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UCSB LIBRARY
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SWAHILI EXERCISES
COMPILED FOR
THE UNIVERSITIES' MISSION TO
CENTRAL AFRICA,
BT
EDWARD STEERE, LL.D,,
MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR CENTRAL AFRICA*
"Soli Deo gloria."
TWELFTH THOUSAND
SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE,
LONDON : 68, HAYMARKET, S.W.
ADVERTISEMENT.
THIS little book is intended as a practical guide for tbose
who wish to speak Swahili correctly. It does not pretend
to teach them to speak the language, but to guide them to
the use of correct forms, and to draw their attention to
niceties of expression, which the untutored ear would pro-
bably miss. The only way to learn to speak a language is
by listening to, and talking with, natives. Without this no
book in the world can be of much use. But a listener will
soon meet with forms and phrases which want explanation.
It is then that he can make good use of a book. Thus,
a listener would soon find that the first syllables of Swahili
words were often changing, but it would be very difficult for
him without any guide to discover what rules the changes
followed.
The first syllables of Swahili words depend almost always
upon some Substantive expressed or understood. But if a
learner is plunged at once into a chaos of ten or twelve or
fifteen or sixteen different forms with various effects upon the
other parts of speech, he is apt to give up the attempt to
master what seems so much more difficult than it really is.
IV ADVERTISEMENT.
In the following pages three of the most useful forms of
Substantives are first taken, and by working through all the
ordinary grammar of the language with these three forms
only, the learner will find that his mind is getting used to
the peculiarities of this class of languages, and the real
simplicity of their construction will become more and more
evident
It is not intended to give instances here of every form of
word or sentence. All the more important are given ; what
remain are rarely used, or belong to some specialty of
thought or expression, and can be very soon mastered
when they are really wanted. The compiler has been
himself surprised to find how copious and expressive the
Swahili language is, and he will be glad if these exercises
help to vindicate its honour.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
SUBSTANTIVES.
M- AND Ki- CLASSES, i — 40.
List of regular Substantives, i — 3.
Substantives with vowel roots, id.
Adjectives with vowel roots, 3.
Plurals, I, 1 6.
Possessive case, 19.
Locative case, 59.
Agreement of Adjectives, 3.
Vowel Adjectives, 1 6, 17,
Numerals, 4.
Pronouns 7, 8.
Demonstratives, 5 — 7.
Personal Pronouns, J.
Verbal Prefixes, 8.
Interrogatives, 9.
Objective prefixes, 14.
Possessive Pronouns, aa
Him and His, 20.
Quasi Pronouns, all, having itself, fy #«//,
Relatives, 22 — 2$.
Which? 9.
THE N- CLASS, 48 — 55.
List of N- Substantives, 49.
Euphonic changes, 48, 53.
Adjectives, 51.
Numerals, 52.
Pronouns, 52 — 54«
Demonstratives, 53.
Pronominal prefixes, 52i $Jr
Which ? 53.
Possessives, 53.
Quasi Pronouns, 53,
Relatives, 54.
VI CONTENTS.
THE MA- CLASS, 42 — 48, see 65.
List of Ma- Substantives, 42 — 43
. Adjectives, 43 — 44.
Pronouns, 45 — 46.
Demonstratives, 44.
Pronominal prefixes, 45, 48.
Which ? 44.
Possessives, 46.
Quasi Pronouns, 46.
Relatives, 47.
THE U- CLASS, 55 — 59.
List of U- Substantives, 56.
Plurals, 55—57.
Adjectives, 57.
Numerals, 57.
Pronouns, 57.
Demonstratives, 58.
Pronominal prefixes, 58,
Which ? 58.
Relatives, 58.
MAHALI, place, 40.
INFINITIVES of Verbs as Substantive^ 41.
NAMES OF ANIMALS, 64, 65.
THE -Ni CASE, 59.
ADJECTIVES.
List of regular Adjectives, 3.
List of vowel Adjectives, 16, 17.
Indeclinable Adjectives, 60.
Compound Adjectives, 61.
Adjectival Verbs, 62, 63.
Comparison of Adjectives, 66, 67.
Agreement of Adjectives, 3, 16, 17, 40, 43, 51, 57, Gl, 64.
NUMERALS, 4,
Ordinal numbers, 6 1.
Agreement of numerals, 4, 5, 43, 52, 57, 6$,
CONTENTS. Vii
PRONOUNS.
Demonstratives, 5, 41, 44, 53, 57, 64.
Personal Pronouns, 7, 45, 52, 57.
Subjective and Objective prefixes, 8, 14, 30, 40, 45, 48, 52, 55,
58, 64.
Interrogatives, 9, 41, 44, 53, 58.
Quasi Pronouns, all, having, itself, by itself, 21, 41, 46, 53, 58,
Possessive Pronouns, 20, 41, 46, 53, 58.
Relatives, 22—25, 54. 69» 72-
Relative with negative, 33.
Forming quasi Adjectives, 62.
In the comparison of Adjectives, 67.
Agreement of Relatives, 23, 41, 47, 54, 58.
Relatives of time and place, 24, 25, 41, 69,
Relative without note of time, 64.
THE VERB.
List of Verbs, 8, n.
List of irregular Verbs, 70, 71.
List of Adjectival Verbs, 62, 63.
Infinitive, 10, 41.
Indicative Tenses, affirmative, 10.
Present indefinite, 18.
Present imperfect, 10.
Future, 10.
Future of continuing action, 73
Present Perfect, 8, 10, 62.
Past, 10, 18, 73.
Past Imperfect, 73.
Pluperfect, 73.
Narrative tense, 27.
Participial tense, 27.
Indicative, negative, 30.
Present, 30.
Past, 31.
Not yet tense, 31.
Future, 32.
Negative with rektives, 33,
Negative participial, 34.
Imperative affirmative, 25, 26,
eill CONTENTS.
THE VERB (continue^)—
Imperative negative, 33.
Subjunctive affirmative, 25, 26.
„ negative, 33.
Conditional affirmative, 29.
„ negative, 32.
Compound tenses, 73.
Kwisha, as an auxiliary, 73.
Participles, 73.
PASSIVE VOICE, 35, 74, 76.
To BE, 7, 67—69, 73.
See also 7, 9, 30, 34, 45, 52, 57, 67—69.
To HAVE, 72, 73.
DERIVATIVE VERBS, 74 — 80.
Applied or Prepositional form, 74,
With mbali, 77.
To denote use or purpose, 77.
Reciprocal form, 78.
Reflective, 15.
i Neuter form, 78.
Causative form, 79.
Verbs in-*, -i, and «-, 26, 30, 35, 76, 78, 70
Verbs in -oa and ua, 35, 75.
ADVERBS, 36.
List of Adverbs, 36.
Sana, 36, 67.
Awb, 32.
Mbali, 77.
PREPOSITIONS, 37.
Prepositional form of Verb, 37, 74,
Compound Prepositions, 38.
Of, 19, 37, 4i, 46, 53, 58.
By after Passive Verb, 35.
CONJUNCTIONS, 26, 27, 38, 39.
QUESTIONS, 9, 13, 24, 25.
SWAHILI EXERCISES.
PLURAL OF SUBSTANTIVES.
Ki- and M- Classes. — Substantives beginning with ki-
are made plural by changing ki- into vi-.
Kitu,* a thing. Vitu, things.
Substantives beginning with m- are made plural in different
ways, according to whether they are the names of persons,
or living beings of any kind, or are the names of trees, or
things in general.
If they denote living beings, substantives in m- are made
plural by changing m- into wa-.
Mtu, a person. Watu, people.
If they do not denote living beings, substantives in in-
are made plural by changing m- into mi-.
Mti, a tree, wood. Miti, trees.
Mkono, an arm. Mikono, arms.
What are the plurals of —
Kitendo, an action. Kibofu, a bladder.
M shale, an arrow. Kipofu, a blind person,
Kikapo, a matting bag, Mfupa, a bone.
Mbuyu, a baobab tree. Kitabu, a book.
Kitanda, a bedstead. Mpaka, a boundary.
* In pronouncing Swahili, the vowels are pronounced as the vowels
in Italian ; the consonants are pronounced much like those in English,
except ght which represents the Arabic ghain, and is pronounced as a
strong guttural.
The accent is always on the penultimate syllable.
SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Mzigo, a burden.
Kifungo, a button.
Mzinga, a cannon.
Mtumbwi, a canoe.
Msafara, a caravan*
Mkufu, a chain.
Kiti, a chair.
Mfalme, a thief, a king,
Mtoto, a child.
Kidevu, the chin.
Mnazi, a cocoa-nut tree,
Mbuni, a coffee plant.
Kitana, a comb.
Mpishi, a cook.
Kizibo, a cork.
Kikombe, a cup.
Mtende, a date tree.
Kiziwi, a deaf person.
Mlango, a door.
Mlevi, a drunkard.
Mzungu, a Eitropean.
Kidole, a finger.
Mvuvi, ajishcrrnan,
Kiroboto, a flea.
Mguu, the foot.
Kivuko, a ford.
Mgeni, a foreigner,
Mchezo, a game.
Mlinzi, a guard.
Mkono, the hand.
Kipini, a handle.
Kitwa, the head.
Mchunga, a herdsman,
Kiliuia, a hill.
Kiboko, a hippopotamus.
Kibanda, a hut. '
Mkaliniani, an interpreter.
Kisiwa, an island,
Kisu, a knifr.
Kifuniko, a lid.
Mstari, a line.
Mdomo, a lip.
Mjusi, a lizard.
Mkate, a loaf.
Kioo, a lookin«-glast%
Kitanzi, a loop.
Mchiro, a maiigousle.
MHngote, a mast.
Mganga, a medicine-man,
Msiba, a misfortune.
Kinu, a wooden mortar for
cleaning corn.
Mlima, a mountain.
Kinwa, the mouth.
Mlezi, a nurse.
Kiapo, an oath.
Mzee, an old person.
Kitunguu, an onion.
Msimamizi, an overlooker.
Mchikichi, a palm-oil tree.
Kipande, apiece.
Mto, a pillow.
Kipele, a pimple.
Mti, a pole, a tree.
Mpagazi, a caravan porttr.
Kiazi, a sweet potato.
Kigai, a potsherd.
Xifuko, a pune.
Kitambaa, a rag.
Kidaka, a recess.
Kifaru, a rhinoceros.
Mto, a river.
Mtoro, a runaway.
Mtai, a scratch.
Mtumishi, a servant.
Kivuli, a shadoiv.
Xiatu, a shoe (sandal).
Mgonjwa, a sick person,
Mjinga, a simpleton.
Mtumwa, a slave.
Mtwana, a slave boy.
Kijakazi, a slave girl.
Mjakazi, a slave woman.
Mjoli, a follow slave.
Mkeka, a sleeping mat.
Kidonda, a sore.
M kuke, a spear.
Mtambo, a metal spring.
Mkia, a tail.
Kijiko, a teaspoon.
Kiko, a tobacco pipt.
Mji, a town.
Mtego, a trap.
Kilcmba, a turban.
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 3
Mzabibu, a vine. Mjeledi, a whip.
Ktsibau, a waistcoat.. Mke, a -wife.
Mtungi, a -water-jar. Mchawi, a wizard.
Kisima, a well. Kijana, a youth,
The English words are in alphabetical order.
MUUNGU, GOD, and Miume, an Apostle, make their plurals
irregularly — miungu, gods, Mitumet Apostles.
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives are made to agree with their substantives by
adopting the same prefix.
Mtu mrefu, a tall titan. Kisu kirefu, a long knife,
Watu warefu, tall people. Visu virefu, long knives.
Miti mirefu, (all trees.
The adjective is always placed after its substantive.
LIST OF ADJECTIVES.
The root only is here given, to which the proper prefix
must be in each case attached.
Bad, — baya. Little, — dogo.
Bare, only, — tupu. Long, — refu.
Beautiful, — zuri. New, — pya.
Bitter, — chungu. Old (worn out), — kukuu.
Broad, — pana. Open, — wazi.
Chief, great, — kuu. Raw, — bichi.
Dry, — kavu. Ripe, — bivu.
Empty, — tupu. Rotten, — bovu.
Female, — ke. Savage, — kali.
fierce, — kali. Sharp, — kali.
Fine, — zuri. Short, — fupL
Foreign, — geni. Sound, — zirna.
Great, large, — kub'-va. Sweet, — tarnu.
Hard, — gumu. Thick, — nene.
Heavy, — zito. Unripe, — bichi.
Idle, — vivu. Whole, — zima,
Jealous, — wivu. Wide, — pana.
The interrogative, How many ? -ngapi ? is treated as an
adjective.
j SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Watu wangapi ? How many people t
Viti vingapi ? How many chairs ?
Miti mingapi ? How many trees t
Translate into Swahili —
A bad action. A long arrow. Empty matting bags. Thick baobaV
trees. A broad bedstead. A hard bone. An old book. Heavy bur-
dens. A beautiful button. Large cannons. A short canoe. Foreign
caravans. A thick chain. A new chair. Great chiefs. A beautiful
child. Long chins. A fine coffee plant. Little combs. An idle cook.
Hard corks. An empty cup. Short date trees. Wide doors. A fierce
drunkard. Female Europeans. A thick finger. Jealous fishermen.
Bare feet. A wide ford. Idle foreigners. A fine game. Fierce
guards. A sound hand. Long handles. A dry head. Bad herdsmen.
A great hill. A dry hut. A bad interpreter. Large islands. A sharp
knife. Heavy lids. A long line. Dry lips. Large lizards. A sweet
loaf. New looking-glasses. A long loop. Female mangoustes. A
short mast. A foreign medicine man. Heavy misfortunes. A new
mortar. Great mountains. Wide mouths. Jealous nurses. A bitter
oath. Fine old people. A rotten onion. Sharp overlookers. Little
palm-oil trees. Short pieces. A hard pillow. Long poles. An idle
porter. Raw sweet potatoes. A sharp potsherd. Empty purses. An
old rag. Wide recesses. Foreign simpletons. A new slave. Idle slave
women. Bad slave boys. A jealous fellow-slave. Open sores. A
heavy spear. Wide rivers. A new shoe. Bad servants. A long
shadow. Old sleeping mats. A small tea-spoon. Long tails. A short
tobacco-pipe. Large towns. An empty trap. Beautiful turbans. A
fine vine. Long waistcoats. An'empty water-jar. Heavy whips. A
jealous wife. Large unripe sweet potatoes. How many burdens?
How many huts ? How many loaves ? How many cooks ? How
many mountains ? How many simpletons ? How many towns ? How
many pieces? How many water-jars ? How many knives?
NUMBERS.
The Swahili numbers are treated as adjectives, and mad*
to agree with their substantives in the same way.
The words for six, seven, nine, and ten, are irregular,
being used without any prefix.
The root forms of the numbers are —
1 — moja 6 Sita.
2 — will. 7 Saba.
3 — tatu. 8 — nane.
4 — nne. 9 Kenda, or Tissa, er Tissi*
5 — tano. 10 Kumi.
, DEMONSTRATIVES, 5
Mtu mmoja, one man. Watu wanane, eight people.
Kitu kimoja, one thing* Miti sita, six trees.
Miti mitatu, three trees. Vitu kenda, nine things.
Vitu vinne, four things. Watu kumi, ten men.
Where an adjective is joined with the substantive as well
as a numeral, they are usually placed in exactly the reverse
of the English order.
Watu wabaya wawili, two bad men
Miti mizuri mitatu, three fine trees.
Translate into Swahili —
One man. One turban. One knife. One tree. One purse. One
slave. One river. One water-jar. Two burdens. Three buttons.
Four cannons. Five canoes. Six caravans. Seven chains. Eight
chairs. Nine chiefs. Ten children. One small cocoa-nut tree. Two
large coffee plants. Three long combs. Four idle cooks. Five bad
corks. Six small cups. Seven large date trees. Nine wide doors.
Ten short Europeans. One thick ringer. Three broad feet. Four
long handles. Five great hills. Seven new huts. Eight bad inter-
preters. Nine sharp knives. Ten long lines. One savage mangouste.
DEMONSTRATIVES.
This and That. — The two demonstratives in Swahili
answering to this and that denote strictly what is near
and what is at a distance. Where this and that are used
in English to distinguish two things which are both near,
the same word must be used for both in Swahili. The
second demonstrative answers to yonder, or very closely to
the north of England word, yon.
All the demonstratives pointing to things near begin
with h-, and all those pointing to things at a distance end
with -le.
Mtu huyu, this man. Miti hii, these trees*
Mtu yule, that man. Miti ile, those trees.
Watu hawa, these men* Kitu hiki, this thing.
Watu wale, tJiose men. Kitu kile, that thing,
Mti huu, this tree. Vitu hivi, these things.
Mti ute, that tree. Vitu vile, those things.
The second syllable of the demonstrative this is the
first of the demonstrative that. Particular care must be
6 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
taken to remember this syllable, as it is the foundation of
all the forms of pronouns.
In nouns of the Mtu class, it is -yu- in the singular and
-wa- in the plural.
sjn nouns of the Mti class, it is -//- in the singular and -/-
in the plural
In nouns of the Ki- class, it is -ki- in the singular and
-vi- in the plural.
The demonstrative this is made by prefixing h and the
root vowel, h-u-yu, h a-wa, ti-u-u, h-i-i, h-i-ki, h-i-vi.
The demonstrative that, or yonder, is made by adding
-/<?, yu-le, wa-le, u-le, i-let ki-Ie, vi-le.
If an adjective is joined with the substantive the demon-
strative follows both.
Mtu mbaya huyu, this bad man.
Miti mibovu hii, these rotten trees.
Vitu vidogo hivi, these little things.
Translate into Swahili —
This fine action. Yonder long arrows. This thick baobab tret.
Those bedsteads. This bladder. These hard bones. This large book.
Tliis boundary. Yonder heavy burdens. These buttons. Those large
cannons. This caravan. These chains. Yonder chair. Those chiefs.
These children. This cocoa-nut tree. That coffee plant. These combs.
This cook. This cork. Yonder cup. Yonder date tree. These doors.
This drunkard. These Europeans. This ringer. Those fishermen.
Those feet This foot. This ford. This foreigner. These games.
These guards. These hands. These handles. That herdsman. This
Lltle hill. Those small huts. Those interpreters. Those large islands.
That long knife. This lid. These thick lines. These thick lips.
Those beautiful lizards. Those sweet loaves. That tall mast. That
great mountain. These old people. Those raw onions. This pimple.
That pole. Those idle porters. These small sweet potatoes. That
sharp potsherd. Those old rags. That simpleton. These idle slaves.
That short heavy spear. That old shoe. Those servants. Those new
sleeping mats. This tobacco pipe. These traps. Those fine turbans.
These fine waistcoats. These new water-jars. This well. These
wizards.
When the demonstrative precedes the adjective, it must
be very often translated by the introduction, in the English,
of the verb to be.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 7
Miti hii mirefu, these poles art long.
Kisu hiki kikali, this knife is sharp*
Mtu huyu mbaya, this man is baa.
Translate into Swahili —
These people are fierce. These mountains are large. These slaves
are idle. Yonder trees are small. That man is short. This speir is
heavy. These Europeans are jealous.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. \
The full forms of the personal pronouns in Swahili are —
Mimi,"/. Sisi, we,
Wewe, thou or you. Wmyi,ycu.
Yeye, he or she. Wao, they.
These forms can refer only to persons or living beings.
For things the demonstrative pronouns are used.
The second person is always used in the singular when
one person only is addressed.
When a pronoun is followed by an adjective it implies
the appropriate form of the verb to be.
Mimi mkubwa, I am great. Hii mitamu, they (these) are sweet,
Wewe mdogo, you are small. He mirefu, they (those) are tall.
In order to agree with the plural personal pronouns, sisi,
nt'nyi, and wao, adjectives prefix wa- as if to agree with
watu.
Translate into Swahili —
I am fierce. You are short. He is large. They are small. We
are heavy. You [pi.] are dry. They [shoes] are new. It [rag] is old.
They [huts] are old. It [chain] is thick. They [slaves] are idle. They
[sweet potatoes] are ripe. He is little. He is savage. She is foreign.
I am jealous. You [pi.] are jealous. They [people] are beautiful. It
[water-jar] is empty. He is short. You are large. You [pi.] are large.
%* The words in brackets are not to be translated.
The personal pronouns are. generally represented by a
prefix attached to the verb. These prefixes may be used
alone to express the present tense of the verb to be.
They are the same as the second syllable of the demon-
strative this (see p. 5).
8 SWAIIILI EXERCISES.
Ni, I am. Tu, -we are.
U, you are. 'M, you ars.
Yu, he or she is. VVa, they are.
U or Ki, iV rV. I 0r Vi, they are.
The full forms of the personal pronouns may be used to
give particular emphasis.
Mimi ni mzuri, as for me 1 am beautiful.
Wewe u mvivu, you at all events are idle.
Translate into Swahili —
This tree is little. That date tree is short. This old man is great.
We are dry. Those poles are long. That little man is fierce. That
knife is sharp. You are idle. He is idle. He is little. She is beau-
tiful. She is short. It [the knife] is heavy. It [the knife] U long
It [the sweet potato] is raw. They [the sweet potatoes] are ripe.
They [the old people] are beautiful. You are short. It [the hut] is old.
They [the rags] are old. They [the rags] are new. They [the huts]
are new. They [the poles] are rotten. It [the book] is new.
The persons of the verb are denoted by prefixes differing
from those given above only in the third person singular,
which when referring to living beings is denoted by a-, what-
ever the form of the substantive may be.
Yu- is employed in other dialects, but scarcely ever in
that of Zanzibar.
Thus the present perfect of the verb to love, is expressed
by -mtpenda, with the proper personal prefix.
Nimependa, I have loved. Tumependa, we have loved.
Umependa, you have loved. Mmependa, you have loved.
Amependa, he or she has loved. Wamependa, they have loved.
Kimependa, or Umependa, it Vimependa,0rlmependa,^y
has loved. have loved.
%* -mependa, has loved; -meanguka, has fallen ; -mevun-
jika, is broken ; -mekufa, has died, or is dead; -meonekana,
has become visible, or is in sight; -mepasuka, is split.
Translate into Swahili—
That arrow is broken. The matting bag has fallen. The baobab
tree has fallen. That old bedstead is broken. The oldperson is dead.
The large bone is broken. The new book is split. "The boundary i»
tisible. The heavy burrier. has fallen. The buttons are broken. The
INTERROGATIVES. 9
canoes are visible. The large caravan is in sight. The thick chains
are broken. The chain has fallen. The great chiefs are dead. The
little child is dead. That tall cocoa-nut tree has fallen. The old water-
jar is broken. The little comb is broken. The cook is in sight. The
cup is broken. These new cups are broken. Two date trees are fallen.
Four doors are broken. That drunkard has fallen. Seven Europeans
are dead. Two fingers are broken.
INTERROGATIVES.
There are five interrogatives which do not vary.
Nani? Who? Gani? Of what sort?
Lini? When? Wapi? Where ?
Nini ? What ?
The interrogative Which ? is formed by adding -pi to the
pronominal syllable.
Mtu yupi ? Which man ? Miti ipi ? Which trees ?
Watuwapi? Which people? Kitukipi? Which thing?
Mti upi ? Which tree ? Vitu vipi ? Which things ?
Where the substantive is not expressed, the interrogative
must be in form proper to the substantive which is under-
stood.
Upi ? Which ? (tree) Vipi ? Which ? (things)
Yupi? Which? (man)
The interrogatives liniy gam, and wapi, always follow the
words they are connected with.
Amekuja lini ? When did he come t
Mti gani ? What sort of tree ?
If followed by a demonstrative the verb to be is implied.
Vitu gani hivi ? What sort of things are these ?
Nani huyu ? Who is this ?
Nani mzee huyu ? Who is this old man ?
Nini hii ? What are these ?
Translate into Swahili —
What sort- of people are these? Which arrows? What sort of
matting bags ? Which baobab tree ? What sort of a beclstead is this ?
Who is this old person ? What sort of bone is this ? Which books ?
10 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
What sort of buttons ? Which canoe ? What sort of a chain ? Which
chair ? What sort of chiefs are these ? Which child ? Which cocoa-
nut trees ? Which date tree ? Who is this drunkard ? What sort of
a chief is this drunkard ? What sort of trees are those ? Which hand ?
What sort of game is this ? Which hill ? Which islands are those ?
What sort of thing is this knife ? What sort of man [i.e. of what tribe]
is this interpreter ? Which mast ? What sort of misfortune ? What
sort of mountains are those ? What sort of tree is a palm oil tree ?
What is an oath ? What sort of an overlooker is a blind person ?
Which old person is the deaf man? Which [man] u the medicine
man ? What sort of pole ? Which poles?
THE VERB.
The verb is conjugated by the use of tense prefixes and
personal prefixes. The personal prefixes are those given
above. The following are some of the tense prefixes : —
present imperfect, -na-; present perfect, -me-; past perfect,
-//- ,- future, -fa- ;
Ninapenda, I am loving. Tunapenda, we are loving.
Nimependa, / have loved. Tumependa, we have loved.
Nilipenda, / Iwed. Tulipenda, we loved.
Nitapenda, / shall love. Tutapenda, we shall love.
Unapenda, you are loving. Mnapenda, you are loving.
Umependa, you have loved. Mmependa, you have lovtd.
Ulipenda, you loved. Mlipenda, you loved.
Utapenda, you will love. Mtapenda, you will love,
Anapenda, he (mtu) or she is loving. Wanapenda, they (watu) are loving.
Amependa, he has loved. Wamependa, they have loved.
Alipenda, he loved. Walipenda, they loved.
Atapenda, he will love. Watapenda, they will love.
Unaanguka, it (mti) is falling. Inaanguka, they (miti) are falling.
Umeanguka, it has fallen. Imeanguka, they have fallen.
Ulianguka, it fell. Ilianguka, they fdl.
Utaanguka, it will fall. Itaanguka, they wiUfall.
Kinaanguka, it (kitu) is falling. Vmaanguka, they (vitu) are falling.
Kimeanguka, it has fallen. Vimeanguka, they have fallen.
Kilianguka, it fell. Vilianguka, they fell.
Kitaanguka, it will fall. Vitaanguka, they will fall.
The infinitive is made by prefixing ku-.
VERBS.
It
LIST OF VERBS.
Kukubali, to accept.
,, shtaki, to accuse.
,, pa tana, to agree.
„ badili, to alter.
„ sumbua, to annoy.
„ jibu, to answer.
„ fika, to arrive, to reach,
,, uliza, to ask.
,, amka, to awake.
,, oga, to bathe.
, zaa, to bear fruit.
, piga, to beat.
, omba, to beg.
, sadiki, to believe.
, urna, /o &'//,
, vuiua, to blow. ,
, jisifu, A> fo3j/. •—
,, chemka, to boil.
,, raliwa, fc> fo &>w.
,, piga kofi, to box tin eart. •»
,, vunja, to break.
,, leta, to bring.
„ jenga, to build.
, waka, to burn (neut.).
, teketeza, to burn (act.).
, aika, to bury.
, nunua, to buy. ._
, ita, to call.
, angalia, to tnKe cart.
, tunza, to take care of. „
, chukua, to carry.
- „ pakia, to carry as cargo.
„ kamata, to catch hold of.
— ,, claka, to catch in the hand.
,, geuka, to be changed.
,, danganya, to cheat.
— „ tafuna, to chew. '
*•„ chagua, to expose.
„ piga makofi, to clap the hands.
,, safisha, to dean.
„ panda, to climb up.
"-„ kusanya, to collect.
,, rudi, to come back.
,, karibia, to came near to.
Kutoka, to eotne, or go ctf.
, , shinda, to conquer.
„ fikiri, to consider.
„ pika, to cook.
„ kohoa, to cough.
,, funika, to cover.
,, vuka, to cross over.
„ seta, to crush.
„ Ha, to cry.
t, lima, to cultivate.
„ ponya, to cure.
„ kata, to cut, to cut dew*.
„ cheza, to dance.
„ pungua, to decrease.
„ linda, to defend.
, „ kawia, to delay.
,, kana, to deny.
,, haribu, to destroy.
,, cliimba, to dig.
„ agiza, to direct.
„ gawanya, to divide.
,, Tanya, to do.
, , kokota, to draff.
„ vuta, to draw.
„ piga mstari, /Vr draw a lint.
„ teka maji, to draw water.
„ ota, to dream.
n fukuza, to drive away.
,, kauka, to get dry.
,, anika, to put out to dry.
,, mwaga, to empty out.
,, isha, to end.
,, ingia, to enter.
„ okoka, to escape.
,, eleza, to explain.
" „ punguka, to fail.
„ anguka, to fall.
,, funga, to fasten, lindt sKut»
„ ogopa, to fear.
„ lisha, to feed.
„ pigana, to/^/.
„ ona, to find.
„ maliza, to finish.
„ isha, ^ be finished.
SWAHILI EXERCISES.
£ukaza, to fix,
„ ruka, to fly.
, kunja, to fold.
, fuata, to follow.
, gombeza, to forbid
, sahau, to forget.
, samehe, to forgive.
, pata, to get.
, lewa, to get drunk.
, toka, to get out.
, oncloka, to get up. 1
, rudi, to go back.
, oza, to go bad.
, tangulia, to go before.
, pita, to go by.
, shuka, to go, or come daw*,
, saga, to grind.
, linda, to guard.
, thuru, to harm.
, chukia, to hate.
, sikia, to hear.
, sayidia, to help.
t ficha, to hide.
, zuia, to hinder.
tweka, to hoist.
, shika, to hold.
, uma, to hurt.
, unga, to join.
amua, to judge.
ruka, to jump.
piga teke, to kick.
ua, to kill.
chinja, to kill for food.
jua, to know.
cheka, to laugh.
jifunza, to learn.
acha, to leave.
aga, to take leave of.
inua, to lift up.
penda, to like.
sikiliza, to listen.
tazama, to look.
tafuta, to look for.
legeza, to loosen.
potea, to be lost.
penda, to love.
,, shusha, to lawtr.
Kufanya, to make.
,, oa, to marry a wife,
„ pima, to measure.
„ onana, to meet.
,, kuta, to meet with.
«v t> yeyuka, to melt.
,, kosa, to miss.
, , changanya, to mix.
,, amuru, to order.
„ pindua, to overturn.
— ,, wiwa, to owe.
,, uma, to pain*
,, pita, to pass.
„ lipa, to pay.
,, okota, to pick up.
,, weka, to place.
„ pendeza, to please.
^ „ mimina, to pour.
„ sifu, to praise.
,, omba, to pray.
•— f, fanikiwa, to prosper.
,, vuta, to pull.
— „ ng'oa, to pull up.
„ sukuma, to push.
,, tia, to />«/.
„ weka, to put away.
,, vaa, to put on (clothes).
,, toa, to put out.
,, zima, ^<7 ^«/ ow/ a /(f///.
_^ „ gombana, /o quarrel.
,, soma, /<? r^a^/.
,, pokea, to receive.
,, kumbuka, to recollect.
, , kataa, to refuse.
~ „ juta, to njfnrf.
— „ furahi, to rejoice.
,, salia, to remain over.
,, kaa, to remain (in a place).
„ kumbuka, to remember.
,, kumbusha, to remind.
,, pumzika, to r«/.
, , rudi, to return, to go back.
„ rudisha, to return^ to give bask,
,, oka, to natf.
,, oza, to r0/.
-^,, viringa, to fe rottnd.
„ sugua,
VERBS.
Kupiga mbij, to run.
,, kimbia, to run away, toy?«.
