of the community, any thing more
than sufficient to re-imburse the annual rent, or interest requir-
ed as a compensation for the anticipation, they add to the
public capital, precisely the amount of this surplus.
The importance of the distinction between the effects of
expenditures of this and the preceding, or any other class;
and the extensive interest which this State peculiarly, may
have in the result of such distinctions, will justify the introduc-
tion of some illustrations of the different principles.
If the Stale should adopt the system of borrowing money to
defray the ordinary annual expenses of government ; or, to
meet those expenditures which are considered as belonging to
the unproductive, or guardian class ; the interest annually paid
302 EXPENDITURES.
for the loan, is a perpetual subduction from the annual revenues
of the Stale, or from the aggregate of the individual revenues
of the community. And, if the process is repeated, from
year to year, it must eventually produce an accumulation of
public debt, to discharge which, or even the interest of which,
nothing but a correspondent, or superior, accumulation of gen-
eral wealth and prosperity will be equal ; and, whenever the
wealth and prosperity of the country become stationary, the
additional interest on the continual additional loans, must ac-
cumulate until the whole disposable annual revenues of the
country v/ill be unequal to its discharge, and the end must be
a general bankruptcy. So with a private individual, who
borrows continually to defray the current expenses of his fam-
ily. In process of time he must mortgage his estate. The
accumulating interest on his annual loans, must, by degrees,
arrive to a sum which, exceeds his annual revenues ; and, at
length absorb his capital stock, and leave him bankrupt.
. Or if, instead ol borrowing money for these purposes, they
are effected by means of revenue annually accruing, still, as
they directly reproduce nothing, the amount of the expenditure
is so much subduction from the means of effecting other ob-
jects, and therefore should be carefully guarded, and limited
to the least possible sum ; but as these objects, though not di-
rectly productive, yet are indispensably necessary for the well
being of the community, this least possible sum should not be
less than that which will command the talents of the best and
ablest men to perform the services required, and prompt their
utmost diligence and economy in the administration of the
public concerns.
On the other hand, if the State borrows money, or creates
a stock, to be appropriated to expenditures of the productive
class ; for example — internal improvements, such as roads, ca-
nals, railways, &ic. for the accommodation of the citizens at
large, or for the promotion of the sale and settlement of its pub-
he lands ; and if these improvements enable the people gene-
EXPENDITURES. SOS
rtrtly to transact their business with an annual saving of time
and labor, the available value of which is equivalent to the in-
terest of the money borrowed, or stock created ; then the ex-
penditure takes nothing from the capital, nor revenue, of the
community; and if the available value of the labor, which the
improvements enable the community to save annually, exceeds
that of the labor requisite to produce the sum necessary to de-
fray the interest of the loan, or stock created ; then the expen-
diture becomes productive, or is an investment of capital, or
creation of new capital, to an amount equal to the value of the
surplus of the labor it saves, over the value of the labor
requisite to produce the means of discharging the annual
interest : — Or, if the improvements consist in opening its va-
cant lands, to the access of settlement and improvement, and
facilitating: the means of transporting their products to a
market, then they impart an additional value to the lands ;
and the available excess of this value, over that of the expen-
diture, is a creation of so much additional public capital. It
is not material to the principle, whether this excess of value,
or actual increase of capital, is drawn into the public trea-
sury, in the shape of the increased price which may be paid
by purchasers for their lands, or by the people generally, in
the shape of tolls, or compensation for their individual use of
the improvements effected ; or whether it remains in the hands
of the community who may have received the benefit, as a
fund from which they may be better enabled to meet any tax-
es, which the public exigencies may require at a future time.
The increased ability exists somewhere — either in the hands of
the 9:overnment or people ; and is available when occasion may
require.
So it is in individual cases ; and the principle may be illus-
trated in various ways, and its application may be made to va-
rious other subjects ; but these will suffice.
The difFerent objects of public expenditure, which occur
within this State, may be considered separately, as falling un-
304 EXPENDITURES.
der the more immediate supervision of the Legislature, local
authorities of the several counties, and the inhabitants of the
towns respectively, in their corporate capacities. The funds
appropriated to them, are received at, and expended directly
from, the treasuries of the State, counties and towns respect-
ively ; and administered under the immediate control of these
respective authorities.
Those expenditures which are within the direct care of the
Legislature may be classed, and distinguished, as follows :
First. Guardian, or distributive.
To this class belong, I. The support of the Executive and
Legislative departments, including the pay of their members,
officers and servants, with all tlie expenses, permanent and
contingent, which pertain to the discharge of their functions.
2. That of the administration of civil and criminal justice ; so
far as relates to the salaries of the Judges, and a part of the
officers of the Supreme Court, and Court of Common Pleas
— support of the State Prison — costs in criminal prosecutions,
he. 3. Milida establishment, except so far as is borne by the
officers and soldiers, in their personal services, and incidental
expenses, of which no account is made. 4. Miscellaneous
contingencies.
Second. Productive.
I. Surveys and general management of the concerns and
sales of the public lands and timber. 2. Location, opening
and maintenance of public roads, generally those connected
with the public lands — occasional grants for the support of oth-
er public roads, and bridges. 3. Promotion of education, by-
grants of land, or annuities, to colleges and academies.
Third. Unproductive.
1. Support of paupers. 2. Grants and pensions to, and
agencies for the care of the Indians. 3. Pensions and gratu-
ities for services rendered, or injuries sustained in public service..
Fourth. Miscellaneous.
The following is an abstract of the amount of disbursements
EXPENDITURES,
305
from the State treasury from the first organization of^he gov-
ernment to the close of the year 1827, viz.
From the organization of the Government, to the close of the
year 1821.
Pay of the House of Representatives, 33.052.50
Senile, 5.581
Council, 3.193.50
Appropriations, 20.134.16
S.l.ries, 14.965.95
Interest on State debt, l.V;3.32
Miscellaneous Accounts, 1820, 1.329.91
do. do 1821, 3.487.92
Milittry accounts, 1821, 3.486.53
Court mirtial at Bucksport, 1.313. TO
Pay of Committee on valuation, 2.001.70
Electors of President and Vice President, 182
Pauper accounts, 7.276.51
Total, 97.778.70
Disbursements during the year 1822.
Pay of the House of Representatives,
Senate,
Council,
Reimbursement of loans.
Interest on State debt,
Salaries, viz.
Governor, 1.230.45
Secretary of State, 700
Adjutant General, 700
Treasurer, 900
Chief Justice S. J. Court, 1.800
2 Associates, do. 3.000
Attorney General, 950
Reporter, 600
former Chief J. C. C. C.P.
Commissioners under the act of Separation,
Board of Jurisprudence,
Annuities,
To Bovvdoin College,
To Medical School,
To Waterville College,
Costs in Criminal Prosecutions, viz.
In York County, 952,39
14.104.00
2.349
1.764 '
46.800
3.368.90
11.493.85
294.80
3.127
750
3.000
1.000
1.000
306
EXPENDITURES.
Cumberland,
Lincoln,
Hancock,
Washington,
Oxford,
Kennebeck,
Somerset,
Penobscot,
1.466.38
1.947.42
1.446.77
937.57
54.81
1.559.81
215.58
466.50
9.047.23
To Land Agents, per special resolves, 81.80
Clerks in Sec'ry. Adj. Gen. and Treas. Offices. 337.50
Engrossing clerks, 260
Chaplains, 65
Indians, 412
Pensions, 132
Reward to Informer, 40
State Printing, 2.232.01
Fuel, 407.81
Postage, 83.70
Removal of Ordnance and Military Stores 400.
Military expenses, 7.259.24
Paupers, 2.579.39
Sheriffs' accounts, 490.29
Coroners' accounts, 147.98
Miscellaneous accounts, 1.470.11
Total, 114.497.61
Disbursements during the year 1823.
Pay of the House of representatives,
14.582.56
Senate,
2.521
Council,
1.729
Pay roll of accounts, No. 4. viz.
Paupers account,
20427
Military accounts,
7.173.44
Sheriffs',
195.29
Coroners',
130.23
Printers',
715.64
Miscellaneous,
1.422.33
9.841.19
Deduct an unpaid balance,
51
9.790.10
Salaries, viz.
Governor,
1.500
Secretary of State,
700
EXPENDITURES. 307
Adjutant General, 700
Treasurer, 553.85
Chief Justice S. J. Court, 1.800
2 associates, 3.000
3 Justices C. C. Pleas, 3.291
Attorney General, 1.000
Reporter, 600 ^
Annuities,
13.144.85
To Bowdoin College,
3.000
To Medical School,
1.000
Waterville College,
1.000
Gardiner Lyceum,
1.000
6.000
2.250
Interest on State debt.
Costs in criminal prosecutions, viz.
York county.
1.599.28
Cumberland,
4.072.01
Lincoln,
1.583.07
Hancock,
1.129.69
Washington,
331.60
Oxford,
772.23
Somerset,
248.60
Penobscot,
592,13
Kennebeck,
953.14
Lincoln,
1.801.09
13.083.70
Pay of commissioners under the act of
Separation,
1.345.42
Miscellaneous services,
614.14
Pensions and gratuities,
534
Engrossing clerks,
400
Chaplains,
70
Miscellaneous,
2.481.73
Military,
700
Printing,
500
Reports,
600
To land agents.
William Vance,
75
James Irish,
240.50
315.50
26.000
In part for Stale prison,
ifear 1824.
Total,
96.662.03
Disbursements ditring the
Pay of the House of Representatives,
16.985.50
308 EXPENDITURES.
Pay of the Senate,
2.719.50
Touncil.
2.538
On roll of accounts No. 4.
41
On roll of accounts No. 5. viz.
Military accounts^
5.530.50
Sheriffs',
463.28
Coroners',
1.033.60
'
Indian agents',
65.6
Miscellaneous,
1.836.30
9.029.18
deduct unpaid balance.
107.25
8.921 .95?
Salaries, viz.
Governor,
1.500
Secretary of State,
850
do. extra.
200
Treasurer,
639.86
do.
595.02
Justices S. J. Court,
4,800
Justices C. C. Pleas,
3.609
Attorney General,
750
Reporter,
600
14.243.8S
Annuities.
Bowdoin College,
3.000
Medical school,
1.000
Waterville College,
1.000
5.000
1.750
Interest on State debt,
Cost in criminal prosecutions, riz.
In York,
1.278.70
Cumberland,
575.56
Oxford,
450.23
Lincoln,
2.124.51
Hancock,
471.08
Kcnnebeck,
1.507.88
Penobscot,
630.58
Somerset,
426.80
Washington,
609.05
8.074.39
On account of State prison.
Commissioners,
163.72
Superintendant,
2.914.35
Warden, for supplies,
3.500
6.578.07
2.00<l
State arsenal.
EXPENDITURES. 309
duarter Master General's department, 400
To Land Agents, viz.
Mark Trifton, 650.19
Eben. C. Wilder, 104.85
James Irish, 100
805.04
Rewards for informing, 120
Pensions, 444
Ch^plams, gO
Contmgent fund for 1823, 14.50
do. do. 1824, 649.96
Indian Agents, 732.81
Clerks, viz.
In Secretary's Office, 674
Treasurer's Office, 100
Adjutant Gen's. Office, 150
8.570.13
Error and unpaid bal. 101.66
Salaries, viz.
Governor, 1.500
Justices Supreme J. C. 4.800
Justices C. C. P. 3.900
Secretary of State, 900
924
State Printing, ^ 500
Sec'ry of commissioners under act of Separation, 98
Airenta for opening public roids, 610
Messengers, door keepers, &lc. 450
Electors of President and Vice President, 198
Miscellaneous, 1.171.13
Total, 76.144.71
DisbursementSi during the year 1825.
Paj? of House of Representatives, 18.055
Senate, 3.233
Council, 2.365
Balance of toll of accounts, No. 5, 167
Roll of accounts. No. 6, viz.
Military Accounts, 5.248.96
Sheriffs' 247.61
Coroners' 66.40
Printers' 1.114.77
Miscellaneous, 1.892.39
8.468.4t
310
EXPENDITURES.
Treasurer,
900
Adjutant General,
700
Attorney General,
1.250
Reporters,
600
Warden of State Prison,
875
1 5 425
Gdsts in Criminal Prosecutions, viz.
i-fj-t.^/tj
In York,
2.624.27
Cumberland,
2.790.47
Oxford,
766.96
Somerset,
775.56
Lincoln,
1.963.42
Hancock,
1.356.39
Penobscot,
850.01
Kennebeck,
523.97
Washington,
376.15
12.047.20
Annuities and Grants,
To Bowdoin College,
3.000
Medical School,
1.000
Waterville College,
1.500
Gardiner Lyceum,
1.000
6.500
500
Annuity to American Asylum at Hartford,
Interest on State debt.
2.250
Support of State Prison,
3.652
State Arsenal,
541
Quarter Master General's department,
100
Land Agent, James Irish,
1.000.10
Indian Agents, for supplies and services.
3.404.14
Pensions,
336
Commissioners under the act of Separation,
For expenses.
750
For services,
255
1 005
Surveyors of public lands.
298.68
To Agents to locate and clear roads, viz.
Daniel Wilkins,
600
William Vance,
279
Joseph Fairbank,
400
1 Q7Q
For Reports of decisions of Sup. J. Court,
J. .<4 f i7
731.25
State Printing,
850
Stationary,
300
Ciiaphins,
80
Duties on commissions refunded.
50
Fuel,
263.62
EXPENDITURES. 311
Engrossing Clerks, &,c. 815.50
Contingent Fund, 58-2.95
Tax on township No. 1, 7th range, remitted, 4.05
Miscellaneous, 2.686.05
Total, 86.945.76
Amount of State debt at the cfese of this year viz.
Loan, 40.000
Due the Treas. for adv. 6.187.48
Sundry outstanding balances, 4.633.01
Disbursements during the
year 1826.
*J\J.^/it\f.'*U
Paid corrected balance due the Treas.
last year,
6.185.48
Pay of House of Representatives,
21.271
Senate,
3.344
Council,
2.364
Balance of roll of accounts. No. 6,
80
Roll of accounts, No. 7, viz.
Military accounts,
5.097.77
Sheriffs'
89.12
Coroners'
85.07
Pauper
52
Printers'
1.102.52
Miscellaneous,
1.101.30
7.527.78
Deduct unpaid balance,
2.50
7.525.-2S
Salaries, viz.
Governor,
1.500
Secretary of State,
900
Treasurer,
900
Adjutant General,
700
Justices Sup. J. Court,
4.800
Justices C. C. P.
3.600
Attorney General,
1.000
Reporter,
600
Warden of State Prison,
525
14.5-25
Costa in criminal prosecutions, viz.
York,
531.40
Cumberland,
626.73
, Oxford,
246.49
Somerset,
318.56
Lincoln,
1.391.08
312 EXPENDITURES.
Hancock, 189.40
Kennebeck, 452.48
Penobscot, 139.27
Washinorton, 431.52
Annuities and Grants,
To Bowdoin College, 3.000
MedicaJ School, 1.000
Waterville College, 2.000
Gardiner Lyceum, 1.000
Indian Agents,
For Penobscot tribe, 1.726.89
For Passaniuquoddy tribe, 225
4.327.43
7.00«
American Asylum at Hartford, * 385
State Prison, 2.080
State Arsenal, 1.692.35
Quarter Master General's department, 2.900
Land Agent, (Jnn.es Irish,) 1.000
Commissioners under the act of separation,
for services, 401.87
for surveys, 1.250
1.651.87
Surveyors of public lands, 644.62
Agents for opening public roads, viz.
Ohcd AVilson, 500
Luther Eaton, 100
600
1.951.89
Reports of decisions of S. J. Court, 150
Stationary, 300
Purchase of Laws, Alc. of United States, 100
Postage, 222.69
Chaplains, 75
Attorney General, for extra services, 23L26
Taxes on Township No. 8, 8th range, remitted, 32.44
Duty on commissions, refunded, 50
Pensions, 480
Enorrossing clerks, &.c. 850
Interest on State Debt, ^ 2.000
Temporary loan refunded, 10.000
Interest on do. 281.97
Contingent fund, 200
Miscellaneous, 1.088.67
Tetal, 95.489.95
EXPENDITURES. 313
Amount of State debt at the close of this year,
Contracted previous to this year, 40.000
this year, to Canal fund, 15.000
Sundry unpaid balances, 4.844.71
Disbursements during
the
year 1827.
— tji/.ij'*-*
of House of Representatives,
191.047
Senate,
3.236
Council,
2.151
Military accounts.
4.687.79
Coroners'
8.28
Sheriffs'
270.98
Printers' accounts,
1.670.17
Miscellaneous,
1.979.46
8.616.68
Deduct unpaid balance, 19.
Salaries, viz.
8.597.68
Late Governor, balance,
391.44
Present Governor in part,
1.108.56
Secretary,
900
Treasurer,
900
Adjutant General,
700
Justices S. J. C.
4.800
Atorney General,
1.000
Reporter,
600
Justices C. C. P.
3.300
Warden of State prison.
700
do. balance of former year, 175
14.575.00
Costs in criminal prosecutions, viz.
York,
2.081.78
Cumberland,
1.727.25
Oxford,
445.08
Somerset,
199.13
Lincoln,
1.755.34
Hancock,
1,449.50
Penobscot,
1.509.19
Kennebeck,
641.22
Washington,
426.07
10.234.56
Annuities, viz.
Bovvdoin College^
3.000
Medical School,
1.000
'
Waterville College,
2.000
40
314> EXPENDITURES.
Gardiner Lyceum, 1.000
7.000
American Asylum at Hartford, 1.028.75
State prison, 9.810.25
State Arsenal, 632.09
Commissioners under act of Separation, 549.17
Surveyors of public lands, 2.170
Preparations for permanent seat of Government, 373.13
Indian Agents, viz.
For Penobscot tribe, 1.769.62
Passamaquoddy tribe, 150
1.919.67
State Printing, 500
Reports of decisions of S. J. Court, 787
Books and Stationary, 550
Postage, 200.30
Chaplains, 75
Pensions, 753
Engrossing clerks, 956
State taxes on Thompson Pond plantation, Houl- ) qq ^^
ton and Howlind, remitted, }
Temporary lo ins refunded, 23.000
Interest on State debt, 3,093.57
Sullivan Bridge, 3.173.55
Miscellaneous, viz.
Military 15.00
Supplies for laying out ) ^o on
road to Houlton )
Sundry contingencies 229.91
313.73
Counterfeit and uncurrent money received 14
Total,
Amount of State debt at the close of this year
Unpaid balances of accounts and warrant*
Cash in the treasury
Balance $54,483.49
$124,035.03
57.900
4.790.31
62.690.31
8.206.82
EXPENDITURES.
315
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EXPENDITURES.
317
It is not uncommon to consider as the revenues and expen-
ditures of the State, those sums only, which pass directly into
the State Treasury, and from thence are appropriated directly
to purposes, under the immediate cognizance of the Le-
gislative body ; but these, in reality, constitute but a compara-
tively small part of the aggregate of the public burdens.
So much of the expense of the general administration of
justice as arises from the support of the Judiciary, and princi-
pal law officers ; and so much of that of the administration of
criminal justice, as arises from the costs of prosecutions for
certain crimes and offences ; and for the support of the State
prison, passes through the State Treasury. The amount of
this branch of the public receipts and disbursements, is exhib-
ited in
TAB1.E IV.
Abstract of the amount of receipts and disbursements of the State
Treasury on account of the administration of Civil and Criminal
Justice.
KKCEIPTS
1 i)I?BUF{s
EMENTS.
Jus-tices' tees,
Salarifs, bills
Expenditures for
fines, foifeit.
of cost, &.C.
building and sup-
YEARS.
&.C duties on
porting the State
Commis <fcc.
Prison.
1822
$5,404.86
17.050.73
1823
7.767.00
22.774.70
26.000.00
1824
8.778.58
17.953.39
6.578.07
1825
6 916.64
22.597.20
4.527.00
1826
8.108.38
14.327.43
2.605.00
1827
10.892.70
29.934.56
10.510.00
But, much the greater part of the expense of the adminis-
tration of justice is received and paid at the several county
treasuries, and does not appear in die annual reports of the
finances of the State, rendered by the State treasurer to the
Legislature.
And, besides these, the expenses of the administration of
justice, in petty concerns between individuals, amounts in real-
ity to a large sum in the aggregate ; but being paid wholly by
the litigant parties it is not generally viewed in the light of a
318
REVENUES,
public expenditure ; yet it is so in fact, as the money so ex-
pended is the representative of so much time employed in the
most unproductive of labors, and is a perpetual sinking fund of
the aggregate productive abihty of the community. There are
no means however of ascertaining, nor of forming any tolerable
conjecture of its amount.
In addition to the various expenses incident to the adminis-
tration of justice, the several counties incur some comparatively
trivial expenses in the location of public roads ; and sometimes,
but not frequently, for their maintenance. To defray these
expenses in part, certain fees and duties are levied, on certain
transactions within the respective counties ; and the residue is
assessed upon the inhabitants at large, in proportion to the re-
lative amount of their State taxes.
For the purpose of a proper supervision of the county au-
thorities, and to judge of the extent and necessity of the annual
county taxes proposed, the laws require an annual account of
the receipts and expendhures of each county, and an estimate
of their probable amount for each ensuing year, to be laid be-
fore the Legislature, previous to the grant of any county tax.
From these estimates, as they appear on the files of the Legis-
lature, a general view of the classification and amount of county
receipts and expenditures is attempted in tables 5 and 7 ; but
as the accounts and estimates are rendered differently in dif-
ferent counties ; and in some rather loosely and imperfectly,
the attempt can be considered only as an approximation towards
the truth.
TABLE V*
Estimate of receipts into the several county treasuries, exclusive of
direct taxes.
YORK.
YEARS. i 1821 1 1822
1823 1 1824 ! 1825 | 1826 | 1827
Jury fees, fines,costs,&c.
$706
$2001 $280] $250
Probate fees
$815
2501 1
Entries
350| 310| 320
1-2 overplus clerk's fees
200 100 150
Justices fees
200 200
Duty on deeds
150
REVENUES.
319
TABLE V CONTINUED.
CUMBERLAND.
1S21
1822 j 1823
1824 I 1825 I 1826 [ 1827
Entries
Jury fees
Duties on deeds
Probate fees
400.00
300.00
200.00
270.00
250.00
200.00
350.00|350. 001280. 0OJ450.0O
400.00 350.00'300.00
250.00;250.00|250.00
jioo.oo'ioo.oo
300.00
250.00
LINCOLN.
1 1821 I 1822 I 1823 | 1824 ) 1825 [ 1826 | 1827
Licenses
Jury fees
Unclaimed bills of costs
Of state for poor pris'ners
Duties on deeds
Surplus court fees,ent.&c
1-2 surplus clerk's fees
Probate fees
Received of Co. Treas
46.00
42.00
9.05
483.00259.00
239,55;501.69l
126.00-251.47 257.06
490.00 427.001357.00
I i 26.00
|380.4i;
261.90130.00'30l.OO
906.8l;979.66 352.00 401.20 329.00 414.00
|551.44 128.44;455.91|604.96
145.21 153.75 223.401193.9^
483.001 I
HANCOCK.
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825 1 1826
1827
Lie, duties, jur)' fees,&c
435.76
1
Jurv fees
140.00 259.00
Costs in crim. pros.
417.25
Duties on deeds
116.79
131.62 150.28
Probate fees
71.96
68.65
Fines, &c.
6.50
Entries
142.40 252.00
195.60 221.60
WASHINGTON.
1821
1822 I 1823 I 1824
1825
1826 I 1827
Jury fees
Entries
Bills of cost
Duty on deeds
Probate fees
91.00 98.00
104.80|l88.S6j407.90
61 61| 24.311
103.67;
99.17!
39.201
97.24
49.90
I 386
92.31
391.20371.40
54.81 1
86.53j 83.18
41.10 58.05
320
REVENUES.
TABLE V— CONTINUED.
KENNEBECK.
The returns from this county exhibit no general estimate but detailed
accounts without irrangeinent.
OXFORD.
|1821 1 1822 1 1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
Fines & costs of Co. Att.
91.91!
Duties on deeds
11.25129.68
Fines &c. of Jus. Peace
' 7.50
En nes
102.80 60.40,
Probate fees
91.45 177.84|
Jurv' fees
28.00' 42.001
SOMERSET.
1821
Duties on deeds
" on Att'y. at S.J.C.
Jury fees
Licenses
Fines & costs
Entries
Probate fees
1822 I 1823 I 1824 j 1825 | 1826 | 1827
125.45; 1 24.95|129.45|156.11|162.8"7[l 56^
30.00; I 1
91.00 1 19.00il89.00;119.00 133.00 196.00
40,00, ! I '
58.74 96.041 17.25 54.50 230.85; 34.28
117.5.20 215.20 202.00 216.80ll28.40
30.70 60.60, 81.44 41.90'
PENOBSrOT.
1821 ! lf'.22 1 1823 | 1824 | 1825 j
1826
1827
Jury fees
Licenses
Dui ies on deeds
Entries
Costs and fines
Probate fees
1-2 surplus clerk's
fees
13.5.68
220.12
91.96
196.00 217.001203.001
1 1
7V..97,116.29'175.60
34.00 83.20 102.00
10.50J 3.OO1
50.75 24.85 50.00
343.00
158.27
217.20
30.00
52.38
The incomplete and evidently loose form of most of these
estimates, renders it difficult to draw from them any very ac-
curate account of the aggregate revenue derived from these
sources; but they may afford some indication of the relative
productiveness of each source, in a general point of view ; and
may be of some use as a guide, should any more perfect sys-
tem of exhibiting the financial concerns of the community be
attempted hereafter.
The direct revenues accruing to each county, are more
easily ascertained, and are exhibited in
REVENUES.
321
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322
EXPENDITURES.
Expenditures.
The different objects of the expenditures of the several
counties belong almost wholly to the guardian or distributive
class. Some small part, such as the laying out and repair of
roads and bridges, which sometimes are defrayed by the coun-
ties, may be assigned to the productive ; and a part must be
considered as unproductive. Their specific objects, and
amount, in each county, are not very accurately known ; but,
from such returns as have been made of them, a partial and
imperfect estimate is exhibited in
TABLE VII.
Estimated amount and objects of the expenditures of the several
Counties.
YORK.
1821
1822
T7.50
1823
1824 1 1825 1
1826 1 1827
Jurors
1.750
2.200
2.000
2.000
Justices C. S.
160
160
200
200
200
Jbdge of Probate
60
275
275
275
300
Re^nster of Probate
500
Sher-ffs and Cners
320
500
550
550
650
Constables & Coroners
80
lOOJ
165
165
260
Expen. of goals & pris.
540
500,
490
500
540
Clerk's Bills
200
1
120
120
120
Treasurer
220
200
Contingencies
60
100
Laving Roads, dam. &c.
320
200
3.000
4.055 8.300
Cop<s in Crim. Prosecu.
1.000
1.000 1.000
CUMBERLAND.
1821 1
'2.600
1822] 1823
1824! 1^25
1826
1827
Jurors
3.300 3.000
3.000 2.8002.800
4.800
Prisons and Prisoners
1.400
1.400 1.500
1.550 800 400
450
Crirqinal Prosecutions
800
800 800
1.000 700
500
Sheriff's &c Bills
800
8001.200
1.300 1.000,1.000
Conistables for services
200
200 250
255i 230| 230
Coroner's Inquisitions
200
200 200
225! 250! 100
Judffe of Probate
50
400
Register of Probate
900
Municipal Judge
850
Jnstices C. S. &c.
500
500 400
725': 570 450
Treasurer
450
500 400
410' 410 400
Record Books and Sta.
100
too 350
400 400
Roads and Bridges
12.000
600 4.400.75
2.200,1.150 1.500
11.181.32
Contingencies
i 500
600 600
1 1
EXPENDITURES.
323
TABLE VII— CONTINUED.
LINCOLN.
1
1821
1822
1823
1824
1 1825 i 1826 |, 1827
Jurors
1123.8
2409.99
2932.25
2742.49
3068.55 2484.40 2412.79
Sheriffs Bills
200.SS
784.13
Constables
279;0i
284.51
289.50
257.52
283.45
268.06
Coroners
57.28
Treasurer
841.22
333.35
398.59
394 62
558.45
Justices C. S.
149.50
181
260.50
202.50
210
180
Criers
144
Clerk
118.67
Criminal Pros.
1200
Costs bef. J. P.
2103.92
2471.11
80.46
90.79
42.29
59.84
81.37
Judge of Prob.
276
122.40
300
300
300
300
Reg. of Probate
500
Repairs & rent
225
370
120
1620
2420
Prison & pris'rs.
1771.90
1369.83
Si 0.70
774.60
Miscellaneous
1932.93
1625.14
1447.63
1223.69
Laying roads, )
and damages. )
1212.60
HANCOCK.
I 1821 |1822!l823il824| 1825 | 1826 | 8127
Court Orders
1725.75
Jurors
1090.70
1791.26
1965.77
1800
Sheriffs and Crier
1
550.39
425
Constables
112.00
175.42* 244.58
Justices C. S.
248.50
150
Expense of C C. P.
1800
800
1800
Expense of S. J. C.
1200
12001400
Treasurer's commissions
337.17
233.80
Clerks
132.69
County House
700
500
249.18
Gaol and prisoners
700
1186.65
Criminal prosecutions
1424.58
610
Contingencies
500
500
500
400
Roads, &c.
100.20
400
Probate Salaries
575
WASHINGTON.
|1821
1822|1823|1824!1825| 1826 11827
Jurors
950
1] 50 11.50
1150
• i25 764.83 lOOO
Sheriff, Clerk, and Attorney
300
500 500
500
700 230.001 750
Constables
80
160 150
150
125 105.05, 125
Treasurer
70
70 85
85
85
85
Judge of Probate
100
150
150
150
150
Register of Probate
1
300
Roads
200
400 200
200
300
300
Contingencies
400
400 400
400
315
300
County Buildings
1500
1000 1000
1000
1500
1000
Criminal Prosecutions
'
221.25
324
EXPENDITURES.
TABLE Vll— CONTINUED.
OXFORD.
Jurors
Poor Prisoners
Road Committees
Coroners
SheriHs, &c.
Clerk
Constables
Stationary
Justices C. S.
Treasurer
Criminal Prosecutions
Contingencies
Building Gaol
1821|18221
1250|i250 1
300 300!
300 300|
150 150;
200 200i
50 50;
100 lOOi
50 50l
200 200|
150 150,
250, 250;
500: 500
i3000|
1823
,1824il825| 1826
11827
12501250
125011040.27 1250
300 300
300
300
300 300
300 367.13
300
150 150
150
150
200, 200
200 253.75
200
50i 50
50
50
1001 100
100 127.31
100
50
50
50
50
200
200
200 67.75
200
150
150
150|
150
250
250
2501 436.78| 250
500
500
500 1 500
1500
1
SOMERSET.
Jurors
Constables
Sheriffs, &c.
Treasurer
Crier
Clerk & staf'ry.
Judge of Prob
Justices C. S.
Criminal pros.
Support of pris,
Rosds
Contingencies
1821. I 1822. I 1823. |
1033.63 ~550.60l 693.52
1088.«8, 67.131 97.17!
357.181 195.65, 245.59i
I 73.201 88.45.
104.281
61.80
79.15
104.3ll
214.811
52.32; 73.09!
117.14 125.00,
80.70! 90.301
284. i6i 529. 29i
106.04| 203.56
400.001 86.441
1824. I
834.05'
91.84
253.941
87.73
54.00
66.08i
125.00;
80.30!
414.46
129.82
377.65
1825. I
760.46^
i00.3l
203.40
48.00
57.99
125.001
58.10
470.31
227.90
62.00
1826. I 1827.
992.57:1255.39
80.43
321.90
75.00
125.00
87.75
943.85
452.12
172.82
127.59
312.46
117.86
111.50
67.00
94.61
53.50
KENNEBECK.
1 1821. I 1822.
1823.
1824.
182.5.
1826.
1827.
Jurors
2416.65|
1720.00jl550.00 1525.00i 1450.00|1300.00
Constables
83.47j
Justices C. S.
141.40
250.00 250.00 200.00
150.00 150.00
County Orders
2001.58
1160.00;
Jud^e of Prob.
, 200.00, 200.00
200.00
200.00 300.00
Register of Pro.
1
500.00
Sheriffs, &c.
1 290.00 290.00
750.00
Treasurer
300.00' 300.001 300.001
Coroners
1 100.00, 76.00
Support of pris.
1000.00 600.00 450.00! 400.00
Lavintf out roa.
470.00 400.00 400.00 400.00
300.00
Damage for do.
1 800.00 lOOO.Oo! 750.00
750.00
Committees
' 120.00! 1200.00, 70.00
EXPENDITURES,
325
TABLE VII— CONTINUED.
PENOBSCOT.
1821. 1 1822.
1823.
1824. 1 1825.
1826.
1827.
Jurors
JOO.OO
1000.00
1000.00
1100.00 900.00
1380.71
1330.62
Jus; ices C. S.
75.00
iOO.OO
100.00
100.00 100.00
120.53
110.. 53
Sheriffs, &c.
200.00
260.00
2.50.00
300.00 300.00
524.55
369.66
Constables
80.0U
83.00
liO.OO
150.00 120.00
95.72
115.52
Criraina' pros.
250.00
300.00
300.00
800.00 200.00
300.00
481.33
La\ ng out roa.
250.00
42.50
Damages on do.