,, sema, to jaf.
.. ,, tawanya, to scalier.
^ „ tharau, to .swrtt,.
- „ kuna, to scratch.
,, tafuta, to search for.
„ ona, to jff.
„ peleka, to ««</.
, , shona, to j*w.
— - „ tik;sa, to J^a&r.
„ nyoa, to shave.
„ onyesha, to j/;cra/.
«. „ imba, to «'«£.
,, zama, to «'«£.
,, kaa kitako, to «V abwit.
,, lala, to j/«/.
,, nuka, to smell (n).
— ,, sikitika, to & JWT/.
— „ nena, to J/<M£.
,, tumia, to spend.
„ tnwaga, to spill.
„ pasua, to J//JA
«- „ enea, to spread (n).
„ si mam a, to stand.
,, kaa, to jfoj.
,, piga, to rfn'/fc.
,, tosha, to suffice.
_», toshea, to surprise.
~ ,, zunguka, to surround.
„ fagia, to sweep.
_ „ vimba, to jw^//.
*^* In Swahili a question
an assertion.
Umesikia.
Kutwaa, to /a^if.
„ angalia,
,, vua, to to;>5<r off (clothes}.
,, sema, to talk.
•m ,, onja, to /<wto.
„ fundisha, to feaiv£.
,, tatua, to toar (cloth, etc. ).
^,, rarua, to toar in pieces.
i) ambia, to to//.
,, fikiri, to think, to consider.
,, thani, to think, to suppose.
„ tupa, to throw.
„ funga, to //V.
„ choka, to become tired.
- ,, gusa, to toȣ$.
„ safari, to travel.
„ jaribu, to fry.
„ geuza, to f«r«. (act.).
,, geuka, to f«r« (neut.).
— „ funua, to uncover.
,, fungua, to unfasten, open.
,, tumia, to t/;^.
„ ngoja, to wa«V.
,, tembea, to «>a/£.
,, taka, to want.
,, osha, to wash.
,, futa, to TW^.
""" „ nyima, to withhold.
— ,, taajabu, to wonder.
• „ abudui to worship.
„ andika,
is written in the same form as
Umesikia ?
Translate into Swahili—
I have accepted. Thou wilt accuse. We have agreed. They
[things] will alter. They [people] will annoy. I answered. They
[trees] are bearing fruit The blind man is begging. I believe. The
chiefs have arrived. The simpletons are asking. The hippopotamus
is awaking. We shall bathe. The fleas will bite. The children are
boasting. Fpui children have been bom. The Europeans have
bought. The cook built. You [pi.] bought. The old people called.
14 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
She is taking care. The caravan porters are carrying. The overseer
caught in his hand. The date tree is changed. The medicine men
have cheated. The chief will choose. The herdsmen are clapping
their hands. The child will climb up. The European will conquer.
I am considering. The cook has cooked. They are coughing. The
lid covered. That caravan has crossed over. These children will cry.
The slaves will cultivate. Those sharp knives will cut. The slave
women are dancing. Misfortunes are decreasing. Those bad slaves
are delaying. The slave boys dag. We shall divide. He has done.
Those slaves have drawn water. I have drawn a line. That old man
dreamed. The onion has got dry. The drunkards are fighting. The
arrow entered. The tall trees fell. The six Europeans have got
drunk. The loaf has gone bad. The women slaves are grinding.
The chief went before. You listened. You will cook. I am looking
for. The old man has married a wife. That piece has melted. They
will pay. We picked up. The savage chief prospered. You [sing.]
are pushing. I am reading. The chief refused. The slave regretted.
The caravan porters are resting. That hand is swelling.
THE OBJECTIVE PREFIX.
When the object of the verb is some definite thing, it is
denoted by a prefix inserted after the tense prefix. The
objective prefix is generally the same as the subjective ox
personal prefix. It differs only in the second, and in the
third persons when referring to persons or animated beings.
Me, — ni-. Us, — tu-.
TJice, — ku-. You, — wa-.
Him or her, — m-. TJiem, — wa-.
// (rnti), — u-. Them (mti), — i-.
// (kitu), — ki-. Them (vitu), — vi-.
Ananipenda, Jit likes me.
Anakupcnda, he likts you.
Anampenda, he likes him or her.
Anaupenda, he likes it (the tree).
Anakipenda, he likes it (tkt thing).
Anatupenda, fit likes tu.
Anawapenda, he likes you (pi.).
Anawapenda, he likes them (people).
Anaipenda, he likes them (the trees).
Anavipenda, he likes them (the things).
THE OBJECTIVE PREFIX. 15
Substantives and pronouns have no distinct form for the
accusative or objective case.
Mtu anapiga mtu, a man is beating a man.
When the object of the verb is expressed, and the
objective prefix is also employed, the definite article must
ordinarily be used in the English.
Anapiga mtu, he is beating a man.
Anampiga mtu, he is beating the man.
Anakata inti, he is cutting down a tree.
Anaukata mti, he is cutting down the tree.
When the object of the verb is expressed by a pronoun
the objective prefix must always be used.
Anampiga, he is beating him.
Anampiga yule, he is beating that (man).
Anaukata, he is cutting it down (the tree).
Anaukata ule, he is cutting down that (tree),
-sf/fis denoted by -jU
Najipenda, I love myself.
Utajiuma, you -will hurt yourself.
Amejificha, he has hidden himself.
Translate into Swahili —
This action annoys me. The arrow hit him. Those arrows missed
them. He is carrying six matting bags. Three baobab trees have
fallen. They have brought two bedsteads. They have brought the
two bedsteads. You will leave the bones. I have seen the book.
They have passed the boundaries. Six caravan porters are carrying
the nine burdens. You are unfastening the button. Ten men are
dragging the two large cannons. Six men pushed the canoe. I see
a caravan. You 'saw the two caravans. lie will fasten the chain.
The chief has brought a cfiair. I shall get that chair. The chiefs will
pay me. I met with four children. You have passed the children.
The Europeans have cut down the cocoa-nut trees. The cook has
broken this water-jar. The slave girl has got a beautiful comb. The
herdsman is beating the cook. I want a cook. I have cut the cork.
He has picked up a cup. Those two date trees are bearing fruit. The
door has rotted. The Europeans have killed that idle cook. This
finger is paining me. The ten fishermen are coming back. I have
killed seven Seas. The handle struck the foot. They saw the foreigners.
The guards ran away. They lifted up two hands. We saw the hands.
We passed two hills. The Europeans killed six hippopotamus. The
•Uangers built two huts. The chief burnt down the two huts. The
1 6 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
little interpreter boasted. The interpreter showed me the two large
islands. You have received the knife. The cook is rubbing the lid.
He showed me the line. The foreigner has cut the loaf. I have
broken the looking-glasses. The two masts are broken. I have found
the little mountain. The nurse is feeding the children. The old people
are listening. I have tasted the onions. The overseer is beating tne
slaves. I am looking for a palm-oil tree. The mangouste has bitten
that piece. The slave will bring a pillow. The poles have arrived.
I will pay the caravan porters. The sweet potatoes have gone bad.
They will crush the potsherds. He brought the empty purse. We
tore the rag. I saw six recesses. The slaves loved themselves. The
chief is praising himself. You have tied yourself. The children fed
themselves. They will harm themselves. The simpletons are over-
turning themselves. _ The idle slaves are scratching themselves.
VOWEL ROOTS.
I. The m- prefix, however employed, appears generally
before a vowel root as mw- ; the w is very faint before o and
u, and often seems entirely to disappear.
The u>a- prefix coalesces with an initial e or < into the
sound of we-.
Substantives in M- followed by a vowel, with their
plurals : —
Mwaka, a year, (miaka) Mwenyewe, the owner, (wenyewe)
Mwalimu, a teacher, (waalimu) Mwenzi, a companion, (wenzi)
Mwamba, a rock, (miamba) Mwezi, the moon, or a month.
Mwamuzi, a judge, (waamuzi) (miezi)
Mwana, a son. (waana) Mwiba, a thorn, (miiba)
Mwandishi, a ^vritrr. (waandishi) Mwiko, a spoon, (miiko)
Mwanzo, a beginning, (mianzo) Mwili, the body, (miili)
Mwashi, a mason, (waashi) Mwisho, the end. (miisho)
Mwana mume, a man. ^waana Mwivi, a thief, (wevi)
waume) Mwoga, a coward, (waoga)
Mwanat mke, a -woman, (waana Mwokozi, a saviour, (waokozi)
wake)' Moshi, smoke, (mioshi)
Mwavuli, an umbrella, (miavuli) Moto,yfor. (mioto)
Mwembe, a mango tree, (miembe) Mo} o, the heart, (mioyo)
Adjectives beginning with a vowel : —
Black, — eusi. Gentle, — anana.
Cunning, — erevu. Good, — ema.
Different, — ingine. Having, — enyi.
£asyt — epesi. Light (not dark), — eupe.
VOWEL ROOTS. 17
Light (not heavy), — epesi. Red, — ekundu.
Male, — ume. Slender, — embamba.
Many, much, — ingi. Soft, — ororo.
Narrow, — embamba. White, — eupe.
Other, — ingine.
Translate into Swahili —
I saw four red people. Two black people found a white person.
This line is narrow. I drew a black line. The fire is burning. These
burdens are light. Those black burdens are heavy. A light heart.
Thick [zito] smoke. We shall see the black smoke. We shall leave
two large fires. You have forgotten those hearts. Those years are
short. Two teachers taught me. The white rock has sunk. I have
told the judge. The four judges heard us. You will call the writer.
I heard the bad beginning. Two good beginnings. The two masons
built two huts. This mason used many poles. The Europeans bought
many large umbrellas. They are cutting down those good mango trees.
We have passed the owners. The beautiful moon has sunk. These
months are good, those are bad. Two thorns entered the hand. These
spoons are large [and] beautiful. The thieves ran away. Two cunning
thieves took the canoe. The cowards feared the old man.
II. The ki- and vi- prefixes before a vowel become ch-
and vy-.
Kitu chekundu, a red thing.
Vitu vyekundu, red things.
Chombo kikubwa, a large vessel.
Kitu cheusi kimoja, one black thing.
Vitu vyeusi viwili, two black things.
\ Chombo kidogo kizuri, a beautiful little vessel.
Substantives of the ki- class in which the prefix becomes
th- because followed by a vowel : —
Chakula, food, (vyakula) Chura, a frog, (vyura)
Chambo, a bait, (vyambo^ Chuma, iron, or a piece of iron,
Change, a peg. (vyango) (vyuma)
Chanu, a wooden platter used for Chumba, a chamber, a room.
carrying mortar, (vyanu) (vyumba)
Cheo, measurement, (vyeo) Chungu, an earthen cooking pot.
Cheti, a passport, (vyeti) (vyungu)
Chombo, a vessel, (vyombo) Chuo, a book, (vyuo)
Choo, a wetter-closet, (vyoo) Chusa, a harpoon, (vyusa)
Slaves and others from the interior often incorrectly change
the ki- prefix into chi-, after the analogy of the Yao and
Other inland languages Thus they say chikapo, a basket,
c
1 8 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
for kikapu j chidogo, /////;, for kidogo ; chilezo, a buoy, for
kilezo, and so forth. In correct Swahili ki- never becomes
<:/«'-, but only ch- before a vowel
Translate into Swahili —
Good food. The fisherman has taken the bait. These five black
pegs. I have bought ten large mortar platters. This measurement
is short. I have got two passports. He saw one red vessel. I have
seen six black vessels. Ten cunning frogs. Iron is heavy. These
irons are light. You have brought one red cooking-pot. I shall want
three small black cooking-pots. You will carry that large book. He
is carrying two thick red books. I took the large harpooa.
VOWEL TENSES.
The Indefinite Present is denoted by the prefix -a-> The
Past Perfect is often formed by the prefix -alt-.
Before the vowel the personal prefixes become, «-[!],
zr-Fyou], /z#-[we], mzv-[you], z0-[they], w- or <^-[it], y- or
The a- which is the sign of the third person singular is
absorbed into the -a- of the tense prefix and disappears.
The -a- of the plural prefix wa- disappears in the same
manner.
Nataka, / want. Twataka, -we want.
Wataka, you want. Mwataka, you want.
Ataka, he or she wants. Wataka, they want.
Wataka, it (mti) wants. Yataka, they (miti) want.
Chataka, it (kitu) wants. Vyataka, they (vitu) want.
The prefixes are the same with the past tense in -a//-,
which is used indifferently for the tense in -//-.
Nalitaka or Nilitaka, I wanted.
Translate into Swahili —
The chief wants a large vessel. The large mango tree felL This
knife wants a large handle. The chief loves old men. The masons
want red umbrellas. The trees surround the hut. The bait pleases
him. The slaves hated me. The foreigners feared us. The lid covers
two cooking-pots. They saw the passports. This food pleases. The
books arrived. You ivere born. He boasted. You awoke, The tall
THE POSSESSIVE CASE. 19
trees fell. He shut the door. I love the old man. We hate them.
They saw the four black slaves. The four black slaves saw them. The
hut pleases me.
THE POSSESSIVE CASE.
There is no true Possessive Case in Swahili, it is always
represented by the particle -a, with appropriate initial letters,
answering very closely to the English word of.
The order of the words is the same as when in English
the word of is used.
Mji wa mfalme, the town oftJte chief.
The initial letter is determined by the form of the pre-
ceding word, that is, of the thing possessed, not of the
possessor.
Kiti cha mzee, the chair of the old man.
Mfuko wa mzee, the old man's bag.
Miti ya mzee, the old man's trees.
Visu vya mzee, the old man's knives.
The proper initial letters are, i. After singular nouns in
»/-, w-'y 2. After plural nouns in iva-, w-'} 3. After plural
nouns in mi-, y-\ 4. After singular nouns in ki- [or cA-], ch~\
5. After plural nouns in vi- [or vy-], vy-.
Mtumwa wa mkalimani, the interpreter's slave.
Watumwa wa kipofu, the blind man's slaves.
Mti wa Mzungu, the European's tree.
Miti ya Wazungu, the Europeans' trees.
.Kisu cha kijakazi, the slave girfs knife.
Visu vya walevi, the drunken men's knout.
Translate into Swahili —
I took the European's knife. I shall see the chiefs town. You will
hurt the old man's head. I have found the drunkard's waistcoat. We
have passed the European's well. I see the black smoke of a great fire.
They are burning the deaf man's books. The chiefs slaves took the
fisherman's canoe. The slave's knife struck the stranger's arm. They
have hidden the canoe's mast. The old man's oath. The stranger's
misfortunes. The idle slave's chains. The porters' burdens. "The
cook's door. The nurse's lips. The children's arrows. The blind
man's hut. The mangouste s tail. The mangouste has bitten the
child's hand. The European's shoes.
SWAHILI EXERCISES.
THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
The Possessive Pronouns consist of an invariable part
preceded by the appropriate consonants, which are the same
as those used with the particle -0 (of). The invariable parts
are —
-angu, my. -etu, our.
-ako, thy or your, -enu, your.
-ake, or akwe, his, hers, or its . -ao, their.
The Possessive Pronoun always follows the name of the
thing possessed, and changes its initials according to the
form of the word it follows,
Mtu wake, his man. Mtu wangu, my man.
Watu wake, his people. \Vatu wako, your people.
Mti wake, his tree. Miti yetu, our trees.
Miti yake, his trees. Kisu chenu, your knife.
Kisu chake, his knife. Visu vyao, their knives.
Visu vyake, his knives.
Translate into Swahili —
Our chief has killed your slave. The Europeans have cut down their
date trees. My cocoa-nut tree is bearing fruit. His knife is sharp.
His arrow struck me. Their large vessel has sunk. They liked their
food. Our hut has fallen. Your trees please me. The old man wants
my waistcoat. My head is paining me. My hand is touching the tree.
I see the handle of it. I carried his chain. Your chains are heavy.
You will take our slaves. I shall leave your arrows. Their actions
have pleased us. You [pi.] will hate our chief. Our people hate
foreigners. He has hidden my knife. My man is taking your waist-
coat. Their spears are long. The fisherman's heart is light. The
smoke of their fire is much.
Him and His. — Where something is done to one person
by another which affects one part only or specially, such as
striking, binding, etc., the possessive pronoun is used in
English; but in Swahili the objective prefix denoting the
person is commonly used, followed by the name of the part
affected.
Alinipiga jicho, he struck my eye.
Aliixifunga mikonp, /if (ted mv hands.
THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 91
Translate into Swahili —
I struck his leg. He hit my head. I tied his legs. They hurt my
hands. The mangouste bit his finger. The slaves cut my head. The
knife touched my arm. The slave woman rubbed his feet. She
scratched my hand. The chief unfastened the slave's hands. He has
hurt his own eye. He will tie his own hands.
All, Having, Itself, By Itself.— The words -ote, all,
-enyi or -inyi, having, -enyewe, -self or -selves, take the same
initial letters as those taken by the Possessive Pronouns.
By itself, by myself, by themselves, etc., is expressed by the
word/&&, followed by the appropriate Possessive Pronoun*
Watu wote, all people, or all the people.
Mti wote, all the tree, or the whole tree,
Miti yote, all the trees, or all trees.
Kisu chote, all the knife, or the whole knife»
Visu vyote, all the knives, or all knives.
Mtu mwenyi mali, a man having propeitf.
Watu wenyi mali, people with property.
Mti mwenyi majani, a tree having leaver
Miti yenyi majani, trees having leaves.
Kisu chenyi kipini, a knife with a handle*
Visu vyenyi vipini, knives with handles.
Mimi mwenyewe, / myself.
Sisi wenyewe, we ourselves.
Mtu mwenyewe, the man himself.
Watu wenyewe, people thernseivei.
Mti mwenyewe, the tree itself.
Miti yenyewe, the trees themse&?s.
Kisu chenyewe, the knife itself.
Visu vyenyewe, knives themselvet,
Mtu peke yake, the ma* by himself.
Watu peke yao, people by themselvet.
Mimi peke yangu, I by myself.
Wewe peke yako, you by yourself.
Sisi peke yetu, we by ourselves.
Ninyi peke yenu, you by yourselves.
Kisu peke yake, the knife by itself.
Visu peke yao, the knives by themselves
The word -ote, all, has special forms for the first and
23 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
second persons plural, which are also used in the sense of
together.
Sisi sote, we all, or we together.
Ninyi nyote, you all, or you together.
Twende sote, let us go together.
Wote wawili, both, or the two together,
The word -enyi is used to express the having in any way,
and must sometimes be translated by the use of the relative,
or of the preposition with,
Mtu mwenyi kupenda, a person having loving, i.e. one who loves,
Miti yenyi kuzaa, trees having fruitbearing, i.e. trees which bear fruit,
Kitanda chenyi godoro, a bedstead having a mattress, i.e. a bedstead
•with a mattress,
Peke, with its possessive pronoun, may be translated alone,
or only.
Translate into Swahili —
All slaves. All things. All trees. All slaves having huts. All
things with an end. AH trees by themselves. I saw him by himself.
I saw both these people. I am able by myself to lift this water-jar.
You [pi.] saw us together. They will all run away. They will throw
all the spears. The thieves took all our.turbans. We have found them
[the turbans] all. I saw three shadows, you saw one only. I saw two
baobab trees, you saw them alL I saw the hippopotamus myself. I
saw the mountains themselves. The chiefs with turbans told me. A
mangouste with a tail. A tree with many thorns. I told the six old
men with umbrellas. The chief himself took all the spears with beauti-
ful handles. I stood by myself. We looked together. The spoons
ran away by themselves. The wizard saw them [the spoons] all. The
wizard cheated both the thieves. They all searched. The whole moon
it visible. All the vessels will sink. The books are all large.
THE RELATIVE.
The Relative Pronoun is expressed by a syllable formed
of the letter -o, preceded by the initial consonants proper to
its antecedent. The syllable seldom stands alone except in
connection with the word -ote, all, in the sense of whichsoever.
Mti wo wote, any tree whatever,
Miti yo yote, any trees whatever,
Kitu cho chote, any thing whatever.
Vitu vyo vyote, any things whatever,
Watu wo wote, any people whoever they may bt.
THE RELATIVE. 3$
When referring to a singular substantive denoting a person,
it is most correct to employ^ as the relative syllable, though
in Zanzibar it is very common to use o alone.
Mtu ye yote, any man,
The Relative is commonly joined with a verb. It then
follows the tense prefix. The tenses with which it is ordin-
arily used are the present, with the prefix -na-, the past, with
the prefix -/*"- or -alt-, and the future. The prefix of the
future, when followed by a relative, becomes -taka- instead
of -fa-.
When connected with a verb, -o- is always used instead erf
-wo-.
Mtu anayesimama, the man who is standing*
Watu wanaosimama, the people who are standing.
Mti unaoanguka, the tree which is falling.
Miti inayoanguka, the trees which are falling.
Kitu kinachoanguka, the thing which is falling.
Vitu vinavyoanguka, the things which are falling.
Mtu aliyesimama, the man who stood.
Watu waliosimama, the people who stood.
Mti ulioanguka, the tree which fell.
Miti iliyoanguka, the trees which fell.
Kitu kilichoanguka, the thing which fell.
Vitu vilivyoanguka, the things which fell,
Mtu atakayesimama, the man who will stand.
Watu watakaosimama, the people who will stand,
Mti utakaoanguka, the tree which will fall.
Miti itakayoanguka, the trees which will fall.
Kitu kitakachoanguka, the thing which will fall.
Vitu vitakavyoanguka, the things which will fall.
The Relative forms for the third person are used also for
the first and second, and if an objective prefix is employed
it follows the relative.
Niliyemwona, I who saw him. Tuliomwona, we who saw him.
Uliyemwona, you who saw him. Mliomwona, you who taw him.
Translate into Swahili —
God who sees me. You who worship God. People who worshipped
many gods. A shadow which is passing. Slave women who we c«ny«
24 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
ing water-jars. A man who will throw a spear. A spear which will
strike me. You who will see the spear. His spear which will kill me.
They who know him. They will know the trees which will fall. The
trees which will fall will crush your hut. The slave who brought a
chair. A chair which was broken. He who broke the chair. His
fellow slaves who will beat him. The slave women who will laugh.
The simpletons who will run away. The European who will cross the
river. The European who will sink. The servants who liked sweet
potatoes. The sweet potatoes which are going bad. The vine which
is bearing fruit. I saw the date tree which bore fruit. You will see
the sore which is paining him. The sick people who will wonder.
The xiedicine man who will cure them. The simpletons who will pay
the wizard who has cheated them. The chief who loves his wife. The
chief who loved his children. The cook who cooked my food. The
servant who brought my food. The good food which killed them all.
When the Relative is the object of the verb, the same
forms are used, and the proper objective prefix is added.
Mtu niliyemwona, the man whom I saw,
Mti nilioukata, the tree which I cut dcnvn.
Mikuke niliyoinunua, the spears which I bought,
Kisu nilichokinunua, the knife which I bought,
Translate into Swahili —
The action which you have done. The bedstead which you broke.
The bone which he picked up. The book which they took. The
boundary which you will pass. The burdens which the porters carried.
The chief whom they are killing. The children whom she bore. The
door which I am fastening. The Europeans whom you will see. The
finger which he bit. The foreigner whom they are beating. The hill
which you saw. The hippopotamus which they killed. The hut which
he built. The old person whom they pushed. The onions which you
[pi.] liked. The piece which you [pi.] will receive. The pole which
you will place.
The Relative is much used with interrogatives.
Aliyenipiga nani ? Who struck me ?
Nani aliyekuita ? Who called you ?
The particles -po, -mo, and -ko, are treated as Relatives.
-Po represents when, at which, and where, of a place near at
hand ; -mo denotes within which ; and -ko, whither ; whence \
and where, of a place far off.
THE IMPERATIVE AND StJBjUNCTIVE. $5
Aukapolazama, when he shall look. Tulimokaa, within which wt sat
Ninakotoka, whence I come out.
Translate into Swahili —
When I shall see him. When the foreigner fell. Whither the
European is returning. When the date tree will bear. Where we are
standing. Whence the black men ran away. The chamber in which
he sat down. Where the fishermen overturned our canoe. Where the
chief went by. When the old man sKall get up. Who saw me ? Who
is coming out ?
THE IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE.
The Imperative has only two forms, which are those of
the second person, singular and plural. They consist of the
simple form of the verb in the singular, to which «/"- is added
to form the plural
Penda, lovt, Pendani, love ye,
In Zanzibar the final -a of the verb is almost always changed
into -e.
Pende, love. Pendeni, love ye.
The Subjunctive is formed by changing the final •& into •*,
and prefixing the proper sign of person.
Nipende, that I may love. Tupende, that we may love-.
Upende, that you (thou) may love. Mpende, that you may love.
Apende, that he (or she) may love. Wapende, that they may love.
Upende, that it (mti) may love. Ipende, that they (miti) may love.
Kipende, that it (kitu) may love. Vipende, that they (vitu) may love.
The Subjunctive is* used for the Imperative, and seems to
be a somewhat more polite form.
Vuta, pull. Nitazame, let me look.
Uvute, please to putt. Atazame, let him look.
It is also used with the sense of Am I {Is he, etc.'} to do
this or that ?
Nipite, Am I to pass f Achimbe, Is he to dig?
Niukate, Am I to cut it (mti) down f Tuvuke, Shall we cross over f
In English the purpose with which a thing is done is often
l6 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
expressed by the words to or and. In Swahili the purpose
is always expressed by the Subjunctive.
Call the starts to help you. Waita watumwa wakusayidie.
Go and look for him. Enenda umtafute.
Verbs ending in -e, -;", or -u, do not change their final
letter in the Subjunctive.
Unisamehe, pardon me. Unisadiki, believe mt.
Unijibu, answer me.
Translate into Swahili —
Call the man who beat you, that I may see him. Beat him that he
may fear. I have seen the man whom you killed, am I to bury him ? I
shall accuse him, that I may annoy you. Tell him to answer me. I
beg you to believe me. We have agreed to bathe together. Break
those cooking-pots. Are we to break these knives ? Break [pi.] them
[the knives] all. Take care of these children. Carry [pi.] these loads.
Choose one man to climb up. Cook these sweet potatoes. Collect
those sweet potatoes that I may cook them. Tell him to cover the
cooking-pot. Destroy [pi.] all the huts. We have divided the things
which you ordered us to destroy. What are we to do ? Let the slave
drag the long poles. Let the slave women draw the water. Drive the
blind man away. Let the deaf man stay. He wants you to help him.
He will return to judge the bad men. Pick up the spear which the
drunken chief threw to kill me. I tried to kick him. They came
near to the tree to climb up it. I followed in order to hinder them.
He took off his clothes to bathe. The people ran away that they
might escape. The chief sent two slaves to search for me. I turned
to uncover the cooking-pot. The thief arrived to get the umbrella ;
my two interpreters went back to binder him. We three went down
to guard the hut.
THE KA- TENSES.
The force of the Conjunction and is very often given in
Swahili by the use of a tense formed with -ka-.
With the Imperative, ka- is simply prefixed.
Katupa, and throw away. Karudi, and come back.
With the Subjunctive, -ka- follows the sign of the person.
Wakarudi, and let them come back,
Akaangalie, and let him take care.
THE KA- TENSE. 2f
To express the past tense preceded by ana\ a tense is
formed by the personal prefix followed by -ka-,
Nikaanguka, and I fell down.
Ukaanguka, and you (thou) fell down.
Akaanguka, and he (or she) fell down.
Ukaanguka, and it (v&\) fell down.
Kikaanguka, and it (kitu)/£// down.
Tukaanguka, and we fell down.
Mkaanguka, and you fell down,
Wakaanguka, and they fell down.
Ikaanguka, and they (mid) fell down.
Vikaanguka, and they (vitu) fell down.
In telling a story, the -ka- tense is used almost universally
after the first verb, which is generally in the -li- tense. The
chief exceptions are where a verb is joined with a relative
particle, or used participially.
Alijibu akamwambia, he answered and said to him.
Alirudi akafika hapa, he returned and got as far as this (arrived here).
Translate into Swahili —
And go out [pi.]. And call her. And buy it [pole]. And buy
them [poles]. And drive them away [people]. And let him take it
n<nife]. Go and help him. Answer me and take care. He went
before and arrived. He passed and he returned. He asked me and
I told him. She asked you and you told her. Hear [ye] and answer
me. You [pi.] looked and saw the trees. I looked for the knife and
found it. The slaves found your umbrella which you left and brought
it, and I told them. The owner will come back ; and they said to me,
This man knows him. The foreigners arrived and burnt our town.
The European caught my spear and broke it, and I struck him, and
he said to the men who followed him, Kill that man ; and I ran away
and escaped. He put on his new shoes and they hurt him. I became
tired and my feet swelled. The chief called his men and said to them,
This old man is a wizard, hold him, and bind him. And they bound
him. And the men who guarded him got drunk and slept, and I
unfastened him and he ran away. And the men awoke and said, The
wizard has escaped. And they searched for him. And they met with
me, and they said to me, You remember the man we bound ? And I
said to them, Which man ? And they said to me, That wizard ; he has
run away, our chief will beat us. And I said to them, I will show
you his town, follow me and you will find him ; and I went before and
they all followed. And we met with you and you said to us, Go back,
the old man has cheated you. The child fell down and cried, Ha
28 SWAH1LI EXERCISES.
showed me his sore and I cured it. I turned and looked. I took the
sweet potato and tasted it. They got drunk and quarrelled. He got
up and sang. You [pi.] were sorry and I rejoiced. He waited and
I passed.
THE -KI- TENSE.
The case that something is, or is being done, whether
actual or supposed, is expressed by a tense formed by the
personal prefix and the syllable -ki-. In English this tense
is represented by a great number of forms. Frequently by
the present participle.
Nalimwona akioga, I saw him bathing.
Frequently by if.
Abdallah akija mwambia, If Abdallah comes, tell him,
Frequently by when.
Akirudi nitamwona, when he comes back I shall see him.
Sometimes by since, ox because.
Alciwa mtu mkuu, siwezi neno, since he is a great man, I cam do
nothing.
Any other form in English in which a state of things is
expressed must be translated into Swahili by the use of the
•ki- tense.
Translate into Swahili —
If the tree falls. When the tree falls. Suppose the tree should fall.
Though the tree fall. While the tree is falling. Though I look. If
you look, you will see the black men running away. When the chief
arrives, we will tell him. When the knife cuts his ringer, the child
will cry. When he brings the book, I shall be able to read. If he
brings a book which I know. When I hear you speaking, I will
answer you. I hear them calling you. On arriving, ask [pi.] him.
In going back, take care. If you strike me, take care. Supposing he
should kill you, I will kill all his children. If his wife kills me he will
forgive her. If you love your children, beat them. If you love me,
forgive them. If the deaf man hears you, tell him. When you bring
the blind man we will beat him. Look [pi.] for the thieves ; when you
find them, bring them. When he asks me, you answer him. If I hear
him when he calls, I shall go back. If I see her looking, I shall bide
CONDITIONAL TENSE. 39
the water-jar. When you see the baobab tree, you have arrived there*
I see the caravan porters running away ; they are leaving their burdens ;
the strangers as they find them take them. If we delay we shall
prosper. When I go back, go back all of you. If we go back, let
us go back together. The hut is falling ; if we go out we shall escape.
Though he run, I shall pass him. If the hut is destroyed, build another.
If he makes a canoe, break [pi.] it. If he recollects, we will pay him.
If he brings a spear, we will break it. If the cook cooks good food,
we will praise him. If he destroys good food, I shall beat him.
When she breaks the water-jar, she will fear. While bathing he sank.
The European saw him sinking, and ran away. As he lifted his hand,
the knife fell ; in falling it cut him.
%* The words in italics are not expressed in Swahili.
CONDITIONAL TENSE.
Where something would have happened if something else
had happened, both branches of the contingency are repre-
sented by a tense formed by the prefix -ngali-, preceded by
the proper sign of the person. The condition on which the
contingency would have occurred is often marked by the use
of the word kama, if or as.
Mti ungalianguka, the tree would have fallen.
Kama ningalikuona nfngalikupiga, If I had seen you, I should have
beaten you.
The accent is always placed on the personal prefix, and
never on either syllable of the tense prefix, -ngali-.
Translate into Swahili —
If I had heard him, I should have feared. If the knife had fallen,
it would have cut me. If you had told the chief, he would have killed
them. You would have burnt his hut. You [pi.] would have burnt
their huts. If their canoes had gone back, we should have escaped.
The spear would have passed him. The drunkard would have killed
his child. If she had looked, his wife would have seen him. If he
had taken care, his wife would have come back. I saw him as he
passed, and you said to me, He has made a canoe. And I said to him,
This man says, you have made a canoe, I want to look at it. And
he said to me, If you had asked my slaves, they would have shown yon
my canoe. And I said to him, Show me yourself. And I saw it, and
I wondered. }f you [pi.} had seen it you would have wondere^,
SWAHILI EXERCISES,
THE NEGATIVE TENSES.
In Swahili the negative of the verb is made by the use of
a special set of prefixes, and in one tense by a change in the
termination of the verb.
The negative personal prefixes are —
/_«„/_, Si-. We— not— t Hatu-.
You (than) — not — , Hu-. You — not — , Ham-.
He (or she) — not — , Ha-. They— not — , Hawa-.
// (mti) — not — , Hau-. They (miti) — not — , Hai-.
// (kitu) —not—, llaki-. They (vitu) —not—, Havi-.
These prefixes are used in forming the Negative Present,
Past, Future, and Conditional Tenses, and the Not yd
Tense.
In the Imperative and Subjunctive, and with particles of
Relation, -si- is used in both numbers and with all persons.
Negative Present. — The Negative Present is formed by
changing the final -a of the verb into -/, and prefixing the
negative prefixes.
Sipendi, / do not like. Hatupendi, We do not like.
Hupendi, You (them) do not like. Hampendi, You do not like.
Hapendi, He (or she) does not like. Hawapendi, They do not like.
Haupendi, // (mti) docs not like. Haipendi, 77iey (miti) do not like.
Hakipendi, It (kitu) does not like. Havipendi, They (vitu) do not like.
Verbs which do not end in -a do not change their final
vowel. Is or are not, is expressed by si, for both number?
and all classes of nouns.
Translate into Swahili —
Our chief does not like Europeans. Europeans do not like our medi-
cine men. Idle slaves do not like an overlooker. The river does not
pass those baobab trees. I do not see our men. You [pi.] do not like
me. I do not hate you [pi.]. She is not reading. The canoes are not
sinking. You are not taking care. These are writing, those are not.
I said to him, Which man is it whom you saw ? And he said to me, I
do not see him. He is not teaching my children. The old man docs
not awake. Their children are not crying. Their cocoa-nut trees arc
not bearing. My date tree is bearing, yours are not [your date tree:;
are not bearing] He does not like that harpoon. Those masts arc
THE NEGATIVE TENSES. 3!
falling. His canoe is not sinking. He is not destroying your hut I
do not forget your actions. He does not forgive me. They do not
answer us. You do not believe him. He does not consider. They do
not order you. I do not praise them. I am not going back. He does
not scorn us. You do not suppose. We are not travelling. I do not
wonder. They do not worship God. These slaves are not idle.
Negative Past. — The Negative past is made by the use
of the tense prefix -£#-, preceded by the proper negative
personal signs, see p. 30.
Mimi sikuanguka, I did not fall down.
Mti haukuanguka, the tree did not fall down.
Sisi hatukuanguka, we did not fall down.
Vibanda havikuanguka, the huts did not fall down,
Translate into Swahili —
I did not accept. We did not agree. I did not answer. The chiefs
did not arrive. The Europeans did not buy. The cook did not build.
You [pi.] did not buy. Those women did not draw water. The six
Europeans did not get drunk. The chief did not go before. The old
man did not refuse. The arrow did not hit him. They did not bring
the two bedsteads. The Europeans did not cut down the cocoa-nut
trees. The Europeans did not kill six hippopotamus. The interpreter
did not show me the islands. The strangers did not build huts. I did
not taste the onions. We did not tear the rag. I did not tell the old
man. This mason did not use many poles. The cowards did not fear
the slave woman. The masons did not want red umbrellas. The slave
did not hate her. The books did not arrive. He did not boast. They
did not see the four black slaves.
The -ku- tense is used only of an action that is strictly
and entirely past. Where the meaning is that something
has not been and is not, the present is used.
He has not delayed, hakawii. He has not prospered, hafanikiwi.
He has not got drunk, halewi.
Where the meaning is that something has not happened
as yet, it is expressed by the tense prefix -/«-, preceded by
the proper negative personal prefix.
Hajafika, he has not yet come.
Sijamwona, / have not yet seen him.
Hajaisha (or hajesha), he has net yet finished.
J3 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Tlie word bado is often added. It seems to imply that
the event is one likely to happen, only it has not yet come
to pass.
Sijamwona bado, I have not seen him \but I think I shall}.
Hajasikia bado, he has not heard [but he will}.
Hajafika bado, he has not arrived [though fie is on the way}.
Translate into Swahili —
The foreigner has not yet cut the loaf. The nurse has not yet fed
the children. They have not yet brought the two bedsteads. I have
not yet seen the book. He has not fastened the chain [as yet]. The
chiefs have not paid me [as yet]. They have not yet passed the children.
The date tree has not yet borne. The Europeans have not yet cut down
the cocoa-nut trees. The idle cook has not yet rubbed the lid. The
fishermen have not brought the canoe [as yet].
Negative Future and Conditional. — The Negative
Future is made by merely prefixing the negative personal
signs in place of the ordinary affirmative prefixes.
Nitapenda, I shall love. Atapenda, he will love.
Sitapenda, I shall not love. Hatapenda, he will not love.
Utapenda, you will love. Tutapenda. we shall love.
Hutapenda, you will not love. Hatutapenda, we shall not love.
The Negative Conditional is formed in the same manner
Ningalipenda, I should have loved.
Singalipenda, 1 should not have loved.
Tungalipenda, we should have loved.
Hatungalipenda, we should not have loved.
Ingalianguka, they (trees) would have fallen.
Haingalianguka, they would not have fallen.
Translate into Swahili —
He will not go back. We shall not see him. We should not have
seen him. If you had not arrived he would not have seen us. Our
chief will not like those Europeans. The Europeans would not have
liked our medicine men. Idle slaves would not have liked a sharp over-
looker. You [pi.] will not see our men. Europeans would not have
slept. Black men would not have fled. The canoes would not have
been broken. These cocoa-nut trees would not have borne. They would
not have ordered you. He will not forgive me. We shall not travel.
The old man will not go back. Those simpletons will not answer as.
{ should not have loved him. I should not have told you,
THE NEGATIVE TENSES. 33
Negative Subjunctive. — The Negative Subjunctive is
formed by inserting -si- between the personal sign and the
verb ; in other respects it resembles the subjunctive affirma-
tive. It expresses an intention or desire, the object of which
is that somebody, or something, may not do or be whatever
the verb expresses. It is also used of a purpose which fails,
and is the usual Negative Imperative. The true Negative
Imperative is formed when necessary by prefixing -si to the
affirmative form, but it is only rarely employed.
Asipende, let him not love — that he may not love — without his faring,
though we desired it,
Isianguke, that they [the trees] may not fall.
Translate into Swahili —
Let us not see. Let him not go back. That the chief may not tell
us. Do not look. Do not look [pi.]. Do not tell him. Beat him
that he may not do [it]. Do not speak, that they may not hear [lest
they hear]. Tell them not to look for it [book]. Let us not pass it
[tree]. Hold the child that she may not fall. Hide the books that
they may not read. Tell them not to listen. I will go back that I may
not meet with them. Do not pull [pi.]. Tell the porters not to carry
these two burdens. Do not take my spear. Do not bum my hut.
Do not [pi.] make him a chief. Do not get drunk. Take care the
knife does not cut your finger. Take care not to strike that European.
Do not praise the slave girls. Do not bring the book, I do not know
[how] to read. Do not speak, lest I answer you. If you kill him, do
not kill his children.
Negative with. Relatives. — There is one negative form
which is used with the particles of relation for all tenses.
It is made by inserting -si- between the personal sign and
the sign of relation.
Asiyependa, [/if] who does not, did not, or will not love.
Tusiokupenda, [we] who do not, did not, or will not love you
Tusiyekupenda, [you] whom we do not, etc., love.
Nisiouona, [the tree] which I do not, did not, or shall not see.
Usiyetuambia, [thou\ who didst not, dost not, or wilt not tell us,
For the signs of relation see pp. 22, 23
34 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
The prefixes standing alone express who is, amt or are
not, who was, were, will, or shall not be.
Nisiye, [ /] who am not, etc.
Usiye, [you, thou\ -who are not, etc.
Wasio, \they\ who are not, etc.
Translate into Swahili —
A shadow which is not passing. Slave women who are not carrying
water-jars. A man who will not throw a spear. I saw three men,
whom you did not see. [You] who will not see the spear, will pass the
hut. [They] who do not know him. [I] who did not know him. The
trees which did not fall did not crush your hut. The chair which was
not broken. Simpletons who will not run away. The European who has
not crossed the river. The Europeans who do not cross the river. The
servants who do not like sweet potatoes. The tree which does not bear
fruit. The sick people who do not wonder. The medicine man who
will not cure them all. The simpletons who will not pay the wizard
who has not cheated them. The chief who does not love his wife.
The chief who did not love his children. The cook who did not
cook my food. The good food which did not kill us.
NEGATIVE PARTICIPIAL TENSE.
The Negative of the -ki- tense is expressed by the use
of the negative -si- with the relative particle -po-, when.
Asipopenda, he not loving, or not having loved.
All the English forms expressed in the affirmative by the
-ki- tense may be expressed negatively in Swahili by using
-po as a negative relative, and that for past and future time
as well as the present
If he does not love.
If he has not loved.
Asipopenda { Wfun ^ ^ ^ Of ^ ^ ^^
Since, because, though, etc., he does, did, or will not
love.
The syllable -po- being used strictly as a relative particle,
all the rules given above for the use of relatives with a
negative apply to this case.
THE PASSIVE VOICE, 35
Translate into Swahili —
If he does not love you, I shall not love him. If they do not go out, the
chief will not come in [enter]. If he will not come near himself, bring
him [pi.]. If I do not wait, I shall not get his knife. If the bone is
not broken, the arm will get well. Though the European did not kill
the cook, he will not please the black people. If you do not beat you*
child, he will scorn you.
THE PASSIVE VOICE.
The Passive is formed by inserting -zv- before the final
-a, -f, or -/, of the regular verb. In all other respects it is
the same as the Active.
Napenda, / love, Ninapendwa, / am being loved.
Ninapenda, I am loving. Nimependwa, I have been loved.
Nimependa, I have loved, Nalipendwa, I was loved,
Nalipenda, / loved. Nitapendwa, / shall be loved.
Nitapenda, / shall love. Nipendwe, let me be loved.
Nipende, let me love, Ningalipendwa, I should have been
Ningalipenda, I should have loved. loved.
Nikipenda, if I love. Nikipendwa, if I am loved.
Nikapenda, and I loved. Nikapendwa, and I was loved.
Sipendi I do not love. Sipendwi, I am not loved.
Sikupenda, I did not love. Sikupendwa, / was not loved.
Sitapenda, I shall not love. Sitapendwa, I shall not be loved.
Singalipenda, / should not have Singalipendwa, / should not Aait
loved. been loved.
Nisipende, that I may not love. Nisipendwe, that 1 may not be
Nisiyependa, / who do not love. loved.
Sijapenda, / have not yet loved. Nisiyependwa, / who am not loved,
Napendwa, 1 am loved. Sijapendwa, I am not yet loved.
Verbs ending in -c, -/, and -u, and those ending in -oa.
and -ua, have special passive forms which will be mentioned
hereafter. In the last two cases the cause lies, no doubt, in
the difficulty of distinguishing between -ua and -ttwa, -oa
and -owa. The verbs which do not end in -a are all Arabic
words, and therefore more or less irregular.
By, after a passive verb, is expressed by na.
Nalipigwa na mfalme, I was beaten by the chief,
Translate into Swahili —
I was beaten ; you were not beaten. He will be beaten by * sla T*.
Let them be beaten. That I may not be beaten. The old man will be
30 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
bitten. The spear was brought. The two huts are being built. The
chief is not yet buried. The slave girls are being called. Let the
canoe be taken care of. The Europeans will not be conquered.
The food has been cooked. The town has been entered by the four
foreigners. The door would have been fastened. I am not feared.
The children have not yet been fed. I did not hide the spears ; they
have been hidden by the owners. If I had told him, I should not be
liked by the Europeans. Where has the piece been placed ? The
•wizard is not pleased. You will not be remembered. Your chief will
not be remembered by our children. The looking glass has not yet
been given back. Let the hut be swept by a slave woman. Let not
the children be taught by a European. I was told by his slave. The
spear was thrown by the chief.
ADVERBS.
Adverbs in Swahili follow the words they qualify.
Sema sana, speak loud. Mzuri sana, -very beautiful.
LIST OF ADVERBS.
Above, up, on the top, etc., juu.
After, afterwards, behind, etc.,
baada, baadaye [time} nyuma
{place].
Again, tena.
Altogether, utterly, entirely, quite,
kabisa.
Always, sikuzote.
flefore, in front, etc., mbele.
Below, at the bottom, chini.
Certainly, without a doubt, yakini.
Even, hatta.
Exactly, halisi.
Ear, far off, mbali.
Fast, quickly, upesi.
Formerly, long ago, zamani.
Gently, moderately, slowly, pole-
pole.
Gratis, for nothing, idly, burre.
Immediately, marra.
Inside, within, «V.,ndanL
Lastly, :n\visho.
Merely, only, etc., tu.
More, zayidi.
More than, zayidi ya.
Near, karibu.
Now, sasa.
Now directly, sasa hivi.
Often, marra nyingi.
Otitside, without, etc., 'nje.
Possibly, yamkini.
Presently, afterwards, then, ulii'
mately, halafu.
Quickly, hastily, hima.
Safely, salama.
Suddenly, unexpectedly, ghafala.
Truly, in truth, sincerely, kweli.
Very, sana. Sana is used to in-
tensify any verb or adjective,
and may be very variously trans-
lated into English : —
Vuta sana, pull hard.
Sema sana, speak out.
Penda sana, love much.
Well, properly, thoroughly, vema.
Wonderfully, ajabu.
PREPOSITIONS. 37
Translate into Swahili —
I have bought a very handsome spear. He does not see well. I do
not much like idle slaves. I saw him coming back fast. I should not
have built a very large hut. I looked behind and saw two foreigners.
I heard a man near singing loudly [sana], and I thought, this is a
European, I will run away [flee] fast. The chief is above, [and] the
slaves below. I saw a man looking, and I told you, He sees us now,
and you said to me, He is looking outside ; we are inside. Let us pass
gently that he may not hear us ; possibly we shall escape ; and we passed.
And presently another man came out, and I said, Truly we cannot [kuweza,
to be able] escape ; and you said, He is only a slave, he cannot hinder us ;
and we passed him. I have often remembered those two people ; they
would at once have killed us both, if they had known us. The children
went before in front, the men followed the children, and last followed
the old men.
PREPOSITIONS.
There are in Swahili only four true Prepositions — na, -a,
kwa, and katika.
Na is with, along with, and by of the agent after a passive
verb. See p. 72, na with a pronoun.
-a, of, see p. 19.
Kwa denotes instrumentality and object — with, of an
instrument ; for, by, of means ; to, of a person, or of the
place of his residence ; after the manner of, etc.
Katika is used of place in all its relations, at, in, to, from,
into, and out of; also of an action, during, in, or while.
Other Prepositions are freely made from adverbs, etc., by
the use of na and -a.
Pamoja na, together with. Nyuma ya, after [at the back of},
Karibu na, near [near with], Mbele ya, before [in front of\.
A noun or a verb may be made into an adverb by pre-
fixing kwa-, and then by the addition of -a the whole becomes
a Preposition.
Sababu, cause. Kwa sababu yc, because of.
Kwa sababu, because [by cause}.
The force of the Preposition in English is very generally
contained in Swahili in the verb.
Knniletea, to bring to me, Kumnunulia, to buy for him.
SWAHILI EXERCISES.
COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS.
Above, on the top of, upon, juu ya. For, instead of, in place of, mahalJ
After [of time], baada ya. pa.
After, behind, at the back of, Inside of, -within, ndani ya.
nyuma ya. Near to, karibu na, karibu ya.
Amidst, inthe middle of, kztikztiyo.. Outside of, nje ya.
because, kwa sababu ya. Over, juu ya.
before, in front of, mbele ya. Since, tangu.
Below, beneath, at the bottom of, So far as, up to, till, hatta.
wider, chini ya.
Translate into Swahili —
It [hut] was made of poles. I see a man standing on the canoe. And
he received it [kitu] with [his] two hands. I bought the spear foi an
old rag. He will return from the town. I met with him in the town.
Return [pi.] to your chief. He remained upon the tree. And he came
down from the tree, and he passed till he met with his two fellow slaves
upon another tree. And they arrived at the bottom of the hill. All
the slaves followed behind the chief. And he went before with his
slaves into the island. I went back to my companions, and we saw the
owner in his canoe, and we said to him, come down [shuka] out of your
canoe ; and he answered, Well, and let us follow our chief quickly, we
shall find him in the town. And I said to him, he has not yet arrived
in his town ; and he said to us, he is now arriving.
CONJUNCTIONS.
The verbs in Swahili very frequently express what in
English is denoted by a Conjunction. The -ka- tenses
(p. 26) give the force of and, but, or any other word used
merely as a connective. If, and any other words used to
introduce a statement or a supposition, are expressed by the
•ki- tense (p. 28). In order that, and all other words de-
noting purpose or object, are expressed by the use of the
Subjunctive. Thus a Conjunction is very seldom used in
Swahili immediately before a verb.
LIST OF CONJUNCTIONS.
Also, na [and], tena [again].
Although, kwamba.
And, na. Before a negative, wala is used 'instead of "na,
CONJUNCTIONS. 39
H
And 2, nami. And we, naswi.
And thou, nawe. And you, nanyi.
And lie or she, naye.
^4«</ #, [mti] nao, [kitu] nacho.
And they, [watu] nao, [mitij nayo, [vitu] navyo.
Both — and — , na — na — .
But, lakini {however}, ilia [but ON!}'], illakini [except however],
wallakini [nor however].
Either — or — , ao — ao — , ama — ama — .
Except, ilia.
For, kwani.
However, lakini, beginning the clause.
If, kwamba,
In order that, illi.
Neither — nor — , wala — wala — .
That [how that], kama, kwamba.
Then, baadaye [afterwards], kiisha [this finished].
Till, hatta.
Too, na. / too, etc., see And I, etc.
Whether, kwamba, kama.
Translate into Swahili —
A youth and an old man followed me into the town. But the old
man stood at the door with a spear, and I said to him, When did you
arrive ? where have you got that spear? and he did not answer me, and I
asked him again. Immediately I saw also the youth, and I, I asked
him, Where has this old man got that spear ? And he said to me, Ask
him himself. And I said to him, I have asked him, but he does not
answer me. And he said to me, Perhaps he did not hear you ; speak
loud. And I spoke loud, and the old man said, I [am] a deaf person ;
I hear you speaking only ; forgive me. And I said to him, And you,
forgive me, I did not know. And I asked him again, speaking loud.
And he said to me, I bought it. And I said to him, When ? And the
youth said to me, Either he stole [iba] it, or he picked it op in the
mountains. And the old man said to him, What do you say ? And
the youth said, He heard you, and he, if he had truly bought it, he would
have answered you at once. And I said to him, This [is] an old man,
and possibly he has forgotten. And he said to me, He has not forgotten ;
but we, the people of this town, we know him well ; [he is] a thief this,
since [he was] a child. And I said to him, What has he stolen ? And
he said to me, Many things ; this [man is] a stranger ; he was driven away
out of his town by his chief, till now he is staying in our town ; and we
do not like him, but we have not driven him away, because [he is] a
wizard, and they the people fear him. And I wondered, hearing him,
and I said, I do not believe that this [man is] a wizard ; you [are] all
cowards, and you fear a shadow. And he said to me, I do not fear him,
for I think our medicine men are able to conquer him. And I said to
40 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
the old man, Have you heard us ? And he said to me, I [am] a deaf
man, I only hear you talking ; but do not believe him if he tells you
that I was driven away from my town by our chief. I was not driven
away, and I, I shall go back. If I had been driven away, the people
of this town would not have accepted me that I should stay in their
town. And I said to him, Either you are not a deaf man, or certainly he
has said truly you [are] a wizard. And the old man said to me, I do
not hear. And I turned and went put from the town, and I have not
told [any] man except you ; but I believe that the old man [was] neither
a deaf man, nor a wizard, but a cunning man, who had stolen the
spear, and wished to cheat me; but I too, I know [how] to cheat
people.
OTHER CLASSES OF NOUNS.
The other Classes of Nouns of most importance are those
which do not change, to form the plural, and those which
form their plural by prefixing ma-. The remaining three
are of less importance ; they are those which begin in the
singular with u- or w-, the infinitives of verbs used as sub-
stantives, and the one word mahali, place. As the rules in
regard to these two last are very simple, they may each be
despatched in a single article.
Place, — The formative syllable appropriate to the word
mahali is -/a-, and as it belongs exclusively to this word its
mere presence is enough to show that place is the substantive
referred to, so that the word mahali may often be omitted.
1. Adjectives are made to agree with mahali by prefixing
fa-.
Mahali papana, a broad place.
When followed by -ۥ or -/'-, the -a- coalesces with it into
the sound of •€-.
Mahali peusi, a black place.
For lists of Adjectives see pp. 3, 16, 17.
2. This place and yonder place are formed on the syllable
-pa-: hapa, this place or here ; pale, that place or there.
3. The signs of person and object in connection with
place are both -pa-.
Panipendeza, it pleases int. Napaoia, T see it.
INFINITIVES OF VERBS. 41
4. The initial syllable of the Interrogative and Personal
Pronouns \spa-, varying as mentioned above (i).
Mahali papi ? Which place ? Mahali pangu, my place.
Mahali pangapi? How many Mahali petu, our place or placet,
places?
5. The sign of the possessive case is pa.
Mahali pa Abdallah, Abdallali's place.
6. All is pote- ; having, penyi ; itself, penyewe.
Mahali pote penyi miti, all places with trees.
7. The Relative particle answering to maJiali is -po-. It
often has the sense of where.
Nilipopaona, which I saw.
Translate into Swahili —
I saw the place where the fisherman stood when \-ki- tense] their new
canoe sank. I passed the place itself. I saw a place where there were
[having] many huts. Suleman arrived in your place, and I asked him,
Where did you leave Abdallah ; tell me the place. And he told me the
place in the town, where his elders [old persons] lived before. And I
said to him, I do not know it. And he told me, Where you saw him, in
crossing the river. And I remembered the place, fit was a] beautiful
[one] near the river. And I said to him, now I remember it ; we saw
it together, [it is] a beautiful place. And he said to me, [it is]
beautiful.
INFINITIVES OF VERBS.
Infinitives may always be used in Swahili as verbal sub-
stantives expressing the act of doing or becoming, or the
state of being, what the verb describes.
Kufa, dying or becoming dead. Kupigana, fighting.
Kustirika, being covered.
Adjectives and pronouns are brought into agreement by
the use of the syllable -ku-.
Kufa kuzuri, a noble death.
Kupigana si kwema, fighting is not good.
Kuogopa huku, this fearing.
Kuja kwake kumenipendeza, his coming has pleased me.
Hakukunipendeza kukimbia \sKdaot your running away didnotpleast
me.
Nimekujua kulewa kwako, I know of your getting drunk.
42 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Translate into Swahili —
Accepting. Accusing. Agreeing. Altering. I do not like beating
you. Answering often. Bearing fruit much. Seeing and believing.
Boasting is not good. Boiling quickly. Bringing is not taking. Her
cooking [is] beautiful. Crying will harm you. By [means of] cultivat-
ing. While dancing. By digging deep [sana]. By beautiful dreaming
and bad doing. The idle slave annoys me much by his delaying. They
brought the trees by dragging. He escaped because of fearing. I saw
them while [in] fighting. Forgiving and forgetting.
THE MA- CLASS.
Nouns which make their plural by prefixing ma- have no
prefix in the singular unless the roots are monosyllabic,
when they prefix //-, or begin with a vowel, when they ordi-
narily prefix /-. There are many nouns beginning with ma~
which are seldom or never used in the singular.
LIST OF SUBSTANTIVES OF THE MA- CLASS.
Machukio, abhorrence, disgust
Shauri, mashauri, advice.
Jambo, mambo, affair, thing, cir-
cumstance.
Mapenzi, affection, love.
Maagano, agreement.
Mapatano, agreement.
Koonde, makoonde, a slave's allot-
ment. -
Lozi, malozi, an almond.
Talasknu, matalasimu, an amulet.
Mazumgumzo, amusement, con-
versation.
Tibu, majibu, an answer.
Tao, matao, an arch.
Kwapa, makwapa, the armpit.
lifu, majifu, ashes.
Makusanyiko, assembly, place of
assembly.
Shoka, mashoka, an axe.
Kanda, makanda, a long narrow
matting bag.
Peto, mapeto, a small square
matting bag.
Fungu, mafungu, a bank, a shoal.
Ganda, maganda, bark, rind.
Pipa, mapipa, a barrel.
Bakuli, mabakuli, a basin.
Fakacha, mapakacha, a basket
plaited out of fresh cocoanut leaves.
Ungo, maungo, a flat basket for
sifting.
Tuta, matuta, a raised bed for
planting sweet potatoes.
Tumbo, matumbo, belly, entrails,
•womb.
Lengelenge, malengelenge, a
blister.
Jipu, majipu, a boil.
Chupa, machupa, a bottle [in the
Mombas dialect, tupa, rnatupa].
Kasha, makasha, a large box, a chest.
Tawi, matawi, a branch, a butuk
of fruit.
Gari, magari, a carnage, a cart.
Korosho, makorosho, a cashew nut.
Bibo, mabibo, a cashew apple.
Zizi, mazizi, a cattle pen.
THE MA- CLASS.
Kapi, makapi, chaff.
Kanisa, makanisa, a church.
\Vingu, mawingu, a cloud.
Kuti, makuti, a leaf of the cocoanut
tret.
Dafu, madafu, a cocoanut in the
proper stage for drinking
Makumbi, cocoanut fibre.
Agizo, maagizo, commission^ direc-
tion.
Matumaini, confidence.
Shaka, mashaka, doubt.
Tone, matone, a drop.
Vumbi, mavumbi, dust.
Sikio, masikio, an ear.
Yayi, mayayi, an egg.
J icho, macho, an eye.
Kosa, makosa, a fault.
Konde, makonde, a fat.
Ua, maua, a flower.
Inzi, mainzi, a fly,
Tunda, tnatunda, fruit.
Tawa, matawa, a frying fan.
Tango, matango, a gourd eaten
like cucumber.
Kaburi, makaburi, a grave, a tomb.
Jembe, majembe, a hoe.
Tundu, matundu, a hole.
Gote, magote, the knee.
Fundo, mafundo, a knot.
Maneno, language.
Jani, majani, a leaf.
Soko, masoko, market, bazaar.
Jaravi, majaravi, coarse matting.
Maziwa, milk.
Jina, majina, name.
Shingo, mashingo, the neck.
Kasia, makasia, an oar.
Mafuta, oil.
Chungwa, machungwa, an orange.
Kafi, makafi, a paddle.
Papayi, mapapayi, apapaiu,
Kokoto, makokoto, a small piece of
stone, a pebble.
Manukato, perfumes.
Nanasi, mananasi, a pine apple.
Shimo, mashimo, a pit.
Shamba, mashamba, a plantation,
apiece of ground in the country.
Sufuria, masufuria, a large metal
pot.
Boga, maboga, a pumpkin.
Majuto, regret, repentance.
Tanga, matanga, a sail.
Jiwe, mawe, a stons.
Jifya, mafya, stones to set a pot on
over afire.
Jua, the sun.
Jino, meno, a tooth.
Mumunye, mamumunye, vegetal^
marrow.
Dau, madau, a small vessel sharp
at both ends.
Mashairi, verses.
Maji, -water.
Tikiti, matikiti, a wild water
melon.
Neno, maneno, a word.
Adjectives [Ma- class]. — Adjectives, including the
variable numerals, beginning with a consonant (p. 3) are
made to agree with nouns of the ma- class by omitting all
prefix in the singular, and prefixing ma* in the plural
Sufuria tupu, an empty pot.
Mawe makubwa, large status.
Yayi bovu, a rotten egg.
Maji matamu, sweet water.
Adjectives beginning with a vowel (p. 16) prefix/- to form
the singular, and ma- to form the plural. The -a- of the
prefix ma- coalesces with i or e to form a long e.
44 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Shaori jerevu, cunning advice. Dafu jingine, another cocoanut.
Maganda meusi, black bark. Madafu mengi, many cocoanuts.
Mavazi meupe, white dresses.
Translate into Swahili —
A bad affair. Great affection. Ripe almonds. A sharp answer.
A wide arch. Dry ashes. A heavy axe. Thick barks. A small
barrel. A sound basin. Long raised beds for sweet potatoes. Large
blisters. New boils. Empty bottles. A heavy chest. A sweet cocoa-
nut for drinking. A large drop. Long ears. Rotten eggs. New
faults. Savage flies. Sweet fruits. An empty grave. A small hole.
Fine language. A long leaf. Short leaves. A broad mat. Raw
milk. A beautiful name. A long neck. Heavy oars. Sweet oranges.
Fine perfumes. A large plantation. Beautiful verses.
A soft knee. A narrow hole. Another grave. Many graves
Much [many] water. A red fruit. Long red fruit. Slender flies
Different faults. Black eyes. Light eyes. A red eye. A white egg.
Light dust [pi.]. Many doubts. A small narrow dau. Good con
fidence. Good red bottles. A light basin. A good axe. Good light
axes. Cunning answers. Good almonds. Easy affairs.
Demonstratives [Ma- class]. — The pronominal sylla-
bles answering to substantives of the ma- class are // in the
singular and ya in the plural.
The Demonstratives are made as explained on pp. 5, 6,
and are hili and tile, hay a and yale.
Kasha hili, this chest. Makasha haya, these chests.
Kasha lile, that chest. Makasha yale, those chests.
Translate into Swahili —
This large chest. Those large metal cooking pots. These gourds
[matango]. Those long ears. This small fault. That hole. These
knees. These light drops. Those bitter doubts. This large eye.
These large teeth. This large raw egg. That raw egg. Those bottles.
These commissions. These boils. Those four large barrels. These
dry ashes. These five arches. That answer. These white almonds
This good advice. These new circumstances. That sweet water
These sharp axes. That sharp axe. That barrel. This barrel.