500.00
250.00
Poor prisoners
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00, 100.00
200.00
444.83
Interesr on debt
50.00
300.00
Trea-uier
240.00
200.00
150.00
175.00 150.00
Judije of Prob.
75.00
80.00
100.00 100.00
150.00
150.00
Reikis. er of do.
125.00
Crer
40.00
50.00 50.00
69.00
Contingencies
125.00 200.00
200.00
Court House
i
1000.00
From the foregoing, some tolerably accurate idea ma)^ be
obtained respecting that part of the revenues and disbursements
of the State, which passes through the State and County
treasuries ; and it will be perceived that but a small proportion
of it is applied to what are, by way of distinction, termed pro-
ductive expenditures ; — but the amount thus far exhibited, con-
stitutes only a minor part of the subject.
The greatest share however of the aggregate revenues of the
community, is confined to the direct care of the inhabitants of
the respective towns in which they are raised and applied ; and
does not appear in any of the foregoing accounts. With the
exception of some trifling sums, they proceed from direct taxes
on the inhabitants and estates within each tovm. Their ex-
penditure is chiefly on objects of the productive class ; and
though the amount is vastly greater than that of all other of the
public expenditures, and accrues in the generally unacceptable
form of direct taxation, yet they are in most cases borne with
more cheerfulness than any other contributions to the common
w^elfare.
The objects to which these revenues are applied, may be, in
326 EXPENDITURES.
general, comprised under the descriptions of 1 st. Education of
youth in the primary schools of the respective towns ; 2nd.
Making and repairing of roads and bridges ; 3d. Support of
the poor, and 4th. Incidental charges of administering the con-
cerns of the several towns.
Of the amount of the expenditures for the two latter objects,
viz. the support of the poor, and the aggregate of the contingent
expenses in the administration of the local affairs of towns,
there are no means of obtaining an accurate account, nor of
forming any tolerable estimate. They pertain respectively to
the unproductive and guardian classes, and from their nature,
and the immediate supervision exercised over them by the peo-
ple collectively, who perceive and feel directly the burdens they
occasion, it cannot be supposed that, in general, they are suffer-
ed to accumulate to any great degree above the point of the
strictest necessity.
The expenditures for the education of youth, and the making
of roads, are considered as belonging to the productive class,
and though the amount of the revenues appropriated to them,
is much greater than that applied to all other objects of a pub-
lic nature within the State, yet there is no danger that they can
ever, in general, become excessive beyond die ability of the
people at large to furnish. In particular instances, they may
be at times burdensome to some parts of the community ; and
viewing them as a common concern, in which all are equally
interested, and directly or indirectly receive the benefit, there
are perhaps no public burdens which are borne so unequally ;
yet, whatever may be the amount which the people in general
may impose upon themselves for these objects, within the
limits of their utmost ability to pay, it is eventually no subdoc-
tion from their wealth, or means of enjoyment, but increases
them ; the expenditure being, in reality, only an exchange of a
part of their present labor, for the future attainment of objects
which, next to mere subsistence, form the ultimate enJ to
which the desires and the labors of all mankind are directed
CIRCULATING MEDIUM. 327
— -convenience and happiness — convenience and facility of
communicating with each other, conducting their ordinary busi-
ness, and necessary exchanges, by means of good roads ; and
happiness, in that intellectual and moral culture and enjoyment,
the foundation of which is laid in the early education of youth,
and without which, government must prove a curse, our re-
publican institutions, and most valuable privileges become the
prey of unprincipled aspirants for power, and the people them-
selves the servile tools of the most cunning demagogue.
The amount and appropriation of the revenues applied to
objects of the first class, will form the subject of a subsequent
chapter ; but that of those pertaining to the second, there have
been heretofore no means of ascertaining, nor of estimating with
any tolerable accuracy. It will however doubtless be found in
the rtJiurns which may be expected in obedience to the law of
1828, requiring the statement of their highway taxes from ev-
ery town ; and it would have been desirable to have obtained
an abstract from them in season for the introduction, in this
place, of such results as they may afford ; but the nature of the
subject, and the length of time necessary to examine and di-
gest them, preclude, under existing circumstances, the pos-
sibility of any present use of them. They may however be
given to the public hereafter.
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER X.
Circulating Medium.
The long established usage of mankind, in making the pre-
cious metals the representatives of wealth, or of the value of
other commodities, has led to the consideration of them as
wealth itself; and so long as the quantity of them remains
within certain limits, this tacit consideration and usage gives to
the possessorof them all the practical advantages which wealth
bestows ; that is, they avail him in the acquisition of tlie means
328 CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
of subsistence and comfort, in as much as he can, at all times,
procure in exchange for them a certain quantity of the labor
or services of others, or of any other commodity equally desir-
ed by himself, and which also may, if he chuses, be again
exchanged for whatever may by him be deemed an equivalent.
But, this value of the precious metals is only conventional, by
the tacit consent of mankind ; and is liable to continual fluctu-
ations, diminishing whenever any other substance, of equal
convenience, and security, and possessing either of these, or
some other desirable quality, in a superior degree, shall be
found to supply its place ; or whenever its quantity shall be
greatly increased, without any proportionate increase of the
labor necessary to procure and prepare it for general use ; —
and increasing whenever circumstances shall withdraw any
considerable proportion of them from th^ general circulation.
The intrinsic value however, of these metals, in many cases
when applied to the arts, and the durability of their structure,
are qualities which, even if they should become too abundant
for general and convenient use as the medium of exchange,
yet will always render them in some measure the sisns of
wealth, or in other words, they will always be exchangeable to
507^ extent for other commodities ; and the possessor of them
therefore will not be liable to a totfd loss in any event.
Yet any other article, more conveniently portable, which it
is known can be, at all times, exchanged at a certain rate, for
a given quantity of the precious metals, will be received as
the representative of those metals, in the same manner as
those are received as the representative of other commodities ;
and as long as the community can with safety rely upon obtain-
ing for such articles the expected equivlent in the metals, or
other commodities, so long that article will be currently received
as their substitute, and wll be the usual medium of exchanges,
and representative of wealth ; but its value, for this purpose,
will be lost whenever the quantity becomes abundant beyond,
certain limits.
CIRCULATING MEDIUM. 329
With all the convenience and security attending the
precious metals as the medium of exchange, there is the
disadvantage that the use of them in so large quantities as, at
their present conventional value, would be necessary for the
numerous and extensive exchanges in the financial and com-
mercial operations of the civilized world, subjects the possessor
to expenses and inconveniences in their transmission, which
often embarrass and limit the extent, and sometimes prevent
altogether the success of his operations. Hence, when com-
merce had extended itself, and merchants became acquainted
with, and confident in, the integrity and ability of each other to
fulfil their engagements, the promise of a respectable man, in
whom confidence could be placed, to deliver a certain quantity
of these metals, at a certain time and place, was in many in-
stances more desirable and convenient than the metals them-
selves ; and, from the extent of the convenience, and the
immense facilities it afforded for the increase and dispatch of
commercial ^nd financial operations, the promissory notes of
merchants, and bills of exchange, assumed the place of the
metals, in a considerable part of the large and distant exchanges
among civilized nations, and often, in some descriptions of cases,
acquired a higher current value in the market. To increase
the security and extend the use of these promises, as substi-
tutes for the metals, and representatives of exchangeable wealth,
the association of a number of individuals, whose property and
personal integrity should stand collectively pledged for the re-
demption and fulfilment of such promises, became expedient.
Hence arose what is called the banking system ; and modern
times have witnessed the introduction of a new article, of no
intrinsic value in itself, to represent and take the place of the
metals, as the medium of exchanges, and sign of wealth. As
long as the quantity of this article shall be no more than the
necessities or convenience of the community shall require, and
it can, at any time be exchanged, in any reasonable quantities,
for its expressed equivalent in the current coin of the country,
42
330 CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
SO long it will possess all the practical advantages of an intrin-
sic value ; and, being more convenient, will remain the princi-
pal circulating medium of the community.
But, the extreme facility with which this medium may by
created, and the strong temptation to its indefinite multiplica-
tion beyond the ability of its sponsors to redeeiB at all times when
required, render the very extensive use of it somewhat hazai-d-
ous, and produce a necessity for the utmost vigilance and cau-
tion to confine the quantity within the limits of a healthy cir-
culation, and secure its redemption, by the precious metals,
whenever the convenience or security of the community shall
demand.
The evils which may be apprehended from the general and
unguarded juse of this system are —
1st. The issuing of more bills than are necessary to conduct
the usual exchanges of the community.
This unavoidably diminishes the value of the paper, increases
the nominal value of the necessaries of life, and of all other
commodities, injures and sometimes ruins, those whose subsis-
tence depends on fixed salaries, as well as those who have en-
trusted their capital, or laid up the savings of their labor in the
hands of others, for a periodical rent, and final reimbursement ;
and produces, though sometimes almost imperceptibly, serious
distress among the middling and poorer classes of the commu-
nity, without a corresponding benefit to any.
2d. The want of due caution and integrity of the managers
of banking institutions, in neglecting to provide sufficient means,
not only for the final redemption, with interest, of all such of
their bills as, by the fears of the communit} , or the efforts of
other banks, or individual speculators, are accumulated upon
them faster than they can command payments from their debt-
ors to redeem at once ; but also for the prompt redemption of all
such as are presented for payment in due course of business,
and in all ordinary enjergencies.
This evil always results in the bankruptcy of the institution —
CIRCULATING MEDIUM. 331
often in that of individuals. It is a breach of trust, and a fraud
upon the public; injures the community, in unsettling the
foundations of mutual confidence among its members ; and
tends to lower the standard of the moral sense of society.
Its remedy, or preventive, is only in the strictness of Legis-
lative provisions, vigilance and promptness in their execution,
and due caution on the part of the public, as to the extent of
the confidence they may repose in the bank paper.
3rd. On the other hand, an evil sometimes results from
combinations of individual capitalists, or of rival banking institu-
tions, to collect together the bills of particular banks, and make
sudden and extensive demands of specie from them, more than
the public security requires as a check upon the evils and dan-
gers before mentioned. Measures of this kind often embar-
rass the operations of banks whose ability is ample to supply
the ordinary circulation, with perfect security to the communi-
ty ; and who, in the usual course of business can always re-
deem their bills as fast as there is any necessary occasion for
their redemption. The result next is, that the confidence of
the public, in the security of the circulating medium, is un-
necessarily shaken ; the holders of the bills suffer a loss in their
exchangeable value ; embarrassments and sometimes bank-
ruptcies, occur among individuals, who otherwise would have
continued in the successful prosecution of business, to the gen-
eral advantage ; and sometimes important derangements take
place in the whole machinery of society ; — yet, these meas-
ures may sometimes have a salutary effect, in assisting to pre-
vent, or restrain, the excessive emission of bank paper, and in
limiting the extent to which the public may be injured by any
misplaced confidence in the prudence and integrity of those to
whose bills they may be disposed to give currency, widiout
due precaution that adequate security is provided for their
prompt and final redemption when it may become necessary.
In view of these dangers, and others real or imaginary, much
332 CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
difference of opinion has arisen, and many schemes have been
proposed, to check them by regulations, or avoid them altogeth-
er, by the overthrow of the whole system ; — but any useful dis-
cussion of this complicated subject, in detail, would far tran-
scend, both the ability of the writer to do it justice, and the
proper limits which can be assigned to it in this place.
The circulating medium of the State of Maine, hke that of
the other United States, consists principally of the notes or bills
of banks incorporated within the State, and under the super-
vision of the Legislature. A portion, however, of the bills
of banks out of the State, may be found in circulation, but
they constitute no very important part. It is supposed, by
those conversant with the subject, that the amount of the notes
of other States circulating within this, can not be far from
equal to that of those of this State circulating in others ; or
perhaps including, with the notes of other States, the specie in
actual circulation; and that, though this may not hold exactly
true at. all times, yet in general, under a healthy circulation,
not only in this, but in the neighboring States, it will probably
be very near the truth.
If this supposition approaches near to the fact, then the
quantity of circulating medium within the State, may be near-
ly measured, by the aggregate amount of the Liils oi its several
banks in circulation on an average ; and ordinarily, this amount
of bills in circulation, may be considered as expressing the
quantity of gold and silver which would be necessary for tlie
transaction of the usual business and exchanges of the State,
provided that those metals retain their present relative value, as
compared with other articles.
On this principle, the amount of the usual circulating medi-
um of the State, may be indicated by the semi-annual returns
of the several banks made to the Legislature ; the sum of
which is stated in table 1. The fluctuations exhibited in these
returns, would indicate that the amount of bank bills in circulation
at any particular period, is not an infallible criterion of that of
CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
333
the circulating medium necessary for the ordinary exchanges
of the country ; but the average of them may afford means of
judging, in some degree, of the quantity which the confidence
of the public in tlie solvency and good faith ot the banks in
general, will enable the directors ol those institutions to keep
generally in circulation ; and trom this also may be drawn an
inference of the amount of circulating medium requisite lor the
convenient transaction of the usual exchanges of each individu-
al on the average of the community.
TABi.E I.
Aggregate amount of the bills of the several banks of Maine, in circu-
lation at ditfereni periods.
Dates of returns
Amount of Bills
1 Date of returns
Amount of Bills
from Banks.
in circulation. .
from Banks.
in circulation.
June 1820
$469,014
June
1824
$1,096,944
January 1821
781,816
January
1825
1,172,499
June 1821
1,062,370
June
1825
1,040,113
January 1822
1,270,201
January
1826
867,294
June 1822
1,148,753
June
1826
588,691
January 1823
8^9,681
January
1827
685,718
June 1823
728 199
June
1827
597 ,092
January 1824
1,050,608
January
1828
764,251
Average fr. June
Average from June|
1820 to Jan 1824
923,955
1824 to Jan.
1828.1
1 June|
851,575
Average fr. June|
1
Average fron
1820 to Jan 1825
966,105 j
|1826 TO Jan.
1828.J
757,193
It may be remarked, with respect to the amount of bills in
circulation, exhibited in the returns from banks, of which the
preceding table is an abstract, that the returns are required to
be made semi-annually on a fixed day, and, the credit of the
banks being promoted by the appearance of as small an amount
of bills in circulation, in proportion to that of the specie on hand,
as can be consistent with truth ; that is, by the evidence ex-
hibited of means known to be available for \he prompt redemp-
tion of the bills, rather than merely for \he\v final redemption ;
the managers of those institutions are therefore interested, at
the time immediately previous to the day of making up their
returns, to restrict their issues of bills, and increase their de-
334 . CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
mands upon their debtors, for specie payments, and also to
collect the bills of other banks, and draw the specie from them
to replenish their own vaults, as much as possible ; and this
interest or necessity ceasing, in some measure, immediately
after the return day, a greater amount of bills may then be
issued, and continued in circulation, until immediately previous
to the next return. The amount therefore of bills in circula-
tion, for the average of the year, may be supposed to be con-
siderably greater than appears from the actual returns at those
stated periods.
The value of these bills, as an efficient representative of
the precious metals, and a safe medium for the current ex-
changes of the country, depends upon the condition that the
respective banks have always in their vaults, or perfectly within
their commaud, a sufficient quantity of specie to exchange
promptly for all of their bills which the wants or the fears of
the community, or the pohcy of rival banks, or designs of
speculators, may at any time demand. As the widely diffijsed
circulation of bills will not permit tliem all, nor, in general,
anv very great proportion of them, to be easily collected to-
gether on a sudden, and presented for payment at once, it is
not necessary that, in order to sustain the current expressed
value of the bills, the amount of specie always on hand should
be equal, nor very nearly equal, to that of the bills issued and
in circulation. But, to give something in the nature of an in-
ti-insic value to the bills, and secure the public from any even-
tual loss by their circulation, it is necessary that the banks
should at all times possess estates or securities, the exchange-
able value of which, in a reasonable time, and under ordinary
circumstances, should be equal to the expressed value of the
bills, together with a reasonable compensation for any loss or
damage sustained by any delays of payment, to which tlie hold-
ers of them may be subjected.
The condition of the several banks within the State, may
be, in a measure, understood by the subjoined abstract.
CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
335
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CN 3; O so CD (N f-__0 O O CO O^CO_^o R.®.®. ^,^,P
cc'-^ CO t- ai'c^T— *(n"— t-*»rj irTcN -rT — 'co^fNcTo a.
— COCO CDJCNOi -ij.MG^t-.^lO— — C-. — -
c50t~ o-^i^cN c^cocDcoco O3c:;oo2ir
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t~ CO t~ <r c^ co_^ 3-^ "- co__ c; Tf .c lO
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CO"~lt-CO(N<NOt-050'2-0«>=C003<N-.
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II
S36 CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
The resulting averages of table 1, show that, as the vehicle
or medium of its current exchanges, and representative of that
part of its capital which is daily passing through different
hands, the convenience of this Stale requires the circulation of
a sum averaging bet\Aeen 7G0,(j( 0 and 970,CG0 dollars annually,
and that it will sustain the circulation of at least 800,000 dollars,
and perhaps much more, without any diminution of the value
of the circulating medium. And it appears from table 2, that,
at the commencement of the year 1829, the amount of bills in
circulation, and deposits (which are loaned) and other debts,
was near 1,000,000 dollars ; to redeem which, in part, the
banks, in the aggregate, were in possession of about 126,000
dollars in specie, with upwards of 235,000 dollars in deposits
in, and bills of, other banks out of the State, for which specie
could be drawn from abroad, at a short warning ; and, for the
residue, something near to 3,000,000 dollars in the hands of
theii' several debtors. The general credit therefore to which
the bank paper of this State is entitled, when viewed in the
aggregate, must rest upon the questions whether the deposits
and bills of banks out of the State exhibited in the returns, can
safely be relied on to command specie at any time when ne-
cessary, and the debts collectively due to the banks of the
State can be at all times available for 25 per cent of their
nominal amount. It can hardly be supposed that these ques-
tions will not be readily answered in the affirmative ; yet it can
not be denied that some degree of uncertainty must always
attend any circulating medium, the value of which is wholly
conventional, and the final redemption of which is necessarily
made to depend upon the personal responsibility of any limited
number of individuals.
This view however of the solidity of the bank circulation of
the State collectively considered, will not apply with equal
force to all its component parts. But of the extent to which
it may apply, and the cases in which it may not, the reader
will best judge by consulting the table in detail, and the official
accounts from which it is drawn.
' MILITARY. 337
The relation of the banking institutions of the State to Its
revenues, and the important influence they may have on its
general circulation, and commercial prosperity, have Induced
the belief that this general and rapid sketch would not be ir-
relevant in this place. It is hov/ever but a sketch, — drawn with-
out any practical acquaintance with the subject, — imperfect and
perhaps very erroneous. But, if it shall serve in any measure
to excite a more accurate mode of thinking upon the subject ;
lo quiet, in any degree, any unreasonable fears of ruinous con-
sequences from a general bank circulation ; to restrain any un-
reasonable expectation of benefits from its extension; or to
promote that vigilance for its security, which is necessary for
its beneficial operation upon the affairs of the community ; the
object of the attempt will have been sufficiently attained.
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER X.
Military.
The numbers and organization of the Military force of the
State, with the amount and estimated value of arms, accoutre-
ments and ammunition, ordnance and ordnance stores, he. are
given In the subjoined abstracts from copies of returns furnish-
ed by the Adjutant General. The increase of the Militia since
the separation of the State, will be perceived from a comparison
of the returns for the years 1820 and 1827, which exhibit the
numbers of officers and soldiers of the various grades and de-
partments respectively. The account of arms, ammunition and
military stores, is condensed from a detailed statement 6f those
articles, in the State Arsenals and laboratories, with the lowest
value of each article, as estimated by the Adjutant General.
The value of those belonging to the individual officers and sol
diers, or in possession of the troops in the field. Is supposed to
he the same as that of the corresponding articles in the Arsenals.
43
858
MILITARY.
and is added to the list, in order to assist in forming a more
complete view of the military statistics of the State.
Abstract of the annual returns of the Militia of the State of
Maine for the years 1820 and 1827.
1820.
William King, Commander in Chief,
GENERAL STAFF.
Samuel Cony, Adjutant General
Lt. Col. Thomas D. Robinson,")
George Thatcher, Jr.
Charles d. < lapp,
Robert Howard,
Aids>
to the Commander in
Chief
Lt.
1827.
Enoch Lincoln, Commander in Chief
GENERAL STAFF.
Samuel Cony, Adjutant General.
Col. Charles S. Daveis,
John Ruffsles,
Daniel Goodenow,
Edward Williams.
Aids to the Commander in
Chiij.
DIVISION STAFF.
Number of Divisions 6
Major Generals 6
Aids 10
Inspectors 6
Qu .rter Masters 6
Judge Advocites 6
BRIGADE STAFF.
Number of Brigades 12
Brigadier Generals 10
Aids 11
M jors and Inspectors 11
Quarter Masters 12
REGIMENTAL STAFF.
Number of Regiments 45
CoU^nels 41
Lieutenant Colonels 45
Majors 42
Adjutants 43
Quarter Masters 37
Paymasters 44
Chaplains 40
1820 1827
8
8
14
7
7
8
16
15
15
16
15
55
54
50
55
55
bo
54
47
1820 1827
Surgeons 42 51
Surgeons' Mr^tes 37 51
Serje nt M jors 41 53
Qr. Master Sergeants 35 55
Drum M.ijors 79 53
Fife Majors 52
Masters of Reg't. bands 1 1
Deputy Masters do. 10
Musicians do. 124
INFANTRY, LIGHT INFANTRY
AND RIFLEMEN.
No. of Companies
of Infantry
No. of Companies ( .^
of Lt. Infantry ) ^'^
No. of ■ ompanies ) r
of Riflemen ]
374 431
61
16
Captains
Lieutenants
Ensigns
Serjeants
Corporals
399
399
406
1.515
459
481
491
490
1.873
1.131
MILITARY.
5;3y
J 820
1827
Musicians 1.150 1.589
Chaplains
1
Privates 23.465 27.862
Surgeons
7
1
Conditional exempts * 2.186
Surgeons' Mates
1
1
Aggregate 27.793 36.981
Qr. "Master Serjeants 1
1
CAVALRY.
Serjeant Major
1
2
|Number of Regiments ) .
or Battaliions ) ^
11
No. of (. ompanies
j«
33
or Troops
Colonels 1
1
Captains
23
29
Lieutenant Colonels 1
1
Lieutenants
48
49
Mijors 9
9
Cornets
24
29
Adjutants 9
9
Serjeants
90
114
Quarter Masters 9
9
Corporals
9
60
Paymasters 1
Trumpeters
33
38
Privates
752 :
1.060
Aggregate
1.620 ;
1.432
j fl Regiment, 5 Battaliions, and 2 detached
Companies.
{ 1,1 Regiment, 8 Battaliions, and 3 detached
Companies,
ARTILLERY.
1820 J
827
*Number of Regiments
Qr. Master Serjeants 2
6
or Battaliions *
t
Drum Majors
2
Colonels 1
2
Fife Majors
1
Lieutenant Colonels 1
2
No. of Companies
27
29
M. jors 9
8
(. aptains
27
27
Adjutants 9
9
Lieuten.aits
54
56
Q,u irter Masters 9
9
Serje nts
94
110
Paymasters 1
4
Corporals
29
60
Chaplains 1
2
Musicians
99
112
Surgeons 6
5
Privates
1178
1393
Surgeons' Mates 1
2
Aggregate
1522
1814
Serjeant Majors 1
4
*1 Regiment, 11 Battaliions, & 3 detached Companies.
t2 Regiments, 7 Battaliions, & 4 detached Companies.
RECAPITULATION.
General, Field and Staff Officers
J 820
613
1327
778
Company Officers
1.380
1.652
Non commissioned Officers
2.196
3.428
Musicians
1.361
1.989
Privates
25.395
32.501
Total,
30.939
40.348
Aggregate of Infantry &c.
28.397
37.102
Cavalry
1.020
1.432
Artillery
1.522
1.814
Total,
30 939 40.348
340 MILITARY.
The whole of the Militia of tha State are paradetj by Re-
giments, BattallioES, or Companies, lor review, inspection, and
drill, 3 days in each year. The Cavalry, Artillery, Light In-
fantry, and Riflemen, are volunteers, and assemble for drill
aud parade much more frequently. The officers and soldiers
respectively are mounted, armed and equipped, each at his
own expense.
The amount of the arms, accoutrements, ammunition, and
military stores in possession of the troops on the field, as ex-
hibited in the returns for 1827, with those belonging to the State,
in the public arsenals or laboratories, are
2
If
o
•f
>
^11
>
1
"*
Number.
Dollars.
Number.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Muskets,
Bayonets,
n.90U
17.682 J
174.400
6.953?
6.953 i
90.389 264.789
Cwrtr. bxs. & belts,
Bay't. scabboards,&/C.
17.087?
17.70U
21.611
2.898?
2.8845
3.539
25.150
Musket accoutrem'ts.
4.000
2.245
6.245
Ball catiidges,
268.138
3.199 10.141
121
3.320
Rifles,
822
13.152
440
7.040
20.192
Powder-horns,
656
134
1.082
44
178
Loose balls,
7.308
32 93.600
416
448
Pounds of rifle powder,
257
36
36
Rifle accoutrements,
442
884
884
Horsemen's pistols,
1.222
9.776
250
2.000
11.776
S\vords,scab'ds.&' belts, L510
8.110
650
3.496
11.606
Kn .psdcks.
18.319
9.000
9.000
Canteens,
797
79
79
ILiversacks,
51
76
76
Drums,
r557
2.228.
2.228
Fifes,
#
443
220
220
Bugles and trumpets,
^
35
350
350
Brass field pieces, and
apparatus,
55
27.500
4
4!094
31.594
Iron cannon from 3 to
44 pounders,
53
11.668
11.66S
Shells and shot,
15.881
Gun carriages,
15
4.150
4.150
Pounds of powder,
475
75
75
Brass Howitzers,
3
48«
480
MILITARY* 341,
Entrenching, pioneers &>
other tools &. implein'ts. 959 959
Mirquee, tents, and ap-
paratus, 472 7.115' 7.115
Ordnance stores, &c. &c. 1,700 1,700
Colours and instruments, 500 500
TotJ, 273.824 140.994 414.818
* Furnished to the troops at the expense of 30.298
the State.)
171.292
The Militia system of the State, in its various details and
bearings upon the community, is too well known to all its citi-
zens to require in this place, any farther elucidation, than may
be derived from the preceding statements. It is only in refer-
ence to its statistics, and its relation to the revenues and pubhc
burdens of the State, that it is introduced in this work ; and in
view of these relations, it may be proper to suggest to consider-
ation the inequahty with which the weight of the burden is
proportioned to the ability to sustain it. From the statement of
the value of arms, military stores, Sic. it will be perceived that
the capital stock of the State vested in these articles, is about
171,300 dollars, exclusive of that belonging to the individual
soldiers; and from table 2, of this chapter, (p. 315) it appears
that the annual expei se incurred by the State at large and paid
out of its Treasury for the military department, since the
year 1821, is on the average about 7,400 dollars. The inter-
est on the capital invested, at 6 per cent, added to this average
annual disbursement from the treasury for current expenditures,
amounts to about 17,7i30 dollars annually, borne by the State
at large. At the same time, the aggregate value of the arms,
amunition, he. furnished by the individual officers and soldiers,
each at his own private expense, is about 243,500 dollars ; the
annual interest of which, at 6 per cent, is 14,610 dollars ; and
if to this is added the value of the time required by law of
each officer and soldier annually for military trainings, which at
the lowest computation cannot be estimated as less than three
days, at one dollar per day, the aggregate amount, added to th^
34f EDUCATION.
interest on the value of the arms and equipments above stated^
is upwards of 135,000 dollars annually. This is borne individ^
ually by the citizens between 18 and 40 years of age, and
virtually, in the form of a cap'itation tax, without any discrimin-
ation with regard to the wealth or poverty of the individuals.
The aggregate annual expense therefore, to the whole commu-
nity, is evidently upwards of 150,000 dollars, of direct and
certain occurrence, exclusive of probably a vastly greater sum
in collateral and consequential expenses, of which no account-
is known, and no estimate can be here made.
CHAPTER XI.
Education,
It needs no argument to prove the truth of the maxim that
^'knowledge is power ;" and it will be admitted at once, by
every intelligent person, that a well educated people possess a
moral and physical energy far superior to diat to which an ig-
norant unenlightened people can attain ; and that the diffusion
of the means of moral and intellectual cultivation, among all
classes of the community, and rendering them equally accessi-
ble to the children of the poor, as weH as of the rich, are the
surest methods to perpetuate the privileges inherited from our
ancesters, and the strongest safeguards to our republican insti-
tutions.
One of the most important principles adopted in the prac-
tice of the first founders of New England, was, that the chil-
dren of each individual member of the community, were, in a
highly interesting sense, the children of the whole ; — that, as
such, tliey were entitled to a sufficient provision for their edu-
cation at the public expense, &. that the most liberal measures for
this purpose were dictated by the soundest policy, and consistent
with the most rigid economy. And it is perhaps to the opera-
EDUCATION. 348
tion eind legitimate consequences of this principle, more than
to any other second cause, that these States are indebted for
the virtue, intelligence, and enterprize which distinguish the
mass of their inhabitants ; and for that determined spirit of
freedom, and that enlightened and sound discretion and fore-
sight which, under the blessing of Heaven, achieved the inde-
pendence of the nation, reduced to order its agitated elements,
and cemented its union, by the adoption of the federal cohsti-
twtion*
* The long and universal ditiusion of the means of education,
among all classes in this country, leaves no opportunity for a statisti-
cal comparison of its advantages, in the result exhibited with respect to
the wealth, and moral and physical energies, of the State. It will not,
however, t>e useless, nor unacceptable to the citizens of Maine, to
learn the results of an investigation, on this subject, made recently in
France
M. Dupin, in an address delivered at the opening of the normal
course of Geometry and Mechanics, at the conservatory of arts and
trades at Paris, divides the kingdom into two sections; the norfhern,
comprehending 32 departments, with a population of 13,000,000, but
of which 740,846 pupils are sent to school, he denominates " enlight-
ened France," The southern, comp-ehending 54 departments, with
a population of 18.000,000, which sends 375,831 pupils to S(;hooi, he
deno ninates "unenlightened France." The former sends one pupil
to 17 12 inhabitants, the latter one to 48. The comparisons between
these two sections of the kingdom are given as follows.
" in the north of France, notwithstanding the rigor of the climate,
which entirely prevents the cultivation of olives, capers, oranges and
lemons, and scarcely allows the growth of Indian corn and the mal-
berry tree in some of the Departments; which deprives Normandy,
Picardy, Artois, French Flanders, and Ardennes, of the culture of
the vine; notwithstanding this absence of natural riches, the mass of
the people in the north, having more instruction, activity and indus-
try, obtain from the soil a revenue sufficient to pay 127,634,785 franca
land-tax on 18,692,111 hectares;* whilst the fifty-four departments of
the south pay only l'^5,412,969 land tax on the superficies of 34,841,-
235 hectares. Thus, for each million of hectares the public treasury
receives from
Enlightened France, 6,820.000 fr. land-tax.
Unenlightened France, 3,599,700 ditto.
The superiority of the public revenues furnished by the enlightened
.part of France, is particularly observable in the tax for licenses;
which is calculated on the same scale throughout the kingdom. The
32 Departments of the north pay into the public treasury, for licenses,
15,274,456 francs; and the 54 Departments of the south pay only
* An hectare is a superficial measure, containing lOO area. An are is rather less than
four English perches.
844 EDUGA'TION.
In pursuance of this principle, provision \^as made, by bur
ancestors, at an early period, for the general education of yoiith,
especially for the elementary instruction of all classes, in pri-
mary schools, established in every town, and supported by taxes
on the polls and estates of all the inhabitants, without distinc-
tion. The laws of Massachusetts provided for the establish-
ment of elementary English schools in every town containing
sixty families, and for that of grammar schools of a higher
9,623,133 francs : so that, owing to the superior industry produced by
a wider spread of knowledge, a million of Frenchmen in the nortli
bring into the public treasury, for licenses, 1,174.958 francs, while a
million of Frenchmen in the south pay only 534,652 francs for licenses.
If we sum up these taxes, it will appear that a million of hectares
pays as follows : —
In the North. In the South.
Land-tc.x, 6,820.000 ffancs. 3,590,700 francs
Licenses, 81/,000 276,216
7,637,000 3,875,916
That is to say, a million of hectares in the north pays exactly twice
as much as a million of hectares m the south. Now, the north of
France sends 740,846 children to school, and the south 375,831, or
about half as many as the north.
We will now endeavor to point out certain indications of the rela-
tive progress of the arts in these two great divisions of France. I
have examined the list of patents from Jidy 1, 1791, to July 1, 1825 ;
and from this it appears, that the thirty two Departments of enlighten-
ed France have obtained 1689 patents; and the fifty-four Departments
of unenlightened France, 413 patents.
The colleges of Paris have aftbrded me another means of forming
a comparison. The University annu;il!y bestows on all the colleges
of Paris and Versailles an immense number of prizes, second prizes,
and acessits. In the University almanac are printeil the names of
the pupils rewarded, and the places of their birth. I commenced by
taking away all the pupils born in Paris, so as not to give any undu'e
advantage to the northern departments. I then reckoned separately
— 1. All the pupils from the thirty-one Departments of the north,
leaving out the Seine ; 2. All the pupils from the fifty four Depart-
ments of the south, and the following was the striking resiilt —
Pupils rewarded from the thirty one northern Departments, 107.
Pupils rewarded from the fifty-four so»uhern Deparlmants, 36.