Which ? [Ma- class]. — The Interrogative which 1 is
formed by prefixing the pronominal syllables to the in-
variable -pi.
Jaabo lipi ? Which matttr ? Mambo yapi ? WTiich matters f
THE MA- CLASS. 45
Translate into Swahili —
Which bottles ? Which chest? Which ear? Which eggs? Which
eye? Which fruits? Which hole? Which pit? Which knee? Which
barrels? Which axe? Which oars? Which shoal? Which water?
Which oil ? Which arch ? Which tooth ?
Personal Pronouns [Ma- class]. — The pronominal
syllables may be used alone to represent the present tense
of the verb to be.
Kasha li zito, the chest is heavy.
Makasha ya mazito, the chats are heavy.
The same syllables form the personal prefix to the verb.
See pp. 7, 8, 10.
Dafu limeanguka, the cocoanut has fallen.
Madafu yameanguka, the cocoanuts have fallen.
They are also used as objective prefixes to mark the
object of the verb. See p. 14.
Wapagazi hawakulichukua kasha, the porters did not carry the chest.
Wapagazi hawakuyachukua makasha, the porters did not carry the chests.
Before a vowel the vowels of the prefix disappear. See
pp. 1 6 and 18.
Jicho lataka kuoshwa, the eye wants to be washed.
Macho yataka kuoshwa, the eyes want to be ivasfied.
Translate into Swahili —
I have accepted the advice. These circumstances do not agree. You
will not alter the agreement. The ashes annoy me. The matting bags
[kanda] have arrived. The water is boiling. He has broken the basin.
Bring [pi.] six barrels. Who has built the tomb? Let us break the
axe. Buy ten eggs. Do not break the eggs. Let them take care of
the frying pan. The women will carry the water in water-jars. I like
to chew this sweet bark. They have not cleaned the matting. We
collected the oranges. Our cook will cook the pine-apples. Cover the
metal pot. They have crushed the almonds. Are we to cut the blister?
The milk is decreasing. The slaves tried to defend the cattle pen. Are
we to divide the papaws, or the cashew nuts ? They emptied out the
oil. The chief did not enter the pit. You will find the two pumpkins
at the door. They forgot to bring the oars, they brought only two
paddles. If they had hoisted the sail, they would haTe escaped. If
they had not hoisted the large sail, they would not have sunk. We
are looking for the wild water melons ; have you s«en them ?
46 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Possessive Pronouns and Case [Ma- class]. — The
preposition of is made to agree with ma- nouns by the use
of the initials /- and y-. See p. 19.
The same initials mark the agreement of the Possessive
Pronouns. See p. 1 9.
Kasha la Ali, Alts cJiest, Jina lake, his name.
Kasha langu, my chest. Majina yake, his names.
Makasha ya Ali, AKs chests. Jina lao, their name.
Makasha yangu, my chests. Majina yenu, your names,
Similarly, all is lote in the singular, andjvte in the plural.
Having, etc., is lenyi and yenyt\ itself is lenyewe, and them-
selves, yenyewe. Seep. 21.
All the boxes, makasha yote.
The whole box, kasha lote.
The basin with eggs, bakuli lenyi mayayi.
The basins with eggs, mabakuli yenyi mayayi,
The tooth itself, jino lenyewe.
The teeth themselves, meno yenyewe.
Translate into Swahili —
I took the European's axe. I shall see the chiefs plantation. You
will hurt the old man's eye. I have found the drunkard's paddle. We
have passed the European's grave. I see the white ashes of a great fire.
They are burning the deaf man's pine-apples. The chief's slaves took
the fisherman's paddles. The slave's knee struck the stranger's eye.
They have hidden the canoe's sail. The old man's neck. The stranger's
regret. The idle slave's belly. The porters' agreement. The cook's
metal pot. The nurse's affection. The children's teeth. The blind
man's advice [pi.]. The mangouste's ear. The mangouste has bitten
the child's armpit. The European's answer.
Our chief has destroyed your plantation. The Europeans have cut
their cocoanut leaves. My fruit [is] ripe. His axe [is] sharp. His
arrow struck my neck. They liked their oranges. Our arch has fallen.
Your slave girls took my frying pan. Your vegetable marrows please
me. The old man wants my amulet. My tooth is paining me. My
ajce is touching the tree. I see its hole. I carried his oranges. Your
boil [is] large. You will take our perfumes. I shall leave your carriage.
Their conversation has pleased me. You [pi.] will hate our flies. GUI
people like papaws. He has hidden my milk. Your verses [are] many.
Our milk, your [pi.] water, and their oil. My abhorrence, your affec-
tion, and their regret. Our agreement is not yet ended. My blister is
not your boil.
All affairs. All amusement. The answer itself. The barrels them-
THE MA- CLASS. 47
selves. The barrels with water. The barrel with oiL The raised bed
with sweet potatoes. All boils hurt me. Bring all the basins. The
ear itself. Break all the leaves and bring all the fruit. Language
having faults.
The Relative [Ma- class]. — The Relative particles
answering to the ma- class are lo in the singular, and yo in
the plural. See pp. 22-25, and 33.
Pipa lo lote, any barrel whatever.
Mapipa yo yote, any barrels whatever.
Jino linalouma, the tooth which is aching.
Jino lililouma, the tooth which achtd.
Jino litakalouma, tlu tooth which will ache.
Meno yanayouma, the teeth which are aching.
Meno yaliyouma, the teeth which ached.
Meno yatakayouma, the teeth which will ache.
Sufuria nililolinunua, the pot I bought.
Masufuria niliyoyanunua, the pots I bought.
Translate into Swahili —
The disgust which I feel [see]. The advice which I received. The
circumstances which annoyed me. The agreement which we made, you
and I. The almonds which were picked up. The answer which he
will give [put out]. The arch which is falling. The ashes which he is
scattering. The axe which will cut [down] that tree. The barrels which
the chief's people carried. The basin which I broke. The blister
which pained me. The boil which was visible. The cart which they
are drawing. The church which we are building in the town. The
confidence which the slaves will feel (see). The flies which are annoy-
ing me. The oil which you are pouring. The pit which you dug.
The perfumes which you bought The pine-apples which are being
cooked. The wild water melons which the children are looking for.
The sail which they hoisted.
Negative Tenses [Ma- class]. — The negative prefixes
answering to ma- nouns are kali- in the singular and haya-
in' the plural. In the Negative Subjunctive, the prefixes
become list- and yasi-. See pp. 29-33.
Tone halianguki, the drop does not fall.
Matone hayaanguki, drops do not fall.
Tanga halikushushwa, the sail was not lowered.
Matanga hayakushushwa, the sails were not Icnvtrsd.
Jino halitauma, the tooth will not ache,
Meno hayatauma, the teeth will not ache.
48 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Yayi lisioze, that the egg may net go bad.
Mayayi yasioze, that the eggs may not go bad.
Boga lisilopikwa, the pumpkin -which was not cooked.
Maboga yasiyopikwa, the pumpkins -which were not cooketL
Translate into Swahili —
Our chief does not like these almonds. These circumstances do not
annoy me. This axe does not cut. These amusements do not please
me. His answer does not suffice. The barrel is not sinking. The eye
does not hear. The ear does not see. Pumpkins do not fly. Vege-
table marrows do not cry.
The basin did not arrive. The axe did not hurt me. The amulet
did not harm him. Their amulets did not guard them. The bitter bark
did not cure you.
The affair is not yet finished. The bitter bark has not as yet cured
you. The drop has not yet fallen. The eggs are not yet cooked. The
water has not boiled as yet. The leaf has not yet got dry.
A sharp answer will not drive him away. The pine-apples will not go
bad. These verses will not please him much. Your verses will not
please the chief. Hard language will not kill us. Regret will not pay
me. The sails will not touch the mast.
Let not the eggs go bad. That the oranges may not fall. That the
pumpkins may not be cooked. That the fruit [pi.] may not be crushed.
That the ashes be not taken care o£, [Do] not [let] the eggs fall.
THE N- CLASS.
Substantives which have n- or ny- for a prefix do not
change to form the plural.
Nyumba, a house. Ndoo, a bucket.
Nyumba, houses. Ndoo, buckets.
The letter n cannot, however, stand before any letters
except J, g,j,y, and z. Before b and v it becomes m.
Mbaya stands for nbaya {bad}. Mvua stands for nvua \rain\,
When prefixed to w the two letters become mb.
Mbili stands for nwili [two],
When prefixed to / or r they become /&
Xdimi stands for nlimi [tongues]. Ndefu stands for nrefu [tong]
When n ought to be prefixed to k, p, or t, it is not written,
THE N- CLASS.
49
but the letters get a sort of explosive sound, which may be
heard in such words as —
K'uku, /0rnkuku, a fowl. P'epo,/0r npepo, -winds,
T'aka,_/0rntaka, dirt.
Before vowels the prefix takes the form ny~.
Nyekundu, for nekundu, red.
These rules make it difficult to know what Substantives
ought to be reckoned as belonging to the n- class. The
difficulty is increased by the custom of putting foreign words
into this class, whatever their form.
It is a good general rule for a beginner to reckon as
belonging to this class all nouns as to which he is uncertain
how to class them. He will very often be right, and the
only mistake he can make in the noun is to omit a prefix,
which is better than putting a wrong one, while the forms of
the pronoun are sure to convey his meaning, which other
forms might not.
LIST OF N- SUBSTANTIVES.
Ilesabu, accounts.
Daftari, account book.
Hewa, air.
Sadaka, alms, offering.**
Amerikano, American sheeting.
Nanga, an anchor.
Hasira, anger. —
Pembe, angle, corner.
Nyama, animal, meat, fash.
Chungu, ants. ,
Siafu, brown ants often seen ctoss-
ing the path in great numbers.
Mchwa, white ants. '
Nyani, ape.
Nguvu, authority, strength, /flzwr.
Tufe, a ball.
Farumi, ballast. , .
Ndizi, bananas.
Ng'ambo, the opposite bank.
Boriti, roof beam, pole.
Ndevu, beard.
Kengele, bell.
Jeneza, bier.*-
Damu, blood.
Ndoo, bucket, pail.
Ngao, buckler, shield.
Shughuli, business, engagement. **
Siagi, butter, cream.
Ulayiti, English unbleached calico.
Kaniki, blue calico.
Shiti, printed calico.
Galawa, a canoe.
Kofia, a cap.
Shehena, cargo?"
Zulia, a carpet.
Khalfati, caulking. ^
.^Nasibu, chance, luck, good fortune.
. Sifa, character, praise.
Nathari, choice. —
Saa, clock, -watch, hottr.
Nguo, cotton cloth, a loin cloth,
clothes.
Joho, woollen cloth, an Arab coat.
Garofuu, cb:^s.
50 SWAHIL4 EXERCISES.
Rungu, club. Heshima, honour, respect.
Nazi, a cocoanut [when ripe\ Nyumba, a house. \
Kahawa, coffee. Sanamu, image, likeness, idol,
Rangi, colour, dye, paint. Safari, a journey, voyage.
I lali, condition, state. Furaha, joy.
Sandarusi, copal, or gum animi, Haki, justice, right.
Shaba, copper, brass. ^ Namna, kind, sort, pattern*
Pembe, corner, horn, angle. Ngazi, a ladder.
Pamba, cotton. Taa, a lamp.
Thiraa, a cubit, about half a yard.-~ gheria, law, rule.
Dasturi, custom. Risasi, lead.
Tende, dates. Elimu, learning, doctrine.
Siku, day [in reckoning]. Barua, letter, note, document.
Deni, debt. Nuru, light.
Sitaha, deck. - Chokaa, lime.
Tofauti, difference. «-" Hasara, loss, damage,
Shidda, difficulty, distress, troublef"E.mbQ, a mango.
Aibu, disgrace, reproach. '"' Alama, a mark.
Talaka, divorce. '' Maana, meaning.
Ndoto, dream." Dawa, medicine.
Ngoma, drumt drumming, music, Fetha, money, silver.
dance. Imbu, mosquito.
Inchi [Afombas, nti], earth, land, Sindano, a needle.
country. Habari [pi.], news.
Raha, east, rest, comfort. Sauti, noise, voice, sound.
Bidii, effort, strong attempt. " Pua, the nose.
Njaa [Mombas, ndaa], famine, Hesabu, number.
hunger. Asili, origin, nature, substance.
Hofu,/ear, dread. Karatasi, paper.
Tupa, a file. Amani, peace.
Banderaj^/ffTf, red stuff. "Lulu, a pearl.
Nyama,_/2«/!, meat, animal. Kalamu, open.
Nguvu, force, strength, authority. Nguzo, pillar, column, post.
Fayida, gain, profit, advantage. Sahani, a plate.
Bustani, a garden. Ncha, point, thin end.
Samli, ghee, clarified butter. ^- Sumu, poison.
Zaw adi, a gift, especially a token Thamani, price, value.
remembrance. » Fayida, profit.
Tbahabu, gold. Ahadi, promise.
Njugu, ground nuti. Robo, a quarter.
Bunduki, a gun. Mvua, rain.
Baruti, gunpowder. Dini, religion, -worship.
Nusu, half. Haja,regutst, desire.
Leso, handkerchief. Mali, riches, property, possessions
Afya, health, good health. •'' Dzn,roof, upper floor.
Ngama, the hold of a ship. • Nafasi, room, space, time, fppor'
Auli, honey, syrup. tunity.
ADJECTIVES [N- CLASS].
Kamba, rope.
Kutu, rust.
Parafujo, a scrtw,
Bahari, the sea.
Siri, a secret, secnsy, mystery
Akili, sense, intellect, wits.
Haya, shame, modesty.
Merikebu, a ship.
Dalili, sign, mark, evidence.
Ishara, sign, signal.
Ngozi, skin, hide, leather.
Ndui, small pox.
Sabuni, soap.
Roho, soul, life,
Nyota, a star.
Hali, state, health, circumstances.
Fimbo, a stick.
Meza, a table.
Lami, /ar.
Durubini, a telescope.
Hema, a tent,
Kiu, M/rtf.
Handaki, a trench, a ditch.
Hila, a trick, stratagem, device.
Mboga [pi.], vegetables.
Siki, vinegar.
Njia [Mombas ndia], a/ay, ra*/,
means.
Kabari, a wedge.
Ngano, wheat,
Ajabu, wonder, a wonder.
Kazi, work, employment, function,
Jeraha, a wound.
Dawati, writing desk.
Foramali, a ship's yard.
ADJECTIVES [N- CLASS].
Adjectives agreeing with Substantives of the « class are
formed according to the same rules, and have the plural
the same as the singular.
Adjectives beginning with a vowel [p. 16] prefix ny~.
Nyumba nyekundu, a red house, or red houses.
Alaraa nyekundu, a red mark, or red marks.
Adjectives beginning with a consonant [p. 3], are formed
as follows : —
•zuri, beautiful, fins — nzuri.
•geni, foreign, strange — ngeni.
-gumu, hard — ngumu.
-zito, heavy — nzito.
-dogo, little — ndogo.
-zima, sound, whole, perfect —
nzima.
-refu, long — ndefu.
-baya, bad — mbaya.
-bichi, raw, fresh — mbichi.
-bivu, ripe — mbivu.
bcru, rotten — mboTU.
-tupu, bare empty — tupu.
-chungu, bitter — chungu.
-pana, broad — pana.
-kuu, chief, great — kuu,
-kavu, dry — kavu.
-chache, few — chache.
-kali, fierce, sharp — kali
•kubwa, great — kubwa.
-fupi, short — fupi.
-tamu, sweet — tamu.
-nene, thick — nene.
-kukuu, worn out -— kukuo.
5 a SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Three common adjectives are more or less irregular,
-ema, good, makes njema or ngema.
-pya, new, makes 'mpya.
-wazi, open, makes wazi.
The variable numbers [N- class] are formed as
follows [see p. 4] : —
One, moja. Two, mbili.
Three, tatu. Four, "nne.
Five, tanu. Eight, nane.
Translate into Swahili —
Many great losses. Two ripe mangoes. A black mark. White
wlver. One mosquito. Sharp needles. Good news. A long nose.
Eight letters. Beautiful pearls. A good pen, A thick pillar. Sharp
points. Large prices. Three quarters. A new request. Good roofs.
Much space. Many opportunities. Red rust. Long screws. Little
[few] sense. A plain [open] sign. Large hides. Soft soap. Small
stars. A bad state. A long stick. Broad tables. White tents. A
cunning trick. A short way. Ripe wheat. A fine writing desk.
Heavy anchors. Three corners. Raw flesh. Great [many] authority.
Sweet bananas. A long beard. Black blood. Small buckets. A
large carpet. A good character. Heavy clubs. White paint. Six
cubits. Ten days. A narrow deck. Many dreams. New flags.
Beautiful gardens.
Pronouns [N- class]. — The pronominal syllables answer-
ing to the n class are / in the singular, and zi in the plural
1. These syllables standing alone represent the present
tense of the verb to be.
Nyumba i kubwa, the house is large.
Nyumba zi kubwa, the houses are large,
2. They form the personal and objective prefixes to the
verb.
Nyumba imeanguka, the house has fallen down.
Nyumba zimeanguka, the houses have fallen down*
Nimeinunua nyumba, I have bought the house.
Nimezinunua nyumba, / have bought the houses.
3. Before a vowel they become y- and z.
Fayida yapita kiburi, profit surpasses pride.
Akili zapita mali, understanding [pi.] surpasses property,
Translate into Swahili —
Accounts annoy me. Profit pleases me. They received the offer
POSSESSIVES [N- CLASS]. 53
ings. The anchor is heavy. He struck the corner. The animals
have run away. He is looking for the animals. The ants [siafu] have
bitten us. The white ants have destroyed the account books. The
roof beams are long. I have heard the bell. Four men are carrying
the bier. The blood will remind me. I saw the two empty buckets.
I put on the cap, and it hurt me. And the clock struck. The clothes
want to be fastened. I bought the cloves. And the dream was
finished. Hunger is hurting me. They will hoist the flag. The flag
has been hoisted. I did not get the profit. I have got the loss. We
hear the noise.
Demonstratives [N- class]. — The Demonstratives are
formed from the pronominal syllables as explained at p. 6.
They are hii and tie, hizi and zile.
Nyumba hii, this house. Nyumba hizi, these houses.
Nyumba ile, that house yonder. Nyumba zile, those houses.
The interrogative which ? [N- class] is in the sin-
gular ipi, and in the plural zipi.
Translate into Swahili —
The house [is] large. This garden [is] little. This great wonder.
These two heavy wedges. This sharp vinegar. Yonder signal. Which
signals? Those dry hides. Those beautiful pearls. These sweet
mangoes. This new money. Which needles ? This request. These
lamps. Which lamps ? These. This gunpowder. Those tents. This
country. Which bucket ? This carpet. Those caps. Those houses.
This clock. These clothes.
Possessives [N- class]. — The preposition of is made
to agree with nouns of the n class by using y in the singular
and z in the plural as initial letters.
Nyumba ya Abdallah, AbdallaVs house.
Nyumba za Abdallah, Abdullah's houses.
The same letters are used as the initials for the possessive
pronouns.
Nyumba yake, his house. Nyumba zake, his koustt.
AH, baring, itself, and themselves, are formed in a similar
54 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
manner, becoming yote,yenyi, an¥yewet in the singular —
zote, zenyi, and zenyewe in the plural.
All the house, Nyumba yote.
All the houses, Nyumba zote.
The house with a door, Nyumba yenyi mlango.
Houses with doors, Nyumba zenyi milango.
Translate into Swahili —
I have seen his accounts. Show me your account book. Abdallah's
profits pass mine. I have bought all his bananas. The roof beams
of my house. He cut the old man's beard. The children are ringing
[striking] our two bells. He let down our bucket into your well
Abdallah's spear struck All's shield. Our business [pi.] [is] much.
Mabruki has put on my red cap. My watch [is] good, his [is] bad.
His cloth is torn. Those dates [are] mine. Our good dreams. Your
[pi.] files. Your [pi.] lamps are burning. I did not accept his gold.
I have not yet seen your ground nuts. We do not worship their images.
They saw your [pi.] tents. 1 do not hear their voices. They will not
get their request. He will not tell me his secrets. Do your work.
The medicine man is not able [does not know] to cure their wounds.
I hate all presents. All presents please our chief. A garden with
[having] trees. Tents with flags. All the bananas are [have] gone
bad. All the butter has melted.
The Relative . [N- class]. — The Relative particles
answering to the n class are -yo- in the singular and -zo~
in the plural.
The house which fell, nyumba iliyoanguka.
The houses which fell, nyumba zilizoanguka.
The house which I bought, nyumba niliyoinunua.
77ie house I did not buy, nyumba nisiyoinunua.
See pp. 22, 23, and 33, 34.
Translate into Swahili —
The wound which I cured. The wounds which I did not cure. The
star which followed. You saw the work which they did. The wheat
which will be ground. The wedge which our man put under the door
Avas loosened. The vinegar which did not go bad was spilt. The
trench which he dug in his plantation reached as far as the house which
you bought I saw the signs which I was told to notice [angalia]. His
modesty has left him. Look for the screws we saw yesterday [jana].
The rust which is visible to-day [leo] was visible yesterday. All requests
which the chief shall withhold to-day, I will hear afterwards. The
room which I wanted would have sufficed you. The rain which passed
THE U- CLASS. 55
over our roof got [entered] into the new house which they are building.
The promise which I gave [put out]. The chief knew the trick which
deceived the foreigners. The money which the fisherman received
[was] much [many]. I shall give [put out] a quarter of the price which
the mason wants. The pillars which were crushed [were] all large.
The pearl which the fisherman brought, we have never seen at all
[kabisa].
Negative Tenses [N- class]. — The Negative prefixes
referring to Nouns of the n class are hai- in the singular and
Jiazi- in the plural.
Nyumba yangu haikuanguka, my house did not fall down.
Nyumba zile mbovu hazijaanguka bado, those decayed houses have net
fallen down as yet.
Sindano zetu hazingalivunjika, our needles -would not have been broken.
Translate into Swahili —
All the money would not have been spent. His accounts did not
please me. This profit will not suffice you. This air will not cure you.
Their alms would not have pleased God. The .chiefs anger does not
harm me. The sound of the bell did not annoy me. The roof beams
did not rot. The canoe has not yet sunk. The clock is not striking.
The clocks have not yet struck. The letter does not arrive. Your [pi.]
letters did not arrive. The screw is not entering. The nose does not see.
THE U- CLASS.
Nouns which begin in the singular with u make their
plural by changing u into n.
This rule is, however, subject to many exceptions and
modifications.
1. u- before a vowel becomes w-.
\Vembe, a razor. \Vino, ink*
2. Where the root of the noun begins with a vowel, the
u- of the singular becomes ny- in the plural.
Uimbo, a song. Nyimbo, songs.
3. Where the noun in the singular is a dissyllable, the
u- is retained and ny- prefixed.
Uma, a fork. Nyuma, _/&/&„
4. The letter n changes and is changed as mentioned
above, p. 48.
SWAHILI EXERCISES.
The list of Substantives is not numerous, and many, being
abstract nouns, have no plural. In the following list the
plurals are added when in use.
LIST OF SUBSTANTIVES OF THE U- CLASS
Ukubali, acceptance.
Uzee, old age.
Udevu, a hair of the beard — ndevu,
beard.
Uzuri, beauty.
Uchungu, bitterness.
Upofu, blindness.
Upindi, a bow — pindi.
Upana, breadth.
Ukingo, brink.
Ufagio, a broom — fagia.
Utoto, childhood.
Ukucha, a claw, a nail — kucha.
Ushujaa, courage, heroism.
Ua, a court yard — nyua.
Wokovu, deliverance.
Umande, dew.
Uovu, evil.
Uso, face — nyuso.
Uwongo, falsehood.
Uoga, fear.
Ukali, fierceness.
Ukuni, a piece of firewood — kuni,
firewood.
Unga, flour.
Uayo, foot print — nyayo.
Uma, a fork, sting — nyuma.
Upole, gentleness.
Wema, goodness, kindness.
Wali, cooked grain.
Uji, gruel.
Ufizi, gum of the teeth — fizi.
Unyele, a hair — nyele, the hair.
Ukufi, handful — kufi.
Uwingu, heaven — mbingu.
Uvivn, idleness.
Urithi, inheritance.
Wino, ink.
Upele, large pimplet* itch.
Utl 1_ • * 1L
Ushi, joke.
Ufunguo, a key — funguo.
Ufalme, kingdom, kings/tip.
Utambi, a lamp ivick — tambi.
Ukurasa, leaf of a book — kurasa.
Urefu, length.
Umeme, lightning.
Unyonge, meanness.
\Vavu, a net used in hunting —
nyavu.
Usiku, night.
Upuuzi, nonsense, silly talk.
Uapo, an oath — nyapo.
Ubau, a plank — mbau.
Wingi, plenty.
Upondo, a pole for punting —
pondo.
Ugali, porridge.
Umasikini, poverty.
Uwezo, power, ability.
Ugomvi, a quarrel.
Utulivu, quietness.
Wembe, razor — nyembe.
Ufufuo, resurrection.
Wali, rice [when cooked}.
Usubi, sandfly.
Utumwa, service^ slavery, some-
thing which has to be done.
Usharika, sharing, partnership,
Usafi, shavings of wood, etc.
Werevu, shrewdness.
Ugonjwa, sickness, diseast.
Upande, a side — pande.
Uimbo, a song — nyimbo.
Wengo, the spleen.
Uzi, string, thread — nyuzi.
Ushi, a stringcourse — nyushi.
Utepe, a stripe, a lint — tepe.
Usultani, sultanship.
Upanga, a ,raw<£— panga.
Ukwaju, tamarinds.
THE U- CLASS. 57
Ukoga, tartar on the teeth. Uthaifu, weaknest.
Wasio, testament^ judgment. Utajiri, wealthiness.
Uizi, theft, thievishness, Weupe, whiteness.
Wakati, time, season. Utambi, wick of a lamp — tambi.
Ulimi, the tongue — ndimi. Upepo, wind — pepo.
Uthia, trouble, noise, confusion. Uchawi, witchcraft.
Uwaziri, viziership. Ulimwengu, the world.
Ukuta, a wall — kuta. Ujana, youth.
Upotevu, wastefulness.
Adjectives [U- class]. — Adjectives, including the vari-
able numerals, are made to agree with substantives of the
u class, when in the singular number, by prefixing m-, mu-t
or mw-, as if agreeing with substantives of the class contain-
ing mti, a tree. See pp. 3 and 16.
Wembe mkali, a sharp razor. Uimbo mwema, a good song.
Adjectives are made to agree with substantives of the
u class, when in the plural number, by prefixing n- or ny-t
as if agreeing with substantives of the n class. See p. 51.
Funguo nzito, heavy keys. Nyimbo njema, good songs.
Nyembe kali, sharp razors,
Translate into Swahili —
A great [much] age. A long beard. A long hair of the beard.
Much beauty. A long bow. Long bows. Small brooms. Short
claws. A long nail. A wide courtyard. Much dew. A fine face.
Fine faces. A little piece of firewood. Dry firewood. White flour.
Soft flour. Many footprints. Red hair. A white hair. A thick hair.
Black ink. Small keys. A thick lamp wick. Thick planks. A light
plank. Heavy punting poles. Two red planks. I want two long
punting poles. I have bought five good planks. I heard three songs.
I saw much Sour. I remained one night.
Pronouns [U- «lass]. — The pronominal syllables
answering to the u class, are u in the singular and gi iu
the plural Thus —
Upole u mwema, gentleness is good.
Kuni zi fupi, the firewood pieces are short.
Urithi umepotea, the inheritance is lost.
Panga zimepotea, the swords are lost.
Nimeupata ufalme, I have got the kingdom.
Nimezitwaa funguo, I have taken the keys.
58 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
It will be observed that in the Pronouns as in Adjectives,
the singular forms are the same as those appropriate to
Substantives like mti, a tree, and in the plural they are the
same as those appropriate to plural Substantives of the «
class. Thus —
Of is represented by wa and za.
The Possessive Pronouns are formed by w- and z-.
The Demonstratives are huu and hizi.
The Interrogative which? becomes upil and zipil
Wembe wa Abdallah, AbdallaVs Funguo hizi, these keys.
razor. Usiku upi, which night ?
Nyembe za AH, Alfs razors Fagio zipi, which brooms t
Urefu wake, its length. Unga wote, all flour.
Mbau zake, its planks. Nyapo zote, all oaths.
Wali huu, this {cooked} rice.
The relatives referring to nouns of the u class are wo, or
0 in the singular, and zo in the plural.
Ufunguo uliopotea, the key which is lost.
Funguo zilizopotea, the keys which are lost,
Utambi nilioukata, the wick I cut.
Tambi nilizozikata, the ivicks I cut.
Ubishi wo wote, any joke whatever.
The negative prefixes used before a verb are hau- in the
singular, and hazi- in the plural.
Ubau hautoshi, the plank is not enough.
Mbau hazitoshi, the planks are not enough.
Translate into Swahili —
The bow is broken. The sting hurts. The kingdom is prospering.
1 spilt the ink. The lightning struck a tree, and killed three men.
The leaf of the book was brought, and it was torn. A plank was not
wanted of great [much] length. The boy cut [some] firewood and hurt
his face. They found the wicks and they were very short. The
kingdom was conquered. The footprints are not visible. The fierce-
ness of the chief annoys his people. The child took the keys and
rubbed them. The joke pleased them. A handful of flour will suffice.
The world is evil. This inheritance is not large. I held your sword.
He picked up my razor, and brought it. The court yard was swept.
The broom was lost. The hunting nets were broken, and the animals
escaped. The idleness of the boy surprises me. This razor is sharp,
This plank is short This great kingdom. These songs. That cooked
THE -NI CASE. 59
grain. Those brooms. Which bows? Yonder wide court yard.
Those keys were lost. They have broken all those punting poles.
That beautiful face. This bad flour. This footprint. That sharp
sword.
The nonsense which you are talking. Those swords which I bought.
He bought those forks which I refused. The walls which I built fell.
All night the people danced and made a great [much] noise. I have
picked up the keys which the child rubbed. He begged a handful of
dates, and I refused. I did not like his meanness when they wanted
him to give [toa] (some) cooked grain, which he had cooked. They
would not have brought the flower which I wanted.
The -Ni Case. — All Substantives in Swahili (except the
names of persons and animals) may be put into what may
be called the locative case by suffixing -at. The accent of
the word is shifted by the suffix.
Nyumba becomes nyumbani. Mkunazi becomes mkunazfni.
The locative case expresses merely some relation of a
local character, and may be translated by in, to, at, from,
out of, into, before, by, or any other preposition in English
expressing position. It has very nearly the same effect as
the preposition katika.
It is rarely or never used with a noun followed by an
adjective.
When the substantive is followed by a pronoun, the pro-
noun may take one of three prefixes, mw-, #a-, kw-, and
no other.
Mw- is used where the idea intended is that of locality
within.
Nyumbani mwangu, into or within my house.
Pa- is used where the idea of nearness is intended
Nyumbani pangu, at, by, near, or before my house.
Kw- is used where motion is the principal idea, and in
cases of distant objects, or where the idea is of an indefinite
character. It is the most usual of the three prefixes.
Nyumbani kwangu, to my house.
Kwangu, kwako, etc., are used by themselves to express
60 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
at home, with me, you, etc., in my country, to my mind, and
so forth.
Translate into Swahili —
The man went into the stream [river]. And they followed into his
house. They saw many trees in the garden. He pushed me until we
arrived at our house. You know the date tree before my door. He
slept with his book under his arm [in the arm-pit]. I have not yet
returned to my town. I will wait under the tree in the road. He got
out of the well and arrived [at] the town. He held his bow and his
arrows in his hand. And they ran away, and hid themselves in their
house. When they arrived at the river, the people in the road laughed,
and the donkey feared, kicked, and fell into the river and sank, and
the man and the youth returned to their house.
INDECLINABLE ADJECTIVES.
The jxaucity of regular Adjectives is supplied in part by
the use of words, borrowed chiefly from the Arabic, which
have no prefixes, and therefore cannot vary according to the
forms of their substantives. Such are —
Bora, best, superior, preferable, Hafifu, light, insignificant.
great. Utupu, naked.
Yakini, certain. Halali, lawful.
Rahisi, cheap, easy. Farathi, obligatory, unavoidable.
Safi, clean, pure. Kanuni, indispensable, a necessary
Hodari, clever, able, strong. condition.
Kamili, complete, perfect, even (not Sunne, advisable, recommended.
odd). Lazimu, binding upon, compulsory
Rathi, content. Haramu, forbidden, unlawful.
Sahihi, correct, free from error. Thahiri, manifest, evident, clear.
Fasihi, correct, free from impro- Kadiri, moderate, middling.
priety. Tele, plenty, a good deal of.
Ghali, dear, expensive. Marithawa, plenty, abundant.
Yabis, dry, tolid. Masikini, poor.
Killa, every. Tayari, ready.
Amini, faithful, trustworthy. Salama, safe, not hurt.
Haba,/rtw, too little. Laini, smooth, soft, gentle.
Imara, firm. Thaifu, weak, inferior, good for
fw, not enslaved. nothing.
Killa stands alone in always preceding its substantives.
Killa siku, every day
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES. 6 1
Translate into Swahili —
You are good for nothing. His house is clean. Those eggs are
cheap. His slaves are faithful. Every man carried a sword. The
books are dear. The wood which you bought is smooth. These
children are content with their good food. Those men are not
slaves, they are free. The boxes which they are making are ready.
Their punting poles are complete. Your misfortunes are light. My
work is inferior. Your work is superior. They sent too little lime.
The church which they are building is firm. It is not lawful to kill.
That strong man who is fighting will conquer the weak man. The
bananas in their garden are abundant. The food which they are
refusing is dry. All those people are poor. I found him naked.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES.
Substantives and verbs may be converted into adjectives
by prefixing the variable particle -a.
Mtu wa akili, a sensible man, a man of sense.
Nyumba ya kupendeza, a pleasing house,
Mbau za kutosha, flanks enough.
Adjectives of this kind may be made as they are wanted.
The following are a few of the most useful : —
Ancient, -a kale. Left hand, -a kushoto.
Civilized, -a kiungwana. The other, -a pili.
Cold, -a baridi. Other people 's, -a watu.
Crafty, -a hila. Regular, -a kaida.
Dark (not light), -a giza. Right hand, -a kulia, -a kuumc.
Eternal, -a milele. Round, -a mviringo.
European, -a kizungu. Secret, a siri.
First, former, -a kwanza. Some one else's, -a mwenyewe.
fortunate, -a bahati, -a heri. True, -a kweli.
Hot (of things), -a moto. Uncivilized, -a kishenzi.
Human, -a mwana Adamu. Valuable, -a thamani.
Just, -a haki. Wild, -a mwituni.
The ordinal numbers are formed on the same system.
First, -a kwanza or -a mosL Ninth, -a tisa, -a tissia, -»
Second, -a pili. kenda.
Third, -a tatu. Tenth, -a kumi.
Fourth, -a "nne. Eleventh, -a edashara.
Fifth, -a tatu. Twelfth, -a thenashara.
Sixth, -a sita. Twentieth, -a asharini.
Seventh, -a saba. Hundredth, -a mia.
Eighth, -a nane. Last, -a mwisho.
62 SWAHIU EXERCISES.
Translate into Swahili —
These books [are] ancient. He does not know civilized customs.
After the time of the rains the cold winds begin [anza]. Crafty people
are often deceived. Little work is done [in the] dark days. Very bad
circumstances [are] not eternal. European cloth [is] dear. They burnt
down the first town which they conquered. The fortunate man has
bought a pleasing house. He spilt the hot coffee. A just man is
loved by his slave. Our custom [is] to pass on the left side of the road.
The sensible man refused to remain in the other house. They cooked
his porridge in somebody else's cooking pot. Don't put on other
people's clothes. The right hand wall of the house fell. He himself
built a round hut. The Sultan [Sultani] is considering the secret affairs
of bis kingdom. The uncivilized chief destroyed the valuable book.
Call the second man. Cut down every fourth tree. The ninth house
fell down. I will pay you every tenth day.
ADJECTIVAL VERBS.
A large part of the work of English adjectives is done in
Swahili by verbs, which denote the possessing, or rather
acquiring, the quality. The -me- tense as a rule denotes the
present possessing of the quality, and therefore answers to
the English present with is or are. The relative past tense
with -It- forms a quasi adjective, and the negative relative a
corresponding privative adjective.
Mtungi unajaa, the water-jar is getting full,
Mtungi umejaa, the -water-jar is full.
Mtungi uliojaa, the full -water-jar.
Mtungi usiojaa, t/te not full water-jar.
Kitu kilichopotea, the lost thing.
Kitu kisichopotea, the thing not lost.
Neno lililopendeza, the pleasing word.
Neno lisilopcndeza, the unf leasing -word.
To btconu audible, kusikiliana. To become carved, kunakishiwa.
„ blind, kupofuka. „ cheap, kurahisika.
,, -well boiled, kutokoseka, „ clean, kutakata, kutaka-
„ broken, kuvunjika. sika.
„ bright (by rubbing), ku- „ clear (of the sky), kuU-
katuka. kata.
„ „ (shining), kung- „ ,, (manifest), kuelea.
'ara. ,, comforted, kufarajika.
„ bruised, kuchubuka. „ comfortabh '.kutengenea.
,, catlout, kufaganzi. complete, kutimia.
ADJECTIVAL VERBS.
To become confident, kutumaini.
„ confused, kufathaika.
M crooked, kupotoka.
„ in disorder, kuchafu-
ka.
„ dry, kukauka.
,, enough, kutosha.
„ fat, kunona.
,, fatigued, kuchoka.
,, flexible, kupindana.
„ flourishing, kusitawt.
„ foolish, kupumbazika.
,, full, kujaa.
„ „ (with eating}* ku-
shiba.
M fatt grown, kukomaa,
kupevuka.
heavy to, kulemea.
humble, kunenyekea.
intoxicated, kulewa.
lean, kukonda.
less, kupunguka.
loose, kulegea.
mouldy, kufanya ukun-
Su-
0 more, kuzidi.
,, obligatory upon, kula-
zimu.
„ cpen, kufunuka.
M opposite, kuelekea.
„ paralytic, kupooza.
Translate into Swahili —
The man's voice is audible. The children became blind. The well-
boiled eggs. The broken water-jars. The children's keys are bright.
The moon is brilliant The child's leg is bruised. The knee is callous.
The door is carved. The food became cheap. The spoons will not be
clean. The heavens are clear. Your words are clear. Your soul is
comforted. You are extremely [sana] comfortable. The bow is flexible.
He is confident. You are confused. The rope is crooked. The child is
well. The room is in disorder. The road is dry. The food is enough.
The slaves were fatigued. Our work is flourishing. The overseer was
sober. The trees are stunted. The thread is tangled. His waistcoat
is tight. Abdallah is uncomfortable. The bag is unsewn. He is
useful. The agreement is void. The youth is weak. Majaliwa is
weary with work. The old man is wrinkled. A wrinkled face. The
pearl is useful to me. A stunted tree. I am not at all sorry. A silent
To become patient, kuyumilia, ku-
stahimili.
perfect, kukamilika.
pleasing, kupendeza.
precipitous, kuchongo-
ka.
putrid, kuoza.
quiet, kutulia.
rough, kuparuza.
round, kuviringa.
scorched, or scalded, ku
ungua.
sick, kuugua.
silent, kunyamaza.
sober, kulevuka.
sorry, kusikitika.
spherical, kuviringana.
stunted, kuvia.
tangled, kutatana.
tight, kukazana.
torn, kupasuka.
uncomfortable (of per-
sons), kusumbuka.
unsewn, kufumuka.
useful to, kufaa.
visible, kuonekana.
void, kutanguka.
weak, kuthoofika.
•weary, kuchoka.
ivcll, kupona.
wrinkled, kukunjana.
64 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
slave girl. A scalded child dreads the fire. The world is spherical.
A round box. A rough road. A quiet youth. Putrid meat. A pre-
cipitous rock. The pleasing overseer. The number is perfect. A
paralytic old man. The dhow is opposite to our home. The flower
is open. My hunger has become more. The mouldy loaf. My
hunger has become less. The intoxicated slaves. Humble Europeans.
The load has become heavy to the porter. The bananas are full
grown. The foreigner is becoming foolish.
RELATIVE WITHOUT NOTE OF TIME.
The relative may be connected with a verb without any
tense prefix, which then has something of the nature of an
adjective, or adjectival substantive.
The sign of the person must precede, and the sign of the
relative follow the verb. An objective prefix may be
inserted between the personal prefex and the verb.
Umpendaye, whom you love=your beloved^ or [you] who love him— you
his lover.
Niwezaye, [/] who can.
Warukao, they which fly <— flying things.
Asikiaye, he who hears =• a hearer.
Mpitayo, you who pass=ye passers by.
Kiviringacho, which is rounded^ round.
Translate into Swahili — •
The person you love has come back. The chief you fear has got
well. The fire which burns in my house will cook the meat you bring.
You will get all the food I cook in your cooking pot. The books you
read will not be of use to you. You will find the profit you look for.
The door I open I shall not shut.
NAMES OF ANIMALS.
Names of animals and living things generally are con-
structed with adjectives and pronouns proper to the first class.
Mtu mzuri, a fitte man. Watu wazuri, fine people.
Ng'ombe mzuri, afitie ox. Ng'ombe wazuri, fine oxen.
Kiboko mzuri, a fine hippopota- Viboko wazuri, fine hippopotamus.
mus. Masultani wazuri, fint sultans,
SulUni mzuri, a fine sultan.
NAMES OF ANIMALS. 65
Titles of office, being foreign words, are made plural by
prefixing ma-.
Waziri, a vizier, Mawaziri, viziers.
. List of names of persons, animals, etc. The plural is
added in each case.
I labeshia, Abyssinian, mahabeshia.
Wakili, agent, mawakili.
Nyama, animal, nyama.
Siafu, biting ants, siafu.
Chungu, ants, chungu.
Mchwa, white ants, mchwa.
Nyani, ape, nyani.
Punda, ass, donkey, punda,
Shangazi, aunt, mashangazi.
Kinyozi, barber, vinyozi.
Nyuki, bee, nyuki.
Ndege, bird, ndege.
Kipofu, a blind person, vipofu.
Kijana, boy or girl, vijana.
Ndugu, brother or sister, ndugu.
Nyati, buffalo, nyati.
Fahali, bull, mafahali.
Ngamia, camel, ngamia.
Sermala, carpenter, masermala.
Paka, cat, paka.
Ng'ombe, cattle, cow, ox, ng'ombe.
Taandu, centipede, taandu.
Jumbe, chief, majumbe.
Jogoo, cock, majogoo.
Mende, cockroach, mende.
Jemadari, commander ; majema-
dari.
Suria, concubine, masuria.
Mamba, crocodile, mamba.
Kiziwi, a deaf person, vizivri.
Mbwa, dog, mbwa.
Bata, duck, mabata.
Kibeti, dwarf, vibeti.
Tembo, elephant, tembo.
Adui, enemy, maadui, or adui.
Baba, father, baba.
Samaki,_/z.r/i, samaki.
Kirpboto,_/ftra, viroboto.
lw.\,fiyt mainzi.
_/, hen, kuku.
Rafiki, friend, marafiki.
Chora., frog; vyura.
Paa, gazelle, paa.
Kijakazi, slave girl, vijakazi.
Mbuzi, goat, mbuzi.
Liwali, governor, maliwali.
Bibi, grandmother, mistress, bibi.
Mwewe, hawk, mwewe.
Kiboko, hippopotamus, viboko.
Frasi, horse, frasi.
Banyani, heathen Indian, Mabau-
yani.
Jini, a fin, a spirit, majini.
Kathi, judge, makathi.
Bibi, lady, mistress, bibi
Chui, leopard, chui.
Simba, lion, simba.
Bwana, master, bwana.
Kima, monkey •, kima.
Mama, mother^ mama.
Nguruwe, pig, nguruwe.
Njiwa, pigeon, njiwa.
Kasisi, Christian priest, maka. i^L
Sungura, rabbit, sungura.
Panya, rat, panya,
Kifaru, rhinoceros, vifara.
P.aharia, sailor, baharia.
Nge, scorpion, nge.
Papa, shark, papa.
Kondoo, sheep, kondoo,
Nyoka, snake, nyoka.
Asikari, soldier, asikar
Kobe, tortoise, kobe.
Kasa, turtle, kasa.
Hua, turtle dove, hua.
Dobi, washerman, dobi.
Panda milia. zebra* punda milia.
66 SWAHILI EXERCISES,
Translate into Swahili —
I told the soldiers, and they called the commander. The tall
Abyssinian told the fierce agent. The great elephant was bitten by
ants. The white ants [are] our enemies. The large apes [are] in the
trees. The barber's white donkey kicked my aunt. The bees make
honey. The boys saw a camel, their sister saw two fine birds. The
carpenter was stung by a centipede. I saw the chief; he bought many
cattle, and many cocks and hens, and large ducks. I saw a dog ; he
was bitten by the flies. My friends do not like the cockroaches. The
slave girl has bought a beautiful gazelle. My father bought much fruit
[pi.]; a dwarf his enemy took it. The lady was afraid of the large
frogs ; the master said, The great lion and the fierce leopard are feared,
but people of understanding do not fear a frog. The jin bewitched
[made witchcraft against] the governor ; his mother wanted to kill a
large pig and three pigeons ; the Christian priest told her this (haya)
[was] nonsense. When the sailor was bathing I saw a shark come [it
came] and seize [and it seized] him with its teeth. I bought eight fat
sheep. The cunning snake suddenly took the rabbit. The washerman
bought a donkey, but the soldiers got it ; and [hatta] as they were
taking it away [chukua] a scorpion stung it [on] the foot The good
judge passed [by] and saw the soldiers ; he ordered them to be beaten
by the sailors of our Sultan's vessel.
Short blind men. A foreign deaf man. A large flea. Female
hippopotamus. A whole rhinoceros. A beautiful slave girl. Beauti-
ful youths. Eight jealous deaf people. Six heavy hippopotamus.
Those fleas. These slave girls. That hippopotamus is fierce. The
blind person is dead. Who is this blind person? Your slave girls
took my umbrella. The oxen are fat. The donkeys were full. The
lean ox.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
There are no degrees of comparison in Swahili. The
effect of the Superlative in English is generally given by
the simple use of the adjective, as if in an absolute sense.
Huyu mwema. This (man is the) best.
Yupi mwema ? Which (man is the) best ?
Where the Superlative is joined in English with a definite
article, or a possessive pronoun, the Relative is employed in
Swahili.
The broadest road, Njia iliyo pana.
My sharpest sword, Upanga, u'angu ulif mkall.
TO BE. 67
If it is necessary to employ both the Positive and the
Superlative, the latter may be distinguished by adding sana.
Huyu mwema, lakini aliye mwema sana ni huyu. Thit man is good,
but the best man (the man who is very good) is this.
The Comparative is expressed by the use of kuliko
= where there is.
Huyu mwema kuliko yule. This man is good where that man it, i.e.,
he is the good one (the better) of the two.
Saa hii njema kuliko ile, This watch is better than that.
Translate into Swahili —
Melinda [Malindi] is a more ancient town than Mombas [Mvita].
The language of the people of Mombas is more correct than the language
of Zanzibar [Unguja]. Bad people are worse than animals. Date
trees are more beautiful than cocoa-nut trees. The bitterest medicine.
This woollen cloth is blacker than this, but the blackest is that yonder.
This river is broader than the Rovuma. Js that place cleaner than
this ? My joy is more complete than yours. The overlooker's accounts
are more correct than those of the fisherman. The slaves were more
cunning than the overlooker, and they deceived him. The European
•was more fierce than the mason, and beat all the slaves. The gun-
powder in the barrel is drier than the soap, which is in this box.
This pole is firmer than that which was put into the pit yesterday.
This water-jar is fuller than that. Abdallah's house is larger than mine,
but mine is more beautiful than all the houses which I have seen. This
road is longer than that to your house, but the shortest passes by your
plantation. Which wood ts hardest ? The chief is weaker than the
thieves. A piece of firewood is lighter than a thick plank. These
bananas are redder and more sweet than yours. Our smallest bell is
heavier than their largest. Abdallah bin All's beard is long, but Sule-
man's is the longest [that of Suleman long very].
TO BE.
In Swahili the present tense of the verb to be may be
rendered in eight different ways.
1. By simple omission.
Nyumba hii kubwa, this house is large,
2. By ni for all persons and both numbers.
Bwana wangu ni Sultani, my master it the S
58 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
3. By the sign of the person.
Tu tayari, we an ready.
4, 5, and 6. By the sign of the person followed by the
syllables -ko, -mo, and -po.
Bwana yumo nyumbani, master is inside the house.
Bithaa nyingi ziko kwangu, much merchandise is at my house,
Yupo hapa msimamizi, the overlooker is here.
7. By the sign of the infinitive followed by -na.
Kuna mtu, there is a man.
8. By the syllable -//- inserted between the sign of the
person and a relative particle.
Aliye, (he) who is. Zilizo, (those) which are.
Of these the three most important are : i. By omission,
which is customary wherever the verb to be is used as
a mere connective. 5. By the personal sign followed by
-kot which must be used when being in a place is intended,
and is the usual form where the verb to be stands alone, or
without any substantive or adjective immediately following
it. 8. By -//- with a relative. The other uses will be found
explained in the grammar, but they will be little wanted by
a beginner.
It is unnecessary to give any further exercises on the
first rule.
Translate into Swahili —
The book is on the table. The cook is near. The planks are in the
ship. The fishermen are by the canoe. The canoes are on the water.
The carts are on the road. The oranges are in the basket. Are there
many slaves in your town? There are [they are]. I saw six ships yes-
terday, where are they now ? They are by the island. Are there [are
they] canoes near them ? There are seven canoes very near. Where
is our overlooker? He is at the plantation. Are there slaves with
him? . There are twenty. Who is there? Abdallah is there.
Where is Ali ? He is at the house. The chief is outside.
I who am good. You who are bad. He who is weak. She who is
idle. We who are gentle. You [pi.] who are fierce. A stone which
is large. A house which is small. Dates which are sweet. A man
who is an old man. A chief who is a drunkard. A piece which is
little. A chest which is heavy. Arrows which are sharp. Goods
[merchandise] which are dear.
TO BE, 69
Where locality is part of the idea, the particle ~ko is
added after the relative.
Watu walioko chini, the people who are below.
Translate into Swahili —
The book which is on the table. The planks which are in the ship.
The fishermen who are by the canoe. The canoes which are on the
water. The oranges which are on the trees. The slaves which are in
our town will all run away, when they see the gun which is in your
hand. The ships which are by the island will destroy the town which
is [on] this side of the river. The chief who is in our town. The trees
which are by the road.
The past tense 'was, were, had been, is expressed by
-likuwa, or -alikuwa, with the proper prefix. It is followed
by -ko when being in a place is part of the idea intended.
Nalikuwa, / was, Twalikuwa, we were.
Walikuwa, you were, thou wast. Mwalikuwa, you were.
Alikuwa, he or she was. Walikuwa, Yalikuwa, Zalikuwa,
Walikuwa, Yalikuwa, Chalikuwa, Vyalikuwa, they were.
Lalikuwa, Palikuwa, it was. Aliku wako, he was (there)
Translate into Swahili —
Abdallah was chief; I was a slave. You were a good man. He wa»
a fisherman. They were idle slaves. The Europeans were fierce
people. Those people were all black. The owner was a man of sense,
the others were simpletons.
The black men were in the forest. The European was by the
cannon. The gun was in the house. The house was by the river ;
the river was near the mountain. The mountain was in the island.
The island was in the sea. Many people were in the town, but few
people were outside the houses.
The relative particles are used in the ordinary way with
this past tense, and the particle ko is added when required.
Niliyekuwa(ko), (I) who was.
Uliyekuwa(ko), (you) who were.
Aliyekuwa(ko), (He or she) who was.
Uliokuwa(ko),;Iliyokuwa(ko), Kilichokuwa(ko), Lililokuwa(ko), Pali-
pokuwa(ko), (it) which was.
Tuliokuwa(ko), (we) who were.
Mliokuwa(ko), (you) who were.
Waliokuwa(ko), (they) who were.
Iliyokuwa(ko), Zilizokuwa(ko), Vilivyokuwa(ko), Yaliyokuwafko),
(they) which were.
70 SWAH1LI EXERCISES.
Translate into Swahili —
The chief was in the house ; his people were there far off. The
European was on the top of the rock. The canoe was near. I saw
two men who were at the door of the house near the date tree. The
chief said you were an old man long ago, and I said to him, Were you
a child ? And he said to me, I was a youth. The ships were on the
sea, the men were in the town. The slaves were the European's
servants. I was in the town, and I saw the ancient houses which were
there. I saw many people, they were on the road, but those whom
our companions saw were in the wood, and they -were few. Many
people were with the chief. A few ran away ; those who ran away were
afterwards in our town, and I killed them all. Five large chests were
in my house many days.
The men who were in the town were afraid ; we who were outside ran
away. The chief called the fishermen, who were by the canoe. Did
you see the people who were there ? How many canoes which were
there have sunk? The European cut down all the trees which were
on the plantation. The chief killed all who were our slaves. The
chests which were at my house were broken by the thieves who were
afterwards in your town. The houses which were there have all fallen
down. I bought all the books which were there. He brought the
book which was on my table.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
The only really irregular form in Swahili is the Imperative
of the verb kuja — to come, which makes njoo and njooni =
come, and come ye. Monosyllabic verbs, however, and dis-
syllabic verbs beginning with a vowel, keep the ku- of the
infinitive in many of their tenses, and thus are apparently
irregular. The following table of the tenses of the verb to
come will show the cases in which the ku- is retained.
Najat I come. Nimekuja, I have come.
Ntkaja, and I came. Nalikuja, I came.
Nikijat I coming. Nitakuja, I shall come.
Sij'i, I come not. Nijapokuja, even if I come.
Sikuja, I did not come. Ningekuja, I should come.
Sijaja, I am not yet como Ningalikuja, I should have come.
Nisije, let me not come. Nisijakuja, before I come.
Nije, let me come. Nisipokuja, when I come not.
Nijaye, I who come. Niliyekujay I who came.
Ninakuja, I am coming.
This irregularity depends upon the question of accent, as
IRREGULAR VERBS. 71
the insertion of an objective prefix makes it unnecessary.
Thus—
Arnekula, he has eaten. Amemla, he has eaten htm.
Kupa-=\Q give to, must always have the objective prefix
and therefore is never irregular.
Nimempa, I have given him. Atanipa, he will give me,
List of Monosyllabic Verbs : —
Kucha, to rise (of the sun), to fear. Kula, to eat.
" chwa or twa, to set (of the sun), " nya, to fall like rain, to rain,
to be feared. " nywa or nwa, to drink.
" fa, to die. " pa, to give to.
" ja, to come. " wa, to be, to become.
The passives, kuliwa, to be eaten, kunyewa, to be drunk
up, kupewa, to receive, are regular.
Dissyllable Vowel Verbs : —
Kuanza, to begin. Kuita, to call.
" enda, to go. " iva, to get ripe.
" iba, to steal. " oga, to bathe (pronounced koga)
" imba, to sing. " oka, to bake.
" isha, to finish, to come to an end. " uza, to sell (pronounced kuza).
Translate into Swahili —
The five thieves stole the chests which were at my house. The
merchandise which was in the ship was stolen by the fishermen. The
slave women began to sing. They sang many beautiful songs.
The chief went to bathe in the river. The bananas are not yet ripe;
they are full grown, but they are not sweet. You sold four slaves your-
self. We will bake the bread [mikate], which you will want on the
road. Our money is finished, we cannot buy your pumpkins. The
mangoes will come to an end if you eat them now. Who [is it who]
called me? Who [is it who] is singing? I have not finished yet.
When shall you come to an end ? Do not steal people. Go [pi.] into
the town, and call five people to sing songs at my house. Our people
have eaten all the bananas, we have not sold even one. You will die.
He will come to our home. We shall eat meat. The meat has been
eaten which he received from me [was given by me]. Let us eat and
drink. The night will come and the slaves will eat. We always drink
water only. The sun is setting.
SWA II I LI EXERCISES.
TO HAVE.
The verb to haie is expressed in Swahili by kuwa na =
to be with.
Nina, I have. Hawana, Haina, Hazina, Havina
Una, thou hast, you have. Hayana, they have not.
Ana, he or she has. Nalikuwa na, I had.
Una, Ina, Kina, Lina, Pana, Walikuwa na, you had.
Kuna, it has. Alikuwa na, he or she had.
Tuna, we have. Walikuwa na, Yalikuwa na, Chali
Mna, ye have, you have. kuwa na, Lalikuwa na, Pali
Wana, Ina, Zina, Vina, Yana, kuwa na, Kulikuwa na, it had.
they have. Twalikuwa na, we had.
Sine, I have not. Mwalikuwa na, ye had.
Huna, you have not. Walikuwa na, Yalikuwa na, Zali-
Hana, he or she has not. kuwa na, Vyalikuwa na, they
Hauna, Haina, Hakina, Halina, had.
Hapana, Hakuna, it has not. Nitakuwa na, etc., /, etc., shall
Hatuna, we have not. have.
Hamna, ye have not.
The other tenses are formed in the same manner. Where
an objective prefix would be used with an ordinary verb, the
relative particle is added to the final na (p. 23).
Ninalo, I have it (kasha).
Ninazo, I have- them (nyumba).
Nalikuwa nazo nyumba hizi, / had these houses.
Sikuwa na kisu, kama ningalikuwa nacho ningal imua, / had no knife ;
if I had had one, I should have killed him.
When joined with a relative, the relative particle attaches
itself to the verb kuwa, and so occurs twice.
Kasha nililo nalo, the chest I have, i.e., which I am with it.
Kitu cho chote alicho nacho, anything whatever which he has.
Fetha nilizokuwa nazo, the money I had.
Translate into Swahili —
I wanted to buy all the cocoa-nuts which the chief had, but I find he
had many which I did not get. I have a sword, and [you] you have a
spear and a shield ; what are we to fear ? If a man has money he will
be great. If a man has not money he will not be great. My house is
large, it has not a door. I had not a house formerly, now I have these
three. The thieves stole everything which we had. The old man has
many valuable books. I shall buy all the books the Europeans have.
COMPOUND TENSES. 73
I sold all the books I had myself, except those which you gave me. I
have them now at [my] house. If Abdallah dies, I shall have much
money. I shall have the property which you will give me. If you give
me nothing [if you give me not anything], I shall have nothing. He
tried to kill me and I struck him with a sword I had.
The same form of verb which signifies to have, signifies
also to be, in the sense of to exist. It occurs most commonly
in the words hakuna and hapana — there is not
Kuna mtu, there is somebody.
Hakuna mtu, there is nobody.
Hapana mtu, nobody is there.
Kulikuwa (or Falikuwa) na mtu, there was a man.
Translate into Swahili —
There is nobody in the house. There is nobody who knows how to
conquer him. There is nothing outside. I sought for a knife, but
there is no knife. I saw a sword in his hand ; I looked again, and he
had no sword ; even now there is none. There was somebody, now
there is nobody.
COMPOUND TENSES.
The verb to be is used in Swahili to form compound tenses
in a manner very similar to that in which it is used in
English. The verb to have is not used as an auxiliary in
Swahili.
The present and past participles in English are represented
in Swahili by the ki and me tenses.
Nalikuwa nikitoka, / was going out.
Nalikuwa nimetoka, / was gone out.
The most useful compound tenses are the past imperfect,
the future of a continuing action, and the pluperfect
Nalikuwa nikienda, I was going.
Nitakuwa nikienda, I shall be on my way.
Nalikuwa nimekwenda, I had gone.
Sikuwa nikija, / was not coming.
The verb kuisha or kwisha is veiy commonly used to give
emphasis to a past or perfect tense.
Amekwisha kuja, he has finished to CQTM, he is come already^, he it
certainly come.
74 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Translate into Swahili —
I was not going to the town, but shall go back now. He was eating.
I did not see him, he had passed already. The thief had stolen some
money. Had you read the book ? I had not read it. I was looking
at it. The fishermen were on the sea, they had found a few fishes in
the night. The boys were cultivating their plantation. He had
fastened the door. I had cut their fingers. I shall be cutting down
their date trees. He was eating his food. He has done eating. They
were stealing cocoanuts at my shamba. The slaves were telling me all
the news of the thieves. The overlooker was going, but the slave girls
had run away. I shall be going out from the house. He was entering
at the door. I saw you, you were boxing my slave boy's ears.
DERIVATIVE VERBS.
A verb in Swahili may be made causative, neuter, or
reciprocal, by a change in its termination. Another change
supplies the place of an English preposition. Thus, kuleta
is to bring, but bring to me is not expressed by leta kwa mimi;
the proper expression is niletea ; the -e- inserted before the
final -a takes the place of the preposition to, as it would
equally well that of any other. In the simple form the
thing brought is the object of the verb, in the prepositional
or applied form the person to, for, etc., whom it is brought,
is the object of the verb. Consequently, in the passive, ku-
letwa means to be brought, kuletewa^ to be brought tot Le., to
have brought to one.
Waraka umeletwa, a letter has been brought.
Nimeletewa waraka, / have had a letter brought me.
The vowel inserted before the final -a is -e-y if the vowel
of the verb immediately preceding is -o- or -e-
What are the applied forms of —
Kuomba. Kuoga. Kuleta. Kujenga. Kuseta. Kuponya. Ku-
kokota. Kuota. Kueleza. Kuona. Kutoka. Kuondoka. Kutweka.
Kucheka. Kulegeza. Kukosa. Kuweka. Kusema. Kupeleka.
Kunena. Kungoja. Kuosha. Kuenda.
Translate into Swahili —
He prayed for me. I brought him the book. They built us a wall
I will cure your slave for you. I dreamed about the chief. The old
DERIVATIVE VERBS. 75
man explained to us the sound we had heard. I see evil for you. A
place we shall go out at I rose to him. We hoisted a flag for the
chief. The cook put away much food for the children. I waited
upon him many days. Wash these plates for me. He went by this
road.
The vowel inserted before the final -a is -/- when the
preceding vowel is -a-, -i~, or -u-.
Kufanya, to make, Kufanyia, Co make for , out of, etc.
What are the applied forms of —
Kupiga. Kufika. Kuuliza. Kuamka. Kuuma. Kuvunja Kuita.
Kukamata. Kugeuka. Kupanda. Kukusanya. Kuvuka. Kulima.
Kukata. Kulinda. Kukana. Kuchimba. Kuvuta. Kufukuza. Ku-
mwaga. Kupunguka. Kuisha. Kukunja. Kupata. Kushuka. Ku-
fisha. Kuacha. Kutazama. Kutafuta. Kupima. Kulipa. Kuimba.