But another fact has appeared to mc still more remarkable. The
143 rewards consisted of 37 prizes and 106 aicessits : now of the
thirty-seven prizes granted by the University to the children from the
Departments, 83 were obtained by the children from the north, and
four by the children from the south.
The PolytechniG School, which is noted for the equity of its regM
EDUCATION. 345
grade, in every town containing two hundred families. They
also provided for the support and regulation of the schools, and
for the morals and qualification of the instructors, as far per-
haps as Legislative provisions alone could advantageously reach
those objects.
When Maine became a seperate State, one of the earliest
objects of the attention of its Legislature was an improvement
of the system of common schools. The principal variation
howev^er, which was made in the system already established,
consisted in omitting any limitation of the number of families
which any town should contain before it should be required to
support a school, and instead of this, requiring that every town,
of whatever size or numbers it might be, should raise annually,
for the support of schools, a sum equal at least to 40 cents for
each person in the town, and distribute this sum among the
lations, requires that the pupils, who otter themselves from all parts of
Prance as candidates for admission, should have already acquired a
considerable stock of mathematical and literary information. I have
exannned the list of pupils admitted during thirteen consecutive years,
and have found, that, of 1933 pupils admitted, 1233 were sent from
the thirty-two Departments of the north, and 700 from the fifty-four
Departments of the south.
The Academy of Sciences, which it is universally acknowledged,
chooses its members with impartiality from the learned throughout the
kingdom, offers a result still more favourable to the north. Of the
65 members composing the Academy, 48 are from the thirty two
northern Departments, and 17 only from the fifty- four southern De-
partments.
I have reserved, as a last mode of comparison, the rewards granted
by government at the periodical exhibitions of the products of nation-
al industry. At the exhibition of 1819, the rewards were in the fol-
lowing proportion: —
32 North. Depart. 54 South. Depart.
Gold medals, 63 28
Silver medals, 136 45
Bronze medals, 94 36
293 107
The exhibition of 1823 presented results not less striking.
Thus, in whatever point of view we regard the two portions of
France, whether with respect to their agriculture op their commerce;
at whatever period of life we observe the population of the nortii
and that of the south — in tender infancy, at college, at the polytechnic
school, at the Academy of Sciences, in the invention of improve
44
346 . EDUCATION.
several schools, or districts, in proportion to the respective rtum-
ber of scholars in each. , The expenditure of the sunri is left
principally to the discretion of the town, and its committee or
agents appointed for that purpose. The schools are required
to be established in convenient districts, and the inhabitants of
the several districts are invested with corporate powers, to
build and repair school houses, and for some other purposes of
minor consequence. The parents are required to furnish their
children with such books as may be prescribed by the superin-
tending school committee of the town ; and all are entitled
equally to the benefits of the school.
In the year 1825 the Legislature required a report from each
town in the State, of the situation of their schools, so far as re-
spected the number of school districts, and of children usually
attending the schools, the time during Avhich they were open
for instruction in each yeai*, and the funds by which they were
supported. These reports were made in the winter of 1826,
an abstract from which is given in the following table : —
nients in the arts, and in tlie national rewarfis bestowed on industry—
every where we find an analagous, and ahnost always a proportionate
diflference. To men capable of cotnp-iring effects with causes, this
constant unifoiniity of results, this pervading superiority in favor of
that p:'rt of the kingdom where instruction has been the njosi spread,
will demonstrate clearly the advantage of this instruction in promoting
trade, arts, and sciences, as well as private and public opttlence."
No part of Maine, nor of New England, sends so few of its chil-
dren to school, as in what M. Dupin calls the '* enlightened" part of
France ; nor is there any such difference, between ihe proportions
sent to school in any considt rable part of this country, as will afford
an opportunity for comparisons like those instituted by him in rela-
tion to the difllerent sections of France. VVe have therefore no means,
ill our own coutitry, of obtainmg so accurate estimates of the different
eflte :ts of knowledge and ignorance on the wealth and prosperity of the
country : neither do any distin-it portions of it exhibit so remarkable
diff -rcK-eS in this respect, as appear in the statement above cited from
M. Dupin. But, this statement exhibits facts, and affords just ground
for inferences tvhich will lead us to appreciate the more correctly the
wisdon) of our ancestors, in laying so broad foundatfons for the edu-
cation of their descendants ; and should excite us the more highly to
prize the institutions they have left us, and the more sedulously to
cherish, and improve upon them, as the surest means, not only to pro-
duce, and sustain, aumng the people at large, an elevated tone of moral
sentiment, and intellectual character; but to increase the wealth, pro-
ductive ability, and physical energies of the State.
EDUCATION.
347
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EDUCATION. 363
A comparison of the statements in the table, with the popu-
lation, wealth, and circumstances of the respective towns, will
suggest many useful reflections ; but it will not be necessary,
at this time, to enter into detailed examinations. Some gene-
ral observations, however, upon the aggregate of the table,
will not be useless.
When instead of requiring every town, containing a speci-
fied number ol families, to establish and maintain schools of
certain descriptions, and certain portions of the year, (as had
been required under the laws of Massachusetts,) it was deter-
mined that each town should annually raise and expend, for
the support of schools, a sum equal to the amount of 40 cents
for each inhabitant of the town at the latest census, it was un-
doubtedly thought to be an improTcment on the former laws,
and, by some, a very great improvement. The amount thus
to be raised annually, throughout the whole State, would be
119,334 dollars; which, divided among the whole number of
school districts, would give 47 dollars and 75 cents, on an ave-
rage, to the support of each school. This sum, at the expense
which the schools have actually been found to cost per month,
on the average, would furnish the means of instruction to each
school rather short of four months in the year ; more than half
of whicJi must be of the description usually provided, only for
little children, in the early stages of education. But, it ap-
pears that, on the average of each county, they have all raised
more than their proportion of the sum required by law ; and
some of them, from one fourth more, to nearly double ; yet
even this, on the whole, has sufficed only to maintain the
schools to an average of 4 1-2 months in the year; viz. 2
months under male teachers, and 21-2 months under female
teachers. There is no evidence that, before the passage of
the law, schools were maintained, in general, throughout the
State, any less number of months annually, than they have
been since ; and the amount actually raised per annum shows,
conclusively, that the requisitions of the new law fell below the
364 EDUCATION.
tone of public sentiment, and were, in effect, merely nominal,
unless so far as they affected new towns, having less than fifty
families, which were not touched by the former laws. In the
case of such towns, the law takes effect, by preventing them
from determining, as some towns have sometimes, in a popular
freak, determined, that they would have no schools at all for
the year.
There is another provision of the law, the effect of which is
worthy of serious consideration. The money raised by each
town is required to be apportioned among the several school
districts, according to the number of children and youth be-
tween the ages of 4 and 21 years, residing within the exterior
limits of the district, whether they auend the schools or not.
This, in many instances, operates to give to different scholars,
of the same town, who on every consideration are entitled to
an equal opportunity for instruction, very unequal portions of
the means to obtain it. In country towns the school districts
are usually formed of a size proportioned principally to the dis-
tance from which the scholars can conveniently attend the
schools ; and it often happens in new towns, and sometimes in
older ones, that some districts contain but a comparatively very
small number of scholars. By this mode of dividing the money,
each scholar in such a district obtains but a very small share of
instruction ; and in some districts, its amount is next to nothing.
The money expended therefore in such cases is nearly a total
waste, and the public loses the benefit to be derived from the
education of some who, but for this, might be among its most
useful citizens. Whether there is any mode by which this
evil may be remedied, without producing greater evils, is a
question which will naturally present itself to tlie mind. It is
not, however, the design in this place to discuss, but merely
to suggest it.
It appears that, in the aggregate of the State, about three
fourths of the children and youth between the ages of 4 and
21 years, usually attend the public schools some part of \\w
EDUCATION. 365
year ; and that these constitute nearly one third part of the
whole population. It is not to be supposed, however, that
they attend the schools regularly, during the whole of the time
they are open for instruction. The schools instructed by male
teachers are usually open only in the winter, and for the average
term of two months in a year. These are principally attended
by the larger scholars; while the schools under the care of fe-
males, which average ^1-2 months in a year, are kept open,
in general, only in the summer, and ai*e attended chiefly by the
smaller children. A part, however, of both descriptions of
scholars attend the schools both summer and winter ; but, on
the average, it cannot be supposed that the time for instruction,
afforded to each scholar, is equal to more than three montlis
in the year, and it probably does not, in reality, amount to so
much.
The average annual expense, (exclusive of books and sta-
tionary,) incurred for the instruction of each scholar, in the
common schools, varies very considerably in different towns;
but less in tlie aggregates of the different counties. In the
average of the whole State, it is but one dollar and thirty-five
cents per annum. The proportion of the whole expense, to
the whole taxable property of the State, as valued by the Le-
gislature in 1820, is as 6 to 1000; but to the real value of the
property, is probably not more than 2 to 1000. The propor-
tion, however, is borne very unequally among the several
towns and counties; — varying from 5 in 1000, as in the ave-
rages of Cumberland and Washington, to 11 in 1000, as in the
average of Penobscot. The proportions vary still more among
the several towns in each county; the difference in different
towns being, in York, from 3 to 9 in 1000, in Cumberland,
from 3 to 17, Lincoln, 4 to 15, Waldo, 4 to 21, Hancock, 4
to 20, Washington, 3 to 40, Kennebeck, 5 to 20, Oxford, 5
to 25, Somerset, 6 to 29, and Penobscot, 6 to 33.
Whether the State collectively can afford to appropriate any
greater sum, or provide for any greater length of time annual-
366 EbucATidN.
ly, or devise any more equal provision for the expense of the
education of those, who are continually advancing from the
condition of pupilage to that of manhood, in which they are to
constitute not only its " bone and muscle," but its heart and in-
tellect, and in which they will direct its energies, and frame
and execute its laws, are questions for the people themselves,
and their Legislators, to solve.
The provision made by our ancestors, for the establishment
of free grammar schools, in every town containing 200 fami-
lies, was a proof of their wisdom and foresight in securing to
such of the children of the poorer classes, as possessed the
genius or talents for higher spheres of usefulness, the means of
qualifying themselves for such spheres, and advancing to the
highest seminaries which the country afforded, at the public
expense. The public schools of this grade, however, seem lo
have been gradually superceded by the establishment of pri-
vate Academies, founded by individual exertion, in many parts
of the country, and aided in most instances by special grants of
land for their endowment, by the Legislature. These Acade-
mies, in general, occupy nearly the same rank, in the scale of
education, with the public grammar schools contemplated by the
ancient laws. The principal difference is, that the free schools
were supported by taxes on the property of the whole commu-
nity, and were equally open to, and within the reach of, the
poor as well as the rich ; while the academies are founded in
the first instance by private donations, and supported principal-
ly by funds derived from the income or proceeds of lands af-
terwards granted by the Legislature, and by charges npon the
individual scholars, as the price of their tuition.
There are 28 of these Academies in the State, of which 24
were incorporated and endowed by Massachusetts, and 4 by.
Maine.
EDUCATION.
367
TABLE II.
List of AcHdemies, with the date of their incorporation, and amount
of eiidowineiils by the Legislature.
NAME & PLACE
I Date of IncDriioiatioii |Am of land grant
Berwick at South Berwick
Hillowell— Hillowell
Fryeburgh — Fryeburgh
Washington — Machias
Portland— Portland
Lincoln — New Castle
Go r ham — Gorham
Hampden
Bluehill— Bluehill
Hebron — Hebron
Bath— Bath
Farmington — Farmington
Bloomfield — Bloomfield
Warren — Warren
Belfast— Belfast
Bridgetown — Bridgetown
Bath, Female — Bath
Limerick — Limerick
Monmouth — Monmouth
Thornton — Saco
11th
5th
9th
7th
24th
23rd
5th
7th
8th
10th
6th
18th
18th
25th
29th
8th
11th
17th
19th
16th
North Yarmouth — N. Yarmouth 4th
Young Ladies — Bangor
Cony, Female — Augusta
China — China
Foxcroft — Foxcroft
Brunswick — Brunswick
Anson — Anson
Oxford, Female — Paris
27th
10th
12th
31st
23rd
8th
7th
March
March
Feb'y.
March,
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
March,
March,
March,
Feb'y.
March,
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
March,
March,
Nov.
June,
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
Jan'y.
Feb'y.
June,
Jan'y.
Jan'y.
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
1791123.
1791123.
1792J12.
1792 23
1794
1801
1803
1803
1803
1804
1805
1807
1807
1808
1808
180S
1808
1808
1808
1811
1811
1818
1818
1818
1823
1823
1853
1827
040 acres
040
000
040
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520 upw.
520
520
520
520
520
5^0
The grants made by the Legislature to the several Acade-
mies, have been only in wild land, and, with but few excep-
tions, the amount of the grant to each has been equal. The
actual value, however, realized by the several institutions,
from the sale of their lands, has been very various ; owing to
the different value of the soil or situations where they have lo-
cated them, and to more or less favorable circumstances under
which they have sold them.
Some of the Academies have also funds arising from private
368 BDDCATION.
donations, and these, with the different sums realized from the
lands granted by the Legislature, produce a veiy considerable
difference between the available annual income of different
Academies, and of course in their comparative usefulness.
To ascertain, as far as practicable, the amount of the actual
funds of each Academy, with some indications, also, of the ex-
tent of its usefulness, inquiries have been addressed to gentle-
men near, or connected with, each Academy in the State;
answers to a part of which have been received ; and from
these, with an abstract from the returns made to the Legisla-
ture, in obedience to a resolve of February 1828, so far as
they have been yet received, are deduced the statements in
EDUCATION.
369
TABLE III.
Statement and estimate of funds, receipts, and expenditures, and
amount of instruction of tiie several academies in the State.
Aniouiu ot PennaiieiJt i Aiuouiit ol 1 ;^|Av. .Nooi
~ =
^
ment
Funds. |ann. receipts.
1
Sch.rs.
.1 *
■1^
Places of estalish
hi
•0
s
a
53
1 =
_s.
i
1
3
-p fe
l3^-3
U -- Q.
5
5*0
. .1.
•
1
2,
C
"n
~
y
3 =^
o S J
« y a^
0
0
!S
0
c
o
X —
a. S n
f-
vb
tn ~
H
tn
S
'a.
r- Z
Z^
.:a
Augusta
a
6.050
3.935} 9.985
1
I
50
.50]
20
1.25
Bath
b
4.300
3.750 8.050
400
480 880
600 30
30
60 1116
2.00
*Bridgton
c
1.300
9.141 10.441
♦Belfast
d
5.723
Bluehill
6.652;393
94 487
42510
10 20|l0 5 1.67
Bloomfield
3.000 3.000 180
300480
\
30,11 10,1.33
*Buxton
e
1.501
.725 I.775I
1
China
f 2.500
2.432 4.932;i80
400
580
450 30
10
40
11
10
1.25
♦Fryeburgh
g js.ooo
1 1566
1
♦Farmington
h 1.000
1.294 2.2941
•:
Foxcroft
i 1.200
3.750: 4.900 220
190
410
39017
15i32! 9
611.25
Gorham
1
^10.000 600
320
920
780
I4OII
8
1.67
Hebron
k 2.275
5.731
8.006 300
175
475
400 22
8i30,10 8
1.25
Hampden
4.500150
280
430
400 18
17 35
9 7
1.50
*Limerick
I 2.500
1.551
4.051!
Machias
!4.000
17.000
21.000780
324
1104
860 28
12 40
11
9
1.50
*Monmouth
m ;3.438
3.212
6.650
New-Castle
16.000
2.000
8.000 320
240
560
50015
15 30
9 8
1.25
*N. Yarmouth
n il-500
.9520
11.020
*Readfield
0 6.500
12.574
19.074
*South Berwick p\ .700
6.837
7.587
Saco
q 1.000
6.180
7.180 360
480
840
600
|45
11
12
1.50
*Wiscasset
r 4.400 28
4.428
I
* The account of those to which this mark is prefixed is taken from returns made to the
Legislature, the. residue is from iuformation derived from private sources.
a $3225 donation from the Founder, remainder of funds derived from sale of lands, grant-
«d by the State. Library, J200 vols. Jonations.
b Whole funds derived fi'om sale of lands.
c $3000 by voluntary contributions, remainder from sale of lands.
d $5020 of this fund is the estimated value of land granted by Massachusetts.
e Whole fund private donation.
/ $3400 of this is from sale of half township.
fThis annual income is principally from sale of lands srranted by Massachusetts.
The personal estate is derived from sale of half township granted by Massachusetts.
i $3338 from sale of half township granted by the State,
k $3409 from individvals, remainder from safe ot lands.
1 The real estate donations from individuals, the personal from the State.
m $4906 from Massachusetts. 1746 from individvals.
n $5949 from sale of lands, remainder from individuals— original cost of buildings ^2626
—now worth $1500, °
o Maine Wesleyan Seminary. It is noticed in another place
p Real estate private docati«n, personal from sale of lands— buildings and lot cost .43550
now worth 700.
q $2500 from sale of lands, remainder from individuals.
r Funds wholly individual donation.
47
370 EDUCATION.
This statement, it will be perceived, embraces the principal
part of the Academies of the State, but not the whole. If
those from which no particular accounts, or from which but
partial accounts, have been obtained, will bear any tolerable
cx)mparison, on the average, with the rest, then the amount
and expense of the instruction afforded by the whole, may be
deduced from these accounts, with an approach to accuracy
entirely sufficient for general purposes. On this principle,
with an allowance for Academies not endowed, it will appeal'
that the whole amount of capital, permanently invested for the
establishment and support of all the Academies in the State,
including their buildings, libraries and apparatus, is not far
from, or probably over, 220,000 dollars. The available annu-
al income of their permanent funds, 9,500 dollars. Annual
receipts for tuition, 8,000 dollars. Number of youths annual-
ly under instruction, 560 males, 390 females, total, 950. Av-
erage terms of instruction each year, 10 months. Average
expense for each student — paid out of the income of funds
granted by the State, or private donors, 10 dollars — paid by
the student for tuition, 8 dollars 42 cents — for board and inci-
dental expenses, more than the net cost of their subsistence in
the families of their parents, about 32 dollars. Total expense
for the education of each scholar, on the average, about 50
dollars.
It will be observed that the first item, of 10 dollars, in the
expense of educating each scholar, is furnished principally by
the State, in the income derived from its original endowments ;
and that the last item is an estimate for the extra expense, in-
curred by the scholar, for board and incidental charges of
maintenance from home. The whole, however, is equally an
expense to the community' in the aggregate, from whatsoever
source it may be immediately derived.
Taking the whole together, and comparing this amount of
expense with that stated in Table 1 . as the expense of instruc-
tion afforded in the primary schools, it will appear that, while
EDUCATION. 371
the average expense for the instruction of each scholar 10
months in the primary schools, is but 3 dollars, that of instruc-
tion in the academies is about 50 dollars. Or, in other words,
the education afforded to one scholar, in the academies, costs
the community nearly or quite as much as that afforded to 17
scholars in the primary schools, an equal length of time. And
it is farther observable that, as four- fifths of this expense falls
on the scholar, or his parents, individually, very many children,
of even the first rate native capacities are, from this circum-
stance, utterly precluded from the benefits of that grade of ed-
ucation which it was the intention of the ancient laws of Mas-
sachusetts, respecting free grammar schools, to furnish alike
to all classes, the poor as well as the rich ; and the communi-
ty thereby loses the benefit which might be expected to result
from the developement of a large mass of native talent, which,
for want of the ability to defray the expense, is now con-
demned to obscurity, and comparative uselessness.*
The foregoing facts may suggest the inquiry, whether there
has been, in reality, any substantial improvement made, on the
whole, in our system of popular education, (so far as it is affect-
ed by Legislative provisions,) since the days of our ancestors,
the fathers of New-England ; or, if any, whether it has been
Commensurate with our means and opportunities, or has kept
pace with the advance of science throughout the civilized
world ; and whether the means of intellectual and moral cul-
ture, diffused among the mass of the children of the State, par-
ticularly among those of the poorer classes, are equal to the
ability of the State to supply, or in any m&asure correspondent
to the demand resulting from the nature of its political institu-
tions, and the basis on which its permanent prosperity and hap-
* The author hopes he may not be understood to entertain views hostile to the esi.ab-
lishment and endowment of Academise, and other literary institutions, in the abstract, nor
unfavorable to those bow existing^. His intention is only to exhibit the com arative ef-
fect of these institutions as far as they supercede the ancient free grrammar schools, which
were equally accessible to all, and as they affect the relative diffusion ot learning among
all classes, the poor as well as the rich. He would say, encouiage the one, as far as
may be usefiil-, but neglect not the other.
372 EDUCATION.
piness must be founded. It is believed that the mere sugges-
tion of the inquiry will be sufficient in this place.
The course, and amount, of instruction afforded by the dif-
ferent academies has been various. In general it has pro-
fessedly been an elementary induction into almost the whole
circle of intellectual and moral science. The funds of most of
them, have not been sufficient to support more than one in-
structor; and the multifarious nature of his duties, and the
transient terms of the attendance of many of the pupils, have,
in general, necessarily tended to prevent their acquisition of
more than a superficial smattering of various branches of sci-
ence, without a radical knowledge of any. In some, however,
their circumstances have permitted a more thorough instruc-
tion, and numbers in them have been prepared for a more
complete education, in higher seminaries, or for respectable
degrees of usefulness in the ordinary walks of life.
In January, 1822, an institution, on a plan different from
any heretofore existing in this country, was established at Gai*-
diner, by the name of the Gardiner Lyceum. This institution
was designed, as is expressed in its charter, " to prepare
youths, by a scientific education, to become skilful farmers
and mechanics." For its establishment the community is
originally indebted to the hberality and public spirit of Robert
Hallowell Gardiner, Esq. The novel character, and evident
utility of its design, immediately obtained the public sentiment
in its favor, and the Legislature soon extended to it a portion
of the patronage, which had been bestowed on other literary
and scientific institutions. Its effective support, however, has
been largely derived from the munificence of the |;entleman
whose name it bears, and other individuals, and from receipts
from the students for their tuition. The aid afforded by the
Legislature has been an annuity of 1000 dollars per annum
for five years past ; but its funds are not yet sufficient to carry
into full execution, the broad and liberal design of its foun-
dation.
EDUCATION. 373
The studies pursued at the Lyceum are, Arithmetic, Book-
keeping, Mensuration, Surveying, Navigation, Algebra, Per-
spective and Isometrical Drawing, Chemistry, Natural Phi-
losophy, Mineralogy, Mechanics, Agriculture, Natural History,
&1C. he. Lectures also are given on the theory of Agricul-
ture, Chemistry and its applications, and the sciences; and
the course of instruction and exercises is designed to form a
radical system of mental discipline.
The expenses of the students are not materially different
from those at the ordinary academies in the State. Measures,
however, are provided that, in the course of their discipline,
students may also defray a part of their expenses, and the
meritorious and indigent may receive instruction gratis.
The Maine Wesleyan Seminary, at Readfield, was incorpo-
rated in January, 1825, and a half township, of 11,520 acres,
granted for its endowment in February, 1827. The original,
and principal, object of this seminary is understood to be, to
educate candidates for the ministry, of the Methodist denomi-
nation of Christians. Students, however, designed for other
pursuits, are admitted, and afforded the instruction usual in
other academies. From its recent establishment and endow-
ment, it cannot be expected that the ultimate benefits it is de-
signed to produce to society, are, at present, to be fairly esti-
mated. The amount of its funds is stated in table 3.
Bangor Theological Seminary and Classical School, wa»
incorporated in 1814, by the name of the Maine Charity
School. This institution was first opened at Hampden, in the
year 1816, with the special view to the instruction of young
men, of the Congregational denomination, intending to enter
the ministry. It was afterwards removed to Bangor, where it
is now permanently established. The institution has passed
through several slight changes of character, gradually improv-
ing, and has now two distinct branches, both under the man-
agement of the same board of trustees, and the same execu-
tive government. By its present form, the theological depart-
374 EDUCATION.
ment is elevated, and conformed essentially to the other theo-
logical schools in our country. It is under the instruction of
two Professors ; one of systematic theology and pastoral du-
ties ; the other of Biblical literature and sacred rhetoric. The
literary acquirements necessary for admission to this depart-
ment, are those of a college course, or such attainments as, by
the Faculty, shall be judged substantially equivalent, so far as
they relate to a preparation for commencing the study of the-
ology. The course of study is three years. Protestants of
suitable character, of every denomination, are admitted.
The other department is strictly classical, and has one in-
structor. Tn this department, young men are furnished with
the elementary instruction necessary for admission to a college
course, or for any other pursuits. A course of instruction is
also furnished for such persons as, for sufficient reasons, intend
to enter upon theological studies without a college course.
Tlie operations of this institution, in its various departments,
liave been sustained entirely by the contributions of drivale in-
dividuals. Its productive funds do not exceed 14,000 dollars.
The whole number of its students, on an average, is about for-
ty-five.
Waterville College wns originally incorporated in 1813, by
the name of the Maine Literary and Theological Institution.
This was primarily intended for the education of young men
for the ministry, in the Baptist denomination. In June 1 820,
its powers were enlarged by the permission to confer such
degrees as are usually conferred by Universities ; and, in
February 1821, its name was changed to that of Waterville
College.
The permanent property and funds of this College, consist
of a township of land, containing about 38.000 acres, which
was granted by the Legislature of Massachusetts. The value
of this is estimated (at a very low rate)
To be about $10,000
About 178 acres in Waterville, valued at 2.500
14.00ft
2.000
1.000
29:500
1.000
300
500
640
240
2.680
4.000
2.300
240
EDUCATION. 375
College buildings, &lc.
Library, containing about 1700 volumes,
Philosophical apparatus,
Total permanent property.
The present annual income is stated to be — Annuities
from the State,
Annual subscriptions by individuals,
Average income of township,
Receipts from Students for tuition,
Rent of rooms for Students^
The debts of the College amount to about
The annual expenses of the College are
Salaries of President, 2 Professors, and 2 Tutors,
Interest of debt,
2.540
The average number of students is about 40 ; the length of
the terms of study in each year is 38 weeks ; their annual ex-
penses are.
For tuition, $16.00
Room rent, 6.00
Fuel, 5.00
Board, $1.25 per week, 47.50
Other expenses, about 14.50 — 89.00
To compare this expense with that of the education at the
common schools, a deduction must be made for the difference
between the net actual cost of the subsistence of the students
at home, and that paid at college. This is various, and can
only be conjectured. In general, it may be estimated at about
one half, viz : $23.75, which leaves the net expense to the
scholar about $65.25.
The whole annual expense to the community at large, which
is incurred for the education of each student, may be stated
as follows :
Interest of the fixed capital, invested in college funds,
lands, buildings, library and apparatus, $1,770
Annuity from the State, and private subscriptions, 1.300
3.070
376 EDUCATION.
which, apportioned among the scholars individually,
gives, as the share incurred for each, 76.75
Estimated net expense paid by the scholar himself, 65.25
Total 142.00
BowDOiN College. This institution was incorporated by
the Legislature oi Massachusetts, in June, 1794. The first
class was graduated in September, 1806. Upon the separa-
tion of Maine from Massachusetts, this institution became the
object of the fostering care of the new State. Its trustees con-
fiding fully in the interest felt by the pubhc in its prosperity,
surrendered its former charter, and received a new one from
the State of IVlaine, with a liberal annuity in aid of its funds.
Since this time the College has flourished, and whether we
regard its resources, its means of instruction, or the number of
its students, it is justly considered as the principal literary insti-
tution of the State ; and holds a highly respectable rank among
the principal colleges of the United States.
Its funds consists of, or are derived from, lands granted by the
Hon. James Bowdoin for its original endowment, and other
subsequent donations ; lands granted by the Commonwealth
of Massachuse ; tts and an annuity from the State of Maine.
Their amount, or interest is not known, but is understood to
to be no more than adequate to the necessary expenditures of
the College on its present establishment, without the means of
extending its operations, to the degree which the increasing
wants of the State, and the progress of literature and science
require. Its permanent estabhshment in Brunswick consists of
two large, commodious, brick edifices for the residence of the
students, a brick building containing public rooms for Medical,
Chemical and Philosophical Lectures, a Building for a chapel
and library, and two houses for college officers. It has a li-
brary of 8000 volumes, a large cabinet of minerals, and good
Philosophical and Chemical apparatus. Its collection of paint-
ings, principally donatioi^ from the Bowdoin family, contains
EDUCATION. 371^
works of the first artists, and is exceeded by few, if any, in
the United States.
The officers of instruction are, a President and six Profes-
sors, in the departments of Ancient and Modern Languages,
Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Mineralogy,
Rhetoric and Oratory, Intellectual and Moral Philosophy ;
with Lectureships in Sacred Literature, and in Political Eco-
nomy. The course of instruction extends through four years,
and is similar to that pursued in the other principal Colleges
and Universities in the United States.
The Medical School of Maine, attached to this College, has
a high reputation, and its annual courses of lectures are attend-
ed by a large class of students.
The necessary annual expenses of Students, through their
college course, are.
Tuition, .... 24.00
Room-rent, .... 10.00
Board, in commons, . . 45.00
Other college charges, . . 10.00
Fuel, light, books, furniture, and ) oi qq
other necessary expenses, j
#120.00
The amount of one fourth of the annuity from the State, is
annually appropriated to diminish the charge of tuition to the
meritorious and indigent. From this appropriation more than
50 young men receive assistance in their course. The whole
number of students, on the average, is about 110, exclusive of
medical students. The terms of study, 39 weeks in each
year.
As a result of the preceding statements, it will be observed
that, out of a population, estimated in the year 1825, at 337,-
000 souls, about 100,000 children and youth are annually af-
forded the means of instruction, a part of the year, at the pri-
mary schools, at the average expense of 1 dollar and 35 cents
for each scholar ; about 1000 are under instruction the princi-
48
378 EDUCATION.
pal part of the year, at the several Academies, at the averaee
expense of about 50 dollars for each scholar; and about 160
annually are deriving the benefit of a college course, at the ex*
pense, for each, of about $150.*
The number of scholars here stated, includes females as
well as males, excepting those at the colleges, which are whol-
ly males ; and there are no means of determining exactly, the
numbers of each sex respectively, who receive the benefits of
instruction at the public primary schools. An estimate, how-
ever, may be formed, probably not far from the truth, by at
reference to the comparative numbers of the sexes in die
whole population, of the ages approaching nearest to those re-
turned as attending the schools. The proportions exhibited,
on the average of the enumerations in 1800, 1810, and 1820,
of the numbers of the two sexes of, and under, the age of 26
years, is as 976 females to 1000 males. It is highly proboble
that the same proportions will hold good in relation to those
between the ages of 4 and 21 years. Taking this for granted,
it appears that, of 100,000 children and youth educated at
the primary schools, about 50,oOO are males ; and, from the
returns of the academies, it may be computed that the num-
ber of males who there receive instruction, is about 590 out of
1000, the whole estimated number. It follows, then, that the
proportions of the males, who respectively receive the differ-
ent grades of instruction afforded by the public schools and
seminaries throughout the State, are as 1 in the colleges, and
6 in the academies, to 625 in the primary schools. The
proportion of females, who receive instruction at the public
schools, as far as can be judged from the numbers at the acad-
emies, is less than that of the males. It is to be observed,
however, that this account of the public schools and semina-
ries, does not include all the means of instruction in operation
within the State. In all the larger towns, and in many of the
* Having no 8rcoi:ni of th'» amtU'nt < f the funHs ot B<:wdoiii CoUe^f, and ihe value of
its fixed < -taMi^hments, ti is si.m cwn only be coi j' cmral. It is pvident. however, that it H
higher at Buwdoiu than at Wateirdle \ and this sura is taken as probably a meaa.
EDUCATION. 879
smaller, there are private schools, sustained at the expense of
individuals, which are generally of superior grade to most of
the town or primary schools, and some of them equal to any
of the academies. These private schools are not confined to
the instruction of either sex, but a larger proportion of them is
supposed to be appropriated to female education. In estima-
ting the different degrees of instruction actually afforded to the
whole number of children and youth, these private schools also
should be taken into the account, and probably be classed
with the academies ; but there are no known means of ascer-
taining their precise extent, and each, therefore, will make the
estimate of them, as his means of judging will allow.
About one half of the expense of the education of the scholars
at the Colleges, and one fifth of that at the Academies, is de-
rived from the grants of the Legislature, or the munificence of
private individuals. The whole of that afforded by the com-
mon schools, is defrayed by taxes on the respective towns ;
and, being required to be raised in proportion to the number
of inhabitants, it has, as it respects the inhabitants of different
towns, the same disadvantages which result from a capitation
tax among individuals ; though these disadvantages are miti-
gated, as it respects the inhabitants of the same town, by its
distribution among themselves, in proportion to their estates.
The different proportions, whether as to their respective
numbers or wealth, in which the expense of educating the chil-
dren of the State, in the primary schools, is borne by the in-
habitants of the different towns and counties, will be seen by
examining the details of table 1 .
With respect to the kinds and degrees of instruction afforded
by the different schools and seminaries, some account would
have been desirable ; but, on this subject, it will be at once
perceived, that nothing like precision is to be obtained ; and
but little can be added to the stock of information already in
possession of most of the intelligent part of the community. It
will be recollected also, that the principal design of this work
380 ANCIENT GRANTS.
relates rather to that part of its several subjects which comes
more immediately within the reach of the direct powers of the
people in their primary assemblies, or of Legislative enact-
ments ; — and the actual state, or the various comparative de-
grees, of intellectual and moral improvement, produced by the
schools and seminaries of the State, may with propriety be left
to individual observation.