Kusikitika. Kusimama. Kutupa. Kufunga. Kufuta.
Translate into Swahili.
I want you to beat this man for me. I shall ask about the cook.
You have broken my knife for me. I do not know what I was called
for. The net which you catch animals with. The caravan porters
turned from me. They climbed up to me. The chief gathered all his
people to them. I do not see the canoe they crossed in. We are cul-
tivating for the chief. Cut me a stick. He denied to the chief the
words he hid from me. I shall not dig for you. Drive the slaves from
us. The fishermen were looking for a ship. He refused to measure
the road for me. The slave women were singing to the overlooker at
your plantation, and [he] he was paying money to them. I am sorry
for you. Throw the spear at him. Fasten the door against them.
The chief was sung to by our people. I was pelted [thrown stones
at] by the youths. I had a plantation left to me. I was pitied
[sikitikiwa.]
Verbs which end in two vowels insert an -/- in making
their applied form.
Kufungua, to ttnfasten.
Kufungulia, to unfasten tot otfor, etc.
Kung'oa, to root up.
Kung'olea, to root up for, with, etc.
What are the applied forms of —
Kusumbua. Kuzaa, Kuchukua. Kuchagua. Kupangua. Knsikia.
Kuzuia. Kuamua. Kulia. Kununua. Kupindua. Kutia. Kuvaa,
76 SWAHILI EXERCISES.
Kutoa. Kupokea. Kukataa. Kukaa. Kusugua. Kukimbia.
Kunyoa. Kupasua. Kutwaa. Kuvua. Kurarua. Kufunua.
Kutembea.
The passives of these applied forms are often used as the
passives of the simple verb.
Kutwaliwa, to be taken away, to have taken from one.
Kisu changu kimetwaliwa, my knife has been taken.
Nimetwaliwa kisu changu, / have had my knife taken from me.
The reason for this use seems to lie in the difficulty of
pronouncing the regular passive form.
Translate into Swahili —
Let us walk about the town. Unfasten the door for us. Uncover
the pot for the cook. I took off my sandals in his honour [for him].
They have taken from me my children. Give me an axe that I may
split the planks with it. Where is the razor I was shaved with?
They want a city for them to flee to it. Rub the table for us. The
kings did not refuse to him his request. The first man received the
money for the second. I have put out the money for you. The trees
have all been pulled up. I have had all my trees pulled up. He was
lifted up. The slave killed the animal for his chief. Unfasten the
door for me.
Verbs in -e make their prepositional form in- ea.
Kusamehe, to forgive. Kusamehea, to forgive to.
Verbs in -/ and -u make their prepositional form in ~ta.
Kukubali, to accept. Kusifu, to praise.
Kukubalia, to accept for, Kusifia, to f raise for.
Verbs ending in au- make their prepositional forms in
-aulia.
Kusahau, to forget.
Kusahaulia, to forget in regard to.
The passive of -these prepositional forms is used as the
passive of the simple verbs.
Kuharibiwa, to be destroyed.
What are the prepositional forms and passives of the
following verbs —
Kubatili. Kushtaki. Kukubali. Kubadili. Kuhubiri. Kujibu.
Kuwasili. Kuhimili. Kusihi. Kusadiki. Kuamini. Kujelidi. Ku-
DERIVATIVE VERBS. 77
hariki. Kukirithi. Kuzabuni. Kutakabathi. Kudiriki. Kuathibu.
Kuhitari. Kutahiri. Kushawishi. Kukaribu. Kufariji. Kuamuru.
Kuhitimu. Kusetiri. Kukiri. Kutumaini. Kulikiri. Kusahihi.
Kuwakifu. Kutamani. Kuhuluku. Kusulibi. Kuvinjari. Kulaani.
Kuthubutu. Kufariki. Kuthalimu. Kufawiti. Kuhini. Kuuzulu.
Kustahili. Kufathili. Kutharau. Kuasi. Kustarehe. Kuhusudu.
Kutanafusi. Kuketi. Kustahimili. Kuhakiki. Kusayili. Kutahidi.
Kufasiri. Kubaini. Kufurahi. Kusitawi. Kutabiri. Kubashiri.
Kusabau. Kukabithi. Kunathiri. Kumiliki. Kuthani. Kuhami.
Kuthuru. Kuauni. Kuarifu. Kuhifathi. Kurudi. Kutuhumu.
Kugharimu. Kufuturu. Kusakifu. Kurissimu. Kuhalifu. Ku-
kabili. Kusamehe. Kusubiri. Kudumu. Kulaabu. Kuabudu.
Kuhutubu. Kuafu. Kukirihi. Kusujudu. Kufidi. Kutubu.
Kusbutumu. Kuhui. Kutilifu. Kukinai. Kufilisi. Kufitini. Ku-
saki. Kudai. Kuruzuku. Kuthamini. Kuhadithi. Kushuhudu,
Kusafiri. Katadariki. Kujeruhi. Kustaajabu.
There are two uses of the applied form which should be
remembered : — «
1. Where something is described as serving a certain pur-
pose, in Swahili the applied form of the verb is used preceded
by the particle -a.
A knife to cut meat with, kisu cha kukatia nyama.
A place to go out at, mahali pa kutokea.
2. The applied form followed by mbali denotes that the
thing is done fully and finally.
Afie mbali, that he may die out of the way,
Katupia mbali, and throw it clean away.
Translate into Swahili —
An axe to split firewood with. A word to answer him with. A stick
to beat a dog with. A wind blew the papers clean away. The men
want poles to build with. I see no man [I do not see a man] to call to.
I have porters to carry for me. I see a place to climb up to. A pot to
cook sweet potatoes in. They cut a mast away. The slaves have hoes
to cultivate with. A rope to draw a cart with. The chief drove his
enemies away altogether. I do not find words to explain my meaning
with. Where is a chain to fasten him with ? The birds flew away.
Give me [some] long nails [msomari] to fasten the planks with. Let us
kill them all out of the way. Push the stone away altogether. A bed-
stead to rest upon. Bring water to wash the plates with. I have a cloth
to wipe them with afterwards.
; " SWAHILI EXERCISES.
RECIPROCAL VERBS.
Verbi are made reciprocal by changing the final -a into
•ana,
Kupenda, to lave. Kupendana, to love one another.
Verbs ending in e-t *-, or -u make their reciprocal upon
their applied forms.
Kuharibu, to destroy. Kuharibiana, to destroy one another.
What are the reciprocal forms denoting —
To accuse one another. To answer one another. To annoy one
another. To call one another. To cheat one another. To cure one
another. To defend one another. To fear one another. To feed
one another. To find one another. To forgive one another. To hate
one another. To help one another. To take leave of one another.
To meet with one another. To please one another. To praise one
another. To scorn one another. To teach one another. To tell one
another.
\
NEUTER VERBS.
A Neuter Verb, with a signification approaching that of
the passive, is formed by changing the final -a into -ka.
Kufungua, to unfasten. Kufunguka, to be unfastened.
Where the final -a is preceded by a consonant, or the
verb ends in -e, -i, or -u, the neuter is made from the applied
form.
Kuvunja, to break. Kukatika, to part, come in two.
Kuvunjika, to be broken. Kuharibu, to destroy.
Kukata, to cut. Kuharibika, to be destroyed.
Verbs ending in -sha change -sha into -ka to form the
neuter.
Kustusha, to startle. Kustuka, t« it startled, to start.
What are the neuter forms answering to —
To be wiped. To be washed. To be used. To be uncovered. To
be torn. To be split To be spilt To be shaken. To be sewn. To
be searched for. To be scorned. To be scattered. To be pulled.
DERIVATIVE VERBS. 79
To be lifted up. To be lowered. To be passed. To be ground. To
be forgotten. To be folded. To be bought. To be accepted. To be
annoyed.
CAUSATIVE VERBS.
Verbs are made causative by changing their final syllable
to -za or -ska.
Kupunguza, to make lest. Kupasha, to make, to give.
Verbs ending in -ka change -ka into -sha.
Kushuka, to go down, Kushusha, to make to go down.
Verbs ending in -fa change -fa into -sa. «]
Kufuata, to follow. Kufuasa, to make to follow.
Verbs ending in -a preceded by a consonant, and verbs
ending in -e, -i, or -u, make their causatives on their applied
forms.
Kupenda, to love. Kupendeza, to please.
Kuharibu, to destroy. Kuharibisha, to make to destroy.
Kuzidi, to become greater. Kuzidisha, to make greater.
It is not easy to know when to use -za and when -sha.
The first refers rather to causing an action, the other to
causing a state. In the following lists the verbs in the first
paragraph use -za, those in the second -sha. The third
paragraph contains those which follow the previous rules.
What are the causative forms of —
1. Kuchukia. Kujaa. Kuzoea. Kufanya. Kuingia. Kugomba.
Kukwea. Kushangaa. Kutulia. Kuchukua. Kugeua. Kuelea.
Kuokoa. Kukataa. Kukimbia. Kulekea. Kutimia. Kupenya.
Kuregea. Kukua. Kupoa. Kusikilia. Kupotea. Kujongea. Ku-
sogea. Kulipa. Kutegemea. Kuenea. Kukwaa. Kulia.
2. Kuweza. Kujumla. Kubadili. Kukaribu. Kupanda. Kupofua
Kuvuma. Kukosa. Kusumbua. Kupatana. Kukoma. Kukutana,
Kulingana. Kusulibi. Kufurahi. Kupigana. Kushiba. Kukopo,
Kurudi. Kuinama. Kukwama. Kuziba. Kuthubutu. Kutatana.
Kuwasili. Kustarehe. Kuthani. Kusafiri. Kutaajabu.
3. Kuepuka. Kuteta. Kutaabika. Kuondoka. Kuamka. Kupo-
8o SWAHILI EXERCISES.
fuka. Kuchemka. Kutakata. Kuvuka. Kuokota. Kucheka. Kj
kauka. Kuanguka. Kukumbuka. Kuwaka. Kuruka. Kunyoka.
Kutikita. Kufingirika. Kutota. Kukasirika. Kuzunguka.
Translate into Swahili —
Our work is done. We can now write Swahili like a man who was
horn in Zanzibar. The people will wonder at us. If a man asks us a
we know words which are correct to answer him with.
SWAHILI EXERCISES.
KEY.
PLURAL OF SUBSTANTIVES.
(page i)
Vitendo. Mishale. Vikapo. Mibuyu. Vitanda. Vi-
bofu. Vipofu. Mifupa. Vitabu. Mipaka. Mizigo.
Vifungo. Mizinga. Mitumbwi. Misafara. Mikufu. Viti
Wafalme. Watoto. Videvu. Minazi. Mibuni. Vitana.
Wapishi. Vizibo. Vikombe. Mitende. ViziwL Mila-
ngo. Walevi. Wazungu. Vidole. Wavuvi. Viroboto.
Miguu. Vivuko. Wageni. Michezo. Walinzi. Mikono.
Vipini. Vitwa. Wachunga. Vilima. Viboko. Vibanda.
Wakalimani Visiwa. Visu. Vifuniko. Mistari. Midorao.
Wajusi. Mikate. Vioo. Vitanzi. Wachiro. Milingote.
Waganga. Misiba. Vinu. Milima. Vinwa. Walezi.
Viapo. Wazee. Vitunguu. Wasimamizi. Michikichi.
Vipande. Mito. Vipele. MitL WapagazL Viazi
Vigai. Vifuko. Vitambaa. Vidaka. Vifaru. Mito.
Watoro. Mitai. Watumishi. VivulL Viatu. Wago-
njwa. Wajinga. Watumwa. Watwana. VijakazL Waja-
kazi. WajolL Mikeka. Vidonda. Mikuke. Mitambo.
Mikia, Vijiko. Viko. Miji. Mitego. Vilemba, Miza-
bibu. Visibau. Mitungi Visima. Mijeledi. Wake,
i Vijan^
a
S3 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES.
(page 4)
Kitendo kibaya. Mshale mrefu. Vikapo vitupu. Mibu-
yu minene. Kitanda kipana. Mfupa mgumu. Kitabu
kikukuu. Mizigo mizito. Kifungo kizurl Mizinga
mikubwa. Mtumbwi mfupi. Misafara migeni. Mkufu
mnene. Kiti kipya. Wafalme wakuu. Mtoto mzuri. Vide-
vu virefu. Mbuni mzuri. Vitana vidogo. Mpishi mvivu.
Vizibo vigumu. Kikombe kitupu. Mitende mifupl Mi-
lango mipana, Mlevi mkali. Wazungu wake. Kidole
kinene. Wavuvi wawivu. Miguu mitupu. Kivuko kipana.
Wageni wavivu. Mchezo mzuri. Walinzi wakali. Mkono
mzima. Vipini virefu. Kitwa kikavu. Wachunga wabaya
Kilima kikubwa. Kibanda kikavu. Mkalimani mbaya.
Visiwa vikubwa. Kisu kikalL Vifuniko vizito. Mstari
mrefu. Midomo mikavu. Wajusi wakubwa. Mkate
mtamu. Vioo vipya. Kitanzi kirefu. Wachiro wake.
Mlingote mfupi. Mganga mgeni. Misiba mizito. Kinu
kipya. Milima mikubwa. Vinwa vipana. Walezi wawivu.
Kiapo kichungu. Wazee wazuri. Kitunguu kibovu. Wasi-
mamizi wakali. Michikichi midogo. Vipande vifupi.
Mto mgumu. Miti mirefu. Mpagazi mvivu. Viazi vibichi.
Kigai kikalL Vifuko vitupu. Kitambaa kikukuu. Vidaka
vipana. Wajinga wagenl Mtumwa mpya. Wajakazi wa-
vivu. Watwana wabaya. Mjoli mwivu. Vidonda viwazi.
Mkuke mzito. Mito mipana. Kiatu kipya. Watumishi
wabaya. Kivuli kirefu. Mikeka mikukuu. Kijiko kidogo.
Mikia mirefu. Kiko kifupi. Miji mikubwa. Mtego mtupu.
Vilemba vizuri. Mzabibu mzuri. Visibau virefu. Mtungi
mtupu. Mijeledi mizito. Mke mwivu. Viazi vikubwa
vibichi. Mizigo mingapi? Vibanda vingapi? Mikate
mingapi? Wapishi wangapi ? Milima mingapi ? Wajinga
wangapi? Miji mingapi? Vipande vingapi? Mitungi
mingapi ? Visu vingapi ?
SWAH1LI EXERCISES : KEY
NUMBERS.
Mtu mmoja. Kilemba kimoja. Kisu kimoja. Mti
mmoja. Kifuko kimoja. Mtumwa mmoja. Mto mmoja.
Mtungi mmoja. Mizigo mi will. Vifungo vitatu. Mizinga
minne. Mitumbwi mitano. Misafara sita. Mikufu saba.
Vita vinane. Wafalme kenda. Watoto kumi. Mnazi
mdogo mmoja. Mibuni mikubwa miwill Vitana virefu
vitatu. Wapishi wavivu wanne. Vizibo vibaya vitano.
Vikombe vidogo sita. Mitende mikubwa saba. Milango
mipana tissa. Wazungu wafupi kuml Kidole kinene ki-
moja, Miguu mipana mitatu. Vipini virefu vinne. Vilima
vikubwa vitano. Vibanda vipya saba. Wakalimani wabaya
wanane. Visu vikali kenda. Mistari mirefu kumL Mchiro
mkali mmoja.
THIS AND THAT.
(page 6)
Kitendo kizuri hiki. Mishale mirefu ile. Mbuyu mnene
huu. Vitanda vile. Kibofu hiki. Mifupa migumu hiL Ki-
tabu kikubwa hiki. Mpaka huu. Mizigo mizito ile. Vifu-
ngo hizi. Mizinga mikubwa ile. Msafara huu. Mikufu hiL
Kiti kile. Wafalme wale. Watoto hawa. Mnazi huu.
Mbuni ule. Vitana hivL Mpishi huyu. Kizibo hiki. Ki-
kombe kile. Mtende ule. Milango hii. Mlevi huyu.
Wazungu hawa. Kidole hiki. Wavuviwale. Miguu ile. M-
guu huu. Kivuko hiki. Mgeni huyu. Michezo hit Walinzi
hawa. Mikono hii. Vipini hivi. Mchunga yule. Kilima ki-
dogo hiki. Vibanda vidogo vile. Wakalimani wale. Visiwa
tikubwa vile. Kisu kirefu kile. Kifuniko hiki. Mistarl
minene hii. Midomo minene hiL Wajusi wazuri wale.
Mikate mitamu ile. Mlingote mrefu ule, Mlima mkubwa
ule. Wazee hawa. Vitunguu vibichi vile. Kipele hiki.
Mti ule. Wapagazi wavivu wale. Viazi vidogo hivi. Ki-
gai kikali kile. Vitambaa vikukuu vile. Mjinga yule
84 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
Watumwa wavivu hawa. Mkuke mzito mfupi ule. Kiatu
kikukuu kile. Watumishi wale. Mikeka mipya ile. Kiko
hiki. Mitego hii. Vilemba vizuri vile. Visibau vizuri
hivi. Mitungi mipya hii. Kisima hiki. Wachawi hawa.
(page 7)
VVatu hawa wakali. Milima hii mikubwa. Watumwa
hawa wavivu. Miti ile midogo. Mtu yule mfupl Mkukc
huu mzito. Wazungu hawa wawivu.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
(page 7)
Mimi mkali. Wewe mfupi. Yeye mkubwa. Wao wa-
dogo. Sisi wazito. Ninyi wakavu. Hivi (or vile) vipya.
Hiki (or kile) kikukuu. Hivi (or vile) vikukuu. Huu (or
uie) mnene. Wao wavivu. Kivi (or vile) vibivu. Yeye
mdogo. Yeye mkali. Yeye mgeni. Mimi mwivu. Ninyi
wawivu. Wao wazuri. Huu (or ule) mtupu. Yeye mfupi
Wewe mkubwa. Ninyi wakubwa,
(page 8)
Mti huu u mdogo. Mtende ule u mfupi. Mzee huyu yu
mkuu. Tu wakavu. Miti ile i mirefu. Mtu mdogo yule
yu mkali Kisu kile ki kikali. U mvivu. Yu mvivu. Yu
mdogo. Yu mzuri. Yu mfupi. Ki kizito. Ki kirefu. Ki
kibichi. Vi vibivu. Wa wazuri. U mfupi. Ki kikukuu.
Vi vikukuu. Vi vipya. Vi vipya, I mibovu. Ki kipya.
(page 8)
Mshale ule umevunjika. Kikapo kimeanguka. Mbuyu
umeanguka. Kitanda kikukuu kile kimevunjika. Mzee
amekufa. Mfupa mkubwa umevunjika. Kitabu kipya kime-
pasuka. Mpaka umeonekana. Mzigo mzito umeanguka.
Vifungo vimevunjika. Mitumbwi imeonekana. Msafara
mkubwa umeonekana. Mikufu minene imevunjika. Mkufu
umeanguka. Wafalme wakuu wamekufa. Mtoto mdogp
SWAHILI EXERCISES I KEY. 85
alilekufa. Mnazi mrefu ule umeanguka. Mtungi mkukuu
umevunjika. Kitana kidogo kimevunjika. Mpishi ameo-
nekana. Kikombe kimevunjika. Vikombe vipya hivi vi-
mevunjika. Mitende miwili imeanguka. Milango minne
imevunjika. Mlevi yule ameanguka. Wazungu saba wa-
mekufa. Vidole viwili vimevunjika.
INTERROGATIVES.
Watu gani hawa ? Mishale ipi ? Vikapo gani ? Mbuyu
upi ? Kitanda gani hiki ? Nani mzee huyu ? Mfupa gani
huu ? Vitabu vipi ? Vifungo gani ? Mtumbwi upi ? Mku-
fu gani? Kiti kipi? Wafalme gani hawa? Mtoto-yupi?
Minazi ipi ? Mtende upi ? Nani mlevi huyu ? Mfalme
gani mlevi huyu? Miti gani ile? Mkono upi? Mchezo
gani huu ? Kilima kipi ? Visiwa vipi vile ? Kitu gani kisu
hiki ? Mtu gani mkalimani huyu ? Mlingote upi ? Msiba
gani ? Milima gani ile ? Mti gani mchikichi ? Nini kiapo ?
Msimamizi gani kipofu ? Mzee yupi kiziwi ? Yupi mga-
nga ? Mti gani ? Miti ipi ?
THE VERBS.
(page 13)
Nimekubali. Utashtakl Tumepatana. Vitabadili Wa-
tasumbua. Nilijibu. Inazaa. Kipofu anaomba. Ninasa-
diki. Wafalme wamefika. Wajinga wanauliza. Kiboko
anaamka. Tutaoga. Viroboto watauma. AVatoto wanaji-
sifu. Watoto wanne wamezaliwa. Wazungu wamenunua,
Mpishi alijenga, Mlinunua. Wazee waliita. Anaangalia,
\\'apagazi wanachukua. Msimamizi alidaka. Mtende ume-
geuka. Waganga wamedanganya. Mfalme atachagua.
Wachunga wanapiga makofi. Mtoto atapanda. Mzungu
atashinda. Ninafikiri. Mpishi amepika, Wanakohoa,
Kifuniko kilifunika. Msafara ule umevuka. Watoto hawa
watalia. Watumwa watalima. Visu vikali vile vitakata.
86 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
Wajakazi wanacheza. Misiba inapungua. Watumwa wabaya
wale wanakawia. Watwana walichimba. Tutagawanya.
Amefanya. Watumwa wale wameteka maji. Nimepiga
mstari. Mzee yule aliota. Kitunguu kimekauka. Walevi
wanapigana. Mshale uliingia, Miti mirefu ilianguka. Wa-
zungu sita wamelewa. Mkate umeoza, "Wajakazi wanasaga.
Mfalme alitangulia. Ulisikiliza. Utapika. Ninatafuta.
Mzee ameoa. Kipande kile kimeyeyuka. Watalipa. Tuli-
okota. Mfalme mkali alifanikiwa. Unasukuma. Ninaso-
ma, Mfalme alikataa. Mtumwa alijuta. Wapagazi wana-
pumzika, Mkono ule unavimba.
THE OBJECTIVE PREFIX.
(page 14)
Kitendo hiki kinanisumbua, Mshale ulimpiga. Mishale
ile iliwakosa. Anachukua vikapo sita. Mibuyu mitatu
imeanguka. Wameleta vitanda viwilL Wamevileta vitanda
viwili. Utaiacha mifupa. Nimekiona kitabu. Wameipita
mipaka, Wapagazi sita wanaichukua mizigo kenda. Una-
kifungua kifungo. Watu kumi wanaikokota mizinga mikubwa
miwili. Watu sita waliusukuma mtumbwi. Ninaona msafara.
Uliiona misafara miwili. Ataufunga mkufu. Mfalme ameleta
kiti. Nitakipata kiti kile. Wafalme watanilipa. Nilikuta
watoto wanne. Umewapita watoto. Wazungu wameikata
minazi. Mpishi ameuvunja mtungi huu. Kijakazi amepata
kitana kizuri. Mchunga anampiga mpishl Ninataka mpi-
shl Nimekikata kizibo. Ameokota kikombe. Mitende
miwili ile inazaa. Mlango umeoza. Wazungu wamemua
mpishi mvivu yule. Kidole hiki kinaniuma. Wavuvi kumi
wanarudl Nimeua viroboto saba. Kipini kiliupiga mguu.
Waliwaona wageni. Walinzi walikimbia. Waliinua mikono
miwili. Tuliiona mikono. Tulipita vilima viwili Wazungu
waliua viboko sita. Wageni walijenga vibanda viwili. Mfalme
aliviteketeza vibanda viwili. Mkalimani mdogo alijisifu.
Mkalimani alinionyesha visiwa vikubwa viwili. Umekipokea
tisu< Mpishi anakisugua kifuniko. Alinionyesha mstari.
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY 87
Mgeni ameukata mkate. Nimevivunja vioo. Milingote mi-
wili imevunjika. Nimeuona mlima mdogo. Mlezi anawa-
lisha watoto. Wazee wanasikiliza. Nimevionja vitunguu.
Msimamizi anawapiga watumwa. Ninatafuta mchikichi.
Mchiro amekiuma kipande kile. Mtumwa ataleta mto. Miti
imefika. Nitawalipa wapagazi. Viazi vimeoza. Wataviseta
vigai. Alikileta kifuko kitupu. Tulikitatua kitambaa. Ni-
liona vidaka sita. Watumwa walijipenda. Mfalme anajisifu.
Umejifunga. Watoto walijilisha. Watajithuru. Wajinga
wanajipindua. Watumwa wavivu wajikuna.
VOWEL ROOTS.
(page 17)
Niliona watu wekundu wanne. Watu weusi wawili wall-
ona mtu mweupe. Mstari huu mwembamba. Nilipiga
mstari mweusi. Moto unawaka. Mizigo hii mepesi. Mizigo
meusi ile mizito. Moyo mwepesi. Moshi mzito. Tutauona
moshi mweusi. Tutaacha mioto mikubwa miwili. Umeisa-
hau mioyo ile. Miaka ile mifupi. Waalimu wawili walinifu-
ndisha. Mwamba mweupe umezama. Nimemwambia
mwamuzi. Waamuzi wanne walitusikia. Utamwita mwa-
ndishi. Niliusikia mwanzo mbaya. Mianzo mema miwili.
Waashi wawili walijenga vibanda viwili. Mwashi huyu alitu-
mia miti mingi. Wazungu walinunua miavuli mikubwa
mingi. Wanaikata miembe mema ile. Tumewapita wenyewe.
Mwezi mzuri umezama. Miezi hii mema, ile mibaya. Miiba
miwili iliuingia mkono. Miiko hii mikubwa mizuri. Wevi
walikimbia. Wevi werevu wawili waliutwaa mtumbwi.
Waoga walimwogopa mzee.
(page 1 8)
Chakula chema. Mvuvi amekitwaa chambo. Vyango
vyeusi vitano hivi. Nimenunua vyanu vikubwa kumt Cheo
hiki kifupi. Nimepata vyeti viwili. Aliona chombo che-
kundu kimoja. Nimeona vyombo vyeusi sita. Vyura vye-
revu kuml Chuma kizito. Vyuma hivi vyepesi. Umeleta
88 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
chungu chekundu kimoja. Nitataka vyungu vyeusi vidogo
vitatu. Utakichukua chuo kikubwa kile. Anachukua vyuo
vyekundu vinene viwili. Nilikitwaa chusa kikubwa.
VOWEL TENSES.
(page 18)
Mfalme ataka chombo kikubwa. Mwembe mkubwa
walianguka. Kisu hiki chataka kipini kikubwa. Mfalme
apenda wazee. Waashi wataka miavuli mekundu. Miti
yakizunguka kibanda. Chambo champendeza. Watumwa
walinichukia, Wageni walituogopa. Kifuniko chafunika
vyungu viwili. Waliviona vyeti. Chakula hiki chapendeza.
Vitabu vyalifika. Walizaliwa. Alijisifu. Waliamka. Miti
mirefu yalianguka. Aliufunga mlango. Nampenda mzee.
Twawachukia. Waliwaona watumwa weusi wanne. Wa-
tumwa weusi wanne waliwaona. Kibanda chanipendeza.
THE POSSESSIVE CASE.
(page 19)
Nalikitwaa kisu cha Mzungu. Nitauona mji wa mfalme.
Utakiuma kitwa cha mzee. Nimekiona kisibau cha mlevi.
Tumekipita kisima cha Mzungu. Nauona moshi mweusi
wa moto mkubwa. Wanaviteketeza vyuo vya kiziwL Wa-
tumwa wa mfalme waliutwaa mtumbwi wa mvuvi. Kisu cha
mtumwa chaliupiga mkono wa mgeni. Wameuficha mlingote
wa mtumbwi. Kiapo cha mzee. Misiba ya mgeni. Mi-
kufu ya mtumwa mvivu. Mizigo ya wapagazl Mlango wa
mpishi. Midomo ya mlezi. Mishale ya watoto. Kibanda
cha kipofu. Mkia wa mchiro. Mchiro ameuuma mkono
wa mtoto. Viatu vya Mzungu.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
(page 20)
Mfalme wetu ameua mtumwa wako. Wazungu wamekata
mitende yao. Mnazi wangu unazaa. Kisu chake kikali.
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 89
Mshale wake ulinipiga. Chombo kikubwa chao kimezama.
VValipenda chakula chao. Kibanda chetu kimeanguka.
Miti yako yanipendeza. Mzee ataka kisibau changu. Kitwa
changu kinaniuma. Mkono wangu unaugusa mti. Naona
kipini chake. Nalichukua mkufu wake. Mikufu yako
raizito. Utawatwaa watumwa wetu. Nitaiacha mishale
yako. Vitendo vyao vimetupendeza. Mtamchukia mfalme
wetu. Watu wetu wachukia wagesi. Amekificha kisu
changu. Mtu wangu anatwaa kisibau chako. Mikuke yao
mirefu. Moyo wa mvuvi mwepesi. Moshi wa moto wao
mwingi.
HIM AND HIS.
(page 21)
Nalimpiga mguu. Alinipiga kitwa. Nalimfunga miguu.
Waliniuma mikono. Mchiro alimuma kidole. Watumwa
walinikata kitwa. Kisu chalinigusa mkono. Wajakazi wa-
limsugua miguu. Alinikuna mkono. Mfalme alimfungua
mtumwa mikono. Amejiuma jicho. Atajifunga mikono.
ALL, HAVING, ITSELF, BY ITSELF.
(page 22)
Watumwa wote. Vitu vyote. Miti yote. Watumwa
wote wenyi vibanda. Vitu vyote vyenyi mwisho. Miti yote
peke yao. Nalimwona peke yake. Naliwaona watu hawa
wote wawili. Naweza peke yangu kuuinua mtungi huu.
Mlituona sote. Watakimbia wote. Wataitupa mikuke yote.
Wevi walivitwaa vilemba vyetu vyote. Tumeviona vyote.
Naliona vivuli vitatu, waliona kimoja peke yake. Naliona
mibuyu miwili, uliiona yote. Nalimwona kiboko mwenyewe.
Naliiona milima yenyewe. Wafalme wenyi vilemba walinia-
mbia. Mchiro mwenyi mkia. Mti mwenyi miiba miingl
Naliwaambia wazee sita wenyi miavull Mfalme mwenyewe
aliitwaa mikuke yote yenyi vipini vizuri. Nalisimama peke
yangu. Twalitazama sote. Miiko yalikimbia peke yao.
Mchawi aliiona yote. Mchawi aliwadanganya wevi wote wa-
90 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
will Walitafuta wote. Mwezi mwote umeonekana. Vyombo
vyote vitazama. Vitabu vikubwa vyote.
THE RELATIVE.
(page 23)
Muungu anayeniona. Ninyi mnaomwabudu Muungu.
Watu walioabudu miungu mingL Kivuli kinachopita. Wa-
jakazi wanaochukua mitungi. Mtu atakayetupa mkuke.
Mkuke utakaonipiga. Utakayeuona mkuke. Mkuke wake
utakaoniua. Wanaomjua. Wataijua miti itakayoanguka.
Miti itakayoanguka itakiseta kibanda chako. Mtumwa ali-
yeleta kiti. Kiti kilichovunjika. Aliyekivunja kiti. Wajoli
wake watakaompiga. Wajakazi watakaocheka. Wajinga
watakaokimbia. Mzungu atakayeuvuka mto. Mzungu ata-
kayezama. Watumishi waliopenda viazi. Viazi vinavyooza.