CHAPTER XII.
Grants and Sales of Land,
A detailed account of the various and conflicting grants of
land from the sovereigns, or subordinate powders claiming the
territorial rights and jurisdiction over the country which now
constitutes the State of Maine, during the early days of its set-
tlement ; with an elucidation of their respective limits, their
interference or connection with each other, and their effects
upon the views and interest of those who were originally, or
since have been, concerned in, or affected by them, would be
of some interest at the present day, as matters of history ; but,
except so far as they may refer to the origin of titles under
which the lands in different parts of the State are now
holden, would be foreign to the principal design of this work;
and therefore will be noticed no farther than by a brief, and
general, reference to those under which the titles to the lands,
in different parts of the State, have since been finally settled,
and are now holden.
* In the year 1606, James I. of England, granted all die
lands from the 40th to the 48th degree of north latitude, to the
Council established at Plymouth, in the County of Devon, for
the planting, ruling, ordering and governing the affairs of New
* The principal facts here stated, are abstracted from, and given on the authority of the
late Governor Sullivan, in his History of the District of Maine ; and in soiue iastances in
his own language, though not expressly quoted.
ANCIENT GRANTS. 381
England. The first exercise of the powers of the Council, as
it respects any lands within the present territory of Maine, ap-
pears to be a grant from them, in the year 1624, of all the
lands between the rivers Merrimack and Sagadahok, to Sir
Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason.
It seems that the extension of this grant westward to the
Merrimack, interfered with other claims, in New Hampshire ;
and it does not very clearly appear what river was then intend-
ed by the Sagadahok, which formed its eastern limit. In gen-
eral, this name has been understood to refer to the Kennebeck ;
but, in some instances, it is supposed, only to the Saco. ,
From a misunderstanding of the grant to Gorges and Mason,
or some other cause, the Council made a number of other
grants, of smaller extent, some of which were fully within the
territory of Gorges and Mason, others clearly without it ; and,
with respect to others, it must have been uncertain ; but the
most of them conflicted with, and infringed the rights of each
other, as well as, a part of them, those of Gorges and Mason.
The colony of Massachusetts also extended its claims (and it is
still by many believed justly) over the principal part of the
grant to Gorges and Mason ; and long and severe disputes
arose, which injured the prosperity of the country, and retarded
its settlement for many years.
The struggles between the different parties in England, from
the demise of Elizabeth to the accession of William and Mary,
were felt in the colonies ; and their effects were experienced
in the validity or invalidity, which the parties prevailing in the
government at different times, gave to the titles to the lands,
which were derived respectively from themselves or their op-
ponents. The claims of Massachusetts, the opposite views and
feelings of the settlers, and the conflicting claims under the
different grants from the Council of Plymouth, had nearly
destroyed all the hopes of Gorges and Mason, of deriving any
benefit from their original grant ; when the apparent establish-
ment of the power of Charles I. and the progress of his designs,
382 ANCIENT GRANTS.
threw the colonies, for a tune, into the hands of the monarch,
and gave Gorges, who was a zealous royalist, an opportunity,
as he hoped, to retrieve his affairs by obtaining a charter, of
all the territory between the rivers Piscataqua and Kennebeck,
and extending northward 120 miles from the sea. This char-
ter was granted in 1639, and the territory was distinguished by
the name of the Province of Maine.
In this charter was included all the territory claimed by
Massachusetts, and many of the intermediate grants of the
Council of Plymouth ; but still it did not effectually, nor long,
silence the claimants. The overthrow of Charles, and the
prevalence of the republican party in England, soon gave new
hopes to Massachusetts, and the others wl:^se rights and inter-
ests interfered with those of Gorges. Massachusetts was now
in favor with the government, and her claims were agreeable
to a large portion of the people of Maine, who were desirous
to be subject to her jurisdiction, and receive the benefits of her
government and protection. She therefore took possession of
the country, and entered upon the administration of its affairs.
In this state of things, Gorges died, and the most valuable part
of his patent seemed to be in a fair way to be utterly lost. The
restoration of Charles U. however reversed the case. The
heirs of Gorges revived the claim of tlieir ancestor ; and the
claims of Massachusetts were not likely to receive much sup-
port from the royal influence. But the contest had been long
and expensive, its final event must be uncertain, both parties
were tired of the war, and willing to close it by a compromise.
The result of tlie whole was that Massachusetts, to secure her
own rights, and extend her territory, was willing to pay a val-
uable consideration ; and Gorges, the grandson and heir of Sir
Ferdinando, was willing to sell, at a cheap rate, the patent
which he feared was insecure, for a sum of money, of which
be could be made sure. Accordingly John Usher, the agent
of Massachusetts, purchased for that colony, the patent of
Gorges, for the sum of £1250 sterling, and Massachusetts thus
ANCIENT GRANTS. 383
became possessed of a title, no longer to be contested, to the
whole Province of Maine, extending from the Piscataqua to
the Kennebeck, and 120 miles into the country, subject how-
ever, as appears by the event, to the effects of the smaller grants
from the council of Plymouth and purchases of the Indians j
the most of which, where actual settlements had neen made,
were admitted to support a tide to the soil, but without affect-
ing the jurisdiction.
Some probable consequences of this purchase, may perhaps
be of sufficient importance to justify a digression in this place,
to bestow on them a passing notice.
The value of the purchase to Massachusetts, in a political
point of view, may have been great. It may seem so also in a
pecuniary sense ; but this may be questioned. From the time
of the purchase,in 1674, to the peace, in 1763, the country was
frequently harrassed, and at some times almost destroyed, by
Indian wars ; and the colony of Massachusetts was constantly
required to expend its money, and lives, for the defence of the
setderflents in Maine. Very little, if any thing, could be deri-
ved, by way of taxes, from the few inhabitants which, during
that period, it contained ; and very little also accrued from the
sales or grants of the land, for in fact almost or quite the whole
of the settlements at that time were made on the grants pre-
viously existing, or on tracts subsequently purchased of the
Indians, with the consent or connivance of Massachusetts. No
records are known to have been preserved, from which any
tolerable estimate can be obtained, of the sums expended for
the protection of the country during the Indian wars, or its
government in times of peace, nor of the sums, if any, which
were derived from grants of land, or from taxes on the inhab-
itants ; but to those who are, even but indifferently, acquainted
with the history of the country during that early, and, for the
most part, gloomy period, it can hardly seem possible that the
expenses of the Indian and French wars, for the defence and
relief of Maine ; and of administering the government of the
884 ANCIENT GRANTS.
district ; should not very far exceed any sum which could
have been derived from the territory, or its inhabitants, either
directly or indirectly ; and it will be readily admitted, that if
an account current could be stated between the Treasury of the
colony of Massachusetts, and the province of Maine, from the
date of the first purchase in 1674, to the peace of 1763, the
latter would stand debtor to the former, in a very considerable
balance of principal and interest, exclusive of the original pur-
chase money, and its interest for nearly 100 years.
After the peace of 1763, the expenses for the government
of Maine were probably, in part, balanced, by the taxes on
the inhabitants, but not entirely ; and at this time also there
were sales and grants made of different parcels, and townships
of land, amounting in the whole, before the close of the revolu-
tion, to not far from 500.000 acres. A large proportion of
these grants, were made as indemnities for lands which had
been previously granted, within the limits of the original charter
to Massachusetts, as she had always understood it, but which,
upon the settlement of the boundary between that provinft-e and
New Hampshire, had fallen within the latter province. Other
grants were made in compensation for services rendered in the
preceding war, and other claims upon the province ; and a part
were sales for money. The sums realized for these lands, and
the expenses of their survey and management, are not known,
nor easily ascertained at this day ; but judging from what is
known of the subsequent sales, it cannot be supposed that the
net proceeds were equivalent to the extra expenses of Massa-
chusetts proper, incurred for the defence of this territory and
relief of its inhabitants during the revolutionary war. The
territory therefore, at that period, must still stand debtor, with
an accumulation of interest on the original purchase.
After the peace of 1783, and the establishment of the Gov-
ernment, the state of the account began to change. Some
account of the sales of the land, from that period to the sepa-
ration of Maine from Massachusetts, in 1820, will appear in
ANCIENT GRANTS. 385
the sequel ; and a conjectural estimate of the consequences of
the purchase from Gorges, as they may be supposed to relate
merely to the treasury of the Commonwealth, or of the proba-
ble balance in a supposed account current, may be made by
each reader for himself, recollecting that, aside from all con-
tingent and intermediate expenses, the sum paid by the colony
of Massachusetts, for the original purchase, if it had been pla-
ced in an accumulating fund, at 6 per cent, per annum, would,
at the period of the separation, have amounted to something
more than 85.000.000 dollars. And if the net proceeds of the
sales of the lands, and amount of the taxes, prior to the separa-
tion, have exceeded the expenses of protecting the country, and
administering its internalconcerns, in war and peace ; then the
surplus may in part liquidate this accumulated amount of the
original purchase, and leave whatever balance there may be,
to be discharged or reduced by the future sales of the lands
yet remaining to the Commonwealth.
But, there are other points of view, in which the perseve-
rance of Massachusetts in asserting her claims, and finally pur-
chasing the territory, exhibits consequences of a different as-
pect.
The Stuarts had looked, with no favorable eye, upon the
active spirit of republicanism which existed in some of the col-
onies, and especially disliked that of Massachusetts; which,
from the intelligence, firmness, and perseverance of its inhab-
itants and government, was rather troublesome whenever the
royal authority sought to encroach upon the chartered rights
and liberties of the colonists. In any contests, therefore, be-
tween Massachusetts and any of the royal governments, or other
claimants, who were more subservient to the crown, the whole
weight of the royal influence was sure to be found, either
openly or secretly, on the side opposed to Massachusetts ; and,
with the glory of fighting her battles bravely, she always came
off also with the glory of shewing her wounds, and counting her
scars.
49
386 ANCIENT GRANTS.
The jealousies and antipatliies between Massachusetts and
the Stuarts, however, were naturally a passport to the favor of
their immediate successor ; and, under William and Mary, the
colonies obtained, by the charter of 1691, a restoration of her
privileges, and an extension of her limits, so as to include not
only the territory she had claimed under her original charter,
east of the Piscataqua ; with that which she had purchased of
Gorges, with a view to secure her former claim, and define as
well as extend, her limits ; but also all that which lay between
the province of Maine, as described in the patent of Gorges,
and ihe province of Nova Scotia, as described in the grant by
James I. in 1621, to Sir William Alexander. These limits
were ever after acknowledged, as those of the province of Mas-
sachusetts, and were renewed and confirmed, at the treaty of
1783, as the north-eastern limits of the United States.
But though this addition to the territory of Massachusetts,
might appear to be made from motives of favor to that colony,
and no doubt such motives had their influence ; yet there were
mf)tives of another character, which could not but have had
their full shai'e of influence, in the determination of the saga-
cious William and his cabinet.
The claims of France to the extension of the limits of Nova
Scotia or Acadia, westward to the Penobscot, and sometimes
to the Kennebeck, interfered with those of England, and were
viewed with a jealous eye. The influence of the French, in
exciting the Indians to hostilities against the English setdements,
was sometimes felt severely by the colonists ; and Massachu-
setts was always vigilant and active, in repelling the Indian
depredations and French encroachments ; ready to expend her
treasure and blood to the utmost extent, to defend, not only
that part of Maine which she conceived rightfully belonged to
her, but also every other part claimed by Great Britain ; and
was usually prompt, and in advance of the mother country, in
endeavors to protect the territory, even at her own expense.
William 3d was a cool, sagacious, and politic prince ; and be-
ANCIENT GRANTS, 387
sides whatever favors he may be supposed to have been wil-
ling to show towards Massachusetts, on account of her partiality
to him, or antipathy to the Stuarts, it was not difficuh for
him and his ministers to perceive that the defence of the
territory, between the Kennebeck and Nova Scotia, would
probably occasion continual and heavy expenses, which, if it
remained under the more immediate government of the crown,
must be defrayed directly from the royal treasury ; but, if it
was annexed to IMassachu setts, the burden would principally
be borne by the colonists themselves ; and the known zeal and
activity of Massachusetts were a suffieient pledge, that the
uttermost extent of her ability would be the only limit of her
exertions to resist the encroachments of the common enemy.
It also did not escape the shrewd observation of William, that
it was of but little consequence to the nation at home, whether
its territories in America were included under a smaller num-
ber of colonial Governments, of larger size, or cut up into a
multitude of petty governments ; excepting indeed that the
increase of the number of distinct governments, would produce
increased demands upon the revenue of the parent country, to
support the additional expense of their separate maintenance.
The soundest policy therefore dictated to him to gratify Mas-
sachusetts, by the addition of so large an extent of territory,
when the same act would save to the royal treasury a large
portion of the expense of its government and protection, and
secure to the mother country the utmost exertions of a vigilant
and interested colony, to defend its distant possessions, against
the aggressions of the French and Indians on their borders.
He took care however to reserve to himself and his successors,
a good share of the profits expected to result from the sales or
rents of the territory, by a provision that no grants of the soil
by the provincial government, should be valid without the con-
sent of the crown.
It may seem to be travelling too much out of course, to have
noticed, though but briefly, subjects which belong rather to the
388 ANCIENT GRANTS.
department of history ; but when their consequences are at-
tentively traced to their relation to the situation and circum-
stances of the State, even at the present day, it is believed that
the departure will not be severely censured.
Had not the original charter of Massachusetts been under-
stood by that colony to have been bounded, on the north, by a
line to be drawn due east and west, from a point 3 miles noith
of every part of the Merrimack river, which of course would
extend its limits, on the sea coast, as far east at least as Casco
bay, its government and people would never have thought of
contending with Gorges for the territory included in his patent.
This claim of Massachusetts probably prompted Gorges to seek
support and confirmation of his tide, in a new charter from
Charles I. of whose cause he was a zealous supporter, and with
whom the stern republican spirit of Massachuseets found no
favor. Had not the decline and fall of the Stuarts revived the
hopes and claims of Massachusetts, and alarmed the fears of
the heir of Sir Ferdinando, for the safety of the best part of his
title, it cannot be credible that he would have been so ready
to compromise, and relinquish the whole to his adversary, for
the comparatively trifling sum of£ 1250 sterling. And, to the
zeal and energy of Massachusetts, in prosecuting her claims,
and defending the territory from all encroachment, may be
imputed the readiness of William to extend her limits, so as to
place that of Acadia also under her jurisdiction. Again ;
had Gorges, who was a zealous royalist, met with no inter-
ruption from Massachusetts, the province of Maine, to the
Kennebeck, would have been settled and remained under the
control and influence of persons firmly attached to the royal
cause. Acadia would have been either an independant roya!
government, or annexed to Nova Scotia. The education,
character, and habits of the population of both, must, of course,
have been very different from those of the people of Massachu-
setts, and a different character therefore must have been trans-
mitted to tlieir descendants. Under such circumstances, it can
ANCIENT GRANTS. 389 '
ibardly be supposed that the few and thinly scattered inhabit-
ants of this extensive coast, partly in possession, and wholly at
the mercy, of the British force from Halifax orCastine would,
at the breaking out of the revolutionary war, have ventured,
any more than those of Nova Scotia, to have declared them-
selves on the side of independence ; or, if they had, the pos-
session of Portland would have been as easy as that of Castine,
and Maine, being in that case a province by itself, distinct from
Massachusetts, in full possession of the British force, and, in all
probability, more friendly to the royal cause, there could have
been no prevaihng argument, at the treaty of 1783, to extend
the boundary of the United States eastward of New Hamp-
shire ; or, if at all eastward of that State, still no human prob-
abilities can justify the belief that it would have been extended
east of the Kennebeck, which was the eastern limit of the an-
cient Province of Maine. It is therefore to a succession of
eauses, each the effect of antecedents which may be traced
back to the persevering adherence of our ancestors of Massa-
chusetts, to what they conceived to be their chartered rights,
and imperious duties, that the State of Maine owes its present
extent, and even its existence as a member of the American
Union, instead of remaining, as it must otherwise have remain-
ed, a dependant British Province.
It is not unworthy of remark also in passing, that the whole
history of Massachusetts, and, in connection vnth her, of Maine,
from the earliest settlement to the present day, exhibits a con-
tinued series of encroachments on her northern and eastern
borders ; and continued struggles to defend her chartered
rights, and territorial limits against force, finesse, and fraud.
But, the encroachment on the limits of the ancieut charter,
though successful in part, yet excited a spirit of vigilance and
perseverance in asserting and defending her rights, which, with
the concurrence of events, resulted in a large accession of ter-
ritory, and finally in its deliverance from a state of colonial sub-
jection. It is observable too, that all these ancient encroach-
390 ANCIENT GRANTS.
ments were made by the provincial agents or subalterns of the
crown, for the furtherance of their own interests, »nd tlie grat-
ification of their own ambition ; and that the modern assump-
tions and pretensions of Great Britain, to the northern section
of Maine, have originated in the same " grasping cupidity" of
its present provincial agents and subalterns; supported how-
ever by their government, which they have betrayed into a
hope that there may be some foundation for their claims. But,
— like causes sometimes produce like results. — It is not impos-
sible that this bold attempt to wrest from this State and Nation,
so large and important a frontier territory ; with the insidious
arts, and unblushing finesse and chicanery, with which the
British pretensions have been managed , may yet awaken the
American people from their apathy on the subject — may excite
yet latent energies — and may set in operation a train of causes,
the final results of which may be as little expected by, or agree-
able to, the projectors and prosecutors of these pretensions, as
were the events of the year 1783 to the autliors of the earlier
encroachments on the rights and liberties of the colonies.
To return from this digression. — The Council of Plymouth
seem to have understood very little of the geography of the
country over which tliey exercised their jurisdiction ; for it
cannot be reasonably supposed that they wholly disregarded
the tides they had themselves conferred ; or that they intend-
ed to sow the seeds of contention among their different gran-
tees. In the year 1629 they granted to Richard Vines, and
Thomas Oldham, a tract on the west side of Saco river, ex-
tending from the sea 8 miles up the river, and 4 miles in width.
Under this grant the lands in Biddeford are still ftolden. They
also granted a tract of similar extent, on the east side of that
river, to Thomas Lewis and Richard Benython, wliich is the
origin of the present titles in the town of Saco ; and another
to Thomas Comstock, or Cammock, of 5000 acres at Black
point, under which lands are now holden in the town of
Scarborough.
ANCIENT GRANTS. 391
The next year (1630J the Council made a grant to Joha
Dy, John Smith, and others, of all the lands from Cape Por-
poise 40 miles east, and extending 40 miles into the country ;
to which was given the name of the Province of Lygonia.
This grant not only infringed the original patent to Gorges and
Mason, but included the whole of those above mentioned at
Saco and Scarborough. It was soon after transferred to Sir
Alexander Rigby, who sent over agents to settle and govern
the country. These agents made a number of grants to differ-
ent persons, of lands in what are now the towns of Falmouth^
Portland, Westbrook, Cape EUizabeth, Scarborough, and Ken-
nebunk port. The title to the lands, under some of these
grants, became extinct by the neglect of the grantees, and the
interference of other claims ; but some were occupied, and the
titles to the lands conveyed under the most of them has de-
scended to the inhabitants at the present day.
In 1629 the Council made a grant to the Colony of Plym-
outh, of a tract on the Kennebeck, extending 15 miles from
the river on each side. This tract was transferred, in 1661, to
Antipas Boies, Edward Tyng, Thomas Bratde, and John
Winslow. Their descendants and assigns afterwards associa-
ted under the name of the Kennebeck Company, and the lands
are still holden under that title. The ambiguities and obscuri-
-ties as to limits, usual in the grants of this council, produced
long, expensive, and severe contests between the clainants un-
der this grant, and those on its borders ; the effects of which
exist, in some degree, to the present day. Its southern limits
were finally settled so as to leave the towns of Topsham and
Woolwich, with other towns below them, on the sea coast, to
other claimants ; and its northern were exteaded to what is now
the south line of Anson and Madison, and of other towns on
the same palarlel. Different modes of determining the distance
on each side of the river, also produced disputes as to its eastern
and western limits ; and the conflicting claims to boundaries'
between this and other grants, on ahnost every side of it, have
392 ANCIENT GRANTS.
been the fruitful sources of law-suits, expense, and unhappi-
ness, for more than half a century. They have however been
at length principally determined, either by judicial decision or
compromise ; and the rapidly increasing prosperity of the
country since, evinces the beneficial result.
In the same year the Council also granted to Beauchamp
and Leverett, a tract of about 30 miles square, on the west
side of Penobscot bay and river, extending westward to Mus-
eongus river, and northward to a line which now constitutes
the southern limit of the towns of Hampden, Newburgh, Dix-
mont and Troy. This tract came afterwards into the hands
of Brigadier General Waldo, and from him descended to the
family of the late General Knox. The title under this grant
has been held good ; but the limits assigned to it having been
found too small, the deficiency was supplied by the Legislature
of Massachusetts, since the revolution, by a grant of all the
vacant lands, then belonging to the Commonwealth, in the
towns of Hampden, Bangor, Newburgh, and Hermon.
Besides the foregoing, the Council of Plymouth made but
one other grant, under which any important claim has been set
up and sustained, to a title in the lands. This was in 1631, to
Robert Alsworth and Gyles Elbridge, of 12.000 acres at Pema-
quid, with an addition ol 100 acres for each settler they should
procure. The title of Alsworth and Elbridge descended to
Shem Drowne and others, who, in 1741, made a survey of
about 70 or 80,000 acres as within then- patent, including the
town of Bristol, vvitli part of the towns of New-Castle and No-
bleborough. Opposed to this were claims under grants made
by Colonel Dunbar, or Dungan, Governor of the colony of
Pemaquid, under the authority of the Duke of York ; also oth-
er grants and deeds, from Indians to Walter Phillips and others,
subdivided and transmitted to different claimants, known in late
days under the names severally of the Brown, Tappan, Vaug-
han and Waldo claims. These different claims conflicted with
each other, as well as with others in their vicinity, and eventu-
INDIAN TITLES. 393
ally produced much perplexity, expense, and distress, both to
the inhabitants and the claimants ; but at length were generally
settled by mutual compromise, under a resolution of ;Massaciiu-
setts, passed in 1811 ; the Commonweakh agreeing, in order
to relieve and quiet the actual settlers, to indemnity the claim-
ants, in certain .specified cases, by grants of an equivalent in
other unoccupied lands.
The amount of tlfe lands of which the titles, derived fiom tlie
foregoing grants and patents, have been holden to be good, or
which have been established to the possessor, appears from the
inventory of 1820, to be about 1.758.545 acres, including iiovv-
ever some small parcels, derived from Indian deeds, of lands
bordering on and intermixed with some of them j and including
also some part of the larger parcels under Indian deeds between
the Kennebeck and Pemaquid, and south of the Plymoudi pa-
tent. It is known however, that of the inventories returned by
the several towns in 1820, many were deficient ; and a com-
putation of the amount of this deficiency, in each county, is
given in the recapitulation of table 1 of this chapter. The
proportion of diis computed deficiency, which belongs to the
towns included under the grants before mentioned, cannot be
accurately ascertained ; but is supposed to be rather over
179.000 acres ; which, added to the quantity actually returned,
makes about ] .965.000 acres, to which neither the sale to
Massachusetts by Gorges, nor the charter of William and 3Iary,
ever actually gave the right of soil, but only the jurisdiction.
Besides this, there were other tracts, the right to the soil of
which had passed away, and dierefore need not be here noticed.
From, a retrospect of the history of that period, it will ap-
pear that, antecedent to the establishment of the title of Massa-
chusetts by the charter of William and Mary, that colony had
found it expedient to encourage the purchase of lands from the
Indians, at least so far as to allow of some degree of validity"
to their deeds, especially when accompanied with actual pos-
session and continued occupancy.
394 INDIAN TITLES.
The Indian deeds which have been allowed to be valid, and
under which lands are still hold en, are stated by Governor
Sullivan, whose professional researches gave him the most ex-
tensive means of ascertaining correctly, to be the following.
The first in the year 1643, to Humphrey Chadbourne, of a
tract now in the town of South Berwick. In the same year
another tract to Broughton. In 1650 another to Thomas Spen-
cer. These were all in Kittery, which then included also the
towns of South Berwick, and Berwick, though the limits, as
they at present exist, do not appear to have been exactly de-
fined.
Proceeding eastward, the next conveyance by tlie Indians is
of tw^o tracts on Saco river, made in 1660 and 1661, to Wal-
ter Phillips. These grants w^ere very indefinite in their limits,
and the extent of country intended to be conveyed is not easy,
at the present day, to ascertain. They covered the former
grant to Vines and Oldham, and probably that to Lewis and
Benython, but do not appear to have been used as adversary
to those grants. Three other deeds from the Indians, viz. one
to Bush and Turbell of 4 miles square, in the present town of
Lyman, one to Francis Small, of the lands between the great
and little Ossipee rivers, and another to Francis Small and
Nicholas Shapleigh, of lands in Shapleigh, appear some of
them to set some limits to the indefinite extent of those to
Phillips, and, with that, include nearly the whole of the inte-
rior of the present county of York, with the exception of some
few smaller tracts and parcels, which were afterwards sold by
Massachusetts. Eastward of these, was a grant to John Alger,
of a tract in Scarborough, the title under which is still good.
In 1654, a deed was obtained from the Indians to Thomas
Purchase, of a tract on Androscoggin river, which has since
been known by the name of the Pejepscot claim. / The limits
of tliis tract interfered with other titles, and were strongly con-
tested ; and after long and expensive law-suits, were finally
determined to extend as high up the river as to Minot on the
INDIAN TITLES. 395
west, and Leeds on the east sides. Besides this, the towns
on the Kennebeck, and the sea-coast, to Damariscotta, were
all covered by different purchases from the Indians, in smaller
parcels, between the years 1643 and 1666. The boundaries
of these purchases, being, in general, loosely defined, and in-
terfering with each other, as well as with the grants from the
Council of Plymouth, formed fruitful sources of litigation and
distress ; and it was not until long after the revolution, that the
conflicting chims became, in any degree, defined and limited, so
that the inhabitants under them could feel assured that they were
not liable to be disturbed in the enjoyment of their possessions,
by new claims continually arising, after they had once supposed
all to be settled.
The whole territory covered by these Indian grants, so far
as they have been adjudged valid, and constitute the basis of
the titles under which the present possessors hold their lands,
appears by the inventory of 1820, to contain about 491.000
acres. This inventory, however, falls below the true quantity,
which, from such data as could be obtained, is supposed to be
not far from 540.000 acres, including however some smaller
parcels intermixed with them, as before mentioned.
It will be seen from the foregoing sketch of the grants from
the crown, and Council of Plymouth, and the claims under
Lidian deeds, that, out of the territory purchased of Gorges,
by Massachusetts, in 1674, and the additional territory included
in the charter of William and Mary, in 1691, about 2.500.000
acres were covered by previous grants, the titles under a part
of which were then admitted, and the remainder have been
since adjudged to be good ; and which, of course, never passed
into the hands of the colony, as proprietors of the soil. These
lands, with but trifling exceptions, occupy the whole of the
present county of York, all the sea-coast of Cumberland, the
whole of Lincoln and Waldo, the greatest part of Kennebeck,
and upwards of 200,000 acres in Somerset, embracing the
whole of that part of the country vi^hich was setded prior to thp
396 ANCIENT GRANTS.
war of 1756, and much tlie largest part of that which was set-
tled before the revolution. The province therefore derived
no benefit whatever from any sales of the lands for nearly 100
years from the first purchase, *and very little for many years
afterwards.
Besides grants and Indian deeds before mentioned, which
have been acknowledged to be valid, as conveying the titles
to the soil of so large a portion of the State, there were
several made under the authority of the cjown of France, in
the epsiern part of the State, while it remained in her posses-
sion. The records of these Ijowever were all removed at the
final evacuation of the country by the French, and no claim
has since been made to any title under them, except in one
instance. Alter the revolution, while the grateful feelings of
the American people towards France were at their height, and
they were disposed to view, with the most favorable eye, any
claims of that nation, an application was made to the govern-
ment of Massachusetts, for confirmation, or indemnity, for a
grant made in April, 1G91, by J^ouis XIV. of France, to Mon-
sieur De La Moite Cadillac. This grant had become obsolete,
and a part of the land now claimed under it was occupied
under the authority of Massachusetts. The feelings of the
government however, were friendly to the applicants, and their
claim was admitted so far as to release, to Monsieur and
Madame De Gregoire, the latter of whom was a descendant
and heir of Cadillac, all the land, u'idiin its limits, which then
remained at the disposal of the Commonwealth. This inclu-
ded the present town of Trenton, with part of the towns of
Sullivan, Ellsworth, Hancock, Eden and Mount Desert, with
the Islands in front of them to the main ocean ; containing,
exclusive of the lands occupied by settlers, and by grants which
had been previously confirmed, about 60,000 acres.
Notwithstanding the annexation of Acadia to the province of
Maine, and hs assignment to Massachusetts, by tlie charter of
AVilliam and Mary ; still the titles to its soil and jurisdiction were
ANCIENT GRANTS. 397
at times contested by the French, who had made settlements
at and eastward of the Penobscot. Massachusetts derived no
benefit from the lands ; but was continually engaged in dis-
putes and contests with the French settlers and claimants, for
many years ; and there were no effective settlements nor grants
of land made by the province, until near the close of the war of
1756. At this time grants were made, embracing all the towns
on the navigable waters of the east side of Penobscot river, and
the sea coast, from Bucksport to Machias inclusive, with the
exception of the town of Jonesborough. The power of the
province being restricted by the charter of 1691, these grants
were conditional, being incomplete unless subsequently con-
firmed by the crown ; but the troubles which preceded the
revolution soon came on, and the grants remained until after
the peace of 1783, when they were confirmed by Massachu-
setts. The whole quantity of the land contained in them, in
the aggregate, including also the French grant confirmed to De
Gregoire, and the lands within them occupied by actual settlers
previous to the confirmation, is stated, in the inventory of 1820,
to be 354,9 1 2 acres. These returns however exhibit deficiences,
which are, partly ascertained, and partly computed to be, about
46,000 acres ; making the whole of the lands, east of the
Penobscot, alienated prior to the revolution, to be about 400,900
acres ; about 60,000 of which was for a claim originating prior
to the charter of William and Mary.
In the w^estern parts of die State, there were other grants
made during the same period. These were made absolutely,
and were principally subsequent to the peace of 1763, though
some were earlier. A considerable part of the whole of those
granted during this period, both absolutely and conditionally,
were as indemnities for claims, of various descriptions, against
the Province, for military and other services ; though some
W'Cre sales for present or future considerations ; and most of
them were made with a view to promote immediate setdements,
and actually v/ere settled to a considerable extent.
398 ANCIENT GRANTS.
These grants included all the present county of Cumberland,
except the towns on the sea coast, which had been granted
under Gorges and Rigby, and a few detached strips and par-
cels of small amount ; with 12 townships, amounting to about
310,000 acres, in Oxford; and several tracts in York, some of
which were of considerable extent, not covered by the claims
under the Indian deeds and other grants, before alluded to,
which occupied the prmcipal part of that county. The whole
quantity contained in these grants collectively, in the western
section of the State, as near as can be at present ascertained,
is neai'ly 750,000 acres.
Those acquainted with the inaccuracy of a large portion of
the original surveys made in all parts of the State, will perceive
the difficulty of obtaining a correct account of the quantity of
the lands included in the various ancient grants which have
been mentioned. It might be supposed, however, that the law
requiring a statement under oath, of the quantity of land, of
every description, in every town, would have produced an ac-
count, so far at least as respected the towns which have been
sometime settled, and repeatedly surveyed, which might be
relied on as perfectly accurate ; yet it is found that, in about
60 towns, respecting which there were other means of deter-
mining the true quantity, the account rendered in the returns
of 1820 were, in the aggregate, about 191,000 acres deficient.
This deficiency has been made the basis of computing tliat of
the rest ; yet, even with this aid, there is still much uncertain-
ty, and different modes of computation give somewhat differ-
ent results. From the method whieh is considered the most
nearly accurate, it is computed that the quantity of land con-
tained in the tracts wliich are now holden under tlie ancient
grants from the Council of Plymouth, and those under pur-
chases originally from the Indians, including also some smaller
tracts intermixed with tliem, and which could not easily be
ascertained separately, is not far from 2,481,000 acres ; and
the quantity alienated by the Province of Massachusetts, after
ANCIENT GRANTS. S99
the charter of 1691, and prior to the peace of 1783, is com-
puted to be about 1,304,500 acres ; making, in the whole
quantity alienated before the territory came fully into the pos-
session of the Commonweakh, 3,785,000 acres. Other modes
of estimating the quantity make it about 130,000 acres less,
and some make it rather more ; but the former is thought to
be nearest the truth.
The local and relative positions of these several descriptions
of grants, prior to 1783, so far as they have been adjudged
valid, and still form the bases of the present land titles, are ex-
hibited in Plate V. where they are indicated by the Roman nu-
merals I. to VI.
The foregoing account, though comparatively of less moment
at the present day, yet it is thought will not be uninteresting
nor improper as introductory to a more specific and detailed
account of the sales and grants which have been since made,
and which form part of a system or systems in the political
economy of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and, more
recently, of the State of Maine, respecting which their citizens
have, at times, felt a strong interest, and the resuhs of which
may have had, and may stiH have, important relations to their
fiscal concerns, and to the general wealth and resources of the
State.
At the termination of the long and arduous struggle for the in-
dependence of the nation, Massachusetts found herself a sover-
eign State, it is true ; possessing in common with the other States,
her proportion of materials for a great and powerful empire ; but
at that time, exhausted by the efforts and sufferings of the war
— her people borne do^vn with the w^eight of taxes — her treas-
ury empty — her credit that of a bankrupt — her paper currency
worth, in the market, scarcely 10 per cent of its nominal value
— her commerce next to nothing — her utmost exertions barely
able to discharge the ordinary expenses of government, in time
of peace ; and no resources for the payment of the debts
created by the war, except what might possibly be derived
400 SALES OF LANDS.
from the sales of her \\ild lands, or fi-om direct taxes on the
people. Tlie latter they had already borne to the extent of
their ability, and they could not be increased. The former
seemed to promise some relief.
The attention of the Legislature was, at an early period,
called by Governor Hancock, to the eastern lands, as a fund
from which they might hope to obtain some rehef from the pres-
ure of the public debt. Accordingly in 1783 a land office was es-
tablished, and measures were taken to survey the lands, and open
them to the market. In 1786, finding that the sales proceeded
slowly — the public debt still unpaid, and accumulating — and the
credit of the Commonwealth below par, the Legislature resol-
ved to make an effort to redeem the public debt, by a lottery
sale of 50 townships, which had been recently surveyed, be-
t\veen tlie Penobscot and Passaraaqdoddy. The land intend-
ed to be sold was represented by 2720 tickets, the price of each
of which was fixed at £60, payable partly in specie, and partly
in evidences of the public debt, or what were termed consoli-
dated securities ; by which it was expected to redeem upwards
of half a million dollars of the debt.
The effects of the war, however, were too recent, and the
value of the lands too little known, and too lighdy esteemed, to
encourage very extensive purchases at that time, and the tick-
ets in tlie land lottery were not all disposed of. At the con-
clusion of the sales it was found that but 437 tickets were sold,
wiiich had produced the sum of £26,220, or equal to .$87,400.
On the drawing of the lottery the prize lots amounted to
165,280 acres. The average price therefore received for
these lands, was nearly 52 cents per acre.
The sales still continued slowly, for a number of years, until
the increasing prosperity of the country, and a farther acquain-
tance with the intrinsic value of land, excited the attention of
purchasers and speculators ; when sales were made so exten-
sively that, in 1795, tlie Legislature found it expedient to put
a stop to them entirely.
SALES OF LANDS. 401
About the year 1790, the value of the lands was risihg fast
in the public estimation, and the attention of those who were
interested in the establishment of literary, and other public in-
stitutions, was attracted towards them, as a fund from which the
Legislature might easily endow those institutions, without any
burden upon the community. Applications were accordingly
made for those objects, and lands were readily granted.
After the sales were suspended in 1795, the thirst for spec-
ulation not subsiding, and having no longer any opportunity to
gratify itself, by purchasing from the Commonwealth, it incor-
porated itself with the ardor which was then exhibited for the
establishment and endowment of literary institutions ; and ap-
plications for grants of land, for their endowment and support,
increased, and were not frequently rejected. Other objects
however soon came in for their share; and, for a time, the
Legislature was continually, and, in general, successfully im-
portuned, not only for grants to Colleges, Academies and
Schools ; but to roads, bridges, canals and other purposes.
A large proportion of these grants were immediately purchased
of the trustees of the institutions to which they were made ; but
some of them still remain in the hands of the original grantees.
It was found after a time, that more land had been thrown into
the market than the exigencies of the country, for the time, re-
quired ; more purchases had been made with a view to a speedy
profit from re-sales in smaller parcels to actual settlers,, than
was sufficient to meet the demand of the increasing population ;
and more families were contracted to be placed, in a given
time, on the lands thus purchased, than could easily be obtained.
Of course the fever for speculation abated, and the purchasers
were left at leisure to employ themselves in improving the value
of their property, or waiting until the progress of the popula-
tion of the country should bring it again into demand.
An account of the grants and sales will be most conveniently
exhibited in a tabular form— and, with a view to comprehend
the whole in one connexion, a list is given, in table 1, of all, the
51
402
SALES OF LANDS.
towns and townships, as they existed iii 1 820, with a reference
to the period and general origin of the titles under which the
lands in them are now hold en.
TABLK I.
Statement of all the lands which have been alienated in the State of
Maine prior to the year 18'£0.
The quantity stated in the towns which were alienated before and
during the revolutionary war, ar^.d the quanticy granted in small parcels,
is from the inventories of towns, taken by order of the Legisla-
ture in the year 1820 — the (juantity sold and granted between the years
1783 and 1820, with the names of the several original gr.intees, is from
the records of the Luid Ollfice, and Acts nnd Resolves of the Legisla-
ture of Massachusetts — except some few instances of small grants, and
others, quantity uncertain, whijh are included in tiie return of towns
in 1820. It is known, however, that in many of the towns the number
of acres returned in the inventory of 1820, is less than the true num-
ber This error, as far as it is known, is carried into the recapitula-
tion at the end of the table, under the title of ascertained deficiency.
From the known deficiencies, an estiuKite is made for those which are
unknown, in cases where circumstances appeared to require it ; and
this is carried into the table, under the title of computed deficiency.
Il will be seen, therefore, that as a part of the amount is a matter of
estimate, there may be some errors in the result; but it is believed
that they cannot b6 very extensive.
YORK COUNTY.
Towns.
Biddeford
Elliot
Kittery
Kennebunk
Saco
Wells
York
Kennebunk-Port
Acres
15.608^
lL-239
11.160
17.414
19.720 }
28.379
31.788
135.308^
18.953 Crown prop'rs. & Ind. grants,
Original Titles.
Ancient grants from Crown
and Lords proprietors.
Alfred
Berwick
Buxton
Cornish
Hollis
Lebanon
Lyman
Limerick
Limington
12.0581
25.709
22.617
10,388
26.260
23.558
21.630
12.683
23.375 ;
Chiefly or wholly Indian
deeds, adjudged valid.
SALES OF LANDS.
463
Toions.
Acres.
Original Titles.
Newfield
14.427'
Parsonsfield
29.502
Shapleigh
43.212
San fold
20.015
Chiefly or wholly Indian
South Berwick
9.655
s deedSj adjudged valid.
Waterborough
26.358
321.587
Total of the County,
475.848 ,
CUMBERLAND COUNTY
Cape Elizabeth
12.881 ^
Falmouth
14.918
Portland
2.158
Scarborough
30.634
Westbrook
17.063
Ancient Crown, Proprietors
and Indian grants.
Freeport
18.661
North Yarmouth
35.373
Pownal
12.224
143.912
1
Brunswick
23.909^
12 873
Danville
Durham
Harpswell
16.091
11.495
> Indian deeds.
64.368
Baldwin
44.867^
^
Bridgeton
25.590
Gorham
26.387
Gray
25.256
Harrison
21.271
Minot
35.561
New Gloucester
25.373
Otisfield
28.075
Province grants from 1691
Poland
26.958
to 1783, including some
Raymond
32.057
small parcels since 1783.
S;andish
40.779
Windham
28.249
360.423
Thomp. pnd. pi. & small ^ ^^^
tracts not inc. above '
Total of the County, 575.689
404
SALES OF LANDS.
LINCOLN COUNTY.
Towns.
Acres.
Original Titles.
Alna
12.001 ^
Ancient Crowns and Propri
Part of Bowdoinham
21.681
etor's grants.
Part of Bowdoin
13.28J
Dresden
17.234
Litchfield
24.667
Part of Jefferson
15.580
Part of Lisbon
12.769
' Kennebeck Purchase.
Part of New Castle
7.564
Wales
7.697
Whitefield
19.229
Wiscasset
9.117
160.820 J
Cushing
9.820"
Friendship
7.178
St. George
8.303
Thomaston
20.377
Part of Union
15.110 5> Waldo Patent.
Part of Waldoboro'
24.798
Warren
23.717
109.303^
\
Biistol
29.379^
Boothbay
16.022
Edgecomb
12.404
Part of Jefferson
7.790
Part of New Castle
7.565
Putnam
18.575
> Mixed Claims.
Nobleborough
14.995
Part of Union
7.555
Part of Waldoboro'
24.798
138.983
Bath
7.015^
Part of Bowdoinham
10.841
Part of Bowdoin
13.281
Georgetown
12 305 J> Indian Deeds.
Part of Lisbon
12.768
1
Lewiston
17.606
Phipsburgh
13.085
]
SALES OF LANDS,
405
Totam.
Topsham
Woolwich
LINCOLN COUNTY— CONCLUDED.
Acres. Original Titles
21.833
Jn or near Jefferson
19.963
127.897
11.520
Indian Deeds.
Grant to Lincoln Academy,
Total of the County, 543.523
The fractions ot towns as^signed to the several descriptions of grants,
are conjectural divisions, troin an inspection of the Map, and cannot
be depended on for accuracy as to the divisions, l»ut tliis does not
affect the accuracy K)f the aggregate.
There may be some small tracts not included, and the half township
to Lincoln Academy may or may not be correctly added.
WALDO COUNTY.
Appleton
13.009"^
Ancient Crown Grants.
Belfast
24.357
Belmont
19.694
Brooks
13.744
Camden
24.062
Frankfort
31.463
Hope
17.619
Islesborough
6.747
Jackson
15.697
Lincolnville
19.093
Liberty
Monroe
21.140
21.941
> Waldo Patent.
Knox
15.642
Montville
16.024
Northport
16.129
Prospect
21.569
Swanville
24.747
Searsmont
23.355
Thorndike
30.519
Waldo
6.214
382.765
Burnham
13.920^
13.302 [
23.119 (
19.141 J
Freedom
Palermo
Unity
69.482
Troy
21.681 sold since 1783, to W. Brooks
and others.
Total of the County,
473.928
406
SALES Cf LAISDS.
Towns.
Bluehill
Brooksville
Bucksport
Castine
Eden
Mount Desert
Trenton
Gouldsborough
Orland
Penobscot
Sedgwick
Sullivan
Surrv
HANCOCK COUNTY.
Acres. Original 7'itks.
28.472]
14.337 I Province grants, and to set-
37.435 f tiers.
3.810 j
17.166 1
25.527 > Chiefly anc. French grant.
17.101 j '
31.561
26.297
13.799 I Province grants and to set-
14.124
12.831
12.763
tiers.
255.223
Sales and Grants since 1783
Deer Mq
18.420
To settlers ehiefly.
Ellsworth
46.886
Leonard Jarvis and others.
Vinalhaven
16.373
Settlers.
No. 8, N. of Ellsworth
45.000
L. Jarvie and others.
No. 20
26
27
8 and 9
14
15
Total in inventory )
of 1820 i
132 small islands in 1
Lincoln, Hancock !
and Washington, j
sold before 1820. \
44 small islands chief- ;
ly in Hancock and
Washington, sold
since 1820, per re-
solves bef that time
Lands sold by lottery
in various towns in
Hancock & Wash.
126.679
23.478 7
22.856
24.864 1
22.039 ! Lottery and Bingham include
23.024
20.694
ed in inventory
136.955
.
518.857
29.275 Sundry persons.
2.270 Sundry persons.
165.280
Sundry persons in
1787
SALES OF LANDS.
407
HANCOCK COUNTY— CONCLUDE©.
Towns.
Acres.
Original Titles.
Residue of Lottery"]
townships sold to! ^jQ^.3^g
Wm. Bingham, in f
Hancock &c Wash. J
Reserved lands in 9 \
towns" in Hancock, >
gx. to Harvard Col. )
Additional to settlers (
in Steuben, &,c. j
Reserved lands in 3 \
towns in Wash'gt'n >
gr. to Harvard Col. j
34 small islands in 1
Hancock & Wash. !
sold by Massachu. (
since division j
Do. by Maine, supposed
2.700
1.43:
900
2.023
2.023
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Addison
17.766")
18.070 I
Harrington
Steuben
Machias
^2 977 i^ Province Grants.
99.689,
Sales and Grants since 1783
Baring
19.130
Columbia
24.407
Calais
22.702 Waterman Thomas.
Cherryfield
27.003
Charlotte
2t).734 John Locke and others.
Cutler
30.431 Washington Acad. &, others
Cooper
25.120
Dennysville
27.350 B. Lincoln.
Eastport
Lubec
10 457 \ ^^^^^^^* ^"^ others.
Perry
17.032 B. Lincoln.
Jonesborough
42.874 J. C. Jones and others.
Robbinston
16.154 E. H. Robbins and others
Trescott
19.030
Whiting ^
33.000 John Allen and others.
Alexander
26.000
408
SALES OF LANDS.
WASHINGTON COUNTY— continued
Towns. Acres. Original Titles.
No. 7 21.960
No. 10 17.130 Aaron Hobart.
402.307
Add, for deficiency >
Steuben, &c. )
35.149
Total in settled towns
437.456
No. 23
18.570
13
23.040
14
26.240
18
21.160
ro.440
Not taxed.
1, 4th range, Schoodic
3, 2d do.
J3, 1st do.
1, 1st do.
2, 3d do.
5, 1st ra. N. Lottery lands
6, 1st do. do.
1-2 t'ship near Sch. lakes
Adjoining do.
Near do.
Eastport and Lubec
Whiting
On Eastern Boundary
line, N. of Monument.
FIRST RANGE.
1-2 township,
1-2 do. do.
Houlton plant, do.
1 township, do.
1-2 do. do.
1-2 township
1-2 do.
Adjoining do.
Mars Hill
SECOND RANGE.
1 township 23.040
1 township 23.040
1-2 do 11.520
1-2 do 11.520
040
040
770
050
520
520
520
520
500
520
564
500
520
520
520
040
520
520
520
000
040
Part to Bluehill Acadeniv.
Williams College,
B. Talmadge
S. Hinkley.
Justin Ely.
Hingham Academy
Amherst Academy.
Lenox Academy.
Heirs of T. Danforth
Amasa Smith.
Hampden Academy.
Settlers.
Settlers.
Westford Academy.
Groton Academy.
New Salem Academy.
Williams College.
Framingham Academy.
Portland Academy.
Bridgew?ter Academy,
Lemuel Cox.
Approp. to soldiers.
Town of Plymouth.
Mass. Agricultural Society.
Limerick Academy.
Belfast A cademv.
SALES OF LANDS.
409
WASHINGTON COUNTY— concluded.
Towns. Acres. Original Titles.
SFCOND RANGE.
1-2 township
1-2 do.
part do.
Total not settled
Steuben \
Harrrington /
Addison j
Columbia, part of,
From Lottery and 1
Bingham lands, !
in Hancock and f
Washington j
Deduct six ^
townships
taxed sep- S 136.955
arately in
Hancock
&. 10 towns
taxed sep-
arately in
Washing-
ton, J
Balance of Bingham ")
Lottery lands to be [
add. to sales, &-C. in ^
11.520 Deerfield Academy.
11.520 Westfield Academy.
10.000 Gen. Wm. Eaton.
389.424
20.506 Settlers.
14.643 John Peck.
35.149
1.272.676
233.090 370.045
902.631
Hancock &l Wash-
ington. 3
KENNEBECK COUNTY.
Augusta 36.011
Belgrade 15.680
Clinton 31.145
China 9.560
Harlem 14.064 , _,, , -,
Dearborn 10. 1 6 1 (^ Plyn^o^th Company grant.
Fairfax 20.874
Gardiner 20.884
Hallowell 24.328
Monmouth 24.520 ^
i>^i
41U
SALES OF ]
LANDS.
KENNEBECK COUNTY— concluded.
T'owns.
Acres. Original Titles
Mount Vernon
11.567^
Pittston
16.776
Readfield
19.S:rO
Rome
19 379
Sidney
23.445
Vassal borough
26.-204
Water ville
17.929
)• Plymouth Company gra
Winthrop
23.000
Winslow
21.703
Windsor
18.819
405.819
[ Mixed titles.
Greene
Leeds
17.611
2! 919
39.530
Farmington
New Sharon
Chesterville
Vienna
Fayette
Surphis in acct. of sales
of above three towns
Wiyne
Wilton
Temple
Sales^ Sfc. since 1783.
27.538 Dummer Sewall and others.
25'782 Prince Baker and others.
16.9521 Dummer Sewall
12.162
17206
17.451
9.212
22.544
18.020
166.867
Prescott & Whittier,
and others.
William Tyng and others.
William Phillips, jr.
Total returned in 1820 612.316
OXFORD COUNTY.
Bethel
24.278
Gilead
14.345
Fryeburgh
26.549
Hebron
36.221
Jay ^nd Canton
20.643
> Province grants
Livermore
27.435
Lovell
20.9(.5
Sweden
Paris
16.525
23.971
SALES OF LANDS.
411
OXFORD COUNTY— CONTINUED.
Town.\
Turner
Rumford
Waterford
Original Title i
282.593
Andover
29.433
Albany
14.153
Brownfield
28.866
Buckfield
15.959
Berlin and No. 6
27.650
Carthage
23.250
Denmark
27.623
Greenwood
22.574
Hiram
13.612
Hartford
19.821
Sumner
15.713
Dixfield
19.130
Mexico
12.712
Norway
25.022
Newry
32.775
Peru
21.499
Porter
15.693
Woodstock
24.192
Weld
32.775
Howard's Gore
2.012
Fryeburgh Addition
1.199
Bradley and Eastman's
2.800
428.076
Acres.
31.359
19.170
■* [> Province grants
Sales, S^c. since 1783.
Samuel Johnson and others.
Joseph Holt cind others.
T. Cutler and others.
A. Burk and others.
S. Wetmore and J. Abbot.
B. Ames.
i Fryeburg Aacademy, Lowell
] Foster, &lc. &lc
Phillips Acjid^my and als.
P. Wadsworth and als.
■ J. Parkhurst and others.
J. Holman and others.
Lee, Rust, and others.
Sarah Bostwick
J. Thompson and others.
J. Hill and others.
Dummer Academy and als.
T. Russell, jr.
P. Howard.
Taxed in 1820, but tiot
settled.
Small tracts 4.147
Township No. 7 23.937
No. 8 25.412
Hamlin's Grant 1.270
N. Surplus of Andover 15.960
W. .Surplus do. 1L696
A. No. 1 26.165
A. No. 2 28.507
Fryeburg Academy.
John Derby.
Sarah Waldo.
C. Hamlin.
John Richards.
S. Johnson and other?
Phebe Ketchum.
J. J. Holmes.
412
SALES OF LANDS.
Towns.
OXFORD COUNTY— coNCLuiiED.
Acres. Original Titles.
B.
25.600
Hounsfield and Davis.
C.
21074
Ann S. Davis.
D.
20.500
J. Gardner.
E.
20.600
J. Cummins.
. 1,
1st:
range
224.868
No
22.552
Moses Abbot.
2,
do.
do.
22.««80
Thomas Sevvise.
3,
do.
do.
29.440
do.
^%
do.
do.
%
2d
range
23.040
John Peck.
3,
do
do
30.720
W. &L G. Gilbert.
2,
3d
range
21.000
John Peck.
8,
do.
do.
2l,0'J0
Ed. Bldke, jr.
4,
do.
do.
21.000
Dunhip &L Grant,
5,
4th
range
23.040
Josiah Uuincy.
5,
do.
do.
23.436
Samuel Watkinson.
462.176
Tmniships ^^c. not in
inventory o/1820.
1-2 No. 1, 3d range
11.520
Canaan Academy.
1-2 1, 4th do.
11520
Bath Academy.
5, 2d do.
20.904
Huntingdon &l Pitkin.
5, 3d do.
22.717
Abel Cutler.
5, 5th do.
5.760
Hallowell Academy.
do. do. do.
11.520
Farmington Academy.
Surplus of C.
12.206
John Peck.
Tract S. ofGilead
28.822
Josiah Bachelder.
Tract between Hart-
ford and Livermore
Sundry small grants
not before included
9 islands in Androscog
1.286 Monmouth Free School.
8.200 Various persons.
.214 Monmouth Academy.
134.669
SALES OF LANDS.
413
SOMEKSET COUNTY.
Towna,
Acres,
Original Titles.
Bloomfield
11.2821
Cdnaan
26.920
l-5th Cornville
5.520
Eastpond plantation
1.255
Industry
12.462
Fairfield
27.347
l-5th Madison
5.769
Mercer
Norridgewock
15.869
23.381
-Plymouth Company grant.
Pittsfield
31.428
Starks
23.117
Sebasticook plan, say
5.000
Adj. Hartland, say
4.00w
193.350
■^
Sold and granted since 1"*83
Abbot
3.708 Bowdoin College.
Anson
13.078 Samuel Titcomb.
Athens
23.608 Berwick Academy.
Avon
26.048 John Phillips.
4-5ths Cornville
22.080 Moses Barnard and others
Corinna
21.509 John Warren.
Embden
19.742 Taunton Academy.
Freeman
New Portland
24 689 \ ^'^^^^^^^ of Falmouth.
Harmony
20.026 Hallowell Academy.
Hartland
34.264 John Warren.
4-5ths Madison
23.078 Moses Barnard and others.
Monson, say
23.040 Hebron and Monson Acads
New Vineyard
30.838 Smith and Knowlton.
Phillips
22.401 Jacob Abbot.
Parkman
68.743 Samuel Parkman.
Palmyra
27.177 John Warren.
Ripley
28.673 John S. Fary.
Solon
20.625 Prop's, of Warren & Groton.
Strong
22.279 Reed and Eaton.
St. Albans
28.802 John Warren.
No. 5, 2nd range
12.540 }
Monmouth Acad., J. Barrett
and others.
483.899
414
SALES OF LANDS.
Towns,
SOMERSET COUNTY— CONCLUDED.
Acres. Original Titles
Bingham
19.362
Brighton
22.425
Concord
19.360
Kingfield say
29.2-20
Moscow
23.000
No. 2, 1st range, A
V. sid(
i 12.540
125.907
Residue Bingham
pure.
874.L'93
No, 8, 8th range
23.040
Samuel Parkmau.
8, 9th do.
3.000
Mass Medical Society.
do. do.
11. .520
Heirs of Wm. Vaughan.
do. do.
5,760
Saco Free Bridges,
9, do. do.
i 3.000
Wm. C. Whitney.
^ 20.040
Mass. Medical Society.
No, 7 and 8, 10th
range
46.080
Bowdoin College.
No 9, 10th range
11 520
Saco Academy.
do. do
5.760
do. Free Bridge.
1-2 No. 1, 1st do N. of B
. 11.520
Tiiunton and Riynham.
2, 1st do.
11520
Sandwich Academy.
5, 3d do.
23.040
Sandy bay pier Company.
1, 4th do.
23.040
Town of Plymouth.
2, 4th do.
7.680
Town of Pittston.
Near 3Iooschead Lake
1 Township
23 040
Prop's. Kennebeck purchase.
2 do.
46.080
Prop's. Middlesex Canal.
1-2 do.
PEN<
11.520
Day's Academy.
287.160
3BSCOT COUNTY.
Bangor
18.740^
Since 1783.
Hampden
22.288
Hermon
24.360
Grant to proprietors of Waldo
Newburgh
17.497
► patent to make up deficien-
cy 43.832, and residue to
settlers.*
82.8H5
*About 8200 acres of the lands, in these four towns reserved for settlers, Lave reverted
to the Ooramdn wealth, and were divided between Maine and Massachusetts, 2lst Mav
J 828.— See Table 4.
SALES OF LANDS.
415
PENOBSCOT COUNTY— CONTINUED.
Towns.
Acres.
Atkinson
23017
Brewer )
Orrincrton }
23.708
11.759
Browuville
21.320
Blakesburgh, say
Carrnel
23 040
22.623
Corinth
23.010
Charleston
24,794
Dixmont
21.284
Button
22 692
Dover
22.444
Dexter
25.522
Exeter
22 682
Eddington
Etna
9.834
25.708
Foxcroft
17.915
Guilford
6.633
Garland
22.536
Jarvis Gore
15.000
Kirkland
23.085
Levant
22 325
Maxfield
10.950
Milo
21.920
Newport
Orono
21.104
21.946
Sebec
22.228
Sangerville
Sunkhare plantation
24.2 J 6
13.139
Williamsburgh
No. 4, E of Penobscot
23.204
3.795
Stetson plantation
23.040
Kilmarnock
20.625
Original Titles.
E. Sigourney
Moses Knapp and others.
Brown and Fowler.
Brown and Hills.
J. Blake.
M Kinsley.
John Peck.
John Lowell.
Bowdoin College.
H. Jackson.
Hallowell and Lowell.
Amos Bond and others.
Marblehead Academy.
Jonathan Eddy and others^
Bowdoin College.
Bowdoin College.
Bowdoin College.
Williams College.
Leonard Jarvis and others.
H. Jackson.
William Wetmore.
Bridgeton Academy
Jonathan Hastings.
David Green.
Settlers and others.
Bowdoin College.
John S. Fary.
Settlers and others.
William Dodd.
J. Brackett and others.
Leicester Academy.
Boyd, Weston and others.
637 148
Townships taxed, and
not settled in 1820.
No. 1, 6th range
Oxf. pi. adj. Kilmarnock
No. 3, 8th range
5, 9th do.
2, 2d do. N. of)
Lottery lands ]
23 040 J. P. Boyd.
11.520 R. Gilmore and others.
11.520 W. C. Whitney and others.
23 040 Town of Boston.
11.520 J, E. Foxcroft.
416
SALES OF LANDS.
PENOBSCOT COUNTY— coNCLTOED.
Towns. Acres.
3, 2d Lottery hnds. 33.040
6,9th do. N > „ ...^
Waldo patent } **'^^"
No. 7, 8th raage 23.040
Original Titles.
Williams College.
Warren Academy.
Thomas Monkhouse.
138.240
Townships not taxed.
Gore adj. Eddington
LOOO
T. Harding.
No. J , west side Penob
..5<>5
Settlers
No. 2 and 3, w. do.
5.000
John Bennock.
Residue of No. 3, do.
29.164
Waterville College.
No. 4, do. Orono
9.303
Sundry persons.
No. 1, eaet side do.
961
Settlers and others.
Cold stream pi
5.000
Joseph Treat.
No. 6, 4th range, N.
of Lottery lands
1 5.760
Prop'rs. Duck trap bridgf
Not taxed
56.693
SUMMARY.
Land in the towns and plantations settled and incorporated
before the year 1820.
COLNTIKS.
Ac.es
sq. miles.
i.opu. per sq.
mile yi 1320.
York
623 432
818
49t
Cumberland
632.559
987
50t
Lincoln
602.113
940
49t
Waldo
519 901
811
27t
Kennebeck
670.425
1.047
38f
Somerset
87L949
1.360
16t
Oxford
786.385
1228
22t
Penobscot
739.428
1.142
12t
Hancock
544.379
850
22
Washington
665.025
1.239
lOf
Total in settled towns
Average population for
16.555.596110 230,
the whole State - - - -
29t
8 2-3
STATEMENT OF LANDS.
RECAPITULATIO]^,
417
COUNTIES.
Aces inj Acres n
towns towns
granted holden
prior to iun. prov
1692, andlincesrts
Acres i!i
t'\vns,&,c
sold and
granted
since 1783
mix'd gr. froni 1692 settl'd be-
& Maims to 1783 'fore 1820.
Acses re-l Acres in
turned in| townsh.
valuation sold and
of 1820 in I granted
f slips notjsiu. 1783
set. sold, but not 1
gi.si.l783| taxed. 1
TOTALS.
York
Computed deficiency
Total
1475.848
47.584
15237432
Cumberland
Computed deficiency
Total
|208.280|360.423' 6.9861
I 20.827| 86.043!
i229T[ 07| 3967466 679861
Lincoln
Cbmputed deficiency
Total
536.9031
53.690
59075931
11.520
11.520
Waldo
Computed deficiency
Total
452.9281
45.292
498.'"22ol
21.681 1
21.6811
Kennebeck
Ascertained defiic'y.
Computed deficiency.
Total
445.349} 36.7501112.666
I 17.451
3.675
Somerset
Ascertained defic'y.
Computed deficiency
6 towns in Bingham-
Tract
Residue of Bingham-
Tract
Total
44.534
1 4997883
'T9373'50
19.335
212.685
40.425: 130.117
483.899
49.458
125.907
66.360
220.800
Oxford
Ascertained defic'y.
Computed deficiency
Total
874.093
65&. 264 940.4^
282.593 428.076 224.868
47.457
28.259
220.800
r34.669
310.852|475.533 224.868!l34.669
Penobscot
Ascertained defic'y.
Total
82.885i637.148jl38.240j 56.693
I 19.3951
82.885 656.543 138.2401 56.693
Hancock
6 towns in Lottery &
Bingham lands
Computed deficiency
Total
255.223 126.679
25.522
2Sa745i
136.955
263.634
2.700
523.432
632.559
602.113
519.901
670.425
2.033.202
.145.922
934.361
2.700 547.079
* Tl ere were a number of grants in York, which should properly be included under tliis
lea'l, bit tbeir amount bein^ difficult to ascertain with any tolerable precision Ihese are
\\i earned inrotlie aggregate of the pjeceding column.
53
418 LOTTERY LANDS.
RECAPITULATION— CONCLUDED.
COUNTIES.
Acres in Acres n
town's town?
granted holtien
prior to un. prov-
1692, anrtlincc srr'ts
mix'd gr .from 1692
& claims. 1 to 1783
Acres i:i
wns .&c
Mjld and
granted
since 17&3
settl'd be-
fore 1820.
Acres rr -
turned ir.
valuation
ot 1820 in
t'ships n't
set., sold,
trr.si.i783
A cres in
tjwnsb. !
sold and'i
granted TOTALS.
sin. 1783
but not
taxed.
Washington
Towns in Lottery and
Bingham lands
Ascertained defic'y.
99.689 274.8061 96.430
233.090
20.506, 36.934|
120."l9.5|544.830 96.430
551.748
Total
551.748
1.313.203
Hancock and Wasli.
Residue of Lottery &
Bingham lands
902.631
902.631
Lincoln, Hancock &
Washington
166 small islands
31.298
31.298
Divided and assigned to Massachusetts since the separation
Maine
Undivided lands north of the Monument line, estimated
(91 small islands, containing about 8970 acres, are
among the lands divided since the separation.)
9.856.126
2.486.602
2.515.512
6.305.040
481.037 1 304.4.51 2 770 1
08| 2.302,622|
'08| 21.163.280
or, 33.067 square miles and 400 acres.
The lands sold by lottery, were described by a plan of each
township, exhibiting the lots to be drawn, according to which
they were afterwards to be surveyed and holden. The tickets,
to which the lots were respectively drawn, were declared to
be sufficient conveyance and evidence of the title, without any
other record than that of the drawing of the lottery. It was
afterwards provided that holders of prize tickets, to which were
drawn detached lots, distributed through a number of town-
ships, might, if they chose, combine in sufficient numbers to
take up whole townships, of wliich deeds should be given in
exchange for their tickets. Under this provision, a sufficient
Bumber combined to take up tlie whole of 4 townships near
Machias, viz. townships numbered 13, 14, 15, and 18, in the
east division. These surrendered their tickets and received
deeds of conveyance in exchange. The residue still held the
lands as originally drawn.
LOTTERY LANDS. 419
An account of the number of acres still remaining, as drawn
in each township ; with those conveyed in the townships above
mentioned in exchange ; and the names of the persons by
whom they were originally drawn, is given in table 2. It
must be remarked, however, that in the account of the drawing
and exchanges of tickets, there appears to be some instances
in which the exchanges were not perfectly completed, or cor-
rectly recorded, and this may be the occasion of some errors.
The table however, will assist those who may be interested,
to ascertain and correct such errors, and it will have some
other uses both to individuals and to the public.
TABLE II.
Statement of lands sold by Lottery 12th October 1787, in townships
in the north, middle, and east divisions of townships between Pe-
nobscot and Passamaquodd)' rivers*
Names of Original owners. No. Acres. Names of Original owners. No. Acres.
NORTH DIVISION. John Hart 160
rr, 7- AT o Samuel Abbot 160
Township No. 2. Benjamm Tappan 160
Silas Morten 320 Justin Ely 320
Justin Ely 160 Enos Hitchcock 160
Elisha Fuller 3840 George Cotton 160
EpKraim May 160
David Cobb ' 160 Total 1280
Abigail Webb 160 Township No. o.
Heirs ot Sylvester Gardner ^60 ^ilHam Saxton 160
rr . I Aaaf\ Phineas Wait 160
Total 4960 0,^^.^^ pj^^jp^ j^^
m 7. Ttr o Theodore Sedgwick 160
Township No. 3. j^^^^^^ p^^j^^ ^^^
Nicholas P. Tillinghast 160 Thomas Cogswell 160
Timothy Ware Hall 160
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 160 Total 1440
Total 480 Township No. 6.
Dan'l. Jackson «fe Th.Vose 160
Toumship No. 4. Nathaniel White 160
David Cobb 160 Total 320
420
LOTTERY LANDS.
Names of Original owerg.
No. Acres. Names of Oriofinal owners.
MIDDLE DIVISION,
Township No. 14.
Jonathan Dwight 320
Township No. 20.
Township No. 15.
Joseph Fiske
John Lowell
Ebenezer Oliver
1280
320
320
1920
William Pierpont
Ephraim Judson
Nathaniel White
Benjamin Hinds
320
320
320
320
Township No. 16.
Township iVo. 21.
Israel Evans 320
Ebenezer Williams 160
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 320
Joseph Hudson 320
Artemas Ward 320
640
320
Dorothy Foster
Jona. Hamlinton, Ivory >
Hovey &l John Lord )
Charles Lowell 160
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 320
Township No. 22. 1440
Hugh Maxwell
Rufus G. Armory
John Atkinson
1440
17.