Mzabibu unaozaa. Naliuona mtende uliozaa. Utakiona
kidonda kinachomuma. Wagonjwa watakaotaajabu. Mga-
nga atakayewaponya. Wajinga watakaomlipa mchawi aliye-
wadanganya. Mfalme anayempenda mke wake. Mfalme
aliyewapenda watoto wake. Mpishi aliyepika chakula changu.
Mturaishi aliyeleta chakula changu. Chakula chema kili-
chowaua wote.
(page 24)
Kitendo ulichokifanya. Kitanda ulichokivunja, Mfupa
aliouokota. Kitabu walichokitwaa. Mpaka utakaoupita".
Mizigo waliyoichukua wapagazi. Mfalme wanayemua.
Watoto aliowazaa. Mlango ninaoufunga. Wazungu uta-
kaowaona. Kidole alichokiuma. Mgeni wanayempiga.
Kilima ulichokiona. Kiboko waliyemua. Kibanda alicho-
kijenga. Mzee waliyemsukuma. Vitunguu mlivyovipenda.
Kipande mtakachokipokea. Mti utakaouweka.
(page 25)
Nitakapomwona. Mgeni alipoanguka. Mzungu ana-
korudi. Mtende utakapozaa. Tunaposimama. Watu
weusi walikokimbia. Chumba alimokaa kitako. Wavuvi
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 9!
walipoupindua mtumbwi wetu. Mfalme alipopita. Mzee
atakapoondoka. Aliyeniona nani ? Nani anayetoka ?
IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE.
(page 26)
Mwite mtu aliyekupiga, nimwone. Mpige aogope.
Nimemwona mtu uliyemua, nimzike? Nitamshtaki niku-
sumbue. Mwambie anijibu. Nakuomba, unisadiki. Tume-
patana tuoge sote. Vivunje vyungu vile. Tuvivunje visu
hivi ? Vivunjeni vyote. Watunze watoto hawa. Ichu-
kueni mizigo hii. Chague mtu mmoja apande. Vipike
viazi hivi. Vikusanye viazi vile nivipike. Mwambie aki-
funike chungu. Viharibuni vibanda vyote. Tumeviga-
wanya vitu ulivyotuamuru tuviharibu. Tufanye nini ?
Mtumwa aikokote miti mirefu. Wajakazi wateke maji.
Mfukuza kipofu. Kiziwi akae. Akutaka umsayidie. Ata-
rudi awaamue watu wabaya. Uokote mkuke alioutupa
mfalme aliyelewa aniue. Nalijaribu kumpiga teke. Wa-
liukaribia mti waupande. Nalifuata niwazuie. Alivua
aoge. Watu walikimbia waokoke. Mfalme alipeleka
watumwa wawili wanitafute. Naligeuka nikifunue chungu.
Mwivi alifika aupate mwavuli, wakalimani wawili wangu
wakarudi wamzuie. Sisi watatu tulishuka tukilinde kibanda,
THE KA- TENSEa
(page 27)
Katokeni. Kamwite. Kaununue. Kainunue. Kawa-
fukuze. Akakitwae. Enenda kamsayidie. Nijibu kaa-
ngalie. Alitangulia akafika. Alipita akarudi. Aliniuliza
nikamwambia. Alikuuliza ukamwambia. Sikieni kaniji-
buni. Mlitazama, mkaiona miti. Nalikitafuta kisu nika-
kiona. Watumwa waliuona mwavuli wako uliouacha waka-
xileta, nikawaambia, mwenyewe atarudi, wakaniambia huyu
amjua, Wageni walifika wakauteketeza mji wetu. Mzungu
aliudaka mkuke wangu, akauvunja, nikampiga, akawaambia
92 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
\vatu waliomfuata, mueni yule, nikakimbia, nikaokoka,
Alivaa viatu vipya vyake, vikamuma. Nalichoka, miguu
yangu ikavimba. Mfalme aliwaita watu wake akawaambia,
mzee huyu mchawi, mshikeni, kamfungeni, wakamfunga.
Watu waliomlinda, wakalewa wakalala, nikamfungua aki-
kimbia. Watu wakaamka, wakasema, mchawi ameokoka.
Wakamtafuta. Wakanikuta, wakaniambia, wamkumbuka
mtu tuliyemmnga. Nikawaambia, mtu yupi? Wakania-
mbia, mchawi yule, amekimbia, mfalme wetu atatupiga.
Nikawaambia, nitawaonyesha mji wake, nifuateni mtamwona,
nikatangulia, wakafuata wote. Tukakukuta, ukatuambia,
rudini, mzee amewadanganya. Mtoto alianguka akalia.
Alinionyesha kidonda chake nikakiponya. Naligeuka,
nikatazama. Nalikitwaa kiazi, nikakionja. Walilewa waka-
gombana. Aliondoka, akaimba. Mlisikitika, nikafurahi.
Alingoja nikapita.
THE -KI- TENSE.
(page 28)
Mti ukianguka. Mti ukianguka. Mti ukianguka, Mti
ukianguka. Mti ukianguka, Nikitazama. Ukitazama
utawaona watu weusi wakikimbia. Mfalme akifika tuta-
mwambia. Kisu kikimkata kidole, mtoto atalia. Akikileta
kitabu nitaweza kusoma. Akileta kitabu ninachokijua.
Nikikusikia ukinena nitakujibu. Nawasikia wakikuita.
Mkifika mwulizeni. Mkirudi, angalieni. Ukinipiga anga-
lia. Akikuua nitawaua watoto wake wote. Mke wake
akiniua atamsamehe. Ukiwapenda watoto wako, uwapige.
Ukinipenda uwasamehe. Kiziwi akikusikia mwambie. U-
kimleta kipofu tutampiga. Watafuteni wevi, mkiwaona
\valeteni. Akiniuliza umjibu wewe. Nikimsikia akiita nita-
rudi. Nikimwona akitazama, nitauficha mtungi. Ukiuona
mbuyu, umefika. Nawaona wapagazi wakikimbia, wana-
acha mizigo yao, wageni wakiiona wanaitwaa. Tukikawia
tutafanikiwa, Nikirudi rudini ninyi nyote. Tukirudi, tu-
rudi sote. Kibanda kinaanguka, tukitoka tutaokoka. Aki-
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 93
piga mbio nitampita. Kibanda kikiharibika, jenga chi-
ngine. Akifanya mtumbwi, uvunjeni. Akikumbuka tuta-
mlipa. Akileta mkuke tutauvunja. Mpishi akipika chakula
chema tutamsifu. Akiharibu chakula chema nitampiga.
Akiuvunja mtungi ataogopa. Akioga alizama. Mzungu
alimwona akizama, akakimbia. Akiinua mkono, kisu cha-
lianguka, kikianguka kikamkata.
CONDITIONAL TENSE.
(page 29)
Kama ningalimsikia, ningaliogopa. Kama kisu kinga-
lianguka, kingalinikata. Kama ungalimwambia mfalme
angaliwaua. Ungalikiteketeza kibanda chake. Mngalivite-
keteza vibanda vyao. Kama mitumbwi yao ingalirudi, tu-
ngaliokoka. Mkuke ungalimpita. Mlevi angaliua mtoto
wake. Kama angalitazama, mke wake angalimwona. Kama
angaliangalia, mke wake angalirudi. Nalimwona akipita,
ukaniambia, amefanya mtumbwi. Nikamwambia, huyu
asema umefanya mtumbwi nataka kuutazama. Akaniambia,
kama ungaliwauliza watumwa wangu, wangalikuonyesha
mtumbwi wangu. Nikamwambia nionyeshe mwenyewe.
Nikauona nikataajabu. Kama mngaliuona mngalitaajabu.
NEGATIVE PRESENT.
(page 30)
Mfalme wetu hapendi Wazungu. Wazungu hawapendi
waganga wetu. Watumwa wavivu hawapendi msimamizi.
Mto hauipiti mibuyu ile. Siwaoni watu wetu. Hamni-
pendi. Siwachukii. Hasomi. Mitumbwi haizami. Huanga-
lii. Hawa wanaandika, wale hawaandiki. Nalimwambia,
uliyemwona yupi? Akaniambia simwoni. Hawafundishi
watoto wangu. Mzee haamki. Watoto wao hawalii. Mi-
nazi yao haizai. Mtende wangu unazaa, mitende yako haizai.
Hakipendi chusa kile. Milingote ile inaanguka. Mtumbwi
wake hauzami. Haharibu kibanda chako. Sisahau vitendo
94 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
vyako. Hanisamehe. Hawatujibu. HumsadikL Hafikiri-
Hawakuamuru. Siwasifu. Sirudi. Hatutharau. HuthanL
Hatusafiri. Sitaajabu. Hawamwabudu Muungu. Watu.
mwa hawa si wavivu.
NEGATIVE PAST.
Sikukubali. Hatukupatana. Sikujibu. Wafalme hawa-
kufika. Wazungu hawakununua. Mpishi hakujenga.
Hamkununua. Waanawake wale hawakuteka maji. Wa-
zungu sita hawakulewa. Mfalme hakutangulia. Mzee
hakukataa. Mshale haukumpiga. Hawakuvileta vitanda
viwili. Wazungu hawakuikata minazi. Wazungu hawa-
kuua viboko sita. Mkalimani hakunionyesha visiwa.
Wageni hawakujenga vibanda. Sikuvionja vitunguu. Hatu-
kukitatua kitambaa. Sikumwambia mzee. Mwashi huyu
hakutumia miti miingi. Waoga hawakumwogopa mjakazL
Waashi hawakutaka miavuli miekundu. Mtumwa haku-
mchukia. Vitabu havikufika. Hakujisifu. Hawakuwaona
watumwa weusi wanne.
(page 32)
Mgeni hajaukata mkate. Mlezi hajawalisha watoto.
Hawajavileta vitanda viwili. Sijakiona chuo. Hajaufunga
mkufu bado. Wafalme hawajanilipa bado. Hawajawapita
watoto. Mtende haujazaa. Wazungu hawajaikata minazi.
Mpishi mvivu hajakisugua kifuniko. Wavuvi hawajauleta
mtumbwi bado.
NEGATIVE FUTURE AND CONDITIONAL.
(P*& 32)
HatarudL Hatutamwona. Hatungalimwona. Kama
hungalifika, hangalituona. Mfalme wetu hatawapenda
Wazungu wale. Wazungu hawangalipenda waganga wetu.
Watumwa wavivu hawangalipenda msimamizi mkaii. Ha-
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 95
intawaona watu wetu. Wazungu hawangalilala. Watu weusi
hawangalikimbia. Mitumbwi haingalivunjika. Minazi hii
haingalizaa. Hawangalikuamuru. Hatanisamehe. Ha-
tutasafiri. Mzee hatarudL Wajinga wale hawatatujibu.
Singalimpenda. Singalikwambia,
NEGATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE.
(*<*& 33)
Tusione. Asirudl Mfalme asitwambie. Usitazame.
Msitazame. Usimwambie. Mpige asifanye. Usinene,
wasisikie. Waambie wasikitafute. Tusiupite. Mshike
mtoto asianguke. Vifiche vitabu wasisome. Waambie wa-
sisikilize. Nitarudi nisiwakute. Msivute. Waambie wapa-
gazi wasiichukue mizigo miwili hii. Usitwae mkuke wangu.
Usiteketeze kibanda changu. Msimfanye mfalme. Usilewe.
Angalie kisu kisikukate kidole. Angalie usimpige Mzungu
yule. Usiwasifu vijakazi. Usikilete kitabu, sijui kusoma.
Usinene nisikujibu. Ukimua, usiwaue watoto wake.
NEGATIVE WITH RELATIVES.
34)
Kivuli kisichopita. Wajakazi wasiochukua mitungi. Mtu
asiyetupa mkuke. Naliona watu watatu usiowaona. Usiye-
uona mkuke utakipita kibanda. Wasiomjua. Nisiyemjua.
Miti isiyoanguka haikuseta kibanda chako. Kiti kisicho-
vunjika. Wajinga wasiokimbia. Mzungu asiyeuvuka mto.
Wazungu wasiouvuka mto. Watumishi wasiopenda viazi.
Mti usiozaa. Wagonjwa wasiotaajabu. Mganga asiyewa-
ponya wote. Wajinga wasiomlipa mchawi asiyewadanganya.
Mfalme asiyempenda mke wake. Mfalme asiyewapenda
watoto wake. Mpishi asiyepika chakula changu. Chakula
chema kisichotuua.
96 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
NEGATIVE PARTICIPIAL TENSE,
35)
Asipokupenda sitampenda. Wasipotoka wafalme hawa-
taingia. Asipokaribu mwenyewe mleteni. Nisipongoja
sitapata kisu chake. Mfupa usipovunjika, mkono utapona.
Mzungu asipomua mpishi, hatawapendeza watu weusi. Usi-
pompiga mtoto wako, atakutharau. '
THE PASSIVE VOICE.
35)
Nalipigwa, hukupigwa. Atapigwa na mtumwa. Wapigwe.
Nisipigwe. Mzee ataumwa. Mkuke uliletwa. Vibanda
viwili vinajengwa. Mfalme hajazikwa. Vijakazi wanaitwa.
Mtumbwi utunzwe. Wazungu hawatashindwa. Chakula
kimepikwa. Mji umeingiwa na wageni wanne. Mlango
ungalifungwa. Siogopwi. Watoto hawajalishwa bado. Sikui-
ficha mikuke, imefichwa na wenyewe. Kama ningalimw-
ambia singalipendwa na Wazungu. Kipande kimewekwa
wapi? Mchawi hapendezwi. Hutakumbukwa. Mfalme
wako hatakumbukwa na watoto wetu. Kioo hakija-
rudishwa. Kibanda kifagiwe na mjakazi. Watoto wasi-
fundishwe na Mzungu. Naliambiwa na mtumwa wake.
Mkuke ulitupwa na mwivi.
ADVERBS.
(page 37)
Nimenunua mkuke mzuri sana. Haoni vema. Siwa-
pendi sana watumwa wavivu. Nalimwona akirudi upesi.
Singalijenga kibanda kikubwa sana, Nalitazama nyuma
nikaona wageni wawili. Nalisikia mtu karibu, akiimba sana,
nikathani huyu Mzungu nitakimbia upesi. Mfalme juu, wa-
tumwa chini. Niliona mtu akitazama, nikakwambia, ana-
sasa, ukaniambia, anatazama nje, sisi ndani, tijpite
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 97
poleple oasitusikie, yamkini tutaokoka, tukapita, halafu aka-
toka mtu mwingine, nikasema, kweli hatuwezi kuokoka,
ukasema, mtumwa tu, hawezi kutuzuia, tukampita. Nime-
wakumbuka marra nyingi watu wawili wale, wangalituua
marra wote kama wangalitujua. Wato'.o walitangulia mbele,
waana waume wakawafuata watoto, mwisho wakafuata wazee.
PREPOSITIONS.
Kilifanywa cha miti. Naona mtu akisimama juu ya
mtumbwi. Akakipokea kwa mikono miwili. Naliununua
mkuke kwa kitambaa kikukuu. Atarudi katika mji. Nali-
mkuta katika mji. Rudini kwa mfalme wenu. Alikaa katika
mti. Akashuka katika mti, akapita hatta akawakuta wajoli
wawili wake juu ya mti mwingine. Wakafika chini ya
kilima, Watumwa wote walifuata nyuma ya mfalme. Aka-
tangulia na watumwa wake katika kisiwa. Nalirudi kwa
wenzi wangu tukamwona mwenyewe katika mtumbwi wake,
tukamwambia, shuka katika mtumbwi wako, akajibu, vema,
tukamfuate upesi mfalme wetu, tutamwona katika mji.
Nikamwambia, hajafika katika mji wake, akatuambia, ana-
fika sasa.
CONJUNCTIONS.
Kijana na mzee walinifuata katika mji. Mzee akasimama
katika mlango na mkuke, nikamwambia, Umefika lini ?
Umeupata wapi mkuke ule? Wala hakunijibu, nikamwu-
liza tena. Marra nikamwona kijana tena, nami, nikamwu-
liza, mzee huyu ameupata wapi mkuke ule ? Akaniambia,
Mwulize mwenyewe. Nikamwambia, Nimemwuliza, lakini
hanijibu. Akaniambia, Labuda hakukusikia, sema sana.
Nikasema sana, mzee akasema, Mimi kiziwi, nakusikia ukise-
ma tu, nisamehe. Nikamwambia, Nawe nisamehe sikujua.
Nikamwuliza tena nikisema sana, akaniambia, Naliununua.
Nikamwambia, Lini? Kijana akaniambia, Ao aliuiba ao
98 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY.
aliuokota katika milima. Mzee akamwambia, Waseraa nini ?
Kijana akasema, Alikusikia, naye kama kweli angaliununua
angalikujibu marra. Nikamwambia, Huyu mzee yamkini
amesahau. Akaniambia, Hasahau, lakini watu wa mji huu
twamjua sana mwivi huyu tangu mtoto. Nikamwambia,
Ameiba nini ? Akaniambia, Vitu vingi, huyu mgeni alifu-
kuzwa na mfalme wake katika mji wake hatta sasa anakaa
katika mji wetu, wala hatumpendi lakini hatumfukuzi kwa
sababu mchawi, nao watu wamwogopa. Nikataajabu niki-
msikia, nikasema, Sisadiki kama huyu mchawi ninyi nyote
waoga, nanyi mnaogopa kivuli. Akaniambia, Simwogopi
kwani nathani waganga wetu waweza kumshinda. Nikam-
wambia mzee, Umetusikia? Akaniambia, Mimi kiziwi na-
wasikia mkisema tu, lakini usimsadiki akikwambia nimefii-
kuzwa na mfalme wetu katika mji wangu. Sikufukuzwa,
nami nitarudl Kama ningalifukuzwa watu wa mji huu
hawangalinikubali nikae katika mji wao. Nikamwambia, Ao
wewe si kiziwi, ao yakini amesema kweli wewe mchawi.
Akaniambia mzee, Sisikii. Nikageuka nikatoka katika mji
wala sikumwambia mtu ilia wewe, lakini namsadiki mzee
wala kiziwi, wala mchawi, ilia mtu mwerevu aliyeuiba mkuke,
akataka kunidanganya, lakini nami najua kuwadanganya
watu,
PLACE.
(page 41)
Nalipaona mahali waliposimama wavuvi, mtumbwi mpya
wao ukizama, Nalipapita mahali penyewe. Naliona mahali
penyi vibanda vyingi. Sulemani alifika mahali pako, nika-
mwuliza, umemwacha Abdallah wapi ? niambie mahali, akani-
ambia mahali katika mji walipokaa wazee wake zamani.
Nikamwambia sipajui. Akaniambia, ulipomwona ukiuvuka
mto. Nikapakumbuka mahali, pazuri, karibu ya mto.
Nikamwambia, Napakumbuka sasa, tulipaona sole, mahah'
pazuri. Akaniambia, Pazuri.
swAHiu EXERCISES: KEY, 99
INFINITIVES OF VERBS.
(page 42)
Kukubali. Kushtaki. Kupatana. Kubadili. Sipendi
kukupiga. Kujibu marra nyingi. Kuzaa kwingi. Kuona
na kusadiki. Kujisifu si kwema. Kuchemka upesi. Ku-
leta si kutwaa. Kupika kwake kuzuri. Kulia kutakuthuru.
Kwa kuliraa. Katika kucheza. Kwa kuchimba sana. Kwa
kuota kuzuri na kufanya kubaya. Mtumwa mvivu anisu-
mbua sana kwa kukawia kwake. Waliileta miti kwa kuko-
kota. Aliokoka kwa .sababu ya kuogopa. Naliwaona katika
kupigana, Kusamehe na kusahau.
ADJECTIVES [MA- CLASS].
(page 44)
Jambo baya. Mapenzi makubwa. Malozi mabivu.
Jibu kali. Tao pana. Majifu makavu. Shoka zito. Ma-
ganda manene. Pipa dogo. Bakuli zima. Matuta marefu.
Malengelenge makubwa. Majipu mapya. Machupa ma-
tupu. Kasha zito. Dafu tamu. Tone kubwa. Masikio
marefu. Mayayi mabovu. Makosa mapya. Mainzi ma
kali. Matunda matamu. Kaburi tupu. Tunda dogo.
Maneno mazuri. Jani refu. Majani mafupi. Jamvi pana.
Maziwa mabichi. Jina zuri. Shingo refu. Makasia mazito.
Machungwa matamu. Manukato mazurl Shamba kubwa.
Mashairi mazuri
Gote jororo. Tundu jembamba. Kaburi jingine. Ma-
kaburi mengi. Maji mengi. Tunda jekundu. Matunda
mekundu marefu. Mainzi membamba. Makosa mengine.
Macho meusl Macho meupe. Jicho jekundu. Yayi
jeupe. Mavumbi mepesi. Mashaka mengi. Dau dogo
jembamba. Matumaini mema. Machupa mekundu mema,
Bakuli jepesi. Shoka jema. Mashoka mepesi mema, M»-
jibu merevu. Malozi mema. Mambo mepesi.
100 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
DEMONSTRATIVES [MA- CLASS],
(page 44)
Kasha kubwa hili. Masufuria makubwa yale. Matango
haya. Masikio marefu yale. Kosa dogo hili. Tundu lile.
Magote haya. Matone mepesi haya. Mashaka machungu
yale. Jicho kupwa hili. Meno makubwa haya. Yayi bichi
kubwa hili. Yayi bichi lile. Machupa yale. Maagizo
haya. Majipu haya. Mapipa makubwa manne yale. Ma-
jifu makavu haya. Matao matano haya. Jibu lile. Malozi
raeupe haya. Shauri jerna hili. Mambo mapya haya.
Maji matamu yale. Mashoka makali haya. Shoka kali
lile. Pipa lile. Pipa hill
WHICH? [MA- CLASS].
(page 45)
Machupa yapi ? Kasha lipi ? Sikio lipi ? Mayayi yapi ?
Jicho lipi? Matunda yapi? Tundu lipi? Shimo lipo?
Gote lipi ? Mapipa yapi ? Shoka lipi ? Makasia yapi ?
Fungu lipi? Maji yapi? Mafuta yapi? Tao lipi? Jino
lipi?
PERSONAL PRONOUNS [MA- CLASS}
45)
Nimelikubali shauri. Mambo haya hayapatani. Huta-
yabadili maagano. Majifu yanisumbua. Makanda yame-
fika. Maji yanachemka. Amelivunja bakuli. Leteni ma-
pipa sita. Aliyelijenga kaburi nani? Tulivunje shoka.
Nunua mayayi kumi. Usiyavunje mayayl Walitunze tawa.
Waanawake watachukua maji katika mitungi. Napenda
kulitafuna ganda tamu hili. Hawakulisafisha jamvi. Twa-
liyakusanya machungwa. Mpishi wetu atayapika mananasi.
Lifunike sufuria. Wameyaseta malozi. Tulikate lengelenge?
Maziwa yanapungua. Watumwa walijaribu kulilinda zizL
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. IOI
Tuyagawanye mapapayi ao makorosho ? Waliyamwaga ma-
futa. Mfalme hakuliingia shimo. Utayaona maboga mawili
katika mlango. Walisahau kuyaleta makasia, wakaleta ma-
kafi mawili tu. Kama wangalilitweka tanga, wangaliokoka.
Kama hawangalilitweka tanga kubwa hawangalizama. Tu-
nayatafuta matikiti, umeyaona ?
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND CASE [MA- CLASS]
(page 46)
Nalitwaa shoka la Mzungu. Nitaliona shamba la mfalme.
Utamuma mzee jicho. Nimeliona kafi la mlevi. Tumeli-
pita kaburi la Mzungu. Naona majifu meupe ya moto
mkubwa. Wanayateketeza mananasi ya kiziwi. Watumwa
wa mfalme walitwaa makafi ya mvuvi. Gote la mtumwa
lilimpiga mgeni jicho. Wamelificha tanga la mtumbwi
Shingo la mzee. Majuto ya mgeni. Tumbo la mtumwa
mvivu. Maagano ya wapagazi. Sufuria la mpishi. Ma
penzi ya mlezi. Meno ya watoto. Mashauri ya kipofu.
Sikio la mchiro. Mchiro amemuma mtoto kwapa. Jibu la
Mzungu.
Mfalme wetu ameharibu shamba lako. Wazungu wame-
kata makuti yao. Tunda langu bivu. Shoka lake kali.
Mshale wake ulinipiga shingo. Walipenda machungwa yao.
Tao letu limeanguka. Vijakazi vyako vyalitwaa tawa langu.
Mamumunye yako yanipendeza. Mzee ataka talasimu langu.
Jino langu linaniuma. Shoka langu linaugusa mti. Naona
tundu lake. Nalichukua machungwa yake. Jipu lako ku-
bwa. Utatwaa manukato yetu. Nitaacha gari lako. Ma-
zungumzo yao yamenipendeza. Mtachukia mainzi yetu.
Watu wetu wapenda mapapayi. Ameficha maziwa yangu.
Mashairi yako mengi. Maziwa yetu, maji yenu na mafuta
yao. Machukio yangu, mapenzi yako na majuto yao. Maa-
gano yetu hayajaisha. Lengelenge langu si jipu lako.
Mambo yote. Mazungumzo yote. Jibu lenyewe. Ma-
pipa yenyewe. Mapipa yenyi maji. Pipa lenyi mafuta.
Tula lenyi viazl Majipu yote yaniuma, Lete mabakuli
102 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
yote. Sikio lenyewe. Vunje majani yote kalete matunda
yote, Maneno yenyi makosa.
THE RELATIVE [MA- CLASS].
(page 47)
Machitkio ninayoyaona. Mashauri niliyoyapokea. Mambo
yaliyonisumbua. Maagano tuliyoyafanya, wewe na mimi.
Malozi yaliyookotwa. Jibu atakalolitia. Tao linaloanguka.
Majifu anayoyatawanya. Shoka litakaloukata mti ule.
Mapipa waliyoyachukua watu wa mfalme. Bakuli
nililolivunja. Lengelenge lililoniuma. Jipu lililoonekana.
Gari wanalolivuta. Kanisa tunalolijenga katika mji. Ma-
tumaini watakayoyaona watumwa. Mainzi yanayonisumbua.
Mafuta unayoyamimina. Shimo ulilolichimba. Manukato
uliyoyanunua. Mananasi yanayopikwa. Matikiti wanayo-
yatafuta watoto. Tanga walilolitweka,
NEGATIVE TENSES [MA CLASS].
(page 48)
Mfalme wetu hayapendi malozi haya. Mambo haya ha-
yanisumbuL Shoka hili halikati. Mazungumzo haya ha-
yanipendezi. Jibu lake halitoshi. Pipa halizami. Jicho
halisikii. Sikio halioni. Maboga hayaruki. Mamumunye
liayalii.
Bakuli halikufika. Shoka halikuniuma. Talasimu hali-
kumthuru. Matalasimu yao hayakuwalinda. Ganda chu-
ngu halikukuponya.
Jambo halijaisha. Ganda chungu halijakuponya bado.
Tone halijaanguka. Mayayi hayajapikwa. Maji hayaja-
chemka bado. Jani halijakauka.
Jibu kali halitamfukuza. Mananasi hayataoza. Mashairi
haya hayatampendeza sana. Mashairi yako hayatampendeza
mfalme. Maneno magumu hayatatuua. Majuto hayatani-
lipa, Matanga tiayataugusa mlingote.
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
Mayayi yasioze. Machungwa yasianguke. Maboga yasi-
pikwe. Matunda yisisetwe. Majifu yasitunzwe. Mayayi
yasianguke.
ADJECTIVES [N- CLASS].
(page 52)
Hasara kubwa nyingi. Embe tnbivu mbili. Alama nye-
usi. Fetha nyeupe. Imbu moja. Sindano kali. Habari
njema. Pua ndefu. .Barua nane. Lulu nzuri. Kalamu
njema. Nguzo nene. Ncha kali. Thamani kubwa. Robo
tatu. Haja mpya. Dari njema. Nafasi nyingi. Nafasi
nyingi. Kutu nyekundu. Parafujo ndefu. Akili cbache.
Dalili wazi. Ngozi kubwa. Sabuni nyororo. Nyota ndogo.
Hali mbaya. Fimbo ndefu. Meza pana. Hema nyeupe.
Hila nyerevu. Njia fupi. Ngano mbivu. Dawati nzuri.
Nanga nzito. Pembe tatu. Nyama mbichi. Nguvu nyingi.
Ndizi tamu. Ndevu ndefu. Damu nyeusi. Ndoo ndogo.
Zulia kubwa. Sifa njema. Rungu nzito. Rangi nyeupe.
Thiraa sita. Siku kumi. Sitaha nyembamba, Ndoto
nyingi. Bandera mpya. Bustani nzuri.
PRONOUNS [NA- CLASS],
(page 52)
Hesabu zanisumbua. Fayida yanipendeza. Walizipokea
sadaka. Nanga i nzito. Aliipiga pembe. Nyama zime-
kimbia. Anazitafuta nyama. Siafu ziraetuuma. Mchwa
zimeziharibu daftari. Boriti zi ndefu. Nimeisikia kengele.
Watu wanne wanaichukua jeneza. Damu itanikumbusha.
Naliziona ndoo tupu mbili. Naliivaa kofia, ikaniuma. Saa
ikapiga. Nguo zataka kufungwa. Nalizinunua garofuu.
Ndoto ikaisha. Njaa inaniuma. Wataitweka bandera,
Bandera imetwekwa, Sikuipata fayida. Nimeipata hasara.
Twaisikia sauti.
104 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
DEMONSTRATIVES [N- CLASS].
Nyumba hii kubwa. Bustani hii ndogo. Ajabu kubwa
hii. Kabari nzito mbili hizi. Siki kali hii. Ishara ile.
Ishara zipi? Ngozi kavu zile. Lulu nzuri zile. Embe
tamu hizi. Fetha mpya hii. Stndano zipi? Haja hii.
Taa hizi. Taa zipi ? Hizi. Baruti hii. Hema zile.
Inchi hii. Ndoo ipi? Zulia hii. Kofia zile. Nyumba
zile. Saa hii. Nguo hizL
POSSESSIVES [N- CLASS]
(page 54)
Nimeona hesabu zake. Nionyeshe daftari yako. Fayida
za Abdallah zapita zangu. Nimenunua ndizi zake zote.
Boriti za nyumba yangu. Alimkata mzee ndevu. Watoto
wanazipiga kengele mbili zetu. Alishusha ndoo yetu katika
kisima chako. Mkuke wa Abdallah uliipiga ngao ya Ali.
Shughuli zetu nyingi. Mabruki amevaa kofia nyekundu
yangu. Saa yangu njema, yake mbaya. Nguo yake imeta-
tuka. Tende zile zangu. Ndoto njema zetu. Tupa zenu.
Taa zenu zinawaka. Sikukubali thahabu yake. Sijaona
njugu zako. Hatuabudu sanamu zao. Waliona hema
zenu. Sisikii sauti zao. Hawatapata haja yao. Hatania-
mbia siri zake. Fanya kazi yako. Mganga hajui kuwa-
ponya jeraha.
Nachukia zawadi zote. Zawadi zote zampendeza mfalme
wetu. Bustani yenyi miti. Hema zenyi bandera. Ndizi
zote zimeoza, Siagi yote imeyeyuka.
THE RELATIVE [N- CLASS].