Township No
Children of Reuel Baldwin 320
Township No. 23.
TT 1- . TT * T J ..^n Nicholas Easton
Hamlmton, Hovey & Lord 640 j^^j^^^ ^^^^,^^^
Joseph Pennyman 160 ^^^^^^^ ^^jj
Luther Thomas 320 ^
Harvard College 320
320
320
320
960
320
160
480
960
Township No. 18.
Sampson V. S. Wilder
Cornelius Fellows
Andrew Sigourney
William Morse
Nathaniel Freeman
Township No. 19.
Robert and Alex. Barr
Justin Ely
Joshua Howard
Rufus G. Amorv
1760 Township No. 24.
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner
640 Elijah Dean
640 Charles Gleason
320 Waterman Thomas
320 Rufus G. Amory
320 Timothy Newell
Joseph Wales
2240 John Atkinson, jr.
Charles Lowell
Township No. 25.
640
160
640
640 John Hall
Robert and Alex. Barr
2080 Nancy Quincy
160
160
160
640
160
160
160
640
160
2400
160
160
160
LOTTERY LANDS.
421
Names of Original owners.
Amherst Mann
Nc. Acres. Names of Original owners.
No. Acres.
1280
1760
Township No. 26.
320
320
Theodore Sedgwick
Timothy Smith & Ths. >
Bass )
Patrick M'Namara 320
Nathaniel French 320
Township No. 31.
Ebenezer Oliver 320
Nicholas P.Tillinghast 160
Josh. Howard 6l Wm. Hall 160
Elnathan Haskell 160
Samuel Stone 320
Justin Ely 320
Township No. 27.
Rufus G. Armory
William White
William Kneeland
Jonathan Glover
Abel King
Frederic W. Geyer
1280
160
640
160
160
160
160
1440
Township No. 28.
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 320
Ephraim May 160
Moses Bullen 160
Township No. 29.
Hodijah Baylies
William Pierpont
Jonathan Dwight
640
160
160
1280
Township No. 32.
Benjamin Greene
Heirs of S. Gardner
Enoch Greenieaf
Rufus G. Amery
Township No. 33.
Zenas Parsons
Simeon Lord
John Glover
Township No. 34.
Township No. 30. 1600
Ephraim Lane
Harvard College
Justin Ely
Samuel Brazer
Nathan Patch
Paul Litchfield
Jonathan Dwight
Thomas Vose & Daniel
Jackson
1280
800
160
160
640
640
160
640
4480
Elnathan Haskell
Abiathar Leonard
Samuel Hunt
Joseph Wales
Township No. 35.
Edmund Gale
Thomas Hartshorne
1440
1920
160
160
800
3040
1920
160
160
2240
160
320
160
160
800
160
160
320
Township No. 36.
Noah Heaton 160
Henry Sibley 160
Robert and Alex. Barr 160
Benj. Hurd&Ben.Hurdjr. 160
Josh. Howard & Wm. Hall 160
422
LOTTERY LAISDS.
Names af Original owners.
William Selby
No. Acres. Names of Original owners. No. Acres.
160 William Gushing 160
Township No. 37.
960
Toionship No. 43.
320
Robert and Alex. Barr 160
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 640
John Tillet 160
Abijah Hammond 640
Moses Bullen 160
Theodore Sedgwick 160
Joseph Hudson 160
Joseph Willard 320
Abraham &l J. W. Q,uincy 160
John Atkinson, jun. 320
Township No. 38.
Leonard Vassal Borland
Harvard College
Th. Marshall & Josiah
,Bridge
Richard Bagnall
Samuel Tufte
John Tillet
Ephraim Judson
Ephraim May
Thomas Cogswell
Township No. 39.
Jonathan Glover
William McKendry
John Palmer
John Hart
Anna Cabot Lowell and
Sarah Champney Low-
ell
1920
1280
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
640
3040
160
160
160
160
640
EAST DIVISION.
Township No. 7.
Harvard College
Ann duincy
Thomas Clark and Ap- i
pleton Prentiss j
960
160
320
1280
1760
Township No. 13.
Frederick William Geyer 960
Charles Turner 320
Caleb Gannet 320
John Deverell 160
James Mellen 320
Edmund Sawyer 160
Harvard College 320
Township No. 14.
Frederic Wm
Edward Bass
Joseph Fisk
William Brown
Geyer
2560
2560
320
320
320
Township No. 40. 1280 Sam'l. Warren &1.3. Brewer 320
Joseph Barrel! 320
Joseph Pennyman 1920
John Atkinson, Jr. 160
Samuel Clarke 160
Joseph Hiller 640
2880
Townsnip No. 41.
John Loring 160
Township No. 15.
Thorn. &L Wm. Davis
Andrew Sigourney
Aiiron Brown
John Lathrop
4160
320
320
160
160
LOTTEUT LANDS.
428
Names ©f Original ownaers.
No. Acres. Names of Original owners.
No. Acres.
Children of Reuel Baldwin
Ebenezer, Sarah and i
Elizabeth Foster (
Township No. 16.
James Thacher
Eunice Ray
John Atkinson
Jonathan Dvvight
Samuel P. Gardner
John Peck
William White
William Bird
Heirs of S Gardner
320
320
1600
320
320
1280
160
160
160
320
160
2560
5440
Jacob Blake & — Briggs 160
Andrew Sigourney 160
Cheney Read andTilley )
Rice, jun. )
160
Township No. 21.
Jeremiah Lord
Theodore Sedgwick
Sally and Polly Pierpont
George Bacon
John Atkinson, jun.
Elizabeth Cutts Lowell
Benjamin Fisk
Harvard College
William Story, jun.
Township No. 17.
Nathaniel White 320
Rob't. and Alex. Barr 320
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 320
Jacob Norton 320
1280
Totonship No. 18.
Nathaniel Eaton 640
Jacob Welsh & J. White 320
William Frost 160
Ebenezer Storer 640
Toionship No. 19.
1760
800
320
320
320
160
320
320
160
160
320
2400
160
160
320
320
960
Thomas Le Gross 160
Joseph Wales 160
William Hall Jackson \ ^^^
and James Prince /
Moses May 320
Heirs of Sylverter Gardner 320
Harvard College 320
Township No. 23.
John Glover
Jonathan Dwight
Rob't. & Alex. Barr
Ebenezer Foster
Township No. 24.
Ebenezer Bancroft 320
JusiinEly 320
Theodore Sedgwick 320
Children of Reuel Baldwin 160
John Waldo 160
John Davis 160
1440
Township No. 25.
Jonathan Dwight 160
Heirsof Sylvester Gardner 320
1440
Toicnship No. 20.
David Talbot 320
Township No. 26.
Nathaniel Freeman
Andrew Peters
James Thacher
480
1280
160
160
4-24
LOTTERT LANDS.
Hameg of Original ovrncrs.
Susanna Lowell
Township No. 27.
No. Acres. Names of Original owners. No. Acres
320 William Jackson
Ichabod Edson
1920 James Freeland
Th. Marshall & J. Bridge
Sam'l. P. Gardner
V:X Silas Morton
160
160
160
160
160
160
1760
Isaac Lucas
John Atkinson 160
Hamlinton, Hovey &,Lord 160
Ann Quincy 160
Lands drawn in other townships and exchanged for lands in townships
number 13, 14, 15, and 18, east division, in addition to lots originally
drawn in those townships.
Township No. 13.
Samuel Ballard 2880
Samuel Hinds 160
Joseph Ford 160
Isaac Pierce 640
William Turner 320
Frederic Wm. Geyer 6400
Charles Turner 2460
Lydia Haskins 1920
William Ballard 320
William Dawes 1440
Joseph Barrel! 2560
19260
Township No. 14.
William Dall 320
John McLane 640
Oliver Wendell 640
Joseph Barren 6240
John Barrett 960
Moses Grant, treasurer
of relief Society
John Joy
Nath. W. Appleton
Township No.
Matthew Park
David Townsend
Thomas Curtis
Marcy Roberts
James Ivers
15.
J 960
1440
800
12000
160
640
800
1920
160
Thomas Lamb
John Bright
Abraham Williams
John Tudor
Elias Parker
Samuel Clark ,
John May
Jonathan Homer
Leonard Jarvis
Joseph Russell and Ju-
dah Hays
Charles Williams
Christopher Marshall
Township No. 18.
John Murray and others
Henry Newman
Alexander Hodgdon
Mary Hodgdon
Asa Waterman and Ju-
dah Thomas
Thomas Walley
Daniel Waldo
Danitl Waldo, jun.
Edmund Sawyer
William Powell
Edward Wyer
Enoch Hammond, jun.
Ephraim Stearns
Timothy Paine
Thomas Fay er weather
640
640
5280
2560
1920
800
960
800
800
J 1280
800
1760
21920
4320
320
800
160
160
1280
960
640
48Q
800
960
160
320
160
800
GRANTS TO LITERARY INSTITUTIONS, &C. 425
No. Acres. Names of Original owners.
No. Acres.
640 Caleb Davis
160
160 D. Poignard & J. Bazi
in 160
160 Isaiah Thomas
640
640 Samuel Dashwood
480
: 640 Samuel Paine
160
800 John AVhite
160
160 Stephen Rice
320
160 Simeon Ashley
160
1120
320
19360
For what purpose granted. No. Ac.
To Literary Institutions,
Leicester Acad'my 23.040
Names of Original owners.
Daniel Fuller
Daniel Miles
Abraham Bazin
Joseph Dorr
Joseph and David Spear
Samuel Coverley
Thomas Capen
Red ford Webster
Ebenezer Storer
Benjamin Wheeler
TABLE III.
Grants of land by Massachusetts, prior to the year 1820, for the aid of
Literary and other public Institutions, and charities.
IN MASSACHUSETTS PROPER.
Present designation of the Land.
Stetson plantation, Penobscot Co
Exeter, Penobscot Co.
Embden, Somerset Co.
Garland, Penobscot Co.
Near Eastern boundary.
same.
( No. 3, 2d range, N. of Lottery
) lands, Penobscot Co.
Part of Greenwood.
Part of Woodstock.
No. 2, between Woodstock and Peru.
Part of Monson.
East side of Moosehead Lake.-
( Part of No. 2, 1st range, north of
\ Bingham tract.
No. 1,6th range, N. of Lot. lands.
No. 2, 3d range, on St. Croix.
No. 5, 1st range, N. of Lottery lands.
Near Eastern boundary.
same.
same.
same.
same, (now Houlton.)
same.
same.
Detached lots in various places.
Marblehead do.
Taunton do.
Williams College
same
. same
same
Phillips Academy
Dummer do.
Milton
Monson
Day's
Sandwich do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Berkshire
Derby
Amherst
Westford
Groton
Framingh'm do.
Bridgewater do.
New-Salem do.
Deerfield do.
Westfield do.
Harvard College
23.040
24.231
23.040
23 040
23.040
23 040
11.520
11520
11520
15 360
11.520
11.520
11.520
11.520
11.520
11.520
11.520
1L520
11.520
11520
11.520
11.520
3.600
354.230
54
426 GRANTS TO LITERARY INSTITUTIONS, &C.
For what purpose granieH, No. Ac. Present designation of the Land.
To other Public objects.
Town of Boston \ ^3^4^ ^t^ 5 g^j^ ^ p^ ^^ ^y^j^^
for a hospital ) ' c » f
Town of Ply-j
month for repair > 23.040 On the Aroostook, near East, bound,
of its harbor j
same 23040 No. 1, 4th range, N. Bingham tract
Gen. Wm. Eaton ) ^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ Aroostook.
reward ot valor )
Agricultural Soc. 23.040 Now Linneus, near East, boundary.
same 2:^.040 Uncertain.
Middlesex Canal 46. OHO 2 townships near Moosehead Lake.
Town of Glou- \
cester for piers > 23.040 No. 5, 3d range, N. of Bingham tract,
at Sandy Bay j
195.320
Acres granted) 354^30
to Liter. Inst S
Tot«l granted ) ^^g , -„
for Massachu. )
IN MALNE.
To Literary Institutions.
Bowdoin College 20.G88 Dixmont.
same 92.16') Sebec, Foxcroft, Guilford &l Abbot.
same 23.040 Etna and part of Plymouth.
*a ,\af\ ( Townships No. 7 &l 8, 10th range,
46.080 ] north of Waldo p.tent.
Assigns of same ( , , ^^n S ^"^ township, No. 2, 2d range, N.
for deficiency S ' (of Lottery lands.
Waterviile Coll. 29 160 No. 3, west side of Penobscot river.
Berwick Acad. 23 040 Athens.
Hallowell do. 23.040 Harmony.
same 5.760 Part No. 5, 5th ra. W. Bingham tract
Washington do 23.040 Cutler.
Fryeburgh do. 18.617 3 tracts near Fryeburgh.
Monmouth do. 1.286 Tract between Hartford &.Livermore
same 214 9 small islands in Androscoggin R.
same 10.020 Part of Chandlerville.
same 800 Surplus of same.
Portland Acad. 11. -520 Near eastern boundary.
Hampden do. 11.520 same.
Phillips Limer'k do 11.520 same.
GRANTS TO LITERARY INSTITUTIONS, &C. 427
To what purpose granted. No. Ac. Present (lesignation of the Land.
Belfast Academy 1.1.520 Near eastern boundary.
Lincoln do. 11.520 Near and in Jefferson.
Bluehill do. 12.:320 Part of No. 23, near Machias.
Gorham do. 11.520 Part of Woodstock.
Bath do. 11.520 No. 1, 4th ran. W. of Bingham tract.
Hebron do. 11.520 Part of Mon son.
Bridgetondo. 11.520 Maxfield.
Saco do. 11 520 No. 9, 10th range. N. Waldo patent.
Warren do. 11.520 No. 6, 9th range N. of do.
Canaan do. 11.520 No. 1, 3d range, W. Bingham tract.
Farmington do. 11.520 No. 5, 5th range, W. of do.
490.545
To other public and char-
itable objects.
Sufferers Falmonth 46.040 New Portland and Freeman.
Duck-trap bridge 5.760 Part No. 6, 4th ran. N. Lottery lands.
Saco Free bridges 5.760 Part No. 9, 10th r. N. Waldo^atent.
same 5.760 Part No. 8, 9th ran^e N. do.
63.320
Total gr. Maine 553.865
Granted Mass. 549.550
Tot. topub. uses 1.103.415 Exclu. of grants alluded to hereafter.
Besides the lands granted to various corporations in aid of
purposes of public benefit, before mentioned ; considerable
quantities have been granted to discharge claims against the
Commonweahh for services rendered, or loses sustained in its
service ; also to relieve and quiet those who had settled on
them, under the expectation of a free grant or easy purchase
of lots for their own cultivation, others for the purpose of mak-
ing roads to and over different parts of the pubhc lands. Other
grants also have been made, by way of compromise, to satisfy
conflicting claimants under some of the ancient crown grants or
Indian deeds, and to put an end to lawsuits, and restore quiet
to the inhabitants and others interested in or affected by them.
It is not at present easy to discriminate exactly the amount of
428 SALES OF LANDS.
the lands granted for each of these several purposes ; nor will
it be of much importance. Their gross amount may be dis-
covered after deducting the amount of grants and sales made
for other purposes, from the whole quantity alienated.
Table 4 exhibit some thun at of sales which were made as
mere business transactions, for considerations in money ; (ex-
clusive of small lots for the personal use of actual settlers,)
the time when the contracts were completed ; and final con-
veyances made ; and the average price per acre, of the sales
completed in each year, from J 785 (which was the first) to
1812; with the amount, of this description, conveyed from
that time to 1820.
TABLE IV.
Aggregate of annual sales, exclusive of free grants, &,c.
Dale. 1
Acres conveyed.
j Amount ol consideration. 1
1 Averaj^e price
[ per acre.
1785
33.440
$13,967.20 cts.
49 1-2
1786
113.850
66.820.48
58 1-2
1787
51.842
17.052.34
32 1-2
Same
* 165.280
87.400
52
1788
74.615
29.529.98
39
1789
37.508
9.219.77
24 1-2
1790
46.538
9.237.36
19 1-2
1791
76.789
15.551.35
20
1792
2.060
604.28
32
1793
2.130.469
272.024.84
12 1-2
1794
324.684
61.253.96
19
1795
110.653
36.022.72
32 1-2
1796
106.212
17.577.24
16 1-2
1797
46.080
12.979.04
27
1798
6.185
717.62
111-2
1799
188.420
42.272.06
24
1800
23.040
6.175
26 1-2
1802
148.406
35.745.19
24
1803
49.920
11.499.50
23
1804
255.330
60.011.61
231-2
1805
69.120
21.503.17
31
1806
69.120
34.962.84
50 1-2
* Sold by lottery.
SALES OF LANDS. 429
TABLE IV CONCLUDED.
Date. 1
Acres conveyed.
Amount of consideration.
1 Averaf^e price
1 per acre.
1809
28.322
$4,803.66 cts.
16 2-3
1810
193
600
$3 10
1811
57.384
17.755.50
31
1812
35.G74
20.804.43
581-2
From 1812
t
t
to 1820
69.045
17.780
25 3-4
4.320.617 923.871.14 22 3-4
From 1783 ) 79 010 J-^*^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ actual settlers, gener-
. ift20/ " c ^lly about 100 acres to each settler.
) 28.407 in 131 islands fm.Penob. to PassaqMy.
The account of sales in the foregoing table, except the lands
sold by lottery, and those conveyed from 1812 to 1820, is
condensed from a detailed account furnished some years since
by the Land agent of Massachusetts. The quantity stated as
conveyed during the latter period is abstracted frem the print-
ed report of the Land agent in 1820, but the amount of con-
sideration and average price per acre is only an estimate from
tlie average of the preceding sales. In February, 1814, a
report of a committee of the Legislature gives a different re-
sult ; but this is to be accounted for upon the supposition that
the report omitted lands which had been contracted for and not
fully conveyed, and included, in the account of monies received,
payments of interest as well as of principal. In the table are
included all the lands sold, and no account of interest on the
original purchase money ; the result therefore shows correctly
the average price per acre of the land conveyed in each year.
— If the account of interest on each year's sales were brought
down to the close of the period, it would exhibit fairly
the then present worth of the sales to the Commonwealth.
Besides the lands sold and conveyed, as in the preceding
t The amount of consideration for these lands is conjectural •, being supposed to be proba-
bly equal to the average of the preceding sales, exclusive of the large tracts sold to Wm,
Bingham— viz. for about 25 3-4 cents per acre.
430 SALES OF LAND.
table, there were others under contrncts, which were not fully
executed until since the separation of the States, and are not
included in the table. Their amount as stated in the report of
the Land agent, February 1st, 1820, is as follows :
Acres. Consideration. Av.prac.
In Penobscot counlv, > r aq^ ^ , ^,r i -^n no ^i 10
,, 1 X " ' -5.481 3-4 .v6.1o9.08 Kl.12
(lots to settlers,) i^ i' ^
Hancock, (4 islands) 1.185 1-2 2.131.00 1.80
Washington (18 islands) 1.314 751.70 57
Oxford,^ 320 400.00 1.25
Total, 8.301 1-4 9.421.78 1.13
In addition to the foregoing, there were lands sold and convey-
ed (exclusive of free grants) between February 1st, 1820, and
February 1st, 1826, in pursuance of Acts and Resolves passed
in or prior to 1820, the account of which belongs to that of the
sales before the separation. The amount of these lands is as
follows :
Acres.
Consideration.
Av.pr acre.
In Oxford County, 16.280
3.023.10
18 1-2 cts.
Penobscot 3.697
2.291.45
62
Hancock &i Wash. > 3.042
do. in 33 islands 5 2.023 1-2
2.264.77
74 1-2
1. 771, 39
87 1-2
Total, 25.042 1-2 $9,350.71 37 1-3
The Act of separation provided that the public lands, within
the then District of INIaine, should, as soon as convenient, be
surveyed, and divided equally between the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, and the State of Maine ; each to hold its own
share in severalty ; and while Maine of course must possess
the jurisdiction, Massachusetts retained the soil, of the part
assigned to her, in fee simple, exempt from all kinds of taxes
so long as it should remain in her possession ; and reserved
also all the rights to protect her lands from depredations, and
to punish trespassers upon them, which existed when the sep-
aration took place.
DIVISION OF PUBLIC LANDS. 431
Pursuant to the provisions of the Act, Commissioners were
appointed, who from tiiiie to time have caused surveys to be
made, and divided different portions of the lands, as equally as
the nature of the case would admit, having regard to the situa-
tion, quality, and value, as well as to the quantity of the several
portions.
The particular tracts and townships assigned to each State
respectively, in the several divisions hitherto made, are exhib-
ited in tattle 5.
TABLE V.
Divisions aiul iissisiinient of the public lands.
First Division 2Sth December, 1822.
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS. ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
Townships and tracts. Acres. Townships and tracts. Acres.
Ranges north of the Lottery townships Ranges on St. Croix, (Titcemb^s survey.)
No. 3, 3dR. riv. towns. 17.062 No. 1, 1st range 22 900
6, 3d range 22.264 2, 1st do. 23.040
7, 3d do. 23.040 1, 2d do. 23.700
Ranges north of Lottery lands
8, 3d do. 23.040 No. 1, 1st range, river
9^ 3d do. 23.040 township
10,3d do. 25.811 No. 1, 1st range 1-2
11, 3d do. 8.374 township
4, 4th do. riv. town. 25.997 No. 2, 1st range 25.401
6, 4th do. 9.992 3, 1st do. 26.010
7, 4th do. 23.040 4, 1st do. 38.424
8, 4th do. 23 040 6, 1st do. 1-2
9, 4th do. 23.583 township
2 9th do. north ) ^8.656 ^'^' ^' 2d range, river \ ^^ g^.
Waldo patent ) township }
No 3,9th range, north ) ^r. ^-^ No. 5, 2d range 23.040
of Waldo patent f ^^''^^'^ 6, 2d do. 26.773
2, 7th r. tract N.W.part 2 415 7, 2d do. 30.000
14.648
12.191
11.520
29.350
8, 2d do. north
of lottery lands
No. 9, 2d range 19.360
1
Total equalized in val. 308. 154 Tot. equalized in val. 344.053
'^"/^T'^''''"^!'"''"'' 1 28.041 ^V^^* range N. » j^y^j
of Waldo patent ) of Waldo patent j
6, 9th range, south part 11.520 No. 7, 9th range 23.040
2, 8th range, 25.225 4, 9th do. 23.040
432 DIVISIONS OF PUBLIC LANDS.
Townships and Tracts. Acres. Townships and Tracts. Acres.
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS. ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
3, 8th do. west part 11.520
4, 8th range, 23.040 8, 9th do. sou. part 4.476
Total equalized 87.820 Total equalized 79.907
Oli Indian purchase un Penobscot. Old Indian pnrchast in Ptnobscot.
No. 1, west side of ^ 20 062 ^^' 1, east side of riv- i ig^ig
river, total acres S ' er, total acres )
Deduct acres sold 362
Acres under contract 1.139
Money due on do. 81.061.23 Balance assigned 16.354
No. 2, west side of » jqqq^j Acres under contract 1.367
river, total acres ) ' Money due on cont. $1,318.41
Deduct acres sold 3.000
No. 2, E. side, tot. ac. 21.633
Balance assigned 16 900
Acres under contract 489
4, W. side, total acres 20 148 Money due on do. §244.63
Deduct acres sold 16.968
No. 4, E. side, tot. ac. 28.680
Balance assigned 3. i 80 Deduct acres sold 3.861
Acres under contract 101 Balance assigned 24.819
Money due on do. $109.98
Acres under contract 482
5, W. side, total acres 8.510 Money due on do. $493.31
Deduct acres sold 3 050
Balance assigned 5.460
3, E side, total acres 24.714
Deduct acres sold 14.577
Balance assigned 10.137
Acres under contract 6.082
Money due on do. $613.87
LotsintownofPenob. 1.150
r Tot. acres ) ^^ S06
Tot. acres assigned 56.889 \ \ assigned S
Money due on con- g^ ^ [ ] Mon. due ) ^2.056,35
tracts assigned } (^ on con. as. )
In Surry 7.840 In Ellsworth, remain- \ -t* icn
Lubec 38.45 ing lands computed at f
DIVISION OF PUBLIC LANDS.
433
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS.
In No. 23, west of Ma- )
chias, N. E. quarter )
Ellsworth
7.290
1.204
ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
In No. 23, W. of Ma-
chias S. E. quarter
Acres
7.290
Equalized in value 24.679 Equalized in value 21.446
The reserved lots in
towns of Corinth, New-
port, Sangerville, But-
ton, Kirkland, Blakes-
burgh, Ellsworth, Col-
umb'a,Freem'n, Temple
Madison, Anson, Avon,
Phillips, Palmyra, Cor-
inna, Parkmun, Chand-
lerville, Dixfield, and
Andover ; also town-
ships No. 1, 6th range,
and No. 7, 8th range in
Penobscot County, and
No. 13, 14 and 18, near
Machias in Washington
County, with the fol-
lowing in Oxford coun-
ty, viz. No. 2, 1st range
3, -id do. 5, 2d do. 3,
3d do. 5, 3d do. 4, 4th
do. townships No. 6 &
8, townships marked B,
E, and A 2, and town-
ship No. 1, south of
Androscoggin riv. ; ma-
king in the whole 38
lots of 320 acres each, 12.160
Also the reserved lots
in the towns of Orring-
ton, Jonesboro', Perry,
Dennysville, Sumner,
and Edmunds, being 6
lots of 200 acres each, 1,200
In Chandlerville, 160
Andover surplus, 160
Portland Acad, grant 160
The reserved lots in
the towns of Carmel,
Charleston, Brownville,
Williamsburgh, Atkin-
son, Milo, Dover, No.
8, (or Otis) Jarvis' Gore,
Calais, New Sharon,
Strong, Solon, New-
Viney'd, Cornville, Rip-
ley, St. Albans, New
Portland, Weld, Albany
Carthage, Newry, ako
in the following town-
ships in the County of
Oxford, viz. No. 7, No.
1, 1st range, 3, 1st do.
2, 2d do. 2, 3d do. 4, 3d
do. 5, 4th do. C, D, and
A 1, and the following
in Somerset, viz. No.
8, 8th range north of
Waldo patent. No. 3,
1st range north of Ply-
mouth purchase, and
township at the head of
Moosehead Lake, being
in the whole, 35 lots
of 320 acres each.
In No. 3, 8th range,
north of Waldo patent,
Hartford
Buckfield
No. 3, 2d range, west
of Schoodic
No. 12, near Machias
11.200
160
200
200
3.320
2.800
55
434
DIVISIONS OF PUBLIC LANDS,
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS. ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
Townships and Tracts. Acres. Townships and Tracts. Acres.
No. 3, 1 St range,west
ofSchoodic - - 3.320
No. I, 4th range, do. 620
17.780
17.880
All the reserved 1 mds
in ilie lottery townsliips
(e;jstof Penobscot) sold
to Win Binghim, ex-
cept those before sold
to Bingham, in town-
ships No. 7, 8, 9, lO,
11, ind 12.
All the reserved lots
in townships No. 7, 8,
9, 10, U, and 12 east
of Penobscot, except
whit was before sold to
Bingham — and all the
reserved lots in Bing-
ham's Kennebeck pur-
16.747 chase.
1.5.573
IHLANDS.
Monhegan
Allen's
Wooden Ball
Hopkin's
Mttinic
And 54 small islands ")
along the coast of Lin-
coln, H.MCock iid
Washington counties J
!►
fSLAJmS.
1.000 Great Isle Au Hant
300 Mdrk hands
117 Burnt (off Georges)
117 M 'tinicus
300 And 26 small islmds")
along the coast of Lin- !
1 261 ^'^*^"' H ncock and j
Washington counties j
3.096
4.100
186
220
744
615
5.865
Total of 1st Division 480.038 Total of 1st Division 514.177
Second Division,
2lsi
\ Muy, 1823.
Townships west of Bing^
Purchase.
ham'
's Kennebeck
Town
.ahtps west of Bingham's Kenntbeek
Purchase
No. 4, 1st range
24.480 No.
5, 1st range, 31.780
4, 2d do.
23.040
1, 2d do. 23.080
1, 4th do. (
township)
1-2
1 11.520
1, 3d do. south ) ^^^^
2, 4th do.
23.040
3, 4th do. 23 040
1, 5th do.
22.080
2,5th do. 23.040
4, 5th do.
23.040
3, 5th do. 23.040
3, 6th do.
26.880
5, 5th do. N.w part 3.-528
4, 6th do.
29.580
1,6th do. 25.9.J0
1, 7th do.
20.200
2,6th do. 26 800
2, 7th do.
20.206
1,8th do. 23.040
DIVISIONS OF PUBIJC LANDS.
435
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS.
ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
Townsliip> and tracts.
Acres. Townships and tracts.
North of Bingham^s Kennebeck Purchase.
Mo. 5, 1st range 23.040
3, 2d do. 23.040
4, 2d do. 23.040
5, 2d do. 23.040
3, 3d do. 23.040
6, 3d do. 23.040
3, 4th do. 23.040
3, 5th do. 23.040
No. 9, Greenwood's ) ^^ ^.^
survey, Wash'g. co. / '^'^'^^^
In Orland 300
In Penobscot & Castine 300
Surry 300
Hermon 900
Hampden 900
Newburgh 700
Brownfield, con- ) r»oi.
tracted to J. Howard )
Trafton Isl. ) in Narra- ) uncer-
No. 2, 8th range,
North of Binghnm's Kennebeck
No. 3, 1st range
4, 1st do.
6, 2d do.
4, 3d do.
4, 4th do.
4, oth do.
10, Greenwood's \
survey, Wash Co. on >
eastern boundary )
11, do. do.
In Bucksport
Bluehill
Sedgwick
Bdngor
Sanford
Between Raymond & )
Standish )
On Iron-bound ishud \
Acres.
20.200
Purchase.
23.040
23.040
23.040
23.040
23.040
23.040
25.752
11.520
300
300
300
700
21
840
Gourd do. jguagusb.
) ^«2«- Frenchman's Bay / ^^^^
Penobscot 948
Total
435.140 Total 438.449
Third Division, 31.? December, 1825.
On and near Eastern Boundary. On and near Eastern Boundary.
I SI ranje on tbe boundary line. 1st range, on the boundary line.
1-2 township B 11.520 Township A 23.040
Township C 23.040 do. D 23.676
do. F 23.040 do. E 23.040
Ranges west from the boundary. Ranges west iVoni the boundary.
Township A 2d range 15.360 Township D 2d range 22.477
B 23.040 E 12.622
C 23.040 F 23.040
G 23.676 H 14.633
I 23.040 K 23.040
No. 1, 3d range
2,3d do.
2, 4th do.
1,5th do.
2,5th do.
3, 5th do.
33.569 No. 3, 3d range (W. 1-2) 11.344
22.886 1, 4th do. 39.512
23.610 3,4th do. 23.163
44 489 A, 6th do. 22.923
22.188 1,6th do. 23.002
22.188 2, 6th do. 24.084
436
DIVISIONS OF PUBLIC LANDS.
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS.
Townships and tracts. Acres.
No. 2, 7th range 23.377
A 7th do. except 1
part of Ind. tovvnsh'p. ! ^n 934
and except grant to /
Hopkins' Academy i
Tract lying between "^
4th range, N. of lottery
townships, Madawam-
keag and No. 9 —
Schoodic Lake &- 3d
range W. of the mon-
ument, (excepting out
of it the 1-2 half town-
ship grant, to Hamp-
den Academy.
ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
Townships and tracts.
No. 3, 6th range
1, 7th do.
3, 7th do.
Acres.
24.020
21.517
23.255
y 42.000
Tract Z, between the")
Indian reserved town- j
ships on west side of ^ 2.100
Penobscot river, and I
township A, 6th ran. J
Tract between No. ^
10 at the monument,
No. 3, 3d range, No.
9 and Madawamkeag,
and A, 2d range, with *
all the land south of
No. 10, and east of
No. 9, to the boundary j
4.000
Total
422.025
Total
420.488
Wourth Division, 2Sth December, 1826.
Ranges west of the eastern boundary,
No. 4, 3d r'nge(s. part) 13.440
5, 3d do. 23.040
7, 3d do. 23.040
9, 3d do. 23.040
11, 3d do. 23.040
13, 3d do. 23.040
15, 3d do. 22.032
4, 4th do. 23.040
6, 4th do. 23.040
8, 4th do. 23 040
10, 4th do. 23.040
12, 4th do. 23.040
14, 4th do. 23.040
16, 4th do. 23 040
5, 5th do. 23.040
7, 5th do. 23.040
9, 5th do. 23.040
11, 5th do. 23.040
13, 5th do. 23.040
15, 5th do. 23.040
4^ 6th do. 23 040
6, 6th do. 23.040
8, 6th do. 23.040
Raiipes west of the easterc boundary.
No. 4, 3d range n. part 9.600
6, 3d do. 23.040
8, 3d do. 23 040
10, 3d do. 23.040
12, 3d do. 23.040
14,3d do. 23 040
16, 3d do. 21.036
5, 4th do. 23.040
7, 4th do. 23 040
9, 4th do. 23.040
11, 4th do. 23.040
13, 4th do. 23.040
15, 4th do. 23 040
4, 5th do. 23.040
6,5th do. 23.040
8, 5th do. 23.040
10, 5th do. 23.040
12, .5th do. 23.040
14, 5th do. 23.040
16, 5th do. 23 040
5, 6th do. 23.040
7, 6th do. 23.040
9,6th do. 23.040
DIVISIONS OP PUBLIC LANDS.
437
\39IGNED TO
MASSACHUSETTS.
ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
ToAiijlnpi an tracts.
Ac-e.-.
Townshi;)? and Tracts.
Acres
No. m, 6th
do.
23.040
11, 6th do.
23.040
1:1:, 6th
do.
23.040
13,6th do.
23.040
14, 6th
do.
23.040
15,6th do.
23.040
16, 6th
do.
23.040
4, 7th do.
23.t)40
5, 7th
do.
23.040
6, 7th do.
23.040
7, 7th
do.
23 040
8, 7th do.
23.040
9, 7th
do.
;-3.1»40
10, 7th do.
23.040
11, 7th
do.
23.040
12, 7th do.
23.040
13, 7th
do.
28.040
14, 7th do.
23.040
15, 7th
do.
23.040
16, 7th do.
Total
23.040
Total
749.712
744.876
Fifth Division, Itl
I November, 1827.
Ranges west from eastern boundary,
Ranges we.-( \v^m f-e eastern boundary.
Vo. 1, 8th range
ISMm No. I, 9th range
22.104
2, 8th
do.
23.040
2, 9th do.
23.p40
3, 8th
do.
23.040
3, 9th do.
23.040
A 8th &. 9th rangre 20.057
B, 11th do.
26.736
B 10th
range
17.424
' A, 11th do.
23.040
A loth
do
23.040
1, llth do.
23.040
1, 10th
do.
23.040
2, 11th do.
23.040
2, 10th
do.
23040
3, llth do.
23.040
3, 10th
do.
23.040
A, 13th do.
23.040
A 12th
do.
25.158
1, 13th do.
23.040
1, 12th
do.
23.040
2, 13th do.
23.040
2, 12th
do.
23.040
A 2, 13th & 14thdo
. 17.925
3, l4th
do.
23.040
A, I4th do.
19.164
1, 14th
do.
23.941
X, I4th do.
5.778
3, 14th
do. \
art) ]
'>3 2/Jfi
3, 14th east part of 19.787
(west p
iw0.i%>OU
1, 1st (part of)N.
[ 4.465
W — at the head of ^
14.068
Bingham's Ken pure
Moosehead Lake )
1, 2d (part of) do
. 4.770
No. 2, 3d range, N. |
Bingham's Ken. pur. J
> SBRRO
1, 2d range
19.284
\
2, 2d do.
22.968
No. 2, 4th
range, )
part) S
18 168
Tract between Bing- ]
1
fwest
X C7 ■ X \J\J
ham's west line, and
\ 532
Sugar Isl. in
Moose- )
4.950
Moosehead Lake J
1
head Lake
East part of Moose :
1
Island in do. east of
\ 514
Bingham's line J
1
E. part Deer isl'd. do. do. 300
Peninsula Mt. Kenio i
[ 1.150
in Moosehead Lake i
488 SALES OF LANDS.
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS. ASSIGNED TO MAINE,
Townships and tracts. Acres. Townships and tracts. Acres.
Tract between No. 1, ^ ..,»
1st ran. and the Lake )
Farm island in Moose I qq^
Head Lake ] ^^"
All other islands in do. ) .q^.
except Sugar island j
Total 399.087 Total 397.522
RECAPITULATION.
Total assigned to each State on the several Divisions.
Acres. Acres.
On first division, 1822, 480.638 On 1st division 1822, 514.177
second do. 1823, 435.140 2d do. 1823, 438.449.
third do. 1825, 422.025 3d do. 1825, 420.488
fourth do. 1826,749.712 4th do. 1826, 744.876
fifth do. 1827,399.087 5th do. 1827, 397.522
Total 2.486.602 Total 2 5J5.512
TABL.E VI.
Sales by Illlassachusetts, prior to 1st of February, 1826, of lands divid-
ed since the separation.
Townships and tracts. Acres. Amount of
Iforth of the Lottery Toumships. Consideration. To whom sold.
$ CIS.
No. 3, 3d ran. (riv. T.) 17.062 2.941.56 Simeon Cummins,
6, 3d do. 22,264 2.023.83 Waterston, Pray, &
How.
1.054.57 same.
1.435.20 Jotham Barnes.
1.269.60 Henry Gardner.
4.882.22 Z. French, A. Stet-
son, Hill and Mc-
Laughlin,&/ Fiske
&L Bridg
1.545.60 Sam'l. F. Coolidge.
8.766.06 Waterston, Pray and
Co.
6.770.25 E. H. Robbins, jun.
Wm. Emerson &-
Wm, Hammatt.
6, 4th do.
7, 3d do.
8, 3d do.
4, 4th do.
9.922
23.040
23 040
25.997
8, 4th do.
No. 9— 3d, 10— 3d, ;
&l1 4th,E.&No.
2_9th, W. Peuob. \
23.040
1 100.547
Townships north of the Waldo Patent.
No. 1, 7th range, 28.041
SALES OP LANDS,
439
Townships and tracts.
No. 2, 3th range
4,8th do.
3,9th do.
To whom sold.
6,9th do. (S.1-2) 11.520
Townships west qf Passamaquoddy, and
eastern boundary.
No. 11— 3d, and 9—
4th r-mge
Lots in No. 3 — 1st,
No. « — 4th, and in
lottery townships No.
6, 7, 16 and 20
Part of No. 9, (Green-
wood's survey)
Acres. Amotuat of
Consideration.
$ cts.
25.225 3.154.45 Waterston, Pray &
Co.
23.040 1.876.80 Charles C. Nichols.
28.000 2.714.40 Nathan Griggs, Lu-
ther Felton and Ja-
bez Fisher.
1.269.60 Amasa Stetson.
31.957 3.186.11 Edward H. Robbins.
4.940 631.60 William Vance.
15.240 2.856.00 William DalL
{ Jos. Kinsman, for
Part of do. do.
7.800
^ making road,before
( separation. ,
Residue reserved lots
in lottery townships
13.760
2.293.33 John Richards.
Townships and lots. Old Indian
purchas*
on Penobscot river.
No. 3, east side, or
Sunkhaze
9.485
1.375.33 Fiske& Bridge.
same
265
319.12 SetUers.
No. 1, west side
869
1.132.10 8 lots to settlers.
Part of 4, west side
4.965
L439.85 Joseph Kinsman.
Township No. 4, 1st
range, Oxford Co.
24.480
2.956.00 Geo. F. Richardson.
Orono
3.700
592.00 Gorham Parks and
Sam'l. Lowder, jr.
Same
1.567
1.321.28 Sundry persons.
Orono & No. 1, W. side 194
221.27
No. 1 & 2, W. side
34.570
3.92065 Sam'l. Thatcher and
Israel Thorndike,jr
do. do.
214
230.60 Settlers and others.
No. 3, west side,
700
252.00 ditto.
4, do. do.
100
143.00 ditto.
Towns and townships in Washington and
Hancock counties.
Lubec
4 906
1.373.68 Solomon Thayer.
Same, 8 lots
800
334.00 same.
Same, 19 lots
1.919
1,049..55 Sundry persons.
440
8ALES OF LAND.
Townships aad tracts.
Acres.
Amount of
Consideration. To whom sold.
$ cts.
Machias
320
70.40
Surry and Ellsworth
4.020
1.026.20 Charles Jarvis.
Surry
480
15160
Dennysville
200
200.00
Penobscot
14!
41.50
Penobscot and Castine
1.249
499.60 Thomas Adams.
Orlind and Hampden
5'jO
331.00 Suadry persons.
Perry
200
300.00 same.
Edmunds
200
44.00
No. 33, lottery townships
320
53.30
45 small Islands
2.270
1.681.91
Reserved lots in sundry towns and town-
ship*, viz.
Newburgh
400
394.27
Hampden
855
642.34
Hermon
100
80.00
Orrington
200
50.00
Corinth
320
320.00
DuttOQ and Kirkland
640
224.00
Blakesburgh
320
86 40
No. 1, 6th range, Penob.
320
64.00
Sangerville
320
96.00
Newport
320
128 00
Anson
320
256 00
Palmyra and Corinna
640
160.00
Parkman and Porland
Academy grant
480
172.80
Dixfield and Avon
640
160.00
Temple
320
48.00
Phillips
320
80.00
Freeman
320
128.00
No. 3, 2d range, Oxf. co.
320
80.00
Township E, do.
320
96.00
Portland site of fort Bur-
400 00
roughi
s.
Madawaska
200
10.00 John Baker & Jam©.'
Bacon.
539.749 74.406.93
It was intended in this place to insert a detailed account of
all the sales of the lands belonging to the State of Maine, since
the separation, but on application at the Land office, it was
found that the accounts of the sales prior to the year 1828, are
SALES OF LANDS, &C. 441
in such form that an accurate and intelligible detail of the kind
desired, could not be obtained in season for this work. Such
abstracts therefore only are given, as are afforded by the
printed annual reports of the late Land agent, with those of
a committee of tlie Legislature, and auditors, from the year
1824 so 1827 inclusive. The account however for the year
1828 is given in full from minutes furnished by the present
Land agent.
TABLE VII.
Sales of lands, Sac. by the State of Maine, since the separation.
Abstract from report of the Land agent for the year 1824, of
the proceeds of sales of land, timber and grass.
Cash received for sales of land, 1.710.08
Notes received on do. ^.111 .{y7
Contracts for do. 6.847.50
Due for timber land bargained for, 2.190.00—13.524.65
Cash received for timber sold 2.183.89
Notes received for do. 1.336.50
Due for timber cut under permissions
from former agent, — estimated, 1.000 — 4.520.39
Cash due on permissions to cut grass, 326
18.371.04
Deduct for expenses, - . - .. 1.996.54
Balance, $16,375.50
Abstract from report of Land agent, for the year 1825.
Cash received on sales of land, timber and grass, ^ 6.108,16
Notes received on do. 21.540.73
Contracts for do. ~ 11.6(K8.52
Amount on sales of land at auction, 5.000
On permissions for cutting grass, 350
Interest on contracts and notes, 1.000
45.607.41
Deduct, for cash paid into the Treasury for build-
ing bridges, surveying, &/C. 4.851
Balance, $4;>.756.41
56
442 SALES OF LANDS, &C.
The committee of the Legislature, on State lands, in their re-
port February 1826, exhibit schedules of the several articles
of proceeds of the sales of land, &c. and of expenses, the sum
of which is as follows :
Cash received on sales of land, timber and hay, 6.463.94
Notes do. do. 19.499 49
Due on contracts, 8. 11 5. 40
Notes for timber, on Maine lands, 461.50
Do. do. on undivided lands, 3.656.20
38.196.53
Amount of expenses for building bridges, survey-
ing, and other services, 4.755.66
Balance, 3.440.873
Abstracts from Auditor^ s report on accounts of the Land agents
for the year 1826.
Dr. James Irish, Esq. Land agent,
1826, In account with the State of Maine,
Feby. To cash to balance account for 1825, $1,708 08
" " received on notes and contracts
for land, timber and grass,
I
7.665.92
$9,374.00
Cr.
By cash paid into the treasury, $1,000
'* for building Greatworks bridge, 418.93
" for making road in Ellsworth, 300
" for sundry surveys, and a plan, 259.06
'^ for exploring land and other ^ ^ ^^^ ^^ 7.661.51
expenses, )
balance, $1 712 49
Amount of notes for lands, &c. in the hands of the
Land agent, taken prior to 1S26, 18.677.89
Interest on the same to 31st Dec. 1826, 1.018.03
19.69^.92
Amount of notes taken in 1826, 6.929.15
Amount due on contracts, 10.546 76
Cash, as above, 9.374-00
$46,545.83
SALES OF LANDS, SlC.
443
Lots sold by contract to actual settlers.
NO. of
settlers.
.Acres to
.;ach.
[Total 1 pi ice pi
[acres | acre.
Amount.} Townships.
9
100
900;30ct.
1270
No. 2, 1st ran. N. Lot. townships
2
100
20020
40
do. do
2
100
200130
60
No. 1, Old Ind. pure. E. side Pen.
2
100
200
30
60
No. 1,E. sidePenob.R.
1
100
100
30
30
No. 2, do. do.
2
100
200
20
40
Bo. do.
3
100
300
30
90
No. 2, Old Ind. pure. E. of Penob.
1
100
100
30
30
Cold stream settlement,
2
100
200 30
60
No. 2, river t'ship E. of Penob.
1
100
100'20
20
Do. do.
2
100
20020
40
No. 1, do. do.
5
100
500 30
150
Do. do. do.
7
luo
700 20
140
No. 10, near source of St. Croix.
10
100
1000 30
300
Do. do.
1
100
IO0I2O
20
No. 11, ?
2
lOo
200;20
40
No. 1 ] , 1st ran. W. of East. boun.
1
100
100
20
20
No. 11, 2d range do. ?
1
100
100
20
20
No. 10, 1st range do.
1
100
100'20
20
No. 5, 2d range do.
1
100
100
20
20
No. 8, 3d do. do.
Lands conveyed by deed in 1826.
Acres.
Price.
Amount, Townships. Purchasers.
cts.m.
$ cts.
.100
.55
55.00 New Portland Sarah Millay.
.100
.15
15.00 Deer Isle Anthony Merchant.
^160
.10
16.00 Penobscot Charles Hutchins, jr.
.100
.68
68.00 2, Old In. purch. E. of Penob. N. Coffee & M. Byrne.
98^
.74.5
73.00 same Davis Libby.
1.945
.166
303.50 same James Crosby.
.933
.11.7
152.00 same D. &. p. Spofford.
.600
6.5
32.50 1, 1st range, N. lol'y. t'ships. 5 early settlers.
.507
1.00
521.00 422 in river t'ship No. 1, and J. & D. Carpenter.
75inNo.l,8thran. W. side
91
1.00
91.37 1, 8th range, W. of Penobscot J^^amuel Chesley.
1.280
45
576.00 same William Bean.
85
1.00
84.96 same same.
.352
.66
237.00 River t'ship No. 2.E Penob. Ira Fish
6.085
.11.7
712.00 No. 4, E. stde of Penobscot F. Spofford &N.Treat
.100
51 00 same John Sawyer.
.iOO
100.00 same M. Spescer, D. Spof-
ford & Co.
.173
129.00 same M.Knapp & E.Spenc'f
8
20.00 Wooden Ball Island Isaac Dsley.
12.717
$3,237.33
444
SALES OF LANDS, &C.
Account of sales ami commutations for timber.
SALES.
To whom
Where. Amount paid. Amount di:e
Charles Jarvis
In Ellsworth
8467.47 cts.
D.Varney, J Fish
J
and J. Kendall,
On Penobscot
1.184.48
Charles Brown
do.
100
J. &L J. Wadleigh
do.
60
J. Hathaway
do. $50
10
J. J. & C. Brown
do.
440
Ezra Richatdson
do.
54
John Burbank
do.
130
Davis Sibley
do. 50
Fiske &L Billings
do. 17L17
271.17
2.445.95
TRESPASSES.
By whom committed.
WllTC.
Amount of commutation.
William Neil
On Penobscot
$50
Daniel Davis
do.
158
Peter Bull
On Aroostook
40
F. Heald
do.
35
Wm. Piles
do.
25
E. Packard
do.
112.63 cts
Z. Ingersoll
do.
10
J. Harvey
do.
8
438.63
Abstracts fro?n Auditor's report on accounts
of the Land Agent
-
for the year 1827.
Acres. Price.
Amount. Townships.
Purchasers.
cts.
$ cts.
.200 .30
60.00 Hartford
* Harvey Fuller
1-2
10.00 Little Mark isl'nd Harps-
well sound
Isaac Ilsley
87 .50
43.50 River t'ship No. 2,Penob Jacob Parsons
.100
6.50 1, 1st ran. N. lot'y- lands
Nathaniel Shorey
.100
6.50 same
Aaron Sweetser
.100
6.50 same
Stephen Messer
.120 .50
60.00 Ellsworth.
Joseph A. Wood
.100 1.00
100.00 same
A. Medar & W.Young
82 1.00
82.00 2, Old Indian purchase
♦Nicholas Coffy
.159 1.00
159.00 1, River t'ship E.Penob.
♦William G. Forbes
.130 1.00
130.00 Ellsworth
♦Abraham Tourtellotte
.100 1.00
100.00 same
Abijah Garling
50 2.58
129 00 Banpor
Allen Oilman
.100 .51
51.00 No. 4, ea.«<t of Penobscot
♦Asa Spencer
♦ Those with this mark do not appear to bo charged to the Land ajjcnt in the Auditor"?
statement of his account.
SALES OF LANDS, &C.
445
Acres.
31.780
2.100
48.509
22.000
105 817
Price. Amt. Townships. Pnrchasers.
.11.1 3.527.88 5, adjoining N. Hamp. Cyrus Shaw
.39.1 821.10 Tra^l Z on Penobscot John Barker
13.429.15 in Penobscot County Benjamin Brown
.22.2 4.672.60 Tract N. Madawamkeag Morrill and I*ickering
23.394.63
Lands sold hy contract with actual settlers in 1827.
Townships. Purchasers.
Acr'3. Price.
CIS.
300
200
400
100
100
1100
Am't.
$
30 90 2, N. Bingham purchase M. Peasly, E. Peasly & S. Keeler.
40 80 10, near source St. Croix L. Wilson and J. Jones.
30 120 11, near the monument J. Allen, H. Smith, J. Reed and
D. Morse.
20 20 same Ips. S. Dow.
30 30 River t'ship No 2,Penob. F.Ballard.
$340
To whom.
A. Z. Litlefield
Jos. Southwick
Steph. Weston
Alvan Heald
William Rice
Towle & Parsons
Joseph Carr
Charles Jarvis
Ayer & Cross
Wm. Emerson
E Whitney
Davis & Bartlett
Sam'l. B. Morrill
Elijah Webster
J. Hathaway
M. Richardson
J. Philbrook
ACCOUNT OF SALES OP TIMBER.
Where and how cut.
By permission.
Near Moosehead )
Lake |
On Dead and )
Moose rivers }
Near Moosehead )
Lake ]
do. do.
No. 1, 8th range i
W. ofPenob. ]
No. 1 &L 2 east )
of Penobscot )
No. I, do.
Ellsworth
No. l,oldInd. purch.
Near Seboois river
Near Machias,
By mistake
Near Madawamk, R.
do.
do.
No. 1, E. ofPenob.
No. 2, do.
Near St. Croix Lakes
Value of grass sold this year
Amount paid.
Am dttt.
119.02
527.51
606.91
70.35
83.34
166.66
129.49
202.76
21.33
76.00
2G^.78
23444
40.00
800.00
8.00
120.00
25.00
260.00
48.00
1.644.58
2.J88.01
$79.00
44^
SALES OF LANDS, &tC.
Abstract of expenditures — 1827.
Paid for surveys of lands $87*2.94
" survey of Fish river road 462.^^9
** other services 3.539.24
48.774.57
Account of
sales of land in the year 1828.
Acres. Price per
Amount.
Townships. Purchasers.
Acre.
_.
cts.
$ cts.
21.968
40
8.787.20
No. 2, 2d range west of John Dole and R.
Moosehead Lake. Williams
18.164
52
9.445.28
A— 14th range, W. Sam'l. A Bradley,
east, boundary.
22 040
20
4.408.00
A — 13th do. same.
25.736
29
7.463.44
K— 11th do. same.
22.040
21
4.628.40
1— 11th do. W. Emerson &als.
10 484
32^
3.524.S0
3— 3d do. (w. 1-2) same.
10.982
11
1.208.02
1— 6th do. (n. 1-2) Hill &M'Laughlin
22.040
26
Si
5.7.30.40
6— 7th do, ■ Edward Smith.
lft3.454
46.195.04
Appropriated to build the State House.
22.040 ,9 -4.187.60 { ^-M^^U^ad."' "' R- ^ Vo.e &als,
(*Appropriated to repair the Kennebeck road to Canada)
17.147 33 5.658.51 Tract A— 2 T- VV. Smith & als.
18.928 25 4.732.00
18.284 30 5.485.20
No. 3, 14th ran. west
of the boundary.
No. 1, 2d range, west
of Moosehead .
P. Dillingham and
others.
John P. Boyd
229.853 22f 64.258.35
In each of these townships there are 1000 acres, and in each
hair township 500 acres, reserved for public uses for the future
bensfit of the town, and is not included in the number of acres
above stated.
Settler's
lots and other tracts sold or contracted.
Acres.
Amount of
consideratioii
Townships.
No. of the lots. Purchasers.
.139
110.17 1,
E.
Pen. 0. In.
P- Hill & M'Laughlin.
.377
227.77
Same
No. 27,28,29, 30, same.
9S
127.09
same
32 same.
.877
227.77
same
27,28,29, 30, Thomas A. Hill.
.100
30.00
same
23 Lemuel Messer.
.100
7.32
same
31 same.
.100
7.32
same
43 Stephen H Messer.
.109
782
same
33 Joseph Shorey.
100
78.50 No.
1, riv.T. E
. Pen- 17 Thomas J. Robbins
.740
300.00
same
3 Curtis Sabins.
SAl.Ed 0^ LAKDS, &c.
447
Settlers lots and other tracts sold or contracted— ~cofiChViy^i>.
Acres.
consldTraUon, Townships. No. of the lot..
Purchasers.
.100
50.00 same 2
NathM. Webster.
.100
100.00 2, 0. Ind. P. E. Penob. 35
Benjamin Fuller.
Ji07
155.25 4,E. Pen. 0. In. P. 9 fc 10
Amos Hardy,
.693
277.20 same 16
Pinkham & Lovejoy
.655
218.32 same 14 & 25
Lewis Everett.
.100
60.00 No. 2, river t'nship 33
Jonathan Clay.
.100
24 00 same 37
William Doble.
50
56.00 same 2
John Leighton.
.lOOlab.onr'd. same 4
William Lovejoy.
.100
do. same 5
James Pinkham.
.123
123.71 same 15
James Saunders.
89
89 00 No. 1,W. of Penob. 13
Jeremiah Hildreth.
.116
95.98 same 8
William Price.
.100
60.00 1, 1st ran. N. lot'y lands 1
James M'Kenney.
.100
7.32 same 5
Saunders & Burleigh
.100
7.32 same 1
Seth Webb.
.100
60.00 2, 1st range, do. 8, 2d range Jefferson Davis.
.100
130.80 5, 2d do. do. 13,15, 5th do George Forbes.
.200
120.00 same 7 & 8
James Saunders.
.100
60.00 same 1,1st range Francis Doble.
.560
170.00 2, 2d lange 2
Pinkham & Lovejoy
.775
283.00 2, 5th do.
Amos Patten.
10.904
3.816 40 1-2 t'ship A, 6th range
Ira Fish.
17.798
7.081.56
SaJes of timber, and commutations for
trespass on do.
Wm. Emerson, under former contract, near
Sebeois riv. 302.60
Baker &- Crosby, do. near Madagascal pond 42.51
Wait & Haywood, trespass on Schoodic,
42.00
Robert Todd 6l John Heath, do.
47.60
Samuel Brooks 6l James Dyer, do.
138.00
WiUiai
n Thompson,
Value of grass sold this y
77.70
$650.41
ear, 131.67
Incidental expenses for lands, 1828 — exclusive of pay of agent.
For surveys and exploring, $1,470.66
Other expenses, 290.90
$1.76i:56
Grants of land since the separation.
Joel Wellington, township A — 1st \
range, on e -stern boundary, — by > For $3,500
resolve February 23d, 1827. )
To
448 9ALES OF LANDS, &^C.
ACRES.
To Foxcroft Academy, North 1-2 No. 5— 2d range, > j^ *^
North of lottery lands, )
To North Yarmouth Academy, middle division, No. ) ,-. g^A
1 — 4tli range, west of eastern boundary, )
To Coney Fem;Je Academy. N 1-2 A — Hth ran. do. 11.520
To Wesleyan Seminary, S. J-2 No. 1— 6th do. do. 11.520
To Chini Ac.idemy, W 1-2 So. 6— 2d range, do. 11.520
To Mariner's Church, S. 1-2 xNo. 3— 6th do. do. 11.520
And appropriations of land for making Calais road — the land
not yet conveyed.
In the iniiltitude and variety of forms of the accounts of
grants and sales of land, from which the preceding statements
are derived, it is not surprising to find, as is the fact, that there
are some obscurities, and some discrepancies ; and it is there-
fore to be expected that inaccuracies will appear, upon an ex-
amination of these statements. It is believed however, that
they will not be of any considerable importance. There have
been also some appropriations of lands for specific purpose,
such as making roads, Sic, which do not appear in the ac-
counts ; and such are necessarily omitted, unless they are, as
is the case with a part of them, included in the general ac-
counts of sales, without discrimination. On the whole, when
the difficulties of the undertaking are considered, it is trusted
that this first attempt to exhibit a connected view of the vari-
ous alienations of the public lands from the beginning, though
doubtless imperfect in its results, yet will be found as nearly
correct as could r*^asonably be expected, and will prove nei-
ther useless nor unacceptable.
APPEIVeiX.
A (Page 107)
Extract from Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Article Polar Re-
gions, i?. 15.
'' Dr. Brewster concludes, and with the best reason imagina-
ble, * that the pole of the globe is not the coldest point of the arctic
hemisphere;' but 'that there are two points of greatest cold, not
many degrees from the pole, and in meridians nearly at right an-
gles with that which passes through the west of Europe.' These
points Dr. Brewster supposes to be situated about the 80th par-
allel, and in the meridians of 95 east, and 100" west longitude.
The near coincidence of the isothermal poles and of the
magnetic poles of the earth, led Dr. Brewster to suppose that
they might have some other connection besides their accidental
locality. If so — if the centres of greatest cold be also precise-
ly the centres of magnetic attraction, and if from some un-
known but necessary connection, they are always coincident,
then we derive from the known motion of the magnetic poles,
an explanation of some of the most remarkable revolutions that
have taken place on the surface of the globe. ' There is no
fact in the natural history of the earth better ascertained,' ob-
serves Dr. Brewster, in his interesting paper that we have al-
ready quoted, ' than that the climate of the west of Europe was
much colder in ancient than in modern times. When we learn
that the Tyber was often frozen ; — that snow lay at Rome for
forty days ; — that grapes would not ripen to the north of the
Cevennes ; — that the Euxine sea was frozen over every winter,
in the time of Ovid; — and that the ice of the Rhine and the
Rhone sustained loaded waggons ; — we cannot ascribe the
amelioration X)f such climates to the influence of agricultural
operations.'*
* Neither can we, with our present knowledg'e, deny that the inuflence of agfricultural
operations has produced a part of Ibis amelioration Many facts supnort the opinion that
it has ; but to what degree, or how far the hypothesis of Dr. Brewster may be assigned
as the radical cause, and the influence of agricultural operations as an accidental adjunct
to increase its effect, is not so easily delprniined. The hypothesis is certainly entitled to
respect, but its learned author himself would not insist on its unqualified adoption, until
supported by farther observation and more thorough investigation of facts ; nor wonld
he probably deny that the clearing and exposurp of the surface of the earth to the direct
rays of the sun, must have a powerful effect on the climate, and co-operate witli or coun-
teract, as tlie case might be, the inrtuenc* r>f any supposed revolution of tlie isothermal
poles. Ah.
r.7
450 APPENDIX.
' The cold meridian which now passes through Canada and
Siberia, may then have passed through Italy ; and if we transfer
the present mean temperature of these cold regions, to the cor-
responding parallels in Europe, we shall obtain a climate agree-
ing in a singular manner with that which is described in an-
cient authors.
' It is not however in the altered condition of our atmosphere
merely, that we are to seek for proofs of a periodical rotation
of climate. The impression of the plants of warm countries, Jind
the fossil remains of l..nd and sea-animals, which could exist
only under the genial influence of the temperate zone, are found
dispersed over the frozen regions of eastern Asia ; and there is
scarcely a spot on the solid covering of the globe, that does not
contain indications of a revolution in its animal and vegetable
productions.
^ This interchange of the productions of opposite climates, has
been ascribed to some sudden alteration in the obliquity of the
ecliptic, and even to a violent displacement of the earth's axis;
but astronomy rejects such explanations, as irreconcilable with
the present condition of the system, and as incompatible with
the stability of the laws by which it is governed."
" Dr. Traill, of Liverpool, in a recent investigation on the
principles and phenomena of thermo-magnetism, submitted to
the Royal Society of Edinburgh, maintains principles not only
similar to those of Dr. Brewster, but applies them to the exposi-
tion of the change of position in the isothermal poles. Dr.
Brewster inferred from the phenomena of temperature, that the
present coincidence of the magnetic and isothermal poles is not
an accidental circumstunce, but a necessary consequence of
some l.w or principle of nature. Recent discoveries are greatly
in support of this idea ; for it is clearly shewn that magnetic
properties are developed in almost all bodies by unequally heat-
ing them. Hence Dr Traill, with great propriety, argues that
the earth itself is a great thermo-magnetic apparatus, the prop-
erties of which are developed by the disturbance of its equili-
brium of temperature, by the perpetual action of solar heat on
its equatorial regions, and the icy covering of its poles. From
this principle it would reasonably be deduced, that any change
takin^ place in the poles of cold ought to produce a correspond-
ing change in the magnetic poles."*
* And vice versa, aud of consequence a corresponding cuange iu tbe climate of everv
part of Ibe earth.
APPENDIX.
461
»
E i5
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rH O F^
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r-.C<J(N(M-i -^IN— i-H
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sUiqoBiu SuipjRD
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03
O
o
York
Cumberland
Lincoln
Waldo
Hancock
Washington
Kennebeck
Oxford
Somerset
Penobscot
5
o
452
APPENDIX,
B.
-CONTINUED.
Statement of the valuation of articles subject to taxation, affixed by the
L.e(^islHture in 1820, to the highest and lowest average value of
specified articles in any town in each County.
Note. — The Jirst number, under each County, against any article,
is the highest average value of that article in any town, the second
number the lowest. The average value of the same articles in other
towns differs variously between these extremes.
York.
Cum- 1
Lin-
Wal-
Uan-
W'sh-
Keniie-
Ox-
Som-
Pen-
bpri-nd
coin.
do
cck.
ingfa
bpck.
ford.
erset.
..bsc't
S
$
$
•S
S
*
$
,1
$
$
Dwelling-hduses,
170.
500.
230
170.
200.
200.
2i0.
150,
175.
do.
85.
50.
40.
15.
10.
40.
40.
GO.
30,
25,
Barns,
56
60.
60.
45.
45.
42.
65.
55.
50,
do.
40.
45.
30.
8.
10.
30.
30.
45.
30,
25,
Shops atfch. to houses
30.
100.
70.
25.
25.
35.
25
30,
30,
do.
25.
25
25.
20.
20.
25.
20.
22.
2.5,
20,
Shops & stores detach
80.
155.
70.
60.
60
100.
90.
40.
60.
75,
do.
25.
30.
25.
20.
30.
40.
25.
15.
21.
25,
Warehouses.
100.
300.
80.
80.
lOO.
75.
do.
70.
40.
25.
70.
30.
60.
30.
50,
Ropewalks,
200.
800.
60.
100.
Di^tille^ie5,
do.
70.
30.
1000.
50,
25.
25
15.
Pot & Pcarlash w'ks.
100.
30.
30.
50.
SO.
40,
50.
do.
30.
20.
25.
20.
30.
20.
15.
30,
20,
Tanneries.
350.
175.
200.
125.
300.
100
200.
-.40.
150,
do.
lOO.
100.
100
100.
100.
25.
100.
100.
50,
Grist Mills.
200.
225.
300.
150.
125.
200.
125.
125,
200,
do.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
70
80.
5U,
70.
Saw Mills.
220.
200.
200.
220.
150.
450.
390.
125.
90,
190.
do.
75.
8u.
80.
80.
80.
100.
80.
65
50,
80,
Carding Machines,
125.
do.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
lOO.
100.
lOO.
lOO,
100,
Spinnino Machines,
25.
do.
15.
15.
Fulling Mills,
125.
125.
125.
125.
125.
125.'
125.
125.
125,
'25,
Cotton &, woollen fac.
300.
15f)0.
100,
do.
250.
1500
600.
200.
1000.
Iron works & fume's
do.
1500.
800.
500.
150.
Slitting Mills,
2500.
All other mills.
350.
300.
250.
200.
25.
do.
50.
25
1.50
40.
20.
50,
Bakcbouses,
150.
150.
50.
50.
do.
SO.
30.
30.
25.
50.
30.
25,
Vessels per ton.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7,
Tillage land per acre
12.
13.
12.
10.
10.
10.
12.
11.
12.
10,
do.
95(.
lO.
6.
6.
6.
6.
8.
9.
5.
6,
Upland mowing do.
12.
16.
12.
10.
10.
10.
14.
11.
12,
10.
do.
9-50
lO.
7.
6.
5.
8.
8.
9.
5,
6,
Fresh meadow do.
4
4.
4.
4.
^.
4.
4.
4.
4,
4,
Salt Marsh do.
10.
12.
9.
10.
10.
do.
9.
9.
8.
9.
8.
9.
Pasturage do.
M
7.
5.
5.
6.
7.
6.
6,
6,
do.
6.
3.
5.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
2,
3,
Wood &. unimprov. "
IM
1.20
1
1,
1.
1.
1.60
1.20
1,
do.
1.
50
.75
.50
.17
*25
.40
.15
,17
,30
Horses 3 y. old & up
14.
14.
14.
14.
14.
14.
14-
14.
14,
»4,
Oxen 4 do do.
12.
12.
12.
12.