(page 54)
Jeraha niliyoiponya. Jeraha nisizoziponya. Nyota
iliyofuata, Uliiona kazi waliyoifanya. Ngano itakayosagwa,
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 105
Kabari mtu wetu aliyoitia chini ya mlango ililegezwa. Siki
isiyooza ilimwagwa. Handaki aliyoichimba katika sham-
ba lake ilifika hatta nyumba uliyoinunua Naliziona
dalili nilizoambiwa niziangalie. Haya yake imemwacha.
Zitafute parafujo tulizoziona jana. Kutu inayoonekana leo,
ilionekana jana. Haja zote atakazonyima mfalme leo nita-
zisikia halafu. Nafasi niliyoitaka ingalikutosha. Mvua
iliyopita juu ya dari yetu iliingia katika nyumba mpya wana-
yoijenga. Ahadi niliyoitoa. Mfalme aliijua hila iliyowa-
danganya wageni. Fetha aliyoipokea mvuvi nyingi. Nitatoa
robo pa' thamani anayoitaica mwashi. Nguzo zilizosetwa
zote kubwa. Lulu aliyoileta mvuvi hatukuiona kabisa,
NEGATIVE TENSES [N- CLASS].
(P*8* 55)
Fetha yote haingalitumiwa. Hesabu zake hazikunipe-
ndeza. Fayida hii haitakutosha. Hewa hii haitakuponya.
Sadaka zao hazingalimpendeza Muungu. Hasira ya mfalme
hainithuru. Sauti ya kengele haikunisumbua. Boriti hazi-
kuoza. Galawa haijazama. Saa haipigi. Saa hazijapiga.
Barua haifiki. Barua zenu hazikufika. Parafujo haiingii.
Pua haoni.
ADJECTIVES [U- CLASS].
(page 57)
Uzee mwingi. Ndevu ndefu. Udevu mrefu. Uznri
mwingi. Upindi mrefu. Pindi ndefu. Fagio ndogo. Kucha
fupL Ukucha mrefu. Ua mpana. Umande mwingi. Uso
mzuri. Nyuso nzuri. Ukuni mdogo. Kuni kavu. Unga
mweupe. Unga mwororo. Nyayo nyingi. Nyele nyekundu.
Unyele mweupe. Unyele mnene. Wino mweusi. Funguo
ndogo. Utambi mnene. Mbau nene. Ubau mwepesi.
Pondo nzito. Mbau nyekundu mbili. Nataka pondo nde-
fu mbili. Nimenunua mbau njema tano. Nalisikia nyimbo
tatu, Naliona unga mwingi. Nalikaa usiku mmoja.
io6 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY.
PRONOUNS [U- CLASS],
(page 58)
Upindi umevunjika. Uma wauma. Ufalme umefanlki-
wa. Naliumwaga wino. Umeme ulipiga mti ukaua watii
watatu. Ukarasa uliletvva, ukatatuka. Ubau haukutakwa
wenyi urefu mwingi. Mtoto alikata kuni akajiuma uso.
Waliziona tambi nazo fupi sana. Ufalme ulishindwa. Nya-
yo hazionekani. Ukali wa mfalme wawasumbua watu wake.
Mtoto alizitwaa funguo akazisugua. Ubishi uliwapendeza.
Ukufi wa unga utatosha. Ulimwengu u mbaya. Urithi
huu si mkubwa. Nalishika upanga wako. Aliokotawembe
wangu akauleta. Ua ulifagiwa. Ufagio ulipotea, Nyavu
zilivunjika zikaokoka nyama. Uvivu wa mtoto wanitoshea.
Wembe huu mkali. Ubau huu mfupi. Ufalme mkubwa
huu. Nyimbo hizi. Wall ule. Fagio zile. Pindi zipi?
Ua mpana ule. Funguo zile zilipotea. Wamezivunja
pondo zile zote. Uso mzuri ule. Unga mbaya huu. Uayo
huu. Upanga mkali ule.
Upuuzi unaousema. Panga zile nilizozinunua. Alizinu-
nua nyuma zile nilizozikataa. Zilianguka kuta nilizozijenga.
Usiku wote watu walicheza wakafanya sauti nyingi. Nime-
ziokota funguo alizozisugua mtoto. Aliomba ukufi wa
tende nikakataa. Sikupenda unyonge wake walipomtaka
kutoa wali alioupika. Hawangaliuleta unga nilioutaka.
THE -NI CASE.
(page 60)
Mtu aliingia mtoni. Wakafuata nyumbani mwakc. Wa-
liona miti mingi bustanini. Alinisukuma hatta tukafika
nyumbani kwetu. Waujua mt?nde mlangoni pangu ? Alilala
na chuo chake kwapani. Sijarudi mjini kwangu. Nitangoja
chini ya mti njiani. Alitoka kisimani akafika mjini. Alishi-
ka upindi wake na mishale yake mkononi. Wakakimbia
wakajificha nyurabani mvvao. Walipofika mtoni watu njiani
SWAHILI EXERCISES : K.EX. 107
wakacheka, punda akaogopa, akapiga teke, akaanguka mtoni,
akazama, ratu na kijana wakarudi nyumbani kwao.
(page 61)
Wewe thaifu. Nyumba yake safi. Mayayi yale rahisi.
Watumwa wake amini. Killa mtu alichukua upanga. Vi-
tabu ghali. Mti ulioununua laini. Watoto hawa rathi na
chakula chema chao. Watu wale si watumwa, wale hum.
Makasha wanayoyafanya tayari. Pondo zao kamili. Misiba
yako hafifu. Kazi yangu thaifu. Kazi yako bora. Walipe-
leka chokaa haba. Kanisa wanalolijenga imara. Kuua si
halali. Mtu hodari yule anayepigana atamshinda thaifu.
Ndizi bustanini mwao marithawa. Chakula wanachokikataa
yabis. Watu wale wote raasikini. Nalimwona utupu.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES.
(page 62)
Vitabu hivi vya kale. Hajui dasturi za kiungwana.
Baada ya wakati wa mvua pepo za baridi zaanza. Watu wa
hila wadanganywa marra nyingi. Kazi haba yafanywa siku
za giza. Mambo mabaya sana si ya milele. Nguo ya kizu-
ngu i ghali. Waliteketeza mji wa kwanza walioushinda.
Mtu wa heri amenunua nyumba ya kupendeza. Alimwaga
kahawa ya moto. Mtu wa haki apendwa na mtumwa wake.
Dasturi yetu kupita upande wa kushoto wa njia. Mtu wa
akili alikataa kukaa katika nyumba ya pili. Walipika ugali
wake katika chungu cha mwenyewe. Usivae nguo za watu.
Ukuta wa mkono wa kuume wa nyumba ulianguka. Alije-
nga mwenyewe kibanda cha mviringo. Sultani anayafikiri
mambo ya siri ya ufalme wake. Mfalme wa kishenzi aliki-
haribu kitabu cha thamani. Mwite mtu wa pili. Kata killa
mti wa nne. Nyumba ya kenda ilianguka. Nitakulipa killa
siku ya kumi.
tO& SV/AHILI EXERCISES : KEY.
ADJECTIVAL VERBS.
(page 63)
Sauti ya mtu imesikiliana. Watoto walipofuka. Mayayi
yaliyotokoseka. Mitungi iliyovunjika. Funguo za watoto
zimekatuka. Mwezi umeng'ara. Mguu wa mtoto umechu-
buka. Goie iimefaganzi. Mlango umenakishiwa. Chakula
kilirahisika. Mliko haitatakasika. Mbingu zimetakata.
Maneno yako yameelea. Roho yako imefarajika. Umete-
ngenea sana. Upindi umepindana. Ametumaini, Ume-
fathaika. Kamba imepotoka. Mtoto amepona. Chumba
kimechafuka. Njia imekauka. Chakula kimetosha. Wa-
tumwa walichoka. Kazi yetu imesitawi. Msimamizi ame-
levuka. Miti imevia. Uzi umetatana. Kisibau chake
kimekazana. Abdallah amesumbuka. Kanda limefumuka.
Amefaa. Maagano 5rametanguka. Kijana amethoofika.
Majaliwa amechoka na kazi. Mzee amekunjana. Uso uli-
okunjana. Lulu imenifaa. Mti uliovia. Sisikitiki kabisa.
Kijakazi aliyenyamaza. Mtoto aliyeungua aogopa moto.
Ulimwengu umeviringana. Kasha lililoviringa. Njia iliyo-
paruza. Kijana aliyetulia. Nyama iliyooza. Mwamba uli-
ochongoka. Msimamizi aliyependeza. Hesabu imekamilika.
Mzee aliyepooza. Dau limeelekea kwetu. Ua limefunuka.
Njaa yangu imezidi. Mkate uliofanya ukungu. Njaa yangu
imepunguka. Watumwa waliolewa. Wazungu walionenye-
kea. Mzigo umemlemea mpagazi. Ndizi zimekomaa.
Mgeni anapumbazika.
RELATIVE WITHOUT NOTE OF TIME,
(page 64)
Mtu umpendaye amerudi. Mfalme umogopaye amepona.
Jam bo likuzuialo lanisayidia mimi. Moto uwakao nyumbani
mwangu utapika nyama uiletayo. Utapata chakula chote
nikipikacho katika sufuria lako. Vitabu uvisomavyo havita-
kufaa. Utaona fayida uitafutayo. Mlango niufunguao sita-
ufunga.
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 1 09
NAMES OF ANIMALS.
(page 66)
Naliwaambia asikari wakamwita jemadari. Habeshia
mrefu alimwambia wakili mkali. Tembo mkubwa aliumwa
na siafu. Mchwa adui wetu. Nyani wakubwa wakaa mitini.
Punda mweupe wa kinyozi alimpiga teke shangazi wangu.
Nyuki wafanya asali. Vijana waliona ngamia, ndugu wao
aliona ndege wazuri wawili. Sermala aliumwa na taandu.
Nalimwona jumbe alinunua ng'ombe wengi, na jogoo, na
kuku wengi, na mabata wakubwa. Naliona mbwa, aliumwa
na mainzi. Marafiki wangu hawapendi mende. Kijakazi
amenunua paa mzuri. Baba wangu alinunua matunda mengi,
kibeti adui wake akayatwaa. Bibi aliogopa vyura wakubwa ;
bwana akasema, simba mkubwa na chui mkali waogopwa,
lakini watu wa akili hawaogopi chura. Jini alifanya uchawi
juu ya ];v;ali, mama wake alitaka kuua nguruwe mkubwa na
njiwa watatu; kasisi akamwambia, haya upuuzi. Baharia
akioga, naliona papa, alikuja akamshika kwa meno yake.
Nalinunua kondoo walionona wanane. Nyoka mwerevu
alimtwaa ghafula sungura. Dobi alinunua punda, asikari
wakampata, hatta wakimchukua, nge alimuma mguu. Kathi
mwema alipita akawaona asikari; akaamuru wapigwe na
baharia wa merikebu ya Sultani wetu.
Vipofu wafupi. Kiziwi mgeni. Kiroboto mkubwa. Vi-
boko wake. Kifaru mzima. Kijakazi mzuri. Vijana wazuri.
Viziwi wawivu wanane. Viboko wazito sita. Viroboto wale.
Vijakazi hawa. Kiboko yule mkali. Kipofu amekufa.
Nani kipofu huyu ? Vijakazi wako walitwaa mwavuli wangu.
Ng'ombe wamenona. Punda walishiba. Ng'ombe aliye-
konda.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
(page 67)
Malindi mji wa kale kuliko Mvita. Maneno ya waty
wa Mvita sahihi kuliko maneno ya Unguja. Watu wabaau
110 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY.
wabaya kuliko nyama. Mitende mizuri kuliko minazi.
Dawa iliyo chungu. Joho hii nyeusi kuliko hii, lakini iliyo
nyeusi sana ni ile. Mto huu mpana kuliko Rovuma.
Mahali pale safi kuliko hapa ? Furaha yangu kamili kuliko
yako. Hesabu za msimamizi sahihi kuliko zile za mvuvi.
Watumwa werevu kuliko msimamizi, wakamdanganya.
Mzungu mkali kuliko mwashi akawapiga watumwa wote.
Baruti iliyo pipani kavu kuiiko sabuni iliyo kashani. Mti
huu imara kuliko ule uliotiwa shimoni jana. Mtungi huu
umejaa kuliko ule. Nyumba ya Abdallah kubwa kuliko
yangu, lakini yangu nzuri kuliko nyurnba zote nilizoziona.
Njia hii ndefu kuliko ile nyumbani kwako, lakini iliyo fupi
yapita shamba lako. Mti upi ulio mgumu ? Jumbe thaifu
kuliko wevi. Ukuni mwepesi kuliko ubau mnene. Ndizi
hizi nyekundu na tamu kuliko zako. Kengele yetu iliyo
ndogo nzito kuliko yao iliyo kubwa, Ndevu ya Abdallah
bin Ali ndefu, lakini ile ya Suleman ndefu sana.
TO BE.
(page 68)
Chuo kiko mezanl Mpishi yuko karibu, Mbau ziko
merikebuni. Wavuvi wako mtumbwini. Mitumbwi iko
majini. Magari yako njiani. Machungwa yako pakachani.
Watumwa wengi wako mjini mwako ? Wako. Naliona
merikebu sita jana, ziko wapi sasa ? Ziko kisiwani. Iko
mitumbwi karibu yao ? Iko mitumbwi saba karibu sana.
Msimamizi wetu yuko wapi ? Yuko shambani. Watumwa
wako pamojanawe? Wako asharini. Nani yuko? Abd-
allah yuko. Yuko wapi Ali? Yuko nyumbani. Mfalme
yuko nje.
Mimi niliye mwema. Wewe uliye mbaya. Yeye aliye
thaifu. Yeye aliye mvivu. Sisi tulio wanana. Ninyi mlio
wakali. Jiwe lililo kubwa. Nyumba iliyo ndogo. Tende
zilizo tamu. Mtu aliye mzee. Mfalme aliye mlevi. Ki-
pande kilicho kidogo. Kasha lililo zito. Mishale iliyo
mikali. Bithaa zilizo ghali.
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. in
69)
Kitabu kilichoko raezani. Mbau zilizoko merikebuni.
Wavuvi walioko mtumbwini. Mitumbwi iliyoko majini.
Machungwa yaliyoko mitini. Watumwa walioko mjini
mwetu watakimbia wote, wakiiona bunduki iliyoko mkononi
mwako. Merikebu zilizoko kisiwani zitauharibu mji ulioko
upande huu wa mto. Jumbe alioko mjini mwetu. Miti
iliyoko njiani.
(page 69)
Abdallah alikuwa mfalme, mimi nalikuwa mtumwa. Wa-
likuwa mtu mwema. Alikuwa mvuvi. Walikuwa watumwa
wavivu. Wazungu walikuwa watu wakalL Watu wale
walikuwa weusi wote. Mwenyewe alikuwa mtu wa akili,
wangine walikuwa wajinga.
Watu weusi walikuwako mwituni. Mzungu alikuwako
mzinganL Bunduki yalikuwako nyumbani. Nyumba yali-
kuwako mtoni, mto walikuwako karibu na mlima. Mlima
walikuwako kisiwana. Kisiwa chalikuwako baharini. Watu
wengi walikuwako mjini, lakini watu wachache walikuwa nje
ya nyumba.
(page 70)
Mfalme alikuwako nyumbani, watu wake walikuwako
mbali. Mzungu alikuwako juu ya mwamba. Mtumbwi
walikuwako karibu. Naliona watu wawili waliokuwako
mlangoni pa nyumba, karibu na mtende. Mfalme alisema,
ulikuwa mzee zamani, nikamwambia, wewe ulikuwa mtoto ?
Akaniambia nalikuwa kijana. Merikebu zalikuwako baha-
rini, watu walikuv/ako mjini. Watumwa walikuwa watu-
mishi wa Mzungu. Nilikuwako mjini nikaziona nyumba
za kale zilizokuwako. Naliona watu wengi, walikuwako
njiani, lakini wale wenzi wetu waliowaona walikuwako mwi-
tuni, nao haba. Watu wengi walikuwako na mfalme. Wa-
chache walikimbia, wale waliokimbia walikuwako baadaye
mjini kwetu, nikawaua wote. Makasha makubwa matano
yalikuwako nyumbani mwangu siku nyingi.
Watu waliokuwako mjini waliogopa, sisi tuliokuwako
nje tukakimbia. Mfalme aliwaita wavuvi waliokuwako
ii2 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY.
mtumbwini. Uliwaona watu waliokuwako ? Mitumbwi
mingapi iliyokuwako imezama? Mzungu alikata miti yote
iliyokuwako shambani. Mfalme aliwaua wote waliokuwa
watumwa wetu. Makasha yalikuwako kwangu yalivunjwa
na wevi waliokuwako baadaye mjini kwenu. Nyumba zili-
zokuwako zimeanguka zote. Nilivinunua vitabu vyote vili
vyokuwako. Alikileta chuo kilichokuwako mezani mwangu,
IRREGULAR VERBS.
(page 71)
Wevi watano waliyakwiba makasha yaliyo kuwako nyu-
rabani kwangu. Bithaa zilizokuwako merikebuni zalikwibwa
na wavuvi. Wajakazi walikwanza kwimba. Walikwimba
nyimbo nzuri nyingi. Jumbe alikwenda koga mtoni. Ndizi
hazijaiva bado, zimekomaa lakini si tamu. Ulikuza wa-
tumwa wanne mwenyewe. Tutaioka mikate utakayoitaka
njiani. Fetha zetu zimekwisha, hatuwezi kununua maboga
yako. Embe zitakwisha ukizila sasa. Aliyeniita nani?
Anayekwimba nani ? Sijaisha bado. Utakwisha lini ?
Usiibe watu. Endeni mjini, mkaite watu watano waimbe
nyimbo nyumbani kwangu. Watu wetu wamekula ndi/d
zote, hatukuza hatta moja. Utakufa. Atakuja kwetu.
Tutakula nyama. Nyama imeliwa, aliyopewa nami. Tule,
tukanywe. Usiku utakuja na watumwa watakula. Sikuzote
twanywa maji tu. Jua linakuchwa.
TO HAVE.
(page 72)
Nalitaka kununua nazi zote mfalme alizokuwa nazo,
lakini naona alikuwa nazo nyingi nisizozipata. Nina upa-
nga, nawe una mkuke na ngao, tuogope nini ? Mtu akiwa
na fetha atakuwa mkuu. Kama mtu hana fetha hata-
kuwa mkuu. Nyumba yangu kubwa haina mlango.
Sikuwa na nyumba zamani, sasa ninazo hizi tatu. Wevi
walikwiba killa kitu tulichokuwa nacho. Mzee ana vyuo
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 113
vya thamani vingi. Nitanunua vyuo vyote walivyo navyo
Wazungu. Nalikuza vitabu vyote nilivyokuwa navyo mwe-
nyewe, ilia vile ulivyonipa. Ninavyo sasa nyumbani.
Abdallah akifa, nitakuwa na fetha nyingi. Nitakuwa nayo
mail utakayonipa. Usiponipa kitu, sitakuwa na kitu. Ali-
jaribu kuniua nikampiga kwa upanga niliokuwa nao.
(page 73)
Hapana mtu nyumbani. Hakuna mtu anayejua kumshi-
nda. Hapana kitu, nje. Nalitafuta kisu lakini kisu hapana,
Naliona upanga mkononi mwake, nikatazama tena, hakuwa
na upanga, hatta sasa hapana. Palikuwa na mtu, sasa
hapana mtu.
COMPOUND TENSES.
(page 74)
Sikuwa nikienda rnjini, lakini nitarudi sasa. Alikuwa
akila. Sikumwona, alikuwa amekwisha kupita. Mwivi
alikuwa amekwiba fetha. Ulikuwa umekisoma kitabu?
Sikuwa nimekisoma. Nalikuwa nikikitazama. Wavuvi_wa-
likuwako baharini, walikuwa wameona samaki haba nsiku.
Vijana walikuwa wakilima shamba lao. Alikuwa ameu-
funga mlango. Nalikuwa nimewakata vidole. Nitakuwa
nikikata mitende yao. Alikuwa akila chakula chake. Ame-
kwisha kula. Walikuwa wakiiba nazi shambani kwangu.
Watumwa walikuwa wakiniambia habari zote za wevi.
Msimamizi alikuwa akienda, lakini vijakazi walikuwa wame-
kimbia. Nitakuwa nikitoka nyumbani. Alikuwa akiingia
mlangoni. Nalikuona, ulikuwa ukimpiga kofi mtwana
wangu.
DERIVATIVE VERBS.
(page 74)
Kuombea. Kuogea. Kuletea. Kujengea. Kusetea.
Kuponyea, Kukokotea. Kuotea. Kuelezea. Kuonea
114 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY.
Kutokea. Kuondokea. Kutwekea. Kuchekea. Kule-
gezea. Kukosea. Kuwekea. Kusemea. Kupelekea
Kunenea. Kungojea. Kuoshea. Kuendea.
Aliniombea. Nalimletea kitabu. Walitujengea ukuta.
Nitakuponyea mtumwa wako. Nalimwotea mfalme. Mzee
alituelezea sauti tuliyoisikia. Nakuonea uovu. Mahali
tutakapotokea. Nalimwondokea. Twalimtwekea mfalme
bandera. Mpishi aliwawekea watoto chakula kingi. Nali-
mngojea siku nyingi. Nioshee sahani hizl Aliiendea
njia hii.
(P*& 75)
Kupigia. Kufikia. Kuulizia. Kuamkia. Kuumia.
Kuvunjia. Kuitia. Kukamatia. Kugeukia. Kupandia.
Kukusanyia. Kuvukia. Kulimia. Kukatia. Kulindia.
Kukania. Kuchimbia. Kuvutia. Kufukuzia. Kumwa-
gia. Kupungukia. Kuishia. Kukunjia. Kupatia. Ku-
shukia. Kufishia. Kuachia, Kutazamia. Kutafutia.
Kupimia. Kulipia. Kuimbia. Kusikitikia. Kusimamia.
Kutupia, Kufungia. Kufutia.
Nataka unipigie mtu huyu. Nitamwulizia mpishi. Ume-
nivunjia kisu changu. Sijui nililoitiwa. Wavu unaokamatia
nyama. Wapagazi walinigeukia. Walinipandia. Mfalme
aliwakusanyia watu wake wote. Siuoni mtumbwi waliouvu-
kia. Tunamlimia mfalme. Nikatie fimbo. Alimkania
jumbe maneno, aliyonifichia. Sitakuchimbia. Tufukuzie
watumwa. Wavuvi walikuwa wakitazamia merikebu. Ali-
kataa kunipimia njia. Wajakazi walikuwa wakimwimbia
msimamizi shambani kwako, naye alikuwa akiwalipia fetha.
Nakusikitikia. Mtupia mkuke. Wafungia mlango. Jumbe
aliimbiwa na watu wetu. Nalitupiwa mawe na vijana.
Naliachiwa shamba. Nalisikitikiwa.
75)
Kusumbulia. Kuzalia, Kuchukulia. Kuchagulia.
Kupungulia. Kusikilia. Kuzuilia. Kuamulia. Kulilia.
Kununulia. Kupindulia, Kutilia. Kuvalia. Kutolea,
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 115
Kupokelea. Kukatalia. Kukalia. Kusugulia. Kukimbilia.
Kunyolea. Kupasulia. Kutwalia. Kuvulia. Kurarulia.
Kufunulia. Kutembelea.
(page 76)
Tuutembelee mjini. Tufungulie mlango. Mfunulie
mpishi chungu. Nalimvulia viatu vyangu. Wamenitwalia
watoto wangu. Nipe shoka nipasulie mbau. Uko wapi
wembe nilionyolewa. Wataka mji waukimbilie. Tusugulie
meza. Wafalme hawakumkatalia haja yake. Mtu wa
kwanza alimpokelea wa pili fetha. Nimekutolea fetha.
Miti iraeng'olewa yote. Nimeng'olewa miti yangu yote.
Aliinuliwa. Mtumwa alimchinjia nyama jumbe wake.
Nifungulie mlango.
(page 76)
Kubatilia, kubatiliwa. Kushtakia, kushtakiwa, Kukubalia,
kukubaliwa. Kubadilia, kubadiliwa. Kuhubiria, kuhubiri-
wa. Kujibia, kujibiwa, Kuwasilia, kuwasiliwa. Kuhimi-
lia, kuhimiliwa. Kusihia, kusihiwa. Kusadikia, kusadikiwa.
Kuaminia, kuaminiwa, Kujelidia, kujelidiwa. Kubarikia,
kubarikiwa. Kukirithia, kukirithiwa. Kuzabunia, kuza-
buniwa. Kutakabathia, kutakabathiwa. Kudirikia, kudiri-
kiwa. Kuathibia, kuathibiwa. Kuhitaria, kuhitariwa. Ku-
tahiria, kutahiriwa. Kushawishia, kushawishiwa, Kukaribia,
kukaribiwa. Kufarijia, kufarijiwa. Kuamuria, kuamuriwa.
Kuhitimia, kuhitimiwa. Kusetiria, kusetiriwa. Kukiria,
kukiriwa. Kutumainia, kutumainiwa. Kufikiria, kufikiriwa.
Kusahihia, kusahihiwa. Kuwakifia, kuwakifiwa. Kuta-
mania, kutamaniwa. Kuhulukia, kuhulukiwa. Kusulibia,
kusulibiwa. Kuvinjaria, kuvinjariwa. Kulaania, kulaaniwa.
Kuthubutia, kuthubutiwa. Kufarikia, kuferikiwa. Kutha-
limia, kuthalimiwa. Kufawitia, kufawitiwa. Kuhinia, ku-
hiniwa, Kuuzulia, kuuzuliwa. Kustahilia, kustahUiwa.
Kufathilia, kufathiliwa. Kutharaulia, kutharauliwa. Kuasia,
kuasiwa. Kustarehea, kustarehewa. Kuhusudia, kuhusu-
diwa. Kutanafusia, kutanafusiwa. Kuketia, kuketiwa.
n6 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY.
Kustahimilia, kustahimiliwa. Kuhakikia, kuhakikiwa. Ku-
sayilia, kusayiliwa. Kutahidia, kutahidiwa. Kufasiria, ku-
fasiriwa. Kubainia, kubainiwa. Kufurahia, kufurahiwa.
Kusitawia, kusitawiwa. Kutabiria, kutabiriwa. Kubashiria,
kubashiriwa. Kusahaulia, kusahauliwa. Kukabithia, kuka-
bithiwa. Kunathiria, kunathiriwa. Kumilikia, kumilikiwa.
Kuthania, kuthaniwa. Kuhamia, kuhamiwa. Kuthuria,
kuthuriwa. Kuaunia, kuauniwa. Kuarifia, kuarifiwa. Ku-
hifathia, kuhifathiwa. Kurudia, kurudiwa. Kutuhumia,
kutuhumiwa. Kugharimia, kugharimiwa. Kufuturia, ku-
futuriwa. Kusakifia, kusakifiwa. Kurissimia, kurissimiwa.
Kuhalifia, kuhalifiwa. Kukabilia, kukabiliwa. Kusamehea,
kusamehewa. Kusubiria, kusubiriwa. Kudumia, kudumi-
wa, Kulaabia, kulaabiwa. Kuabudia, kuabudiwa. Kuhu-
tubia, kuhutubiwa. Kuafia, kuafiwa. Kukirihia, kukirihiwa.
Kusujudia, kusujudiwa. Kufidia, kufidiwa. Kutubia, ku-
tubiwa. Kushutumia, kushutumnva, Kuhuia, kuhuiwa.
Kutilifia, kutilifiwa. Kukinaia, kukinaiwa. Kufilisia, ku-
filisiwa. Kufitinia, kufitiniwa. Kusakia, kusakiwa. Ku-
daia, kudaiwa, Kuruzukia, kuruzukiwa. Kuthaminia,
kuthamaniwa. Kuhadithia, kuhadithiwa. Kushuhudia,
kushuhudiwa. Kusafiria, kusafiriwa. Kutadarikia, kuta-
darikiwa. Kujeruhia, kujeruhiwa. Kustaajabia, kustaa-
jabiwa.
77)
Shoka la kupasulia kuni. Neno la kumjibia. Fimbo ya
kupigia mbwa. Upepo ulizivumia mbali karatasi. Watu
wataka miti ya kujengea. Sioni mtu wa kuitia. Nina
wapagazi wa kunichukulia. Naona mahali pa kupandia.
Chungu cha kupikia viazi. Walikatia mbali mlingote.
Watumwa wanayo majembe ya kulimia. Kamba ya kuvutia
garl Jumbe alivvafukuzia mbali adui wake. Sioni maneno
ya kuelezea maana yangu. Uko wapi mkufu wa kumfungia?
Ndege walirukia mbali. Nipe misomari mirefu ya kuzi-
fungia mbau. Tuwaulie mbali wote. Sukumia mbali jiwe.
Kitanda cha kupumzikia, Lete maji ye kuzioshea sahani.
Nina nguo ya kuzifutia baadaye.
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 1 1 7
(page 78)
Kushtakiana. Kujibiana. Kusumbuana. Kuitana.
Kudanganyana. Kuponyana. Kulindana. Kuogopana.
Kulishana. Kuonana. Kusameheana. Kuchuk'.ana.
Kusayidiana. Kuagana. Kukutana. Kupendezana.
Kusifiana. Kutharauliana. Kufundishana. Kuambiana.
(page 78)
Kufutika. Kuosheka. Kutumika. Kufunuka. Kuta-
tuka. Kupasuka. Kurawagika. Kutikisika. Kushoneka.
Kutafutika. Kutharaulika. Kutawanyika. Kuvutika.
Kuinuka. Kushuka. Kupitika. Kusagika. Kusahaulika.
Kukunjika. Kununulika. Kukubalika. Kusumbuka.
(page 79)
1. Kuchukiza. Kujaza. Kuzoeza. Kufanyiza. Kuin-
giza. Kugombeza. Kukweza. Kushangaza. Kutuliza.
Kuchukuza. Kugeuza, Kueleza. Kuokoza. Kukataza.
Kukimbiza. Kulekeza. Kutimiza. Kupenyeza. Kure-
geza. Kukuza. Kupoza. Kusikiliza. Kupoteza. Ku-
jongeza. Kusogeza. Kulipiza, Kutegemeza. Kueneza.
Kukwaza. Kuliza,
2. Kuwezesha. Kujumlisha. Kubadilisha. Kukaribi-
sha. Kupandisha. Kuinamisha. Kupofusha. Kuvumi-
sha. Kukosesha. Kusumbusha. Kupatanisha. Kuko-
mesha. Kukutanisha. Kulingahisha. Kusulibisha. Ku-
furahisha. Kupiganisha. Kushibisha. Kukopesha. Ku-
rudisha. Kuinamisha. Kukwamisha, Kuzibisha. Kuthu-
butisha. Kutatanisha. Kuwasilisha. Kustarehesha, Ku-
thanisha. Kusafirisha. Kutaajabisha.
3. Kuepusha. Kutesa. Kutaabisha. Kuondosha.
Kuamsha. Kupofusha. Kuchemsha. Kutakasa. Kuvu-
sha. Kuokosa. Kuchesha. Kukausha. Kuangusha.
Kukumbusha. Kuwasha. Kurusha. Kunyosha. Kutiki-
sa. Kufingirisha. Kutosa. Kukasirisha. Kuzungusha.
nS SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY.
Kazi yetu imekwisha. Sasa twajua kuandika Kiswahili
karaa mtu aliyezaliwa katika Unguja. Watu watatutaajabia.
Mtu akituuliza maulizo twajua maneno yaliyo sahihi ya
kumjibia.
THE ENDk
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