12.
12.
12.
12.
>2,
12.
Cows & steers 3y. old
8-
8.
8
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8,
8,
Swine 6 mo. & up'ds
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
150
1.50
1.5f
1,50
Carriage- for persons
35.
35.
35.
35.
35.
35.
35.
35.
35,
35,
do.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
'5.
15.
APPENDIX.
B. CONCLUDED.
45S
Stock in
trade.
Stock in j Money
public on
funis. band.
Bank
stock.
Stock in
bridges,
t npike;.
Balance
money at
interest.
Owners
of plate,
DoUs.
Dolls. Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
York
186,5981 42,8271 12.522!134,94:>
2,730
90,496
825
Cumberland
668,120
127.500' 40,130
299,97£
2,560
57,345
6,904
Lincoln
121,945
36,836 12,685
21,010
74,941
1,217
Waldo
39.380
1,430
740
17,821
618
Hancock
70,342
3,800 6,625
30,250
38,645
748
Washington
159,157
8,000 20.930
28,400
66,280
886
Kennebeck
136,08^
850 6,9.54
54,360
3,050
87,690
8,832
Oxford
26,349
38
37,924
395
Somerset
*24,364
790
2,06'
1,122
10,220
448
Penobscot
40,005
489
1,649
1,185
3,384
680
Total
1,472,341 1219.S13|102.5931573.389|10.6471434 74U|15,>: 48
Nearly one half of this was returned from the town of Athens alone.
Account of Tonnage ancJ Stock in trade, as returned in the inventory
of 1820.
YORK COUNTY.
TOWNS.
Tons. Stock in trade. TOWNS.
Tons. Stock in trad*
Alfred
6.750 Newfield
2.800
Arundel
3.388
56.053 Parsonsfield
650
Berwick
900 Saco
2.220
34.575
Biddeford
823
7.050 Shapleigh
1.325
Buxton
60
L755 Sanford
1.960
C©rnish
MOO South Berwick
150
12.530
Elliot
5
900 Waterborough
395
Hollis
L530 Wells
588
1.050
Kittery
L265
825 York
1.011
3.800
Lebanon
700 Kennebunk
3.220
45.185
Lyman
Limerick
2.065
12.730
186.598
Limington
2.700
- .
CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
Baldwin
150 N. Gloucester
2.905
Bridgton
2.475 N. Yarmouth
3.291
7.600
Brunswick
840
9.440 Otisfield
500
Cape Elizabeth
150
1.500 Portland
15.583 619.700
Danville
115 Pownal
156
400
Durliam
750 Raymond
35^
Falmouth
L657
1.400 Scarborough
334
670
Freeport
1.265
4.250 Standish
2.850
Gorham
2.500 Westbreok
21
4.415
454
APPENDIX.
'
C. CONTINUED.
TOWNS.
Tons. Stock in trade. TOWNS.
Tons. Slock
. in trade
Gray
1.450 Windham
1.100
Harrison
Harpswell
200
700
791
24.075 668.120
Minot
2.700
ICOLN COUNTY.
LI]N
Alna
318
4.000 Nobleboro'
1.645
2.450
Bath
4.424
42.700 Phipsburgh
1.158
6.050
Boothbay
1.789
1.600 St. George
924
600
Bowdoin
200 Thomaston
2.095
10.500
Bowdoinham
885
5.311 Topsham
403
2.719
Bristol
2.487
3.800 Union
229
1.500
Gushing
658
600 Waldoboro'
1.919
5.200
Dresden
705
1.790 Wales
30
Edgecomb
1.419
850 Warren
1.070
2.150
Friendship
551
600 Whitefield
300
Georgetown
667
5.800 Wiscasset
3.426
14.705
Jefferson
150 Woolwich
378
965
T.itrhfipid
. 200
1.000
J-illC'XIlldU
Lewiston
27.829 :
121.945
T-idnnn
2 OO.'i
New Castle
679
4.170
KENNEBECK COUNTY.
Augusta
105
10.825 New Sharon
200
Belgrade
100 Pittston
633
4.400
Chesterville
290 Readfield
2.100
Clinton
625 Sidney
471
China
700 Vassalboro'
65
2.200
Fairfax
300 Waterville
765
30.690
Farmington
1.675 Wayne
500
Fayette
1.320 Wilton
1.125
Gardiner
9.532
21.750 Winthrop
3.105
Greene
600 Winslow
106
3.800
Hallowell
Leeds
3.916
47.965
600
15.112
136.081
Monmouth
Mt. Vernon
3Q0
350
HANCOCK COUNTY.
Belmont
410 Orland
208 1-2
1.200
Bluehill
615
750 Penobscot
324
Brooksville
409
1.000 Sedgwick
357 1-2
415
Bucksport
791
10.250 Sullivan
1.082
1.734
Castine
2.515
43.635 Swanville
50
TOWNS.
Deer Isle
Eden
Ellsworth
Gouldsboro'
Mt. Desert
Atkinson
Bangor
Brewer
Dixmont
Dexter
Eddington
Foxcroft
Hampden
Levant
Addison
Calais
Columbia
Dennysville
Eastport
Harrington
APPENDIX.
C. CONTINUED.
Tons. Stock in trade. TOWNS.
1.409. 2.800 Trenton
590 130 Vinalhaven
842 6.100
197 1-2 650 1
1.375 878
PENOBSCOT COUNTY.
150 Newport
560 23.550 Orrington
57 1.300 Sebec
350 Sangerville
400 Sunkhaze
45 1.500
500
631 9.575
500
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
291 Machias
3.500 Steuben
578 1.300 Robbinston
600 No. 11
623 92.700
202
231
639 43.107
OXFORD COUNTY.
80 Rumford
50 Sumner
50 Turner
3.394 Waterford
520 Hebron
50 Hiram
1.500 Jay
2.000 Livermore
150
2.080
500
5.340
SOMERSET COUNTY.
182 Athens
50 Bloomfield
6.250 Bingham
455
Tons. Stock in trade.
379 1-2 300
902 1-2 500
1.988
70.342
338
1.631
713
252
60
36
3.635
500
380
200
100
1.000
40.005
10.050
12.000
6.000
700
169.957
Lubec
Andover
Albany
Brownfield
Buckfield
Bethel
Denmark
Dixfield
Fryeburgh
Peru
950
130
2.000
3.700
580
500
225
2.550
Norway
Porter
26.349
Paris
Solon
Strong
Norridgwock
11.005
1.000
200
456
APPENDIX.
C. — CONCLUDED.
TOWNS.
New Portlanc
Palmyra
Fairfield
Mercer
Anson
^Camden
,Hope
Montville
Belfast
.Belmont
Brooks
Frankfort
Isleboro'
Knox
Lincolnville
Tons. Stock in trade. TOWNS.
I 100 Cornville
2.277 Canaan
200
100
1.450
WALDO COUNTY.
720 4.100 Northport
550 Prospect
500 Searsmont
1.331 25.650 SwanvilJe
410 Freedom
35 1.300 Unity
1.125 3.925
459 1-2
175
360 1000
Tons. Sto
311 1-2
1.075
63
5.480
ck in trade
450
1.100
24.364
200
620
50
200
700
39.380
o
Relative wealth of each County at different i)eiiods, averac^ed to each
individual of the inhabitants. The average to each individual in
the State being supposed 100.
AegregMe valua-
tion of estates in
each County as
dctermmrtl b> the
Coanties.
YfiJirs.
Ycras.
Legislat. iu 1820.
1790
1800
1810
1820
York
105
108
104
102
S3.326.359.80
Cumberland
101
121
114
136
4.704.007.71
Lincoln
112
97
98
87
2.838.036.32
Hancock
97
89
97
100
1.260.053.42
Waldo
79
1.139.880.15
Washington
69
63
103
117
1.050.600 29
Kennebec
63
87
92
96
2.708 745 10
Oxford
94
84
92
91
1.752.970.80
Somerset
55
72
85
83
1.278.441.45
Penobscot
79
65
92
93
903 683.90
20.962.778.74
Relative wealth or taxable property to the average of each individual
in the several towns in the year 1820 — the average to each individ-
ual in the State being supposed 100.
YORK COUNTY.
Alfred 109 Kittery 86 Lebanon 74
Sanford 80 Berwick 104 Hollis 77
APPENDIX.
457
D. CONTINUED.
Limerick
88 Saco
160 South Berwick
127
Kennebunk pt,
. 186 Limington
66 Waterborough
80
Buxton
88 Kennebunk
134 Newfield
80
York
113 Biddeford
129 Wells
94
Shipleigh
67 Cornish
79 Elliot
94
Lyman
78 Parsonsfield
96
CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
Baldwin
59 Falmouth
148 North-Yarmouth 130
Standish
120 Bridgton
94 Freeport
116
N. Gloucester
128 Scarborough
149 Brunswick
93
Gorham
1-23 Otisfield
100 Windnam
100
C.::pe Elizabeth 7T Gray
58 Portland
281
Westbrook
129 Harps well
100 Pownal
100
Danrille
64 Harrison
73 Thompson pd. p!
1. 97
Poland
84 Durham
91 Minot
76
Raymond
43
LINCOLN COUNTY.
Alna
127 Edgecomb
74 New-Castle
102
Woolwich
114 Bath
130 Friendship
61
Nobleborough
91 Waldoborough
123 Bristol
81
Lisbon
63 St. George
39 Warren
98
Bowdoinham
83 Litchfield
70 Topsham
88
Whitetield
60 Bowdoin
61 Lewiston
76
Thomaston
87 Washington
70 Boothbay
61
Jefferson
71 Union
90 Phipsburgh
103
Gushing
87 Georgetown
96 Wiscasset
109
Dresden
88 Wales
86
WALDO COUNTY.
Appleton
66 Freedom
56 Montville
84
Troy
61 Brooks
124 Hope
69
Monroe
79 Thorndike
131 Belmont
50
Isleborough
76 Northport
61 Unity
74
Burnham
64 Jackson
120 Prospect
79
Waldo
19 Belfast
103 Knox
106
Palermo
84 Camden
103 Liberty
37
Swanville
85 Frankfort
87 Lincolnville
76
Searsmont
74
HANCOCK COUNTY.
Brooksville
75 Deer Isle
79 Mount Desert
58
Sedgewick
76 Bluehill
102 Eden
72
Orland
105 Sullivan
96 Bucksport
101
Ellsworth
112 Penobscot
79 Trenton
79
58
4Db
APPENDIX.
D. CONTINUED.
Castine
270 Gouldsborough 101 Surry
84
Vin.ilhaven
59
WASHINGTOIS
[ COUNTY.
Addison
89 Trescott
82 Calais
113
Whiting
155 Charlotte
60 Jone>borough
89
Lubec
109 Alexander
17 Cutler
63
Cooper
— Houlton
41 Buring
59
Dennysville
121 Machias
105 Columbia
167
Cherryfield
147 Perry
103 Rohbinston
114
Edmunds
121 Eastport
134 Harrington
64
KENNEBECK
COUNTY.
Aucrusta
lOS Greene
8 i Pittston
101
Waterville
133 Albion
64 Farmington
104
Readfield
117 Wilton
64 Belgrade
67
Hailowell
154 Rome
33 Wiyne
70
Clinton
78 Fayette
91 Sidney
98
Winthrop
111 China
64 Leeds
80
Temple
51 Windsor
40 Chesterville
97
Moninouth
81 Vassalborough 121 Harlem
50
De rborn
44 Mount Vernon 81 Vienna
74
Gardiner
160 New Sharon 84 Winslow
OXFORD COUNTY.
133
Andover
121 Fryeburgh
80 Livermore
93
Siunner
82 Albany
80 Gilead
71
Lovell
84 Sweden
126 Brownfield
79
Greenwood
Gl Mexico
134 Turner
115
Biickfield
83 Hebron
97 Norway
98
Rum ford
111 Bethel
87 Hiram
66
Newry
148 Waterford
109 Cirthage
16
H irtford
97 Paris
96 Weld
103
Denmark
76 Howard's Gore 77 Peru
104
Woodstock
71 Dixfield
93 Jay
79
Porter
81 Berlin
15
SOMERSET
COUNTY.
Anson
79 Corinna
49 Kingfield
39
P .rkman
80 Athens
130 Concord
56
Mercer
63 Palmyra
121 Avon
63
Enibden
69 Madison
95 Ripley
70
East pond pi.
36 Monson
134 Starks
65
Bincrham
60 Fairfield
74 Moscow
74
Solon
91 Brighton
47 Freeman
56
APPENDIX.
459
D. CONCLUDED.
Norricgwock
87
Strong
67
Bloomfield
98
Harmony
73
New Portland
71
Pittsfield
79
C ana in
46
Hartland
59
New Vineyard
69
St. Albans
81
Cornville
108
Industry
70
Phillips
49
PENOBSCOT COUNTY.
Atkinson
120
Dutton
86
Hampden
104
Newport
77
Bangor
156
Dover
79
Hermon
100
Orrington
79
Brewer
97
Dexter
86
Howl, nd & >
Maxfield i
60
Orono
84
Bkkesburgh
187
Eddington
99
Jar vis's Gore
60
Sebec
79
Brownville
99
Exeter
67
Kirkland
180
Sangerville
96
Carmel
168
Etna
110
Kilmarnock
112
Stetson pi.
16i
Corinth
123
Foxcroft
93
LevAnt
166
Williamsburgh
103
Charleston
122
Cuiltbrd
43
Milo
144
Dixmont
82
Garland
124
Newburg
107
E
Statement of the value afifixed by the Lo^islalure in 1820, to the wood
and uniinprovetl land in ihe several towns and townships iii the State.
YORK COUNTY.
TOWNS Value per acre. TOWNS. Valut? per acre. TOWNS. Value per acre.
Alfred
Arundel,
Kenneb. Pt.
Berwick
Biddeford
Buxton
Cornish
Elliot
1.00 Hollis
1.00 Saco
1.50
1.50
J. 50
1.50
1.25
1.25
Kittery
Lebanon
Lyman
Limerick
Limington
Newfield
1.50
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
San ford 1.
Shapleigh 1 .
South Berwick L50
Waterborough 1.
York 1 .50
Kennebunk 1.50
1.50 Parsonsfield 1
Wells
CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
Baldwin .50
Bridgton .75
Brunswick 1.
Cape Elizabeth 1.
Danville .75
Durham 1.
Falmouth 1.20
Freeport 1.10
Gorham 1.10
Gray
Harrison
Harpswell
Minot
N. Gloucester
N. Yarmouth
Otisfield
Portland
.75
..50
1.
.75
1.
J.IO
.75
Poland
Pownal
Raymond
Scarborough
Standish
Westbrook
Windham
Thomp. pd. pi.
1.
.75
1.
.50
1.
1.
1.20
1.
.30
4(50
APPEiNDlX.
E. CONTINUED.
LINCOLN COUNTY
.
TOWNS. value
pr. acre.
TOWNS. value pr. acre.
TOWNS. value
! pr. acre.
Alna
L
Georgetown
L
Thomaston
1.
Bath
1.
Jefferson
.90
Topsham
1.
Boothbay
.75
Litchfield
L
Union
1.
Boudoin
.75
Lewiston
.75
Waldoboro'
1.
Bovvdoinham
L
Lisbon
.75
Wales
.75
Bristol
1.
New Castle
1.
Warren
1.
Cashing
1.
Nobleboro'
1.
Whitefield
.75
Dresden
1.
Putnam
.75
AVisCiisset
1.
Edgecomb
1.
Phipsburgh
1.
Woolwich
1.
Friendship
.75
St. George
.75
Patricktown
pi. .40
V\^ALDO COUNTY.
Appleton
.75
Burnham
.40
Lincolnville
1.
Camden
1.
Belfast
1.
Monroe
1.
Hope
.75
Belmont
.50
Northport
1.
Montville
.80
Brooks
L
Prospect
1.
Liberty
.40
Frankfort
1.
Searsmont
1.
Palermo
.75
Isleboro'
.80
Swanville
.80
Freedom
.60
Jackson
1.
Thorndike
1.
Joy
50
Knox
1.
Waldo
.50
Unity
.70
HANCOCK
COUNTY.
Bluehill
.60
Orland
1.
No. 26
^^o
Brooksville
.75
Penobscot
1.
27
.30
Bucksport
1.
Sedge wick
.80
8&9
.30
Castine
1.
Sullivan
.60
15
,30
Deer Isle
1.
Surry
.80
8
.30
Eden
.60
Trenton
.80
10
.17
Ellsworth
.80
Vinalh;tven
.90
Residue of
1 "
Gouldsboro'
.60
Mariaville
.50
Lott'ry lands
Mt. Desert
.50
No. 14
.30
KENNEBECK
COUNTY.
Augusta
L50
Greene
.90
Rome
.40
Belgrade
.80
Hallowell
1.60
Sidney
1.
Chestervilie
.80
Harlem
.60
Temple
.50
Clinton
.70
Leeds
.90
Vassalboro'
1.20
China
.90
Malta
.80
Vienna
.80
Dearborn
.60
Monmouth
1.
Waterville
1.10
Fairfax
.80
Mount Vernon .90
Wayne
.90
Farmington
L
New Sharon
.80
Wihon
.80
Fayette
.90
Pittston
1 10
Winthrop
1.26
Gardiner
L50
Readlield
1.
Winslow
1.
APPENDIX.
I
k6i
E. CONTINUED.
*
OXFORD COUNTY
,
TOWNS. value
pr. acre.
TOWNS. value pr.
acre.
TOWNS. value pr.
acre
Andover
.70
Jay 1
.20
Weld
.80
Albany
.7t)
Lovell
.80
Woodstock 1.
Br jwnfield
.70
Livermore 1
.20
Plant. No 1 ]
I.
Buckfield
1.
Mexico 1
Howard's Gore ]
I.
Bethel
.75
Norway 1
20
Bradley and i
Eastman's /
grant j
Denmark
.80
Newry 1
.50
Dixfield
.90
Porter
.80
Fryeburgh
.60
Paris 1
.20
Bachelder
.15
Fryeburgh adc
I. .60
Rumford 1
A No. 1
.20
Gilead
1.
Sumner 1
W. surplus j ,
of Andover, > ..
Greenwood
.50
Sweden
80
to
Hartford
1.
Turner 1
20
No 4, 7 & ? ) '
cts.
Hebron
1.20
Waterford 1
All oth. t'nships.
.16
Hiram
.80
SOMERSET COU
NT
Y.
Anson
.75
No. 9— 9th ran.
.30
Abbot
.50
Avon
.60
Bingham's pure.
.17
No. 2 — 1st \
.50
Athens
.67
Industry
.67
range, west |
Bloornfield
1.
Kingfield
.50
Ripley
.50
Bmghdm
.50
Moscow
.50
St. Albans
.67
Cornville
.75
Madison
.75
Solon
.67
Canian
.75
Mercer
.75
Strong
.60
Corinna
.50
Norridgwock 1
Starks
.75
Embden
.67
New Portland
.67
Warsaw
.50
Fan-field
I.
New Vmeyard
.67
Parkman
.50
Freeman
.60
Northill
.46
Sebasticook )
and No. 5 )
.50
Hartland
.50
Phillips
.50
Harmony
.67
Palmyra
67
East pond pi.
.75
Monson
.30
Concord
.50
PENOBSCOT COUNTY.
Atkinson
.75
Newburgh
.75
Bowerbank
.30
Bangor
150
Charleston
Brown ville
.50
Brewer
1.
Newport
.80
Blakesburgh
.40
Carmel
.75
Orrington 1
.
Milo
.40
Corinth
.75
Orono
,80
Jarvis' Gore
.30
Dixmont
.75
Sebec
.75
No. 1 — 6th ran.
.25
Dexter
Sangerville
75
Kilmarnock )
and adj. )
.25
Exeter
Williamsburgh
60
Eddington
.80
Dutton
.50
No 5 — 9th ran.
.20
Etna
.50
Rirkland
.50
3— 8th do.
.20
Foxcroft
.60
Maxfield
.50
No. 3 — 2d )
ran. E.ofriv. >
.26
Guilford
M
Stetson plant.
.50
^u^
E. CONCLUDED.
TOWNS. value
pr. acre.
TOWNS. value pr. acre.
TOWNS. value pr.
acre..
Garland
.60
Dover .50
1.2 1 — 2d )
ran. E. ofriv. )
.20
Hampden
1.
No. 4 — east ^ -,.
of Penobscot )
Hermon
.60
Forbf s' grant
.30
Levant
.60
No. 6— 9th ran. .30
Hasting's grant
.30
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Addison
1.
Lubeck
Whiting
.80
Calais
1.
Machias 1.
Churlotte
.30
Columbia
1.
Perry 1.
Baring
Cherryfield
Steuben .60
No 10
.30
Denny^ville
Robbinstown 1.
Cooper
.30
Eastport
Trescott .80
Alexander
.30
Harrington
.75
Cutler .25
No. 7
.30
Jonesborough
.60
No. 23 1.
p
Statement of the Nett amount of Postage accrniiig at each Post Ofifice
in the State for the year enchng Isi M;irrh 1826.
YORK COUNTY.
Towns and Post Offices.
NctI
t amount of
Po«ta£rc.
Towns and Tost Offices.
Nett amount of
Postage.
Alfred
68 21
Lebanon
14.11
Berwick
32.68
Limerick
62.05
South Berwick
283.44
Limington
37.55
Buxton
48.70
Lyman
13.28
Cornish
28.71
Newfield
) 1.63
j 27.84
Elliot
3.05
Dam's Mills
Hollis
22.59
Parsonsfield
58.25
Wells
)
114 68
Saco
725.64
Cape Neddick
92
San ford
27.85
Kennebunk
}
204 44
Waterborough
24.85
Kennebunkport
278.11
York
106.52
Kittery
17.56
CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
Baldwin
19.41
Ne V Gloucester
54.26
Bridgton
\
40.80
North Yarmouth
23852
North Bridgton
i
17.16
Otisfield
54
Brunswick
756.38
Poland
21.40
Cumberland East
56.78
Pownal
18.18
Danville
]
22.92
Portland
4.011.37
Goff's Corner
70
Raymond
24.03
Durham
26.55
Saccarappa
i 26.67
Freeport
98.87
Falmouth
Gorham
104.13
Scarborough
43.19
F. — CONTINUED;
**uo
Towns ami Post Offices.
Nett amount of
Towns and Post Offices.
Nett amount of
Postage.
Postage.
Gray
32.83
Standish
29.38
Minot
>
74.01
Windham
27.23
Emery's Mills
40.99
East Minot
8.69
West Minot
3
4.38
LINCOLN
COUNTY.
Alna
33.98
New Castle
) 146 52
Bath
M 44.66
Sheepscot Bridge
} 21.82
Boothbay
56.28
Dameriscotta Mills
j 13.30
Bowdoin
23.81
Nobleborough
36.71
Bowdoinham
}
175.91
Phips^burgh
115.02
Richmond
33.64
Thomaston
\ 50459
i 31.57
Bristol
36.70
East Thomaston
Dresden )
Dresden Mills )
74.16
Topsham
153.67
30.67
Union
79.88
Edgecomb
20.77
Warren
108.26
Jefferson \
West Jefferson j
1
1
2071
4.67
Woldoborough
Wales
244.43
5.75
Lewiston
21.52
Whitefield
3L18
Lisbon 4 Corners
!
53.79
Wiscasset
481.92
Little river village
6.13
Woolwich
48.18
Litchfield
1
42.53
Litchfield Corner
7.50
WALDO
COUNTY.
Appleton
19.17
Monroe
14.39
Belfast
555.34
Montville
28.13
Belmont
25.65
Northport
2L70
Brooks
21.84
Palermo
13.S9
Camden
197.21
Prospect
) 22.59
i 50.99
Frankfort
167.66
West Prospect
Freedom
10 85
Sefirsmont
38.48
Hope
20.08
North Searsmont
4.48
Jackson
12.99
Swanville
11.55
Joy (now Troy)
20.26
Unity
24.89
Lincolnville
45.44
Waldo
9.35
HANCOCK COUNTY.
Bluehill
47.65
Ellsworth
153.76
Bucksport
209.09
Goaldsborough
38.-'7
Castine
575.92
Mount Desert
44.19
Deer Isle
51.65
Orlmd
27.85
Eden
36.47
Penobscot
18.7d
464
APPENDIX.
F. CONTINUED. *
Towns and Post Offices.
Nett amount of
Towns and Post Offices.
Nett amoiiBt of
Postage.
Po'tage
Sedgewick
45.62
Surry
45.23
Sullivan
55.53
Trenton
13.23
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Calais
371.17
Machias
) 125.23
S 148.37
Columbia
82.69
East Machias
Dennysville
34 24
Narraguagus
4000
Eastport
679.80
Perry
9.96
Harrington
19.86
Robbinstown
130.53
Jonesborough
22.21
Steuben
54.25
Lubec
265.77
Whiting
14.13
KENNEBECK COUNTY.
Augusta
455.37
Monmouth
50.20
Albion
29.98
Mouj t Vernon
29 35
Belgrade
15.38
New Sharon
36.06
Chesterville
25.43
Pittston
) 67.32
} ll>.04
China
(
53.26
East Pittston
Harlem
^
1.59
Reidtield
43.64
Clinton
I
36.15
Sidney
23.49
North Clinton
1.56
V I' ssiil borough
) 100.80
Dearborn
11.04
Brown's Corner
j 33.65
Farmington
!
90.15
Vienna
10.54
Farmington Falls
22.53
Waterville
308.34
Fayette
20.37
Wayne
24 58
Gardiner
598 73
Wilton
58.89
Greene
37.17
Windsor
17.75
Hallowell
(
973.95
Winslow
44.96
Hallowell ><j roads
■< \
21.84
Winthrop
133.08
Leeds
1
28.65
North Leeds
16
OXFORD COUNTY.
Albany
5.79
Hartford
i 17.01
Andover
North Hartford
} 3.44
Bethel
1
37.74
South Hartford
) 43
East Bethel
5.37
Hebron
) 15.52
} 27.92
Brownfield
15.40
Craigie's Mills
Buckfield
40.58
Hiram
14.93
Canton
14.83
Jay
38.38
Denmark
9.11
Livermore
1 39.13
Dixfield
26.21
East Livermore
} 10.04
Fryeburgh
105.72
North Livermore
) J 1.73
Gilead
3.71
Lovell
11.95
APPENDIX.
4b5
F. CONTINUED.
Towns and Post OeSces
Nett aiiKiant of
Towns and Post Offices
Nett amount of
Postage.
Postage
Mexico
5.67
Sweden
4.86
Norway
!
45.89
Sumner
12.81
North Norway
14.14
Turner
) 33 26
Porter Bridge
9.46
North Turner
} 2 08
Rumford
!
39.27
Turner Village
j 1.83
East Rumford
5.71
Waterford
52.34
Paris
)
74.28
Woodstock
61
South Paris
/
11 96
SOMERSET COUNTY.
Abbot
2.08
Mercer
25.22
Anson
61.17
Milburn
46.59
Athens
35.50
Monson
6.77
Avon
3.94
New Portland
18.59
Bingham
3.26
Norridgwock
97.73
Bloomfield
38.87
Palmyra
28.78
Canaan
17.59
Parkman
5.47
Cornville
11.59
Phillips
29.25
Embden
7.34
Pittsfield
410
Fairfield
)
29.11
Ripley
9.97
Fairfield 4 corners ^
6.56
St. Albans
22.17
Freeman
12.05
Solon
1 10.13
Harmony
12.17
South Solon
^ 3.70
Hartland
4.74
Starks
12.65
Industry
20.95
Strong
17.52
Kingfield
7.40
•
Mtdison
!
6.10
Madison East
1.17
PENOBSCOT COUNTY.
Atkinson
16.67
Guilford
13.37
Bangor
802.49
Rowland
2.77
Birch Stream
35
Hampden
110.45
BIdkesburgh
4.72
Kirkland
1.94
Brewer
60.69
Kilmarnock
3.37
Brown ville
8.S5
M.ixfield
1.48
Carmel
6.08
Milo
15.79
Corinth
1J.03
Newburgh
14.54
East Corinth
3.75
New Charleston
20.14
Dexter
31.90
Newport
23.03
Dixmont
43.81
Orono
) 53.48
( 10.80
Dover
26.49
Oldtown
Dutton
2.19
Orrington
37.05
Etna
5.09
Sangerville
31.32
Exeter
31.08
Sebec
33.39
Foxcroft
30.20
Williamsburgh
12.95
Garland
20.03
59
46t3
APPENDIX.
F. CONCLUDED.
Suniniary, jiiul proportions ((fpopiiiation and taxable propert;-, to the
neit Post Ofiice revenue accruing in eacli County.
Nott amount of
Amount paid by
Ara'nt paid
COUNTIES.
postage.
each average
to ca. SiOOO
pcr>on.
lax'bleprop.
$ cts.
c. m.
$ cts.
York
2.202.66
04.7
0.66
Cumberland
5.799.37
11.7
1.23
Lincoln
3.810.23
08.1
1.29
Waldo
1.387.92
06.2
1.13
Hancock
1.363.02
07.7
1.16
Washington
1.996.21
15.7
1.91
Kennebeck
3.424.86
08.5
1.22
Oxford
769.11
02.8
0.44
Somerset
620.21
02.8
0.48
Penobscot
1.491.34
10.7
1.65
Total of the State 22.866.93
1.08
York
Cumberland
Oxford
Lincoln
Kennebeck
Somerset
Hancock
Waldo
Penobscot
Washington
8.771.14
7.855.70
4.242.28
1.998.21
.0
7.1
15.7
Comparative view of the popuiation, and Post Oflict
Northern States, with that of the United States.
0.90
1.15
1.32
1.91
revenue in the
Maine
New-Hampshirt
Massachusetts
Vermont
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
Amount ut ii^tt IFrop, tn
postage m 1802 ea. per-
Ison in
, 1800^
S cts. S c. ni
4.704.15 ().03.1
2.829 710.01.5
23.243.020.05.5
1.275.220.00.8
I 3.375.57:0.04.7
6.941.88 0.02.7
I 41.229.26j0.08.5
Amoiiut ol nt>ttjl'iop. to
p«)sta{j:e in 1826 |eac. per-
|j>on in
I I8£0.
$ cts. $ c. m.
22.866.93 0.07.7
11.827.78'0.04.8
92.428.93'0.17.6
12.305.3ll0.05.2
12.662.90|0.15.2
27 640.7llo 10.0
212.536.15l0.15.5
Total United States
!226.892.16 0.04.3i912.893.08|0.09.4
APPENDIX. 467
Q
EDUCATION.
As it may be a matter of some interest to the citizens of the
State, to compare the statistics of their schools with those of
other States, an abstract is here given from the message ofGov.
Van Buren, of New York, respecting the schools and funds, for
their support in that State.
The amount of the literature fund is stated to be $331,609.82
Revenue of the same, 21.074.48
Common school fund, 1.700.000
Revenue of the same, about 100.000
Number of common schools, 8.122
Average term of instruction, 8 months
Whole amount of public money paid these schools, $232,772
Whole number of scholars, 467.947
Number between the ages of 5 and ) .^q qA,^
15 years, /
From these statements the following results may be deduced :
Average number of scholars to each school, 57
Average amount of public money paid to the ) ^^q crq
support of each school for the year, i
Average of the same per month, 3.57
Aver :.ge of the same to each scholar, per year, 49
Average to each scholar per month, 6
Whether the public monies defray all the expenses of the
schools, or whether they are supported in part by other funds or
contributions, does not appear.
The amount for Maine will be found in chapter 1 1 , at page
362.
H
From a note of Mr. Gallatin, which has been published, re-
specting a supposed claim of the United States to some part of
the interior territory of Maine, and from a subsequent remark of
his in a letter to Mr. Monroe, it has been apprehended by some
that the title of Massachusetts and Maine to the soil (though not
to the jurisdiction) of a large part, if not the whole, of the terri-
tory lying more than J 20 miles from the sea, might be called in
question by the United States. To correct any mistakes in this
respect, and to relieve any such apprehensions, the writer is
authorized to state, that Mr. Gallatin's remarks concerning this
territory were originally elicited by some observations of the late
Governor Sullivan, respecting the Yazoo claim on the Missis-
sippi; and that they referred only to so much of the territory of
Maine as lay north of the ancient charter to Sir Ferdinand©
ERRATA.
In the revision of this work many typoeraphical and other errors escaped notice — some
of which havf: b' en sincp fli-c< vorod and thf n-ader i>- rpquc^ted to correcl them with his
pen— others probably may exi>t but it is hoped net materially to affect the sense or inten-
tion.
Page 10. for 33 220 square mijp*, read S3.067-and for 21.263 000 acres read 21. 163.000.
Papp 97. Table 4 In the last column. again-.t the year i826, for 24.3, read 42.3.
Pagre 140, 5th line from the bottom. Air thi^ table, read table 5.
Page 151, 9th linp from the loi. for 4 read 5
Pfge 163, nth line from Mie bottom dt le that.
Page 167. Table 14, igBm<t New-York and under 1790 dele the 4.
Page 175. ^d line after And. read on the west.
P.ipe 176. (8tb line. fi>> farther rem faster.
Page 248. 13th line, for l-l read l-lO
Page 251, 2nd line, for Kn^itport read Passamaquuddij— and 2lst line, for "the trade ot
Easjport*' read iti- details.
Page 384, .5th line, for 500 000 read 900 000.
Page 388. 4tb lin--. for coli'me;- read cuLmy.
Page 428. .nth Imp, for exhibit some than at read exhibits some account.
Page 456, under 1790, and against Kennebeck, for 63 read 93.
c^
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